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NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
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ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL
MONOGRAPHS
Vol. VI April- July, 1920 Nos. 2 and 3
Editorial Committee
Stephen Alfred Forbes William Trelease
Henry Baldwin Ward
Published under the
Auspices of the Graduate School by
THE University of Illinois ,
Copyright, 1921 by the University of Illinois
Distributed March 1, 1921
REVISION OF THE NORTH
AMERICAN AND WEST
INDIAN SPECIES OF
CUSCUTA
WITH THIRTEEN PLATES
BY
TRUMAN GEORGE YUNCKER
THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY IN THE GRADUATE
SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
1919
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 7
jVj Acknowledgments : 8
g History 8
1^ Material and Methods 10
Morphology 12
Systematic Arrangement of the Genus 20
Sub-genus Monogyna 20
Cuscuta exaltata Engelmann 21
Sub-genus Succuta 21
Cuscuta epithymum Murray 22
Cuscuta planiflora Tenore 22
Cuscuta europaea Linnaeus 23
Cuscuta epilinum Weihe 24
Sub-genus Grammica 25
Cuscuta erosa n. sp 26
Cuscuta mitraeformis Engelmann 26
Cuscuta jalapensis Schlechtendal 27
Cuscuta rugosiceps n. sp 27
Cuscuta ceratophora n. sp 28
Cuscuta chapalana n. sp 28
Cuscuta pringlei n. sp 29
Cuscuta applanata Engelmann 30
Cuscuta tinctoria Martius 31
Cuscuta floribunda Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth 32
Cuscuta americana Linnaeus • 32
Cuscuta corymbosa Ruiz & Pavon 34
Cuscuta macrocephala Schaffner, n. sp 36
Cuscuta purpusii n. sp 37
Cuscuta choisiana n. sp 38
Cuscuta odontolepis Engelmann 38
Cuscuta potosina Schaffner 39
Cuscuta partita Choisy 40
Cuscuta desmouliniana n. sp 40
Cuscuta umhellata Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth 41
Cuscuta graciUima Engelmann 43
Cuscuta lacerata n. sp ; 44
Cuscuta deltoidea n. sp 44
Cuscuta tuberculata Brandegee 45
Cuscuta leptantha Engelmann 45
Cuscuta polyanthemos Schaffner, n. sp 46
Cuscuta glandtdosa (Engelmann) Small 48
Cuscuta polygonorum Engelmann 49
Cuscuta pentagona Engelmann 50
Cuscuta plattensis Nelson 53
Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelmann 53
Cuscuta racemosa chiliana Engelmann 54
Cuscuta decipiens n. sp 55
Cuscuta coryli Engelmann 55
Cuscuta indecora Choisy 57
6 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [96
CusctUa jepsonii n. sp 59
Cuscuta calif ornica Choisy 60
Cuscida karperi Small 63
Cuscuta rostrata Shuttleworth 63
Cuscuta gronovii Willdenow 64
Cuscuta curta (Engelmann) Rydberg 67
Cuscuta denticulate Engelmann 68
Cuscuta veatchii Brandegee 69
Cuscuta subindusa Durand & Hilgard 69
Cuscuta salina Engelmann 70
Cuscuta cuspidata Engelmann 72
Cuscuta squamata Engelmann 73
Cuscuta glomerata Choisy 74
Cuscuta compacta Jussieu 75
New Species and Varieties Described 78
Bibliography 79
Explanation of Plates '. 92
Index of Collections 119
Index of Names 137
97] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER
INTRODUCTION
It is now sixty years since the appearance of Engelmann's monograph
of Cuscuta. This paper has served as the basis of our taxonomic knowl-
edge of the dodders up to the present. Since Engelmann's time, however,
great collections have been made in what was then practically unexplored
territory and many new species have been found, a number of which have
been described.
Inspection of the collections in different herbaria shows a great diversity
of forms grouped under the same specific name, and the same form often
classed under several different species. Also a great number of specimens
show no attempt whatever at identification. This confusion is due, to a
certain degree, to the fact that many of the distinguishing characters
demand a microscopic examination before the species can be identified.
This cannot be altered, and the botanist too busy to make dissections will
probably never get beyond the guessing stage with many of the species.
The different manuals and lists also show considerable confusion in the
names applied to the different species and the range accredited to them.
In attempting to make certain determinations it was frequently found
that the plant in question could easily be called any one of two or three
closely allied forms. Pictures had apparently never been made of many
of the species.
It was with the hope of clearing up some of the confusion of nomen-
clature and descriptions and also to present the North American and West
Indian species in such a manner that they could be recognized clearly
that the present work was undertaken. The characters used in the keys
have been taken, in so far as practicable, from the exterior of the flower
and ordinarily evident under the hand lens. The keys, however, owing
to the necessity of employing only floral characteristics, leave much to be
desired.
Fifty-four species are treated in this paper, five of them are introduced,
four from Europe and one from South America. Twenty-six species are
found in the United States, seven of which are also reported from Canada ;
thirty-three in Mexico and seven in the West Indies. Of the West Indian
species, with the exception of one that enters sparingly from Brazil, all
are North American. Fourteen are found both in the United States and
Mexico. Of the fifty-four species and forty-two varieties which are
accounted for here fourteen species and sixteen varieties are described as
new, and of the fifty-four species thirty-two are now figured for the first
time.
8 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [98
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am especially indebted to Professor William Trelease for his invalu-
able advice and criticisms throughout the course of the work. It was
at his suggestion and under his supervision that the problem was worked
out. During the process of the work collections of dodders in various
herbaria have been studied. The collection at the Missouri Botanical
Garden was opened to the writer and was of great value inasmuch as it
contains Engelmann's herbarium, including his types, and allowed com-
parisons nowhere else possible. Besides this the collections studied are
those of: University of Arizona, Boissier Herbarium, University of
California, Connecticut Experiment Station, private herbarium of Mr.
C. C. Deam*, DePauw University, Gray Herbarium, University of Illinois,
Michigan Agricultural College, New York Botanical Garden, United
States National Museum, Wabash College, Rocky Mountain Herbarium
in the University of Wyoming, and Yale University. At the Gray Her-
barium and at the New York Botanical Garden, because of the limited
amount of time at the writer's disposal, it was impossible to list all of the
exsiccatae seen, though all specimens of Cuscuta were examined. The
writer was granted the privilege of borrowing a large number of specimens
from the latter herbarium, however, for more detailed study. To the
gentlemen in charge of all these collections I tender my sincere thanks
and appreciation of their courtesj-^ in allowing me the privilege of stud}dng
these materials, without which the work could not have been done ade-
quately. I also wish to thank Mr. F. H. HiUman of the United States
Department of Agriculture for the abundant specimens and samples of
seeds which he generously pro\'ided. Thanks are also due Professor
W. Dudgeon of Allahabad, India, for four photographs showing tree-
infesting dodders; as well as to numerous friends who have kindly sent me
specimens.
HISTORY
Choisy was the first, in 1841, to treat Cuscuta monographically.
Previous to this time little attention had been given the group. A few
new species had been described from time to time from different parts of
the world by travelers such as Humboldt and Gay. Choisy's paper, well
illustrated, included all the species then known, forty-one, a large number
being newly described by him. He considered the group as a genus
belonging with the Convohoilaceae and used characters of the stigmas to
divide it into two sections. The first section included those species
possessing acute or clavate stigmas and the second those with globose-
capitate stigmas. The second section in turn vras divided into two sub-
sections on the basis of the inclusion or exsertion of the styles, a character
which is now considered of doubtful value inasmuch as the styles show
diflFerent lengths depending upon the stage of development.
99] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 9
Shortly after the appearance of Choisy's paper Engelmann, in 1842,
published his Monography of the North "American Cuscutineae. He
treated the group as a tribe of the Convolvulaceae, dividing it into two
genera: (1) Cuscuta, with a gamosepalous 4-5 parted calyx and (2) Lepi-
danche, with 10-15 imbricated sepals. He described seven species of
Cuscuta and one of Lepidanche, all of which he considered as new, but in
a later paper he treated five of them as synonymous with previously
described species.
In 1845 the ninth volume of de Candolle's Prodromus, in which the
Convolvulaceae were treated by Choisy, made its appearance. Choisy
here considered the dodders as a tribe of the Convolvulaceae and included
forty-nine species. He included Engelmann's species, but considered
most of them as doubtful or relegated them to synonymy.
Pfeiffer in the meantime had become interested in the dodders coming
under his attention and, later in 1845, published a revision of the group.
He did not believe it to be subordinate to but rather coordinate as a
family with the Convolvulaceae and so treated it. He divided the family
into three genera on the basis of stigmatic characters, as follows: (1)
Cuscuta, with linear stigmas, (2) Epilinella, with clavate stigmas, and (3)
Engelmannia with capitate stigmas. The following year (1846) he
elaborated his original discussion and included Engelmann's genus Lepi-
danche.
Buchinger (1846) in reviewing Pfeiffer's article showed that his Engel-
mannia is untenable because of previous occupancy and suggested the
substitution of Pfeifferia. This too, however, had been previously used
to designate a genus of the Cactaceae. As early as 1790 Loureiro in his
Flora Cochinchinensis had 'established a monotypic genus which he called
Grammica. This genus was apparently unknown to Pfeiflfer and Buch-
inger. Later the species included in this genus was shown to be a member
of the group of Cuscutas possessing capitate stigmas. It would appear
proper, therefore, to use the name Grammica to designate the members of
any sub-group possessing similar characters, and Engelmann in a later
paper uses it in this manner to designate those species with capitate
stigmas.
Des Moulins published his Etudes organiques sur les cuscutes in 1853.
He, like Pfeiffer, considered the group as an independent family and
divided it into two tribes using the character of the circumscission of the
capsule as a basis for the division. He showed that it is possible to further
divide these tribes into five genera on the basis of the characters of the
seeds, the capsules or the styles. He decided to use the styles as showing
the best differential characters and proposed the following arrangement:
Capsule circumscissile. Tribe Cuscuteae
1. Styles filifonn; seeds not winged Cuscuta
10 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [100
2. Styles clavate Epilinella
3. Style Single, capisate, ovoid Monogynella
Capsule not circuniscissile. Tribe Cuscutinene
4. Styles capitase, globular Cassutha
5. Styles filiform ; seeds winged Succuta
Des Moulins carefully considered the morphological details of the plants,
but was at an apparent disadvantage on account of the limited number
of species, about fifteen, known to him.
Engelmann, in 1859, after over twenty years of study in this country
and abroad, published his Systematic Arrangement of the Species of the
Genus Cuscuta. He considered the whole group as belonging to one
genus of the Convolvulaceae which he divided into three sub-groups or
sections. The first, comprising those species with linear stigmas and
distinct styles, he called Cuscuta; the second, those species with distinct
styles and capitate stigmas, Grammica, and the third, those with the styles
more or less united and the stigmas of various shapes, Monogyna. These
three groups he in turn divided into nine sections, including seventy-seven
species, sixty-one varieties and four sub- varieties.
Engelmann had seen nearly all of the collections in the European and
American herbaria and was able to relegate to synonymy a great many
names that had been exercising botanists for many years. His ideas
concerning the classification of these plants were well founded and, even
in the light of present day knowledge, one finds it difficult to offer con-
sistently any radical changes or improvements on his arrangement.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work, the results of which are recorded here, was carried on at
the University of Illinois during the years 1917 to 1919 inclusive. Some
time was spent in the libraries at Washington, D. C. and in studying the
materials in different herbaria.
The studies were all made from dried herbarium specimens. It is
possible that fresh specimens will show some variation from the descriptions
given because of shrinkage and alterations attendant upon drying, but
this can scarcely be avoided. The specimens were prepared for study
in one of two ways. They were either soaked in a lacto-phenol solution^
which is admirable for bringing the structures back to near their normal
shape, or boiled in water. In either case the flowers were placed in water
for study to prevent the collapsing of the parts. The objection to the
use of the lacto-phenol solution is that it is necessary to leave the materials
in it for some time (usually at least 48 hours) before they are soft enough to
dissect. This is not the case, of course, with boiling when they can be
* Lacto-phenol stock solution; glycerine 40 parts; latic acid 20 parts; phenol crystals
20 parts; water 20 parts.
101] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 11
Studied immediately. The corollas and calyces were split open and
mounted on slides in glycerine jelly for study.
While the European species have been illustrated a number of times,
our American forms in many instances have never been pictured. It is
believed that the sketches illustrated in the plates will prove of value in
making identifications. The types of most of the species treated have
been studied and compared. All sketches were made with the aid of an
Abbe camera lucida. The drawings were made from what were con-
sidered as normal specimens for the species and all details that would be
considered as aids for identification are included. It should be remembered
that the different species show a variation in their flowers that must be
taken into consideration when making comparisons with the drawings.
The flowers photographed were selected to show a normal form and possibly
supplement the sketches somewhat. The plate illustrating the seeds of
some of the different species allows a comparison of their relative shapes
and sizes.
The original publication and the principal monographs treating each
species have been cited. Because of the scarcity of good illustrations
it was thought best to include citations of practically all known American
illustrations.
12 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [102
MORPHOLOGY
Des Moulins in his fitudes was probably the first to use the characters
of the seeds to differentiate groups of Cuscutas. He showed that it is possi-
ble to separate the genera on the differences in the shapes of their seeds.
Different botanists have since studied the structure of the seed.
The number of seeds produced in each capsule varies from one to four,
because of the abortion of one or more of the ovules. Certain species
characteristically produce four seeds while others regularly produce but
one or two. The shape of the seed is determined, to a certain degree, by
the number developed in a capsule. When four are ripened they have
two flattened surfaces and an outer convex surface. When but one is
ripened, however, it generally possesses a spheroidal shape. The hilum
is an oblong, linear or short, rounded, raised or sometimes sunken area
situated towards one end or to the side of the seed. It is transverse, i.e.
at right angles to the broadest diameter, or oblique. It is situated near
the center of a roundish areola, the "umbilical area" of Engelmann and
"seed scar" of Hillman (1907), which is usually smoother and of a different
shade of color and may be somewhat striated. A cross section shows the
seed to possess four layers of cells enclosing the spirally coiled, filamentous,
acotyledonous embrjo in the albumen. The outer layer of cells having
their exposed walls somewhat convex and cuticularized gives a roughened
appearance to the seeds. Guttenberg (1909) was able to show differences
in the size and shape of the cells making up the testa and keyed out six
species (C. suaveolens, C. arvensis, C. epiUnum, C. trifolii, C. europaea and
C. arahica).
The stems do not offer external characters sufficiently constant to aid
in more than a general way in specific differentiation. Within certain
limits the size is of use, but they show wide variation, even on the same
plant. In describing the stems of the different species it has been thought
best to divide them with relation to their diameters into three categories
using comparative terms to designate each of them. Sections of an
average stem were measured for each species, but sections from other parts
of the same plant will show wide variation. The size varies from .10 mm.
up to 1 or 2 mm. The term "slender" is used in the descriptions to desig-
nate those stems that ordinarily possess diameters of not more than .35 or
,40 mm., the term "medium" for those of about .40 to .60 mm., and "coarse"
for those with a diameter greater than .60 mm. Combinations of two of
these terms as "slender to medium" are used in cases where the size of the
stem lies about the border line between two of the divisions, as well as
qualifying adjectives like "ver}- slender." At the best, the size of the
103] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 13
Stem is of small taxonomic value and undoubtedly varies with relation
to the situation under which the parasite grows. It is a known fact that
a plant of a certain species of dodder growing on an unfavorable host, as
some grass for example, will not have the same luxuriance of growth and
consequent large diameter of stem as another plant of the same species
growing on a more favorable host like an Impatiens. The internodal
length varies within wide limits and is probably determined to a great
extent by environmental factors such as the food supply and the distance
to be traversed before being able to fasten onto another stem.
The internal structure, however, according to Mirande (1900), exhibits
characters which are of value. He was able to divide Cuscuta into three
subdivisions by using characters of the vascular bundles. His histological
division corresponds to that of Engelmann on external morphological
characters. He finds that the Monogyna group shows bundle characters
that, according to his opinion, are least modified by parasitism. The
group Grammica, on the other hand, shows the greatest modification and
reduction of parts, though Engelmann placed it intermediate, while the
group Succuta, according to Mirande, holds an intermediate position.
Further comparative study of the groups Succuta and Monogyna, which
are predominatingly Old World species, may clear up the question regard-
ing the sequence of forms.
The leaves of Cuscuta are reduced to scales which in themselves
apparently offer no characters of taxonomic value. One usually subtends
each branch and pedicel. They serve no apparent purpose, possessing
but little if any chlorophyll and rarely functioning as photosynthetic
organs. A few stomata are found on the scales of some species. Mirande
has shown that the Monogyna group shows the least and the group
Grammica the greatest amount of vascular reduction in the leaf.
It is in the flower that we find the effects of the parasitic mode of life
least apparent and obtain the best characters for the separation of the
different groups and the differentiation of species. The proportion of
one part to another, their relative shape, size, and positions assumed offer
fairly constant differential characters. Owing to the small size of the
flowers some of the characters are difficult to determine without the aid
of a magnifier. The size of the flower ranges from about 1 millimeter in
length for C. harperi to 6 or 7 millimeters for the larger flowers, e. g.
C. rostrate, C. corymbosa, etc. The size varies slightly for different indi-
viduals of a species. Identification of some species as C. glomerata,
C. compacta, C. ceratophora, etc. can be made fairly accurately on external
characters without dissection, but others like C. californica, C. poly-
gonorum, etc. ordinarily require that a dissection be made to determine
scale and staminal characters. The texture of the floral parts shows all
14 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [104
gradations from the more or less membranous to the thick, fleshy or even
coriaceous types. In many species there are present in the calyx, corolla
and capsular parts large pellucid or semi-pellucid glandular-appearing cells.
The cells of the flowers in some species (C. indecora and C. coryli) are lens
shaped giving the flowers a verrucose or papillate appearance and in others
(C pentagona pubescens, C. gracillima saccharata, etc.) these papillations
are somewhat longer and give the flowers a pubescent appearance.
The calyx is gamosepalous in the majority of the species and always
persistent. A small number, however, have the calyx segments entirely
free. The shape, texture, degree of separation, and overlapping of the
segments are characters that are useful for specific differentiation.
The corolla is always gamopetalous, and usually tubular or campanu-
late frequently becoming urceolate as the fruit matures. The length of
the corolla lobes in comparison with the length of the tube; the shape of
the tube and of the lobes; the position assumed by the lobes, that is,
whether upright, spreading or reflexed; the texture of the corolla and the
shape of the cells causing papillate forms, and the presence or absence of
horn-like projections on the dorsal surface of the lobes are characters which
aid in the separation of the species. In certain species the shape of the
corolla is such that upon the maturation of the capsule the withered
corolla is left at its base (C. pentagona) ; in others, because of its narrowness,
it is torn loose from the base and carried either about the capsule (C.
californica) or at its apex like a hood (C. cephalanthi) .
Opposite the stamens and alternating with the lobes of the corolla
are found a set of scale-like appendages in all but two of the North American
species. The morphology and function of these organs are somewhat
questionable. Babington (1844) thought that they were inserted opposite
the corolla lobes and had become joined opposite the stamens. He con-
sidered also that, as they alternate with the stamens, they should be
considered as an inner whorl of modified stamens.
Engelmann says (1859) : "The most peculiar organs of the flower are
the epistamineal scales, which are found in most of the species. The
simplest form of that organ (in C. inflexa, C. chlorocarpa, etc.) exhibits a
few teeth or lobes laterally adhering to the lower (attached) part of the
filament. These lobes, in other species, expand into membranes, forming
two lateral wings to the filament, crenulate or fringed at the tip and outside;
then these wings partly united at their upper end, thus forming a single
bifid scale; finally they unite entirely, forming an oblong, ovate, spatulate
or truncate, more or less crenate or fimbriate scale. Towards the base
the scales are always 'adnate in the middle,' or, properly speaking, attached
to both sides of the adnate filament. Their bases usually connect with
one another, forming inverted arches. . . . These scales are evidently
105] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 15
dilatations of the lower (attached) part of the filaments, perhaps of the
character of stipules, as Prof. A. Braun suggests; or they are a sort of
stamineal crown, attached at base to the corolla, but not a duplication of
the same."
Miss Cunningham's idea regarding the origin of the scales does not
agree with Engelmann's. She states (1898): "it was noticed that in some
species the filament of the stamen extends under the apex of the scale, in
others the base of the filament can be traced nearly to the base of the corolla,
while the scale forms two lateral wings, one on either side of the filament.
For this work specimens from each of the three groups were examined.
Longitudinal sections were made through the corolla with its attached
stamen and scale and a careful study showed that the scales have their
origin from the corolla. The stamens also originate from the corolla, but
at a different level from the scale so that they cannot possibly be attached
to each other. However, in the third section a few species showed some
connection between the scale and the filament; but, while there may have
been a slight attachment of these parts in individual specimens, yet the
examination of other sections fully demonstrated the fact that the origin
of the scale is unquestionably from the corolla, and the base of the stamen
is slightly above that of the scale. The results of these examinations, so
far as made, confirm us in the belief that the scales are not epistamineal,
and do not form a stamineal crown, but are petaloid and are in the nature
of a duplication of the petals."
It would appear inconsistent with the morphology of a typical flower
to consider the scales as outgrowths of the corolla and at the same time
originating opposite the stamens. After examination of a great many
specimens of different species and of sections made of many of them, it is
quite evident to me that the scales are outgrowths of the filaments, as
Engelmann believed. Inspection of various species in other genera of the
Convolvulaceae shows that there are numerous filamentous appendages
frequently present towards the base of the filaments. In Convolvulus
septum, for example, the filaments are found to be flattened laterally
forming slight wings which bear numerous filamentous projections. It
does not seem difficult to imagine these wings uniting at the base between
two filaments forming the "inverted arch" or bridge, as I shall call this
region and also uniting above and becoming free as the filament becomes
more firmly attached to the corolla. I believe that the epistaminal
scales of Cuscuta have originated in this manner. The scales are con-
sidered in the descriptions as continuing to the base of the corolla in
all cases and the description of the height of the bridge is in relation
to their total length. The bridge is of different heights and fairly char-
acteristic for the different species. The shape, size and texture of the
scales and the length and abundance of their processes is very different in
16 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [106
the various species. The different forms are fairly constant, and, within
certain limits, offer good differential characters.
Their function is somewhat doubtful. Knuth says (1899): "In den
weisslichen oder rotlichen, meist fiinf-, aber auch vier-, drei- und zweiza-
ligen Bliiten wird der Honig durch fiinf und weniger sich iiber dem Frucht-
knoten zusammenbiegende Schuppen gegen Regen geschiitzt." Whether
they serve any function other than this one of protection is rather doubtful.
The stamens are inserted at the top of the corolla tube. In some
species (C. exaltata, C, coryli, etc.) the union of the filament to the tube
below its separation is more or less evident, but in most of them it is not
readily noticeable. The anthers range in shape from oblong-linear to
orbicular, the shape being fairly characteristic for each species. They are
introrse, adnate or more or less versatile, and open longitudinally. The
pollen sacs are more or less divergent at their base in some species giving
the anthers a sagittate appearance. In C. polygonorum and C. glandu-
losa the pollen sacs are frequently widely separated by a connective that
reaches to the apex of the anther. This connective has been found some-
what prolonged into a slight apiculation in some specimens of C. americana
and others. The filaments are slender or subulate, and somewhat oval in
cross section. Their length shows a rather wide range. In some the
anthers are quite sessile while in at least one species (C. gracillima) they
are on filaments that are longer than the corolla lobes. This length of
the filaments, however, is variable within certain limits for members of
the same species.
The two-celled, four-ovuled ovary is ordinarily very small but even in
the younger flowers gives an indication of the shape of the capsule-to-be.
The ovules are basal, anatropous and provided with one integument. The
styles are of different lengths and shapes for the different species. They
are for the majority of the species as long as or longer than the ovary. In
most of the species they are slender and of the same thickness throughout,
but a number, chiefly Mexican, possess styles having a greater diameter
at the base and tapering towards the stigma. The common position for
the styles is upright, but in some species (C. coryli, C. polygonorum, C.
mitraeformis, etc.) they become widely divergent as the fruit matures. In
the group Monogyna the styles are united more or less completely; in the
others they are entirely separated. The only representative of the
Monogyna section found in this country so far is C. exaltata. Its styles,
while more or less connate, are easily separable and show a distinct line of
cleavage, indicating that the union is incomplete.
Two distinct types of stigmas are found. The North American forms
all possess the semi-globular capitate type which characterizes the group
Grammica, with the exception of C. exaltata which has the capitate type
107] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 17
but with the stigmas somewhat flattened. One or two species show
stigmas somewhat irregular and convoluted. All of the species found so far
in this country with the linear type of stigmas are Old World forms that
are parasitic on economic plants. C. europaea has been found but three
times in this country according to the records, and its apparent scarcity
is probably because of the fact that it does not ordinarily parasitize crop
plants and is unable to gain a foothold. The stigmatic characters are
easily seen without dissections and are the most constant to be found in
the flowers. These, with certain other characters, in correspondence
with geographic distribution, seem to indicate the natural division of the
group into its primary subdivisions.
The two carpels making up the capsule are not completely united in all
the species. An opening extends down between the styles into the capsule
in the most of them, but not, however, connecting with the interior of the
cells. The size and depth of this opening, which Engelmann termed the
"intrastylar aperture," is somewhat differer^t for the various species.
The capsule may or may not be circumscissile, depending upon the
species. The Old World forms, as well as most of those from Mexico and
the southwestern part of the United States have capsules that open by a
more or less regular line of cleavage towards the base. In some species a
thickened ridge is formed which marks this line of separation. Most of
the species, however, do not show this thickening, and, while the cleavage
is ordinarily quite regular, in some species it is somewhat ragged. The
partition wall composed of the adjacent walls of the two carpels up to
the place where the intrastylar aperture begins is frequently left in the
basal portion of the circumscissile capsule after opening. This is usually
obcordate and is most admirably exhibited in C. applanaia and C. epilinum.
It may be somewhat difficult to predict the mode of dehiscence when
examining young flowers, but with those with more mature capsules a slight
pressure with the point of a pencil will usually cause the circumscissile
type of capsule to break loose, while the non-circumscissile type will be
crushed or will tear irregularly. In a careful dissection of young flowers
of those species possessing a circumscissile type of capsule the ovary may
often be detached if pulled, since the base ordinarily forecasts the line of
circumscission of the mature capsule in having a weaker zone. The shape
of the capsule is characteristic for the different species. It ranges
from globose-depressed (C. polygonorum, C. umbellata, etc.) to globose-
ovoid (C. salina, C. denticulata, etc.) or pointed (C. gronovii) or long-
beaked, flask-shaped (C rostrata). This variation in shape is due in some
species to a thickening of the capsule wall at the apex (C. gronovii) but
in others (C denticulata) this is not true. Many species have the capsular
wall thickened in the form of a ring or collar about the style bases and
bordering the intrastylar aperture.
18 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [108
A number of variations from the normal type are found in this group.
While the flowers, with but few exceptions, are typically pentamerous
practically aU species show flowers with but two, three or four parts. Pis-
tils possessing three styles instead of two are rather common. In a number
of specimens the stamens were found to be petaloid with abortive thecae,
but in others the thecae were borne at the edge of the otherwise normal
corolla lobes with no indication of filaments. In one flower of C. pringlei
well developed scales were found on the exterior of the corolla ; normal scales
ako being present. A few flowers of C. ceratophora exhibited unmistakable
buds produced on the receptacle between the calyx and the corolla. Some
species predominatingly produce their flowers endogenously, e.g. C. glome-
rata, as reported by Bessey (1884), Goebel (1908), Stevens (1889), Thomp-
son (1899), etc. A number of other species have been seen in which
endogenously formed flowers were found to be more or less frequently
produced. In some specimens of C. cephdanthi practically all the flower
clusters are so formed. When formed internally the flower clusters usually
originate directly over haustorial areas and break forth in two more or
less parallel rows.
Kuhn (1867) lists Cuscuta as one of a number of different "plantae
floribus cleistogamis." M tiller says (1883) of C. epithymum that it is
homogamous and "honey is secreted by the lower part of the ovary and is
sheltered by the scale-like appendages of the corolla. The flowers are
visited by Sphegidae and in the absence of insects fertilize themselves."
Knuth says (1899): "Die Staubfaden sind von Anfang an einwarts
gekrumt, sie neigen sich spater weiter nach innen, entweder bis zur Beriih-
rung mit der Narbe oder bis sie senkrecht uber derselben stehen, so dass
alsdann durch Pollenfall Bestaubung eintritt." and further: "Als Besucher
bemerkte H. Muller 2 Grabwespen: Crabo elongatulus, einzeln, PhUanthus
triangulum mehrfach; Kohl in Tirol die Faltenwespe PoHstes gallica."
Extended observations of a number of patches of dodder failed to
reveal any insects alighting on the flowers. Mirande says (1900): "Le
Cuscuta fragrans qu'on trouve aux environs d'Anthenes repand unagreable
parfum de violettes; le C. reflexa de ITnde, possede una odeur de fleurs
d'oranger." A specimen of C. racemosa chiliana collected by Davis in
California was recorded as "fragrant." It is probable that the plants
exhibiting fragrance would be more liable to insect visits than those without
it.
Cuscuta frequently is self parasitic, that is, often coiling about and
sending haustoria into its own stems. Saccardo records Dendryphium
macowanianum as parasitizing C. cassythoides and Peck records (1874) a
new species of Protomyces {P. tnartindalii) as occurring on C. gronovii.
A number of swollen stems and flower pedicels found during the course of
109] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 19
the study with cavities in them were indicative of galls caused by insects.
It was not possible, however, to identify the insects causing the galls.
Engelmann makes the following statement (1843): "I am now con-
vinced that although many Cuscutae prefer some plants to others, yet
there is no constancy in this respect, but the same species often grows
upon a great variety of widely different plants. I did wrong, therefore,
to name them from the genera upon which they grew and I should much
prefer to see the names of C. cephalanthi changed into C. tenuiflora, C.
coryli into C. incurva, C. saururi into C. umbrosa Beyr.?, C. polygonorum
into C. chlorocarpa and Lepidanche compositarum into L. squarrosa if they
had not yet been published." Later he actually did make some of the
substitutions mentioned. It is a fact that certain species apparently have
a preference for certain host plants, but, as Engelman indicates, this is not
a constant characteristic. Some species live predominantly, however, on
certain classes of plants as, for example C. exaltata which is ordinarily
found on trees, while C. salina shows a predilection for saline herbs, and
so on. The majority prefer, however, the more succulent herbaceous
plants.
Except for a few species parasitic on economic plants and liable to
distribution by artificial means and a few species with a wide variety of
forms they seem to be more or less limited in their distribution. There
seem to have been originally two points of dispersal in North America.
One was apparently somewhere in the eastern part of the United States,
probably somewhere along the Appalachian range and the other in the
southwestern part of the continent, either in Mexico or the southwestern
United States. The species inhabiting the different regions possess group
characteristics that are fairly typical of those regions. The species in the
West Indies seem to be migrants from the United States and Mexico with
the exception of C. partita which probably entered from Brazil; no species
found in the islands so far is peculiar to them, but all are members of more
or less predominant continental species.
Owing to the nature of their structure, fossil remains, so far as recorded,
are lacking and an estimate as to the age of the plants in relation to the
earth's history would be valueless.
20 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [110
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENUS
CUSCUTA (Toumefort) Linnaeus
C«5CMto Toumefort, Inst. Rei Herb., 1:652, t. 422, 1700.— Linnaeus, Spec. PL, 124, 1753.—
Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve, 9:268, 1841; and in DC, Prodromus,
9:452, 1845. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :453, 1859. — Bentham & Hooker,
Gen. PI, 2:881, 1873.— Peter, in Engler&Prantl, Die naturl. Pflanzenfam., Teil IV,
Abteil. 3a, p. 37, 1897.
Epithymutn (Plinius ex) Nieuwland & Lunell, Amer. Mid. Nat., 4: 511, 1916.
Hypogynous, sympetalous, herbaceous parasites. Stems filiform, twin-
ing about woody or herbaceous hosts from which they obtain their nourish-
ment by means of haustoria. Leaves reduced to small functionless scales.
Flowers small, more or less cymose clustered, mostly gamosepalous;
usually pentamerous (infrequently tri- or tetramerous) ; stamens inserted
in the throat, alternating with the corolla lobes; scale-like, more or less
fringed or fimbriate structures present in most of the species at the base
of the corolla opposite the stamens; ovary two-celled, each cell containing
two anatropous ovules; styles distinct or united; stigmas capitate or
linear-elongated. Fruit a capsule which remains closed or opens with a
distinct line of circumscission near its base; embryo acotyledonous,
filiform or with an enlargement at one end.
Key to the subgenera
Styles more or less united MoNOGYNA(p. 20).
Styles distinct.
Stigmas linear-elongated Succuta (p. 21).
Stigmas capitate Grammica (p. 25).
Sub-genus monogyna Engelmann
Cuscuta group Monogyna Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :460, 1859.
Kadurias Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:91, 1836.
Aplostylis Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:91, 1836.
Stems very coarse. Flowers sessile or on short pedicels in spicate,
racemose or paniculate cymes, pentamerous, the withered corolla remain-
ing at the apex of the regularly circumscissile capsule or dropping off;
styles thick, more or less completely united; stigmas capitate, subglobose
to ovate or conic. Chiefly parasitic on woody hosts. Mostly Old World
species, only one being found in North America.
Section monogynella (Des Moulins) Engelmann
Cuscula section Monogynella (Des Moulins) Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:512,
1859.
Monogynella Des Moulins, fitudes org. cusc, p. 65, 1853.
Flowers in spicate or racemose cymes; stigmas capitate, subglobose or
ovate, on thick, more or less completely united styles; withered corolla
always remaining at the apex of the capsule.
1 1 1] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 21
Cuscuta exaltata Engelmann
[Figures 6, 62 and 63]
C. exaltata Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:513, 1859.
C. gamostyla Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:513, 1859; in synon.
Stems thick and stout (1-2 mm.). Flowers glabrous, 4-5 mm. long,
pentamerous, sessile or subsessile in spicate panicles; calyx lobes fleshy,
thick, concave, ovate-orbicular, obtuse, overlapping, nearly or quite as
long as the corolla tube, subtended by one or two smaller concave bracts;
corolla tube cylindrical with only the lobes exserted; lobes ovate-orbicular,
obtuse, overlapping; stamens included, sessile; anthers ovate; scales
composed of two wings, one on either side of the filament attachment,
bridged at about the middle, toothed along the upper portion, or in some
specimens the two wings united and free forming the ordinary type of
scale; ovary globose; styles equal, partially or completely united but
separating easily when pulled; stigmas flattened. Capsule ovate-globose,
circumscissile, 5-7 mm. long, carrying the withered corolla at the apex;
seeds about 3-3.5 mm. long, somewhat rostrate and triangular; hilum
oblong, oblique to transverse.
This species is the only one found so far in North America possessing
united styles. It is commonly parasitic on trees, frequently on Quercus.
Type location: In Western Texas. Range: Texas and Florida.
Specimens examined: United States: Texas; New Braunfels (Lindheimer 472,
taken as type, in the Engelmann Herb.), on the Cibolo near San Antonio (Lindheimer in 1846),
at the mouth of Pecos (Bigelow in 1851), Dallas Co. (Reverchon 663, 2552, in 1875 and in
1880), on the Blanco (Wright in 1847), Western Texas (Nealley 260), Bexar Co. (Jenny in
1904). Florida; Volusia Co. (Baker in 1918). This specimen, in the Gray Herbarium, so
far as can be determined is identical with those collected in Texas.
Sub-genus succuta (Des Moulins) n. comb.
Succuta Des Moulins, fitudes org. cusc, p. 74, 1853, amplified.
Schrebera Linnaeus, Sp. PI. (2 ed.), p. 1662, 1763.
Cassytha (Gesner. ex) S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PL, 2:345, 1821.
Lepimes Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:91, 1836.
Cuscuta Pfeiffer, Bot. Ztg., 3:673, 1845.
Epilinella Pfeiffer, Bot. Ztg., 3:673, 1845.
Epithymum Opiz, Seznam, p. 40, 1852.
Cuscuta group Cuscuta Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :459, 1859.
Flowers sessile or pedicellate; styles equal, distinct; stigmas linear-
elongated; capsule circumscissile or remaining closed. Natives of the
Old World. Four species have been introduced into North America as
parasites of cultivated crops.
Section eucuscuta Engelmann
Cuscuta section Eucuscuta Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :460, 1859.
Styles as thick as or thicker than and slightly shorter than or exceeding
the length of the elongated stigmas. Capsule circumscissile.
22 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [112
Key to the species
Styles, including the stigmas, exceeding the length of the ovary.
Calyx lobes triangular-ovate, acute, scarcely overlapping C. epithymum (p. 22).
Calyx lobes broadly ovate, somewhat fleshy pointed at the apex, overlapping
C. planiflora (p. 22).
Styles, including the stigmas, not exceeding the length of the ovary.
Flowers usually tetramerous, capsule pointed, calyx lobes not overlapping
C. europaea (p. 23).
Flowers usually pentamerous, capsule depressed, calyx lobes overlapping
C. epilinum (p. 24).
Cuscuta epithymum Murray
[Figures 2, 86 and 145]
C. epithymum Murray, Linn. Syst. (13 ed.), p. 140, 1774. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci.
St. Louis, 1:461, 1859.— Hillman, Nev. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull., No. 15, fig. 3, 1892.— Piper,
Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull., No. 8, fig. 1, 1893.— Matthew, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 20,
pi. 164, fig. 2, 1893.— Tourney, Ariz. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull., No. 22, fig. 9, 1897.— Britton
& Brown. Illustr. Flora, 3:27, fig. 2956, 1898; 2 ed., 3:49, fig. 3443, 1913.
Lepimes epithymum Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:91, 1836.
For European synonymy see Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:461, 1859.
Stems slender, sometimes reddish or purplish. Flowers about 3 mm.
long, pentamerous, sessile and numerous in dense compact clusters;
calyx as long as or shorter than the corolla tube, the lobes triangular,
acute, sometimes purplish tipped; corolla campanulate; lobes triangular,
acute, spreading, shorter than the tube; scales more or less spatula te,
shorter than the tube, fringed about the upper part, bridged at about a
third of their height; stamens shorter than the lobes; filaments longer than
the oval anthers; ovary globose, with a slightly thickened apex; styles
and stigmas about twice as long as the ovary; stigmas filiform, slightly
longer than the style. Capsule globose, circumscissile, capped by the
withered corolla; seeds about 1mm. long, rather rough, angled, compressed,
ovate; usually four in a capsule; hilum short, oblong, transverse.
C. trifolii, which is ordinarily considered as a synonjTn of C. epithymum, is believed by
Simkovics (Magyar Novenytani Lapok. Klausenburg, 2:145-153, 1878. Abs. in Just Bot.
Jahresb., 6M332, 1880) to be a hybrid of C epithymum and C. europaea.
Type locality: The prototype of Bauhin probably from Switzerland.
Range: Throughout North America on leguminous hosts.
Specimens examined: United States: Massachusetts; North Worcester (Lowe in
1916), Nantucket (Moore in 1918). Connecticut; Hartford (Bissell 1900, Parlin 875), South-
ington (Bissell 47, 78, 158). Vermont; Manchester (Day 409). New York; LeRoy (Hill
68-1909). Pennsylvania; Bethlehem (Bechdolt in 1889), Newcastle (Johnston in 1904).
JlfaryZan; Baltimore Co. (Schurtzin 1907). IficAJgan; Memphis (Ward), Shelby (Wear).
Missouri (Martin in 1889), Cassidy (Davis 561). Washington; Seattle (Piper in 1898).
Mexico: Mexico (Pringle 8514). Coahuila; Saltillo (Hitchcock in 1910).
Cuscuta planiflora Tenore
[Figures 4, 64 and 129]
C. planiflora'Tenoxe, Fl. Nap., 3:250, 1824-1829.— Engelmaim, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
1:464,1859.
113] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 23
C. gracilis Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28:501, 1901.
C. anthemi Nelson, Bot. Gaz., 37:277, 1904.
For the Old World synonymy see Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci.
St. Louis, 1:464, 1859. Our form appears to be the same as C planiflora
approximata Engelmann, but in the absence of sufficient foreign materials
for study this cannot be stated for a fact.
Stems slender. Flowers glabrous, about 2 mm, long, membranaceous
or somewhat fleshy, white, sessile, in dense globular clusters; calyx lobes
as long as the corolla, broadly ovate, overlapping, somewhat keeled,
fleshy pointed at the apex; corolla tube cylindrical, becoming urceolate
in fruit; lobes spreading, oval, obtuse to slightly acutish; scales ovate,
about reaching the filaments, crenulate about the upper portion, bridged
somewhat below the middle; stamens shorter than the lobes; filaments
slightly subulate, as long as or longer than the oval, sagittate, versatile
anthers; ovary globose; styles slightly subulate, equal, (including the
stigmas) longer than the ovary; stigmas curving and reddish, about as
long as the styles. Capsule globose, circumscissile, the withered corolla
carried at the apex; seeds about 1 mm. long, light brown, finely punctated
and more or less scurfy, usually four in a capsule, oval, or somewhat oblong,
angled, rather robust; hilum short, oblong, transverse or oblique, some-
times scarcely visible.
Type locality: Probably near Naples, Italy. Type not seen. Range
in North America: Throughout most of the western states from Wash-
ington and Wyoming south to Colorado and New Mexico, mainly on
leguminous hosts.
Specimens examined: United States: Wyoming; Between Sheridan and Buffalo
(Tweedy 3492, the type of C. gracilis, in the N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.), Little Goose Fields
(Willets 558), Laramie (Nelson 1139, 1210), Teton Forest Reserve (Brandegee in 1897),
Wheatland (Fay in 1914), Seminole Mts. (Nelson 4936, the type of C. anthemi, in the Rky.
Mt. Herb. Univ. Wyo.). Utah; Salt Lake City (Garrett 1002, Smith 1831), Ogden (Tracy &
Evans in 1887), Provo (Tracy in 1887), Little Springs (Rydberg & Garrett 8541), without
indication of locality (Hillman in 1899). Nevada; Reno (Heizer 345, Hillman), Ormsby Co.
(Baker 1477), Nevada City (Hurst in 1890). Colorado; Fort Collins (without indication of
collector 4222). -Washington; Cascs.de Mts. (Kammerer 98) . Orcgo??; Powder River Valley
(Cusick 2341). New Mexico; San Juan Co. (Standley 8058). California; Siskiyou Co.
(Brown 492), Yreka (Butler 536).
Cuscuta europaea Linnaeus
[Figures 5, 85 and 144]
C. europaea Linnaeus, Spec. PI, p. 124, 1753. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
1:468, 1859.
No American synonymy. For the foreign synonymy see Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci.
St. Louis, 1:468, 1859.
Stems medium to slender. Flowers about 2-3 mm. long on short,
thick pedicels in globular, compact clusters, glabrous, mostly tetramerous,
infrequently tri- or pentamerous; calyx lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than
24 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [114
the corolla tube; corolla tube campanulate, becoming urceolate as the
fruit develops; lobes upright to spreading, triangular, obtuse, overlapping;
scales small, thin and difficult to make out, shorter than the tube, bifid
and with few processes which are most prominent towards the apex,
bridged at about a third of their height; stamens shorter than the lobes;
filaments somewhat subulate, about equal to the oval or roundfth, slightly
versatile anthers; styles shorter than the globose, slightly pointed ovary;
stigmas filiform, as long as or shorter than the styles, styles and stigmas
together shorter than the ovary. Capsule globose-conic, capped by the
withered corolla, circumscissile; seeds about 1.5 mm. long, usually four
in a capsule, oval, compressed, slightly angled; hilum oblong, transverse.
Type location: The prototype of Bauhin probably from Switzerland.
Casual in North America.
Specimens examined: United States: Maine; Gilead (Furbish in 1897). California;
near Clear Lake (Bolander 2673, in part).
West Indies: Haiti (Poiteau).
Cuscufa epilinum Weihe
[Figures 3, 59 and 133]
C epilinum Weihe, Archiv des Apothekervereins im Nordlichen Deutschland, 8:50-51,1824. —
Choisyin 5>C., Prodromus, 9:452, 1845. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
1:470, 1859.— Matthew, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 20, pi. 164, fig. 1, 1893.— Britton &
Brown, Illustr. Hora, 3:28, fig. 2957, 1898; 2 ed., 3:48, fig. 3442, 1913.
No American synonymy. For foreign synonymy see Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci.
St. Louis, 1:470, 1859.
Stems slender to medium. Flowers about 3 mm. long, glabrous,
sessile, in scattered compact glomerules; calyx as long as the corolla and
somewhat loose about it; lobes broadly ovate, acute; corolla urceolate,
early conforming to the shape of the capsule; lobes ovate-triangular,
obtuse, shorter than the tube; scales shorter than the tube, spatulate-
truncated, crenulate about the upper portion, thin, bridged somewhat
below the middle; stamens shorter than the lobes; anthers ovate, sub-
cordate, about as long as the somewhat subulate filaments; ovary depressed-
globose; styles short, about equal to the linear, slightly tapering stigmas;
the style and stigma together much shorter than the ovary. Capsule
depressed globose, somewhat angled about the developing seeds, circum-
scissile, leaving the obcordate dissepiment in the calyx, carrying the with-
ered corolla at the apex; seeds frequently occurring in pairs, about 1.2 mm.
long, round or ovate to oval, angular, somewhat scurfy; hilum linear,
oblong, transverse or oblique.
Type locality: Probably near Minden, in Western Germany. Range
in North America: Eastern and central United States and in Canada,
always, in the specimens examined, on Linum.
Specimens examined: A fragment of the type in the Engelmann herb. United States:
Delaware; Wilmington (Canby), Centreville (Tatnall in 1863, Commons in 1863), New Castle
115] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 25
Co. (Commons 5850). New York; Buffalo (Clinton), Albany (Beck), Kelloggsville (Kil-
borae in 1882), Greenwich (Schrenk in 1890). Ohio; New London (Dewey in 1902. Michigan;
East Lansing (Wheeler in 1899). Pennsylvania; Lancaster Co. (Porter in 1863).
Canada: (Pringle in 1880).
Sub-genus grammica (Loureiro) Engelmann
Cuscuta group Grammica (Loureiro) Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :459, 1859
Grammica Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch., 1:170, 1790
Kadula Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:90, 1836
Anthanema Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:90, 1836
Pentake Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:90, 1836
Nemepis Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:91, 1836
?Dastylepis Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:125, 1836
?Eronema Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:125, 1836
Lepidanche Engelmann, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 43:343, pi. 6, 1842
Engelmannia Pfeiffer, Bot. Ztg., 3:673, 1845; not Torrey & Gray, 1841 nor Klotzsch, 1841
Pfeifferia Buchinger, Ann. sci. nat., Ill, 5:88, 1846; not Salm-Dyck, 1845
Cuscutina Pfeiffer, Bot. Ztg., 4:492, 1846
Buchingera F. Schultz, Jahrb. f. Pharmacie, 1847; (cf. Bot. Ztg., 6:760, 1848)
Cassutha Des Moulins, fitudes org. cusc, p. 77, 1853
Flowers sessile or pedicellate; styles usually unequal, distinct; stigmas
capitate; capsule circumscissile or remaining closed. All of the species
found native in North America belong here. A small number parasitize
economically important plants. *
Key to the sections
Capsule circumscissile eugrammica (p. 25).
Capsule remaining closed clistogrammica (p. 47).
Section eugrammica Engelmann
Cuscuta section Eugrammica Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :476, 1859.
Capsule more or less regularly circumscissile. Flowers with or without
numerous subtending bracts; a few species with distinct prongs on the
dorsal surface of the corolla lobes; styles slender or tapering from broad
bases. Typically of the southwestern and southern United States and
of Mexico : a small number getting over into the West Indies.
Key to the subsections
Styles subulate, divisions of the flowers obtuse.
Flowers not subtended by numerous bracts subxjlatae (p. 25).
Flowers subtended by numerous bracts lepidanchopsis (p. 29).
Styles of about the same thickness throughout.
Divisions of the perianth mostly obtuse obtxjsilobae (p. 30).
Divisions of the perianth acute to acuminate leptilobae (p. 36) .
Subsection subulatae Engelmann
Cuscuta § Subulatae Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :476, 1859.
Flowers large; the perianth divisions mostly obtuse; styles subulate,
stout, upright or mostly more or less divergent. T)^ically Mexican and
West Indian species.
26 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [116
Key to the species
Calyx lobes orbicular or ovate, overlapping, without dorsal prongs (sometimes present in the
first species).
Calyx lobes orbicular, denticulate; styles longer than the ovary and capsule, intrastylar
aperture rather small C. erosa (p. 26).
Calyx lobes ovate, entire, styles shorter than the ovary and capsule.
Calyx lobes ovate, usually as long as broad, styles widely divergent; stigmas
not particularly convoluted.
Corolla lobes about equalling the corolla tube; styles broadly conical
C. milraeformis (p. 26).
Corolla lobes usually shorter than the corolla tube; styles not so
broadly conical C. jalapensis (p. 27).
Calyx lobes broader than long, styles not so widely divergent; stigmas
rather larger and convoluted C. rugosiceps (p. 27).
Calyx lobes more elongated, each with a dorsal prong.
Corolla lobes oblong, obtuse; scales large, about reaching the filaments, bridged at
about the middle C. ceratophora (p. 28).
Corolla lobes ovate, acutish; scales much reduced, shorter than the tube, scarcely
bridged C. chapdana (p. 28).
Cuscuta erosa n. sp.
[Figures 8 and 61]
Stems medium. Flowers glabrous, about 3 mm. long, pentamerous,
on pedicels as long as or longer than the flowers, closely clustered about
the host in cymose panicles, somewhat reddish brown; calyx lobes orbicular,
obtuse, denticulate, overlapping, cupped, membranous at the edges,
fleshier in the median portion, sometimes with a short dorsal projection,
nearly distinct, shorter than or equalling the corolla tube; corolla campanu-
late; lobes upright or spreading, about as long as or slightly shorter than
the tube, oblong, obtuse, some flowers possessing more or less of a horn-like
projection at the end of a thickened vein-like elevation on the dorsal
surface of each lobe near the apex; scales broad, fringed, shorter than the
tube, bridged at about their middle; stamens shorter than the lobes;
anthers oval, about equal to the subulate filaments; styles subulate, longer
than the globose ovary. Capsule globose, circumscissile, usually one
seeded ; styles stouter and more divergent, the withered corolla about the
capsule or capping it; seeds about 1.5 mm. long, globose, ovate, compressed,
with a short, linear, transverse line or a dot for a hilum.
Type locality: Sonora, Mexico. Range: Arizona and northern
Mexico.
Specimens examined: Mexico: Sonora; (Palmer in 1869, the type, in the U. S. Nat.
Herb, as sheet 49,836).
United States: Arizona; Santa Rita Mts., south of Tucson (Engelmann in 1880,
Thomber 7219, 7220).
Cuscuta mitraejormis Engelmann
[Figures 27, 71, 141 and 154]
C mitraejormis Engelmann in Hemslej-, Diag. PI. Nov., p. 54, 1880.
117] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 27
Stems coarse. Flowers glabrous, 4-6 mm. long, pentamerous, on
short pedicels in compact globular clusters; calyx lobes about as long as
the corolla tube, ovate, obtuse, unequal, overlapping, the larger lobes
usually strongly and unevenly carinate, the others less so; corolla campanu-
late; lobes ovate, obtuse, about as long as the tube, spreading to reflexed;
scales oblong, sometimes somewhat truncated, as long as the tube, deeply
fringed; stamens shorter than the lobes; filaments subulate, equal to the
oblong anthers; ovary conical; styles shorter than the ovary, subulate,
continuing the outlines of the ovary; stigmas capitate, sometimes slightly
convoluted. Capsule 5-8 mm. long, circumscissile, with the withered
corolla about it; styles widely divergent like horns; seeds oval, about 2 mm.
long, angled; hilum short, oblong, transverse.
Type locality: "Enroute San Luis Potosi to Tampico, Mexico."
Range: Central and southern Mexico.
Specimens examined: Mexico: Between San Luis Potosi and Tampico (Palmer Dec.
1878 to Feb. 1879, the type, in the Engelmann Herb.). Vera Cruz; Jalapa (Rose & Hay 6170),
Orizaba (Smith 204). San Luis Potosi; Alvarez (Palmer 137). Michoacan (Pringle 4330).
Cuscuta jalapensis Schlechtendal
[Figures 26, 65 and 66]
C. jalapensis Schlechtendal, Linnaea, 8:515, 1833. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
1:478, 1859.
Stems medium. Flowers 3-3.5 mm. long, glabrous, pentamerous,
in dense clusters, on pedicels as long as or shorter than the flowers; calyx
shorter than the campanulate corolla, lobes overlapping, ovate, obtuse,
somewhat thickened and verrucose along the middle; corolla lobes ovate,
obtuse, shorter than the tube, upright to reflexed; scales about as long as
the tube, fringed; stamens shorter than the lobes; anthers ovate, about
equalling the slightly subulate filaments; ovary globose-conic, styles
shorter than the ovary, strongly subulate. Capsule circumscissile,
globose, surrounded by the withered corolla, the conical styles widely
divergent; seeds about 1.5 mm. long, ovate; hilum narrow, transverse.
This species is closely allied with C. mitraeformis but seems to differ
from it in the smaller flowers, more globose ovary and less conical styles.
Type locality: "Prope Jalapam Mexico." Range: Mexico.
Specimens examined: Mexico: (Miiller in 1853), Jalapa (Schiede 152, the type number,
in the Engelmann Herb.), Mexico City (Bustamente 83), near Mexico (Graham 250). San
Luis Potosi; San Luis Potosi (Palmer 631). Chihuahua; Chihuahua (Townsend & Barber 294,
Pringle 291), Sierra Madre (Pringle 1342).
Cuscuta rugo sleeps n. sp.
[Figures 1, 70 and 155]
Stems coarse. Flowers glabrous, 4-6 mm. long, sessile, in compact
clusters; calyx large, campanulate, nearly as long as the corolla tube;
lobes short, broad, unequal, obtuse, somewhat lobed at the sinuses, over-
lapping, frequently carinate; corolla campanulate; lobes ovate, obtuse.
28 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [118
spreading, shorter than the tube; scales reaching the filaments, fringed,
bridged at about the middle; stamens shorter than the lobes; anthers oval,
about equal to the somewhat subulate filaments; ovary small, somewhat
conic, tapering into the subulate styles; stigmas large and more or less
convoluted. Capsule circumscissile, with a very thick apex giving the
capsule a conic appearance, surrounded by the withered corolla; seeds
usually four in a capsule, round, compressed, about 1.4 mm. long; hilum
at one end, short, elliptical or a dot; umbilical area somewhat finely striated.
This species resembles C. jalapensis somewhat in the shape of its
capsule, but is different in the shape of its calyx and the short, broad
lobes; from C. floribunda and C. macrocephala it differs in the short, sub-
ulate styles and the thickened apex of the capsule.
Type locality: State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Range: Western and
southern Mexico.
Specimens examined: Mexico: Oaxaca; Sierra de San Felipe (Pringle 4967, the type
in the U. S. Nat. Herb, as sheet 252,219). Jalisco; Volcano of Colima (M. E. 347).
Cuscuta ceratophora, n. sp.
[Figures 29 and 72]
Stems slender. Flowers glabrous, about 3 mm. long, pentamerous,
sessile, in compact clusters; calyx lobes slightly longer than the corolla
tube or about equalling it, oblong, obtuse, with uneven edges and a
mucronate tip, or the apex more obtuse with a horn-like projection from
its dorsal surface near the tip; corolla lobes about as long as the campanu-
late tube, upright to spreading, oblong, obtuse, irregularly toothed at
the apex and with a subapical horn-like projection; stamens shorter than
the corolla lobes; anthers small, cordate, slightly versatile and shorter than
the somewhat subulate and rather stout filaments; scales reaching the
filaments, broad, ovate, fringed with short processes, bridged at about
their middle; styles stout, much longer than the small, globose ovary;
stigmas capitate. Capsule globose, circumscissile with a small opening;
styles subulate and somewhat divergent; seeds not seen.
The collections of this species are all rather fragmentary, but it appears
to be well characterized. In a number of flowers well developed buds
were found between the calyx and corolla. This has not been observed,
so far as recorded, in any other species.
Type locality: "£tats de Michoacan et de Guerrero," Mexico. Range:
Southern Mexico and the lesser Antilles.
Specimens examined: Mexico: "States of Michoacan and Guerrero" (Langlasse 438,
the type, in the U. S. Nat. Herb, as sheet 385,946). Vera Cruz (Miiller in 1853).
West Indies: Curasao; Patrick (Britton & Shafer 3069).
Cuscuta chapalana n. sp.
[Figures 11 and 69]
Stems medium. Flowers 3-4 mm. long, glabrous, pentamerous,
subsessile, the pedicels much shorter than the flowers, in compact cymose
119] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 29
clusters; calyx deeply divided, shorter than or equalling the corolla tube;
lobes ovate, acutish, thickened along the mid-portion of the dorsal surface
which bears a short projection near the apex; corolla cylindrical, slightly
baggy in the basal region; lobes shorter than the tube, somewhat over-
lapping, erect to spreading, ovate, acutish, with a prong-like dorsal pro-
jection near the apex; scales very small, reaching not more than the middle
of the tube, oblong, with a few short processes at the truncated apex,
scarcely bridged; stamens shorter than the lobes; filaments shorter than
the somewhat oval, subsessile anthers; styles subulate, as long as or shorter
than the small, globose-conic ovary; stigmas capitate. Not seen in fruit,
but this quite evidently circumscissile.
This species resembles C. corytnbosa somewhat but differs in its more
deeply divided calyx and subulate styles.
Type locality: Near Lake Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico. Range: Known
only from the type location.
Specimens examined: Mexico: Jalisco; mountains near Lake Chapala (Pringle 5349,
the type, in the U. S. Nat. Herb, as sheet 305,846).
Subsection lepidanchopsis n. subsect.
Flowers sessile in compact more or less continuous clusters, subtended
by numerous bracts; calyx lobes nearly distinct, obtuse.
Only one species has been found so far in this section. Some specimens
are quite similar in habit to C. glomerata.
Cuscuta pringlei n. sp.
[Figures 13, 119 and 152]
Stems medium. Flowers glabrous, subsessile to sessile, about 4 mm.
long, pentamerous, compacted into dense elongated clusters about the
host plant much as in C. glomerata or more loosely paniculate; flower
parts somewhat fleshy; calyx segments slightly united, ovate, cupped,
appressed to the corolla, overlapping, subtended by several unequal bracts
of much the same shape as the calyx lobes; edges of the bracts and calyx
lobes slightly irregular and the thickened median portion reddish; corolla
campanulate, lobes, oblong-ovate, spreading, about as long as the tube
and with the edges slightly uneven; scales ovate, reaching the filaments,
copiously fringed with medium length processes, bridged at or sUghtly
above the middle; stamens shorter than the lobes; anthers oblong, about
as long as the filaments; ovary globose-conic, becoming umbonate; styles
longer than the ovary, exserted in fruit. Capsule umbonate, thickened
at the apex, circumscissile with a slightly jagged edge leaving the obcordate
dissepiment in the persistent calyx; seeds usually three or four in a capsule,
about 1.5mm. long, angled, oval or roundish, light brown or chocolate
brown, mottled? ; hilum short, oblong, oblique to transverse or reduced to a
roundish dot.
30 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [120
This is the only species seen possessing the combination of circum-
scissile capsule and numerous subtending bracts.
T>'pe locality: Hillside near Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
Specimens examined: Mexico: Jalisco; hillside near Guadalajara (Pringle 2472, the
type, in the U. S. Nat. Herb, as sheet 49,852), Vera Cruz; Zacuapan (?) (Purpus 8175).
Subsection obtusilobae Engelmann
Cuscuta § Obtusilobae Engelmann, Trans. .\cad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 : 479, 1859.
Flowers mostly relatively large; caly^c rather deep; lobes obtuse, more
or less overlapping; styles slender. Tjpically of Mexico, the West Indies
and the southern United States.
Key to the species
Flowers short, the corolla lobes about equalling the tube.
Caljrk lobes deltoid, slightly, if at all, overlapping C. applanata (p. 30).
Calyx lobes orbicular or ovate, overlapping C. tinctoria (p. 31).
Flowers relatively long; corolla lobes shorter than the tube.
Cal>-x deeply divided; lobes orbicular C floribunda (p. 32).
Calyx cup deep; lobes short, broadly ovate.
Flowers about 3 mm. long; scales about reaching the filaments, bridged at the
middle or above C. americana (p. 32).
Flowers about 5-6 mm. long; scales shorter than the tube, bridged below the middle.
Corolla bulging outward between the furrowed stamen attachments; scales
sparingly fringed; cal>TC lobes not greatly overlapping
C corymbosa grandiflora (p. 35).
Corolla cylindrical, not particularly furrowed; calyx about reaching the middle
of the corolla tube or shorter, lobes not greatly overlapping
C. corymbosa styhsa (p. 35)
Corolla c>'lindrical, not furrowed, scales prominent; calyx lobes broad, over-
lapping and somewhat angled at the sinuses; stigmas relatively large ....
C. macrocepkala (p. 36).
Cuscuta applanata Engelmann
[Figures 30, 68 and 132]
C. applanata Engelmaim, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :479, 1859.
C. alaia Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot., 3,^2&, 1909.
Stems medium to coarse. Flowers glabrous, pentamerous, 2-3 mm.
long, somewhat fleshy or membranous, subsessile on pedicels shorter than
the flowers, in dense cymose panicles; calyx slightly shorter than or equal-
ling the corolla tube; lobes broad, triangular-ovate, obtuse, frequently
irregularly keeled in the median portion and below the sinuses down onto
the short pedicels; corolla campanulate, conforming in shape to the
maturing capsule; lobes ovate to oblong, obtuse to acutish, with slightly
uneven edges, spreading, nearly as long as or equalling the tube; scales
longer than the tube, spatulate, fringed towards the apex with medium
length processes, bridged at from one-quarter to one-third their height;
stamens shorter than the lobes; anthers ovate, slightly cordate, about
equal to the filaments; styles exserted, unequal, as long as or longer than
the globose ovary; stigmas capitate. Capsule depressed-globose, some-
121] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 31
what four-sided about the developing seeds, circumscissile, leaving the
obcordate dissepiment in the calyx, surrounded by the withered corolla;
seeds brown, about 1.4 mm. long, oval, usually four in each capsule;
hilum short, oblong, transverse to oblique.
This species somewhat resembles C. pentagona but is easily distin-
guished from it by the circumscission of its capsule. The type of Brande-
gee's C. alata is a small, strongly keeled form. Some of the smaller forms
of C. applanata approach the larger forms of C. potosina but are differen-
tiated from them by the possession of longer styles and more oblong,
obtuse corolla lobes.
Type locality: ''In Arizona Territory south of the Gila River."
Range; Mexico, Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.
Specimens examined: Mexico: San Luis Potosi (Palmer 6313^), San Luis Potosi to
San Antonio, Texas (Parry 500). Puebla; Puebla (Purpus 5730), Tehuacan (Rose & Rose
11413, Rose, Painter & Rose 9887, 9888, 10275, Rose & Hay 5866). Durango (Palmer 641),
Mapimi (Palmer 517). Chihuahua (Pringle 784, Palmer 142 and 227), Zacatecas; San Juan
Capistrano (Rose 2445). Sinaloa; Culiacan (Brandegee in 1904, the type of C. alata, in the
Univ. Calif. Herb.).
United States: Arizona (Wright 1623— 541, Mexican Boundary Survey, taken as the
type, in the Engelmann Herb.), San Francisco Mts. Forest Reserve (Leiberg 5965). New
Mexico (Wright 1625), Rita de las Frijoles (Cockerell 20). Texas; Presidio (Trelease 342),
El Paso (Steams 205).
Cuscuta tinctoria Martins
C. tinctoria Martius in Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:480, 1859. — Progel in
Martius, Flora Brasiliensis, 7: 379, pi. 126, fig. 6, 1871.
Stems medium to slender or in some specimens rather coarse. Flowers
glabrous, 4-5 mm. long, pentamerous, sessile or subsessile, sometimes
subtended by an ovate-orbicular, cupped bract, single or in dense glomerules
of many flowers; calyx lobes unequal, orbicular or ovate, obtuse, over-
lapping, about as long as the corolla, sometimes keeled; corolla campanu-
late, becoming urceolate in fruit, thinner towards the base; lobes ovate,
or somewhat oblong, obtuse, overlapping, upright or mostly spreading;
scales reaching the filaments, bridged at about the middle or below; stamens
shorter than the lobes; filaments about equal to the oval-oblong, somewhat
versatile anthers; styles shorter or longer than the globose ovary, becoming
exserted in fruit. Capsule depressed-globose or infrequently somewhat
ovate and slightly pointed, circumscissile; seeds about 1.5 mm. long, three
or four usually in each capsule, angled, olive brown; hilum oblong, linear,
transverse, areola dark colored.
Cuscuta tinctoria typica
[Figures 16 a-e and 79]
Scales abundantly fringed, bridged at about the middle; styles as long
as or usually exceeding the ovary and capsule.
Type locality: Oaxaca, Mexico. Range: Throughout Mexico and
to Guatemala.
32 ILUNOJS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [122
Specimens examined: Mexico: Oaxaca; Oaxaca (Karwinski in 1827, taken as the type, a
specimen in the Engehnann Herb.), Between Victoria and Rio Blanco (Karwinski in 1842).
Jalisco (Pringle 4529, Pabner 579, Rose & Pamter 7473). Puebla; Tehuacan (Purpus 5708),
Puebla (Purpus 3553). Coahuila &* Neuvo Leon (Pabner 918). San Luis Potosi; San Luis
Potosi (Parry ta Palmer 631, Palmer 87, SchafFner 377, 781, labelled C. zacatlascvli n. sp.,
Gregg 570). Queretaro; Queretaro (Rose & Rose 11150).
Guatemala: (Heyde 287), Quichd (Heyde & Lux 2912), Totonicapam (?Lehmann
1682).
Cuscuta tinctoria kellermaniana n. var.
[Figure 16 f-g]
Scales oblong, quite sparingly fringed, bridged at about a third of their
height; styles shorter than the globose-depressed ovary and capsule.
Type locality: Volcano Agua, Guatemala.
Specimens examined: Guatemala: Volcano Agua (Kellerman 7567, the tj-pe, in the
New York Bot. Gard. Herb.).
Cuscuta floribunda Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth
[Figure 10]
C. floribunda Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp., 3:%, 1818.— Choisy, Mem.
Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve, 9:283, 1841; and in DC, Prodromus, 9:459, 1845.—
Engelmaim, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:481, 1859.
Flowers about 4 mm. long; calyx lobes orbicular, obtuse, overlapping,
shorter than the corolla tube; corolla cylindrical; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse,
between one-half and three-quarters as long as the tube, reflexed; scales
somewhat triangular, reaching the filaments, rather sparingly fringed with
medium length processes; filaments subulate; anthers ovate. Capsule
globose with a thickened apex and ridge or collar about the intrastylar
aperture; styles longer than the capsule. Seeds not seen.
The fragment of the type from which this description is drawn is in the
Engelmann herbarium. It apparently possesses characters that distin-
guish it from all others.
Type locality: "in calidis Novae Hispaniae, prope pontem Istlae."
Specimens examined: At the Bridge of Istla, western Mexico (Bonpland, the type, a
fragment in the Engelmann Herb.).
Cuscuta americana Linnaeus
C. americana Linnaeus, Spec. PI., p. 124, 1753. — Choisy, M6m. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat.
Geneve, 9:282, pi. 4, fig. 4, 1841; and in DC, Prodromus, 9:459, 1845.— Engehnann,
Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:482, 1859.— Progel in Martius, Flora Brasiliensis, 7:376,
pi. 126, fig. 1, 1871.
Nemepis americana Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:91, 1836.
?Nemepis prolifera Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:91, 1836.
?Dastylepis brownei Rafinesque, Fl. TeUur., 4:125, 1836.
?Eronema robinsoni Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:125, 1836.
Stems medium to coarse. Flowers glabrous, 2.5-4 mm. long, pentam-
erous, subsessile in cymose, racemose, compact or somewhat loose clusters;
calyx tubular, as long as or somewhat shorter than the corolla tube; lobes
ovate-orbicular, overlapping, obtuse, short; corolla cylindrical, included
123] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 33
in the calyx with usually only the short, ovate, obtuse, upright to slightly
spreading lobes exserted, but becoming exserted on the capsule; scales
triangular, or sometimes somewhat oblong, fringed, shorter than the tube
or sometimes reaching the base of the stamens, usually bridged about the
middle or above; stamens subsessile, on filaments shorter than the anthers,
included ; anthers oval and in some specimens with the connective produced
into a slight apiculation; styles longer than the globose ovary, becoming
exserted, slender; stigmas capitate. Capsule globose-ovoid, circumscissile,
capped by the withered corolla; seeds about 1.5 mm. long, light brown,
usually but one or two in a capsule, ovoid, slightly compressed, with an
indentation running lengthwise; hilum small, oval, oblique or reduced to
a rounded spot.
It is rather questionable what species of Cuscuta Linnaeus referred to
as C. americana. It has been thought best to retain the name for this
species, as indicated by Engelmann. For a discussion of the confusion
regarding the name see Coulter (1904).
There appear to be two forms of this species based more or less on
difference in size. One, variety congesta, is common in Mexico and the
West Indies, while the other, variety spectahilis, is rather closely confined to
the West Indies.
Cuscuta americana congesta Progel
[Figures 22, 109 and 138]
C. americana congesta Progel in Martius, Fl. Brasiliensis, 7:376, 1871.
C. congesta Bentham, Bot. Sulph., p. 138, 1845. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
1:482, 1859; in synon.
C. leiolepis Miquel, Linnaea, 18:247, 1844. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:482,
1859; in sjmon.
C. surinamensis Schilling, Comm. Lepra., p. 200, t. 2, 1778. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci.
St. Louis, 1:482, 1859; in synon.
C. campannlata Nuttall in Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:482, 1859; in synon.
Flowers about 2-3 mm." long, closely compacted in many flowered
clusters, usually dark brown in herbarium specimens; stamens frequently
with an apiculation of the connective; capsule ovoid, usually one-seeded;
scales ordinarily bridged above the center.
Type locality: Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. Range: Throughout
the West Indies and in Mexico.
Specimens examined : Fragments of the types of C. campantdata and C. leiolepis in the
Engelmann Herb. West Indies: Bahamas; Cat Island (Britton & MiUspaugh 5925, 5963),
Grand Turk Island (Millspaugh & MiUspaugh 9029), Governor's Harbor (Hitchcock in 1890,
Britton & Millsphaugh 5519), Berry Islands (Britton & Millspaugh 2208), Exuma Chain
(Britton & Millspaugh 2811). Cuba; El Cobre (Britton, Cowell & Shafer 12887), Rio San
Juan (Britton, Earle & Wilson 5917), Guantanamo Bay (Britton 1910), Santa Clara Prov.
(Combs 546). Jsla of Pines (Britton, Wilson & Selby 14493, Britton, Wilson & Leon 15321).
Santo Domingo (Rose, Fitch & Russell 3691). Haiti (Nash & Taylor 1578), Les Cayes
(Favrat 41). Jamaica (Britton 3897), Hope Road (Harris 6975), Kingston (Britton 3006,
34 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [124
Hitchcock in 1890). Si. Thomas (Britton, Britton & Shafer 43). Barbados (Dash 628).
Guadeloupe (Pere Duss 2468). Martinique (Pere Duss 1878, Sieber 91). Grenada (Broadway
in 1905). Curasao (Britton & Shafer 3065).
Mexico: Sonora (Hartman 236), Guaymas (Brandegee in 1893, Palmer 331). Guerrero
(Langlass6 127), Acapulco (Bentham, the tj-pe of C. congesta, a fragment in the Engelmann
Herb, taken as the type. Palmer 341). Sinaloa; Mazatlan (Gregg in 1849, Rose, Standley &
Russell 13727, Brandegee in 1893). Yucatdn (Linden).
Cuscuta americana spectahilis Progel
C. americana speclabilis Progel in Martius, Fl. Brasiliensis, 7 :377, 1871 .
C. spectahilis Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve, 9:283, pi. 5, fig. 1, 1841; and in
DC, Prodromus, 9:459, 1845. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:483, 1859; in
synon.
C. globulosa Bentham, Bot. Sulph., p. 138, 1845. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
1:483. 1859: in synon.
Flowers 3-4 mm. long, less densely compacted in fewer flowered
clusters; flowers ordinarily of a lighter color and rather more membranous;
stamens ordinarily not apiculate; scales somewhat more deeply bridged
and fringed; capsule slightly depressed and ordinarily two-seeded with the
seeds larger.
Type locality: "Hab. circa Bahiam." Type not seen. Range: In
the West Indies throughout the Greater Antilles and the Leeward Islands
and sparingly in Mexico.
Specimens examined: West Indies: Baliamas; Anguilla Islands (Wilson 7983).
Cuba (Linden 1994, Wright 1659 in part & in 1865, Bro. Hioram 2279, Pollard & Palmer 393),
Santiago (Hamilton 16). Porto Rico (Sintenis 3239, Britton, Britton & Marble 2227, Heller
1899, 6169, Goll 565, 711, Underwood & Griggs 636, Britton & Wheeler 224, Britton, Cowell
& Britton 5379). Virgin Gorda (Britton & Fishlock 1101). St. Thomas (Kuntze 555, 556,
Helton, Britton, Britton & Shafer 137). Tortola (Britton & Shafer 707, Fishlock 489)
Santo Domingo (Poiteau in 1802, in 1845, Wright, Parry & Brummell 391, Fuertes 194).
Haiti (Nash 759), Azua (Rose, Fitch & Russell 3853), Santo Domingo City (Rose, Fitch &
Russell 3763). St. Croix (Ricksecker 93, 313, 313a, Rose, Fitch & Russell 3604, 3608). Mont-
serrat (Shafer 31). Antigua (Rose, Fitch & Russell 3279).
Mexico: Guerrero; Acapulco (Bentham, the type* of C. globulosa, a fragment in the
Engelmann Herb.). Yucatan (Gaumer 705, a more elongated form).
Cuscuta corymbosa Ruiz & Pavon
C. corymbosa Ruiz & Pavon, Fl. Peruv., 1:69, pi. 105, fig. b, 1798.— Choisy, M6m. Soc. Phys.
et Hist. Nat. Geneve, 9:276, 1841; and in DC, Prodromus, 9:456, 1845.— Engebnann,
Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :483, 1859.
Kadula corymbosa Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:90, 1836.
Stems medium. Flowers glabrous, 4-7 mm. long, pentamerous, sub-
sessile on pedicels much shorter than the flowers, forming a more or less
corymbose-paniculate inflorescence; calyx membranous, loose about the
corolla, angled, lobes short, broad, obtuse, slightly overlapping, scarcely
reaching, or exceeding the middle of the corolla tube; corolla more or less
globular and furrowed along the stamen attachments in the lower part,
or cylindrical and scarcely furrowed; lobes about a fourth as long as the
125] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCVTA—YUNCKER 35
tube, ovate, obtuse, upright to spreading; scales narrow, with rather short,
scattered processes, shorter than the tube, adnate for the larger part of
their length, bridged below the middle; stamens about half as long as the
lobes; filaments shorter than the oval anthers; styles longer than the small,
globose or ovoid ovary, becoming exserted. Capsule small, globose,
circumscissile, somewhat glandular, capped and surrounded by the
withered corolla; seeds about 1.5 mm. long, robust, compressed, one to
four in a capsule, oblique; hilum short, oval, oblique or transverse.
Cuscuta corymbosa grandiflora Engelmann
[Figures 24 a-e and 104]
C. corymbosa grandiflora Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:483, 1859. — Progel in
Martius, Fl. Brasiliensis, 7:377, pi. 126, fig. 2, 1871.
C. popayanensis Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. PI., 3:123, 1818. — Choisy in
DC, Prodromus, 9:460, 1845.— Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:483, 1859; in
synon.
C. cymosa Willdenow in Roemer & Schultes, Syst., 6:205, 1^20. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad.
Sci. St. Louis, 1:483, 1859; in synon.
C. inclusa Choisy, M6m. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. GenSve, 9:275, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1841; and in DC,
Prodromus, 9:455, 1845. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:483, 1859; in sjrnon.
C. patens Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulph., p. 35, 1844. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
1:483, 1859; in synon.
C. laxiflora Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulph., p. 138, 1845. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci..
St. Louis, 1:483, 1859; in synon.
Flowers large (5-7 mm. long); anthers nearly or quite sessile; corolla
furrowed along the stamen attachment, particularly in the lower portion,
bulging between the furrows; scales set out on more or less of a ridge away
from the corolla in many specimens; capsule globose; calyx more than
half as long as the tube.
Type locality: New Granada? Type not seen. Range: Central
Mexico south to Guatemala and Costa Rica.
Specimens examined: Mexico: (Berlandier 1103, the tj^ of C. inclusa, a specimen
of the type number in the Engelmann Herb., Hahn 18). Lower California; Magdalena Bay
(Bentham, the type of C />aTion}Tn without description. —
Engelmann in Gray, Manual of Botany, (2 ed.), p. 336, 1856; and in Trans. Acad. Sci.
St Louis, 1:494, 1859.— Hilbnan, Nev. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull., No. 15, fig. 4, 1892.—
Matthew, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 20, pi. 164, fig. 3, 1893.— Piper, Wash. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Bull., No. 8, fig. 2, 1893.— Britton & Brown, Dlustr. Flora, 3:28, fig. 2958, 1898;
and 2 ed. 3:49, fig. 3444, 1913.
hpithymum arvense (BejTich) Nieuwland & Limell, Amer. Mid. Nat., 4:511, 1916.
Stems slender. Flowers 2-3 mm. long, glabrous to papillate or ver-
rucose, pentamerous, on pedicels as short as or longer than the flowers in
dense globular clusters; calyx lobes broad, obtuse, sometimes overlapping
and angled; corolla broad, campanulate, lobes as long as or slightly longer
than the tube, reflexed or spreading, with the tips acute and inflexed;
scales longer than the tube, broad, ovate, deeply fringed, particularly the
upper portion; stamens shorter than the lobes; anthers shorter than the
filaments, slightly versatile, ovoid, elliptical; styles as long as or slightly
longer than the globose ovary. Capsule globose, more or less depressed,
the withered corolla remaining at the base; seeds 1-1,2 mm. long, light
brown, usually four in a capsule, obovate or oval, compressed; hilum
short,|linear, oblique or transverse.
Key to the varieties
Calyiqlobes overlapping, forming angles at the sinuses; flowers relatively small typica.
Cal>Tc\lobes not at all or but slightly overlapping and not forming angles at the sinuses;
flowers usually larger.
Flowers smooth, not verrucose or pubescent calycina.
Flowers more or less verrucose or pubescent.
Flowers more or less verrucose verrucosa.
Flowers papillose-pubescent pubescens^
Cuscuta pentagona typica
[Figures 2>2> a-e, 112 and 127]
C. pentagona microcalyx Engelmann, Amer. Joum. Sci. & Arts, 45:76, 1845.
C. arvensis pentagona Engelmarm, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:494, 1859.
C. globularis Nuttall in Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:494, 1859; in synon.
Smallest of the varieties. Calyx lobes smooth, roundish- triangular,
overlapping at the sinues forming angles.
Type locality: Norfolk, Virginia. Range: From Massachusetts to
Florida and west to California.
Specimens examined: U^nTED St.\tes: Fort Smith to the Rio Grande (Bigelow 1, 9).
Massachusetts; Winchester (Bartlet 691, 696, Femald & Weatherby 259, Rich in 1896),
Cambridge (Weatherby in 1911). Connecticut; Oxford (Harger in 1891), Simsbur>' (Bissell
in 1904). District of Columbia; Washington (Blanchard in 1890, Hilbnan m 1904, Holm in
1893), Eckington (Boettcher 122), Takoma Park (Painter 745). New Jersey (Van Sickle in
• :
141] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 51
1894), Landisville (Gross in 1882), Cape Maj' (Martindale in 1877), Cumberland Co. (Parker
in 1866), Ocean Co. (Mackenzie 4782). Virginia; Suffolk (Kearney 1583), Luray (Steele
155), Lake Smith (Hitchcock in 1905), Norfolk (Hitchcock in 1905), Bedford Co. (Curtiss
5840). New York; Long Island (Bisky in 1886). Pennsylvania; Susquehanna (Ely in 1888).
Delaware (Canby in 1863), Townsend (Chickering in 1873), Wilmington (Canby in 1895),
Pencader (Tatnall in 1884). Maryland; Spencerville (Bond in 1891), Crisfield (Holmes
17188), College Park (Blodgett in 1903). N. Carolina (Beyrich in 1845, the type? of C.
arvensis in the Engelmann herb. McCarthy in 1885, Ashe, Thaxter in 1887), Hillsborough
(Curtiss in 1843), Beaufort (Lewis 224). S. Carolina (Ravenel), Aiken (Ravenel in 1869).
Florida (Rugel 400a, 400b), St. Marks (Rugel in 1843), Jacksonville (Keeler in 1889, Curtiss
2188), Brevard Co. (Nash 2283), Penscacola (Mohr in 1874), Carrabelle (Curtiss 5881),
Biscayne Bay (Chapman), St. Augustine (Reynolds in 1872). Alabama; Mobile (Mohr in
1888), Valley Head (Ruth 477, 492). Georgia; DeKalb Co.(Eggert in 1897, Small in 1893),
Whitfield Co. (Wilson 138), Stone Mt. (Engehnann in 1876). Mississippi (Tracy in 1892).
Tennessee (Gattinger in 1879), Cocke Co. (Kearney 843), Nashville (Killebrew in 1885),
Knoxville (Ruth 169), Rutherford (Eggert in 1897). Kentucky; Bowling Green (Price in
1898). Indiana; Gibson Co. (Schneck in 1906), Ripley Co. (Deam 7101), Vermilion Co.
(Deam 9871), Orange Co. (Deam 17384), Spencer Co. (Deam 28370, 28400), Posey Co.
(Deam 25430), Bartholomew Co. (Deam 12403). Illinois; Peoria (McDonald in 1904),
Freeport (Johnson in 1900), Beardstown (Geyer in 1842, the type of C. penlagona microcalyx,
in the Engehnann Herb.), Henderson Co. (Patterson), Cook Co. (Beal in 1869), West
Pulhnan (Lansing 2846), Oregon (Hill 128-1905), Kankakee (Hill 76-1871), Glencoe (Eggert
in 1879). Minnesota; Minneapolis (Sheldon in 1891). 5. Dakota (Skinner 200), Bad Lands
(Williams in 1891), Custer (Coulter in 1874), Pennington Co. (Over 1907). Nebraska
(Hayden in 1853-54), Ewing (Bates 698). Iowa; Ames (Hitchcock). Missouri; Eagle Rock
(Bush 36), Lee's Summit (Bush 138), St. Louis (Eggert in 1879), Springfield (Standley 8980),
Dent Co. (Tracy 17189), Iron Mt. (Tr^culin 1848), Hillsborough (Riehlin 1848), Allentown
(Letterman in 1875), Jefferson Co. (Eggert in 1891, and in 1896), Webb City (Pahner 432),
St. Francis Co. (Russell in 1897), Taney Co. (Eggleston 12247), Willard (Blankinship in
1889), Maiden (Bush in 1893), Shannon Co. (Bush 1007; 1062), McDonald Co. (Bush in
1892). Indian Territory; Cickasaw Nation (Sheldon in 1891), Colbert's Station (Sheldon 21),
Colorado; Paradox (Walker 348). Montana; Glendine (Ward in 1883). California; Antioch
Kellogg & Harford 780).
Cuscuta pentagona calycina Engelmann
[Figures Z^ f-g and 113]
C. pentagona calycina Engelmann, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 45:76, 1845.
C. arvensis calycina Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:495, 1859.
Flowers larger; calyx lobes ovate or roundish, shorter than or longer
than the corolla, not at all or but slightly overlapping and not angled at
the sinuses.
Type locality : Texas. Range : From Virginia to the Greater Antilles
and westward to Saskatchewan, Manibota, California, Texas and northern
Mexico.
Specimens examined: United States: (Wooton 2749), Lat. 41" (Harbour 464).
Virginia; Nansemond Co. (Heller 1135). Tennessee; Knoxville (Ruth in 1893). Indiana;
Clarke (Urabach in 1898). N. Dakota; Big Stone Lake (Griffiths & Slosser 235). S. Dakota;
Brookings (White), Fall River Co. (Visher 2596). Nebraska; Scotts Bluff Co. (Rydberg
264). Missouri; Courtney (Bush 3013, 5855), Carthage (Bush & Pahner 3063), Kansas
City (Bush 1750, 4068). Kansas; Manhattan (Kellerman 50). Arkansas; Eureka Springs
52 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [142
(without designation of collector, in 1898). Colorado; Grand Junction (Hedgcock in 1901),
Boulder (Daniels 696), Naturita (Payson 588). Nevada; Reno (Hillman). Montana;
Bozeman (Blankinship 407). Utah (Jones 5482b, 5653, Eastwood 91, Rydberg & Garrett
9918, 10013, 10014, Hedrickinl899),SaltLakeCity (McKinneyinl916). Washmgton;Wa.its-
burg. (Homer 639). Oregon; Mouth of the Walla Walla River (Geyer 674), Multnomah Co.
(Howell 336). California; Santa Clara Co. (Abrams 2230, Baker 1761), San Jose (Rattan
4d), Redondo (Grant in 1901, McClatchie in 1892), southern California (Grant 3629).
Mariposa (Congdon in 1902), Bouldin Island (Brandegee). Arizona (Rusby 245, 295), Camp
Lowell (Rothrock 708), Tucson (Pringle 144, 13797, and in 1891), Solomonville (Goodding
509), Flagstaff (McDougal 378), Ash Creek (Rothrock 311), Cosnino (Jones 4032). New
Mexico (Rusby 85, and in 1880), Frisco River (Wooton in 1900), Chavez (Wooton in 1892),
Dona Ana Co. (Wooton & Stanley 3988 and in 1906), Mangas Springs (Metcalf in 1903),
Alberque (Jones 4116 and in 1884, Herrick in 1904), La Luz (Wooton in 1905), San Juan Co.
(Standley 6958). Texas (Thuron in 1890, Lindheimer 664, 126, taken as the type, in the
Engelmann Herb., Wright in 1847), Dallas (Reverchon in 1880), Concho (Havard 2), San
Marcos (Stanfield in 1898).
Canada: Assiniboia (Macoun 11852). Saskatchewan (Drummond). Manitoba; Morris
(Macoun 23972).
Mexico: Jalisco (Pringle 3111). Chihuahua; Santa Rosalia (Palmer 382). Lower
California; San Jorge (Brandegee 4), Baja (Brandegee).
West Indies: Cuba; Havana (Leon 7707, Leon & Eckman 4270). Bahamas; Andros
(Wight 228). Jamaica; Claredon (Britton 3798). Porto Rico; Arecibo to Utuado (Britton
& CoweU 306).
Cuscuta pentagona verrucosa (Engelmann) n. comb,
[Figure 111]
C. verrucosa Engelmann, Amer. Joum. Sci. & Arts, 43: 341, pi. 6, fig. 25, 1842. — Choisy in
DC, Prodromus, 9:461, 1845.
C. verrucosa glabrior Engelmann, Amer. Joum. Sci. & Arts, 43:341, 1842.
C. arvensis verrucosa Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:495, 1859.
Pedicels usually longer than in the other varieties, equalling the
flowers or longer; calyx lobes more triangular, obtuse, usually shorter than
the corolla, fleshy verrucose; capsule somewhat verrucose to papillate.
Type locality: Texas. Range: Louisiana, Indian Territory', Texas
and northern Mexico.
Sp>ecimens examined: United States: Louisiana; Sulphur (Palmer 7709). Indian
Territory; Limestone Gap (Butler 4), Between Fts. Cobb & Arbuckle (Palmer 202). Teicas
(Drummond III 247, taken as the type in the Engelmann Herb., Ruth 502, Lindheimer 127,
473), Corpus Christi (Heller 1549) Dallas (Reverchon in 1878, Hall 492, 493 in part), Galves-
ton island (Joor in 1877), San Antonio (Palmer 12914, Larrabee in 1900).
Mexico: (Berlandier 2457). Coahuila (Pahner 723), Saltillo (Palmer 218, 307, 730),
Parras (Gregg 401, 417). San Luis Potosi; San Luis Potosi (Berlandier in 1827). Coahuila
6* Neuvo Leon (Pahner 919).
Cuscuta pentagona pubescens (Engelmann) n. comb.
C. arvensis pubescens Engehnann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :495, 1859.
All parts of the flower more or less papillate-pubescent.
Type locality: Western Texas. Range: New Mexico and Texas.
Specimens examined: United States: New Mexico (Wright 1631, 1635). Texas
(Wright 2, Lindheimer in 1847, taken as the tjpe, in the Engelmann Herb.), El Paso (Wright
519, 523), Bexar Co. (Jermy 34) Llano Co. (Nealley 84), on the Pedemales river (Lindheimer
in 1847), along the Pecos. (Wright 574.)
143] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 53
Cuscuta plattensis Nelson
[Figure 35]
C. plattensis Nelson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 26:131, 1899.
Stems medium to slender. Flowers glabrous, 2.5-5 mm, long, pentam-
erous, on pedicels about equal to the flowers in panicled cymes; calyx
shorter than the corolla tube; lobes triangular, obtuse, slightly overlapping;
corolla tube broadly campanulate; lobes about equalling the tube, tri-
angular, acute, (not "short-ovate, obtuse, about half the length of the
broadly campanulate tube"), slightly irregular in some, spreading or
reflexed, with the tips inflexed; scales shorter than the tube, slightly
spatulate, copiously fringed with short processes; stamens shorter than
the lobes; anthers oval, about equal to the subulate filaments; ovary
depressed-globose, verrucose and thickened about the intrastylar aperture;
styles slightly unequal, about equal to the ovary or shorter. Capsule
depressed-globose; seeds one to four in a capsule, about 1-1.5 mm. long,
oval or obovate, robust; hilum short, linear, transverse.
This species is very closely related to C. pentagona and perhaps merges
with some of the larger forms of variety calycina. It seems to differ in
the shorter scales and shorter processes and the rather larger flowers.
Type locality : "In canon of Platte," Wyoming. Range: Wyoming
and Washington.
Specimens examined: United States: Wyoming; Platte Canyon (Nelson 2768, the
type, in the Rocky Mt. Herb., Univ. of Wyoming), Uva (Nelson 2741, mixed with C. indecora
on some sheets), Converse Co. (Nelson 9118). Washington; Klickitat Co. (Suksdorf 2852.)
Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelmann
[Figures 53, 57, 58 and 142]
C .cephalanthi Engelmann, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 43:336, pi. 6, fig. 1-6, 1842. — Matthew,
Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 20, pi. 164, fig. 6, 1893.— Britton & Brown, lUustr. Flora, 3:29,
fig. 2962, 1898; 2 ed., 3:50, fig. 3448, 1913.
C. tenuiflora Engelmann in Gray, Manual of Botany, p. 350, 1848; and in Trans. Acad. Sci.
St. Louis, 1:497, 1859.
Epithynium cephalanthi (Engelmann) Nieuwland & Lunell, Amer. Mid. Nat., 4:511, 1916.
Stems medium. Flowers glabrous, about 2 mm. long, commonly
tetramerous, less frequently tri- or pentamerous, sometimes more or less
glandular; calyx shorter than the corolla tube, deeply divided; lobes
oblong-ovate, obtuse; corolla cylindric-campanulate, becoming somewhat
urceolate as the capsule matures; lobes ovate, obtuse, erect to spreading,
much shorter than the tube; scales oblong, narrow, fringed with scattered
processes, reaching the filaments, bridged at from a quarter to a third of
their height; stamens mostly equal to or slightly shorter than the lobes;
anthers oval to round, about equal to the stoutish filaments; styles equal
to or slightly longer than the globose somewhat depressed ovary. Capsule
depressed-globose, capped by the persistent, withered corolla; seeds about
54 JLUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [144
1.6 mm. long, light brown, globose, ovate or round, slightly oblique and
compressed; hilum oblong, linear, oblique.
This species in some respects resembles the smaller forms of C. gronovii
but is separable by the ordinarily tetramerous flowers and the depressed,
capped capsule.
Type location: "On the margins of ponds and swamps near St. Louis."
Range : Across the continent from Maine to Oregon and Washington and
southward to Virginia, Tennessee and Texas.
Specimens'examined: United States: Near 49th parallel of lat. (Lyall in 1858-59).
Maine; Orono (Briggs 1509). Massachusells; Framingham (Sturtevant in 1890). Con-
necticut; Waterbury (Dubois in 1888), Greens Farms (Polard 239). New Jersey (Engel-
mann in 1879, Canby in 1862). Virginia; Little Falls of the Potomac (Mohr in 1894). New
York; Ca^-uga Lake (Dudley in 1882, Wiegand in 1895), west New York swamps (Van Sickle
in 1894). Pennsylvania; Marj'sville (Small in 1888), Lancaster Co. (Porter in 1864), Easton
(Porter in 1890 and in 1895), Harrisburg (Porter in 1879). Tennessee (Gattinger in 1886).
Ohio; Port Clinton (Mosely in 1897), Erie Co. (Mosely in 1898), PainesviUe (Beardslee in
1876), Cincinnati (Lloyd in 1890). Michigan; Jackson (Camp in 1893), Algonac (Cooper in
1901). Indiana; Clarke (Umbach in 1898), Dune Park (Chase 1982), Whiting (Hill in 1891),
Wells Co. (Deam 490, in 1899, 1903 & 1905)., Adams Co. (Deam 5363, 5364 in part), Porter
Co. (Deam 26482), Parke Co. (Deam 9889), Carroll Co. (Deam 15304), Allen Co. (Deam
1582), Randolph Co. (Deam 15382), Steuben Co. (Deam 15476). Illinois; Wabash Co.
(Schneck in 1880), Peoria (McDonald in 1885 and in 1894, Brendel), Ravinia (Sherff
in 1911), Vermillion Co. (McDougall in 1917), Oquawka (Patterson), Henderson Co.
(Patterson 10430 and in 1872), Carlinville (Andrews in 1890), Libertyville (Sherff
18%), Athens (Hall in 1861 and in 1867), Taylorville (Andrews in 1898), Sangamon
Co. (Andrews in 1898), Beardstown (Geyer), Ringw'ood (Vasey in 1861), Urbana (Pease,
Yuncker 999a, 999b, Clinton 11794, 11795,11796, 28574, 30449, 30450). Wisconsin; Osceola
(Sheldard in 1892), Brown Co. (Schuette in 1894), Winnebago Co. (Kellerman in 1871),
Racine (Davis in 1879), Prairie du Chien (Hall in 1861), Madison (Hall in 1861). Minnesota;
Winona (Holzingerin 1889), Yellow Medicine Co. (Jacobs in 1888), GljTidon (Dewart in
1892). Iowa; Fayette Co. (Fink 207, 632), Ames (Hitchcock in 1894), Vinton (Davis in
1876). Missouri; St. Louis (Engelmann in 1841, taken as the t>'pe, in the Engelmann Herb.,
also in 1842 and in 1860), Clark Co. (Bush in 1892), Jackson Co. (Bush 262). Kansas;
Lawrence (Stevens). Nebraska; Lawsville (Williams in 1888), Exeter (Wibbe in 1889 in part),
Nickolls Co. (Hedgcock in 1894) , Banks of the Missouri river (Hayden) . Nevada; Humboldt
Pass (Watson 937). Utuh; Salt Lake City (Jones 1918, Garrett 2213), Ogden (Tracy in
1887). Oregon; Hood river (Henderson in 1884). Washington; Klickitat Co. (Suksdorf
in 1883). California; Mt. Shasta (Grant 5217). New Mexico (Wright 1626 = 578, 1629 =
124), Otero Co. (Wooton in 1899). Texas; Dallas (Reverchon in 1878).
Cuscuta racemosa chiliana Engelmann
[Figures 36 and 94]
C. racemosa chiliana Engelmann. Trans. .\cad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:505, 1859.
No Nprth American synonymy; for foreign synonymy see Engelmann, Trans. Acad.
Sci. St. Louis, 1:505, 1859.
Stems slender to medium. Flowers glabrous, about 3 mm. long, pen-
tamerous, on pedicels as long as or mostly longer than the flowers in loose,
racemose cymes; calyx much shorter than the corolla tube; lobes short,
deltoid, acute; corolla campanulate; lobes shorter than the tube, spreading
145] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 55
to reflexed, triangular-ovate, acutish; scales scarcely reaching the filaments,
fringed, bridged at about a quarter of their height; stamens about equalling
the lobes; anthers oval-oblong, about equal to the somewhat subulate
filaments; ovary globose; styles slender, rather longer than the ovary.
Capsule globose, glandular, thin, not thickened but somewhat verrucose
at the top; styles slightly tapering towards the base; seeds two to four
in a capsule, about 1.5 mm. long, roundish, compressed, somewhat rostrate;
hilum small, depressed.
Type locality: Chile. Type not seen. Range in North America:
Scattered across the continent, mostly on Medicago sativa.
Specimens examined: United States: Maryland; near Baltimore (Hillman). 5.
Dakota; White River (Over 2355). Texas; Sanderson (Wooton in 1911). California; Kern
Co. (Palmer 149), lower Sacramento (Jepson in 1893), Santa Cruz Mts. (Davis in 1908).
northern California (Greene 1046),
Cuscuta decipiens n. sp.
[Figures 43, 93 and 95]
Stems slender. Flowers about 3 mm. long, glabrous, pentamerous,
subsessile or on pedicels as long as or slightly longer than the flowers;
calyx lobes ovate, obtuse, somewhat shorter than the corolla tube; corolla
campanulate, its lobes triangular-ovate, somewhat serrate, obtuse, or
acute with an inflexed tip; scales as long as or shorter than the tube, deeply
fringed, slightly spatulate, bridged at about a third of their height; stamens
shorter than the lobes; filaments about equal to the oval anthers; ovary
globose, slightly umbonate; styles slender, shorter than the ovary; stigmas
capitate. Capsule globose-oval, slightly umbonate, with the withered
corolla about it; seeds usually one or two in a capsule, about 1.7 mm. long,
light brown or yellow, rostrate or hooked ; hilum linear, oblong, oblique or
transverse, the umbilical area scarcely contrasted with the rest of the seed.
All parts of the flowers are white or reddish and covered with numerous
whitish pellucid glandular-appearing cells. This species resembles C.
indecora, but is distinguishable by its obtuse calyx lobes, less fleshy and
smooth flowers, with scales which are ordinarily shorter, as well as by the
capsule which is not thickened as much at the apex.
Type locality: Hacienda de Cedros, Zacatecas, Mexico. Range:
Central Mexico.
Specimens examined: Mexico: Zacatecas; Hacienda de Cedros (Lloyd 193, the type,
in the U. S. Nat. Herb, as sheet 574,160), Hilo de Oro (Lloyd 28), Cedros (Kirkwood 50).
Coahuila (Purpus 4873),
Cuscuta coryli Engelmann
[Figures 42, 55, 56 and 130]
C. coryli Engelmann, Amer, Journ. Sci. & Arts, 43:337, pi. 6, figs. 7-11, 1842. — Matthew,
Bull. Torr. Bot. Club., 20, pi. 164, fig. 5, 1893.— Britton & Brown, lUustr. Flora, 3:29,
fig. 2961, 1898; 2 ed., 3:50, fig. 3447, 1913.— Stevens, .\mer. Journ. Bot., 3:185, figs. 1-2,
1916.
56 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [146
C. compacta cremdata Choisy in DC, Prodromus, 9:459, 1845.
C. inflexa Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:502, 1859.
C. congesta Beyrich; C. parviflora Nuttall; C. umbrosa Beyrich, herb, names without descrip-
tions in Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:502, 1859; in synon.
Epithymum coryli (Engelmann) Nieuwland & Lunell, Amer. Mid. Nat., 4:511, 1916.
Stems medium to slender. Flowers fleshy, papillate, about 2 mm.
long, mostly tetramerous (less frequently penta- or trimerous), on pedicels
shorter or longer than the flowers, in panicled cymes; calyx lobes triangular,
acute, equalling the corolla tube; corolla cylindric-campanulate; lobes
triangular-ovate, crenulate, upright, with acute inflexed tips; scales
rudimentary, bifid, toothed, ordinarily reduced to toothed wings on either
side of the filament attachment, bridged somewhat below the middle;
stamens about as long as the lobes; anthers oval to slightly oblong, on
somewhat subulate filaments; ovary globose-ovoid, thickened at the apex;
styles shorter than or equal to the ovary, becoming widely divergent on
the capsule. Capsule at first globose, becoming depressed, thickening in
a collar about the intrastylar aperture, the withered corolla about the
upper part or soon falling away; seeds about 1.5 mm. long, usually four
in each capsule, dark brown, globular or somewhat compressed, rather
oblique, the surface scurfy; hilum short, oblong, oblique or transverse.
This species resembles C. indecora but differs in its ordinarily tetramer-
ous flowers, rudimentary scales, more compressed capsule and more widely
divergent styles.
Type locality: In dry prairies near St. Louis. Range: From
Rhode Island and Virginia westward to South Dakota, Nebraska and
Montana and southward to Texas and Arizona.
Specimens examined: United States: Left Bank of Missouri (Ward in 1883). Bluffs
of the Cumberland (Ward in 1877). (Nuttall in Herb. Acad. Phil., the type of C. parviflora,
a fragment in the Engelmann Herb.). Rhode Island; Smithfield (Olney in 1872). Delaware;
Harrington (Canby in 1886). Virginia (Gray & SuUivant in 1843), Peak of Otter (Beyrich,
the type of C. congesta, a fragment in the Engelmann Herb.). Maryland; Piney Point
(Vasey in 1873), Glen Echo (Hillman in 1904 and in 1905). New York; Staten Island (Bum-
ham in 1901), Washington Co. (Burnham in 1895), Ithaca (Dudley in 1882), Peekskill
(Leggett in 1870), Niagara Co. (Clinton in 1864). Tennessee; (Beyrich 175-2, the type of
C. umbrosa, a fragment in the Engelmann Herb.), Nashville (Ward in 1877), Roan Mt.
(Rydberg 8179, 8183). Ohio; Sandusky (York in 1902). Indiana; Blackford Co. (Deam
190, 512), WUsons (Hill 100-1897), VermUion Co.. (Deam 9817), Lake Co. (Hill 124-1897,
95-1876), Kosciusko Co. (Deam 444), Lagrange Co. (Deam 14856), Dune Park (Chase
522). Michigan; Port Huron (Dodge 104, 372, 4 collections without number in 1896),
Detroit (Farwell 1291). Illinois; Without location (Chase), Evanston (Johnson in 1888),
St. Clair Co. (Eggert in 1897, Brendel in 1880), Chicago (Scammon 1, Hill 120-1897), Wabash
Co. (Schneckin 1880andin 1881), west of Chicago. (Chase in 1894), Cook Co. (Chase in
1896), Joliet (Skeels & Shaddick in 1900), Riverside (Greenman 2782), Glencoe (Sherff in
1911), Athens (Hall 4), Highland (Meyer in 1841), Beardstown (Geyer in 1842), Mascoutah
(Welch), Canton (Hovey); Peoria (Brendel), Carlinville (Andrews in 1890). Wisconsin
(Hale in 1860-61). Minnesota; Fergus Falls (Sheldon in 1892), Cannon Falls (Pol in 1888).
5. Dakota; Brookings (Williams in 1896), Lake Hendricks (Williams in 1894), Jones Island,
147] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 57
Big Stone Lake (Griffiths & Slosser in 1894), Watertown (Griffiths & Slosser 302). Nebraska;
Bottoms of Yellowstone river (Hayden 26), Thomas Co. (Rydberg, two collections with num-
ber 1688, one collected August 26 and the other August 14, 1893), Holt Co. (Clements 2799),
Ashland (Williams in 1889), Long Pine (Bates in 1896). Missouri; St. Louis Co. (Engelmann
in 1860, 1842, 1843, August 1841 and Sept. 1841, taken as the type, in the Engelmann Herb.,
Eggert in 1879, Craig in 1908, Greenman 3800, Garber in 1911, Drushell in 1916), Barry Co.
(Bush 202, 327, 3244, and without number in 1892), MacDonald Co. (Bush 28), Baring,
(Bush 6), Polk Co. (Standley 9937), Courtney (Bush 411, 1815), Sarcoxie (Palmer 3197),
Meramec (Pammel), Stone Co. (Trelease 1113), Seligman (Dewart in 1892), Anderson
(Bush in 1892), Joplin (Palmer 3835). Iowa; Decatur Co. (Fitzpatrick 25). Indian
Territory; Limestone Gap (Butler 19, 50, 94 and 11236?). New Mexico (Fendler 658)
Arizona; Grand Canyon (Eggert in 1886). Texas; Williamson Co. (Bodin 230), Calvert
(Pammel in 1888), Fort Smith (Ark.) to the Rio Grande (Bigelow 8). Montana; Popular
(Blankinship in 1900).
Cuscuta indecora Choisy
C. indecora Choisy, M6m. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve, 9:278, pi. 3, fig. 3, 1841; and in
DC, Prodromus, 9:457, 1845.— Matthew, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 20, pi. 164, fig. 4, 1893.—,
Britton & Brown, Illustr. Flora, 3:29, fig. 2960, 1898; 2 ed., 3:50, fig. 3446, 1913.—
Stevens, Amer. Joum. Bot., 3:185, figs. 3-4, 1916.
C. decora Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:501, 1859.
Epithymum indecorum (Choisy) Nieuwland & Lunell, Amer. Mid. Nat., 4:511, 1916.
Stems medium to coarse. Flowers 2-5 mm. long, whitish, fleshy,
papillose to smoothish, on pedicels shorter or longer than the flowers,
stigmas and anthers commonly purplish colored ; calyx lobes triangular to
lanceolate, acute or somewhat obtuse; corolla campanulate; lobes erect to
spreading, triangular, acute, the tips inflexed; scales as long as or longer
than the tube, ovate or somewhat spatulate or divided, deeply fringed,
bridged at or below the middle; stamens shorter than the lobes; anthers
broad, oval, about equal to the filaments; styles as long as or slightly
longer than the globose, pointed ovary, unequal, becoming divaricate in
fruit. Capsule globose, pointed, enveloped by the withered corolla; seeds
about 1.7 mm. long, usually two to four in a capsule, roundish or broader
than long, grayish or brown, somewhat scurfy; hilum small, oval, trans-
verse or somewhat oblique.
While this species is quite variable it has been difficult to maintain
varietal segregations. The majority of the collections fall under variety
neuropetala which shows quite wide extremes of size, shape of parts, etc.
It has been thought best to maintain a varietal segregation as indicated
below although in many cases it is rather difficult to tell with exactness
to which variety a form may belong.
Key to the varieties
Scales not divided, ovate or spatulate.
Calyx lobes broad, ovate, acute.
Flowers about 2-3 mm. long, papillose-hispid hispidula
Flowers usually larger, not so papillose-hispid neuropetala
Calyx lobes lanceolate, acute longisepala
Scales divided at the apex bifida
58 ILUNOJS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [148
Cuscuta indecora hispidula (Engelmann) n. comb.
C. verrucosa hispidula Engelmann, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 43:341, 1842.
C. hispidula Engelmann, Amer. Joum. Sci. & Arts, 45:75, 1843.
C. neuropetala minor Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 5:223, 1847.
C. porphyrostigma, Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 5:223, 1847; in synon.
C. decora indecora Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :502, 1859.
Flowers 2-2.5 mm. long, usually on pedicels longer than the flowers;
calyx mostly shorter than the corolla, more papillose-hispid than in the
other varieties.
Type locality: "Mexicum ad Metamoros." Range: Texas, New
Mexico and Indian Territory and in the Greater Antilles.
Specimens examined: (Berlandier 2285, the type number, in the Engelmann Herb, from
Mexico?). United States: Texas; (Berlandier 865, 965, Lindheimer 123, Nealley 141),
eastern part of the state (Hall 491), Llano Co. (Nealley 83), Llano (Smith in 1897), New
Braunfels (Lindheimer 318, 1029), San Antonio (Wilkinson in 1902), Fort Worth (Ruth 188),
Columbia (Bush 1535), Fort Smith (Ruth 159), Dallas (Hall 493 in part). New
Mexico; Fort WTiipple (Coues & Palmer 246). Oklahoma; Greer Co. (Stevens 1000). Indian
Territory (Sheldon 134).
W^EST Indies: Cuba; Camaguey (Shafer 2635). Jamaica; Port Antonio (Fredholm
3304).
Cuscuta indecora neuropetala (Choisy) Hitchcock
[Figures 44 a-e, 96 and 128]
C. indecora neuropetala Hitchcock, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., 3:549, 1896.
C neuropetala Engelmann, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 45:75, 1843.
C. neuropetala littoraUs Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 5:223, 1847.
C. pulcherrima Scheele, Linnaea, 21:750, 1848.
C. decora pulclterrima Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:502, 1859.
?C. indecora portoricensis Urban, S>Tnb. Ant., 4:502, 1910.
Flowers usually larger than in the other varieties, loose or compacted;
corolla broadly campanulate, varying in its degree of papilla tion. Forms
from the southeastern United States frequently are more waxy white than
those from the west. The calyx lobes are shorter than or equalling the
corolla.
Type locality: "Texas in wet prairies near Houston." Range:
Illinois, westward to Utah and California, south into Mexico and through
the southern states into the West Indies. The specimen reported from
Michigan is believed to have been introduced with alfalfa seed from one
of the western states.
Specimens examined: United States: American plains (Hall & Harbour 464).
Michigan; Shelby (Wagner in 1919). Illinois (Engelmann in 1845), St. Clair Co. (Eggert
in 1877). Minnesota; Fergus Falls (Sheldon in 1892). 5. Dakota; Washington Co. (Over
2157), Hot Springs (Petersen in 1908). Nebraska; Merrinem (Bates in 18%), Hooker Co.
MuUen (Rydberg 1634, 1694), Waho (Rydberg), Banner Co. (Rydberg in 1890), Cheyenne
Co. (Rydberg 3700). Kansas; Syracuse (Rose & Fitch 17027, Thompson 159). Louisiana
(Langlois in 1879). Mississippi; Brush Island (Lloyd & Tracy 128), Cat Island (Lloyd &
Tracy 124). ^Alabama; Mobile (Mohr in 1888, and in 1876, 885c). Florida; Santa Rosa
Island (Tracy 6432), Wakulla Co., St. Marks (Harper 209), Colquitt Co. (Harper 1650),
149] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 59
Palma Sola Bay (Simpson 68), Tallahassee (Harper 224), Manatee (Simpson in 1889),
Colorado (Herb. State. Agr. College 1541), Colorado Springs (Porter in 1873, Cooper 421),
Evans (Johnson 399), Denver (Eastwood in 1890, 129), Fort Collins (Baker 555), Boulder
(Daniels 426). Texas (Lindheimer 124, taken to represent the type, in the Engelmann Herb.,
474, III 475), San Antonio (Nealley 94, Headly in 1907, Ball 919), Del Rio (Plank in 1891),
Austin (Biltmore Herb. 3736a), Val Verde Co., Comstock (Nealley 126), Bexar Co. (Jermy
74, 75). Arizona; Globe (Goodding 724), Fort Lowell (Thornber 133), Pine (McDougal 685),
Santa Cruz Valley (Pringle in 1884), Tucson (Thornber 32, 87, Smart 345, Griffiths 2155,
Rose 11887, Pringle in 1884, Toumey 96), Rincon Mts. (Toumey in 1894), Santa Catalina
Mts. (Pringle in 1881, Lemmon in 1881), Castle Creek (Toumey 293), Monmouth (Nealley
278). New Mexico (Wright 521, 525, 1622, 1630, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1638), Nara Visa (Fisher
147). Utah; Salt Lake City (Garrett 192, 1714, 1716, 1719, 2692, 2736, Jones 1331, in 1880).
Wyoming; Laramie Co., Uva(Nelson2741,inpart, 8576), Sheridan Exp. Farm (Buffum 1405).
Idaho; Moscow Exp. Station (Henderson 2892). California (Leiberg 5396), San Bernardino
Co. (Parish 5532, 5905), Butte Co. (Brown 132, Heller 11677), Lake Co. (Bolander 2673, in
part), Humboldt Co. (Chesnut & Drew in 1888), Clear Lake (without indication of collector),
Clovis (Brandegee), Chico (Studley 4d) , Fresno (Brandegee), Yolo Bolo Mt. (Brandegee in
1892), Shasta River, northern Calif. (Greene 978).
West Indies: Cuba (Wright 3649), Santa Clara (Britton, Britten & Wilson 5507).
Santa Domingo; Barahona Province (Fuertes 117, 916, 975b). Jamaica; Port Antonio
(Wight 73), Porto Rico (Sintensis 3851).
Mexico: Sonora; Hermosillo (Rose, Standley & Russell 12477). Coahuila (Purpus
4563), Parras (Purpus 6343). Zacatecas (Palmer 284). San Luis Potosi; San Dieguito
(Palmer 630). Tamaulipas; Tampico (Palmer 530).
Cuscuta indecora longisepala n. var.
[Figures 44 f and 97]
Flowers subsessile, compacted; calyx lobes lanceolate, acuminate, as
long as or exceeding the corolla. Some specimens approach variety
neuropetala in their shorter calyx lobes.
Type locality: On the Blanco, Texas. Range: Indian Territory,
Texas and northern Mexico.
Specimens examined: United States: Texas; on the Blanco (Wright, the type, in the
Engelmann Herb.), Dallas (Reverchon in 1875, Hall 493, in part). Indian Territory (Butler
2), Limestone Gap (Butler in 1877).
Mexico: Tamaulipas ; Tampico (Palmer Z^Z). San Luis Potosi; San Dieguito (Palmer
640).
Cuscuta indecora bifida n. var.
Calyx lobes shorter than the very white corolla; scales rather deeply
divided at the apex.
Type locality: Twin Springs, Nevada.
Specimens examined: United States: Nevada; Twin Springs (Purpus, the tjpe, in
the Univ. Calif. Herb.).
Cuscuta jepsonii n. sp.
[Figure 52]
Stems slender. Flowers 2-23^^ mm. long, pentamerous, on pedicels
shorter than the flowers, in cymose clusters, entire inflorescence fleshy
and papillate; calyx lobes triangular, acute, scarcely reaching the middle
60 ILUNOJS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [ISO
of the corolla tube; corolla globular, becoming urceolate, lobes upright or
more or less connivent, triangular, acute, less than half as long as the
corolla tube, not overlapping; scales represented only by ridges and short
bridges; stamens much shorter than the corolla lobes; filaments about equal
to the small, oval anthers; styles much shorter than the globose, slightly
pointed ov^ry. Capsule depressed-globose, somewhat elevated about the
intrastylar aperture, surrounded by the persistent coroUa; seeds 2-4 in a
capsule, rounded, compressed.
This species, which appears to be rare, diflFers greatly in many respects
from C. californica, the only other North American species lacking infra-
stamineal scales. It differs from C. sandwichiana, a species not recorded
from North America, which it resembles somewhat, in the fleshier texture
of the whole plant, the size of the flowers and the shape of the corolla.
Type locality: Big Horse Mountain, South Fork of the Eel River,
California.
Specimens examined: United States: California; Big Horse Mountain, South Fork
of the Eel River Qepson 5c, the type, in the Univ. Calif. Herb.).
Cuscuta californica Choisy
C. californica Choisy, M6m. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve, 9:279, 1841;. and in DC, Pro-
dromus, 9:457, 1845.— Engebnann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:498, 1859.
C. acutninaia Nuttall in Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:498, 1859; nomen nudum,
in synon.
Stems slender. Flowers 2-5 mm. long, glabrous or papillate, sub-
sessile in compact clusters or on slender pedicels in loose panicled cymes;
calyx as long as the corolla tube or shorter; lobes lanceolate, acute to
acuminate, or shorter, ovate and somewhat obtuse, their tips frequently
somewhat divergent; corolla campanulate or cylindrical; lobes ovate to
lanceolate, acute or somewhat obtuse, as long as or longer than the tube,
connivent to spreading or reflexed; scales rudimentary, represented only
by short bridges or "inverted arches"; stamens shorter than the lobes;
filaments shorter than or slightly longer than the oval to linear anthers;
styles as long as or longer than the somewhat ovate or conic ovary. Capsule
globose or ovoid-conic, enveloped by the withered corolla; seeds about
1 mm. long, oval, slightly compressed, rather rostrate, one to four in each
capsule; lulum oblong, transverse or oblique.
Key to the varieties
Capsule globose, not pointed.
Flowers glabrous.
Anthers on definite filaments.
Calj^ lobes acute to acuminate, usually reaching at least the middle of the
corolla tube.
Flowers more or less pedicelled; styles as long as, or longer than the ovary
graciliflora
Flowers subsessfle; styles shorter than the ovary brevifhra
151] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 61
Calyx lobes rather obtuse, not reaching the middle of the corolla tube
brachycalyx
Anthers sessile or subsessile apodanlhera
Flowers papillose papulosa
Capsule ovoid-conic apiculata
Cuscuta calif ornica graciliflora Engelmann
[Figures 45 a-c, 74, 84 and 151]
C. calif ornica graciliflora Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :499, 1859.
C. californica longiloba Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:499, 1859.
Flowers rather variable in size, somewhat pedicelled; calyx lobes ovate;
corolla cylindrical to campanulate; lobes connivent to reflexed; anthers
elliptical to oblong; styles as long as or longer than the ovary,
I have been unable to keep apart the two varieties indicated by Engel-
mann, The specimens included here are usually called variety longiloba
in collections.
Type locality : "Nov, Californiam." Type not seen. Range: Pacific
coast states from Washington to Lower California,
Specimens examined: United States: California (Orcutt in 1888, Collins & Kempton
315, Leiberg 5267), San Benito Island (Anthony 266), Amador (Michener & Bioletti in 1893),
San Felipe (Thurber 633), San Diego Co. (Anderson in 1894, Chandler 5199), San Diego
(Thurber 570, Wooton in 1903, Parry in 1850, Orcutt 1499), Surf (Brandegee), Santa Clara Co,
(Brewer 1283), Pacheco's Pass (Brewer 1292, in part), Claremont (Chandler in 1897),
Escondido (Chandler 5384), Los Angeles Co. (Abrams 1560, 2654), Los Angeles (Tracy in
1888), Azuza (Baker 1560), Brush Canyon near Cahuenga Peak (Chandler 2010), Napa Co.
(Jepson 70c), Santa Lucia Mts. (Jepson 1704), Riverside (Hall in 1897, Brandegee in 1905),
Yosemite National Park (Hall 9219), Rubio Canyon (Peirson 150a), Ramona (Brandegee in
1905), Badger (Brandegee in 1892), Sierra Nevada Mts. (Lemmon in 1875), San Bernardino
Co. (McGregor & Abrams 700), San Bernardino (Coville & Funston 102), Mendocino Co.
(McMurphy 55), Ventura Co. (McGregor & Abrams 36), Cleveland National Forest (Hitch-
cock in 1915), Julian (Hitchcock), San Francisco Co. (Michener & Bioletti in 1891), San
Clemente Island (Trask 187), Lake Tahoe (Leiberg 5330), Coloma (Palmer 2392d), Tulare
(Palmer 2761), Death Valley (Coville & Funston 338), Monsovia (Rubsy in 1909). , The
following four specimens are somewhat larger than normal. Black Rock Mts. (Leiberg 5266,
labelled C. newberryi), San Antonio Mts. (Hall), Kern Co. (Burtt-Davy 1941). Washington;
Spokane (Turesson in 1913).
Mexico: Lower California (Brandegee 7), San Fernando (Brandegee in 1889).
Cuscuta californica breviflora Engelmann
[Figures 45d and 77]
C californica breviflora Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :499, 1859.
Flowers subsessile in dense glomerules; corolla somewhat narrowly
campanulate; stamens and styles short; anthers oval. The flowers as
the capsule matures, when viewed from above, present a rather character-
istic stellate appearance because of the spreading of the lobes.
Type locality: Monterey, California. Type not seen. Range:
Pacific coast states, and inland to western Colorado:
Specimens examined: United States: Oregon; La Grande (Cusick 2347), Grant's
Pass (Howell in 1884), Wallowa Co. (Sheldon 8715), Cougar Peak (Coville & Leiberg 175).
62 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [152
Washington; Peshastin (Sandberg & Leiberg 495), Blue Mts., southeastern part of the state
(Horner 373). California; San Francisco (Gardner in 1901), Monterey Co. (Cliandler 423),
San Benito Island (Brandegee in 1897), Siskiyou (Butler 15), Santa Catalina Island (Brande-
gee in 1890), Humboldt Co. (Tracy 4760), Mt. Silliman (Brandegee in 1905), Yosemite
Valley (Hall 9094), Contra Costa Co. (Elmer 4543), Tuolumne Valley (Bolander 5055),
Clear Lake (Torrey 325). Nevada; Rhyolite (Heller 9684). Utah; Bingham (Jones 1875),
Jordan Valley (Watson 938), City Creek Canyon (Jones 1915), Salt Lake Co. (Garrett
2170). Colorado; Paonia (Osterhout 4602).
Mexico: Lower California; San Bartolome Bay (Rose 16206).
Cuscuia californica hrachycalyx n. var.
[Figures 45 e-f and 75]
Flowers in dense cymose clusters; calyx very short; lobes broadly ovate,
obtuse to acutish; corolla campanulate; lobes reflexed, shorter than the
tube, triangular, acutish.
Type locality: Near Hanford, California. Range: Found so far only
in California.
Specimens examined: United States: California; Near Hanford (Kearney 52, the
type, in the N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.), Fresno (Sones 79), Yosemite Valley, Stoneman Bridge
(Reed in 1911), Dugan (Brandegee in 1914), Vacaville (Jepson in 1891), Clear Lake mountain
region (Jepson 5b), Solano Co. (Jepson 5d), Snow Mt. (Brandegee), Tulare Co. (Michener &
Bioletti in 1893), Goshen (Congdon 66), Tulare (Congdon 65).
Cuscuta californica apodanthera n. var.
CoroUa campanulate; calyx lobes short, acute, arising from a fleshy
flower base which tapers into the pedicel; anthers sessile or subsessile on
very short filaments.
Type locality: Yosemite Valley, California.
Specimens examined: United States: California; Yosemite Valley (Jepson 80a,
the type, in the Univ. Calif. Herb.), Potter Valley (Jepson 125a).
Cuscuta californica papulosa n. var.
[Figure 76]
Flowers in loose or compact clusters, papillose pubescent.
Type locality: San Bernardino Valley, California. Range: Found
so far only in California.
Specimens examined: United States: California; San Bernardino \'alley (Parish
5524, the type, in the Rocky Mt. Herb, in Univ. Wyo.), San Jacinto Mts. (Hasse in 1892,
Hall in 1901), Rivefside Co. (Parish 4130), Riverside (Reed 2372), Santa Lucia Mts. (Jepson
1628), Monterey Co. (Vasey 437), San Diego Co. (Parish 538a), Lake Co., Elk Mt.
(Tracy 2349).
Cuscuta californica apiculata Engelmann
[Figure 45 g]
C. californica apiculata Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :499, 1859.
Corolla somewhat granulate, particularly towards the base, campanu-
late; ovary and capsule ovoid, pointed.
Only one specimen, the type, was seen. The pointed capsule is
definite and warrants the segregation of the plant as a variety.
153] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 63
Type locality: "On the Colorado," California.
Specimens examined: United States: California; On the Colorado (Bigelow in 1854,
the type, in the Engelmann Herb.).
Cuscuta harperi Small
[Figures 21, 123 and 134]
C. harperi Small, Flora of the Southeastern United States, (2 ed.), p. 1361, 1913.
Stems very slender. Flowers penta-, tetra- or trimerous, about 1 mm.
long, on pedicels mostly as long as or longer than the flowers in loose race-
mose clusters; calyx shallow, the lobes short, broadly ovate, obtuse.
frequently slightly keeled and tuberculate; corolla campanulate; lobes
triangular-ovate, acute, about equalling the tube, upright, slightly fleshy,
with their tips inflexed, in fruit upright or reflexed; scales narrow, fringed
with a few short processes particularly about the upper half, as long as or
somewhat longer than the corolla tube, bridged at about one-third their
height; stamens shorter than the lobes, filaments slightly tapering and
equal to the small, oval anthers; ovary globose-oval, with a slightly
thickened collar about the intrastylar aperture; styles slender, shorter
than the ovary; stigmas capitate. Capsule oval, with the withered
corolla at its base; seeds about 1-1.2 mm. long, ordinarily but one in a
capsule, yellow brown, somewhat spherical; hilum a fine line, transverse or
oblique, the umbilical area somewhat sunken.
This species seems to be rather rare. It closely resembles some of the
smaller specimens of C. pentagona typica, from which it differs in the shape
of its scales, calyx and capsule.
Type locality: Etowah Co., Alabama. Range: Northern Alabama.
Specimens examined: United States: Alabama; Etowah Co. (Harp)er 147, taken
as the type, in the N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., Pollard & Maxon 341), De Soto Falls (Ruth 493,
and in 1893).
Cuscuta rostrata Shuttleworth
[Figures 40, 102, 103 and 139]
C. rostrata Shuttleworth in Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 5:225, 1847. — Engelmann,
Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:508, 1859.— Matthew, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 20, pi. 165,
fig. 10, 1893.— Britton & Brown, Illustr. Flora, 3:30, fig. 2964, 1898; 2 ed., 3:51, fig. 3450,
1913.
C. oxycarpa Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 5:225, 1847; in synon.
' Stems coarse. Flowers glabrous, 4-6 mm. long, pentamerous, on
pedicels shorter than the flowers in compact, paniculate cymes; calyx
shorter than the campanulate corolla; lobes ovate, obtuse, overlapping;
corolla membranaceous, cells very evident, somewhat thickened lines
running lengthwise below the stamen insertions giving the corolla a rather
angled appearance; lobes shorter than the tube, broad, ovate, obtuse,
erect, becoming spreading and later reflexed in fruit; scales shorter than
the tube, oblong, deeply fringed with long processes, shorter processes
frequently evident on the bridge which is about a third of their height;
64 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [154
Stamens shorter than or about as long as the lobes; anthers oval, shorter
than the subulate filaments; ovary flask-shaped with a long somewhat
two-beaked neck; styles shorter than the ovary. Capsule globose, flask-
shaped, beaked, enveloped by the withered corolla; seeds light brown,
about 2.4 mm. long, varying from one to four in each capsule, slightly
rostrate, obovate or oblong, oblique; hUum oblique or transverse, the
umbilical area slightly striated.
Type locality: Little Craggy Mountains, N. Carolina. Range: In
the Alleghany Mountains from Virginia to South Carolina.
Specimens examined: United States: W. Virginia (Gray & Sullivant in 1853),
White Sulphur Springs (Steele in 1906). N. Carolina (Rugel, without number or date,
perhaps the same as the type collection, Curtis in 1845, Canby in 1880, Ashe), Wa>Tiesville
(Stanley 5372, Canby in 1876), Balsam Mts. (Ball in 1890, Canby in 1876), Mt. Mitchell
(Biltmore Herb. 5727), Transylvania Co. (Biltmore Herb. 5727a), Buncombe Co. (Biltmore
Herb. 5727b), Roan Mt. (Canby in 1884, Chickering in 1877 and in 1880, Cannon 172, Ashe),
Biltmore (Mohr in 1899), Little Craggy Mts. (Rugel in 1841, the type, in the Engelmann
Herb.), Grandfather Mt. to LinviUe (Hitchcock in 1905), Swain Co. (Beardsley & Kofoid in
1891). 5. Caro/tna (Buckley in 1842). Tennessee; C's. et Hist. Xat. Geneve, 9:280, pi. 4, fig. 1, 1841; and in
DC, Prodromus, 9:458, 1845.— Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:510, 1859.—
Matthew, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 20, pi. 165, fig. 12, 1893.— Britton & Brown. Elustr.
Flora, 3:31, fig. 2967, 1898; 2 ed., 3:52, fig. 3453, 1913.
C. aphylla Rafinesque, Amer. iMonthly :Mag. & Crit. Rev., 4:40, 1818; not Loureiro 1790.
?C. paradoxa Rafinesque, .\nnals of Nature, 1 :13, 1820.
C. amerkana Hooker, Comp. to the Bot. Mag., 1:173, 1835; not L. 1753.
fAnthanema paradoxa Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur., 4:90, 1836.
Lepidanche composiiarum Engelmann, Amer. Joum. Sci. & Arts, 43?: 344, pi. 6, figs. 30-35,
1842.
L. composiiarum solidaginis Engelmann, Amer. Joum. Sci. & .\rts, 43:344, 1842.
L composiiarum fielianthi Engelmann, .\mer. Joum. Sci. & Arts, 43:344, 1842.
Stems medium, disappearing early from between the dense straw-
colored, rope-like floral masses which are wound tightly about the stem
of the host. Flowers glabrous, 4-5 mm. long, pentamerous, sessile,
mostly endogenously formed, breaking forth in two parallel rows on
opposite sides of the stem, much imbricated with numerous, scarious,
lacerated, cupped, oblong, obtuse to acutish bracts with recurved tips;
sepals distinct, oblong-oval, obtuse to acutish, their tips somewhat spread-
ing but ordinarily not recurved, otherwise similar to the bracts; corolla
cylindrical; lobes spreading or sometimes reflexed, oblong to lanceolate,
obtuse or acutish, sometimes mucronate, usually with a row of glandular
cells along the mid-portion, shorter than the corolla tube; scales shorter
than the tube, oblong, more profusely fringed at the apex than along the
165] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 75
sides, bridged at about the middle or above; stamens shorter than the
corolla lobes; anthers elliptical to oblong, about as long as or shorter than
the filaments; styles capillary, longer than the somewhat flask-shaped
ovary. Capsule globose-pointed or flask-shaped with the withered corolla
carried at its apex; seeds about 1.7 mm. long, oval, globose, slightly com-
pressed, light brown, one or infrequently two in the capsule, or this not
infrequently sterile; hilum oblong, oval, transverse.
This is undoubtedly the plant referred to by Rafinesque and named
C. aphylla by him. His name would be valid were it not that Loureiro in
1790 used aphylla to designate another plant of this group. It is rather
doubtful if the plant described by Rafinesque as C. paradoxa is the same
as this one.
Type location: **Hab. prope St. Louis in Missouri." Range: Through-
out the prairie states from Indiana and Michigan westward to S. Dakota
and Nebraska and southward to Mississippi and Texas.
Specimens examined: United States: Michigan; Berrien Co. (Pepoon 936), Cass Co.
(Pepoon 300). Indiana; Whiting (Chase 422), McCallon's (Clapp in 1837), New Albany
(Clapp in 1836), Lake Maxinkuckee (Clark in 1909), Wells Co. (Deam in 1901). Tennessee;
Henderson (Bain in 1892), Dickson Co. (Gattinger in 1886), Chester Co. (Bain 331).
Illinois; Winnebago Co. (Bebb in 1859), Naperville (Umbach in 1896), Mt. Carmel (Schneck
in 1877), Herod (Clinton 28756), Ringwood (Vasey), Thornton (without indication of col-
lector, in 1865), Henderson Co., Oquawka (Patterson), Aurora (Boyce in 1883), Ravinia
(Sherff in 1911), Springfield (Spencer in 1919), Fountaindale (Bebb in 1872), Alton (Douglass
in 1891), Iroquois Co. (Moffatt 526), Riverside (Greenman in 1912), So. Chicago (Sherff
1755), Glencoe (Greenman 2881), St. Clair Co. (Eggert in 1875). Wisconsin; Walworth Co.
(Shannon 127). Minnesota; Morton (McMillan in 1890), Zumbrota (Ballard in 1892).
S. Dakota; Clay Co. (Over 5131), Yankton (Dean in 1861). Nebraska (Hayden in 1853),
Weeping Water (Williams 40), Newark (Hopeman in 1893), Ashland (Williams in 1889),
Nicholls Co (Hedgcock in 1899), Holt Co., Turkey Creek (Clements 2819), Lincoln (Hannah
in 1916). Iowa; Decatur Co. (Fitzpatrick in 1897), Ames (Pammel & Ball 79, Hitchcock
in 1888), Spirit Lake (Cratty in 1901). Missouri; Willard (Blankinship in 1887), Kirksville
(Sheldon in 1884), Webb City (Palmer 818, 3069), Lawrence (Blankinship in 1895), Desoto
(Hasse in 1887), St. Louis (Engelmann 417, in 1841, in 1864, Eggert in 1880, Craig in 1911,
Riehl 15, taken as the type, a specimen with the type number in the Engelmann Herb., 16,
also cited by Choisy with the type), Springfield (Weller 66, Standley in 1905, 8456, 9156),
Prosperity (Palmer 3861), Jasper Co. (Bush in 1893), Green Co. (Blankinship in 1889),
Jackson Co. (Bush in 1893), Joplin (Pahner 3129). Kansas; Riley Co. (Norton 360),
Manhattan (without indication of collector or date, Kellerman in 1890), Lawrence (Stevens),
Wichita (Smyth 250b, 250c), Pawnee Fork of Ark. river (Fendler 657), Pottawatomie Co.,
St. George (Kellerman in 1890). Mississippi; Oktibbeha Co. (Pollard 1280), Harman
Lake (Tracy 1649). Indian Territory (Sheldon 263, Baker in 1875, Butler 13), Sapulpa
(Bush 389), Limestone Gap (Butler 111, 11235). Texas (Lindheimer 10), Commanche
Spring (Lindheimer 1028), Llano (Lindheimer in 1847), Fort Smith to Rio Grande (Bigelow
5), Dallas Co. (Reverchon 1686), Gillespie Co. (Williams 753).
Cuscuta compacta Jussieu
C. compacta Jussieu in Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve, 9:281, pi. 4, fig. 2,
1841; and in DC, Prodromus, 9:458, 1845. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St Louis,
76 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [166
1:511, 1859.— Matthew, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 20, pi. 165, fig. 11, 1893.— Britton &
Brown, Illustr. Flora, 3:31, fig. 2966, 1898; 2 ed., 3:52, fig. 3452, 1913.
Stems coarse. Flowers glabrous, 4-5 mm. long, pentamerous (infre-
quently tri- or tetramerous), sessile, in compact clusters about the host
or somewhat more loose; sepals distinct, orbicular to oval, cupped, some-
times fringed with short, slender, filamentous processes, surrounded by 3-5
similar, appressed bracts; cells of the bracts and sepals with heavily
thickened walls; corolla tube cylindrical, becoming urceolate in fruit; lobes
spreading to reflexed, oblong, obtuse, infrequently fringed with short,
filamentous processes, much shorter than the tube; scales shorter than the
tube or reaching the filaments, fringed with long processes, bridged at
about the middle, small scales frequently appearing on the bridge between
the larger ones, or the scales much reduced; stamens shorter than the lobes;
anthers oval, about equal to or longer than the short, thick filaments ; ovary
globose, conical, thickened at the apex. Capsule globose-conic, slightly
pointed, glandular about the apex which carries the withered corolla;
seeds about 2.6 mm. long, globose, ovate, angled or flattened on one side,
scurfy; hilum oblong, oblique.
Cuscuta compacta typica
[Figures 54 a-e, 106 and 131]
?C. acaulis Rafinesque, Annals of Nature, 1:13, 1820.
C remoHflora Bertoloni, Misc. Bot., 10:29, 1842. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
1:511, 1859; in s}Tion.
C. fruticiim Bertoloni, Misc. Bot., 10:29, 1842. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
1:511, 1859; in synon.
Lepidanche adpressa Engelmann, Amer. Joum. Sci. & Arts, 45:77, 1843.
C. compacta adpressa Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:511, 1859.
C. coronata Beyrich in Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:511, 1859; in synon.
C imbricata Nuttall in Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1:511, 1859; in synon.
C. americana of various authors, Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1 :511, 1859; in synon.
Corolla nearly enclosed in the calyx or somewhat exserted; scales well
developed. The common form.
Type locality: "Hab. Amer. septentrionalem." Range: From New
Hampshire, Connecticut and Massachusetts southward to Florida and
westward through the central and southern states to Arkansas, Oklahoma
and Texas.
Specimens examined : United States : New Hampshire; Deny (Seaman) . Massachu-
setts; Marion (Vail in 1888). Connecticut; New Haven (Eaton in 1858). New Jersey;
Ocean Co. (Mackenzie 2908, Redfield 5851 and in 1874), West New York (Van SicHe in 1894),
Landisville (Gross 2193), Atsion (Allen in 1879), Merchantsville (Redfield 5845), Pine
Barrens (Canby 2). District of Columbia; Takoma Park (Chase 2571), Washington (Holm
in 1888, Steele in 1896 and in 1902, Blanchard in 1891). Maryland; Salisbury (Tidestrom
7446), Hyattsville (Steele in 1904). Virginia; Franklin (Heller 1166), Carlins (Dewey 37),
southeast Va. (Kearney 2365), Alexandria (Shull 204, 367). N. Carolina; Jackson Co.
(Ashe), Elizabeth City (Boettcher 293), Buncombe Co. (Gray & Sullivant in 1863), Swain
167] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 77
Co. (Beardslee & Kofoid in 1891); Biltmore (Biltmore Herb. 3735g). S. Carolina; Aiken
(Ravenel in 1874). Tennessee; Cocke Co. (Kearney 844, 845), Tullohoma (Gattinger in
1886), Jackson (Bain 438), Green Co. (Redfield 5652), Hiawassee (Ruthin 1895), McFarland
(Ruth in 1893), Hollow Rock (Eggert in 1897). Kentucky; Edmunson Co. (Price in 1897).
Alabama; Mobile (Mohr in 1896), Auburn (Lloyd & Earle in 1900); Cullman (Eggert in 1897
and in 1898). Florida (Chapman) Apalachicola (without indication of collector. Herb.
Chapman 3735b), Duval Co. (Curtiss 2193), Jacksonville (Curtiss 5328), St. Vincent Island
(McAtee 1807a), Tallahassee (Berg), Lake City (Rolfs 508, 510). Georgia (Beyrich, the
type of C. coronata, a fragment in the Engelmarm Herb.), Stone Mt. (Hitchcock in 1905),
Walton Co. (Small in 1894), Habersham Co. (Small in 1893). Louisiana; Alden Bridge
.(Trelease in 1898), Shreveport (Gregg in 1847). Mississippi; between Gulf Port & Long
Beach (Joor in 1891). Indiana; Sullivan Co. (Deam 29369), Lawrence Co. (Deam 18499),
Jackson Co. (Deam 9520), Posey Co. (Deam 24280, 29076), Dubois Co. (Deam 28253).
Illinois; E. Carondelet (Eggert in 1891), Mt. Carmel (Schneck in 1887), Opposite St. Louis
(Engelmann in 1845), Peoria (Brendel). Missouri; St. Louis (Eggert in 1891, Engelmann
in 1842, the type of Lepidanche adpressa, in the Engelmann Herb, taken as the tjq)e), Allenton
(Letterman in 1879), Howell Co. (Bush in 1892), Carter Co. (Trelease 477), Monteer
Co. (Bush 218, 371, 5143), Scott Co. (Eggert in 1894). Arkansas; Hot Springs (Palmes
8476, Letterman, Trelease in 1898), Hempstead Co. (Palmer 6840), Magnet Cove (Trelease
in 1897), Howard Co. (Kellogg in 1909). Oklahoma; (Page 2641), Leflore Co. (Stevens 2641).
Indian Territory; Cherokee Nation (Blankinship in 1895). Texas (Wright, Thuron in 1890),
Dallas (Reverchon 3201), Sheldon (Reverchon 3883).
Cuscuta cotnpacta efimbriata n. var.
[Figure 54 f]
Tube much exserted; scales shorter than the tube and much reduced,
bifid or winged and with few processes.
Type locality: Duval Co., Florida. Range: Known only from the
type locality.
Specimens examined: United States: Florida; Duval Co. (Fredholm 305, the
tjqje, in the U. S. Nat. Herb, as sheet 214,815).
78 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [168
NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES DESCRIBED
NEW SPECIES Page
Cuscula erosa 26
Cuscuta rugosiceps 27
Cuscula ceratophora 28
Cuscuta chapalana 28
Cuscuta pringlei 29
Cuscuta macrocephala 36
Cuscuta purpusii 37
Cuscuta choisiana 38
Cuscuta desmouliniana 40
Cuscuta lacerata 44
Cuscuta deltoidea 44
Cuscuta polyanthetnos 46
*Cuscuta decipiens 55
Cuscuta jepsonii 59
NEW VARIETIES
Cuscuta tinctoria kellertttaniana 32
Cuscuta odontolepis fimbriata 39
Cuscuta potosina globifera 40
Cuscuta desmouliniana typica 41
Cuscuta desmouliniana attenuiloba 41
Cuscuta umbellata dubia 43
Cuscuta gracillima esquamata 43
Cuscuta indecora longisepala 59
Cuscuta indecora bifida 59
Cuscuta calif ornica brachycalyx 62
Cuscuta californica apodanthera 62
Cuscuta californica papillosa 62
Cuscuta veatchii apoda 69
Cuscuta salina major 71
Cuscuta salina acuminata 72
Cuscuta compacta efimbriala 77
169] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 79
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GUIGNON, J.
1912. Un des effets de la Cuscuta sur le Millef)ertuis. Feuille jeunes natural., 42:136.
GUTTENBERG, H. V.
1909. tJber die anatomische Unterscheidung der Samen einiger Cuscuta-Arten. Naturw.
Zeitschr. f. Forst- u. Landw., 7:32-43, figs. 1-7.
Haaker, H. E.
1888. The germination of dodder. Amer. Nat., 22:254.
Haberlandt, Fr.
1876. Uber Kleeseide (Cuscuta epithymum) . Oesterr. landw. Wochenbl., 2:460-462 and
472-473. (cit. in Biederm. Centralbl., 10:376-379, 1876).
Haenlein, H.
1879. tlber den Bau und die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Samenschale von Cuscuta
europaea L. Landw. Versuchs- Stat., 23:1-11, pl. 1.
Halsted, B. D.
1896. Dodder on Garden Vegetables. Garden and Forest, 9:365.
1897. Dodder in Clover. Garden and Forest, 10:287.
1898. Two phaenogamous Parasites of the Red Clover. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 25:
395-397, fig. 1.
1901. A study of dodders. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept., pp. 451-457, pis. 1-2.
Harz, C. D.
1885. Landwirthschaftliche Samenkunde. p. 755, figs. 37-38.
Heinrich.
1906. Die Beurteilung der Kleeseidebefunde in Saatwaren. Landw. Versuchs- Stat.,
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1907. Die Beurteilung der Kleeseidebefunde in Saatwaren. Landw. Versuchs- Stat.,
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1915. Grossenverhaltnis zwischen Klee- und Scidesamen in trocknem und gequellenem
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Heinricher, E.
1910. Die aufzucht und Kultur der Parasitischen Samenpflanzen. Jena, pp. 1-53.
Helms, R.
1898. Dodder. Producers' Gaz. & Settlers' Record (W. Aus.), 5:394-396.
Hemsley, W. B.
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Hensch.
1879. Beitrage zur Frage der Kleeseidevertilgung. Fiihling's Landwirthschaftl. Ztg.,
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d4 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [174
Herpin, J. C.
1850. Sur la Cuscuta (C europaea L.) plante parasite qui attaque le lin, le trifle et la
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1912. Uber die Lebensdauer der Samen der Flachsseide {Cuscuta epilinum). D.
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Heuze, G.
1897. La cuscute et sa destruction. Joum. Agr. Prat., 2:815-816.
1898. La cuscute et sa destruction. Jouriv soc. agr. Brabant-Hainaut, p. 1.
HiESSLING, L.
1903. Vertilgung der Kleeseide. Prakt. Bl. f. Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz., 1 :13-15
HiLDEBRAND, Fr.
1908. Vber die Wirtspflanzen von Cuscuta europaea und C. lupuliformis. Beheifte z.
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Hnx, E. J.
1898. The extent of dodder parasitism. Plant World, 1 :123.
HnxMAN, F. H.
1892. Dodder. Nev. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull., No. 15, 8 pp., figs. 1-5.
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HiLTNER, L.
1903. Zur Kleeseidefrage. Prakt. Bl. f. Pflanzenbau u. Pflanzensch., 1:44-47, 49-54
and 68-71.
1904. tyber die dem Kleebau durch die Grob- oder Schweinseide drehende Gefahr.
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HiRSCHMANN.
1880. Kann die Kleeseide an den Kleepflanzen iiberwintem? Wiener Landw. Ztg., p. 377.
Hooker, H. E.
1889. On Cuscuta gronovii. Bot. Gaz., 14:31-37, pi. 8.
Hooker, W. J.
1825. Exotic Flora. Edinburgh, 2:150,
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1911. Acione di alcune sostanze chimiche sulla germinazione dei semi di Cuscuta
arvensis BeyT. e C. trifolii Bab. Staz. sper. agr. ital., 44:301-308.
1911. Contro I'invasione della Cuscuta arvensis Be>T. II Villaggio. Milano, 36:315.
James, J. F.
1884. How the dodder became a parasite. Pop. Sci. Monthly, 25:647.
JURAND.
1899. La cuscute d^truite par le feu. Joum. Agr. Prat., pp. 423-424.
Karoly, R.
1905. A Cuscuta siiaveolens Ser. anatomiai alapon vett iltdlanos biologidja. Kis^r-
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I 175] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER
85
I
1910. Un nuovo decuscutatore per trifoglio ladino. Le staz. sperim. agrar. ital., 43:91-
96.
KiNZEL, W.
1899. Beitrage zur Keimung von Cuscuta. Ber. d. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 17:318-319.
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Versuchs- Stat., 54:125-133.
1901. tlber die Keimung von Cuscuta lupuliformis Krocker, ein Beitrag zur Keimung
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1903. tJber einige bemerkenswerte Verhaltnisse bei der Keimung der Seidensamen.
Naturw. Zeitschs. f. Land- u. Fortswirtsch., 1:104-110.
1903. tlber einige in Deutschland eingeschleppte Seidearten. Naturw. Zeitschr. f.
Land- u. Forstwirtsch., 1:177-180.
1903. tJber die Keimung von Cuscuta. Landw. Versuchs- Stat., 58:193-200.
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Koch, L.
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Handbuch der Bliitenbiologie, 2'':96.
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Laxirent, E.
1900. De I'influence du sol sur la dispersion du gui et de la cuscute en Belgique. Bull, de
I'Agr. (Brussels), 16:457-509.
86 JLUNOJS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [176
1901. Mistletoe and dodder. Gardner's Chron, HI, 29:220.
Laveegke, G.
1900. La cuscute de la vigne et I'oidium au Chile. Rev. Vit., 14 :345-347. (cf . Centralbl.
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1917. Alfalfa dodder costly. Irrigation Age, 32:175.
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181] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 91
Wagner, J. P.
1911. La chaux-azote (cyanamide de calcium) centre la cuscute. Journ. Agr. Prat., n.s.,
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1844. Notes on the new British Cuscuta (C. epithymum Irifolii Bab.). Phytologist,
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Whiteley, J.
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1899. tlber die Lebensweise von Cuscuta (Klee und Flachsseide). Fiihling's Landw.
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Winkler, A.
1892. Ein anomaler Keimling der Cuscuta epilinum Weihe. Verh. Brand., 34:10-11,
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1909. Om Cuscuta europaea L. och hennes Vardvaxter. Svensk Bot. Tidskrift, 3:1-17,
figs. 1-2.
Wolkson, E. J.
1885. Notes on Cuscuta. Trans. San Francisco Mic. Soc. (cit. from Bull. Torr. Bot.
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WOTH.
1881. Uber die Uberwinterung der Kleeseide. Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., p. 5.
WUNDERLICH.
1881. Zur Bekampfung der Kleeseide. D. Landw. Presse, p. 470.
1882. Zur Vertilgung der Klesseide. Wiener Landw. Zeit., p. 32.
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1875. Uber den Bau und die chemische Zusammensetzung der Stengel und Samen von
Cuscuta epithymum. Wissenschaftl. prakt. Untersuchungen auf dem Geb. d.
Pflanzenbaues v. Haberl. 1:143.
92 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [182
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATES I-rX
Each species is represented by drawings of a flower, an opened corolla, an op>ened calyx,
a capsule (an ovary was sketched in a few species in which mature capsules were not available),
and a separately drawn scale for those species possessing scales. In some of the species made
up of different varieties drawings of the floral parts showing varietal differences have been
included. The drawings are enlarged about five diameters with the exception of the individual
scales which are enlarged about ten diameters. The scales represented on the opened
corollas were drawn from outlines and no attempt was made to make them accurate in all
details. The drawings of the individual scales, however, was made to show the details
correctly.
PLATES x-xm
Besides the drawings, photographs of the flowers, capsules and seeds of many of the
species are included. These are enlarged about five diameters.
183] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 93
PLATE I
94 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [184
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
7uscuta rugosiceps
^uscuta epithymum
"^uscula epilinum
^uscuta planiflora
-Ctiscula europaea
Fig. 6, a-e — Cuscvta exaltata
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YUNCKER AMERICAN-WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE I
185) NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 95
PLATE II
96 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [186
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 7, a-d — Cuscuta odontolepis typica
Fig. 7, e — Cuscuta odontolepis fimbriata
Fig. 8, a-e — Cuscuta erosa
Fig. 9, a-e — Cuscuta umbeUata typica
Fig. 9, f-g — Cuscuta umbeUata dubia
Fig. 10, a-e — Cuscuta floribunda
Fig. 11, a-e — Cuscuta chapalana (d represents the ovary)
Fig. 12, a-e — Cuscuta partita
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YUNCKER AMERICAN- WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE II
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PLATE III
98 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [188
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 13, a-e — CusctUa pringld
Fig. 14, a-e — CusctUa choisiana
Fig. 15, a-e — Cuscula deltoidea
Fig. 16, a-e — Cuscula tincloria typica
Fig. 16, f-g — Cuscuta tinctoria kellermaniana
Fig. 17, a-e — Cuscuta gracilUma sublilis
Fig. 17, f-g — Cusctita gracillima saccharaia
Fig. 18, a-e — CusctUa lacerata
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YUNCKER AMERICAN- WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE III
1891 NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 99
PLATE IV
100 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [190
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 19, a-e — Cuscuta tnacrocephala
Fig. 20, a-e — Cuscuta tuberculata
Fig. 21, a-e — Cuscuta harperi
Fig. 22, a-e — Cuscuta americana
Fig. 23, a-e — Cuscuta purpusii (d represents the ovary)
Fig. 24, a-e — Cuscuta corymbosa grandiflora
Fig. 24, f — Cuscuta corymbosa stylosa
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YUNCKER AMERICAN-WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE IV
191] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 101
PLATE V
102 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [192
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 25, a-e — Cuscuta desmouliniana iypica
Fig. 25, f-h — Cuscuta desmouliniana attenuiloba
Fig. 26, a-e — Cuscuta jalapensis
Fig. 27, a-e — Cuscuta mitraeforniis
Fig. 28, a-f — Cuscuta potosina typica
Fig. 28, g-h — Cuscuta potosina globifera
Fig. 29, Si-e— Cuscuta ceralophora
Fig. 30, a-e — Cuscuta applanata
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YUNCKER AMERICAN-WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE V
193] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 103
PLATE VI
idl ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [194
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 31, a-e — Cuscutn potyanlhenws
Fig. 32, a-e — Cuscula salina major
Fig. 32, f-g — Cuscuta salina acuminata
Fig. 33, a-e — Cuscuta pentagona typica
Fig. 33, f-g — Cuscuta pentagona calycina
Fig. 34, a-e — Cuscuta Uptantha typica
Fig. 34, f — Cuscuta kptantha palmeri
Fig. 35, a-e — Cuscuta plattensis
Fig. 36, a-e — Cuscuta racemosa ckUiana
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YUNCKER AMERICAN- WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE VI
1951 NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 106
PLATE VII
106 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [196
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 37, a-e — Cuscuta gronovii vulgivaga
Fig. 37, f-g — Cuscuta gronovii latiflora
Fig. 38, a-e — Cuscuta curta
Fig. 39, a-e — Cuscuta polygonorum
Fig. 40, a-e — Cuscuta rostraia
Fig. 41, a-e — Cuscuta glandulosa
Fig. 42, a-e — Cuscuta coryli
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YUNCKER AMERICAN-WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE VII
197] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 107
PLATE VIII
108 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [198
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 43, a-e — Cuscuta decipiens
Fig. 44, a-€ — Cuscuta indecora neuropetala
Fig. 44, f — Cuscuta indecora longisepala
Fig. 45, a-c — Cuscuta californica graciliflora
Fig. 45, d — Cuscuta californica breviflora
Fig. 45, e-f — Cuscuta californica brachycalyx
Fig. 45, g — Cuscuta californica apiculata
Fig. 46, a-f — Cuscuta denticulala (f represents the embryo)
Fig. 47, a-e — Cuscuta subinclusa
Fig. 48, a-€ — Cuscuta veatckii typica
Fig. 48, f — Cuscuta veatchii apoda
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YUNCKER AMERICAN- WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE VIII
1991 NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 109
PLATE IX
110 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [200
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 49, a-c — Cuscuta cuspidata.
Fig. 50, a-e — Cuscuta glomerate
Fig. 51, a-e — Cuscuta squamata
Fig. 52, a-d — Cuscuta jepsonii
Fig. 53, a-e — Cuscuta cephalanthi
Fig. 54, a-e — Cuscuta compacta typica
Fig. 54, f — Cuscuta compacta efimbriata
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Sb
YUNCKER AMERICAN- WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE IX
2011 NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 111
PLATE X
112 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [202
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 55 — Cuscuta coryli flower
Fig. 56 — Cuscuta coryli capsule
Fig. 57 — Cuscuta cephalanthi flower
Fig. 58 — Cuscuta cephalanthi capsule •
Fig. 59 — Cuscuta epilinum flower
Fig. 60 — Cuscuta veatchii typica flowers
Fig. 61 — Cuscuta erosa flower
Fig. 62 — Cuscuta exaltata flower
Fig. 63 — Cuscuta exaltata capsule
Fig. 64 — Cuscuta planifiora flower
Fig. 65 — Cuscuta jalapensis capsule
Fig. 66 — Cuscuta jalapensis flower
Fig. 67 — Cuscuta desmouliniana typica &ovfei
Fig. 68 — Cuscuta applanata flower
Fig. 69 — Cuscuta chapalana flower
Fig. 70 — Cuscuta rugosiceps flower
Fig. 71 — Cuscuta tnitraeformis capsule
Fig. 72 — Cuscuta ceratophora flower
ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
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1'
^55
^:§
'67
I
▼57
58
B4
1^2
YUNCKER AMERICAN- WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE X
203] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 113
PLATE XI
114 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [204
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 73 — Cuscuta subinclusa flower
Fig. 74 — Ctiscuta californica graciliflora flower
Fig. 75 — Cuscuta californica brathycalyx flower
Fig. 76 — Cuscuta californica papillosa flower
Fig. 77 — Cuscuta californica brevijlora flower
Fig. 78 — Cuscuta tuherculatu flower
Fig. 79 — Cuscuta tinctoria lypica flower
Fig. 80 — Cuscuta choisiana flower
Fig. 81 — Cuscuta gracillima saccfiarata flower
Fig. 82 — Cuscuta gracillima subtilis flower
Fig. 83 — Cuscuta denticulata flower
Fig. 84 — Cuscuta californica graciliflora flower
Fig. 85 — Cuscuta europaea capsule with corolla at top
Fig. 86 — Cuscuta epithymum flower
Fig. 87 — Cuscuta potosina globifera flower
Fig. 88 — Cuscuta potosina typica capsules with corollas at top
Fig. 89 — Cuscuta salina acuminata flower
Fig. 90 — Cuscuta purpusii flower
Fig. 91 — Cuscuta hptantha palmeri flower
Fig. 92 — Cuscuta polyanthemos flower
Fig. 93 — Cuscuta decipiens flower
Fig. 94 — Cuscuta racemosa chiliana flower
Fig. 95 — Cuscuta decipiens flower
Fig. 96 — Cuscuta indecora neuropelala flower
Fig. 97 — Cuscuta indecora longisephala flower
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2051 NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 115
PLATE XII
116
ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
[206
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig.
98— Cttsciito
Fig.
^9—Cuicuta
Fig.
VfX^-Cuscuta
Fig.
101— CiwcKto
Fig.
102— Ci«c«to
Fig.
103— CiwcKto
Fig.
104— CiwcMto
Fig.
ViS—Cuscuia
Fig.
106 — Cuscuia
Fig.
107— Ciwctito
Fig.
108— Cwicwto
Fig.
Xm—Cuscuta
Fig.
110— CitfCMto
Fig.
\n—Cuscuta
Fig.
\\1— Cuscuia
Fig.
m—CusaOa
Fig.
114 — Cuscuia
Fig.
115— CiwcMto
Fig.
116 — Cuscuia
^ig.
117 — Cuscuia
Fig.
US— Cuscuia
Fig.
119— Cuscuia
Fig.
120— Cuscuia
Fig.
ni— Cuscuia
Fig.
122— Cuscuia
Fig.
\2i— Cuscuia
Fig.
124— Cuscuia
Fig.
125— Cuscuia
Fig.
126— Cuscuia
carta flower
curia capsule
gronovH vulgivaga flower
gronorni vulgivaga capsule
rostrata flower
rostrata capsule
corymbosa grandiflora flower
cuspidata flower
compada lypica flower
polygoHorum cap>sule
macrouphala flower
ameruana congesta flower
corymbosa styicsa flower
pentagona verrucosa flower
peniagona lypica flower
patiagona calycina flower
umbdlaia reflexa flower
umbeUaia typica flower
odonloUpis typica flower
squamaia flower
partita flower
pringlei flower
glotmraia flower
salina major flower
deUoidca flower
karperi flower
harperi capsule
glandtdosa flower
salina squamigera flower
ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
VOLUME VI
120
YUNCKER AMERICAN-WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE XII
207] NORTH AMEIUCAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 117
PLATE XIII
118 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [208
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Seeds
Fig. 127 — Cuscuta penlagona
Fig. 128 — Cuscuta indecora
Fig. 129 — Cuscuta planiflora
Fig. 130 — Cuscuta coryli
Fig. 131 — Cuscuta compacta
Fig. 132 — Cuscuta applanata
Fig. 133 — Cuscuta epilinum
Fig. 134 — Cuscuta cuspidaia
Fig. 135 — Cuscuta squamala
Fig. 136 — Cuscuta curta
Fig. 137 — Cuscuta glomerata
Fig. 138 — Cuscuta americana
Fig. 139 — Cuscuta rostrata
Fig. 140 — Cuscuta salina
Fig. 141 — Cuscuta mitraeformis
Fig. 142 — Cuscuta cephalanthi
Fig. 143 — Cuscuta glandulosa
Fig. 144 — Cuscuta europaea
Fig. 145 — Cuscuta epithymum
Fig. 146 — Cuscuta denticulata
Fig. 147 — Cuscuta subindusa
Fig. 148 — Cuscuta gronovii
Fig. 149 — Cuscuta umbellata
Fig. 150 — Cuscuta polygonorum
Fig. 151 — Cuscuta californica
Fig. 152 — Cuscuta pringlei
Fig. 153 — Cuscuta odontolepis
Fig. 154 — Cuscuta mitraeformis
Fig. 155 — Cuscuta rugosiceps
Fig. 156 — Cuscuta partita
ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
VOLUME VI
Wiae 129 "130 ^B)3i ^132
Jhk
||.39 #140 ^"*' #"*^ ^Jf ^
i38
43 ^ 14-4
WI45
gum Mj^
ili5i
146
50
1 56
154
155
YUNCKER AMERICAN-WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA PLATE XIII
209]
NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER
119
INDEX OF COLLECTIONS
Abrams
1560; 2654. C. calif ornica graciliflora
2230. C. pentagona calycina
4015. C. salina squamigera
(1906). C. salina major
Abrams & McGregor
505; 522. C. de^ticulata
Allen
(1879). C. compacta typica
Anderson
1385. C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1894). C. califomica graciliflora
Andrews
(1890). C. coryli
(1890; 1898). C. cephalanthi
(1892; 1898). C. polygonorum
Andrietix
214. C. corymbosa stylosa
Anthony
266. C. californica graciliflora
/Armstrong
(1892). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Ashcraft
(1895). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Ashe
C. pentagona typica
C. rostrata
C. compacta typica
Austin
492. C. subinclusa
Bain ^
331; (1892). C.glomerata
338; (1894). C. gronovii vulgivaga
438. C. compacta typica
Baker
41. C. salina major
57; 3954. C. subinclusa
555. C. indecora neuropetala
1477. C. planiflora
1560. C. californica graciliflora
1761. C. pentagona calycina
(1875). C. glomerata
(1918). C. exaltata
Ball
919. C. indecora neuropetala
1261. C. cuspidata
(1890). C. rostrata
Ballard
(1892). C. glomerata
Banker
556. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Barber
(1898). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Barlow
(1900). C. gronovii vulgivaga
B.'VRTHOLOMEW
(1889). C. cuspidata
Bartlet
691; 696. C. pentagona typica
Bart well
C. gronovii vulgivaga
Bates
698. C. pentagona typica
(1895). C. cuspidata
(1896). C. coryli
(1896). C. indecora neuropetala
Beal
(1869). C. pentagona typica
Beardslee
(1876). C. cephalanthi
(1876). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Beardslee & Kofoid
(1891). C. rostrata
(1891). C. compacta typica
Bebb
(1859; 1872). C. glomerata
Bechdolt
(1889). C. epithymum
Beck
C. epilinum
Bell
(1867). C. curta
Bentham
C. americana congesta
C. americana spectabilis
C. corymbosa grandiflora
Berg
(1904). C. salina major
C. compacta typica
Berlandier
822. C. corymbosa stylosa
865; 965; 2285. C. indecora hispidula
1103. C. corymbosa grandiflora
2457; (1827). C. pentagona verrucosa
120
ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
[210
Bernoxjixi
59. C. corymbosa grandiflora
Beyrich
175-2; C. coryli
(1845). C. pentagona typica
C. compacta typica
BiGELOW
1; 9. C. pentagona typica
3; (1853-54). C. cuspidata
5. C. glomerata
8. C. coryli
(1850). C. glandulosa
(1851). C. exaltata
(1851). C. umbellata tj^iica
(1852). C. squamata
(1854). C. califomica apiculata
Bn-TMORE Herbarium
2126a. C. gronovii vulgivaga
3735g. C. compacta typica
3736a. C. indecora neuropetala
5727; 5727a; 5727b. C. rostrata
BlOLETTI
(1892). C. subinclusa
BiSCHOFF
(1848). C. gronovii vulgivaga
BiSKY
(1886). C. pentagona typica
BiSSELL
47; 78; 158; 1900. C. epithymiim
(1904). C. pentagona typica
Blanch ARD
(1890). C. pentagona typica
(1891). C. compacta typica
Blankinship
407. C. pentagona calycina
(1887; 1889; 1895). C. glomerata
(1889; 1892). C. cuspidata
( 1889) . C. pentagona typica
(1895). C. compacta typica
(1895). C. gronovii latiflora
(1895). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1900). C. coryU
Blodgett
(1903). C. pentagona typica
BODIN
230. C. cor>'li
BOETTCHER
122. C. pentagona typica
293. C. compacta typica
BOLANDER
2436; 2674; 2698; 2849; 6381. C. subin-
clusa
2491. C. salina major
2673. in part. C. europaea
2673. in part. C. indecora neuropetala
5055. C. califomica breviflora
BOLDINGH
5481; 7081. C. partita
Bond
(1891). C. pentagona typica
BONPLAND
C. floribunda
BOtTRGEAU
(1866). C. corymbosa stylosa
BOYCE
(1883). C. glomerata
BOYKIN
(1838). C. glandulosa
Brady
(1896). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Brandegee
4; C. pentagona calycina
7; (1889; 1892; 1905); C. califor-
nica graciliflora
404; (1893; 1915). C. tuberculata
406. C. leptantha palmeri
407. C. umbellata typica
409; (1890; 1897; 1904). C. macrocephala
704. C. curta
(1869). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1889). C. veatchii typica
(1890; 1897; 1905). C. califofnica brevi-
flora
(1892); C. indecora neuropetala
(1892; 1894; 1905). C. subinclusa
(1893). C. americana congesta
(1893). C. gracillima esquamata
(1893; 1902; 1904). C. umbellata reflexa
(1897). C. planiflora
(1904). C. applanata
(1904). C. polj'anthemos
(1909). C. denticulata
(1913; 1915). C. veatchii apoda
(1914); C. califomica brachycalyx
C. salina major
Braxinton
(1902). C. subinclusa
Brendel
(1880); C. coryU
(1892). C. polygonorum
C. compacta typica
C. cephalanthi
Brewer
68; 1292 in part; 2698. C. subinclusa
211] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER
121
1283; 1292 in part. C. calif ornica gracili-
flora
Bridges
C. subinclusa
Briggs
i 1509. C. cephalanthi
Brinton
(1888). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Brixton
1910; 3006; 3897. C. americana congesta
3102. C. umbellata typica
3798. C. pentagona calycina
Brixton, Britton & Marble
2227. C. americana spectabilis
Britton, Britton & Shater
43. C. americana congesta
137. C. americana spectabilis
Britton, Britton & Wilson
5507. C. indecora neuropetala
Britton & Cowell
306. C. pentagona calycina
Britton, Cowell & Britton
2109. C. glandulosa
5379. C. americana spectabilis
Britton, Cowell & Brown
4676; 4794; 4978. C. umbellata typica
Britton, Cowell & Shafer
12887. C. americana congesta
Britton, Earle & Wilson
5917. C. americana congesta
Britton & Fishlock
1101. C. americana spectabilis
Britton & Hollick
1737. C. umbellata typica
Britton & Millspaugh
2208; 2811; 5519; 5925; 5963. C. ameri-
cana congesta
Britton & Shafer
707. C. americana spectabilis
1866. C. umbellata typica
2915. C. partita
3065. C. americana congesta
3069. C. ceratophora
Britxon & Wheeler
224. C. americana spectabilis
Brixxon, Wilson & Leon
15321. C. americana congesta
Brixxon, Wilson & Selby
14493. C. americana congesta
Broadway
(1905). C. americana congesta
Broomfield
(1847). C. umbellata typica
Broiherxon
(1898). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Brown
132. C. indecora neuropetala
492. C. planiflora
Buckley
(1841; 1844). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1842). C. rostrata
BUFFUM
1405. C. indecora neuropetala
Burnham
37. C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1895; 1901). C. coryli
Burxx-Davy
1941. C. calif ornica graciliflora
1966; (1896). C. salina major
7831^/^ C. salina squamigera
Bush
6; 28; 202; 327; 411; 1815; 3244; (1892).
C, coryli
63; 138; 1007; 1062; (1892; 1893). C.
pentagona typica
215; 387; 812; 1011; 1067; 1416; 1509;
1568; 1569; 4909; 7868; (1888; 1893).
C. gronovii vulgivaga
218; 371; 5143; (1892). C. compacta typica
262;(1892).C. cephalanthi.
388; 414; 932; 1359; (1893). C. cuspidata
389; (1893). C. glomerata
1405. C. glandulosa
1535. C. indecora hispidula
1750; 3013; 4068; 5855. C. pentagona
calycina
Bush & Palmer
3063. C. pentagona calycina
BUSXAMENXE
83. C. jalapensis
Butler
2; (1877). C. indecora longisepala
4. C. pentagona verrucosa
13; 111; 11235. C. glomerata
15. C. califomica breviflora
19; 50; 94; 11236. C. coryli
536. C. planiflora
(1875). C. cuspidata
C.^MP
(1893). C. cephalanthi
Campbell
(1897). C. gronovii vulgivaga
122
ILUNOJS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
[212
C.VNBY
2. C. compwicta tjijica
3. C. grono\'ii vulgivaga
(1862). C. cephalanthi
(1863; 1895). C. pentagona typica
(1876; 1880; 1884; 1888). C. rostrata
(1886). C. coryli
C. epilinum
Cannon
172. C. rostrata
Carey
C. gronovii vulgivaga
C.\KLETON
421; (1892). C. cuspidata
C-\RPENTER
(1892). C. subinclusa
Chalmot
C. gronovii vulgivaga
Chandler
423. C. califomica breviflora
485. C. polygonorum
2010; 5199; 5384; (1897). C. californica
graciliflora
2043. C. salina major
7123; 7124. C. subinclusa
Chapman
C. pentagona tjpica
C. compacta tj-pica
Chapman HERB.utn'M
3735b. C. compacta tv'pica
(1863). C. glandulosa
Chase
169; 600; 1181; 2626; (1896). C. gronovii
vulgivaga
422. C. glomerata'
522; (1894; 1896); C. coryU
1982. C. cephalanthi
2532. C. polygonorum
2571. C. compacta tj'pica
Cheney
(1889). C. polygonorum
Chestnut
(1887). C. subinclusa .
Chesndt & Drew
(1888). C. indecora neuropetala
Chickering
(1873). C. pentagona tj-pica
(1877; 1880). C. rostrata
Clapp
(1836; 1837). C. glomerata
Clark
4264. C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1909). C. glomerata
Clements
2799. C. cor>li
2799J^ C. gronovii vulgivaga
2819. C. glomerata
CUNTON
11794; 11795; 11796; 28574; 30449; 30450.
C. cephalanthi
28756. C. glomerata
30438. C. polygonorum
(1864). C. coryU
(1864); C. gronovii vulgivaga
C. epilinum
Cockerell
20. C. applanata
Cocks
C. gronovii vulgivaga
Collins & Kempton
315. C. californica graciliflora
328. C. salina squamigera
Colorado St.\te AcRicuLxtrRAL College
herbarktm
1541. C. indecora neuropetala
Combs
546. C. americana congesta
Commons
5850; (1863). C. epilinum
CONGDON
65; 66. C. califomica brachycalyx
69; (1881; 1903). C. subinclusa
(1901; 1904). C. salina major
(1902). C. p>entagona calycina
Cook
(1887). C. gronovii vulgivaga
COOLEY
(1882). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Cooper
421. C. indecora neuropetala
(1901). C. cephalanthi
Copeland
73. C. subinclusa
CocES & Palmer
246. C. indecora hispidula
Coulter
1010. C. umbellata typica
(1874). C. pentagona typica
(1876). C. polygonorum
COVILLE
(1895). C. gronovii vulgivaga
COVILLE & FuNSTON
102, 338. C. califomica graciliflora
COVILLE & LeIBERG
150. C. subinclusa
175. C. califomica breviflora
213] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 123
COWLES
520. C. salina major
Craig
(1908). C. coryli
(1911). C. glomerata
Cratty
(1901). C. glomerata
CURRAN
(1883; 1888). C. denticulata
CURTISS
2188; 5840; 5881; (1843). C. pentagona
typica
2193; 5328. C. comf)acta, typica
(1845); C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1845). C. rostrata
CUSICK
2341. C. planifiora
2347. C. califomica breviflora
Daniels
indecora neuropetala
pentagona calycina
C. americana congesta
426.
696.
Dash
628.
Davis
561. C. epithymum
(1876; 1879). C. cephalanthi
(1889; 1892). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1908). C. racemosa chiliana
Day
64. C. gronovii vulgivaga
409. C. epithymum
Deam
190; 444; 512; 9817; 14856. C. coryli
490; 1582; 5363; 5364 in part; 9889;
15304; 15382; 15476; 26482; (1899;
1903; 1905). C. cephalanthi
5364 in part; 5473; 7600; 9535;
12129
18784
24014
29812
12225; 14701; 14888; 15339;
21696; 22339; 23800; 23860;
26391; 26575; 26831; 28267;
30240; (1897; 1903; 1904; 1906). C.
gronovii vulgivaga
7101; 9871; 12403; 17384; 25430; 28370;
28400. C. pentagona typica
9520; 18499; 24280; 28253; 29076; 29369.
C. compacta typica
15269; 22182; (1903). C. polygonorum
(1901). C. glomerata
Dean
(1861). C. glomerata
DeBarr
460. C. cuspidata
Dewart
(1892). C. coryli
(1892). C. cephalanthi
Dewey
37. C. compacta typica
(1902). C. epilinum
Dick
(1890; 1895). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Dodge
104; 372; (1896). C. coryli
Douglass
(1891). C. glomerata .
Drummond
III 247. C. pentagona verrucosa
C. pentagona calycina
Drushell
(1916). C. coryli
Dubois
(1888). C. cephalanthi
Dltdley
(1882). C. coryli
(1882). C. cephalanthi
DUFFEY
(1889). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Duces
(1880). C. odontolepis fimbriata
Duss, PfeRE
1878; 2468. C. americana congesta
Eames
(1894). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Earle & Earle
289. C. squamata
Eastwood
91. C. pentagona calycina
129; (1890). C. indecora neuropetala
Eaton
(1858). C. compacta t3T)ica
C. cuspidata
Ebert
(1893). C. umbellata reflexa
Eggert
(1874; 1878; 1891); C. cuspidata
(1875; 1880). C. glomerata
(1877). C. indecora neuropetala
(1877). C. gronovii latiflora
(1878; 1886; 1891; 1893). C. gronovii
vulgivaga
(1878). C. polygonorum
(1879; 1886; 1897). C. coryli
(1879; 1891; 1896; 1897). C. pentagona
typica
124
ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
[214
(1891; 1894; 1897; 1898). C. compacta
typica
Eggleson
7649. C. subinclusa
12247. C. pentagona typica
12249. C. gronovii vxilgivaga
Ellis
221; 224. C. curta
Elmee
1757. C. salina major
4543. C. califomica breviflora
Ely
(1888), C. pentagona tj-pica
Engelmann
417; (1841; 1864). C. glomerata
(1841; 1842; 1843; 1860). C. coryU
(1841; 1843; 1845). C. gronovu latiflora
(1841; 1842; 1860; 1879). C. cephalanthi
(1842; 1845). C. compacta typica
(1845). C. indecora neuropetala
(1856; 1876). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1876). C. pentagona typica
(1880). C. erosa
(1880). C. odontolepb ty-pica
(1880). C. subinclusa
(1880). C. umbellata reflexa
Farwell
1291. C. coryli
Faviiat
41. C. americana congesta
Fay
(1914). C. planiflora
Fendler
657. C. glomerata
658. C. coryli
659b. C. cuspidata
Fernald
88. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Fernald & Weatherby
259. C. pentagona t>-pica
Fernon
1896. C. umbellata typica
Fink
207; 632. C. cephalanthi
305. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Fish
(1882; 1883). C. subinclusa
Fisher
147. C. indecora neuropetala
FiSHLOCK
489. C. americana spectabilis
FrrzPATRiCK
25. C. coryli
(1897). C. glomerata
Foster
1863. C. salina major
(1901). C. gronoNai vulgivaga
FOWXER
(1880; 1884; 1892; 1894). C. gronovii vul-
givaga
Fredholm
305. C. compacta efimbriata
3304. C. indecora hispidula
Fremont
79. C. curta
Fretz
(1882). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Fxtertes
117; 916; 975b. C. indecora neuropetala
194. C. americana spectabilis
Ftirbish
(1897). C. europaea
Galeotti
1412. C. cor>-mbosa stylosa
Garber
1883. C. umbellata typica
(1911). C. coryH
Gardner
(1901). C. califomica breviflora
Garrett
192; 1714; 1716; 1719; 2692; 2736. C.
indecora neuropetala
1002. C. planiflora
2170. C. califomica breviflora
2213. C. cephalanthi
Gattinger
(1879). C. pentagona typica
(1881). C. polygonorum
(1886). C. compacta typica
(1886). C. glomerata
(1886). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1886). C. cephalanthi
Gal'mer
705. C. americana spectabilis
Gayle
811. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Geyer
674. C. pentagona calycina
(1841). C. gronovii latiflora
(1842). C. cor>4i
(1842). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1842). C. pentagona tj-pica
C. cephalanthi
215]
NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER
125
GOLL
565; 711. C. americana spectabilis
GOODDING
509. C. pentagona calycina
724. C. indecora neuropetala
2296. C. veatchii apoda
2482. C. umbellata typica
Grabendorfer
(1899). C. tuberculata
Graham
250. C. jalapensis
Grant
1141. C. subinclusa
3629; (1901). C. pentagona calycina
5217. C. cephalanthi
Gray & Sullivant
(1843). C. coryli
(1843). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1853). C. rostrata
(1863). C. compacta typica
Green
275. C. leptantha tj^ica
12953; (1880). C. umbellata typica
(1880). C. tuberculata
Greene
327. C. salina squamigera
335. C. subinclusa
978. C. indecora neuropetala
1046. C. racemosa chiliana
(1913). C. curta
Greenman
1477; 1478; 1825; 2138; 2695. C. gronovii
vulgivaga
2782; 3800. C. coryli
2881; (1912). C. glomerata
Gregg
401; 417. C. pentagona verrucosa
490; C. umbellata typica
570. C. tinctoria
(1847). compacta tj-pica
(1849). C. americana congesta
C. gronovii cal3T}trata
Griffiths
2044. C. umbellata reflexa
2155. C. indecora neuropetala
Griffiths & Slosser
38; 105. C. gronovii vulgivaga
235. C. pentagona calycina
302; (1894). C. coryli
Griffiths & Thornber
21. C. odontolepis typica
Gross
2193. C. compacta typica
(1882). C. pentagona tjT)ica
Hahn
18. C. corymbosa grandiflora
Hale
(1860-61). C. coryU
Hall
2; (1860). C. gronovii vulgivaga
3. C. curta
4. C. coryli
491; 493 in part. C. indecora hispidula
492; 493 in part. C. pentagona verrucosa
493 in part. C. indecora longisepala
5721. C. salina major
9094. C. calif omica breviflora
9219; (1897); C. califomica gracili-
flora
9675; (1901). C. subinclusa
(1861; 1867). C. cephalanthi
(1867). C. cuspidata
(1901). C. califomica papillosa
Hall & Harbour
404. C. cuspidata
464. C. indecora neuropetala
Hamilton
16. C. americana spectabilis
Hannah
(1916). C. cuspidata
(1916). C. glomerata
(1916). C. polygonorum
Hansen
1275. C. subinclusa
Harbour
464. C. pentagona calycina
Harger
(1891). C. pentagona typica
Harper
147. C. harperi
209; 224; 1650. C. indecora neuropetala
Harris
6975. C. americana congesta
Harrison
(1888). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Harshberger
(1904). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Hartman
52. C. odontolepis typica
179. C. tuberculata
236. C. americana congesta
126
ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
[216
Harvey & Harvey
699; (1895). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Harwood
(1901). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Hasse
(1882). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1887). C. glomerata
(1890). C. subinclusa
(1892). C. califomica papillosa
Havard
2. C. pentagona calycina
4. C. leptantha typica
(1881; 1883). C. squaraata
Hayden
26. C. coryli
(1853). C. glomerata
(1853). C. cuspidata
(1853). C. pentagona typica
C. cephalanthi
Hays
C. umbellata typica
Headly
(1907). C. indecora neuroptela
Hedgcock
(1889). C. cuspidata
(1894). C. cephalanthi
(1899). C. glomerata
(1901). C. pentagona calycina
Hedrick
(1899). C. pentagona calycina
Heizer
345. C. planiflora
Heller
1135. C. pentagona calycina
1166. C. compacta typica
1549. C. pentagona verrucosa
1899; 6169. C. americana spectabilis
9684. C. califomica breviflora
11588. C. subinclusa
11677. C. indecora neuropetala
Heller & Halbach
1357. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Hemmick
4. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Henderson
2892. C. indecora neuropetala
(1884). C. cephalanthi
Henry
4912; 4913. C. salina major
Hermann, v.
686. C. glandulosa
C. pentagona calycina
Herrick
(1904).
Heyde
287. C. tinctoria
Heyde & Lux
2912. C. tinctoria
Hill
66-1876. C. curta
68-1909, C. epithymum
76-1871; 128-1905. C. pentagona typica
81-1884; 134-1882; 151-1871. C. gronovii
vulgivaga
95-1876; 100-1897; 120-1897; 124-1897.
C. coryli
(1891). C. cephalanthi
(1891). C. polygonorum
HiLLMAN
(1891). C. denticulata
(1899); C. planiflora
(1904). C. pentagona typica
(1904; 1905). C. coryli
C. cuspidata
C. pentagona calycina
C. polygonorum
C. racemosa chiliana
HlORAM, Bro.
2279. C. americana spectabilis
Hitchcock
188; (1915). C. salina major
205; (1915). C. subinclusa
232; (1904). C. gronovii vulgivaga
359. C. cuspidata
(1888). C. glomerata
(1890). C. americana conges ta
(1894). C. cephalanthi
(1905). C. compacta typica
(1905); C. pentagona typica
(1905). C. rostrata
(1910). C. epithymum
(1915); C. califomica graciliflora
Hollister
120. C. gronovii vulgivaga.
Holm
(1888). C. compacta typica
(1893). C. pentagona typica
Holmes
•17188. C. pentagona typica
HOLTON
C. americana spectabilis
Hoizinger
(1888). C. polygonorum
217]
NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER
127
(1888). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1889). C. cephalanthi
HOPEMAN
(1893). C. glomerata
Horn
2849; (1863). C. subinclusa
Horner
373. C. califomica breviflora
639. C. pentagona calycina
House
4683. C. salina major
HOVEY
C. coryli
C. gronovii vulgivaga
Howard
(1888). C. leptantha typica
Howell
336. C. pentagona calycina
(1884). C. califomica breviflora
Humboldt
C. umbellata typica
Hurst
(1890). C. planiflora
Jacobs
(1888). C. cephalanthi
James
C. umbellata typica
Jepson
3b; 3c; 4a; 4d; 4e; 70a; 70b; 125b; 1735;
(1892). C. subinclusa
5a; 1570. C. salina squamigera
5b; 5d; (1891). C. califomica bracbycalyx
5c. C. jepsonii
70c; 1704. C. califomica graciliflora
80a; 125a. C. califomica apodanthera
1628. C. califomica papillosa
(1893). C. racemosa chiliana
Jepson & Woolsey
4c. C. subinclusa
Jermy
34. C. pentagona pubescens
74; 75. C. indecora neuropetala
(1904). C. exaltata
Johnson
399. C. indecora neuropetala
(1888). C. coryli
(1900). C. pentagona typica
(1903). C. cuspidata
Johnston
(1904). C. epithymum
Jones
571; 1914; (1880). C. curta
1331; (1880). C. indecora neuropetala
1370. C. gronovii vulgivaga
1875; 1915. C. califomica breviflora
1918. C. cephalanthi
2316; (1880; 1901). C. salina squamigera
2490; 3712. C. subinclusa
3862. C. veatchii typica
4032; 4116; 5482b; 5653; (1884). C. pen-
tagona calycina
4170; (1884). C. squamata
(1884). C. denticulata
JOOR
(1877). C. pentagona verrucosa
(1891). C. compacta typica
Kammerer
98. C. planiflora
Karwinski
(1827; 1842). C. tinctoria
Kearney
52. C. califomica brachycalyx
472; 588. C. gronovii vulgivaga
842. C. rostrata
843; 1583. C. pentagona typica
844; 845; 2365. C. compacta typica
(1890). C. glomerata
Keeler
(1889). C. pentagona typica
Kellerman
50. C. pentagona calycina
4591; 5576; 5916a. C. corymbosa grand-
iflora
7567. C. tinctoria kellermaniana
(1890). C. glomerata
(1871). C. cephalanthi
Kellogg
(1909). C. compacta typica
Kellogg & Harford
779. C. salina major
780. C. pentagona typica
KiLBORNE
(1882). C. epilinum
KiLLEBREW
(1885). C. pentagona typica
King
(1894). C. salina major
KlRKWOOD
50. C. decipiens
Knight
(1905). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Knowlton
(1895). C. gronovii vulgivaga
129
ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
[218
KUNT2E
555; 556. C. amerkana spectabilis
Lan-glass£
127. C. americana congesta
438. C. ceratophora
Langlois
237. C. ^andulosa
(1879). C. indecora neurc^tala
Lansing
2846. C. pentagona typica.
3301. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Lapham
(1842). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Lakrab££
(1900). C. pentagona verrucosa
Leach
(1861). C. curta
Leggett
(1870). C.coryU
Lehmaxn
1682. C. tinctoria
Leibesg
5266; 5267; 5330. C. califomica gracili-
flora
5268. C. subindusa
53%. C. indecora neuropetala
5965. C. applanata
LeJous Herb.
(1866). C. giadllima sacchaiata
Leiocon
(1875). C. califomica graciliflora
(1878). C. salina squamigera
(1878). C. subindusa
(1881). C. indecora neiux>petala
C. umbellata typica
Leon
7707. C pentagona cafydna
Leon &Eckman
4270. C. pentagona calydna
Leokakd
250; (1883). C. curta
Letteshann
(1875). C. pentagona tjrpica
(1879); C. compacta typica
Lewis
224. C. pentagona typica
LlEBMANN
C. gracfflima saccharata
Linden
1994. C. americana spectabilis
C. americana congesta
C. coiymbosa stylosa
Lixdht'.tmt.k
10; 1028; (1847). C. glomerata
123; 318; 1029. C. indecora hispidula
124; 474; HI 475. C. indecora neuropetala
125; 277. C. cuspidata
126; 664. C. pentagona calycina
127; 473. C. pentagona verrucosa
235?; (1841). C. gronovii calyptrata
472; (1846). C. exaltata
(1847). C. pentagona pubescens
Lloyd
28; 193. C. dedpiens
(1888). C. polygonorum
(1890). C. cephalanthi
Lloyd & Eaille
(1900). C. compacta typica
Lloyd & Tracy
124; 128. C. indecora neuropetala
Lowe
(1916). C. epithymum
Lunell
842; (1908). C. cuspidata
(1907; 1908; 1909; 1912). C. curta
Lyall
(1858-59). C. cephalanthi
McAtee
1807a. C. compacta typica
McCall
(1877). C. gronovii vulgivaga
McCarthy
(1885). C. pentagona typica
McClatchie
(1896). C. salina squamigera
(1892). C. pentagona calycina
McDonald
(1885; 1894). C. cephalanthi
(1886; 1887). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1904). C. pentagona typica
McDougal
26. C. umbellata reflexa
378. C. pentagona caljxina
685. C. indecora neuropetala
(1889). C. gronovii vulgivaga
McDougaix
(1917). C. cephalanthi
McGregor & Abrams
36; 700. C. califomica graciliflora
McKlNNEY
(1916). C. pentagona calycina
McMillan
(1890). C. glomerata
219] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER
129
McMURPHY
54. C. salina major
55. C. californica graciliflora
Mackenzie
81. C. umbellata typica
370. C. gronovii latiflora
543. C. cuspidata
2908. C. compacta tjrpica
3797. C. gronovii vxilgivaga
4782. C. pentagona typica
Macoun
11852; 23972. C. pentagona calycina
85812; 85818. C. salina squamigera
(1887). C. salina major
Maltby
21. C. salina squamigera
Manning
497; 498. C. subinclusa
Martin
(1889). C. epithymum
Martindale
(1877). C. pentagona typica
C. gronovii vulgivaga
Maxon
(1897). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Mayer
(1867). C. gronovii vulgivaga
M. E.
347. C. rugisoceps
Mearns
640; (1887). C. umbellata typica
Merrill
699. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Metcalf
1290. C. leptantha typica
(1903). C. pentagona calycina
Mesyer
(1841). C. coryli
MiCHENER & BlOLETTI
(1891; 1893). C. caUfomica graciliflora
(1891). C. salina major
(1893). C. californica brachycalyx
MlXLIGAN
(1907). C. gronovii vulgivaga
MiLLSPAUGH & MiLLSPAUGH
9029. C. americana congesta
M OFF ATT
526. C. glopierata
1650. C. gronovii vulgivaga
MOHR
885c; (1876; 1888). C. indecora neuro-
petala
(1872; 1882; 1893; 1896). C. gronovii
vulgivaga
(1874; 1888). C. pentagona typica
(1882). C. polygonorum
(1894). C. cephalanthi
(1896). C. compacta typica
(1899). C. rostrata
Moore
(1918). C. epithymum
Morris
(1897). C. gronovii vulgivaga
MOSELEY
(1897; 1898). C. polygonorum
(1897). C. cephalanthi
MOSER
1832. C. gronovii vulgivaga
MtTLFORD
1078a. C. umbeUata typica
(1892). C. curta
MtjLLER
1260. C. corjonbosa stylosa
(1853). C. ceratophora
(1853). C. jalapensis
MtTRDOCK
2537. C. subinclusa
Nash
759. C. americana spectabilis
2283. C. pentagona typica
Nash & Taylor
1578. C. americana congesta
Nealley
83; 141. C. indecora hispidula
84. C. pentagona pubescens
92. C. glandulosa
94; 126; 278. C. indecora neuropetala
100; 100a. C. umbellata typica
260. C. exaltata
338. C. umbellata reflexa
Nelson
1139; 1210; 4936. C. planiflora
2014. C. corymbosa stylosa
2741 in part; 2768; 9118. C. plattensis
2741 in part; 8576. C. indecora neuro-
petala /
5053. C. curta
Newberry
C. subinclusa
Niexjwland
11500. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Norton
358. C. polygonorum
360. C. glomerata
130
ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
[220
Nttttail
C. coryli
Oldberg
(1872). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Olney
(1872). C. coryU
Orcxttt
1499; (1888). C. californica graciliflora
(1889), C. denticulata
C. veatchii typica
OSTERHOUT
4602. C. californica breviflora
Over
1907. C. pentagona typica
2157. C. indecora neuropetala
2355. C. racemosa chiliana
5131. C. glomerata
Oyster
5953. C. cuspidata
Page
2641. C. compacta typica
Painter
745. C. pentagona typica
Palmer
16; 544. C. laptantha palmeri
22; 808; 2737; 2821; 4149; 4757; 8407;
8710. C. gronovii vulgivaga
51. C. gracillima saccharata
52; 141. C. macrocephala
56. C. corymbosa grandiflora
87; 579; 918. C. tinctoria
137; (1879). C. mitraeformis
142; 227; 517; 631^; 641. C. applanata
149. C. racemosa chiliana
173. C. umbellata reflexa
202; 218; 307; 723; 730; 919; 7709; 12914.
C. pentagona verrucosa
284; 530; 630. C. indecora neuropetala
331; 341. C. americana congesta
m; 640. C. indecora longisepala
382. C. pentagona calycina
412. C. odontolepis fimbriata
432. C. pentagona typica
411; 471; 500; 501; 506; 511; 916. C.
umbellata typica
605. C. glandulosa
631. C. jalapensis
818; 3069; 3129; 3861. C. glomerata
948. C. deltoidea
949. C. gracillima subtilis
1209. C. umbellata dubia
1292; 2737. C. gronovii latiflora
2392d; 2761. C. californica graciliflora
3197; 3835. C. coryli
6684. C. cuspidata
6840; 8476. C. compacta typica
(1869). C. erosa
Pammel
(1886). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1888); C. coryli
Pammel & Ball
79. C. glomerata
Parish
538a; 4130; 5524. C. californica papillosa
539; 3958; 5533. C. subinclusa
2174; 6012. C. salina squamigera
2281. C. salina major
2436; 3230; 3231; 3236. C. denticulata
5905; 5532. C. indecora neuropetala
(1898); C. glandulosa
Parker
(1866). C. pentagona tj^ica
Parlin
875. C. epithymum
Parry
205. C. denticulata
206. C. salina squamigera
273. C. cuspidata
500. C. applanata
(1850). C. californica graciliflora
(1852). C. squamata
Parry & Palmer
631. C. tinctoria
(1877). C. corymbosa stylosa
Patterson
10430; (1872); C. cephalanthi
C. glomerata
C. pentagona tj^ica
Payson
588. C. pentagona calycina
Pease
C. cephalanthi
Peirson
150; 261. C. subinclusa
150a. C. californica graciliflora
Pepoon
190; 191; 450; 837; 892. C. gronovii vul-
givaga
300; 936. C. glomerata
Perrixe
(1896). C. curta
221] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER
131
Petersen
(1908), C. indecora neuropetala
(1909). C. curta
PiNEO
C. salina major
Piper
715. C. salina major
(1898). C. epithymum
PrrriER
497. C. umbellata typica
Plank
(1891). C. indecora neuropetala
(1895). C. umbellata typica
POITEAU
(1802; 1845). C. americana spectabilis
C. europaea
Pol
(1888). C. coryli
Pollard
239. C. cephalanthi
1280. C. glomerata
(1894). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Pollard & Maxon
341. C. harperi
Pollard & Palmer
393. C. americana spectabilis
Pollock
C. gronovii vulgivaga
Porter
(1863). C. epilinum
(1863). C. polygonorum
(1864; 1879; 1890; 1895). C. cephalanthi
(1869). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1873). C. indecora neuropetala
(1873). C. curta
(1879) C. gronovii latiflora
Pound
(1889). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Price
(1897). C. compacta typica
(1898). C. pentagona typica
(1898). C. polygonorum
Pringle
105. C. desmoidiniana
144; 3111; 13797; (1891). C. pentagona
calycina
145. C. subinclusa
291; 1342. C. jalapensis
783; 6297. C. umbellata typica
784. C. applanata
785. C. squamata
2472. C. pringlei
4330. C. mitraeformis
4331; 11306. C. corymbosa grandiflora
4529. C. tinctoria
4967. C. rugosiceps
5349. C. chapalana
6189; 8716. C. gracillima subtilis
6574. C. corymbosa stylosa
6575; 7179. C. potosina globifera
8514. C. epithymimi
(1880). C. epilinum ^
(1881; 1884). C. indecora neurfpetala
(1884). C. tuberculata
Prout
(1840). C. gronovii vulgivaga
PXIRPUS
3553; 5708. C. tinctoria
4563; 6343. C. indecora neuropetala
4873, C. decipiens
4971; 5036. C. choisiana
4972; 5444. C. purpusii
5678. C. salina acuminata
5709. C. potosina globifera
5730, C, applanata
5745; 7564; 7775. C. corymbosa stylosa
8175, C. pringlei
8274. C, umbellata typica
C. indecora bifida
Rattan
4d. C. pentagona calycina
293. C. subinclusa
Ravenel
(1869) ; C. pentagona tjT)ica
(1874). C. compwicta typica
Redfield
5652; 5845; 5851; (1874). C. compacta
typica
5853; 5854. C. gronovii vulgivaga
5859. C. subinclusa
Reed
2372. C. califomica papillosa
(1911). C. califomica brachycalyx
Remy
(1855). C. salina squamigera
(1855). C. subinclusa
Reppert
(1895). C. cuspidata
Reverchon
663; 2552; (1875; 1880). C. exaltata
664; 2194; 3202. C. cuspidata
1686. C. glomerata
132
ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
[222
3201; 3883. C. compacta lypica.
(1875). C. indecora longisepala
(1878). C. glandulosa
(1878). C. pentagona verrucosa
(1878). C. cephalanthi
(1880). C. pentagona calycina
C. gronovii latiflora
Reynolds
(1872). C. pentagona typica
Rich
(1896).- C. pentagona typica
RiCKER
469; 1396; 1397. C. gronovii vulgivaga
RiCKSECKZR
93; 313; 313a. C. americana spectabilis
RlEHL
15; 16. C. glomerata
(1843). C. gronovii latiflora
(1848). C. pentagona typica
RiES
(1893). C. cuspidata
Rolfs
508; 510. C. compacta typica
Rose
2445. C. applanata
11887. C. indecora neuropetala
12074. C. denticulata
16206. C. califomica breviflora
Rose & Fitch
17027. C. indecora neuropetala
Rose, Fitch & Russell
3279; 3604; 3608; 3763; 3853. C. ameri-
cana spectabilis
3691. C. americana congesta
Rose & Hay
5866. C. applanata
6170. C. mitraefonnis
Rose & Painter
7473. C. tinctoria
Rose, Painter & Rose
9650. C. potosina typica
9887; 9888; 10275. C. applanata
Rose & Rose
11150. C. tinctoria
11215. C. potosina globifera
11413. C. applanata
Rose, Standley & Russell
12477. C. indecora neuropetala
13727. C. americana congesta
13727a; 13804. C. gracillima subtilis
14329. C. corymbosa grandiflora
14929. C. leptantha typica
ROTHROCK
101. C. salina squamigera
311; 708. C. pentagona calycina
Rowlee
(1906). C. gronovii vulgivaga
RUGEL
400; (1843). C. glandulosa
400a; 400b; (1843). C. pentagona typica
(1841); C.rostrata
Rusby
85; 245; 295; (1880). C. pentagona caly-
cina
129. C. umbellata typica
295. C. potosina globifera
(1909). C. califomica graciliflora
Russell
(1897). C. cuspidata
(1897). C. pentagona typica
C. gronovii latiflora
Ruth
8. C. gronovii vulgivaga
159; 188. C. indecora hispidula
169; 477; 492. C. pentagona typica
317. C. cuspidata
493; (1893). C. harperi
502. C. pentagona verrucosa
(1893; 1895). C. compacta typica
(1893). C. pentagona calycina
Rydberg
264. C. pentagona calycina
1634; 1694; 3700; (1890). C. indecora
neuropetala
1639. C. cuspidata
1688; 8179; 8183. C. coryU
8073. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Rydberg & Garrett
8541. C. planiflora
9918; 10013; 10014. C. pentagona caly-
cina
Sandberg
841; (1890). C. gronovii vulgivaga
S.^NDBERG & LeIBERG
495. C. califomica breviflora
Scahmon
1. C. coryli
Schaffner
377; 781. C. tinctoria
378; 780. C. potosina globifera
379; 779. C. potosina typica
C. macrocephala
C. polyanthemos
223] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 133
SCHEIDE
152. C. jalapensis
SCHNECK
(1877). C. glomerata
(1880; 1881). C. coryli
(1879; 1880; 1897; 1905). C. polygonorum
(1880). C. cephalanthi
(1887). C. compacta typica
(1906). C. pentagona typica
C. gronovii vulgivaga
SCHOCKLEY
443. C. denticulata
SCHOTT
(1851). C. glandulosa
C. cuspidata
C. umbellata typica
SCHRENK
(1890). C. epilinum
(1892). C. gronovii vulgivaga
SCHUEBXJRT
(1893). C. curta
SCHUETTE
95-11-7. C. polygonorum
(1894). C. cephalanthi
SCHURTZ
(1907). C. epithymum
Scott
(1886). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Seaman
C. compacta typica
Sears
(1916). C. polygonorum
Seymour
20. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Shafer
31. C. americana spectabilis
2635. C. indecora hispidula
Shannon
127. C. glomerata
Shear
(1891). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Sheldard
(1892). C. cephalanthi
Sheldon
21; (1891). C. pentagona typica
134. C. indecora hispidula
- 263; (1884). C. glomerata
8715. C. califomica breviflora
(1892). C. coryli
(1892). C. indecora neuropetala
Sherff
1755; (1911). C. glomerata
1813; 1979. C. gronovii vulgivaga
1896; (1911). C. cephalanthi
(1911). C. coryU
Short
(1840). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1843). C. gronovii latiflora
Shreve
381. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Shitll
112; 189; 289; 368. C. gronovii vulgivaga
204; 367. C. compacta typica
393. C. polygonorum
Shuttleworth
(1843). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Sieber
91. C. americana congesta
Simpson
68; (1889). C. indecora neuropetala
361. C. umbellata typica
380. C. gronovii vulgivaga
SiNTENSIS
3239. C. americana spectabilis
3851. C. indecora neuropetala
Skeels & Shaddick
(1900). C. coryU
Skinner
200. C. pentagona typica
Small
(1888). C. cephalanthi
(1890; 1894). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1893). C. pentagona typica
(1893; 1894). C. compacta typica
Smart
345. C. indecora neuropetala
Smith
204. C. mitraeformis
406. C. lacerata
1831. C. planiflora
1912. C. corymbosa grandiflora
(1897). C. indecora hispidula
Smyth
80a; 80c; 80e; 80f; 80g; 80i; 80k. C. cus-
pidata
250b; 250c. C. glomerata
SONES
79. C. califomica brachycalyx
Spencer
(1919). C. glomerata
134
ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
[224
Standley
426; 6370; (1906). C. squamata
5372. C. rostrata
6958. C pentagona calycina
7849. C. umbellata typica
8058. C. planiflora
8456; 9156; (1905). C. glomerata
8980. C. pentagona typica
9502; 9848; 9902. C. gronovii vulgivaga
9700. C. cuspidata
9937. C. coryli
Standley & Bullman
12271. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Stanfield
(1898). C. pentagona calycina
Stearns
205; C. applanata
455. C. squamata
Steele
93; (1898; 1906; 1912). C. gronovii vulgi-
vaga
155. C. pentagona typica
(1896; 1902; 1904). C. compacta typica
(1900). C. jK)lygonorum
(1906). C. rostrata
Stevens
1000. C. indecora hispidula
2641. C. compacta typica
(1853). C. salina major
(1895). C. gronovii vulgivaga
C. glomerata
C. cephalanthi
Studley
4d. C. indecora neuropetala
Sturtevant
(1862; 1888). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1890). C. cephalanthi
SUKSDORF
1487. C. salina acuminata
2852. C. plattensis
(1883). C. cephalanthi
Tatntxjrier
C. glandulosa
Tatnall
(1863). C. epilinum
(1884). C. pentagona typica
C. polygonorum
Taylor
2606. C. gronovii latiflora
(1892). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Thacher
34. C. subinclusa
Thaxter
(1887). C. pentagona typica
Thompson
159. C. indecora neuropetala
(1898). C. cuspidata
Thornber
32; 87; 133. C. indecora neurop>etala
2462; 7516; (1901) C. salina squamigera
7219; 7220. C. erosa
8959. C. umbellata reflexa
Thtjrber
2. C. cuspidata
570; 633. C. califomica graciliflora
818. C. squamata
Tbturon
(1890). C. compacta typica
(1890). C. pentagona calycina
TiDESTROM
7446. C. compacta typica
Tonddz
11750. C. cor5Tnbosa grandiflora
Torrey
325. C. califomica breviflora
Toumey
96; 293; (1894). C. indecora neuropetala
TOWNSEND
(1897). C. gronovii vulgivaga
ToWNSEND & B.\RBER
294. C. jalapensis
Tracy
1256; 3551. C. salina major
1649. C. glomerata
2349. C. califomica papillosa
4760. C. califomica breviflora
6432. C. indecora neuropetala
17189; (1892). C. pentagona typica
(1887). C; planiflora
(1887). C. curta
(1887). C. cephalanthi
(1888). C. califomica graciliflora
Tracy & Evans
(1887). C. planiflora
Trask
187. C. califomica graciliflora
Tr£cdl
(1848). C. pentagona typica
Trelease
342. C. applanata
477; (1897; 1898). C. compacta typica
1112. C. gronovii vulgivaga
1113. C. cor>'li
225] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 135
TCrckheim, v.
II 1547. C. corymbosa grandiflora
TURESSON
(1913). C. calif omica gracilifiora
Tweedy
3492. C. planiflora
(1890). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Umbach
(1895). C. polygonorum
(1896). C. glomerate
(1898). C. pentegona calycina
(1898). C. cephalanthi
Underwood & Griggs
636. C. americana spectebilis
Vail
(1888). C. compacte tj^pica
(1890). C. gronovii latiflora
VanSickle
(1894). C. compacte typica
(1894). C. pentegona typica
(1894). C. cephalanthi
Vasey
436. C. salina squamigera
437. C. califomica papillosa
(1861). C. cephalanthi
(1873). C.coryU
(1875). C. subinclusa
C. glomerate
ViCTORIN, Bro.
3147. C. gronovii vulgivaga
Visher
2596. C. pentegona calycina
Vreeland
670. C. curta
Wagner
(1919). C. indecora neurop)etala
Waldron
1697. C. curta
Walker
348. C. pentegona tj^ica
Ward
(1876). C. gronovii vulgivaga
(1877; 1883). C. coryU
(1883). C. pentegona typica
C. epithymum
Warscewicz
(1848). C. odontolepis fimbriate
Watson
937. C. cephalanthi
938. C. califomica breviflora
Wear
C. epithymum
Weatherby
(1911). C. pentegona typica
Welch
C. coryli
Weller
66. C. glomerate
Welsch
C. cuspidate
Wheeler
(1899). C. epiUnum
White
(1900). C. cuspidate
C. pentegona calycina
WlBBE
(1889) in part. C. polygonorum
(1889) in part. C. cephalanthi
WiEGAND
(1895). C. cephalanthi
Wight
73. C. indecora neuropetala
228, C. pentegona calycina
Wilkinson
(1902). C. indecora hispidula
WiLLETS
558. C. planiflora
Williams
40; 753; (1889). C. glomerate
220; 355. C. curte
(1888). C. cephalanthi
(1889; 1894; 1896). C. coryU
(1891). C. pentegona typica
(1892). C. gronovii vulgivaga
Wilson
138. C. pentagona typica
nil; 1129. C. glandulosa
7983. C. americana spectebilis
(1897). C. gronovii vulgivaga
WOOLSON
17194. C. gronovii vulgivaga
WOOTON
2749; (1892; 1900; 1905). C. pentegona
calycina
(1899; 1902). C. squamate
(1895; 1904). C. umbellate typica
(1899). C. cephalanthi
(1903). C. califomica gracilifiora
(1911). C. racemosa chiliana
(1916). C. veatchii apoda
WooTON & Standley
336; (1906; 1907). C. squamate
3488; 3959. C. curte
136
ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
[226
3986. C. umbellata typica
3988; (1906). C. pentagona calycina
Weight
2; 519; 523; 574; 1631; 1635. C. pentagona
pubescens
371; 510; 695; 1627; 1636; 1639 in part;
3107. C. umbellata typica
392; 518; 1628. C. squamata
521; 525; 1622; 1630; 1632; 1633; 1634,
1638; 3649. C. indecora neuropetala
522; 1639 in part; (1852). C. leptantha
typica
1264. C. gracillima subtilis
1623 = 541 ; 1625. C. applanata
1624=529. C. odontolepis typica
1626 = 578; 1629 = 124. C. cephalanthi
1659 in part; (1847). C. pentagona caly-
cina
1659 in part; (1865). C. americana spec-
tabilis
(1847). C. cuspidata
(1847). C. exaltata
(1849; 1865). C. glandulosa
(1853; 1875). C. subinclusa
C. compacta tj^ica
C. indecora longisepala .
Weight, Paeey & Bsumheix
391. C. americana spectabilis
WinsizLAw
C. cuspidata
YOEK
(1902). C. coryU
YxmCKEE
695; 742; (1916). C. gronovii vulgivaga
999a; 999b. C. cephalanthi
1000a; 1000b; 1000c; lOOOd; 1010. C.
polygonorum
Zeller
1129. C. salina squamigera
(1910). C. salina major
227] NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 137
INDEX OF NAMES
The first page reference given ordinarily refers to the description. Italics indicate
synonyms.
Anthanema Raf 25.
paradoxa Raf 74.
Aplostylis Raf 21.
Buchingera F. Sch 25.
Cassuiha Des M 10, 25.
Cassytha S. F. Gray 21.
Clistogrammica (sect.) Englm 47, 25.
Cuscuta (group) Englm 21.
Cuscuta L 20, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 18, 21, 33.
acaulis Raf 76.
acuminata Nutt 60.
alata Brand 30, 31.
americana var. auth 65, 76.
americana Hook 74.
americana L 32, 16, 30, 33.
var. congesta Prog 33.
" spectabilis Prog 34, 33.
anlhemi Nels 23.
aphylla Raf 74, 75.
applanata Englm 30, 17, 31.
arabica Fresen 12.
arvensis Beyr ; 12, 50.
var. calycina Englm 51.
" penlagona Englm 50.
" pubescens Englm 52.
" verrucosa Englm 52.
bonariensis Englm 67.
californica Choisy 60, 13, 14, 47.
var. apiculata Englm 62, 61.
" apodanthera n. var 62, 61.
" brachycalyx n. var. 62, 61.
" breviflora Englm 61, 60.
" graciliflora Englm 61, 60.
" longiloba Englm 61.
" papillosa n. var 62, 61.
" reflexa Coult 42.
" squamigera Englm 71.
calyptrata (Englm.) Small 67.
campanulata Nutt 33.
cassythoides Nees 18.
ceanothi Behr 69.
cephalanthi Englm 53, 14, 18, 19, 47.
ceratophora n. sp 28, 13, 18, 26.
chapalana n. sp 28, 16
rMorocarpa Englm 14, 19, 4P
138 ILUNOJS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [228
choisiana n. sp 38, 37.
compacta Juss 75, 13, 72.
. var. adpressa Englm 76.
" crenulala Choisy 56.
" efimbriata n. var 77.
" typica 76.
congesta Benth 33.
congesta Beyr 56.
coronata Be>T 76.
corymbosa R and P 34, 13, 29.
var. grandiflora Englm 35, 30, 36.
" stylosa Englm 35, 30.
coryH Englm 55, 14, 16, 19, 47.
curta (Englm.) Rydb 67, 48.
cuspidata Englm 72.
var. humida Englm 72, 73.
" pratensis Englm 72, 73.
cymosa Willd 35.
decipiens n. sp 55, 47.
decora Englm 57.
var. indecora Englm 58.
" pulcherrima Englm 58.
deltoidea n. sp 44, 36, 37.
denticulata Enghn 68, 17, 47, 48, 69.
desmouliniana n. sp 40, 37.
var. attenuiloba n. var 41.
" typica n. var 41.
epilinimi Weihe 24, 12, 17, 22.
epithymum Murr 22, 18.
erosa n. sp 26.
europaea L 23, 12, 17, 22.
exaltata Englm 21, 16, 19.
floribunda H.B.K 32, 28, 30.
foetida H and A 43.
Jruticum Bert 76.
gatnoslyla Englm 21.
glandulosa (Englm.) Small 48, 16, 47.
glohifera Schaff 40.
globularis Nutt 50.
globulosa Benth 34.
glomerata Choisy 74, 13, 18, 29, 72.
gracilis Rydb 23.
gracillima Englm 43, 16, 37, 44.
var. esquamata n. var 43.
" saccharata Englm 43, 14.
" subtilis n. comb 43, 44.
gronovii Willd 64, 17, 18, 48, 54, 67, 68.
var. calyptrata Englm 67, 64.
" curta Englm 67.
" latiflora Englm 65, 64.
" saururi Englm 65.
" vulgivaga Englm 65, 64.
2291 NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 139
harperi Small 63, 13, 48.
hispidula Englm 58.
inclusa Choisy 35.
incurva Englm 19.
imbricata Nutt 76.
indecora Choisy 57, 14, 47, 55, 56.
var. bifida n. var 59, 57.
" hispidula n. comb 58, 57.
" longisepala n. var 59, 57.
" neuropetala (Choisy) Hitchck 58, 57, 59.
" porloricensis Urb 58.
inflexa Englm 14, 5^.
jalapensis Sch 27, 26, 28.
jepsonii n. sp 59, 47.
lacerata n. sp 44, 37.
laxiflora Benth 35.
leiokpis Miq 33.
leptantha Englm 45, 37, 46.
var. palmeri n. comb 46.
" typica 45.
macrocephala n. sp 36, 28, 30.
niegalocarpa Rydb 67.
mitraeformis Englm 26, 16, 27.
neuropetala Englm 58.
var. liitoralis Englm 58.
" minor Englm 58.
oblusiflora var. glandulosa Englm 48.
odontolepis Englm 38, 37.
var. fimbriata n. var 39, 37.
" typica 39.
oxycarpa Englm 63.
palmeri Wats 46.
paradoxa Raf 74, 75.
partita Choisy 40, 19, 37.
patens Benth 35.
parviflora Nutt 56.
parviflora Willd 41.
pentagona Englm 50, 14, 31, 44, 47, 53.
var. calycina Englm :■■:■ 51, 50.
" microcalyx Englm 50.
" pubescens n, comb 52, 14, 50.
" typica 50, 63.
" verrucosa n. comb 52, 50.
planiflora Tenore 22.
var. approximata Englm 23.
plattensis Nels 53, 47.
polyantha Shijttl 65.
polyanthemos n. sp 46, 37.
polygonorum Englm 49, 13, 16, 17, 19, 41, 48.
Popayanensis H.B.K 35.
porphyrostigma Englm 58.
140 ILUNOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [230
potosina Schaff 39, 31, 37.
var. globifera n. var 40.
" typica 40.
pringlei n. sp 29, 18.
pulcherrima Scheele 58.
purpusii n. sp 37.
racemosa var. chiliana Englm 54, 18, 47.
reflexa Roxb 18.
remotiflora Bertol 76.
rostrata Shuttl 63, 13, 17, 48.
rugosiceps n. sp 27, 26.
salina Englm 70, 17, 19, 48.
var. acuminata n. var 72.
" major n. var 71.
" squamigera n. comb 71.
sandwichiana Choisy 60.
saururi Englm 19,65.
sidarum Lieb 43.
spectabilis Choisy 34.
squamata Englm 73, 72.
squamigera (Enghn.) Piper 71.
stylosa Choisy 35.
suaveolens Ser 12.
subinclusa D and H 69, 48.
var. abbremata Englm 71.
subtilis Chaub 43.
surinamensis Schil 33.
tenuiflora Englm 19, 5J.
tinctoria Mart 31, 30.
var. kellermaniana n. var 32.
" typica 31.
trifolii Bab 12, 22.
tuberculata Brand 45, 37.
umbellata H.B.K 41, 17, 37.
var. dubia n. var 43.
" reflexa n. comb 42.
" typica 42.
nmhrosa Beyr 19, 56, 65.
umbrosa Hook ;«. 67.
veatchii Brand 69, 48.
var. apoda n. var 69.
" typica 69.
verrucosa Englm 52.
var. glabrior Englm 52.
" hispidula Englm 58.
vulgivaga Englm 65.
var. glomerala Englm - 65.
" laxijiora Englm 65.
" tetramera Englm 65.
Cuscuta Pfeif 21.
Cuscuteae (tribe) DesM 9.
231] NORTE AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN CUSCUTA—YUNCKER 141
Cuscutina Keif 25.
Cuscutineae (tribe) DesM 10.
Dastykpis Raf 25.
brownei Raf 32.
Engelmannia Pfeif 9, 25.
Epilinella Pfeif 9,10,21.
Epithymum Plinius 20, 21.
arvense (Beyr.) N and L 50.
cephdanlhi (Englm.) N and L [ 53.
coryli (Englm.) N and L 56.
gronovii (Willd.) N and L 64.
indecorum (Choisy) N and L 57.
Eronema Raf 25.
robinsoni Raf 32.
Eucuscuta (sect.) Englm 21.
Eugrammica (sect.) Englm 25.
Granmiica (subgenus) Englm 25, 10, 13, 16, 20.
Grammica Lour 9, 25.
Kadula Raf 25.
corymbosa Raf 34.
Kadurias Raf 20.
Lepidanche (subsect.) Englm 72, 47.
Lepidanche Englm 9, 25.
adpressa Englm 76.
composiiarum Englm 19, 74.
var. helianihi Englm 74.
" solidaginis Englm 74.
squarrosa Englm *. 19.
Lepidanchopsis n. subsect 29, 25.
Lepimes Raf 21.
epithymum Raf 22.
Leptilobae (subsect.) Englm 36, 25.
Monogyna (subgenus) Englm 20, 10, 13, 16.
Monogynella (sect.) Englm 20.
Monogynella DesM 10, 20.
Nemepis Raf 25.
americana Raf 32.
prolifera Raf 32.
Obtusilobae (subsect.) Englm 30, 25.
Oxycarpae (subsect.) Englm 47.
Pentake Raf 25.
Pfeif eria Buching 9, 25.
Platycarpae (subsect.) Englm 47.
Schrebera L 21.
Subulatae (subsect.) Englm 25.
Succuta (subgenus) n. comb 21, 13, 20.
Succuta DesM 10, 2/ .