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RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

LOMiON :

WKKT, NK»MAX ANIl CO.. I'lllNTKIlK,

IIATTON (IARHF.N. K.C.

556
Mf
D6i

EHOPALOCEEA MALAYANA :

A DESCRIPTION OF

THE BUTTERFLIES

OF

THE MALAY PENINSULA

BY

W. L. DISTANT, M.A.I.

FKLLOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ; MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE ; CORRESPONDING MF5IBER OF
THE ENTOJIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF STOCKHOLM, AND OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

Mit\) 46 atoloiiKft ^Olatfs anb V29 Wiaaiicnts.

LONDON: W. L. DISTANT, care of WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, E.G.

PENANG: D. LOGAN, Esq.

1882—1886.

iqqb;z.3

PREFACE.

A DESCRIPTION of Malay Butterflies needs neither aijology nor defence. All such
publications appeal to two universal sentiments, the love of Nature— the keystone of the
sense of beauty — and the love of Science* — which is equivalent to man's innate craving
after knowledge ; and the first has frequently prompted the second, so that a mere collector
of butterflies often develops into an excellent entomologist. There are three methods under
which a faunistic study may be pursued, and these seldom appeal in an equal degree to the
same worker. They may be described as the classificatory, in which the species and genera
are analytically described and enumerated in their proper families or groups ; the comparative,
by which an analysis of different faunas affords the materials which support the generalisations
as to geographical distribution ; and the evolutionary or really biological method — often the
first only — which seeks in embryonic development, and the peculiarities of surface colouring
and markings to form some conception of how living animals came to have the forms and
appearance which they possess. These methods are dependent on each other, and the most
profound generalisations have been made by those who have done much of that pure and snnple
anatomical and classificatory work, f which by some theorists of the day, who would explam
the problems of Nature from the revelations of their own inner consciousness, is looked upon
as the amusement of a few unphilosophical pedants.

To understand tbese Malay butterflies, of which 503 species, arranged in 143 genera,
are here described, and, with very few exceptions, figured, several prehminary positions require
to be mastered, such as the physical dimensions and position of the area on which our fauna
is found, the extent to which at present that fauna has been investigated, and what
relationship it bears to the various insular and continental faunas which surround it.

To define our area is to commence our difficulties, for most faunistic works bear the name
of a region which has not been thoroughly — often very imperfectly— explored by the collecting
naturalist, and consequently we are sometimes only describing a part under the designation of
the whole. This element of partial knowledge is very pronounced in ' Rhopalocera Malayana,
for though the Malay Peninsula may be described roughly as extending from the Isthmus of

* The butterfly has frequently fulfiUed an unscientific role, as in the notion of the " leyp-bya," or butterfly spirit of the
Burman, a corrupt excrescence of Buddhism (c/. 'The Burman, his Life, and Notions,' by Shway Yoe, vol. li. chap. xi).
According to Friederich (' Die Symbolik und Mythologie der Natur') the butterfly was a symbol of death, as signifying the soul
separated from the body ; for which reason it was represented as sitting on an empty skull. One species was specially thought
to announce disaster and a dry summer.

t As Darwin, who produced the ' Monograph of the Cirripedia,' and Huxley, Haeckel, Wallace, Bates, and others, who
have all contributed much to the same class of Biological literature.

b

yi PREFACE.

Kr.ili or the southern extremity of Tenasserim on the north, to Cape Romania, the Tanjiing-
buhis, or "naked headland" of the Malays, in the south, including the many islands on the
western and the less numerous islands on the eastern coasts ; * unfortunately the Zoology of
the wJioJe of this areaf is unknown, and our information is almost entirely derived from the
collections made at the different settlements along the western coast. It must therefore be
remembered that our knowledge of the butterflies and other living animals of the Malay
Peninsula is principally based on collections made at Kedah, Penang, Province Wellesley,
Perak, Selangor, Sungei Ujong, Malacca, Johore, and Singapore ; and although there is no
reason to suppose that the fauna of the eastern portion of this narrow peninsula is much
different from that of the western, there are probably still many local species to be found
there, which will add considerably to our faunistic catalogues. I

In comparing an insect fauna with those of surrounding areas, the physical geography,
geology, and botany of the different areas become factors of first importance in showing us not
only the road by which much specific migration may have taken place, but also whether the
surrounding conditions are capable of maintaining the emigrant species, and in an unmodified
form. Now a study of the Ehopalocera of the Malay Peninsula gives unmistakable proof of
the relationship both in genera and species to those of Burma and North-Eastern India on
one side and to the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and — in a less degree — to Java at its southern
extremity. This is exactly what the physical geography and geology of the Peninsula would
lead us to expect. As Logan has remarked, " it is directly united not only geographically but
geologically with the continental mass, and, through the islands to the south and Sumatra on
the west, a connection with the rest of the Malayan Archipelago can be established."! Of the
classiticatory details of the vegetation I do not possess sufficient knowledge to warrant an
assertion, but we must remember — as Spruce truly remarks when speaking of the distribution
of the Lepidoptera of the Amazon Valley — that it " can rarely correspond to the grander
features of the vegetation, for the simple reason that the food of caterpillars is scarcely ever
the foliage, &c,, of the loftier forest trees, but chiefly of soft-leaved undershrubs and low trees,
(1) which grow under the shade of the forest, and have, many of them, a restricted range,
or (2) which spring up where the primeval woods have been destroyed, and in w-aste places

* The reader who may wish to consult some of the best and original descriptions of the Peninsula may be safely
referred to the ' Sketch of the Physical GcDgi-aphy and Geology of the Malay Peninsula,' by J. R. Logan (Journ. Ind. Archip.
vol. ii. p. 8;i (1848), the previously pubUshed chap. vii. of the first vol. of Newbold's 'British Settlements in the Straits of
Malacca' (1839), and also the excellent compilation of Crawfurd in his 'Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent
Countries,' p. 253 (1856). More modern accounts are often largely indebted to the above.

f Much mgenuity has been displayed in identifying the Malay Peninsula with the Aurea Chersonesus of the ancients,
and many modern writers have adopted the view. Prof. Haeckel, however, states his conviction that " The Tarshish of the
ancient Phoenicians and Hebrews can only have been Galle ; the apes and peacocks, ivory and gold, which these navigators
brought from the legendary Tarshish, were actually known to the old Hebrew writers by the same names as they now bear
among the Tamils of Ceylon, and all the descriptions we derive from them of the much-frequented port of Tarshish apply to
none of tlie seaports of the island, but the Bockpoint — Puuto Galla" ('A Visit to Ceylon,' p. 173). On this subject one must
cite the nameless commentator alluded to by Jortiu, "who, explaining 1 Kings x. 22, Once in three years came the navy of
Tarshish, bringing gold and silver, apes, and peacocks, says that by the apes we are to understand heretics" (' Remarks on
Eccles. Hist.' vol. i. p. 143).

\ As these pages are passing through the press, Mr. J. K. Birch has forwarded to me a specimen of the ubiquitous
" Painted Lady," Pyrameis cardui, Linn., which he captured ou Penang Hill.

§ Journ. Ind. Archipel. vol. ii. p. 9U (1848).

PRE FA CE.

Vll

near the habitations of men, &c."* It appears, however, that the flora follows more or less
the main features of the Rhopalocerous fauna, for Prof. Thiselton Dyer, with the knowlecli,'e
acquired from the vast Indian Collection contained in the Kew Herbarium, has found that
"there is a marked difference between the vegetation of the greater part of the Peninsula of
Hindostan and that of the areas to the north and north-east of it. The latter belongs to tlie
type characteristic of the Malayan region, which is also represented on the Malabar coast and
in Ceylon." f

Too little attention is often paid to the physical characteristics of a region which,
qualifying the flora, greatly influences the nature of the insect fauna, and this doubtless will
be clearly shown in the Malay Peninsula, when the central highlands have been more fully
worked, and collections made there compared with those acquired on the alluvial coasts.]:
Even introduced plants will often add a corresponding diversity in insect life. Mr. Uhler
found from an examination of the country in and around Denver in North America, particularly
on the west side, that the common weeds of the eastern division of the continent had already
established themselves there, and that, as was to be expected, many of the common insects
dependent upon them were present in abundance. §

The material is not yet collected and tabulated by which the Ehopalocera of the Malay
Peninsula can be thoroughly and analytically compared with that of Sumatra, Java, aid
Borneo ; but our facts are sufficient to show that the Malay butterflies have their nearest
relationship with those of Borneo — especially North Borneo ; || in a lesser degree with those

* Journ. Linn. Soc, ZooL, vol. ix. p. 352. f Proc. Boy. Geograph. Soc. vol. xxii. no. vi. p. 25 (ISTS).

I This particularly struck the late Dr. Stoliczka when at the Nicobars, and he gave the following table, based on the
information of Hochsetter, to Ulustrate the fact : —

Geological Character of the underlying
Bock.

1. Salt and brackish swamp, daini^ marine

alluvium.

2. Coral conglomerate and coral sand, di-y

marine alluvium.

3. Coral conglomerate and coral sand, beside

dry fresh-water alluvium.

4. Fresh-water swamp and daonp fi'esh-water

alluvium.

5. Plastic clay, magnesian clay, marls and

partially serpentine.

6. Sandstone, slate gabbro, dry river alluvium.
— (' Stray Feathers,' vol. ii. p. 44.).

Character of Soil.

Eespective chakacteb op
Vegetation.

Swampy ground, not capable of cultivation.

Fertile calcareous soil, principal constituents

carbonate and phosphate of lime.
Fertile calcareous sandy soil.

Swampy ground, capable of being cultivated.

Not fertile, clayey soil, principal constituents
silicate of alumina and silicate of magnesia.

Loose clayey sandy soil, rich in alkalies and
lime, very fertile.

Mangrove forest.

Cocoa-pahn forest.

Large forest trees.

Pandanus forest.

Grassy plains.

Jungle (the true pri-
meval forest).

§ Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. vol. iii. p. 355.

Mr. E. L. Layard has given a most interesting account of a similar occurrence :— " Many years ago, on my old
magistracy at Point Pedro, in Ceylon, we had a very rainy season. Up sprang a dower I had not previously noticed in the
north, the Aristolochia indica. Two beautiful insects, one a moth, the other a large Papilio, fi-equeuted it m the south of
the island, both unknown in the north. I said to my wife, ' Eemember the marbled white; let us watch.' True enough in
due time I captured the Papilios hovering over it, and found the glorious caterpillar of the moth feeding on it. Whence had
they come ? They were unknown in the north ! I believe from what I have experienced, that with msects a species may
remain dormant m the egg, and even at the pupa state, for years, until some peculiar state of the atmosphere or other occult
causes bring them out" (' Field,' June 9, 1877, p. 074).

II I am gi-eatly indebted to my friend Mr. W. B. Pryer for the opportunity— by the aid of his large coUection— of
forming a somewhat thorough acquaintance with the Ehopalocera of Northern Borneo.

viii PREFACE.

respectively of Sumatra, Burma and the Nortli-Eastern Indian districts, * and in a still much
less degree to those of Java and Ceylon. In fact, without some reference to the butterflies of
Borneo, Sumatra, and North-Easteru India, a knowledge of those of the Malay Peninsula is as
superficial as would be that of those of England when restricted and uncompared with the
Ehopalocera of the other portions of the Palearctic region. So closely are many of these
Maliiy species allied to other surrounding local forms or species, that far more accuracy could
have been attained had a larger and wider fauna been described. Thus, owing to the exigency
of the case, I have treated Euplcra diocletianus as a distinct species from the Continental
Indian E. rhadamanthus and the Borneau E. lowci. Now had the Rhopalocera of the whole
Indo-Malayan region, been enumerated the identification would have been more philosophically
as follows : —

Euplcea diocletianus.

Var. a. rhadamanthus. Continental India.

Var. b. diocletianus. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Cochin China, Sumatra.

Var. c. alcidice. Java.

Var. d. lowei. Borneo.

This would point out to the student that he is dealing with a number of distinct local
races, or, as might be better expressed, local phases of one dominant form or species.
Through this cause the enumeration of a local fauna, such as of the Malay Peninsula, is
necessarily narrow in principle, and lacks the philosophical breadth which raises descriptive
Entomology to a true biological standard.

It is very satisfactory to find how many good observations are made by collectors abroad,
and how much our knowledge is increased by not only their facts, but frequently also by their
suggestions. It is not to be accepted as canonical, though frequently tacitly advanced, that all
good work in entomological literature can only be done at home. The observer abroad is
untrammelled by much of the obscurations of the Scribes and Pharisees found in our learned
societies, and many a good naturalist has been spoilt by the jealousies and opposition of many
who profess the same study as himself, f When one recalls the names of such observers as
Humboldt, Darwin, Wallace, Bates, Belt, and Fritz MuUer, Emerson's opinion of Thoureau
is recalled : " he saw as with a microscope, heard as with ear-trumpet, and his memory was
a photographic register of all he saw and heard." The study of butterflies does not consist
only in a recognisable knowledge of their imago condition, but the egg J is a structure of
wonderful diversity, and the larval or caterpillar condition affords a field of research of which
the ground may be said to be only just broken. It would be in breeding that the writer — were
he permitted to sojourn in the Peninsula again — would find his employment, and till the
life-histories are worked out, and the egg and larval stages properly described and figured,

'■■ As found in the valleys and plains, and not above an height of 3500 or 4000 feet.

f It is not uncommon to find that the claim to have originally described a species, or to be acknowledged as the
authority on some genus which no one else has studied, affords as much satisfaction as though the writer had created
'Hamlet' or written the 'Origin of Species.'

+ A new classification of Bhopalocera, based on the structure of tlie egg, has just been proposed by Mr. Wm. Doherty
(Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 108 (1886).

PREFACE. ix

the ' Rhopalocera Malayaua ' cannot be thoroughly studied, and this pubHcatiou is simply
an introduction to the subject. There is little doubt that when the Malay butterflies are
carefully and systematically bred by some careful and accurate observer, many of the so-called
species described in this volume will be found to be but seasonal forms of some other species»
whilst, on the other hand, forms which we have degraded from specific rank on account
of smallness in divergence of character, may show in larval conditions true specific differences.
The standard of biological study, in a philosophical sense, has been wonderfully raised during
the last few years, and entomological science has necessarily followed the same path.

The literature of the Rhopalocera has now been sufficiently long in the iconographic
condition. There was a time when the importance of this description of work could scarcely
be over-estimated, and the publications of Cramer and Drury may be said to have culminated
in the beautiful works of Hewitson. The next epoch may be called the search for a
classificatory or methodical arrangement. It began with the publication of the excellent
and still valuable 'Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,' to which the names of Westwood,
Doubleday, and Hewitson are attached, and eventually produced Mr. Kirby's ' Synonymic
Catalogue,' a compilation which has been universally used, and which — in the opinion of the
writer — has helped the study as much as any other single work yet published. We have now
approached the critical and philosophical epoch in which curiosity as to the constituents of a
fauna is submerged in the enquiry as to the derivation or evolution of that fauna. The
key-note was struck when Bates eloquently remarked, as to the wings of butterflies, " that on
these expanded membranes Nature writes, as on a tablet, the story of the modifications of
species, so truly do all changes of the organisation register themselves thereon." *

It now becomes my pleasant duty to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of those, who
in one case was directly instrumental in this work being published, and in the other instances
have helped to make it what it is, by reducing its errors and contributing information.
' Hamlet' without the Prince of Denmark, would be 'Rhopalocera Malayana' without the name
of my friend D. Logan, of Penang. The inception of the publication is due to him ; the
clauses of our arrangement were very simple — I was to write as a labour of love, and he agreed
to act as the financial Maecenas. He has thoroughly fulfilled his obligation — I hope he may
think that I have tried to do the same.

I also have to return thanks to the Army, the Navy, and the Church for much help on the
spot. It was fortunate that the " Inniskillings " were quartered at Singapore, and I thus
secured the assistance of Lieut. A. Mainwaring Goodrich and Paymaster Jno. Manners Kerr,
whilst Capt. M. J. Godfery, of the Commissariat and Transport Staff j)laced me under no
inconsiderable obligation, not only by the gift and loan of specimens, but also by the
contribution of many original observations. A call made at Singapore by H. M. S. ' Penelope,'
with that enthusiastic entomologist Mr. Gervase F. Mathew on board, naturally added to our
knowledge ; and that the Rev. L. C. Biggs has been Chaplain both at Malacca and Penang

* ' Naturalist on the Amazons,' 3rd edit., p. 318. One is almost reminded of the words of Sir Thomas Browne, though
alluding to "bees, ants, and spiders":—" Kuder heads stand amazed at these prodigious pieces of nature, whales, elephants,
dromedaries, and camels ; these, I confess, are the colossuses and majestick pieces of her hand ; but in these narrow engines
there is more curious mathematicks ; and the civility of these little citizens more neatly sets forth the wisdom of then-
Maker" ('EeUgio Medici').

C

X PREFACE.

during this publication is a circumstance that cannot be too warmly acknowledged. Not only
have I received many specimens direct from Mr. Biggs, but that veteran naturalist, Mr. P. H.
Gosse,— who I am happy to say is still living, and naturally still worluug, at Torquay, — also
placed in my hands the specimens he had previously received from Malacca through the
same instrumentality. Mr. Durnford proved a tower of strength at Sungei Ujong, whilst
Messrs. J. K. Birch and W. Egerton sent me several species not hitherto known to form
part of the fauna. Herr Kiiustler has made large collections at Perak for various ento-
mologists, and I have had the fortune to examine a considerable portion of these through the
kindness of Dr. John Anderson, of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Herr Ribbe, of Dresden,*
and Herr Georg Semper, of Altona, whilst Herr E. Honrath, of Berlin, has aiforded
me much information as to similar consignments. To Dr. Staudinger, of Dresden, I am
indebted for the examination of a most valuable and interesting Malaccan collection, which
contained many new species, whilst the collections and advice of Mr. F. Moore and Messrs.
Godman and Salvin have been freely at my service. Mr. L. de Niceville, of Calcutta,
has found time — with his many engagements — to give me much kindly help, which has
been thoroughly appreciated ; whilst both Mr. W. F. Kirby and Mr. A. G. Butler have given
me any assistance I required at the British Museum, the first-named having also contributed
the General Index to this volume. To my artist, Mr. Horace Knight, thanks are also due for
the careful waj' — regardless of trouble — in which he has drawn the figures, and without which
the results of chromo-lithography would have been much less satisfactory.

The preparation of this publication has been the pleasure — in the scant leisure — of a busy
man of other occupations during the last few years, commenced during ill health which
threatened a speedy termination of all such undertakings, but which he is thankful to say has
been removed. It has recalled again the scenes of other days, and reawakened that burning
love of Nature which the tropics implant in the mind of any naturalist, and which tends to
prove that he also belougeth to that order of things which is capable of endless modification,
but which changeth not.

■'o^

* My attention has just been directed to a paper published in the 'Berliner Eutomologische Zeitschrift' for 1885
(p. 225), in which Hen- C. Pliitz has described several species of HesperiidcB collected by Kiinstler " auf Malacca (Perak),"
and which are contained in the collection of Herr Eibbe. I am, however, to my regret, quite unable to identify these by the
short descriptions given, and incline to the opinion that in some cases synonymy has been created.

SYSTEMATIC LIST

OF

FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

Fam. NYMPHALIDiE.

Sub-fam. DANAIN^.

Group DANAINA.

Genus Hestia.

Tab. & Fig.

Page

1.

Hestia lynceus

i., 2

.. 6

405

2.

»»

linteata

i., 1

.. 7

406

3.

leucouoe

Genus Ideopsis

xssix., 3

406

4.

Ideopsis daos

i., 3, 4

... 8

407

Genus Badena.

5.

Badena vulgaris

i., 8

><•

10

6.

)»

juventa

Genus Danais.

xxxix., 4

407

7.

Danais

aspasia, var. crocea ...

i., 7

13

8.

melaneus

i., 6

"14

408

9.

tytia

xli., 15

408

10.

agleoides

i., 5

15

11.

septeutrionis ...

i., 9

10

12.

genutia

ii., 2, 3

"18

408

13.

melanippus

var. legesippus

ii., 1

...

19

14.

abigar ...

xlii., 11

409

15.

chrysippus

var. alcippoides

i., 10

xL, 13

20
408

Genus Euplcea.

16.

Euplcea malayiea

ii., 7

22

17.

»»

bremen

ii., 4

"23

410

18.

1*

marsdeiii

xxxix., 1

411

19.

i»

castelnaui

ii., 6

...

24

20.

,,

iLiiilamus

ii., 8, 9

24

410

21.

mnlciber

iii., 1, 2

25

22.

,,

ledereri

ii., 10

20

23.

)i

vesiigiata

iii., 6, 7

"26

410

24.

)»

diocletiauus

iv., 4, 5

28

25.

,,

ciassa ...

v., 8

29

410

26.

»»

dcjeani

iv., 1

29

27.

•'

chloe ...

j iv., 2 1
Iii., 5)

30

28.

»j

niiiigarita

iv., 3

31

29.

J)

distant!

v., 9

32

30.

ji

godarti

iii., 8

34

31.

j»

mtniftriesi

iii., 4, 5

34

32.

It

pinwilli

iii. 9, 10

...

35

33.

)»

liarrisi (nee. groteij

iii., 3

30

411

Sub-fam. SATYEIN^.

Genus Melanitis.

Tab, & Fig.

34.

Melanitis leda ...

iv., 10

41;

411

34 a. „

ismene

iv., 9, 11, 12

42

411

35.

1,

ziteuius

xxxviii., 2

412

36.

»,

suyndana

xxxix., 2 .

412

37.

,,

abdiillffi

Genus Lethe.

xix., 3

••

413

38.

Lethe

europa

v., 5, 6

..

43

39.

»>

mekara ...

xxxix., 9

..

413

40.

,*

minerva ...

Genus Ccelites.

xxxvi., 8

••

414

41.

Coelites euptychioides ...

woodcut, 15

45

,,

var. humilis

42.

))

ei^imiuthia

Genus Neokina.

xix., 8

415

43.

Neorina lowii, var

xxxvii., 3

• •

416

Genus Ekites.

44.

Erites

augularis

Genus Mycalesis

v., 3

••

46

45.

Mycalesis anaxias

xxxvi., 7

416

46.

»,

maianeas

vii., 4

48

47.

»)

orseis

v., 4

49

416

48.

,,

medus

iv., 8

,,

49

49.

,,

mineus

iv., 13, 14

..

50

,,

. var.

iv., 7

..

51

50.

»»

nautUus

xl., 4

417

51.

,1

blasius

vii., 7

52

52.

,,

mnasicles

xxxvii., 5

417

53.

,,

lusca

v., 1

.,

53

54.

,'

anapita

xxxix., 8

418

55.

,,

jauardana ...

v., 2

54

56.

,,

ustulala

Genus Ypthima.

xli., 16

••

418

57.

Yptliima paiidocu.s

vi.. 8

55

419

^^

var. coiicana

58.

",

methora

vi., 9

56

419

59.

,,

ne wboldi

iv., 6

57

60.

,,

hiibneri

vii., 5

57

61.

fasciata

var.

woodcut, 1'

..,

420

Genus Eagadia.

02. Kagadia crisia

420

xn

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF

Genus Elymnias.

63. Elymnias discrepans ...

64. „ nigrescens ...

65. ,, lutescens

66. „ lais ...

67. „ penanga

68. „ abrisa

69. „ casiphone

70. „ Baiien

71. „ kiinstleri

72. ,, godferyi

Tab. ct Fig.
vi., 2, 3

tix., 1)

VI., 4, 5

ix., 2
( vii., 6 )
tvi., 11)

xliii., 5

vi., 10

ix., 3

xli., 9

xxxix., 5

Page

60

Gl

62
62

63

421

64

6.5

422

423

73,

74,

75,

76,
77.

78.
79.
80.

81.

82.

83.
84.

8.5.

86.
87.

88.

89.

90.
91.

92.

93.
94.

95.
96.
97,
98.

99,
100,

101.
102,

103,

Subfam. NYMPHALIN^.

Group MORPHINA.

Genus Amathdsia.

Amathnsia phidippus vi., 6,7 70; 423

,, dilucida xxxviii., 7... 423

Genus Zeuxidia.

Zeuxidia amethystus I^'"'" h ^ A 72: 424

(xxxvui., 5) '

.. doubledaii .' ^^""'f- ? 2 424

( woodcut, 124, ^ 425
„ aurelius xxxvii., 1 ... 425

Genus Discophora.
Discopliora tullia uar vii., 8, 9

sondaica
celinde

xliii., 7

v., in, 11

xxxvi., 3
viii., 3

xxxix., 7

Genus Thadmantis.
Thaumantis lucipor ix., 8, 9

noureddin ... |^!'''r?[

,, odana

,, pseudaliris

Genus Tenaris.
Tenaris bircbi ...

Genus Clerome.

Glerome gracilis viii., 1

,, arcesilaus ... ... xl., 5

,, faunula viii., 2

Genus Xanthot,iEnia.
Xanthotsenia busiris y., 7

Group NYMPHALINA.
Genus Kallima.
Kallima buxtoni var xxxvii., 2

Genus Doleschallia.

Doleschallia pratipa I ?'•' ^l

Genus Vanessa.
Vanessa perakana

Genus Precis.
Precis iphita
.1 ida

Genus Junonia.
Junonia atlites ...
,1 asterie ...
,, wallacei
,, lemouias

Genus Ehinopalpa.

Rhinopalpa fulva xii., 1, 2

,1 ? eudoxia xvii., 6

Genus Symbrenthia.
Symbrentbia liyppoclus ... xlii., 4, 5
bypatia xlii., 6

Genus Eulacura.
Eulacma osteria xii., 5 6

xl., 1

xi., 9; ix., i

xi., 10

xi., 11, 12..

xi., 1, 2 ..

xi., 3, 4 ..

xi., 5

74; 426
.. 426
75

77

78; 426

.. 427
79

.. 428

81 ; 428

.. 428

81

82

.. 429

88

.. 430

5 90
92

93
94
95
96

98
99

431
432

100

104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.

116.
117.
118.

119.
120.
121.

122.
123.

124.

125.
126.
127.

128.

129.

130.

131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
130.
137.
138.
139.
140.

141.

142.

143.
144.

145.
146.
147.

148.

Genus Charaxes
Charaxes ecbo ...

,, schreiberi

,, delpbis

„ atbamas vor. samatha

„ bebe ...

,, moori

„ jalysus _

„ durnfordi

,, borneensis var.

„ barpax

„ baya

,, distant!

Genus Prothoe.
Protboe uniforaiis
„ angelica
,, Caledonia

Genus Symphsdra.

Sympbadra dirtea

,, pardalis ...

,, ? emalea ...

Genus Euthalia.
Euthalia derma...

,, dunya

,, bellata

Tab. & Fig. Page

woodcut,
xiii., 2
XV., 1
xiii., 8
xy., 2
xiii., 3
xiii., 4
xl., 8
xxxvii.
xiii., 1
xxxvi.,
xxxvi..

38

, 6

1
2

„ anosia

,, garuda

,, parta ...

,. jama

,, mcrta...

,, laverna

,, zicbri ...

„ adonia var. ...

„ lubentina

„ bipunctata

,, decorata

,, ramada

,, macnairi

,, etoliczkana ...

„ maclayi

„ cocytina

„ puseda

„ asoka ...

,, xipbiones

,, lepidea var. ...

Genus Tanaecia

Tanaecia flora ...

„ supereilia

,, violaria

xxxviii., 4...

not figured
xiii., U

xii., 7, 8 ...

xl., 7

not figured

xix., 4

xxxviii., 1 ...
\ xxxvii., 4)
1 xliii., 12 I

xiv., 5

xiv., 1, 2 ...

xxxvii., 7 ...
(xiv., 81
lxv.,4[ -

xliii., 1, 2 ...
(xiv., 7 1

(woodcut, 40 f

xliii., 6

xix., 10,11...

xiv.,

xHii.,

103
104
105
106
107
108
108
432
433
109
433
434

434
435
110

112
435
114

116
436

436

117
117
437

119

437

119

438
120

XIV.,
xix.,
xiv.,

xiv.,
xiv.,
xviii.

9
5

0, 10..
11
12
, 7

128; 438

... 438

122 ; 439

122; 439

123

124

124

125

(xviii., 8)
txv., 3 ]
(XV., 5 )
Ixiv., 3/

XXXVI.,

xxxvi..

9, 10
4, 5

pulasara

149.
150.
151.
152.

153.
154.
155.

156.

157.
158.
159.

,, var. a.
con.'sanguinea
aruna...
robertsi
nicevillei

xviii., 6
XV., 8
XV., 9
xix., 6
.xiv., 13)
xviii., 9
xliii., 4
XV., 7
nut figured
xl., 9

(xix., 6 )
t-xiv., 13 f

132

xiii., 6, 7 ...
xliii., U ...
woodcut, 42

Genus Euripus.
Euripus euplffioides
,, halitberses
,, pfeifl'erffi

Genus Eurytela.
Eurytela castelnaui l^-y'-'-

Genus Ergolis.

Ergolis ariadiie ... ... ... xi., G

„ merione... ... ... xv., 6

» isffius xxxix., 6

125

127

439
439

129
130
130

130

131
440
132
; 440
440

134
441
135

10, 3
., 10, 5

136; 441

137

138

139; 441

FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

xiu

Tab. A- Fig.

Page

Tab. & Fig.

Page

Genus Cyrestis.

211.

Cirrochroa clagia

xvii., 7

179

160.

Cyrestis nivea var. nivaUs

xii., 3

140

212.

,, bajadeta

xix., 1, 2 ...

179

161.

,, codes

xli., 13 ...

442

213.

,, malaya

X., 4, 3 ...

180

16-2.
163.

,, formosa

,, earli

woodcut, 125
xiii., 5

442
141

214.

,, rotundata ■

s., 10, <? ) ,
xli., 12, ? f ^^'■

447

164.

„ periander

xli., 10 ...

443

Genus Paduca.

Genus Chersonesia.

215.

Paduca fasciata

xl., 12

447

165.

Chersonesia rahria

xii., 4

142

Genus Terinos.

166.

„ peraka

xl., 6

443

216.

Terinos robertsia

X., 7

182

Genus Parthenos

217.

,, teuthras

X., 6

183

167.

Parthenos gambrisius var.
lilaoinus j

xi., 7

143

218.

Genus Cynthia.
Cynthia deione ...

X., 1,2 ...

184

Genus Lebadea.

219.

., cantori

X., 5

185

168.

Labadea martlia

xvii., 10, 11

145

Fam. EKYCINID.ai.

169.

„ ismene

not figured ...

444

Subfam. LIBYTH^IN^.

Genus Pandita.

Genus Libythea

170.

Pandita sinope ...

xii., 18 ...

146

220.

Libythea mjTrha

xlii., 2

448

Genus Limenitis

Subfam. NEMEOBIIN^.

171.

Limenitis procris

xvii., 1

148

Genus Zemeros.

Genus Neptis.

221.

Zemeros albipunctata ...

xviii., 12 ...

187

172.

Neptis hordonia

xvii., 13 ...

150

222.

,, emesoides -

xviii., 3, 4...

188

173.

„ peraka ...

xvii., 2

150

Genus Abisara.

174.

., dindinga...

xvii., 5

151

223.

Abisara savitri

xviii., 5 ...

189

175. „ tiga

175a. ,, var. dorelia

176. „ miah var.

111. „ vikasi

Ilia. „ vikasi var. harita

xvii., 4
xvii., 3
xli., 14 ...
xvi., 13 ...

xliii., 8 ...

151
152
444
152

444

224.

225.
226.
227.
228.

,, neophron
,, kausambi

,, haquinus

„ thuisto...
,, tanita ...

xxxvi., 6 ...
xviii., 10, 11
xviii., 13 ...
woodcuts, 51, 5
xviii., 14 ...

449
189
190
2 191
192

178.

,, anjana var.

xxxvi., 11 ...

445

229.

„ telesia

xl., 2, 3 ...

449

179.
180.

„ ophiaua ...
,, nata

xvii., 12 ...
xviii., 1

153
154

230.

,, damajanti

xl., 10, 11 192

; 449

181.

,, leuoonata

xvii., 14 ...

154

Genus Simiskina

182.

„ gononata

xviii., 2

154

231.

Simiskina fiilgeus

xlii., 3

450

183.

,, duryodana var.

xvi., 15

155

Genus Stiboges

184.

,, charon

woodcut, 43

155

232.

Stiboges nymphidia

xxiv., 11 ...

193

185.

,, euryuome var. mamaja

xvi., 14 ...

156

Genus Athyma.

Fam. LYC^NID^.

186.

187.

Athyma perius ...

„ larymna var

,, idita

xvi., 2
xvi., 1

157
159

Group CUKETABIA.
Genus Poeitia.

188.

xvi., 9, 10...

160

233.

Poritia sumatrte

xxu., 2, 3
XX., 12

198

189.

,, pravara

xvi., 11

160

var.?

190.

„ abiasa var. clerica ...

xvi., 8

161

234.

,, phraatica

(xxi., 211
{xxiv., 8) ■■■

199

191.

,, kresna...

xvi., 3 161

; 445

192.

„ amhara var. ...

xvi., 5

162

235.

„ pharyge

xh., 8

450

193.

„ nefte var. nivifera ...

xvi., 6, 7 ...

163

236.

,, pleurata

xxii., 5, C ...

199

194.

„ subrata

xvi., 4

164

237.

„ phaleua

xxii., 8

200

195.

„ urvasi...

xvi., 12 ...

164

238.

,, pheretia...

xxii., 9,10...

200

239.

,, pediada...

xxii., 16 ...

200

Genus Hypolimnas.

240.

,, potiua ...

xxii., 7

201

196.

HypoHmnas bolina

xu., 10, 121
XV., 12

165

Genus Deramas

241.

Deramas livens...

xlii., 15

451

197.

,, incommoda

xvii., 8, 9 ...

167

198.

„ misippus

xii., 9, 11)
■ XV.. 11 r

167

242.

Genus Cueetis.
Curetis malayioa

xxii., 28 ...

202

199.

„ anomala xli., 1, 2,3,4 169

445

243.

„ aesopus

xxiv., 121 „„„
xliv., 14 f ^"^
j xxiv., 3 1
Ixxii., 26 J ■■■
xli., 6, 7 ...

;451

Genus Hestina.

200.

Hestina nama

xhii., 9 ...

446

244.

,, felderi ...

203

Genus Cethosia.

245.

,, insularis

451

201.

Cethosia biblis

xxxviii., 3...

446

246.

,, sperthis

xxii., 27 ...

203

202.

„ logani

viii., 5

170

Genus Liphyea.

203.

,, methypsea

viii., 9

171

247.

Liphyi-a brassolis

xxii., 18 ...

204

204.

,, hypsina

Genus Atella.

viii., 6, 7, 8

172

Genus Geeydus.

XX., 2

xxii., 14/ ■■■
xxii., 12 ...

205.

Atella phalanta

ix., 4

173

248.

Gerydus symethus

205

206.

„ alcippe

woodcut, 46

174

249.

„ biggsii

206

207.

,, siulia

X., 8

175

Genus Paeagekydus.

Genus Cdpha.

250.

Paragerydus horsfiekli

XX., 7

207

208.

Cupha erymanthis

viii., 4

176

251.

,, nivalis

xxii., 11

207

Genus Cierochroa.

Genus Logania.

209.

Cirrochroa orissa

X., 9

178

252.

Logania malayica

xxii., 21 ...

208

210.

„ satellita

xis., 9

178

253.

„ sriwa

xUv., 16 ...

452

XIV

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF

Tab. & Fig.

Page

lab. & Fig.

Page

Genus Allotinus

Genus Drupadia.

254.
255.

Allotinus unicolor

„ alkaiiiah

not figured,
xliv., 3

209
452

298.

Drupadia moorei ... ^ '

20, 21, 30 ) „oR
, 11 \ 2^^

460

Genus Xeopithecops.

Genus Biduanda.

256.

Neopitliecops horsfieldi

xxii., 15 ...

210

299.
300.

Biduanda thesuiia

„ Lapithis

woodcuts, 76, 77
XX., 29 ...

238
238

257.

258.

Genus Cyaniris.
Cj'aniris Iambi ...

,, jynteana

xxi., 22 ...
xliv., 6

211

452

301.

Genus Semanga.
Semanga superba

xxi., 13 ...

239

259.

„ placida

„ baralclus

xliv., 7 ■ ...

453

Genus Dacalaka.

200.

xxi., 6

211

302.

Dacalana vidura

xxi., 27

241

261.

sp. ?

xliv., 10 ...

453

Genus Jacoona.

Genus Zizera.

303.

Jacoona anasuja

xxi., 15

242

202.

Zizera lysizone

XX., 9

212

Genus Spindasis.

203.

„ pygmea

woodcut, 126

454

304.

Spindasis syama

xxiii., 8, 9...

243

204.
265.

„ karsandra

„ ? usta

xxii., 22 ...
xliv., 5 ...

213

454

305.

Genus Tajdeia.
Tajuria longinus

xxiii., 20 ...

244

Group CASTALARIA.

806.
307.

„ mantra

,, relata ...

xxi., 11 ...
xxi., 12 246

245
460

Genus Castalius

308.

,, travana...

xxii., 4

246

266.

Castalius rosimon

xxii., 20 ...

215

207.

etliion

xxii., 25 ...

216

Genus Bindahara.

268.

,, roxus

xxii., 24 ...

216

809.

Bindahara phocides

XX., 25

247

269.

,, elna

XX., 4

217

Genus Sinthusa.

310.

Sinthusa amba ...

xliv., 12, 19

461

Genus Nacaduba

• ^y' \ \ 218

xliv. 8f

311.

„ amata

xUv., 20 ...

461

270.

Naeaduba macropthalma

;454

Genus Neomyrina.

271.

„ beroe

XX., 16, 17

219

312.

Neomyrina hiemalis ...

xxii., 13 ...

249

272.

viola ... ... ...

(XX., 24

1 woodcut, 65

219

Genus Purlisa.

313.

Purlisa gigantea

xxi., 28 ...

250

273.

„ aluta

XX., 13, 14

220

Genus Cheritra.

274.

„ kerriana

xlii., 12 ...

455

314.

Cheritra freja

XX., 10

251

275.

„ almora?

XX., 22

220

276.

sp

xxi., 7

221

Genus Neochekitra.

277.

Genus Everes.
Everes parrhasius

woodcut, 66

221

315.
316.

Neocheritra amiita

,, gama

1 XX., 10

( xxiii., 12
woodcut, 128

252
462

278.

„ exiguus

xliv., 17 ...

455

Genus Sithon.

Genus Jamides.

317.

Sithon nedymond var

sxii., 1

253

279.

Jainides bochus -yar

xxi., 16, 19

222

318.

,, chitra

xxiii., 15 ...

254

Genus Catochkysops.

Genus Hypolyc^kj

280.

Catochrysops strabo

XXI., 8, 14...

224

319.

Hypolyciena erylus

XX., 5, 6 ...

255

281.

„ cnejus

xxi., 2 1 „,,
■xliv., 151 2^^

;456

820.
321.

,, etolus

,, tharis

XX., 23
XX.. 19

256
257

282.

,, pandava

xxi., 17

225

322.

„ tbecloides ... woodcut, 78 257

;462

Genus Lampides.

Genus Iraota.

283.

Lampides elpis

xxi., 25, 26

220

323.

Iraota bosweUiana

xxii., 28 ...

258

var. pseudelpis

XX., 27, 28

227

324.

,, nila

xliv., 24 ...

402

284.

a;lianus ... ■ ™

'itvar. }22S

;456

Genus Narathura

325.

Narathm-a centaurus ,

xxi., 4, 5 ...

201

285.

„ optimus

woodcut, 127

456

326.

„ aguis

xxi., 29 ...

202

280.

„ abdul

xliv., 22 ...

456

327.

,, anthelus

xxiii., 4 ...

203

287.

„ kauliena

XX., 18, 11...

229

328.

,, maxwelli

xxiii., 10 ...

263

288.

sp

xxi., 24 ...

230

329.

,, fai-quhari

xxiii., 3 264

;463

Genus Polyommatds.

330.

,, adatha

xxiii., 1, 2...

265

289.

Polyommatus ba'ticus

XX., 8, 1 ...

230

831.

„ atosia

xxiii., 0, 5...

265

290.

bagus

xliv., 13 ...

457

332.

,, antimuta

xxiii., 11 ...

206

Genus Megisba;

333.

, , area ...

xxiii., 17 ...

266

291.

Megisba tbwaitesi

xliv., 4 ...

457

384.
335.

,. metamuta xxiii., 19, 18uar.?

,, ampliimuta xxi., 9. 10...

267
267

Genus Lycenesthes.

336.

,, kiu'zi

xxi., 1

268

292.

Lycaenesthes lycsenina

xxi., 8

232

337.

,, ameria

xxi., 30 ...

208

293.

„ bengaleusis

xliv., 9 ...

458

338.

,, anniella

xxi., 20 ...

209

294.

,, tessellata

xlii., 13
xliv., 21 -

458

339.

,, lyciBuaria

Woodcut, 79

209

840.

,, buxtoni

xliv., 18 ...

404

341.

,, viliara

woodcut, 80

270

Group APHNARIA.

342.

,, inoruata

woodcut, 81

271

Genus Catap.ecilma.

843.

,, achelous

woodcut, 82

271

295

Catapaecilma elegans

xxii., 17 ...

235

844.

,, ammon

woodcut, 83

272

296

„ ? bubases

xliv., 26 ...

459

Genus Panchala.

Genus Horaga.

845

Panchala diardi

xxiii., 14 ...

272

297

Horaga Lalba

xliv., 23 ...

400

346

„ singhapura ...

woodcut, 84

273

FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

XV

Tab. & Fig.

Page

Tab. & Fig.

Page

347.

Pancbala apidanus

woodcut, 85

273

392.

Appias

lagela

xli., 11 ...

467

348.

)}

morphina

woodcut, 86

274

393.

11

Icptis var. plana

xxv., 9

314

349.

»)

toogon ... ... w

oodcut, 87 275

404

394.

11

amalia ...

xxxiii., 1 ...

314

Genus Amblypodia.

895.

11

audersoni

xxxiii., 2 ...

315

350.

Amblypodia uarada

xxi., 23 ...

276

396.

11

cardena

xxxiii., 3 ...

316

Genus Eapala.

Genus Saletara.

351.

Bapali

I amisena

xxiii., 13 ...

277

397.

Saletara nathalia

xxvi., 1, 2...

317

Genus Deudokix

398.

11

panda

not figured.

317

(xxiv., 15
txx., 26 —

Genus Hebomoia.

352.

Deudorix jaibas

278

399.

Hebomoia glaucippe

xxvi., 9

318

353.

epijarbas

xli., 5

464

Genus Nepheeonia

354.

xenophon

xliv., 1, 2 ...

465

400.

Nepheronia lutescens

xxvi., 14 ...

320

355.

sequeira

xxiii., 21 ...

278

401.

1

hippia var. gaea ...

xxvi., 12, 16

820

356.

utimutis

xxiii., 22 ...

279

357.

domitia

xxiii., 7

280

Subfam. PAPILIONINjE.

358.

barthema

not tigiu-ed.

280

Genus Papilio.

Genus Loxuua.

Subgenus Ornithopteea.

359.
360.

Loxvira atymnus

,, Cassiopeia

xxiv., 7 ...
woodcuts, 88, 89

281
282

402.

Ornithoptera rhadamanthus ...

( xxvii. a., 5 )
(woodcut, 106)'

326

xxiii., 16 282

465

403.

f

hephaestus

var. a....

xxvii., 3,4...
xxvii., 2 ...
xxvii., 1 )
■ woodcut, 107 f
xxvii. a., 1...

=^"!-*-'Jl 330
xvu. a., 4

828

361.

— marciaoa

328

Fam. PAPILIONID^.
Subfam. PIERIN^.

404.

1

ruficollis

var. a

brookeana ... ;

328
329

362.

Genus Leptosia.
Leptosia siphia

xx\'i., 8

288

405.

1

467

Subgenus Papilio

363.

(jenus Delias.
Delias dione

xxiv., 5, 6...

290

406.

Papilic

Nox Group,
erebus ...

xxxi., 1, 2...

334

364.

»j

partnenope

xxiv., 4

291

407.

varuua ...

xxxi., 8, 4...

334

365.

,,

pyramus

xUi., 14 ...

465

306.

ninus

woodcut. 98

291

Coon Group.

367.? „

ithiela woodcut. 99 292

,466

408.

Papilio neptunus

xxxiii., 5, 6

335

3G8.

)»

hyparete var. metarete

xxiv., 13, 14

292

409.

11

doubledayi

xxxiii., 4 ...

336

369.

n

singhapura

woodcut, 100

293

PoLYDOEUs Group

370.

»»

orphne

woodcut, 101

293

410.

aristolochiai var. diphilus

xxxi., 6, 7...

337

371.

descombesi

xlii., 16 ...

406

372.

Genus Peionekis
Prioneris clemanthe

xxiv., 16 ...

295

411.

11

Peranthhs Group
brama

xxxii., 4 ...

338

378.

Genus Catopsilia
Catopsilia crocale

XXV., 11, 12

296

412.
412

11
d. ,,

Memnon Group,
agenor ...
phoenix ...
cilix

xxix., 1 ...
xxvii. 6., 7...

339
340

374.

1)

catilla

XXV., 15, 16

297

412

h. „

xxix., 4, 5...

340

375.
376.

scylla

chryseis

xxiv., 1, 2...
XXV., 1, 2 ...

298
300

412

412

c. „

d. „

espcri

mestor ...

xxviii., 1, 6
xxviii., 2, 7

341
341

var.

xxvi., 20 ...

300

412

s. „

achates

xxviii., 3, 4, 5

342

Genus Udaiana.

413.

11

sycorax

xlii., 10 ...

468

377.

Udaiana cynis

xxvi., 5, 6...

301

Helenus Group.

Genus Teelas.

414.

11

helenus

xxix., 3 ...

343

378.

Terias tilaha

XXV., 8 ...

303

415.

11

iswara ...

XXX., 1, 2 ...

344

379.

It

hecabe

xxvi., 19 ...

304

416.

11

prexaspes

xxix., 2

345

var. a. ...

xxvi., 11, 15

304

417.

11

nephelus var. saturnus

XXX., 8, 4, 5 345

;468

380.

»j

sari

XXV., 3 ...

305

Pammon Group.

var. a

var. h.

xxvi., 3
xxvi., 7 ...

305
305

418.

11

polytes xxxiii., 7, 8, 9, 10

347

381.

11

vallivolans

xxvi., 17 ...

306

Demolion Group

382.

11

pumUaris var

xxvi., 10 ...

306

419.

11

dcmolion

xxvii. 6., 3...

849

383.

11

senna

(xxvi., 131
txxv., 14 —
XXV., 13 ...

307

Eeithonius Group.

384.

11

harina

307

420.

11

erithoniuB var. malayanus

xxvii. h., 6...

350

385.

11

lacteola

woodcut, 129

400

Pae-^doxa Group.

Genus Dercas.

421.

butleri ...

f xxvii. a., 6
[xxvii., 6

352

386.

Dercas eobrias

xxvi., 18 ...

308

**

Genus Ixias.

422.

11

caunus var. aegialus ...

xxvii. 6., 5

353

387.

Ixias birdi

xxvi., 4

309

Dissimilis Group

Genus Appias.

423.

11

clytia

xxvii. b., 2...

353

388.

Appias nei-o

xxiv., 9, 10 311

;467

424.

11

oupape ...

xxvii., 5 ...

355

389.

11

hippo

XXV., 4, 5 ...

311

Macaeeus Group

390.

11

enarete var.

woodcut, 102

312

425.

1,

delcssertii

xxvii. 6., 4...

356

391.

11

leis

XXV., 7

313

4-26.

,1

leucothoe

xxvii. a, 2, 3

356

vara.

XXV., 6, 10...

313

427.

11

megarus

xlii., 9

468

XVI

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

Tab. & Fig. Page

Antiphates Gronp.

428.

„ antiphates var. pompilius

xxxi.,

5 ...

357

467.

429.

., agetes

xlii.. 8

...

469

430.

„ anticrates var

EuRYPYLDS Group.

xlii., 7

...

470

468.

431.

„ sarpedon

xxxii.,

6 ...

359

469.

432.

„ evemon

xxxii..

1 ...

360

470.

433.

„ mecisteus

woodcut, 108

361

434.

„ telephus

woodcut, 109

361

471.

435.

„ bathvcles

xxxii..

2 ...

362

472.

436.

,, arvcies

xxxii.,

5 ...

362

473.

437.

„ agamemnon

Genus LEPTOciRcua

xxxii.,

7 ...

363

474.
475.

438.

Leptocircus meges

xxxii.,

3 ...

365

476.

439.

„ curius

xHi., 1

866

477.

Earn. HESPERIID^.

478.

Group ISMENAEIA.

Genua Unkana.

479.

440.

Unkana batara

xxxiv.

11...

370

480.

441.

eUa

xxxiv.

25...

370

442.

„ attina

Genus Lotongus.

xxxiv.

30...

371

443.

Lotongns calathus

xxxiv.

14...

371

481.

444.

„ maculatus

Genus Choaspes.

XXXV.,

1 ...

372

482.

445.

Choaspes crawfurdi

xxxiv.

26...

372

440.

„ harisa

xxxiv.

22...

373

483.

447.

„ chuza

xxxiv.

27...

373

484.

448.

Choaspes? malayana

Genus Hasora.

XXXV.,

2 ...

373

485.

449.

Hasora badra

XXXV.,

3 ...

374

486.

450.

,, vitta

Genus Padhka.

XXXV.,

4 ...

375

487.

451.

Paduka glandulosa

Genus Pikdana.

XXXV.,

5 ...

376

488.

452.

Pirdana hyela

Genus Zea.

XXXV.,

6 ...

376

489.

453.

Zea mytheca

Genus Matapa.

XXXV.,

7 ...

377

490.

454.

Matapa aria

Genus Pithaurli.

XXXV.,

8 ...

378

491.
492.

455.

Pithauria murdava

Genus Baoris.

XXXV.,

9 ...

378

493.

456.

Baoris moolata

xxxiv.

, 10...

379

494.

457.

„ narooa

xxxiv.

, 12...

380

495.

458.

„ ehaya

xxxiv

, 9 ...

380

496.

4.59.

„ ruatliias

XXXV.

10 ...

380

497.

460.

„ unicolor

Genus Telicota.

XXXV.

11 ...

381

498.

461

Telicota augias

xxxiv

, 23...

382

499.

462

„ bambusse

XXXV.

12 ...

382

500.

463

„ goloides

XXXV.

13 ...

382

501.

4()4

,, msesoides

xxxiv

, 24...

383

465

„ maro ...

XXXV.

, 14, 15

383

502.

466

„ nigrolimbata

XXXV.

16 ...

384

503.

Tab. & Fig.
Genus Satakupa.

S^tampa affinis var. cognata ... xxxv., 17 ...
Genus Casyapa.

Casyapa phanseus xxxv., 18 ...

Genus Isma.

Isma obscura xxxv., 19 ...

bononia ... xxxv., 20 ...

Genus Tagiades.

Tagiades atticus var. calligana xxxiv., 6 ...

„ gana ... xxxiv., 2 ...

,, ravi ... ... ... xxxiv., 1 ...

,, dealbata ... ... xxv., 21 ...

„ lavata xxxiv., 5 ...

„ trichoneiira Kar. ... xxxiv., 20...
Genus Abaratha.

Abaratha sura ... xxxiv., 16...

pygela xxxiv., 18...

Species iNCERia: sedis.

Baoris? insiguis ... ... xxxv., 22 ...

Isma ? homolea... xxxv., 23 ...

Group ERIONOTAEIA,
Genus Eeionota.
Erionota thrax ...

xxxiv., 17.
xxxiv., 13.

Genus Gangara.
Gangara thyrsis

Genus Hidari.

Hidari irava ... ... ... xxxiv., 15...

,, sybirita ... ... ... xxxv., 24 ...

„ staudingeri xxxv., 25 ...

Genus Plastingia.

Plastingia callineura xxxv., 26 ...

„ hieroglyphica ... xliv., 25 ...

Genus Hyaeotis.

Hyarotis adrastus xxxiv., 4 ...

Genus Coladenia.

Coladenia dan xxxv., 27 ...

Genus Udaspes.

Udaspes folus xxxiv., 3 ...

Genus Plesioneuea.

Plesioneura alysos xxxiv., 7 ...

,, asmara xxxv., 28 ...

,, piuwilli ... ... xxxv., 29 ...

Genus Astictopteeus.

Astictopterus jama ... ... not figured.

„ salsala ... ... xxxiv., 21 ...

„ xauites ... ... xxxiv., 28...

„ siudu ... ... xxxv., 30 ...

Genus Kerana.

. Kerana armata ... xxxv., 31 ...

,, gemmifer ... ... xxxiv., 29...

,, aurivittata liar. cameroni xxxiv., 19...

„ diodes ... ... ... xxxiv., 8 ..,

Species incert.s: sedis.

. Plesioneura ? anthea ... ... xxxv., 32 ...

. Astictoptei-us ? harmachis ... not figured.

385

386

386
386

387
388
388
388
389
389

390
390

391

391

393

894

395
395
395

396
470

397

398

398

399
400
400

401
401
402
403

402
408
403
408

404
404

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

Suborder EHOPALOCERA.

Ehoprdoceres, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lepicl., i. p. 162 (1836).

This suborder includes the Butterflies as distinguished from the Moths, and is indicated
by several characters which are common, but not invariable. The antennae are more or less
clubbed or thickened at the apex, excejjt in the family Hcsperidce, when they are generally
hooked. The wings in repose are folded vertically over the back, thus exposing the whole of
their under surface ; but exceptions to this rule also occur, as in the case of the well-known
Ageronia feronia, Linn., a butterfly which is somewhat abundant in the orange groves of Brazil,
and whose habits have been recorded by Mr. Darwin and other naturalists and travellers.* As
a rule, also, these insects are diurnal in their flight, though a few are crepuscular in habit.
However, the totality of these characters apply to the group, and the Ehopalocera may
therefore, with such reservations, be described as possessing more or less clubbed antennae,
in flight diurnal, and in repose having the wings vertically folded above the back.

The proper arrangement and classification of the Ehopalocera long absorbed the attention
of Lepidopteral systematists, and as a resultant many rival and somewhat artificial systems
were promulgated, all, however, more or less based on thorough and exhaustive examination.
In this way facts slowly accumulated, and these, with a clear estimation of the important
natural affinities afforded by the form of the anterior legs, together with the development
theory in the hands of Mr. Bates, supjilied the rest. We now possess a good natural
classification which is almost universally foUowed, and which, with some slight modifications,
will be used in this work. It represents the transition from a butterfly, whose aerial nature
is shown by possessing only four ambulatory feet, with its pupa suspended by the tail to
a branch or other substance, through gradual and approximating stages, towards the moths,
which have always six perfect legs, and whose pups are so frequently subterranean. Other
systems of classification have been proposed, notably and almost concurrently with the
above, by Herrich-Schiifler, t and since by Guenee, | Scudder, § Constant Bar, || and

* In the Fam. Hesperidce the wiugs in repose are sometimes folded vertically ; other species rest with the wings
expanded horizontally ; fref^uently the anterior wings are raised vertically, whilst the posterior ones remain in a horizontal
position. See A. K. Wallace, ' Zoologist,' vol. si., p. 3884 (1853).

t Corresp.-Blatt Zool.-mineral. Ver. Begeusb. (1864).

I Statistique Scientifique du Departement d'Eure-et-Loire, LOpidoptcres. Chartres, 1875.

§ Trans. Amer. Eut. Soc, vi., p. 69 (1877). || Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ser. V., t. viii., p. 5 (1878).

Maech 31, 1882. n

2 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Eiissler. * A careful examination of these systems may with advantage and instruction be
made, but I have not found it necessary to depart from the classificatory views of Mr. Bates.

Fig. 1. Anterior tarsi of
Euplaa midamm.

Fig. 2. l'u]ia of Daiiais
clirysippus.

(From Moore's ' Lep. of
Ceylon.')

Fam. KYMPHALID^.

Xi/niphalidm, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii., p. 515 (1861). Jomn. Entomol., i. p. 220 (1861) ; ii. p. 176 (1864).

Front legs imi^erfect in both sexes ; in the female, at least,
wanting the tarsal claws ; in the male the fore tarsi quite
rudimentary, consisting of one or two spineless joints. Pupa
suspended freely by the tail.

This family corresponds with " The brush-footed
butterflies or Nymphales" of Scudder,t and is placed at
the head of the ithopalocera, a position so long held by
the PapUionidcc. In that family, however, both sexes
are in the possession of six perfect legs, and the pupa is
secured not only by the tail, but by a girdle across the
middle, characters which approximate towards those of the Hesperidw and Moths. That the
atrophy of the fore legs in the NynipluiUcUc is a character that should elevate the family in
rank, is well advocated by Scudder, who remarks :—" Now when we remember that this
atrophy affects only the legs borne by the first segment of the thorax, and that this very
segment, and this only, in passing from the low larval stage to the perfect form, has become
greatly reduced in size, we must accept atrophy of these legs as a conclusive mark of high
organization." The same author has also remarked, in reference to the suspension of the
chrysalis by the tail alone being considered a stage beyond that of hanging by tail and girth,
"We have clear proof that all the 'suspensi,' as Boisduval happily calls them, have passed
through the stage of the ' succincti,' since the straujht ventral surface of the abdomen, assumed
perforce by the succincti, when they left the cocoon stage, and became attached to hard
surfaces, still remains in the chrysalis of the brush-footed butterflies, ivhere it no longer serves any
purpose — as clear and striking an indication that the suspensi outrank the succincti, as that
the pupa is higher than the larva."

On the contrary, however, it must be stated that so accomplished an entomologist and
naturalist as Mr. A. R. Wallace has strongly argued for the retention of the Fapilionidw at the
head of the Ehopalocera, though he has since § used the arrangement proposed by Mr. Bates ;
whilst our entomological Nestor, Prof. Westwood, still maintains that he sees "no reason or
even advantage in removing the six-legged Fapilionida- from the head of the order, and
substituting in their stead the Xympludida', with their imperfect fore feet, advocated by the
German writers, and servilely adopted by their EngHsh followers." ||

* Jahrli. uass. Ver. fiir Katurk., xxxi. & xsxii., p. 220 — 231.

f Trans. Amer. Eut. Soc, vi., p. G9 (1877).

I The male is represented by the sigu $ ; the female by J .

§ Geogi'. Distr. Anim.

il Trans. Linn. Soc. Sec. ser., Zool., vol. i., p. 157 (1875).

AViesbaileu, 1880.

IIHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Subfam. DANAIN^E.

Danuincc, Bates, Journ. Ent., ii., p. 176 (1864).
KujAitiniE, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, vol. i., p, 1 (1881).

Lower disco-cellular nervule of the liiud wiug perfect. Larvse smooth, with fleshy processes.
Fore-wiug submedian nervui'e of the imago double at its origin.

hi ii 63 6 2 61 a h h m

/

I a

61 62 cl

W^'W.^^^^

Kiii. :!. Larva of Danais chrysipptis.
(Fnim Moore's ' Lep. Ceylon.')

(U (i 2 dS
Fio. i.

Fig. 4. Anterior wing of Euplaa phabus: — a, costal nervure; b, subcostal nervure; hi, 62, 6:J, 64, 6 5, subcostal nervules;
c 1, c2, discoidal nervules ; rf, median nervm-e ; dl, d2, dS. median nervules ; e. submedian nervure; /I, /2, disco-cellular nervules ;
h, costa or ant.'rior margin; i, posterior or outer margin; j, inner margin; k, apex or anterior angle; I, posterior or anal angle;
m, discoidal cell.

Fig. 5. Posterior wing funder side) of Dn)m»s sc;;t™;?-;oHis: — ii. 6, 6 1, 6 2, d, dl, d'2, d-\ e, cl, as in fig. -t; g, internal nervure ;
?«, precostal nervure; n, abdominal or inner margin; o, discoidal cell.

This subfamily is divided into two groups the first of which only is found in, but not
restricted to, the Oriental region, the other being peculiar to Tropical America.

This division of the Dcuiaiiuc into two groups, corresponds to the proposals originally
made and admirably argued by Fritz Miiller,* to some of whose conclusions we shall
subsequently refer.

If we compare these two groups of Banaince, or more roughly the Danaince of the Old and
New Worlds, we are at once struck with the fact that in each case there is a transition between
more or less diaphanous winged butterflies, such as Hestia and Ideopsis (Oriental) and Ithomia
part (Tropical American), on the one hand, and opaque or closely-scaled winged butterflies, on
the other. Miiller,! in discussing the progenitors of these groups, is inclined to the belief
that the darker insects indicate the original marking and colouring ; for he holds that if such
progenitors had possessed wings with large transparent spaces, it is improbable that such a
large number of the existing species should have reverted to a still earlier type of wing
completely clothed with scales. This view is even more strongly evidenced in the Old World
Danaince.

Group DANAINA.
Danaina, Godm. & Salv., Biol. Centr. Am., Ehopal., p. 1 (1879).

Male with a pair of aual pencils of hair ; basal joints of palpi short ; distal end of tarsus and tarsal
joints of front leg of female flattened, so as to give a club-shaped termination to the leg ; tibia of male
as long as the femur; tarsus (in some form) always present.

* ' Kosmos,' 1879, p. 100 ; and translation by Meldola, ' Proe. Ent. See.,' 1879, p. ss. \ Ibid.

4 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

This grou}), as here understood, contains, in addition to all the Old World Danaince, two
Tropical American genera. Five genera are here included, which with Amauris, peculiar to
the Ethiopian region, and Hamadryas, not found west of "Wallace's line, constitute the Danaince
of the extra-American regions as understood (with the exception of one additional genus,
Radena) by all writers at the time of pubUcation of Mr. Kirby's Catalogue in 1871, and as used
by Mr. Wallace in his work on the 'Geographical Distribution of Animals.' Since that time
many other genera have been proposed, some founded on Hubnerian names and others quite
novel. These, although not all followed in this work, will be alluded to when placed under
older generic names, and applying to Malayan butterflies.

a b
Fig. 6. — a. Antenna of Uestia lyn-
celts, h. Antenna of Ideopsis
daos.

Fig. 7. — a. Intcrmediatp tarsus of
Uestia lynceus. b. Posterior
tarsus of IdeopsU daos.

SYNOPSIS OF GENEEA.

I. Antennffi* slender, almost filiform, scarcely thickened at the tip.

A. Wings semidiapbanous.

a. Tarsal claws of middle and posterior legs, short and

curved.

b. Claws accompanied with pulvilli.

c. First subcostal ner%'iile of anterior wings anastomosing

with costal ner-^-ure.
d. Costal margin of hind wings strongly curved, subcostal

nervules widely separated, the first short. Hestia.

II. Aiitennne gradually but distinctly clavate.

aa. Tarsal claws of middle and posterior legs long and

curved.
hh. Claws with pulvilli obsolete or absent.

dd. Costal margin of bind wings very slightly curved, sub-
costal ner^•ules not widely separated and subequal
in length.
e. Hind wings more or less obovate. . . . Ideopsis.
/. Male with no specialised scent-gland.

B. Wings more or less opaque.

ddd. Costal margin of hind wings nearly straight.

ec. Hind wings broad, subtriangular. . . . Radena.
cc. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not anasto-
mosing with costal uervure.
dddd. Costal margin of hind wings nearly straight or slightly
cmwed.
ff. Males with one or more distinctly specialised scent-
glands situated on posterior wings. . . Danais.
bbh. Claws accompanied with pulvilli.

Xff. Males with no scent-glands to posterior wings, but
sometimes with one or more pseudo-scent glands
or brands on anterior wings. . . . Euplcea.

* Dr. Murray's contributors have carried back "autenn*" to 1G98, when it is used apparently as a well-known term, in
the 'Philosophical Transactions,' p. 377. Yet it is not given by Bailey in his vol. ii. (technical), 1731. It is a sti-iking
instance of how little is known of the history of words that no clue has yet been discovered to the author, date, or explanation
of this curious application of a word meaning the " top-sail yard" of a vessel to the horn of an insect or lobster. It is not
even known in what language the entomological use first appeared, and whether it was a popular figm-e or a scientific fancy.
M. Littre did not raise the question which the editor of the Philological Society's Dictionary wants to solve. — ' Athen^um,'
No. 2830, p. 95 (1882).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Genus HESTIA.

Hestia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Sclimett., p. 15 (1816); Doubl. Gen. Diiu-n. Lep., p. 94 (1847); Scudder, Proc. Am.

Acad. Ai-ts & Sc, s., p. 189 (1875).
Idea, Fabr. lU. Mag., vi., p. 283 (1808); Latr. Enc. Meth., ix., p. 10 (1819).
Nectaria, Dalm., in Billb. Euum. lus., p. 7G (1820); Scudder, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sc, x., p. 224 (1875);

Moore, Lep. Ceyl., i., p. 2 (1881).

Autennse long, slender, almost filiform, scarcely thickened at apex. Wings large and semidiapbanous.
Anterior wings lengthened, subtriangular; costal margin arched from base; apex broad and rounded; outer
margin oblique and more or less sinuate ; inner margin short and more or less concave. Costal nervure
extending to more than half the length of costal margin ; subcostal with first ner-s-ule emitted at some distance
before end of cell and anastomosed with costal ner\nare. Cell long ; upper discocellular nervule inwardly
oblique and slightly angled near subcostal ner\Tire, lower outwardly convex. Submedian ner-sTire much
recurved. Posterior wings elongate, more or less regularly obovate; costal margin strongly cui-ved; apex and
anal angle rounded ; costal nervure short ; subcostal nervules widely separated, the first short. Tarsi of the
intermediate and posterior legs long, with the claws curved rather short, and provided with pulvilli.

Scudder has proposed the division of Hestia, as hitherto understood, into two genera, —
Hestia, type hjnccus, and Nectaria, type idea, — and Moore has adopted this view. But despite
the assertion of Mr. Scudder that those two species are generically distinct, I cannot consider
them so from my point of view, and therefore only follow all previous writers in recognising
but one genus for these peculiar and beautiful butterflies.

According to Dr. Thwaites,* the Ceylon species of the genus is known by the name of the
" Sylph," and frequents the glades of woods, f The Eev. L. C. Biggs, in a popular article on
" Butterflies in Malaya," I states that species of the genus are found in old jungle throughout
the Straits, and are known by the name of the " Ghost." The same author writes, " They are
not usually very common, but may be seen in great numbers where their favourite honey can
be gathered. This is usually at the top of a tree some thirty to fifty feet high." When
collecting in Province "Wellesley myself, the colloquial term used was the " Widow," and I saw
the genus in greatest abundance on Penang Hill. Mr. Moore records that his H. malahariea is
'* found in woody places on the western coast, especially on the thick-wooded mountain-passes
up the Western Ghats and Nilgiris."

Laev.e. — The only published figure of a larva of this genus is in Horf. and Moore's Lep. Ins. Mus.
E.LC, i., pi. iv., fig. 11, where it is described, on the authority of Prof. Westwood, § as being that of Ideopsis
daos, Boisd. This is an error. The drawings were made by Capt. Hamilton, and Mrs. Hamilton, in a
letter to my friend Mr. F. Moore (the contents of which that gentleman, with his usual kindness, has
communicated to me) has informed him that they really represent the larva and pupa of the Malabar
species of Hestia, H. malahariea, from specimens taken on the Western Ghats of Southern India. Mr. Moore
has also since received verification of the same from other observers. As, however, that species is not
found in our fauna, and its larva is the only one of which we have a published description, it would be
hazardous to describe the same as of tj'pically generic character.

* Lep. Ceyl., i., p. 2.

f Tennent (Nat. Hist. Ceyl., p. 426) states that in Ceylon it is also known by the names of "Floater," "Spectre," and
■" Silver-paper-fly."

} 'Month. Packet,' 1881. § Proc. Ent. Soc, n.s., i., pp. 35, 30.

March 31, 1882. c

6 RHOPALOCEBA MALAYANA.

Vvvjf.. — The i)upa of the above, and also of II. helia, Westw., a Javan species, is figm-ed by Horsf. and
Moore, ibid., pi. iv., figs, lla and 12.

The genus Hestia in the east, Hke the genus Morpho of the western tropics, may he taken
as exhibiting what has been described as " excess of wing area," which, with the comparatively
small and hght body, is more productive of lofty rather than of swift flight. Pettigrew, who
has exhaustively treated on the mechanical properties of animal locomotion, has laid down
the postulate that " The wing area decreases as the size and weight of the volant animal
increases";* and the same author has not only shown a law of " weight necessary to flight,"
but also that when the body is hght and the wings very ample when they are driven at a
comparatively low speed (both in insects and birds), "the reaction elicited by the ascent and
descent of the wing displaces the body to a marked extent,"! or, in other words, an enormous
expanse of wings or pinions readily explains an irregular flight on the "principle of recoil."
This principle applies to large-winged and light-bodied species of Hestia, who though of lofty,
are not of swift flight. Bigg describes a Penang species as "a slowly sailing object," which
I can corroborate from my own experience ; and Tennent, I writing of the Ceylon species,
speaks of its wings "that bend and undulate in the act of flight," by this sentence probably
referring to the course of the whole insect. § On the other hand, confining ourselves to the
East, the more robust-bodied Papilionidce have, as CoUingwood has truly remarked, " strength
of wing and straight headlong course." || This is particularly the case with the large and
heavy-bodied Oriiithoptcnv, of which 0. hroolcaiui may be taken as an example ; Wallace, its
discoverer, not only speaking of its swift flight, but BurbidgelT stating that in that respect
its flight resembles that of a bird.

Probably about sixteen species exist, although some of the described forms may prove
to be but varieties of other species. The area over which this genus is distributed includes
Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Malay Peninsula, and extending also
throughout the Archipelago, including Papua.

Only two species appear to be found in this fauna. Mr. Bigg remarks that " There are at
least three distinct sizes of 'Ghosts' in the Straits." In this enumeration he e\ddently
includes the species of the following genus Ideopsis.

The food-plants being unrecorded, no knowledge of the geographical distribution of the
same can be obtained.

1. Hestia lynceus. (Tab. I., fig. 2.)

I'd J,. 11/nrai.s, Drury, 111. Ex. Ent., ii., t. 7, fig. 1 (1773).
Idea hjncea, Godt. Euc. Metb., ix., p. 195, n. 2 (1819).

Male and female. Wings semihyaline and more or less fuliginous ; neuratiou fuscous. Anterior
wings above with the following black macular markings : — two contiguous spots above and a little before
centre of cell, and a subquadrate costal spot at apex of fii-st subcostal nei-vule ; a large irregular spot about

* 'Animal Locomotion,' p. 132. f Ibiil., p. IV.). J Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 426.

§ Wallace speaks admiiiiiKlv of a species of Hestia at Singapore, " sailing or rather floating along, and lia\Tng, to my
eye, a far more striking and majestic appearance than even the Morphas of Brazil.'' — ' Zoologist,' 1854, p. 4396.
II ' Rambles of a Natm-alist," p. 182. *" ' Gardens of the Sun,' p. 260.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 7

centre of cell, and a much angulated spot enclosing disco-cellular ner-\^iles ; a large spot on each side of
the base of the lower median nervule, followed by a discal oblique series of irregular spots, the upper two
near costa fused and subquadrate, the remaining six more or less oblong or rounded, in straight oblique
series between the nervules ; a submarginal series of large duplex spots, terminating in a spot at end of
each nervule, and a marginal series of pyriform spots. Posterior wing with a spot in centre of cell, and
two beneath it, a discal series of eight u-regularly rounded spots, two of which are between the costal and
subcostal nervures, a submarginal series of large duplex spots, terminating in a spot at end of each
nervule, but becoming u-regular, much broken and partially effaced towards anterior angle, and a marginal
row of pyriform spots. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white ; abdomen black
above, with the sides and under surface white ; palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white ;
sternum black, broadly streaked with white. Underside of wings marked as above.

Exp. wings, 147 to 180 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca. — Sumatra (Brit. Mus.). — Javii
(colls. Brit. Mus. and Moorej. — Borneo (colls. Brit. Mus. and Godm. & Salv.).

This species appears to be peculiar to, and dominant in, the true Malayan region. It is
extremely variable in size and also in hue, the amount of fuliginous shading being inconstant,
and some specimens are very much paler than the melanic form here figured. It also varies
in the size of the black macular markings.

Two varieties have been elsewhere figured : —

Yar. ((. PdjK idea, Stoll (nee. Linn.), Supjil. Cram., t. 4'2, fig. 1 (1787 — 17'J1).
Var. b. Hcstia idea, Doub. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep., t. 13, tig. 1 (1847).

2. Hestia linteata. (Tab. II., lig. 1).

Hcstia linteata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc, ser. 2, i., p. o3G, pi. Ixix., fig. G (lb7U).

Male and female. Wings semihyaline, creamy white, neuration black. Anterior wing above with a
pitchy basal costal streak, and the following black macular markings : — a much waved and angulated spot
about centre of cell which reaches the subcostal nervure, and is contiguous to a smaller spot situated above
that nervure ; a large angulated spot, enclosing disco-cellular nervules ; a large spot on each side of the base
of the lower median nervule, followed by a discal oblique series of irregular spots, consisting of four
suboval spots in a waved line situated between the nervules near apex, and a straighter more oblique
and broken series on and between the median nervules ; a submarginal series of dujplex spots terminating
in a thickened streak at end of each nervule, and a marginal series of obovate spots. Posterior wing with
a spot in centre of cell, and two beneath it ; a discal series of eight irregularly rounded spots, two of which
are between the costal and subcostal nervures ; a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating in a
thickened streak at end of each nervule, which become exceedingly ii-regular, broken, and partially
eradicated near anterior angle, and a marginal row of large obovate spots. Head and thorax above
black, spotted and streaked with white ; abdomen black above, with the sides and under sui-face white ;
palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white ; sternum white, streaked with black. Under-
side of wings marked as above.

Exp. wings 145 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Provuice Wellesley (coll. JJist.j. — Malacca (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore).

H. IntU'cita is allied to }£. bclia, Westw., a Javau species, to which Air. Moore also
compares his U. malabarica from S. India. It appears to be constant in form, and I have
seen no ilark specimens. It is probably quite confined to the southern portion of the Malay
Peninsula.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Genus IDEOPSIS.

Ideopsis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I.C., i., p. 133 (1857).
Danais, Sect. 4, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 90 (1847).

Antennse gi-adually but distinctly clavate. Wings semidiaphanous. Anterior wings lengthened,
subtriangular ; costal margin arched from base ; a2'>ex broad and rounded ; outer margin oblique and more
or less sinuate ; inner margin short and more or less concave ; costal nervure extending to more than
half its length ; subcostal with first nervule emitted at some distance before end of cell and anastomosed
with costal nervure. Posterior wings elongate, more or less regularly obovate ; costal margin oblique
and moderately straight ; ajjex and anal angle rounded ; costal nervure short ; subcostal nervules not
widely separated and subequal in length. Claws of middle and posterior legs long and slightly curved ;
pulvilli absent or obsolete. Male without sexual mark or scent-gland to posterior wings.

Larva) and ijupse apparently undescribed.

About seven species of this genus are now known to exist, and its recorded area includes
tlie Malay Peninsula, extending throughout the Archipelago to Waigiou and Mysore Islands.
It has also been received from China. It is not found in Ceylon, and appears to be also
absent from the lepidopteral fauna of the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. One species only
is found in the Malay Peninsula.

Snellen, in writing on Celebesian butterflies,* places one of the above seven species in
the genus Hcstia; the differential generic characters, however, here given, prevent my
following that author in so doing.

1. Ideopsis daos. (Tab. I., figs. 3 <j & 4 ? .)

Idea Duos, Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep., i., t. 24, fig. 3 (1836).
Hestia Eudora, Gray, Lep. Lis. Nep., p. 10, t. 9, f. 3 (1846).
Ideopsis Daos, Horsf. it Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I.C., i., p. 184 (1857).
Idea Diardi, Voll., Tijd. Ent., iii., p. 44, t. 2, f. 4 (1860).

Male. Wings semihyaliuc and more or less pale fuliginous ; neuration dark fuscous. Anterior wings
above with the costal area black, and with the following black macular markings : — a broad irregular
patch at each subcostal nervule ; a large spot at end of cell ; a narrow streak at each discoidal nervm'e
(sometimes coalescing) ; an oblique submarginal series of irregular spots, situated between the nei"vules,
the lower three largest, and a marginal series of large spots, placed on the nervules, those at apex
smallest ; between the marginal spots are faint longitudinal streaks, and a thickened streak on apex of
submedian nervm-e. Posterior wing with a large spot at apex of cell ; a discal series of six irregular spots
between the nervides (that near submedian nervm-e somewhat indistinct), and a marginal row of
sjiots (at end of nervules these are somewhat obovate, and between which they are j^yriform). Head and
thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white ; abdomen pale fuscous, white beneath ; palpi
beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white ; sternum black, spotted with white. Underside
of wings marked as above.

Female. Differs from the male in having the anterior wings broader, and less deeply sinuate
externally.

Exp. wings, <? 88 to 104 millim. ; ? 92 to 112 millim.

- TijdscLr. Ent., xxi., p. 5 (1878).

lUlOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 9

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). —
Malacca (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore) ; Singapore (coll. Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (Gray). — Borneo (coll.
Brit. Mus.). — China; Hong Kong (coll. Brit. Mus.).

This species, even in the male sex, varies much in the shape of the anterior wings, and
affords thereby an illustration of the caution necessary before such a character can be used
as of differential value in separating species.

The nearest allied species is I. gaiim, Horsf., which inhabits Java, and which, with I. daos,
I take as typical of the genus. These two species in colour and markings approximate closely
to species of Hestia ; the remaining species belonging to Ideopsis are more or less tinged with
yellow, have the fuscous shadings broader, and approach the true Danaids.

Note. — Although Gray described this insect in his ' Lejjid. Ins. Nepaul,' he gives the
habitat Sumatra, which also applies to other insects in the same work.

Genus KADENA.

Eadena, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 3 (1881).

Antennas gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings more or less opaque, thickly covered with scales.
Anterior wings subtriaugular, somewhat elongate ; costal margin slightly arched from base ; apex broad
and rounded ; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate ; inner margin more or less concave. Fii-st
subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before end of cell, and anastomosed with costal nerx-ure ;
second subcostal nervule emitted slightly before end of cell. Posterior wings broad, subtriaugular ; costal
margin nearly straight; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure convex at base, and extending
parallel to margin ; subcostal nervules not widely separated, first arched and longest.

Male with no specialised scent-gland.

This genus is intermediate between Dana is and Ideopsis. Agreeing thoroughly with
the first in general appearance and coloration, it yet possesses no specialised scent-gland;
while with Ideopsis it agrees in the position of the first subcostal nervule of anterior wing, but
differs strongly from that genus by the shape of the posterior wings.

About ten described species or varieties are known, of unequal value, some showing strong
specific differentiation, whilst others appear to be simply constant geographical races of one
species; such as E. vulgaris, Butl., the only species received from the Malay Peninsula,
which probably, as Mr. Wood-Mason* considers, is but a constant local race or form of
R. similis, Linn., a Chinese species, of which other constant and allied forms are found in
Borneo, Nicobar Isles, and Ceylon. The last author, however, describes the male of his var.
nicobarica as "provided with a distinct, though little specialised, sexual mark or scent-gland."
I have not seen that form, but from an examination of other species of the genus, have been
unable to discover anything similar.

The area of this genus is of wide extent. Specimens of E. vulgaris labelled " Bengal " and
"Nepaul" are contained in the British Museum; but Mr. Wood-Mason, writing from the
Calcutta Museum, f considers this a mistake, and states that he has seen no specimen of it
from any region farther to the west than Upper Tenasserim. We ought therefore to accept

* Jomn. Asiat. Soc. BengL, vol. L., p. 226 (1881). \ Ibid.

Maech 31, 1882. D

10 RHOPALOCERA MALAYASA.

Continental India as a questionable habitat at least ; but Badcnu is represented in, and has
been recorded from, Ceylon, Nicobar Islands, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Batchiau, Gilolo,
Bourn, and Ceram in the east, and northward from Siam, Formosa and China.

The larva and pupa of R. juventa, Cram., from Java, are figured in Horsf. and Moore's
'Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.I.C.,' i., pi. v., figs. 4 and 4a, and Dr. Horsfield (p. 123) states that the
larva there feeds on a plant bearing the native name of " Simbukan-rambat."

1. Radena vulgaris. (Tab. I., fig. 8.)

Danais luhjark, Butl., Eut. Montb. Mag., si., p. 164 (1874).

Danais melissa, Doubleday (nee Cramer), List Lep. Brit. Mus., i., p. 19 |1811); Gen. Dium. Lep., p. 92,

n. 28 11847 .
Danais siinilis (part), Horsf. it Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.I.C, i., p. 122, n, 237 (18.57).
Danais similis, Linn., race vnlr/aris, Butl. Query.

Male and female. Wings above fuscous, with pale bluish markings. Anterior wings above with
a long narrow basal streak between costal and subcostal nervures followed by three elongate spots ; a large
gradually widening streak in cell, deeply notched externally and transversely broken before apex, followed
by two elongate spots; two long and linear fasciae beneath cell, united at base, one running subparaUel to
submedian nei-vure, the other dh-ected parallel to median uervm-e and deflesed before third median
nervule ; a discal oblique series of five spots, the first and upper one elongate, thu-d smallest, and fourth
and fifth largest ; a submarginal row of seven spots placed between the nervules, and a marginal row of
small spots which tend to become obsolete at apex. Posterior wings with two elongate fascia in cell
joined together at base, but widely divergent at apex, where there is a hnear slightly ciuved intermediate
spot ; a long ciuTed linear fascia commencing from beneath base of cell and deflected before thu"d median
nervule, followed by a discal series of five linear spots ; a submarginal series of about eleven small spots
and a marginal series of smaller ones — all these spots and fasciae pale bluish ; two long gi-eyish streaks on
each side of internal nervm-e along abdominal margin. Underside of wings paler ; anterior wing with an
additional eighth spot to submarginal series, and the cellular streak quite divided before apex; other markings
of both wings generally as above. Head and thorax above black, with a linear marginal series of
white spots, and a central discal thoracic white streak. Abdomen fuscous above, much paler beneath ;
sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; fore tibiae and intermediate and posterior femora
streaked with white.

Exp. wings 78 to 8.5 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Nepaul and Bengal?? (Brit. Mus.). — Tenasserim (coU. Moore). — Malay
Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). — Penang, Malacca, Smgapore (Brit. Mus.). — Java. — Borneo
(colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).

Mr. H. G. Smith* gives this species as an inhabitant of Sumatra, which is doubtless
correct ; he, however, also adds its pseudo-parent form D. similis, from the same locality,
which has hitherto only been recorded from China and Formosa.

Although, as previously stated, this is probably but a constant geographical race of
E. similis, I have treated it here, with this reservation, as a distinct species, and shall follow
this qualified course where necessary throughout. The question of species and varieties can
only be properly estimated by breeding, and it is hoped that some Malay entomologist in
whose way this work may faU will add to our knowledge by so doing. At present we can only

* In Bock. ' Head Hunters of Borneo,' .\ppent1. V.

lUIOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 11

fall back upon the dictum of Mr. C. Darwin, that " in determining whether a form should be
ranked as a species or variety, the opinion of naturalists having sound judgment and wide
experience seems the only guide to follow. We must, however, in many cases, decide by a
majority of naturalists, for few well-marked and well-known varieties can be named which have
not been ranked as species by at least some competent judges." *

Genus DANAIS.

Danais, Latreille, Euc. Meth., ix., p. 10 (1819) ; Boisd., Lee. Lep. Am. Sept., p. 133 (1833) ; Doubleday, Gen.

Diurn. Lep., p. 89 (1847) ; Trimen, Khop. Afr. Austr., p. 84 (1862) ; Godm. & Salv., Biol. Ceutr. Am.,

Ehop., p. 1 (1879).
Danaiiht, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., siv., p. 108 (1805).
Danatis, Latr., Geu. Crust. Lis., iv., p. 201 (1809).

As some modern writers do not use this old and well-known name for the genus, it is
perhaps necessary, before giving a diagnosis of the same, to state the reasons why they have
discarded it, and why it is still used here. Latreille, finding his earlier name Danaida
preoccupied in Botany, supplanted it (1809) by the title Da lunis. Mr. Scudderf argues that
as the first name is only used in Botany it ought to be restored. But Mr. Butler I has
remarked that "Danaida" is but the "plural form" of Danais, a term first used by Godart § and
systematically more euphonious than Dana us, which last is, however, adopted in preference by
Mr. Kirby in his supplementary Catalogue (1877). Mr. Crotch || traces the name to Linnaeus, IT
who used it, however, only as a division of his genus Papilio ; and therefore Mr. Moore's
objection** that Danaus was adopted in a generic sense by Esper in 1777 and Panzer in 1801
for species of Pierina', and therefore cannot be retained in this group of butterflies, is an
argument that has not, at least hitherto, secured universal acceptance.

Antennae gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings more or less opaque and thickly covered with
scales. Anterior wings subtriangular, somewhat elongate ; costal margin slightly arched from base ; apex
broad and rounded ; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate ; inner margin more or less concave.
First subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before the end of cell ; second emitted sometimes
immediately before the end of cell, but generally not before termination of the same. Posterior wings
broad, subtriangular ; costal margin nearly straight or slightly cm-ved ; apex and anal angle rounded ;
costal nervure and nervules variable.

Male with one or more specialised scent-glands.

It is difficult to definitely assess the exact number of known species and varieties of this
widely represented genus, but probably there are now about eighty distinct forms described.
Its distribution is almost universal, and it is found in both the warm-temperate and tropical
zones. One, an almost cosmopolitan species, is found in South-Eastern Europe, and others are
particularly abundant throughout the Malayan Ai'chipelago, Papua, and the Pacific Eegion.

* 'Origin of Species,' 6tli ed., p. 37. f Proe. Am. Acad. Arts & Scienc, p. 153 (1875).

I Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool., vol. xiv., p. 291. j Enc. Meth., ix., p. 172 (1819).

II Cist. Ent., i., p. 60 (1872). ^ Syst. Nat., ed. s. (1758).

** Lep. Ceyl., p. 1, note (1881).

12 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Besides this species, which is found in Europe, and which does not occur much ahove
41° N., there is also an American species, which extends throughout the length of its tropical
regions, and is found as far north as Canada. Mr. Bates* acutely ohserves that it is
interesting to find that this, the only genus of the Danaina' which is common to the three
tropical regions, is the sole one of the suhfamily that occurs in high latitudes. And further
that " the only means of communication between the intertropical lands of America and Asia
seems to have been a circuitous route by the north (or south) ; and the essentially tropical
forms do not appear to have passed along it." This American species, however, has in quite
recent times, become (and the process seems still going on) distributed through many of the
Pacific Islands, to New Guinea and Australia, and has even been found in Europe, which
its previous appearance at the Azores had somewhat rendered probable. A few years ago t
I endeavoured to trace the course and cause of this migration, and had reason to come to the
conclusion that its distribution was apparently governed by the range of its food-plants, which
are species of Asclepias, and that the directing causes were probably due to the accidental
agency of man in the first place, and possibly also to prevalent winds and currents.

It has been well pointed out by Mr, Wallace that the most widely distributed species are
probably the most ancient, and it will particularly apply here, if we qualify that statement by
the proposition made by Dr. Buchanan White, I that unless circumstances (not necessarily
or always some form of human agency, as Dr. White apparently relies upon) have been
exceptionally favourable, species which have the widest distribution are probably of greater
antiquity than those whose distribution is less extensive. The most widely distributed species
of Danais is D. chnjsippus, the species to which we have alluded as even occurring in S.E.
Europe, and which is of a similar tawny hue to the American I>. plexippus, which has also an
exceedingly wide habitat (though probably recent in extent of distribution), and likewise occurs in
high latitudes. All the tawny species of the genus with which I am acquainted have, also, but
one subcostal nervule emitted distinctly before the end of the discoidal cell ; and therefore, if
we accept these tawny species as representing the original colour of the genus, we may also
accept this as the primitive neuration. This view receives apparent confirmation from
observing that it is amongst the green-spotted species that we find the second subcostal
nervule emitted before the end of the cell, thus leading on to Badena, Ideopsis, and Ilestia in
that respect ; but which last-named genera take a fresh departure in having the first subcostal
nervule anastomosed with the costal nervure. This also appears concurrent testimony to the
views of Miiller to the same effect, and which we have previously endeavoured to convey (ante,
p. 3). In a curiously marked East African species in which the tawny and green-spotted facies
are combined, and which was lately described by Mr. Godman, § a fresh departure is taken
from the ordinary type by the first and second subcostal nervules being anastomosed.

The males possess on the posterior wings one or more dull-coloured patches, situated on
or in the neighbourhood of the third median nervule and submedian nervure. These were
long known only as "sexual spots," but Midler |1 has ably and strongly shown that they are
really scent-producing organs. They are, indeed, glands or pouches, but as they open only by

* Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xxiii., p. 495 et seq. (1862). f Trans. Eut. Soc, 1877, p. 93.

I ' Entomologist,' vol. siv., p. 270 (1881). § Proc. Zool. Soc, 1880, p. 183.

II Trans. Ent. Soc, 1878, p. 213.

RIIOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 13

a uaiTOw slit, Miiller remarks that odours could hardly be freely euiitted. He therefore
hazards the speculation that the aual tufts of hair might be introduced into the pouches, to
be impregnated there with odoriferous matter. A proposition like this, though probable,
necessarily requires verification, which an observer of such exactitude and patience as Miiller
will doubtless endeavour to supply. It is possibly towards such at present unproved postulates
that Karl Semper, quoting Jaeger,* remarks that enough has been done in the way of
philosojjhising by Darwinists, and that the task that now lies before us is to apply the test of
exact investigation to the hypotheses we have laid down.

This genus represents, with the other members of the Danaina', a "protected" group of
insects, which, from distastefulness or other causes, enjoys an immunity from the attacks
of birds and other enemies. The testimony to this fact is undoubted and too voluminous to
insert here; but even in tenacity of life Daiials is remarkable, and Mr. Trimenf records how
South African specimens, caught, pinched and pinned by his native collectors, would nearly all,
on the withdrawal of the pins, " fly off in a ' nonchalant' manner, as if nothing had befallen
them." Mr. Meldola :|: was disposed to consider (and with good reason) that these insects
possess an immunity after death from the attacks of mites and other museum pests. He had
in his possession a box of old Indian insects, the greater part of which had been demolished by
mites ; the only surviving specimens, in addition to a I'apilio, being Danaids. This view, however,
will require further confirmation, as in some East African insects which have lately passed through
my hands, specimens of D. dorippus have the bodies nearly destroyed by these attacks.

Seven species alone are at present known from the Malayan Peninsula. Criiger, § in a
short notice of Malaccan Lepidoptera, refers to another species, J), mjlea, but this may prove
to rest on a mistaken determination.

A. Anfinior uiiigs with the secmul subcostal iicrnilc cinittcil a little hr/orc the end of discoidal cell.
a. Male possessing two distinct scent-glands on posterior »■///</«.

b. Posterior wings with costal margin sliglitl// cnrreil, ainl iritli the first subcostal nervtde curved
and longer than the second.

1. Danais aspasia, var. crocea. (Tab. I., fig. 7.)

I'djiilio <i.'ipa.'iiit, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., ii., ji. 15, n. 145 (1787) ; Ent. Syst., iii., p. 170, u. 520 (1793).
Danais erocea, Bull., Proc. Zool. Soc, 18GG, p. 57, ii. 53, pi. 1, fig. 5; Trans. Liuu. Soc, scr. 2, Zool.

vol. i., p. 530, 7 (1877).
Danai.i aspasia, Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 7 il809).
Ijahura aspasia, Moore, MS.

Male. Anterior wings above black or fuscous, with the following pale hyaline markings : — three
subcostal spots, the inner one situated between first and second subcostal nervules ; beneath these are two
elongated streaks, followed by four small sul)apical spots placed in slightly cmwed oblique series, the upper
one very indistinct; two irregularly shaped spots above first median nervule, three between first and
second median nervules, three between second and thu-d median nervules, the inner one large and
subquadrate; a very large spot (tinged with yellow) occupying basal two-thirds of area between third
median nervule and submedian nervure, followed hj a small irregular spot ; and a marginal series of sniiill

* 'Animal Life,' (Preface, 1881). f Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. iv., p. 217. [ Proc. Ent. Soc, 1877, p. xii.

§ Verbaudl. d. Ver. f. naturwissenscli. Unterli. z. Hamb., iii., p. 29 (1878J.

March 31, 1882. e

14 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

spots placed in pairs between the nervules, which become obsolete towards apex. Cell with either the apex
only or M-holc discal centre more or less pale siibhyaline. Posterior wings above black or fuscous, with the
space between costal nervure and first subcostal nervule ; the whole of cell, followed by two elongated spots,
situated beneath bases of first and second subcostal nervules, and two near bases of median nervules ;
basal two-thirds of submedian interspace acutely dentate at apex, and basal two-thirds of internal area
pale yellow ; a discal row of small pale spots divided by the nervules, and a submarginal series of much
smaller, u-regularly shaped and arranged spots, both series becoming obsolete towards anal angle.
Wings beneath generally as above, but with the spots much more distinct, and with a marginal series
to hind wings. Head and thorax above spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen fuscous above, white
beneath. Sternum black, spotted with white ; legs black ; femora streaked with white.

Posterior wings with two distinct spatular scent-glands, largest on thml median nervule and smallest
on submedian nervure.

Female. Larger than the male, with the apex of the anterior wings much broader, and the cell clearer
and paler ; marginal spots to hind wings clearly visible above.

Exp. wings, J 70 to 78 millim. ; 2 86 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore. — Sumatra. — Java. — Borneo (colls. Moore and
Brit. Mus.).

The form designated by Butler as D. crocea, which he originally described as distinct, but
which he afterwards * submitted as a var. of D. aspasia, seems to be a dominant, larger, brighter
and somewhat more melanic race of the Fabrician species. A very closely allied species or
race, D. j)hilomela, Zink., is found in Java.

I have been unable to examine and measure more than one female, a specimen which
I captured myself in Province Wellesley.

bb. Posterior u-ini/n iritlt cosstal margin nearly straight, <inti icitli tin' first suhrostal iicrnile cttrved and
longer than the second.

2. Danais melaneus. (Tab. I., fig. 6.)

Fcqnlio melaneus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., i., t. 30, fig. d (1775).

Danais melaneus, Godart, Euc. Meth., ix., p. 192, 53 (1819) ; Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Miis., pi. 1, p. 50 (1844) ;
Doubl. & Hewits., Gen. Dinrn. Lep., p. 93, u. 36 (1847); Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, i.,
p. 123, u. 242 (1857) ; Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc, 186G, p. 55, n. 47 : Trans. Linii. Soc, ser. 2, Zool.,
vol. i., p. 53G, 6 (1877) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 822.

Cadiuin iiieliineus, Moore, MS.

Male and female. Wings dark fuscous, with pale bluish semihyaline spots and markings. Anterior
wing dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings : — three small elongate subcostal sjiots, the
fu'st commencing just beyond first subcostal nervule ; beneath these sjiots are two elongated streaks,
followed by a subapical oblique series of three small and rounded spots ; nine irregularly sized and shaped
spots on disk, situated two above and three beneath first median nervule, three between second and thii'd
median nervules, and one near posterior angle a little beyond a large streak (generally but not always
longitudinally divided) which occupies about basal two-thirds of interspace between third median nervule
and submedian ner\'ure, and a submarginal series of small spots which become obsolete and obliterated
towards ajiex ; discoidal cell with a large discal streak (this is very irregular in size in different specimens).

* Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 7 (18G9).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 15

Posterior wings dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings : — a large basal subcostal streak,
followed by a small elongate spot ; the interior of discoidal cell followed and apically surrounded by five
elongate spots situated between the nervules, of which the two interior are each followed by a smaller and
rounded spot ; four long, basal, longitudinal streaks, two situated before median nervure and connected
at base, and two on abdominal margin ; two or three subdiscal spots, situated between the nervui'es near
apex, and a submarginal series of small spots, which are obsolete and obliterated near apex and anal angle.
Wings beneath generally as above, but with the submarginal spots continuous and distinct, and the
subdiscal series of three spots, as seen above, continued in regular but smaller series to near anal angle.
Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with bluish white ; abdomen fuscous above,
testaceous beneath ; sternum black, spotted with white ; undersides of palpi, femora, and trochanters white.

Male with two linear scent-glands on posterior wings, the longest situated on submedian nervure near
apex, the smaller one near apex of internal nervure.

Exp. wings 79 to 92 millim.

Hab. — Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore). — Upper Tenasserim (coll. Wood-Mason). — Malay Peninsula ;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Penang; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.). — Java (coll.
Dist.). — Sumatra.* — Formosa (Brit. Mus.).

This species varies much in amount of melanism, and also in the size of the pale markin<;s ;
some males have also the apex of the anterior wings more produced than in other sj^ecimens of
the same sex, thus further illustrating the little specific value of such characters. About six
species with similar structural characters and common facies are allied to this species, as
pointed out to me by my friend Mr. Moore, who has specially studied the Danaiiuc. These
form a group which are represented in Continental India, Java, Phillipine Islands, and Jai)an.

3. Danais agleoides. (Tab. I., tig. 5.)

Dunais (irjUviiles, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mou., iv., p. 398, u. 17 (1860) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. See, 1877, p. 581 ;

Wood-Mason & Niceville, J. As. See. Beug., vol. 1., p. 224 (1881).
Danais iirammica, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 55, ii. 44; Trans. Linn. See, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i., p. 586, a. 5

(1877), nee. Boisd.
Parantica ai/lcoidi's, Moore, MS.

Male and female. Wings dark fuscous, with pale bluish semihyaline spots and markings. Anterior
wings above dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings : — a basal longitudinal streak, situated
between costal and subcostal nervures, followed by three subcostal spots, the first situated immediately
after first subcostal nervule, beneath which are two short linear sti'eaks, divided by upper discoidal
nervule ; nine irregularly shaped discal spots situated two above and three beneath first median nervule,
three beneath second median nervule, and one near posterior angle a little beyond two narrow fasciae,
joined at base, the first running parallel to median nervure, and then deflexed subparallel to third median
nervule, the other running subparallel to submedian nervure ; a narrow fascia commencing at base and
extending along about half the length of submedian nervure ; two long discal streaks in discoidal cell, the
upper one straight and divided, the lower more or less recurved ; a submarginal row of seven irregular
spots, and a marginal row of very small sjDots placed in pairs between the nervules, becoming obsolete
and obliterated towards apes. Posterior wings above dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish
markings : — a long basal streak between costal and subcostal nervures, followed by a small elongate spot ;
two fasciae in cell, united at base, and from thence running subparallel to subcostal and median nervures,
between apex of each is a short intermediate streak ; following and surrounding apex of cell are five irregular

* Smith, in Bock, ' Head Hunters Borneo,' Append. V.

l(j RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

and elongate spots, the first situated above second subcostal nervule, the others between the uervules, the
last two of -which are followed by two irregularly shaped spots ; two long narrow fascial, united at base, the
upper of which runs parallel to median nervure, and is then deflexed along inner side of third median
nervule, the lower parallel to submediau nervure; two long fasciie on abdominal margin, divided by
internal nervure ; a waved submargiual row of small spots (obsolete near l)ase in male and continuous in
female), and a marginal row of small spots, inconstant in size and distinctness. Underside of wings
somewhat paler; marginal rows of spots to both wings, and submarginal row to posterior wings,
continuous and distinct. Posterior wings with two basal spots before precostal nervure, and a curved
basal fascia above costal ner\aire, which is hidden above by the inner margin of anterior wing. Head and
thorax above spotted and streaked with white ; abdomen fuscous above, white beneath ; sternum black,
spotted with white ; undersides of palpi, trochanters and femora white.

The posterior wing of the male is provided with two spatular scent-glands, the largest situated on
third median nervule, and the smallest on submedian nervure.

Exp. wings, 69 to 76 millim.

H.4B. — Nicobar Islands (Calcutta Mus.). — Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra. (Smith.)

A female form is here figured. By a curious accident the specimens of this species in the
Collection of the British Museum have hitherto stood in the name of D. tjrammica, and probably
this error may have had somewhat wide circulation, by collectors having accepted the Museum
name without the necessary certification by reference to Boisduval's figure.

B. Anterior iriii/js with the second subcostal nercidc not emitted distinctly before tlie cud of discoidal cell.
c. Male provided with one scent-gland on posterior winffs.

d. Posterior wimjs with costal manjin sUfihthi ciirrcd, and with the first sabcostid ncrride not longer
than the second.

4. Danais septentrionis. (Tab. I., fig. 9.)

Ihiiiuis si'jik'ntii,mi.s, liutler, Eut. Mo. Mag., vol. xi., p. 1G3 (1874; Trans. Limi. .See, bcr. 2, Zool., vol. i.,
p. 536, 4 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 822; Semper, Journ. Mus. Godeffr., vol. xiv.,
p. 140, tab. 8, fig. 7 (1879).
L'iniinala septfiuriaiiis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, vol. i., p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 2 (1881).

Male and female. Wings above dark glossy fuscous, with pale bluish spots and markings. Anterior
wings above dark glossy fuscous, with the fallowing pale bluish markings :— a longitudinal basal streak in
cell, followed near its apex by a transverse irregular and much sinuated fascia; beyond cell are three elongate
and Imear subcostal spots, the inner two placed close together near end of cell ; beneath these are three
linear streaks, the first and smallest situated above and the second and largest beneath the first discoidal
nervule ; thirteen irregular spots on discal surface, upper three divided between discoidal nervules, and the
remainder thus situated— four between first and second median nervules, three between second and third
median nervules, and three between third median nervule and submedian nervure, which nervure is also
preceded by a subparallel linear basal streak ; and a marginal series of small spots irregularly sized and
placed. Posterior wings above dark glossy fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :— two long
fasciffi in cell, broadly united at base, and widely divergent at apex; the cell is followed and surrounded by
the following streaks or fascia :— a narrow linear and outwardly thickened one above subcostal nervure, three
which are much broader divided by lower subcostal and discoidal nervules, two which are very narrow,

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 17

linear, and dentate separated by second median nervule, and two united at base between median and
submedian nervures ; two long linear streaks on abdominal margin divided by internal nervure, and a narrow
linear streak on inner side and about centre of submedian nervure ; a discal and much waved series of
fourteen ii-regularly sized spots (in some specimens the inner two are united to the two abdominal-marginal
streaks), and a much waved marginal series of smaller spots. Underside of wings much paler, markings
as above, and two spots at base of posterior wings divided by precostal nervmre. Head and thorax above
dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white ; abdomen above brown, ochraceous beneath ; sternum black,
spotted with white ; legs black ; under sui'faces of palpi, trochanters and femora white.

Male with a large and distinct scent-gland situated between third median nervule and median nervure.

Exp. wings 82 to 108 millim.

H.VB. — Continental India ; Cachar ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.). — Ceylon (colls. Moore and Dist.). — Tenasserim
(Limborg.) — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.). — Java (coll. Moore).

Males from the Malay Peninsula exhibit probably the maximum of size, and are in strong
contrast, in that respect, to some Ceylon specimens. Mr. Butler appends to his description the
very apphcable remark that " there can be no doubt that this is the Indian representative of the
Austrahan species B. hamata, M'Leay." All the differential characters relied upon by Butler
are found in Malayan specimens, but certainly do not apply so strongly to all the Ceylon forms,
some of which in size and markings approximate much more closely to the Australian species.

G. Semper, in a valuable paper, " Beitrag zur Rhopaloceren-Fauna von AustraUen,"* has
urged that I), septentrionls and some other described forms are probably "local forms" of
D. hamata, which really agrees with Butler's views, already quoted, that the first-named may be
considered the "Indian representative" of the Austrahan species. It is necessary that these
qualitative views and potentialities should be clearly understood, as they afford pregnant
illustration to the conclusions of Gabriel Koch, f This author, from an examination of the
species found in the South Asiatic and Australian Regions, concludes that in many cases the
differences between what are generally considered as distinct species are merely variations
consequent upon a change of habitat. (It is doubtless implied that the surrounding conditions
are also different.) This, however, with the manifold readings of the much-vexed term
" species," is unimportant. He, however, considered that these facts warranted a belief in an
Indian or South Asiatic fauna, which included the warmer parts of Asia, Malasia, Polynesia,
and Australia, and Prittwitz, I in a notice of Koch's results, supplemented by his own
examination of VoUeuhoven's Fieridw derived from the Dutch East Indian Possessions, agi-ees
with Koch in formulating the existence of an Indo-Austrahan Region. Koch, however, in
1870, § modified his views, dividing this proposed fauna into two parts,- — a South Asiatic or
Indian and an Australian and Polynesian fauna, which last he considers, without doubt, has
been derived from the Indian by migration, the principal agents of which are the prevalent
monsoons. He then, however, seems to infer that the greatest modifying agent in the formation
of new species is the influence of chmate. Oscar Schmidt, || after a study of Koch's labours,

* Journ. Mus. Godeffr., vol. xiv., p. 138.
f 'Die Indo-Australisolie LepiJoptereu-Faiina ' (1866).
J Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1866, p. 259.

§ 'Die geographisclie Verbreitung der Schmetterliuge iiber die Erdc,' Geogr. Mitth. (1870).
II ' The Doctrine of Descent,' p. 227.
March 31, 1882. f

18 EHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

summarises his agi^eement in the statement that butterflies " which are an easy prey to
currents of air, defy geological barriers, and, above all, that important partition which from
the tertiary era has been erected, or rather excavated, in the bottom of the sea, between
Austraha and India."

5. Danais genutia. (Tab. 2, figs. 2, 3.)

Painlio fjenutia, Cramer, Pap. Ex., iii., t. 206, C, D (1782).

Papilio phxipptcs, Fabr., Syst. Eut., p. 481, n. 170 (1775); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 281 (1787), nee. Linn.

Danais plexippus, Godt., Enc. Metb., is., p. 186, n. 35 (1819) ; Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lepid., p. 6, n. 10 (1869) ;

Trans. Linn. Soc, 2 ser., Zool., vol. i., p. 536, n. 1 (1877) ; Wood-Mason & Niceville, Joiu-u. A. S. Bengl.,.

vol. L.,p. 226 (1881).
Salatura gmutia , Moore, Lap. Ceylon, i., p. 6, pi. iv., figs. 2, 2 a (1881).

Male and female. Wings above fulvous-red ; nem-ation, ajjex of anterior and margins of both mngs
dark fuscous, spotted and marked -with white. Anterior wmgs fulvous-red ; costal margin, apical thu'd,
outer and inner margin, nervui'es and nervules dark fuscous ; the fuscous portion contains the following
white markings : — a small subcostal spot before end of cell, three somewhat larger spots just beyond end of
cell, and a transverse subapical series of six large spots, the upper two smallest and dinded by second sub-
costal nervule, fourth and fifth largest diwled by second discoidal nervule, sixth much smaller and roimded,
on the outer side of which is a smaller spot followed below by two still smaller ones ; and a marginal
series of small spots, becoming indistinct and obliterated towards apex. Posterior wing fulvous-red ;
nervures, nervules, and outer margin dark fuscous, the median nervules very broadly so ; a submarginal
and marginal series of small white spots, and abdominal margin much paler. Anterior wings beneath
generally as above, but with a distinct white spot on inner side of fuscous margin between second and third
median nervules ; a distinct and continuous marginal and snbmarginal series of spots, and with the dark
shading paler and brownish, beyond the large transverse subapical spots. Posterior wings very much
2)aler than above ; the nervures and nervules margined with very pale greenish, and with a distinct costal
spot near apices of costal nervui'e and first subcostal nervule. Head and thorax above dark fuscous,,
spotted and streaked with white ; abdomen fulvous-red above, a little paler beneath ; stei-num black,
spotted with white ; legs black ; under sm'faces of palpi, trochanters, and femora white.

(A variety in which the posterior wings have the fulvous-red much suffused with white is not
infrequent, and is represented by fig. 3).

Male with a broad subovate scent-gland situated on posterior wing adjoining thii-d median nervule.

Exp. wings 73 to 90 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Bengal; Cachar (Brit. Mus.). — Nicobar Islands.— Ceylon (coll. Moore).^
Malay Peninsula; Province W^ellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coU.
Moore). — Java. — Siam. — N. China; Hong Kong; Hainan. — Formosa (colls. Moore, Dist., and Brit. Mus.).

This species has until quite recently been recognised by the name of D. plcxlppus, Linn.
It has, however, been shown by Hermann Strecker,* and also by Godman and Salvin, f
that the name and description given by Linnaeus really appUed to a well-known and widely
distributed species, which for a long time had passed under the designation of D. archippus.
As it is impossible for two species in one genus to be known under the same name, that of
Cramer must henceforth be applied to this insect. The only Javan specimen in my collection

* Butt. N. America, p. lOo. f Biol. Ceiitr. Am. Rbop., p. 2.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. ly

is the smallest of the series, and the darkest in coloration. Capt. de la Chaumette * states that in
India the insect is common throughout the year, frequenting fields, gardens, and woods alike.
Mr. Biggs t speaks of it as circling in the sunshine " round a lantana bush" or resting in damp
shady spots on the pale blue flowers of a small plant which the Malays call " bulalei gajah"
(Elephant's trunk).

6. Danais melanippus, var. hegesippus. (Tab. II., fig. 1.)

Papilio melanippus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii., t. 127, A, B (1779).

Danais melanippus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix., p. 189, n. 43 (1819) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, i.,

p. 125, u. 247 (1857); Butl., Trans. Linn. See, ser. 2, ZooL, vol. i., p. 53G, n. 2 (1877).
Var. Papilio hegesippus. Cram., Pap. Exot., ii., t. 180, A (1779); Fabr. Sp. Ins., p. 56, n. 248 (1781) ; Mant.

Ins., p. 27, n. 287 (1787) ; Eut. Syst., iii., p. 52, n. 160 (1793) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus.

E. L C, p. 125 (1857); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 49.
Danais hegesippus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix., p. 189, n. 42 (1819) ; Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepaul, p. 10, t. 9, f. 1

(1846) ; Snellen, Tijd. Ent., xx., p. 66 (1877).
Danais melanippus, var. hegesippus, Snellen, Tijd. Eut., xis., p. 144 (1876).
Salatura hegesippus, Moore, MS.

Male and female. Anterior wing fulvous-red, nearly apical half, the costal margin, inner margin,
nervm-es and nervules dark fuscous. Fuscous portion with the following white spots : — two small subcostal
spots divided by first subcostal nervule, almost beneath which are two others, more rounded and placed
just beyond cell ; a transverse subapical row of five larger spots, upper two smallest and divided by second
subcostal nervule, fourth and fifth largest divided by lower discoidal nervure ; a discal row of two small S2)ots
divided by second median nervule ; a submarginal series of three or four spots about centre, and a
marginal series which become almost effaced between third median nervule and submedian nervure, and
also towards apex, where, however, they are denoted by a much larger spot preceded by one or two smaller
ones. Posterior wing white ; nervures and nervules broadly infuscated and with fuscous marginal border,
in which are placed a marginal and submarginal series of small white spots. Underside of wings as above,
but anterior wings possessing a distinct marginal and submarginal series of small spots at apex ; posterior
wing with the nervures and nervules much less strongly infuscated, but margined with very pale greenish.
Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen above dull ochraceous,
with the base black ; underside pale ochraceous. Sternum black, spotted with white ; legs black. Under
surfaces of palpi, femora, and trochanters white.

Male with a distinct subovate scent-gland on posterior wings, placed on inner side and adjoining
third median nervule.

Exp. wings 70 to 85 millim.

Hab. — Andaman Islands (coll. Moore). — Burma; Moulmein (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.). — Malay
Peninsula; Provmce Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (Snellen,
coll. Moore). — Java (Snellen and Brit. Mus.).

In considering this form as only a variety of D. melanippus, I am in agreement with Messrs.
Moore, Butler, and Snellen, who have at least at one time published that view (see supra).
The chief difference between the two forms is that the ground colour of the posterior wings in
D. melanipims is fulvous-red, whilst in D. hegesippus it is white, and the four small spots near
the end of cell of anterior wing of the last named are considerably effaced in D. melanippus.

* Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii., p. 37. f Month. Pack., vol. ii., p. 188 (1881).

20 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

However, we have already seen in the closely allied B. rjenutia that such variation does take
place, and the only peculiarity in this case seems to be that the white variety has become the
dominant race in the Malay Peninsula, whilst the form 1>. mdunippus is, as far as I am aware,
absent. Such being the case, it is necessary to notice that Mr. Butler, in his paper on the
"Butterflies of Malacca,"* in enumerating I), melanippus, Cram., as belonging to that district,
has by an oversight referred also to the illustration of Cramer, which depicts the typical
coloration, not found in Malacca, as the specimens in the British Museum testify.

7. Danais chrysippus. (Tab. I., tig. 10.)

T'aidlio clinjsiiqms, Liuuicus, Mus. Uk., p. 263 (1764) ; Syst. Nat., i., 2, p. 767, u. 119 (1767) ; Fabr. Syst. Ent.,
i., p. 482, n. 172 (1775) ; Sp. Ins., p. 56, n. 245 (1781) ; Maut. Ins., p. 27, u. 284 (1787) ; Ent. Syst.,
iii., p. 50, n.l54 (1793) ; Cramer, Pap. Ex., ii., 1. 118, B, C (1779) ; Herbst, Natiu-s. bek. Ins. Schmett.,
vii., pi. 155, figs. 1 & 2.

Evphra clirysljjpus, Hiibu., Verz. bek. Sebmett., p. 15, t. 133, figs. 678 & 679 (1816).

Danais chrysippus, Godt., Enc. Metb., ix., p. 187, u. 38 (1819) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C,
i., p. 126, n. 249 (1857) ; Trimen, Ebop. Afr. Austr., p. 88, n. 56 (1862); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc,
1866, p. 46, n. 14.

Salatura chrysippus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 7 (1881).

Male and female. Anterior wing above fulvous-red, with the costal margin, apical thii-d, and outer
margin dark fuscous. On the fuscous portion are the following white markings : — a small subquadrate
spot beneath costa before end of cell ; an elongate subcostal sijot near end of cell, beyond which is a much
angulated and oblique fascia, composed of transverse spots, commencing beneath first subcostal nerwile and
terminating at first median ner-\Tile ; at end of cell are two (sometimes but one) small spots, and a larger
one on disk between first and second median nervules ; a submarginal series of spots consisting of two
between first and second median nervules, and one near apex (in some specimens these are connected by a
series of very small spots) ; and a marginal series of spots, generally absent, but sometimes obsoletely present
near apex. Posterior wing fulvous-red, with a fuscous marginal border, containing a marginal series of
white spots ; a fuscous spot margined with white on costal margin, above first subcostal nervule, and
a small spot above costal nervure ; three irregular fuscous spots (the middle one smallest) at end of cell,
situated at bases of second subcostal, discoidal, and first median nervules. Underside of anterior wings
as above, but beyond the subapical fascia to near margin the fuscous is rejjlaced with ochraceous, and
between second and third median nervules a small white spot is visible ; underside of posterior wings much
paler than above ; marginal white spots larger, and two fuscous costal spots visible above first subcostal
neiwulc. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white ; abdomen above fulvous-red,
beneath much paler; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters,
and femora white.

Male with a large fuscous-coloured scent-gland on posterior wing, on inner side of third median
ner-vnile.

Exp. wings 58 to 86 millim.

Hab.— S.E. Europe. — "Western and Southern Africa. — Madagascar. — Eodriquez. — Island Johanna. —
Mauritius. — Socotra.— Turkey in Asia. — Afghanistan ; Candahar. — Continental India. — Ceylon. — Burma.
Upper Tenasserim (colls. God. & Salv., Moore, and Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province
Wellesley; Singapore (coll. Dist.). — Java. — Malay Archipelago ; Lombock; Kaioa Islands (coll. Dist.). —
Siam (coll. Godm. & Salv.). — China; Hong Kong; Hainan (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).

* Trans. Linn. Soc. Lon.l., 2 ser., Zool., vol. i.. p. .530 (1R77).

RHOPALOCEHA MALAYAN A. 21

A female specimen from Province Wellesley is iiere figured. The smallest specimen
which I possess (58 millim.) is from West Africa, although ordinarily sized specimens are
generally received from that district ; the largest specimens in my collection are from Northern
India and Southern Africa, though no rule can 1)6 postulated in this respect. Figures of hoth
the larva and pupa of this insect have heen given {uate pp. 2 & 3).

The larva m Ceylon feeds on Calotropis (/igantea and Asdepias ciirasavica ; * in Java,
according to Dr. Horsfield, on the first named, called hy the natives " Widuri" ; in Continental
India on Calotropis sp.;f and in S. Africa on Gompliocarpus fruticosiis and Asdepias sp. \

This species is not only remarkahle for its wide distribution, but also for the extraordinary
phenomenon of its l)eing mimidicd by six or eight other butterflies and moths, a fact which
will be treated more fully subsequently when describing some of the mimicking species.

Genus EUPLCEA.

Kujilaa, Fabricius, Illiger's Mag., vi., p. 280 (18081 ; Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 86 (1847) ; Trimen, Khop.
Afr. Austr., p. 83 (1862).

Antennae gradually clavate. Wings opaque and dark coloui'ed. Anterior wings more or less triangular
and varying much in shape, but in the male sex generally having the inner margin more or less produced
and convex, and covermg some basal portion of the posterior wings ; in the female sex the inner
margin is non-produced and sometimes slightly emarginate. § First subcostal nervule emitted at some
little distance before the end of the cell, second emitted at end of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule shortest.
Posterior wings broad and subtriangular ; costal nervure somewhat short, and curved near base.

j\Iales usually provided with one or more pseudo-scent glands or brands on anterior wings, and very
frequently with a pale discoidal patch to posterior wings.

Awaiting Mr. Moore's intended enumeration and revision of the genus Euplwa (as formerly
and in this work understood), wherein many new species are to be described, it would prove
misleading to give any approximate estimate as to the number of species comprised in this very
extensive genus.

Euplaa is widely distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago and Polynesia ; in fact,
we may accept these regions as the head-quarters of the genus. It is likewise found
throughout the warmer parts of Asia (including its neighbouring islands) and Australia ; it
also inhabits the islands of Mauritius, Bourbon, and Madagascar. Trimen || gives South
Africa as the habitat of a species {E. (joudotU, Boisd.), from specimens contained in the British
Museum. As, however, Butler, in his two subsequent papers on the genus, IF does not give
that habitat for the Museum specimens, South Africa may be considered for the present as
a doubtful locality.

The short vitta^ so frequently found on the anterior wings of tlie males, have been,

* Moore, Leji. Ceylon, p. 7. I Lang., Ent. Mo. Mul;., i., ji. lai ; imil l)e la t'haniuette, ibiil.. ii., p. 37.

I Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 90.

§ This sexual difference in the shape of the anterior wings is found in all the species hei'e described.

II Bhop. Afr. Austr., p. 84 (1802).

^ Proc. Zool. Soc, 186G, p. 301, and Jouru. Linn. Soc, Zool., vol. \iv., p. 298.

March 31, 1882. G

22 RHOl'A L 0 CEUA M. [LAY A XA .

judging from analogy, considered as scent-producing organs, and I have alluded to them here
as pseudo scent-glands or brands. On the other hand, they may serve for purposes of
" strigillation," as proposed by Butler,* l)eing impressed upon that portion of the anterior
wings which comes in contact with the anterior margin and prominent costal nervure of the
posterior wings.

Like other genera of the Ihma'nuv, and especially Banais, this genus enjoys an immunity
from the ordinary enemies of butterflies, and hence may be described as possessing a strongly
"protective" character. In tropical America, the widely distributed and extensive genus
Heliconias was first shown to enjoy this protection or immunity by Bates, + a fact subsequently
and amply confirmed by Belt. I Wallace, who enjoyed the unusual opportunity of observing both
these genera in a state of nature and in their widely separated habitats, writing from Singapore,
states, " The Euplceas here quite take the place of the Helkoniche of the Amazons, and exactly
resemble them in their habits." §

I at present only include seventeen species of Eiiphea as found in the Malay Peninsula,
though it is probable that more remain to be discovered, particularly in the Northern and
Eastern districts. || These species (in whatever way we may define that term) are also of
very unequal value. What appears to be three distinct and constant local forms of one species
frequently occur, of which we have three instances in this fauna. Thus E. malatjica and
E. midamns have distinct and constant representatives both in Java and Borneo (of the last named,
the Bornean representative is reported as ha\'ing been received from Malacca), and E. dioclctianiis
possesses distinct and representative forms both in North India and Borneo.

A. Males neither provided with a pseiido scent-gland or brand tn anterior wings, nor with pale diseoidal
jHiteh to posterior wings.
a. Males with the inner margin at the anterior wings nuteh produced and convex.

1. Euplcea malayica. (Tab. II., tig. 7.)

Crastia malayica, Butler, .Joum. Liiiu. Soc, vol. xiv., p. 297, 3 (1878).

Euplcea ochsenheimeri, var. (b), Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 271.

Euplua ochsenheimeri, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc, ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 535, u. 2 (1877).

Adit/ama malayica, Moore, I\IS.

Male. Wings above dark shining brown, spotted with white. Anterior wings with the following white
spots : — one before and one after second subcostal nervule ; one in cell a little before lower disco-cellular
nervule ; a waved discal series of six spots placed between the nervules, the upper three of which are largest,
and the upper one placed above first disco-cellular ner^-ule, the last and most linear one being below third
median nervule ; a submargiual series of eight spots, the upper and innermost one of the series being situate
between thu-d and fourth subcostal nervules, the lower one placed between third median nervule; and
a marginal series of smaller spots. Posterior wings with a marginal and submarginal series of small white
spots. Wings beneath marked as above, but posterior wings possessing in addition seven small white discal

* Joum. Lian. Soc, Zool., vol. xiv., p. 292. j- Traus. Linn. Soc, vol. xsiii., 1862, p. 495 et geq.

J Proc. Ent. Soc, 1866, p. xiv., and ' Naturali.st in Nicaragua,' p. 316. § ' Zoologi.st,' p. 4.396 (1854).

1 Butler (Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool., vol. xiv., p. 295, 41) gives another species, E. a:gyptus, as having been received
from Singapore. That Singapore specimen, however, no longer remains in the National Collection under that name, and
was probably so recorded in error.

nnoPALOCEUA MALAYANA. 23

spots, one in and near end of cell, and six surrounding apical portion of cell and placed between the
nervules. Head and thorax above black ; bead and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen
above dark fuscous, spotted Mith pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi,
sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white.

Female. I have not seen this sex, but Butler describes it as having on the posterior wings " a spot in
the cell, followed by three complete series." This probably could be somewhat expressed by saying,
posterior wing of the female above marked as underside of the same wing in male.

Exp. wings, (? 110 to 115 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca; Singapore (Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra
(coll. Moore).

This is but a coustaut local race of E. ochsenheimeri, Moore, a species which Butler
considers is probably the E. (jijUcnhalii, Lucas,* and is apparently confined to Java. The
Bornean form has also been separated, under the name of E. scmlderi.

E. malayica is in itself variable, as in a second male specimen which I possess the spots
on the upper surface are much smaller, and the submarginal spots to the posterior wings are
very faint and obscure towards the anal angle.

2. Euploea bremeri. (Tab. II., fig. 4.)

Euiihm Jln-miri, Felder, Wieu. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 398, n. 16 (1860) ; Butl., Proc. Zool. See, 1866. p. 277, 28 ;

Trans. Linn. Soc, ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 535, n. 6 (1877).
Cr((stia Bremen', Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. xiv., Zool., p. 298, n. 9 (1878).
Troiiiiu Viremeri, Moore, MS.

Male. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown, becoming somewhat darker towards base. Anterior wings
with the following white spots : — one near costa between first and second subcostal nervules, one beneath
end of cell, between first and second median nervules (in some specimens there is an additional spot in and
before end of cell and another between second and third median nervules) ; a submarginal series of eight
spots, the upper three divided by third and fourth subcostal nervules, fourth and fifth much the largest,
eighth placed between second and third median nervules ; and a marginal row of small spots. Posterior
wings with a marginal and submarginal row of small white spots. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown ;
anterior wings spotted as above, but with four additional discal spots, one in and near end of cell, one
beyond end of cell, and one on each side of third median nervule ; posterior wings spotted as above, but also
with six or seven discal spots, one in and near end of cell, and six (in some specimens five) surrounding
apical portion of cell, placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above black ; head and anterior
portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, spotted with bluish beneath. Head beneath,
sternum and legs black ; palpi, sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white.

Exp. wings 90 millim.

H.U3. — Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.) ; Burma (coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.).

I have not as yet received the female of this species, nor did I capture one myself in
Province Wellesley. As will be seen by the above description, which agrees with Felder's
original diagnosis, the discal spots on the anterior wings are variable iu number.

* Jouni. Liun. Soc. vol. xiv., p. 297 (1878).

<24 IIHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

B. Males not provided with a pseiulo sccnt-phmd or hrnitd to nnterior iiinija, but posscusi ikj a pale
discoid(d patch on posterior wings.
b. Males with the inner margin of the anterior wings much produced and convex.

3. EuplcEa castelnaui. (Tab. II., fig. 6.)

Euplaa castehiaid, Felder, Keise Nov. Lep., ii., p. 315, n. 427 (1865).

Euplcea pJw;l)iis, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 270, u. 3 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 103, 1 ; Jiutl.,

Traus. Linn. Soc, ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 535, 1 (1877).
Ailpinx [Macropltea) ph(ebus, Butl., .Jonru. Linn. Soc, vol. xiv., p. 292, 3 (1878).

Male. Anterior wings olivaceous-brown, becoming gradually paler towards apex, and witli the
following pale spots : — one in cell, a little before lower disco-cellular ner\-ule, two near costa, divided by
second subcostal nervule, followed by a curved discal series of six spots placed between the nervules,
a submarginal series of eight spots, of which the upper and innermost one is placed between the third and
fourth subcostal nervules, and a marginal series of smaller and more linear spots. Posterior wings dark
olivaceous-brown, with a large pale discoidal patch situated near costal margin, and indications of two
submarginal and a marginal series of pale spots, which are somewhat distinct near apex, but become
obsolete towards anal angle. Underside of wings generally as above, but anterior wings with the discal
series of spots larger posteriorly, the marginal series to posterior wings more continuous and distinct
towards anal angle, and the posterior margins of anterior wings much paler, especially towards anal angle.
Head, thorax and abdomen blackish ; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white ; underside
of head, sternum and legs black ; palpi and sternum spotted with white.

Female. Somewhat larger and paler, with the discal series of spots to the anterior wings more
obscure, and of the submarginal series those near apex have large pale inner reflections. Posterior wings
with a distinct marginal and submarginal series of spots, the last preceded by an inner and more
obscure series.

Exp. wings, g 120 millim. ; ? 125 millim.

Hab. — Burma ; Moulmein. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Penang (coll. Dist.
and Brit. Mus.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.). — Siam (coll. Godm. & Salv.). — Java (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.).

A female specimen is here figured.

As Mr. Butler has himself admitted the identity of his E. pha'hiis aud E. castelnaui, Feld.,*
of which there can be no doubt, it becomes necessary to use the earlier and Felderian name to
this insect, though Butler still retains his own designation.! Some uncertainty appears to have
arisen as to the exact date of Felder's descriptions of species of Eupkva, Kirby giving 1867 I as
the year of publication. Felder's plates bear date 1865, though the text is stated to have
been published from 1864 to 1867, and as Butler himself § gives 1865 as the date of a
subsequent description by Felder, it is difficult to see why the apparent law of priority cannot
iu this case be followed.

bb. Males with the inner murgins of anterior wings slightly produced and convex.

4. Euplcea midamus. (Tab. II., figs. 8 <? & 9 ? .)

J'tijiilio iiiidamu.-i, LLuuffius, Mus. Ulr., p. 251 (1764) ; Syst. Nat., ii., p. 765, n. 108 (1767).
DtDiais midamus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix., p. 179, n. 12 (1819).
F.uiAtea midamus (part), Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 294, u. 76.

=>' Trans. Liuu. Soc, ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 535, 1 (1877).

f This author has (Trans. Ent. Soc, ser. 3, vol. v., p. 471) argued that Felder's work was antedated.

J Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. § Trans. Linn. Soc, ser. 2, Zool., p. 535, 3 (1877).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 25

EupJna midawu.i, But!., Trans. Linu. Soc, ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 535, n. 9 (1877).

Trepsicliiois yjiithimiis, Butl., Journ. Liun. Soc, Zool., vol. xiv., p. 297, 3 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc,
1878, p. 828.

Male. Anterior wings above dark violet-blue, with bright blue reflections towards apex, and with the
following pale spots : — a small one between first and second subcostal nervules (this is sometimes absent) ;
one in cell before lower disco-cellular nervule, two beneath cell situate on each side of second median nervule,
three beyond cell divided by discoidal nervules, a submarginal series of about seven irregularly shaped
spots, and a marginal series of very small spots which become obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings dark
brown, with the costal and apical third pale brown and subgranulose, and with a small pale patch in cell.
Underside of wings pale brown ; anterior wings spotted generally as above, but with the apical marginal
spots more distinct and continuous ; posterior wings with five small white discal spots, one in and near end
of cell, and four surrounding apical portion of cell, situated between the nervules ; a marginal series of
small spots of the same colour, and a submarginal series which only extends about half-way from apex (in
one specimen from ProA'ince Wellesley this series is. continuous) to anal angle. Head and upper part of
thorax black ; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white ; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted and
marked with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme
base of wings spotted with white.

Female. Anterior wings pale brown, with a paler longitudinal streak in cell, a similar one between
third median nervule and submedian nervure, a large ill-defined but bright blue patch on apical
third of wing, and spotted with white as in male. Posterior wings pale brown, with a long white streak
on each side of cell, and an intervening and shorter one of the same colour at its apex; three narrow
white streaks following cell, divided by the lower subcostal and discoidal nervules ; a submarginal series of
narrow elongate spots, which at basal half of wing are continued upwards and united in pairs near median
nervure ; two narrow longitudinal streaks on abdominal margin, the outer one of which is broadly bifurcate
posteriorly, and a marginal series of smaller white spots. Underside of wings pale brown, marked and
spotted with white as above ; on the anterior wings, however, the two pale longitudinal streaks above are
distinct and white beneath.

Exp. wmgs, S 90 to 96 millim. ; 2 9G millim.

Hab.— Continental India ; Khasia Hills ; Nepaul ; Silhet.— Burma ; Moulmein.— Upper Tenasserim
(coll. Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.).—Siam
(coll. Godm. & Salv.).— Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).

This widely-spread, abundant, and protected species is mimicked by several other
butterflies belougiug to diiferent and non-protected families. In particular it is mimicked by
Fapilio paradoxa and P. (enigma, and Mr. Wallace* states that lie often captured those species
under the impression that they were simply the more common E. midainus.

5. Euploea mulciber. (Tab. III., fig. 1 ^', 2 2 .)

Papiiio wiih-iher, Cramer, Piip. Exot., ii., t. 127, C, D (1799).

Euphra mkknints (part), Butl., Proc Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 294, 76 ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lap. lus. Mus. E. I. C,

i., p. 133, 11. 265 (1857).
Trepsichrois mulciher, Bntl., Jouru. Linn. Soc, Zool., vol. xiv., p. 296, 2 (1878).

Male. Closely allied to the male of E. midamii--<, but smaller, with the ai)ical portion of the anterior
wings less prominent, the submarginal spots above smaller, and the marginal spots absent ; the reflections
towards apex of the same wing are more violet than bright blue as in the other species. Beneath

=■■■ Contribut. to Nat. Select., p. 87.

March 31, 1882. h

26 KHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

the anterior wings have the marginal spots faintly indicated ; the posterior wings have the discal spots as
in E. midamm, but the marginal and submarginal spots are obsolete or absent.

Female. Smaller than corresi^onding sex of E. midamus ; the blue reflections to anterior wings much
less ju-ominent and more violaceous, and the white markings on both wings smaller and less prominent.

Exp. wings, 3 87 millim. ; ? 87 to 94 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.). — Borneo (Brit. Mus. ; colls. Moore and Dist.).

E. mukiher is only here included on the strength of a female specimen, described as from
Malacca, and contained in the British Museum. I have seen no other specimen from the Malay
Peninsula, and it has hitherto been considered as the constant Bornean race or form of
E. midaiint.';, and peculiar to that island.

G. Euploea ledereri. (Tab. II., tig. 10.)

Eiiphea ledereri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mou., iv., p. 397, n. 14 (I860) ; Keise, Nov. Lap., ii., p. 317, n. 431, t. 40,

f. 5, 6 (1865) ; Butl., Proc. Zool. See, 1866, p. 291, 66.
Eujiln-a mjinnatn, Butl., Proc. Zool. Sec, 1866, p. 291, u. 65 ; p. 288, fig. 2.
Calliphea ledereri. Bull., Trans. Linu. Soc, ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 536, 8 (1877) ; Jom-n. Liuu. See, vol. xiv.,

p. 295, 1 (1878).

Male. Anterior wings olivaceous-brown, becommg darker with dark blue reflections towards apex,
and marked with the following bluish spots : — one between first and second subcostal nervules ; one bej'ond
cell above upper discoidal nervule ; one above first median ner'S'ule ; another in cell a little before lower
disco-cellular nervirle ; and a submarginal row of five spots, of which the upper and subapical one is very
large and irregularly shaped. Posterior wings with the base olivaceous-brown ; remainder much paler, and
with a pale discoidal patch. Underside of wings pale olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings marked generally
as above, but the spots white and smaller, the submarginal series having the large siibapical spot above only
indicated by a small spot beneath, and a more or less distinct (varying in difi'ereut specimens) marginal
series of very small spots. Posterior wings with the following white spots : — a submarginal series, of which
the upper three are the largest, and which with the fourth are placed singly between the nervules, and a
marginal series which does not extend to apex. Head and thorax above blackish ; head and anterior portion
of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, spotted with bluish beneath ; underside of head
sternum, and legs black ; palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white.

Exp. wings, 3 72 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Assam ("^'arwick, Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.) ; Perak (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).

I have not yet received a female specimen of this species, and both Felder and Butler
described male specimens. It appears to be almost confined to the Malay Peninsula, especially
if there should be any error in the locality of Assam as given by Mr. Warwick to the British
Museum. According to Smith, it is also found in Sumatra.*

c. Males provided nitli a jiseudo scetit-filand or brand to anterior iriiifis, and with a jmIc discoidal patch
to posterior u-infis.

7. Euploea vestigiata. (Tab. III., fig. 6 J, 7 $ .)

F.uplica lestiijiiita, Butkr, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1806, p. 288, u. 58, f. 1.

CalUplcea vestigiata, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc, ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 535, 2 (1877).

* Bock, ' Hend Hunters of Borneo,' Appendix V., p. 330.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 27

Salpinx veathjiata, Butl,, Joiini. Linn. Soc, Zool., vol. xiv., p. 293, 12 (1878).

Var. Siilpin.r leucoi/onis, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc, ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 530, 1, t. 68, f. 5- (1877).

Male. Anterior wings above Yevy dark velvety blue, with the following pale bluish spots : — one
between first and second subcostal nerviiles, one beyond cell between second discoidal and first median
nervules ; a submarginal series of five spots placed one above and one below fourth subcostal nervule, one
above and one below upper discoidal nervule, and the other beneath lower discoidal nervule ; a small and
indistinct spot between second and third median nervules, a still smaller and more indistinct one beneath
third median nervule, and an oblong streak of the same colom- (which denotes the pseudo scent-gland or
brand) placed beneath third median nervule. Posterior wing pale olivaceous-brown, much darker towards
base, with a pale discoidal patch and three faintly indicated submarginal spots near apex, placed between the
nervules. Underside of wings olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the following pale bluish white spots : —
one between first and second subcostal nervules ; two beyond cell, divided by lower discoidal nervule ; one
large and subovate between second and third median uer^iiles ; three small and subapical, i^laced obliquely,
which are apparentl_y the commencement of a submarginal series, faintly indicated near median nervules ; and
a very faint, indistinct, and broken marginal series of small spots. Wing below thii-d median nervule much
paler. Posterior^ wings with a submarginal series of bluish white spots, the upper four of which are
placed singly between the nervules, and a marginal series commencing near anal angle and not continued
beyond first median nervule.

Female. Anterior wing above spotted as in male, but wanting the discal spot beyond cell, and with
the costal base and inner margin slightly suffused with rufous. Posterior wings as in male, but wanting
the pale discoidal patch, and possessing a marginal series of small spots near anal angle. Wings beneath
generally as in male, but possessing only one spot bej'ond cell, and with the marginal and submarginal
series of spots to anterior wing somewhat more distinct.

Male and female. Head and thorax above black ; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with
white ; head beneath, sternum, and legs black : palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with
white ; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted beneath with bluish.

Exp. wings, <? and ? 98 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) ; Sumatra (colls. Moore
and Brit. Mus.) ; Java (coll. Dist.).

This appears to be a variable species, and is probably a race of the E. novam, Feld.
Felder clearly defines this variability in his description ; in fact, with the qualifications he there
admits in the markings of several varieties, these Province Wellesley specimens (here described
and figured) might almost be considered as agreeing with some of his Nicobarian types. This
Malay form somewhat differs from Javan specimens of E. vestigiata, and appears to be inter-
mediate between some varietal forms of E. novarce and typical specimens of E. vestigiata, which
Mr. Kirby t was probably correct in considering a variety of Felder's species. The Salpinx
hucogoiiis, Butl., in my opinion, is a small female variety, but in Mr. Moore's collection, and
also in the British Museum, I have seen males of E. vestigiata at least agreeing in the matter
of size. I When one is able to examine a long series of si^ecimens, which is but seldom possible,
modifications in specific conclusions generally ensue, which would otherwise have not been
considered probable.

* Butler'.s figiu'e is somewhat misleading, tlae marginal spots to posterior wings having been enlarged and exaggerated
by the artist, compared with those on tlio type specimen in the collection of the British Museiun, which I have examined.

t Syu. Cat. Diurn. Lepid., p. 13 (1871).

I Since writing the above the small male of E. vestigiata contained in the British Museum, and placed by Butler as
belonging to that species, has been, in agreement with the advice of Moore, replaced as the male of E. leucogonis. This
affords further illustration of the close community of these forms.

28 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAXA.

8. Euploea diocletianus. (Tab. IV., fig. 4 <? and 5 2.)

J'iil>ilio di<'c/eti(inus, Fabricins, Ent. Syst., iii., 1, p. 40, ii. 118 (1793).

l)an<ik (Iwclet'uinus, Godt., Euc. Metli., ix., p. 181, ii. 16 (1819).

EiipUea rhadamanthus (part), Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C., i., p. 126, u. 250 (1857) ; Bull., Proc.

Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 296, n. 81.
Eiqilaa diocletianus (part), Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 2, n. 5 (1809).
CaUipUea dindetianus, Butl., Traus. Liiiu. Soc, ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 535, u. 1 (1877).
Salpinx diocletiamis, Joiu'n. Linn. Soc, Zool., vol. xiv., p. 294, u. 27 (1878).
Vanixepa diocletiamis, Moore, MS.

Male. Anterior wings dark indigo-blue, with pale retlections towards outer margins, and with the
following white spots : — two subcostal and linear, divided by first subcostal nervule, the inner one much the
longest (in some specimens the last is preceded above b}^ a narrow linear spot, situated above costal
nervure, which is absent in the form figm^ed) ; a very large and irregularly-shaped spot occupying apical
portion of cell, followed by a small one placed between first and second median uervules (in some specimens,
as in the one figured, this is preceded iuwardlj' bj' a small pale bluish spot) ; a submarginal series of seven
pale bluish spots, four subapical placed between the nervules, and three, which are very small, near anal
angle ; these are preceded by a large subquadrate spot between second and thu'd median nervules, with a
small one beneath it, both of which are also pale bluish, which is also the colour of the pseudo scent-gland
or brand, situated beneath and parallel to third median nervule. Posterior wings dark indigo-blue, with the
discoidal and costal area olivaceous-brown, and with the following pale bluish spots : — three submarginal
near apex, the upper one small and somewhat indistinct (sometimes absent), a small spot at end of cell
(in some specimens there are three), a marginal series of small spots near anal angle, preceded by two
(and sometimes four) slightly larger spots ; four elongate white fascire commencing near base, and situated
two between third median nervule and submedian nervure, and two on alxlominal margin. Underside of
wings paler and more olivaceous, the bluish spots much paler, a large additional white spot between second
and third median nervules, and with the pseudo scent-gland concolorous. Posterior wings marked as
above, but with the submarginal spots more numerous and continuous ; a long white streak and two linear
spots in cell, and four linear white spots surrounding apical portion of cell. Head and thorax above black;
head and anterior portion of thorax spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen dark bluish or fuscous
above, the sides paler and spotted with pale bluish beneath. Underside of head, sternum, and legs black ;
palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white.

Female. Paler and more olivaceous above. Anterior wings with the submarginal spots much paler,
the spot beneath apex of cell very large, and followed beneath second median ner^■^^le by a larger and more
irregular spot, which is connected with the one near margin. Posterior wings with a marginal a'ld
submarginal series of very pale bluish spots ; three large white streaks in cell, the apex of which is
surrounded by five white spots, the two lower ones being longest, and with the four basal and adbominal
fasciffi as in male. Underside of wings olivaceous-brown, marked and spotted generally as above, but with
the two spots between second and third median nervules of anterior wing not united.

Exp. wings, <y 78 to 80 millim.; 2 75 millim.

H.-\B. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Penang ; Malacca ; Singapore (colls.
Moore and Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (coll. IMoore).

This is evidently a Malay race of E. rhadamanthus, Fabr., a species wliicli I follow Moore
and Butler in considering- as typically represented in Northern India. It possesses also another
and very distinct Bornean race, described as E. Lowii. The principal diflereuee ])etween these
three species or races is that of a gradually increasing melanism, which is least in the North
Indian E. rhadamanthus and greatest in the Bornean form E. Loioii.

imOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 29

9. Euplcea crassa. (Tal). V., fio;. 8.)

Kuphia crassK, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18fJ0, p. 278, n. 31.

Salpinx ci-asxi,. Butler, Jouni. Liiiii. Soc, Zool., vol. xiv., p. 295, ii. 38 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 82'2.

Male. Wings above olivaceous-browu, darker aud witli somewhat bright reflections at base. Anterior
wings with a small white spot between first and second subcostal nervules ; a submarginal series of five
white and somewhat quadrate spots, with narrow, obscure, paler evanescent surroundings, placed between
the nervules, the first and uppermost one of which is situated between the third and fourth subcostal
ner^a^les, and the lower one between the second discoidal and first median nervules ; of these the third is
the largest, and with the fourtli and fifth more or less coalesce with a marginal series of smaller white
spots, which are placed in pairs between the nervules, becoming smaller towards posterior angle, and
(in the specimen described and figured) represented only by a single spot between first and second median
nervules. Posterior wings with a pale ochraceous discoidal patch, extending through upper portion of
cell, and with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots. Wings beneath slightly paler than
above ; anterior wings, in addition to the white spots between first and second subcostal nervules as
seen above, with two small white spots bej'ond end of cell on each side of lower discoidal nervule, and with
a larger spot of the same colour between second and third median nervules ; the submarginal series are
much smaller, but with the pale evanescent surroundings api^earing larger ; posterior wings marked as
above. Head aud thorax above very dark fuscous ; head and anterior i)ortion of thorax spotted with
white : abdomen fuscous above, with the sides and under surface slightly paler ; head beneath, sternum,
and legs dark fuscous ; palpi, sternum, and immediate bases of wings spotted with white.

Male with a short and somewhat obscure pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wings, between
third median nerviale and submedian nervure.

Exp. wings 93 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Darjeeling ( coll. Moore). — Burma; Pegu; Moulmein (coll. Moore). — Upper
Tenasserim (Limborg). — Malay Peninsula: (,)uedah (coll. Dist.). — Siam (Brit. Mus.).

It seems at least uncertain whether this species is not identical, and if so. synonymic, with
E. erichsonii, Felder,* as so considered by Mr. Kirby.f Felder's habitats "India Septentrionalis,
Cochin," would also favour this view. Mr. Butler, however, has identified a closely-allied form
as E. erichsonii, and as Felder has not figured his species, and his types are not easily accessible
for comparison, I have provisionally followed this view here and adopted Butler's name.

It is probaljle that this species does not extend farther south than Quedah, from which our
collectors obtained a single specimen. I did not meet with it myself when collecting in Province
Wellesley, nor have I seen it in any collections from that district or Malacca.

10. Euplcea dejeani. (Tab. IV., fig. 1.)

lx(iuii(( l>i'ji'aiiii, Moore, MS.
Kiiplird clitiic, var. '??

Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown, darker towards base. Anterior wings with a small whitish
marginal spot, situate beneath third median nervule. Posterior wings with a pale coloured patch near
basal costal margin, which is almost entirely hidden by inner margin of anterior wings, and with a
marginal and submarginal series of white spots. Underside of wings a little paler than above ; anterior

* Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. ;!2-t, ii. 44-t. \ Syn. Cat. Diuin. J.ip. p. 11, u. 38 (1871).

Junk 30, 1882. i

30 nilol'ALOCKRA MALAY AS A.

■wings with the following pale bluish spots : — a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules ;
a somewhat larger spot in c-t-ll, a little before lower disco-cellular nervule ; a similar one between first and
second median nervules, and an irregular subovate patch between second and third median nervules ;
faint indications of a marginal and submarginal series of whitish spots, distinct and prominent at anal
angle, again visible above first median nervule, and totally wanting at apex. Posterior wings beneath with
the marginal and submarginal spots as above, and with five small and indistinct spots surrounding apical
portion of cell, and situate between the nervules. Head and thorax above l)lac-k. Head and anterior portion
of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen fuscous, spotted witli pale bluish beneath. Head l)eneath,
sternum, and legs black ; j^alpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white.

Anterior wings provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland m l)rand, situate between third median
nervule and submedian nervure.

Exp. wings 86 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Godm. & Salv.). — Sumatra (coll. Oberthiir).

It is quite possible that this form may be l)ut an extreme variety of E. chloe. I have seen
but two examples — one from Malacca, in the collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin, which
is here described and figured ; the other from Sumatra, in the cohectiou of Mon. Oberthiir,
which had been forwarded to Mr. Moore for identification, and for which that entomologist had
proposed the name which I have used here.

Note. — In the figure here given (Tab. IV., tig. 1) the pseudo scent-gland or brand on
anterior wing has failed to appear in the last chromatic impression.

11. Euploea chloe. (Tab. IV., fig. 2 j . Tab. II., fig. 5 j .)

hhiplma C'htue, Gueriu, Deless. Souv. Inde, ii. p. 71 (1843) ; lintl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 18GG, p. "271, ii. 7 ; Trans.

Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 535, u. 5 (1877).
Salpinx chloe, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. xiv. p. 295, u. 37 (1878).
Isiimia chloe, Moore, MS.

Male. Anterior wings above dark olivaceous-brown, basal half much darker, with obscure violaceous
reflections ; a subapical, arcuated series of five white spots, the upper two divided by the fourth subcostal
nervule ; third and largest situated beneath fifth subcostal nervule ; fourth and fifth smallest, with the
ui)per discoidal nervule intervening (beneath these are faint indications of a submarginal series of small
spots), and a marginal series of small white sj^ots, becoming obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings above
olivaceous-brown, with a submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, the submarginal series
much obliterated, but in some specimens distinct and continuous. Underside of wings pale olivaceous-
brown ; anterior wings with the following bluish white markings ou disk : — a small spot between first and
second subcostal nervules (sometimes this is accompanied by one or two others, as in the female) ; a similar
spot in cell, before lower disco-ceUular nervule ; a spot between first and second median nervules, and a
large irregularly shaped streak between second and third median nervules ; marginal and submarguial spots
as above, but larger, more distinct, and continuous. Posterior wings with a pale discoidal patch near basal
costal margin, which is for the most part hidden by inner margin of anterior wings ; spotted as above, but
with the submarginal spots distinct and continuous, and having five additional and distinct discal spots,
which surround the apical portion of cell. (In some specimens there is a very small but distinct spot in
and before end of cell, and sometimes a sixth surrounding spot situated above first subcostal nervule.)
Head and thorax above black ; the head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen
fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and
extreme base of wings spotted with white.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAXA. 31

Anterior wings above provided with an elongate jiseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third
median neivule and submedian nervure.

Female. Generally larger in size, with the marginal and submarginal spots more distinct above.
AVings beneath marked generally as in male, but with three central spots on anterior wing near costal
margin. Posterior wings having the spot in cell distinct, and also the sixth surrounding spot to aijical
portion of cell.

Exp. wings, J 88 to 96 millim. ; 9 103 to 110 mihini.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Godm. & Salv., and Jirit.
MuH.). — Singapore (Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra. — .Java (coll. Moore).

From an examination of a series of specimens, collected in the Malay Peninsula, much
macular variation is apparent, and it is probable that the constancy of these characters have
been much over-estimated in discriminating species of Eupkca. In the male specimen here
figured from Malacca (Tab. IV., fig. 2) the marginal and submarginal spots are much obliterated
on the upper surface of the wings. In some male specimens, however, from Province Wellesley
these spots are as prominent and distinct above as in the female figured (Tab. II., fig. 5).

12. Euploea margarita. (Tab. IV., fig. 3.)

Kiiplcca waiv/diita, Butler, Free. Zool. Soc. 1866, j). '279, n. 34; Uruce, Proc. Zonl. Soc. 1874, p. 103, u. 6;

Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. .53.5, u. 4 (1877 1.
Siilpinx mai-(/(irit(i, Butl., Journ. Liiin. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 294, ii. 34 (1878) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 823.
haiiiia iiiari/arita, Moore, MS.

Male. Anterior wings with about basal four-lifths of area deep violaceous, from thence to outer margin
ferruginous ; a small bluish spot near costa, between first and second subcostal nervules, and one in and
near end of cell ; indications of a marginal but obsolete series of small spots, denoted by one or two near
anal angle and sometimes two pale submarginal obscure spots, situate on each side of second discoidal
uervule. Posterior wings ferruginous, with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots, and a pale
discoidal patch near costal base, which is almost hidden by the inner margin of the anterior wings.
Wings beneath pale ferruginous. Anterior wings with the following pale bluish spots and markings : —
a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules, and a larger one before end of cell (as above) ;
beneath the last is a similar spot between the first and second median nervules, and a long subovate
streak between second and third median nervules ; a much obliterated marginal and submarginal series of
very small spots. Posterior wings marked as above, with the addition of a discal series of six small spots,
one in and near end of cell, and five surrounding apical portion of cell, divided by the nervules. Head and
thorax above black ; anterior portion of thorax and head spotted with white ; abdomen dark fuscous,
spotted beneath with bluish white; head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme
base of wings spotted with bluish white.

Anterior wings above provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or Ijrand, situate between third
median nervule and submedian nervure.

Female. Completely resembling other sex, l)ut in my specinuii possessing on upper surface of
anterior wings two additional small bluish spots beneath apex of cell, and divided by second median
nervules.*

Exp. wings 86 to 102 millim.

Hab. — Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore). — Upper Tenasserim (Liniborg). — Malay Peninsula; Penang;
Malacca (Brit. Mus.). — Siam (coll. Godm. & Salv.).

* It is very proliable that these diKcoidal spots <m upjjer snrtiice if anterior wii]t,'s are variable in number in botli sexes.

82 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Mr. Butler, in his original description of this species, gave its habitat as "East Indies."
It has probably, however, but a limited area of distribution, possibly not extending above
Burmu in the north, nor beyond the confines of the Malay Peninsula in the south.

Messrs. Godman and Salvin possess a curious male variety of this species from Malacca,
which has on the upper and under sides of the anterior wings a submarginal series of seven
white spots placed between the nervules, and has the marginal series of spots continuous
and moderately distinct ; the spot in the cell beneath is also visible above. I possess a female
form in my own collection (unfortunately without a locality) which agrees with the same.

D. Midi's proridi'd with a pscudo sceiit-filand or brand to anterior innf/s, hut not possessinfi a pah- disroidal
patch to posterior iriiifis.

13. Euploea distanti. (Tab. V,. fig. 9 J .)

Criistiii Di.sUnttii, Moore, Auu. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. V. June, 1882, p. 453.

Male. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the basal area darker and with the
following white spots : — a submarginal series of eight spots, of which three are small, subcostal, and i^laced
between the second, third, fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, fourth and fifth largest and situate on each
side of Tipper discoidal nerviile, the following three smaller, rounded, and placed one above and one below
first median nervule, and one below second median nervule, and a marginal series of smaller spots j^laced
in pairs between the nervules. Posterior wings more uniformly and palely olivaceous-brown, with a
submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, the first becoming indistinct and obsolete towards
anal angle. Wings beneath olivaceous-brown. Anterior wings marked as above, with the addition of four
discal and very pale violaceous spots, one between first and second subcostal nervules, one in and before lower
end of cell, one beneath end of cell between first and second median nervules, and the fourth largest and
elongate between second and third median nervules. Posterior wings with the submarginal and marginal
series of spots continuous and distinct, and with the following small and very pale violaceous spots : — one
in and before end of cell, and six surrounding apical portion of cell, divided by the nervules. Head and
thorax above blackish ; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white ; abdomen dark fuscous
above, somewhat paler beneath ; head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish ; palpi, sternum, and extreme
base of wings spotted with white.

Male with a dark elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand on upper surface of anterior wings, between
third median nervule and submedian nerviire.

Female. Wings above paler and more unicolorous olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the
marginal and submarginal spots as in male, but larger and with a ninth submarginal spot beneath third
median nervule ; there are also three very small discal spots, one between first and second subcostal
nervules, one between first and second median nervules, and one in and a little before lower end of cell (there
is also a faint indication of a fourth between second and third median nervules) ; posterior wings with the
submarginal and marginal spots much larger than in male. Wings beneath spotted as in male, but the
marginal and submarginal sjjots much larger, and with an additional narrow streak or spot between first
and second subcostal nervules, and a similar one beyond end of cell, between lower discoidal and first
median nerviiles of anterior wings.

Exp. wings, <? 84 millim. ; 2 85 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (coll. Moore). — .Java (coll. Dist.).

I have only procured one male specimen from Province Wellesley, and my solitary female
example is from Java. The male has a very considerable superficial resemblance to E. bremeri,

EHOPALOCEIIA MALA VAX. I. 3a

but the presence of the pseudo scent-gland or brand to anterior wings will at once separate
it from that species. It is at least a question whether the term "mimicry" should be used
here, both species belonging (as I consider, and most entomologists till recently considered) to
the same genus. All the species of Euplua with which we are acquainted, and as Mr. Wallace has
informed us, have, with the remaining Danaince of the Old World tropics, the " same protective
odour."* In this case, if we adoj^t the explanation of mimicry for the resemblance of these
two species, we must presumably consider E. distanti as the mimicked species, as it possesses a
pseudo scent-gland, which may reasonably be considered as adding to its protective or uneatable
character, and which is absent in E. hreineri. We thus have the " mimicking" very much more
abundant than the "mimicked" species, which is contrary to the usually observed phenomena,
though Fritz Midler has recorded some similar exceptions as occurring in Brazil,! and the
same observer has also endeavoured to show that there is an advantage in two nauseous species
resembling each other, as occurs between two American species, both of which belong to genera
which are protected from birds and other enemies by distasteful qualities. I Such propositions
are of course at present hypothetical, and are at least supplementary to the carefully observed
facts on which Mr. Bates originally disclosed and argued the admirable doctrine of "mimicry," §
which accounted for the strange external resemblances, long known to entomologists, which
existed between insects belonging to distinct genera, families, and even orders, between which
there was no real affinity. In the great genus Papilio we certainly have species mimicking each
other, but these belong to different sections of the genus, many instances of which have been
pointed out by Mr. Wallace, ]| and other examples have been recently given by Mr. Wood-Mason IT
of species belonging to scentless groups mimicking those which are strong-scented and inedible.
But in the genus Euplcea we have at present no knowledge of non-nauseous or non-protected
species, and therefore the probability of the species "mimicked" being E. distanti, because of
its possession of a pseudo scent-gland, and hence presumably protective advantage, is somewhat
negatived by the fact that some Euplaas without these glands are mimicked by other and very
divergent species, as notably E. midamus hy I'apilio parudoxa and P. (enigma. The possession
of these glands does not therefore appear necessary for distastefulness and protection ; and
hence, until further observations are made by careful observers, it seems at least rash to
predicate "mimicry," in the sense used by its discoverer, as the explanatory cause of these
resemblances amongst the species of Eupla-a. The original argument that butterflies which
were hwn-n hij ohsercatiou to be uneatable or protected were mimicked in appearance by different
butterflies which did not possess distasteful qualities for the sake of a similar protection, does
not warrant the conclusion that because two or more butterflies or other insects (of not or the

* Contrib. to Nat. Select, p. 85 (1870).

t Ann. & Mag. Xat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. i. p. 1.57 (1878) ; ' Kosmos,' 1879, p. 100; and Tioc. Eut. Soc. 1879, p. xxiv.

I MiiUer's views have since been amplified and approved by Mr. Wallace, which gives them no inconsiderable strength
(' Nature,' vol. xxvi. p. 86).

J This word seems to have been first used in a biological sense by Prof. Henfrey, in his translation of Schouw's ' Earth,
Plants, and Man ' (18.52), and in reference to Botany. In discussing " repetitions in the vegetable kingdom" he remarks (p. 61).
"There is still another kind of repetition which I might call ' habitual repetition,' or denominate 'mimicry.'" Both author
and translator, however, missed its philosophical application.

II Contrib. to Nat. Select, pp. 87, 88. U Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, February, 1882, pp. 104, 105.

June 30, 1882. k

84 nUOl'ALOCKllA MALAYA^\A.

same genus) resemble each other, therefore, without observation of the fait, it is proved that one
must be protected or uneatable and the other or others are mimickers.

11. Euploea godarti. (Tab. III., hg. 8.)

/■hiplaa Goilartii, Lucas, Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 319 ; Butl., Pioc. Zool. Soc. 180G, p. 275, n. 22 : Journ. Linn. Soc,
Zool. vol. xiv. p. 801, n. 37 (1878) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824.

F.uplcea xiiiiiinisis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 341, u. 473, t. 41, f. 6 (1865); Diuce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874,
p. 103, 5.

t'rastid ijodartii, Moore, MS.

Male. Anterior wing olivaceous-brown, darkest towards base, and with the apex broadly lilaceous.
Posterior wings olivaceous-brown, with a marginal and submarginal row of pale spots. Wings beneath
olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with four pale wbitisb discal s^jots, the first situated between first and
second subcostal nervules, the second in ceU a little before lower disco-cellular nervule, third lietween first
and second median nervules, and fourth and largest between third median nervule and submedian uervure ;
a few marginal white spots near anal angle (in a second unlocalised male specimen in my collection there
are traces of a submarginal row of spots, distinct near apex and anal angle). Posterior wings with the
marginal and submarginal spots as above, but much paler ; a small bluish white spot in and near end of
cell, and a series of four spots of the same colour beyond cell and placed between the nervules (in some
specimens there are six of these spots). Head blackish ; thorax above and abdomen fuscous. Head and
anterior portion of thorax spotted with white ; underside of abdomen spotted with bluish white. Head
beneath, sternum, and legs blackish ; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white.

Anterior wings provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median
nervule and submedian nervure.

Female. I have as yet been unable to examine a female specimen from the Peninsula, and as
the male here described is of a somewhat varietal character I hesitate to give the diagnosis of the other sex
from a different habitat.

Exp. wings, 3 8(j miUim. ; 2 94 millim.

Hab. — Burma; Moulmein. — Upper Tenasserim (coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coh.
Godm. & Salv.) — Siam (Brit. Mus.) ; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Cochin icoll. Fekl.)— Philippines
(Brit. Mus.)

The specimen here figured and described is contained in the Godman and Salvin collection,
is labelled " Singaijore," and was received from Mr. Druce. It is the only example of the
species I have yet seen from the Malay Peninsula. As will be seen from the description,
it is a somewhat varietal form, l)ut until we liave seen more specimens from the locality,
it would be extremely hazardous to consider it constant in that respect, especially as we have
already seen that these macular characters are generally of an inconstant and variable nature
in other species.

15. Euploea menetriesi. (Tab. III., tigs. 4 <? & 5 ? .)

KiqAcea Menetrii'm, FeWer, Wien. Eut. Mou. iv. p. 398, n. 15 (18G0|; ISiitl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 18(50, p. 275,
n. 18 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 103, ii. 4 ; liutL, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 535,
n. 7 (1877); Jom-u. Linn. Soc, Zool., xiv. p. 301, u. 44 (1878|.

Pcnon mi'netriesi, Moore, MS.

Male. Anterior wings dark pitchy brown, with velvety reflections, and becoming very slightly paler
at outer margins. Posterior wings olivaceous-brown, much darker near base, and with a very faint and

nnol'ALOCERA MALAYANA. 35

obscure series of narrow, elongate snbmarginal spots, followed by a marginal series of smaller, somewhat
romided, and equally obscure spots. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown, somewhat darker towards base.
Anterior wings with the following bluish white spots : — one above and one beneath second subcostal nervule,
and another beneath the origin of third subcostal nervule (these last two spots are present in the specimen
figured, but, judging from my other examples, are more frequently absent) ; a spot in cell before lower
disco-cellular nervule ; a similar one between first and second median nervules, and a larger and more
flongate spot between second and third median nervules ; near posterior angle are sometimes a few very
small and indistinct white marginal spots. Posterior wings with the obscure marginal and submarginal
spots distinct and white beneath, and with the following pale bluish discal spots : — one in and near end of
cell, and five (in some specimens six) surrounding apical portion of cell and situated between the nervules.
Head, thorax, and abdomen above blackish ; head and anterior porticm of thorax spotted with white ; body
beneath and legs blackish ; palpi, sternum, and extreme bases of wings spotted with white ; abdomen
beneath spotted and subannulated with bluish white.

Male with an elongated pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wings, between third median nervule
and submedian nervure.

Female. Wings above paler than in male, olivaceous-brown, and unicolorous : posterior wings with
the submarginal and marginal series of spots distinct and white above. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-
brown ; anterior wings spotted as in male, but with an additional submarginal series of smaller spots.
Posterior wings spotted and marked as in male sex, but with the marginal and submarginal series of spots
somewhat larger and extending to apex.

Exp. wings, 3 80 to 85 millim. ; S 90 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Siam ; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Sumatra (Hewits. ; Smith). —
Borneo (coll. Dist.)

The males are somewhat inconstant in size, and have frequently the marginal and
submarginal spots on the upper surface of the lower wings almost obsolete, and sometimes
nearly as distinct as m the female.

16. Euploea pinwilli. (Tab. III., fig. 9 j , & vur. fig. 10 3 .)

Eupbea Piiiivilli, Butler, Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 585, n. H, pi. Ixix. fit;;. 0 (1877) ; .Jouru. Linn.

Sec, Zool. vol. xiv. p. 301, n. 43 (1878).
Peiioa PinwilU, Moore, MS.

Male. Anterior wings above dark pitchy brown, with very slight and obscure purplish reflections.
The pseudo scent-gland, situated between third median nervule and submedian nervm'e, large, silky, and
paler in hue. Posterior wings much paler and olivaceous-brown, with a marginal and submarginal series
of whitish spots, the marginal ones small and rounded, the submarginal series becoming much larger and
elongate from first median nervule to anal angle, where they are also j^aler in hue. Underside of anterior
wings much paler than above, with the following violaceous spots : — one between first and second subcostal
ner\Tiles ; one in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule ; two beyond end of cell, one on each side of
fijrst median nervule, and a larger, more elongate, and whitish spot Ijetween second and third median
nervules. There are also a few white dots near posterior angle, and in some specimens, as the one here
figured, one near apex. Underside of posterior wings with the marginal and submarginal series of spots
much more distinct, paler, and slightly larger than above, and with the following small pale violaceous
spots on disk, one in and a little before end of cell, and six (in some sjiecimens seven) surrounding apical
i^ortion of cell, and placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above blackish ; abdomen fuscous,

36 RHOI'ALOCERA MALAY AX A.

spotted with white beneath : head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish ; head above, anterior ijortion of
thorax, palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white.

Exp. wings, 3 92 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)

This species varies much in the colour of the marginal and suhmarginal series of spots
to the upper surface of the posterior wings, as occurs in the preceding species. In some
specimens these are white, as in the variety figured. It is closely allied to E. mhietriesi, from
which its constantly larger size apjiears to be the strongest differential character. Butler
descri])es it as being darker than E. minu'triesi, but this does not apparently obtain when series
of both species from the Malay Peninsula are compared.

E. Males provided irith tiro jiseudo scent-glands or hrroids to anterior wings, but not possessini/ a palf
discoidal putrh to posterior wings.*

17. Euploea grotei. (Tab. III., fig. 3.)

Euplcea i/rotei, Felder, Keise Nov. Lap. ii. p. 339, n. 470, t. 41, fig. 7 (1865) ; But!., Traus. Linu. Soc. ser. 2,

Zool. vol. i. p. 535, 3 (1877).
Stirtopliea grotei, Butl., Joum. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. siv. p. 302, 4 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,

p. 824.

Male. Anterior wings dark violaceous, with a suhmarginal row of eight small pale violaceous spots
situated between the nervules, and a marginal row of small spots which are almost white near j^osterior
angle, and do not e.xtend more than half way between that angle and apex. Posterior wings ferruginous,
with a suhmarginal and marginal row of white spots, of which the first are the largest and become fused
with the marginal series near anal angle. Wings beneath pale ferruginous ; anterior wing with two small
bluish spots near end of cell, the first situated between first and second subcostal nervules, the second
above first discoidal nervule ; three larger spots of the same colour on disk, the first inside and a little
before end of cell, remaining two beneath cell and on each side of second median nervule ; marginal and
suhmarginal spots as above, but smaller, paler and becoming obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings with
a discal series of eight small pale bluish spots, situate two beneath costal nervure, followed by five
surrounding apex of cell, and divided by the nervules, and one in and near apex of cell ; marginal and
suhmarginal spots as above. Head and thorax blackish ; anterior portion of upper surface of thorax
and head spotted with white ; abdomen blackish, spotted with bluish beneath ; sternum and legs black ;
palpi, sternum, and extreme bases of wings spotted with bluish white.

Anterior wings above, with two long and subparallel pseudo scent-glands or brands situate between
tliird median nervule and submedian ner\TU'e.

Exp. wings 80 to 95 millim.

Hab. — Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore). — Upper Tenasserim (Limborg). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca
(Brit. Mus.)— Cochin (coll. Felder).

This species appears to be somewhat scarce in the Malay Peninsula. The British
Museum possesses Malaccan specimens collected by Capt. Piuwill ; but I neither captured
it myself in Penaug or Province Wellesley, nor have I yet received examples from those
localities. Its area appears to be comprised between Cochin and Burma in the north, and
extending probably almost throughout the Malay Peninsula in the south.

* 1 am much intlebted to my frieud Mr. Moore for having drawn my attention to the vtihie ofthesp characters; which
I have here used for the purposes of sectional division.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

37

Subfam. SATYPJN.E.

S((t//n«f/',Biites,Joum.Eut.ii. p. 176(1864); Moore.Lep.Ceyl. i.p. 13 (1881). --^-^^^=•=^''^^"^9-
Sattjridw, Swains., Cab. Cycl. pp. 86, 93 (18-10) ; Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. ''i'"- ^- Law.. u{ iieianith hda. (Fr.,r

p. 352 (1851) ; Trimen, Ehop. Afr. Austr. p. 184 (1862). "'-s .x- J n,„v.Cat,. i.e|..MMs.E.i.a

Eiiri/trlidfc (part), Westw., Geu. Dium. Lep. ^i. 403 (1851). Nt^Mill^S^M

Kh/iiiniinci, Herr.-Schaff., Proclr. Syst. Lep. i. p. 15 (1864). !S.V "J^S^^^^I
Kh/iiinihm, Kirby, C'at. Diuru. Lep. [>. 112 (1871).

Discoidal cell of the hind wing closed,
compressed and fringed with long hair-scales,
with the tails bifid.

Palpi of the imago generally
Larvae smooth and spineless,

:=>^

This widely dispersed aud cosmopolitan subfamily possesses
several characters of both interest and importance, as demonstrative t. „ ,, ,

J^iG. 9. Meail, showing palpi (|,'i-eutly
of its distinctive position. ma-rninM) of JlelanitU ismeni-.

The smooth spineless larvae, with bifid tails, are also found in the allied subfam. Brassolimv*
and likewise occur in the subfam. Nijiiiphalincc, of which the genera Apatwa and Churaxes may
serve as examples. These larval coincidences in the different subfamilies may be well observed
by a study of Dr. Horsfield's classification, that author having, on similar but less ricrid larval
characters, founded his Thysamtriform group. f Mr. Newman, dealing with the same affinities,;!:
described these larvae as "slug-shaped caterpillars" {Limaci formes), and as examples figured those
of Apatura iris and two species of Satijriita: Dr. Weisman has also noticed this incongruence. §
This form of larva, however, is constant throughout the Satijrince, thus exhibiting — to use the
good English equivalent given for a German term of Dr. Weisman — a "congruence" of larval
characters. They are almost all feeders on various grasses, to which their green coloration and
markings assimilate them, thus affording a good example of "protective coloration." In an
evolutionary sense there are also ample grounds for considering them as exhibiting a very
primitive form. Dr. Weisman has made the most profound and philosophical study of larval
characters, principally as found in the Sphimjidiv, a family which strongly exhibits more or less
specialised larval markings. He considers the oldest Sphinx larvae as being without markings
and probably protected only by adaptive coloration and a large caudal horn, &c. It is at least
probable that the bifid tails of the Satyrituc fulfil an analogous protective function with this
caudal horn in the Sphingidce, or with the forked horn at the tails of the larvtT of some genera
of moths. With the next stage of Sphingid evolution, where the larva3 have become longi-
tudinally striped, we may almost apply Dr. Weisman's very words to the Satyrina> : — "The
caterpillars thus marked must have been best hidden on those jjlants in which an arrangement
of parallel linear parts predominated ; and we may venture to suppose that at this period most
of the larvaB of the Sphiuyidv lived on or among such plants (grasses)." ||

* This subfamily is confined to Tropical America. \ Descrip. Cat. Lep. Ins. pp. 21 -2.

X ' British Butterflies,' pp. 19 & 20.

§ 'Studies iu the Theory of Descent,' p. 438 (Eug. ed.). Dr. Weisman, however, errs in stating that the imagines of
the genera Apatura aud Nymjihali.i differ from those of the Satyr ina chiefly " iu the absence of an enlargement of certain
veins of the fore wings, au essential character of the Satyrince," as the enlargement of these veins is not a constant cliaracter,
whilst the more or less atrophied disco-cellular nervules of the posterior wiugs in all the geuera of the Nymphaliiuc is a
constant and easily observed character to separate that subfamilj' from the Satyrintc.

II ' Studies in the Theorj' of Descent,' p. 381.

June 30, 1882. l

38 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

As regards the distribution of the Satijrina', Prof. Westwood has calculated that the number
of the European species is considerably greater than one-third of the whole number of European
Rhopalocera,* whilst Mr. Kirby estimates them as nearly a third, f It is in this region that the
lower forms of grasses are very abundant, for, as Meyen has pointed out, these (the grasses which
form meadows and pastures) are peculiar to the colder regions and to the colder half of the tem-
perate regions ; they are replaced by larger arborescent forms in the subtropical zone and within
the tropics. :|: This large percentage of Satyriiue to the whole Rhopalocerous fauna probably
extends throughout the Palearctic region, § but of the butterflies of Northern and Central Asia we
still know very little. Even in China, Mr. Pryer, giving the results of a short entomological
excursion, says, " The commonest butterfly was one of the Satyr idee, which subsequently turned
out to be not only a new species, but a new genus." |1 It cannot, however, be postulated that the
average numerical distribution of the grasses is in proportion to the average numerical distribution
of the Satyriiiw, for whereas, according to De CandoUe's statistical review, the Old World and Asia
especially is richer in grasses than the New, for though in the latter the grasses rarely amount to
as much as ten per cent, of all the flowering plants in the various districts, usually only nine,
occasionally only seven per cent., they generally amount to ten and often to twelve per cent, in the
Eastern Continents. IT I found from an estimate made from Mr. Kirby's Catalogue (1871) that
the approximate equivalence in the number of genera and species as found in the Old and New
Worlds** was exceedingly close and quite surprising in that respect. However, the number of
genera peculiar to Tropical America are greater than those which are peculiar to any other region,
the Oriental Region being next in that respect, but only to less than half the extent, f f

According to Dr. Thwaites, 1 1 the Ceylonese specimens of Sattjriiice are inactive and fly
near the ground, amongst grass and close to the margins of woods. Their movements,
however, are more lively in the early morning and evening during their amatory gambols. §§
They have also been observed on the Amazons by Mr. Wallace, ||1| and in South Africa by
Mr. Trimen, ITIT whose record of their flight is similar to that of Dr. Thwaites, and agrees with
my own observations in Province Wellesley. Mr. Wallace adds to his Amazonian account that
he did not remember to have ever seen any species rise four feet from the earth, whilst the
greater number of them did not exceed as many inches ; and Mr. Trimen noticed that those
species which did not possess the basal inflation of the nervures of the anterior wings possessed
greater powers of flight and a more robust structure generally.

The colour of these butterflies is generally of a sombre hue, dull brown being the usual tint of
the upper surface, though exceptions to this rule, as might be expected, are not infrequent. There
often appears to be some correlation between obscure colours above and ocellated spots beneath.

* Doubl. & Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. vol. ii. p. 352. t ' Eiuopean Butterflies,' p. 45.

,[ ' Botanical Geograijhy' (Ray Soc), p. 107.

§ These statistics do not apply to the Nearctic Region, for Mr. Scudder, iu discussing the disparity in numbers of the
Nymphalidce of Europe and N. America, remarks that such " is almost wholly due to the vast number of Satyrs, or Meadow
Browns iu Europe — it has seveuty-seven species — while we have but nineteen." — ' Butterflies,' p. •iti-1.

jl Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 54. 11 Quoted by Peschel, ' The Races of Man,' p. 412.

■■'* The Satyrid faunas of the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions were compared with those of the Palearctic, Ethiopian,
and Oriental Regions.

It Wallace, Geogr. Distrib. An. vol. ii. p. 471. Jt Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 13.

§§ Mr. Swinton, who has paid much attention to this branch of Entomology, states that many buttei-flies pair at
noontide wheu the sky is overcast (' Insect Variety,' p. 92).

nil Trans. Ent. Soc. 1857, p. 2U1. HI Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 185.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

39

Mr. Grant Allen has advocated the view of a correlation between the colours of animals
and the food on which they feed. " Where bright blossoms are common insects are brilliant,
while where most blossoms are inconspicuous most insects are dingy."* "In short, the
immense majority of animals which do not feed on bright-coloured food are of plain hues, &c." f
Mr. Allen has greatly rehed on the briUiancy of flower-frequenting butterflies in support of his
theory, which might also have been assisted by a reference to the generally sombre-hued
Satijrincc, whose home and sustenance are the wind-fertihsed grasses, with their obscure and
degenerate flowers. |

Seven genera only can at present be included in this fauna, which is doubtless an insufiicient
enumeration.

Fig. 10. Posterior wing, Jlelanitis
ismene, sbowing racdian nervules.

Fig. 11. Post, wiug, Lethe europa,
showing median nervules.

SYNOPSIS OF GENEEA.

1. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings emitted before
end of cell.

A. Posterior wings with their outer margins more or less waved and
obtusely augulated.

a. Median nervules of anterior wings with their bases widely separated.
h. Costal nervures of anterior wings not dilated.

c. Nervules of posterior wings all well separated at their bases.
(/. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings distinctly

longer than the upper one. Melanitis.

hh. Costal nervures of anterior wings dilated towards base.
c. Wings beneath provided with perfect ocelli. §
cc. First and second median nervules of posterior wings with
a common origin at apex of cell.
del. Disco-cellular nervules of posterior wings about or
almost subequal in length.

/. Antennae distinctly clavate. .... Lethe.
ff. Antennse slender, the apical portion gradually but
slightly thickened.
dihl. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings distinctly

longer than the upper one. Ccelites.

ccc. First and second median nervules of posterior wings
approximating, but considerably sejsarated at their
origin; the first only at apex of cell. - - - Erites.

aa. First and second median nervules of anterior wings with a
common origin at apex of cell.

ee. Posterior wings without (or sometimes 23rovided
with imperfect) ocelli.
cccc. First and second median nervules of posterior wings with

a common origin at apex of cell. . . . . Elymnias.

B. Posterior wings with their outer margins sometimes more or less
waved, but not augulated or tailed.

hhh. Costal and sometimes also median and submedian nervures
dilated at base.

g. Males j^rovided with long hair-covered pseudo

scent-glands. ---... Mycalesis.

2. First subcostal nervule only of anterior wing before end of cell. - Ypthima.
* ' The Colour Sense,' p. 160. \ Ibid. p. 181.

I The story of degeneracy of these flowers has been recently well told in the 'St. James's Gazette' (May 8, 1882),
under the title of " The Flowering of the Grasses," by a skilful biologist, using the nom de plume of ' Colin Clout.'

§ I here use the term "oceUi" for brevity, preferring that of '• ocellated spots," as elsewhere applied in the test.
Although the first term is used by many excellent lepidopterists, still it has an earlier and distinct entomological definition,
especially in Rhynchota.

Fig. 19. Post, wings, Erites antjii
Inris, showing median nervules.

Fig. 13. Anterior wing, Melanitis
ismene, showing median nervules.

Flo. 14. Ant. wing, Elymnias cast-
plwiie, slimving median nervules.

40 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Genus MELANITIS.

Melanitis, Fabricius, Illiger's Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 14 (1881).
Hipio, Hiibn., Verz. bek. Scbmett. p. 56 (1816).

Cyllo, Boisd., Voy. Astrol. Lep. p. 140 (1832); Fauue Mad. p. 57 (1833) ; Westw., Gen. Dium. Lcp. p. 360
(1851) ; Trimeu, Khop. Afr. Austr. p. 186 (1866).

Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and convex, and with the apex produced
and usually angulated about lower discoidal nervule, beneath which the outer margin is distinctly
excavated ; inner margin nearly straight ; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end
of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule strongly produced and directed outwardly, abruptly deflexed and
convexly bent at apex; lower disco-cellular abruptly curved inwards near commencement, and then,
and for its greatest length, slightly directed outwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the
outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule ; nervules all well
separated at their origins ; lower disco-cellular nervule distinctly longer than the upper. Eyes naked.
Palpi clothed beneath with short scaly haii's placed close together — squamose. Antennae more or less
incrassated at apex.

This genus is widely distributed, being found in Western, Southern, and Eastern Africa,
throughout Continental India, and extending eastward through the whole of the Southern
Oriental Region, including the Malay Archipelago ; it is also extensively spread amongst the
Pacitic Islands, and as far south as Australia.

It is, however, difficult to assess the number of known "species" of Melanitis, owing to
the very conflicting views of difl'erent authorities, and the empirical condition of our knowledge
on that point. Forms which a few years ago were estimated as varieties only, have since, on
further consideration by the same authors, been promoted to specific rank. Thus, in 1867,
Mr. Butler published* short diagnoses and references to forty-one different forms of M. lecla
contained in the British Museum, of which he summarised the habitats as " -Java ; Oceania ;
Australia; Africa," and stated that the variation was so gradual that it was impossible to
determine the exact limits of the two extreme forms. In 1868 f he formulated these into nine
distinct varietal forms, but since that time has had reason to treat most, if not all, of these
once-considered varieties as distinct species, in which he is in agreement with several modern
authors.

The question, however, is far from solved, and the two species here included as such,
in accordance with good authorities, have more often been considered as varietal forms, and
should still be so if the following is accepted as conclusive.

Mr. Darwin, in discussing the variability and formation of the ocelli or egg-like spots on
the plumage of birds, has made great use of these "varieties" of M. leda, from drawings
made by Mr. Trimen and reproduced by him. I From an examination of the figures and a
consideration of Mr. Trimen's remarks on the subject, § Mr. Darwin states that " in some
specimens large spaces on the upper surface of the wings are coloured black, and include
irregular white marks ; and from this state a complete gradation can be traced into a tolerably
perfect ocellus, and this results from the contraction of the irregular blotches of colour. In

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xix. p. 51 (1867). f Cat. SatjTidae, pp. 1—3.

J ' The Descent of Man,' eil. 2, pp. 4-i8-9. § Rbop. Afr. .\ustr. p. ISO.

RHOPALOCEEA MALAY AN A. 41

another series of specimens a gradation can be followed from excessively minute dots,
surrounded by a scarcely visible black line, into perfectly symmetrical and large ocelli."

1. Melanitis leda. (Tab. IV., fig. 10.)

Vajnliii Leda, Liimams, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 773, ii. 151 (1767) ; Drury, Ex. Ins. i. t. 15, f. 5, 6 (1773) ; Cram.

Pap. Ex. iii. t. 196, C, D. 1 1780).
Oreas (nninuurdta) Leda, Hiibuer, Samml. exot. Scbmett. (1806-1816).
Melanitis Leda, Fabr., Illiger's Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807) ; Moore (part). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 222, u. 461

(1857); Butl., Cat. Satyr, p. 1, n. 1 (1868) ; Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 9, n. 1 (part), (1869) ; Trans. Linn.

Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 337, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 16, pi. 10, f. 1 a, h (1881).
liiino Leda, Hiibu., Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 56, u. 538 (1816).
Sati/nis Leda, Goclart, Enc. Metb. ix. p. 478, n. 4 (1823).
Cyllo leda, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 361, u. 1 (1851) ; Kntl., .\uu. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xix. p. 52

vars. 1, 2, 3, 3/^ 4, 5 (1867); Snellen, Tijd. Eut. xix. p. 145, u. 9 (1876i; ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877);

ibid. xxi. p. 6, u. 17 (1878).

Male aud female. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a subapical blackish spot
situated beyond end of cell, containing two whitish spots (one on each side of first median nervule), and
bordered inwardly more or less distinctly with fulvous. Posterior wings with one, two, three, or even
foui' submarginal black spots, with white centres and narrow pale margins, the largest of which is situated
between second and third median nervules. Underside of wings varying from pale variegated lilaceous (as
in specimen figured) to pale variegated ochraceous, covered with numerous darker strigse. Anterior wings
with three transverse dark fasciae, the first and most indistinct crossing cell about one-third from base,
the other passing through about centre of cell and the third a little beyond cell, and not quite reaching
inner margin (these fascife are very inconstant, two being seen distinctly on specimen figured, but on some
others they are barely distinguishable), and three, four, or five subapical black oeellated spots, with white
centres and yellowish margins, situated between the nervules, of which the largest is placed between
the first and second median nervules ; in dark lilaceous specimens the space between the third median
nervule and submedian nervm-e is more or less ochraceous. Posterior wings with a more or less distinct
dark fascia, continuous with the centre one of anterior wings and not reaching abdominal margin, and with
six submarginal oeellated spots, varying in size in different specimens, but the largest of which are the
first and upper one, situated between, and sometimes extending bej-ond, the subcostal nervules, and the
fifth, which is placed between the second and third median nervules ; the last one is also sometimes duplex,
as in the specimen figured. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

In female specimens the spots on the upper surface of the wings are usually larger and brighter.

Exp. wings, ^ 66 to 72 millim. ; 2 77 to 84 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Bombay (coll. Dist.) ; Central Provinces; Khasia Hills (coll. Moore). —
Ceylon (coll. Moore, & Brit. Mus.) — Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.* and coll. Moore).— Burma ; Moulmeiu
(Brit. Mus.)— Malay Peninsula ; Penang ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)— Sumatra
(Snellen). — Java (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.) ; Batavia (Snellen). — Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Bali (coll.
Moore).— Celebes (Snellen and Brit. Mus.)— Siam ; Chentaboou (coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Formosa. — North
China (coll. Moore).

This species varies in the shape of the anterior wings, sometimes having the apex distinctly
falcate, as in the specimen figured, or indistinctly and scarcely recognisably so, as in a Bombay
specimen in my own collection. As observed in Celebes it is crepuscular in habit, flying in the

* Wood-Mason, Joiini. .\siat. Soc. Beug. vol. l. p. 244 (1881).
June 30, 1882. m

42 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

evening at twilight, and also at early dawn.* Mr. Trimen also records the crepuscular habits of
this species (or a local form of it) at Mauritius, and states that there it could always be found " in
the dark alleys between the rows of sugar-canes." t In Continental India, at Saugor^ Capt.
de la Chaumctte describes this and an allied species as flying "at sunset under the Neem trees,
resting for a long time motionless on the ground, and will not move until you almost tread upon
them, when they will fly away in great haste and return to the same spot, chiefly some favourite
stone." \ In North-Western India, according to Capt. Lang, these same species were found
*' always flitting about under the shade of trees or lurking in long grass." § In Ceylon
Mr. Hutchison also describes its flight as taking place at dusk of evening and at dawn. |1

The larva (which I have flgured at p. 37), was reared by Capt. Lang on " Saccharuni ravenncc."

2. Melanitis ismene. (Tab. IV., figs. 9, 11 & 12.)

I'lijiilid htnene, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 26, A, B (1775).
Melanitis Jlnnksia, Mooru, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 222, n. 462 (1857).
Cyllo Leda, Butl. (part), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xix. p. 52 (1867).
Melanitis Leda, var. Ismene, Butl., Cat. Satyr, p. 2 (1868).

Melanitis Ismene, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 14, pi. 10, f. 2, », b (1881); Wood-
Mason k de Niceville, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Beug. vol. l. p. 244, u. 8 (1881).

Male and female. Wings above either pale or dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the
apical area darker, and possessing a subapical blackish spot, situated beyond end of cell, containing two
whitish spots (one on each side of first median nervule), and bordered more or less distinctly above and
inwardly with fulvous-red. Posterior wings with one, two, and sometimes three or four, very small
submarginal white spots, with black margins ; the most distinct of these spots is situated between the
second and third median nervulos, and the whole are sometimes practically obsolete as in the var. figured
(fig. 11). Wings beneath variable in hue and markings, as follows : —

Var. a,fi(i. 9 ^ . Dull greyish, with a lilaccous tinge, more or less irregularly spotted with fuscous,
exhibiting on disk the broken remains of three dark fascite ; anterior wings with a distinct white-centred
spot between first and second median nervules, above which and first median nervule is a much more
obsolete and indistinct spot ; there are also indications of two apical spots situated on each side of upper
disco-cellular nervule. Posterior wings with a more or less obsolete series of six submarginal ocellated spots,
of which the first and upper, situate between the subcostal nervules, and the fifth, placed between second
and third median nervules, are the largest and most distinct, being black with white centres and yellowish
margins. This is the typical form of Ismene as figured by Cramer.

Var. h, fiy. 12 S ■ Wings much darker and more lilaceous, the fuscous markings absent ; anterior
wings with four distinct brownish fasciae, three in and one just beyond end of cell, the first and second of
which are continued on posterior wings, where they are curved, but do not reach abdominal margin. Both
wings spotted as in var. a.

Var. c,Ji(i. 11 ? . Wings pale ochraceous, the fascite, as seen in car. b, much fainter; anterior wings
with the apical area paler and spots absent ; posterior wings with the spots very faint or obsolete.

Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Larger, with the general colour both above and beneath brighter, and the subapical
markings to the anterior wings above much more distinct and vivid.

Exp. wings, <? 70 to 72 millim. ; ? 78 to 82 millim.

* M. C. Piepers, Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. sviii. to xxiv., and English trauslatiou by Kirby, ' Entomologist,' x. p. '207 ; Snellen,
Tijil. Ent. xix. p. 145.

f Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. v. p. 336. I Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. ii. p. 37.

§ Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 182. || Moore's Lep. Coyl. i. p. 15.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 43

Hab. — Continental India ; Bombay (coll. Dist.) , Neilgherries ; Calcutta ; Nepaul ; Cashmere (coll.
Moore). — Ceylon (coll. Moore). — Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.) — Burma; Moulmein. — Tenasserim
(Limborg). — Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) — Sumatra. — Java. — Borneo (coll.
Moore, Dist., and Brit. Mus.).

This is a very variable form beneath, but the three varieties described ajjpear to represent
the species in the Malay Peninsula. In other habitats different varieties are found.

The larva and pupa as found in Ceylon are described and figured in Moore's ' Lepidoptera
of Ceylon,' from drawings made by the Bros, de Alwis. The shape is that of the larva of
3/. leda, the "head large, surmounted by two short pubescent red processes, last segment also
with two processes ; pale green with longitudinal rows of whitish dots ; dorsal and lateral line
darker green ; head bluish, face striped with white and black. Pupa green, cylindrical ; head
and thorax obliquely flattened." *

Its habits in Continental India were described with those of M. leda by Capt. Lang and
Capt. de la Chaumette {ante p. 42) ; and, in the neighbourhood of Monghyr, Mr. Lockwood tells
us that when "the toddymen cut the date trees," hundreds of this species "cohect to feed upon
the sweet sap, in company with many yellow-banded wasps and ants." t

Genus LETHE.

Lethe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 56 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 16 (1881).
Debts, "Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 358 (1851).

Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and apically convex, and the apex
rounded ; outer margin slightly waved and concave ; inner margin straight ; costal nervure dilated at base ;
first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule shoi-t,
directed outwardly at base and then somewhat concavely bent and directed outwardly along its greatest
length ; lower disco-cellular nervule nearly straight and directed outwardly. Posterior wings irregularly
subovate, with the outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule ;
first and second median nervules with a common origin about apex of cell ; disco-cellular nervules about
or almost subequal in length. Eyes prominent and hairy. Palpi clothed beneath with fine long semi-erect
hairs, distinctly separated — setose. Antennte more or less incrassated at apex.

Above forty species of this genus have been described. It is strongly represented in
Continental India, is not uncommon in the true Malayan Region, and is found as far north as
China and Japan.

Only one species has at present been received from the Malay Peninsula, and is here alone
included.

1. Lethe europa. (Tab. V., fig. 5 <? , 6 ? .)

L'apUio Europa, Fabricius, Byst. Ent. p. 500, u. 217 (1775).

Oreas marmorea Europa, Hiibn., Samml. exot. Schmett. (1806 — 1816).

Letlie Europa, Hiilm., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56, u. 534 (1816); Butl., Cat. Satyr, p. 114, n. 2 (1868); Cat.
Fabr, Lepid. p. 29, u. 2 (1869); Trans. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 537, u. 1 (1877); Moore,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 582; Wood-Mason & de NiceviUe, Jouru. Asiat. Soc. Bengl. vol. xlix. p. 226,
n. 5 (1880).

* Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 14. f Nat. Hist. Sport and Travel,' p. 226.

44 RHOPALOCEBA MALAY AN A.

Sati/nis Eiirojm, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 478, d. 6 (1823).

Debis Eurojia, Westw., Gen. Diuni. Lep. p. 359, n. 1 (1851) ; Hewits., Jouru. Liuu. Soc, Zool. vol. viii. p. 143

(1865); SneUen, Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 6G (1877).
Papilio BeroV, Cram., Pap. Ex. i. t. 79, C, D (1779).
FapiUo Arete, Cram., Pap. Ex. iv. t. 313, E, F (1782).
Lethe Arcuata, Butl., Cat. Satyi-. p. 114, u. 4, t. 2, f. 3 (1868).

Male. Wings above fuliginous-browii. Anterior wings with a very indistinct transverse pale fascia
across centre of cell (this is frequently quite obsolete), and with an oblique, broader, move distinct, and
paler fasr^ia just bevond end of cell, commencing on costa, where it is broadest, and terminating about
third median nervule, where it is narrowest ; two obscure whitish spots near ajjex, the upper one more or
less duplex and situated at about base of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules ; and with a submarginal pale
waved line at outer margin, the fringe of which is also greyish. Posterior wings with a few submarginal
and irregular darker spots, which are most distinct near apes, and with a pale submarginal waved line,
which is inwardly and irregularly bordered with verj' dark brown. Wings beneath dark shining brown.
Anterior wings with a narrow white fascia crossing the cell about centre and extending to about inner
margin ; an oblique, wider and more ochraceous fascia beyond end of cell, commencing at costa and
terminating at about third median nervule, where it becomes fused in a waved series of six continuous,
amalgamated spots, which extend from near costa to inner margin, and are lilaceous, with their centres
fuscous and theii- inner and outer margins pale ochraceous ; between these spots and the outer margin^
which has a paler narrow submarginal band outwardly bordered with black, the ground colom- becomes
more ochraceous. Posterior wings with a narrow white fascia commencing at costa, a little distance from
base, and terminating a little before centre of abdominal margin ; a submarginal series of six large,
subovate, continuous, amalgamated spots, which are pale brownish, and have the outer and inner margins
lilaceous ; the first and largest is situate on the two subcostal nei-vules, and has a large and rounded
black centre, dusted with a few white spots ; the remaining five are more elongated and compressed, fused
together at the nervules, and have the centres more or less irregularly black, dusted with white, the sixth
terminating at submedian nervure ; posterior margin ochraceous, with a pale narrow submarginal band,
bordered outwardly with black. Body, antennae, and legs fuliginous-brown.

Female. Larger than the male. Anterior wings above with the oblique fascia at end of cell white,
very broad, and terminating a little below third median nervule, followed by a white spot at posterior angle,
the ajiical spots white and three in number, the upper two close together on each side of fifth subcostal
nervule, the lower one distinctly i^receded by the upjier of two fuscous spots, situate one on each side of
lower disco-cellular nervule, both being margined with jialer bi'own. Posterior wings above as in male.
Anterior wings beneath with the broad white fascia as above, which obliterates the fifth and jiart of the
sixth submarginal spots, which are all paler and brighter than in the other sex. Posterior wings beneath
as in male, but with all the markings larger and brighter.

Exp. wings, <? 65 to 70 millim. ; ? 7o millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Neilgherries ; Malabar ; Khasia Hills (coll. Moore) ; Bombay (coll. Dist.) ;
Silhet (Brit. Mus.) — Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.) — Burma (coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Penaug
(coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (SneUen). —
Java (Brit. Mus.) — Celebes (Snellen). — Siam (Mouhot). — China; Hong Kong (Brit. Mus.); Formosa;
Hainan (coll. Moore).

The habits of this species appear to be much the same as those of Md. leda. Mr. Bigg,
at Penang, describes the " Lethes" (he refers to L. beroc and L. arcuata as two species) as
" appearing in the padi-fields and ditches, especially at dusk";* and in Celebes, Piepers saw it

* Month. Packet, vol. ii. p. 191 (1881).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAXA.

45

%ing in the moruiug twilight.* As ol)servecl iu Nortli-Western India l)y Capt. Lang, it was
found on grassy slopes in the shade or near hedges, "constantly pitching under hushes or at
roots of trees, and lyiwg jurduc ." \

Genus CCELITES.

Ciiliti't, Westwood, Gen. Diimi. Lep. p. 3G7 (1851).

Anterior wings long and subtriangular, with the costa more or less notched at base and slightly
arched, the apex depressed and rounded ; outer margin slightly emarginate and scalloped, sometimes
somewhat concave about centre ; inner margin but very slightly dilated and nearly straight ; costal nervure
strongly dilated at base ; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell ; upper disco-
cellular nervule very much shorter than the lower one, which is more or less concave. Posterior wings
more or less ovate, with the outer margin very slightly waved (as iu C. iiothis) or distinctly waved and
obtusely angulated or tailed near first median uer\Tile (as in C. vnpUichioidcs) ; first and second median
nervules emitted close together about apex of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule short and curved ; lower
one longest and more or less obhque. Eyes naked. Antennae very slender, the apical portion gradually
and slightly thickened.

This is a genus of small extent, and apparently confined to Continental India and the true
Malayan Region. Five species have heen described, hut it is possible, when due allowance has
been made for local variation, that not more than three are really known to Science at the
present time.

I have neither seen nor received any species of Ctditcs myself from the Malay Peninsula,
but in 1867 Mr. Butler described and figured a specimen, which was collected in Malacca by
Lieut. Eoberts. As the type is in the collection of that gentleman, who, I am informed, is
now absent from England, I have simply reproduced Butler's figures and description here. \

1. Coelites euptychioides, var. humilis. (Fig. 15.)

Ca'liti's eujiti/chioiiles, Felder, Raise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 499, n. 865 (18(50).

Ca-litcs Hniiiilis, Butler, Aun. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 403, t. 8, f. 8; t. 9. f. 2 (18071

(_'(!■! iti's ni}it;irhi(iiil('s. var. humilis, Butl., Cat. Satyr, p. 112, u. 4 (1808|.

Female. Wings above fuscous ; external area
of the anterior wings somewhat more obscure, of the
posterior wings paler ; both wings with an obscure
marginal line. Posterior wings with a subanal and
very indistinct blind "ocellus," margined with pale
ochraceous ; internal margin paler ; body above fus-
cous ; anennse ferruginous.

Wings beneath paler and ochraceous ; a medial
fascia and another submarginal one on which the
"ocelli" are generally distributed, violaceous ; a discal
clouded fascia, fuscous ; two u-regular marginal lines

Fig. is.

'■'■ Tijil. Eut. xix. pp. xviii. to xxiv., aud Eng. Trans, bj- Kirby, • Eatmuologist,' x. p. 271.

t Eut. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 181.

\ The original diagnosis is in Latin, but for the sake of uniformity I have given a more or less hteral translation
of the same.

Junk 30, 1882. n

46 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAXA.

distinctly fuscous; anterior wings with ii small subapical ocellus; posterior wings with five "ocelli," the
third and fourth smallest and the fifth largest ; all of these are black, surrounded with fulvous, the oxiter
margin of which is fuscous, and with very small white pupils. Body beneath ochraceous.

Exp. wings, 376 in.

H.ui. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca. — Ayerpanas (coll. Eoberts).

I have followed Mr. Butler in considering bis ('. humUis as but a local form or var. of
('. euptijchioides, Feld., and Mr. Kirby* considers it l)ut a sj-nonym of that S2iecies. Felder's
typical C. Euptychioides was from Borneo, and Bornean specimens are contained in the British
Museum. It has also been recently recorded from Sumatra, f

Genus EFJTES.

Saiiiruf:, subg. Eritt's, Westwood, Gen. Diuni. Lep. p. 392 (1851).

Anterior wings somewhat elongate and narrow, with the costa arched and slightly convex at its apex,
the apex rounded ; outer margin nearly straight, or very slightly waved inwardly about middle ; inner
margin nearly straight ; costal nervure very strongly dilated at base ; first and second subcostal ner\-ules
emitted before the end of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule very short, directed a little outwardly at base,
and then somewhat concavely in its greater length to ajjcx ; lower disco-cellular nearly straight, and verj-
slightly directed either outwardly or inwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin
waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median uer^'ule ; uervules well se^jarated at their
origin ; disco-cellular nervules about or almost subequal in length, the upper one concave, the lower one
almost straight. Eyes prominent and naked. Palpi clothed beneath with fine long semi-erect hairs,
somewhat separated and placed in tufts. Antennae slender, the apical portion slightly and gradually
thickened.

Four species represent our present knowledge of this genus, and its distribution is limited.
We have no record of its having been discovered in Continental India ; one species is apparently
confined to the Malay Peninsula, extending, however, as far north as Upi)er Tenasserim ; two
have been received from Borneo, and another is found in Java.

1. Erites angularis. (Tab. V,. fig. 3.)

HriUs aniiuldi-is, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1878, p. 825.

Male. Wings above semihyaline, pale smoky ochraceous, the basal halves mottled with narrow,
darker strigoe. Anterior wings crossed by two dark oblique fasciae, the first of which is nearly straight and
passes from costal nervure through apical angle of cell to about middle of submedian nervure ; the second
commences about the bases of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, touches cell at its lower apex, and is
then distinctly bent inwardly and terminates on submedian nervure ; three very obscure subapical
ocellated spots, divided by the discoidal nervules, with extremely faint and minute white centres,
margined outwardly with ochraceous, and with the extreme margin pale fuscous ; a ver}- large ocellated
spot situated on second and third median ner^•ules, with a whitish centre and ochraceous margin, which is
widest outwardly, and there and above also margined with fuscous ; and with two waved fuscous marginal
lines, the inner one becoming somewhat obsolete towards posterior angle ; the marginal fringe also fuscous.
Posterior wings crossed by two very angulated dull ochraceous fasciae, of which the margins are somewhat
fuscous ; the inner commencing at costa in a line with the corresponding one of anterior wing, curved and

- Cat. Dim-ii. Lep. p. 45, 3 (1871). f Smith, iu Bock, ' Heail Hunters of Borneo,' Aiipend. V.

RHOPALOCEBA MALAYAN A. 47

angularly dentated in cell, and from tlience transversolj^ directed to about middle of abdominal margin ; outer
fascia much waved, dentated inwardly near base of disco-cellular nervule, and more strongly and less regularly
outwardly on first median nervule, from tbence transversely concave to abdominal margin ; a submarginal
series of live ocellated spots, of which the fourth and fifth are largest and brightest, and situate between the
median nervules ; the upjjer three smaller, much more indistinct and situate between the nervules ; these
spots are fuscous, with a yellowish rim and fuscous margin ; and two waved yellowish marginal lines,
bordered outwardly and inwardly with fuscous. Underside of wings somewhat paler and more violaceous,
but with the markings brighter and more distinct ; the large ocellated spot to anterior wing with a large
silvery centre and its margin pale yellowish. Posterior wings with the two discal fascise much more brightly
ochraceous, the outer one becoming somewhat fused with the central spots, and its outer margin only
bordered distinctly with fuscous at abdominal margin ; sjiots with distinct pale centres ; the third and
fourth smallest and very widely margined with ochraceous. Jjody above pale fuscous ; abdomen ochraceous
beneath ; legs pale ochraceous.

Exp. wings 55 millim.

Hab. — Tenasserim (colls. Moore, Wood-Mason, and Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll.
Godm. .V- Salv.)

The specimen figured was collected by Dr. Townsend in Perak, and is to the present time
the only one I have seen from this district. This species is very distinct, difl'ering from the
other three with which we are at ))resent alone acquainted by the more apically produced
anterior wings, and by the inner fascia of the posterior wings being acutely dentate at its
centre ; it also structurally differs in having the lower disco-cellular nervule of the anterior
wing slightly directed inwardly.

Genus MYCALESIS.

Mi/calcsis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Scbmett. p. 54 (1816) ; Westw., Gen. Diuru. Lap. p. 392 (1«51) ; Trimeu, FJiop.
Afr. Austr. p. 206 (1866).

Wings short and broad. Anterior wings with the costa strongly arched and with the apex rounded ;
the outer margin generally slightly convex ; inner margin slightly dilated, especially in the males. Costal
nervure and sometimes also median and submedian nervures swollen at base ; first and second subcostal
nervules emitted before end of cell ; lower disco-cellular nervule much longer than the upper. Posterior
wings ovate, with the outer margin sometimes more or less waved ; first and second median nervules
either emitted close together at end of cell, or with their bases approximating, but distinctly separated ;
disco-cellular nervules more or less transversely closing cell. Males provided with one or sometimes two
pseudo scent-glands covered by tufts of hair to posterior wings, and sometimes with one of the same to
anterior wings.

The distribution of this very extensive genus extends over a wide area. It is not found in
either America or Europe, but is abundant in Africa, is found in Madagascar and the neigh-
bouring islands, and is very extensively represented in Tropical Asia, and on that continent is
found as far north as China. It also occurs throughout the length and breadth of the Malayan
Archipelago, including Papua, and from thence south to Australia. Of these Eastern species
(excluding Africa), "hitherto described under the genus Mijcalt'sis," Mr. Moore, in a recent
revision,* has enumerated eighty-six species, which he has arranged in twenty-three genera,

* Trans. Eut. Soc. 1S80, p. ir^r,.

48 RJrOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

twenty-one of which are there described for the first time. I am considerably indebted to these
for the characters which I have here used as sectionally dividing the species of MijniU'sis found
in the Malay Peninsula.

As in the genera Banais and Euplcea, the males (as Mr. Moore has pointed out) are provided
with a glandular pouch (probably a scent-secreting organ*), covered by a tuft (or tufts) of hair,
which is either in some species found on both wings, or in others on the posterior wings only.
In Java a species possesses two of these appendages to the posterior wings, but according to
our present knowledge no species in this fauna possesses more than one.

I have here included seven species, which account for all that have been referred to from
this region by other writers, though in some cases I have formed conclusions as to specific
value which are not in unison with those of some authorities. In all cases, however, I have
endeavoured to show where and why this divergence of opinion takes place.

A. Mali's jiossessing a pseudo sccnt-glaiid on hotJi (interior and posterior irings.

1. Mycalesis maianeas. (Tab. VII., fig. 4 $ .)

Mynilcm Maianeas, Hewitsou, Exot. ]}utt. iii. p. 87; Myc. t. 5, f. 27, 28 (1864); Butl., Cat. Satyr, p. IHl,

n. 18 (18G8).
Satoa Maianea.s, Moore, Traus. Eut. Soc. 1880, p. 157.

As I have not received this undoubted Malaccan species, I have here reproduced Hewitson's
figure, and add the description of that author : —

" Upper side. Male dark brown ; the outer half nearly of the anterior wing, and the outer margin of
the posterior wing, rufous-brown. Anterior wing with a tuft of hair near the inner margin ; the margins
of both wings where they meet silvery white.

" Under side dark brown to the middle, I'ufous-brown beyond : the outer margin and two submarginal
lines dark brown. Anterior wing with three ocelh, two near the apex minute and touching, the third below
the middle, large; posterior wing with seven, the first (touching the costal margin), the fourth and fifth
large, the rest smaller, all black, with pupil white, and iris rufous-orange."

" Female like the male, except that it has an orange band on both sides of the anterior wing, and has
Ijut one ocellus, near the apex, on the underside of the anterior wing."

Exp. wings, J Its in. ; I- 2 2i7i in. I

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Hewits.) — Sumatra. § — Borneo; Sarawak (coll. Howits.).

This species is peculiar in having, by its superficial characters, at least, a strong affinity
with the species of an African group of the genus. Mr. Moore has proposed a new genus
(Satoii) for its reception.

Note. — In faithfully reproducing Hewitson's figure, our artist, Mr. H. Knight, must not be held
responsible for the imperfect ncuration of the same.

* As with the genus Eaplcca, I have used the term "pseudo sceiit-glaud," because, though thf prolialjility of these
being scent-producing or scent-secreting organs, as in the genus Danais, is eminently and distinctly probable, still the evidence
in its favour, imlike that of Danais, requii-es local veiification.

\ 48 miUim. I 5.'5 millini. § Smith, in Bock, ' Head Hunters of Borneo,' Append. V.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 49

a. Costal, incdiaH, and siihnicdian nervares dilated at base.

2. Mycalesis orseis. (Tab. V., fig. 4.)

Mycitf.tis Orsiis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. p. 89; Myc. t. G, f. 30, 37 (186i) ; Biitl., Cat. Satyr, p. 136, n. 35

(1868) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 339, u. 1.
SuraUiija Orseis, Moore, Trans. Eiit. Soo. 1880, p. 159.

Male. Wings above brown, strongly suffused with bright violaceous. Anterior wings with about
apical third paler, on which are three obscure ocellated spots, the upper two smallest and situate on each
side of upper discoidal nervules, the third aud largest between second and third median nervulcs, and with
two obscure dark marginal lines. Posterior wings much paler towards apical margin, with two dark
marginal lines, and with a submarginal waved, narrow, dark fascia. Wings beneath pale ochraceous,
both wings crossed by a very broad, slightly darker fascia, the margins of which are pale fuscous;
on anterior wings its outer margin is at some little distance beyond end of cell, and on posterior \vings it
passes about apex of cell ; beyond this fascia the colour is paler and tinged with violaceous. Anterior
wings with a submarginal series of five ocellated spots, black with white centres and yellowish margins,
surrounded with pale fuscous, of which the third and fourth are smallest and the fifth largest (sometimes
the upper four are of equal size) ; these spots are placed between the ner\Tiles, the first above upper
discoidal nervule, aud the fifth between second and third median nervules ; a sixth very small and obscm-e
spot is sometimes found beneath the third median nervule ; a strongly waved, narrow, pale fuscous
submarginal fascia, and two fuscous marginal lines. Posterior wings with seven ocellated spots similar to
those of anterior wings, of which the second, third and fourth are smallest, and the fifth largest, as in the
specimen figured, but the upper four are variable in size ; these, with the exception of the last, are all
placed between the nervules, the first between the subcostal nervules, and the seventh on submedian
nervm-e ; a narrow submarginal fascia and two marginal lines as on anterior wing. Body and legs more
or less concolorous with wings.

Male possessing a long tuft of dark hairs at subcostal base of posterior wings, and with an indistinct
glandular patch covered with short hairs about centre of submedian nervure of anterior wings, obscure
above but distinct beneath.

Exp. wings, 50 millim.

H.U3. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kirby*). — Sumatra (coll. Hewits.) — Borneo (colls. Moore and
Godm. Oi: Salv.)

This species appears to possess the usual variation in macular markings, aud is inchided
among the butterflies of this fauna, on the authority of the Singapore specimen in the
Hewitsonian collection. I have not seen it myself in any other collection from the Malay
Peninsula, nor have I been able to examine a female specimen.

a a. Costal nervure only dilated at base.

3. Mycalesis medus. (Tab. IV., fig. 8.)

Papilio medus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488, u. 198 (1775).

I'apilio Hesione, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. t. 11, C, D (1775).

M)/calesis hesione, Hiibn., Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 65 (1816); Hewits., Journ. Liim. Soc, Zool. vol. viii. p. 146

(1805) ; Butl., Cat. Satyr, p. 138 u. 50 (1808); Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 34, n. 11 (1809) ; Trans. Liiiu. Soc.

ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 537, n. 4 (1877) ; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 00 (1877).
OrsotriiniK llesioiu; Wallengr., Kougl. Vet. Akad. Fiirb. xv. p. 80 (1858) ; Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 160.

'■■ ' Cat. Diuru. Lep. lormeil l.y W. C. Hewitson,' p. 123 (187il).

June 30, 1882. o

50 nnoJ'ALOCERA MALAYAXA.

Papilio Doris, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. t. 362, G (1782).

Papilio Hamilcar, Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. viii. p. 73, t. 193, f. 3 (179B).

Mycalcm cinerea, Butl., Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 401, t. 8, f. 9 ( 1867) ; Cat. Satyr, p. 138, u. 49 ( 1868).

Mycalesis [Orsotriana) medus, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Joum. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 230, u. 11 (1881).

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown, with a narrow, obscure, paler fascia crossing both wings
beyond cells, but nearer the apex of cell of posterior than that of anterior wings. Wings beneath fuliginous-
brown, crossed by a narrow pale white fascia, commencing near costa between upper apical angle of cell
and apex of anterior wings where it is narrowest, and terminating a little before anal angle of posterior
wings. Anterior wings with two large submarginal ocellated spots, black with white centres, margined
respectively with ochraceous and fuscous, with an extreme outer border of pearly gi'ey, the first and smallest
of which is situate on the discoidal nervules, and the lower and largest on the second and third median
uervules. Posterior wings with three submarginal ocellated spots of the form and colour of those of anterior
wings, the first and smallest of which is placed between the subcostal nervules, contiguous to the second
and much larger spot, and both enclosed by one outer pearly grey margin (in some specimens each has a
separate pearly outer margin) ; third and largest spot on second and third median nervules ; both wings
possessing two narrow pale waved marginal lines, those of the posterior wings much more distinct. Body
and legs concolorous with wings.

Male with a tuft of long hairs, covering the base of a glandular pouch, situate between and near the
bases of third median nervule and submedian nervure, and with a tuft of long hairs near base of median
uervure of posterior wings.

Exp. wings, <? 42 to 49 millim. ; $ (one spec.) 57 millim.

Hab.— Continental India ; Gangetic Plains (coll. Moore) ; Silhet (Brit. Mus.)— Ceylon ?* (coll. Dist.)—
Nicobar Islands. — Brit. Burma (coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Singapore (coll. Moore). — Sumatra (Snellen). — Java (Brit. Mus.) — Borneo (coll.
Godm. & Salv.) — Celebes (Snellen); Macassar; Flores; Timor (coll. Moore). — Gilolo (coll. Dist.).

A male specimen is here figured. As with other species of the genus, considerable variation
ensues in the size of the ocellated spots on the under surface of the wings.

B. Males possessing apseudo scent-gland on posterior irings onh/.
h. Costal, median, and submedian nervures dilated at base.

c. Males with a single tuft of hairs at subeost(d base of posterior wings.

4. Mycalesis mineus. (Tab. IV., fig. 13 j , 14 ? .)

I'apilio Mlm-u.'i, Linmcus, Syst. Nat. i. 11, p. 768, n. 126 (1767); Fabr., Syst. Eut. p. 488, u. 197 (1775).

Pajniio Justina, Cram., Pap. Exot. iv. t. 326, C (1782).

Mycalesis Justina, Hiibn., Verz. bek. Scbmett. p. 55, n. 524 (1816); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. vol. xix. p. 145, n. 9

(1876); ib. vol. XX. p. 66 (1877).
Satyrus Mineus, Godt.. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 510, n. 97 (1823).
Mycalesis Mineus, Butl., Cat. Satyr, p. 135, n. 31 (1868) ; Cat. Fabr. Lap. p. 834, n. 8 (1869) ; Trans. Lmu.

Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 537, n. 1 (1877) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825 ; Wood-Mason and

de Niceville, Jouru. A. S. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 226, n. 7 (1880).
Calysisme Justina, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 161.
Calysisme mineus, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 162; Lep. Ceyl., p, 22, t. 11, f. 4, a, b (1881).

■'■ I have an undoubted specimen of this species labelled "Ceylon," which is my reason for giving that habitat.
.Mr. Moore, however, has not included it in his ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon," but only an allied species. 1 have therefore felt
a little doubt as to whether I really possess a Ceylon specimen.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 51

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a faint, pale, straight fascia, which passes
a little beyond end of cell, and from which to outer margin the colour is slightly paler; a black spot with
a white centre and a faint ochraceous margin between first and second median nervules, and two
marginal fuscous lines, the innermost of which becomes faint and obsolete towards apex ; fringe smoky
ochraceous. Posterior wings with two distinct marginal lines, on each side of which the colour is dull
ochraceous (in some specimens a minute white-centred fuscous spot between second and third median
nervules). Wings beneath with the colour brighter and paler; both wings crossed by a narrow fascia, on
anterior wings passing somewhat beyond, and on posterior wings about end of cell ; anterior wings with
two submarginal ocellated spots, which are black, with white centres and yellow margins, the first and
smallest situate on the discoidal nervules, and perfectly surrounded by a pale greyish line, the second
and largest placed on the second and third median nervules, with a pale surrounding greyish line, which
terminates inwardlj^ on the transverse white fascia (both these spots sometimes throw off a smaller one,
the upper one generally posteriorly and the lower one usually anteriorly, as shown in the female figure
here given) ; two pale greyish marginal lines, the inner one waved, and the fringe also pale greyish.
Posterior wings with seven submarginal ocellated spots of a similar pattern and colour to those on anterior
wings, of which the second and third are minute, the whole series being surrounded by a much waved pale
greyish fascia, which in some specimens tends to coalesce and perfectly surround the sixth and seventh
spots ; two pale greyish marginal fascife, the inner one most strongly waved, and the marginal fringe also
pale greyish. Body and legs concoloi-ous with wings.

Male with a tuft of long pale hairs situate near costal base of posterior wings.

Female. Larger than male ; anterior wings above with the ocellated spot larger and brighter ;
posterior wings above with two more obscure ocellated spots situate on the second and third median nervules
(there are sometimes indications of the commencement of a third spot between the third median ner\'ule and
submedian nervure). Wings beneath as in male, but with all the sjjots and markings larger and brighter.

Exp. wings, (? 42 to 45 millim. ; 2 (50 millim.

Var. a. Myadcsis cephcus, Butl., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 402, pi. 9, f. 3, 4 (1867) ; Cat. Satyr,
p. 134, n. .30 (18(58). ,
Mycalesis hlfisiia, var. Ccphetts, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diuru. Lcp. pp. 80, 90, n. 29 (1871).
Cali/sisme Ci'ji/wKs, Moore, Trans. Eut. Soc. 1880, p. 1G3.

Male. This variety differs on the underside of the anterior wing in having an additional spot in front
of lower ocellated spot, and enclosed by the same pale greyish line ; and on the underside of the posterior
"wings in having the second and third submarginal spots a little longer, which render the series apparently
a little more arched, as Butler describes.*

This specimen was collected in Penaiig liy Lieut. Eoberts.

Var. h. (Tab. IV., fig. 7.)

Male. Differs from typical specimens on the underside of the wings by the lower ocellated spot of the
anterior wing having a smaller one attached or non-attached to it beneath, but which is also enclosed by

=i= I am possibly iu agreement with Mr. Butler in estimating his M. cepheus as hut a varietal foiTn of M. mhieus, as in
his "Tabular View of the Butterflies of Malacca" (Trans. LLnn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 564, 1877) he does not enumerate
it, though he includes others which were not collected by Capt. Pinwill. That writer correctly remarked in his description
that it was allied to M. mineus, and I cannot agree with Mr. Kirby in considering it as a variety of M. blasius. Mr. Butler
has also included M. polydecta in his Malaccan species. The form he has figured (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx.
pi. ix. f . 5 & 6), however, does not agree with Cramer's figure of that species, and fi-om an examination of the Maliiccau
specimens thus identified in the British Museum I certainly incline to the opinion that such are but varieties of M. mineus,
and that the true M. polydecta, Cram., cannot as such be at present included in this fauna.

52 IIHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

the same surrounding pale greyish line ; * posterior wings with the second and third small ocellated spots
of typical specimens totally absent. (In the figure here given the seventh and smallest spot has been
omitted.)

This variety I have received from Province Wellesley.

Hab.— Continental India ; Bombay (.colls. Moore & Dist.) ; Silhet (Brit. Mas.) — Ceylon (coll. Moore). —
Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.)— Tenasserim (Limborg). — Malay Peninsula; Penang ; Province Wellesley
(coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus. and coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Sumatra (Snellen). — Java (coll. Moore). — China ;
Hong Kong (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).

I have compared the two specimens figured (Tab. IV., figs. 13, 14) with the Linuean
typical specimens in the possession of the Liunean Society of London, and have satisfied
myself as to their identity. This is a very variable species, but not more so than we might
expect, when we remember analogous cases of Satyrid variation in Europe. Even in England
Hipparchia hyperanthus affords a good example, and an inspection of the figures of the six varieties
of that species, as given by Mr. Newman,! wiU convince any one of the little specific value afforded
by either the size or number of these ocellated spots in that species. Had a Malayan descriptive
entomologist been dealing with these British varieties, as occasionally received by him, there is
little doubt that some at least of them would have been described as distinct species. In my
opinion the operation has only been reversed with respect to M. inineus, and this must frequently
occur with us all when describing unique specimens from abroad. It is only when many
specimens are accumulated that the strength of this varietal view of the value of ocellated spots
can be fully apprehended, as has been abundantly shown in the American genus Euptijchia by
Messrs. Godman and Salvin, I and as Mr. Darwin had taught us to expect. § Linnaeus himself
can also be adduced as a witness to the varietal character of his species. Dr. Aurivillius, of
Stockholm, has very kindly forwarded me a coloured copy of a figure in the unpublished
'Icones' of Clerck, below which, as Dr. Aurivillius informs me, " Linne himself has written
' 84 Mineus,' and which therefore may be relied on as typical." This figure apparently represents
an extreme variety (female), in which the ocellated spots of the underside of the wings are very
small, and the area in which they are placed very pale.

5. Mycalesis blasius. (Tab. VII., fig. 7.)

i'apiliu l!l,isiu.'<, Fabricius, Eut. Syst., Siippl. p. 420, u. 488-489 (1798).

Mycaleais Blamts, 13utl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1807, p. 720, fig. 4; Cat. Satyr, p. 137, u. 40 (1868); Cat. Pabr.

Lap. p. 34, n. 10 (1869) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825.
Mycalesis lurida, Bull., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 3.
Calysisme Bltisius, Moore, Trans. Eut. Soc. 1880, p. 162; Lap. Ceyl. i. p. 21, t. xi. f. 2, 2a (1881).

Male. Wings above fuligiuous-browu ; in some specimens the anterior wings have a small obscure
white-centred spot near bases of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules. Wings beneath fuliginous-brown ;
both wings crossed by a narrow, pale, whitish fascia, which passes a little beyond the apices of the discoidal
cells. Anterior wings with four submarginal oceUated spots, black with white centres and ochraceous

* Mr. Moore (Lep. Cej'l. i. p. 'l-J.) describes a like varietal lorm as not uncommon in Ceylon, anil whicli is iuilicateil
in Ills figm-e, Plate XI., f. 4 b.

t ' British Bultei-flies,' p. Uo. I Biol. Centi'. Am. lihop. p. B7. § ' Descent of Man,' eJ. 2, p. 427 et seq.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 53

margins placed between the nervules ; of these the second and third are smallest and obscure, and the
fourth, situate between the second and third median uervules, largest ; the first or upper one is placed
between the discoidal uervules ; two marginal waved pale lines. Posterior wings with seven submarginal
ocellated spots similar to those of anterior wings, and which, with the exception of the sixth and seventh,
are placed between the ner^Tiles, and are all encircled by a narrow pale greyish fascia ; of these the second
and third are smallest, the first is situate between the subcostal nervules, and the sixth and seventh are
placed between the third median nervule and submedian nervure ; two marginal, waved, pale greyish lines.
Bod}' and legs more or less coneolorous with wings.

Male with a tuft of long pale hairs situate near costal base of posterior wings.

Exp. wings, 42 millim.

Var. ((. Mycalesis stnitbit, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. i. p. 233, n. 498 (1857).
Mijcalesis bla-tiu-s, var. samba, ButL, Cat. Satyr, p. 137, u. 10 (18G8).
('ahjsisme samba, Moore, Trans. Eut. See. 1880, p. 1G3.

This variety appears to differ chiefly in having but two ocellated spots on the under surface of anterior
wings, and was described as from " N. India."

Yar. h. Mycalesis lalassis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. p. 89 ; yinc. t. G, f. 35 (1864).
MycaUsis blasius, var. lalasxis, ButL, Cat. Satyr, p. 137, u. 40 (1868).
Cahjitisme lalassis, Moore, Trans. Ent. See. 1880, p. 163.

This form differs, as Butler states, in having the " distinct subanal spot of the front wings above."
Mr. Hewitson himself* subsequently considered it as the equivalent of the M. samba, Moore, and in this
view I agree. Hewitson's specimen was received from Gilolo.

Hab. — Continental India; Caehar (Brit. Mus.) — Ceylon (coll. Moore). — Biu-ma; Pegu (coll. Moore). —
Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).^ — Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Singapore (coll. Moore). —
Java.- — Philippines. — Formosa (coll. Moore).

This, like M. mineus, appears to be a protean species, though the differences are only what
may be expected by those who take an evolutionary view of the origin of the ocellated spots,
and consequent variability of the same. Mr. Butler f has inadvertently shown this variability,
as in comparing the form samba with typical bhisius he states that the Fabrieian species has
" three ocelli on the underside of the front wings," whilst, comparing it with the form lalassis,
he states that hlasius has but two.

I have not been able to examine a female specimen, which, however, Mr. Moore:!; describes
as being similar to the male.

The specimen figured was collected in Perak by Dr. Townsend.

6. Mycalesis fusca. (Tab. V., fig. 12.)

Iiiisi/iimma/uscum, Felder, Wieu. Ent. Mou. iv. p. 401, n. '17 (180O).

Mi/caksis /usciim , ButL, Cat. Satyr, p. 141, u. 79 (1868) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 839, n. 7.

Mijcaleds fusca, ButL, Trans. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 537, n. 5 (1877).

Mycalesis Diniche, Hewits., Ex. Butt, iii, p. 85, Myc. t. 4, L 23 (1862i; .Joum. Liuu. Soc, Zool. vol. viii.

p. 146 (1865).
Mycalesis maryitcs, Hewits., Ex. Butt. v. Myc. t. 9, f. 59 (1874).
Mydosama fuscum, Moore, Ti'aus. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 170.

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with an indistinct dark fascia, crossing them
at end of cell, but not extending much beyond third median nervule ; an ocellated spot, which is fuscous

* Ex. Butt. voL iii. p. iv. f Cat. Satyr, p. 137. J Lep. CeyL i. p. -ll.

June 30, 1882. p

54 RHOPALOCEllA MALAYAXA.

with an indistinct white centre and yellowish and fuscous margins, situate between second and third
median nervules ; a submai'ginal, narrow, waved, obscure fascia ; and with two fuscous marginal lines, the
inner one bordered on each side with ochraceous. Posterior wings with two submarginal ocellated spots,
the first smallest, imperfect and obscure, between first and second median ner\-ules ; the second and largest
between second and third median nervules ; marginal markings as on anterior wings. Wings beneath
ochraceous, both crossed by two pale reddish fasciae, the first passing through the centres of both cells, the
second a little beyond their apices. Anterior wings with four submarginal ocellated spots, brighter than
those on upper surfaces, but marked and coloured in the same manner, the upper three smallest and placed
close together, divided by the discoidal nervules ; the fourth and largest situate on the second and thii-d
median nervules ; a distinct, waved, narrow, fuscous submarginal fascia and two fuscous marginal lines.
Posterior wings with a submarginal series of seven ocellated spots, margined inwardly with pale reddish,
the first five placed singly between the nervules, the sixth and seventh close together between the third
median nervule and the submedian nervure, and of which the fourth, fifth and sixth are largest ; two fuscous
marginal lines and a submarginal fuscous line, strongly waved near apex. Body and legs concolorous with
wings. Antennae ochraceous, the clul) dark fuscous near apex.

Male with a tuft of long pale hairs, covering a glandular pouch, near base of first subcostal nervule
of posterior wings.

Female. Larger and brighter than male ; posterior wings above with the outer margin broadly
ochraceous, and with the seven ocellated spots of the under surface visible above, the first two very faintly,
but the remaining five bright and distinct ; on the anterior wings the three uj^per ocellated spots of the
under surface are denoted by small, obscure, fuscous spots. Wings beneath generally as in male.

Exp. wings, S 47 millim. ; 2 53 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Dist. and Brit, ilus.) — Singapore (Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (coll.
Moore). — Borneo (colls. Dist. ; Godm. & Salv.).

This species is the type of the genus Mijdosama, Moore, which that author has fouuded for
a group of twenty species which are distributed over an area commencing in the Malay
Peniusuhi, and extending throughout the Malayan Archipelago to Australia.

cc. ]\Iales iritJi it double tuft of hairs at subcostal base of posterior uincjs.

7. Mycalesis janardana. (Tal). V., fig. 2.)

Mi/calesis Jannnhwa, Moore, Cut. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 234 (1857) ; Butl., Cat. Satyr, p. 13G, u. 37 (1868);

Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p, 146, u. 14 (1876) ; Butl., Trans. Lmn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 537,

n. 8 (1877).
MiirtiiiKia Janiinluna, Moore, Trans. Eut. Soc. 1880, p. 169.

Wings above fuliginous-brown ; apex and outer margin of anterior wings somewhat paler. Posterior
wings with the apical half somewhat paler, and with two submarginal, small, obscure and impressed
fuscous spots, placed one on each side of second median ner^■ule. Both wings with two narrow fuscous
marginal lines, the marginal fi-inge greyish. Underside of wings somewhat paler, but mottled with darker
brown ; both wings crossed by a narrow grey fascia, passing beyond end of cells, but not reaching costa of
anterior wings nor anal angle of posterior wings. Anterior wings with a submarginal row of six ocellated
spots, fuscous with faint whitish centres, and with ochraceous and fuscous margins, the extreme
outer margin being obscure greyish ; these are situate between the nervules, the first above the upper
discoidal nervule, and the sixth beneath the third median nervule, the first being smallest and the fifth
largest ; the basal portion beneath cell is also pearly grey, and there are two fuscous marginal lines, the
inner one being bounded on each side with dull ochraceous ; marginal fringe pale greyish. Posterior wings
with a submarginal row of seven spots of like pattern to those of anterior wing, the first five of which are

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 55

placed singly between the nervules, and the sixth and seventh together are situate between the third
median nervule and submedian nervure, and are surrounded by one outer greyish margin ; marginal lines
and fringe as in anterior wings. Body and legs concolorous with wings ; antennae dull ochraceous, narrowly
fuscous beneath ; club brighter and paler, broadly black beneath near apex.

Male with two long tufts of pale hairs situate at subcostal base of posterior wings.

Exp. wings 44 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Java (colls. Moore and Snellen). — Sumatra (coll.
Moore).

Tliis species appears to have a somewhat restricted area of distribution. Mr. Butler has
described and figured,* under the name of Mycalesis nautilus, a form which he justly states is
"closely allied to M. janardana." This insect was taken in Malacca (where M.janardana is
found) by Lieut. Roberts, in whose collection the type remains.

Genus YPTHIMA.

Ypthiiiia, Hiibuer, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 63 (1816) ; Westw., Gen. Dim-n. Lep. p. 394 (1851); Trimen, Fdiop.
Ah: Austr. p. 205 (1806) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 24 |1881).

Wings short and broad. Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costa arched and the apex rounded ;
the outer margin entire and slightly convex ; inner margin nearly straight ; costal nervure strongly
swollen at base ; first subcostal nervule only emitted before end of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule angled
inwardly near base, from thence concave, lower one also concave ; median nervure slightly swollen at base.
Posterior wings ovate, the costa strongly rounded and deflexed to apex, the outer margin entire ; median
nervules well separated at their bases, the first emitted from about end of cell ; disco-cellular nervules
oblique, slightly concave, the lower one longest.

This genus has a wide area of dispersal ; it is found in Western, Southern, and Eastern
Africa (as far north as Abyssinia), is represented in Madagascar, is not uncommon in Tropical
Asia, and found on that continent as far north as Japan, distributed throughout the Malayan
Archipelago, and extending to Australia. Our knowledge of the genus is slowly increasing.
Prof. Westwood, in 1851, f could enumerate only ten species; in 1865 Mr. Hewitson ]; mono-
graphed the genus, and included twenty-four species therein ; since that time many more have
been described, and the present number of reputed species is little short of forty. We know
little of their habits. According to Gapt. Lang, § the Himalayan species are " of very feeble
flight, frequenting banks, hedges, and grassy land." In Ceylon Mr. Hutchison || describes one
species as taken only in long grass on borders ot coffee-plantations at an elevation of 3000 feet,
and another as being very common among the roadside grasses and weeds, its flight short,
" constantly settling down on leaves, or in grass."

1. Ypthima corticaria. (Tab. A'L, fig. 8.)

Ypthiiiia corticaria, Butler, Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 537, n. 3 (1877).

Male and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a large subovate paler fascia,
placed transversely on apical half, and on which is a large ocellated spot, which is black, with two inner

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 402, pi. ix. f. 7 (1867). f Gen. Diui-n. Lep. pp. 395, 396.

I Trans. But. Soc. ser. 3. vol. ii. p. 283. § Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 50-2.

;1 Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. pp. 24, 25.

56 IIHOPALOCEUA MALAYASA.

bluish white spots, and the outer margin ochraceous ; this is also somewhat narrowly and obscurely
outwardly fuscous ; the spot is situate a little beyond end of cell, and rests on the two discoidal
and the fii-st median nervules ; a submarginal waved fuscous fascia, and two marginal fuscous lines.
Posterior wings with a broad paler submarginal fascia, on which are three ocellated black spots with
yellow margins and bluish white centres, the largest of which is situate between the second and third
median nervules, and the second and third are smallest, fused, and surrounded by the same yellow margin
and situate near anal angle and outer margin between the thu-d median nurvule and submedian nervure ;
a submarginal fascia and marginal lines as on anterior wing. Wings beneath pale grejash, mottled with
brown, and crossed by two ill-defined central subparallel brownish fascise ; ocellated sj^ots as above, but
more distinct and brighter, and posterior wuigs having an additional and similar ocellated spot, situate on
the subcostal nervules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings 43 millim.

H.iB. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (coll. Moore).

This species also exhibits the iucoustaucy of ocellated macular markings. In the type
species described by Butler there was only one spot on upper surface of posterior ^Yings, near
anal angle, whilst beneath the duplex one of the specimen here described was single. In
another Malaccan specimen in the British Museum there is a fourth very small ocellated spot
below the one at apex.

Its nearest allied species is F. iiareda, KolL, generally received from North-Eastern India,
but probably with a much wider distribution.

2. Ypthima methora. (Tab. YL, tig. 9.)

Yphthima methora, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. See. ser. 3, vol. ii. p. 291 ; t. 18, f. 20, 21 (1865).
Ypthima methora, Butl., Cat. Satyr, p. 149, u. 8 ( 1868) ; Trans. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 537, ii. 2 (1877) ;
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825.

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown, somewhat mottled with greyish towards outer margins, and with
a distinct fuscous submarginal line. Anterior wings with a large and somewhat oblong ocellated spot, situate
a little beyond end of cell and placed on the lower discoidal and first median nervules ; this spot is black,
with an ochraceous margin, and with two inner silvery spots. Posterior wings with a broad paler
submarginal fascia, on which are two large submarginal ocellated spots placed between the median
nervules, and with faint indications of a third situate above discoidal nervule ; these sjjots are black, with
ochraceous margins, and with an inner central silvery spot. Wings beneath pale greyish, mottled
with brown, both wings crossed by two waved, irregular, narrow brown fascife, the inner one obscure and
l^assing through discoidal cells, the outer one distinct and crossing at cellular apices (there are sometimes
faint indications of a thu"d inner basal fascia). Anterior wings with the ocellated spot as above and with
a fuscous submarginal line. Posterior wings with six submarginal ocellated spots, of which the two central
ones are lai'gest and the lower ones smallest ; the upper two are placed on each side of second subcostal
nervule, the third and fourth between median nervules, and the fifth and sixth near anal angle between
third median nervule and submedian nervm-e ; the upper two are also farthest removed from outer margin,
and the sixth and seventh are nearest to the same. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Hewitson described and figured a female specimen (from "North India") in which the
posterior wings exhibit on the upper surface five distinct ocellated spots. It would also ajjpear to be much
larger than the male.

Exp. wings, 3 36 millim. ; ? (Hewitson's type) 2 in.*

Hab. — Continental India; " North India" (coll. Hewit. and Brit. Mus.) — Tenasserim ; Naththoung to
Paboga (Limborg). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.).

■' .50 luilliiu.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 57

The specimens taken by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and which were presented by him to
the British Museum, are the only examples I have seen from this region.

3. Ypthima newboldi. (Tab. IV., fig. 6 2 .)

Yphthima Xeu-boldi, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 396 (1882).

Wings above pale brown. Anterior wings with a large subovate pale fascia, placed transversely on
apical half, and on which is a large bhxck ocellated spot, with a yellow margin and with two small bluish
talc-hke centres : this spot is placed a little beyond end of cell, its upper margin extending a little above
first discoidal nervule, and its lower margin reaching the second median ner^^lle. Posterior wings with a
broad pale submarginal fascia, on which are three ocellated black spots, with yellow margins and bluish talc-
like centres, the first and smallest of which is placed between the second subcostal and discoidal nei'vules,
and the other two, which are largest and placed close together, are situate nearer to the outer margin
and between the median nervules. Underside of wings pale greyish, mottled with brown ; ocellated spots
as above, but posterior wings having two additional smaller spots placed close together near anal angle,
and between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure ; the small spot, as seen above, is much
larger beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 40 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

This species not only differs from Y. methora in having five, and not six, ocellated spots
on the under surface of the posterior wings (a possible varietal difference only), and also a paler
and more unicolorous hue beneath, but also by the shape of the ocellated spot on anterior
wings, which is not only larger, but rounder and less oblong ; the wings are also longer, the
costal margin of the posterior wings l^eiug distinctly longer than the outer margin.

I have as yet seen but one specimen, which I captured myself in Province Wellesley.*

4. Ypthima hiibneri. (Tab. VII., fig. 5 2 .)

Ypthima Huhneri, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lap. p. 95, u. 18 (1871) ; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 145, n. 11 (1876);

ibid., XX. p. 66 (1877) ; ibid., xxi. p. 7, n. 19 (1878).
Ypthima jihiluDtela, Hiibn. (nee, Liiiu.), Zntr. Ex. Scbmett. f. 83, 84 (1818); Hewits., Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3,

vol. ii. p. 284, u. 4 (1865) ; Butl., Cat. Satyr, p. 152, n. 18 (1868) ; Trans. Luiu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.

p. 537, u. 1 (1877).

Male and female. Wings above bright, glossy, smoky ochraceous. Anterior wings with a large, ovate
ocellated spot placed a little beyond cell, and situate on the two discoidal and first median nervules ; this
spot is dark fuscous, with two central pale bluish white spots, and outwardly margined with pale ochraceous ;
outer dark submarginal and marginal lines. Posterior wings with two or three prominent submarginal
ocellated spots, of which two are always present and placed between the median nemiles, the inner one
being largest, and the third and smallest (sometimes absent) is situate between the third median nervule
and submedian nervure ; these spots are similar in colour to that of the anterior wing, but more rounded,
with single pale bluish white central spots, and the area on which they are situate is paler and more or
less greyish (the third when present is always more or less imperfect) ; between the subcostal nervules
a spot on the under surface is faintly and obscurely visible above. Wings beneath pale greyish, mottled
with slender pale fuscous strigte ; anterior wings with the large spot are above, but brighter, and its outer

* I have named this species after Capt. Newbohl, author of the useful and well-known ' Political and Statistical Account
of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca.'

September 30, 1882. Q

58 RHOPALOCERA MALA VAN A.

margin wider and paler ; marginal and submarginal lines as on upper surface ; posterior wings with four
ocellated spots, the ujjper of which is placed between the subcostal nervules, the second and third as
above, the fourth broad (apparently duplex), with two pale centres and bright outer margin between the
third median nervule and the submedian nervure (the artist has slightly misplaced this last spot on the
figure). Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 27 to 33 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Cachar (Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra
(Snellen) — Java; Batavia (Snellen) — Celebes (Snellen).

A female Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, which was collected hy Capt. Pinwill,
is here figured. The species appears principally to vary in the size and prominence of the
ocellated spots on the upper surface.

I follow Mr. Kirby, and adopt his name for the form figured by Hiibner as F. philomda,
but which is not the species described under that specific name by Linnaeus, and which evidently
belongs to this genus.

Genus ELYMNIAS.

Ehjmnias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sebmett. p. 37 (1816); Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 519 ; Moore, Lap. Ceyl.

i. p. 25 (1881).
Melanitis, part, Fabr., Illiger's Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807) ; Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 408 (1851).
Bihlis, part, Latr., Enc. Metb. ix. p. 10 (1819).

Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and convex from base, the apex more
or less acutely angular ; outer margin somewhat oblique and emarginate, sometimes waved and dentated ;
inner margin slightly dilated or convex ; costal nervure strongly dilated at base ; first and second subcostal
nervules emitted before the end of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule shortest, strongly angulated at base of
first discoidal nervule and very slightly concave along its greatest length; lower disco-cellular strongly
concave ; first and second median nervules with a common origin, and emitted at lower end of cell_
Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin more or less waved and generally produced into
an obtuse angle or tail near fii-st median nervule ; first and second median nervules with a common origin
about apex of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule suberect and much shorter than the lower one, which is
concave. E3-es naked. Palpi very long and slender, clothed beneath with short compressed hairs, and
above with longer, slender, and distinctly separated hau-s. Antennae slender, slightly and gradually
thickened towards apex.

I have included this genus in the Sattjriiue, in which subfamily it possesses a somewhat
unique position, not only in general coloration and markings, but also by its ueuration, the
first and second median nervules of the anterior wings having a common origin. The term at
one time used by Mr.Butler, "Aberrant Satyriiue'"' seems therefore very appropriate. Mr.Kirby t
followed Herrich-Schcifier in the opinion that these differences were sufficient to establish a
distinct subfamily of the Ntjmphalidic, but he also has recently included Ehjmnias in the
Satyrinm. I

In this genus the species possess an almost universal mimicry in colour and markings to
protected or inedible species mostly belonging to the Danaima, but they may, however, be readily

* Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 38. f Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 112 (1871).

I Zool. Record, 1881 ; Ins. p. 138.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 59

distinguished from the imitated genera, as Mr. Kirhy has remarked, * by their deutated and
often angulated wings.

In Ehjmnias also we find a departm'e from the typical Satyrince in the partial or complete
elimination of the ocellated spots usually found on the wings beneath, to which there is a
generally corresponding increased brilliancy of coloration above. The sexual coloration and
markings of the few species which occur in this fauna afford several perplexing features to a
philosophical explanation. In E. discrepans we have the male resembling the corresponding sex of
E. undularis, and its female having a partial resemblance to the same sex of that species, thus
appearing as an imperfect mimic of a tawny Danaid. In E. nigrescens both sexes considerably
resemble each other, and afford no clue to a mimicked species. In E. penanga, however, it is
the male which is a strong mimic of a species of Euphm, whilst the female closely resembles
nothing but its near ally E. sumatmna, both being almost unique in pattern and hue. But in
E. casiphone, and probably E. saueri (of which only the male is at present described), both
sexes mimic the corresponding sexes of species belongmg to the Midamus group of Euplmt.
Consequently no theoretical conclusions seem at present possible, based on examination of
cabinet specimens alone, but the facts should prove suggestive to an enquiring and observing
naturalist who could study the habits of the living species in connection with their natural
environment.

With the exception of two African species, the members of this genus are found in the
Indo- and Austro-Malayan Kegions, and, as Mr. Wallace has observed,! these last form two
somewhat distinct groups ; those from the Austro-Malayan Islands, being " distinguished by a
regular and somewhat rounded outline of wings, and resembling in coloration some of the
broad-winged Euplacc, or the genus Ih-usiUa ; while the species of India and the Indo-Malayan
Islands are almost always characterised by a more irregular outline, waved, toothed, or even
caudate, and generally coloured like species of Danais, or the more elongate forms of Euplwa."
Mr. Butler I subsequently divided the species of Ehjmnias, as hitherto understood, into two
genera, which, with a few exceptions, agree in the main with Mr. Wallace's groups.

The genus is of considerable extent, above forty species having been described, but
about half of these are now usually placed in the genus Bydis.

Of their life-history we know little. The larva and piipa of the Javan race of E. undularis
are figured by Horsfield, § who states || that the larva " feeds on the Gobbang (Corypha umhra-
cidifera), May."1[ In Moore's ' Lej^idoptera of Ceylon,' the larva and pupa of E. /ra<<5r«a are
figured, from drawings made by the Bros, de Alwis, and the larva is there described as feeding
on "Pahnacecc."

Mr. Wallace describes these butterflies as " forest-haunting insects, frequenting chiefly
damp places, where there is a dense herbaceous vegetation. Their flight is slow, resembling
that of the Salyridcc and Morphidce."**

I am at present able to enumerate seven species as belonging to this fauna.

* ' Eutomologist," vol. x. p. -200. f Trans. Eut. Soc. 18G9, p. 321. J Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 518.

§ Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.I.C. i. pi. vi. f. 7, 7a. || Ibid. p. 237.

IT Capt. de la Chaumette (Ent. Mo. Mag. ii. p. 38) describes the perfect insect of this species at Calcutta, as •' settling
on the tx'uuks of the Cci-j'pha."

** Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 321.

60 EHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

A. Upper disco-cellular nervule of posterior icinps suherect, and usually sliglitUj aud ohliquehj directed
inwardly.
a. Outer margins of winys dentate and sinuate, posterior wings produced into a more or less well-developed

caudate prolongation at apex of first median nervule.

1. Elymnias discrepans. (Tab. VI., fig. 2 <? , 3 2 .)

J-Ui/iiini(i.i iliscri'jKiiis, Distant, Aou. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 397 (1882).

Male. Anterior wings above blackish, with the following bright bluish markings : — a short portion of
costal area about apex of cell continued in a subapical oblique fascia to lower discoidal nervule, and followed
by four submarginal spots, placed between the nervules; outer margin shaded with castaneous-brown.
Posterior wings blackish, but somewhat paler than the anterior wings, and with a broad castaneous-brown
marginal band. Wings beneath castaneous-brown, thickly mottled with pale strigae ; anterior wings with a
more or less distinct j^ale apical area, which is continued along outer margin ; posterior wings with a more
or less distinct pale, broad, aud irregular submarginal fascia, and with a very pale bright bluish spot near
costa, situate between the subcostal nervules* (this sjiot is sometimes absent). Body and legs more or
less concolorous with wings. Antennje variable in hue, sometimes stramineous, mottled with brown above
and pale stramineous beneath ; or fuscous above and stramineous mottled with brown beneath, with the
apex pale stramineous.

Female. Anterior wings above as in male, but with a large ochraceous, basal area, which occupies
lower portion of cell, the greater part of the space between second median nervule and submedian uerMire,
aud terminates near end of cell and the bases of the first and second median ner^'ules ; the subapical fascia
and submarginal spots larger and paler blue in colour. Posterior wings pale fuscous, becoming paler and
shaded with dull ochraceous towards outer margin, and with a more or less distinct pale submarginal spot,
situate between the discoidal and first median nervules. Wings beneath much paler than in male ; the
anterior wings ochraceous near inner margin ; posterior wings with a very broad and well-defined pale
marginal fascia, and with a very pale bluish spot, situate as in male. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <? 53 to 68 millim. ; ? (one specimen) 60 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penaug (coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer).

This form has frequently been referred to by some writers as E. undularis. Mr. Wallace
pm-sued this course in 1869, f remarking, however, "this very variable species cannot be
separated into its local forms, or races, without much more complete materials than at present
exist." Since that time such material has been procured, and as other races of this species
have received distinctive names it became necessary for me to treat this local form in the same
manner. The true E. undularis appears to be confined to Continental India, of which another
local race in Upper Tenasserim has been described by Mr. Moore. I In E. discrepans the greatest
amount of colour diflerentiatiou is found in the female, which also, in comparison with the
other sex, appears to be very scarce and rare. More than a hundred male specimens of this
species have passed through my hands, but the only female specimen I have received is the one
which is here described and figured. As I collected in Province Wellesley myself, where the
male is a rather common insect, and have examined several collections since my return, this
sexual disparity is very perceptible. It may, however, be more apparent than real, owing to the

'■'■ lu the fifj^iu'e here given the artist has accidentally and eiToueoiisly placed this spot above the subcostal nervules.
t Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 322. * Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 820.

RllOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 61

possibility of the females having different habits to those of the other sex, and therefore being
less easily captured. *

2. Elymnias nigrescens. (Tab. VI., fig. 1 2 , and Tab. IX., fig. 1 S .)

FAijiiiiiias niiirescens, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 520, n. 2, pi. xlii. f. 1 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,
p. 340, n. 2; Butl., Traus. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 537, u. 1 (1877); Godm. & Salv., Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1878, p, G38, n. 11.

Male. Wings both above and beneath resembling those of the male of E. discrepans, but with the
bluish subapical fascia and submarginal spots considerably larger.

(In some specimens, and notably a Bornean one in the collection of the British Museum, the posterior
wings have the pale submarginal spots, as found in most females ; these are very faintly visible in Malaccan
male specimens in the same collection.)

Female. Anterior wings above dark, glossy fuscous, with the basal area more or less suffused with
castaneous-red, with the bluish subapical fascia and submarginal spots as in male, but which are much
larger and paler in colour. Posterior wings fuscous, becoming paler towards outer margin (the outer
margin is sometimes dull ochraceous as in the specimen figured Tab. IX., f. 1), and with a submarginal
row of four white spots placed between the nervules, of which the first and smallest is placed above the
discoidal nervule, and the fourth is situate between the second and third median nervules (a fifth small and
faintly marked spot is found in some specimens between the third median nervule and submedian nervure).
These spots are very inconstant, being practically obsolete in the specimen figured (Tab. VI., f. 1).
Wings beneath similar in pattern and coloration to those of the same sex of E. discrejxins.

Exp. wings, <? 68 millim. ; + S 72 to 77 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sauer) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)— Billiton
(coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Borneo (Brit. Mus.)

This species or race is one which affords much difficulty and doubt as to its distinctive
position. I have neither seen nor received any male specimens from Province Wellesley,
though females are not uncommon from that district. The British Museum, however,
possesses several male specimens which were collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, but these
do not altogether agree with the Bornean typical specimen described by Butler. The difference
is principally that of faintness or partial obhteration of the submarginal white spots to the
posterior wings, but as this is a variable character in female specimens, collected in such a
limited area as Province Wellesley, evidence of which is afforded by the two figures here given,
I Daturally predicate the same amount of variability in the other sex. Another peculiarity of
E ,' nigrescens is the considerable similarity of the sexes.

Are E. discrepans and E. nigrescens but seasonal varieties of one species ? This is neither
impossible nor improbable, but can only be denied or affirmed by some local student who will
carefully breed both forms. It is the want of this information that makes the present study
and classification of exotic Lepidoptera of so empirical a character,

- Mr. Bates has also stated that iu a uumber of species of butterflies which he observed on the Upper Aiiiazous the
males were more numerous than the females, iu the proportion of a hundred to one. However, no universal rule lu this
respect obtains iu the Elwpalocera, and the whole subject has been exhaustively discussed by Mr. Darwin, m his ' Descent
of Man' ('2nd edit. p. -ioO).

f Butler's type expanded " unc. 'i, lin. 10."

September 30, 1882. «

62 RHOPALOCEllA MALAVAXA.

3. Elymnias lutescens. (Tab. VI., fig. 4 <? , 5 ? .)

Klyiiiniu.s liii,'.smis, Dutler, Auu. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 404, t. 9, f. 10 (1867) ; Wall, Traus. Eiit.

Soc. 1869, p. 323, n. 4; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 521, u. 0; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,

p. 340, n. 4.
Klijmnius Paitthera, var. Lutescens, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diuru. Lep. p. 112, u. 4 (1871).

Male. Wings above dark glossy fuscous ; anterior wings with the outer margin somewhat broadly
and slightly paler; posterior wings with a broad, pale greyish submargiual fascia, the inner margin of
which is somewhat scalloped between the uervules ; this is broadest near anal angle and narrowest at
apex, and contains a series of prominent fuscous spots placed between the nervules, two between third
median nervule and submedian nervure, the others placed singly (these spots are variable in number, not
being found above first median nervule in the specimen figured, but in other specimens continued towards
apex). Wings beneath pale castaneous, mottled with numerous greyish strigic, and with a more or less
well-defined broad submarginal fascia, which is broadest and most clearly defined on posterior wings, and
there possesses six dark blue rounded spots, with pale blue centres, which are continued in streaks beyond
their inner margins ; these spots are placed between the nervules, the first above discoidal nervule and the
fifth and sixth together between the third median nervule and submedian nervure ; a pale and bright bluish
spot between the subcostal nervules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Larger than male ; the wings above paler and more ferruginous ; anterior wings with a broad
and well-defined outer ferruginous fascia ; posterior wings with the pale submarginal fascia broader and
less scalloped inwardly than in male, and with five or six fuscous spots with paler centres placed between
the nervules. Wings beneath paler than in male, but with the posterior wings spotted as in that sex.

Note. — The tail-like prolongation of the posterior wings at the apex of the first median nervule is
longest in the female. In the male specimen, however, here figui-ed, the prolongation of the left posterior
wing has its apex mutilated.

Exp. wings, <? 65 to 73 millim ; 2 (one specimen) 78 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Saiier) ; Malacca (coll. Moore) :
Ayerpanas (coll. Roberts) ; Singapore (coll. Eoberts) — Sumatra (Wallace) — Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv. ;
Brit. Mus.).

As regards the variatiou of this species, especially of the females, Mr. Wallace writes,* " The
female from Sumatra has less red ou the upper wings, one from Borneo has the pale bands
almost obsolete, while another has them more distinct, especially across the apex of the
anterior wings."

4. Elymnias lais. (Tab. IX., tig. 2c?.)

Papilio Lais, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 114, A, B (1779); Fabr., Sp. lus. p. 102, u. 448 (1781); Maut. lus.

p. 55, u. 543 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. ill. p. 58, u. 182 (1793).
Bihlis Lais, Godt., Euc. Meth. ix. p. 326, u. 4 (1819).
Melanitis Lais, Doub. & Westw., Geu. Diuni. Lep. p. 404, u. 1 (1851).
Elymnias Lais, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 237, n. 510 (1857) ; Wall., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869,

p. 325, n. 11; Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 38, u. 4 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 522, n. 10;

Diuce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 340 ; ibid., 1874, p. 104, u. 2 ; Godm. & Salv., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,

p. 638, n. 12.

Male. Wings above dark chocolate-brown, variegated with greenish markings. Anterior wings with
the costal area (particularly the basal portion) irrorated with numerous greyish spots and strigfe;* a large

* Trans. Eut. Soc. 1S69, p. 323. As Mr. Wallace examined other collections with his own very extensive one of
Elymniails, and combined in hhnself a knowledge of theh- habits in natm-e with cabinet discrimination, I feel always satisfied
to quote liis remarks.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 63

greenish fascia in cell, narrowest at base, and widened and somewhat truncate near apex, and with the
following longitudinal fascise of the same colour placed between the nervules : — the upper two are placed
above and below the first discoidal nervule, and are very faint and slender, with their apices broad and
macular ; the third above first median nervule is slender, but macular at both ends, and inwardly approaches
the disco-cellular fascia ; the following three separated by the median nervules are broadest at base,
narrowing at apical portion, but macular at apex, and the last runs along the inner margin. Posterior wings
with similar longitudinal fasciae as on upper wings, and which are also placed between the nervules, but
are broken near their apices, which thus appear as a submarginal series of spots ; of these fasciae the
inner two (i^laced on each side of the submedian nervure) are longest, and the upper two (placed on each
side of the discoidal nervule) are the faintest ; there is also a very faint disco-cellular streak.

Wings beneath dull greyish, sufi'used with fuscous, and mottled with dark strigne ; on anterior wings
these become more or less confluent and dark chocolate in colour, forming an irregular spot in cell, a larger
u-regular spot or fascia at end of cell, and appearing very prominent towards outer margin ; on posterior
wings these darker shadings do not extend beyond basal half of wing, but again appear as a more or less
well-defined outer submarginal fascia. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Somewhat larger than the male, the fascise and spots of the upper surface being creamy in
hue, and with the outer margins of both wings distinctly and somewhat brightly castaneous. Beneath the
wings are much paler, and the numerous shadings are of like pattern but fainter impression.

Exp. wings, (? G3 to 72 millim. ; 2 82 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Sauer) — Sumatra (Wallace) — Billiton (coll.
Godm. & Salv.) — Java (colls. Horsf. & Dist.) — Borneo (Druce) — Siam ; Nahconhaisee (coll. Godm. & Salv.).

The only specimen of this species which I have seen from the Malay Peninsula, and which
is here figured, is contained in the collection made in Province Wellesley by Mr. Salier.
A Javan male specimen in my own collection is smaller, and with the markings above more
decidedly green ; this character, however, is not constant, as Mr. Wallace writes,* " the Java
specimens (Cramer's types) agree very closely with those of Sumatra and Borneo in the
males."

aa. Outer mnvijins of wings slightly siniuite ; posterior icings without a icell-dev doped caudate prolongation
at apex ofjirst median nervule.

0. Elymnias penanga. (Tab. VII., tig. 6 3; Tab. VI., fig. 11 2 .)

Mi'laniti^ Pcnaiii/a, Westwood, Geu. Diuru. Lep. p. 405, n. 0, nota (1851).

Elijmnias re!ian<i«, Wall., Trans. Eut. Soc. 186i), p. 325, n. 9; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 521, u. 8.
Melnnitis Mehida, Hewits., Ex. Butt. iii. Mclunitis, t. 1, i. 2, 3 (1863).

Elyiitnias Mehida, Wall., Trans. Eut. Soc. 1869, p. 323, u. 5; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 523, n. 16;
Traus. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 538, n. 2 (1877).

Male. Anterior wings above purplish brown, with very strong bright blue reflections, which become
more fixed and distinct on apical half, and with five pale blue elongate spots, of which the upper two are
longest, and are situate on each side of lower discoidal nervule ; the remaining three being much smaller,
and divided by the median nervules. The bluish reflection does not extend to the outer margin, which is
distinctly purplish brown. Posterior wings purplish brown, with bright bluish reflections, but less intense
than on anterior wings. Wings beneath castaneous-brown, much mottled with paler strigfe, which on
anterior wings form a more or less distinct subapical space, widest at costa and narrowing downwards
beneath cell ; space beneath third median nervule much paler ; posterior wings with the basal portion to a

* Trans. Eut. Soc. 1869, p. 325.

64 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

little beyond apex of cell dark castaneous, remainder much paler and thickly irrorated with the pale strigae,
and with two or three small but distinct dark submarginal spots situate between the median nervules ;
a somewhat large pale stramineous spot, near costa, placed between the subcostal nervules. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above obscure bluish brown, as in the specimen figured, or with brighter iudigo
shadings, as in other specimens. Anterior wings crossed by a broad subapical white fascia, commencing
at costa and terminating about second median nervule. Posterior wings slightly paler on disk. Wings
beneath generally marked as in male, but with the ground colom- much darker (this is somewhat variable,
being little paler than above, as in the specimen figured, or more shaded with castaneous, as in other
specimens), and with the subapical whitish fascia of anterior wings above, more diffused towards apex
beneath. The pale subcostal spot on the under surface of posterior wings of the male is generally absent
in the female, though present in the typical female form of the species contained in the British Museum.

Exp. wings, <? 65 to 68 millim. ; 2 70 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Saiier) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Singapore
(coll. Hewits.).

The male form here described and figured (Tab. VII., fig. 6) was described by Mr. Hewitson
under the name of M. mehida, whilst the female form (Tab. VI., fig. 11) is the typioal M.^enanfja
of Prof. Westwood. Mr. Hewitson appended to his description of M. mehida the remark, " This
and M. penanga are very probably the sexes of one species." The form, however, which he
figured as ill. penamjci * was a closely allied but distinct Sumatran race, which Mr. Wallace has
very properly separated under a distinctive name.f

The two forms, however, are sufliciently similar to show that Hewitson exhibited acumen
in making that remark. Having found all the specimens I have examined to exhibit sexual
constancy with the different coloration, and as the underside of the two forms are so very
similar, I I have felt constrained to consider the descriptions of both Westwood and Hewitson
as referring to the sexes of one species, and Westwood's name has therefore priority.

This race or species appears to be quite confined to the Malay Peninsula. A recent writer §
has included it in a list of Sumatran butterflies, but all the Sumatran specimens which I have
seen in collections represent the E. sumatmiia, Wall.

B. Upper disco-cellular nercule of posteiior wings obliquely directed outwai-dli/.
G. Elymnias casiphone. (Tab. VI., fig. 10 <? .)

Elijmnias cimphom, Hiibnur, Samml. ex. Schmett. iii. (1816-1824) ; Wall., Trans. Ent. See. 1869. p. ;^25. ii. 12

Butl., Traus. Ent. Hoc. 1870, p. 488; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 522, n. 14.
Mi'lanitis casiphone, Doubl. & Westw., Geu. Diurn. Lep. p. 404, n. 3 (1851|.

Male. Wings above pale chocolate-bro^^"n. Anterior wings with the apical area much suffused with
violaceous and with the following pale greyish macular markings ; a number of irregularly-sized and
shaped spots on costal area, gradually increasing in size from base ; a rounded spot just beyond end of
cell ; two discal spots divided by the second median nervule, and a submarginal series of six spots, divided

* Exot. Butt. iii. Melanitis, t. 1, f. 1, 4 (1863l. \ Trans. Eut. Soc. 1869, p. 325, n. 10.

\ The female example of E. ■penanga, here figured, is probably that of a somewhat faded specimen, as the under
surface of the wings is generally of a warmer tint, and more concolorous in hue, and similar in markings with the
corresponding surface of the wings in male specimens.

§ Smith in Bock., ' Head Hunters of Borneo,' Append. V,

RHOPALOCKIIA MALAYANA. 65

by the iiervules, the first and innermost of which is placed above the upper discoidal nervule, and the sixth
between the third median nervule and submedian nervure. Posterior wings with a submarginal series of
obscure greyish spots, preceded by a few discal sjjots of the same colour. Wings beneath pale ferruginous,
mottled with numerous and irregularly- sized chocolate strigse. Anterior wings with a costal series of pale
greyish spots ; four larger pale discal spots situate one beyond end of cell, two divided by the second median
nervule, and the fourth placed between the discoidal uervules ; there are also faint indications of a
submarginal series of spots placed between the nervules, of which the two most prominent are placed above
and beneath the third median nervule. Posterior wings with some dark and confluent strigse principally
distributed on basal half, and with a prominent dark submarginal fascia, which is preceded by pale
greyish, and followed by several narrower, waved, and somewhat fused dark marginal fasciae. Body and
legs moresOr less coucolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <? G5 millim.

Female. I have not been able to examine this sex, but Mr. Butler* has described a female specimen
as of this species, which was collected in Singapore by Lieut. Pioberts, as follows : — " 2 . Above, same
pattern as E. tiniandra, 2 , Wallace, + but the whole apical area pale violet, and the rest of the ground-
colour of a browner tint than in that species. Below, markings the same as in the male, but ill-defined,
the hind wings whitish."

Exp. wings, " 85 inches."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula. — Singapore (Butler). — Java (Wallace, and coll. Godm. & Salv.).

I have enumerated this species entirely on the authority of Mr. Butler's determination of
the specimen collected at Singapore by Lieut. Roberts, in whose collection it remains, and
which I have not seen.

7. Elymnias saueri. (Tab. IX., fig. 3 <? .)

Hlijiiiiiiii.s tiiiticri, n. sp.

Male. Anterior wings dark violaceous, with paler suffusions on apical area, and with the following
very pale violaceous spots : — three discal ; one large, placed between first and second median nervules, the
others exceedingly small and indistinct, and situate between the discoidal nervules and between the second
and third median nervules ; five large submarginal spots, divided by the nervules, of which the two ujjper,
inner, and largest are contiguous and separated by the lower discoidal nervule, the fifth being situate
between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure ; there is also a very faint indication of
a spot at end of cell. Costal area with basal third minutely spotted with greyish, remaining portion with
three or four pale bluisli spots. Posterior wings eastaneous, with the basal area fuscous. The extreme
margins of both wings are alternately fuscous and white. Wings beneath pale ferruginous, thickly mottled
with dark chocolate-brown strigae, irregular in shape and size. Anterior wings with a number of pale
greyish spots on costal area ; the upper portion of cell and apical area somewhat paler in hue, and with
indications of a dark waved fascia near end of cell. Posterior wings somewhat darker, the strigae being
more numerous and contiguous, with indications of a much-waved and irregular dark fascia crossing wings
about end of cell, and a more or less distinct, broad, submarginal fascia, followed by several waved, broken,
and indistinct lines. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 85 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Saiier).t

* Trails. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 488.

f This is a closely allied or local form of E. lais, and is fouud iu Burma and Silhet.

I Since this description was written a specimen collected by Capt. Bingham in Tenasserim, has been prcseuted to
the British Museum.

September 30, 1882. s

66

RHOPALOCEIiA MALA VAN A.

This fine species is somewhat intermediate between E. casiphone and E. leucocijma,* agi-eeing
best with the last above, and with the hrst beneath. It appears to be a mimic of a species of
Euplcm belonging to the midamus group, though the female still remains to be discovered.
It was captured in Province Wellesley by Mr. Saiier, an enthusiastic collector of the Lepidoptera
of the beautiful region in which he at present resides, and after whom I have named the
species.

Subfam. NYMPHALINiE.

Nijmplmlinai, Bates, Joiu-n. Ent. ii. p. 176 (1861) ; Moore, Lap. Ceyl. i. p. 26 |1881).
NijmphalidcB and Eurytelidai, p., Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lap. pp. 143, 403 (1851-2).
Murphi(l)F, p., Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 332 (1851).
Morpldnie, Goclm. & Salv., Biol. Centr. Am. Ebop. p. 113 ( 1881).

Discoidal cell of the posterior wing open, the lower disco-cellular nervule being
Fig. 10.— Post, wing of more or less ati'ophied. Larvae variable in form.

Ducophora tullia, $.

Most authors treat the Nijmphalina' and Morphime as separate subfamilies, but though
I have endeavoured, by studying the views of my contemporaries, to find characters that
would enable me to follow that course, I can only subscribe to the dictum of the founder of
the NiimphaUna', that the genera grouped under the Morphhm as a subfamily " exhibit no good
character whereby they may be distinguished from the Nijmphalina." \ Most authors who have
followed the opposite course have also doubted the classificatory value of the Morphiiue. Prof.
Westwood, when he diagnosed the fam. Morpliid(ti,\ clearly stated that he followed the views of
Mr. E. Doubleday, a course the more necessary owing to the plates illustrating the work having
been already inscribed with the "distinct family headings." In his very exhaustive paper,
"On the Oriental Species of Butterflies related to the Genus Blorpho," a memoir which
particularly applies to this fauna. Prof. Westwood has also expressed the view § that he found
it " next to impossible to draw any (even an artificial) line of separation" between some of the
genera, which are thus divided in subfamiliar estrangement, an opinion further strengthened by
earlier argument. || Mr. Kirby, who enumerates and uses the subfamily Morphhui', in his
'Synonymic Catalogue,' subsequently qualifies that course by stating, "The Morphiiioi are a
group of butterflies perhaps only artificially separated from the Nijinphalincc ;" '^ and to add to
the perplexity he has referred the foundation of the MurpliiiKc (under that name) to Mr. Butler,**
who has (at least where quoted) given neither diagnosis nor reason for such division. On the
other hand, however, Messrs. Godman and Salvin, without entering into the argument of
classification, "think that these butterflies have associated characters of sufficient number and
value to allow them to stand as a separate subfamily Morphime." W

It is here proposed to separate the Xiimphalinoe into two groups, principally based on the
characters of the palpi.

* A species received from Silliet.

I Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 332.

II Introd. Mod. Class. lus. ii. p. 353.
** Cist. Ent. i. p. 3.

t Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 177.

§ Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. iv. N.S. p. 109.
11 ' Entomologist,' vol. x. p. 290.
■ff Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop. p. 113.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

67

Group MOnPHINA.

Palpi slender, the anterior margins not dilated.

LarviB (as at present described) with a more or less developed Infid tail.

Fig. 17. — Head, showing palpi of
Amatliusia phidippus.

Fic. 18. — Larva of Amathusia pliidijypus (from Horsf. Cat. Lep. ilus. E. F.O.)
Flo. If). — ,, Discophora celinde „ „

This division corresponds with the subfamily Morphince of many authorities (ante p. 66), and
includes not only some of the largest Nymphalinous butterflies, but also (especially in the
American genus Morpho) examples of the most beautiful species to be found in the whole
Rhopalocera. The genus Morpho is, in fact, the type of this division, and also its sole repre-
sentative in the American tropics, whilst nine other genera are distributed throughout the tropical
regions of the East. The genus Morpho is remarkable for the resplendent blue coloration or
tints of the wings of its species, and possesses as its nearest ally in the East the beautiful
genus Thaumaiitis. It was an eloquent remark of Humboldt, when comparing the plants of
Equinoctial America with those of Europe, that " when Nature does not present the same species,
she loves to repeat the same genera ; " * and some of the older entomologists f described Oriental
species as belonging to the genus Morpho which have subsequently, and more correctly, been
placed in that of Thaumantis.

The presence of these two closely allied genera Morpho and Thaumantis in such widely
separated areas as the Neotropical I and Indo-Malayan regions is possible of explanation by a
slight reference to other corresponding biological facts. Thus, in Mammalia, the genus Tapinis has
a somewhat similar distribution, and, although restricted in the number of species, is also only
found in these regions. But it is known that in Tertiary times, both Miocene and Pliocene, the
Tapir inhabited Europe, and its fossil teeth are, even in this country, found in the Norfolk and
Suffolk crag deposits, whilst in the Pleistocene period in North America it extended as far
north as the Valley of the Mississippi. The geological argument is, however, too extensive for
discussion here, but Mr. Wallace has attentively studied it, and can be quoted : — " North
America was evidently in very early times so far connected with Europe and Asia as to
interchange with those continents the higher types of animal life as they were successively

* ' Person. Nan-ative,' Bohn'.s edit., vol. i. p. 424. f Godait and Zinkeu-Sommer.

I The Neotropical ref,'ion of Dr. Sclater includes all South America, the Antilles, and tropical portion of North America.
The tropical portions of this region are here alone referred to.

68 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

developed in either hemisphere."* And the same author, in a popular manner, has drawn
attention to the migration of characteristic South American mammals to Xorth America in
the Post-Pliocene epoch, f

Now facts point to a similar conclusion respecting this distrihution of the butterflies. In
the European Eocene formations at Aix, in Provence, five fossil butterflies have been discovered
and described. Of these two belong to the Satyrida: (to which the Morphime are allied), and
Mr. Scudder, who has written an excellent monograph on Fossil Butterflies and particularly
studied these fossils, thus concludes: — "Three out of the five Aix l)utterflies therefore find
their nearest living allies in the Indo-Malayan region, one is most closely related to forms now
found in Tropical America, and one is at home in its own resting place." I Mr. Thiselton-Dyer
has pointed out similar coincidences with plants, especially in the tropical order Tcmstrmniaceoe,
" Out of thirty-two genera as many as five are represented in the Indo-Malayan and South
American floras," § and he inclines to the view of a transverse connection between the different
branches of the tropical flora in the northern hemisphere during the early part of the Tertiary
period. ||

This group possesses considerable afiinity with the SaUirince, not only by the ocellated
spots on the under-surfaces of the posterior wings, but also in the larval form, as shown by
the two figures (figs. 18 & 19). Both of these possess bifid tails, H as in that subfamily, though
one only has the head bicornuted.** The details of the larval forms of the diflerent species in
this group are much desiderated.

Six genera are found in the Malay Peninsula.

* ' Tropical Nature,' p. 339.

f Ibid. The whole discussion is carried out more fully in the same author's ' Geogr. Distr. Anini.'

I " Fossil Butterflies," Mem. Am. Ass. Adv. Scien. 1875, p. 77. An excellent resume and description of the fossil
entomology of Aix has been given by Mr. Herbert Goss, in "The Insect Fauna of the Kecent and Tertiary Periods," Proc.
Geol. Assoc, v. n. 6, p. 29 (1877).

§ "On Plant-Distrib. as a Field for Geogr. Research." From Proc. Geogi-. Soc. vol. xxii. n. G, p. 30 (1878).

il Ibid. p. 24.

XoTE. — It has been gener-ally assumed that a land-connection existed in Tertiary times between Europe and America.
Thus Prof. Boyd Uawkins, one of the latest exponents, declares ('Early Man in Britain,' p. 20), "The chief botanists of the
present time— Hooker, Dyer, Saporta, Dawson, and Asa Gray — are agi-eed that the north polar region was the centre from
which the Tertiary floras have been dispersed over the New and Old Worlds;" and the same author (ibid. p. 23) considers
that there is evidence to prove the existence of a great Eocene continent, which including Britain (then connected with
Western France) extended to America by way of Iceland and Greenland, and was continuous with Norway and Spitzbergen.
" This great north-western continent, or northern Atlantis," existed through the Eocene and Miocene ages, " offering a means
of free migration for plants and animals, and it was not finally broken up by submergence " till the beginning of the Phocene
age. Mr. A. Tylor (Geol. Mag. vol. ix. p. 488), arguing that " the elevation of the Alps in the Miocene period must have been
accompanied by a much larger movement of depression," thinks that probably " at the time a Miocene island or continent
(near Plato's Atlantis) in the Atlantic was suddenly depressed."

An alternative hypothesis to that of now submerged laud-couuectiou has been formulated by Mr. A. Tylor (Geol.
Mag. vol. ix. 392), that in the Glacial period the ice-cap at the Poles was sufficient to reduce the level of the sea by at
least 600 feet ; and Mr. Belt (' Naturalist in Nicaragua,' p. 266) was wilhng to propose a lowering of the level of the sea
to 1000 feet.

II The larvs of Morplio laertes and M. epistrophis, as figured by Dr. Burmeister (Descrip. Physiq. de la Bepubl. Argent.
— Buenos Ayres — vol. v. Atlas, pi. vii. f. 1, 2, 3, 4), have the caudate anal appendages rudimentary, but still distinct. lu the
representation of the larva of Morpho achilles by Mme. Merian (Metamorph. Insect. Suriuamens. ))1. vii.), the structural
details of which have not been criticised by Dr. Burmeister iu his reference to the same, these "bifid tails" are prominently
developed.

•-•'■= Dr. Bm-meistcr in the text of the above quoted work (p. 189), in the diagnosis of his section Motplmhr of his subfamily
Morphoides, writes " Chenilles sans comes sur la tete," which, though true of the genus Morpho, is certainly contrary to the
structm-e of the larva of Amathusia phidippus as here figured.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

69

Flo. 20. — Post, iving, Amathusia
phidippus, showing apex of cell
partly closed by atrophied ner-
vule.

Fjo. 'Jl. — Ant. wing, Amathusia
phidippus, showing subcostal
nervules, bases of discoidal ner-
vules and base of first median
nervule.

Fig. 22.— Ant. wing, Zeuzidia ame-
thystus, showing base of first
median nervule, with oblique
supplementary nervule attached
to fokl in wiug (dotted line).

Fig. 23. — Ant. wing, Discophora
celinde. showing arrangement of
subcostal nervules and bases of
discoidal nei-vules.

Fig. 24. — Post, wing. Chrome ijra-
cilis. showing bifurcation of sub-
costal nervules and apparent base
of upper disco-cellular nervule.

September 30, 1882.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

1. Discoidal cell to posterior wings partly closed by an atrophied

lower disco-cellular nervule.

A. Subcostal nervules of anterior wings free.

a. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings well separated at
their origin.

b. First median nervule of anterior wings strongly angu-
lated near base.

c. Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight,
and apical angle not acute.
d. Anal angle of posterior wings produced in caudate

prolongation. Amathusu.

AA. FLr.st subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosing
with costal nervure.

bb. First median nervule of anterior wings strongly angu-

lated near base, emitting a short oblique nervule,

which connected with a fold of the wing gives the

appearance of an additional median nervule.

cc. Anterior wings with inner margin dilated and convex

in <y , and apical angle acute. - - . . Zeuzidi.\.

2. Discoidal cell to posterior wings open, lower disco-cellular

nervule entirely absent.

aa. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings with their bases
contiguous.

bbb. First median nervule of anterior wings slightly arched,
but not angulated near base.
ccc. Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight, and
apical angle acute.
dd. Outer margin of posterior wings obtusely angulated

at apex of first median nervule. - - - Discophora.
acta. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings well separated at
their origin.

bbbb. First median nervule of anterior wings strongly arched,
but not angulated near base.
cccc. Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight, and
apical angle not acute.
ddd. Anal angle of posterior wings rounded, or some-
times produced in caudate prolongation. - - Thaumantis.

B. Subcostal nervules of anterior wings free, the second, third

and fourth emitted moderately close together and equi-
distant.

bbbbb. First median nervule of anterior wings neither
minently arched nor angulated near base.
ccccc. Anterior wings with inner margin slightly dilated at
base in J , the apical angle rounded.
dddd. Posterior wings ovate, the anal angle rounded.

e. Bifurcation of subcostal nervules and apparent
base of ujjper disco-cellular nervule to pos-
terior wings contiguous. .... Clerome.
BB. Second and third median nervules of anterior wings emitted
some distance apart.
ddddd. Posterior wings subovate and subelongate.

ec. Bifurcation of subcostal nervules and ajjparent
base of upper disco-cellular nervule to pos-
terior wings remote. Xanthot.enia.

pro-

70 RHOPALOCERA MALA VAN A.

Genus AMATHUSIA.

Amathtisia, Fabricius, Illiger's Mag. vi, p. 279 (1807) ; Westw., Gen. Diiirn. Lep. p. 32G (1850).
Mitocerm, Billb., Euum. lus. p. 79 (1820) ; Scudcl. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sc. x. p. 220 (1875).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin strongly arched, the apex not acute and very slightly
rounded. First subcostal nervule emitted before end of cell at three-fom-ths of its length, remaining
subcostal nervules emitted close together on apical fourth of wing. Upper disco-cellular nervule shortly,
obliquely, and outwardly directed at base, and suberect along its greater length; lower disco-cellular
suberect and slightly concave at base and then dhected obliquely outwards for its greatest length. Discoidal
nervules well separated at their origin. Fu-st median nervule with its base directed obliquely upwards in a
line with the median nervure, and then abruptly deflexed to outer margin. Posterior wings subtriangular ;
costal margin arched ; outer margin rounded and scalloped ; anal angle produced into a broad, spatulate,
tail-like prolongation between the apices of the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. Discoidal
cell partly closed by an atrophied and curved disco-cellular nervule. In male specimens these wings possess
two tufts of hau-, probably concealing scent-secretory glands or pouches, the first in the neighbourhood of
the submedian nervure, and the second and smaller tuft between that ner\Tire and the thu-d median nervxile.
The terminal joints of the abdomen are also furnished with tufts of hair.

This genus is of moderate extent, including some eight or nine species. It has a somewhat
restricted area, which extends from Continental India to a little beyond the Indo-Malayan
region. At present but one species is known as inhabiting the Malay Peninsula.

1. Amathusia phidippus. (Tab. VI., fig. 6 j , 7 2 .)

Papilio Phidippus, Lmuffius, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 752, n. 37 (17G7) ; Job. Amoen. Acad. vi. p, 402, n. 52 (1764) ;

Fabr. Syst. But. p. 455, u. 52 (1775) ; Sp. Ins. p. 21, n. 85 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. p. 11, u. 97 (1787) ;

Ent. Syst. iii. p. 71, n. 220 (1793) ; Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 69, A,B (1779).
MorpJio Phidippus, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 439, n. 2 (1823).
Amathusia Phidippus, Doubl. Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 54-, f. 2 (1850) ; Horsf. k Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.

p. 209, u. 428 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 45, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Liun. Sec. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.

p. 538, n. 1 (1877) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 340, u. 1 ; ibid. 1874, p. 104, u. 1 ; Moore, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 583; ibid. 1878, p. 826; Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 638, u. 13;

Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 147, n. 21 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); ibid. xxi. p. 11, u. 42 (1878).

Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins
somewhat paler, and with a distinctly paler submarginal fascia. Posterior wings with the outer margin
paler and with a distinctly paler submarginal fascia, the marginal fringe ochraceous and the anal-angular
caudate prolongation somewhat paler, with two subluuate black spots, outwardly margined with white;
these spots are placed near the apices of the third median nervule and submedian ner\-ure. Wings
beneath greyish, crossed by numerous fuscous fasciae of varying width and hue; the first commences
near costal base of anterior wings, and is continued on posterior wings, narrowing and becoming somewhat
evanescent a little beyond the middle of submedian nervure ; the second crosses the cells of both wings
about then- centres, and terminates on inner side of third median nervule at about half its length ; the thhd
is short, crossing cell, but not passing median nervule of anterior wings ; the fourth is pale, with its margins
darker, waved, and deflexed beneath the third fascia on anterior wing, passing a little beyond the second
on posterior wing, and becoming confluent and terminating with that fascia beneath the median nervure :
the fifth is wide and darkest, crossing both wings at cellular apices, and termmating a little beneath second
median nervule; the sixth is widest, somewhat paler, with darker margms, outwardly sinuate- and placed a
little beyond the fifth ; this sixth fascia is followed by three narrow fasciae, which terminate on the abdomina.

RHOPALOCEKA MALAYANA. 71

margin of the posterior wings, one being marginal and two submarginal, the middle one darkest and the
inner one palest. The posterior wings possess two large submarginal ocellated spots, which are ochraceous,
speckled with fuscous, possessing white centres and black outer margins, the inner borders of which are
narrowly ochraceous ; the lower and larger spot has the white centre somewhat lunate, and is followed
posteriorly by a broad blackish suffusion ; the upper of these spots is situate between the subcostal ner\niles,
and the lower one between the second and third median nervules. The anal-angular prolongation of the
posterior wings is spotted as above and has a large central castaneous sufl'usion. Body and legs more or
less concolorous with wings.

The male possesses four long, curved tufts of hair on each side of the terminal segments of the
abdomen. A somewhat similar tuft is situate about the centre of the abdominal margin to the posterior
wings, on the inner side of the submedian nervure ; and between the submedian nervure and third median
nervule within a fold of the wing are also a few long hairs. Both of these, judging by analogous reasoning,
are probably the coverings of scent-glands or pouches.

Female. Larger than the male ; wings above paler, with an ochraceous discal fascia crossing both
wings, widest near costa of anterior wings, and very narrow on posterior wings ; the submarginal fascite as
in male, but concolorous with the ochraceous margins. Wings beneath as in male, but much paler.

Exp. wings, <? 96 to 101 millim. ; 2 108 to 11'2 millim.

Hab. — Andaman Islands (colls. Mooi'e and Calc. Mus.) — Tenasserim ; Meetan (Limborg).^ — Malay
Peninsula ; Penaug ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (coll.
Moore). — Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Java (Horsf. Coll. Brit. Mus.) — Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.) ;
Banjermasin (coll. Dist.) — Celebes (Snellin). — Siam ; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.)

This species varies in the depth and intensity of hue possessed by the fuscous fasciae on
the under surfaces of the wings, as exhibited in the male and female forms here figured, and
•which may be taken as typical of the varietal extremes.

It is also of crepuscular flight. In Java and Celebes, according to Piej)ers, "the sun has
scarcely set before we see everywhere" this and a few other species of like habits ; but the same
author remarks, " I never saw these species wandering about at night in the moonlight, or
entering lighted rooms, like the true night-moths, which are very numerous, although, like the
latter, they sit still and repose all day, and if disturbed only fly a little way and settle again
directly." * Mr. Collingwood speaks of these butterflies in the Bornean island, Labuau, as making
" their appearance near sunset, when, from their large size, they might be almost mistaken for
small bats."f In the Malay Peninsula A. phidippiis possesses the local name of "cocoa-nut
moth," and, as Mr. Bigg writes, " it delights in shady places, and is especially found about
attap-sheds and on dead cocoa-nut leaves."]: The dull coloration of this species especially
assimilates it to such an environment, and afibrds a very fair example of what is understood by
"protective resemblance," or, as it might also be expressed, assimilative coloration. §

* Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii. to xsiv., aud English translation by Kirby, 'Entomologist,' x. p. '271.

f 'Rambles of a Naturalist,' p. 183. t Mouth. Tacliet, vol. ii. p. 191 (18K1).

§ Although the theory of "protective resemblance" in animal life owes its elucidation to the labour's and insight
of Wallace and Darwin, it, like other similar facts, had not escaped the attention of the older naturahsts of teleological
tendencies. Thus St. Pierre C Studies of Nature,' Hunter's transl. vol. ii. p. 175, 1S09) relates: — " In the month of March last
I observed, by the brink of the rivulet which washes the Gobelins, a butterfly (moth?) of the colour of brick, reposing with
expanded wings on a tuft of grass. On my apjiroaching him he flew oil'. He alighted at some paces distance on the ground,
which at that place was of the same colour with himself. I approached him a second time ; he took a second flight, and
perched again on a similar stripe of earth. In a word, I found it was not in my power to oblige him to ahght on the grass,
though I made frequent attempts to that effect, aud though the spaces of earth which separated the turfy soil were narrow
aud few in number." My late friend 1). G. Kutherford recorded somewhat similar habits in an African butterfly, Aterica
meleagris, the colour of whose wings beneath, when at rest, so assimilated with the colour of the soil on which it settled as to
make its detection a matter of the gi-eatest difficulty (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. xliij ; and Mr. Jeuner Weir has exhibited
specimens of Hipparchia semele wliich also showed a tendency to vary beneath in accordance with the nature of the soil in
the different districts Ln which they had been found (ibid. p. xhx).

72 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

The larva (fig. 18) is from a drawing made in Java by Dr. Horsfield, who states that it
there " feeds on the young leaves of Coccos micifera, from December to April." *

Genus ZEUXIDIA.

Zeuxidia, Hiibner, Samral. Ex. Scbmett. (1816-1824); "Westw. Geu. Diurn. Lep. p. 327 (1851).

Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costal margin strongly arched, and the apex acute, the inner
margin in the male dilated and convex. First subcostal nervule emitted before the end of cell at about
three-fourths its distance from base, anastomosing with costal nervure for some little distance and then
reflexed to costa ; + the second emitted near end of costal nervure ; remaining subcostal ner\'ules emitted
near apex. Disco-cellular nervules generally as in Amathnsia, and discoidal nervules well separated at
their bases, as in that genus. First median nervule strongly angulated at base, as in Amathusia, but
throwing off a short, oblique and disconnected nervule directed upwards, but not reaching the lower
discoidal nervule, and connected with a fold in the wing, which gives the appearance of a fourth median
nervule. Posterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin strongly curved and convex ; cell partly closed, as
in Aiiiathusia; anal angle attenuated and produced into a caudate prolongation between the third median
nervule and the submedian nervure. In male specimens this wing possesses two large and prominent
glands or pouches (pi-obably scent-secreting), both of which possess a central tuft of hairs, one situate
between the costal nervure and first subcostal nervule, \ the second in discoidal cell. There is also a smaller
tuft covering an apparently small glandular pouch in the neighbourhood and near base of the submedian
nervure.

The area of this genus is limited, and corresponds generally with that of Amathusia.
It comprises eight or nine species, one of which is at present alone known in this fauna.

1. Zeuxidia amethystus. (Tab. VII., fig. 1 ,? , 2 2 .)

Zeuzidia amethystus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 485, n. 5 ; Trans. Linn. Soc, Zool., ser. 2, vol. i. p. 538,

n. 1 (1877).
Zeuzidia Watlacei, Feld. Eeise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 461, u. 777, t. 62, f. 3 (1866) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,

p. 341, n. 2.

Male. Anterior wings rich chocolate-brown, crossed by a large bluish subapical fascia, with purplish
reflections ; this fascia commences at costal margin, where it is broadest, and terminates near apex of third
median ner^iile, where it is narrowest ; it is outwardly convex and inwardly (where it crosses about the end
of cell) irregularly concave. Marginal fringe narrowly pale bluish white. Postei'ior wings rich chocolate-
brown, with a large bluish anal-angular patch with purplish reflections ; this patch extends upwards, and
somewhat convexly, from anal angle, and terminates near first median nervule ; anal-angular caudate
prolongation distinctly marked with white on each side, and marginal fringe narrowly pale bluish white.
Wings beneath pale brownish. Anterior wings with four irregular brown fascia crossing cell, which are
continued on posterior wing and terminate at the median nervule ; both are also crossed by a slightly
waved fascia, the outer margin of which is distinctly darkest, commencing at costa of anterior wings,
crossing cellular apices of both wings, and terminating very obscurely near the submedian nervure ; both
wings have a very much waved and sinuated narrow brown fascia between apex of cell and margin,

* Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 210.

f I am somewhat at variance with Prof. Westwood in the diagnosis of this nervule. That excellent authority (Gen.
Diurti. Lep. p. 328) has described "two slender oblique veiulets" connecting the costal nervure with the costa. The second of
these is present, exactly as described by Westwood in one male specimen of Z. amethystus in my own collection, but as it is
absent in other specimens of the same species, and also generally throughout the genus, I look upon it as an aberration only.
The first veinlet I also consider as but the termination of the fii-st subcostal nervule, after some lateral anastomosis with the
costal nervure.

\ Fritz Miiller considers tlie dilatation and prolongation of the inner margin of the anterior wing over the costal area of
the posterior wing " a never- failing indication of the presence of a scent-secreting organ" at that spot (' Kosmos,' Jan. 1897,
p. 285 ct seq., and Abstr. by Meldola, ' Nature,' vol. xix. p. 587).

RUOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 73

followed by two more obscure and much straighter fasciffi, one submarginal and the other marginal. Posterior
•wings with three ocellated spots with white centres and whitish and black margins, the upper and largest
of which is situate between the subcostal nervules, the second and smallest is placed between the lower
subcostal and discoidal nervules, and the third between the second and third median nervules. Both wings
have also a few whitish suffusions, and the anterior wings are shaded with dark brown beyond the apex of
the cell, and become more or less fuscous beneath the second median nervule ; caudate prolongations
marked with white on each side as above. The sexual tufts and margins of glands paler than wing.

Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above pale brownish. Anterior wings becoming chocolate-brown beyond apex of
cell, and there possessing the following pale stramineous markings : — a waved fascia commencing on costal
margin a little beyond cell and terminating above first median nervule, where it is outwardly followed by a
small spot ; beneath are six spots placed three above and three beneath the second median nervule ; and
near apex there is also an indication of a pale spot. Posterior wings with the outer marginal area more or
less ochraceous, on which is a submarginal waved and broken dark chocolate fascia, becoming in some
specimens (as the one figured) obsolete towards anal angle ; on inner side of this ochraceous area is an
ill-defined darker apical patch or sufl^usion, on which are three pale ochraceous sj^ots, two above and one
beneath the discoidal nervule ; there is also a similar but much fainter spot beneath the first median
nerviile (in one Malaccan specimen now before me these spots are nearly obsolete) ; anal caudate prolongation
marked with white on each side. Wings beneath generally as in male, but the smaller ocellated spot on
posterior wings in male absent, and the whitish suffusion more distinct.

Exp. wings, J" 90 to 96 millim. ; 2 110 to 120 millim.

Hkb. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Saiier) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (Brit.
Mus.) — Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.).

Z. amethijstus does not probably extend north of the Malay Peninsula, as here fauuistically
treated, as from Tenasserim a closely allied species has been described.* Considerable variation
in depth of coloration is observable both above and beneath amongst male specimens.

This species affords a striking example of sexual dissimilarity in coloration and markings,
in explanation of which several theories have been advanced, which are at least suggestive, if
not conclusive. As in this case, where dissimilarity exists, it is usually, though not invariably,
the male which is the most showy and brightly coloured, and Mr. Darwin considers that this is
due to "sexual selection," or, in other words, "the females for many generations having
chosen and paired with the more attractive males," f and certainly much of the argument which
he applies to the sexes of the American genus Epicalia will apply to Zeuzidia. It is probable,
at least on this view, that the female form represents more or less the ancestral type of the
genus, for not only are all the female forms of Zeuzidia with which I am acquainted coloured in
this manner, but similar sexual forms occur in the American genus Morpho, of which a striking
example is the Papilio mamis of Schaller, which, judging from the somewhat indifferent figure,
Mr. Kirby quite reasonably placed in the genus Zeuzidia, but which, by the acquisition of a
Guianan specimen, I was subsequently enabled to show was the female sex of Morpho adonis, I and
almost simultaneously Mon. C. Oberthiir figured the closely allied female sex of Morpho eucjenia.%
We have already alluded to the natural affinities of these genera, and the geological evidences
which minimise their present geographical estrangement, and when we observe that in each

* Z. masoni, Moore. f ' Descent of Man,' 2n(l edit. p. 318.

I Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 397. § ' Etudes d'entomologie,' liv. 6me, t. vi. f. 1.

Septembee 30, 1882. u

74 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAXA.

case the male character depends upon the colour blue for its brilhancy, the remarkable affinity
of these female forms of Jilorpho and Zeuzidia are most suggestive. If we allowed ourselves to
generalise, it would seem that in Morpho and Tropical America the briUiant blue character of
the male has reached its maximum, and has there descended in the majority of instances
to the female as a secondary sexual character, whilst in Zeuzidia the females still retain their
primitive coloration.

Mr. Wallace, however, rejects the theory of sexual selection, and substitutes several
propositions to account for varying sexual phenomena. One of the principal of these is the "need
of protection, repressing in the female those bright colours which are normally produced in both
sexes by general laws." * The observation of the habits of both sexes of Zeuzidia would greatly
assist this theory. Mr. Wallace has also j^roposed " Colour as a means of Kecognition" for
butterflies, " in which the females of closely-aUied species in the same locahty sometimes
differ considerably, while the males are much alike."! This, however, would not ajjply to
Z. amethystus, as it possesses a close ally in the female of Z. doubledayi. I

Genus DISCOPHOKA.

Discophora, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. t. 12, f. 3 (1836) ; Westw. Gen. Diiu-n. Lep. p. 329 (1851) ; Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. i. p. 35 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costal margin very much arched and the apex acute ; the inner
margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of cell, anastomosing with
costal nervure for some little distance, and then apparently reflexed to costa ; the second pui-suing a like
course a little before apex of costal nervure ; remaining nervules emitted beyond costal nervm-e and near
apex. Discoidal nervules with then- bases contiguous. Fii-st median nervule slightly arched, but not
angulated beyond apex of cell. Posterior wings subtriangular ; disk of costal margin nearly straight ; outer
margin of wings, especially in the female, more or less prominently and obtusely angulated at apex of first
median nervule. Discoidal cell quite unclosed at apex.

The males possess a silky oval patch of raised scales on the upper sm-face of the posterior wings at the
bases of the median ner^•ules.

This genus comprises some eight or nine species, spread over an ai-ea which in the main
corresponds with that of the two preceding genera. Discophora is found in Continental India,
Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, and onwards throughout
a large portion of the Malayan Ai-chipelago.

Two species are at present included in this fauna.

1. Discophora tullia. (Tab. VII., fig. 8 a^, 9 ? .)

Papilio Tullia, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 81, A, B (1779) ; Fabr. Sp. Ins. p. 76, n. 337 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. p. 38,

n. 394 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 98, n. 305 (1793).
Murpho Tullia, Godt. Enc. M6th. ix. p. 446, u. 19 (1823).
Discophora tullia, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 331, n. 1 (1851); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i.

p. 211, n. 431 (1857) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1865, p. 767 ; ibid. 1878, p. 826 ; Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep.

p. 45, n. 1 (1869) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 538, n. 2 (1877) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1873, p. 341, n. 1.

* ' Tropical Kature,' p. 193. t Ibid. p. 196.

J The subject has also been treated bj- Fritz Miiller ('Kosmos,' 1879, p. 285 et seq.), with reference to an American
buttei-fly, but his views do not apply to oui' present discussion.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 75

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown ; posterior wings with a silky patch of raised scales at bases of
median nervules.

Note. — In all male specimens as yet examined from the Malay Peninsula the anterior wings are
unspotted, but in specimens from Continental India there are usually three discal rows of pale spots
between the end of cell and outer margin. The ground colour also varies in intensity of hue.

Wings beneath dull ochraceous ; basal half of both wings dark ochraceous, remaining outer portions
pale ochraceous, with three more or less waved darker fasciae, one marginal and two submarginal ; posterior
wings with two ocellated spots with white centres and white and black margins, the first situate between the
subcostal nervules, the second between the second and third median nervules (this lower second spot is
absent iu the specimen figured). Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above pale chocolate-brown. Anterior wings with the outer discal portion dark
chocolate-brown ; an obscure ochraceous spot in and before end of cell, and a smaller but more distinct
spot of the same colour beyond end of cell ; a like spot beneath cell and between second and thml median
nervules (absent in specimen figm-ed) ; an inner discal series of six white spots placed between the nervules,
the largest, upper, and innermost two contiguous, and separated by the upper discoidal nervule ; the sixth,
with its posterior margin tinged with ochraceous, is situate between the third median nervule and submedian
nervui-e ; this is outwardly followed by a series of five spots, the upper one bluish and amalgamating with
the second inner spot, second and third bluish, and fourth and fifth ochraceous ; and a submarginal row of
five ochraceous spots placed between the nervules in a line with the other two series ; costal and outer
margins very pale brownish. Posterior wings with the outer discal portion dark chocolate-brown, and with
three discal series of ochraceous spots placed between the nervules, the two inner series not i^assing the
thu-d median nervule, the outer series having an indistinct spot beyond that nervule ; the intermediate
series are more or less distinctly sublunate, and the outer series are inwardly margined with very dark
chocolate-brown ; outer margin very pale brownish. Wings beneath as in male, but paler, the basal portion
with a few scattered dark rounded spots near base ; a waved, continuous, narrow dark fascia crossing the
centres of both cells, and a dark spot at the u^^per disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings ; ocellated spots
to posterior wings smaller than in male, but varying in size.

Long. $ 70 to 75 millim. ; ? 90 to 98 millim.

Hab.— Continental India ; Darjeehng (Horsf. & Moore) ; Silhet (Brit. Mus.) — Tenasserim ; near
Ahsown (Limborg).^Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Saiier) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) —
Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.).

The females of this species vary in the isrominence of the apical angles of the anterior
wings, thus approximating towards the specimens described by Prof. Westwood as a distinct
species, under the name of Discophora Zed, but which may probably prove to be merely a variety
of this species.*

The larva is figured in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. (pi. xii. fig. 15), from the
original drawing made by Mr. A. Grote, then of Calcutta, and is stated to feed on " Bambiisa."
It apparently agrees in structure with the larva of D. cclinde, which is here figured.

2. Discophora celinde. (Tab. V., fig. 10 a", 11 2-)

PapUio Celinde, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 37, f. 1, 1 A (1790).

Papilio Menetho, Fabr. Eut. Syst. iii. 1, p. 83, n. 260 (1793); Douov. Ins. Ind. t. 30, f. 1 (1800).

Papilio urist'ules, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 86, n. 268 (1793).

* Mr. Moore has enumerated Discophora Zal among the Tenasserim butterflies (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 8'2G); and
Mr. Kirby, in that lepidopterists' vade mecum, his ' Cat. Dium. Lep.' p. 646, also considers it distinct.

76 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Morpho Celinde, Godt. Enc. Metb. ix. p. 446, u. 18 (1823) ; Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. t. 6, f. 6 (1829).

Morpho Mmetho, Godt. Enc. Metb. ix. p. 440, n. 20 (1823).

Discophora celinile, HeiT.-Scbilff. Ex. Scbmett. f. 5, 6 (1850) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 211,

n. 432 (1857) ; Suelleu, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 148, n. 22 (1870) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 583;

Wood-Mas. & de Nicev. Jomn. As. Soc. Bengl. xbx. p. 220, n. 10 (1880).
Discophora mtnetho, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 45, n. 2 (1869) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 538,

n. 1 (1877).

Male. Wings above olivaceous, witb obscure bluisb reflections. Anterior wings witb the following
ochraceous spots : — one linear beyond end of cell and between tbe discoidal nervules, followed by
three which are divided by tbe discoidal nervules (tbe upper of which is more frequently absent),
and a submarginal series of which the uppermost is situate between the discoidal nervules, and the
lower one between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. Posterior wings with a
piceous, subovate, silky patch of raised scales at basal area of median nervules, the outer margin of which
is pale brownish. Wings beneath reddish ochraceous, mottled with numerous dark strigse, and crossed by
a distinct broad darker oblique fascia, passing at about cellular apices of both wings, which have also
two narrow submarginal waved fascise, at the area of which (especially on anterior wings) the colour is
paler, and between which and the oblique fascia the colour is darkest. Anterior wings with three waved
and sinuated fasciae crossing cell. Posterior wings with two discal ocellated spots, with white centres and
yellow and black margins, the first of which is situate between the subcostal nervules, and the second
and smallest between the second and third median nervules. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings. Antennae brownish above and jjale ochraceous beneath.

Female. Wings above pale chocolate-brown. Anterior wings becoming darker towards apical area,
where they are crossed by a very broad ochraceous subapical fascia, which commencing at costa passes a
little beyond end of cell, is outwardly widened beneath the lower discoidal nervule, to near margin, and is
inwardly narrowed between the first and second median nervules till it terminates between the third median
nervule and submedian nervure ; this fascia is preceded by a small ochraceous spot between the second and
third median nervules, and is followed by a narrow outer marginal ochraceous fascia. Posterior wings with
an outer marginal ochraceous fascia, which beyond the discoidal nervule towards anal angle is only
represented by a few spots between the nervules ; a submarginal series of four ochraceous spots placed
between nervules, and two discal spots divided by the lower subcostal nervule. Wings beneath as in male,
but much paler, and with the fasciae much less distinctly defined.

Exp. wings, 3 85 to 93 millim. ; ? 100 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Darjeeling* (Horsf. & Moore, and coll. Dist.) ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.) — Andaman
Islands (colls. Moore and Calc. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula ; Province WeUesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ;
Malacca (Brit. Mus.)— Java (coll. Horsf.)— Borneo (coll. Dist.)

The above descriptions ap2)ly to the form of the species as found in the Malay Peninsula.
That of the male agrees with the figures of Stoll and Herrich-Schiiffer, and is widely distributed,
a Darjeeling specimen in my own collection being in no way different. But in some Malayan
specimens the spots on the anterior wings are almost white, and the upper two of the three
discal spots are obliterated. As the males agree with the typical form as figured by Stoll, and
also with the male specimens arranged as D. celinde in the British Museum, I cannot agree
with Mr. Butler, who has placed a Malaccan female specimen, generally agreeing with the one

* This is an unsatisfactoiy habitat. Mr. H. J. Elwes (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. vii. p. 468) has pointed out
that it is the central station and only town in Brit. Sikkim, and being the centre to which all native collectors bring their
specimens for disposal, species found iu Brit, and Native Sikkim, and the adjoining pai-ts of Bhotan, Tibet, and Nepaul, from
the level of the plains up to 18,000 or 19,000 feet, are thus labelled " DarjeeUng." The Neotropical habitat " Bogota" has
been shown to be equally unsatisfactory, if not often fallacious (see Burchall, ' Zoologist,' p. 9512).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 77

here figured, with a Nepaulese male* to represent the D. menetho, Fabr., as a distinct species,
especially as the Pabrician type is not contained in the British Museum. Moreover, the same
author f has given Donovan's figure as agreeing with the D. menetho, Fabr., but this is unlike
the female Malaccan form, and if such wide variation is allowed (as appears only reasonable
and just) it is difficult to understand how the distinction of the two proposed species can be
maintained.

The larva is figured by Horsfield {ante, p. 67, fig. 19), and is described as feeding, in Java,
on the young leaves of Goccos nucifera from December to January.]: This is the larval food-plant,
according to the same authority, of Amathnsia phidipims.

Genus THAUMANTIS.

Thaumantis, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Sclimett. (1816—1824); Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 455 (1840); Westw.
Gen. Diiirn. Lep. p. 335 (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 170 (1858).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin very much arched, the apex more or less rounded, the
inner margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of the cell, anastomosing
with the costal ner\Tare for some distance, and then apparently reflexed to costa ; the second pursuing a like
course a little before apex of costal nervure ; remaining nervules emitted before or near apex of costal
nervure. Discoidal nervules well separated at their origin. First median nervule strongly arched, but not
angulated beyond apex of cell. Posterior wings more or less ovate, the anal angle sometimes moderately
produced ; disk of costal margin nearly straight. First median nervule strongly arched and angulated
towards discoidal nervule. Discoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed.

Thaumantis is a genus which is found in Continental India, Tenasserim, the Indo-Malayan
Region, Siam, and as far north as Shanghai, and comprises at the present time about a dozen
described species. Allusion has already been made to its striking genetic affinity with the
American genus Morpho, and, as in that genus, Thaumantis also possesses two typical forms of
coloration, which may roughly be described as the blue and the tawny types.

A good example of the blue species of Thaumantis is afforded by T.liicipor (Tab. IX. f. 8 & 9),
which approximates towards the predominating facies of Morpho, while T. pseudaliris (Tab. VIII.
f. 3) and T. louisa (a Tenasserim species) reflect more or less faithfully the features of that portion
of the genus Morpho which is represented by M. metellus and allies.

Three species only have, as yet, been received from the Malay Peninsula. §

1. Thaumantis lucipor. (Tab. IX., fig. 8 J , 9 $ .)

Thaumantis Lucipor, Westwood, Geu. Diuru. Lep. p. 387, n. 5, note (1851) ; Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv.
p. 173, n. 5, t. 19 (1858) ; Hors'f. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 215, n. 443 (1857i ; Dnice,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 341, n. 2.

Male. Wings above pale chocolate-brown, the disks of both wings darker, and with dark and resplendent
bluish reflections, which do not extend to the costal area and wide outer margin (diminishing from apex) of

* I possess a male from Borneo wliich greatly resembles this specimen. \ Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 45, u. 2.

I Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 212.

§ In the 'Cat. of Diuru. Lepid. formeil by W. C. Hewitson,' p. 108 (1879), T. aliris, Westw., is stated to have been
received from Malacca. This, however, from examination, proves to be an erroneous habitat, as the Malaccan specimens
represent the T. 2yseudaUris, Butl., which is here described. Although Mr. Kirby compiled the catalogue he is in no way
answerable for the identiiications, having followed those of Hewitson throughout.

September 30, 1882. x

78 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

the anterior wings, nor to the abdominal or outer margin of the posterior wings. Wings beneath chocolate-
brown, with the outer margins of both wings broadly and distinctly paler. Anterior wings with three very
indistinct and irregular pale fascia crossing cell ; an oblique distinct pale fascia commencing about costal
nervule a little beyond apex of cell, aud terminating about third median nervule near the pale outer margin,
which possesses a submedial aud much waved darker line, on inner side of which the colom- is much suffused
with greyish ; beneath the third median nervule the colour is pale brownish. Posterior wings with the basal
area much suffused with greyish, on which is a large, irregular and curved fascia, which is broadest on
costal margin and narrowest at its termination near the submedian uervure. At the boundary of the pale
outer margin the colour is much darker, and between the third median nervule and submedian nervure
appears as a suddenly bent and reflexed fascia ; this area contains two ocellated spots, the first and uppermost
of which, situate between the subcostal nervules, is dark with slightly paler margin, and its inner third
white ; the lower is situate between the second and third median nervules, and has its inner margin white.
The outer pale margin possesses a submedial and much-waved darker line, on inner side of which the
colour is much suffused with greyish, and between the third median nervule and submedian nervure is an
oblong black spot with an outer white continuation. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

The male possesses two basal patches of pale hairs* near costal base of upper surface of posterior
wings, which probably denote scent-secretory organs.

Female. Larger and with the wings above slightly paler than in male, with similar blue reflections
as in that sex, but which do not extend beyond the basal halves of both wings. Anterior wings with the
blue reflection outwardly bounded by a more or less distinct pale oblique but broken fascia, commencing
above the first discoidal nervule and terminating near the third median nervule ; two small subapical
ochraceous spots on each side of fifth subcostal nervule, followed by a much-waved and sinuated submarginal
ochraceous fascia, commencing near first discoidal nervule and terminating near outer angle. Posterior
wings with a much-waved and sinuated fuscous submarginal fascia, commencing near apex of first subcostal
nei-vule and terminating near anal angle ; between the subcostal nervules this fascia is outwardly bordered
by a pale ochraceous marginal spot. Wings beneath somewhat paler and brighter than in male, excepting
the dark shadings, which are as intense as in that sex; the posterior wings are crossed by a narrow
undulating dark fascia, commencing near costa, crossing near apex of cell, and terminating at third
median nervule (this is faintly discernible in male) ; the submedial waved fasciae to pale outer margins of
wings are also very distinct.

Exp. wings, <? 87 to 94 milhm. ; ? 98 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Saiier).— Borneo (colls. Dist. and Godm. & Salv.);
Sarawak (Brit. Mus.)

This beautiful species has been hitherto only known in collections as from Borneo ; it is,
however, contained in Mr. Satier's collection, which was formed in Province Wellesley.

3. Thaumantis noureddin. (Tab. VII., fig. 3 <? ; and Tab. IX., fig. 7 2.)

Thaumantis Xounddin, Westwood, Gen. Diiirn. Lep. p. 337, n. C, note (1851) ; Traus. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv.
p. 175, u. G, t. 20 (1858) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 216, n. 444 (1857) ; Druce, Proc.
Zool. See. (1873), p. 341, u. 3; Butl. Trans. Lmn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 538, u. 1 (1877).

Male. Wings above dark fuscous-brown ; the outer margins of both wings broadly paler. Anterior
wings with the pale outer margin much waved inwardly, and there denoted by a row of more or less
distinct whitish spots placed upon the nervules ; the costal area and basal portion of cell also somewhat
paler. The posterior wings have the paler outer portion much less well defined, broadest at anal angle,

* These in the typical specimen were described as black by Prof. Westwood, and therefore probably vary in hue.

I

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 79

and terminating on abdominal margin. Wings beneath pale castaneous ; both wings crossed by an almost
straight submargiual dark castaneous fascia, bordered outwardly with greyish. Anterior wings with a pale
waved fascia crossing cell near its centre ; a narrow oblique greyish fascia beyond cell, commencing near
costal nervure, and terminating at first median nervule, beyond which it is continued and indicated by a
narrow dark line only ; between these pale fasciae the colour is somewhat darker, and is thus continued in
a waved and narrower form on posterior wings, where it terminates in a faint and indistinct manner about
centre of abdominal margin. Posterior wings with two ocellated spots on inner side of submarginal fascia ;
these spots are inwardly margined with white, and are situate one between the subcostal nervules, and one
between the second and third median nervules ; apical angle with a fuscous spot, bordered on each side
with greyish.*

The male is provided with two tufts of long dark hairs near base of upper surface of posterior wings,
covering the disks of two distinct pseudo scent-glands or pouches.

Female. Larger than male ; wings above with distinct basal resplendent bluish retiections. Anterior
wings with a discal, curved, and outwardly convex series of five ochraceous spots placed between the nervules,
commencing between the discoidal nervules, and terminating near the third median nervule, and a straight
submarginal series of five ochraceous spots also placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with a
waved fuscous marginal fascia. Wings beneath slightly paler than in male, the oblique greyish fascia
beyond cell of anterior wings much more distinct, broader, and continuous, the straight submarginal
fascia to both wings outwardly much more widely bordered with greyish ; ocellated spots larger and anal
angle less produced than in male.

Exp. wings, <y 93 millim. ; ? 94 to 98 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Borneo
(coll. Godm. & Salv.)

The males of this species vary in the amount of melanism. In some specimens, as the one
figm-ecl, the submarginal series of pale spots above are scarcely visible.

3. Thaumantis pseudaliris. (Tab. VIII., fig. 3 <? .)

Thaumantis pseudaliru, Butler, Journ. Linu. Soc, Zool. vol. xiii. p. 115 (1877); Trans. Linn. See. ser. 2,

Zool. vol. i. p. 538, n. 2, t. Ixviii. fig. 1 (1877).
Thnumantis aUiis, J , Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 176 (1858).+

Male. Anterior wings above fuscous-brown, with the base ferruginous, crossed by a pale lemon-
coloured transverse undulating fascia, which, commencing at costa above apex of cell, is then slightly
cm-ved outwardly, passing a little beyond cell, is gradually narrowed between second and third median
nervi;les, and terminates in a small spot beneath the last-named nervule ; two large subapical white spots,
separated by the upper discoidal nervule. Posterior wings fuscous-brown, with the base ferruginous ; the
apical half from a little beyond the median nervule, and a large subquadrate apical-angular spot ochraceous,
more or less tinged with orange-red. Wings beneath crossed by a broad, irregular, and deeply sinuated
chocolate fascia ; on anterior wings this fascia is abbreviated about median nervule, and is very narrow at
costal margin, where it is supplanted by the commencement of a transverse waved white fascia crossing
wing at end of cell and terminating on outer margin at apex of third median nervule ; on the inner side of
the chocolate fascia the colour is obscure ochraceous, with two irregular reddish spots in cell and a smaller
one above it; beyond the white fascia the colour is reddish ochraceous, with a large discal obscure
violaceous patch, bordered outwards with fuscous, and containing an outer white spot above upper discoidal

* These anal-angular markings have been uufortuuately omitted from the figure.

t Mr. Butler m renaming the male of Westwood's species has accidentally given a wrong reference to that author's
description.

80 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

nervule ; beneath the median nervule the white fascia is inwardly and iiTegularly bordered with fuscous.
On posterior wings the chocolate fascia is broadest on costal margin, strongly angulated and narrowed
about discoidal nervule, outwardly angulated and rounded at base of first median nervule, and terminating
at anal angle between the third median nervule and submedian nervure where it is narrowest ; it is
outwardly margined with white for its upper half ; the inner area is pale obscure ochraceous, with three
reddish spots, two irregular and linear situated above and beneath cell, and one small and rounded in and
near base of cell ; outer area reddish ochraceous, with two ocellated spots, the upper one mottled with
reddish and with a white centre and black margin situate between the subcostal nervules, the lower and
larger one with a large black spot inwardly bordered with white near its inner margin ; outer margin black
inwardly preceded with pale ochraceous ; this spot is situated between the second and third median
nervules ; and a small linear marginal black spot between the third median nervule and the submedian
nervure.

Male with two lai-ge basal tufts of hair on upper surface of lower wings, the smaller near costa, the
larger at base of cell.

Female. Somewhat larger than the male ; apical angle of anterior wings tinged with dark bluish,
beneath paler, brighter and more violaceous.

Exp. wings, (? Ill millim. ; ? 114 millim.

Hab. — Tenasserim ; Thoungyeen Valley, foot of Donat Range (Bingham, Brit. Mus.) — Malay
Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mus., and coll. Hewits.).

The male specimen in the British Museum is here figured, and was captured in Malacca ;
the female to which reference is made was collected by Capt. Bingham in Tenasserim. The
first is somewhat worn, and it is possible that in fresh specimens the apical area of the upper
surface of the anterior wing is bluish, as described in the female specimen.

Prof. Westwood, when he described his T. aliris, apparently possessed the sexes of two
species, and as he figured the female of the Bornean species, which is distinct, it was necessary
to rename the Malaccan male.

Genus CLEROME.

Chrome, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 333 (1851) ; Trans. Eut. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 182 (1858).

Anterior wings subtriangular or subovate ; costal margin very much arched, the apex rounded ; outer
margin more or less convex ; in the male the inner margin slightly dilated at base. Fu-st subcostal nervule
emitted a little before end of cell, and terminating beyond apex of costal nervule ; second, third, and fourth
subcostal nervules emitted somewhat close together, the second before the apex of the first ; fourth and fifth
with a common origin. Lower disco-cellular nervule very long and obliquely sinuate. Discoidal nervules
distinctly separated at their origin. First median nervule not prominently arched or angulated at base.
Posterior wings ovate ; disk of costal margin nearly straight ; outer margin and anal angle rounded.
Discoidal nervule (the base of which is homologous to an upjper disco-cellular nervule) emitted close to the
bifurcation of the subcostal nervules. Discoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed.

The geographical area of Chrome pertains to that of the previously enumerated Malayan
genera of Morphuia. From Continental India in the west it extends eastwards through
Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, a little beyond the confines of the ludo-Malayan portion of
the Archipelago, and as far north as China.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 81

About fourteen species are described, two aloue of wbicli bave at present been received
from tbis region ; tbese, bowever, represent respectively tbe smallest and most beautiful species
of tbe genus.

1. Clerome gracilis. (Tab. VIII., fig. 1 <? .)

CUrome gracilis, Butler, Auu. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. sx. p. 401, t. 8, f. 7 (1867).

Male. Wings above brownish ochraceous ; posterior wings with a somewhat faint discal ocellated
spot, situate between the second and third median nervules. Wings beneath somewhat paler, and crossed
by two waved narrow fuscous fascia ; the first passing through the centres of both cells, and the second
commencing about costal margin of anterior wings, passing beyond the cellular apices and terminating near
the middle of abdominal margin to posterior wings ; a submarginal and strongly sinuated narrow fuscous
fascia to both wings. Between the central and submarginal fasciae are placed the following spots : — on
anterior wings a series of four small whitish spots placed between the nervules, the first above upper
discoidal nerM.iIe, and tbe fourth beneath first median nervule, followed between the second and third
median nervules by an ocellated spot, black, with a pale centre and ochraceous and black margins.
Posterior wings with an ocellated spot between the subcostal nervules, followed by three whitish spots
between the nervules, and an ocellated spot between the second and third median nervules. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, S 53 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.) — Borneo.*

I bave not seen the female of this species. The typical male specimen was collected
in Malacca by Lieut. Koberts, and a specimen in the British Museum is here figured. It is
one of the smallest species of the genus, and appears to be seldom found by collectors.

2. Clerome faunula. (Tab. VIII., fig. 2.)

Clerome /(lunula, Westwood, Gen. Diuni. Lep. p. 334, n. 3, note, t. 54, f. 1 (1851).

Clerome {Mehmoci/ma) faunula, Westw. Traus. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 186, t, 21, f. 2 (1858).

Female. Wings above pale fuscous ; posterior wings with the abdominal half beneath cell and to about
second median nervule bright shining yellow. Anterior wings with the upper disco-cellular nervule very
darkly infuscated and with the following dark markings : — a transverse streak across cell near apex, preceded
by a rounded spot, beneath which are two other spots situate between the base of the third median nervule
and tbe submedian nervure ; two discal, transverse, strongly waved, and sinuated fasciae, the first crossing wing
a little beyond ai^ex of cell, and the second being somewhat submarginal, and a very faint, waved, narrow,
marginal fascia, which is obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings with the following dark markings : — an
oblique fascia near base terminating about internal nervure ; two very strongly waved and sinuated discal
fasciae, which become united at lower subcostal nervule, the inner one then crossing wing at apex of cell
and terminating near centre of submedian nervure, the outer one somewhat submarginal and much less
strongly waved and sinuated after passing first median nervule, till it terminates at submedian nervure ;
and a waved marginal fascia becoming obsolete towards anal angle. Wings beneath pale grejish, marked
as above, but with the yellow coloration of the posterior wings richer and darker, and with all the fasciae
and spots very dark fuscous ; costal area of tbe anterior wings pale fuscous. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 98 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Malacca, Mount Ophir (D. Wallace) ; Singapore (Brit. Mus.) — Cambodia

(coll. Hewits.)

•= ' Cat. Diiim. Lep. formetl by W. C. Hewitson,' p. 108.

September 30, 1882. "J

82 RHOPALOCEEA MALA FAX A.

This species appears to be somewhat rare in collections. The British Museum possesses
one female specimen, which was captured at Singapore, and which is not only here figured,
but is also the only one I have examined. Prof. Westwood* records a second specimen as
collected at Mount Ophir by Mr. D. Wallace ; and a third, from Cambodia, is contained in
the Hewitsonian collection.

This is not only a beautiful but also an aberrant species, it being quite destitute of ocellated
spots, a character which Prof. Westwood was reasonably of opinion should warrant its subgeneric
separation. The wings are also semidiaphanous, thus allowing the fasciae beneath to be visible
above.

Genus XANTHOT^NIA.

Xanthotatnia, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 187 (1858).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin moderately arched, the apex rounded, the outer
margin moderately convex, the inner margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little
before the end of cell, and terminating a little beyond costal nervm-e ; second and third subcostal nervules
emitted some little distance apart, -f- the second a little before the apex of the first, fourth emitted a short
distance from the third, fourth and fifth with a common origin. Lower disco-cellular nervule very long
and obliquely sinuate. Discoidal nervules well separated at their origin. First median nervule not
prominently arched nor angulated at base. Posterior wings subovate and elongate, somewhat attenuated
towards anal angle. Discoidal uervulo (the base of which is homologous to an upper disco-cellular nervule)
emitted some distance from the bifurcation of the subcostal nervules. Discoidal cell with the apex
entii'elj' open.

Only one species of this interesting genus is at present known, and which is here
enumerated. The habitats of this species must therefore be taken as representing the
geographical area of the genus.

1. Xanthotaenia busiris. (Tab. V., fig. 7.)

Vlerome (Xmitlwttenia) Busiris, Westwood, Trans. Eut. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 187, u. 6 (1858).
Clerome busiris, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 341, u. 4.

Xanthoticnia busiris, Butl. Trans, Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 538, n. 1 (1877) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1878, p. 827.

Male. Wings above reddish ochraceous ; anterior wings with an oblique, pale ochraceous fascia
crossing wings at end of cell, and terminating between second and third median nervules a little before
outer margin ; beyond and beneath the apex of this fascia the colour is dark chocolate-brown, of which the
outer margin is paler ; and with a pale whitish subapical spot situate above the upper discoidal nervule.
Wings beneath much paler, but variable in intensity of hue. Anterior wings marked as above, but the sub-
apical whitish spot having above a very small one of the same colour, and beneath an ocellated spot with a
white centre and- yellowish margin, situate between the discoidal nervules, and two small and obscure
whitish spots, situate one on each side of the first median nervule. Discoidal cell crossed by a much-waved
and angulated dark line. Posterior wings with two strongly waved and sinuated dark lines, enclosing
a pale irregular fascia, commencing at costa a short distance fi-om base, where it is narrowest, crossing

* Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 186.

t Prof. Westwood states, " the third and fourth branches of the post-costal vein of the fore wings rise a moderate distance
apart." This, however, appears to me to be the second and third.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 83

apex of cell and terminating a little beyond submedian nervure ; the outer marginal line is i^receded at apex
of cell with an inner marginal line, giving the appearance of a lower disco-cellular nervule ; two suhmarginal
waved dark lines and a narrow marginal one of the same colour ; eight pale, rounded, and more or less
ocellated discal spots, the first and second largest, contiguous, and subdivided by the first subcostal nervule,
fom-th and fifth divided by the first median nervule, smaller than third, which is situate above discoidal
nervule, sixth large and placed between second and third median nervules, seventh and eighth small and
together situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure ; an obscure, narrow, dark fascia
extends from the inner side of the two upper spots to near the fifth or sixth spots. Body and legs more or
less concolorous with wings.

The male possesses a long tuft of fine hairs on the abdominal margin of the posterior wings,
a little before the aj^ex of abdomen.

Exp. wings, <y 65 to 72 millim.

Hab. — Tenasserim; Moolai, 3000 — 0000 ft. (Limborg, coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca
(Pinwill, Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (Forbes, coll. Dist.) — -Java (coll. Dist.) — Borneo (coll. Hewits.).

The female of this species is contained in the British Museum, and resembles the
male sex.

Group NYMPHALINA.

Palpi broad, the anterior margin more or less dilated.
Larvae variable in form.

This group represents the su]:)fam. Nijmphalince of many authors, and
the reasons for this proposed arrangement have already been submitted
when discussing the group Morphina, though it may be added that some
Fig. 25.— Head, siiowing rcceut autliors, as Moore * and Snellen, incorporate the two groups
papio ijn uaieioiie. ^^ggj-j^^j.^ ^^[^]^ some authorities, also, the subfam. Acndme is systematically

arranged between the two groups. Of the Acrmnce no example has at the present time been
either received from the Malay Peninsula, or recorded from that region ; but as a species is
found in Ceylon, and more particularly as another has been lately sent home by Mr. Forbes
from Sumatra, it is quite possible that the Acrceince will still prove to be represented in this
fauna.

Amongst the Ntjmphalina there are probably several genera which remain to be discovered
in the Malay Peninsula, but which are still absent from our lists and collections. Thus at the
present time we have received no so-called "leaf-butterfly" belonging to the genns KalJima.
As this well-known genus is found in Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma,
Tenasserim, Sumatra, and Java, it seems hardly reasonable to conclude that it is absent in
what may be considered as the intervening district of the Malay Peninsula, as here faunistically
understood. It seems difficult also to believe that no species of Herona inhabits the Peninsula,!
as that genus is represented in Continental India, Andaman Islands, Tenasserim, and
Sumatra. Of other Oriental genera not at present included in this fauna may be mentioned

* Lep. Ceylon.

+ There can be little doubt that when collections are made in the highlands of the interior and in the Native States
many sptciLs will lie added to this already X'ich Rhopalocerous fauna.

84 RIIOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

the following : — Argijnnis, though a widely spread genus, of which a species (A. niphe) is recorded
both from Ceylon and Sumatra ; S;imbrenthia, well represented in Continental India, and
also received from Sumatra and Java ; Pijramds, of wliich the ubiquitous P. cardui may remain
to be discovered ; and Apatura, a very widely distributed genus, which, though absent fi-om the
Peninsula, is still somewhat represented by the closely allied genus Eulacura. The genus
Vanessa, in the form of its species V. C-aureum, has been recorded from Penang by Mr. Kirby,*
probably on the strength of a specimen with that habitat attached, in the Dublin Museum, but
having seen no other specimen of that species in any of the collections I have examined, and
not having met with it myself when collecting on the spot, I have, pending corroborative
testimony, not enumerated the genus here. "With these exceptions the Oriental genera of the
Nijmphaiuia are well represented in the Malay Peninsula.

The characters on which I have relied for the separation of the Nymp)halina from the
Morpkina, viz., the structure of the palpi, will I think be found generally to obtain, and to be of
an easily recognisable nature. Much of the apparent dilatation of the anterior margin of the
palpi is due to the presence of a thick clothing of long hairs, irregular in arrangement and
structure, but still of sufficient constancy to render the dilated appearance of the palpi at the
anterior margins uniformly and easily discernible.

Division would of course materially assist the study of this large group, especially if the
■whole, and not a small faunistic portion only, were being examined ; but, beyond some general
resemblances of form and colour, I have found httle on which reliance could be placed for
divisional separation, and have therefore endeavoured to supply a synopsis of the genera en hloc.\
When the developmental characters of the Xijmpkaliaa are more fully worked out, natural
divisions will probably be manifest; at present, though larval coincidences do exist in small
divisions of genera, the structural characters of the perfect insects do not always agree in
a like ratio. |

* Cat. Diui-n. Lep. p. 181, 1 (1871).

f Amongst others who have divided the subfam. Nymjihalince, and whose views will well repay study, may be
mentioned Hemch-Sehiiffer (Corresp.-Blatt. Zool. -mineral, ver. Eegeusb. 18G4 — " Separat." pp. 16 — 40, where the whole
of the then recorded genera are analyzed and grouped) and Burmeister (Descrip. Physiq. de la Bepubl. Ai-gent., vol. v.,
pp. 130 ct seq., where a portion of the Keotropical fauna is alone treated).

J The uncertainty of the larval characters in this gi'oup, when taken as material for formulating sectional divisions, is
■well shown by a reference to the wews of Horsfield, who made a dihgent and thorough examination of these characters for
SYstematic purposes. In his Thysamtriform gi'oup, as already pointed out (ante, p. 37), genera are there associated by larval
characters, which appertain not only to the Nymplialinte (both Morjihina and Nymphalina) but also to the Satyrina:. It is,
however, scarcely a satisfactory feature in the study of Eastern Bhopalocera that since the time of Horsfield's epoch-making
publication, scarcely anything has been published illustrative of the larvie of Oriental species, till — after an expu-ation of iifty
years — the drawings of the Bros, de Alwis have recently appeared in Moore's ' Lei^idoptera of Ceylon.' This is the more
regretable when we remember the number of enthusiastic collectors of butterflies, especially in the East, whose capttu'es,
though of high scientific value, — as increasing our knowledge of genera and species, and therefore necessarily of the
geographical distribution of the same,— coidd still add so much to otu- knowledge by careful breeding, and even move
careful description of the results of the same. Conchologists are now agreeing that the description of the outer covering of the
animal alone does not necessarily meet the requirements of biology, and tlie time is probably not far distant wdien the tnie
describer of an insect will be expected to give its life-history. In Japan Mr. H. Pryer is adding greatly to our knowledge in
this respect (see Trans. Ent. Soc. 1882, p. 485), and Mr. Hocking has lately contributed to oiu- information of the earlier stage
of Himalayan Khopalocera (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 234).

RHOPALOCERA MALA YANA.

85

Fig. 26. — Arningement of subcostal
nervnles in ant. wings of Doles-
chalJia pratipa.

Fig. 27. — .Arrangement of .suhcostal
nervnles in ant. wings of BItino-
palpa fidva.

Fi(i, 2K. — An-angement of subcostal
nervnles in ant. wings of Clia-
raxes schreiberi.

Februaey 28, 1883.

SYNOPSIS OF GENEEA.

Costal nervure of anterior wings strongly swollen at base.
a. Middle disco-eellular nervule of anterior wings but little
longer than the upjjer disco-cellular.
b. Wings somewhat slender, the outer margin of the

anterior wings more or less oblique. - - - Eurytela.

aa. Middle disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings much
longer than the uj^per disco-cellular.
hb. Wings broad, the outer margins of the anterior wings

more or less convex. ----.. Ergolis.
Costal nervure of anterior wings often robust, but not swollen.
A. Anterior wings with the apical angles more or less falcate
and truncate.

c. Abdominal margins of posterior wings convex and
overlapping near base, and then strongly divergent
and concave to anal angle.
d. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted
some distance before the apex of second sub-
costal nervule.

('. Outer margins of wings entire.

./'. Posterior wings elongate and subtriangular. - Doleschallia.
ee. Outer margins of wings distinctly waved.
Jf. Posterior wings subovate.

(/. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior

wings slender, indistinct, or subobsolete.

/(. Antennaj with the apex gradually and

moderately thickened. - - - Precis.
gg. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior
wings almost completely obsolete.
/(//. Antenna with the apex abruptly and pro-
minently thickened. - - - .Junonia.
cc. Abdominal margins of posterior wings convex and
overlapping near base, and then distinctly concave
and moderately divergent to anal angle.
del. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted
almost beneath the apex of second subcostal
nervule.

ee. Outer margins of posterior wings prominently
produced in caudate elongation at apex of dis-
coidal nervule. ----.. Ehinopaliu.
Anterior wings with apical angles elongate, rounded, or subacute.
/. Body stout, the thorax robust.
./'. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings more or less
convexly roimded towards apex.
Outer margins of posterior wings entire, not caudate.
I. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings nearly straight.
III. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior wing

obsolete, leaving cell entirely open. - - Eulacura.
Outer margins of posterior wings caudately and nar-
rowly produced at lirst, and also generally at
third median nervule.

II. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings con-
cavely emarginate owards apex.

B

k.

kk.

80

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Fig. i9. — Anangemeiit of subcostal
nervules in post, wings of Kit-

(K

Fig. 30. — Arrangement of subcostal
nenules in post, wings of Ta-
naecia piilasara.

I'ui. .U. — Ariiingement of median
ni'iviiles in ant. wings of Pur.
tlieiios gambrisius, var.

Fic. ;!2. — Si'ction of ant. wing of
Limenitis prvcrix, showing limrlh
subcostal uervule angularly bent
neai- base.

mm. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings

present, closing apex of cell. - - - Charaxes.

kkk. Outer mai-gins of posterior wings jDroduced in broad
anil spatulate prolongation between first and second
median nervules. ------ Prothoe.

ii. Body generally and moderately stout, tbe thorax not i)ro-
mineutly robust.
jj. Third subcostal nerv-iile of anterior wings not suddenly
and convexly rounded towards apex.
71. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings
emitted before end of cell.
o. Margins of posterior wings entire, not caudate.
}). Palpi obtusely pointed.

q. Posterior wings almost as broad as long. -
qq. Postei'ior wings distinctly longer than broad.
r. First subcostal nervule of posterior wings
emitted close to base of subcostal nervure. -
pj). Palpi with a slender bristle-like terminal joint.
rr. First subcostal nervule of i^osterior wings
emitted at some distance from base of sub-
costal nervure. . - . - .

nn. First subcostal uervule only of anterior wings emitted
before end of cell.
00. Margins of posterior wings distinctly caudate in the
male. --------

in. Body slender ; wings delicate, generally pale and often
subhyaline.
nun. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings
emitted before end of cell. -----
nnnn. First subcostal nervule only emitted before end of cell.
jjj. Second and third subcostal nervules of the anterior
wings more or less suddenly ampliated and rounded
shortly after their emergence.
s. Outer margin of anterior wings distinctlj' longer than
interior margin,
t. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wing bent
and angulated near middle.
u. First and second median nervules of anterior
wings with their bases widely separated, the
first not rourided and slightly curved inwardly. Pakthenos.
un. First and second median nervules of anterior
wings with an apparently common origin, the
first rounded outwardly at base. - - - Lebadea.
ss. Outer and inner mai'gins of anterior wings subequal
in length.
tt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings bent
and angulated near base.
V. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings emitted at

about one-third from base of wing. - - P.\ndita.
vv. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings emitted
considerably beyond basal third of wing.
w. Third median nervule and first subcostal
nervule of posterior wings about subequal
in length. Limenitis.

Symph.s:dra.

EUTHALIA.

Tanaecia.

EURIPUS.

Cyrestis.
Chersonesia.

* Geu. uov. type Cyrestis rahvia, Moore.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

87

Fig. 3-1. — Costal area of ]iost. wins
of Atlujma leucothoe, showing,'
costal nervure extending to
npical angle.

Fig. 34. — Arrangement of subcostal
nenrules in ant. wings oi Atella
phalanta.

Fig. 35. — Arrangement of subcostal
nerviiles in ant. wings of Cirro-
chroa oi'issa.

Fig. 3C. — Arrangement of subcostal
nervules in ant. wings of Cijnthia
deioue.

WW. Third median nervule of posterior wings dis-
tinctly shorter tlian first subcostal nervule.
X. Costal nervure of posterior wings extending

to apical angle. Athyma.

xx. Costal nervure of posterior wings not ex-
tending to apical angle. - - - Neptis.
ttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings not
angularly bent.
incw. Third median nervule and first subcostal
nervule of posterior wings almost subequal

in length. Htpolimnas.

w. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted
just before or at end of cell, the second some
distance beyond.
tttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings not
prominently bent or angulated.
riT. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings emitted
beyond basal third of wing.
}/. Wings with the outer margins sinuate and

dentate. ------- Cethosia.

y;/. Wings with the outer margins slightly waved,

that of jjosterior wings sometimes caudate. Atella.
rrrr. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings emitted at

about one-third from base of wings. - - Cupha.!
nn. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted a
little before and the second at about end of cell.
ttttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings pro-
^ minently bent and angulated.

z. Middle disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings

about half the length of lower disco-cellular.

*. Posterior wings ovate and elongate. - - Cirrochroa.

Z2. Middle disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings

less than half the length of lower disco-cellular.

**. Posterior wings more or less subquadrate and

caudate. Teeinos.

nnn. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted a
little before and the second immediately beyond
end of cell. Cynthia.

Genus DOLESCHALLIA.j

Doleschallia, Felder, Neues Lap. p. 14 (1861) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 38 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched from base and convex, the apical angle more
or less truncated ; the outer margin sinuated, concave beneath apex, and convex towards posterior angle ;
the inner margin more or less concave. First and second subcostal nervules emitted somewhat close
together near end of cell ; third emitted beyond cell, and extending to apex ; fourth and fifth bifurcating at
about one-third from apex. Upper disco-cellular nervule short and outwardly angled ; lower disco-cellular

t This genus has been hitherto mostly known under the name of Messaras, Doubl.. but has been recently shown by
Mr. Scudder to be a synonym of Ciqiha, Billb. (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. vol. s. p. 149. 1875).

; The name of this genus exists in commemoration of that of Carl Ludwig Doleschall, a Hungarian entomologist, ■w'ho
for a short tune was numbered amongst the few workers in the Malayan Archipelago. Best known as a Dipterist, he died of
consumption at Amboina at the age of tlm-ty-two. His former friend and pupil, Rudolf Felder, whose name is attached
to many of the Ehopalocera described in this work, and who founded the genus Doleschallia, also died at the early age
of twenty-nine.

88 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

nervule aborted, leaving the cell widely 02)en. Median nervules widely separated, the fii'st prominently
rounded at base ; submedian nervui-e nearly straight. Posterior wings elongate and subtriangular, the
costal and outer margins convex ; anal angle i^roduced in narrow caudate elongation, which is traversed by
the submedian nerviu'e ; abdominal margins convex and contiguous near base, and from thence becoming
concavely divergent to anal angles. Costal nervui'e arched and extending to apex ; precostal nervure
obliquely rounded and curved outwardly towards apex ; discoidal nervules well separated at their origin ;
discoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed, first median nervule arched and rounded at a short distance
from base. Body short, robust ; palpi large and porrect, raised above the upper margin of the head,
gradually narrowed to an obtuse point at apices, flattened beneath and covered with ad^jressed bans, and
clothed above (excluding apices) with long semi-erect and well-separated bail's.

About twelve or thirteen species are sometimes included in this genus ; but of these, two
are probably not strictly congeneric, as the apical angles of the anterior wings are acute.
These two species also belong to the Ethiopian region, one being found in West Africa, and
the other in Madagascar. The remaining and more typical species inhabit an area extending
from India to Australia, and it is in the Papuan and Pacific regions that they mostly abound,
where, according to present knowledge, the number of species is rather more than double what
is found in the Indo-Malayan region. The genus is closely allied to Kallimu, the species of
which are commonly known as "leaf-butterflies," from the strikingly foliaceous appearance
of the under side of the wings, and whose habitat is almost exclusively the Indo-Malayan region.
Dolcschallia thus appears as the extreme eastern representative of KaUinia, a genus which most
probably inhabits the Peninsula, it being already recorded from Tenasserim.

The larva and pupa of the Ceylon species is figured in Moore's ' Lep. Ceylon,' from
drawings made by the Bros, de Alwis, and as described is " long, somewhat slender, purple-
black, with a dorsal and lateral series of short delicate branched blue spines" and " a central
row of white spots." It is stated in Ceylon to feed on " Acanthads."* The transformations
of D. hisaltide in Java have also been described by Piepers. t

One species only is at present known in the Malay Peninsula.

1. Doleschallia pratipa. (Tab. XL, tig. 8 J ; Tab. IX., fig. 6 2.)

Doleschallia I'latiixi, Felder, Wieu. Eiit. Mou. iv. p. 399, u. 20 (1860); Raise Nov.Lep. iii. p. 406, u.610 (1866);
Moore, Proe. Zool. See. 1877, p. 584 ; ibid. 1878, p. 828; Butl. Trans. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p. 539, u. 1 (1877).

Male. Apical angle of the anterior wings prominently falcate. Anterior wings reddish ochraceous ;
apical angle, outer margin (narrowing to posterior angle), and an irregularly shaped and sized oblique
fascia commencing near costal nervure, crossing end of cell and amalgamating with outer margin between
the lower subcostal and first median nervules, very dark fuscous. Posterior wings reddish ochraceous,
with two distinct submarginal fuscous roimded spots, situate one above the discoidal nervule and one
between the second and thii-d median nervules, and a very pale fuscous and moderately broad marginal
fascia, with the inner border strongly waved and the outer border ochraceous, preceded by a black
line. Wings beneath dull ochraceous, strongly suffused with olivaceous ; anterior wings with two
waved and sinuated transverse bright white fasciae crossing cell, and a smaller and more obscure
irregular spot beneath cell at base of thnd median nervule ; posterior wings with three bright

* Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 39. f Tijdschr. Ent. xix. p. 151-'2 (1876).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 89

white spots near base, one near base of costal uervure, one near base of third median nervule, and
the third very obscure, in and near base of cell. Anterior wings with the costal base, cellular area
preceding the outer white fascia, an irregular fascia near end of cell, and a small costal subapical patch,
dark olivaceous, the last preceded and followed bj' dull whitish ; both wings crossed by a discal oblique
dark olivaceous line, commencing on costa of anterior wings between end of cell and apex, where it is waved
and directed outwardly and then reflexed and oblique, terminating near anal angle of posterior wings ;
between this line and outer margin there are on anterior wings five or six obscure white-centred spots
divided by the nervules, and two distinct oeellated spots with white centres between the median nervules
and on posterior wings three distinct oeellated spots situate one on each side of the lower subcostal nervule,
and the third between the second and third median nervules (a fourth and obscure spot is sometimes
visible between the third median nervule and submedian nervure) ; outer margin of posterior wings
distinctly paler from about the lower subcostal nervule. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.

Female. Apical angle of the anterior wings not prominently falcate. EesembUng male, but differing
on anterior wings by having a large subapical yellowish patch, and by the fuscous oblique fascia being only
denoted by an irregular spot at end of cell. Posterior wings with the marginal fascia only denoted by the
marginal borders as in male. Wings beneath as in male, but paler, and with the white sj^ots much
more obscure.

Exp. wings, (? 60 to 80 millim. ; 2 (two examples), 68 to 70 millim.

Hab.* — Tenasserim (Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Province Welleslej' (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ;
Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mus.) — Java (coll. Dist.)

This species varies much in the colour of the wings beneath, and is a very close ally of the
Javan species, Z>. hisaltide, Cram. From this it differs principally in the female sex, which in
D. hisaltide has the pale subapical patch and also the complete oblique subapical fuscous fascia.
1>. pratipa is clearly a local race of Cramer's species, and is treated here as a distinct species,
in consonance with the previous method, and on the hnes already laid down in this work.f

Genus PEECIS.

Precis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (181G) ; Feld. Neues Lep. p. 13 (1861) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 39 (1881).
Juiionia, sect. 2, Doubl. Gen. Diuru. Lep. p. 209 (1849).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin very strongly arched and convex; apical angle
obliquely truncate and prominent, and together with remainder of outer margin distinctly waved ; beneath
the apical angle the outer margin is strongly siuuated and concave, after which it is convex to posterior
angle ; inner margin more or less concave. Costal nervure short ; first and second subcostal nervules
emitted close together near end of cell ; third emitted about half-way between end of cell and apex of wing ;
fourth and fifth bifurcating at about one-fourth from apex. Upper disco-cellular nervules angled at apex of
cell and concave to lower discoidal nerAiile ; lower disco-cellular nervule slender and indistinct, or somewhat
obsolete. Discoidal nervules well separated at their base ; first median nervule rounded at base, where it

''= Mr. Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1877, p. 584) has recorded this species as from the Andaman Islands, but this habitat
has not been corroborated by Messrs. Wood-Mason and De Nicoville, in their Catalogue of the Ehopalocera of those islands.
Mr. Ivirby, in his Catalogue (p. 193), has also given '' Moluocae " as a habitat, which is clearly a misprint.

f -D. hisaltide is a somewhat rare insect ; male and female specimens are contained in the Horsfield Collection which
agree with Cramer's figure. Several other specimens were confused, however, under the same name, which on examination
with Mr. Butler, proved to be both male and female D. x>oUbete, Cram., a species which is quite distinct and not synonymous
with 2). hisaltide, as stated in Mr. Kirby's Catalogue (p. 193). D. jjolihete has both sexes veiy similar, and not distinct as
m D. hisaltide and D. jjratipa ; it is also a wide-ranging species, as I possess specimens both from Java and the Andaman
Islands. In all these species it appears that the brightest white spots on the vmder surfaces of the wings are developed in the
male only.

February 28, 1883. 2 a

90 EHOPALOCEEA MALAYANA.

has an apparently common origin with the second ; second and third nervules widely separated. Posterior
wings subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex ; outer margin very convex, waved, and produced into
a short caudate appendage at anal angle. Abdominal margins convex and overlapping at base, and then
distinctly concave and slightly divergent to anal angles. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex ;
discoidal nervule emitted a little beyond the bifurcation of the subcostal nervules ; discoidal cell with the
apex entirely open ; median nervules arranged much as in anterior wings. Body short ; palpi long,
porrect, and iwinted ; antennte slender, gradually thickened towards apex.

This genus is of very considerable extent, and it is in Africa — tropical and subtropical —
that its greatest number of species are found ; in fact, if we include Madagascar, at least three-
fourths of the present known species inhabit the Ethiopian region.* I'recis is also found in
Continental India, Ceylon, and onwards, and sparingly — as regards its number of species —
through the Malay Peninsula and Malayan Archipelago, and is represented in Australia.
At this time about forty species have been described.

1. Precis iphita. (Tab. XI., fig. 9 <? ; & var. Tab. IX., fig. 5 ? .)

Papilio Iphita, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. t. 209, C, D (1782) ; Fabr. Sp. Ins. p. 86, n. 879 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. p. -16,

n. 457 (1787) ; Eut. Syst. iii. p. 109, n. 337 (1793|.
Vanessa Iphita, Godt. Enc. Meth. is. p. 314, n. 40 (1819).
Precvi Iphita, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lap. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 143, n. 290 (1857); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. vol. xix.

p. 150, n. 31 (1876); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 828; ibid. 1882, p. 239; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 39,

pi, 21, f. 1, a, h (1881).
Junonia Iphita, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 76, n. 17 (1869); Trans. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, u. 1

(1877) ; Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 157, n. 17 ; ibid. 1878, p. 646.
Precis Intermedia, Feld. Keise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 402, u. 600 (1866).
Precis Ida, var. intermedia, Snell. Tijdscbr. Ent. vol. xxi. p. 14, u. 62 (1878).

Male and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown, variable in intensity of hue. Anterior wings with
two transverse fascise crossing cell, the margins of which are very irregular and dark fuscous, the first
situate about centre and the second near apex ; the apical half of wing is somewhat paler, and inwardly
bounded by a dark fascia commencing near costa and outwardly and obliquely directed to first median
nervule, from thence reflexed inwardly and terminating near centre of inner margin ; between this and
outer margin is a somewhat similar fascia, followed by two very dark submarginal lines, the outer one
more prominently waved ; marginal fringe and a small subapical spot whitish. Posterior wings with the
apical half paler and with the fasciae on the anterior wings continued, the first terminating near abdominal
margin about one-third from anal angle, the second broader and more outwardly curved than on anterior
wings, and possessing on its outer edge four or five obscure ocellated spots placed between the nervules ;
submarginal lines as on anterior wings, but the inner one more waved. Wings beneath paler ; both wings
crossed by two somewhat broad, dark, basal fascise, the first crossing centre of cell of anterior wings, curved
inwardly on cell of posterior wings and indistinctly terminating near base of abdominal margin ; the
second crossing anterior wings at apex of cell, and terminating on posterior wings a little beyond end of
cell ; a similar fascia commencing near costa of anterior wings, and more or less amalgamating at median
nervules, with an oblique fascia crossing both wings, inwardly margined with a dark line commencing
near apical angle of anterior wings where it is broadest, and terminating near anal angle of posterior

* The Oriental aflBnities in the African fauna, or the zoological relationship between the Oriental and Ethiopian
regions, have received notice by many naturalists. Thus Dr. Stoliczka has pointed this out in the Malayan Ornithology, and
Mr. Wallace has described the same thing in the Mammalia and birds of W. Africa, — these possessing " a special Oriental or
even Malayan element," — and has also drawn attention to the Oriental element in the Ethiopian reptiles and amphibia.
Mr. Bhmford has treated of the "African element in the fauna of India," particularly as regards the Mammalia, and the late
Mr. lilyth has shown the ancient date of the relationship from the evidence afforded by the Siwiilik deposits. Mr. Murray
mclined to the opinion that the Indo-Malaj-an region slioidd be included with that of Africa, south of the Sahara. The writer
has also shown the "Oriental affinities in the Ethiopian insect-Fauna" ('Nature,' vol. xvii. p. 282).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 91

■wings where it is narrowest ; on the outer margin of this fascia in both wings are a series of more
or less obscm-e ocellatecl spots placed between the nervules ; two submarginal lines as on upper surface,
but inner one much waved and sinuated. On some specimens there are two distinct whitish spots on
the underside of posterior wings, separated by the first subcostal nervule, the upper of which is largest.
(These are absent in the specimens here ligured, though found in some Malay varieties.) Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <? & ? , 60 to 70 millim.

Haj3. — Continental India ; Nepaul ; Khasia Hills ; Silhet ; Cashmere ; Neilgherries ; Bombay (colls.
Moore and Brit. Mus.) — Ceylon (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.) — Upper Tenasserim ; Moolai (Moore). — Malay
Peninsula ; Penang ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mus.) — Java (coll.
Moore) ; Batavia (Snellen) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.) — -Borneo.* — Celebes (Snellen). — New Guinea (Godm. and
Salv.)— New Britain (Godm. & Salv.)

This is a variable species, both in size and hue, the specimen (Tab. XI., f. 9) being
a melanic form, whilst that represented by fig. 5 on Tab. IX. is the pale variety described by
Felder as a distinct species under the name of P. intermedia. The larva and pupa are figured
in Moore's Lep. Ceyl.f from drawings made by the Bros, de Alwis, and they are thus described
in that work : | — "Larva cylindrical, dark brown, with dorsal and lateral rows of short delicate
branched spines. Pupa short, with tubercular points on dorsal segments ; thorax broad."

Some observations on the habits of this insect have been recorded. In the N.W. Himalaya
Mr. Hocking states that it "always pitches on the ground." § As witnessed in Celebes, that
inimitable lepidopteral observer Piepers has given some interesting facts. It appears to be
pugnacious. Piepers thus describes his observation: — "Around and over the blossoms of a
flowering shrub flew several butterflies (Precis iphita and some rieridce), when a butterfly of
gigantic size, in comparison with them {I'apilio Remus, Cram.), came flying, apparently with
the object of sharing tlieir repast. Whether the others were desirous of the company of a
guest among them whose appetite would be enormous, or not, it is certain that I saw them
attack the P. Rcmiis, drive it away, and pursue it for a short distance, till it was evident that it
had really taken to flight, when they returned to their flowers." ||

The same author adds an observation bearing on the constancy of habits or memory in
this species. H He one evening observed a specimen of this butterfly sitting quietly on the
ceiling of the open verandah of the Harmonic Society, at Maughasar, which remained the
whole evening, despite the strong illumination of the place. For six consecutive evenings he
found this insect return faithfully to tlie same sleeping-place, though absent during the day.

**

* Cat. Diurn. Lep., formed by Hewitson, p. 7'i.

t PI. 21, f. 1 b. I Vol. i. p. 40. § Proc. Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 239.

II Tijd. Eiit. xix., pp. xviii to xxiv, and Eng. transl. by Kirby, ' Eutomolngist,' x. p. 269. — In X. America Mr. W. H.
Edwards relates seeing an introduced Paijilio machaoii pursued by P. ajax, "as if it was regarded as an intruder" (Canad.
Entomol. vol. xiv. p. 22 (1882).

H Ibid. p. 270.

** It is probable that many butterflies are constant and regular to fixed spots for the night's repo.se. Long since
Mr. P. H. Gosse (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. ii., pp. 17(5 — 78 (1848) ) gave an exceedingly graphic account of the habits
oi Hellconius charUluniia as observed in Jamaica. Butterflies of this species assembled in a little swai-m just before sunset,
and settled closely packed together on some leafless stems of a creeping plant, and Mr. Gosse was assured by au " obser-vant
young friend" that they assembled in this manner every evening.

Mr. A. W. Bennett (Proc. Brit. Ass., York, 1881), in a paper " On the Constancy of Insects in visiting Flowers," stated
that he had observed three flights of the "painted lady" butterfly (Pyrameis cardui), and that it settled six, three, and ten
times respectively, always confining itself to the same species of flower. The result of his observations on the common
English butterflies was that P. cardui and the " small tortoise-shell " (Vaiiessa urticce) were very consistent in their- floral
tastes. Mr. Powell, how-ever ('Nature,' vol. xxiv., p. 009), observed a specimen of the last-named butterfly which exliibited
no constancy in this respect.

92 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

2. Precis ida. (Tab. XI., fig. 10 j .)

Papilio Ida, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 42, C, D (177C) ; ib. iv. t. 374, C, D (1782).

Apatiira Traijia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 35, n. 295 (181G|.

Vam-sm Idamme, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 315, n. 41 (1819).

Precis ida, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 142, n. 289 (1857).

Junonia ida, Druce, Proc. Zool. Sec. 1873, p. 342, n. 3; Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 639, ii.l7 (1878).

Male and female. Closely allied to the preceding species, but paler and more rufous both above and
beneath; wings above marked as in P. ipliifa, but anterior wings having a more or less well developed
and distinct series of ocellated spots, placed between the nervules and occupying the centre of the pale
apical portion. Posterior wings with a very distinct and well developed series of ocellated spots placed
between the nervules, and continuous with those of anterior wings. Wings beneath as in P. iphiUt, but
paler and more rufous.

Exp. wings, <? and ? , 60 to 70 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Brit. Mus.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) — Billiton (Godm. and
Salv.) — Java (coll. Moore). — Borneo (colls. Moore, Godm. & Salv., and Dist.) — Celebes (coll. Dist.)

Herr Snellen * is of opinion that this insect and P. ii)hita may be but seasonal forms of the
same species. As, however, P. ida does not appear to be recorded from Continental India,
where P. iphita is a not uncommon species, there seems reason to doubt what would otherwise
seem to be a probable supposition. Although paler in coloration than 1'. iphita, a Celebesian
specimen in my own collection is melanic and approaches somewhat to that species in hue ;
the series of ocellated spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings, however, prevents
confusion.

Genus JUNONIA.

Junonia, Hiibner, Vcrz. bek. Schmett. pp. 34, 35 (1816) ; Feld. Neues. Lep. p. 13 (1861) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.

i. p. 40 (1881) ; Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr. Am. Ehop. p. 219 (1882).
Junonia, sect. 1, Doubl. Gen. Diiu-n. Lep. pp. 206, 208 (1849).
Alcyoneis, Hiibu. Vorz. bek. Schmett. p. 35 (1816).

This genus is very closely allied to the preceding, the general shape and venation of the wings being
similar and almost identical. It principally differs in having the lower disco-cellular nervule of the anterior
wings completely obsolete, thus leaving the apex of the cell entirely open. The club of the antennae is also
more abruptly and prominently incrassated.

This genus is of considerable extent and of wide distribution. It is found in the warmer
parts of America, the tropical and subtropical portions of Africa (including Madagascar), Asia,
eastwards from Continental India, throughout the Malayan Archipelago, and onwards amongst
the islands of the Pacific ; it is also represented in Australia. Probably a little over twenty
species are known, and though more have been described they are now generally considered
as of a varietal character only.

Junonia, unlike Iphita, is most strongly represented in the Oriental region, only about
a third of its species being Ethiopian, whilst its representatives in America are reduced
to three by Mr. Kirby, f and again considered as but two by Messrs. Godwin and Salvin. J

* Tija. Ent. xis. p. 150 (1876). f Cat. Diurn. Lep. pp. 187-8 (1871).

+ Biol. Ceutr. Am. Ehop. p 219 (1882).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 98

1. Junonia atlites. (Tab. XI., fig. 11 <? , 12 2 .)

Papilii) Atlites, Linuffius, Ceut. lus. p. 24, n. 72 (Amoen. vi. p. 407) (1763).

Papilio Laodamia, Clerck, Icones Ins. iii. (ined.), t. 7, f. 5 (1764).

Pitpilio Laomedin, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 772, u. 145 (1767); Drury, Hi. Ex. Ins. i. p. 12, t. 5, f . 3
(1770) ; Mill!. Naturs. v. i. p. 603, u. 145 (1774); Cram. Pap. Exot. i. t. 8 F, G (1775) ; Fabr. Syst.
Ent. p. 41)4, n. 219 (1775) ; Spec. Ins. ii. p. 75, u. 833 (1781) ; Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 98, n. 302 (1703) ;
Sulz. Gesch. Ins. p. 144, t. 16, f. 10 (1776); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2298, u. 145 (1790); Herbst,
Nat. Sclimett. vii. p. 144, n. 49, t. 174, f. 1, 2 (1794).

Tfiiienis Laomedin, Hiibn. Verz. belj. Scbmett. p. 34, u. 283 (1816).

Vanessa Laumedia, Godt. Euc. Metb. ix. p. 322, u. 59 (1819); Lucas, Lep. Exot. p. 112, t. 58, f. 3 (1845).

Junonia laomedia, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 140, n. 288 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep
p. 77, n. 19 (1869) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, u. 2 (1877) ; Druce, Proc. Zool
Soc. 1873, p. 342, n. 1; ibid. 1874, p. 105, n. 2; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 151, n. 33 (1876)
ibid. XX. p. 66 (1877); ibid. xxi. p. 14 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 828; Godm. & Salv
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 689, u. 16; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. .J. A. S. B. vol. l. p. 238, u. 20 (1881)
ibid. vol. li. p. 16, n. 22 (1882).

Pircix laomedia, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 40, t. 21, f. 2 (1881).

Junonia atlites, Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl., Baud. 19, p. 80 (1882).

Male. Wings above lilacinous. Anterior wings with two waved black lines crossing centre of cell,
and two similar ones at end of cell ; a very waved and sinuated fuscous line crossing wings a little beyond
cell, and between this and outer margin are two waved fuscous lines (the inner one somewhat faint),
between which the colour is distinctly paler, and is marked with a series of six ocellated spots placed between
the uervules, of which the first is situate above the upper discoidal nervule, and the first, second and fifth
are largest and most brightly coloured ; the first is also preceded by au irregular whitish spot placed at the
bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules ; fuscous marginal and submarginal lines. Posterior
wings with two waved fuscous lines crossing end of cell, and remaining markings similar and continuous to
those on anterior wings, but with five distinct ocellated spots only (a sixth sometimes obsoletely present
between third median nervule and submedian nervure), and of which the first, second, and fifth are largest
and most brightly coloured. Wings beneath very pale ; cell crossed by the fuscous lines as above, but
fainter, and the two central ones continued on lower wings and terminating near median nervure ; a distinct
fuscous line crossing both wings, commencing near costa a little beyond end of cell, where it is angularly
waved to first median nervule and then obliquely and more straightly continued across both wings to near
anal angle of posterior wings ; ocellated spots of upper surface more or less distinctly visible, their outer
marginal line present, but the marginal and submarginal lines (in the specimen figured and described)
absent ; posterior wings with the two fuscous lines crossing end of cell as above, and with a small fuscous
spot near anal angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Larger in size and generally darker in colour than the male, the ocellated spots above
larger and more distinct, with the area on which they are placed much paler, the fuscous lines deeper in
hue; beneath the wings are also slightly darker than in the male, and the ocellated spots and markings
much more distinct, and with the marginal and submarginal lines often distinguishable.
Exp. wings, S (one spec), 48 milhm. ; 2 59 to 05 millim.

Hab.— Continental India; Cachar (Brit. Mus.); Calcutta; Malabar (coll. Moore).— Ceylon (coll.

Moore).— Nicobar Islands ; Nankowri ; Kamorta ; Katschall (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.)— Burma ; Moulmein.—

Tenasserim; Nathoung; Paboga (Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca

(Brit. Mus.)— Sumatra (Snellen).— Billiton (Godm. & Salv.)— Java (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.) ; Batavia

Februaky 28, 1883. 2 b

94 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

(Snellen). — Borneo (Brit. Mus.) — Siam ; Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee (Layard — coll. Godm. & Salv.) —
€bina (Brit. Mus.) — Hainan (coll. Moore).

The principal variation in this widely-spread insect is in depth of intensity in hue. The
species has hitherto been almost universally known as J. laomedia, Linn., but as Dr. Aurivillius
has recently shown that Linnteus had previously described it under the name of P. atlites, the
law of priority must therefore be followed. The larva and pupa of this species are described
and figured by Horsfield,* and the larva in Java is stated to feed on a species oi Achtjranthes,\
bearine; the native name of Krenia.

^a

2. Junonia asterie. (Tab. XI., figs. 1 2 & 2 ? .)

I'apiUo Asterie, Liimaens, Sj-st. Nat. ed. x. p. 472, n. 90 (1758) ; ibid. ed. xii. p. 769, n. 133 (1707) ; Houtt.

Naturl. Hist. i. 11, p. 281, n. 90 (1767) ; Miill. Naturs. v. 1, p. 600, n. 133 (1774) ; Fabr. Syst. Ent.

p. 490, n. 205 (1775) ; Spec. Ins. ii. p. 69, n. 312 (1781) ; Mant. lus. ii. p. 34, n. 363 (1787) ; Ent.

Syst. Nat. iii. 1, p. 89, n. 279 (1793) ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2291, n. 133 (1790); Herbst, Naturs.

Sebmett. vii. p. 131, u. 42, t. 172, f. 3, 4 (1794).
Papilio Ahmma, Clerclv, Icones lus. iii. (iued.), t. 5, f. 3 (1764) ; Tbuub. Mus. Nat. Ups. xxiii. p. 8 (1804).
Alcijoneis Asterie, Hiibu. Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 35, u. 292 (1816).
Vanessa Asterie, Godt. Euc. Metb. ix. p. 321, u. 58 (1819).
Junonia Asterie, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 142, n. 287 (1857) ; Bull. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 72,

u. 1 (1869); Traus. Liuu. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, u. 5 (1877) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874,

p. 105, u. 3; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 151, n. 35 (1876) ; ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877) ; ibid. xxi. p. 14,

n. 66 (1878) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. B. vol. xlix. p. 227, n. 18 (I88O1 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i.

p. 43, t. 22, f. 2 (1881) ; Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Band. 19, p. 79 (1882).
Junonia asterie, var. nikohariensis, Feld. Verb. Zool. Bot. Gcs. xii. p. 482, n. 110 (1862) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic.

J. A. S. B. vol. L. p. 233 (1881).
Junonia asterie, var. Javatia, Feld. Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. xii. p. 487, u. 136 (1862).

Male and Female. Wings above warm ochraceous, with the basal areas of both wings slightly
infuscated, and with the following markings : — anterior wings with the costal area pale fuscous and with an
irregular fascia denoted by black margins crossing centre of cell, and a similar one with its internal area
infuscated at end of cell ; this is followed by a somewhat similar but darker fascia, which terminates at
base of first median nervule, between which and apex is a subtriangular black patch more or less enclosing
two ocellated spots divided by the upper discoidal nervule ; a large ocellated spot placed on the centre of
the second and third median nervules, with a white centre and black outer margin and a marginal and two
submargiual black lines, the inner one of which is generally the palest, and the spaces between which are
usually more or less infuscated. Posterior wings with a very large ocellated spot, purplish with two whitish
inner spots, an outer black patch and yellow and black margins, the upper sm-face of which rests on the
first subcostal nervule, and its posterior margin is situate between the discoidal and first median nervules,
and a smaller one between the second and third median nervules ; + marginal and submarginal lines as on
anterior wings, but the inner one darkest. Wings beneath pale obscure ochraceous ; the three basal costal
fasciae as on upper surface of anterior wings, but their internal areas not infuscated, and the outer margin

* Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 140, t. v. f. 4, 4 a.

t 111 Contineutiil luilia a species of Achyranthes {A. aspcrsa — apamarcja) is (lescril)eil as liaving medicinal properties,
" the dried plant ujipliod locally for infantile cidic, also prescribed internally as a laxative and promoting secretion ; the ashes,
containing much potash, suitable to prepare alkaline medicines and caustic pastes, as detailed by Datt. (F. K. Hogg, M.D.,
' Indian Notes,' p. 209, 1880).

{ In some specimens this is practically obsolete.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 95

of the third coiitiuued in an obhque line across both wings, terminating near anal angle of posterior wings,
this line being inwardly and broadly margined with white ; a slender, fuscous, irregularly rounded line at
base of posterior wings, crossing cell ; ocellated spots as above, but paler, the large discal spot on posterior
wings being compressed, irregularly subovate and bipupilate,* the lower spot usually larger than above ;
marginal and submarginal lines as above, the inner terminating in a small black spot at anal angle.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, (? and 2 , 48 to 58 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Nepaul, Calcutta, Bombay, Neilgherries (coll. Moore). — Ceylon (coll. Moore
and Brit. Mus.) — Andaman Islands. — Nicobar Islands ; Kar Nicobar (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.) — Burma (coll.
Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley; Penang (colls. Dist. and Sailer); Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — •
Sumatra (Snellen). — Java (coll. Moore) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.) ; Batavia (Snellen). — Celebes (Snellen). —
Philippine Islands (Brit. Mus.) — Siam ; Nahconchaisee (coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Formosa (coll. Moore). —
.Japan (Brit. Mus.) — N. China (Brit. Mus.) ; Shanghai (Pryert).

Although the female forms of this species are usually the largest, the rule does not
imiversally apply, as the female specimen figured (Tab. XL, f. 1) bears witness.

The larva and pupa of this insect, as observed in Java, are described and figured by
Horstield;]: the larva is stated to feed " on a species of Justicia bearing the native name of
Kcji-Waiuju, — -March."

In Ceylon this butterfly is stated to be "found all the year round," and to be "very
abundant about September to November" (Mackwood). §

3. Junonia wallacei, || n. sp. or var. (Tab. XI., figs. 3 <? and 4 2.)

FdliiUo ( h-itlnja, Liun., var. ?

Male. Anterior wings with the basal portion shining fuscous ; costal area — excluding base and apex —
very pale ochraceous ; cell crossed by two reddish fasciic, one near centre, the other near termination ;
a little beyond cell, commencing near subcostal nervure, is an oblique and inwardly much excavated pale
ochraceous fascia which reaches outer margin near apices of the median nervules ; beyond this is a smaller
and shorter fascia terminating at upper discoidal nervule, and a fainter and less continuous submarginal
fascia of the same colour ; two ocellated spots, the first broadly surrounded with reddish between the
discoidal nervules, the second and larger situate between the second and third median nervules ; beneath
this spot and near outer angle is a small pale bluish patch. Posterior wings pale bluish, abdominal margin
pale fuscous, base and an irregular patch occupying lower half of cell, very dark fuscous or black ; two
ocellated spots, one black, with an obscure paler centre between the lower subcostal and discoidal
nervules, the second and largest red, with a large pale bluish centre and black margins situate between
the second and third median nervules ; a marginal and two submarginal waved black lines, between
which the colour is more or less distinctly pale ochraceous. Wings beneath pale but warm ochraceous ;
anterior wings with the base of cell, and two broad irregular fasciie crossing cell, reddish ochraceous,
the one at end of cell continued and terminating a little beneath third median nervule — this is
followed by a narrow waved black fascia ; remaining markings as above, but the ocellated spots much

'■ 111 a Javau variety uf my own ccilk-ctioa this spot is rimiul, but much smaller than above, and with a single whitish
iuuer spot.

t Elwes (I'roc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 896). [ Horsf. & iMoore, Cat. Lep. .Mus. E. I.C. i. i>. 142, t. v. f. (i, (!«.

§ Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 43.

il The name of A. R. Wallace is here once more affixed to an insect of that Malayan region with which he will always
be remembered, and for a knowledge of which we are so much indebted to him. The range of J. wallacei is probably
cii'eumscribed by " Wallace's line," and does not extend farther eastward.

96 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

darker. Posterior wiugs darker ochraceous, crossed by several waved and scalloped darker lines,
with a wide, distinct, slightly darker submarginal fascia on which are placed the two ocellated spots as
above, and a third and much more indistinct spot situate between the subcostal nervules ; marginal
and submarginal lines as above, but fainter and much paler. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.

Female. Wings above marked and spotted generally as in male, but brownish ochraceous, the blue
colour being absent, the ocellated spots larger. Wings beneath almost precisely as in male, but the ocellated
spot with larger pale margins, and posterior wings possessing some irregular reddish ochraceous fasciaj
crossing cell.

Exp. wings, ^ 40 to 50 millim. ; 2 50 to 52 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)— Java
(coll. Dist.)

This form is evidently a local race of /. orithja* Liuu., a well-known species in Con-
tinental India and elsewhere. It differs from typical forms of that species by the tawny colour
of the female, and the absence of the blue and black markings to wings of the same. The male
almost exactly resembles Hilbner's figure of J. ocijale. f It is another of the many distinct
"local races" found in the Malay Peninsula and neighbouring islands.

4. Junonia lemonias. (Tab. XI., fig. 5 3 .)

Papilio Leinonia.f, Liuuicus, Syst. Nat. ed. s. p. 473, n. 93 (1758) ; ibid, ed xii. p. 770, n. 136 (1767); Clerck,

Icones Ins. iii. (ined.), t. 7, f. 2 (1764) ; Houtt. Natiu-1. Hist. i. 11, p. 286, n. 93 (1767) ; Miill. Naturs.

V. i. p. 601, n. 136 (1774); Ftihv. Syst. Ent. p. 490, n. 207 (1775); Spec. Ins. ii. p. 70, u. 314 (1781);

Mant. Ins. ii. p. 34, n. 365 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 90, n. 282 (1793), (part) ; Sulz. Gesch. Ins.

p. 144, 1. 16, f. 7, cfc 11 (1776) ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2292, u. 136 (1790) ; Herbst, Naturs. ScUmett.

vii. p. 158, n. 59, t. 177, f. 3, 4 (1794) ; Thuub. Mus. Nat. Ups. xxiii. p. 9.
Papilio Aonis, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. p. 55, t. 35, D F (1775).
Hamadnjas Lemonias, Hiibn. Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. t. 50 (1806-16).
Junonia Aonis, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Sehmett. p. 34, n. 284 (1816).
Vanessa Lemonias, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 311, n. 31 (1819).
Ji(n<nii„ Lemonias, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 139, n. 281 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lap.

p. 74, u. 9 (1869) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, n. 3 (1877) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1874, p. 105, n. 1 ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 828; Lep. Ccyl. i. p. 41, t. 21, f. 3, 3(( (1881);

Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl., Band. 19, p. 82 (1882).

Male and Female. Wings above pale brownish ochraceous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by
the following markings : — a slender waved black line near base, two waved black lines enclosing a pale
ochraceous fascia a little beyond centre, and a similarly coloured and enclosed fascia at about end of cell ;
beyond this the ground colour is somewhat darker and marked with the following pale ochraceous spots : —
a discal series of six crossing wing and divided by the nervules, the upper spot beneath subcostal nervure
and with the second and third forming a slightly oblique series ; fourth and fifth directed inwardly, and
sixtli again deflexed outwardly beneath the third median nervule ; this series is followed by another
containing seven spots of the same colour, of which the upper three are divided by the fourth and fifth
subcostal nervules ; the fourth and fifth are separated by the first median nervule, and the sixth and

'■= Under this name, as Dr. Aurivillius has recently shown (Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl., Band. 10. pp. 82-3 (1882),
have been included three distinct forms or species, Junonia ocyale, Hiibn., /. oritltya, Linn., and /. orthosia, Godt., neither
of which are found in this fauna.

f Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. t. 33, f. 3, 4.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 97

seventh — which are small and somewhat indistinct — are placed on each side of the third median nervule ;
an indistinct snhmarginal series of spots placed between the nervules, and two ocellated spots, the first
and smallest situate between the discoidal nervules, and the second and largest situate on the second and
third median nervules. Posterior wings with a large elongated and duplex ocellated spot, the smaller
portion of which is situate between the subcostal nervules, the larger portion extending over the discoidal
nervule, and a very small and indistinct ocellated spot between the second and third median nervules,
a broad fuscous submarginal line and two marginal lines of the same colour. Wings beneath pale and dull
ochraceous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by fasciae as above ; other markings generally as above ;
the upiDer ocellated spot indistinct. Posterior wings with several irregular, darker, basal fasciae, and with
a broad submarginal fascia enclosing five dark spots placed between the nervules, of which the second,
situate above the discoidal nervule, and the fifth, placed between the second and third median nervules,
are largest ; marginal and submarginal lines as above. Body and legs more or less concolorous with
wings.

Exp. wings, <y and 2 , 52 millim.*

Hab. — Continental India; Sciude, Bombay, Calcutta, Neilgherries (coll. Moore). — Ceylon (coll.
Moore). — Burma ; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.) — Tenasserim ; Meetan, Taoo, Naththoung to Paboga (Limborg —
Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier). — Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.—
Siam ; Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee (Laj-ard—Druee). ^Hainan (coll. Moore). — Formosa (coll. Moore). —
China ; Hong Kong (Brit. Mus.) t

In North-Western India Capt. Lang reported having reared the larva of this species
on Barln-ia priomtes. I The larva, as found in Ceylon, has been described by Mr. Moore,
"cylindrical, smoky black, with a pale dorsal band and paler lateral lower shade; each
segment with eight small branched spines." §

Genus EHINOPALPA. ||

Rhinnpalpa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mou. iv. p. 390 (1860) ; Neues, Lap. p. 49 (1861).
FAirhinia, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lep. p. 405 (1866).

Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin very strongly arched and convex, apical angle obliquely
truncate and very prominent, beneath which the outer margin is deeply excavated and concave ; inner
margin more or less concave. First and second subcostal nervules emitted close together near apex of cell,

* This measurement is that of a hmited series only, and variation in size doubtless exists as in other species of
the genus.

f It has also been recorded by De I'Orza from Japan, as pointed out by Mr. Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 895).

I Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 132.

§ Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 41. The larva is not figured, but it is probable that Mr. Moore has relied on the information or
drawings of some local observer.

II Felder appears to have subsequently substituted the name Ev/rMnia in place of that of Bhinopalpa, which he
originally proposed for the genus, and this witliout comment. Scudder, in his ' Historical Sketch,' and revision of generic
names (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. vol. x. pp. 173 and 262^, decides that this course should be followed, on the suggested
grounds that the original name was probably a hybrid one. This, however, seems to me a retrograde step, placing the name
of the thing before the thing itself, and is not warranted by the " Strieklandian Rules," which thus deal with the question: —
" Compound words whose component parts are taken from two different languages ai-e gi-eat deformities in nomenclature,
and naturalists should be especially guarded not to introduce any more such terms into Zoology, which furnishes too many
examples of them already" (Rules Zool. Nomencl. by H. E. Strickland, 1878, p. 15). This does not warrant the alteration of
the name, and in these days when the whole subject is being rendered incomprehensible (except to a few specialists) by the
alterations, substitutions, and divisions of the whole generic names, a conservative course wherever possible is to be
commended. As Packard well remarks, " The work of the systematic biologist often amounts to little more than putting
Nature in a strait-jacket" (Monogr. Geom. Moths, or Phalien. Un. States, p. 42).

February 28, 1883. 2 c

98 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

third emitted beneath ajjex of second and extending to apex of wing, foui-th and tifth bifurcating at about one-
fourth from apex. Upper disco-cellular nervule short and aborted ; lower disco-cellular absent, the cell widely
open. Median nervules widely separated, the first prominently rounded at base. Posterior wings subovate,
the costal margin obliquely convex, the outer margin waved and sinuate, and produced into a prominent
caudate elongation at apex of discoidal nervule. Abdominal margins convex and overlaj^ping near base,
and then distinctly concave and slightly divergent to anal angle. Costal nervm-e arched and extending to
apex ; discoidal cell with the apex unenclosed ; first and second median nervules with a common origin
and subparallel, the first slightly rounded. Body short, robust ; palpi large and porrect, well separated at
their bases, rising considerably above the upper surface of the head, flattened beneath, and terminathig in
a long, robust, obtuse point.

This is a geuus of small extent, of which about eight described species are known, and
these of unequal value, several of them being considered by many lepidopterists as varieties
only of other species. Its geographical area does not appear (according to present knowledge)
to occur west of Tenasserim, and it is recorded from Java, Celebes, Philippines, Amboina,
and Papua.

1. Rhinopalpa fulva. (Tab. XII., fig. 1 J , 2 2 .)

nil i nopal pa fiiira, Felder, Wieu. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 399, n. 21 (1860); Butl. Trans. Linu. See. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 545, u. 1 (1877).

Male. Anterior wings above reddish ochraceous, with a broad fuscous outer marginal border, which
is inwardly slightly concave ; marginal fringe greyish. Posterior wings reddish ochraceous, with a broad
fuscous outer marginal border, narrowing and terminating about discoidal nervule, between which and the
anal angle are two submargiual fuscous lines, the outer one broadest and both preceded by three round
fuscous spots, situate two between the median nervules, and one between the first median and the discoidal
nervules — the colour at the area of these spots is distinctly darker ; extreme margin fuscous, with the
fringe greyish and a fuscous spot at anal angle posteriorly surrounded with an obovate violaceous margin.
Wings beneath fuscous, the basal halves darkest, where they are crossed by two ii-regular almost concolorous
fasciae, denoted by their margins, which are pale bluish and much waved, sinuated and broken; about
centre the wings are also crossed by three contiguous, much-waved and sinuated pale bluish lines, the
outer one of which is broken and somewhat indistinct — between these lines the colom- is paler, and they
are outwardly bounded by a waved fuscous line, which in some places becomes confluent with them ; these
are followed by a broad irregular dark fascia, and a submarginal row of large rounded ocellated spots with
blue and black centres and black margins, and situate between the nervules, six on anterior and five on
posterior wings (the lower spot on anterior wings is usually bipupillated) ; two fuscous submargiual waved
lines, which are jjreceded near costal margin of anterior wings by an irregularly shaped whitish spot, and
the inner one of which is margined on each side with pale bluish ; beyond these the colour is somewhat
dull red, and the marginal fringe is black, interspersed with greyish ; on anal angle of jjosterior wings,
which is reddish, is a looped black spot. Body more or less concolorous with wings, legs fuscous, and the
underside of the palpi and tibiae and tarsi obscm-e ochraceous.

Female. Larger and much paler in coloration than the male ; above with the black marginal border
of anterior wings broken towards i^osterior angle, and on the posterior wings not reaching outer margin ;
the basal third of both wings also appears distinctly darker. Beneath the wings are much paler than in
the male, being dull reddish ochraceous at base, and then shading into creamy white and pale ochraceous ;
the markings are similar to those of the other sex, but of paler and altogether different hue.

Exp. wings, <J 58 to 6'2 millim. ; 2 72 millim.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 99

Hab. — Tenasserim ; Houncli-au (Bingham — Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls.
Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.)

The female form here described was collected by Mr. Saiier, and is the only specimen of
that sex which I have yet been able to examine. The species is very closely allied to the
Javau Ft. pohpiice, Cram.

Rhinopalpa ? eudoxia. (Tab. XVII., f. 6.)

Vanessa eudoxia, Guerin, Eev. Zool. 1840, p. 44; Deless. Souv. Inde, p. 73, t. 20 (1843).
Precis eudoxia, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diiun. Lep. p. 191, n. 25 (1871).

This insect is only known to me by Guerin's figure, which has been copied in this
work, and I have been as yet unable to find a specimen in any collection. The original type
was acquired by M. Adolphe Delessert from Malacca during his eastern voyage from 1834 to
1839. Several other insects described by Guerin, which were collected at the same time and
locality, are not unfrequently received from the Malay Peninsula, and it is probable that the
present species is of a rarer character, being either restricted in locality or of obscure habits,
such as of an entirely jungle hfe.

Its structural appearance (as figured) allies it to the genus Rhinopalpa, in which I have
placed it ; but of course, without examination of its neuration, it can only be placed provisionally
in that genus.

I have thought it best to add the very careful description of Guerin Meneville, as originally
published : —

" Ses ailes superieures sont d'un jaune-fauve couleur d'ocre, fortement concaves et dentees au bord
externe, d"un brun pale a la base, avec I'extremite noiratre. Les infericures sont dentees, elles ont nne
petite queue au milieu du bord externe et un petit prolongement arrondi a Tangle anal. Leur couleur
est semblable a celle des superieures, avee la base egalement brune et Tangle superiem- externe nokatre.
Elles ont, pres du bord, deux lignes sinueuses, j)recedees de gros points noirs a contom* plus pale que le
fond, dout les deux plus externes touchent la tacbe apicale uoire. On voit sur le mUieu du lobe de Tangle
anal une petite strie oblique bleue. Le dessous est d'un brun jaunatre ; la base des ailes, d";m jaime plus
pale au milieu, augmente de ton vers les bords, avec des lignes en zigzag blanches a reflets violaces et
d'autres lignes brunes et transversales. Les lignes blanches du milieu et celles qui longent le bord externe
sont plus larges et mieux marquees. II y a, en outre, au cote interne des lignes blanches du bord des
quatre ailes une ligne d'yeux brun borde de noii' et pupille de bleu. On compte six de ces yeux aux ailes
superieures et cinq aux inferiem-es. La frange est alternativement noire et blanche des deux cotes. Le
corps est d'un brun jaunatre, les antennes nou-es."

" Hab. la cote Malaye."

Genus EULACURA.

Kulaceiira, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 726.

I'hdaceura, Seudd. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sc. vol. x. p. 170 (1875).

Kulacuia, Butl. Traus. Linn. 8oc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541 (1877).

Anterior wings subtriangular and elongate, the costal margin slightly arched and convex, the apical
angle produced and rounded, beneath which the outer margin is sinuated and concave; inner margin

100 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted close together near end of cell, the second
much longer than the first ; third emitted some distance before the apex of the second and extending to
apex, before which it is prominently curved and rounded ; fourth and fifth bifurcating at about one-fourth
from apex ; upper disco-cellular nervule short and angled ; lower disco-cellular absent, leaving the apex of
the cell entirely open ; first median nervule strongly curved near base, where it has an apparently common
origin with the second. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin nearly straight, the outer margin
convex and slightly waved ; abdominal margins well separated, slightly convex towards base and then
obliquely divergent to anal angles. Costal nervure sinuated and curved upwards near base, and then
continued to apex. Discoidal cell open ; discoidal nervule emitted a short distance from base of second
subcostal nervule ; first median nervule curved and rounded near base, where it has a common origin with
the second ; both first and second are considerably shorter than the third. Body short, the thorax robust ;
antennaB long, slender, the club compressed.

This genus is a Malay representative of the large and widely-spread genus Apatura* to
which it is somewhat closely allied. But one species is at present known, and its geographical
range appears limited.

1. Eulacura osteria. (Tab. XII., fig. 5 <? , and 62.)

Apatura Osteria, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 305, n. 19, note (1850).

Eulaceilra Osteria, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 726; Druce, ibid. 1873, p. 346, n. 1.

F.ulacura osteria, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 511, n. 1 (1877).

Male. Wings above dark glossy fuscous. Anterior wings with a discal oblique series of five white
spots, the uppermost and smallest situate above the first median nervule, remaining fom* larger, contiguous
and only separated by the median nervules and submedian nervure. Posterior wings with a corresponding
but broader oblique series of subquadrate spots, which form a continuous fascia, although apparently
divided by the nerviiles and terminating about centre of abdominal margin, the basal two-thirds of which
is pale greyish ; a submarginal row of obscure rounded fuscous spots placed between the nervules, and two
narrow fuscous marginal lines. Wings beneath i^ale silverj' bluish, both wings crossed by the pale discal
oblique series of spots, forming a more continuous fascia than above, and silvery white inwardly margined
with ochraceous ; two narrow ochraceous fasciae crossing cell of anterior wing ; outer margins of both wings
and apex of anterior wings bordei'ed and suffused with ochraceous, and two ocellated spots (ochraceous with
bluish and black centres), the first on anterior wing situate between the second and third median nervules,
the second spot situate between the second and third median nervules of the posterior wings. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Pale brownish. Anterior wings with two dark fasciae crossing cell and with a very broad pale
submarginal fascia, the outer margin of which is denoted by a series of lunulate white spots, and the inner
margin — which is directed outwardly from subcostal nervure to first median nervule and then obliquely
reflexed — is marked by a series of irregular white spots ; and an indistinct ocellated spot between the second
and third median ner\'ules. Posterior wings with a narrow pale oblique macular fascia (continuous to the
inner margin of the broad fascia of anterior wings) obscurely terminating about middle of submedian
nervure ; an ocellated spot between second and third median nervules, and a waved and strongly lunulated
ochraceous submarginal fascia, inwardly enclosing obconical fuscous spots, excepting between the second
and third median nervules and from thence to anal angle ; two fuscous marginal lines and basal area of

* By the name Apatura I allude to the genus as hitherto almost universally understood, and not as recently
applied by Messrs. Scudder and Moore to species of HypoUmnas. Where an earlier generic name is clearly found to have
priority the law should unhesitatingly he applied; but where a certain amount of doubt exists, and the evidence is not
convincing, the name generally used should remain unchanged.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 101

abdominal margin pale as in male. Wings beneath a little darker and more ochraceous than in male ;
other markings generally the same.

Exp. wings, $ 65 millim. ; 2 63 millim.

Hab. — ^Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Westw.) — Java (Westw. *) — Borneo (Druce).

Genus CHAEAXES.

Cliaru.i-es, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 18 (1818); Feld. Neues Lop. p. 39 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.

i. p. 28 (1881).
Kriba-n, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Scbinett. p. 46 (1816).

F.Hleids, Dalm. iu Billb. Enum. Ins. p. 80 (1820) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 29 (1881).
Nymphalis, Westw. (nee. Latr.), Gen. Dim-n. Lep. p. 306 (1850).
Haridra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 30 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the apex elongately produced and
rounded or subacute, the outer margin deeply concave and slightly and irregularly waved, the inner margin
nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted close together near end of cell, third a short
distance bej'ond end of cell and extending to apex, where it is slightly rounded and convex, fom-th and fifth
bifurcating at about one-third beyond end of cell, the fourth suddenly deflexed and slightly concave near
apex. Upper disco-cellular short and angled, the lower slender and curved. Median nervules situate wide
apart, the first strongly curved and rounded near base. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin
strongly curved and convex, the outer margin convex, regularly and distinctly waved and produced in
more or less well-developed narrow caudate prolongations at apices of first and thii-d median nervules
(in some specimens the last is either but rudimentarj^ or practically obsolete). Abdominal margin strongly
and convexly angulated at base, and then obliquely divergent to anal angle. Costal nervure strongly
curved and extending to apex ; precostal nervure suberect, its apex more or less curved ; bases of subcostal
nervules and discoidal nervule about equally wide apart ; discoidal cell imperfectly closed at apex with a
more or less aborted and indistinct disco-cellular nervule (in some specimens this is practically obsolete,
and the cell completely open). First median nei'vule strongly curved near base (in some specimens the
first and second median nervules are wider apart than the second and third). Body short; thorax very
robust ; antennae stout and pi-ominently clavate at apex.

The genus Charaxes, from its wide distribution, and the beauty of its species, combined
with their strength of wing and body, forms one of the most interesting genera of the
X!imp]iaU)ia\

One species is found in Europe, round the shores of tlie Mediterranean, which has a
very close ally in an Abyssinian species. The genus also inhabits Eastern, Western, and
the warmer portions of Southern Africa. It is apparently in Western Tropical Africa that
Charaxes is found in its maximum of size, beauty, and abundance of species, though the neigh-
bourhood of Delagoa was recently pronounced by Mr. Hewitson to be the " head-quarters" of the
geniis.f Madagascar possesses some very distinct species, and travelling eastward the genus

■'= Geu. Diurn. Lep. p. 305.

I Ent. Mouth. Mag. xiv. p. 81. In estimating what is really the "head-quarters" of a genus, we may apply the
axiom of that excellent mammalogist, Mr. J. A. Allen, viz. : — " The largest species of a gi'oup (genus, subfamily, or family
as the case may be) are found where the group to which they severally belong reaches its highest development, or where
it has what may be termed its centre of distribution" (Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. ii. p. 310). These conditions are,
for Charaxes, fulfilled in "Western Tropical Africa.

February 28, 1883. 2 d

102 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

has recently been discovered in the Island of Socotra by Prof. Balfour. It is common in
Continental India, found in Ceylon and the Andaman Islands (it has not yet been recorded
from the Nicobars), occurs throughout Burma, Tenasserim, and the Malay Peninsula,
Eastern Asia, as far north as China, and through the length and breadth of the Malayan
Archipelago. Its distribution in the Pacific Islands appears at present very limited, but
it is found in Australia.

The species possess strong flight and frequent lofty positions in trees. In South Africa
Mr. Trimen describes them as delighting " to settle on the stems of lofty twigs of timber
trees,"* and the male of a species in Ceylon, according to Mr. Wade, is " most frequently found
perched high up on acacia trees." t

Another peculiarity is recorded from widely separated habitats. Thus the European
species is stated to have " a great preference for the same spot or twig, and you may find it
day after day, when at rest, on its favourite twig or branch." I This is corroborated by
Mr. Trimen in S. Africa, where he relates that species, "even when roughly scared from their
seat," will return to the same position. §

The smooth spineless larvas with bifid tails ally
Charaxes superficially with the Satijrimc, as already pointed
out {(inle, p. 37) ; but our present knowledge of the
transformations of the genus is confined to three or four
species only.

Based on the views of Mr. Scudder, proposals have

. Fig. 37. — Larva of (7. af/mmas, var. samat7»a, from

recently been made to split this large and widely distri- Moore's Lepici. Cevi.

buted genus into a number of less well-defined " genera."

If the end of the study of Rhopalocera was merely to attain an artificial method of cabinet
arrangement by means of a surcharged nomenclature, then, however difficult to a non-specialist,
the course would have to be adopted, and there could be little objection to a farrago of generic
names. But if, on the other hand, such action would tend to obscure our knowledge of the
real affinities and geographical distribution of a genus as at present understood, — and this
particularly applies to Charaxes, — what is the advantage of such systematic dissection ? ||

The objection particularly aj^plies when a widely distributed genus like Charaxes undergoes
this generic splitting process in one geographical group of its species only. For instance, if
this is done with the Oriental species alone, without reference to those of the Ethiopian and
Australian regions, all ideas as to geographical distribution are reduced to chaos. Either
these new genera founded on Oriental species do or do not also contain species found in the
other regions, and I think it would not be a vexatious rule to require that when a hitherto
well-known genus is broken up into other genera, the systematist who undertakes the work,
should also examine the other species of the genus, — as then understood and from whatever

* Rhop. Afr. Austi'. p. IGG. f Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 30.

I Quoted on the authority of W. F. de V. Kane in Ku-by's ' Europ. Butt. & Moths,' p. 26.
§ lihop. A&. Austr. p. 166.

II That veteran entomologist, and more especially coleopterist, Dr. Le Conte, has remarked this cUsturbiug element
in the study of hi^^ own order, and, to use his own words: — "In all entomological investigations relating to geographical
distribution we are greatly embarrassed by the multitude of species, and by the vague and opiuionative genera founded upon
characters of small importance" (Proc. Am. Ass., Detroit, 1879, p. 7).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

lOS

region,— and state the specific extent and range of his proposed new genera. The few facts of
geographical distril)ution which we possess, and which have heen formulated on the labours
and decisions of the systematist, with the general concurrence of specialists, ought not to
be invalidated by the hasty erection of new genera for a few species without reference to
the whole.*

A. Outer imtrfiins of posterior unngs caudately and prominentlii produced at apices of first and third
median nervules.

1. Charaxes echo. (Fig. 38.)

L'haraxes Echo, Butler, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3,

vol. XX. p. 400, t. 8, figs. 5, 6 (18G7); Dnice,

Pioc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 346, No. 1.
Ni/mphcdis fahius, var. C, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 269

(1871).

As this species is only known to me by an
uncoloured figure, which is here reproduced, it is
better to give the original Latin diagnosis of its
describer : —

Fig. 38.

" Alee supra nigro-fusese, ad basin paulum viridescentes : anticae serie macularum septem decre-
scentium fulvarum discali ; maculis duabus pone cellam oblique positis punetisque tribus marginalibus
analibus fulvis : posticse fascia tenui media, punctis septem ovalibus submarginalibus undecimque
angularibus marginalibus fulvis ; margine interno fuseo-gi'isescente : corpus tborace nigro-fusco, abdomine
fusco : antennis nigris.

" Alae subtus roseo-albicantes, extus paulum fuseescentes : anticse lineis tribus discoideis duabusque
infra cellam nigris ; maculis discalibus velut supra, intus autem nigro limitatis ; macula superna pone cellam
extensa fasciolam formante ; maculis submarginalibus serie positis (apud angulum ani solum distiuctis),
omnibus flavis ; maculis duabus tribusve, cum iis subanalibus junctis, ovalibus, nigris, auali geminata :
posticae areola basali et fascia media albidis nigro limitatis, bac quoque argenteo intus marginata ; maculis
septem lunulatis ferrugineis, tribus inferioribus majoribus magis rufescentibus, omnibus intus cyaneo-albo
cinctis et nigro limitatis ; linea subanali nigra ; maculis septem marginalibus cseruleis nigro liueatis
extus fulvo et intus albo limitatis : corpus ocbraceum, thoracis medio palpisque albicantibus ; antennis

" Exp. alar. unc. 2jg."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Roberts). — Borneo (Druce).

* The artificiality of many genera has been well pointed out by Weismanu, who also observes, " If we see two
Bpecies of butterflies quite dissiniilar in form of wing and other characters, we should be inclined, in spite of many points
of agi-eement between them, to place them in entirely different genera. But should we then find that not only did theu-
adult larviE agree in every detail of marking, but also that the entire phyletic development of these markings, as revealed
by the ontogeny of the lai'vie, had taken precisely the same course in both species, we should certainly conclude that they
possessed a near blood-relationship, and should place them close together in the same genus" (' Stud, in Theory of Descent,'
Engl. Transl., p. 170). ... „ r

En-oneous views have obtained in Anthropology as to the stage of culture denoted by a recognition of a "genus of
natural objects. Thus Dr. Peschel (' The Eaces of Man,' p. 6) writes, " In nations which have remained at a low stage
of civilization, we fiud names for different species of oaks, but none for the genus oak." This has been refuted by Dr. Hector
(Brit. Ass., Bristol, 1875), who testified that the Maories have not only distmct names for nearly all then- plants, but
generic names by which they grouped plants according to their af&nities, in a way impossible to most people who were
not educated botanists.

104 ItHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

This is a so-called " variety," or more correctly desiguated " local race," of C.fahiiis, Fabr.,
a species found in Continental India and Ceylon. Several other of these closely aUied forms
or "local races" have been described,* and although the exigencies of cabinet arrangement
and systematic nomenclature may require that these forms should be capable of reference under
distinct names, it is surely disguising a certain fact in Nature if we do not admit that they
must have had a common progenitor, and that their fixity in local races or species is due to
dispersion and isolation. (When we use these two words a difference of the surrounding
conditions is naturally postulated.) Of course other local and somewhat intermediate races
may have failed to sufficiently estabhsh themselves, and have early succumbed to unfavourable
conditions. As Blumenbach observed, "Every paving-stone in Gottiugen is a proof that
species, or rather whole genera, of creatures must have disappeared." t

2. Charaxes schreiberi. (Tab. XIII., fig. 2 3 .)

Xymphalis Schreiber, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. Suppl. p. 825 (1823).

Pajjliia Schreibers, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. t. 6, f. 3, 3a (1829).

Xymphalis Schreiberi, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 205, n. 418 (1857).

Charaxes Schreiberi, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 340, u. 2 ; Snellen, TijJ. Ent. xix. p. 147, n. 20 (187G) ;

Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 539, n. 3 (1877) ; Goclni. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,

p. 640, n. 22.

Male. Wings above dark fuscous, the basal third somewhat tinged with bluish ; disk of both wiugs
crossed, by a central discal white fascia, commeucing on anterior wings immediatel}' beneath first median
nervule and terminating on posterior wiugs in a subacute point near the first median nervule ; on anterior
wings this fascia is narrowly margined with pale bluish from beneath the third median nervule, and from
the same nervule is outwardly very broadlj- and somewhat deutately margined with the same colour;
on posterior wiugs the white fascia terminates in a pale bluish fascia which is iuwardlj' straight and
outwardly emarginate, aud crosses the wiug, terminating very narrowly at anal angle ; anterior wings with
a white sjjot placed between the discoidal nervules, and posterior wings with a submargiual series of small
whitish spots placed between the nervules, two between the third median nervule aud submedian nervure,
and a pale bluish narrow submargiual but broken fascia commencing at about discoidal nervule, which
become ochraceous at anal angle ; abdominal margin pale greyish at base. Wings beneath pale silvery
white ; both wuigs crossed by a dull ochraceous fascia margined with blue ; on anterior wings this fascia
crosses the end of cell, where it is outwardly bifurcate and terminates, obtusely rounded a little beneath
the third median nervule ; on posterior wings the fascia commences at costa and terminates a little beyond
third median ner\aile ; anterior wiugs with two dark bluish spots in cell ; an irregularly shaped carmine
spot beyond the central fascia between the lower discoidal aud the second median nervules ; a submarginal
series of somewhat lunulate spots placed between the nervules, which are obsolete near apex, aud suti'used
with black near outer angle, the lower three being preceded by a lunulate dark line, aud the outer margin
broadly infuscated ; posterior wings with a broad submarginal pale fuscous fascia, on the inner margin of
which are a series of carmine lunulate spots, the upper three of which have a pale area and are preceded by
a continuous bluish line, and the lower and larger three are inwardly margined with white and blue, the
one at anal angle beuig preceded by a transverse dark bluish streak, and a marginal ochraceous fascia, the
borders of which ai'e bluish. Body more or less concolorous with wiugs ; posterior and intermediate
femora much suffused with blackish shadings ; tibiae and tarsi ochraceous.

* One from Celebes aud two from iiuknowu localities,
f ' Antluopological Treatises,' Engl, trausl. p. 283 (18G5).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 105

Female. Resembling the male, but -with the central -white fascia to the wings above only faintly
and slightly margined and followed by pale blue, and the marginal fascia to posterior wings more
ochraceous and continued to apex ; on anterior wings is an additional small white subapical spot placed
above the upper discoidal nervule.

Exp. wings, $ and 5 , 95 to 98 niillim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (colls. Brit. Mus. and Dist.)— Billiton (Godm. & Salv.l— Java (coll.
Horsf. and Brit. Mus.) ; Batavia (Snellen). — Borneo (colls. Dist. and Godm. & Salv.)

This species appears to be confined to the true Indo-Malayan region. It has not yet been
recorded from Tenasserim, and probably does not extend northward or westward of the area
here faunistically treated.

3. Charaxes delphis. (Tab. XV., fig. 1 <? .)

Chamxes Delphis, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1843, p. 217, t. 7.
Charaxes Concha, Voll. Tijd. Ent. iv. p. 162, t. 10, f. 1, 3 (1861 1.

Male and Female. Wings above pale stramineous. Anterior wings with the costal area slightly

infuscated ; a small black streak on upper portion of disco-cellular nervules, and the whole apical third

black ; the inner margin of this black area is much waved, and commencing at costa near end of cell

really and narrowly terminates at apex of third median nervule, but is apparently continued by two

elongate spots, which do not pass the submedian nervure, and do not quite reach the outer margin.

Posterior wings with a submarginal series of greenish lunulate spots placed between the nervules,

continued as streaks to the apices of the nervules, especially prominent and distinct along the three

median ner-STiles. (Some markings of the under surface show more or less distinctly near posterior

angle of the anterior wings, and on disk of posterior wings.) Wings beneath pale silvery white ; anterior

wings with the apical third somewhat darker (reflecting the black area of the upper surface) ; two small

and irregularly shaped bluish black spots in cell ; a lunulate blue spot with black margins at end of cell,

outwardly followed by a contiguous black streak ; a narrow black streak above and beneath the upper

discoidal nervule ; a rounded blue spot with blackish margins beneath cell and between second and third

median nervules, and an outer submarginal series of lunulate bluish markings, outwardly followed by a

series of ochraceous spots. Posterior wings with a blue spot with blackish margins on about centre of

costal area, three curved blackish lines (diminishing in size) in and near end of cell, a short linear mark

of the same colour on each side of the thml median nervule, and two similar ones on abdominal margin,

about one-third from anal angle ; a discal series of bluish lunulate spots placed between the nervules,

closely followed by a series of dark ochraceous spots, and again by a much-waved pale ochraceous fascia ;

a submarginal series of bluish elongate and linear spots placed between the nervules, and a marginal

corresponding series of rather larger ochraceous spots ; caudate appendages streaked with bluish. Body

above with the abdomen more or less concolorous with wings, the thorax and head infuscated ; thorax

beneath concolorous with wings, the legs dull greyish. Antennae fuscous.

Exp. wings, <? 95 millim. ; $ 100 millim.

Hab.— Continental India ; Silhet ; Assam (Brit. Mus.)— Tenasserim (Bingham — coll. Moore).— Malay
Peninsula ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Gosse). — Borneo ; Labuan (Brit. Mus.)

I have not seen this fine species in any of the Province Wellesley cohections that have
passed through my hands ; but Mr. Gosse possesses both sexes from Malacca, collected there
by the Eev. L. Biggs, the male specimen of which I have been allowed to figure here.

February 28, 1883. 2 e

106 RHOPALOCEKA MALAYANA.

4. Charaxes athamas, var. samatha. (Tab. XIII., lig. 8 J .)

Papillo Athamas, Drury, 111. Ex. Eut. i. t. 2, f. 4 (1773) ; Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 89, C, D (1779).

Charaxes samatha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 831.

Eidepis samatha, Moore, Lap. Ceyl. i. p. 29, t. 14, f. 2, a, h (1881).

Male and Female. Wings above dark chocolate-brown ; both wings crossed by a broad pale greenish
yellow fascia, commencing on anterior wing beneath the first median nervule, where it is narrowest
on that wing, and terminating narrowly and subacutely at the middle of the third median nervule of the
posterior wing ; anterior wings with a pale greenish subapical rounded spot placed between the discoidal
nervules (in some specimens there is a second and smaller white spot), and posterior wings with a
submarginal series of whitish spots placed between the nervules (two distinctly surrounded with black
between the third median nervule and submedian nervure), and a narrow pale brownish marginal line. Wings
beneath olive-brown, with bright pink reflections ; both wings crossed by a broad pale shining, greenish
fascia (equivalent to the one on the upper surface), inwardly margined by a narrow castaneous fascia
with blackish borders ; on anterior wings this fascia is margined with castaneous above, and is outwardly
narrowly margined with the same colour, which is followed by a series of sublunulate spots denoted
by their fuscous margins, placed between the nervules, the hindmost of which, situate between the thu'd
median nervule and submedian nervure, is largest and much suffused with black; a small black dot in cell,
and the pale greenish spot between the discoidal nervules as above, but inwardly margined with black.
Posterior wings with the fascia outwardly margined as on anterior wings, but with the accompanying spots
less regular; these consist of a small black spot at costa, an irregular black patch beneath the costal
nervure enclosing a castaneous spot, a castaneous spot above the lower subcostal nervule, and a smaller
one beneath it, an irregular black streak beneath the discoidal nervule, and a lunulate black spot on
each side of the second median nervule : these are preceded by shining greyish streaks ; a castaneous spot
more or less surrounded with black near anal angle, preceded by a blackish transverse line ; a submarginal
series of small fuscous spots more or less surrounded with greyish white placed between the nervules,
two being situate at anal angle between the third median nervule and submedian nervure ; these spots
are followed by pale brownish, the extreme margin being fuscous. Body and legs more or less coucolorous
with wings.

Exp. wings, ^ 63 to 65 millim. ; 2 * 78 millim.

HAB.t — N.E. India (Brit. Mas.) — Ceylon (coll. Moore). — Burma. — Upper Tenasserim (Brit. Mus.) —
Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

I incline to the opinion that this form should be considered a variety of C. athamas.
Mr. Moore, in his description of C. samatha, I describes it as having the "yellow band on both
wings one-third less in width" than in "Indian examples of C. athamas," and he afterwards
figures his species in the ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon.' Now if we compare these figures with that of
Drury, § who originally described and figured C. athamas, instead of finding the yellow band of
C. samatha "less in width" than in Drury's species, it is, on the contrary, always as broad, and
at its apices on both wings ahsolutehj broader. \\ There therefore only remains its somewhat

* As figiu'ed in Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. t. 14, f. '2a.

f It is certain that the range of this variety is much more extensive than the following localities indicate ; but owing
to ihe impossibility of knowing whether some authors who refer to C. athamas mean that species (typical) or its present
variety, it is impossible to give theii- habitats on the present occasion, when the var. Samatha, Moore, is alone referred to.

J Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 831. § lU. Ex. Eut. i. t. -I, f. 4.

II There is a probable explanation of this discrepancy, as Mr. Moore (well known as om- highest authority on Indian
Lepidoptera) expressly refers to Indian examples of C. athamas, whilst Drury described his species as from China.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 107

smaller size, the frequent absence of the apical spot, and the generally (in the male) smaller
size of the subapical spot to differentiate it.

We are indebted to the Bros, de Alwis for a drawing of the larva of this species as found
in Ceylon,* which is reproduced here {ante, p. 102, fig. 38), and Dr. Horsfield had previously
given a figure f representing the larva of the Javan form of C. athamas, I which differs only
from the first by the absence of the "oblique yellowish white stripe" from the eleventh
segment — a difference which may or may not merely represent a different stage of growth
in the caterpillar, and hence a different stage in the developmental markings. In Ceylon it is
stated to feed on " Ccesalpinia." §

Of the habits of the typical form of C athamas in N.W. India we have a few particulars
from Capt. Lang. || It is "an insect of extremely rapid flight, flashing like lightning up
and down rocky-bedded streams in Himalayan glens (3000 to 6000 ft.). It pitches on rocks
in mid-stroam, and flashes off again if approached. It is not common, and very difficult
to capture ; yet one very hot day in June I saw seven individuals sitting with closed wings,
motionless, on a foul spot (by the damp sandy margin of a stream IT), so close together that
I might have put my hat over all of them."

5. Charaxes hebe. (Tab. XV., fig. 2 <? .)

Charaxes Hebe, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. G31, u. 16, t. 37, f. 3; Dnice, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 346,
u. 4 ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 539, n. 2 (1877).

Male and Female. Wings above very pale greenish. Anterior wiugs with the base, cell, and base
of costal area greyish brown ; apical half blackish, with a small pale greenish spot between the discoidal
nervules ; this black apical area is much waved internally, commencing near end of cell it is obliquely
and outwardly directed, becoming prominently concave at the median nervules, and somewhat narrowly
terminating at the posterior angle. Posterior wings with the base greyish brown, and in some si^ecimens
(as the one figured) a darker marginal border containing a marginal series of fuscous spots inwardly marked
with white streaks placed between the nervules (the one at anal angle marked with two white spots) ; in
other specimens these markings are much paler and somewhat indistinct ; extreme margin and margins
of caudate appendages dark green. Wings beneath reddish brown, both wings crossed by a broad pale
shining greenish fascia, inwardly margined by a narrow castaneous fascia with blackish borders ; on the
anterior wiugs the greenish fascia commences at end of cell, immediately beneath the first median nervule,
and is broadly margined with castaneous above, which forms a subtriangular patch extending to upper

* Lep. Ceyl. i. t. 14, fig. 2 6. f Descript. Cat. t. viii. f. 7.

J This Javau form of the species is pi-ubably the variety described by Felder under the name of C. attains (lleise Nov.
Lep. iii. p. 438, n. 711).

§ Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 30. The genus CcBsalpinia consists of trees or shnibs growing in the tropical parts of Asia, Africa,
and America, thus agreeing roughly with the distribution of Charaxes, as in Tropical America au allied genus MegistanU
is found (some authors, as Vollenhoven, have described species of this genus under the name of Charaxes). Ccesalpinia
includes plants possessing both chemical aud medicinal properties ; for example, the Oriental C. sappan, which yields the
well-known red dye; whilst, according to Dr. Hogg (' Indian Notes,' p. 217), smother s-pecies, •' Ccesalpinia sepiaria-rclme."
the " Mj'sore thorn, a prickly-hedge climber with yellow flowers," possesses astringent wood, and its bruised leaves are applied
as a cui-e for burns. Mr. B. Spruce, in his botanical investigations in the Amazon Valley, found that "some caterpUlars
seem to have a decided taste for bitters ; and narcotics are rarely objected to" (Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. ix. p. 354;.

II Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 181.

n These are always favourite spots for Rhopalocera. Some Lepchas who in Sikkim make what they can by catching
insects and selling them to visitors, take advantage of the known ijartiality of butterflies for wet sand. Mr. de Niceville states
that " in one place upon a large flattish stone near the middle of the stream, the men had put some sand and kept it watered,
and it was surprising the number of butterflies that came to their ' tr.ap ' and were caught " (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl. vol. li.
pt. ii. p. 04 (1882). These habits may be of use to the explorer, as when Command. Cameron states that he " always found'
butterflies in a dry country " as sure sign that water was near" ('Across Africa,' vol. i. p. 130).

108 RIIOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

discoidal nervule, where it contains a small greenish spot ; the pale fascia is outwardly narrowly margined
with castaneous, and followed by a series of castaneous lunulate spots (in pale specimens the margins of
the spots only are castaneous) placed between the nervules, with an additional blackish spot above the
subraedian nervure. Posterior wings with the central pale fascia narrower, outwardly concave from costa
to first median nervule, and angularlj' terminating at third median nervule, outwardly and narrowly
margined as on anterior wings ; this margin is widened between the costal nervure and first subcostal
nervule, where it is more or less marked with fuscous, followed by a castaneous spot placed on each side
of the lower subcostal nei'vule, and becoming very broad at the area of the median nerviiles, where it
contains two whitish linear spots, and is outwardly margined with fuscous ; it is then again narrowed and
continued to abdominal margin near anal angle, where it is preceded by two transverse and contiguous
blackish lines ; a marginal series of small dark spots placed between the nervules, the caudate appendages
margined as above. Body above somewhat infuscated, beneath more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 70 to 72 millims.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Gosse). — Sumatra
(Brit. Mus.) — Borneo (Druce).

The specimen figured was collected by the Kev. L. Biggs in Malacca, and is contained in
the collection of Mr. P. H. Gosse. It is interesting as showing the varietal character of the
colour of the marginal spots to the posterior wings. In a Province Wellesley specimen in my
own collection these spots are as pale as in the Sumatran type figured by Mr. Butler.*

6. Charaxes moori,t n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 3 >? .)

Male. Wings above as in ('. hchc, but anterior wings with the apex narrower and less produced, the
outer black marking narrower, not extending so far inwardly on disk and at area of median nervules, and
not prominently narrowing at posterior angle ; its inner margin much waved. Posterior wings with the
dark submarginal spots with white centres as in the var. of C. heJ>c here figured (Tab. XV., f. 2), but
prominently widened into a large blackish patch near apex. Wings beneath as in C. hehe, but with
the central pale fascia to both wings much broader, thus approaching the outer margins much more
closely than in Butler's species ; the ground colour is also considerably tinged with steely blue.

Exp. wings, S 68 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier).

I have seen none but male specimens of this species. I first captured a specimen myself
thirteen years since, and have lately received another from the same locality. It is also
contained in Mr. Sauer's collection. Its natural position is intermediate between the previously
described species, C. hehe, Butl., and the following species, C.jahjsus, Feld.

7. Charaxes jalysus. (Tab. XIII., fig. 4 <? .)

Chanu-es Jali/aiis, Folder, Raise Nov. Lap. iii. p. 438, n. 714, t. 59, f. 5 (1866); Butler, Traus. Liuu. Soc.

ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 539, u. 1 (1877).
Charaxes jalasiis, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 346, u. 5.

Male. Wings above as in C. moori, but paler ; the anterior wings with the black apical area
considerably smaller, its inner margin nearly straight. Posterior wings with the submarginal border

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G5, t. xxxvii. f. 3.

f This species is named after the Uite Mr. J. H. Moor, for some time Editor of the 'Malacca Observer,' 'Singapore
Chronicle,' and ' Singapore Free Press,' bnt better known as the industrious and competent compiler of that useful and now
scarce pubhcatiou, ' Notices of the Indian Archipelago and Adjacent Countries,' &c.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 109

of spots more continuous and amalgamated, but not dilated into a distinct patch at apex. Wings beneath
paler and with the pale central fascia very broad and occupying the whole disk of both wings ; on posterior
wings this fascia is almost straight outwardly, and not concave from costa to first median ner\Tile as in
C. hebe and C. mooii.

Exp. wings, 68 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (Dist. — coll. Butl.) ; Malacca (Piuwill — Brit. Mus. — coll.
Dist.) — Borneo (Druce).

This species appears to be moderately rare in Province Wellesley ; one specimen which
I captured myself, and which is now in the possession of Mr. Butler, being the only example
I have seen from that locality. It is, however, not uncommon in Malacca.

B. Outer marfiiii:^ of posterior wincjs candutdt/ (iiul proiniiientlij prndiieed at apex of first median nen'ide ouh/.
8. Charaxes harpax. (Tab. XIII., tig. 1 <? .)

( 'liara.n-s Hariia.v, Felder, Picise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 441, ii. 725 (1860) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 347. n. 10 ;
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832.

Male. Wings above reddish ochraceous. Anterior wings with two small contiguous black spots at
upper end of cell ; apex and outer margin broadly black ; this black area has its inner margin sinuous
and emarginate, it is broadest inwardly and most angulated beyond cell, and commences to diminish
in width beneath the lower discoidal nervule, till it narrowly terminates at posterior angle. Postei-ior
wings with a submarginal row of black spots placed between the nervules (two at anal angle more or less
suffused with grey) and with a black apical patch. Wings beneath pale castaneous with steely reflections.
Anterior wings with the basal half crossed by four waved l)lack lines commencing near the subcostal
nervure, the two inner ones crossing cell about centre, and continued on posterior wings, terminating near
base of internal nervure ; the third commencing a little before, and the fourth some distance bej'ond
end of cell (where there is a terminal black line and a linear ovate black marginal spot), between which the
colour is distinctly darker, and continued and terminating on posterior wings at internal nervure (between
these on posterior wings is a curved terminal line to cell) ; these are followed by a discal and much-waved line
of the same colour, followed on posterior wings by an oblique bluish black fascia, which becomes almost
fused with the termination of the discal line near anal angle, where there is a large blackish spot ;
anterior wings with an apical greyish spot and an indistinctly dentate submarginal greyish fascia inwardly
preceded by a few more or less distinct dark spots ; posterior wings with a submarginal row of bluish spots
placed between the nervules and preceded by transverse greyish streaks (two of these spots at anal angle).
Body more or less concolorous with wings ; posterior and intermediate femora thickly spotted with black.

Exp. wings, 3' 90 millim.*

Hab. — Tenasserim; near Meetan, Moolai (Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll.
Saiier). — Borneo (colls. Dist., Godm. & Salv., and Brit. Mus.).

A single male specimen captured by Mr. Saiier in Province Wellesley, and which is here
figured, is the only example I have seen from that locality. It is, however, recorded by
Mr. Moore from Tenasserim, a locality from which that entomologist has described a closely
allied form under the name of C. a(jiut,\ between which and typical Bornean examples
of ('. Iiarpax the form here figured is intermediate. Consequently we must allow for variation
in these tawny Charaxes, where no distinct local race has become dififerentiated.

* This is tlie expansion of the specimen fifjui-ed from Province Wellesley and of Bornean males in my own collection,
though I possess others (unfortunately with no locality) which are much smaller.
t Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832.
FEBRr.\RY 28, 1883. 2 F

110 lillOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Geuus PEOTHOE.

Piothoe, Hiibner, Samral. Ex. Sclimett. (181G— 18il i ; Westw. Geu. Diuni. Lep. p. 260 (1850).

Anterior win^s subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the apex rounded and non-
or sub-prominent, the outer margin nearly straight, or more or less concave about the centre, and in
some species distinctly waved. Costal nervure short, somewhat suddenly reflexed to eosta a little
beyond end of cell ; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the distance
between their bases, and that between the base of second and end of cell being subequal ; third
emitted at about one-fifth beyond end of cell and extending to apex, its apical third somewhat
gibbous or convex ; fourth and fifth bifurcating a little beyond the base of third ; tlie fourth deflexed
and concave beneath the convex portion of third. Upper disco-cellular nervule short and oblique,
middle disco-cellular suberect, lower disco-cellular prominently curved and rounded inwardly at base,
and then obliquely continued to apex ; median nervules situate wide apart. Posterior wings obovate,
the costal margin moderately oblique and convex, the outer margin more or less prominently waved
and produced in a broad, spatulate, caudate, outwardly curved prolongation between the first and second
median nervules ; abdominal margin ample and slightly convex at the body, and then divergent and
oblique to anal angle. Precostal nervure suberect and curved inwardly at apex ; costal nervure rounded
and extending to apex ; second subcostal nervule and discoidal nervule with an a^jparently common origin ;
dicoidal cell completely open. Palpi placed close to the face. Body small ; thorax robust. Antenna with
a long and gradually formed club.

Prothoe is a Malayan j^euus, being found tbroughout tlie Indo- and Austro-Malayau
regions. It does not apparently occur west of Tenasserim, and is found as far east ;is
New Ireland (this is probably not really the eastern limit of the genus, but represents
at present the limit of our knowledge).* Not more than some half dozen species are
described, one of which is alone here included. Another species, however, 1'. fraiulii, Godt.,
is almost certainly found in the Peninsula, as Mr. Wallace f gives Malacca as a habitat of the
species. I have, however, been unable to find a Malaccau specimen, and though Mr. Hcwitson
subsequently acquired Mr. Wallace's Pihopalocera, the species is not recorded from Malacca
in the posthumous Catalogue of the Hewitsonian collection. As it is also recorded by
Mr. Moore from Tenasserim, I the probability of its occurring in our region becomes greater.

1. Prothoe Caledonia. (Tab. XIII., fig. 9 <? .)

Xi/iiijiIikUh calijdonia, Hewitsou, Exot. Butt. i. p. 86, t. -13, f. 3, -4 (1855).

Cluimxen ailydania, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 638.

Prothoe Caledonia, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 874.

yi/mphalin? Culedonia, Ku'by, Syn. Cat. Diuru. Lep. p. 273, u. 58 (1871).

Male. Anterior wings pale sulphur-j-ellow, with the base very pale bluish, and with rather more
than the apical half dark shining fuscous ; the inner margin of this blackish coloration commences
narrowly at base of costa, and gradually widening obliquely crosses the cell a little beyond the middle,

* Mr. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1807, p. 873) recommended that an African species generally kuuwn as Charaxes berenU-r
should also be placed in this genus. It has, however, structural peculiarities which have warranted M. Mabille (Bull. See.
Zool. de France, 1870, p. 280) in founding a new genus for its reception, and cnusequently Africa cannot be considered
as a habitat of Prothoe.

•)• Trans. Eut. Soc. 1809, p. 80.

X Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832. Mr. Moore, in this paper (ibid. p. 854) gives also the Malay I'cuiusula as a habitut
of P.franckii, which was probably copied from Wallace, as he possesses no specimen from that locality, and, though he kindly
searched for me, could find no authority for the same in his notes.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Ill

and crossing the second median nervule near its base extends to near the outer margin between the
second and third median nervules, after which it is again directed inwardly and is concavely sinuated
to near apex of inner margin ; an oblique subapical series of four sulphureous spots, the first near costa,
the second between the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, the third above and the fourth beneath
the upper discoidal nervule ; a somewhat obsolete pale apical spot and a very small bright spot on the
second median nervule. Posterior wings very pale bluish, with a broad shining fuscous outer margin,
which is widest at apex and narrowly terminates at anal angle ; two linear pale greyish marginal spots
near apex and apical margin of caudate appendage of the same colour ; the costal disk of the wing
is somewhat suffused with sulphureous and the abdominal margin is suffused with very pale brownish.
Anterior wings beneath dull greyish, beautifully suffused and spotted with bright red and with the
following spots and markings : — four spots on costal area above cell, which contains a basal spot, two
placed a little before the middle, followed by an irregular macular fascia, and another and somewhat
similar one at apex ; immediately beyond cell is a broad curved fascia commencing at costa and
terminating at apex of median nervure ; a triple series of much broken and irregular fasciae, the outer
margin being also fuscous ; beneath the second median nervule the colour is sulphur-yellow, becoming
paler towards inner margin, with a large irregular fuscous spot near outer angle. Posterior wings
of similar hue and shadings, with the following fuscous spots and markings : — a small rounded spot
at base, and another near apex of jjrecostal nervure ; a short broad curved transverse fascia commencing
near base and terminating on basal edge of abdominal margin ; a linear streak above and near base
of costal nervure ; a subquadrate spot, followed by a larger and curved spot beneath the costal nervure ;
three spots in cell, a small rounded one near base, a similar one near origin of third median nervule,
and a transverse spot near its termination ; a sinuated row of discal spots, consisting of a small one above
and a large one beneath the first subcostal nervule, three in oblique series divided by the discoidal
and first median nervules ; a conical spot between the second and third median nervules, and an obconical
one before the submedian nervure, from which to edge of abdominal margin is a broad fascia ; the apical
area of wings, which is preceded by a transverse pale fascia, is darker and shaded with greenish,
and contains some much-waved and somewhat disjointed series of transverse fuscous fasciae ; outer
margin sulphureous, with its extreme border fuscous, a large fuscous patch on the caudate appendage,
and a small red spot near anal angle.* Body above pale bluish grey ; thorax beneath more or less
concolorous with wings ; legs brownish, tibiiie and tarsi more or less pale ochraceous ; antennae fuscous
above, castaneous beneath.

Exp. wings, <? 103 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Wallace, and coll. Pioberts). — Borneo (coll. Hewits.) — Labuan
(coll. Godm. & Salv.)

This beautiful species almost merits the enthusiastic eulogy of its describer, " This glorious
butterfly is beyond description."! It was originally discovered by Mr. Wallace, who thus
records its capture at Ayer-pauas : — " I was one afternoon walking along a favourite road
through the forest, with my gun, when I saw a butterfly on the ground. It was large,
handsome, and quite new to me, and I got close to it before it flew away. I then observed
that it had been settling on the dung of some carnivorous animal. I Thinking it might return

* These are the most prominent markings on the posterior wings, it being impossible to describe all that the figure
faitlifully pourtrays.

f Hewitson, ' Exotic Buttei-flies,' i. p. 80.

I Similar substances are attractive to some of the most handsome buttei-fiies. The beautiful Apatura iris in this
country has been observed by Mr. Hewitson to frequent the droppings of swine, and by Mr. Sturgess to be partial to dead
stoats and weasels, &c. (see Newman's 'British Butterflies,' p. 75i. At St. Paulo on the Upper Amazons, Mr. Bates found
a species of the handsome genus Batesia [Fandura) to he attracted by "offal" (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1858-9, p. 22).

112 EHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

to the same spot, I next day after breakfast took my net, and as I approached the place was
deliglited to see the same butterfly sitting on the same piece of dung, and succeeded in

capturing it I never saw another specimen of it, and it was only after twelve years

had elapsed that a second individual reached this country from the north-western part of
Borneo." *

Genus SYMPH^DEA.

Si/iiijilurilra, Hiibner, Vcrz. bek. Sclimett. p. 39 (1816) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 294 (1850) ; Moore, Lep.

Ceyl. i. p. 31 11881).
Ad'ilias, sect. 10, Feld. Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861).
Le.rias, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 125 (1832) ; Feld. Neues Lep. p. 36 (1861).

Antei'ior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched and convex, apex rounded (generally more
prominently so in the female) ; outer margin slightly waved and slightly concave beneath apex ; inner
margin nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the second
longer than the first ; third emitted some distance before the apices of first and second ; fourth and fifth
bifurcating at about two-thirds beyond end of cell. Lower disco-cellular nervule practically obsolete,
leaving the cell open, or sometimes slender and faintly visible ; first median nervule with the basal
portion curved and rounded, and with an aj^parently common origin with the second at apex of cell.
Posterior wings ovate ; costal margin oblique and slightly convex ; outer margin slightly waved and broadly
rounded ; abdominal margin nearly straight, but becoming obliquely divergent to anal angle. Neuration
generally as in Eiitltalia. Body stout ; palpi porrect and pointed ; antenna variable in length.

This genus is very closely allied to the following, and as Mr. Butler truly remarks, " The
structural chai'acters which separate Hijmphaidra from Adolias t are not very considerable, and
from their uncertainty seem almost to indicate a state of transition ; the style of coloration,
however, is quite distinct." I

Siiiiipha'dra is found in Continental India, and throughout the Indo- and Austro-
Malavau regions. S

1. Symphaedra dirtea. (Tab. XII., figs. 7 J and 8 2 .)

J\ij,ilii> Dirtea, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 59, n. 184 (1793).

.Idolinx Boisihu-alu, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. t. 8, f. 2 (1886).

AMias Diitei,, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepaul, p. 12, t. 10, f. 1, 2 (1846); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus.

E.I. C. i. p. 198, n. 403 (1857); Moore, Trans. Ent. See. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 84, ii. 48 (1859).
Lexias Dirtea, Feld. Wieu. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 400, u. 25 (1860).
i'l/i/yj/ittrfra AVtoi, But]. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 613, n.3; Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 88, n. 3 (1869); Trans. Liim.

Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 540, n. 1 (1877) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. See. 1873, p. 346, u. 2 ; Godm.

and Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 639, n. 21.

Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with a small whitish subapical spot
l)laced beneath the fourth subcostal nervule, and a greenish outer marginal fascia, which is almost obsolete
at apical angle and gradually widens to posterior angle ; the inner margin of this fascia is very waved
and subdcntate ; posterior wings with a very broad outer bluish marginal fascia, with violaceous reflections,
occupying about half of wing, and containing a submarginal series of blackish spots placed between

* ' Malay Aix-liipelago,' 3rd edit. p. 29. f = EuthaUa. t Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G8, ji. G14.

§ Mr. Kirby (Syn. Cat. Diuru. Lep. p. 258 (1871) gives Australia as a habitat of S. Mropus.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. ' 113

tlie nervules and a marginal row of much lai'ger subcorneal spots of the same colour placed upon and
divided by the nervules ; this bluish area is sinuated interiorly, and becomes shaded with greenish and
violaceous at and near anal angle ; apical portion of abdominal margin thickly clothed with long pale
ochraceous hairs. Wings beneath very warm and dark ochraceous. Anterior wings with a small and very
pale bluish subapical spot situate beneath the bifurcation of the fourth and lifth subcostal nervules,
a cluster of irregular pale spots in cell and a long and iiTegularly curved one at the termination
of the same, which is followed by two very indistinct spots placed one on each side of the upper
discoidal uervule ; two pale discal spots on each side of the second median nervule, and one beneath
the third median nervule ; inner margin and area of the outer angle broadly suffused with fuscous,
the last with two bluish spots placed one on each side of the third median nervule ; above
these are a subobsolete and suljmarginal series of pale spots placed between the nervules. Posterior
wings with two pale spots in cell, a curved discal series of six or seven pale spots placed between
the nervules, and a submarginal series of small fuscous spots placed between the nervules, with their
surrounding areas somewhat pale. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings ; antennae
black, their apices warm ochraceous.

Female. Wings above chocolate-brown, with the marginal fringe alternately concolorous and
pale greyish, and with the following yellowish spots : — anterior wings with three spots in cell, two at its
termination, followed by two placed one on each side of the upper discoidal nervule ; an oblique discal
series of seven spots placed between the nervules, two beneath cell, situate one on each side of second
median nervule, a cluster of live irregular spots near base and between third median nervule and sub-
median nervure, and an outer submarginal series, i^laced between the nervules, increasing in size towards
outer angle ; a small yellowish streak on inner margin near its apex. Posterior wings with the following
yellowish spots : — three beneath costal nervure, three between first and second subcostal nervules, four
between lower subcostal and discoidal nervules, three in cell (.the first being only a small basal streak), three
beyond cell before the first median nervule, two beneath cell placed one on each side of second median
nervule and two on basal half of abdominal margin ; and three large spots — denoted by pale bluish
margins with anterior and posterior yellowish spots — near anal angle divided by the second and third
median nervules. Anterior wings beneath greenish ochraceous, darker and somewhat bluish at area
of median nervules, marked generally as above, but spots larger and pale bluish grey, those in and at
termination of cell fused and the cluster of spots beneath base of cell obsolete. Posterior wings beneath
pale greenish, the basal half more or less suffused with ochraceous ; spots as above, but much paler.
Body above chocolate-brown, with the following yellowish spots : — six thoracic (two anterior, two central,
and two posterior), and four at base of abdomen ; a narrow lateral streak on each central side of thorax,
and a small spot at extreme base of wings ; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, S 76 to 95 millim. ; 2 9"2 to 109 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley, Penang (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill —
Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (Forbes, coll. Dist.) — Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Banca.* — Java (Brit. Mus.) —
Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.) ; Banjermasin (coll. Dist.)

This species attains its maximum size in the Malay Peninsula ; at least such is the
evidence of a long series now before me. The species varies considerably in Borneo, where
male specimens occur agreeing with the one here figured from Province Wellesley, while smaller
ones are found which have the marginal spots to the posterior wings larger, t

* Coll. by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874).

\ Mr. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. GliS) has described these small and dark Borneau specimens as a "local race": —
" Alis minoribus obscurioribus, antennis I'ulvo acuminatis." Another local race from Hainan has been specifically differentiated
by Mr. Moore under the name of S. pardalis (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 699).

June 30, 1883. 2 g

114 lUIOPALOCEUA MALAY AS A.

In Province Wellesley (as I have elsewhere recorded)* old fallen fruit was an attraction
to this species, and sliced pine-apple placed at the proper season in a road which these butter-
flies frequented was generally sure to be visited by a good supply of both males and females, t

The following species is only known by its description, and, as far as I am aware,
is contained in no collection in this country. No figure exists, and therefore the description
can alone be given. It represents, like R. eudoxia {ante, p. 99), a specimen from Malacca,
collected during the voyage of M. A. Delessert.

Symphaedra ? emalea.

Aiyipmis Emalea, Gueriu, Deless. Souv. Inde. ii. p. 72 (1843).
Si/mplitrdra Etnulea, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diuni. Lep. p. 259, n. 10 (1871).

" Alis subrotundatis, auticis apiee subconcavis, supra fulvis ; anticis apice et lineis flexuosis, posticis
lineis flexuosis punctisque nigris, maculis costalibus duabus albis, subtus griseo-fulvis margaritaceo-
inicantibus, fascia media communi-alba, maculari, extus recta, intus dentata. — Enverg. 1^ cent."

" Elle a beaucoup d'affinites avec VArg. Thijelia de Fabricius (God., p. 257). Le dessus de ses quatre
ailes est d'un jaune-fauve-vif, un peu plus sombre a la base. L'extremite des premieres est noire avec
deux bandes ondees de noir paralleles au bord externe, et moins marquees pres de Tangle inferieur ; elles
ont, en outre, au milieu, une bande dentelee et ondulee de noir servant de limite a la portion plus obscure de
leur base. On voit dans le milieu de la cellule disco'idale une petite bande transverse et brune avec
le milieu fauve. Les inferieures ont au bord externe trois lignes noiratres flexueuses ; une ligne flexueuse
au milieu, se continuant avec celle des superieures ; et, entre cette ligne et les externes, une serie de six
points noirs dont les deux anteriem-s et celui de Tangle anal un peu plus forts ; elles ont a la cote deux
tacbes blanches, de forme carree ; Tune au milieu, Tautre pres de l'extremite anterieure. Le dessous des
quatre ailes est d'un gris-eendre-jaunatre a reflets violets et perles avec les nervures fauves ; elles sont
traversees au milieu et obliquemeut par une ligne maculaii'e blanc borde de noiratre, droite du cote externe,
fortement dentee, surtout aux superieures, du cote interne, et tres-elargie a la cote des superieui'es.
On voit, en outre, aux ailes inferieures une serie de six petits points noirs correspondant a ceux du dessus.
Le corps est d'un brun jaunatre, les antennes sont noires avec le cote anterieur fauve.

" Habite la cote Malaye."

Genus EUTHALIA.

Euthalia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 41 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 31 (1881).

Aconthea, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. t. 8, f. 6 (1829) ; Zool. Joui-u. v. p. 65 (1880).

Adolias, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. t. 3, f. 2 (1836); Westw. Geu. Diixru. Lep. p. 289 (1850); Feld. Neucs. Lep.

p. 34 (1861) ; Butl. Proc. Zool. See. 1868, p. 600.
Itanns, Feld. Neues. Lep. p. 34 (1861).
Ihiphla, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 33 (1881).

* Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xii. p. 207.

f That obsei-vant naturalist Cons. E. L. Layard, writing from New Caledonia, l)ears witness to the fact of rotten fruit being
a very strung attraction to Lepidoptera. He writes: — "At this moment I have in my verandah a parrot, which is daily
regaled with a portion of a banana. Every evening I see a dozen or more of the large Sphingidie and Nocfiia trying to effect

an cntriince into the cage to get at the rotting fruit, which is generally invisible from the outside I have always foimd

bananas the best bait to attract the night-flyers, but only tuhen they begin to rot" (' Natm-e,' vol. xviii. p. 301).

RHOPALOCEEA MALAY AN A.

115

Anterior wings triangular ; costal margin arched and more or less convex ; apex more or less
prominent, rounded, or subacute ; outer margin somewhat concave beneath apex, and uneven or slightly
waved ; inner margin nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell,
the first some distance from and the second near end of cell ; third commencing either at about one-fourth
or midway from end of cell, and extending to apex; fourth and fifth liifurcating at about three-fourths
from end of cell, and terminating beneath the apex ; upper disco-cellular short and angled ; middle disco-
cellular acutely recurved ; lower disco-cellular nervule generally obsolete, leaving the apex of the cell open,
or when present slender, oblique and slightly concave ; median uervure robust ; first median nervule
strongly curved at liase, where it has an apparently common origin with the second at apex of cell.
Posterior wings subovate ; costal margin oblique and slightly convex ; outer margin rounded, convex,
and slightly waved (in the males of some species the anal angle is slightly acuminate or pointed). Costal
nervure curved and extending to apex ; precostal nervure strongly curved outwardly ; first subcostal
nervule emitted near base of subcostal nervure, the second some distance beyond. Cell with the apex
always practically open, in some species having the appearance of being closed by a slender and indistinct
lower disco-cellular nervule. Body short and robust. Palpi porrect, obtuselj' jjointed at the apex.
Antenna long and nearly straight.

Eutlialia is a genus wbicli belongs to the true Oriental region. It extends northward to
China, but apparently not to the north-westward of India, for though found by Mr. Hocking at
Dbarmsala, in the N.W. Himalaya,* it was not collected by Major Roberts at Candahar,t nor
by Major Swinhoe in Beloochistan ; I Dr. Stoliczka failed to meet with the genus in Yarkand, §
and it was absent from the collection made by Fedchenko in Turkestan. || It is, however,
in North-Eastern India that the genus reaches its maximum in the size and beauty of its
species, and this should therefore be considered its head-quarters. It is found in the Andaman
Islands, Ceylon, through Burma, Tenasserim, and the Malay Peninsula, and onwards in the
Malayan Archipelago, though according to present knowledge not to the eastward of Celebes
and the Philippine Islands. About seventy species are at present described.

We are now acquainted with' the larvse
of several species of this genus (one of which
is here figured), and which are as interesting and
peculiar as those of any genus in the Rhopalocera.
We know, from the researches of the last few
years, — researches kindled and stimulated by
the teachings and influence of the late Charles
Darwin, — that when we see an abnormally deve-
loped caterpillar, either in colour or structure,
we may almost certainly predicate that it thereby
enjoys an immunity or protection from the attacks of its natural enemies. IT We also know
that similar protection is acquired by the resemblance "mimicry" which the subject possesses

^ ^" *5t.

^u^n^---**'"'*^

-r^

^i

Fig. 39. — Larva of Euthalia garuda. From ilrawins liy
Hardwicke, in Horsl'. i- Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.O.

(ien.

* Recorded by F. Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1882, p. 239.

\ See Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 403. J Ibid. 1881, p. 602.

§ ' Scientific Results Sec. Yarkand Miss.,' by F. Moore. Calcutta, 1879.

II ' Mon. Lep. collect, by Fedchenko in Turkestan,' by N. G. Erschoft'. St. Petersburg, 1874.

*\ See Mr. Jenner Weir's experiments with birds, and Mr. Butler's with lizards (Trans. Eut. Soc. 1869, pp. 21 and 27).
The results are condensed and discussed by Mr. Darwin (' Descent of Man,' 2nd edit. p. 326), and by Mr. Wallace (' Natural
Selection,' p. 117 et seq.)

116 IIHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

to some uneatable genus or species, and this may apply in the present case. Dr. Horsfield,
who was no advocate of this theory, writing in pre-Darwinian times, and with a strong leaning
to the views (Circular and Qninarian) of MacLeay, with the thoroughness that marks all his
work, was struck by the appearance of these larvjE, and sought for their analogy.* This he
considered was to be found in the Myriopoda and in the genus Sculujcra. On the lines of this
theory (mimicry) such a view is extremely interesting, and acquires a reasonableness which
the MacLeayian doctrine f failed to supply.

A. Cell of posterior wings apparently closed hy a suhuhsolete and slender neriule.

1. Euthalia derma. (Tab. XIX., fig. 4 ^ .)

Adolias Derma, Kollar, Hiig. Kasclim. iv. 2, p. 436 (1848).
Adolias Ei-a, Feld. Eeise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 432, u. 692 (1866).
AiloUas evelina, Eace A. deniia, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. GOO.

Male and Female. Wings above fuliginous-brown ; cell of anterior wings crossed by two waved
blackish lines at centre (between which is a prominent carmine spot), and two lines converging posteriorly
at extremity ; cell of posterior wings with a faint blackish oblique line near centre aud two prominent
black lines at apex ; both wings crossed by a discal curved fuliginous fascia, commeucing on anterior
wings near end of cell, where it is broadest, and terminating on posterior wings near centre of abdominal
margin, where it is narrowest; beyond the fascia the colour is slightly paler, the posterior wings
possessing a somewhat faintly darker and very narrow submarginal fascia. Wings beneath pale greenish ;
cellular markings of anterior wings as above, but with the interspaces between the pairs of lines pale
brownish ; a sub-basal fuscous streak outwardly margined with white, and an irregular spot beneath
cell near base of third median nervule ; cellular markings of posterior wings as above, but with an
additional curved black line beyond apex, a similar but shorter mark near and between the bases of
the discoidal and lower subcostal uervules, — this is preceded by a rounded spot between the subcostal
nervules and a larger and partly closed one containing a carmine spot between the upper subcostal nervule
and costal nervure ; there is also a small carmine spot in cell ; a darker discal fascia crossing both wings
as above, a similarly coloured broad submarginal fascia commencing on anterior wings at upper discoidal
nervule and becoming obsolete on posterior wings at the median nervules, followed by a waved and
lunulate fascia broken between the nervules ; the anterior wings also possess a broad, darker oblique
subapical patch, its margins and also the apical margin of posterior wings more or less infuscated.

Exp. wings, ^ 87 to 94 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Silhet (Brit. Mus.) ; Assam (Felder). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Dr.
Townsend — coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Java (Felder). — Borneo (coll. Dist.) — Celebes (coll. Uist. and Brit. Mus.)
— Philipiiines; Luzon (Felder).

A single male specimen collected by Dr. Townsend in Perak, and which is here
figured, is the only knowledge I have of the species in this fauna. It is in itself closely
allied to A. evelina, StoU, and has been called a local race of that species, simply, and
necessarily, because StoU's species was first described. Philosophically, however, as A. derma
has an exceedingly wide range, it is probably the archaic form, and A. evelina the more or less
local race.

* ZoologicalJomu. v. p. 67 (1830).

f This was admirably ami laboriously developed by Swainson, with (to use the words of Wallace) "an amount of
knowledge and ingenuity that have rarely been surpassed." See his ' Hist, and Nat. .\irang. of Insects,' in which he was
assisted by Shuckord.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 117

B. Cell of posterior wings entirely open.

a. Third subcostal ncmdc of anterior wings emitted at about one fourth or less from apex of cell.

2. Euthalia anosia. (Tab. XIV., fig. 5 ? .)

Adolias Anoda, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 187, n. 376 (1857) ; Trans. Ent. Soc.
ser. 2, vol. v. p. 65, n. 5, t. 5, f. 1 (1859).

Female. Wings above ashy-green. Anterior -wings with the basal area from costa to a little
beneath cell, and terminating a little beyond cell, very dark ashy-green ; this area is outwardly bounded
by a straight, oblique and connected series of four white spots outwardly angulated and pointed ; these
are followed by two white spots directed inwardly and separated by the second median nervule ; the outer
pale green area is brightest from about the centre of third median nervule to middle of abdominal margin,
which pale coloration is followed posteriorly by some very dark green marks, a similarly coloured spot
being found on each side of the upper discoidal nervule ; outer margin dull, dark greenish ; cell rossed
by three dark lines bordered with very pale and bright ashy-green, the first near base curved outwardly,
the second near centre straight, and the third near apex somewhat resembling the letter S ; beyond cell
are two black lines, the outer one much waved and sinuated ; and beneath cell, between the bases of the
third median nervule and submedian nervure, are some dark sjiots and lines bordered with very pale
and bright ashy-green. Posterior wings with the outer half very much paler and with pinky suffusions,
which extend and are particularly noticeable from costa to lower subcostal nervule ; this paler outer area
has its inner margin darker and concavely scalloped, and contains near its centre a series of small,
obscure, dark spots, which are margined with pale ashy irrorations, particularly the innermost spots ; the
extreme base of the wings is darkest, and the cell contains two spots with pale and dark margins, the first
subquadrate near centre and the second subluuate near apex ; a similar spot above and near base of lower
subcostal nervule, another near base of abdominal margin, and a dark spot between the bases of lower
subcostal and discoidal nervules. Wings beneath very much paler and marked generally as above, the outer
apical margins of anterior wings distinctly fuscous. Body and legs moi'e or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, ? 78 millim.

Hae. — Continental India; "North India" (Moore). — Tenasserim (Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Gosse).

This species appears to be scarce in the Malay Peninsula, but one specimen (female)
being contained in my collection. The male is smaller, somewhat darker, and wanting the
white spots to the anterior wings.

3. Euthalia garuda.* (Tab. XIV., fig. 1 <? ; fig. 2 2 .)

Ailolia.-i Giinida, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 186, n. 374 (1857); Trans. Ent.

Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 64, n. 3, t. 8, f. 2 (1859) ; Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 603, n. 21 ;

Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 539, n. 2 (1877).
Euthalia Garuda, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 32, t. 16, f. 2, 2rt (1881).

* When Mr. Moore applied this name to Indian representatives of the species, he douhtless used the word in its
Hindu sense, as found in the Sattvika Puranas. Compared with this, " Garuda," as pointed out by the late Mr. J. B. Lo^an,
is used by the Malays in a partial signification only: — "Garuda, or Giirdil, is a monstrous bml, which Malay romaucists
usually evoke for the pm-pose of desolating a country." This is illustrated in the Malay poem ' Shi'iir Bidasari ' : —

" Dati'iugLih kapiida suiitu miisu ' " There came upon a certain time

Meliangli'ih angas den angkiisii A bird flying from the heavens,

Angas Garuda biirong perkasa The bnd Gariida, a mighty bu'd,

Menjadi negri rosii beniisi'i." Destroying and desolating the laud.''

— (' Journ. East Ind. Ai'chipelago,' vol. i. pp. 41 -2.)

June 30, 1883. 2 h

118 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the basal half, excluding cell, much
darker or fuscous ; cell crossed by five blackish lines, one somewhat oblique near base, the other four in
pairs, connected posteriorly, and situate two about centre and two at extremity ; between these lines the
colour is much darker ; immediately beneath basal half of cell are some indistinct blackish markings ;
at the extremity of the basal dark coloration is a curved series of five greyish spots placed between the
nervules, the upper three in somewhat oblique series beyond end of cell, divided by the discoidal uervules,
the fourth and fifth curved inwardly and divided by the second median nervule ; two subajiical grejush spots,
one on each side of the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and a narrow, waved, dark
fuscous submarginal fascia. Posterior wings with the base and a broad curved discal and outwardly
dentate fascia, much darker or fuscous ; cell partially crossed by two pairs of blackish lines, looped
and convexly united posteriori}', situate respectively near the centre and extremity ; a submarginal series
of small blackish spots placed between the nervules, the extreme outer margin of both wings narrowly
fuscous, with the fringe more or less greyish. Wings beneath pale brownish olivaceous, cellular markings as
above, but posterior wings possessing a long ovate spot above, and a smaller spot beneath the base of the
first subcostal nervule, and a curved line on outer side of base of discoidal nervule, continuous to the lower
pair of dark lines crossing cell; greyish spots as above, but brighter, and an additional third subapical spot
between the discoidal nervules; a narrow dark submarginal fascia to both wings, becoming faint and
obsolete on posterior wings towards abdominal margin; j)osterior wings with the submarginal spots as
above, and the outer margin of anterior wings excluding apex, and apical margin of posterior wings, very
pale violaceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Larger than the male, wings above paler, the markings as in the other sex, but
the submarginal fascia to anterior wings broken and indistinct, and the whole basal half of posterior
wings darker ; beneath as in male, but paler, and the submarginal fasciae more broken.

Exp. wings, 3 60 to G7 millim. ; 2 76 to 80 miUim.

Hab. — Continental India; Silhet, Bengal, Oudh, Sind (Brit. Mus.) ; Bombay (Dr. Leith — coll.
Dist.) — Ceylon (coll. Moore). — Burma (Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (coll. Godm. & Salv., and Brit. Mus.) — Java (Brit. Mus.)

This is a variable species, the greyish spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings
being frequently obsolete. In all the specimens I have examined the males are darker in hue
than the females.

The larva and pupa are figured by Horsfield and Moore * from the original drawings by
General Hardwicke, and the tirst has been reproduced here {ante, p. 115, fig. 39). According
to the last-named observer, the larva feeds on " Tivphis aspem and on a species of Brijonia." \
According to Mr. A. Grote J and the Rev. J. H. Hocking § it feeds upon the mango. ||

* Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. t. vi. f. 2, -2a. \ Ibid. p. 187. I Ibid.

§ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 239.

Il Another species of the genus, E. aconthea, is also described by Horsfield as feeding on the mango (Horsf. & Moore,
Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 185). Of the mango in Dominica, F. A. Ober makes a curious observation : — '• The mangoes are
bristling with spikes of blossoms — white with them — but not a bml nor a butterfly is hovering above them, though the
surrounding trees and shrubs are alive with them. This is a fact I have long noticed, that the mango is ever deserted"
('Camps in the Caribbees,' p. 21). Now we know that the mango was introduced into the "West Indies, and the dramatic
circumstances under which i)lants from Bourbon were first introduced to Jamaica have been gi-aphically described by
Sir- Joseph Hooker |Lect. to Koy. Instit. on the ' Distr. of the North Am. Flora,' 18781. But in the East the mango is
not deserted by birds and butterflies, for not only do the liutluiliails frecjuent them to deposit the eggs which produce
the devouring larvae, but also — to quote no other author than the pleasant and versatile I'liil. Robinson — tliere is the
"green parrot" that settles "with a screech among your mangoes," and the "watcher," who has "all day long to sit
and watch the ripening fruit, to wage a perpetual war with little beasts and little birds, every squirrel a throe, and each
finch a spasm" (' In my Indian Garden,' pp. 21 and 181).

II

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 119

4. Euthalia jama. (Tab. XIV., fig. 8 <?; Tab. XV., fig. 4 ? .)

Aduliiis Jama, Fekler, Eeise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 431, n. 690 (1866) ; Butl. Trans. Liim. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.

p. 539, u. S (1877).
Eiitlialia Alplttda, var. A. Jaina, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diuru. Lep. p. 254, n. 27 (1871).

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a black line crossing cell near base
and apparently continued between the median and submedian nervures, a dark brown spot crossing
centre of cell, the margins of which are black, and which is rounded and closed posteriorly ; a somewhat
similar spot at end of cell ; two similarly margined spots obliquely, but not quite, crossing cell of posterior
wings ; a dark brown oblique fascia crossing disk, commencing near termination of cell (where there is
an indistinct bronzy area), and terminating on inner margin, about one third from base ; this is followed
by a somewhat narrower oblique fascia crossing both wings, commencing near apex of anterior wings and
terminating on posterior wings near the abdominal margin at about one-third from anal angle : this
fascia is widened at inner margin of anterior wings ; posterior wings with a much-waved, narrow, dark
submarginal fascia, and outer margins of both wings distinctly darker. Wings beneath pale greenish
ochraceous : cellular markings as above ; anterior wings with a rounded spot beneath cell on inner side
of third median nervule and a smaller dark spot on outer side of that nervule ; posterior wings with
a looped spot beneath and near the base of costal nervure, followed by a smaller rounded spot beneath
the first subcostal nervule, and a curved black line beneath the base of second subcostal nerviile ; fasciae
above very indistinctly and narrowly seen beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Pale brownish ; cellular markings as in male ; anterior wings with a broad pale fascia,
occupying a space equivalent to that between the extreme margins of the two discal pale fasciae in male ; —
this fascia is pale, obscure, bluish above the second median nervule, and pale brownish beneath that
nervule, and its outer margin is brown and prominently waved and angulated : at costa it possesses an
irregularly shaped central, and a somewhat similar outer subolivaceous spot, the last almost continued
to apex above the fourth subcostal nervule ; posterior wings with fascial as in male, but which are paler
and narrower. Wings beneath as above but paler ; markings similar, but more indistinct ; posterior wings
with the outer-cellular markings as in male.

Exp. wings, 3' 68 millim. ; 2 71 millim.

HAB.^Continental India; Assam (Felder). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coil. Dist.j ;
Malacca (Castelnau and Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Gosse). — Banca (Felder).

This is but a local race of the Javan E. alpJieda, Godt.,* and differs principally in the
female sex. Mr. Butler, from an examination of Capt. Pinwill's collection, remarked that in
Malacca the "species appears to be common," t but in Province Wellesley — ^judging from
collections — it appears to be a scarce insect.

5. Euthalia laverna. (Tab. XIV., tig. 7 J .)

Addlias lan-riia, Butler (part, — 2 only), J Cist. Ent. i. p. 29 (1870); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p. 539, n. 4 (1877).

''• Even its describer somewhat unusually remarked, " Localform der javaniscben .4. alpJieda, Godt." (Eeise Nov.
Lep. p. 431J.

f Trans. Linn. See. ser. 2, Zool. voL i. p. 539 (1877).

I Some confusion is likely to arise from a consultation of tlie original description of this species. Mr. Butler (Cist. Ent.
i. p. 29, 1870) described a male specimen from Borneo and a female specimen from Penang under the above name, and
afterwards figured the first in his ' Lepid. Exot.' (t. Ix., f. 5). On subsequently receiving both sexes from Malacca,
he wrote (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. .539), " I find that the male from Borneo figmed in my ' Lepidoptera
Exotica' is a distinct species," thus electing to make the Penang female the type, of which the only description is—
" 2 • Omnino velut in Tancecia Pulasara colorata;. "

120

RIIOPALOCERA MA LA YANA .

Male. Wings above fuliginous-browu. Anterior wings with the inner margin and a Ijroad central
transverse fascia, which is outwardly dentate and anteriorly bifurcate from median nervure to near costa,
dark brown ; before and a little after the upper portion of this fascia the colour is paler than the remaining
outer portion of wing, which contains a submarginal waved and broken black line not reaching posterior
angle, where there is a dark brown patch ; there are also two basal black lines. Posterior wings with the
cell crossed by four black lines and a submarginal series of narrow linear black spots placed between
the nervules. Wings beneath pale greenish, suffused with ochraceous ; anterior wings with the cell
crossed l)y some black lines and a similar waved and broken line near its apex; two spots beneath cell
divided by the third median uervulc ; a waved submarginal narrow black fascia starting from a subapical
fuscous patch, which contains two whitish spots, and is inwardly margined by the same colour ; posterior
wings i)aler ; cell crossed by a looped line near its centre and a curved line near its apex — above the last
is a short line beneath the base of lower subcostal nervule, a bent line above that nervule, and a looped line
beneath the base of costal nervure ; two discal narrow waved ochraceous fascise, the outer one most distinct,
from which to outer margin the colour is darker. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above pale brownish. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by four blackish lines,
and with a curved line near apex ; beneath the cell are two spots divided by the third median nervule,

the inner one largest ; a transverse series of contiguous, linear
greyish spots only divided by the nervules, their inner apices
conical and outwardly margined with a waved and sinuated
narrow dark brown fascia ; the two upper sjiots divided by the
upper discoidal nervule are longest, and are preceded by a small
whitish subcostal spot, the tbu'd spot is shorter than the fourth
and fifth, and the lower one beneath the third median nervule is
short and notched internally ; all these spots are more or less
suffused with pale brow^lish, and the first, fourth and fifth
possess an inner brown looped line. Posterior wings with two
pairs of looped lines crossing cell, the transverse series of large
greyish spots as on anterior wings, but not extending to
abdominal margin, and with their outer margins defined by a more angulated and inwardly dentate narrow
fascia, which is again outwardly margined with greyish, thus dividing the outer dark margin into in\\ardly
angulated spots. Wings beneath with the basal halves pale ochraceous ; cell of anterior wings marked as
above ; cell of posterior wing with the looped lines and adjacent markings as in corresponding wing of male ;
the transverse series of spots more fused than above, the greyish colour extending to outer margin.
Exp. wings, <? 50 millim. ; 2 60 millim.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)

This species I only know by the specimens contained in the British Museum, the sexes
of which are here fignred and described. The female, as Mr. Butler has remarked, bears a
striking resemblance to a species of the next genus, — Tanaccia jndusara (Tab. XIV., fig. 13), —
which is also found in this fauna.

l'"i«. 10. Knlhalia larermi, J .

6. Euthalia adonia, rar. (Tab. XIX., fig. 10 S ; fig. 11 2 •)

Pajnlio Adoiiia, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. t. 255, C,D (1782).
Xi/mphalh Adonia, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 400, n. 173 (1819).
JniHtlu'ii Li(hcnthi(i, Horsf. (nee Cram. I Cat. Lap. E. I. C. t. 5, f. 5. 5a (1829).

Ad„li„s Adonia, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. i. p. 188, n. 378 (1857); Snellen, TijJ. Ent. xix.
p. 149, u. 28 (1876); Butl. Traus. Linn. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 539, n. 1 (1877).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 121

Male. Wings above dark olivaceous. Anterior wings with the basal portion of cell and posterior
outer margin greenish ; cell crossed near centre by two black lines, between which the colour is reddish ;
these lines are followed by a narrow transverse white fascia, which is outwardly concave, beyond which
are two other black lines, with a reddish spot between them ; three white spots beyond cell divided by
the nervules, and a waved discal series of five white spots placed between the nervules, the lowest between
the first and second median nervules ; these are followed by two larger but obscure spots divided by
the third median nervule ; an obscure, broken, fuscous submarginal line. Posterior wings with the cell
crossed by two fuscous lines and with a broad greenish marginal border ; this greenish area contains a
central series of six blackish spots placed between the nervules, with an elongate linear spot at anal
angle ; there are also three bright red spots near outer margin at apex and two of the same colour on
inner side of the green area, situate one on each side of the lower subcostal nervule, — these are outwardly
and inwardly margined with blackish and are followed by two blackish lines which do not pass third
median nervule. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the cell crossed as above,
but with a short basal black line and the red enclosure brighter and larger, the green shadings on
upjjer surface absent ; posterior wings with costa narrowly red, with the anal margin greenish, and with the
two blackish lines crossing cell enclosing two red spots ; at ai^ex of cell and on each side of lower subcostal
nervule are two similar black lines enclosing red spots, the first named preceded by a small black spot ;
a discal series of four red spots placed between the nervules, the lower one beneath the discoidal nervule ;
the submarginal series of black spots as above, but smaller, the upper three with an attached outer
red spot, and the linear spot at anal angle broken into two. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.

Female. Larger than male. Anterior wings above olivaceous-brown, marked generally as in male,
but with all the white spots very much larger, the waved discal series consisting of nine spots, of which
the lower five are very large, irregularly rectangular and sinuously following the three placed beyond cell ;
a pale and obscure greenish submarginal streak at posterior angle. Posterior wings olivaceous-brown,
with a wide macular, central white fascia divided by the nervules, outwardly margined with blackish and
inwardly margined with the same colour as far as end of cell, which is crossed by two black lines ; outer
margin broadly greenish from about discoidal nervule to anal angle ; a submarginal series of seven
blackish spots placed between the nervules, the upper three and the seventh attached to an outer red
spot. Wings beneath as above, but paler in hue ; anterior wings with the cell marked with red as in male,
the submarginal fuscous fascia more distinct than above, and with a large white submarginal streak at
posterior angle ; posterior wings as above, but paler, the costal margin narrowly red, cellular black
lines enclosing a red spot, a similarly enclosed red spot at end of cell, and the same above and
near base of upper subcostal nervule ; submarginal spots smaller, the upper three only attached to outer
red spots ; abdominal margin pale greenish.

Exp. wings, (? 58 millim. ; 2 70 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — .Java (Brit. Mus.) ; Batavia (Snellen).

The figures represent two Malaccan specimens, which were cohected by Capt. Pinwill and
are now contained in the British Museum. The male differs from Javan and typical forms of
the species by the darker coloration above and the fewer red spots to the posterior wings ; the
absence of the red spot at anal angle being particularly noticeable ; the colour beneath is
also paler, and the red spots to posterior wings fewer and paler. The female also differs
in several particulars. It is thus probable that a distinct race of E. adoniu is found in the
Malay Peninsula.

June 30, 1883. 2 i

122

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

7. Euthalia decorata. (Tal). XIV., fig. 9 <? .)

Adolias dn-onitus, Ihnlcr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 005, u. 39, t. xlv. f. 2 & 9.

Male. Wings above fuliginous-biown. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by four dark fuscous
lines, two near base and two about apex, and one bej-ond extremity, waved and convex ; beneath the median
nervure is a looped line on each side of the base of third median nervule, and a short line a little distance
from base of submedian nervure ; a broad submarginal greyish fascia, more or less suffused with bronzy-
green, tlie margins of which are convexly dentate inwardly and concavely dentate outwardly, where it is
also distinctly margined with fuscous. Posterior wings with the outer half greyish, shaded with bronzy-
green from about discoidal nervule to anal angle, and containing a central much-waved and inwardly
dentate narrow fuscous fascia ; cell crossed by a dark line near base and a double looped line near apex ;
a small spot near bases of second and third median ner\-ules. Wings beneath ochraceous ; anterior

wings marked as above ; posterior wings marked as above,
but with the following additional blackish lines : — a large
looped line above and a smaller looped line beneath the
base of the first subcostal nervule, and a curved line near
base of discoidal nervule. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.

Female. I have not seen this specimen, but repro-
duce Mr. Butler's figure and description : —

" ? . Alae multo majores, supra fuscse, fascia multo
latiore albicante et in posticis intus magis irregulari ;
subtus fascia velut supra viridi, opalescente fiisco mar-
ginata ; area basali flava, charactcribus nigro-fuscis ; mar-
gine externo omnino ad fasciam albido opalescente ; corpus

supra fuscum, subtus album."
Exp. wings, <? 54 to 50 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Pioberts).

The males of this species vary iu hue ; specimens from Province Wellesley, of which one is
here figured, being paler than the Singapore type as delineated by Mr. Butler ; the greyish
fascia to the anterior wings of the former also appears to be slightly broader than that as
portrayed in the latter.

Fis;. -11. Kiitludia decorata, J .

8. Euthalia ramada. (Tab. XIX., fig. 5 J .)

Adulias Uamtida, Moore, Trans. Eiit. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 69, u. 12, t. 4, f. 5 (1859); Butl. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 18G8, p. 005, n. 37.

Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by five dark lines,
situate two wide ajjart near base, two closer together about centre, and one at extremity ; beneath the cell
are some obscure dark looped lines, situate one before the third median nervule and two between that
nervule and the submedian nervure ; a submarginal obscure greenish fascia becoming broad towards
posterior angle, and containing a central dark brown and much-waved line. Posterior wings with a
very broad blue marginal fascia, which loses its bright hue above the lower subcostal nervule, and is
intersected a little above its middle bj- a much-waved dark brown line ; basal area sufi'used with some
scattered bronzy-green scales. Wings beneath warm ochraceous ; anterior wings with the cellular and
following markings as above : jjosterior wings with the cell crossed by two blackish lines near base

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 12S

and two near extremity, which are continued and joined above the discoidal nervule ; an angulated line
between the bases of the second and third median nervules ; an ovate spot between the bases of the lower
and upper subcostal nervules, preceded by a larger one situate beneath the costal nervure ; both wings
crossed by two submargiual waved fuscous lines, the outer one very dark on anterior wings, the apical
angle of which is suffused with greenish. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 48 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Dr. Townsend— coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Malacca (coll. Hewits. and
coll. Pioberts).

The female of this species is either unknown or unrecognised at present. The male here
figured is the specimen collected in Perak hy Dr. Townsend, and now in the collection of
Messrs. Godman and Salvin, to whom I am much indebted for the facilities afforded me
for examination and stud3\

b. Third subcostal nervule of anterior n-irigs emitted about midway bettveen end of cell and ajvx of winfi.
9. Euthalia macnairi,* n. sp. (Tab. XIV., fig. 6 <? , 10 ? .)

Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown, the outer margins of both wings pale bluish ; on
anterior wings this bluish margin is narrow, commencing a little beneath apical angle, and slightly
widening and terminating at posterior angle ; on posterior wings it is very broad, especially near anal
angle; outer margins narrowly black, the fringe pearly white; cell of anterior wings crossed by four
blackish lines, the innermost two nearly straight, the outer two prominently bent and sinuated, and
a similarly bent black line at end of cell ; the three innermost of these lines are continued beneath the
median nervure. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the basal area palest,
cellular markings as above, but more distinct, and two discal, narrow, undulating fuscous fasciae, the inner
one waved, the outer entire, but somewhat discontinuous. Posterior wings with the cell crossed by some
indistinct fuscous lines, a similar convex one near its apex, and an elongate ovate spot on each side of the
base of the upper subcostal nervule ; two discal and parallel narrow fuscous fasciae, terminating at about
the third median nervule, the inner one broadest, and the outer narrow and somewhat broken. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Larger and paler in hue than the male; markings similar, but anterior wings above
exhibiting the discal fasciae only seen on the under surface of the male ; these fascia are also slightly
broader and the colour between them somewhat paler ; cell of posterior wings exhibiting the transverse
dark lines as beneath. Wings beneath brighter and warmer in hue than in the other sex ; the markings
similar.

Exp. wings, <y 55 millim. ; 2 70 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

This and the following species represent a section of the genus in which the males are
strikingly similar to each other and equally dissimilar from the females. Felder appears to
have been first in recognising the sexual connection between these diverse forms, when he
described f the male of E. pxiseda.

The great interest attaching to tliis species is that it represents the closest alliance and
resemblance between the sexes of this section, the following species here described and figured
showing a gradually increasing tendency to sexually differentiate ; whilst it is to the Indo-
Malayan region that this portion of the genus is almost confined.

- Named after Major Fred. M'Nair, author of ' Perak and the Malays.' \ Wien. Ent. Mou. iii. p. 400, n. 23 (1860).

124 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

These all appear to be rare insects in collections received from the Malay Peninsula, but
this is probably more apparent than real ; for from their somewhat general similarity an
unentomological collector would often consider them on the wing as but one species, and
neglect them accordingly.

10. Euthalia stoliczkana,* n. sp. (Tab. XIV., fig. 11 9 .)

Male. Closely resembling the male E. macnairi, but larger, and witb the bluish marginal fasciae
on both wings above a little broader ; beneath with the narrow fuscous outer discal fasciae to both wings
much more waved and sinuated.

Female. Wings above closely resembling the female E. niacnuin, but differing above by the absence
of the bluish marginal fasciae, which are only slightly indicated near posterior angle of the anterior wings,
and appear on posterior wings as a narrow discal fascia, which becomes obsolete towards abdominal
margin ; on these wings the narrow fuscous discal fasciae of the anterior wings are also continued, the
innermost distinct, the outer one not distinctly passing first median nervide. Wings beneath warmer in
hue than in E. nutciiaiii, and distinctly differentiated from that species by the waved and sinuated outer
discal fasciae to both wings.

Exp. wings, <? 62 millim. ; 2 70 millim.

Hajb. — Malay Peninsida ; Province WeUesley (coll. Dist.)

11. Euthalia maclayi,t n. sp. (Tab. XIV., fig. 12 ? .)

Male. Wings above almost identical with those of male E. macnairi ,• beneath witb the outer discal
fascia waved and sinuated as in E. stoliczkana, but on posterior wings the outer fascia is farther removed
from the margin than in that species.

Female. Wings above closely resembling those of female E. macnairi, but the bluish marginal
fascia to posterior wings inwardly strongly waved and hollowed at the subcostal and discoidal uervules.;
Beneath the wings have the outer discal fasciae strongly waved and sinuated as in E. stoliczkana, but on
anterior wings these fascias are wider apart than in that species, and on the posterior wings the outer
fascia is farther removed from the margin.

Exp. wings, ^ (one spec.) 61 mihim. ; ? 73 mdlim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province WeUesley (coU. Diet.)

E. macnairi, E. stoliczkana, and E. maclayi have so strong a superficial resemblance as to
give the impression that they are but varieties of one species, and this was my first conclusion.
The reasons which have impelled me to take the opposite view are that both sexes can be
differentiated, and that the forms are not intermediate. Thus, though E. maclayi resembles

* This species is dedicated to the late Dr. Ferdinand Stoliczka, the accomplished and versatile naturalist, who died
a few years since whilst accompanying the Second Yarkand Mission. He visited the Straits Settlements, and his enthusiasm
there in the cause of Zoologj' and scientific industry is shown by the following papers, viz. : —

Aves. — "A Contribution to Malayan Ornithology," Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl. vol. xxsix. part -1, p. 277 (1870).
Reptilia. — •• Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptiha," ibid. pp. 134, 159.
Mollusca. — " On the Land Shells of Penang Island, with Descriptions of the Animals and Anatomical Notes," ibid,
vol. xU. part 2, p. 261 (1872), and vol. xlii. part 2, p. 11 (1873).
■f In agi-eement with the principle I have pursued in this work, of using for specific pm-poses the names of those who
have worked or are working at tlie biology, ethnology, or natural features of the Malay Penmsula, I have here used the
name of the celebrated Ilussiau ethnologist and traveller Dr. Mikluho-Maclay, who a few years since made an ethnological
excm-sion in Johore.

\ This is not shown in the figm-e, owing to the specimen it represents being the first received, and unfortunately
in a rubbed and poor condition.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 125

E. macnairi above, it partakes of the character of E. stoUczhana beneath, but is yet quite
distinctly differentiated from that species by the pattern of those markings. Though I have
followed this course I consider the conclusion but tentative. Some decision must be taken
in a work like this, and the proof will ultimately rest with the local breeder of these insects.
In the absence of this information analytic and synthetic empiricism are both to be deplored.

12. Euthalia cocytina. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 7 S .)

Aconthea Cocytina, Horsfield, Zool. Jourii. v. p. 67, t. 4, f. 3, 3a (1829).
AdoUas Godartii, Gray, Lep. lus. Nep. p. 14, t. 12, f. 2 (1846).
Adolias cocytina, Butl. Aun. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 99 (1868).

Male. Wings above resembling the last species, but the bluish marginal bands wide, as in
E. stoliczkana. Wings beneath jiale but warm ochraeeous, the markings generally as in E. macnairi,
but paler and ochraeeous ; the black cellular markings of anterior wings as in preceding species.

Female. Wings above pale fuliginous-brown, cellular and infra-cellular markings as in E. madai/i ,-
an oblique discal series of six elongate greyish spots, outwardly and obscurely margined with small dark
spots placed between the nervules ; of the former the two uppermost, divided by the first discoidal nervule,
are largest, and the first is broken at its centre ; the third is smallest, and the sixth, situate beneath the
third median nervule, is rather faint and outwardly notched; a broad pale marginal border, becoming
obsolete at apex and shaded with bluish at posterior angle. Posterior wings with the apical half broadly
bluish ; this area is marked with two series of whitish spots, the first and most distinct at its inner
margin, which is preceded by a series of obscure dark spots, the second, which is almost obsolete near
its centre ; outer margin brownish ; the fringe of both wings greyish white. Wings beneath pale obscure
ochraeeous ; anterior wings marked as above, the discal series of pale spots large, more continuous,
and more obscure and outwardly margined by a narrow waved fuscous fascia ; posterior wings with the
apical half (which has a narrow transverse dark ochraeeous fascia near its anterior margin) somewhat
paler. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 3" 60 millim. ; 2 70 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (coll. Moore) — Sumatra (Brit. Mus. and coll. Dist.)

I am indebted to Mr. Moore for the loan of the female Singapore specimen here
figured, and which constitutes my sole authority for the inclusion of the species in this
fauna. Mr. Butler, who first described the female,* subsequently! added, as a synonym, the
A. mifni, Feld. J This is probably a correct course, and the reason why I have not followed it
here is that the Felderian description better agrees with another Sumatran specimen in my
collection, which, however, may be but a varietal form.

13. Euthalia puseda. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 8 2 , and var. Tab. XV., f. 3 $ .)

Adulias Fuseda, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 191, n. 383 (1857) ; Trans. Ent. Soc.

ser. 2, vol. v. p. 71, u. 18, t. 6, f. 5 (1859); Feld. Wieu. Eut. Mou. iii. p. 400, n. 23 (1860j.
Adolias monina, Butl. (Fabr. ?) Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 608, u. 53, t. 45, f. 4 ; Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 89, u. 3

(1869) ; Traus. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 539, n. 6 (1877).
Adolias Ludekiwjii, Butl. (uec. Voll.) Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. ii. Zool. vol. i. p. 539, u. 7 (1877).

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 99 (1868). t Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G8, p. 608, n. 51.

I Eeise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 433, n. 695.
June 30, 1883. 2 k

126 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Male. Very closely resembling the corresponding sex of E. macnairi, the upper surface being
indistinguishable ; the anterior wings beneath have a distinct subapical pale fuscous patch, and the two
narrow discal fasciae are placed wider apart, the interior one being almost obsolete and the outer one
waved ; both wings beneath are also somewhat paler in hue.

Female. Wings above pale fuliginous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by the following dark
fuscous lines : — one near base, two near centre with their bases connected, and two at termination, the
inner of which is strongly curved and the outer deeply sinuate, both narrowly connected at base ;
immediately beneath cell are a short line near outer base of third median ner^Tile, a looped line forming
an irregular spot at inner base of the same nervule, and a short line near base of the submedian nervure ;
a submarginal series of large greyish obconical spots separated by the nervules, which occupy about
outer half of wing, crossed by a much-waved and dentate narrow brown fascia ; the two ujjpermost of
these spots have their centres excavated and suffused with the fuliginous ground colour, and they are
all conically pointed inwardly, excepting the lowermost, situate above the submedian nervure, which is
concavely excavated. Posterior wings with the outer half (excluding margin) more or less iiTorated with
pale greyish, its inner margin defined by a narrow waved brown fascia, and crossed by a regularly cui'ved
but inwardly dentate narrow brown fascia, the cell crossed by some obscure dark lines. Wings beneath
pale ochraceous ; anterior wings with the cellular lines as above, the large obconical spots extending
to margin and marked as above ; lower wings as above, but much paler. Bodj- and legs more or less
•concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, ^ 52 millim. ; ? 63 to 74 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. and
Biggs — coll. Gosse) ; Singapore (colls. Moore and Dist.)

The typical female specimen (Tab. XVIII., f. 8) is from Penang, and contained in the
oollection of Mr. Moore, whilst the variety (Tab. XV., f. 3) is from Malacca, and in the
possession of Mr. Gosse, to both those gentlemen my thanks being due for the loan of
the same.

The females are very variable, and I have seen all the intermediate forms between the
two specimens here figui-ed. The A. hulekingil, Voll.,* may also be but a variety of this species,
but in its typical form, as figured by VoUenhoven, certainly does not appear to be found in
the Malay Peninsula.

Mr. Butler t identified the male of this species as the Fapilio moniiia, Fabr. I I have not
followed him in this course for several reasons : — Fu-stly, the Fabriciau type is not contained
in the Banksian collection, and therefore the identification is unverifiable ; secondly, the males
of a number of allied species are so similar that it seems impossible, from the description
of Fabricius alone, to decide upon one more than another; and thirdly, as Mr. Moore has
figured his species (female specimen) it seems uunecesscuy to sink the same without more
conclusive reason.

* Tijd. Ent. v. p. 189, t. 10, f. 3 (1860). \ Proe. Zool. Soc. 18G8, p. 608, n. 53.

;J As a synonym of this species Mr. Butler (Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 83) has placed the P. cocyta, Fabr., stating that it is
" figured by Jones in his unpublished ' Icoues.' " The weU-knowu American lepidopterist Mr. W. H. Edwards has, however,
strongly argued (Canad. Entom. vol. siv. p. 54) on the "utterly worthless character of the Jones tlrawiugs for identification
of species." Fabricius frequently described from these tb'awiugs without any knowledge of the locality from whence the
originals came.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 127

14. Euthalia asoka. (Tab. XV., fig. 5 S ; Tab. XIV., fig. 3 ? .)

Adolias Asoht, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 433, n. 694, t. 58, f. 1 (1800) ; Butl. Trans. Liim. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 539, n. 5 (1877).

Male. Wings above dark castaneous; both wings -with a bluish outer marginal border, narrowest
on anterior wings, where it commences a little beneath apex, widening to posterior angle, and very wide
on posterior wings, terminating near submedian nervure ; this bluish area is more or less suffused
with purplish reflections ; cell of anterior wings crossed by four black lines, two central and two terminal.
Wings beneath dull and dark ochraceous ; anterior wings with the cellular markings as above, followed by
a curved black line connecting the lower discoidal nervule with the base of the second median nervule, and
with a very narrow, waved, dark fuscous discal or submarginal fascia, commencing near lower suljcostal
nervule, between which and upper discoidal nervule it is strongly angulated ; beyond this fascia the
colour is violaceous ; posterior wings with a paler waved submarginal fascia, and a very indistinct
discal one which is principally visible near the subcostal nervules. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above pale brownish. Anterior wings with the cellular markings as in the male ;
a waved line beyond cell, a small looped line beneath cell at outer base of thkd median nervule, and
a larger one of the same character at inner base of the same nervule, preceded by another small one near
base ; a discal series of seven pale spots divided by the nervules (the lower two together situate between the
third median nervule and submedian nervure), the two upper spots divided by the upper discoidal nervule
are largest, and the first is deeply scooped and excavated at its anterior margin, the third is small and
subquadrate, the fourth and fifth convex interiorly ; beyond these spots the colour is bluish, followed by a
waved and narrow brownish fascia outwardly and broadly margined with bluish grey ; a marginal fuscous
line and the fringe grey. Posterior wings with a discal curved series of pale spots surrounded by darker
brown, placed between the nervules, from which to the outer margin the colour is paler and contains
a central narrow waved dark brownish fascia ; a marginal fuscous line and the fringe grey ; cell crossed by
two pairs of looped lines. Wings beneath much paler and ochraceous ; markings as above, but the discal
series of large spots to anterior wings much paler, and not outwardly followed by bluish, and the narrow
dark fascia placed much closer to them than on upper side. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.

Exp. wings, S 60 millim. ; 2 67 millim.

Has. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (colls. Moore and Gosse) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca
(Pinwill— Brit. Mus.) — Borneo (Felder).

The figure of tbe male here given is taken from a Malaccan specimen in the British
Museum, which was collected by Capt. Pinwill. The female is in my own collection from
Province Wellesley, and somewhat differs from Felder's figure * of the same sex by the much
less pale coloration of the posterior wings between the discal series of spots and the outer
margin. Felder, however, refers the species to two locahties, viz. "Malacca, interior"
(collected by the Com, de Castelnau), and Borneo, but does not specify from which the
specimen figured was received. Consequently it is at least possible that the pale form may
have been from Borneo, and the species as found in the Malay Peninsula is of a somewhat
melanic race.

* Keise Nov. Lep. iii. t. 58, f. 1.

128 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

The following species is included here with some doubt. A male specimen, which is
figured, and considered as collected in the Malay Peninsula, is the only authority I have for
its presence in this fauna. Further and corroborative information is therefore desiderated.

Euthalia lubentina. (Tab. XIV., fig. 4 J .)

Papilio Lubentina, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 155, C,D (1779) ; Don. Ins. China, t. 36, f. 3 (1799) ; Fabr. Sp.

Ins. p. 91, n. 403 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 49, n. 486 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 121, n. 370 (1793).
Ni/mphalis Lubentina, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 400, n. 172 (1823).

Euthalia Lubentina, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 41 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 31, t. IG, f. 1 a, /<(1881).
Adolim Lubentina, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 188, n. 379 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 88,

n. 1 (1869).

Male. Closely resembling the male E. adonia (Tab. XIX., f. 10), but differing in the form of the
wings, ■which are broader, less angularly attenuated, and the anal angle of the posterior wings not
elongately produced, as in that species; on the upper surface the white spot in the cell is absent or
only faintly indicated ; beneath the markings are very similar.

Female. Above with the anterior wings closely resembling those of female E. adonia (Tab. XIX.,
f. 11) ; posterior wings, however, without the broad central white fascia of that species, and resembling
those of its own male. Beneath the anterior wings are as above, the posterior wings as in male.

Exp. wings, <? 71 millim. ; 2 62 to 75 millim.

Hab.— Continental India ; Bengal (Moore) ; near Cachar (coll. Dist.) ; Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist.) —
Ceylon (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula '?

The larva and pupa of this species, from drawings made by Mr. A. Grote, are figured by
Horsfield and Moore,* and from drawings of the Bros, de Alwis in Moore's Lepidoptera of
Ceylon. According to Mr. Grote the larva feeds upon " Loranthus."t

Genus TANAECIA.

Tanaecia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 610.

In general form and neui-atiou this genus resembles Euthalia, differing chiefly in the following
characters : — the middle disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wing is only moderately recurved ; the first
subcostal nervule of the posterior wings is emitted at a greater distance from the base of the subcostal
nervure than in Euthalia, and the second subcostal has its origin a little beyond. The palpi have a slender
bristle-like terminal joint varying in different species.

This genus is much smaller in extent than Euthalia, and likewise has a different
distribution, for whereas that genus may be said to possess its head-quarters in North-Eastern
India, Tanaecia is almost confined to the Indo-Malayan region, and is apparently absent from
Continental India and Ceylon, though found in the Andaman Islands.

It is extremely difiicult in this genus — particularly in that portion of it which is found in
the Malay Peninsula— to decide in several cases, and from cabinet specimens or figures alone,
whether the term " species" or " variety" should be more correctly used. I have therefore, in
some cases, kept the distinct forms in specific isolation, leaving the ultimate decision to the

* Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. t. 12, f. 14, lia. f H^'il- P- 189-

BHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 129

local entomologist who can by breeding alone decide.* I am unacquainted with any
description or figure of the larval characters of Tanaccia, though it is more than probable,
from the close connection of the genera, that they partake of the unique structure of the
Euthaliad larvae.

As several of the species here enumerated are only known to me by figures and
descriptions, it is impossible to divide the genus sectionally by neural characters.

1. Tanaecia flora. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 6 ? .)

Tanaecia Flora, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 235; Aid, Ideutif. Ins. t. 21 (1881).

Wings above pale fuliginous-browu ; cell of each wing crossed by the usual dark linear markings.
Anterior wings crossed by two obscui'e and irregular dark fuscous macular fasciae, the first commencing
a little beyond cell, obliquely directed outwardly to about first median nervule, from whence it is du-ected
inwardly and becomes obsolete at about the third median nervule, the second being straight and
submarginal ; between the fasciae, at area of the discoidal nervules, are some very obscure violaceous spots ;
outer margin narrowly pale violaceous, narrowest at apex and slightly widening to posterior angle ;
extreme outer border fuliginous, with the fringe grey. Posterior wings with a very broad pale violaceous
margin, widening towards anal angle, with its inner margin dentate, where there are indications of a dark
macular fascia. Wings beneath dark ochraceous, the markings very closely resembling those of Euthalia
macnairi (Tab. XIV., f. 10), but paler and with the outer narrow discal fascia to anterior wings less
angulated and waved.

Exp. wings, 65 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Butl.)

This unique species possesses three distinct and interesting features : — firstly, the palpi
have a much shorter slender termination than other species of the genus, thus being somewhat
intermediate in that respect between Euthalia and Tanaecia, though the position of the first
subcostal nervule of the posterior wings clearly denotes its relation to the last-named genus ;
secondly, it very closely resembles the female of Euthalia macnairi, a resemblance which may
or may not find its subsequent explanation by the theory of " mimicry"; t and thirdly, it is a
species of extreme rarity.

The female specimen here figured was taken by myself at Province Wellesley in 1868, and
is now in the collection of Mr. Butler, who founded the genus, and to whom it was my great
pleasure to present it. Since then, although large collections have been formed in the same
neighbourhood, and continued during a term of years, not another specimen has yet been
discovered, and the male still remains unknown.

••= In these empirical questions one's memory recaRs the opinion of Goethe, that species only exist in the copy-books
of the specialists ; and the remark of the late Edward Forbes, that some can see difference and no resemblance, others
resemblance and no difference, whilst some again can see neither one nor the other.

f Since I piibhshed some remarks (ante, p. 33) espressiTC of the opinion that a reference of such resemblances to
the theory of " mimicry,'' without the necessary support of observed facts, was more calculated to obscm-e than advance
philosophical Entomology, much ink has been spilled by my friend Mr. Meldola and myself— pro et con — upon the subject.
No fresh facts were available or could be advanced, and the curious are referred to the articles as they appeared (Ann.
a,nd Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. s. p. 417, and vol. xi. p. 43).

June 30, 1888. 2 l

130 KHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

2. Tanaecia supercilia. (Tab. XV., fig. 8 J .)

Tunat'cia xiipcrcitia, Butlur, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 610, n. 4, t. 45, f. 7.

This species or variety is founded on a Penang specimen contained in the collection
of Lieut. Eoberts. As I have not seen this type, nor met with an example in any other
collection, I have had Mr. Butler's figure reproduced, and copy his original description.

" S ■ Valde affinis T. varunce ; alse sujn-a velut in T. pelca eoloratae, at fascia posticarum hinulari
magis aieuata et characteribus basalibus punctiformibus ; alie subtus 25allide fuscae, area interno-basali
anticarum flavescente, fascia sericeo-albida discali, maculis posticarum latioribus nigris ; aliter velut in
varuna.

"Exp. alar. unc. 2i."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula." "Penang" (coll. Eoberts).

I have followed Mr. Butler in treating this as a distinct species, and append the following
remarks of his own in justification of that course : — " Lieut. Eoberts has assured me that the
nearly-allied species of the Adolias group are quite constant to their localities ; otherwise
I should have considered this to be a variety of varuua."*

3. Tanaecia violaria. (Tab. XV., fig. 9 2 .)

TaiKucia rinhnia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 612, u. 11, t. 45, f. 8; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,
p. 345, u. 4.

This species is only known to me, and figured and described here, under precisely the
same conditions as apply to T. supercilia (supra).

" 2 . Alae supra fuscte ; anticse velut in pelea, at margine toto fusco ; posticse fascia lunulari ad
angulum ani increscente submargiuali apud apicem lunulis niveis, apud angulum ani purpureis, a luuulis
fuscis intus limitatis, extus a maculis sagittatis fuscis extra albido terminatis prscipue apud apicem."

" Alie subtus velut in jxil'isara at area basali fusco-fiavida (nee ochreo-albida) sagittisque posticarum
violaceis et longioribus."

"Exp. alar. unc. 3|."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula. "Singapore" (coll. Eoberts). — Borneo (Druce).

4. Tanaecia pulasara. (Tab. XIX., fig. 6 g ; Tab. XIV., fig. 13 J .)

Adolias pulasara, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lap. Mus. E.I. C. i. p. 190, u. 882 (1857); Trans. Ent. Soc.

ser. 2, vol. v. p. 71, n. 16, t. 6, f. 2 (1859).
Tanaecia jmlasani, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 540, u. 2 (1877).
Tanaecia varuiia, Butl. (nee Vollenhov.) Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 611, n. 5.

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings witb tbe cell crossed by four blackish lines,
followed by a similar but waved line a little bej'ond apex ; between tbe last two lines tbe colour is
somewhat violaceous, tbe markings beneath cell being much as in tbe preceding species ; a transverse
series of six large oblong greyish spots on apical half of wing, placed between the nervules, tbe upper five
of which are margined with fuscous and conically rounded inwardly and acutely excavated outwardly,

* The same -nriter, however, docs not always follow this course, as in describing the large coUectiou of Lepidoptera
made in Chili by Mr. Edmonds, lie remarks that in some instances he had desci-ibed as distinct species what the collector
" evidently only regarded as varieties, but it would indeed be remarkable if tlie collector should be always coiTect in liis views
as to the extent of variability in each species" (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1882, p. 113). This is good evidence as to how our
so-called species depend upon the sj'nthetic or analytic bias of the mind of the describex-.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 131

the third si^ot being smallest, the sixth situate between the third median nervule and the submedian
nerv-ure is doubly angulated outwardly and irregularly truncate inwardly; these are followed by an
elongate spot or streak on inner margin, and are all more or less suffused with brownish and outwardly
followed by five small violaceous and inwardly jjointed spots, the ner\T.iles surrounding which are distinctly
infuscated to margin. Posterior wings with the cell crossed by two black lines near base and two near
apex, the last being followed by a small black streak on each side of second median nervule ; a transverse
series of seven spots on apical half of wing smaller and more regular, but margined and inwardly rounded
and outwardly angulated as on anterior wing, — of these spots the upper throe are greyish and outwardly
margined with violaceous, the remainder being concolorous with wing ; abdominal margin much paler and
somewhat pinky. Wings beneath pale and violaceous. Anterior wings with the basal half ochraceous,
with the dark linear markings generally as above, the large transverse spots on apical half as above, but
more fused, and the pale colour extending to outer margin. Posterior wings with the cellular and adjacent
markings as above ; a curved black line above and near base of subcostal nervure, and an oblique series of
three small black spots separated by the subcostal nervules a little be3-ond cell ; the transverse spots on
upper side only indicated by their black terminal margins, which form two transverse series of spots,
between which the colour is tinged with ochraceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above generally resembling those of male. Wings beneath pale ochraceous ; anterior
wings with the greyish spots as above, but clearer and with the pale colour extending beyond their outer
margins ; posterior wings marked as above, but paler and with an additional series of three looped dark
lines placed near cell and divided by the subcostal nervules, and three small spots beneath the median
nervure, divided by the second and third median nervules.

Exji. wings, S 68 millim. ; 2 75 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Brit. Mus. and ex coll. Chapman) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Brit. Mus. and Wallace — coll. Dist.)

Var. a. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 9 2 .)

AdoUas Indras* Vollenboven, Tijd. Ent. v. p. 194, t. 11, f. 2 (1862).

Female. Closely allied to the typical form of T. jndasara, but differing in having the transverse
series of greyish spots on anterior wings more slender and elongated, the fourth and fifth being much
longer than the corresponding spots in Moore's species, the outer dentate margins are also longer and
more acute ; the transverse spots on posterior wings are more linear and elongate, particularly the two
which are divided by the second median nervule, and their outer dentate margins are also longer and more
acute. These characters also apply to the under surface of the wings.

Exp. wings, 2 78 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Gosse). Borneo (Voll.)

This species appears to be almost confined to the Malay Peninsula ; both the typical
male and female specimens here figured being from Singapore, whilst the variety (T. indras) was
collected in Malacca. Of the last Mr. Butler, f from a knowledge derived from Vollenhoven's
figure alone, remarked, "this is only the Bornean form of Moore's pidasara," a statement
which this Malaccan specimen considerably qualifies. I

* In connection with this name VoUenhoven ohserves, "Indras, de god van het uitspansel bij de Hindoes." — " Indra,
however, is the usual way in which the name of the Hindu god of the atmosphere is spelt."

■f- Proc. Zool. Soe. 18G8, p. 612.

I Another closely-allied species, or varietj', of T. palaaara is found in Simiatra, and has been described under the name
of T. vikrama, Feld.

132 KHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Females of the typical form of the species are also variahle in hue, as in some specimens
the transverse series of pale spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings are outwardly
margined with small pale violaceous angulated spots, which are absent in the somewhat
melanic specimen here figured.

0. Tanaecia aruna. (Tab. XV., fig. 13.)

Adolias Aruna, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 400, n. 24 (1860).

Adolias Panlalis, Voll. Tijd. Ent. v. p. 197, n. 17, t. 11, f. 5 (1862).

Tanaecia aruna, Butl.Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 611, u. 6 ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser.2, Zool. vol.i. p. 540, u.l (1877).

Male. Closely allied to the preceding species [T. 2)>dasara), but the transverse series of spots on the
upper side of both wings paler and larger, those of the anterior wings having a central waved narrow
brown fascia, and those on posterior wings being also paler and having their outer margins a little nearer
to the posterior margin. Wings beneath more ochraceous, and with a narrow, distinct intermediate
dark ochraceous fascia between the dark terminal margins of the transverse spots as seen on the
posterior wings.

Exp. wings, 60 milhm.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Felder ; PinwiU — Brit. Mus.)

The figure is taken from a Malaccan male in the British Museum, which was collected by
Capt. PinwiU ; the female has yet to be described, but is probably somewhat similar to the
other sex, and not more divergent than are the sexes of the closely-allied species T. pulasara.

Tanaecia robertsi.

Tanaecia liobertsii, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 235 (1874).

Of this species I know nothing, save the following description, as no figure was given, and
the type is in a private collection : —

" Male. Wings above pale olive-brown ; apical half pearly white, bounded just beyond end of cell by
an irregular blackish undulated line ; a second zigzag line across centre of disc, interrupted on lower
discoidal interspace of primaries ; a series of submarginal hastate black markings ; margin rather broadly
pale brown ; ring-like characters at base, as usual, blackish ; body brown ; underside much paler, the
brown area altered to pale ochraceous ; the black lunated lines of disc broken up into spots, the hastate
markings only sharply defined at their apices ; basal markings as above, but more sharply defined on
secondaries ; body pale ochraceous."

Exp. wings, " 2 inches 6 lines."

H.tB. — Malay Peninsula; "Malacca, Ayerpanas (H. Roberts)."

" Most nearly allied to T. supercilia, Butl., but smaller, with the entue externo-discal area of all the
wings pearly-whitish, and the hastate submarginal markings distinctly separated from one another, as in
T. violaria."

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 133

Genus EURIPUS.

h'.iiriiim, Westwood, Geu. Diurn. Lep. p. 293 (1850).

Anterior wings in the male subtriangiilar, the costal margin moderately arched and convex, the
apical angle rounded, the outer margin sinuated and concave near centre, and generally slightly gibbous
near apex of third median nervule, inner margin nearly straight ; in the female the anterior wings are
elongated, and the outer margin rounded and convex. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before end
of cell ; second emitted some distance beyond cell, but before the apex of costal nervure ; third emitted at
about same distance from second as second is from end of cell ; fourth and fifth bifurcating at about
one-fourth from apex and extending to outer margin ; lower disco-cellular nervule obsolete, leaving the cell
entirely open ; median nervure robust, the first median nervule with its base more strongly arched in the
male than in the female. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex ; the outer margin
in the male strongly waved and scalloped, and at the apices of the discoidal and first median nervules
developed into a distinctly caudate but truncate prolongation ; in the female the outer margin is waved
and slightly scalloped, but not caudate ; abdominal margins divergently oblique to anal angle. Subcostal
nervules emitted at a little less distance from each other than the first is from base of subcostal nervure ;
lower disco-cellular nervule entirely obsolete. Antennse long, with a gradually formed elongate club.
Palpi obtusely pointed, obliquely porrect, and not raised above the middle of the eyes.

This genus is of small extent and really belongs to the south-eastern portion of the
Asiatic Continent, and extends through some of its Eastern Islands. In Continental India
several species are found in the north-eastern districts ; * it is apparently absent from Ceylon
and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; two species occur in the Malay Peninsula, and the
genus is also recorded from Borneo, Celebes, Philippines, and Japan, f

Like Euthalia, Euripus exhibits the greatest sexual dissimilarity in its species, and, as in the
first-named genus, the males of several species are very closely allied, and the strongest specific
differentiation is found in the females. These are " mimickers" of species of Euplvna, and their
habits corroborate this view. Thus Mr. de Niceville, who collected in Sikkim, mistook females
of Euripus halitherses for specimens of E upla: a rhadamanthus, \f Inch he states " they evidently
mimic, not only in form and coloration, but also in the slow-flapping flight and the habit of
settling in open places so characteristic of Euplwas," I and he again remarks that the male,
which is not thus protected, "has a rapid flight, and never settles with expanded wings in
conspicuous places, as the female does." § This is a good illustration of the postulate made by
Mr. Bates, of one explanation of sexual dissimilarity, as the advantage in Nature that accrues
to " the possession of some peculiar colour, or form, or habit, by one sex to enable it to escape
dangers pecuHar to itself, owing to its haunts being somewhat different from those of the
opposite sex." ||

- It is apparently not found in North-Western India, as Mr. Moore has neither included it amongst the genera
collected by Capt. Lang (Proc. Zool. Soc. 186.5), nor enumerated it in those collected by the Key. J. H. Hocking (Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1882).

I Amurlaud must also be added if we place the species described by Menetries (Ad. Schrenkii) in this genus, as has
lieen done by Mr. Kirby (Syu. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 228, n. 9), but most other writers have retained it in Euthalia.

I Joiu-n. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. L., Pt. 2, p. 51 (1881). § Ibid. p. 07.

II Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. vol. iv. p. 205 (1865).

June 30, 1883. 2 m

134 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

1. Euripus euplaeoides. (Tab. XIII., fig. 6 <? ; fig. 7 2 .)

Eiiriims euplmoides, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 415, n. 638 (1866); Butl. Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 541, 11. 1 (18771.

Male. Wings above very dark indigo-blue. Anterior wings with the following white markings and
spots : two linear streaks at base of cell, and a large irregularly shaped spot at its termination, whioh is
deeply cleft at its centre ; beneath these are a large subquadrate spot between the second and third median
nervules, a series of four linear spots divided by the nervules beyond cell, the lower one very small, and
a curved submarginal series, which are centrally cleft and situate between the nervules (between the third
median nervule and submedian ner\-iu-e there are three spots, which are outwardly followed at margin by a
few very small pale bluish spots). A long pale bluish streak commencing near base and running above the
submedian nervure, and a shorter sti-eak of the same colour near apex of inner margin. Posterior wings
with a very large white spot occupying the larger portion of cell, and narrowly attenuated and extending
between the discoidal and first median nervules ; on inner side of this are two long and linear white spots
divided Ijy the lower subcostal nervule ; the upper of these is followed by a whitish spot, and the lower by
two very small bluish spots, a pale streak on each side of third median nervule, a long irregular and
posteriorly bifid streak on inner side of submedian nervure, and a marginal and submarginal row of small
pale bluish spots placed in pairs between the ner\Tiles ; abdominal margin white, containing two curved
fuscous lines. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the markings as above, but
larger, especially the spots beyond the cell, which almost coalesce with the submarginal series ; posterior
wings marked as above, but with an additional linear spot above the upper subcostal nervule, followed
by a subquadrate spot near apex ; the posterior angle of the anterior wings and the margin of the posterior
wings between the discoidal nervule and the anal angle is indigo-blue as above. Body above indigo-blue ;
the eyes castaneous ; head and thorax spotted and streaked with pale bluish ; abdomen with two prominent
basal spots and the posterior segmental margins of the same colour ; abdomen beneath marked much as
above ; thorax beneath spotted with whitish, femora streaked beneath with the same colour ; anterior legs
white, annulated with indigo-blue.

Female. Wings pale brownish ; anterior wings with the following whitish spots and markings : —
a narrow subcostal streak, a basal streak in cell, and a transverse spot at its termination ; an oblique
macular fascia composed of four large spots beyond cell, above which is a small costal spot, and beneath
which are a submarginal series of three spots, one above and two beneath the third median nervule ;
a marginal series of small spots which become linear at apex ; posterior wings with the inner basal half
whitish, and with the following markings of the same colour; a linear streak on each side of the lower
subcostal nervule above cell, an irregular submarginal series placed between the nervules (two between
the third median nervule and submedian nervure), and a marginal series of smaller spots. Wings beneath
as above. Body and legs coloured and marked as in male, but paler.

Exp. wings, <? 56 millim. ; 2 77 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Felder ; Piuwill — Brit. Mus.)

The female of this species evidently "mimics" the same sex of Euplcea diocletiana, Fabr.,
and doubtless thereby obtains similar immunity from the attacks of birds and other enemies
as is possessed by that inedil)Ie species. The figure of the female is taken from a specimen in
the British Museum, which was collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca. E. enpheoides is clearly
a local race of E. halitlierses, D, & H.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

135

2. Euripus pfeifferae.*

luirijms Pft'iffcnr, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 235, n. 82, t. 3, f. 1 (1860).

As I only know this species by Felder's figure and description, I here reproduce
both, a course necessary and justifiable when neither are capable of exact verification with
specimens.

" 2 . Alas anticfe margine externo convexo, supra
fuscffi, basi dihitiores, extns obsciii'iores, purpnreoque
tinctiie, macula ad cellulse extimum saepius obsoleta
faseiaque transversa abbreviata subcostali, venis in
maciilas quatuor subelongatas divisa (infima minore)
albis. Alffi posticfE remote exciso-dentatae, snpra pur-
pureo-fuscfe, costa limboque interno dilutioribus, macula
celluhxri elongata atomaria alba (Si^pius striis etiam
binis interioribns concoloribus). Alfe subtus saturate
brunneae, maculis marginalibus ellipticis seriatis albis
Cieruleo-atomatis, anticae intus lilacino tinctse, macula
faseiaque paginae superioris, maculis duabus atomariis

versus angulum internum Cferulescentibus, posticae macula striisque paginae superioris plus minusve
distinctis, maculis septem exterioribus albis caeruleo atomatis nigroque cinctis, liuea angulum formaute
digestis (prima majori). Abdomen supra nigrum, maculis lateralibus aliisque veutralibus biseriatis albis."

Exp. wings, 70 millim.t

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; " Singapore."

Fig. 4a. Kitripus pfelffenv, J.

Genus EURYTELA.

Kurytela, Boisduval, Fauu. Madag. p. 54 (1833) ;• Westw. Gen. Diuru. Lep. p. 408 (1851); Trim. Rbop. Afr.
Austr. p. 211 (1866).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the apical angle broadly
subtruncate, the outer margin oblique, concavely sinuated beneath apical angle, and somewhat convex
at posterior angle ; inner margin nearly straight, slightly convex, and dilated near base. Costal nervure
greatly swollen at the base ; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before, but near the extremity
of the cell ; third emitted at rather less than half the distance between extremity of cell and apex ;

'■■ This species was brought from Singapore by Mad. Ida Pfeiffer, after whom it was very properly named by Felder,
who observes (Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 235) :— " We have often depUired that her collection, obtained from so many sources with
such wonderfial apphcation, shoukl again be distributed in all directions, so that it is impossible, even in her own country,
to succeed in reuniting them."— This is unfortunately too true of most collections. Could they be retained and studied
as a whole much misconception as to so-called species and varieties would be avoided, and we should better know the
geographical range of some of the common species. Unfortunately such collections are usually "picked" by different
specialists, their desiderata being alone eliminated, while the residue usually receive no scientific treatment whatever.
Couseipiently faun* are very imperfectly represented in some of the best collections, owing to the commoner or wide-ranging
species not being retained. These remarks are particularly applicable to the splendid collection of Rhopalocera made by
Mr. Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, which are now (and, under the eiroimistances, inevitably) distributed in all parts.

Mad. Pfeiffer is well described by Felder (ibid.) as " that marvellous woman, driven by an unconquerable love of
travel." According to Petermann (' Athena;um,' 6th Dec. 1851), " It took her twenty years to save enough money to perform
her first journey."^ In all her wanderings she ardently collected insects, and in Borneo, when she accompanied Spencer
St. John to visit the Dayaks of Siramban. that author relates that amongst the inhabitants " Madame Pfeiffer was a great
attraction, and a crowd followed her everywhere, and wondered at the eagerness she displayed in the chase of a butterfly or
the capture of an insect" ('Life in the Forests of ihe Far East,' vol. i. p. 153).

\ Taken fi-om Felder's figure only.

136 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AX A.

fourth and fifth bifurcating at about two-thirds beyond cell and extending laterally to apical margin.
UpiJer disco-cellular nervule short and oblique ; middle disco-cellular curved and oblique, not much
longer than first ; lower disco-cellular, slender, suberect, and uniting with median nervm-e at base of
first median nervule, which is curved outwardly at base, and possesses an apparently common origin with
the second. Posterior wings subovate or subtriaugular ; costal margin very oblique, nearly straight, and
but slightly convex, outer margin rounded and scalloped, abdominal margin oblique from end of body to
anal angle ; precostal nervure suberect ; first subcostal nervule emitted a little before, and the second
subcostal emitted at upper extremity of the cell ; lower disco-cellular nervule slender and rudimentary,
apparently almost closing cell. Body of moderate size ; autenufe slender with a short clul) obtusely pointed
at the tip ; palpi elongate, slender and porrect.

This may be considered au African genus, for it is on that continent and Madagascar that
its focus or head-quarters are found. Two species alone are recorded from the East, and
both of these inhabit the Indo-Malayan region, though not altogether confined to it, as
one species occurs in the Andaman Islands.

The position of this and the following genus Ergolis in the Niimphalina is a somewhat
aberrant one, owing to the dilatation of the costal nervure— a character which is principally
found in the Satyrince. Prof. Westwood placed both in the family EunitcUiUv* a very
heterogeneous group, and one now seldom used, though I am not at all satisfied with the
position in which I have placed these genera here.

We know little of the transformations of the species of this genus. Mr. Gooch f states
that the larva and pupa of an African species, E. hiarbas, as found in Natal, are "both
conspicuous by their forms. The larva has two long divergent clubbed and rough horns on its
head, and the pupa is remarkable by its augulated, excavated, and alated development." He
also remarks that " he did not establish sexual difference of markings in the larvae, although
some were green with black marks, and others were green all over." This was probably a
developmental and not sexual phase.

1. Eurytela castelnaui. I (Tab. XV., tig. 10.)

Kiirytela Castelnaui, Felder, Wien. Eut. Mon. iv. p. 401, n. 26 (1860) ; Raise Nov. Lep. iii. t. 61, f. 5, 6 (1866) ;
Wall. Trans. Eut. See. 1869, p. 331, n. 1.

Not having received this species from the Malay Peninsula, I have given a copy of
Felder's figure, and here append his description : —

"Alls inter cilia albo lunulatis, supra cyaueis, striga submarginali undata nigra, subtus obscure
brunneis, basi extusque albido variegatis, strigis tribus communibus discalibus fuscis. S ."
" Eur. Horsficldii, Boisd., forsitan affinis."
Hae. — Malay Peninsula (Felder); Singapore ^Wallace). — Sumatra (Smith §). — Borneo (Wallace).

* Gen. Diui-n, Lep. p. 403. The EurytelidtB were fii-st separated by Doubleday (Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 143).

f ' Eutomologist,' vol. xiv. p. 37.

I This species is named after Fras. F. de Laporte, Comte de Castelnau, better knuwn, under tlie name of Lapurte, as an
■entomologist of renown and an accomplished naturalist. Olficial duties carried him to almost, if not to all, the quarters of
the woiid at least, and in all he pursued his natural-history studies. The above species was probably collected dming an
excursion made to Malacca whilst he held the position of French Consul at Siam. He died at ilelbom'ne in 1880, whilst
presiding at that Consulate, in his seventieth year.

§ In Bock, " Head Hunters, Borneo." Append. V.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 137

Genus ERGOLIS.

ErijoUs, Boiscluval, Spec. Gen. i. t. 4, f. 4 (1836) ; Westw. Geu. Diurn. Lep. p. 409 (1851) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.

i. p. 43 (1881).
Ariadne, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. G, f. 2 (1829).

Anterior wings large, subtriangular, the costal margin much arched, apex subacute, the apical angle
oblique ; outer margin more or less convex, waved and sinuated ; the inner margin nearly straight, more
or less overlapping and convex at base. Costal nervure greatly swollen at the base ; subcostal nervules
arranged almost as in Eimjtda, but the middle disco-cellular nervule considerably longer than the upper;
the lower disco-cellular nervule curved outwardly above and inwardly below. Posterior wings very broad ;
costal margin oblique and very slightly convex and slightly gibbous near base ; outer margin rounded, convex,
and strongly waved ; neuration generally as in preceding genus. Body of moderate size ; palpi porrect,
slightly curved, extending considerably beyond the head, and not elevated above the middle of the eyes ;
antennae slender, with an apical slight and gradually formed club.

ErijoUs is not only allied to Eunjtela, in possessing the common and aberrant character
of dilatation of costal nervure, but like that genus it is also found in both the Ethiopian and
Oriental regions. Unlike Eunjtela, however, it is as well or better represented in the last than
in the first-named region.

We are indebted to the late Dr. Horsfield for a drawing of the larva of E. ariadne, as found
in Java,* which somewhat agrees with the general structure of the African species of Eunjtela,
described by Mr. Gooch {ante, p. 136), in possessing bifid spines to the head. On this subject
Mr. Wallace has remarked that, as the larval structure "agrees with the Junonia type," while
the neuration is so distinct "it seems probable therefore that, as we know sometimes
happens, the larva alone has become modified, so as to resemble a group with which it has
no direct affinity."!

Mr. Wallace describes the butterflies of this genus as frequenting open situations "fluttering
among herbage, and having much the habit of the more active Satijriclcc."l

1. Ergolis ariadne. (Tab. XL, fig. 6 $ .)

Paiulio Ariadne, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 778, u. 170 (1767) ; Job. Amoeu. Acad. vi. p. 407, n. 71 (1764) ;

Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 507, u. 267 (1775).
Bihlis Ariadne, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 327, u. 6 (1819).
Papilio Coryta, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 86EF (1779).
Ariadne Coryta.^ Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. 6, f. 2 (1829).
Ergolis Coryta, Boisd. Sp. Geu. i. t. 4, f. 4 (1836).

Eryolis Ariadne, Horsf. & Moore (excl. Meriune, Cram.), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 144, u. 293 (1857).
Eri/olis Coryta, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 144, n. 294 (1857))
Eniolis Ariadne, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 70, n. 2 (1869) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, u. 1

(1877); Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 332, n. 1; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 342, u. 1 ; ibid.

1874, p. 105, n. 1 ; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 146, n. 17 (1876) ; ibid. xxi. p. 9, n. 29 (1878).

* Cat. Lep. E. I. C. t. 7, f. 6 (1829) ; copied by Boiscluval, Sp. Gen. i. t. 4, f. 4 (1836).
t Trans. Ent. Soc. 18G9, p. 332. I Ibid.

June 30, 1883. 2 n

138 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Male and Female. Eufous or ochraceous.* Anterior wings with a small white subapical spot placed
just above the biforcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and with the cell crossed by the following
dark markings : — a short and nearly straight basal line continued to submedian nervure, a double-looped
and much-waved line at centre, and two longer, waved, and more widely separated lines at apex ; two
waved discal fuscous lines crossing both wings, commencing about subcostal nervure of anterior wings, and
terminating near submedian nervm^e of posterior wings ; on both wings these are followed by a waved and
more indistinct line, and again by a very dark and sinuated submarginal line ; a similarly dark marginal
line, the fringe somewhat alternately greyish. Wings beneath very dark ochraceous or pale eastaneous,
crossed by three very irregular dark fascite, the first near base, the second crossing the wings about cellular
apices, the third between the last and outer margin ; these fasciae have their margins darker, and the thu'd
encloses a series of dark spots placed between the nervules (these are most distinct on the posterior wings) ;
marginal and submarginal lines as above, and the subapical white spot to anterior wings very distinct.
In male specimens the area of the median nervules, on the under surface of the anterior wings, is shining
greenish fuscous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, ^ & $ 50 to 54 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking); Assam; Madras (Horsf. & Moore). — Malay
Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (Wallace). — Java
(Wallace) ; Batavia (Snellen). — Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.) — Flores (coll.
Dist.) — Timor (Wallace) — Celebes (Snellen). — Siam ; Nahconchaisee (Druce). — Formosa (Brit. Mus.)

As previously stated {ante, p. 137), the larva has been figured by Dr. Horsfield, who vi^rote t
that it " feeds on the Jarak {liicinus communis I), Deceraber."

A closely allied form from Ceylon has been described by Mr. Moore under the name of
Ergolis mivorata. §

2. Ergolis merione. (Tab. XV., fig. 6 2.)

Papilio Merwii,-, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 144 GH (1779).

Ergolis Merione, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lap. p. 70, n. 3 (1869); Trans. Limi. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 645, u. 2
(1877) ; Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 332, n. 2.

Male and Female. Wings above warm ochraceous. Anterior wings with a subapical white spot
placed above the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and with the following blackish
markings : — two lines crossing cell near base, the outer one continued to submedian nervure ; two
waved and zigzag lines crossing centre of cell, and continued to submedian nervure ; three waved
lines at end of cell not passing median nervure ; a pair of curved and very zigzag lines crossing disk at
about centre of wing, followed by another very waved line, commencing near the subapical white spot ;
a submarginal series of three waved lines, the inner one faint and somewhat macular ; the outer margin
black, with the fringe alternately greyish. Posterior wings with the markings similar and generally
continuous to those of the anterior wings, but the inner of the three submarginal lines replaced by a series
of eastaneous spots placed between the nervules, sometimes at and along the median nervules, divided by
the junction of the anterior and posterior waved lines. Wings beneath duller and slightly darker than
above, the spaces between the waved lines (excluding the submarginal ones) eastaneous, thus showing two

* The specimen figured is a very pale female from Province Wellesley, the usual colom- being more rufous above, with
the markings much darker beneath.

t Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 145.

I The castor-oil plant. According to Crawfurd this plant is cultivated throughout the Malayan Archipelago: — "The
most fi-equent name for it is jarak, and such we find it in the Malay and Javanese, but in the Biuida and Madurese languages
it is called kaliki" (Descript. Diet. Indian Islds. p. 369).

§ Lepid. Ceyl. i. p. 44, t. 23, f. 2, 2 a.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 139

very prominent and dark fasciae on disk, and a narrower and paler one near base of both wings. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <? & 2 55 to 60 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; North-Eastern Provinces (coll. Dist.) — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (coll.
Moore) : Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.)

This species is easily distinguishable from the last by the much less angulation of the
anterior wings, the different and zigzag markings, and its generally larger size.

According to the specimens now before me, the subapical white spot to the anterior wings
is more prominent in the female than in the male sex.

Ergolis isaeus.

Kn/olis Isictis, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 338, n. 4.

As I do not know this insect, I can merely give Mr. Wallace's description : —

" Outline of wings nearly even, with an angular lobe on the upper wings, waved striae somewhat as in
E. Cori/ta* but disposed in pairs, no white spot near the apex; on the hind wings a series of distinct
sublunulate ring markings, each enclosing an obscure reddish spot. Beneath, upper wings dusky, the disc
reddish brown, the borders pale, a dusky streak parallel to the outer margin ; lower wings pale brown, the
markings as above, but the lunulate ring spots smaller, the outer border ashy brown."

" The female is like the male, but paler, especially beneath."

"Sizeof £. Corijiar

"Hab. — Malay Peninsula; ' Singapore.' — ' Sumatra' (coll. Wall., type)."

"This species has probably been confounded with E. Corijta, from which the even outline of the
wings and the absence of the white spots at once distinguish it."

Genus CYRESTIS.

Cijrestis, Boisduval, Voy. Astrol. Lep. p. 117 (1832); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 260 (1850).

Wings pale and delicate ; anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin strongly arched, the outer
margin irregular, waved, sinuated, or slightly convex ; inner margin slightly rounded, convex at base, and
slightly concave beyond the middle. Costal nervure extending to about the middle of the costal margin .
first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell (the second being very near its extremity),
second much longer than first ; third emitted about two-thirds beyond end of cell ; fourth and fifth widely
divergent, and bifurcating about midway between base of the third and apex. Lower disco-cellular nervule
very slender, suberect, slightly curved inwardly, and indistinctly closing cell, which thus forms a triangle.
First median nervule strongly arched, and with an apparently common origin with the second. Posterior
"wings elongated, sometimes somewhat hexagonal ; the costal margin nearly straight, becoming rounded
and convex towards apical angle, or as in typical species concavely emarginate at that spot : outer margin
more or less sinuated to extremity of first median nervule, where it is narrowly prolonged in caudate
elongation ; from thence to anal angle it is somewhat truncate, the anal angle being spatulately produced ;
the abdominal margin more or less concavely emarginate before the anal angle. Precostal nervm-e slender,
curved outwardly ; costal nervure obliquely erect at base, and then extending to near apex ; lower disco-
cellular nervule aborted, in some si^ecimens very faintly visible. Body small and slender. Antennae
very slender, terminated by an elongated and gradually formed slender club. Palpi long and strongly

porrected.

* As previously pointed out, this is a synonym of E. ariadne.

140 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Cijrestis is a genus of not inconsiderable extent, which, although represented in W. Africa
and Madagascar, has its head-quarters in the Oriental region. It is found in Continental
India, the Andaman Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, and in, and from, the Malay Peninsula,
throughout the length and breadth of the Malayan Archipelago ; it has also recently been
received from New Ireland.

As regards the habits of one species of this genus (C. thjodamaa) , we possess much
interesting information. Capt. Lang describes having, in the N.W. Himalaya, " watched its
elegant soaring flight, far out of reach, as it floated over the blossoms of the horse-chestnut
{Pavia indica), or rested on its broad leaves in the sunshine," or again " floating up and down
the foliage-covered face of a steep cliff overhanging a hill-torrent."* In the same district the
Eev. J. H. Hocking found it from " June to September," and states that it " hibernates
afterwards," and " sits with open wings upon hanging leaves of oak and rhododendron."! In
Sikkim Mr. de Nict'ville observed this and a species of the next genus (Ghcrsonesia i-isa) as
having " the habit of suddenly settling with wings wide outspread, on the underside of a leaf
parallel to the ground, where [they are] completely hidden." " This feat of gymnastics,"
Mr. de Niceville observes is, in his experience, confined to these genera alone, and must be a
great protection from enemies, as " the disappearance of the insect is so rapid that unless one
has actually w^atched it settle on the leaf it seems like magic." I

The writer is unacquainted with any description of the transformations of the species
of this genus.

1. Cyrestis nivea, var. nivalis. (Tab. XII., fig. 3 J .)

Amathusia Nivea, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Ac. Nat. Cur. xvi. x>. 138, t. 14, f. 1 (1831).

Cyrestis Nivalis, Feld. Keise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 414, n. 634 (1866).

Cyrestis nivea, Butl. Traus. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, n. 2 (1877).

Male. Wings above pale creamy white ; both wings crossed by three obliquely waved fuscous lines
commencing about costa of anterior wings, the first near base, the second a little beyond cellular apices,
both angularly terminating on abdominal margin, the third crossing wings at centre and terminating
at third median nervule of posterior wings ; anterior wings with a broad but irregular fuscous costal
margin from the central fuscous line to base, with an ocbraceous basal costal streak ; cell crossed
by a fuscous line near base, and with two vei-y slender and waved fuscous lines at about apex ; a broad
apical fuscous patch and a broad outer margin of the same colour, terminating near third median
nervule, the first inwardly containing two waved pale lines with an inner grey spot, and the second
possessing three pale submarginal lines ; between second and third median nervules is a submarginal
and subovate fuscous spot, with an inner grey spot and inner pale margin, and this spot is connected with
the apical patch by a waved fuscous line ; near jjosterior angle is an ocbraceous spot, with a sinuate
fuscous inner margin and two small central fuscous spots ; posterior wings with a submarginal fuscous
fascia divided by a central pale line, followed by a fuscous line which becomes waved beneath the discoidal
ner^'ule ; a short straight fuscous fascia from apex to first median nervule, a submarginal fuscous line very
broad at area of median nervules, and the margin at apex and also at caudate prolongation fuscous ; basal
half of abdominal margin pale fuscous, and apical half of abdominal margin and internal anal-angular area

* Ent. Mon. Mag. i. p. 132. f Proo. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 240.

I Jouru. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. l. pt. 2, p. 57 (1881).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 141

ochraceous, marked with several fuscous spots and pale lines. Wings beneath as above, but with the fuscous
markings paler, and quite absent from costal margin of anterior wings and abdominal margin of posterior
wings. Head and thorax above fuscous, their lateral margins ochraceous ; the first with the eyes
castaneous, and the second with central pale longitudinal lines ; abdomen fuscous, with ochraceous and
greyish longitudinal markings ; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 3' 44 to 50 millim.

Hab.*— Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist. & Saiier).— Malacca (Com. de
Castelnau — Felder ; Pinwill — Brit. Mus.)

Although I have captured, received, and examined a long series of this species, I have
as yet been unable to meet with the female sex. This is, however, most probably similar
to the male, for though the C. nivea and C. lutca of Zinken-Sommer have been considered as the
sexes of one species, still as I have examined male specimens of each of those species, that
theory may be considered as disproved.

The variety nivalis differs from typical Javan specimens of C. nivea in not having a
continuous fuscous margin to the anterior wings, and in the greater amount of ochraceous
coloration near the anal angle of posterior wings.

2. Cyrestis earli.f (Tab. XIII., fig. 5a^.)

Cyn'.stis Rarli, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. ii. p. 174 (1883).

Male. Wings above creamy white, with the basal third of both wings slightly and palely infuscated, and
with two narrow obUque brownish fascise : — the first commencing on median nervure and at about centre of
cell of anterior wing, and extending to about centre of submedian nervure of posterior wings, down which it is
continued to near anal angle ; the second commencing on anterior wing at base of second median nervule,
and extending to near apex of the third median nervule of posterior wings, whence it is strongly sinuated
and angulated to submedian nervure. Cell of anterior wings with four transverse brownish fascije, the
fourth at end of cell having a central brownish line ; a similarly formed fascia closing cell of posterior
wings ; an irregular brownish patch beyond cell of anterior wings ; at about one-third from apex a narrow
brownish fascia crosses both wings. The apex of anterior wings is broadly infuscated ; and a submarginal
series of obscure spots (absent at centre of anterior wings) outwardly margined by a narrow brown fascia
crosses both wings ; a marginal blackish line ; the extreme margin brownish, with creamy white fringe ;
an ochraceous patch at anal angle of posterior wings, on which are two bluish spots marked with black;
caudate appendages bluish. Wings beneath much paler than above ; markings generally similar, but
spots darker, with a large black spot at anal angle of posterior wings, and the spots divided by the subcostal
nervules of posterior wings and those between the second and third median nervules of anterior wings very
prominent and black. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 58 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Godm. & Salv.)

C. carli holds a somewhat intermediate position between C. sericeus, Butl., and C. panh'nvs,
Feld. Two Malaccan specimens in the collection of Messrs. Godman & Salvin (one of which is
here figured and described) represent my whole knowledge of the species.

* Of the var. nivalis only.

I Named after Geo. Windsor Earl, tlie author of the ' Eastern Seas,' the ' Native Baees of the Indian Archipelago,' &c.
June 30, 1883. 2 o

142 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Genus CHEESONESIA.*

Chersonesia, Distant, ante, p. 86.

This genus is closely allied to Cyrestis, from which it principally and structurally differs by the
neuration of the anterior wing, of which the first subcostal nervule only is emitted before the termination
of the cell, the second being emitted between the apex of cell and base of third subcostal nervule ; the
other neui'al characters are similar to those of Ci/restis.

Two species are included in this genus, viz. C. risa, Doubl. & Hew., a species found in
Continental India, and C. rahria, Horsf. & Moore, a Javan species, also found in Borneo and in
this fauna. Its distribution is probably from Continental India to the confines of the Indo-
Malayan region.

1. Chersonesia rahria. (Tab. XII., fig. 4.)

Cyrestis Ruhria, Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. i. p. 147, n. 301, t. So, fig. 2 (1857); Westw.
MS. in Doub. k Hew. Gen. Diiurn. Lep. p. 262, n. 11 (1850); Druee, Proc. Zool. Boo. 1873, p. 343,
n. 3 ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 544, n. 1 (1877).

Male and Female. Wings above pale ochraceous, crossed by the following fasciae : — a somewhat
curved basal dark ochraceous fascia, margined with fuscous, commencing at about subcostal nervure of
anterior wings and terminating slightly beyond submedian nervure of posterior wings ; this is followed by
a straighter but more irregular fascia of the same colour, which, commencing about costa of anterior wings,
passes the cellular apices of both wings and terminates on posterior wings near centre of abdominal margin ;
between these fasciae on anterior wings is a short irregular fascia commencing at costa and joining or
almost joining the second fascia near median ner^•ure ; a discal curved fuscous fascia, margined with dark
ochraceous, followed on anterior wings by a dark ochraceous spot, which precedes a submarginal fascia
bounded by fuscous lines commencing beneath apex, the posterior half of which is dark ochraceous, and
contains two fuscous sjjots, and the upper portion is preceded bj' a dark ochraceous patch also containing
a fuscous spot ; an oblique subapical fuscous linear spot and a fuscous submarginal line ; posterior wings
with a submarginal dark ochraceous fascia, margined by scalloped fuscous lines and containing a series
of fuscous linear spots; a submarginal fuscous line preceded by paler and fuscous nebulous shadings.
Wings beneath paler than above ; markings similar, but the submarginal fasciae to both wings without the
dark outer margins. Body above ochraceous ; thorax marked with some longitudinal fuscous lines, and
abdomen with some narrow fuscous annulations. Body beneath and legs more or less coucolorous with
wings.

Exp. wings, 40 to 42 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Brit. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Nias Island ^coll.
Dist.) — Java (coll. Horsf.) — Borneo (Druce).

The figure represents a Malaccan specimen contained in the British Museum.

* That the " Golden Chersonese" of some classical writers and the " Ophu" of Jewish histoi-y are both referable to the
Malay PeninstUa is the argument of a recent pamphlet by Mr. Dowden (London, 1882).

RHOPALOCERA MALA VAN A. 143

Genus PARTHENOS.

Pnrthnios, Hiibuer, Verz. bek. ScLmett. p. 38 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 46 (1881).
Mimtni, Boisd. Voy. Astrol. Lep. p. 126 (1832j; Westw. Geii. Diurn. Lep. p. 265 (1850).

Anterior wings subtriangular and much elongated ; costal margin moderately arched ; apical angle
rounded, the outer margin very oblique and scalloped ; the inner margin obhque at base and slightly concave
near centre. Costal nervure robust, extending about two-thirds the length of the wing ; first and second
subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the first a little beyond middle of cell, the second
a short distance before end of cell, the second becoming ampliated and convex towards its apex ; third
emitted at about three-fourths from base, and also ampHated and convex; fourth and fifth bifurcating
a short distance from base of third ; the fourth prominently angulated near its middle ; middle disco-
cellular nervule nearly straight, obliquely directed inwardly ; lower disco-cellular very slender, obliquely
concave, closing cell. Median nervules widely separated, the first sHghtly curved inwardly. Posterior
wings subquadrangular and ovately elongate ; costal margin nearly straight, obliquely rounded towards
apex, the outer margin broadly scalloped, and most prolonged at apices of first and second median
nervules; anal angle obliquely rounded. Precostal nervure forked anteriorly; costal ner\nire regularly
arched from base ; lower disco-cellular nervule more or less aborted, slender and indistinct. Body robust ;
abdomen small. Antennae nearly straight, terminated by a very slender and gradually formed club.
Palpi compressed and parallel.

This is a rather small genus (if we do not consider all the local varieties as of specific
rank), which, found in Continental India, Ceylon, and the Andaman Islands, extends eastwards
through the Malayan Archipelago to the Papuan Regions.

We have lately received our first knowledge of the transformations of a species of this
genus from the excellent drawings of a Ceylon species made by the Bros, de Alwis, and
published in Moore's ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon.' * According to Mr. Hutchison, this butterfly
"sits on large leaves with wings spread."! Capt. Mortimer J. Slater met with P. gamhrisius
at Dacca, " in the deepest jungle." I

1. Parthenos gambrisius, car. lilacinus. (Tab. XI., fig. 7 S .)

Papilio Gaiiibriniuti, Fabricius, Eut. Syst. iii. 1, p. 85, n. 264 (1793).

Minetra Gambrisius, Doubl. & Hew. (uec. Fabr.), Geu. Diurn. Lep. t. 51, f. 2 (^1850).

rarthenos lilacinus, Butl. Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 544 (1877).

Male and Female. Anterior wings above olivaceous ; cell containing a basal lateral black streak
curved downwards before the thml median nervule, and connected with the subcostal nervure by a curved

- Although this species is not found in the Malay Peninsula, it is at least a very open question whether both it ami the
Malaccan insect are not different varieties of the Indian P. gambrisius, and therefore the description ot the larva and pupa
as found in Ceylon may serve as a ^uide in the Malav Peninsula :—•' Larva cylindrical, pale purphsh brown, darker beneath,
with dark browu longitudinal dorsal hues and transverse white spotted Imea ; head and anal segment spmed, other segments
shghtly haii-y ; third to twelfth segments armed with branched spines, which are longest on thn-d, fom-th, eleventh and tweltth
segments. Feeds on Modecca. Pupa pale purplish brown, somewhat fusiform; head pointed and clett (Lep. teylou,
i. p. 47).

t Ibid.— This is an aberrant habit in the Nymphalidts and other Khopalocera, exceptmg many HesperidcB, and is
paralleled in Tropical America by species of the genus Ageronia.

I Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 148.

144 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

black line; a central pair of rounded oblique black lines posteriorly united, preceded by an angulated
bluish spot, and followed by a transverse, elongate semihyaline white spot ; beyond this is a black spot
followed by an attenuated white spot directed inwardly, and a white spot immediately beyond cell (all these
spots margined with black) ; an oblique discal series of ten white spots, divided by the nervules, the upper
six linear, of which the fourth and fifth are inwardly broken by blackish ; seventh and eighth large, the
seventh being iiTCgularly rounded, and the eighth subquadi-ate ; ninth and tenth very small, and situate
between the third median nervule and the submedian nervurc in an area, which is bright bluish extending
to the inner margin ; the upper nine of these spots are margined with black, and are followed by a straight
submarginal black fascia, and an equally broad but macular marginal fascia of the same colour ; a black
basal lateral fascia commencing between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, and continued
across the base of posterior wings and thorax. Posterior wings with the basal third bluish, crossed by
three lateral black fasciae, of which the first is nearljf straight and extends across the abdomen ; the second
slightly curved and suddenly and strongly attenuated between the subcostal nervules ; the third narrow,
curved, and macular, widening towards abdominal margin ; beyond this the colour is olivaceous, with a
submarginal series of triangular black spots placed between the nervules, each preceded by duplex black
lines posteriorly and concavelj' connected : and followed by a black macular marginal fascia ; abdominal
margin subroseate. Wings beneath much paler than above ; anterior wings marked as above, but vrith all
the black markings only slightly indicated ; posterior wings without the basal lateral black fasciae as above,
but with two black lines between the costal and subcostal nervures, and an irregularly waved and broken
black discal line extending from upper subcostal nervule to third median nervule ; this is followed by an
obscure series of small blackish spots, a series of duplex linear spots as above, but smaller and outwardly
margined with white, a narrow submarginal but broken black fascia, and a marginal series of black
spots. Thorax above concolorous with the wings, with the anterior margin oehraceous, and with two broad
black bands; abdomen above more or less oehraceous, banded and annulated with black ; body beneath
and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 92 to 100 millim.

Hab.* — Malay Peninsula ; Penang ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill ;
Brit. Mus.)

Mauy reasons advocate the view that the F. Ulaciinis, Butl., is but a sHght local variety of
the P. ijamhrisius, Fabr. Already Mr. Moore has described the Teuasserim form under the name
of v. apicalis,\ and if these "species" are to stand then the Andaman, Sumatran, Bornean
and other slightly varietal forms should also be placed in specific isolation. \

Genus LEBADEA.

Lebadea, Felder, Neues Lap. p. 28 (1861).

Anterior wings subtriangular, elongate, and apically attenuated in the male, broader in the female.
Costal margin arched and convex, the apical angle rounded, beneath which the outer margin (which is
sinuate) is more or less concave ; inner margin sinuate, oblique near base and slightly concave near
centre, the outer margm distinctly longer than the inner margin. First subcostal nervule emitted a little

'■• 01' the variety lilacinus only. | Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 829.

I If the principle of describing slight but constant local varieties as distinct species is to be commended, then logic
would inexorably demand tliat those British species of Lepidoptera which vary with locality should also receive distinct
names — an achievement which the boldest describer has not yet perpetrated. An excellent paper by Mr. K. M'Lachlan,
containing general notes on variation in some British Lepidoptera may with advantage be consulted. — Trans. Eut. Soc. (1865),
pp. 4.53 — 4()8; and also, and particularly, Mr. Jenner Weir's "Notes on the Macro-Lepidoptera of the Shetland Isles"
(' Entomologist,' vol. xiii., p. 249, et seq.)

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 145

beyond centre, and the second a little distance before end of cell ; third about midway between apices of cell
and wing, and the fourth and fifth bifurcating a short distance beyond base of third ; the second and third are
more or less suddenly ampliated and rounded ; the fourth bent and angulated near its centre ; disco-cellular
ner\ailes slender, closing cell ; first median nervule rounded and with an apparently common origin with the
second ; second and third situate wide apart. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin gibbous and
angularly rounded near base, after which it is slightly oblique and convex to apex ; outer margin rounded and
waved ; abdominal margin somewhat straight to abdominal apex, after which it is angulated and divergently
oblique to anal angle ; subcostal nervules emitted at a less distance from each other than the first is from
base of subcostal nervure ; lower disco-cellular nervule obsolete. Antennae long, with a gradually-formed
elongate club. Palpi moderately robust, hairy, porrect, and raised to about the upj)er level of the eyes.

This is a genus of small extent, and apparently confined to Continental India and the
Indo-Malavau Eegion. I have found no record or description of either larva or pupa.

1. Lebadea martha. (Tab. XVII., figs. 10 <? , 11 2 .)

Papilio Martha, Fabricius, Maut. lus. ii. p. 56, u. 555 (1787); Eut. Syst. iii. p. 139, u. 429 (1793).
Aconthea Alankara, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. 5, f. 6 (1829).
Lirnenitis Alankara, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. i. p. 179, n. 364 (1857).
Limenitis Martha, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 59, n. 1 (1869).

Lebadea alankara, Butl. Trans. Linn. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, u. 1 (1877).

Lebadea martha, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 343, n. 2; Butl. Trans. Limi. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541»
n. 2 (1877).

Male. Wings above brownish ochraceous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by three pairs of
blackish lines, of which two are basal, two central enclosing a large whitish spot, and two at apes;
beneath cell and between the third median nervule and submedian nervure are some black linear markings ;
beyond cell the wing is crossed by an iiTegular series of eight white spots divided by the nervules, of which
the sixth and seventh are largest, and separated by the third median nervule ; these are followed by a
straight series of six lunulate white spots margined with fuscous, that beneath the third median nervule
being duplex ; apex somewhat broadly white ; a waved fuscous submarginal line, margined with white,
and commencing beneath the fifth subcostal nervule. Posterior wings with the cell crossed by two central,
waved, black lines, which are continued to near submedian nervure, and two short contiguous black lines
near apex ; a discal oblique white fascia (continuous to the series of spots on anterior wings), narrowing
towards anal angle and margined on each side with fuscous ; this is followed by a series of fuscous
lunulate spots, inwardly margined with whitish ; a submarginal line as on anterior wings, but preceded by
some obscure fuscous lunulate spots ; margins of both wings narrowly fuscous, with the fringe greyish ;
abdominal margin greyish. Wings beneath pale ochraceous ; anterior wings marked as above, but much
paler ; posterior wings marked generally as above, but much paler, the central series of fuscous
lunulate spots almost obsolete, and with two fuscous lines between the bases of costal and subcostal
nervures. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above as in male, but broader, and with the discal series of white spots much
attenuated, the submarginal line extending to apex, which is not white, and with the white spot absent
from cell. Posterior wings as in male, but with the central white fascia very narrow, and its following
fuscous spots not margined with white. Wings beneath much paler than above, and with the markings
bearing the same relation to those of the upper surface as obtains in the male.

Exp. wings, <? 52 millim. ; ? 56 to 58 millim.
June 30, 1883. 2 p

146 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Gosse ; Pinwill — Brit. ]\rus.) — Sumatra (Brit. Mus.) — Banca.*
— Java (Horsfield). — Borneo (Druce).

I have neither received nor seen specimens of this species from Province Wellesley or
Penang. A male specimen collected by the Rev. L. Biggs in Malacca is represented by
Figure 10; and a Malaccan female specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill is the original
of Figm-e 11.

All the specimens of L. alankara, Horsf., which I could examine, having proved of the male
sex, whilst those of L. martha, Fabr., have been invariably females, I have felt no hesitation in
considering them as but the sexes of one species, and treating them here as such.

Genus PANDITA.

Pandita, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 181 (1857).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin obliquely suberect at base and then obliquely convex
to apex, which is subprominent and broadly rounded ; outer margin waved and sinuously and slightly
concave about centre ; inner margin moderately concave about centre, the outer and inner margins
subequal in length. First and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the first about
one-third from and the second near its apex, third emitted rather less than half-way between cell and apex
of wing ; fourth and fifth bifurcating about half-way between base of the thii"d and apex ; second and third
more or loss suddenly ampliated and rounded ; the fourth angularly bent near base. Upper disco-cellular
nervule very short and oblique, the middle obliquely concave, the lower suberect and subobsolete, indistinctly
closing cell : these nervules emitted at about one-third from base of wing ; median nervules generally as in
preceding genus. Posterior wings obscm-ely subquadrate ; the costal margin nearly straight at base
and then suddenly deflexed, and becoming slightly convex towards apex ; outer margin rounded and
waved ; abdominal margin much as in preceding genus. Costal nervure strongly arched and very convex
near base. Subcostal nervules emitted at about the same distance from each other as the first is from base
of subcostal nervure ; lower disco-cellular nervule obsolete. Antennae very gradually incrassated towards
apex. Palpi much as in preceding genus.

About three species of Pandita are at present known,! and the area of the genus is
apparently confined to the Indo-Malayan region.

1. Pandita sinope. (Tab. XII., fig. 13 2 .)

Pandita Sinope, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 182, u. 371, t. 6((, f. 3 (1857); Butl.
Trans. Linn. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 542, u. 1 (1877).

Male and Female. "Wings above reddish ochraceous, with rather less than their basal halves darker,
outwardly margined with a narrow fuscous fascia, which, commencing near costa of anterior wings, is
obliquely directed outwardly beyond cell, and at median nervm-e is reflexed and directed mwardly to third
median nervule of posterior wings, when it is again narrowly reflexed towards anal angle ; between this
and outer margins of both wings is a somewhat broader fuscous fascia, on anterior wings following
somewhat the direction of the other fascia, but on posterior wings distinctly rounded and outwardly
convex ; two narrow submarginal fuscous fasciae, the inner one on posterior wings very broad, and the

* Collected by M. Teysmann (Pet. Noviv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874).

\ The third species has lately been acquired by the British Museum from Nias Island, and is now being described.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 147

outer margins broadly fuscous ; anterior wings with the cell crossed by five fuscous lines, situate two near
base, two near centre (between which the colour is pale), and one convexly waved at apex, beyond which
is a straighter and more obscure line ; beneath the cell and between the third median nervule and
submedian nervure are two circular fuscous lines in shape of the figure 8, and a short basal line of the
same colour ; beneath the apes of cell is an oblique fuscous fascia ; jjosterior wings with the cell crossed by
four fuscous lines which are partly united, the posterior one preceded by some lunulate fuscous mai-kings,
and beneath the median nervure are some very indistinct fuscous lines. Abdominal margin obscure
violaceous. Wings beneath paler than above ; posterior wings with the abdominal area greenish or
violaceous, and with a waved series of fuscous linear markings outwardly surrounding cell. Body and legs
more or less coucolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 50 to 54 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill —
Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.) — Banca.* — .Java (Horsf.).

Genus LIMENITIS.

Limenitis, Fabricius, 111. Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807); Westw. Gen. Diiim. Lap. p. 274 (1850); Feld. Neues Lep.

p. 29 (1861).
Callianira, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Scbmett. p. 38 (1816).
Ntjmphalis, Boisd. (nee Latr.), Ind. Meth. p. 14 (1829); Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 16 (1840); Boisd. & Lee. Lap.

Amer. Sept. p. 197 (1833).
Mocluza, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 47 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin strongly arched and convex ; apical angle generally
more or less produced and rounded ; outer margin generally more or less waved and concavely excavated ;
inner margin nearly straight or more or less concave near centre. First and second subcostal
nervules emitted before end of cell and from about its outer third ; third subcostal nervule emitted
between end of cell and apex of wing ; fourth and fifth bifurcating about midway between base of
third and the outer margin ; the second and third more or less suddenly ampliated and rounded, the fourth
slightly angulated and bent near base ; discoidal nervules emitted considerably beyond basal third of wing,
the lower nervule somewhat rudimentary or obsolete ; submedian nervules somewhat wide apart, the first
rounded at base. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin strongly arched at base and then oblique
and very slightly convex to apex ; outer margin more or less waved and rounded ; abdominal margin as in
preceding genera ; subcostal nervules bifurcating much as in preceding genus ; the third median
and first subcostal nervules about subequal in length. Antennffi moderately long, with an elongate and
gradually formed club. Palpi robust, porrect, hairy, not raised above the upper level of the eyes.

This is a genus of considerable extent and wide distribution, being almost confined,
however, to the Northern Hemisphere, and common to Europe, Asia, and America. It is
perhaps in North-Eastern India that species of Limenitis reach their maximum in size and
coloration, and the genus from thence extends throughout a considerable portion of the
Malayan Archipelago, being very well represented in the Celebes.

We are acquainted with the transformations of several species of Limenitis, including
those of the only species found in this fauna, to which due reference is made.

* Collected by M. Teysmami (Pet. Nouv. Eut. vi. p. 404 (1874).

%

148 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

1. Limenitis procris. (Tab. XVII., fig. 1 J .)

Papilw Procris, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 106, E F (1779).

Xi/wphalis Procri.i, Godt. Enc. Mcth. ix. p. 404, n. 178 (1823).

Biblii Procris, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. viii. f. 4 (1829).

Ldmenitis Procris, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 179, n. 362 (1857) ; Dmce, Proc. Zool. See.

1873, p. 343, n. 1 ; Biitl. Trans. Linn. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, n. 1.
Var. Limenitis anarta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 585.
Limenitis procris, var. anarta, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bang. vol. xlix. p. 229, u. 33 (1880).

Male and Female. Wings above bright ferruginous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by three
black lines, and with the same number between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure ;
beyond cell the whole disk of the wing is triangularly blackish, containing an oblique series of five white
spots, situate one at end of cell, three separated by the median nervules, the fifth and smallest on inner
margin ; four or five subapical white spots, of which two linear and smallest are subcostal (one only on
specimen figured), two, largest, sejjarated by ujjper discoidal nervule, and one very small beneath the lower
discoidal nervule ; a broad submarginal waved black fascia and two narrower mai'ginal fascia of the same
colour, which sometimes become fused as in the specimen figured. Posterior wings with the cell crossed
liy two pairs of blackish lines and with a few small black markings above cell ; a broad central oblique
white macular fascia continuous to the central spots of anterior wings, terminating at submedian nervure,
its inner margin somewhat regular and narrowly bordered with black, its outer margin scalloped and
broadly margined with black ; this is followed by a series of blackish spots placed between the nervules
and marginal and submarginal fasciae, much as on anterior wings, but the inner one terminating at anal
angle in two small spots. Wings beneath with the white markings as above ; anterior wings with the
basal area before the white spots (which are margined with black), very pale olivaceous; the third and
fourth lines in cell including a bright reddish spot, and the same beneath cell ; the black discal area above
reddish beneath, the three lower subapical white spots being situate in long and somewhat linear black
spots ; submarginal black fascia very much broken and subobsolete ; marginal fascife as above ; marginal
area pale violaceous. Posterior wings with the whole basal area to just beyond the white fascia, very pale
olivaceous ; marginal and submarginal fasciae as on anterior wings, but the last more obsolete and only
denoted by a series of spots. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <? 58 to 68 millim. ; 2 (one spec), 72 millim.

H.\B. — Continental India; Silhet (Brit. Mus.) ; Darjeeling (coll. Dist.) — Andaman Islands (Moore). —
Malay Peninsula ; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist. & Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) —
Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.) — Banca.* — ^Java (Brit. Mus.) — Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Sandakan
(Pryer— coll. Dist.).

The Andaman form described by Mr. Moore under tlie name of L. anarta, f which
I have followed Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville in considering a variety of the species,
appears to constantly differ by the smallness or absence of the white spot at the end of the
cell of anterior wings.

The larva and pupa as found in Java are figured by Horsfield, I who describes the first as
feeding " on a species of Nanclea bearing the native name of Kleppn." §

* Collected by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874). f Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 585.

I Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. %-iii. f. 4, 4 a. § Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 179.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 149

Genus NEPTIS.

Neptis, Fabricius, 111. Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 270 (1850); Moore, Proc. Zool.

See. 1858, p. 3; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 54 (1881).
Acca (part), Hiibn. Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 44 (1816).
Philonoma, Billb. Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820).
Phtedyma, Feld. Neues. Lep. p. 31 (1861).
Rahinda, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 56 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex from base ; apical angle rounded ;
outer margin generally convexly rounded, sometimes concavely sinuate about centre, and frequently waved ;
inner margin convexly produced near base, and more or less concavely sinuated beyond centre. Subcostal
nervules variable ; in the majority and most typical of the species* the first and second subcostal nervules
are emitted before and near the end of the cell, the third at less than midway between the extremity of the
cell and apex of wing, and the fourth and fifth bifurcate at a less distance from base of third than from
apex ; other species + have the second subcostal nervule emitted at the extremity of the cell ; and some I
again have the first emitted near end of cell and the second between end of cell and base of third nervule ;
lower disco-cellular nervule obsolete. Posterior wings subovate; costal margin convex and arched at
immediate base and then nearly straight ' along its greatest length, deflexed and slightly rounded towards
apex ; outer margin rounded and often waved ; abdominal margin oblique at anal angle ; costal nervure
more or less arched and convex, but not reaching apex of wing. Palpi hairy, porrect, and with the apices
acutely pointed. Antennae slender, with a gradually formed club.

The above are the principal characteristics of this variable genus, and I should naturally
have followed Mr. Moore, and used his proposed genus Eahinda for the small group of tawny
species forming the hordonia group, had I not found that the strongly divergent character of
the position of the second subcostal nervule, § as found in N. hordonia, did not apply to all the
other species of the same similarly coloured and sized group. ||

Neptis is a very large genus, and is found in the warmer portions of the Old World. Two
species inhabit portions of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, and the genus is represented
in Western, Southern and Eastern Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius. It is very abundant in
Continental India, and extends eastward throughout the Malayan Archipelago ; it is found as
far north as Japan and as far south as Australia.

Several transformations have been figured and described. The larva and pupa of a Javan
species are figured by Horsfield,ir who elsewhere states that the larva "feeds on a species of
Hedijsarum bearing the native name of Kajangan " ; ** and we are indebted to the Bros, de Alwis
for the drawings of the transformations of two species found in Ceylon {N. varmona and
N. jiimha).\\ ,

* As Neptis duryodana. \ As Neptis tiga. J As Neptis hordonia.

§ A character which I have already used in separating my genus Chersonesia from Cyrestis.

II Mr. Salviu has recently drawn my attention to similar, and even stronger, structural peculiarities in the Tropical
American genus Ageronia.

IT Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. vii. f. 9 and 9a. : ■= Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 169.

t+ Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. pp. 55 and 50, t. 28, f . 1 6 and 26.

June 30, 1883. 2 q

150 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

A. Wings tvith orange-coloured markings and spots.

a. Seco7id subcostal nervide of anterior wings emitted at some distance from end of cell. Eahinda, Moore.

1. Neptis hordonia. (Tab. XVII., fig. 13 <? .)

Papilio Hordonia, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. t. 33, f. 4, 4 D (1790).

Xi/mjthalis Uordvnia, Goclt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 429, u. 253 (1823).

Neptis Hordonia, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 1G4, u. 387 (1857) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1873, p. 343, n. 1; ibid. 1874, p. 105, n. 3; Butl. Trans. Limi. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 542,

n. 11 (1877).

Male and Female. Wings above rich dark brown, with the following orange-coloured markings : —
Anterior wings with a long and broad basal cellular streak occupying the lower half of cell and deflexed and
extending beyond it at and above the first and second median nervules, this streak above is distinctly cleft
a little beyond its centre, and in some specimens extends a little beneath the median nervure ; a subai^ical
transverse macular fascia, commencing near costa and terminating near first median nervule, and a short
oblique curved and dentate fascia, commencing above the second median nervule and terminating on inner
margin ; posterior wings with a broad central fascia and a narrow (in some specimens broad) curved
submarginal one. Both wings with a narrow fuscous submarginal fascia, sometimes that on anterior
wings and sometimes those on both wings narrowly outwardly margined with dark ochraceous. Wings
beneath ochraceous ; anterior wings with a broad costal streak extending to beyond cell, and from thence
deflexed and outwardly curved to beyond third median nervule, reddish brown ; two waved reddish brown
submarginal fasciae, and the margin broadly of the same colour, between these the colour is more or less
violaceous ; extreme margin fuscous, the fringe alternately greyish ; posterior wings with a broad basal
reddish brown fascia or suffusion ; a somewhat curved central violaceous fascia, narrowly bordered
anteriorly and broadly posteriorly with reddish brown, and a submarginal fascia somewhat similarly
coloured and bordered. Body and legs more or less concolorous with the ground colour of the wings
both above and beneath.

Exp. wings, (? and ? , 42 to 45 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Bombay (Dr. Leith) ; Darjeeling (coll. Dist.)— Malay Peninsula ; Malacca
(Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (Forbes, coll. Dist.) — Banca.* — Java (Horsf. & Moore). — Borneo (Druce). —
Siam ; Chentaboon (Druce).

This is a protean siDecies, and varies much both in markings and hue, points of some
importance in estimating the specific position of other and closely allied variable species. The
specimen here figured agrees with the figure of Stoll, and may be considered as typical.
Other Malaccan specimens in the British Museum have the yellow submarginal fascia on the
upper surface of the posterior wings much wider, but are still inconstant in that respect.
The palest specimen I possess, with all the yellow markings broadest, is from Bombay.
The mottled markings beneath are always present and always distinctive.

2. Neptis peraka. (Tab. XVII., fig. 2 5 .)

Neptis pin-dkii, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 542, n. 9, t. Ixviii. fig. 2 (1877).

Male and Female. Closely allied to the preceding species {N. hordonia), and above scarcely
distinguishable from some of the broadly yellow marked varieties of that species. The wings beneath are

* Collected by M. TeyBmaim (Pet. Noiiv. Eut. 1874, p. 404).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 151

not mottled, and though the pattern of the anterior wings is similar, the markings of the posterior wings are
distinct, which consist of a basal fascia with dark margins ; a regular and similarly coloured and margined
fascia near centre, and a somewhat similar marginal fascia.

Exp. wings, S and $ , 40 to 46 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus. and coll. Moore). —
Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

Tlie few Nortli Bornean examples I possess only differ from Malaccan specimens by the
smaller subapical yellow fascia to the anterior wings, and could a long series from both
localities be examined that variation would doubtless be found to pervade the species in
both areas.

3. Neptis dindinga. (Tab. XVII., fig. 5 2 .)

Xeptis dindiiKja, Butler, Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 542, n. 10, t. Ixviii. fig. G (1877).

Female. This species is allied to the preceding (iV. pcraka), from which it differs by the different
shape of the cellular streak and the absence of the yellow submarginal lines to the anterior wings ; the
yellow fasciae to posterior wings are much broader (but this we have already seen is a variable character) ;
the markings on the under surface of the wings are darker, larger, and more regular, especially on the
anterior wings.

Exp. wings, 48 to 50 millim.

Hab. — Burma ; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.) — Tenasserim (Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca
(Pinwill— Brit. Mus.).

I only know this species from the specimens contained in the British Museum, one of
which from Malacca is here figured.

aa. Second subcostal nervide of anterior wings emitted at extremity of cell.
4. Neptis tiga. (Tab. XVII., fig. 4 ^ .)

Xeptis Ti<i<i, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 4, n. 3; Butl. Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 542,
D. 8 (1877).

Male and Female. Wings above rich dark brown, with the following orange-coloured markings : —
Anterior wings with a large cellular streak much resembling that of N. dindinga, but sometimes more or
less truncate at its apex, as in the specimen figured ; this is followed by a subapical transverse streak and
two irregularly shaped spots, situate one on the area of the median nervules and one on the inner margin ;
a broad submarginal fascia, strongly sinuated and toothed interiorly, followed by a submarginal line of the
same colour. Posterior wings crossed by two broad fasciae, one near base and the other near outer margin,
and a submarginal line of the same colour. Wings beneath ochraceous, the anterior wings with a broad
subcostal pale fuscous fascia, which is obliquely deflexed beyond cell, and forms a large looped spot
extending from costa to first median nervule ; a pale fuscous fascia beneath cell, which forms an ii-regularly
looped spot beneath and attached to the other looped spot, and which outwardly extends to inner margin ;
a pale fuscous submarginal line and the outer margin broadly of the same colour ; posterior wings marked
as above, but the colour much paler and the dark portions much narrower. Body above rich dark brown,

152 RHOPALOCEEA MALAYAXA.

the thorax with some frontal yellow markings and the disk of the ahdomen beyond base much suffused
with the same colour ; bodj' beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, 45 to 48 millim.

Var. dorelia. (Tab. XVII., fig. 3.)

Neptis duffliii, Butler, Traus. Liuu. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. jj. 542, n. 7, t. Ixviii. f. 3 (1877|.

Papilio heliodore, Fabr. (nee. Cram. nee. Moore), Mant. Ins. ii. p. 52, u. 516 (1787) ; Eut. Syst. iii. p. 130,

n. 401 (1793).
Neiitis Heliodore, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lap. p. 62, u. 4 (18G9).
Nejitis lieliodoni, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 343, n. 2.

Mr. Butler states as his "defferentia specifiea" that "the tj-pe of the Fabrieian species differs from
the examples of N. tiga in the Horsfield Cabinet from Java in having a single instead of a double central
arched line across the under surface of the secondaries ; this line is, in some examples, slightly thickened."

Hab. — Burma ; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.) — -IMalay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca
(Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Java (coll. Horsf.) — Borneo (Druce). — Siam (Moore).

A Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, which was collected by Capt. Pinwill, is
represented by the figure 4 (Tab. XVII.), which is a sHght variety compared with the type,
though I possess a thoroughly typical specimen collected in Province Wellesley.

B. Wings with pale fuliginous markings and spots.
5. Neptis vikasi. (Tab. XVI., fig. 13 2 .)

Neptis Vikasi, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. 5, f. 2, 2a (1829); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i.

p. 165, n. 340 (1857) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 344, u. 4 ; Butl. Traus. Linu. Soc. ser. 2,

Zool. vol. i. p. 541, n. 5 (1877).
Var. Xeptis Omeroda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 571.

Male and Female. Wings above dark shining fuliginous-brown, with paler and darker markings.
Anterior wings with the following very pale fuHginous markings : — a long basal cellular streak about
i-eaching the lower discoidal nervule, beyond which the wing is crossed by a strongly curved series of spots,
and two almost straight submarginal fascise, which are denoted and separated by two very dark fuscous
and abruptly sinuated narrow fasciae, the outer margin with a distinctly darker patch near apex and about
centre. Posterior wings with an almost straight, transverse, and very pale fuliginous fascia near base,
followed shortly beyond by a narrow and obscurely paler linear fascia, and a very dark fuscous macular
fascia crossing centre of wing ; a submarginal series of very dark fuscous spots 23lat-ed between the
nervules, preceded and followed by pale fuliginous, the outer margin being broadly fuscous and very
obscurely spotted. Wings beneath very much paler, marked generally as above, but the pale markings
nearly white and the spots on the oirter margins of both wings very distinct. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 52 to 55 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Darjeeliug ; Sikkim.* — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Mus. Hop. Oxon). —
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) — Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Java (Horsf.) — Borneo (Druce, and coll.
Dist.) — Celebes (van Hasselt — coll. Dist.).

The chromo-hthographic artist has not been happy with the figure of a specimen from
Province Wellesley, which is here given. In this figure the colour of the under surface of the

* De Nict'ville (Journ. As. 8oc. Beug. vol. li. part 2, p. 59, n. 155.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 153

wings is too ferruginous, and not sufficiently olivaceous, whilst the basal whitish fascia to the
posterior wings is not sufficiently broad. In fact this specimen agrees well with Horstield's
figure, save that it is rather browner in hue above, and the contrary has been relied upon
by Mr. Moore in separating his lY. omeroda, "allied to iV. vikasi, but is a much blacker insect
both above and below." * I cannot, however, believe that Penangt possesses a different species
to the widely ranging one found in Province Wellesley ; and a drawing of A', omeroda kindly
made for me by Prof. Westwood has, in my mind, confirmed this view.

C. JVinj/s witli wliitish sjiots and iiuirkiiKjs. •

6. Neptis ophiana. (Tab. XVII., fig. 12.)

Xi'ptix (ijiliiiiiiti, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 561.

Xejitis cuiuiiieUa, Moore (part), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 7, n. 13 ; Bull. (uec. Cram.), Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 542, u. 6 (1877).

Male aucl Female. Wings above dark fuscous, with the following greenish white spots and
markings : — Anterior wings with a cellular streak gradually widening to apex, which is truncate
(sometimes somewhat cleft near its apex, or entire, as in the Malaccan specimen figured) ; this is
followed by a large and subtriangular spot at the end of cell, beyond which are two large and irregularly
ovate spots placed one on each side of the upper discoidal nervule (sometimes preceded by a very small
spot near costa), and beneath which are two spots placed one on each side of the second median nervule;
a large elongate spot on inner margin, sometimes preceded by a small spot above submedian nervure ;
a submargiual series of four small spots, three near apex and one between the second and third median
nervules (the upper three being sometimes preceded by a small obscure spot near costa) ; posterior wing
with a broad transverse fascia near base, not extending above the lower subcostal nervule, and an
outer discal series of spots placed between the nervules. On each side of the submarginal spots on
anterior wings are two narrow obscure dark fasciae, sometimes followed by some paler markings ; the
posterior wings possess a distinct narrow submarginal fuliginous fascia. Wings beneath more or less
reddish ochraceous ; anterior wings with the pale spots as above, but the submarginal spots continuous
and preceded and followed by white markings ; posterior wings with a distinct grej'ish fascia commencing
at base, but not reaching apex ; other pale markings as above, but the outer discal s^^ots much larger,
and followed by a double series of linear white spots ; between the transverse fascia and the outer discal
spots is a transverse obscurely greyish line. Body above fuscous, beneath greyish ; the femora greyish ;
the tibiae and tarsi pale ochraceous.

Exp. wings, 65 millim.

H.iB. — Continental India; Darjeeling (coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Moore. —
Pinwill : Brit. Mus.).

Malaccan specimens agree thoroughly with the type of the species (which, by the kindness
of Mr. Moore, is now before me), save that the discal spots are somewhat larger, and, as in the
specimen figured, :|: the basal streak is entire, though in other specimens from the same locality
it is al)breviated and somewhat cleft. It appears to be sufficiently distinct, however, from

* Proc. Zool. 8oc. 1874, p. 571.

f Peuaug IS the habitat given, but, as is so ulteu the case with insects thus labelleil, Province Wellesley may probably
be its trae locality.

I Collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca.
June 30, 1883. 2 r

154 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

X. cohniit'lla, which was described by Cramer as from China, and as figured is a much larger
insect, with a concave spot on the inner margin of the anterior wings.

In two S2)ecimens now before me, viz., the "type" from DarjeeUng and a Malaccan
example, the neuration of the posterior wings is aberrant, the costal nervure being placed low
down and reaching the apex, whilst the subcostal nervules are thus forced close together.

7. Neptis nata. (Tal). XYIII., fig. 1.)

XtjUi-i Xiita, Moore iHorsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 168, ii. 346, t.4(t, f. 6 (1857) ; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1858, p. 10, n. 22 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 843, n. 3 ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 541, n. 4 (1877).

Not having received either this or the two following species I have thought it best in each
case to give the original description of its describer, having also figured Malaccan specimens
collected by Capt. Pinwill, and contained in the British Museum.

" Upper side deep black ; markings verj- white : fore icinii with the discoidal streak long, in two
portions; curved series of spots small: hind uing with the bands narrow. Under side dusky brown;
inner band of hind wing not extending to anterior margin ; a marginal line only between outer band and
exterior margin, the submarginal line being obsolete. Sexes alike."

"Expanse 25 inches."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Moore). — Borneo (Moore —
Druce).

8. Neptis leuconata. (Tab. XVII., fig. 14.)

Xeptis leucdvdta, Butler, Traus. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, u. 2, t. Isis. fig. 1 (1877).

The following is Mr. Butler's description : —

" Wings above olive-brown, banded and spotted with cream-colour ; arrangements of markings as in
A', nata, bitt the bands of secondaries wider and nearer together ; pale brown intermediate streaks better
defined. Wmgs below slightly redder ; bands and spots as above ; intermediate streaks white."

" Exp. wings, 2 inches."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

The figure is taken from one of Capt. Piuwill's captures, but I have not as yet received
the species from Province Wellesley.

9. Neptis gononata. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 2 <? .)

Xeptis (/ononata, Butler, Traus. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, u. 3, t. Ixix. fig. 2 (1877).

This species is very closely allied to the X.E. Indian V. soma, Moore, of which it is an
undoubted local race, and is described by Mr. Butler as follows : —

" "Wings of the same shape and with the same spots and bands as X soma ; but all these markings
pure white instead of sordid yellowish white. Wings below chocolate-brown; bands below straighter;
submarginal line of secondaries below white."

"Exp. wings, 2 inches 1 line."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

The figure is taken from the typical specimen in the National Collection.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 155

10. Neptis duryodana, var. (Tab. XVI., fig. 15 ? .)

Neiith Dun/adami, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 10, n. 21, t. 49, f. 8.

Female. Wings above dark fuscous. Anterior wings with the following white spots and markings : —
a long basal cellular streak gradually widening and terminating about apex of cell ; this is followed by a
long subtriangular spot placed between the lower discoidal and the first median nervules; two large
subapical spots placed obliquely, divided by the upper discoidal nervule and preceded by two very small
subcostal spots ; two rounded discal spots divided by the second median nervule ; two smaller spots on
inner margin divided by the submedian nervure and a submarginal series of small spots directed obliquely
inward at apex, which are outwardly and inwardly margined with black ; fringe alternately white.
Posterior wings with the following white markings : — a nearly straight transverse fascia near base and
a series of small subquadrate spots on outer third of wing, which are divided by the nervules, with
the innermost obliquely deflexed towards anal angle ; between these transverse white markings is a very
narrow pale fascia, and there is also a narrower and greyish submarginal one ; * fringe alternately white.
Wings beneath much paler and more or less olivaceous ; white markings as above, but larger ; on anterior
wings the submarginal series of spots are preceded and followed by grey lines, the inner one very strongly
waved ; the posterior wings have the basal costal margin white, an additional subbasal narrow whitish
fascia, the narrow discal intermediate fascia much paler and the submarginal one nearly white. Body
above fuscous, beneath greyish ; legs greyish, the intermediate and posterior tibife and tarsi brownish.

Exp. wings, 2 54 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Borneo (Brit. Mus.).

I have compared the female specimen here figured and described with the Boruean type
in the British Museum, and find the following slight varietal difierences : — On the underside of
the anterior wings the cellular streak is not so strongly divided from the adjacent and following
spot ; the broad white fascia on the posterior wings reaches the costal margin, f and the colour
beneath is also darker, but this is an inconstant character.

11. Neptis charon.

Xeptlti Charon, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 400, t. 9, f. 1 (18G7).

At present my whole knowledge of this species is represented by Mr. Butler's figure and
description, both of which are here reproduced.

" Alffi supra nigerrimfe : anticae stria triangulari discoidali, macula
contigua cuneata, maculis tribus subapicalibus insqualibus, ti-ibus sub-
analibus oblique positis punctisque octo submarginalibus niveis ; punctis
octo marginalibus striaque valde indistincta irregvilari discali subcinereis :
posticffi fascia subbasali et altera septem-maculari discali niveis ; stria
submarginali macular! subcinerea, fascia media fuscescente indistincta :
corpus nigrum, virescens ; antennis nigris, flavo acuminatis."

" Alffi subtus pallidiores, striis discali anticarum et media posti-
carum violaceis, stria submarginali canescente ; stria marginali cinerea ;

Fig. 43. — Neptig charoii. J

* In the figure here given this submarginal fascia is not sufficiently pale in hue.

f In anotlier Malaccan specimen in the Britisli Museum this fascia does not extend to the costal margin, tlius agreeing
with the typical form of the species.

I Sex not stated, but, from appearance of figure, probably female.

156 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAXA.

costa basali posticarum uivea : alitor velut supra : corpus caruleo-albiduin ; pedibus ochreis ; autennis
ferrugiueis."

" Exji. alar. unc. 2k."

Hab. — Maiav Peninsula; " Singapore (coll. Roberts^."

This is evideutlv closely allied to the precediug species.
12. Neptis eurynome, rar. mamaja. (Tab. XVI., fig. 14 2 .)

.Vr ; rj.< t-urt;iu'»u. Westwood. Don. lus. CLma. p. 66. i. 35, fig. 4 (1S42).

Xqru- ;ii,!i«<j>,j. PntL Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, n. 1, t. Ixix, fig. 3 ^1877).

Male and Female. Wings above closelv resembling the preceding species .V. durifodtina, but the pale
markings more or less tinged with lemon-colour (very strongly so in the specimen figured), the spot at the
end of the cell on anterior wings smaller, but variable in size, and the narrow pale submarginal linear
fascia t" -^;' rior wings almost obsolete. Wings beneath warm ocbraceous; markings resembling those
of -V. >'■ _ ., but more or less tingeii with lemon-colour as above, and with the onttJ paJe discal fascia

to the posterior wings more macular than in that species.

Exp. wings, 3 and 2 , 50 to 57 mUlim.

Hab.* — Malay Peninsula ; Province WeUesley (coll. Dist. and Sauer) ; Malacca ^Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

Typical s}>eeimeus of X. curynoiw, localised as from ^. India (sic) and China, which
I have examined, appear to be sufficiently distinct from the European .V. citvm, Lep., to have
specific diflferentiatiou, though I consider the .V. momoja, Butl., to be better expressed as a
variety only of Prof. Westwood's species, t especially as I have received another very close
variety" from North Borneo. Even in my Province WeUesley specimens considerable variation
is found, such as the basal cellular streak of the anterior wings being either broken, or entire
as in the figure here given.

Genus ATHYMA.

jltAyuM, Westwood, Gen. Dinm. Lep. p. 272 (1S50): Feld. Xenes Lepid. p. 31, n. 75 (1861).

This genus is allied to Xfptis, I from which it differs, as dearly pointed out by Prof. Westwood, in
having its species of a " larger size, more robust structure, (with^ larger and shorter wings, more squamose
and obtuse palpi," and especially ^a.s i>ointed out in the svno^^sis here given* by the costal nervure of the
posterior wings extending to their apex. The anterior wings have the costal nervure robust, extending to
about half the length of the costa : first and second subcostal nervnles emitted before the end of cell, the
first at about two-tMrds of its length, and the second a liitle before its apex, the third arising between end of
cell and ai>ex of wing, but nearer to the first than to the last ; fourth and fifth bifurcating l>etween the base
of third and apex of wing. Lower disco-cellular nervnle either more or less obsolete and leaving the cell
practically open, § or present and distinct, though very slender, and suberect, thus closing c«lL

This, like Xq>tis, is another extensive genus, but with a more restricted geographical
distribution. Thus it is absent frx)m Europe, and also apparently from the Ethiopian region.

* Of v«r. n«aur^« onfy.

i Mr. Boiler's deseiqttioii is " Xearhr allied to ^T. emrymomie^ but alwavs to be disdnguisfaed by llie lunower extemo-
iiiseal band of white spots in seeoDdaiies; coloorisg below ndier blister than in A'. emrgmo$me.''
', Of the if«(ry<-.i<jija pvnp. j As in J. j><tt«i*. As ia A. tufte.

nilOl'M.OCKUA MALAYAN A. 167

From (JontinoiitiiJ India it is distributcMl tlu(ju^di tlio Malay i'uuin.sula and oiivvaids tln'ouyh
the Malayan Arcliipolago to Papua, ext(;ndinj,' as far north as China. Though found in the
Andaman FslaiidH it is apparently absent IVoin ('cylon.

The liirva and pupa of A. perius, as found in .lava, have \S\\ A\liiSi i\}\ilj 1/

been figured by llorsfiold,* whieh sliow that though Ncjilis and -"'';' ''''~' ,"," . . '/(''jpi
Atlnima ai'e closely allied in their ))erieet condition, they arc yet ' J-

consideral)lY divergent in larval chjiracters, thus again exemijli- !?''-'[;-f;:'V'"''V''^''''''7'.'T'"''-

•' " ' O i I'lolll I[|]|h1ii;IiI S Ijlll. I.r |l. I'.. I. (J.

fying the artificiality of the present system of classification.

We know scarcely anything of the life-liistories of the species comprising this genus,
though several points require elucidation to settle some speculative opinion. Thus the genus
is supposed to l)e of a protected nature, owing to the fact of it being apparently " mimicked"
by sjtecies of other genera. A most notabh; instance of this is afforded by the /ipatura chevniia,
Moore, a Darjeeling species, which, though i)ossessing the beautiful coloration of that genus
beneath, is mai'ked above like a species of /ifhiima. This, however, on examination, appears to
b(! a case of " spurious mimicry,"! as the insect when at rest, with its wings folded (and we
are not told it is ii,l)errant in this respect), would exhibit the Apaturan distinctiveness, and thus
be afforded no protection by the AlJiymad simulation of their upper surface ; and even as regards
this, Mr. Moore adds to his description, [; " Mr. W. S. Atkinson has informed me that in
IVcsh-capturfid specimens tlie upper side has also the beautiful reflected purple gloss visible
in that insect."

Such facts t(!nd to conlirni ili(! bias (jf my opinion, expressed before {ante, p. 33), that
casual resemblance, without supporting facts, does not conform to the theory of " mimicry," as
originally, and philosophically, formulated. Prof. W. T. Thiselton Dyer has recently, and
opportunely, observed that " the l)iological sciences not having reached the deductive stage,
it is not possible to enlarge our knowledge of them by mere ratiocination." §

A. Lower cUhco- cellular nerrnle of imterior ir'nuiH ohxolcle or mibobsolete, leaving the cell apparcully open.
a. Sexes alike or similar in colour ami iiinrkiniiH.

1. Athyma perius. (Tab. XVI., fig. 2 <? .)

I'lipili,, I'rriioi, Liiuiif;iiH, SyHt. Nat. ed. x. p. 471, n. 79 (1758); U>u\. cd. xii. p. 700, u. 116 (1767); Houtt.

Nuturl. lliHt. i. 11, p. 208, ii. 70 (1707) ; Miill. Naturs. v. 1, p. 5i)0, ii. 110 (1771); Gmel. Syst. Nat.

i. 5, p. 2278, u. 110 (17UUj.
I'apilin Lmroilinr, Liiin.Syst.Nat.ed.x. p. 17H, 11.122(1758); Mus.Lud.Ulr. p. 292, n. 110(1701) ; Syst. Nat.

cd. xii. p. 780, 11. 179 (1707) ; Clcrck, Icones Ins. iii. (inodit.), t. 5, f. 4 (1704); Iloutt. Natiirl. Hist.

i. 11. p. iiiH), u. 122 {17(;7); Miill. Naturs. v. 1, p. 612, n. 179 (1774); Fabr. Syst. Eiit. p. 5(J8,

n. 272 (1775); Mant. Iii.s. ii. p. 52, n. 511 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 129, u. 395 (1793); Gnicl.

* Cat. Lop. E.I.C. t. viii. i'. 3, 8a (uiulor the name o( Bihlis Icucothoe).

\ Karl Seiiii)cr, in the twelftli cliaptur of his ' Natural ConditionH of Existence as they affect Animal Life,' has keenly
tliscUBsed tliiH point, with tlie thoriiuj,'h kiunvU;(lge of a "special" and "travelled" naturalist. With a perfect acknowledgment
of "mimicry," he has not followed a somewhat "easy" course of referring all roserablunce to that explanation.

:[ Proc. Zool. Hoc. 1S05, p. IM. § ' Nature.' vol. xxviii. p. 171.

JuNn 30, 1883. 2 s

168 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2318, n. 179 (1790) ; Tlmnb. Mas. Nat. Ups. xxiii. p. 9 (1804) ; Tiu-t. Syst. of Nat.

iii. 2, p. 107 (1806).
Acca Leucothoe, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Scbmett. p. 44, n. 397 (1816).
Xi/mphalis Leucotlwe, Godt. Euc. Meth. ix. p. 430, u. 256 (1823).
Limenilis Leucothoe, Westw. Don. Ins. China, ed. 2, p. 65, t. 35, f. 3 (1842).

Papilio Hylas, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 486, n. 173 ( 1758) ; Houtt. Naturl. Hist. i. 11, p. 383, u. 173 (1767).
Papilio erosine, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. t. 203, f. E, F (1779) ; Herbst, Naturs. Sclimett. ix. p. 97, n. 20, t. 240,

f. 5, 6 (1798).
Najas Erosine, Hiibn. Samml. Exot. Scbmett. i. t. 63 (1806-16).
Papilio Leiicothca, Fabr. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 96, u. 421 (1781).
Papilio Pulyxcna, Douov. Ins. China, t. 37, f. 4 (1799).
Athyma Leucothoe, Horsf. & Moore (excl. Sulzer*), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 170, n. 349 (1857) ; Bntl. Cat.

Fabr. Lep. p. 61, n. 1 (1869) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 540, n. 2 (1877).
Athyma Perius, Aurivillius, Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Band. 19, pp. 68-9 (1882).

Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous, with the following lemon-white spots and markings : —
anterior wings with a basal streak and two spots in cell ; a subtriaugular spot at end of cell ; two elongate
subapical spots divided by the upper discoidal uervule, beneath which are an oblique discal series of five
spots directed inwardly, the upper two smallest, and the fifth linear on inner margin ; a submarginal series
of six very small spots, the third, fom-th and fifth contiguous to the upper three discal spots ; posterior
wings -n-ith a wide transverse macular fascia near base, and an outer discal series of six small spots,
inwardly margined with dark fuscous spots, placed between the uervules ; both wings with a waved pale
linear submarginal fascia and the fringe alternately white. Wings beneath dark warm ochraceous ; pale
spots as above, but whiter and more or less margined with black. Anterior wings with four black spots
beneath third median nervule, viz. two beneath cell (the basal very small), the largest before the fourth
discal spot, and the last following this spot ; posterior wings with the apex of precostal nervure black and
situate in a basal transverse whitish fascia ; central fascia as above, but more or less margined on each
side with black, the outer discal spots above fused into a macular fascia beneath, and containing a series
of small black spots placed between the nervules (two between the third median nervule and submedian
nervure) ; both wings with a narrow pale waved submarginal violaceous fascia, outwardly margined with
black ; fringe as above. Body above dark fuscous, the eyes castaneous ; thorax with some discal linear
grey markings and two posterior oblique spots of the same colour ; abdomen annulated with greyish. Body
beneath and legs greyish, the under surfaces of the tarsi castaneous.

Exp. wings, S and ? , 60 to 66 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Darjeeling ; Assam (Horsf. & Moore) ; Landham- ; Nepaul ; Cachar (Brit.
Mus.) ; Bombay (Dr. Leith— coll. Dist.)— Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ;
Malacca (Brit. Mus.)— Java (coll. Horsf.)— Siam ; Chentaboon ; Nahcouchaisee (Layard).— Formosa. —
China (Brit. Mus.)

The larva aud pupa of this species, as found in Java, t have been figured by Dr.Horsfield, |
who states that the first "feeds on a species of Phijllantlins bearing the native name of
Dempul-lolot." §

The late Mr. Swinhoe describes |1 this species in Formosa as "common on bushy and

* Sulzer's figure really repi-esents Neptis sappho.

f Mr. Moore states that specimens of this species "from Java are smaller than those from India, and have the
central hand broader and the portions closer together" (Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 170).

J Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. t. V, fig. 11, 11a. § Ibid. p. 170.

II Proc. Zool. Soc. 1800, p. 359.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 159

grass}' places, fluttering and sailing tbrougli the air. Suck the sap of wounded trees. Males
fight for the females." *

2. Athyma larymna, var. S . (Tab. XVI., fig. 1 <? .)

Limenitis Larymna, Doubleday and Hewitsou, Gen. Diurn. Lep, t. 35, f. 1 (1830).

Athyma Larymna, Doub. & Hew. Gen. Dium. Lep. p. 274, n. 7 (1850) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C.

i. p. 172, n. 352 (1857) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 344, u. 1 ; Biatl. Traus. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2,

Zool. voL i. p. 540, n. 1 (1877).

Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous, with the following dark cream-coloured markings f : —
anterior wings with a basal streak followed by two spots in cell, and a large subtriangular spot at end of
ceh ; two large subapical spots divided by the upper discoidal nervule, and preceded by a small subcostal
linear spot ; a large discal spot between the second and third median nervules, and two contiguous spots
about centre of inner margin, which are divided by the submedian nervure ; two submargiual series of
small spots, the inner one waved and commencing near costa, the outer one commencing beneath the lower
subcostal nervule, but fading into pale fuscous beneath the first median nervule ; fringe alternately greyish
from beneath apex ; posterior wings with a transverse macular fascia before centre, a transverse series of
subconical spots placed between the nervules, gradually enlarging towards abdominal margin, and situate
on the outer portion of disk and a pale fuscous submarginal hne. Wings beneath brownish ochraceous,
the pale markings more or less clouded ; anterior wings with the cellular spots fused into a single fascia,
convex but deeply notched above : the spot at end of ceh elongated, and preceded by an upper subquadrate
spot ; discal spots as above, the two series of submarginal spots as above, but of the inner series the two
apical spots fuscous, surrounded by greyish, and the outer series obsolete till beneath the lower discoidal
nervule, but then regular and distinctly greyish — this wing is also ornamented with a number of dark
fuscous streaks and spots ; posterior wings marked as above, but with an additional transverse basal fascia,
curved and attenuated towards costal margin, the central fascia deflexed and continued on inner side
of submedian nervure, the pale fuscous submargiual fascia above whitish beneath, and the fringe somewhat
broadly alternately greyish. Body above dark fuscous ; thorax with an anterior cream-coloured fascia, and
abdomen with two fasciae of the same colour, one basal and broad, the second subapical and narrow.

Exp. wings, (? 76 millim.

Hae. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Java (Brit. Mus.) — Borneo (Druce).

I did not meet with this species in Province Wellesley, nor have I found it in any of the
collections made there which I have since had the opportunity of examining. One male
specimen, collected by Capt, Pinwill in Malacca, is my sole knowledge of the species in this
fauna.

* Allusion Las akeady been made to the iragnacity of butterflies {ante, p. 91). In Britain this has long since been
recorded. Thus Mr. Knapp, in his 'Journal of a Naturalist' (1829), remarks, "A few of oiu- lepidopterous creatures,
especially the common white butterflies of our gardens, are contentious animals, and drive away a rival from their haunts.
We see them progressively ascending into the air, in ardent, unheeding contest"; and he also instances two species of our
LyccEnid(E as of particularly combative nature. Haworth records a similar observation with respect to the "Purple Emperor"
{Apatura iris). In Labuan Mr. Collingwood speaks of their "battles with one another, in which they whirl round each
other with the gi-eatest rapidity, and appear to be incited by the greatest ferocity" (' Kambles of a Naturalist,' p. 183) ; and
Mr. J. M. Jones (' The Naturalist in Bermuda,' p. 120) describes Junonia cccnia as " a most pugnacious little creatiu-e,
and appears to love a quarrel, for you may see three or four of them ascending in the air and buffeting each other, now
rising, now falling, unremittingly continuing their aerial warfare."

\ These have been incorrectly delineated quite white in my figm-e, which was taken from a drawing made by
Mr. "Wilson of a Malaecau specimen in the British Museum.

160 EHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

3. Athyma idita. (Tab. XVI., figs. 9 ^ and 10 2 .)

Athyma idita, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 16, u. IG, t. 51, f. 3; Druce, Proc. Zool. See. 1873, p. 344,
n. 4; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, n. 8 (1877).

Male. Wings above verj' dark fuscous or black, with the following pale bluish-white markings : —
anterior wings with a long slender cellular streak and an irregular subtriangular spot at end of cell ; two
elongate subapical spots, divided by the upper discoidal nervule ; an oblique discal series of five spots, of
which the two upper and outer are smallest and situate on each side of the first median ner'^iile, the fourth
and fifth largest, and onlj- separated by the submedian nervm-e ; a submarginal series of small spots, of
which the third and fourth are very minute, followed by two small spots, one on each side of the upper
discoidal nervnle ; a marginal and submarginal narrow obscm-e dark fascia, between which the colour is
slightly paler, and the fringe alternateh' greyish ; posterior wings with a transverse macular fascia near
base, and an outer discal series of contiguous subquadrate spots which are nearest outer margin near apex
and most remote from the same at anal angle ; a distinct pale fuscous submarginal fascia and the fringe
alternately greyish. Wings beneath brownish ochraceous, white markings as above, but generally larger ;
anterior wings with the cellular streak and spots bounded with fuscous, the last followed by a fuscous line ;
submarginal spots much larger than above, the second to the sixth containing fuscous centres and slightly
tinged with violaceous ; a distinct outer submarginal series of linear subviolaceous spots not extending to
apex ; fringe as above ; the colour beneath the third median nervule more or less fuscous ; beneath cell is
a cleft blackish spot followed by violaceous. Posterior wings marked as above, but with an additional
basal curved fascia, the pale fuscous submarginal fascia above pale violaceous beneath, and the outer discal
series of pale spots preceded by a series of lanceolate obscm-e dark castaneous spots ; fringe as above ;
abdominal margin greenish. Body above concolorous with wings, the abdomen with a broad basal whitish
fascia ; body beneath greyish white, tinged with pale greenish, the intermediate and posterior tibia? and
tarsi more or less tinged with brownish.

Female. Larger than the male, and with the pale spots and fasciae larger.

Exp. wings, <J 58 to 63 millim. ; 2 70 millim.

Had. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) —
Java? (Moore). — Borneo (Druce).

In the British Museum are some specimens of this species labelled "India" (sic), but
I have no other kuowledtre of it being found west of the Malay Peninsula.

4. Athyma pravara. (Tab. XVI., tig. 11 2 .)

Athijiiia praviini, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 173, n. 354, t. 5«, f. 4 (1857); Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 19, u. 22 ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, n. 9 (1877).

Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous or blackish, with the following pale lemon-coloured
spots and markings : — anterior wings with a long cellular streak widening and rounded at apex ; an oblique
series of three subapical spots divided by the discoidal nervules, the central one of which is largest ; these
are followed by three small linear submarginal spots, divided by the second and third median nervules ;
three submarginal linear spots, divided by the discoidal nervules and an obKque discal series of three spots,
the upper two largest, divided by the third median nervule, and the third linear contiguous to the
second, and situate on inner margin ; fringe alternately greyish ; posterior wings with a transverse macular
fascia near base, an outer discal series of subquadrate spots placed as in A. idita, and a pale fuscous
submarginal fascia. Wings beneath olivaceous-brown, the pale markings as above, the posterior wings
witli an additional short pale basal fascia ; a distinct series of fuscous spots above the outer discal macular

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 161

series, and the pale fuscous submarginal fasciae above violaceous beneath, and margined inwardly and
narrowly with fuscous ; abdominal margin greenish ; fringe of both wings as above, and anterior
wings ornamented with a number of fuscous streaks and spots. Bodj^ above concolorous with the wings ;
thorax with an anterior transverse bluish-white fascia, and abdomen with a pale lemon-coloured sub-basal
fascia ; * body beneath pale obscure greenish, the tibite and tarsi more or less pale brownish.

Exp. wings, S and ? , 48 to 54 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang; Malacca; Singapore (Brit.Mus.) — Sumatra (Brit.Mus.) — Banca.i —
Java (Moore) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.)— Borneo (Low — coll. Dist.).

The only variation I have seen in this species is in the size and hue of the pale markings ;
it is prohably strictly confined to the ludo-Malayan region.

B. Cell of anterior wings more or less distineth) closed hy a slender, suherect diseo-cellular nernde.
b. Sexes alike or similar in colour and iii((rkinfis.

5. Athyma abiasa, var. clerica. (Tab. XVI., fig. 8 5.)

Atlujwa abiasa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 16, n. 15, t. 50, f. 7.

Athyma clerica, Butl. Traus. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 540, n. 7 (1877).

The figure represents the type and only Malaccan specimen in the British Museum.
Mr. Butler has inadvertently described it as a male, but it is clearly a female, and I think
probably the other sex of Mr. Moore's species, which is also represented by the typical but
solitary male specimen. I reproduce the original description : —

"Nearly allied to A. abiasa, but larger, the spots of primaries more oblique and larger, the sub-basal
transverse white baud of secondaries narrower ; the discal series of spots much larger, more inarched
above anal angle, forming a waved band, divided by the nervures ; a well-marked greenish grey
submarginal streak. Below much paler, with the differences of the upper surface ; submarginal series
of liturae replaced by the submarginal streak, which is rosy greyish (not greenish, as above)."

" Exp. wings, 2 inches 7 lines."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Java (Brit. Mus.).

6. Athyma kresna. (Tab. XVI., fig. 3 <? .)

Athijma Kresna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 12, n. 6, t. 50, f . 4 ; | Druce, Proc. Zool Soc. 1873, p. 344,
n. 2; Bntl. Traus. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 540, n. 3 11877).

Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous or blackish, with the following bluish-white spots and
markings : — anterior wings with a cellular streak, sometimes entire, and in some specimens (as the one
figured) broken into a basal streak with two following and contiguous spots ; a large subtriangular spot
at end of cell ; an oblique series of three subapical spots (the central largest), divided by the discoidal
nervules, and followed by three linear spots placed between the nervules, with a very small and indistinct
spot on inner margin ; the three subapical spots outwardly followed bj' three linear apical spots ; a large
discal ovate spot between the second and third median nervules, and a large irregular spot before and
a linear spot after the submedian uervure, at about centre of inner margin. Posterior wings with a
transverse macular fascia near base and a curved outer discal series of subquadrate spots placed between

* These two fasciae have beeu unfortunately omitted in the figure.
\ CoUected by M. Tej'smanu (Pet. Nouv. Eut. vi. p. 404 (,1874).

I I have not met with any specimens with the pale markings so decidedly blue as in Mr. Moore's figure.
Junk 30, 1883. 2 t

162 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

the nervules ; both wings with a narrow pale fuscous submarginal fascia and the fringe alternately greyish.
Wings beneath olivaceous-brown ; pale markings as above, but with the narrow submarginal fuscous fasciae
above, violaceous beneath, and with the dark fuscous macular markings as in A. pravara. Abdominal
margin pale greenish. Body above dark fuscous, with an anterior transverse bluish fascia to thorax, and
a basal bluish-white fascia to the abdomen. Body beneath greyish ; legs pale brownish.

Exp. wings, (7 50 to 54 millim. ; ? 62 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra
(Moore). — Borneo (Brit. Mus.) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

The female of this species is apparently a difficult insect to find, as all the specimens
which I collected in Province Wellesley, or those which I have since received from the
Peninsula, have been of the male sex. Both sexes, collected by Mr. Pryer in North Borneo,
are now in my collection, and the female differs in no essential respect from the male.

7. Athyma amhara, rar. (Tab. XVI., fig. 5 ^ .)

Athijma amluira, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 344, u. 6, t. 32, f. 2; Butl. Trans. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 540, u. 6 (1877).

Male. Wings above dark fuscous. Anterior wings with some very obscure and slightly paler
markings in cell ; an oblique discal bluish-white macular fascia, with the margins pale bluish, commencing
immediately beneath apex of cell and between the second and thii-d median nervules, and terminating
about centre of inner margin; two subapical whitish spots separated by the upper discoidal nervule,
followed beneath the second discoidal ner-i-ule by a third and very small spot, and two submarginal series
of linear spots placed between the nervules, the inner one more or less whitish, the outer entirely pale
fuscous. Posterior wings with a transverse bluish-white fascia, margined with pale bluish near base ;
an outer discal series of small Hnear whitish spots i^laced between the nervules, and a submarginal, narrow,
pale fuscous, and somewhat macular fascia. Wings beneath pale ohvaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the
pale whitish spots as above, but larger, the two submarginal series of linear spots almost totally pale
violaceous, and with an irregular cellular streak, a spot at end of cell and one beneath cell between the
tliird median nervule and submedian nervure pale violaceous; three slightly oblique dark castaneous
hnear spots partly crossing cell, and two rounded contiguous spots of the same colour beneath cell near
base ; a fuscous spot near cell between second and third median nervules ; three longitudinal fuscous
streaks divided by the discoidal nervules, followed beneath by a series of linear spots of the same colour
placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with the whitish markings as above, but broader; the
submarginal fascia pale violaceous ; a basal curved whitish fascia, between which and the central fascia
are some linear dark castaneous markings, and a series of dark castaneous spots placed before the outer
discal pale fascia ; abdominal margin pale greenish. Body both above and beneath more or less
coucolorous with wings ; femora greyish white ; tibiae and tarsi pale fuscous.

Female.* Similar to the male above ; the anterior wings have the subapical spots larger ; the cell
with the base castaneous, and the discal fascite to both wings rather broader and almost quite without
the bluish margins. Beneath the colour is reddish-ochraceous instead of olivaceous-brown, the darker
markings castaneous, excepting the fuscous spots near the posterior angle of anterior wings ; pale markings
as on underside of male, but the discal fascife broad as above.

Exp. wings, 3 45 to 55 millim.

=■= This Jescriptiou is taken from a female specimen collected in the Thoungyeeu Valley, Tenasserim, auiT is the ouly
example of that sex which I have as yet had au opportunity to examine.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 163

Hab. — Tenasserim , Thoungyreen Valley (Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula ; Penang ; Province Wellesley
(coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Borneo (Druce).

As Mr. Butler remarks,* " In the examples from Malacca the cliscoidal white streak of
primaries is reduced to one or two dots, connected by a pale brown streak." These white
spots are altogether absent from the Penang specimen here figured, but are present in other
Province Wellesley specimens in my own collection. Bornean typical species have a whitish
streak and two whitish spots in cell of anterior wings.

If we admit (as is only reasonable) that this form is but the local race or variety of the
Bornean species, it is at least only consistent to follow this view throughout the genus.

bb. Sexes quite dissimilar in coloration.

8. Athyma nefte, var. nivifera. (Tab. XVI., fig. 6 <? and 7 ? .)

Papilio nefte, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. t. 256, E F (1782) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 13, t. l. f. 5.
Athyma nivifera, Butler, Traus. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 540, n. 5 (1877).

Male. Wings above dark fuscous or blackish. Anterior wings with a basal cellular streak closely
followed by a rounded spot, succeeded by a triangular spot at end of cell, all more or less suffused with
pale bluish ; three subapical bluish -white spots placed obliquely and divided by the discoidal nervules ; an
oblique bluish-white macular discal fascia directed inwardly, commencing immediately beneath the second
median nervule and extending to about centre of inner margin ; a few small submarginal pale violaceous
spots, and narrow fuscous submarginal and marginal fasciae ; fringe alternately whitish. Posterior wings
with a transverse bluish-white fascia near base ; an outer discal series of small subquadrate spots of the
same colour placed between the nervules, and a very narrow pale fuscous submarginal fascia ; fringe as on
anterior wings. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown ; pale markings as above, but with some additional
central pale marginal markings on anterior wings, and a curved basal fascia to posterior wings ; on these
wings the pale fuscous submarginal fascia above is subviolaceous beneath, and both wings have the dark
fuscous markings as in A. amhara ; abdominal margin pale greenish. Body above concolorous with wings ;
thorax with an anterior bluish transverse fascia, and abdomen with a subbasal fascia of the same colour ;
body beneath and femora greyish ; tibiae and tarsi pale fuscous.

Female. Wings above very dark brown, with all the markings larger than in male and orange-
yellow in hue ; the subapical spots to anterior wings and the outer discal fascia to posterior wings being
prominently broader. Wings beneath as above, but much paler, with the fuscous markings as in male.

Exp. wings, <? 54 millim. ; ? 60 millim.

Hab.— India, sic (Brit. Mus.)— Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit.
Mus.)— Java (Brit. Mus.) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.) — Borneo (Brit. Mus.).

As I have treated this Malaccan insect as simply a variety of A. nefte, it is only right
that I should give Mr. Butler's reasons for considering it a distinct species. He states that it
may be at once distinguished from the Cramerian species "by the much narrower central
band, which in the male is much more distinctly blue at the edges ; by the longer and narrower
trifid subapical band on the male and the deeper colour of the underside." My own experience,
however, has not allowed me to consider these characters as sufficiently constant to indicate a
distinct species or race.

=■= Traus. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 540.

164 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

bbb. Sexes at present unknown to the iiriter.

9. Athyma subrata. (Tab. XYI., fig. 4 2 .)*

Atliijiiui suhi-ata, Jloore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 13, n. 10, t. li. f. 1 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 3-li, n. 3.
Athyma sabrata, Butl. Traus. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 540, n. 4 (1877).

Not having received this species I have thought it best to figure a Malaccan specimen
in the British Museum, and to add the original description of Mr. Moore : —

"Female. Upper side deep brown, with the markings disposed as in the female of Athyma nefte ;
but they are all narrower, and, instead of being of a deep orange colour, are suffused with very pale
brown. The underside is also much darker, being of a light smoky brown, with all the markings white."

"Expanse 2|- inches."

Hab. — India {sic) (Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (Moore). —
Borneo (Druce).

10. Athyma urvasi. (Tab. XVI., fig. 12.)

Athyma I'rvasi, Felder, Wieu. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 400, n. 22 (1860) ; Eeise, Nov. Lep. iii. p. 429, n. 683, t. 56,
f. 4 (1866).

My knowledge of this species being confined to the description and figure of the Felders,
I have here reproduced both : —

" Alis supra nigris, subtus brunneis, utrinque fascia commuui submarginali maculari alba, anticarum
striga clarata cellulari cum fascia lata discali sinuata connexa, posticarum fascia basali albis. S ."
Hab. — "Malacca Interior (Com. de Castelnau — coll. Feld.)."

Genus HYPOLIMNAS.

Hipolivmcis et Esojitria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sebmett. p. 45 (1816).

Diadema (nom prseoc), Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 135 (1832); Feld. Neues. Lep. p. 25 (1861).
Diadema, sect. 1. Diad. et sect. 5. Euralia, Westw. Gen. Diui-n. Lep. pp. 279-281 (1850).
Apatura, Moore (uec. Fabr.), Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 57 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin strouglj' arched and convex, the apex more or less
rounded ; outer margin concavely sinuate about centre ; inner margin slightly coucavely sinuate ; costal
nervure robust, about reaching centre of costal margin ; first and second subcostal nervules emitted
a little distance before end of cell and somewhat near together, third emitted at a little more than
one-third from apex of cell ; fourth and fifth bifurcating at about midway between base of third and apical
angle ; cell very broad, its apex almost truncate and closed by a suberect, slender, lower disco-cellular
nervule, which is slightly directed outwards posteriorly ; median nervules well separated, the first convex at
base, the second almost straight and emitted a short distance from apex of cell. Posterior wings broadly
subovate, the costal margin obliquely suberect at base and then deflected and nearly straight, but becoming
convexly oblique towards apex ; outer margin convex and waved ; abdominal margin almost straight to
about abdominal apex and then somewhat concavely sinuate to anal angle. Precostal uervure suberect,
its apex convexly du-ected outwardly; costal nervure extending to apex of wing; lower disco-cellular
nervule slender and concavely du-ected outwardly ; fii-st and second median nervules with an apparently

* The colour in the figiire here given has been rendered too ochraceous.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 165

common origin at the end of cell ; the third median and first subcostal uervules almost subequal in
length. Body moderately robust ; palpi porrect, not reaching the upper margin of the eyes, but extending
considerably beyond them, squamose beneath, and with the apical joint pointed ; antennse with a
moderately strongly incrassated apex or club.

This is an extensive genus, though it is somewhat difficult to assess the number of its
species, owing to the present uncertainty as to whetlier many of its members are either
so-called species or simply varieties of other species. It has an extensive distribution, being
found iu all the great Zoological Eegions, excepting the Palearctic, although it may possibly
yet be discovered in the extreme eastern portion of that region. It is, however, iu the
Oriental Eegion that the genus reaches its maximum in number of species, whilst it is very
poorly represented in the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, and evidently there by an
introduced species.

1. Hypolimnas bolina. (Tab. XII., tigs. 10 and 12 3 ; XV., tig. 12 5 .)

I'ajiilio JmiHiui, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 479, u. 124 (1758); Clerck, Icoiies lus. ii. t. 21, f. 2 (1764);

Houtt. Naturl. Hist. i. 11, p. 331, n. 124 (1767); Miill. Naturs. V. i. p. 614, n. 188 (1774); Fabr.

Syst. Eut. p. 507, n. 269(1775); Spec. Ins. ii. p. 95, n. 414 (1781) (part); Mant. Lis. ii. p. 50,

n. 499 (1787) (part); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2323, p. 188 (1790) (part); Thunb. Mus. Nat. Ups.

xxiii. p. 8 (1804).
DiiiJriiia Bolina, Wall. Traus. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 278, u. 1 (part) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 105, n. 1 ;

Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 148, u. 23 (1876) ; ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877).
Hi/iioliiiinds Bolina, Ku-by, Cat. Diurn. Lap. p. 224, n. 1 (1871) (part) ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.

vol. i. p. 543, u. 1 (1877) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beug. vol. xlix. pt. 11, p. 228,

u. 24 (1880) ; ibid. vol. l. pt. 11, p. 238, n. 22 (1881) ; Aurivill. Kougl. sv. vet. Ak. Haudl. Bd. 19,

no. 5, p. 96 (1882).
Apatnra Bolina, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 58, t. 30, f. 1 (1881).

Male. Wings above very dark indigo-blue. Anterior wings with a large elongate and macular white
spot at end of cell, margined with bright bluish, commencing near the upper discoidal nervule and
terminating near the second median nervule ; two or three small subapical white spots divided by the
fourth and fifth subcostal uervules, and sometimes followed by a few minute submarginal whitish spots
placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with a large central white spot, broadly and irregularly
surroi;nded by pale bluish, which commences on lower half of cell, and is bounded bj^ the upper subcostal
and the third median nervules ; a series of minute and frequently subobsolete submarginal white spots
placed between the nervules. Fringe of both wings alternately white. Wings beneath dark olivaceous-
brown. Anterior wings with the white markings as above, but with the large macular spot at end of cell
txlmost extending to costa, not prominently margined with bluish, and followed by a small pale spot
beneath the second median nervule ; submarginal spots distinct, one on each side of third median nervule
largest and bluish ; a pale lunulate submarginal fascia and a similar but more linear marginal fascia,
which are almost obsolete above the lower discoidal nervule ; basal half of costal area minutely irrorated
with greyish ; cell with three upjjer small and irregular white spots more or less surrounded with dark
fuscous. Posterior wings with a broad central whitish fascia, commencing near upper subcostal nervule,
where it is preceded by a subcostal spot, and terminating near anal angle (this fascia is variable both in
size and shape) ; a submarginal series of small bluish white sjjots placed between the nervules, followed by
a submarginal series of greyish subconical spots placed in pairs between the nervules ; marginal linear
lunulate spots as on anterior wings ; fringe as above. Bodj' above dark indigo-blue, the head marked with
a few pale spots ; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings, the palpi beneath wdiite, the
legs beneath more or less greyish, and the abdomen and thorax with a few whitish spots.

June 30, 1883. 2 v

^!

166 RHOPALOCERA MALA VAN A.

Female. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown. Anterior wings with a few small bluish subcostal
spots above cell ; a transverse blue macular fascia beyond end of cell (corresponding to the white fascia of
male) ; a submarginal series of white spots placed between the nervules, the two uppermost of which are
largest and contiguous, followed by a submarginal and marginal series of waved and linear greyish spots,
between which the colour is somewhat paler. Posterior wings with a submarginal series of greyish
spots placed between the nervules, followed by a series of subconical spots of the same colour, which are
placed conjointly in pairs between the nervules ; marginal spots as on anterior wings, but more lunulate ;
fringe of both wings alternately greyish. Wings beneath bro^^^lish ochraceous ; anterior wings with the
marginal and submarginal markings as above, the macular fascia at end of cell subobsoletc and greyish ;
the basal half of wing is pale castaneous, with the costal area and cell marked as in male ; posterior
wings with the marginal and submarginal markings as above, and the centre crossed by a faint greyish
fascia more or less corresponding to that on the wings of the male.

Exp. wings, <? 70 to 78 millim. ; ? 84 millim.

H.\B. — Continental India ; Silhet ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.) — Ceylon (Moore). — Andaman Islands (Moore). —
Nicobar Islands ; Great Nicobar ; Tillangschong (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.) — Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.) —
Malay Peninsula ; Quedah (coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist. & Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit.
Mus.) — Sumatra (Snellen). — Java; Batavia (Snellen).— Siam ; Chentaboon; Nahconchaisee (Druce).

There is no doubt of this being a variable species, though we need not necessarily follow
Mr. Kirby* to the full extent of his varietal speculations, and though, in one philosophical
sense he is most probably correct, on the other hand a number of local races have now become
so well established that the much-vexed, contested, and, in some quarters, almost deified term
" species" must necessarily be applied.! The two males which I have figured — the first from
Quedah and the second from Province Wellesley — sufficiently show inconstancy of type, and
Dr. Aurivillius I has added (and doubtless correctly added) several names to the synonymy,
which I have only refrained from copying here, owing to the exigencies of the treatment of a
local fauna. §

The late Mr. Darwin, in reference to his theory of " sexual selection," has drawn attention
to the colour-markings of the male of this species, to which his attention had jjeen called by
Dr. Schulte, of Fiirstenwalde. The markings of the male when viewed from behind are pure
white, " but when viewed in front, in which position, as Dr. Schulte remarks, the male would
be seen by the female when approaching her, the white markings are surrounded by a halo of
beautiful blue." ||

The Bros, de Alwis have given drawings of the larva and pupa of this species as found in
Ceylon, IT which Mr. Moore has described** as "Larva purple-brown; head armed witli two
long erect branched spines, the segments with a dorsal row of three (two only on the anterior

* Cat. Dim-u. Lep. p. 224 (1871).

f My friend Mr. Kirby has informecl me that in making this excellent Catalogiie, in the uneutomological — ami. as
regards Hbraries, uncongenial — habitat of Dublin, he depended much on the assistance of the late Mr. Hewitsou, owing tn that
gentleman's then unrivalled collection. It is more than an opeu secret that Mr. Hewdtson altogether failed to grasp the
initial elements of evolution, and yet, strange to say. though, as is so frequently the case, his cabinets — in which allied
and, in some cases, remotely allied forms are placed under one name, to the great scandal of the conscientious specitic
discriminator — bear eloquent witness to at least his own view of the mutabilitj' of species.

I Kongl. sv. vet. Ak. Handl. Bd. 19, no. 5, p. 96 (1882).

;; Authorities have differed as to the proper recognition of these allied forms. Thiis Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874,
p. 282) has maintained that the " Bohna group" contains "several distinct and well-marked species," whilst the dn-tct
contrary is af&rmed by Sehmeltz (Verhandl. d. Ver. f. naturwissensch. Unterh. z. Hamb. ii. pp. 184 and 185).

II ' Nature,' vol. ssi. p. 237. IT Lep. Ceyl. i. t. 30, fig. 1 6. -- Ibid. p. 58.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 167

and posterior segments) long branched red spines, and three lateral rows of spines. Pupa
thick, purple-brown, blotched with black; abdominal segments with stout pointed dorsal
tubercles ; head obtuse, pointed in front ; thorax angular at top." The larval food-plant is
not given ; but Mr. Lockwood, at Monghyr, found the perfect insect on the leaves of the
"creeping fig" {Ficiis repens),* which may, or may not, give some clue to the same.

2. Hypolimnas incommoda. (Tab. XVII., fig. 8 J' , 9 2 .)

Hi/pnliiiiiiaf! incommoda, Butler, Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 543, u. 2 (1877).

The male and female typical specimens, which are contained in the British Museum, and
are here figured, constitute at present our sole knowledge of the species. I therefore simply
append the original description : —

" $ very similar to the male of //. huUiui, but with the subapical baud of primaries straighter on the
underside, and the pale brown submarginal spots narrower and darker ; expanse of wings, 3 inches 1 line.
2 differs from the female of H. hoUiin in having a broad oblique suf)apical white band on the upperside of
primaries, a large diffused sordid white patch just beyond the cell of secondaries, and the submarginal
spots all separated, small, and pale brown : expanse of wings, 3 inches 11 lines."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

3. Hypolimnas misippus. (Tab. XII., figs. 9 and 11 3 ; XV., fig. 11 ? .)

Fiipiiio ^lislppus, Liiniffius, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 767, n. 118 (1758) ; Miill. Natiu-s. V. i. p. 597, n. 118 (1774).

Papilio Bolina, Dru. (nee Linn.), 111. Ex. Eut. i. t. 14, f. 1, 2 (1773) ; Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 65, E, F (1779).

PajrUio Diocipims, Cram. Pap. Exot. i..p. 44, t. 28, B, C (1775) ; Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 51, n. 158 (1793).

Papilio Clirysippus, Sulz. Gescli. Ins. p. 114, t. 16, f. 3 (1776).

Papiliu Chi-i/sippus, /3. Diocippiis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2279, u. 119(3. (1790).

Euplcea Dioxippe, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Scbmett. p. 15, n. 83 (1816).

Danais Misippe, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 188, n. 40 (1819).

NijmphaUs Misippe, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 394, n. 153 (1823).

Biademci Bolina, Boisd. (nee Linn.),Faime de Madag. p. 39, n. 1 (1883); Lucas, Sagra, Hist, de Cuba, p. 569

(1853); Trim. Khop. Afr. Austr. p. 153, u. 91 (1862).
Apatnra Misippus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 59, t. 29, lib (1881).
Diadema Misippus, Mab. Bull. Soc. Zool. de Fr. 1876, p. 275; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 149, u. 25 (1876);

ibid. XX. p. 66 (1877).
HijpoUmnas misippus, Kirby, Cat. Dim'n. Lep. p. 225, n. 2 (1871) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.S. Beng. vol. l.

pt. 11, p. 233, n. 21 (1881) ; Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Bd. 19, no. 5, p. 71 (1882).

Male. Wings above very dark indigo-blue ; anterior wings with an oblong subapical white spot
divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules ; a large elongated white spot on disk passing apex of cell,
commencing beneath subcostal nervure and terminating between the second and third median nervules ;
posterior wings with a large irregularly rounded discal white spot, commencing on lower half of cell and
bounded liy the first subcostal and the third median nervules ; these spots on both wings are surrounded
by bright but evanescent blue ; fringe alternately greyish. Anterior wings beneath with the large discal
spot iis above, but extending to costa, and more or less margined with fuscous, and before which the
colour is pale castaneous, beneath it fuscous and bej-ond it ochraceous ; basal half of costal area fuscous,
irrorated with minute bluish grey spots ; cell with three upper white spots broadly and irregularly
surrounded with black ; subapical spot as above, followed by a small spot on each side of lower subcostal

* '

Nat. History, Sport, and Travel," p. 264.

r

168 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

nervule and a minute spot on each side of third median nervule ; two narrow submarginal bluish-grey
fascifB, bordered on each side with fuscous. Posterior wings reddish ochraceous, crossed by a broad white
fascia, commencing at costal nervure where it is broadest, and terminating near the internal nervure where
it is narrowest, and which is inwardly straight and anteriorly margined with fuscous ; it is outwardly notched
at upper subcostal nervule, and then rounded to submedian nervure, where it is somewhat prolonged towards
anal angle, and there contains an angulated black spot, and also an irregular black spot situate between
the costal nervure and upper subcostal nervule ; a basal black spot before the precostal nervule, a
submarginal series of small bluish-white spots placed between the nervules, and submarginal fasciae as on
anterior wings. Body above concolorous with wings, and with the head spotted with white ; body beneath
fuscous, spotted with white ; legs fuscous, greyish white beneath ; palpi (excluding apices) white beneath.

Female. Wings above reddish ochraceous. Anterior wings with rather less than apical half,
beginning at base, gradually widening across apex of cell and narrowly terminating at posterior angle,
black, containing a waved series of five white spots placed between the nervules, the first smallest and
linear, the second and third subquadrate, fourth and fifth more or less rounded ; this series is preceded by
about two small subcostal white spots and followed by a waved series of four small subapical white spots, the
two uppermost largest ; two submarginal series of small bluish-white spots, not distinctly extending beyond
the third median nervule, and fringe alternately greyish. Posterior wings with a large central black spot
beneath the costal nervure, and a marginal black fascia preceded by some small paler and indistinct
spots, and containing a series of lunate ochraceous spots placed between the nervules, bluish at anal
angle ; fringe as on anterior wings. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the apex beyond the
transverse spots ochraceous and not black ; posterior wings with the disk whitish ; a basal spot and a
central subcostal spot as in male, and a black spot at end of cell ; a broad white marginal fascia containing
three waved black lines, and preceded by a series of small white spots.

Exp. wings, <? 62 to 70 millim. ; 2 72 to 85 millim.

Hab. — Africa; Senegal; Congo; Gabon (Mabille) ; Angola [Monteiro — Druce*); Natal; Damaraland
(Trimen) ; DelagoaBay (coll. Dist.) ; Abyssinia (Antinori — Oberthiirt). — Madagascar (Boisduval). — Ceylon
(Moore). — Nicobar Islands; Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.) — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.) — Sumatra (Snellen). — Java ; Batavia (Snellen). — Celebes (Snellen). — Siam ; Chentaboon (Druce t). —
Formosa (Brit.Mus.) — America; Florida (Edwards §). — Cuba (Lucas). — Antigua (coll.Hewits.) — Trinidad. ||

Males of this species differ in size and also in the shape of the white markings, as the
two Province Wellesley specimens here figured (Tab. XII., figs. 9 & 11) sufficient!)- testify.

This species in its female sex affords one of the best and strongest examples of
" mimicry," it being a true and startling mimic of Banais chrysippus, a protected species which
is found with it in its different habitats, excluding America, where, however, it is evidently an
introduced species. 11 According to Boisduval,** this resemblance is even found at first sight,
in the larvce of the two species, which in South Africa feed upon the leaves of the Oleander. ft

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 409. -f Annal. del Mus. Civ. di St. Nat. di Geuova, vol. xv. p. 1G7, n. 49 (1880).

* Troc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106.

!; ' Papilio,' vol. i. p. 30 (1881). This species is recorded as D. boliiia, but as Drai-y's figure is referred to, no
misapprelieusion can arise.

II Mr. Meldola informs me he has received the species from Trinidad.

II Mr. Meldola (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. i. p. 157), in communicating some notes from that excellent obsei-ver
Fritz MiiUer, and in reference to this fact, observes that it is "quite conceivable" that the mimicked species (D-chrysippiix] may
have become altogether extinct. On the other hand, it seems more probable that the HijpoUmiias is an introduced species
than to suppose that such a widely distributed Danaid should have become extinct over such a wide area, in which other
tawny species of the genus find an extensive and congenial home, the food-plant (Asclepias) being the same for the different
species. Moi-eover, we have record of the migratory habits of this Hi/jmlimiias. Mr. Newman (' Entomologist,' vol. iii. p. 226)
recorded the .species under the name of D. bolina, Boisd., as having reached a ship during a cyclone, about six huudred miles
fi'om the West Coast of Afi-ica, and two hundred miles from the Cape de Verd Islands.

■:=* Faun. Ent. Madag. p. 40. ff Trimen, Khop. Afr. Austr. p. 155.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 169

To add to the reasonableness of this explanation we have the foUowing cumulative evidence : —
In Eastern Africa and South-Western Asia an aUied species to Dauais chnjsipjms is found —
the D. dorippus, Klug— and here we find also a closely-allied species to, or a local race of,
Hijpoliinnas viisijipus,— the H. inaria, Cram.,— the female of which is a close mimic of King's
Danaid.* And quite recently Mr. Butler has described,! from the Victoria Nyanza, another
species of the genus, under the name of H. alcippoides, which is a mimic of the African
Danais alcippus.

Hypolimnas anomala.

Piadema anomala, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 285, n. 15.

The species is only known to me by Mr. Wallace's description : —

"Male. Form of D. Antilope, rather smaller."

"Above; bronzy or olive-bl•o^Yn, with a blue gloss on the costal and outer margins of the anterior
wings, and the outer part of the hind wings paler. A row of white round spots parallel to the outer margin
as in D. Antilope, but larger and more distinct ; a band of three white or bluish-white marks, sometimes
very indistinct, across the anterior wings beyond the middle ; marginal and submarginal spots as in
D. Antilope. Beneath; olive-brown, sj)ots and markings as above, with one additional white spot on the
costal margin."

"Female. Above; rich purple-brown, the whole sm-face of the upper wings, except the basal third,
richly glossed with satiny blue ; a transverse baud of three bluish elongate spots beyond the cell, and a
fourth much smaller ; the two white spots of the intra-marginal band nearest the costa large and confluent,
while those nearest the anal angle are small and indistinct. Beneath; as in male."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; " Malacca" (S ). — "Java" ( $ ) (coll. Wallace).

* A closely allied species or race of H. misippus has recently been described from Guinea by Herr Dewitz under the
name of H. poggei (Verh. L.-C. Ak. Naturf. sh. (2), p. 25, t. 2, f. 2), and it will be interesting to discover whether a racial
modification of D. clirysippus has also ensued in that habitat.

In relation to the need of protection required by butteiilies from birds and other enemies, necessarily postulated in the
doctrine of " mimicry, " it is somewhat remarkable how some able entomologists and many other collectors have failed to see
this phase of the struggle for existence in the butterfly world. Thus Mr. S. Scudder, writing from North America (' Nature,'
vol. iii. p. 147), states, "Although I have hunted bvitterflies for fifteen years 1 confess 1 have never seen one in a bird's bill,
and my faith in that method of lessening their numbers is very slight;" and Mr. H. H. Higgius (' Notes of a Field Naturalist
in the Western Tropics,' p. 35) records that during three days he watched two species of Flycatchers actively at work, and that
" not a butterfly of any kind was touched" ; and further, tliat during " the entn-e joiu'ney 1 did not see a buttei-fly of any kind
attacked by a bird." In striking contrast to these doubts are the affirmations of many distinguished natiu'ahsts and travellers.
Thus Mr. Belt (' Naturalist in Nicaragua,' p. ol6) observed " a pair of bhds that were bringing butterflies and dragonflies to
then- young." Mr. T. P. Bigg- Wither (' Pioneering in South Brazil,' vol. i. p. 292), speaking of a bird known by the local name
of " Suruquii," relates that its " princi2)al food consists of butterflies and other soft-bodied flying insects." Mr. P. H. Gosse
('Birds of Jamaica,' p. 191), writing of one of the Greeulets (Vireosylvia calidris), remarks that he has seen one in eager but
unsuccessful pursuit of a butterfly (Terias). Mr. Wallace is a witness that " in the Brazilian forests there are great numbers
of insectivorous birds — as jaoamars, trogons, and pufi'-birds — which catch insects on the wing, and that they destroy many
butterflies is indicated by the fact that the wings of these insects are often found on the ground, where theh bodies have been
devoured" ('Natural Selection,' p. 79). In Southern India Mr. E. L. Arnold ('On the Indian Hills,' vol. i. p. 247-8) describes
Terias hecate and Papilio pammon as apparently " the principal victims of the graceful green bee-eaters, a pair of which had
their perches on the woodwork of a disused well, and every now and then made rapid darts at passing insects. They never
missed their prey, and always brought their quarry back to the same spot to be diswmged before being swallowed, the ground
under then- watch-towers being thickly strewn with gaily painted shreds of unfortunate butterthes and bees." Such quotations
could be considerably increased Lf space permitted.

Besides the numerous foes of buttex-flies, as birds, lizards, dragonflies, &c., may be added at least some of the "foraging-
ants." Dr. F. EUendorf, at Nivas in Nicaragua, describes having met a column with " all the ants laden with leaves, beetles,
pupae, butterflies, &c." (Quoted by Biichner, 'Mind in Animals, Eng. transl., p. 98). As to hzards, Mr. K. W. Shufeldt has
recently (Amer. Nat. vol. xvii. p. 924-5) described seeing the American Chameleon (Anolis principalis) make " a successful
spring upon rather a large buttei-fly," and having silenced its prey, " tore off the creature's wings, and disposed of his body
sans ceremonie."

t Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. 102.

Decembee, 1883. 2 x

170 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Genus CETHOSIA.

Cethosia, Fabricius, 111. Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807); Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 150 (1848); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.

vol. i. p. 51 (1881).
Alazonia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46 (1816).

Anterior -wings subtriangular ; costal margin arched and convex, the apes rounded ; outer margin
oblique and dentately waved ; inner margin slightly concave about centre. Costal nervure extending to
about two-thirds of the costal margin ; first subcostal nervule emitted a little before the termination of the
cell, second at a short distance beyond cell, third at about midway between end of cell and apex of wing,
fourth and fifth bifurcating nearer base of third than apex of wing ; upper disco-cellular nervule very short,
middle disco-cellular oblique and concave, lower disco-cellular almost twice the length of the middle and
slightly concave ; discoidal nervules emitted be3'ond basal third of wing ; first and second median nervules
with an apparently common origin at end of cell, the first strongly curved near base. Posterior wings
broadly subovate, costal margin obliquely convex, outer margin rounded and dentately waved, abdominal
margin straight and oblique to beyond apex of abdomen and then obliquely excavated at anal angle ; costal
nervm-e extending to apex ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth from end of cell ; disco-
cellular nervules (the lower disco-cellular present) oblique and concavely bent ; first and second median
nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell, the first strongly curved at base. Body moderately
robust ; palpi porrect, raised above the level of the head, strongly villose beneath, third joint small and
pointed ; antennae long, with a somewhat slender club.

Cethosia is a truly eastern genus, being found in Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, and onwards through the Malay Peninsula, the whole
Malayan Archipelago, Papua, and Australia. Most of the species have a common facies, as is
shown in those belonging to this fauna, though New Ireland, Timor, and Java produce very
distinct, and — as far as colour markings are concerned — somewhat aberrant species.

The larva of G. cyme, in Southern India, has been delineated by Mr. S. N. Ward, and
published in Horsfield and Moore's Catalogue,* whilst that of the Ceylon species has been
portrayed by the Bros, de Alwis, and published in Moore's ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon.'

In both cases these larvte are gaily coloured with red and yellow bands, with dorsal
slender and finely branched spines, and with a pair of suberect processes to the head.

In India Capt. Mortimer J. Slater observed the transformations of " a species of Cethosia,
from a larva feeding on the passion-flower," and he describes the spines as " stinging."!

1. Cethosia logani. I (Tab. VIII., fig. 5c?.)

Cethosia Lo<jani, Distant, Ent. Mouth. Mag. vol. xviii. p. 134 (1881).

Male. Anterior wings above with the basal third bright red, remainder black with white markings ;
cell crossed by three pairs of narrow black fascis, the last pair somewhat indistinct, owing to the proximity

* Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 155, t. v. f. 8.

f Ibid. p. 155. Caterpillars possessing " stinging hairs" or other uneatable qualities are, as a rule, brilliantlj' marked
and coloured so as to be conspicuous even at a considerable distance. Mr. Wallace proposed a very philosophical explanation
of this fact: — " Distastefulness alone would, however, be of httle sex-vice to caterpillars, because their soft and juicy bodies
are so delicate, that if seized and rejected by a bird they would almost certainly be killed. Some constant and easily
perceived signal was therefore necessary to serve as a warning to birds never to touch these uneatable kinds, and a very
gaudy and conspicuous colouring, with the habit of fully exposing themselves to view, becomes such a signal, being in strong
contrast with the green or l)rown tints and retiring habits of tlie eatable kinds" ('Natural Selection,' p. 188). This view
requires to be reconciled with the theory of "experimental knowledge" lately put forward in connection with insectivorous
birds and inedible butterflies.

I This species is dedicated to the late J. B. Logan, of Penang, who, by the possession of a vast and varied oriental
learning, focussed in himself the whole centre and direction of scientific study in the Straits Settlements, and who, by
founding and sustaining the ' Journal of the East Indian Archipelago,' has left uo inconsiderable evidence of the same.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 171

of the black area ; an indistinct arcuated spot beneath cell, and two somewhat waved linear spots
separated by the third median nervule ; the dark area contains the following white markings : — four spots
a little beyond end of cell, of which the third is very small ; beyond these are three large lanceolate
spots, indistinctly margined with white, divided by the diseoidal nervules, and outwardly followed by
a series of five small spots situate between the nervules ; a very large and irregular subquadrate spot
bounded by the first and third median nervules ; a small lunate spot beneath the thu'd median nervule, and
a submarginal row of large but somewhat obscure lunately linear spots. Posterior wings bright red, with
the outer margin broadly black, which is inwardly bordered with a series of irregular spots of the same
colour, and with nine or ten scattered and irregular black spots on the basal area ; the broad black
marginal border contains two small red spots divided by the diseoidal nervule, and a submarginal series
of large pale, but obscure lunately linear spots. Anterior wings beneath much paler, the black apical area
being brownish-ochraceous ; cell crossed as above, but the colour between the black fasciae violaceous,
all the white markings either larger or more distinct, the lanceolate spots beyond cell being wholly greyish
white, containing inwardly an ovate, linear black spot, and outwardly two rounded black spots ; the
marginal lunately linear spots paler and with central pale lines. Posterior wings paler and of the same hue
as the anterior wings, with a black subcostal line at base surrounded with greyish ; an oblique greyish
fascia near base margined with black, each margin with a double termination at abdominal margin;
a similar greyish fascia crossing centre of wing, with much-broken black margins, the outer of which is
very pale; a broad greyish outer discal fascia containing a series of small black spots near its outer
margin, which is black, and with a similar but poorer and more irregular series near its inner margin,
which is also more or less black ; outer marginal hinate spots as on anterior wings, but more broadly
margined with black. Body more or less reddish ochraceous.

Female. Almost indistinguishable from the male, but with the white markings of the anterior wings
a little larger.

Exp. wings, 73 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

This species is most nearly allied to C. nicoharica, Feld., which is found both in the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; it is somewhat intermediate between that and the following
species, C. methypsea.

2. Cethosia methypsea. (Tab. VIII., fig. 9 <? .)

Cethosia methypsea, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 543, n. 1 (1877).

Male. Anterior wings above resembling those of C. logani, but the basal reddish area less black-
spotted and the apical black area crossed a little beyond cell by an oblique series of six pale spots
(ochraceous-white or greyish-white) placed between the nervules, the upper three being minute, and the
fifth and sixth notched with black ; between the lower spot and the costa is a waved outer series of four
small spots.* Posterior wings with the outer black margin narrower than in C. logani, and without the
numerous black discal spots. Wings beneath with the ground colour and the cellular markings of the
anterior wings generally as in the preceding species ; anterior wings with a broad oblique ochraceous-white
or greyish-white fascia a little beyond the cell, the upper part of which is margined with small black spots,
which are then deflexed and obliquely continued across wing, where they become the inner margin of an
oblique discal subtriangular pale fascia ; both these fasciae are also outwardly margined with blackish, and
the upper one terminates in a narrow pale submarginal fascia, which contains a series of black spots ;
outer margin much as in C. logani. Posterior wings with the basal and subbasal fasciae as in the preceding

* These have been omitted by the artist.

172 RHOPALOCEBA MALAYAXA.

species, and with a broad central irregular and much-waved pale fascia, which is inwardly margined with
black s23ots ; a black spot in cell ; a submarginal narrow pale fascia inwardly margined with small rounded
black spots and outwardly by narrow linear black spots ; outer margin much as in C. logani.

Female. More ochraceous than the male ; black area of the anterior wings rather larger, the
oblique macular fascia above larger, continuous, and much more pale ochraceous, and the connecting
spots with costa also more distinct ; the pale disks of both wings are also a little more black- spotted.
Wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, S 80 millim. ; S (one spec.) 60 millim.

Hab.* — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.)

I only possess one female specimen of this species, and should incline to the view that
it must be abnormally small in size, as the above-given dimension testifies.

The males vary in having the pale markings either ochraceous-white or nearly pure
gi'eyish-white.

3. Cethosia hypsina. (Tab. VIII., figs. 6 and 7 <?; 8 2.)

Cethosia hypsina, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 385, n. 559 (1866); Butl. Trans. Linu. See. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 543, n. 2 (1877).

Male. Wings above as in C. methypsea, but the black area larger and occupying the cell, which
is crossed by some indistinct reddish fasciae (obsolete in some specimens) ; an oblique and very much
sinuated pale ochraceous or greyish-white macular fascia situate a little beyond cell and terminating a little
beneath the second median ner^nle, but without the outer pale spots as in C. methi/psea ,■ posterior wings
as in that species, but with the black margin somewhat broader, its enclosed pale lunate lines clear
and distinct, and the discal area more black-spotted. Wings beneath as in C. mcthypsca, but the red
colouring darker ; the posterior wings have the central pale fascia situate farther from the base, and the
series of linear and rounded black spots are nearer the black margin and not placed at the margins
of a narrow pale fascia ; on the anterior wings the narrow pale submarginal fascia is replaced by a series
of dark spots situate nearer the outer margin.

Female. Wings above generally jjaler and more ochraceous than the male, the black area to the
anterior wings much larger and occupying the whole wing, with the exception of the oblique macular
fascia beyond cell and a large subtriangular space on inner margin, which does not extend above the
third median nervule, and is there distinctly paler ; wings beneath as in the other sex.

Exp. wings, ^ 70 to 80 millim. ; 2 73 to 78 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.) t — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist.
and Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

This species is a near ally to C. hijpsea, a Bornean species ; the males are very similar,
but the females are sufficiently distinct.

* Mr. Butler remarks (Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. '2, Zool. vol. i. p. 543), " We have a female from Assam." This is
probably one of the insects so locahsetl on the authority of Mr. Warwick, but Mr. Wood-Masou has confiJed to me his
opinion that none of the insects labelled "Assam — Warwick" were reaUy collected in that district, and as he has large
collections of Assam butterflies tmder his care at Calcutta, I have accepted his report, and have not quoted the habitat.

f Mr. Butler also states the British Museum collection contains the species from Assam ; but, as previously stated,
that habitat is open to great doubt, and I have not used it.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 173

Genus ATELLA.

Atella, Doubleday, Gen. Dium. Lep. p. 165 (1848) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 61 (1881).
Phalanta, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. 7, f. 5 (1829).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin arched and convex, the apex rounded ; outer margin
oblique, moderately concave, and slightly waved ; inner margin concavely sinuated. Costal nervure
terminating at about centre of margin ; first subcostal nervure emitted just before the end of cell, second
at a little distance beyond cell, third emitted at about twice the distance from second as that nervule
is from the first, fourth and fifth bifurcating about midway between base of second and apex of wing;
upper disco-cellular nervule short and obliquely directed inwardly, middle disco-cellular concavely bent,
lower disco-cellular suberect and more or less concave ; discoidal nervules emitted beyond basal third of
wing ; second median nervule emitted at base of lower disco-cellular nervule. Posterior wings subovate ;
costal margin oblique and slightly convex ; outer margin rounded and waved, in some species prominently
caudate at apex of first median nervule ; abdominal margin straight at area of abdomen and then obliquely
divergent to anal angle. Costal ner^T.ire extending to apex ; precostal nervure curved outwardly ;
disco-cellular nervules almost equal in length, the upper distinctly concave, the lower slender and also
bent inwardly, with the second median nervule emitted at about its base. Body moderate in size ; palpi
reaching above the upper surface of the eyes, finely pilose, the apex slender and conically pointed;
antennae moderate, with a compressed and spatulate apex or club.

This is a genus of moderate extent, which is found in Africa, and extends generally
throughout the Oriental region and the Malayan Archipelago.

The immature forms — both larval and pupal — of one species
found in this fauna have been figured by Horsfield,* as observed
in Java, and bv the Bros, de Alwis, t in Ceylon. These figures FiG.45^-Larvaof4f«Hap/«z««te, iw.,,.

' • ' ' ./ o Horsfield s Gat. Jjep. iJj.l.L.

probably represent two different stages in the existence of the

caterpillar, as the Ceylon figure is small and "purple-brown," whilst that of the Javan larva

is considerably larger and pale greenish above.]:

a. Outer margin of jjosterior wings rounded, not caudate.

1. Atella phalanta. (Tab. IX., fig. 4 ^ .)

PapUio phalanta, Drury, 111. Ex. Ent. i. t. 21, f. 1, 2 (1773).

Papilio columbina, Cram. Pap. Ex. iii. t. 238, A. B. ; iv. t. 337, D. E. (1782).

Aryijmiis phalanta, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 259, n. 10 (1819).

Phalanta columbina, Horsf. Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. t. 7, f. 5 (1829).

Atella phalanta, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 152, t. 5, f. 7 (1857); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix.

p. 149, n. 27 (1876) ; ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877) ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 514, n. 1

(18771 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 62, t. 31, f. 1, la (1881).

Male and Female. Wings above bright ochraceous, with the following blackish markings : — anterior
wings with the apical half of the costal margin, four narrow waved fasciaB (arranged in pairs) crossing
cell, a waved and broken spot beyond cell extending from costa to the lower discoidal nervule, an oblique
series of four spots divided by the median nervules ; a straight discal series of six spots placed between the
nervules, followed by a similar series of four spots, the upper of which is placed between the discoidal

* Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. 7, f. 5, 5a. t Moore's Lep. Ceylon, i. t. 31, f. la.

* The lai-viE of Pyrameis qonerilla. a New Zealand species, are tlescribed by Mr. G. V. Hudson (Entomologist, vol. xvi-
pp. '217-18) as exhibiting after the third and last moult •' no less than foiu- distinct varieties."

Decembee, 1883. 2 \

174

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

nervules and the fourth between the second and third median nervules ; a submarginal and much-waved
fascia terminating at the third median nervule, where it is followed by an irregiilar spot, and which is more
or less connected along the nervules with a marginal series of spots preceded by a narrow line ; posterior
wings with some transversely waved linear fasciae on basal area ; a discal series of four rounded spots, the
two upi^er divided by the lower subcostal nervule, and the third and fourth by the second median nervule ;
two waved submarginal fasciae, the innermost particularly waved and sinuated, and a marginal series
of elongate spots. Wings beneath as above, but with most of the dark markings paler ; anterior wings
with the black spots near outer angle very large and prominent ; the straight series of spots beyond cell
are outwardly margined with greyish, and beyond this the wing has a violaceous suffusion ; posterior wings
with the outer central linear dark fascia reddish and outwardly margined with greyish, beyond which the
colour has a violaceous tinge, and the black spots are very minute and surrounded with reddish. Body
above somewhat concolorous with wings, beneath greyish ; legs ochraceous, the femora greyish.

Exp. wings, (? and ? , 55 to 58 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Lang) ; Nepaul (Brit. AIus.) ; Saugor, Oudh, Calcutta,
Bombay (Capt. de la Chaumette). — Burma , Moulmein (Brit. Mus.) — Ceylon (coll. Dist.) — Malay Peninsula ;
Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (Snellen).— Java (coll.
Dist.) ; Batavia (Snellen). — Siam (Brit. Mus.) — China (Brit. Mus.).

A closely allied species is found in Africa, which, though very similar in the perfect
condition, is described by Mr. Gooch, in Natal, as having the larva and pupa very different.
This author also observes that " at some periods of the year the imago is much darker than at
others"*; a remark of pregnant importance when we see the specific subdivision going on
around us, frequently based on such characters alone. It is a statement that may also explain
the melanism of some specimens of A. phalanta in my own collection.

In the N.W. Himalaya, Capt. Lang found this species " tolerably abundant up to 8000
feet elevation" t whilst in the same area Mr. Hocking describes it as " found in the valleys." \
According to Capt. de la Chaumette, "its rapid flight makes it easily known; it does not
bounce about like a true Aniijiuns, but it is very restless." § Mr. Hutchison states that in
Ceylon it is "plentiful at Colombo, in gardens, during the S.W. Monsoon, and again towards
the end of the year," || whilst Mr. Rothney found it common near Calcutta from early May to
September. H

The larva is figured {ante, p. 173), and is recorded by the previously quoted authors to
feed in Ceylon and Continental India on Flacourtia and Salix sp., and in Java on Ixora sp.

2. Atella alcippe.

J'Ui.ili. — Atella ahippe, g.

* ' Entomologist,' vol. siv. p. 3.
§ Ent. Month. Mag. vol. ii. p. 37.

Papilio Alcippe, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. t. 889, f. G, H (1782).

Aiiii/nnis Alciope, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 259, u. 8 (1819).

Ati'lht alciitpe, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lap. p. 151, n. 2 (1871) ; Wood-Mas.

and de Nic. J. A. S. Beugl. vol. xlix. p. 227, n. 12 (1880); ibid. vol. l,

p. 232, n. 17 (1881).

Male. Smaller than A. phalanta, but resembling that species in
colour and markings, though differing in the following particulars : — The
anterior wings have the apical half of the costal margin more broadly

t Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 495.
II Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 62.

I Ibiil. 1882, p. 243.

% Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xix. p. 34.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 175

black; the outer margin also is broadly black, preceded by a contiguous waved fascia, which is deflected
to costa at the lower discoidal nervule, thus enclosing two ochraceous spots ; between these and end of
cell the wing is crossed by a waved series of small spots placed between the nervules ; the cell is crossed
by three pairs of linear fasciae, and is followed by a broader oblique fascia terminating at first median
nervule, and beneath cell are four linear markings, two near base, the third longest and broken, the fourth
smallest between the first and second median nervules. Posterior wings with a broad outer black margin,
preceded by a narrower waved and sinuated submarginal fascia; outer discal spots as in A. pludaiita,
but the upper one very minute ; on inner side of these and extending from about the extremities of the
submarginal fascia is a narrow linear and somewhat broken fascia; other basal markings as in the
preceding species, but more distinct. Wings beneath marked generally as above, but with corresponding
differences as in ^1. phalanta.

Exp. wings, (? 44 to 46 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Sylbet (coll. Moore). — Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de
Nic.) — Nieobar Islands ; Katschall (Wood-Mas. & de Nie.) — Burma ; Tavoy (coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula ;
Peuang (coll. Gosse) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.>.

I am indebted to Mr. P. H. Gosse for the first iutimatiou of this species occurring in our
fauna, and his Penang specimen is here figured. I have since received it from Province
Wellesley.

aa. Outer margin of posterior wmgs prominently caudate.

3. Atella sinha. (Tab. X., fig. 8 ^ .)

TciiiKis Sinlia, Kollar, Hug. Kaschm. iv. 2, p. 438 (1848).

Atella Sinha, Butl. Traus. Linn. ISoc. «ei-. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 544, u. 2 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 828.

Male. Anterior wings above ochraceous ; a dark waved fascia commencing at costa beyond end
of cell, concavely extending to first median nervule, and then obliquely deflexed beneath cell to near inner
margin ; within the fascia the colour is brownish, the cell being crossed by four naiTow black fascije ; the
apex more or less suffused with blackish, either totally and enclosing some ochraceous spots, as in the
specimen figured, or exhibiting two moderately well-defined oblique fasciae ; outer margin broadly blackish,
preceded by a narrow submarginal line of the same colour, and with four small blackish spots, of which
three — always visible — are placed two above and one beneath the second median nervule, and the fourth —
sometimes fused in the apical coloration as in the specimen figured — situate between the discoidal nervules.
Posterior wings of the same hue as the anterior, but with the outer third brownish, inwardly marked by a
series of small dark spots placed between the nervules, and with broad marginal and submarginal dark
fasciae, between which the colour is narrowly pale ochraceous. Anterior wings beneath with the basal
dark coloration more violaceous, the cell pale, but dark between the narrow black fasciae, all the dark
markings much paler, being brownish or violaceous, and with a series of distinct pale lunulate spots
crossing the wing before the dark spots. Posterior wings beneath more or less violaceous, crossed by
two central and much-waved narrow and darker fascise, between the upper .portions of which the
colour is pale ochraceous, and both of which are more or less outwardly margined with pearly greyish ;
a greyish subquadrate spot in cell margined on three of its sides with dark violaceous, the outer discal
spots margined with rufous, but with the one above the first median nervule obsolete ; outer margins pale,
as on anterior wings. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath greyish or very pale ochraceous.

Exp. wings, (? 5G to 63 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.) — Burma ; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula ;
Penang (coll. Gosse). — Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Banca*
— Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.).

* Collected by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874).

176 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Genus CUPHA.

Cupha, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820); Scudd. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. vol. x. p. 149 (1875);

Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 84 (1881).
Messaras, Doub. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 163 (1848).

Wings rather short and broad. Anterior wings subtriangukr, the costal margin very strongly arched
and moderately convex, apex obtusely rounded, outer margin waved and obliquely rounded, inner margin
somewhat eoncavely sinuated. Costal nervure extending to about centre of costal margin ; first and second
subcostal nervules short, the first emitted just before end of cell, the second about midway between bases
of first and third, fourth and fifth bifurcating about midway between base of third and apex ; the fourth
somewhat bent near base. Lower disco-cellular nervule very slender and eoncavely oblique. Discoidal
nervules emitted at about one-third from base of wing. First and second median nervules with an
apparently common origin at end of the cell. Posterior wings broadly ovate ; costal margin obliquely
convex ; outer margin rounded and waved ; abdominal margin oblique to apex of internal nervure, and
obliquely and somewhat eoncavely divergent to anal angle. Lower disco-cellular nervule obsolete, leaving
the cell open. Body somewhat slender. Palpi raised above the upper level of the eyes, j.'obust, thickly
and finely pilose, the apical joint slender and somewhat pointed. Antennse with a long and very gradually
formed club.

This genus extends from Continental India throughout the Malay Peninsula, the Malayan
Ai'chipelago, and Papua, is found in Ceylon and the Andaman and Nicohar Islands, and as far
north as China. Cupha is a genus of moderate specific capacity, about ten species being
at present known to science.

1. Cupha erymanthis. (Tal). VIII., fig. 4 <? .)

Pn/nlio Erymanthis, Drury, 111. Ex. Ent. i. t. 15, f. 3, 4 (1773) ; Cram. Pap. Ex. iii. t. 238, F, G (1782).

Arqijnnis Enjmnnthis, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 257, u. 4 (1819).

Papilio Loti.i, Sulz. (uec. Cram.), Gesch. lus. t. 16, f. 6 (1776).

Messaras eri/mantliis, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 342, u. 1 ; ibid. 1874, p. 10, n. 1 : Butl. Trans. Linn.

Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 544, n. 1 (1877) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 827 ; Snell. Tijd. Ent.

xix. p. 150, n. 30 (1876).

Male and Female. Wings above brownish ochraceous, with two irregular dark spots in cell, and two
narrow waved dark lines at end of same ; a broad and much waved and sinuated stramineous fascia a little
beyond cell, which is inwardly margined with blackish, and beyond which the colour is wholly blackish
containing a stramineous spot between the discoidal nervules, and a lineate spot between the second and
third median nervules ; in the pale fascia are two dark brownish spots separated by the second median
nervule, and a larger quadrate spot beneath the third median nervule. Posterior wings with a narrow, black,
strongly, and irregularly waved line crossing wing near apex of cell ; this is followed by a straighter and
broken linear fascia, outwardly margined with ochraceous, again succeeded by an outer discal row of spots
placed between the nervules, two submarginal waved and broken fascife and a marginal fascia, all blackish.
Abdominal margin greyish brown. Wings beneath as above, but pale ochraceous ; anterior wings with the
pale fascia much broader and beneath the first median nervule, widening to outer margin, where it
contains a waved linear fascia before the dark spots ; the apical area brownish, containing three pale
spots beyond the pale fascia, and separated by the discoidal ner^iiles, and two submarginal narrow
waved dark linear fascise, which are broken, maculate, and elongate near apex ; posterior wings with
a distinct lunulate pale violaceous fascia before the black spots, which are more or less surrounded

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 177

with reddish, the black fasciae above, pale brownish beneath. Body and legs more or less coucolorous
with wings.

Exp. wings, <y and 2 , 54 to 60 millim.

Hab. — ^Continental India ; Dacca (Slater — Horsf. & Moore) ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.) — Burma ; Moulmein
(Brit. Mus.) — Upper Tenasserim (Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Banca.* — Java; Batavia (Snellen) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.) — Borneo (coll.
Godm. & Salv.) — Siam; Chentaboon (Druce). — Formosa (Hobson — Brit. Mus.) — China (Brit. Mus.).

Of the habits of this abundant and widely spread species we know little. Capt. Slater
remarks " tolerably plentiful at Dacca, 1844. Flies quietly, and is easily captured. I used to
find one or two almost invariably near a deep pool of stagnant water overhung with bamboo,
jungle, &c."t

A variety \ of this species is found in the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, and another
closely allied but darker form is found in Ceylon. §

Genus CIEKOCHROA.

Cirrochroa, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 157 (1848) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 62 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular, either somewhat short and ample or apically prolonged ; costal margin
arched and convex, the apex I'ounded and in some species falcate, the outer margin more or less concave
and waved, the inner margin moderately concavely sinuate. Costal nervure extending to about half the
length of the costal margin ; first subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before the end of
the cell, second at almost extremity of cell, third at a short distance before the bifurcation of the fourth
and fifth, the fourth prominently bent and angulated. Disco-cellular nervules obliquely bent inwardly, the
middle concave and about half the length of the lower; first and second median nervules with an
apparently common origin a little beyond the base of the lower disco-cellular. Posterior wings ovate and
elongate ; costal margin moderately convex, the outer margin strongly waved ; abdominal margin straight
to apex of internal nervure and then concavely excavated to anal angle. Costal nervure reaching apex of
wing; first subcostal nervule emitted opposite the base of third median nervule; lower disco-cellular
nervule obsolete, leaving the cell entirely open ; internal nervm-e strongly curved at base and slightly
at apex. Body somewhat slender ; palpi reaching the upper margin of the head, finely pilose, the apex
slender and obtusely pointed ; antenna with a slender, long and gradually formed club.

In the posterior wings of the male there is a longitudinal broad impression between the discoidal and
the first median nervules, somewhat concave above and convex beneath.

In some species, as the Indian C. aoris, \\ the sexes differ widely in appearance, the female
being of a more obscure and duller colour above. This, however, is not the rule with the
majority of the sj^ecies of the genus.

* Collected by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874).

f Hoisf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 151. J C. nicobarica, Feld. § C.placida, Moore.

11 Prof. Westwood (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 113, t. 11) has described and figured two Gyuandromorplious specimens
of C. aoris, which exhibit in each specimen (either partially or completely) the colour markings of both sexes.

As Prof. Westwood has pointed out, " The term Gynandromorphism was first applied by M. Lacordaire to supersede
in Entomology that of Hermaphroditism." " In insects, gynandromorphous specimens partaking abnormally of the characters
of both sexes, are generally bilateral ; the sexual distinctive characters (which are for the most part in these instances the
secondary ones) of one sex being exhibited on one side of the body and its organs, and the peculiarities of the opposite sex
being seen on the other half of the insect." This is called " complete" gynandromorphism ; but other cases occur in which,
" whilst the body of the insect appears to be unisexual, the partial sexual divarication is confined entirely to the secondary
sexual characters." Prof. Westwood observes that " the pecuhar import of this strange modification in a physiological point
of view is very dUfieult to be understood."

December, 1883. 2 z

178 RHOPALOCEEA MALAYAN A.

Cirrochroa is somewhat widely distributed, for, beyond the range of the preceding genus,
from India to the Papuan Islands, it is also represented in Australia.

1. Cirrochroa orissa. (Tab. X., fig. 9 $ .)

Cirrochroa orissa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 399, n. 19 (I860) ; Keise, Nov. Lep. iii. t. 49, f. 7, 8 (1866) ;
WaU. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 340 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1873, p. 342, n. 5 ; Butl. Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 513, n. 1 (1877).

Male. Anterior wings above brownish-ochraceous with a broad transverse j'ellow fascia crossing
wing at end of cell and tbe whole apical area black. Posterior wings browmsh-ocbraceous, witb the
following black markings : — a narrow, linear waved fascia crossing wing near end of cell and strongly
angulated at third median nervule, followed by a row of spots placed between tbe nervules (absent between
the discoidal and first median nervules) and a marginal and two sulimarginal much-waved fasciae. Wings
beneath paler ; anterior wings witb tbe central fascia whitish, containing a triangular brownish spot
at inner margin ; apical area brownish, with two long, ovate, contiguous greyish spots at apex, and an
indistinct waved darker submarginal lineate fascia ; posterior wings with the central black fascia above
replaced by a broader pale violaceous fascia beneath, beyond which the colour is more or less shaded with
violaceous, the black spots margined with reddish and two submarginal pale violaceous fasciae. Body
and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Eesembling the male, but with the anterior wings above with a small subapical greyish
streak, and beneath with the pale central fascia crossed by a narrow pale sinuated brownish fascia
attached to the triangular spot at inner margin ; the apical brown area also possesses an indistinct
violaceous much-waved fascia.

Exp. wings, (? and ? , 65 to 68 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (coll. Gosse) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer) ; Malacca
(Pin will — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Wallace). — Borneo (Druce).

2. Cirrochroa satellita. (Tab. XIX., fig. 9 <7 .)

Cirrochroa satellita, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 9 (1869); Lep. Exot. p. 103, t. 38, f. 7 (1872); Druce, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1873, p. 342, n. 4.

Male. Wings above brownish-ochraceous, both wings crossed a little beyond cells by a broad bright
ochraceous fascia, after which the wings are blackish; the pale fascia of posterior wings contains an
incomplete series of black spots placed between the nervules — that at anal angle largest — and two narrow,
waved, black submarginal fascia, the outer of which, above tbe median nervules, is blended with the
posterior black area. Wings beneath paler, the black areas brownish, the central pale fasciae containing
at their inner margins a narrower greyish fascia, widest on anterior wings, where it is also more
ochraceous ; anterior wings with a submarginal. Innately macular, violaceous fascia, beyond which is a
straigbter and more distinct pale fascia ; posterior wings witb a macular violaceous fascia as on anterior
wings, followed by two dark, narrow waved fasciae, the series of black spots larger and more continuous.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, ^ , 55 to 58 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Dr. Townsend — coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Borneo (Druce); Sandakan
Pryer — coll. Dist.)— China ; Hong Kong (coll. Godm. & Salv.).

This does not appear to be an abundant species, at least so judging from present
collections, and is slightly variable in the number of black spots visible on the upper surface
of the posterior wings.

The specimen figured was collected in Perak by Dr. Townsend.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 179

3. Cirrochroa clagia. (Tab. XVII., fig. 7 <? .)

Argijnnis Clayia, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. Suppl. p. 81G (1823); Boisd. Spec. Gen. i. t. 10, f. 6 (18361; Suell.
Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 66 (1877).

Male. Wings above reddisb-ochraceoiis, both wings with a broad outer marginal blackisb fascia,
which on anterior wings is recurved and broadest at apical angle, these blackish areas i:)0ssess two indistinct
narrow dark submarginal fasciae and that on posterior wings is either preceded or inwardly margined
by a series of black spots placed between the nervules ; a very naiTow and non-continuous blackish fascia
also crosses the posterior wings a little beyond cell, which at costal margin has an adjacent greyish spot.
Wings beneath much paler, crossed by a greyish fascia, as in preceding species, which is margined with
reddish ochraceous, and bej'ond which their area is distinctly darker and somewhat tinged with violaceous,
containing the narrow submarginal fasciae as in C. satellita ; the anterior wings have a greyish subapical
spot, and the cell centrally crossed by a sinuated dull reddish line, which is continued beneath the median
nervure, the lower disco-cellular nervule being similarly coloured ; the posterior wings have the black spots
margined with reddish, and the cell crossed by a sinuated dull reddish line, which extends from near the
costal margin to near the submedian nervure. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings ; the
femora, sternum, and abdomen beneath greyish.

Female. Differs from the male above by having distinct traces of a central broad yellowish fascia on
the anterior wings ; the posterior wings having the outer black area narrower, leaving the two narrow
waved fasciae very distinct, the spots thereby appearing further removed.

Exp. wings, ^ and 2 , 63 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Brit. Mus.) — Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.) — Java (Wallace).

The principal variation in the forms of this species appears to consist in the breadth
of the outer black margin to the posterior wings, and the thereby sometime consequent
assimilation or fusion of the bla|Ck spots.

4. Cirrochroa bajadeta. (Tab. XIX., fig. i <? and 2 ? ,)

Cirrochroa bajadeta, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lap. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 150, n. 309, t. 3«, t. 3 (1857) ; Butl.

Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 543, n. 3 (1877).
Cirrochroa ravana, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 150, n. 310 (1857).
Cirrochroa malaya, Druce (nee. Feld.), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 312, u. 1.

Male. Wings above reddish-ochraeeous. Anterior wings, with the costa, a narrow transverse fascia
near end of cell, and the outer margin — very broad at apex — black ; beyond the cell the colour is somewhat
paler, giving the appearance of a broad transverse fascia ; and a small ochraceous subapical spot. Posterior
wings with the outer area from end of cell paler, its inner area marked on each side of the submedian
nervure with a lunate black linear spot, and by a similar spot above the upper subcostal nervule ; an
irregular series of small black spots placed between the nervules (absent between the first median and the
discoidal nervules), and three waved submarginal black fasciae, the outer one more or less fused with the dark
outer margin. Wings beneath paler in hue. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by two linear darker fasciae,
one at its termination, the other beyond centre and extending beneath the median nervure ; a somewhat
violaceous area crossing wing beyond cell, broad at costa and very narrow and attenuated at inner margin ;
apes obscurely infuscated, and containing two subapical greyish white spots and a marginal waved fascia,
the edges of which are distinctly pale fuscous ; beneath the third median nervule and in front of the pale
fascia is an irregularly formed fuscous spot. Posterior wings crossed by a narrow and very pale violaceous
fascia, which is distinctly narrowed and attenuated between the upper subcostal and the discoidal nervules ;

180 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

black spots as above, but margined with reddish-ochraceous ; marginal and submarginal fasciae as on
anterior wings. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above as in male, with the pale area better defined and inwardly but narrowly
margined with blackish ; beneath with the central fasciae paler.

Exp. wings, S and ? , C5 to 75 millim.

H.VB. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (coll. Gosse) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca
(Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Borneo ; Labuan (coll. Dist.) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.) — Java (Horsf. & Moore
and coll. Dist.).

The female of this species appears to have been described by Mr. Moore under the name
of G. ravana, but having received both sexes from Java, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula,
I feel no doubt as to its sexual relation to C. bajadeta.

5. Cirrochroa malaya. (Tab. X., fig. 4 ^ and 3 ? .)

Cinockroa Malaya, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 399, n. 18 (1860).

Cirrochroa Johannes, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 221, t. 17, f. 10;* Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.

p. 543, n. 2 (1877).
CuTochroa bajadeta, Moore, var. ?

Male and Female. Eesembling the corresponding sexes of C. bajadeta, but with the pale violaceous
fascia crossing the imder sm-face of the posterior wings entu-e and not attenuated at the subcostal and
discoidal uervules as in that species ; the vmder surface of both wings is also generally rather darker and
more violaceous thau in C. bajadeta.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 63 to 70 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

The figure of the male which is here given represents a specimen taken by Capt. Pinwill
in Malacca, and now contained in the British Museum, being a somewhat pale form of the
species. Both Mr. Butler f and Mr. Kirby:!: incline to the opinion that the G. malaya, Feld.,
is more or less synonj'mous with the preceding species, and the reasons why I have differed
from these authorities and identified it with G. Johannes are contained in Felder's diagnosis.
Thus the description of the under surface of the wings as " Ulacino suffusis," and the pale
fascia to the posterior wings as " angusta recta," thoroughly applies to the species figured and
described by Mr. Butler, and the last character especially, in contradiction to the suddenly or
attenuated fascia in the other si^ecies. Felder naturally compared it to C. bajadeta, C. Johannes
not having been then described, and the fact of his having thus compared it would naturally
lead to the supposition that he must have been cognisant of Mr. Moore's species.

I am inclined, however, to the view that specimens will be obtained of a completely
intermediate character between G. bajadeta and G. malaya.

''■ This figure, without a doubt, has been rendered much too highly coloured, a contretemps which few authors have not
had occasion to deplore from the hands of the colourist.

■j- Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 543.

\ Syn. Cat. Diiu-n. Lep. p. 152.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 181

6. Cirrochroa rotundata. (Tab. X., fig. 10 2 .)

Ciririchroa rotumlntd, Butler, Traus. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 543, u. 4 (1877).

This species being only known to me by Mr. Butler's description and the type specimen
in the British Museum, I have here figured the last, and give a copy of the former, as
follows : —

" 2 . Nearly allied to C. mithila, Moore,* the wings more rounded, primaries less produced ; markings
of in-imaries above almost obsolete ; outer undulated line of secondaries much less distinct ; below all tbe
bands and spots tawny, instead of ocbre-yellow."

"Expanse of wings, 2 incbes 11 lines."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

This species is evidently closely allied to Mr. Moore's species, which I have not seen.
Mr. Butler remarks, "I have no doubt that this species is distinct from C. mithila; the
coloration of the bands below is strikingly different."

Genus TERINOS.

Terinos, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. t. 9, f. 4 (1836); Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lap. p. 159 (1848).

Anterior wings moderately long, the costal margin strongly arched and convexly depressed at apex,
tbe apex more or less broadly falcate, beneath which the outer margin is concavely sinuated and waved ;
inner margin sinuate, concave near centre. Costal nervure not quite reaching the centre of costal margin ;
first subcostal uervule emitted a little before the end of cell, and tbe second uervule at the apex of cell ;
third emitted at about two-thirds of the space between the base of the second and the bifurcation of the
fourth and fifth, tbe fourth being distinctly bent and angulated; upper disco- cellular nervule minute,
middle disco-cellular obliquely directed inwardly and somewhat concave, lower disco-cellular rather more
than twice as long as the middle, strongly oblique and prominently recurved and rounded at base ; second
median nervule emitted near the base of the lower disco-cellular nervule, tbe base of the uj^per median
nervule convexly rounded. Posterior wings more or less subquadrate, the costal margin oblique and
slightly convex ; outer margin waved, slightly convex to apex of first median nervule, where it is sometimes
prominently caudate and then somewhat truncate to anal angle ; abdominal margin excavated from about
apex of internal nervure to anal angle. Costal nervure prominently arched and rounded at base, and
extending to apex ; second subcostal nervule emitted nearer to first than first is from the base of subcostal
nervure ; lower disco-cellular nervule present, very slender, somewhat atrophied and transversely concave.
Thorax somewhat robust ; abdomen moderately slender. Antennse only of moderate length, but abruptly
clavate at apices ; palpi raised above the upper level of tbe head.

The males possess a glossy velvety patch on both wings, large and discal on anterior
wings, and small and apical on posterior wings. Judging from my own experience the females
appear to be excessively rare, or, as is possible, a difference in their habits may be the cause of
their very infrequent capture.

The genus is of moderate extent — comprising some nine or ten species — and peculiarly
Malayan in distribution. I am cognisant of no species from Continental India, nor have such

* A species described as from Bengal.

December, 1883. 3 a

182 RHOPALOCEBA MALAYAN A.

been recorded from Ceylon, the Andaman or Nicobar Islands ; but from the Malay Peninsula,
Terinos extends eastwards through the Malayan Archipelago to New Guinea.

Two si^ecies are here figured and described, both of which appear to be confined to this
fauna. Another proposed species, described from Singapore* (T. viola, Wall.), I take to be
synonymic with the second here enumerated.

a. Posterior wings not caudate.

1. Terinos robertsia. (Tab. X., fig. 7 <? .)

Terinos liubertaia, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 400, t. 8, f. 2 — 4 (1867); Trans. Linu.
Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 544, n. 2 (1877) ; Wall. Trans. Ent. See. 1869, p. 342.

Male. Wings above dark violaceous ; anterior wings with a large dark brownish silky patch, which
occupies about apical half of wing, but not extending above the discoidal nervules, except at outer margin,
where it is continued to apex, it also extends along inner margin to base ; posterior wings with a similar
but smaller silky patch broadly occujjjing apex and extending from costal margin to the lower subcostal
nervule ; two large white submarginal spots separated by the upper median nervule and a third almost
obsolete spot between the second and third median nervules ; narrow waved darker marginal and submarginal
fasciae ; fringe greyish. Wings beneath of a steely-bluish colour, crossed by a number of dull reddish fasciae,
of which five narrow and much waved cross both wings from base to a little beyond cell ; these are followed
by a broader and less waved fascia, which on anterior wings is succeeded by a macular fascia, of which the
upper spots are outwardly pointed, and one marginal and two narrow submarginal fasciae which become
fused at apex, and there contain a small white spot placed between the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules ;
on posterior wings the central broad fascia is followed by one broader and more irregular, which contains
a series of castaneous spots placed between the nervules, one marginal and two submarginal fasciae,
between which the colour is greyish-white, and the inner one of which is waved and at about centre
dentate, thus enclosing some apparently large angulated greyish-white spots. Body above concolorous
with wings ; beneath, with the femora, grejash ; tibiae and tarsi ochraceous.

Female. I only know this sex by the description and figure of Mr. Butler. His diagnosis is as
follows : — " Alae supra fuscae ; area basali maculis sex auticis discalibus in^qualibus inter venas positis
plagaque posticis discali purpureis nitidis ; anticae fasciis duabus obscurioribus fequidistantibus fuscis
transversalibus : posticfe maculis albis velut in mari, lunulisque alteris contiguis marginalibus albidis."

Exp. wings, S and $ 63 to 73 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang ; Pi-ovince Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Perak (Townsend —
coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) : Ayerpanas (coll. Eoberts) ; Singapore (Wallace).

Although I have captured, received, and examined a large number of the males of this
species, I have not as yet seen a female specimen. Judging from Mr. Butler's figure, it is
rendered very distinct from the other sex by the possession of a broad central dark fascia on
the upper surface of both wings.

* I have recently received a kindly worded remonstrance from Calcutta, that I have not included some species which
have by more than one author been ascribed to the fauna of Singapore. :My reply must be the following : — There is little
doubt, that formerly, and before the biological value of an exact habitat was appreciated, much geographical error was
recorded on faulty or hasty information. Many insects collected in Borneo and sent home from Singapore have had the last
locahty asserted as their habitat, and it becomes necessaiy, in the absence of specimens from that island, to requii-e some
coiToborative testimony. The insertion of an erroneous species in a fauna is calculated to do infinitely moie harm to
biological science than the non-insertion of a true but unproved member of that fauna.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 183

b. Posterior wings i^rominently caudate.
2. Terinos teuthras. (Tab. X., fig. 6 5^.)

Teriiios Teuthras, Hewitson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 89 ; Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 544,

u. 1 (1877).
Terinos riola. Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 343.

Male. Wiugs above dark violaceous ; anterior wings with a large dark brownish silky patch as in
preceding species, but which extends a little above the upper discoidal nervule and inwardly to the lower
disco-cellular nervule ; posterior wings with a similar patch near apex, which does not extend to the outer
margin, and is continued to between the lower subcostal and the discoidal nervules ; some large marginal
conical whitish spots about centre of outer margin, through which extends a waved dark violaceous
submarginal fascia ; a dark marginal fascia and the fringe greyish. Wings beneath brownish, with steely
reflections ; anterior wings with the cell crossed by two narrow waved reddish fascife, beyond which is a
similar very broad and marginally waved fascia crossing both wings ; this is also succeeded on both wings
by a narrow bluish lunulate line, which on posterior wings is placed in front of some reddish spots situate
between the nervules ; the anterior wings possess a pale apical patch enclosing a dark spot and a pale
submarginal fascia ; the posterior wings have an ochraceous much- waved submarginal fascia, on each side
of which the colour is pale bluish. Body more or less concolorous with wings ; legs ochraceous.

Long., <? , 80 to 90 millim.

Hab. — -Malay Peninsula ; Penang (coll. Gosse) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill —
Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).

I have uot yet seen a female specimen of tlais species, which is apparently confined
to the Malay Peninsula, for though Mr. Hewitson described it as from "India," that vague
term in all probability is really applicable to some portion of this area.

I have included the T. viola, Wall., as a synonym of this species, to which the description
exactly applies, and though Mr. Wallace refers to it he evidently was ignorant of its nature
and localises it with doubt to "East India." Mr. Kirby* treats T. viola as a synonym of
T. terpander, Hew. (^ T. clarissa, Doub., Hew. nee Boisd.), f but the colour of the margin to
the posterior wings will effectually prevent any confusion.

Genus CYNTHLi.

Ctjnthia, Fabricius, 111. Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807) ; Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 212 (1849) ; Moore, Lap. Ceyl. i.

p. 52 (1881).
Auartid (part), Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin arched and convex ; apex rounded and somewhat
falcately produced, beneath which the outer margin is concavely sinuated and waved ; inner margin
sinuated, somewhat concave at centre. Costal nervure extending to rather beyond centre of costal
margin ; first subcostal nervule emitted a little before and second just bej^ond end of cell, thii-d emitted
a little before the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth, the fourth distinctly and convexly bent. Upper
discoidal nervule short and oblique, the middle disco-cellular concave and about half the length of the
lower, which is obliquely concave; median nervules well separated, the second emitted a short distance

* Syn. Cat. Diuru. Lep. p. 151. f Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 21, f. 3.

184 EHOPALOCERA MA LA TAX A.

before the base of the lower disco-cellular nervule. Posterior wings somewhat subquadrate ; costal margin
moderately oblique and convex ; posterior margin waved and caudately produced at apex of upper median
nervule ; abdominal margin as in preceding genus ; precostal nervure suberect and then suddenly
bent and obliquely directed outwardly ; costal nervure strongly arched and extending to apex ; second
subcostal nervule emitted at about the same (or a little less) distance from the first as the base of that
nervule is distant from the subcostal nervure ; lower disco-cellular nervule obsolete, leaving the cell
entirely open ; upper median nervule angulated at a short distance from base. Body robust ; abdomen
short ; palpi raised above the upper level of the head ; antennae long, their apices prominently clavate,
forming short clubs.

Cynthia is found in Continental India, Ceylon, and the Andaman Islands, but has not
been recorded from the Nicobars ; from Burma and the Malay Peninsula it extends throughout
the Malayan Archipelago, and has been discovered as far eastward as New Britain.

The genus is only of moderate extent, though much larger than formerly understood,
when one or two species were considered as alone found throughout its area. Since that time
many females have been discovered, which have corroborated the view of much greater and
distinct racial or specific segregation.

1. Cynthia deione. (Tab. X., figs. 1 J , 2 ? .)

Cynthia Deione, Erichson, Nova Acta Ac. Nat. Cur. xvi. Suppl. p. (279) 403, n. 3, t. 50, f. 2, 2a (1833) ;

Hopff. Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxxv. p. 35, n. 83 (1874); Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 639,

n. 15.
Cynthia arsinoe, Druce (nee Cram.) Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 342, n. 1.
Cijnthin erntella, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 544, n. 1 (1877).

Male. Wings above pale reddish-ochraceous. Anterioi' wings with the cell crossed by two narrow
black fascise at centre, a similar waved fascia near eud, and two slender and contiguous lines at its
termination, enclosing the disco-cellular nervules ; an oblique narrow black discal fascia crossing wing
bej'ond apex of cell, after which is a strongly waved fascia, distinct and blackish above the upper median
nervule, indistinct and reddish beneath it ; a submarginal series of black spots placed between the
nervules, and becoming obsolete towards the apex (which is somewhat infuscated) and outer angle, two
narrow waved submarginal black fasciae and the margin of the same colom*. Posterior wings with a
narrow oblique central fascia, which is either pale fuscous or reddish as in the specimen here figured ; two
ocellated spots, one between the second and third median nervules, the other above the discoidal nervule ;
an in-egular black spot at apex, and marginal and submarginal lines as on anterior wing, the inner of
which is straight and truncate at median nervules ; from the area of the ocellated spots to the posterior
margin the colour is distinctly darker. Wings beneath paler and marked as above ; anterior wings with
three whitish and talc-like apical spots ; posterior wings with some transverse linear markings near base,
and an elongated spot surrounding the upper disco-cellular nervule ; beyond the central transverse fascia
on both wings the colour is less rufous, and on posterior wings an oblique dark fascia precedes the ocellated
spots. Body * and legs concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above olivaceous, marked as in male, but with a whitish central fascia crossing both
wings ; anterior wings with distinct white apical spots, and posterior wings with an additional ocellated
and bi-pupillated spot at anal angle. Wings beneath as above, but much paler ; posterior wings with the
dark fascia preceding the ocellated spots, as in the same wings of the male.

Exp. wings, S 75 to 80 millim. ; 5 (one spec.) 93 millim.

* In the specimen figured the thorax is rubbed and denuded, thus gi^■ing it .-i black appearance.

RHOPALOCEEA MALAYANA.

185

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Sungei Ujong (Durn-
ford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.) — Banca.* — Billiton (Godm.
and Salv.) — Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.) — Java (coll. Godm. & Salv.) — Borneo (coll. Dist.) ; Labuan
(Collingwood). — ^Celebes (Hopffer). — Philippines (coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Luzon (Ericbson).

In Labuan Mr. Collingwood observed this species frequenting a " patch of sandy sea-
shore," and he remarks that when ahghting upon it, "although it matched the sand well in
colour, it was not difficult to secure."! Its habits, however, are not exclusively littoral, and it
seems generally distributed OA'er the areas in which it is found.

2. Cynthia cantori. ]; (Tab. X., fig. 5 <? .)

Ci/nthia Cantori, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. x., p. 406 (1882).

Male. Closely allied in colour and markings to the preceding species, C. deione, Erichs., from which
it differs above on the anterior wings by the more angulated markings in the cell, and by the central
transverse fuscous fascia being placed much nearer to the apex of cell, whilst on the posterior wings this
fascia is seen to be abruptly broken and deflected near the bases of the first and second median nervules ; on
the under surface this fracture or angulation appears much more distinctly ; the basal curved line which
crosses the cell in C. deione is also broken and looped in C cantori.

Exp. wings, (? 68 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

I have not as yet received a second specimen of this species, nor have I seen its female,
which will, however, almost certainly prove to be somewhat like the female of G. deione, with
the difference of marking detailed above as found in the other sex.

Fam. ERYCINID^.§

Eri/cinida, Swaiuson, Phil. Mag. ser. 2, vol. i. p, 187 (1827) ; Westwoocl,
Gen. Diuru. Lep. p. 415 (1851); Bates, .Journ. Eutomol. vol. i.
p. 220 (1861); ib. vol. ii. p. 176 (1864).

Lemoniida, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 282 (1871); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i.
p. 67 (1881) ; Marsh. & De Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i.
p. 18 (1882).

Eri/cinina, Snellen, Lep. v. Middeu-Snmatra, p. 20 (Leiden, 1880).

Front legs perfect in the female, in the male imperfect, the tarsi
consisting of one or two joints only, and spineless.

Pupa either suspended freely by the tail, as in the Subfam.

2 <?

Fig. 47. — Anterior legs (showing tai'si)
of Ahisara hausambi.

* Collected by M. Teysmauu (Pet. Nouv. Eut. 1874, p. 404). t ' Rambles of a Naturalist,' p. 183.

\ This species is named after the late Dr. Cantor, the well-known Malayan zoologist, whose catalogues of the
mammals, reptiles, and fishes belonging to the Malay Peninsula and Islands were some of the first real contributions to
a knowledge of the fauna.

§ The name of this family was founded on that of Enjcina, proposed by Fabricius in 1807 for a genus of Ehopalocera,
but previously used by Lamarck in 1805 for a genus of Mollusks. The generic name, therefore, as far as Ehopalocera is
concerned, is preoccupied and falls. The question now arises whether the family name should stand, founded on a generic
name not rightfully appertaining to the Insecta? The decision arrived at here, in favour of that com-se, is based on the desure
for uniformity, and the uncertain way in which the two names have been used by the authors enumerated above in connection
with the name Lemoniidce. Thus Mr. Kirby founded the name (siiprd), but in his lepidnpteral contribution to our ' Zoological
^Eecord' he reverts to that of " Erycinidce." Mr. Moore uses the name " LemoniidcB" in 1881 (supra), but in the following
year (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. '243) he substitutes that of " Erijcinidce," whilst though Mr. de Niceville, in association with
Mr. Wood-Mason (J. A. S. Bengl. vol. H. pt. 11, p. 16 (1882), uses the last-mentioned name, in the same year, associated with
Major Marshall (siipra), he advocates that oi Lemoniidce.

December, 1883. 3 b

186 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

LiliiitJueiiue* or recumbent on a leaf or other object, and secured by the tail and a girdle across the
middle, as in the Subfam. Xemeobiiiue.

It is not, however, in the Eastern, but in the Western Tropics that the Erijcinida reach
their maximum in number and beauty, and like the Morphina may be said to bear witness in
the Oriental region to an earlier Neotropical relationship, the truth of which will be probably
demonstrated by future palseontological discoveries.

In the Neotropical region the Enjcinukv exhibit, as truly remarked by Mr. Wallace,
"a variety and brilliancy of colouring unsurpassed in the whole order"; and the same author
and observer recorded that in that region "the great mass of the species of this family have
a very peculiar habit of invariably settling and reposing on the under surface of leaves with
the wings expanded, but there are some very striking exceptions to the rule."! Mr. Bates
describes these exceptions when he records that in many genera, " on the contrary, the position
of the wings in repose is vertical ; and a few species settle on the upper surface of leaves
with the wings half elevated." \ It will therefore be most interesting to learn whether these
pecuharities are observable in the Eastern representatives of the family, §

Subfam. NEMEOBIINiE.

NemeohiuKP, Bates, Jouru. Liuu. Soc. Zool. vol. ix. p. 412 (18G7-1868) ; Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. ludia,
Bunu. & Ccyl. p. 18(18821.

In this subfamily the palpi are very small and slender, a
character which will sufficiently separate the Nemeobiincc from
the Lihijthaince, which, as before remarked, is almost certainly
represented in this fauna, though at present unrecorded.
^ ^ I ^ t_^ From the other divisions of the Ertjcinidiv, the Xcmcohiimc may

luG. 48.— Pupa of ^wsamprimosa. be Separated by a feature in the neuration of the anterior wings, in

(From Moore's Lep. Ceyl.)

which the subcostal nervure emits five nervules.||
Although this subfamily contains all the old world species of Erijciuidaf, it also includes
a large number belonging to the Neotropical region.

* No example of this subfamily, to my knowledge, has yet been receiveil from the ;\lalay Peninsula, though it almost
certainly must be there represented.

t Trans. Eut. Soc. 1853, p. 262.

I Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. ix. p. 369 (1868). This variable method of bearing the wings in repose has induced
Mon. Constant Bar (Ann. Soc. Ent. Er. ser. 5, t. viii. p. 17 (1878) to place the Eryclnida; in systematic juxtaposition with the
Hesi^eridcc, whose similar variability in the same function has ah'eady been alluded to on the first page of this work.

§ The gradual, though recent, growth of our knowledge in exotic Khopalocera is afforded by some statistics given by
Mr. Bates (Jouru. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. ix. p. 368), "In 1819, when Godart treated of the group, as one genus, in the
' Encyclopedic Methodique,' only 134 species were described ; and in 1851 Prof. Westwood could muster only ;i47." At the
date of reading his paper (1867) Mr. Bates stated that the number of described species was not fewer than 630, of which
a large number were discovered by himself, whilst, at the end of 1877, or ten years subsequently, 1 have computed (by the aid
of Mr. Kirby's excellent Catalogue) that, excluding the LihytUccinec, some 900 species were described.

II Mr. Bates gives these nervules or " branches" as four, thus evidentlj', in agreement with some other entomologists,
preferring to consider what is here designated as the fifth nervule as being actually the termination of the subcostal
nervure.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

187

Fig. 49. — Post, wins of Zemeros
emesoides, showing position of
lower disco-cellular nervule.

Fig. 50. — Post, wing of Ahisara
kausambi, showing position of
lower disco-cellular nervule.

SYNOPSIS OF GENEEA.

1. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings united with

the common base of the two upper median nervules. . Zemeeos.

2. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings united with

the upper median nervule at some little distance from
its base.

a. Upper and lower disco-cellular nervules of posterior wings

about equal in length. . . . . . . Abisaea.

aa. Lower disco-cellular nervule of j^osterior wings much

longer than the upper. * Stiboges.

Genus ZEMEROS.

Zemeros, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. t. 21, i. 5 (1836) ; Westw. Geu. Diuru. Lep. p. 418 (1851).

Anterior wings somewhat triangular ; costal margin nearly straight, but slightly convex, outer
margin more or less convex, inner margin slightly ampliated and convex. Costal nervure robust, and
terminating near centre of costal margin; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before and near
the termination of the cell ; third about midway between the end of cell and bifurcation of the fourth
and fifth nervules ; disco-cellular nervules irregularly concave, the lower uniting with the upper median
nervule near its base. Posterior wings irregular in shape, the outer margin being either convexly rounded
or waved and strongly angulated near the upper median nervule, the costal margin nearly straight or very
slightly convex. Precostal nervure strongly curved outwardly ; costal nervure very short ; subcostal
nervules bifurcating at upper extremity of cell ; lower disco-cellular nervule a little longer than the upper
and united with the common base of the two upper median nervules. Head small, with a frontal tuft
of hairs ; palpi minute, not visible above ; antennae somewhat short (narrowly annulated with white in all
the species examined), and terminating in a distinct club.

This is a small genus, and inhabits North-Eastern India and the Indo-Malayan region ;
but has neither been recorded from Ceylon, nor the Andaman or Nicobar Islands.

If we admit all the described forms as reaching the artificial canonicity of "species," then
it may be stated that about four species are known, though their amount of diversity is very
unequal.

1. Zemeros albipunctata. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 12 2 .)

Zemeros albipunctata, Butler, Cist. Eut. vol. i. p. 236 (1874) ; Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545,
n. 2, t. Ixix, f. 10 (1877).

Male and Female. Wings above reddish ochraceous or reddish-brown. Anterior wings with the
following black spots : — two crossing cell, one beneath cell near base, a curved series of five commencing
immediately beyond cell and directed inwardly, followed by a similarly curved series of seven spots, the
upi:)ermost minute, and the lower two situate between the third median nervule and the submedian
nervure ; beyond these are a series of seven white spots, of which the four uppermost are largest and most
distinct, and a submarginal series of seven linear black spots outwardly containing a small white spot ;
fringe alternately black and greyish. Posterior wings with the disk more or less covered with similarly
sized and shaped black spots as on anterior wings, and also with a submarginal series of spots and the
fringe as on those wings. Wings beneath a little paler than above, the black spots somewhat more

=•' Takeu from Mr. Butler's description, as I have beeu unable to examine a specimen belonging to tlie genus.

188 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

indistinct and the white spots brighter and more emphasized than above, the posterior wings possessing
traces of an inner series of small white spots on anterior area. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings ; antennae fuscous, narrowly annulated with gi-eyish, their apices pale oehraceous.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 35 to 40 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Suugei Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. and
Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Ayerpanas (coll. Roberts). — Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.) — Borneo (Brit. Mus.).

The specimen figured is a somewhat pale variety of the species, which is generally more
melanic in hue. It is also closely allied to Z.fleijijas, Cram., from which it appears to be
distinct.* It is singular, however, that Cramer's species is found both in N.E. India, Upper
Tenasserim, and Java, but apparently replaced by Z. alhipundata in Borneo, Sumatra, and the
IMalay Peninsula, though similar peculiarities of distribution have been pointed out by Wallace,
both in birds and mammals.

2. Zemeros emesoides. (Tab. XVIII., figs. 3 3 , and 4 ? .)

Zemeros emesoides, Felder, Wien, Ent. Hon. iv. p. 396, n. 10 (1860) ; Eeise Nov. Lap. ii. p. 289, n. 373, t. 36,
f. 9-11 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Sec. 1873, p. 347, n. 1.

Male. Wings above reddish-ochraceous, and crossed by four broad dark fasciae, the outer one
strongly curved and followed by a submarginal narrow waved fascia of the same colour, the fringe also
fuscous ; the anterior wings possess a short basal oblique fascia extending partly through cell and the
posterior wings have also a minute and obscure basal fascia. Wings beneath as above, but paler. Body
and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Antennae fuscous, narrowly and obscurely annulated with
greyish, but more distinctly so beneath than above, their apices pale oehraceous.

Female. Paler in hue than the male, and with the submarginal fasciae a little broader.

Exp. wings, S and $ , 33 to 39 millim.

H.\B. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Castelnau — coll. Feld. ; Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.) — Borneo (Druce).

Felder's descriptions were taken from specimens collected in the interior of Malacca by the
Com. de Castelnau, and the species, like the preceding, is i^robably distributed throughout the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.

Genus ABISAEA.

Abisara, Felder, Wieu. Eut. Mou. iv. p. 397 (1860); Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 68 (1881).

Sospita, Hew. Ex. Butt. ii. Sosp. t. 1 (1861).

Subgen. Laxita, Bull. Trans. Linn. Soc. sar. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546, n. 4 (1877).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin either arched from base and then somewhat straight
to apex, which is somewhat angularly pointed, or convex to apex, which is rounded ; outer margin
obliquelj' straight or slightly convex ; inner margin slightly or prominently convex near base. First
and second subcostal nervules short, emitted a little before the end of the cell ; third emitted about
midway between the end of cell and bifurcation of the fourth and fifth nervules, or a little nearer to the
last than to apex of cell, cell very broad ; disco-cellular nervules concavely bent, lower disco-cellular joining

■•■ In formulating opinions as to whether closely allied forms are distinct species, when onr material is that of the
perfect insect alone, it must always be granted that such conclusions are purely empirical. The life-history of the insect
may disclose a different tale, as when, in some British moths, the perfect insects are almost inseparable and the larval
characters specifically divergent, or vice vcrsii ; or again, as has been recently shown, very different forms may simply
represent different seasonal or dimorphic phases of one species.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 189

upper median at a short distance from base. Posterior wings subovate ; costal margin convex at base and
thence oblique to apes ; posterior margin either prominently angulated at apex of the upper median nervule
or regularly rounded and slightly waved. Costal nervure very short ; j^recostal nerviire curved outwardly ;
subcostal nervules bifurcating beyond the end of the cell ; upper and lower disco-cellular nervules about
equal in length, the lower joining the upper median nervule at a short distance from its base. Body
somewhat small ; palpi minute, not visible above ; antennse slender, with a distinct spatulate club.

Little lias been recorded relating to the life-liistory of the species belonging to this genus.
The Bros, de Alwis have figured the larva and pupa of a Ceylon species {ante, p. 186, fig. 48),
the first of which is said to feed on Anlisia* and this seems to constitute the whole of the
published information.

Abisara is distributed over a wide area ; it is found in Tropical Africa and Madagascar,
inhabits Continental India, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Burma, and the Malay
Peninsula, being also represented generally throughout the Malayan Archipelago.

I have included under this genus, and in agreement with Mr. Butler, some species which
by other authors have been placed in the genus Taxila, Doubl.f

A. Posterior ivings prominently angulated at apex of upper median nervule.

1. Abisara savitri. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 5 2 .)

Ahtsai-a Saoitri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 397, u. 12 (1860) ; Butl. Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p. 545, n. 1 (1877).

Female. Wings above pale ochreous-brown. Anterior wings with two pale transverse fascia crossing
the apical half, and with two narrow submarginal pale linear fascife, each outwardly bordered with fuscous.
Posterior wings with two broad pale fascia continuous to those of the anterior wings, the first somewhat
curved and extending to abdominal margin, the second situate near outer margin and containing two large
black spots with whitish surroundings se2)arated by the discoidal nervule, a smaller spot situate between
the subcostal nervules, and two small and subobsolete spots at anal angle ; marginal linear fasciae as on
anterior wings, the outer margin long and linearly caudate at apex of upper median nervule, this
prolongation being white. Wings beneath as above. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, (? , 44 to 46 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) : Ayer Panas
(Godfery — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).

I am still without the male of this species, both sexes of which, judging from collections
already passed through my hands, appear to be somewhat scarce or seldom captured.

2. Abisara kausambi. (Tab. XVIII., figs. 10 <? , 11 ? .)

Abisara Kausambi, Felder, Wieu. But. Mon. iv. p. 397, n. 11 (18G0) ; Moore, .Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587 ;
Butl. Trans. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, n. 2 (1877).

Male. Wings above dark reddish-brown. Wings beneath somewhat paler ; anterior wings crossed
by two pale fasciae on the apical half and with a submarginal pale linear fascia, outwardly bordered with

* Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. G9.

f Mr. Bates (Journ. Linn. See., Zool. vol. is. p. 414) and Mr. Kirby (Cat. Diurn. Lep. p- 285) both take the contrary
view. Mr. Scudder (Proc. Am. Ac. Art & Sci. vol. s. p. 276, 1875) gives the species haquinus (here included in the genus
Abisara) as the type of Taxila, but this is not borne out by the original describers of the genus, who give that species
as a varietal form only of Taxila.

December, 1883. 3 c

190 RTTOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

dark castaneous and becoming obsolete at apex ; posterior wings with two pale fasciae as on anterior wings,
but curved and wider apart, the outer fascia containing three apical black spots surrounded with whitish and
separated by the subcostal nervules, and with two smaller spots near anal angle ; a pale and darkly bordered
submarginal fascia as on anterior wings, but which from apex of upper median nervule (where the outer
margin is obtusely angulated) to anal angle is again outwardly bordered with paler coloration.

Female. Wings generally much paler in hue than in the male ; anterior wings with a distinct
subapical transverse subviolaceous or whitish fascia, and with the submarginal linear fascia distinct as
beneath ; posterior wings with the spots and fasciae, both above and beneath, as on underside of male ; *
the subapical pale fascia on anterior wings being broader beneath than above.

Exp. wings, <7 42 to 44 millim ; 2 40 to 44 millim.

Hab. — Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Moore). t — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist.
and Saiier) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Biggs, coll. Dist. — Pinwill, Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.) — Sumatra. — Java (Brit. Mus.) — Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.) —
East Africa ; Zambesi (coll. Hewits.) ; Nyassa (coll. Dist.).

The females of this species vary considerably in the size and distinctive character of the
pale subapical fascia to the anterior wings. The most strongly marked or albinic specimens in
my collection are from Province Wellesley, whilst the most melanic forms I possess are from
Malacca and North Borneo. Consequently, were I to theorise from the specimens now before me,
I should consider the species to increase in melanism in an easterly direction, a conclusion which
actual facts would probably contradict. The specimens figured are from Province Wellesley.

The most interesting fact in connection with the geographical distribution of this species
is its presence, unmodified and distinct, in Eastern Africa. The late Mr. Hewitson received it
from the Zambesi, and subseqjiently it reached my hands contained in a small collection made
in the neighbourhood of Lake Nyassa.

B. Posterior winrts not prominently angulated.

3. Abisara haquinus. (Tab. XVIIL, fig. 13 2 .)

Papilio Haquinus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 55, n. 169 (1-793).

Emms Dnipadi, Horsf. Cat. Lap. E.I.C. t. 2, f. 3, 3a (1828) ; Boisd. Sp. Geu. i. t. 7, f. 2 (1836).

Abisara haijuinus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lap. p. 187, n. 2 (1869) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546,

n. 8 (1877).
Taarila haiiuitius, Kirby, Cat. Diuni. Lap. p. 286, u. 2 (1871).

Male. "Wings above dark jjnrplish-brown ; anterior wings with a subapical pale and somewhat
ochraceous fascia ; apical portion of the nervules in both wings paler. Wings beneath much paler than
above, the discal areas reddish ; anterior wings with a curved pale fascia on upjDcr portion of cell and
immediately beneath the subcostal nervule, a subapical pale ochraceous fascia as above, and with the
following bluish markings more or less spotted with black, viz. : — an oblique spot reaching apex of cell, two
black spots beyond cell connected by a bluish lunule, above which are some small black spots divided by the
subcostal nervules ; these are outwardly followed by a straight series of about four spots (the lowest situate
above the first median nervule), two on each side of the second median nervule, and one on inner side and
at base of third median nervule ; a submarginal series of linear pale continuous lunules becoming obsolete

* By an accident, the figure of the female here given has been renclered inexact ; thiis the posterior wings above
do not possess two contiguous discal fasciae, but should be as correctly shown beneath. The submarginal spots should
be as shown on the underside, save that the iirst black spot between the subcostal nervules has been there omitted.

]- This habitat has not been certified by Wood-Mason and de Niceville iu their enumeration of Andaman Khopaloeera.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

191

towards apex. Posterior wings with two short pale oblique fascia at base, a discal series of about
eleven blue and black markings as on anterior wings, and a submarginal series of obscure dark conical
spots, through which pass two series of pale, transverse linear spots, the inner series being distinctly
lunulate. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath with legs greyish-brown.

Female. Above reddish, the dark spots beneath visible above ; anterior wings with a prominent
subapical white fascia. Wings beneath generally as in male, excepting the white subapical fascia.

Long. (? and 2 , 48 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore
(coll. Godfery). — Java (Horsfield — Brit. Mus.) — Borneo (coll. Dist.)

I have not figured the male, which is, however, easily recognised hy its uniform dark
colour above, with subajwcal ochraceous fascia to anterior wings, and beneath by its general
resemblance to the female.

Fig. 01. — Abisara thuisto, ^ .

4. Abisara thuisto.

Ta.xUa Thuisto, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Tax. t. 1, f. 5, 6 (1861); Druce,

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 347, n. 1.
Abisara Thiusto, Butl. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. v. p. 363 (1870).

Male. Wings above uniform and very dark indigo-blue or black.
Wings beneath bright reddish-brown ; anterior wings with the apes paler,
an oblique bluish fascia crossing cell ; a number of irregularly shaped blue
and black discal spots arranged in three series, the outer most distinct
consisting of six spots divided by the nervules, the upper three being very
pale, and a submarginal series of linear blue spots margined with black situate between the nervules ;
the fringe black ; posterior wings with a transverse bluish fascia crossing cell and extending to near costa,
and with a number of irregularly shaped blue and black discal sjjots as on anterior wings, of which the
outer are the most prominent, and which are placed between the nervules ; submarginal linear spots as on
anterior wings, and the fringe black. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath somewhat paler ; legs
ochraceous.

Female. The following is Hewitson's description of this sex, which I have not yet received from the
Malay Peninsula : —

" Eufous, clouded at the base. Both wings crossed transversely
beyond the middle by a band of oblong black spots, each spot marked with
dull blue — those near the costal margin of anterior wing interrupted by
five white spots. Both wings with a band of lunular black spots near the
outer margin, each spot traversed by a line of blue or white. Anterior
wing with a transverse band of l)lack spots before the middle. Underside
does not differ from the male, except that it is lighter."

Exp. wings, S' 35 millim.; ? "l^o in-"

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.
(coll. Hewits.) — Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.)

Fio. m;:.— .li,,,.

'^mt.

Singapore (Hewitson). — Sumatra

A single male specimen received from Sungei Ujong (and subsequent to the completion of
the coloured plate) constitutes the only representative of the species I possess from this region.
This specimen is figured in the above woodcut (fig. 51), the female (fig. 52) being copied
from Hewitson's ' Exotic Butterflies.'

192 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

5. Abisara tanita. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 14 ? .)

Taxila tanita, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Tax. t. 1, text (1861) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 347, n. 4 ;

Kirby, Cat. Dium. Lep. p. 286, u. 5 1 1871).
Taxila Orpltna, Doubl. Hew. (nee Boisd.l, Gen. Diura. Lep. t. 69, f. 6, 7 (1851).
Ahisara [Laxita) tanita, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546, n. 4 (1877).

Female. Above bright purplish-red ; anterior wings with the margins, the base, and a broad basal
streak between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure pale fuscous ; posterior wiugs with
the margins (costal and abdominal margins broadly) and some broad streaks situate in cell and between
the nervules pale fuscous. Wings beneath bright purplish-red ; anterior wings with upper and aj^ical
blue streaks in cell, the last margined outwardly with black, and with some blue and black discal spots, of
which the largest and most 2)romiuent are two beyond cell, and two divided by the second median nervule ;
two faint bluish submarginal linear fascite which become obsolete at apex, and the costal margin broadly
fuscous near base ; posterior wings with some transverse series of black and blue spots at base, some large
elongate black submarginal spots with blue centres between the nervules, and blue and yellow submarginal
linear fasci.ne, between which the colour is fuscous ; posterior margin fuscous. Body pale fuscous ; legs pale
obscure ochraceous.

Exp. wings, 2 38 millim.

H.\B. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore
(Brit. Mus.) — Borneo (Druce).

I have not received, nor have I been able to examine a male specimen of this species,
which, as figured by Doubleday and Hewitson,* has the wings above fuscous, with the apex
and the outer margin of the anterior wings broadly, and the apical portion of the outer margin
of the posterior wings narrowly pale reddish ; the apex of the anterior wings being palest, and
the margin of the posterior wings containing a fuscous line.

It is likely that the subgenus (Laxita) proposed by Mr. Butler for the reception of this
species may subsequently be used in a generic sense, though its founder stated that he was
" doubtful of its generic distinction." The relative positions of the bases of the first and
second subcostal nervules of the anterior wings are somewhat aberrant.

6. Abisara damajanti.

Abisara Damajanti, Felder, Wien. Ent. Hon. iv. p. 897, n. 13 (1860).
Taxila Damajanti, Kirby, Cat. Dinrn. Lep. p. 286, u. 6 (1871).

This species is only known to me by Felder's description, f and is evidently closely allied
to A. tanita. The following is the original diagnosis : —

"Alisrubris, supra immaculatis, subtus maculis discalibus cyaneis (singula maculfe atrae imposita),
posticis strigis quatuor submarginalibus, prima cyanea, secunda et quarta fuscis, tertia albida. J" .

" Coll. Felder. — Species perpulchra .-1. Orjilmce, Boiad., valde afdnis, pagina autem inferiore alarum
anticarum maculis cyaneis ornata suf&cienter diversa."

'■'■ Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. GU, f. 6 aud 7. \ " lu piuuiiisula Malayica collecta."

RHOPALOGERA MALAYANA.

193

Genus STIBOGES.

Stihoges, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 308.

The interesting species, on which this genus is founded, is only known to me by-
Mr. Butler's description and figure, both of which are here reproduced : —

"Allied to Ahisara, aspect of Nymphidium." *

" Wiugs -with rounded outer margin broad, costal nervure of primaries terminating abruptly at about
the middle of the costa, opposite to the end of the discoidal cell ; subcostal with five branches, the last two
forking to apex ; upper radial emitted from the inferior margin of the subcostal near its origin ; lower
radial nearly equally dividing the disco-cellulars, which are concave ; second and third median branches
emitted near together ; precostal of secondaries short, oblique, directed backwards ; costal nervure short,
straight, oblique, terminating ajt basal third of costa ; subcostal forking beyond the end of cell, the upper
fork running close to the margin from the second third of costa ; radial emitted close to the subcostal,
reducing the upper disco-cellular to a point ; lower disco-cellular long, oblique, nearly straight ; second and
third median branches emitted nearer together than the first and second ; body slender ; eyes prominent ;
antennae slender, submoniliform ; palpi very small. Type Stihoges nymphidia, n. sp."

1. Stiboges nymphidia. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 11.)

Stihoges nymphidia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 309, n. 1, t. xxii. f. 1.

"Wings semitransparent, snow-white; primaries with broad costal and external dark-brown borders,
sinuated internally ; two u-regular submarginal series of unequal white spots ; secondaries with a broad
outer border, undulated internally ; a sinuated disco-submarginal lunulated pale brown line ; a submarginal
series of elongated white aijots ; body dark brown ; wings below as above ; legs, palpi, and venter white."

Exp. wings, " 1 inch 9 lines."

Hab.— "Penang (Eoberts)."

Fam. LYCiENIDiE.

Lycanida, Stephens, 111. Brit. Eut. Haust. i. p. 74 (1827); Westw. Introd.

Mod. Class. Ins. ii. p. 858 (1840) ; Geu. Diurn. Lep. p. 468 (1852) ;

Bates, Journ. Entomol. vol. i. p. 220 (1861); ib. vol. ii. p. 177

(1864); Trimen, Ebop. Afr. Austr. p. 217 (1866) ; Moore, Lep.

Ceyl. i. p. 69 (1881) ; Marsh, k De Nic. Butt. lud. Burm. and

Ceyl. vol. i. p. 18 (1882).
Pohjommatida , Swains. Phil. Mag. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 187 (1827).

Front legs perfect in the female, in the male more or less imper-
fect, the tarsi often wanting one or both of the tarsal claws, but densely
spined beneath.

Pupa secured by the tail and a girdle across the middle.

Fig. 53. — Anterior legs (showing tarsi)
of Lampides elpis.

* An extensive Neotropical genus focussed in Tropical America.

May 31, 1884.

3d

194 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

The larvae are onisciform, or shaped Uke woodHce,* and their
habits (as far as our present sUght knowledge allows us to form an
opinion) are most interesting. Thus one Indian species, Deudorix
{Virachola) isocrates, Fabr., has been described by Prof. Westwoodf as
residing " within the pomegranate in the caterpillar state, several
(seven or eight) being found in one fruit ; in which, after consuming
the interior, the^- assume the chrysalis state, each having first gnawed
biypodia nanidu. (From Horsf. a hole through the riud of the fruit for the escape of the future
ep. 1 us. ... |j^|.^gj.£y^ g^jj^ carefully attached the footstalk to the branch by a coating
of silk to prevent its falling." The late Dr. Thwaites ^ has given some interesting facts. He
states : — " It is difficult to realize that the larvae of some species of these lovely Lijccenidce, such
as Amhhjpodia, &c., are carnivorous or even cannibal in their habits, and do not hesitate to eat
their own brethren of the same brood, when any of the latter are commencing their change
into the inactive chrysalis state, with their consequent inability to protect themselves from
their voracious kindred, who devour them with avidity. Nature, however, finds a protection for
these said heljjless individuals, in the instinct of a species of ant {Formica smaragdina, Fabr.),
which, finding a substance most palatable to it, secreted naturally from a glandular defined
spot upon the bodies of these helpless larvae, takes possession of them as ' cows,' surrounding
each separate one and the leaf on which it had been feeding with a few silken strands of
its web, protecting them jealously, and attacking most fiercely any living thing intruding
upon them."§

In the perfect insect the subcostal nervules number only three or four, || and I have myself
found these, both with regard to number and position, as excellent characters in the separation
and identification of genera. % Many more genera undoubtedly exist than have hitherto been
used in the systematic classification of the Lyccenidic, and this could only have been expected

* The character on which Dr. Hor.sfield described the Ltjcanidce as belonging to his "vei-miform stirps" or family
(see his Descr. Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.I.C. pp. 20, 58 and G-tl. These larvae induced Jlr. Swainsou, iuspked by the views
of Macleay, to trace some fanciful analogies by theh' resemblance to sometimes " a Uttle tortoise " or to "armadillos." He
considered then- principal analogy, however, iu the Annulosa to be found in the Vermes, and remarked, " Now the only
difference between the general form of these tortoise-like caterpillars and that of tbe common earthworm is this — that in the
former the body is excessively contracted, whereas in the latter it is necessarily lengthened : the pointed extremities of the
head and of the tail, iu both animals, is a common character, which, as we have already seen, belongs to no other type of
larva; of insects or of vertebrate animals ; this at once accounts for the excessive length of body possessed by all the gnawing
quadi'upeds (Glires, Linn.), and by all the bu-ds in the order of waders (Grallatoresj." — (Hist. & Nat. AiTang. Ins. p. CO).

f Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. ii. pp. 1—8 (1837), and Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 468.

I It is to be earnestly hoped that the entomological observations of this good observing naturalist have been
recorded and presei-ved, so that their future pubUcation naay give us a contribution to the real description of the Lepidoptera
of Ceylon.

§pioore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 70. — Mr. Geo. Dimmock (' Psyche,' vol. iii. p. 395) states that "the lai-vae of certain species of
Lyccena have been found to attract ants, on account of an opening upon the dorsum of the eleventh segment, which gives out
a liquid apparently containing sugar. Upon the twelfth segment, and evidently comiected iu function with the opening above
mentioned, are two protrusile organs covered with fine haiis. The fact of ants bemg attracted to these larvit- was first observed,
so far as I can learn, by Esper."

II In this statement I am only in apparent disagreement with Messrs. Marshall and De Niceville, who (Butt. Ind.,
Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 18) describe the subcostal nervure as "emitting only two or thi'ee branches," as those authors with
other authorities prefer to consider as the termination of the subcostal nervure, what I describe — and not alone — as an
additional nervule. I cannot, however, agree with my fi-iend Mr. Moore in treating as a fom-th or fifth subcostal nervule what
seems clearly the upper discoidal nervule, a course of treatment already repudiated by Hewitson (Ills. Dim-n. Lepid. p. 214
(1878), but still continued by Mr. Moore, iu his ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon,' which necessitates my diagnosis of genera disagreeing
with his own, though I refer to such iu the synonymy.

IT I have not found the difficulty related by Mr. Hewitson, viz. " The branches from the subcostal nervure, which are
such an assistance iu determining the position of genera with regard to each other in other famiUes, here avail Uttle, and differ
in the sexes of the same species" (Introduction to Illustr. Diurn. Lepid. — Lycsn.).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 195

when we remember the small size of the butterflies and tlieir conseqiieut somewhat neglected
structural examination.*

Of their habits there are many scattered notes recorded which still require the aid of the
assiduous collector and responsible editor. The curious habit of rubbing the erect posterior
wings together has been noticed by many observers, and notably by Mr. Wallace, who, in the
Amazon Valley, describes the wings as having the "appearance of revolving discs,"! and by
Mr. Trimen, who, in South Africa, represents the action of the wings as "resembling that of
the blades of a pair of scissors when repeatedly opened and shut." J; This curious habit has
been explained by Mr. Swinton, who has paid much and painstaking attention to the subject, as
due to the process of " stridulatiou." § Although these small and exquisite butterflies are so
brilliantly coloured, they yet, when at rest and with the under surface of their wings alone
exposed, approximate very closely to the plants on which they settle, as instanced by
Mr. Uhler, who, when collecting in Eastern Colorado, noticed two species which settled on an
abundant " delicately blue lupin," and which when at rest on these flowers " were very difficult
to recognise." II

Some species seem to have a definite time of day for their appearance, but the evidence
is too voluminous for insertion here, but examples are afforded by the statement of Lieut.
Gervase F. Mathew that in England Lijcmna arion " is a butterfly that does not fly much after
mid-day, "IT whilst in India, according to a recent writer,** " when the afternoon is drawing
on, then many a rich Hair-streak will appear, and, taking its station in the middle of some
large leaf, will open its wings just a little, and give you a peep of the dazzling blue within." ft

We are also indebted to that excellent and trustworthy observer Mr. P. H. Gosse for
some interesting details obtained in North America. Referring to '^ VoUjommatus pseiidarLjiolus,"
he writes: — "In appearance and manner it much resembles the delicate little Hair-streaks
(Thecla) with which it associates. Like them it appears to be very pugnacious, attacking with
Quixotic knight-errantry any intruder, no matter how much bigger than itself. It is particularly
gamesome a few hours after sunrise ; taking its stand on some prominent leaf of a bush,
it rushes out upon every butterfly that passes by ; then they perform such swift and tortuous
evolutions that the eye is unable to follow them : this lasts only for a few seconds ; for having
pursued the traveller three or four yards, the Pohjommahis returns to the very same leaf to
watch as before. All this, however, I believe is done in a spirit of play, and not with any

* Some good lepidopterists, however, have taken a very opposite and synthetic view on this question, as, for example,
Mr. Herman Strecker, who is, or was, of opinion that there was no reason "why all the N. American and Em-opean species,
except the few contained in Eumaeus, Hiibn., should not be embraced within one genus, even including the Theclas" (Lepid.
Rhopal. & Heteroc. p. 81 (1874), and Mr. Kirby is also of opinion that "the number of distinctly-defined genera is small"
(Europ. Butt. & Moths, p. 44).

t Trans. Ent. See. 1859, p. 263. | Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 218.

§ ' Insect Variety,' p. 118. || Bull. Unit. States Geol. & Geogr. Surv. iii. p. 355 (1877).

II ' Entomologist,' vol. x. p. 71. ** Eha, ' The Tribes on my Frontier,' p. 108.

If This hmited and punctual appearance of many insects is an interesting and peculiar phase which has scarcely received
the notice that might have been expected. Even on Penang HiU, I found it reported that various species of CicadidcE had
different and set times of day at which to exert their "musical" efforts. But this did not escape the attention of the great and
eloquent Humboldt, who, when giving the account of his memorable journey, forcibly remarks : — " We have seen that the insects
of the tropics everywhere follow a certain standard in the periods at which they alternately arrive and disappear. At fixed and
invariable hours, in the same season, and the same latitude, the air is peopled with new inhabitants, and in a zone where the
barometer becomes a clock, where everything proceeds with such admhable regularity, we might guess, bhndfold, the hour of
the day or night by the hum of the insects and by their stings" (' Personal Narrative' (Eng. transl.), vol. ii. p. 277).

196 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

warlike intent. This constancy of resort to one individual leaf or twig is very singular and
unaccountable : sometimes on my approach to one so situated, it has been alarmed and flown
to a considerable distance, but, taking a flight round, it returns to the place ; and presently
there is the little thing alighting on the leaf again. The playful pugnacity just noticed seems
almost peculiar to the Lijaiiiidw." * It remains to be seen if these habits are restricted to the
western species alone, or whether, as is probable, similar proceedings may not be observed
among the Eastern Lycsenids.

The family is universally distributed, and wherever butterflies exist it seems that Lyccenidce
are found. This particularly applies to the smaller species, which have even been brought
from the Arctic Regions, collected in 81" 45' N.f

In arranging the genera of this family as found in the Malay Peninsula, I have found
it convenient to separate them under the three following proposed Groups, which I think
will prove useful, and which I trust — in our present superficial knowledge — are not altogether
unnatural : —

Posterior wings without filamentous tail-like appendages X near the anal angle. - - Curetakia.

„ with minute filamentous or prominent tail-like api^endages near the

anal angle.

Posterior wings convex, about as broad as long. CASTAiiAniA.

„ more or less elongate, distinctly longer than broad. - - Aphnaeia.

Group CURETARIA.

This proposed division contains some of the most interesting genera found in the whole
of the family, having singular and strongly marked structural peculiarities. It is, however, in
Tropical and Subtropical Africa that it reaches its maximum in genera, of large and brilliantly
coloured species, § whilst in Tropical America it is represented by the genera Euinams and
Triclioiiis, and in Australia by the genus (hjiiris. It is also extensively, but more modestly,
represented throughout the whole remaining area of Lycsenid distribution. It is in this
division also that some of the most aberrant forms of the Lycwnidce are found.

* 'Letters from Alabama,' pp. 144-5. Elsewhere, in the same work (p. 37), the author describes the Theclce as often
ruturuin;,' after a flight, " like the flycatchers among birds, to the same spot from whence they departed ; a projecting twig, or
tlie topmost leaf of a bush."

f M'Lachlan, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. siv. p. Ill (1878). As regards local peculiarities of distribution, Mr. S.
beudder, iu comparing the " buttei-fly faunas of Eastern North America and of Europe," found that the "blues" were better
represented iu Europe by "(88 to 13)," whilst the "hair-streaks" were most abundant in America by " (20 to 10)." — (' Psyche,'
vol. ii. p. 112 (1878).

I This may prove to be an uncertain and illusory divisional character, if, as Herman Strecker reports on the North
American representatives, " In some species the spring brood is tailless, whilst the summer generation of the same insect
is provided witli those oi'naments" (Lepid. Rliopal. & Heteroc. p. 81 (1874). In such a case, however, the markings of the
wings beneath would be similar, and I have not found this to be the case with any of the species now enumerated. Many of
the figures here given are deficient in these tail-like appendages owing to their exceedingly fragile nature and their liability
to mutilation iu the pi-ocess of captm-e. Lieut. Gervase F. Mathew advises the collector to box all small butterflies alive, and
writes, " Abroad, in the tropics, where I have taken and boxed numbers of small Lycccnidte, I have almost invariably found
tlieir deUcate caudal appendages as perfect as when first captured" (' Entomologist,' vol. x. p. 38).

j Amongst these African genera may be enumerated Mimacrcea, Pentila, Liptena, Phytala, Epitola, Heiuitsonia,
ami Drloneiira.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

197

Fig. 55. — Anterior winf; of Poritia
phraatica, showing subcostal
nervules.

Fig. 56. — Arrangenipnt of sub-
costal nervules in anterior wing
of Cyaniris Iambi.

Fig. 57. — Arrangement of sub-
costal nervules in anterior wing
of Neopithecops horsjieldi.

Fig. 58. — Arrangement of sub-
costal nervules in anterior wing
of Zizera llsizone.

SYNOPSIS OF GENEEA.

Three subcostal nervules to anterior wings.

A. Anterior wings with the costal margin slightly concave

about centre. Pokitia.

Four subcostal nervules to anterior wings.

B. Anterior wings with the costal margin normal.

a. Inner and outer margins of anterior wings almost
subequal in length.
h. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted

a little before end of cell. - . . . Curetis.

hh. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted

a little beyond end of cell. . . . . Liphyra.

aa. Inner margin of anterior wings considerably, or at
least distinctly, longer than outer margin.

c. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not

anastomosed with, nor impinging on, costal

nervure.

d. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings

emitted beyond end of cell.

e. Basal joint of tarsi elongated, widened and

compressed. Gerydus.

ee. Basal joint of tarsi normal.

/. Apices of tibiae globosely incrassated. - Logania.
dd. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings

emitted at or near end of cell. - - - Allotinus.
ddd. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings
emitted before end of cell.

<l. First subcostal nervule of anterior

wings emitted beyond middle of cell. Cyaniris.
fjfj. First subcostal nervule of anterior

wings emitted before middle of cell. Neopithecops.
cc. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings im-
pinging on the costal nervure. - - - Zizera.

Genus PORITIA.^

Poritia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 775 ; Hewits. Ills. Diuru. Lep., Lye. p. 213 (1878).

Wings short and broad. Anterior wings with the costal margin slightly concave about centre ;
outer margin oblique, nearly straight or slightly rounded ; inner margin shghtly concave at base and then
sinuated to outer angle (prominently in the male and obscurely in the female) ; first subcostal nervule
emitted at about one-third from end of cell, second near end of cell, third emitted a short distance from
apex of second.t Posterior wings convex at base and suddenly oblique to apex ; posterior margin rounded
and convex. Eyes naked ; palpi long, the apical joint slender and pointed at apex ; legs stout, femora
pilose beneath ; antennae gradually increasing in thickness from the base, and terminating in a somewhat
long and moderately thickened club ; thorax robust. Posterior wings in the male provided with a long tuft
of hairs near the base of cell.

* Mr. Scudder remarks (Proc. Am. Ac. Arts & Sc-i. vol. x. p. 256 (1875), "The name is, coiTectly speaking, preoccupied,
through Porites (Lam. Pol. 1816)." The two names do not, however, appear sufficiently similar to warrant the inconvenience
incidental to the substitution of a new generic name.

f Mr. Moore describes the subcostal nervules as four in number ; Mr. Hewitson corrects Moore, and says there are but
two ; according to my view there ai'e three.

May 31, 1884. 3 e

198 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

I have only described such featiu-es of the neuration as seem to be peculiar and indicative
of the genus, and throughout this family shall pursue a similar course of treatment.

The species of Poritia exhibit a brilliancy of colour and markings which forcibly remind
a lepidopterist of the glories of the Neotropical Enjcinidw, and in this respect the genus is,
I think, well placed at the commencement of the Eastern Liiamida. The genus was founded
by Mr. Moore for the reception of a N.E. Indian species, but roritia has since been shown, and
principally by Mr. Hewitson, to have its head-quarters and to reach its maximum of species in
the Indo-Malayan region. Some thirteen species are described, and of these no less than seven
are found in this fauna. Many of these are only known by the descriptions and figures of the
late Mr. Hewitson, and the typical specimens contained in his magnificent collection, and
I have failed to procure examples myself. It is perhaps idle to speculate on the number of
species of the genus which remain to be discovered in the Malay Peninsula, but they certainly
cannot be inconsiderable, and will eventually reward the efforts of an industrious collector.

1. Poritia sumatrse. (Tab. XXII., figs. 23 , 3 2.)

Pseudodipsas Suvmtrm, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 259, t. 36, f. 24—26 (1865).

Poritia Sumatra;, Hewits. Ills. Dium. Lep., Lj-c. p. 218, n. 12 (1878); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 546, u. 1 (1877).

Not having received this species, I have thought it best to copy Felder's diagnosis, with
his figures (supra).

" <y . Ala3 supra dilute virenti-cyanese, in certo situ vivide virentes, anticfe plus quani bitriente antico
vittulaque anali fuseis, posticie limbo costali margiueque posteriore ante cilia fuscis."

" Alse subtus cano-brunneae, figuris numerosis ocbraceo-fulvis, fusco cinctis in fascias digestis serieque
antemarginali macularum rhombicarum fuudo dilutiorum, pupillis fulvis nigro atomatis."

" 2 . Alse supra dilute violaceo-cyaueae, vittulis fulvo-fusculis apud venarum inferiorum extima,
anticse limbo costali et terminali fuscis, hoc fasciis duabus macularibus fundi colons diviso (interiore multo
breviore), litura discocellulari fulvo-lateritia nigro cincta, posticae limbo antico pallide fusco, margine
externo late fusco, lunulis strigaque anteciliari fundi coloris diviso."

"Alse subtus ut in mare, sed maculis submarginalibus introrsum triangularibus."

Exp. wings, 3 30 millim. ; 2 34 millim.

Var. ? (Tab. XX., fig. 12 2 .)

This figure represents the female specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill and contained in the
British Museum,* which has been identified by Mr. Butler as belonging to Felder's species.
The differences, however, between that author's figure and the specimen thus identified are so
considerable that it is probable that the female of another species has been confused with that
of Felder.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits. +) —
Sumatra (Felder, and coll. Hewits.).

* The figm-e was drawn by Mr. Wilson, and kindly approved by Mr. Butler.
t " Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. form, by the late W. C. Hewitson," p. 166.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 199

2. Poritia phraatica. (Tab. XXI., fig. 21 <? ; Tab. XXIV., fig. 8 2 .)

Poritia Phraatica, Hewitson, Ills. Diurn. Lepid., Lye. p. 214, n. 2, t. 88, f. 2 ? (1878).
Poritia Pleurata 2 , Hewits. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 346.

Male. Allied to the corresponding sex of the preceding species, but larger and with the black area
of the anterior wings smaller, its inner margin somewhat coucavely occuiiying the end of the cell, after
which it is more or less convexly continued to the lower median uervule, and is then marginally continued
to angle, where there is a short black streak along the submedian nervure. Wings beneath with the
markings closely resembling those of P. sumatrce, but much paler in hue.

Female. Wings above bright ochraceous. Anterior wings with the costal, outer and inner margins
broadly dark brown. Posterior wings with the basal half (notched posteriorly), a broad fascia occupying
the margin from apex to upper median nervule, and then deflected transversely across the wing to a little
above anal angle, and three large conical marginal spots separated by the median nervules dark brown.
Wings beneath as in male, but much paler.

Exp. wings, 3' and 2 , 35 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.).

The female specimen here figured is paler on the posterior wings than depicted by
Hewitson's figure, and is evidently a slight variety of the species. The male was unknown to
Mr. Hewitson, and is here described for the first time.

The follotving species are alone knoivn to me hij Heivitson's figures and descriptions, ivliicli are
here reproduced.

3. Poritia pleurata. (Tab. XXII., fig. 6 <?; 5 2 .)

Poritia Pleurata, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 346 ; Ills. Diurn. Lep., Lye. p. 215, t. Ixsxviii. f. 3, 4 J' ,

5 2 (1878).

" Upper side. Male. — Brilliant blue. Anterior wing with the costal margin and apical half, which
is marked by two blue spots, dark browu. Posterior wing with the costal margin broadly brown ; the
outer margin black, spotted with white."

" Under side white, crossed everywhere by rufous bands and spots, and marked near the outer
margin by a series of singularly-formed spots. Anterior wing with a black spot at the anal angle.
Posterior wing with three black spots, the spot nearest the anal angle crowned with orange."

" Female. — Cerulean-blue, clouded at the base. Anterior wing with the apical half dark brown,
crossed by five pale blue spots. Posterior wing with the costal and outer margins dark brown, the outer
margin marked by two black spots crowned with blue."

Exp. wings, " $ 1|, 2 lis inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace & Buxton, coll. Hewits.).

Mr. Hewitson's description of the posterior wing of the female is, to say the least, but
sketchy. In the absence of a specimen it is, however, safer to simply reproduce both the original
figure and description.

200 EHOPALOCEBA MALAYANA.

4. Poritia phalena. (Tab. XXII., fig. 8 J .)

Poritid Phidtna, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 344 ; His. Diura. Lep., Lye. p. 216, u. 8, t. 89,
figs. 14 & 15 J (1878).

" Upperside. Male. — Black. Both wings marked by bands and spots of green. Anterior wing with
a longitudinal narrow band from the base to the middle, a bifid spot on the inner margin, a trifid spot near
the costal margin, and a submarginal series of six spots. Posterior wing with a band near the inner
margin, two submarginal sjiots, and three spots on the outer margin ; one of them, which is at the anal
angle, large and marked by a black si^ot."

" Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing crossed at the middle by a band of white, and beyond it
by a series of five grey spots. Posterior wing white, with the base and apex rufous-brown, several small
brown spots near the middle, followed by three larger spots of the same colour ; four large marginal spots,
their centre borders black."

Exp. wings, 1^ inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Wallace — coll. Hewits.).

5. Poritia pheretia. (Tab. XXII., figs. 9 ^ , 10 ? .)

Foritia Pheretia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 846 ; Ills. Diurn. Lep., Lye. p. 217, n. 9, t. 89,
figs. 17 & 18 J 16 ? (1878).

" Upperside. Male. — Anterior wing black, with a band from the base to the middle, a band on the
inner margin, and a transverse band of four spots beyond the middle, all green-blue. Posterior wing
green-blue, with the costal margin and a spot below the middle dark brown."

" Underside rufous, pale. Anterior wing crossed at the middle by a band of white. Posterior wing
irrorated with white at the middle and crossed by a band of brown spots ; three large spots on the outer
margin ; the two largest at the anal angle, white bordered with black, the middle spot marked with black,
the outer spot black."

" Female rufous-brown. Posterior wing with the outer half nearly lilac-white : underside like the
male, except that the anterior wing is crossed by a second band of white."

Exp. wings, " Ira inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace — coll. Hewits.).

6. Poritia pediada. (Tab. XXII., fig. 16 $ .)

Poritia Pediada, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xiii. p. 223 (1877) ; Ills. Diurn. Lep., Lye. p. 218, n. 11, t. 89,
figs. 21 & 22 2 (1878).

" Ui^perside. Female. — Dark brown, slightly tinted with dull blue ; outer margin of posterior wing
dentate near the middle, traversed from the dentation to the anal angle by a pale blue line."

" Underside red-brown. Both wings crossed transversely by two bands of lilac-white, one near the
middle, the other submarginal. Posterior wing with a short band of the same colour between the others,
and a submarginal line of white."

Exp. wings, " lis inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Buxton — coll. Hewits.).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 201

7. Poritia potina. (Tab. XXII., fig. 7 2 .)

Poritiii potina, Hewitsou, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 347 ; Ills. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 215, n. 4, t. 88,

figs. 6 & 7 2 (1878).

" Ui^perside. Female. — Rufous-orange. Anterior -wing with the apex, the outer and inner margins,
and a linear spot at the end of the cell dark brown. Posterior wing angular a little below the apes, clouded
with rufous-brown, and marked by three large brown spots near the outer margin."

" Underside rufous, tinted with lilac. Both wings with a linear spot at the end of the cell ; both
crossed before the middle by a rufous-brown band (broken into spots on the posterior wing), and beyond
the middle by two bands (near together) of the same colour."

Exp. wings, " liTi inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Wallace — coll. Hewits.).

Geuus CUEETIS.

Cm-etis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sebmett. p. 102 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 73 (1881).

Phadra, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 123 (1829).

Anops, Boisd. Spec. Geu. i. t. 23, f. 1 (1836) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 473 (1852).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin strongly arched at base, and then almost obliquely
straight to apex, which is either subacute or prominently and falcately acute ; outer margin concavely
sinuate where the apex is produced ; inner margin concavely sinuate in the male, obscurely so in the
female ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell, second at one-fourth before
end of cell, tbiixl and fourth bifurcating about midway between end of cell and apex of wing. Posterior
wings rounded, the anal angle more acute in the male than in the female ; subcostal nervules bifurcating
near end of cell. Eyes hairy; palpi porrect, clothed with tine adpressed scales; apical joint slender,
longer in the female than in the male ; antennse short, gradually thickened into a long apical club ; legs
short, thick and densely clothed with scales; anterior tarsus of the male consisting of a single joint, with
an obtuse apical claw and with some tine spines beneath ; anterior tarsus of the female five-jointed, with
two small apical claws.

The geographical range of Curetis inchides Contineutal India, Ceylon, the Andaman and
Xicobar Islands, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and probably the whole length and breadth of
the Malayan Archipelago.

This genus exhibits features of structural variability which await the explanation of the
local biological observer. In structure, the apical angles of the anterior, and the anal angles of
the posterior wings are either acutely produced or obtusely subacute. There are also tliree
forms of sexual dissimilarity ; firstly, in which the female has the pale markings whitish, as
in C. cesopus ; secondly, in which the female pale markings are of an ochraceous character,
as in C. fcklcri, both of these forms having the male entirely dissimilar ; and thirdly, in which
the male approaches the pecuhar markings of the female, as in C. sperthis.

May 31, 1884. 3 f

202 RHOPALOCEKA MALAY AN A.

1. Curetis malayica. (Tab. XXII., fig. 28 J .)

Amps Malayica, Felder, Reisc Nov. Lep. ii. p. 221, t. 28, f. 18 (18G5); Butl. Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 546, no. 1 |1877|.

Not having received this species myself from the Malay Peninsula, I have followed my
previous course of giving a copy of both Felder's diagnosis and figure.

" (? . AlfE supra cupreo-rutilae, anticae limbo costali, apud venulam transversam dentem subtilem
emittente, nigro-fusco, triangulum sat latum apicalem intus excisum et hoc in triangulum analem nigro-
fuscum, in marginem internum obscuriorem se perdentem transeunte, posticfe vittula juxta truncum
subcostalem, atomaria margiueque externo, postice latiore et atomario nigro-fuscis, dimidio apicali costse
fusco, regioue anali obscuriore."

" Alffi subtus subargenteo-albfe, nigro punctulatse, striga externa undulata interrupte fracta ex atomis
nigris, altera submarginali obsoleta, punctis nigris intramarginalibus, anticee maculis tribus miuutis nigris
subcostalibus."

Exp. wings,* 45 millim.

Hab. — Burma (coll. Dist.) — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau — coll. Felder ; Pinwill —
Brit. Mus).

The female of this species has probably the ground colour white, instead of red, as obtains
in the female sex of C. bulis and C. asopus.

2. Curetis asopus. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 12 <? .)

I'apilio .Esopiis, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. p. 125, n. 565 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 79, n. 719(1787); Eut. Syst. iii.

p. 307, u. 164 (1793).
Anops Msopiis, Butl. Catl. Fabr. Lepid. p. 160, n. 1 (1869).

Male. Wings above closely resembling those of C. malayica, but the anterior wings having the black
area more reduced, and not widened at outer angle nor extending along inner margin. Wings beneath
pearly-white ; anterior wings with a pale bluish oblique lunulated fascia, outward!}' and narrowly margined
with l)lackish, commencing at upper discoidal nervule, and a marginal series of small black spots preceded by
an obscure pale bluish lunulated fascia ; posterior wings with a short oblique pale bluish fascia commencing
on costal uervure a little before apex ; some short and similar indistinct fascia on disk and a marginal
series of black spots preceded by a pale bluish lunulated fascia as on anterior wings. Body above fuscous ;
beneath with the sternum and legs greyish white, the femora and tibife more or less auuulated with
brownish ; abdomen pale brownish ; palpi greyish white, with their apices black.

Female. This is the sex of the typical specimen + contained in the Banksian Collection in the
British Museum, and is thus described : —

" Alis integerrimis supra fuscis, macula alba ; subtus albis immaculatis ; habitat in India orieutaU."

E.xp. wings, 40 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

Although I have not received the female from the Malay Peninsula, I have carefully
compared the male specimen here figured with the female type of the Fabrician species, and

" Felder's figure. — In all my piveii measurements the expanse is calculated from tip to tip of wing. Mr. Butler (Cist.
Knt. vol. iii. p. 68) lias recently argued that "fairly" it should be "from tip of wing to centre of thorax, doubled."

t I refer only to the type, and not to the Moulmein specimens enumerated as belonging to the species by Mr. Butler
(Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 160, n. 1(1809).

I
I

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 203

have no doubt as to their identity. It is quite (specifically or racially) distinct from C. thetijs,
Dru., and not synonymic with that species, as stated by Mr. Kirby* and by Mr. Moore, f

3. Curetis felderi, I n. sp. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 3 <?; Tab. XXII., fig. 26 2 .)

Male. Wings less angular than in the preceding species, the apex of the anterior wing and the anal
angle of the posterior wing more rounded and less produced. Colour above as in preceding species ;
anterior wings with the black area smaller, the apical portion more regularly concave interiorly, and
narrower at outer angle ; posterior wings with the outer black margin narrower. Wings beneath pearly
white ; markings as in preceding species, but the fascite darker and more continuous, the apex of the
anterior wings also broadly infuscated.

Female. Wings above pale orange-yellow ; anterior wings with the costal margin, the apex, outer
margin, and outer half of inner margin broadly dark brown ; posterior wings wholly dark brown, with the
exception of a large discal orange-yellow patch extending from base of upper median nervule to apex of wing.
Wings beneath as in the male, but with the fascife darker, broader, and more regularly curved and continuous.
Body above dark brown ; sternum and legs greyish white, tibife and tarsi annulated with brown ; palpi
greyish white, their apices dark brown.

Exp. wings, <? and ? , 40 to 45 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Sungei Ujong (Godfery and Durnford) ;
Singapore (Kerr).

This species is allied to C. umdaris, Horsf. (with the type of which in the Horsfield
collection I have carefully compared it§), but by the under surface, in particular, it is
rendered very distinct.

4. Curetis sperthis. (Tab. XXII., fig. 27 2 .)

Aiiops sperthis, Folder, Eeise Nov. Lap. ii. p. 222 (1865) ; Butl. Traus. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546,
n. 2 (1877).

Female. Wings above dark chocolate-brown; a large discal streak on anterior wings, occupj'ing
nearly all the lower half of cell, and deflected and covering more than half of the median nervules,
and a discal patch on posterior wings, which is much waved and sinuated and extends from near apex
to upper median nervule, orange-yellow. Wings beneath pearly grey, with a small fuscous streak near
end of cells of both wings, a waved fuscous linear fascia crossing both wings a little beyond middle,
followed by a wider and more obscure fascia and a submarginal series of dark fuscous linear spots. Body
both above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings. Palpi pearly grey, with their upper surface
and apex fuscous. Legs pearly grey, more or less annulated with fuscous.

Male. A specimen of this sex in the British Museum resembles the female, but has the pale discal
markings on the upper surface of the wings more reddish in hue, and the discal patch on the posterior
wings larger in size.

Exp. wings, 41 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Castelnau— coll. Feld. ;
Pinwill— Brit. Mus.).

* Syu. Cat. Divirn. Lepid. p. 418, n. 1. f Lepid. Ceylon, vol. i. p. 74.

I Named after C. and K. Felder, whose memoir, " Lepidoptera nova in Paninsula Malayioa CoUeeta" (Wien. Ent. Men.
iv. 1860) may be considered as the first real contribution to a knowledge of this Ehopalocerous faima.

§ This important collection of Dr. Horsfield, containing so many types, is no longer kept in its separate condition at the
British Museum, but is now incorporated with the general collection — a matter of some regret — imtil an account is published
under what genera the species are placed, and which species are smik as synonyms of others.

204 EHOPALOCERA MALA VAN A.

I have only received a single female specimen of this apparently somewhat rare species.
It is peculiar by the similarity of the sexes, the usual female characters of colour and markings
being, in this species, also transferred to the other sex.

Genus LIPHYKA.

Liphyra, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, ji. 31.
Sterosis, Feld. Eeise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 219 (1865).

Body very short and robust ; eyes large ; palpi minute ; antennae gradually thickened from centre
to apex.

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin oblique and slightly arched, the outer margin
convex, inner margin sinuated and coarsely hirsute ; costal nervure extending to about centre of costal
margin ; first subcostal nervule emitted a little bej'ond centre of cell ; second emitted at about half the
distance from apex of cell as its base is from that of the first uervule ; third and fom-th bifurcating at
about one-third the distance between end of cell and apex of wing ; base of the upper discoidal nervule
united with the subcostal nervule a little beyond end of cell; disco-cellular nervules robust, slightly
concave. Posterior wings somewhat elongately ovate ; the posterior margin rounded and convex ; costal
nervure extending to about apex of wing ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of
cell ; cell very broad ; second and third median nervules with their bases twice as wide apart as the
distance separating the bases of the first and second. Legs robust.

This unique genus is known only by one species,* which is probably the largest and most
robust butterfly found in the whole of the Lijatniihe. Its geographical area can at present be
only estimated by that of its sole representative.

1. Liphyra brassolis.f (Tab. XXII., fig. 18 2 .)

Liphyra brassolis, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 31 ; Bull. Traus. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546,

n. 1 (1877).
Sterosis rolmsta, Feld. Eeise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 219, n. 237, t. 27, f. 10, 11 (1865).

Female. Wings above reddish ochraceous. Anterior wings with a large spot occupying apical two-
thirds of cell and extending beyond it ; two large spots beneath apex of cell divided by the middle median
nervule, the ajiex and outer margin broadly and the inner margin narrowly for half its length fuscous or
black ; extreme outer margin castaneous. Posterior wings with five discal spots, one inside and two just
beyond cell, and two divided by the middle median nervule, and the posterior margin broadly and inwardly
sinuate, fuscous or black ; extreme outer margin castaneous ; abdominal margin somewhat darker. Wings
beneath paler ; anterior wings with the discal black spots present, but the apex and outer margin only
mottled with brownish ; posterior wings with the posterior two-thirds and the costal margin mottled with
brownish, the black discal spots obsolete. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings ; eyes
black ; antenna brownish.

Male. With the black markings on the upper surface of the wings larger and more distinct, on the
anterior wings occupying the whole of the inner margin.

Exp. wings, S and 2 , 68 millim.

* Mr. Hewitson described two West African species as also belonging to this genus, but I quite agree with Mr. Kirliy,
and cannot believe that they "are correctly referred" in the generic sense (Ills. Diurn. Lep., Lye. Suppl. pp. 34 — 5).

f This species has considerable superficial resemblance to those of the Tropical American genus Brassolis, from which it
presumably owes its name.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 205

Hab. — Continental India; Darjeeling (coll. Hewits.)- Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit.
Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.). Borneo; Sarawak (coll. Hewits.). Gilolo;* Dodinga (Lorquin — Felder).

This is always a somewhat scarce species. I have only received one (a female)
specimen, and for this I am indebted to the entomological exertions of the Kev. L. C. Biggs.
Capt. Pinwill also found it at Malacca, but it has not been received from those other parts of
the Malay Peninsula in which considerable collections have been made.

Genus GERYDUS.

Oerydiis, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. t. 23, f. 2 (1836).

Symetha, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 59, t. 2, f. 2 (1828).

Miletus (nee Hiibn.), Westw. (part), Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 502 (1852).

Anterior wings elongate and ovate, costal margin arched and convex, apex subacute,
outer margin obliquely convex, inner margin nearly straight, very slightly concave ;
subcostal nervure with four nervules ; first emitted about one-fourth before end of cell,
second near end of cell, third a little beyond cell, and fourth minute, starting from third
a little before apex. Posterior wings elongate and ovate, costal margin nearly straight,
posterior margin convexly rounded, distinctly angulated in the female. Eyes naked, palpi
very long, terminal joint long and slender ; legs scaly and compressed, the first joint of
the tarsi remarkably elongated, widened and compressed ; antennae slender, terminating
in a slightly formed club.

Fig. 59. — Posterior

This is a truly remarkable genus, the enlarged and widened basal joint of the ^^s of oerydus
tarsi being a phenomenal character in Rhopalocera. The focus of the distribution
of Gerijdiis appears to be in the true Malayan region.

It has been erroneously stated that one species inhabits ants' nests, but no real facts can
be adduced in support of the assertion, f

1. Gerydus symethus. (Tab. XX., fig. 2 J , and Tab. XXII., fig. 14 2 .)

Papilio Symethus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 149, B, C. (1779); Stoll, Suppl. Cram. t. 37, f. 3, 8 G (1790).

Polyommatits Symethus, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 675, n. 180 (1823).

Symetha Pandu, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. 2, f. 2, 2a (1828).

Gerydus Symethus, Boisd, Sp. Gen. i. t. 23, f. 2 (1836); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546,

n. 3 (1877).
Miletus Symethus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 336, n. 2 (1871) ; Snell. Tijd. Ent. six. p. 152, n. 87 (1876).

* Felder (Eeise Nov. Lejj. ii. p. 219) gives the habitat as " Halmaheira." According to Crawford (Diet. Ind. Islds., &c.,
pp. 147 & 10) this name can be either spelt " Hahnahera" or "Almahera," and is the equivalent of Gilolo.

f In 'Cassell's Natural History' (vol. vi. p. 44) it is stated that Oerydus {Miletus) sijviethus is " said to inhabit ants*
nests." On asking my friend the author, Mr. W. P. Kirby, for the original authority of this statement he referred me to an
article in the ' Entom'ologist's Weekly InteUigeneer' (No. 142, p. 89), written by Mr. Stainton, where it is stated on the
authority of Dr. Herrich-Schiiffer, that the butterfly " took up its residence permanently within the nests of ants," and that
" the accounts he had received of its habits led iiTesistibly to the conclusion that this singular butterfly never disported itself
on the wing, but wandered listlessly in the labyrinths of the ants' nests." Mr. Stainton has obhgingly informed me that
" the information was no doubt acquired in conversation with Hemch-Schiiffer." It only remains to say that the information
given by that excellent entomologist must have become erroneously transposed, either — as is most probable — really referring
to the larva of the butterfly, or — as is equally possible — to some other insect, perhaps a moth. For the butterfly is common in
the Malay Peninsula, and I have received it from so many different collectors, sent home with other Bhopalocera captured on
the wing, that had it been found only in ants' nests I must have received information of so uncommon an occurrence.

Mat 31, 1884. 3 g

206 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Male. Anterior wings above greyish-white, the base and basal half of costal area bluish-grey ; about
the apical half of wing black with its inner margin oblique and profoundly sinuate, and the apical third of
inner margin of the same colour. Posterior wings bluish-grey, the costal area blackish, a pale discal streak
extending through and beyond cell, and the fringe pale greyish. Wings beneath pale brownish. Anterior
wings with an oblique central whitish fascia, before and beyond which the coloiu- is dark bluish-grey, and with
the following spots and fasciae margined with grey : — two spots in cell, a disco-cellular elongate spot at apex
of cell, a spot between the first and second subcostal nervules and another between the second and third,
a waved fascia extending from fourth subcostal nervule to about upper median nervule, and a submarginal
row of small dark spots placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with the following spots and
fasciae : — three beneath costal nervure, three crossing cell (the third at apex), two beneath cell (the second
bifid), beyond these a waved transverse fascia crossing wing, and a waved submarginal dark line. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Eesembliug the male, but with the posterior wings more elongated and angulated ; the white
area of the anterior wings much larger, * and the white discal streak on the posterior wings also larger and
more distinct.

Exp. wings, S and 2 , 34 to 42 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Piuwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Gosse and Dist.) — Java (coll.
Horsf.) ; Batavia (Snellen).

Although the male specimens collected in Malacca, and now before me, show no variation,
such uniformity in the species does not ensue when a larger series from the whole area of its
distribution is examined. As I have noticed in the British Museum and other private
collections, the variability is in the extent and distinctness of the white area to the anterior
wings.

It is of this species that the erroneous statement as to its habitation in ants' nests has
been ascribed {antea, p. 205).

2. Gerydus biggsii,t u. sp. (Tab. XXII., fig. 12 2 .)

Female. Anterior wings brown, almost crossed near centre by an oblique white fascia, beyond which
the brown colour is much darker and almost black. Posterior wings uniform brown, with the fringe paler.
Wings beneath pale brownish ; anterior wings with the white fascia as above ; both wings with spots and
fasciae margined with grey, arranged similarly to those of G. symethus.

Male. Resembling the female, but with the white fascia to the anterior wings a little narrower, and
the posterior wings more convex and less outwardly angulated.

Exp. wings, 30 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.).

I have now received three specimens of this well-marked species, all collected at
different times by Mr. Biggs at Malacca. I neither met with it myself in Province Wellesley,
nor have I seen it in any of the many collections examined from other parts of the Peninsula.

* In an allied Aniboiuese species, G. boisduvalii,B\\tl., the distinctive coloiu-Lng of the sexes is reversed, the male having
the largest white area to the anterior wings.

t I have named this species after its discoverer, the Kev. L. C. Biggs, now Chaplain at Malacca, who has devoted much
of his leismre to the collection and study of the Ehopalocera of his district.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 207

Genus PARAGERYDUS, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Gerydus, but differing by baving tbe first joint of tbe tarsi greatly
elongated, but not widened and compressed as in Gerydus ; tbe female also differs from the
male in baving the outer margin of the posterior wings dentately sinuate.

I failed to place this genus in the Synopsis (p. 197), believing, previous to
close examination, that the following species really belonged to Gerydus, as hitherto
classified. Its position is readily defined as allied to Gerydus and Logania by
having the third subcostal nervule of the anterior wings emitted beyond the end
of cell, and it difi'ers from the first by the non-compressed and non-dilated tarsi,
and from the second by the non-globosely incrassated tibial apices. fig. eo.— Posterior

leg oiParagerydus
horsfie.ldi.

1. Paragerydus horsfieldi. (Tab. XX., fig. 7 2.)

Miletus Horsfieldi, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 19, n. 3, t. la, f . 2 (1857j ; Druce,

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 347, n. 1.
Gerydus Horsfieldi, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546, n. 1 (1877).

Male. Wings above dark brownish ; anterior wings with a pale ochraceous streak beyond cell,
extending along the upper median nervule for about half its length. Wings beneath greyish, thickly
mottled with irregularly shaped and sized brown markings ; fringe pale brownish. Body and legs more or
less concolorous with wings.

Female. Eesembling the male, but with the anterior wings proportionally shorter and their outer
margin convex ; the outer margin of the posterior wings dentately sinuate, and the pale streak on the
upper surface of tbe anterior wings almost obsolete.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 31 to 40 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca
(Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) : Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.) — Java (coll. Horsf.) — Borneo (Lowe — coll. Godm.
and Salv.).

Two specimens received from Singapore, and both males, are smaller than the female here
figured, which itself does not equal in size some large male specimens captured at Sungei
Ujong. It is therefore very evident that size is a very variable element in the form of
this species.

2. Paragerydus nivalis. (Tab. XXII. , fig. 11 2 .)

Miletus nivalis, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 348, n. 4.

Gerydus nivalu? Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1, p. 546, n. 2 (1877).

My only knowledge of this species is derived from the Bornean type described by Mr. Druce,
and a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, from which the figure is taken. The following
is the original description : —

"Male. Upperside dark brown. Underside white, speckled with pale brown. Anterior wing with
six black spots close to the outer margin ; posterior wing with five." *
Exp. wings, " 1 inch."
Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.)— Borneo (Lowe — coll. Godm. & Salv.).

* These spots would be more correctly described as marginal, and are scarcely reducible to the numbers given.

208 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Genus LOGANIA, * gen. nov.

Anterior wings irregularly subtriangular ; costal margin convex, the apex acutely
produced, outer margin deeply and concavely sinuate, inner margin nearly straight ; costal
nervure extending to near middle of costal margin, first subcostal nervule emitted a little
beyond middle of cell, second midway between base of first and apex of cell, thii-d and
fourth bifurcating at about two-thirds the distance from end of cell and apex of wing;
bases of the first and second median nervules one-third nearer together than the bases of
the second and third. Posterior wings elongate, the costal margin nearly straight, the
posterior margin deeply sinuate, first subcostal nei'vule emitted a little before the end of
cell ; palpi very long, hirsute, the apical joint slender, but clothed with adpressed hairs
{antennce mutilated) ; legs with the apices of the tibise more or less globosely incrassated,
the femora with a few slender spines.

This peculiar genus, which possesses superficially a Heterocerous appearance,

is probably found throughout the Malay Peninsula. I have received but one

Fio. 01.— Posterior species ; but a second, from Tenasserim, belonging to the Calcutta Museum, has

mlja°)/!ca°^'""'' l^ecn showu me by Mr. F. Moore. Of the species here described female specimens

have alone reached my hands.

1. Logania malayica, n. sp. (Tab. XXII., fig. 21 ? .)

Female. Wings above white ; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly fuscous and the apical
area narrowing to outer angle of the same colour ; posterior wings with the outer margin very narrowly
fuscous. Wings beneath white, thickly and irregularly mottled with brown. Body and legs brownish.

Exp. wings, ? , 23 to 25 miUim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Godfery and Durnford — coll. Dist.).

Genus ALLOTINUS.

Alhtinm, Felder, Reise Nov. Lap. ii. p. 285 (1865).

" Antennae sensim incrassatae, paullo longiores, quam in Mileto."
"Palpi articulo tertio aciculari sat longo, praesertim in feminis."

" Alae antics vena subcostali triramosa,f ramo tertio sat longe pone cellulam emisso vena discoidali
superiore e cellulae clausa nata, venula discocellulari suprema distincta."

" Pedes sat longi, gracillimi, aciculares, tibiis posticis femora subaequantibus."

Folder's original diagnosis of his genus is here given, as I have neither the Singapore
species which he includes in it, nor have I both sexes of any other species of the genus, which
is readily separable from the preceding genera by the position of the third subcostal nervule of
the anterior wings.

One species has been described from Singapore, and others from Java, Celebes, and the
Philippine Islands, but doubtless many more remain to be discovered and the true geographical
range of the genus cannot at present be rigidly defined, though its head-quarters appear to be
in the Indo-Malayan region.

* I have dedicated this genus to my friend and colleague, David Logan, the inspu-er and sustainer of this work.

• I. t subviolaceus, Feld. (the only species I possess), there are four subcostal nervules, as in Gerydus, but differing

in having the third nervule emitted at end of cell.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 209

1. Allotinus unicolor.

Allutinus unicolor, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 286, n. 869 (1875).

" J . Alse supra rufescenti-fuscae, anticse marginem versus obscuriores, posticse ciliis sorclide albidis,
margine ante ea obscuriore.

"Alas subtus glaucescenti-albae, ciliis fusco-albis, apucl venarum esitus obsolete nigro-fusco maculatis,
omnes, anticse limbo interno solum escepto, fuscescenti subtiliter variegatae, serie submarginali margini
parallela macularum parvularum fuscescentium, anticarum maculis quinque costalibus arrosis, macula
minuta et litura transversa in cellula, fasciola discocellulari fasciaque exteriore, maculis sex inequalibus
formata, posticarum maculis quatuor minutis basalibus, maculis binis cellularibus, fasciola discocellulari
arrosa, maculis duabus subcostalibus subbasalibus, duabus subcostalibus grossioribus in medio (superiore
magis extrorsum jacta), aliis sex posterioribus in serie margini parallela (duabus intermediis elongatis,
reliquis paribus, decrescentibus) septimaque parva interna cano-brunneis."

"Abdomen cano-fuscum, ventre albido."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace — coll. Feld.).

Felder does not give the exact dimensions of this species, but refers it in general terms to
the size of two other members of the genus. From this we may infer that it is somewhat of
the size of Gerijdus symethus.

Genus NEOPITHECOPS, gen. nov.

Pithecops, Moore (nee Horsfield), Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 72 (1881).

Wings broad. Anterior -wings with the costal margin arched and convex, outer margin convex, inner
margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure not extending to centre of costal margin ; first, second, and third
subcostal nervules emitted at about equal distance from each other before end of cell, first before middle of
cell, third and fourth bifurcating beyond centre of third, the fourth not reaching apex of wing ; cell long and
broad ; lower median nervule emitted about centre of median nervure. Posterior wings ovate ; the posterior
margin strongly convex. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifurcating
before apex of cell. Body moderately slender. Palpi porrect, the second joint stout and compressed ;
apical joint slender, longest in the female ; legs moderately long and slender, basal joint of the tarsi much
elongated. Antennse with a well-formed, prominent, and spatulate apical club.

This genus is quite distinct from Pitlieeops (of which the type is the Javan species
P. hylax), although similarity in colouring and markings has led to considerable confusion.
In Pithecops the first subcostal nervule is distinctly and strongly anastomosed with the costal
nervure, in Neopithecops that nervule is quite free and situate some clear distance from the
costal nervure.

The geographical range of Neopithecops (of which I take the type to be the Ceylonese
species lY. dharma, Moore) is at present unknown, and till all the species (many undescribed)
which really belong to it are accurately determined little can be stated on that point. It is,
however, known from Ceylon, I possess an undescribed species from the Andaman Islands, and
it is probably distributed more or less throughout the Malayan Archipelago.

May 31, 1884. 3 h

210 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

1. Neopithecops horsfieldi,* n. sp. (Tab. XXII. , fig. 15 <? .)

Mule. Wings above dark piu-plish ; anterior wings with the apex and outer margin distinctly and
broadh- darker ; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-white. Wings beneath gi-eyish-white ; anterior
wings with the following brownish markings, viz. : — an oblique line extending from costa to upper discoidal
nervule, followed by a broken transverse linear fascia, a more continuous submarginal linear fascia between
which and the outer margin are a series of linear spots, and an outer marginal line ; posterior wings with
a large blackish spot near ajjex, and brownish markings as on anterior wings. Bodj- above and beneath
more or less concolorous with wings ; legs greyish-white, more or less annulated with brownish.

Exp. wings, 20 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Kerr).

I have as yet received but a single example of this species, obligingly sent to me by its
captor, Capt. J. M. Kerr.

Genus CYANIRIS.

Cyaniris, Dalman, Vetensk. Acad. Handl. xxxvii. 63, 94 (1816) ; Moore, Lap. Ceyl. i. p. 74 (1881).
Lyccenopm, Feld. Keise Nov. Lap. p. 257 (1865).

Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin oblique, outer margin oblique and slightly convex, inner
margin nearly straight ; costal nervure terminating at about centre of costal margin ; first subcostal
nervule emitted a little beyond basal half of cell, second between base of first and end of cell, thu-d and
fourth bifurcating between end of cell and ajjex of wing ; t cell long, narrow, extending to about half the
length of wing ; first and second median nervules emitted a short distance from each other at end of cell ;
third median nervule emitted a little beyond basal half of cell. Posterior wings subovate, costal and
posterior margins convex ; costal nervure extending to apex, first subcostal nervule emitted a little before
the end of cell. Palpi porrect, second joint pilose, projecting half beyond the head, third slender and about
half the length of second; legs well developed, femora moderately pilose; antennae with a well-formed
elongate club.

I can find no suflficient character to separate the proposed genus Lyccenopsis, Feld., from
Cijaniris. Felder himself appended to his diagnosis of the typical species the remark,
" Erinnert auch in der Zeichnung der Unterseite an die Gruppe von Lyccena Anjiolus, L.,"
and as Mr. Moore (supra) gives this species as the type of Cijaniris, there seems little doubt
as to common identity.

I am only able at present to enumerate two species of Cyaniris in this fauna. Mr. Butler,
in his paper on the "Butterflies of Malacca," J: included the Lj/c^na ca^raya, Feld., a species
which clearly appertains to this genus. Our artist, however, was unable to see this specimen
at the British Museum, it being no longer placed under Felder's name, and was not then
discoverable. I have not received it from the Malay Peninsula, and, as Felder described it from
Luzon, it has probably been erroneously ascribed to Malacca.

* This species is dedicated to the memory of the late Dr. Thomas Horsfield, whose name is inseparabl}' comiected with
the Natural Histoiy of Java.

f Mr. Moore (Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 74) describes a fifth subcostal nervule emitted " from end of the cell," but in my view this
is clearly the upper discoidal nervule.

J Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 1 (1878).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 211

1. Cyaniris Iambi.* (Tab. XXI., fig. 22 J.)

Polyonimatus {C'l/aiiiris} Lambi, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. s. p. 245 (1882).

Male. Wings above somewhat dark lavender-blue ; anterior wings with the costal area and outer
margin somewhat broadly fuscous, widest at base and apex ; posterior wings with the costal, posterior, and
abdominal margins somewhat broadly fuscous. Wings beneath greyish-white ; anterior wings with the
costal area and outer margins slightly infuscated, and with the following pale fuscous spots : — a transverse
linear one at the end of cell, one between third and fourth subcostal nervules, one above upper discoidal
nervule, three in linear series and nearer outer margin, divided by the lower discoidal and first median
nervules, and two larger, and placed more inwardly, divided by the third median nervule ; obscure, waved
and broken submarginal and marginal pale fuscous fasciae. Posterior wings with seven large and prominent
black discal spots — one, small, between bases of costal and subcostal nervures, followed by two which are
more rounded and much larger, one in cell, at about base of third median nervule, near which is a smaller
spot, contiguous, but outside cell, and two situate on abdominal margin ; these are followed by a discal series
of six pale fuscous spots, the first and innermost of which is situate between the subcostal nervules near
their base, second and thu-d on each side of discoidal nervule, and fourth, fifth and sixth in irregular series,
separated by the second and third median nervules ; a transverse pale fuscous fascia at end of cell, and a
much-waved pale fuscous submarginal fascia, between which and outer margin are nine marginal spots^
the upper four of which are pale fuscous, and the remaining five almost black. Body and legs more or
less concolorous with wings.

Female. Anterior wings above fuscous, with a pale greyish-white discal space much suffused with
bluish, extending from near base through centre of cell above, to about median nervure beneath, and
outwardly reaching centre of submedian nervules. Posterior wings above pale fuscous, with a similar but
smaller pale discal area as on anterior wings, and with the posterior margin fuscous as in male. Wings
beneath as in the other sex.

Exp. wings, ^ and ? , 30 to 32 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (coll. Godfery) ; Sungei Ujong
(Dm-nford) ; Malacca (coll. Godm. & Salv. and Biggs — coll. Dist.) — Nias Island (coll. Dist.).

C. Iambi is most nearly allied to the Ceylonese species C. lavendularis, Moore.

2. Cyaniris haraldus. (Tab. XXI., fig. 6 <? .)

Papilio Haraldus, Fabricius, Maut. Ins. ii. p. 82, n. 744 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. p. 817, u. 201 (1793).

Polyommatus Heraldus, Godt. Euc. Metb. ix. p. 677, n. 188 (1823).

Lycanopsis Anamja, Feld. Eeise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 257, n. 303, t. 32, f. 10, 11 (1865).

Danis Haraldus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 161, n. 1 (1869).

Cupido Haraldus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diuru. Lep. p. 347, u. 12 (1871).

Cupido Ananrja, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 376, n. 298 (1871).

Lyca:nopsis Haraldus, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546, u. 1 (1877).

Male. Wings above bright c£erulean-blue ; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and the apex
and outer margin broadly blackish ; posterior wings with the costal area beyond base creamy-white, the
posterior margin blackish, and the abdominal margin creamy-white. Wings beneath creamy-white, anterior
wings with the following blackish markings : — costal margin narrowly, and an outer series of somewhat

* I have named this species after my late esteemed friend Mr. James Lamb, who some years ago collected most
assiduously the Coleoptera of Province Wellesley. Two special memoirs have been published on portions of his collection, viz.
"A Catalogue of Longicorn Coleoptera collected at Penaug, &c.," by F. P. Pascoe (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866), and " Notes on rare
and descriptions of new species of Buprestidae collected by Mr. James Lamb in Penang," by Edwd. Saunders (Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. ser. 3, vol. v. 1867). The remainder of his collection stUl remains in this country, and the gi-eater part practically
nnworked.

212 KHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

cruciform spots placed between the uervules, bounded on each side by a marginal and submarginal
line, the last preceded by a disjointed series of linear streaks ; posterior wings similarly marked as anterior
wings, but with the series of spots larger and not cruciform.

Female. Wings above blackish, with a broad white fascia crossing the disk of both wings, commencing
near the upper median nervule of the anterior wings, and continued across the posterior wings to about
centre of abdominal margin. Wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, S and 2 , 31 to 40 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Wallace — coll. Godm. & Salv. ; Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll.
Dist. & Gosse). — Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).

This species varies greatly in size, and the female is on the upper surface of a most
distinct and divergent character, closely resembling the general markings found in the genus
Castalius. The female also appears to be at least difficult of capture, as it is rare in collections,
and although I possess a specimen (unlocalised) I have never received it from the Malay
Peninsula.

Genus ZIZEEA.

Zizera, Moore, Lap. Ceyl. i. p. 78 (1881).

Wings small. Anterior wings subtriangular, margins much as in Cyaniris ; costal nervure extending
to about half the length of wing ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about half the length of cell and
impinging midway on the costal nervure, remaining subcostal nervules as in Cyaniris ; cell extending to
about half the length of wing, its apical half broad. Other characters much as in Cyaniris, but with
the legs less robust.

This is a genus of small and short-winged butterflies, principally diflering from the
preceding genus by the character and position of the first subcostal nervule of the anterior
■wings.

Zizera possesses a wide geographical area, iudiflerently known at present, but probably
extending from Continental India, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, throughout the
Malay Peninsula, and through the length and breadth of the Malayan Ai-chipelago.

Two species can only at present be enumerated as belonging to this fauna. Mr. Butler,
in his paper on the " Butterflies of Malacca," included under the genus Lyccena the Z. sangra,
Moore,* as received from both Malacca and Penang. The specimen, however, could not be
produced when our artist was at the British Museum, and consequently the species is omitted
here. I think, however, that the Z.pygmea, Snellen,} must occur in the Peninsula, as it is
recorded from Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, and, on the authority of Mr, Moore, I it was also
collected at the N.W. Himalayan hill-station of Dharmsala by the Rev. J. H. Hocking.

1. Zizera lysizone. (Tab. XX., fig, 9 .?,)

Lycana Lysizone, Snellen, Tijd. Eut. xix. p. 152, n. 49, t. 7, f. 2, 2 u (1876) ; Butl. Trans. Linn. See. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 2 (1877).

Wings above pale violaceous ; anterior wings with the costal area pale brownish, the outer margin
(widest at apex) broadly dark brown ; posterior wings with the costal area broadly pale brownish, the

* Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 4 (1877). t Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 153, t. 7, f. 3 (1876).

I Proc. Zool. boc. 1882, p. 245.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 213

posterior margin (narrowing to anal angle) dark brownish ; fringe of both wings greyish, darker at base.
Wings beneath pale brownish ochraceous ; anterior wings with a linear brown spot margined with grey at
end of cell, and a curved series of six brown spots margined with grey, placed between the nervules and
situate midway between the end of cell and outer margin, the uppermost situate between the bifurcation of
the third and fourth subcostal nervules, the sixth (sometimes duplex and sometimes absent) placed above
the submedian nervure, the outer margin darker and containing two dark waved lines ; posterior wings
with a linear spot at end of cell as on anterior wings and with the following series of brown spots margined
with grey : — three near base, two above and beyond cell, five midway between cell and posterior margin,
the first situate beneath the lower subcostal nervule, the fifth before the submedian nervure, and a smaller
spot about centre of abdominal margin ; posterior margin darker and marked as on anterior wings. Body
above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above pale brownish, with a broad violaceous streak at base ; wings beneath as
in male.

Exp. wings, (? & 2 , 17 to 24 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford) ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist. ; Pinwill^ — Brit. Mus.) .
Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Java; Batavia (Snellen).

I have, since figuring a small Malaccan male belonging to the collection of Mr. Moore,
received a fine series of this species, which proves (as could be reasonably expected) that the
species is subject to considerable variation both in size and in the distinctness of the markings
on the under surface of the wings. It also appears to be a very abundant Lycsenid in the
Malay Peninsula.

2. Zizera karsandra. (Tab. XXII., fig. 22 ? .)

Polijommatus Karsandra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 505, t. 31, f. 7 ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. B.

vol. L. p. 235, u. 42 (1881).
Lyccena Karsandra, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, u. 3 (1877).

I have not received this species from our region, and only know it by the female specimen
in the British Museum, which was captured by Capt. Pinwill in Penang. The figure here
given is taken from that specimen, and I add Mr. Moore's original description : —

" Upper side purple-brown. Underside greyish brown, exterior margins defined by a brown line : fore
wing with a spot within discoidal cell, a disco-cellular streak, a spot above it, and a transverse discal series
of six spots black, each encircled with white; a marginal and submarginal row of pale brown, white-
bordered lunules : hind wing with a series of twelve black spots, and a pale disco-cellular streak, encircled
with white ; a marginal row of pale brown, whitish encircled spots, and a submarginal row of whitish
lunules : cilia greyish brown."

Exp. wings, "li inch."

Hab. — Continental India ; North- West Plains (Moore). — Nicobar Islands ; Kamorta (Wood-Mas. and
de Nic). — Malay Peninsula; Penang (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

June 30, 1884. 3 i

214

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Fig. (ii. — Anterior wing of Cas-
talius elna, shswing subcostal
nervules.

Group CASTALARIA,

Castalariii, Distant, antea, p. 190/

Although I am now only able to include eight genera in this group, such an
enumeration gives but little idea of its generic strength, as it is widely and probably
universally distributed.

SYNOPSIS OF GENEEA.

1. Posterior wings with a single filamentous tail-like appendage.
A. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosed with

costal nervure.
a. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted near
middle of cell.

h. Costal nervure extending beyond basal half of costal

margin. -.....-. Castalids.

hh. Costal nervure not or barely reaching basal half of

costal margin. E verbs.

art. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted consider-
ably beyond middle of cell. Nacaduba.

AA. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings impinging on, or
connected with, the costal nervure.
c. Fh-st subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at about
middle of cell.
d. Third and fourth subcostal nervules of anterior wings
bifurcating about midway between end of cell and
apex of wing. ....... Jamides.

del. Third and fourth subcostal ner^^lles of anterior wings
bifurcating at about two-thirds of the distance be-
tween end of cell and apex of wing. - - - Catochrysops.
cc. First subcostal nervule of anterior mngs emitted beyond

middle of cell. Lampides.

AAA. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not anastomosed
with, nor impinging on, the costal nervure.
e. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at about
middle of cell.

2. Posterior wings with two short filamentous tail-like ap-
pendages.

ee. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted con-
siderably beyond middle of cell. ....

Fig. 63. — Anterior wing of Jamides
hnchiix, showing subcostal ner-
vules.

Fig. 04. — Anterior wing o{ Polyom-
matus baticu^, showing subcostal
nervules.

- POLYOMMATUS.

Lycenesthes.

Genus CASTALIUS.

Castalim, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (181G) ; Moore, Lap. Ccyl. i. p. 82 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin arched and slightly convex, outer margin moderately
convex and sometimes slightly waved, inner margin somewbat concavely sinuate ; costal nervure extending
to a little beyond midcUe of costal margin ; first subcostal nervule short, emitted a little beyond half of cell
and anastomosed with costal nervure, second emitted close to base of first, third from a little before end of

* I have previously acknowledged and laid stress on the artificiality, if conveniency, of my proposed groups, formulated
alone on superficial characters. The biological method of classification is now more thorough and accurate, based on the
teachings of morphology and embryology ; but even then, as recently pointed out by Dr. T. Margo, we must " regard all the
different endeavours of systematists to group animals exclusively in accordance with one character, whether morphological,
eml)ryological, or biological, external or internal, as mere experiments — such a grouping or classification of animals can never
be the true expression of their natural affinities." — " The Classif. Anim. Kingd., with reference to the newer Zool. Systems" (Eng.
trans., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xiii. p. 316).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 215

cell, and fourth bifurcating from the third almost midway between end of cell and apex of wing ; lower
median nervule emitted a little beyond middle of median nervure. Posterior wings broadly subovate ; costal
and outer margins convex, the last with a delicate tail-like appendage at apes of lower median nervule ; costal
nervure arched and extending to apex, iirst subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of cell. Palpi
porrect, second joint long, thickly clothed with adpressed hairs, third joint very slender, about half the
length of second ; antennae with a somewhat suddenly formed, robust, apical club.

CastaUiis is common to the Ethiopian and Oriental regions. In Africa and Asia it
probably extends throughout the tropics, but the number and distribution of its species cannot
be estimated at present with any degree of accuracy.

1. Castalius rosimon. (Tab. XXII., fig. 20 ? .)

Papilio Eosimon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 523, n. 341 (1775) ; Sp. Ins. p. 121, n. 511 (1781) ; Mant. Ins.

p. 71, n. 672 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. p. 349, n. 327 (1793).
Pcqnlio Maimoii, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 534, n. 395 (1775).
Papilio Clyton, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 67, F, G (1779).
Papilio Coridon, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 340, C— E (1782).
Castalius Naxus, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70, n. 696 (1816).
Polyommatus Rodynon, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 658, n. 141 (1823).

Lycmna Rosimon, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 71, n. 6 (1828); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n. 41 (1876).
Cupido rosimo7i, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, n. 1 ; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 17 (1878).
Lampides rosimon, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. B. vol. l. p. 235, n. 41 (1881) ; de Nic. ibid. p. 51, n. 42 (1881).
Oflsfa^Ms i?osmo?i, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p.l62, n. 1 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 546, n. 1

(1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 83, t. 36, f. 2 (1881).

Male and Female. Wings above pearly white, basal areas covered with bright bluish-green scales.
Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins broadly black, and with the following spots of the same
colour : — one at base of lower median nervule (almost obscured by the basal bluish coloration), one, disco-
cellular at apex of cell, and an irregular submarginal row of six spots, the uppermost of which is placed
above the upper discoidal nervule, and the fifth and sixth are fused and traversed by the lower median
nervule. Posterior wings with the costal margin (broadly) and two outer submarginal macular fasciis black,
and with the following spots of the same colour : — one between the subcostal nervules, another near apex of
cell, one or two basal and almost hidden by the bluish coloration, two near the inner submarginal fascia
and separated by the upper median nervule, and two placed a little above these and separated by the lower
median nervule. Wings beneath pearly white ; anterior wings spotted as above, but with a basal black
streak running along costal nervure to first subcostal nervule, the costa only narrowly black or fuscous,
and the outer margin with two submarginal rows of spots instead of the broad black margin as above ;
posterior wings spotted as above, the basal markings distinct, consisting of a basal streak and an oblique
row of four spots, the marginal spots near anal angle irrorated with bluish scales. Fringe alternately grey
and black. Body above blackish, beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Note. — The female has the black margins to the upper surface of the wings broader than in
the male.

Exp. wings, ^ and 2 , 27 to 30 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking — coll. Moore); Sikkim (de Nic). — Ceylon
(Thwaites — coll. Dist.). — Nicobar Islands; Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Malay Peninsula; Penang
(colls. Dist. & Godfy.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Siam ; Chentaboon and Nahconhaisee (Druce). —
•Java (Horsf.) ; Batavia (Snellen). — Celebes (Snellen).

This is evidently a widely distributed species, and the habitats given above must
inadequately express its geographical distribution. According to Mr. Hutchison, as observed

216 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

at Colombo, it frequents " plains and borders of cultivated ground ; at all times." " Slow
flight; settles among grass and on the ground; easily captured."*

2. Castalius ethion. (Tab. XXII., fig. 25 S .)

Lycmna Ethion, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Dixirn. Lep. p. 490, t. 76, f. 3 (1852); Hewits. Exot. Butt. v.

Lye. t. 1, f. 5 (187G); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n. 42 (1876).
Cupidfi Ethion, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. lOG, n. 2.
Castalius Ethion, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587 ; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 83, t. 36, f. 5, 5 « (1881); Butl.

Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 2 (1877); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. B. vol. l.

p. 248, n. 49 (1881).

Male. Wings above i^early white. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins fuscous, inwardly
and broadly margined with pale resplendent bluish, which colour also occupies the whole base of wing,
and leaves the pearly white ground-colour as an oblique fascia, commencing at the upper discoidal nervule,
and suddenly narrowing beneath the second median nervule. Posterior wings with the posterior margin
fuscous, inwardly broadly and irregularly margined with pale resplendent bluish, which colour also occupies
base of wing.

Wings beneath pearly white, sometimes with bluish reflections, and outwardly tinged with pale
ochraceous. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins narrowly fuscous, and with the following
markings of the same colour, viz. : — two oblique fasciaj near base, a short subapical fascia extending from
costa to a little beneath lower discoidal nervule, a rounded spot on second median nervule, a broad short
fascia extending from second median nervule to near inner margin, and two marginal series of spots j)laced
between the nervules. Posterior wings with the following fuscous markings : — two short oblique basal
fasciae, a short transverse fascia extending from abdominal margin to second median nervule, a similar
central one placed nearer margin, a short cm'ved fascia near apex and two marginal series of spots placed
between the nervules. Body above blackish, beneath more or less concolorous with wings ; legs fuscous,
with white markings ; antennae fuscous, annulated with greyish.

Female. Piesembling the male, but without the resplendent blue coloration above.

Exp. wings, ^ and $ , 24 to 28 millim.

Hab. — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). — Andaman Islands (coll. Moore and Calcutta Mus.). — Malay
Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (Forbes —
coll. Dist.). — Java; Batavia (Snellen).— Siam ; Nahconhaisee (Druce).

The habitats given above, though few in number, are still sufiticient to show that this
species is somewhat widely distributed.

y. Castalius roxus. (Tab. XXII., fig. 24 J-.)

Fohjommatiis Boxm, Godart, Euc. Meth. ix. p. 659, n. 142 (1823).
Lycwna Eoxus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 70, n. 5, t. 2, f. 4, ia (1828).
Cupido ro.vus, Driice, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 848, n. 3.

Castalius roxus, Butl. Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 3 (1877) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1878, p. 838; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. B. vol. l. p. 248, n. 51 (1881).

Male. Wings above black ; both wings crossed by a broad oblique white fascia, commencing near the
lower discoidal nervule of the anterior wings, narrowed beneath the second median ner\Tile and continued
across the posterior wings to abdominal margin ; posterior wings with a few small and somewhat obscure

* Moore'B Lepid. Ceyl. i. p. 83.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. -217

pale linear marginal spots. Wings beneath creamy white, with a broad black fascia commencing on costa
of anterior wings near apex of cell and continued across base of posterior wings ; anterior wings with a
curved black fascia commencing on costa contiguous to the basal fascia and terminating near the middle
median nervule, a short and broad fascia of the same colour extending from the middle median nervule to
about inner margin, and the outer margin broadly black, containing a series of pale spots ; posterior wings
with three large irregular black spots beyond middle, the first near apex, the second nearer margin and
bounded by the lower subcostal and middle median nervules, the third between the last-mentioned nervule
and the abdominal margin ; outer margin resembling that of anterior wings. Body above black, beneath
more or less concolorous with wings ; legs black, streaked and spotted with whitish ; palpi white, their
upper surface and apex black. Antennae black, annulated with greyish.

Exp. wings, S , 25 to 28 millim.

Hab. — Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.) — Tenasserim (Limborg — coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula;
Perak (coll. Godfery) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Gosse). — Java (Horsf.).
— Borneo (Lowe — coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Saudakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.). — Philippine Islands ; Mindanao
(Challenger Exped. — Brit. Mus.).

Dr. Horsfield relates that in Java this species " occurs in considerable numbers on the
skirts of large forests; but, from the great delicacy of the wings, it is not easily obtained
in a perfect state."*

4. Castalius elna. (Tab. XX., fig. 4.)

LyotBiia Elna, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. V. Lye. t. 1, f. 8 (1876).

Castalius Elna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587 ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. B. vol. l. p. 248,
n. 50 (1881).

Male and Female. Wings above black, with an oblique white fascia commencing a little above the
upper median nervule of the anterior wings, continued and gradually widened across posterior wings, and
terminating on abdominal margin ; the margins of this fascia being sinuate and kregular. Wings beneath
creamy white, outwardly tinged with ochraceous, with a broad black fascia commencing on costa near end
of cell, continued to median nervure, and then transversely deflected across posterior wing to base of
abdominal margin. Anterior wings with the following black markings : — a large subapical spot extending
from costa to a little beneath lower diseoidal nervule, a large spot extending from second median nervule
to inner margin, and an irregular outer marginal macular fascia. Posterior wings with the following
black markings : — a somewhat rounded subapical spot, an m-egular transverse macular fascia extending
from diseoidal nervule to abdominal margin, and a series of marginal subcorneal spots placed between the
nervules, the extreme outer margin also black ; fringe fuscous. Body above black, sides of abdomen
annulated with grey ; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings ; palpi black above,
creamy white beneath ; antennte black, annulated with greyish.

Exp. wings, S and 2 , 24 to 30 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; N.E. Himalaya (coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (coll. Hewits.).— Andaman Islands
(Calcutta Mus.) ; Port Blah- (Moore).— Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca
(Biggs — coll. Dist. & Gosse) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.). — Java (coll. Hewits.).

* Cat. Lep. Ins. E. I. C. p. 70 (1828).
June 30, 1884. 3 k

218 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Genus NACADUBA.

Nacaduba, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 88 (1881).

x\nterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin moderately arched, outer margin more or less convex,
inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure extending to about half the length of the costal margin ;
first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell, and anastomosed with the costal
nei-vure, second subcostal nervule emitted about midwa}' between base of first and apex of cell,
third emitted close to termination of cell, third and fourth bifurcating a little beyond middle of third.
Cell broad, extending to more than half the length of the wing. Posterior wings subtriangular, costal
margin moderately convex, posterior margin oblique and slightly convex, with a single slender tail-like
appendage. Costal nervui-e arched and almost extending to apex, subcostal nervules bifurcating near end
of cell ; cell broad, first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin near end of cell.
Body of moderate size and hairy ; palpi porrect, the second joint extending more than half beyond the
apex of head.

This genus having been so recently founded, and the number of species belonging to it
lieing still uncatalogued, little can be said as to its geographical distribution, beyond the remark
that it is probably a purely Oriental genus, and is generally distributed throughout that region.
It is also certain that more species of Nacaduba, than the few now and here enumerated,
remain to be discovered in the Malay Peninsula.

1. Nacaduba macrophthalma. (Tab. XX., fig. 3 <? .)

Lyccena Macrophthalma, Felder, Verb. Zool. Bot. Gescb. 1862, p. 483; Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 275, t. 34.

f. 35 (1865).
Lampides macrophthalma, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 2 (1877) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic.

J. A. S. B. vol. L. p. 235, n. 40 (1881).
Nacaduba macrophthalma, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 89, t. 37, f. 4, 4 a (1881) ; de Nic. J. A. S. B. vol. li. p. 62,

n. 172 (1882).

Male. Wings above blue with strong violaceous reflections. Wings beneath greyish-brown ; anterior
wings with two whitish narrow disco-cellular fasciae at end of cell, beyond which are two similar fascisB
extending from thu-d and fourth subcostal nervules to middle median nervule, and a similar pair placed
beneath and between these two series, extending from second median nervule to near inner margin ;
a marginal and two submarginal narrow whitish fasciae and a small spot between second and third
subcostal nervules. Posterior wings irregularly crossed by six narrow, more or less broken and sometimes
fused whitish fascife, and a marginal and two submarginal (the innermost broadest) fascije of the same
colour ; a large black spot margined with ochraceous near anal angle, placed between the second and third
median nervules, and a small streak of metallic bluish-green scales margined with black at anal angle.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <? , 35 to 39 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Sikkim (de Nic.) ; Darjeeling (coll. Dist.). — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.).
— Nicobar Islands ; Pulo Milo (Felder). — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Philippine
Islands ; Mindanao (Challenger Exped. — Brit. Mus.).

This species was first described from specimens collected by Frauenfeld during the stay
of the Novara Expedition at the Nicobar Islands. I have not received it myself from the
M ilay Peninsula, the figure being taken from an example in the British Museum, collected at
Malacca by Capt. Pinwill. The female is also unknown to me.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 219

2. Nacaduba beroe. (Tab. XX., fig. 17 3 , 16 $ .)

Lycana beroe, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 275, n. 340, t. 34, fig. 36 (1865).
Lampides beroe, Butl. Trans. Liim. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, u. 3 (1877;.

I have here figured two Malaccan specimens contained in the British Museum, and
identified as belonging to Felder's species by Mr. Butler. The following is the original
diagnosis : —

" 3 . Alffi supra plumbeo-violacefe, striga anteciliari nigro-fusca, subtus pallide cano-brunnese, fasciis
binis macularibus fuscis, albo ciuctis, connatis ante marginem, auticarum fascia subbasali, costam
pertingente, macula subcostal!, fasciola discocellulari fasciaque exteriore, catenulari apud ramuiii mediauum
secundum fracta, posticarum fascia basali, fasciola discocellulari fasciaque exteriore apud ramum
medianum secundum contigua, antice bis fortiter— et postice fracta, catenulari fundi coloris, lateraliter fusco
cinctis alboque marginatis, posticfe macula postica orbiculari, circulo lutescente intus amplexa, extus arcu
tenui metallico divisa maculisque binis analibus miuutis, metallico lutescentique intus limbulatis atris."

Exp. wings, 3 and 2 , 27 to 28 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Philippine Islands; Luzon (coll. Feld.).

This species seems to be very closely allied to N. atrata,* Horsf. (nee. Cram.), and so
again with the equally similar form described as N. prominens, Moore, f Horsfield's species,
however, appears to be distinct by the colour pattern of the wings of the female "transmitting
a white patch on the disk."

3. Nacaduba viola. (Tab. XX., fig. 24 <? .) :

Lampides viola, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. sx. p. 340 (1877); Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 89, t. 38,
f. 1, la, ?y (1881).

Male. Wings above dark violet-blue, with a slender black marginal line
and the fringe pale fuscous. Wings beneath greyish-brown ; anterior wings
crossed by the following narrow greyish fasciae arranged in pairs, viz. : — two
crossing cell and continued beneath it, two short and disco-cellular at end of
cell, two between end of cell and apex of wing (the innermost terminating at
central median nervule), and a pair situate between the last two series com-

-. , T ,• -\ 1 1T-T ■ Fig. 65. — Nacaduba viola 3 ■

mencmg at upper median nervule and continued to near abdominal margin,

and a marginal and two submarginal narrow greyish fasciae. Posterior wings

crossed very irregularly by about six narrow and broken fasciae, as on anterior wings, and a narrow

marginal and two much-waved similar submarginal fascife ; a large black marginal spot margined with

dark ochraceous and speckled with metallic greenish, between second and third median nervules, and

a somewhat similarly coloured anal angular streak. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous

with wings.

Female. This sex is figured by Mr. Moore in the ' Lepid. Ceyl.', and described as "dark violet-
l)rown, smalt-blue on middle of the forewing ; hiudwing with indistinct marginal row of pale-bordered
bhiek spots, the penultimate spot most distinct."

• Lycwna atrata, Horsf. " Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 78, n. 13. \ .Vrm. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xx. p. 341 (1877).

\ The figure here given is very unsatisfactory, if not quite misleading. At the time when the plate was executed I had
not received the species fi-om the Malay Peninsula, and was indebted to Mr. Moore for the loan of a Malaccan specimen to
figure. This specimen was a much rubbed one, and hence our artist, in his effort to conscientiously pourtray the species, has
rendered the upper surface of the wings too strongly shaded with brown. Mr. Moore's figures of the male in the ' Lep. Ceylon '
is equally unsatisfactory, not showing the markings beneath. I have therefore added a good woodcut.

220 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Exp. wings, 24 millim.

Hab. — Ceylon (coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Moore). — Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.).

There is a slight variation in this species in the exact correspondence or fracture of the
narrow greyish fasciae on the under surface of the wings, and it may be as well to state, once
for all, that the systematist who exi^ects to find rigidity of pattern in the Lijcmnidte — where
such narrow and divergently arranged fasciae exist — will be disappointed. In this genus, and
in several following genera, where a somewhat similarity of pattern prevails, such variability in
the markings of the species will be found, whilst sometimes a sUght alteration of the ground
colour from greyish-brown to brownish-gi'ey gives one an impression of dealing with seasonal
variation in that respect.

4. Nacaduba aluta. (Tab. XX., fig. 14 <? and 13 ? .)

CttpUlu aluta, Druce, Proc. Zool. Sec. 1873, p. 3i9, t. 32, f. 8.

Lampides aluta, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 4 (1877).

Nacaduba aluta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xi. p. 417, n. 58 (1883).

Of this species I have figured a male and female specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill in
Malacca, and now contained in the British Museum. I have since received a female example,
but of the male can only give the description of Mr. Druce : —

Male. " Upperside dark lavender-blue ; outer margins brown."

" Underside pale brown, both wings crossed by nine broken white lines ; an orange spot at the anal
angle, with a black centre."

Female. Wings above fuscous-brown ; anterior wings with a discal patch of bluish scales, the outer
margin darker ; posterior wings with the posterior margin darker and inwardly margined with greyish,
before wbich are a marginal row of dark spots placed between the nervules ; fringe brownish ochraceous.
Wings beneath somewhat bright ochraceous, with the markings as in the other sex, but with the marginal
row of dark spots to the upper sm-face of the posterior wings distinct beneath ; the black spot near the anal
angle with a few scattered greenish scales.

Exp. wings, 5 20 mihim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). —
Borneo (Lowe — coll. Godm. & Salv.).— Pbilippine Islands; Mindanao (Challenger Exped. — Brit. Mus.).

The following two species appertain to the genus, but at present are not properly
identified : —

5. Nacaduba almora ? (Tab. XX., fig. 22.)

Cupido almora, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 349, n. 14, t. 32, f. 7.

Lampides almora? Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 5 (1877).

This species was doubtfully inserted by Mr. Butler, in his paper on the Butterflies of
Malacca, on the strength of a male specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill. The figure here given
is taken from that specimen, and only partially agrees with Mr. Druce's figure of the Borneau
type, as will be understood by the original description here given : —

ii

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 221

" Upperside pale brownish blue, with two black spots at the anal angle, and a narrow black line
round the outer margin of posterior wing."

" Underside very pale brown, streaked and mottled with white. Black spots as above."

Exp. wiugs, " lA inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Borneo (.Druce).

6. Nacaduba sp. ? (Tab. XXI., fig. 7 ? .)

I have received three female specimens of this species, all more or less varying in the
markings beneath, and as I am still without the other sex I refrain from precise identification
for the present. It is clearly somewhat closely allied to the N. kankena, Feld.*

Genus EVERES.

Everes, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sebmett. p. 69 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 85 (1881).

Everes is closely allied to the two preceding genera. From Castalius, although so different in
colour and markings, it is really only structurally diiferentiated by the length of the costal nervure ; whilst
from Nacaduha, to which it is more superficially allied, the position of the first subcostal nervule is alone
sufficient to distinguish it.

The extent of this genus is at present undetermined, and therefore we can only say that
its area embraces (but is probably not confined to) Southern and Central Europe, and eastward
throughout the Oriental region.

1. Everes parrhasius.

Hesperia Parrhasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 289, u. 108 (1793).

Papilio Parrhasius, Donov. lus. lud. t. 45, f. 5 (1800).

lajcasna Parrhasius, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 86, n. 20 (1829).

Lampides Parrhasius, But!. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 165, n. 12 (1869) ; Wood-
Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. B. vol. l. p. 234, n. 33 (1881) ; ibid. p. 58
n. 58 (1881).

Cupido Parrhasius, Suell. Tijd. Eut. xxi. p. 19, n. 85 (1878).

Everes Parrhasius, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 85, t. 36, f. 7 (1881).

Fig. 66. — Everes parrhasius, $ .

Male. Wings above violet-blue ; anterior wings with the outer margin broadly dark fuscous, the
costal margin narrowly of the same colour ; posterior wings with the costal, outer and abdominal margins
somewhat broadly dark fuscous, with two large and prominent marginal black spots inwardly bordered with
reddish ochraceous outwardly with greyish and placed between the median nervules, a much more obscure
spot between the upper median and the discoidal nervules, and a black macular streak bordered with
greyish at anal angle ; fringe of both wings fuscous tipped with grey ; tail-like appendage black, with the
apex greyish-white. Wings beneath creamy-grey ; anterior wings with a slight and faint tawny tinge
along the costal margin and at apex, and with the following brownish linear spots, margined with pale
greyish : — one disco-cellular at end of cell, a series of five or six almost continuous crossing disk a little
beyond middle, and two submargiual and connected series, extreme margin dark brownish, fringe
brownish, tipped with grey; posterior wings with four prominent black spots (two on costal margin, one

• Lycmna Kanliena, Feld. Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. xii. p. 481, n. 106 (1862) ; Beise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 270, n. 331, t. 34,
f. 87 (1865).

June 30, 1884. 3 l

222 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

in cell, and one on abdominal margin), and the following brownish linear spots margined as on anterior
wings : — one disco-cellular, a series of six crossing disk beyond middle, and of which the central four are
nearly continuous, two submarginal and connected series, which beyond the discoidal nervule arc merged
in three very large and contiguous reddish ocbraceous spots, each containing a smaller pyramidal black
spot on which are a few metallic-green scales, and two small transverse linear black spots at anal angle ;
extreme margin and fringe as on anterior wings. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above paler and more obscm-e violaceous-blue ; anterior wings with very broad
fuscous costal and outer margins ; posterior wings with a very broad fuscous costal margin, and with a
distinct marginal row of black spots margined with greyish, the two spots separated by the median nervules
inwardly margined with reddish ochraceous. Wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, S' and ? , 24 to 30 millim.

Hab.— Continental India; Sikkim (Calcutta Mus.) ; N.E. Himalaya (coll. Dist.).— Ceylon ^Thwaites—
coll. Dist.).— Nicobar Islands; Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs —
coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr— coll. Dist.).— Java (coll. Horsf.).— Celebes (Snellen).

I did not receive this species in time to have it lithographed with the other members of
the family, but the woodcut will be quite sufficient — if the description is also consulted — to at
once determine this well-marked Lyceenid. Its geographical range is doubtless far wider than
I have been at present able to determine.

Genus JAMIDES.

Jamides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 86 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin moderately convex, the apex obtusely acute, outer
margin obliquely convex, inner margin slightly concavely sinuate; costal nervure somewhat abruptly
dii-ected to costa at about its centre ; first subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell, angulated
and impinging on costal nervure at a short distance from its apex, second emitted at about one-third before
end of cell, third nearer to end of cell than to base of second, thu-d and fourth bifui-cating almost midway
between end of cell and apex of wing ; cell extending to about half the length of wing ; lower median
nervule emitted a little beyond middle of median nervure. Posterior wings subovate, posterior margin
provided with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule ; cell short and broad, second
median nervule emitted just before the end of cell. Palpi porrect, second joint robust and hirsute, projecting
half way beyond the head, apical joint slender, about half the length of second ; legs moderately robust ;
antennae with a well-formed and curved club.

This genus is, according to present knowledge, only represented by one species in the
Malay Peninsula, and as Jamides is apparently a small genus we cannot expect to find many
more members of it in this fauna.

1. Jamides bochus, var. (Tab. XXI., fig. 19 d', 1(3 2 .)

Piijiilio Bochus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. t. 391, C, D (1782).

Hesperia Democritus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 285, n. 94 (1793).

Hesperia Plato, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ui. p. 288, n. 103 (1793).

Jamides Buchm, Hiibu. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 86, t. 36, f. 8, 6a (1881).

Lycana Nila, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 78 (1829).

Lampides Plato, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 166, n. 18, t. 2, f. 3 (1869).

Lampides Democritus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 167, n. 19 (1869) ; Proc. Zool. Sec. 1880, p. 667, n. 13.

Lampides plato, var. iiicoLuricus, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. B. vol. l. p. 234, n. 34 (1881).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 223

Male. Wings above bright metallic-blue ; anterior wings (excepting a basal space occupying the
lower half of wing beneath cell, and not extending beyond extremity of cell) black ; posterior wings with
the costal, outer and abdominal margins black, and with some indistinct anal-angular spots. Wings
beneath pale brownish ; anterior wings crossed on outer half by two series of greyish linear fasciae, which
terminate near the upjier median nervule, and are then continued by a third series which commences
between them and terminates near inner margin, and with a marginal and two submarginal series of
greyish linear fascife. Posterior wings with two series of irregular and broken greyish linear fasciae,
which are apparently arranged in subbasal and discal series ; a third series beyond disk, two submarginal
waved linear fasciffi and a narrow marginal fascia of the same colour ; a large black marginal spot
bordered with reddish-ochraceous between the first and second median nervules and a smaller spot
of the same colour irrorated with bluish scales at anal angle. Body above and beneath more or less
concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above bright but non-metallic blue ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins
broadly (broadest at apex) blackish ; posterior wings with the costal and abdominal margins fuscous,
the posterior margin narrowly black, with two submarginal waved fuscous linear fascia, and a large
marginal black spot inwardly bordered with bluish between second and third median nervules. Wings
beneath paler in hue, but marked as in male.

Exp. wings, $ 22 to 27 millim. ; S , 28 to 32 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Bombay, Sikkim, Calcutta (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).— Ceylon (Tbwaites — coll.
Dist. and Brit. Mus.). — Nicobar Islands ; Nankowri, Kamorta, Trinkut, Katschall (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). —
Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). — Formosa (Brit. Mufi.).

This is a variable species, especially in the male sex. The male specimen here described
and figured differs from the typical form of the species in the greater amount of melanism, or
increase of the black coloration to the anterior wings ; whilst the variety nicobaricus, described
by Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville, varies contrariwise by the greater extent of the blue
area. Only one male specimen having been collected it will remain to be discovered whether
this varietal male form is of a constant or local character in the Malay Peninsula, as the
females are indistinguishable from Ceylonese examples.*

Genus CATOCHEYSOPS.

Catochrysops, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 87 (1832); Moore, Lap. Ceyl. i. p. 90 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin moderately arched, outer margin convex, inner margin
nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted about middle of cell, impinging on and slightly touching
the costal nervure, second emitted nearer to base of first than from base of third, third and fourth
bifurcating at about two-thirds the length of third ; cell extending to about half the length of wing ; lower
median nervule emitted near middle of cell, the two upper somewhat close together. Posterior wings
subovate, costal margin strongly arched at base and then oblique to apex, posterior margin convexly

* The variation in one sex of this species is of a very perplexing character, if we endeavour to bring any of the modern
explanations to bear upon the point. Thus in the Nicobars a pale variety appears to have become representative, whilst in
the island of Ceylon the species agrees with the form found in Continental India, so that insular causes cannot be the sole
factor. In the Malay Peninsula a melanic change has ensued, but again only in the male sex. Whether this may be due to
" Phytophagic" variation, or the effects consequent upon a change of food-plant in the larval condition, as pi-oposed by
Mr. B. D. Walsh (Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. vol. iii. pp. -103 — 130), is at least an interesting conjecture, and one to be solved
by the local lepidopterist. That species do vary and assume local forms must be to the knowledge of everj- natiu-aUst
who has worked at a widely distributed group, and the erection of new specific names founded more upon the separation of
locality than the difference of character, threatens in the near future to become one of the gi-eatest hindrances to the
philosophical study of Entomology. Mr. Wollaston has pointed out how the Maderian specimens of Lyccena phlaas, Linn.,
"are invariably darker and more suffused than the Enghsh ones" (' On the Variation of Species,' p. 34).

224 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

rounded, with a single slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervnle ; costal nervure strongly
arched and extending to near apex, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fomib before the end of
cell ; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell, third from about
centre of cell. Palpi porrect, second joint broadly squamose, third joint long and slender. Autenns with
a well-formed apical club which is excavated beneath.

This genus is widely distributed : from Continental India, it extends throughout the
Malayan Archipelago, and has been generally found among the islands of the Southern Seas.
At present only three species can be here enumerated.

1. Catochrysops strabo. (Tab. XXI., fig. 8 J^ , 14 2 .)

Hesperia Strabo, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 287, n. 101 (1793).
Polyommatm Strabo, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 656, n. 134 (1828).
L;/caiia Kandarpa, Horsf. Cat. Lap. E.I. C. p. 82, n. 17 (1829).

Catochrysops Strabo, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 88 (1832) ; Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 91, t. 37, f. 2, 2a (1881).
Lampides Strabo, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 165, n. 14 (1869) ; Proc. Zool. See. 1880, p. 667, n. 12 ; Wood-
Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. B. vol. l. p. 234, n. 82 (1881) ; ibid., p. 248, n. 58 (1881).
Citpido Strabo, Druca, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, n. 3 ; Suell, Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 18, n. 82 (1878).
Lyca:na Strabo, Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n. 46 (1876).

Male. Wings above pale lavender-blue, the outer margins narrowly dark fuscous, the fringe pale
fuscous, with the tips greyish-white ; posterior wings with a large black marginal spot between the second
and third median nervules, a narrow transverse black streak bordered with greyish at anal angle, the
abdominal margin bluish-grey, the tail-like appendage black with the apex white. Wings beneath very
pale greyish-brown, with the following linear greyish-white fascife arranged in pairs : — anterior with two
disco-cellular at end of cell, two extending from fourth subcostal nervule to middle median nervule,
beneath which, contiguous to their inner margin, are two extending to inner margin, and a marginal
and two submarginal somewhat waved linear fascise of the same colour ; posterior wings with two at end
of cell, two very irregularly waved and broken crossing wing beyond middle, and marginal and waved
submarginal fasciae, two small greyish margined spots near base, one in cell and one beneath median
nervure, a large black marginal spot, containing a few scattered greenish scales and inwardly and broadly
margined with ochraceous between second and third median nervules, some transverse black spots also
inwardly margined with ochraceous at anal angle, and with two blackish spots margined with greyish
beneath the costal nervure. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above pale brownish ; anterior wings with the disk more or less bright violaceous-
blue, beyond which thei"e are indications of a double submarginal series of waved and broken greyish linear
fasciae, becoming quite obsolete towards apex ; posterior wings with a distinct double submarginal series
of waved and broken greyish linear fasciae, with a large marginal black spot inwardly and very broadly
margined with ochraceous situate between the second and third median nervules, and a series of more of
less distinct dark marginal spots. Wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, ^ and ? , 26 to 32 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking — coll. Moore). — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). —
Andaman Islands (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Nicobar Islands; Nankowri, Trinkut, Kamorta, Takoin (Wood-
Mas. & de Nic). — Burma ; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula ; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.). — Perak (Townsend — coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr — coll.
Dist.). — Java; Batavia (Snell.). — Celebes (Snell. & coll. Dist.). — Philippine Islands; Mindanao (Challenger
Exp. — Brit. Mus.). — Siam ; Nabconchaisee (Druce). — Formosa (Brit. Mus.).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 225

This widely distributed species seems little affected by modifying agencies, as it appears
quite constant in form and colour, though the figure given by Mr. Moore as of a Ceylonese
female specimen* is certainly brighter and dissimilar to any examples that have passed
through my hands. The same author has also described, under the name of C. lithargtjria, a
closely allied form or species from Ceylon, which I have also received from that island, but at
present from no other locality.

2. Catochrysops cnejus. (Tab. XXI., fig. 2 <? .)

Hespeiia Cnejus, Fabrioius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 430 (1798).

Polyommatus Cnejus, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 657, u. 135 (1823).

Lijcmia Cnejus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 83, n. 18 (1829) ; Herr.-Scliaff. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1869, t. 4, f. 18;

Ex. Schmett. ii. f. 120 (1869).
Lycmna Patala, Koll. Hiig. Kaschm. iv. 2, p. 419 (1848).
Lycmna Samoa, Herr.-Schaff. Stett. Eut. Zeit. 1869, p. 73, n. 30.
Lampides Cnejus, Biitl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 165, u. 13 (1869); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S, B. vol. l. p. 235,

n. 36 (1881).
Cupido Cnejus, Druce, Proc. Zool. See. 1873, p. 348, n. 7.

Catochrysops Cnejus, Moore, Lep. CeyL i. p. 92 (1881) ; Biitl. Proc. Zool. Sec. 1881, p. 605, n. 15.
Lampides patala, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, u. 1 (1877).

Male. Closely allied to C. straho, but more violaceous above, with the bases of the wings bluish, and
the posterior wings with two marginal black spots inwardly bordered with ochraceous situate on each side
of the lower median nervule. Wings beneath also closely resembling those of C. straho, but the ground
colour slightly darker, the markings narrower, and the colour between the greyish linear fascia distinctly
darker and pale brownish ; anterior wings with an almost continuous series from fourth subcostal nervule
to inner margin, and not broken at middle median nervule as in C. straho ; posterior wings also differing
from that species in having a third black spot margined with greyish in cell, a fourth smaller and less
distinct on abdominal margin and in having two large black spots containing a few scattered greenish
scales inwardly margined with ochraceous at anal angle, se^^arated by the third median nervule.

Female. I have not seen this sex. Mr. Moore describes (but not figures) it as follows : — " violet-
brown, with the lower basal and discal areas pale blue ; hind wings with a bluish white-bordered black row
of marginal spots, and an inner row of white lunules, the two anal spots red-bordered." i

Exp. wings, <y , 28 to 30 milhm.

Hab. — Continental India ; Kurrachee (Swinhoe — Brit. Mus.) ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking — coll. Moore).
— Nicobar Islands; Kamorta (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).— Java (coll. Horsf.). — Borneo (Druce) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

This does not appear to be an abundant species in the Malay Peninsula, as a single
specimen captured by myself in Province Wellesley is the only example I have seen from
that habitat, with the exception of that contained in the collection made by Capt. Pinwill in
Malacca.

3. Catochrysops pandava. (Tab. XXI., fig. 17 J~ .)

Lycena Pandava, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 84, u. 19 (1829).
Catochrysops Pandava, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 92, t. 37, f. 1, 1", Ij (1881).

Male. Wings above bright lavender-blue ; anterior wings with the outer margin fuscous ; posterior
wings with the costal margin fuscous, outer margin with a series of blackish spots placed between the

* Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. t. 37, f. 2a. t Ibiil. vol. i. p. 92.

June 30, 1884. 3 m

226 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

nervules, between which and the narrow black margin is a slightly undulating white line, tail-like
appendages * blackish, with their apices white ; fringe of both wings fuscous, the tips greyish-white.
Wings beneath pale greyish-brown, with the following narrow greyish-white linear fasciae arranged in
pairs, and between which the colour is distinctly darker: — anterior wings with two disco-cellular at
end of cell, followed outwardly by two crossing wing from near fourth subcostal nervule, which are
abruptly broken and deflected inwardly beneath both the middle and lower median nervules, two broad
submarginal and one narrow marginal; posterior wings with two disco-cellular at end of cell, two
crossing wing broken and deflected at the lower subcostal and median nervules, two lunulated and
submarginal and one straight marginal, the last coalescing with the outer submarginal and thus
enclosing a series of dark spots, a large black marginal spot with a few greenish scales between the
second and third median nervules and some smaller spots of the same colour at anal angle ; these spots
inwardly margined with reddish-ochraceous, which colour is also slightly continued between the first and
second median nervules, five black spots surrounded with greyish-white, situate two between the costal
nervure, one in cell, one between the bases of the third median nervule and submedian nervure, and one
(smaller) near base of abdominal margin. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. I do not at present know this sex. Mr. Moore has thus described + a female Ceylonese
specimen : — " violet-brown, with the lower basal and discal areas glossy lavender -blue ; hind wing with a
marginal row of white-bordered black spots, and bluish-white inner lunular line, the penultimate spot
red-bordered."

Exp. wings, S , 30 millim.

Hab.— Continental India; N.E. Himalaya (coll. Dist.).— Ceylon (Thwaites).— Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). — Java (coll. Horsf.) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.).

The larva is figured in Moore's ' Lep. Ceyl.,' I from a drawing of the Bros, de Alwis,
and is thus described : § — "Larva onisciform ; greeuisli or violet-brown above, with a dorsal
darker brown line and white spots, and a yellow lateral line."

"Pupa violet-brown, thick, head truncate."

"Feeds on CycadaceceW (Thwaites)."

Genus LAIMPIDES.

Lampides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 94 (1881).

This genus is closely allied to Catochrysops, and only or prmcipally differs in having the first
subcostal nervule of the anterior wings emitted beyond the middle of the cell; the third and fourth
subcostal nervules bifurcating about midway between the end of cell and apex of wing. In Lamjndcs, also,
the first subcostal nervule is well removed fi-om the costal nervm-e at its base, and is then suddenly and
somewhat broadly connected with that nervure by a transverse spur.

This is a widely distributed genus, its area probably conterminable with that of Catochrysops.
1. Lampides elpis. (Tab. XXL, fig. 25 ,? and 26 2.

Puh/uiitmatiis Klpis, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 654, n. 125 (1823).

L>icana Elpis, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 76, n. 11, t. 1, f. 4 (1828) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.
E. I. C. p. 24, n. 18 (1857) ; SneU. Tijd. Ent. six. p. 152, n. 44 (1876).

Lampides elpis, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1878, p. 833; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 95, t. 38, f. 4, 4(/ (1881); Wood-
Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S.B. vol. xlix. p. 230, n. 38 (1880) ; de Nic. ibid. vol. l. p. 52, n. 44 (1881).

* Mtitilated in the specimen figm-ed. t Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 92. J T. 37, f. 1 6. § Vol. i. p. 92.

II Mr. Grant Wlen considers the cycads, " whose inflorescence is the very simplest of all known flowering plants," as a
Rood example of the existing Gymnosperms, which " may be regarded as living survivors of a great class, once dominant, but
now nearly extinct ; and their "flowers probably still preserve for US the original type of all blossoms, very sUghtly altered by
time and circumstances" ('The Colours of Flowers,' p. 6).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 227

Male. Wings above bright shining azure-Wue, through which the pale markings beneath are faintly
visible ; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and the outer margin more broadly fuscous ;
fringe fuscous, the extreme tips paler ; posterior wings with the costal area pale fuscous ; posterior margin
with a very pale fuscous and slightly waved submarginal linear fascia and a marginal row of fuscous spots
placed between the nervules, and outwardly followed by a whitish line, the spot at anal angle linear and
transverse, extreme outer margin fuscous, and fringe as on anterior wings. Wings beneath greyish-brown,
crossed by the following series of whitish linear fascife arranged in pairs ; anterior wings with two
commencing near upper end of cell and terminating on submedian nervure, outwardly followed by two
commencing a little beneath costa and terminating the inner one on middle median nervule and the outer
one on upper median nervule, and two submarginal and one marginal ; posterior wings with the disk
crossed by three pairs more or less broken, and two waved submarginal and one marginal, these last
broken between second and thii-d median nervules by a large black marginal spot inwardly bordered with
ochraceous, a linear spot at anal angle as above also slightly inwardly margined with ochraceous ; extreme
outer margin of wings fuscous ; body above more or less concolorous with wings, lateral margins of
abdomen greyish-brown, with the segmental incisures greyish-white ; body beneath greyish-white ; legs
fuscous, more or less annulated with greyish, femora beneath wholly greyish.

Female. Wings above paler than in the male, with the costal and outer margin (especially at apex)
of anterior wings broadly fuscous ; the posterior wings with the outer marginal fasciae and spots larger and
more distinct. Wings beneath as in male, but with the ochraceous bordering of the anal and subanal spots
larger and more diffused.

Exp. wings, ^ 30 to 34 milHm. ; 5 29 to 35 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Sikkim (de Niceville). — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). — Andaman Islands
(Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Tenasserim ; Ahsoun, Meetan (Limborg — coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Perak
(Townsend — coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Java (coll. Horsf.) ; Batavia (Snellen).—
Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

Var. pseudelpis. (Tab. XX., fig. 27 <? , and 28 2 .)

Lampides pseud el pis, Butler, Trans. Linn. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 9, t. 68, f. 7, 8 (1878) ; Moore,
Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 95 (1881).

I cannot look upon this proposed species as exhibiting anything but a varietal character or
form of L. elpis. The figures I here give are copied from those of Mr. Butler, which I think
are in some respects inexact, as the female should exhibit a fuscous costal margin, whilst the
ground colour of the wings is too green in hue. I have formed this opinion from specimens
which I have received since the figures were copied, and I add Mr. Butler's description, which
lends reasonableness to the view : —

" Nearly allied to L. elpis, which it resembles above ; below, however, with the white transverse
bands narrower, irregular and broken up, the ground colour more distinctly bluish opaline, and the large
submarginal black spot of secondaries less broadly encircled by ochreous."

Exp. wings, " 1 inch 6 lines."

Hab. — Ceylon (Moore).— Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Java ;
Bantam (Forbes — coll. Dist.).

Mr. de Niceville has observed this species in Sikkim, and found that "on the wing it
presents a very curious appearance on account of its alternately opening and shutting its wings,
the contrast between the brilliant metallic-blue of the upper surface and the dark dull under-
side being very great."*

* Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl. vol. l. p. 52.

228 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

2. Lampides aelianus. (Tab. XXI., fig. 18 <? , and XXII., fig. 19 <? , var.)

Hesperia jElianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 280, n. 79 (1793).

Pohjommatus Miianus, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 654, n. 123 (1823).

Liiama jElianus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 73, n. 9 (1828).

Lampides jElianiis, Butl, Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 166, n. 16 (1869); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 833; Lep.

Ceyl. vol. i. p. 94, t. 38, f. 3, iah (1881); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A. S.B. vol. xlix. p. 229, n. 37

(1880); ibid. vol. l. p. 234, n. 30 (1881).
Papilio alexis, Stoll (nee Scop.) Suppl. Cram. t. 38, f. 3, 3 C (1790).
Lyc(B7ia alexis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 25, n. 20 (1857).

Male. Closely allied to L. eljns, but diifering principally in the following particulars : — the azure-blue
coloration above is paler in hue, and the submarginal fascife and spots to the posterior wings are much
fainter and sometimes almost obsolete ; the wings beneath are greyish-brown (varying in dej^th of hue),
and the greyish-white linear fasciae are arranged generally as in C. elpis, but differing in the following
respects : — on anterior wings the pair crossing disk near end of cell are more or less regularly continued
above cell to near costa, and the outer one terminates near base of first median nervule, the next pair
commencing near costa are more continuous, the inner one continued to inner margin, the outer terminating
at second median nervule. Posterior wings similarly marked as those of C. elpis.

Female. Above resembling the corresponding sex of C. elpis, but paler in hue, the apex of the
anterior wings rather more broadly fuscous, but with the costal margin not, or very obsoletely infuscated.
Markings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 30 to 36 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking — coll. Moore) ; Pulni (Robin. — coll. Dist.). —
Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). — Andaman Islands (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Nicobar Islands ; Kamorta,
Trinkut, Naukowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Burma ; Moulmein (Moore). — Tenasserim ; Meetan (Limborg —
coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.); Singapore (Kerr — coll.
Dist.). — Java (coll. Horsf.) ; Bantam (Forbes — coll. Dist.). — Borneo ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.). — Timor
Laut (Forbes — Brit. Mus.).

Var. a. agnata.

Ciijiiih adnata, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, t. 16, f. 2-4 (1874).

[jimpides atpiata, Butl. Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, u. 8 (1877).

This proposed species, judging from Mr. Druce's figures, appears to be a variety of L. (elianus,
differing from the typical form on the underside of the anterior wings, by the arrangement of the greyish
linear fascite, of which the innermost of the first and second paii's appear to be — beneath the cellular
area — more irregularly deflected and waved.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Siam; Nahconchaisee (Druce).

Var. h.

Kesembling typical form of the species, but differing principally in the darker — more plumbeous —
ground colour of the wings beneath and in the male above by the narrower (though very variable in this
respect) fuscous margin to the anterior wings.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Java; Bantam (coll. Dist.). — Borneo;
Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

A strong argument — if one were needed — for the varietal character of this species may
be found in a cursory glance at the recorded habitats of the forms a and h referred to above,

4

«

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 229

both of which are found in the same locahty as that which we understand as the typical form
of L. celianus. ,

Mr. Biggs writes that in Malacca this species is " found in numbers under the shade of
tall thick-fohaged forest trees."*

The larva and pupa, as found in Java, have been figured from the drawings of Dr. Hors-
field,f and we are likewise indebted to the Bros, de Alwis for drawings of the same as observed
in Ceylon. I The last are thus described : — " Larva onisciform ; green or violet-brown, with a
dark dorsal and lateral black lines. Pupa pale violet-brown." § According to Dr. Horsfield,
the larva "feeds on the Butea froiulosa,\\ and was observed in the month of February
in Java." IT

3. Lampides kankena. (Tab. XX., fig. 18 <?, and 11 ? .)

Lycana Kankena, Felder, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. xii. p. 481, n. 106 (1862)); Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 270, n. 331,

t. 34, f. 37 (1865).
Lawpides Kankena, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 588; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. B. vol. l. p. 235,

n. 38 (1881).
Lampides Kankena? Biitl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 547, n. 10 (1877).
Cupido Candea, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 349, n. 13, t. 32, f. 6.
Lampides Carulea, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 7 (1877).

Male. Wings above dark, shining, azure-blue ; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and
the outer margin (especially at apex) rather more broadly blackish ; posterior wings with the outer margin
narrowly blackish, and with two transverse black lines outwardly margined with whitish at anal angle ;
tail-like appendage black, with the apex white. Wings beneath dark greyish-brown, with a plumbeous
tinge, and crossed by the following greyish-white linear fasciffi arranged in pairs : — anterior wings with two
crossing end of cell and then dislocated and extending to inner margin, followed by two, likewise dislocated,
commencing near costa, and terminating at upper median nervule, continued by a short, single intermediate
one reaching the central median nervule, two submarginal and one marginal ; posterior wings with three
pairs more or less dislocated, two waved submarginal and one marginal ; a large black marginal spot
containing a few scattered bluish scales and inwardly broadly surrounded with ochraceous situate between
second and third median nervules, and at anal angle a black transverse angulated streak, margined with
greyish-white and inwardly bordered by a few bluish scales and a small ochraceous spot. Body above
with the thorax more or less concolorous with wings, the abdomen greyish-brown, with the lateral
segmental incisures greyish-white ; body beneath greyish-white ; legs fuscous, more or less annulated with
greyish, the femora wholly greyish beneath.

Female. Wings above with the blue coloration less resplendent, the anterior wings with the apex
and outer margin more broadly blackish ; posterior wings with a marginal row of blackish spots bordered
with greyish, placed between the nervules, that at anal angle transversely linear and angulated. Wings
beneath as in male, the ochraceous margining of the subanal spot larger and more diffused.

Exp. wings, <? & ? , 25 to 32 millim.

Hab. — Nicobar Islands ; Kar Nicobar (Felder). — Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Biggs — coll. Dist.).
— Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce).

* ' Month. Packet,' vol. ii. p. 191 (1881). f Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. 1. 1, f. 1, 1 a.

X Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. t. 38, f. 3 6. § Ibiti. p. 95.

II The " dhak tree," which in Northern India affords a tannin substance fi-om its inner bark, a yellow dye from its
flowers, whilst the lac insects deposit " lurid red tears " on its twigs.

H Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 25.

June 30, 1884. 3 n

230 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

I have here figured two specimens collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, the male of
which was recorded as L. ccerulea and the female as L. kankena ? by Mr. Butler. I have since
received a small series of specimens which place their sexual relationship and couspecific
character beyond doubt. It is singular that though Felder described the species as from Kar
Nicobar, Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville, — who have obtained large and rich collections
from the Nicobar Islands, — in their last enumeration of that Rhopalocerous fauna, prefix to the
name of this species the sign that denotes a " recorded species of which we have not as yet
received specimens."*

4. Lampides sp. (Tab. XXI., fig. 24 ^ .)

Of this species I possess only one male specimen, and I refrain at present from either
precise identification or description. It is aUied to L. kankena, especially by the markings
beneath, but is a much larger insect, and the colour above is considerably paler in hue. More
specimens, and the knowledge of the female sex, are necessary for its proper determination.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Dist.).

Genus POLYOMMATUS.

Pohjommatus, Latreille, Sonnerat's Bufifon, xiv. p. 116 (1805); Gen. Crust, et Ins. iv. p. 206 (1807); Scudd.
Proc. Am. Ac. Arts & Sci. vol. x. p. 253, n. 888 (1875) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 93 (1881).

Polyommatus is easily separated from all the preceding genera of this division, as here enumerated, by
the character of the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings, which, emitted a little beyond middle of
cell, is continued free to costa, and is not anastomosed with, nor impinges on, the costal nervure ; the
second subcostal nervule is emitted nearer to base of third than to base of first, the third and fourth
bifurcating at about half the length of third. The other characters approximate somewhat closely to
Catochrysops and Lampides.

The almost universal distribution of this genus throughout the Old World is sufiiciently
shown by the habitats of the only species found in our fauna, and here enumerated.

I have followed Mr. Scudder in his ruUng as to the proper use and limit of this old
generic name, a position already accepted by Messrs. Moore, Butler, de Niceville, and other
workers at Eastern Rhopalocera.

1. Polyommatus baeticus. (Tab. XX., fig. 8 <? , 1 ? .)

PapUio Baticus, Limiasus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 789, n. 226 (1767) ; Esp. Schmett. i. 1, t. 27, f. 3fl, /- (1778) ;

i. 2, t. 91, f. 3 (1784); Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. i. f. 373—375 (1798—1803).
Polyommatus baticus, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 653, n. 122 (1823) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 93 (1881).
Lyccina Batica, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 80, n. 14 (1828); Mill. Ann. Soc. Lyon. 1861, p. 229, t. 4, f. 1—8;

Trim. Rbop. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 236, n. 138 (1866); Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 887.
Lycania Baticus, Snell. Tijd. Ent. six. p. 152, u. 45 (1876); Mab. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 215.
Lampides Baticus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 165, n. 11 (1869); Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547,

n. 6 (1877).

* J.A.S.B. vol. U. pt. 11, pp. 17 & 20 (1882).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 231

Lampides Bcetica, Walk. Ent. vol. v. p. 52, n. 42 (1870); Newm. Brit. Butt. p. 117, f. 39 (1874).

Cupido baticiis, Auriv. Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forb. 1879, no. 7, p. 44 ; Suell. Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 2 (1877) ; ibid. xxi.

p. 23, n. 90 (1878).
Papilio Colutem, Fuessly, Scbweiz. Ins. p. 31, u. 594, f. 2, 2 (1775).
Papilio Pisomm, Fourer, Ent. Paris, ii. p. 242, n. 25 (1785).

Male. Wings above pale violaceous ; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and the outer
margin more broadly pale fuscous ; posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins pale fuscous,
a large black marginal spot between second and third median nervules, and two contiguous smaller black
spots at anal angle. Wings beneath pale brownish-ochraceous, with the following Hnear brownish fasciae
margined with greyish : — anterior wings with two crossing centre and two near end of cell, two (considerably
fractured), crossing wing between end of cell and outer margin, commencing near the fourth subcostal
nervule and terminating at submedian nervure, two submarginal (the innermost broadest), and the outer
margin narrowly pale fuscous ; posterior wings crossed from base to beyond middle with about eight linear
fascia as on anterior wings (more or less fused and broken), followed by a distinct and somewhat broad
greyish fascia, and with two submarginal linear brownish fascite; two large marginal spots containing
a few scattered greenish scales and inwardly margined with pale reddish ochraceous, separated by the
lower median nervule ; outer margin narrowly fuscous ; fringe of both wings pale brownish, the tips
greyish-white. Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath with legs greyish-white ; legs
more or less streaked with brownish.

Female. Wings above pale brownish ; anterior wings with a discal bluish patch ; posterior wings
with two outer greyish submarginal fasciae, the innermost broadest ; black anal angular spots as in male,
distinctly margined with greyish ; wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 30 to 38 millim.

Hab.— Europe, generally south of the Alps.*— Madeira (Brit. Mus.).— Teneriffe (Brit. Mus.).—
St. Helena (Trimen).— Egypt (Lord— Walk.).— Congo (Mabille).— Southern Africa (Trimen).— Damara Land
(Aurivillius).— Delagoa Bay (Monteiro— coll. Dist.).— Madagascar (Trimen).— Mauritius (Trimen).— Ai-abia
(Lord— Walk.).— Candahar (Eoberts— Brit. Mus.).— Continental India; Kurrachee (Swinhoe— Brit. Mus.);
Pulni (Eobinson— coll. List.); Sikkim (de Niceville).— Ceylon (Thwaites— coll. Dist.).— Malay Penmsula;
Penang (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Biggs— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Biggs— coll. Dist.).— Sumatra
(Snellen).— Java (coll. Horsf.) ; Batavia (Snellen) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.). — Celebes (Snellen).— Ceram (Brit.
Mus.).— Aru (Brit. Mus.).— Duke York Island (Brown— coll. Godm. & Salv.)— Australia ; Melbourne
(Butler). — Shanghai (Elwes); Hong Kong (Brit. Mus.). — Japan (Elwes).

In Europe the foocl-plant of the larva of this widely distributed species is the "bladder
senna" {Colutea arhorescens), a hardy plant reported to even grow on the ascent to the crater of
Vesuvius. In Mauritius Mr. Trimen found the butterfly " almost confined to gardens, where
it kept about the cultivated pea." f

According to Mr. Elwes this insect, although found in Japan and at Shanghai, is not
known in Amurland,^ and it seems little affected by local conditions as modifying agencies in
colour markings, though M. Mabille writes of the species as found in the Congo district of West
Africa: — "II est uu peu plus sombre que les individus d'Europe, en meme temps plus bleu,
et ses aiies sont bien plus minces." §

* This species has occasionally been captured in England, and is not altogether confined to Southern Europe.

\ Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. v. p. 337 (1866). This butterfly seems to follow the introduction of agriculture. Dr. Hors-
field states that his Javanese specimens were " collected chiefly in the cultivated districts." It is also dependent on the
seasonal method of cultivation, for as Mr. Newman observed iu England, " it only occurs in our pea-fields now and then, but
its existence must be very precarious, because the egg would, in all probability, perish with the pea-haulm, which is rarely
kept through the spring and summer" (Brit. Butt. p. 118).

I Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 887. § Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 215.

252 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Genus LYC^NESTHES.

Lycanesthes, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1865, p. 773 ; Lepid. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 87 (1881).

Anterior wings broad, costal margin slightly arched at base, oblique to near apex (which is subacute),
outer and inner margins nearly straight. Costal nervure extending to about half the length of costal
margin, first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell, second and third somewhat close together
a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about half the length of third ; cell extending to
more than half the length of the wing ; the three median nervules emitted near end of cell, the bases
of the first and second much closer together than the bases of the second and third. Posterior wings
subovate, somewhat elongate towards anal angle, the outer margin obliquely convex, with two short delicate
cilial tail-like appendages situate respectively at apices of lower median nervule and submedian nervure.
First subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before the end of cell ; first and second median nervules
emitted close together near end of cell, the third at about middle of cell. Body robust ; palpi projecting
nearly half their length beyond the head, the apical joint slender, about half the length of the second ;
legs slender; anterior tibiae very finely spined beneath.

The geographical distribution of this genus cannot be estimated in our present ignorance
of even all the described species which belong to it. The African Ltjccenidce also require to
be carefully worked out before we can say that many of these genera are even confined to the
Oriental region.

1, Lycaenesthes lycaenina. (Tab. XXI., fig. 3 <? .)

Ltjcanesthes li/C(enina, Felder, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. 1868, p. 281 ; Moore, Lepid. Ceyl. i. p. 87, t. 35,
f. 8, Brt (1881),

Male. Wings above lavender -blue, the margins narrowly fuscous. Wings beneath greyish-brown,
crossed by the following pale greyish linear fascise : — anterior wings with two disco-cellular at end of cell,
followed by two also terminating at the upper median nervule, two extending from near the base of upper
median nervule to submedian nervure, a single one between the first and second median nervules, and two
somewhat waved submarginal ; posterior wings with about eight arranged in pairs, the basal pair not
extending above middle of cell, the two following from near base of lower subcostal nervule to near
abdominal margin, the third pair very short and bounded by the costal nervure and the lower subcostal
nervule, and the fourth pair situate between the lower subcostal nervule and the middle median nervule,
and two much angulated submarginal fascise ; a small brown spot margined with greyish beneath and at
a short distance from base of costal nervure, and a similar spot near base of abdominal margin,* a black
submarginal spot with a few bluish scales and inwardly margined with ochraceous situate between the
second and third median nervules and a narrow transverse dark streak at anal angle. Body both above
and beneath more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. — Unknown to the writer. Mr. Moore describes it f as " violet-brown ; basal area suffused
with blue ; marginal anal spots more distinct."

Hab. — Ceylon (Thwaites— coll. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

Although I have somewhat minutely described the arrangement of the greyish linear
fasciae on the under surface of the posterior wings belonging to a male specimen, such

* These spots have been unfortunately omitted by the artist ; the specimen figured — the only one, then, received fi-om
the Malay Penmsula — being in verj' bad condition.

I Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 87.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

233

description must not be taken to imply that these markings are of a constant and invariable
character, as in the small series now before me there is slight biit unmistakable divergence
in that respect.

Group APHNARIA.

Aplinaria, Distant, antea, p. 196.

I propose under the above name to group together a very large number of genera,
comprising some of the largest species in the family. It is in this group also that the posterior
wings attain the greatest amount of caudate elongation. I have used the number of these
tail-like appendages as an assistant factor in the artificial key to the genera which here follows,
but in so doing have only recognised them when they are distinctly developed.

Fio. 67. — Anterior wing of Cata-
pmcilma elegans, showing sub-
costal nervules.

Fig. 68. — Posterior wing of Dm-
padia moorei, showing position
of costal nervnre.

Fig. 6!). — Anterior wing of Semanria
sujierbri. showing position of
subcostal nervules.

SYNOPSIS OF GENEKA.

1. Posterior wings with three slender tail-like appendages.

A. Anterior wings with three subcostal nervules.
a. Tail-like appendages short and slender.

h. Costal nervure of posterior wings extending to near apex

of wing. --------- Catap.^scilma.

aa. Tail-like appendages longer and more robust.

hh. Costal nervure of posterior wings not reaching apex of

wing. Drupadia.

AA. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules.

c. Tail-like appendages moderately long and robust.

d. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at

about centre of cell. ------- Biduanda.*

cc. Tail-like appendages short and slender.
(hi. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted beyond

centre of cell. -------- Semanga.I

2. Posterior wings with two slender tail-like ajjj^endages.

B. Anterior wings with five subcostal nervules. - . . Dacalana.
BB. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules.

c. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosed with

costal nervure. -------- Jacoona. J

ee. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not anastomosed

Fig. to. — .\nterior wing of Daca-
laiia liduid, showing subcostal
nervules.

with costal nervure.
Costal nervure of posterior wings extending to, or near to,
apex of wing.

g. Costal nervure of anterior wings terminating on costa
nearly opposite end of cell.

/(. Tail-like appendages moderately short and slender.
i. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted
at about two-thirds the distance between base of
third and apex of wing. -----
('('. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted
about midway between base of third and apex
of wing. .-..--.

Spindasis.
Tajuria.

* Gen. nov. type Myrina tlicsmia. Hew. f Gen. nov. type Ilcrda ' superha, Druce.

\ Gen. nov. tj'pe Myrina anasiija, Felcl.

August, 1884.

3o

234

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Fig. 71. — .interior \ving of Purlisa
iligantea, showing position of
costal nervure and subcostal
nervules.

/'/(. Tail-like appendages consisting of an outer long and

robust, and an inner short, broad, and lobular. - Bind.\hara.
(///. Costal nervure of anterior wings terminating on costa
considerably before end of cell.
j. A long tail-like appendage at apex of lower median
nervule and a short one at ajjex of submedian

uer\'ure. Neomyrina.*

jj. A long tail-like appendage at apex of submedian
nervure and a short one at apex of lower median

nervule. Purlisa. t

ff. Costal nervule of posterior wings terminating at about

two-thirds of costal margin. . . - . . Cheritra.
BBB. Anterior wings with three subcostal nervules.

k. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings impinging on the

costal nervure. -------- Sithon.

'''°-a';w/ra"':howrng Vos^ttn 'Tf kk. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not impinging on

costal nenure. the costal nervure. ...---- Hypolyc^na.

3. Posterior wings with a single tail-like appendage in male, and
with two in female. -------- Iraota.

4. Posterior wings with a single tail-like appendage in both sexes.
C. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at, or

before, middle of cell.
I. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules.

m. Costal nervure of anterior wings extending only to

about one-third of costal margin. - - - - Narathura.
vim. Costal nervure of anterior wings extending to about

half of costal margin. Panchala.

U. Anterior wings with five subcostal nervules in male and

four in female. -------- Amblypodia.

CO. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted beyond
middle of cell.
n. Apex of costal nervure of anterior wings terminating

opposite end of cell. Piapala.

nn. Apex of costal nervure of anterior wings terminating a

Fi(i. 70.— Anterior wing of Lo.riira little bej'Oud end of Cell. ...... DeUDORIX.

Sr'n;.t;:'':^cF^;i,:[ «"»• Apex of costal nervure of anterior wings terminating before

nervules. end of Cell. ........ LoXURA.

Fig. 7:1. — Anterior wing of Sithon
nedyniond, showing subcostal
nervules.

Fig. 74. — Anterior wing of Ambly-
podiii narada J .showing sub-
costal nervules.

Genus CATAP.ECILMA.

Catapacilma, Butler, Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 547 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 97 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin only slightly convex, the apex obtusely rounded,
the outer margin moderately convex and scalloped, the inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal
nervure short, terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle
of cell, second about midway between base of first and third, the last of which is emitted close to end of
cell and continued to apex ; middle median nervule emitted about one-fifth before end of cell ; lower
median nervule a little beyond centre. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, the costal margin convex
at base and then nearly straight to apex, which is rounded ; posterior margin very slightly scalloped, with

* Gen. nov. type Myrina hiem'ili«, Godiu. ^S: Salv.

\ Gen. uov. type lotaiis (Purlisa) i/ii/antriis. Dist.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 235

three slender tail-like appendages situate respectively at the apices of the second and third median
nervules and of the submedian nervure. Costal nervure extending to about apex of wing, the subcostal
nervules bifurcating about one-third before the end of cell ; first and second median nervules emitted close
together near end of cell. Palpi moderately long, much compressed, second joint projecting more than
half beyond the head and longly hirsute beneath ; apical joint slender, but well formed ; antennte with a
gradually formed but well-developed apical club.

Only one species of this genus is at present described, and as it is here enumerated
the specific habitats must be taken as representing our present knowledge of the generic
area of distribution.

1. Catapaecilma elegans. (Tab. XXII., fig. 17 <? .)

Hypochri/sops eltyans, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 350, t. 32, f. 12.

CatapmcUwa eleijunn, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 1 (1877) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i.
p. 98 (1881).

Male. Wings above dark violet-blue, with the costal and outer margins somewhat narrowly dark
fuscous ; posterior wings with an inner greyish marginal line from beneath the subcostal nervules and
with three transverse greyish submarginal streaks near anal angle divided by the median nervules,
tail-like appendages fuscous, with their apices grej'ish-white ; fringe of both wings greyish. Wings
beneath greyish-brown. Anterior wings with three rufous spots, margined with black and silvery crossing
cell, a series of silvery spots in the subcostal area, two beyond cell divided by the lower discoidal
nervule, two or three beneath cell (both of these followed by ochraceous and black), an outer and irregular
discal series of five spots crossing wing and a submarginal series in which the silvery hue is somewhat less
intense ; between the discal and submarginal series of spots are some dark fuscous markings. Posterior
wings with the following rufous spots, margined with black and .silvery : — two beneath costal nervure, one
(round) about centre of cell, and one (transverse) at end of cell, two beneath cell and situate between the
submedian nervure and third median nervule, and one (transverse) about centre of abdominal margin ; on
about basal third of costal margin are some rufous, black, and silvery markings, two discal series of silvery
spots margined with black cross wing, between and beyond which are some black spots on a rufous ground
colour, a submarginal series of pale silvery spots placed between the nervules, that between the second
and third median nervules replaced by a black spot margined with rufous, and the silvery spots at anal
angle margined with black ; tail-like appendages pale fuscous with their apices greyish-white ; fringe of
both wings silvery grey. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. — Wings above pale violet-blue, with the costal and outer margins broadly dark fuscous,
the posterior wings with three pale transverse spots near anal angle divided by the second and third
median nervules and the inner margin also narrowly silvery at this area. Wings beneath with the ground
colour much paler than in male, but with the markings similar.

Exp. wings, $ and $ , 27 to 35 millim.

Hab. — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery) ; Sungei Ujong
(Durnford — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Lowe — coll. Godm. & Salv.).

Since this beautiful insect was described from a Bornean specimen, it has been found
to inhabit both the Malay Peninsuhi and Ceylon, and has doubtless an even wider geographical
distril)ution. Chromo-lithography has proved unequal to producing the silvery metallic

236 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

spots on the under surface of the wings, and which in the figure here given appear
greenish.*

Genus DRUPADIA.

Brnpmlia, Moore, MS.

This genus is allied to CatapcecUma in having onlj' three subcostal nervules to the anterior wings and
in possessing three tail-like appendages to the posterior wings. The differential points exist most strongly
in the posterior wings, which are convex at base and then strongly oblique to apex, which is subacute ; the
posterior margin is oblique to apex of middle median nervule, when it is more produced and contains a
tail-like appendage at the apices of the second and third median nervules and of the submedian nervure ;
the abdominal margin is very strongly cleft near anal angle ; the costal nervure does not extend to about
apex as in Catapcecilma, but terminates on costal margin at about two-thirds of its length ; the subcostal
nervules bifurcate a little beyond middle of cell, and the first and second median nervules have au
apparently common origin a little before end of cell ; the internal nervure is straight and terminates just
above the excavation of the abdominal margin. The jjalpi are robust and porrect, the second joint clothed
with coarse adpressed hairs projecting fully two-thirds of its length beyond the eyes ; the third joint is
slender compared with the second joint, but robust compared with the corresponding joint of many other
somewhat allied genera. Legs moderately robust.

Drupadia superficially resembles the following genus {Biduanda), and as arranged by
Mr. Moore it included the species which here stands as the type of Biduanda. The
resemblance, however, is only superficial, as one genus possesses three subcostal nervules to
the anterior wings, and the other genus is provided with four.

The extent of its geographical distribution cannot at present be estimated till the
whole of the Lycaniidce are properly monographed, t

1. Drupadia moorei.t (Tab. XX., fig. 21 <? , 20 and 30§ 2 .)

Sitliun Muurei, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. x. p. 246 (1882).

Male. Anterior wings above very dark and glossy fuliginous-brown, with au irregular reddish spot
or suffusion situate at end of cell and bases of the median nervules : posterior wings bright and somewhat

* The structure and natui-e of these silvery spots have lately heen investigated by Mr. Geo. Dirumock (' Psyche,' vol. iv.
pp. 64 and 06), and he has not only shown that " Leydig was the first, in 1855, to call attention to the presence of air between
or beneath theii- chitin laj-ers as a cause for certam silvery spots and scales on insects," but has treated the question more
exhaustively, and has argued (taking the silvery spots of Anjynnis i<lalia as an example) that these spots not oulj- contain air,
but are " simply milk-white by transmitted light." '• The difi'erence is that there must be in the silvery scales a poUshed surface
towards the observer. Ground glass docs not appear silvery, but what is the surface of the smoothest polished plate of glass but
finely ground glass ? Ground glass differs from polished glass only in degree ; in ground glass the scratches are so coarse and
so abundant as to turn most of the light-waves into the glass again, where they are lost. In polished glass the scratches are still
present, but have become so small that even the waves of light are large in proportion to them, and so the light-waves reflect
as if from a theoretically flat surface. But something more than a polished glass is needed to reflect much light, for most of
the light passes through the glass ; something non-transparent must be behind the glass. In the common mirror it is a
mercury amalgam ; in the butterfly's silvery scale it is a layer of cavities filled with air. This layer of cavities is not
transparent for the same reason tliat ground glass is not. If we treat the scale with chloroform it has an analogous effect
to that of treating the back of a common mirror with nitric acid, thus dissolving off the amalgam. In both cases a non-
transparent body is converted into a transparent one, and a mirror, which, whatever be the materials of which it is made,
if approximately perfect, has a silvery appearance from the amount of reflected light, is reduced to a slightly reflecting surface.
But let the scale dry again from its bath, as Fischer apparently did not do, and the mirror will again appear. Both silvery
and milk-white colorations are then only optical effects produced by reflected light."

f It is greatly to be desiderated that some competent entomologist would give a monographic catalogue of the
Lyceenidcr, in the manner of the late Dr. Stal's ' Enumeratio Hemipterorum.' in which a key to the whole genera would be
given, and in which some principle of variation in nature would be admitted. Our British Museum has a magnificent
collection, and its staff of endowed officials may ultimately produce this necessary work, for which other students, as a rule,
possess neither the time nor material.

I Named after Mr. Frederick Moore, who in conjunction with Dr. Ilorsfield, published the ' Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.,' and has
since written a ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon.'

§ This figure was taken from a much mutUated specimen, with the tail-like appendages to the posterior wings almost
destroyed.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 237

pale bluish, the posterior margin black, inwardly bordered with white near anal angle, where there are
two transverse black marginal spots, the fringe white ; tail-like appendages blackish with marginal white
fringe ; costal area pale hyaline, darker near base, upper portion of cell and basal area between subcostal
ner^'ules talc-like, and pale transparent stramineous, above, beneath, and beyond which the colour
is fuscous. The anterior wings beneath reddish ochraceous, a broad basal and a transverse central
fuscous streak in cell, a pale fuscous line at end of cell, and two transverse, narrow, waved fuscous
fasciae between end of cell and outer margin. Posterior wings greyish-white, the costal margin more
or less suffused with reddish ochraceous, and with ten large fuscous discal spots, the upper six of
which are subquadrate but irregular in size, and the posterior four are more irregular in shape, and
have their centres more or less greyish ; a submarginal and marginal fuscous line, the first of which is
broken and irregular, and between which and the margin is a narrow fuscous streak, leading to a long, pale
bluish fuscous spot ; beneath the submarginal line near abdominal margin are two narrow ochraceous
fasciffi, which amalgamate inwardly, and between which the colour is pale metallic bluish. Body above
fuliginous-brown, beneath greyish-white ; legs greyish-white, annulated and streaked with fuscous.

Female. Wings above much paler than in male, and the posterior wings pale fuliginous-brown,
excepting near anal angle, where there is an obscure bluish patch with a few obscure fuscous marginal
spots. Wiugs beneath as in male, but with anterior wings paler in hue.

Expanse of wings, 35 to 38 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist. & Sauer) ; Perak (Townsend — coll. Godm.
and Salv.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford) ; Malacca (Biggs); Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (Wallace
— coll. Dist. & Moore). — Daat Island (coll. Dist.).

This species varies very much iu size, and is probably somewhat widely distributed. It is
allied to the Mijrina ravindra, Horsf., a Javan species which belongs to, and is the type of, this
genus. We thus find I), moorci inhabiting Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula, and
differing from a closely allied Javan species, as is so frequently the case in all l)ranches of
Malayan Zoology, and has been so well and ably pointed out l)y Mr. Wallace.

Genus BIDUANDA, gen. no v.

Biduiimhi, Distant, antea, p. 233.

Anterior wings glolsosely subtriangular, the costal margin arched, the outer margin convex, the inner
margin nearly straight. Costal uervure terminating on costa before the apex of cell ; first subcostal
nervule emitted about the middle of cell, second about midway between first and third, the last of which
arises a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at a short distance from apex of wing;
disco-cellular nervules somewhat perpendicular ; first median nervule emitted at end of cell, second nearer
to first than third, which is emitted beyond middle of cell. Posterior wings subovate; costal margin arched
at base, and then straight and strongly oblique to apex, which is obtuse ; posterior margin as in Dnipitdia,
the abdominal margin angulated but not so suddenly cleft as in that genus. Costal nervure reaching apex
of wing ; other neuration much as in Drupadia.

The species included in this genus were given me by Mr. Moore as forming part of his
genus DnquuUa, the description of which is promised to be published iu a forthcoming part of
the ' Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.' As they, however, possess four subcostal
nervules to the anterior wings, whilst the species of Drupadia are provided only with three,
it became necessary to form a new genus for their reception. Mr. Moore takes the Myriiia
ravindra, Horsf,, as the type of Drupadia, and the type of Biduanda must be found in the
Mijrina thesmia. Hew.

August, 1884. 3 p

238

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Fig. 70. — Bidiiaiula thesmia, ^ .

1. Biduanda thesmia.

Mi/rina T/usmiti, Hewitson, 111. Diuni. Lep. p. 32, n. IG, t. 14, f. 25—27 (18G3).

I have not as yet received this species from the Mala}' Peninsula,
so have followed my usual course of copying both the original
figures * and diagnosis of the describer.

" Upperside. Male. — Purple-brown. Anterior wing with the inner margin
curved, projecting. Posterior wing with three tails ; the outer margin and base
of the tails black ; a submarginal line between the tails, the fringe and the
tails white."

" Underside. Anterior wing rufous orange, with two spots in and below
the cell, a spot at the end of the cell, three transverse lines (the first, which is
near the second, indistinct), the outer margin, and fringe, all brown. Posterior
wing white (the apex rufous), with eight brown spots, followed by several zigzag
black lines : the caudal spot, the lobe, and the space between them crowned
with silvery blue : a spot above the lobe also powdered with blue : the outer
margin black: the fringe white."

" Female does not differ from the male, except that it is rufous-brown
above, and has the anal angle of the posterior wing grey, marked with the
caudal spots."

Exp. wings, " Ik inch."

Hae. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Hewits.). — Sumatra (coll.
Hewits.). — Daat Island (coll. Dist.).

Mr. Hewitson describes his species as closely allied to 31. ravindra, Horsf., a species
which l)elongs to the previous genus Drupadia, and so is structurally differentiated apart
from colour divergencies. Mr. Hewitson also writes, " A male in the collection of Mr. Wallace
has a rufous spot at the centre of the anterior wing, as represented in the accompanying
figure" (fig. 76).

Fig. 77. — Biduanda thesmia, J i

2. Biduanda lapithis. (Tab. XX., fig. 29 2 .)

Mi/riwi Lapithis, Moore (Horsf. k Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 48, n. 79 (1857) ; Hewits. 111. Dium.
Lep. p. 36, n. 32, t.l5, f. 35—38 (1863) ; Biitl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 5 (1877).
Sithon Lapithis, Druee, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351, u. 7.

Female. Wings above rufous-brown ; posterior wings with a large gi-eyisb-white patch at area of anal
angle containing three indistinct bluish spots separated by the second and third median nervules ; abdominal
area greyish-white, with the margin brown ; tail-like appendages blackish, with their margins greyish-
white. Anterior wings beneath reddish-ochraceous, with a transverse white fascia crossing end of cell and
widened towards inner margin ; this fascia is broadly margined with fuscous on each side and is outwardly
followed by a waved fuscous line crossing wing, which commencing at about middle of third subcostal nervule,
is widely fractured at the upper median nervule, and terminates on inner margin. Posterior wings creamy-
white, with the apex ochraceous, and with the following blackish spots : — two near base, three crossing
wing before middle, one near end of cell, and a curved outer series commencing beneath the first subcostal
nervule and terminating in a long and much angulated spot above the anal angle ; extreme posterior
margin black, a black submarginal line between the discoidal and first median nervules, three submarginal

* These figures are facsimile of those of Hewitsou, with all errors of neiu-atiou aud pecuUar aiTangement of the tail-like
appendages to posterior wings of male.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 239

black spots with scattered bluish scales and inwardly margined with ochraeeous, separated by the median
nervules, and a jmle bluish streak inwardly margined with black and outwardly with ochraeeous at anal
angle. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings.

Male. This sex is not known to the writer, but has been figured by Mr. Hewitson, and described as
" Anterior wing dark brown. Posterior wing brilliant blue." * Wings beneath apparently as in female.

Exp. wings, ? , 28 millim.

Hab. — Burma; Moulmein (Horsf. & Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Wallace — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce\

Mr. Hewitson, who had the opportunity of examining several specimens, states that
" on the underside this species varies considerably in the form of the hne which crosses the
anterior wing beyond the middle, as well as in the size of the black spots of the posterior
wing." It appears to be a moderately scarce species, or at all events is uncommon in average
collections made in the Malay Peninsula.

Genus SEMANGA, gen. nov.

Semam/a, Distant, antea, p. 233.

Anterior wings somewhat short and broad, costal and outer margins slightly convex, inner margin
very slightly concave. Costal nervure terminating on costa a little before end of cell, where it is somewhat
recurved; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell, second about midway
between first and third, third at end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about two-thirds the length
of third ; disco-cellular nervules somewhat oblique ; first median nervule emitted at about end of cell,
the second emitted about two-thirds nearer the base of first than base of third. Posterior wings subovate,
the costal margin rounded at base and then straight and oblique to apex, which is obtuse ; posterior
margin rounded, very slightly waved or scalloped, with three slender tail-like appendages situate at the
apices of the median nervules ; abdominal margin concavely excavated a little before anal angle. Costal
nervure extending to about apex ; costal nervules bifurcating a little before end of cell, and opposite to the
apparently common origin of the first and second median nervules ; submedian nervure slightly curved
outwardly, internal nervure strongly curved inwardly. Palpi robust and porrect, the second joint clothed
with coarse and closely compressed hairs and extending for two-thirds its length before eyes ; apical joint
much more slender than second, but moderately robust. Body robust.

Semanga is founded on a species already received from both Borneo and the Malay
Peninsula, and its colour affinities are with Calapcccihna, especially by the metallic markings of
the under surface of the posterior wings; an additional subcostal nervule to the anterior
wings, however, sufficiently separates it from that genus.

1. Semanga superba. (Tab. XXI., fig. 13 2 .

llerda.' superba, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351, n. 1, t. 82, f. 11.

Female. Anterior wings above dark violaceous, with the costal and outer margins (broadest at apex)
dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal, posterior and abdominal margins fuscous, the posterior
margin darkest, and containing some irregularly sized and arranged ochraeeous submarginal spots, one
between the lower submedian nervule and submedian nervure, and one at lobular anal angle, each

* Mr. Hewitson also appends to this description, " with one tail," which is clearly erroneous, and probably referred to
a mutilated specknen ; he has also figured the female much in the same way. and probably from the same cause. My own
figure is more or less imperfect for a similar reason.

240 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

containing a dark fuscous centre ; these spots are followed outwardly by a narrow whitish line, and the
apices of the tail-like appendages are also whitish. Wings beneath pale brownish. Anterior wings
crossed by a narrow pale castaneous fascia, outwardly bordered with greyish, commencing at lower
subcostal nervule and terminating at submedian nervure, and there are faint indications of a greyish
submarginal fascia, which is only clearly visible at posterior angle. Posterior wings with the apical half
reddish -ochraceous, containing firstly an irregular transverse series of metallic bluish spots, followed by a
more or less obscure and very irregular series of black spots, the outer margin broadly blackish, powdered
with metallic bluish scales, and with a pale submarginal whitish line. A distinct black spot at lobular
anal angle, inwardly margined with bluish. Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath
greyish ; legs greyish, annulated with dark brownish.

Exp. wings, 2 , 28 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Lowe — coll. Godm. & Salv.).

I have not seen the male of this species, which will probably prove to be similar to the
female, but without the broad blackish margins to the ui)per surface of the wings. I have
only received two specimens from the Malay Peninsula, Iwth collected by the Eev. L. Biggs at
Malacca, and for one of which I am indebted to my helpful friend Mr. P. H. Gosse.

Genus DACALANA.

Dacalana, Moore, MS. ??-

Anterior wings broadly subtriangular, the costal margin very strongly arched at base and slightly
convex to apex, which is rounded, outer margin moderately convex; inner margin strongly sinuate,
convexly lobular near middle. Costal nervure terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell ; first
subcostal nervule short and emitted at about one-third before end of cell ; second emitted about midway
between first and third, the third arising near end of cell ; third and fourth bifurcating at about two-thu-ds
the length of third ; fourth and fifth bifurcating near apex at about two-thirds the length of fourth ;
disco-cellular nervules erect, almost perpendicular ; first median nervule arising at end of cell and about
half the distance from second as second is from third, which is emitted about two-thirds from base of cell.
Posterior wings elongately subovate ; costal margin transversely convex for about half its length, and then
obliquely deflected to ajjex, which is obtuse ; posterior margin rounded, with two slender tail-like
appendages situate respectively at the apices of the third median nervule and submedian nervure. Costal
nervure about reaching apex of wing ; first subcostal nervule emitted about one-third before the end of
cell ; first and second median nervules with an ajjparently common origin at about end of cell ; submedian
nervure almost straight ; internal nervure strongly curved inwardly. Palpi robust, second joint projecting
about one-third before the eyes, apical joint slender ; body robust ; posterior legs long.

Male possessing a sexual tuft of hairs on upper surface of anterior w'ing beneath cell, and a similar
tuft on under surface near inner margin, concealed by the costal margin of the posterior wings.

At present I am only cognisant of the following species as belonging to Dacalana, and
consequently can only refer to its geographical distribution.

* Mr. Moore informed me that the species I here include was typical of his genus Dacalana, the description of which
is not, but would be, puhhshed m the Joum. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. He also kindly showed me bis MS. description, in which it was
stated "venation similar to lolaus." Now the type of lolatis has been shown by Mr. Scudder to be the African species
I. hcliiis, Fabr., whieh has four subcostal nervules, whilst the species given me as typical of Dacalana possesses five subcostal
nervules. C'ouset|uently, though I use Mr. Moore's name, as he requested, I camiot accept his diagnosis. The type of
Dacalana as used and described by myself is the Amhhjpodia vidura, Horsf.

EHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 241

1. Dacalana vidura. (Tab. XXI., fig. 27 <? .)

Amblypodia vidura, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 113, n. 45; Th. V. I.e. t. 1, f. 6, 6n (1829).

lolaiis vidura, Hewits. 111. Dium. Lop. p. 43, u. 10 |1865) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351, n. 1.

Wings above bright, dark cierulean-l)Iue ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (very-
broad at aj^ex) blackish ; posterior wings with a narrow black posterior marginal line ; the tail-like
appendages blackish, with their apices greyish-white. Wings beneath pale brownish, both wings crossed
about middle by a narrow white fascia, commencing on costa at about end of cell on anterior wings and
terminating near anal angle of posterior wings, where it is waved and angulated ; beyond this fascia is a
somewhat waved dark brownish submarginal line, which on posterior wings is amalgamated with the white
fascia at anal angle ; a black marginal spot, which is inwardly very broadly margined with ochraceous
situate between the second and third median nervules and another black spot surrounded with greyish-
white at anal angle ; a posterior marginal black line inwardly bordered with greyish-white, and between
the third median nervule and the submedian nervure are some scattered whitish scales almost forming
a large and distinct conical marginal spot. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, (? , 30 to 40 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Silhet (coll. Hewits.). — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca
(coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.). — Sumatra (coll. Hewits.). — Java (coll. Horsf.) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.).
— Borneo (Druce) ; Sarawak (coll. Hewits.).

The female sex is unknown to the writer, and the species appears to be comparatively
rare, as remarked by Horsfield.* It is also subject to slight local variation. Mr. Hewitson
states,! "Examples of this species from Silhet have the anal angle of the posterior wing
longer than those brought by Mr. Wallace from Sumatra"; and I notice in the specimens now
before me that those from the Malay Peninsula have the white fascia on the under surface of
the wings a little narrower than in my Javan examples. It is likewise very variable in size,
the smallest specimens examined being from Malacca and the largest from Java, but this
smalluess is not peculiar to Malaccan specimens.

Genus JACOONA, gen. nov.

Jacoona, Distant [antea, p. 233).

Anterior wings moderately long and subtriangular ; costal margin strongly arched at base and then
very slightly convex to apex, which is obtuse ; outer margin convex, inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal
nervure short, terminating on costa before the end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted about middle
of cell and anastomosed with costal nervure, second nearer to third than first, third arising from end of
cell, third and fourth bifurcating a little beyond middle of third ; lower disco-cellular nervule somewhat
concavely oblique ; first median nervule at end of cell, second about half the distance from first as from
third. Posterior wings elongate and irregularly subovate ; costal margin with its basal third convex and
then deflected and oblique to apex, which is roirnded ; posterior margin oblique and rounded to median
nervules, where it is more or less waved and is provided with two tail-like appendages, viz., a short one at
apex of third median nervule and a very long one at apex of submedian nervure ; abdominal margin
convex. Costal nervure about reaching apex of wing ; subcostal nervules bifurcating near end of cell ;
first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell, third at about two-thirds from
base of cell. Body and legs moderately robust. Palpi erect ; second joint raised above the level of the
eyes, third joint very small and slender.

=:= Cat. Lep. Mas. E. I. C. p. 114. \ 111. Diuni. Lep. p. 43.

August, 1884. 3 Q

242 RHOPALOCEEA MALAYAXA.

This is probably a somewhat restricted genus, and the following species is alone known
to the writer as at present belonging to it. The anastomotic condition of the costal nervure
and first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings at once separates it from the allied genera.

Mr. Moore informed me that the typical species of this genus (Mijrina anasuja, Felder)
should be placed in his genus Cheritra, but he had probably been unable to examine a
specimen.

1. Jacoona anasuja. (Tab. XXI., fig. 15 <7 .)

M</rii,a Anasuja, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lap. ii. p. 237, u. 266, t. 30, f. 3, 4 (1865).

Male. Wings above bright violaceous-blue. Anterior wings with a broad fascia crossing apical half
of cell and terminating a little above posterior angle, the costal margin beyond this fascia, the apex and
outer margins all blackish. Posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins (the last as far as
between the first and second median ner\'Tiles) broadly blackish, after which to anal angle the posterior
margin is whitish, containing a transverse black spot on each side of the lower median nervule ; a black
outer marginal line, the tail-like appendages whitish, more or less blackish at base. Anterior wings
beneath pale brownish-ochraceous, more or less pale bluish-green at base and towards posterior angle.
Posterior wings pale bluish-green, the costal and outer margins (the last as far as median nervules) pale
brownish-ochraceous; the white anal angular patch above larger beneath, inwardly margined with a
much-waved black line, and containing an additional black spot at extreme anal angle; the tail-like
appendages beneath with a central blackish line. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 3 -40 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca, interior (Com. de Castelnau —
coll. Feld.).

Of this beautiful and scarce species the writer, Uke Felder is only acquainted with the
male sex, and the female still remains to be discovered.

Genus SPINDASIS.

Spindasis, Wallengi-en, Lep. Ehop. Caflfr. p. 45 (1857).
A])hna:iis (part), Hewit. 111. Diuru. Lep. p. 60 (1865).
Aphniius, Moore (neo. Hiibn.), Lep. CeyL i. p. 105 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin slightly arched, outer margin moderately convex, inner
margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure terminating nearly opposite end of cell ; first subcostal nervule
arising near middle of cell, second about midway between first and third, third and fourth bifurcating
at about two-thhds from base of third ; disco-cellulars erect ; first median nervule emitted at end of cell,
second at about twice the distance from third as from first, the third arising a little before middle of cell.
Posterior wings irregularly and elongately subovate; costal margin arched at base and then obliquely
straight to apex, which is rounded; posterior margin convexly oblique, with two long slender tail-like
appendages, situate respectively at apices of the third median nervule and of the submedian nervure;
abdominal margin straight, but deeply and concavely excavated near anal angle. Costal nervure about
reaching apex of wing ; subcostal nervules arising a little before end of cell ; first and second median
nervules with an apparently common origin just before the end of cell, third median nervule emitted
at about two-thirds from base of cell; internal nervure curved inwardly.* Body moderately robust;
palpi porrect, second joint not raised above the level of the eyes.

* For the purpose of examining the neuration, it is not necessary to denude the wings of the scales, spirits of wine and
a camel's-hair brush being quite efficacious, and, if the brush is used lightly, causing no injury to the most delicate Lycxnida.
Benzoline can also be used, but its disagreeable smell renders it less useful than the spirits of wine.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 243

The species of this genus have hitherto been placed in the genus Aphmeus, the type of
which is the African A. orcas, Dru., which has five subcostal uervules to the anterior wings, *
and consequently is quite distinct from Spindasis, which has but four. The late Mr. Hewitson
pointed out the difference in the neuration, f and though Mr. Moore, in his ' Lepidoptera of
Ceylon,' describes the genus Aphmeus on the characters of Ceylon species, and correctly gives
the type of the genus as A. orcas, he must have been unable to examine a specimen of that
species.

There has been, however, no necessity to make a new generic name, as Wallengren
proposed his Spindasis for the species hitherto known as Aphmeus natalensis, D. & H., and under
that generic name the Eastern species will find their natural classification.

This is an Ethiopian as well as an Oriental genus, it being particularly well represented
in Africa. Only one species from the Malay Peninsula is at present known to the writer. I

1. Spindasis syama. (Tab. XXIII., figs. 8 & 9 ? .)

Amhh/pixlia Si/ama, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 107, u. 39 (1829).
Amhhjpodia Stjma, Westw. Gen. Diuru. Lep. p. -178, u. 20 (18.52).

Aphnaus Si/ama, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. i. p. 38, u. 50 (1857); Hewits. 111. Diurn. Lep.
p. 61, t. 25, f. 7 (1865).

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown, shaded with bright violaceous, this shading being principally
on the inner basal area of the anterior wings, and on the inner basal half of the posterior wings ; anal
angle of posterior wings reddish-ochraceous, with two black marginal spots marked with some silvery
scales, the first and smallest situate above the submedian nervure ; tail-like appendages blackish, with
their base ochraceous and their apices greyish-white. Wings beneath very pale ochraceous. Anterior
wings with five blackish fasciae with silvery centres, the first crossing cell a little beyond middle and
extending to costal margin, the second commencing on costa at about end of cell and directed outwardly
to near posterior angle, the third short, straight and compressed on each side near middle, extending from
costa to a little beneath lower discoidal nervule, the fourth directed inwardly and extending from costa to a
little beneath upper median nervule (tlie third and fourth in some varieties meeting as in fig. 8), the fifth
submarginal and almost, or sometimes quite, meeting apex of second near posterior angle ; a longitudinal
black streak Avith a few silvery scales extending nearly along the upper basal half of cell, a broad fuscous
streak beneath basal half of cell, a narrow outer submarginal blackish fascia and extreme margin of the
same colour. Posterior wings with four blackish fascife with silvery centres ; the first and basal more or less
fractured, the second crossing disk of wing extending beneath the third median nervule (where it is always
more or less indistinct), and deflected upwards to abdominal margin, third shortest extending from costa to
beneath upper median nervule, the fourth and outer fascia commencing beneath apex, almost lost in the
anal-angular ochraceous spot and defiected upwards to abdominal margin ; some blackish basal streaks and
spots, a narrow posterior submarginal blackish fascia, and the extreme margin of the same colour. Fringe
of both wings greyish. Black anal-angular spots as above. Body above more or less concolorous with

■■= This is a very rare species, and I am much indebted to both Prof. Westwood of Oxford, and Mr. A. G. Butler of the
British Museum, for kindly examining the neuration of the same for me. Mr. Butler also informs me that Drury's figure of
the species is a bad one.

f 111. Diurn. Lep. p. GO (1865). He describes ^4. orcas as having four, and the Sijama group as having three " branches
from the subcostal nervure"; but as pointed out (antea, p. 197) Mr. Hewitson estimated the number differently to the method
pursued here.

\ Mr. Butler has included in the " List of Butterflies collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca" (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 1), Aphnceus loliita, Horsf. ; but ahhough I have received a long series of A. syama fi-om the various
districts of the Peninsula, I have never met — as yet^with an example of A. loliita. It is easily recognised from A. syama, as
pointed out by Horsfield, by the fasci* on the under surface of the wings being " wholly without any black marginal thread."

244 BHOPALOCEEA MALAYANA.

wings ; body beneath and legs pale ochraceous, lateral margins of the abdomen striped with blackish ; legs
more or less obscurely marked with the same colour.

Female. Eesembling the male, but uniformly fuliginous-brown above, without the violaceous
reflections.

Exp. wings, ,? & ? , 28 to 32 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Java (coll. Horsf.).

Genus TAJUEIA.

Tajiiria, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 108 (1881).
Kemehma, Moore MS.*

Anterior wings subtriangular ; the costal margin moderately convex, the apex subacute, the outer
margin moderately convex, the inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa nearly
opposite end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle of cell, second about midway between
first and third, third a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about or a little be5-ond
half the length of the third ; disco-cellular nervules suberect ; first median nervule emitted at end of
cell, second nearer to first than to third, third emitted at about two-thirds from base. Posterior wings
subovate ; costal margin obliquely convex to apex, which is rounded ; posterior margin obliquely rounded,
prolonged in a more or less distinct angle at ajiex of second median nervule, and with two slender
tail-like appendages situate respectively at the apices of the third median ner\Tile and of the submedian
nervure. Costal nervure extending to apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third
before end of cell ; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin a little before
end of cell, third a little beyond middle of cell ; submedian nervm-e slightly curved outwardly ; internal
nervure strongly curved inwardly. Body robust. Palpi porrect, the apex of the second joint not reaching
the upper margin of the eyes.

This genus, proposed by Mr. Moore, is evidently — from the description — closely allied to
Pratapa of the same author, a genus which I have had no opportunity to examine. The only
stnicttiral differential characters given are in respect to the posterior wing, which has the
" cell broader, the subcostal and median branches emitted further from the base."

1. Tajuria longinus. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 20 2 .) t

Jlesperia Longinus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 430 (1798).

Poh/ommatus Lomiinus, Godt. Euc. Meth. ix. p. G34, n. 63 (1823); Lnc. Lep. Ex. t. 44, f. 3 (1835).

llithys Lowjimis, Hubn. Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 933, 934 (1837).

Amhbjpodia Longinus, Horsf. Oat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 110, t. 1, f. 7 (1829); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.

E.I. C. vol. i. p. 45, n. 70 (1857).
lolaus Cippus, race Lowjinus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 18G, n. 2 (1869).
Mails Ijonginus, Hewits. 111. Diurn. Lep. p. 45, n. 18 (1869) ; Butl. Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.

p. 549, n. 1 (1877).
Amhhjpodiu Pseiulolonginus, Doub. List Lep. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 23 (1847); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.

E.I.C. vol. i. p. 45, n. 71 (1857).
lolaus Pseudoluiiginus, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 35.
Tiijuria Loii;iinus. Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 109, t. 42, f. 2, 2«, 2i (1881).

"••' Mr. Moore informs me tbat in tliis proposed genus the "venation is similar to Tajin-ia."

•f This figure is taken from a specimen in the British Museum, which was collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 245

Male. Wings above dark shining cserulean-blue ; anterior wings with the costal margin and the
ajjical half of wing — inwardly angulated at median nervure and narrowed into a marginal fascia beneath
lower median nervule — blackish ; posterior wings with the costal margin and apex broadly and the
posterior margin narrowly blackish, tail-like appendages blackish, with their apices white ; abdominal
margin greyish-brown. Wings beneath dark greyish ; anterior wings with an outer discal series of linear
fuscous or blackish spots placed between the nervules and a submarginal series of rather larger but much
paler spots — these are sometimes almost obsolete ; the outer margin also darker ; posterior wings with two
similar series of spots, the inner and darker series longer, more continuous and waved towards anal angle,
where it is duplex, a third marginal series of spots, two black marginal spots inwardly broadly margined
with ochraceous, situate respectively between the second and third median nervules, and at anal angle ;
some scattered bluish scales between lower median nervule and submedian nervure ; the extreme outer
margin blackish ; fringe of both wings brownish-grey. Body and legs more or less concolorous with
wings.

Female. Wings above very pale violaceous-blue ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins
(broadest at apex) dark fuscous ; posterior wings with the basal third clothed with fine long greyish hairs,
and with the costal margin broadly dark fuscous, a submarginal row of fuscous spots {sometimes obsolete
towards ahdnminal margin, as in the specimen fiil^fred), and a marginal row of larger fuscous spots {sometimes
fused and amahjamated towards apex into a marginal fascia), apex of abdominal margin fuscous, the spot at
anal angle containing some scattered bluish scales, and more or less distinctly inwardly margined with
ochraceous. Wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, 3 and 2 , 35 to 38 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; " N. India," sic. (Horsf. & Moore). — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.).^
Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Java (coll. Horsf.).

The larva and pupa of this species, as observed in Java, have been figured by Horsfield,*
who thus describes the first: — "The larva is considerably distended anteriorly, excavated at
the sides, contracted behind and transversely swelled at the segments." It feeds " on a species
of Lorantkus, which grows parasitically in great abundance on the mango and other fruit trees
surrounding the villages of the natives." Dr. Horsfield also remarks, " In the imago state the
peculiarity chiefly exhibits itself in the antenna, which are abruptly terminated by a short
point." I am unaware whether this may be a peculiarity confined to Javau specimens, but
have certainly been unable to see it in Ceylonese examples, at least as prominently as figured
by Horsfield.

2. Tajuria mantra, f (Tab. XXL, fig. 11 5 .)

PseiiJul i/ciena mantra, Felder, Wieu. Ent. Mou. iv. p. 396, n. 9 (1860).
Myrina Mantra, Fekl. Eeise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 238, u. 270, t. 30, f. 14 (1865i.
lolaus Mantra (var. ?), Hewits. 111. Diuru. Lep. p. 46, n. 20, t. 20, f. 24 (1865).

* Cat. Lep. E. I. C. t. iv. f. 5, 5a..

f The name "mantra" used by Felder fcir this species denotes that part of the "Veda" which has been deiiued by
Prof. Monier Williams as "prayer and praise, embodied in texts and metrical hymns" ('Hinduism,' p. 18). It becomes a
question whether it is justifiable, either in good taste or as a precedent to be followed, that ecclesiastic terms belonging to
other religious systems than our own, should thus be used as specific names for insects. It cannot for a moment be believed
that those alone born in Christian countries are to be the zoologists in the future, and there can be little doubt of the reception
that would be accorded iu this country to specific names of insects, proposed by a Hindu, on ecclesiastical terms used by the
Christian Church. English entomologists, in particular, have not hesitated to ruthlessly use the most sacred names in both
Buddhism and Hinduism for this purpose (Islam has somewhat escaped), and the practice logically cuhuinated, when an
American entomologist used in a similar manner the most sacred name in Judaism, to the scandal of those who did not
hesitate to employ, and cheerfully use, the terms of concepts in other religious systems.

August, 1884. 3 r

246 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Female. Wings above pale violaceous ; anterior wings with the costal margin broadly and the outer
apical third of wing dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins fuscous, the last
widest at apex and gradually narrowing and becoming somewhat obsolete towards anal angle, where there
is a blackish spot containing a few scattered bluish scales and inwardly and obscurely margined with
ochraceous ; a marginal greyish line from about second median nervule to anal angle, the extreme edge
blackish ; tail-like appendages fuscous, with their apices whitish. Wings beneath brownish-ochraceous ;
a narrow fuscous submarginal fascia crossing both wings, commencing on anterior wings beneath the sub-
costal nervules and more or less fractured at the nervules, and on the posterior wings, strongly dislocated
from the upper median nervule to abdominal margin : beyond this fascia on both wings is another, obscure
and subobsolete : a pale ochraceous patch on posterior wings at anal angle, with two black marginal spots
containing a few scattered bluish scales, situate one between the second and third median nervules, the
second at anal angle : * between these spots are some scattered bluish scales, the margin as above.

The male is unknown to the writer, but is thus described bj' Felder : —

S ■ " Alae posticae regione anali sat producta."

" Alii; supra dilute metallico-cyaneae, anticae margine costali dimidioque lato apicali fuscis, posticae
limbo costali et apicali fuscis, margine postico ante cilia nigro, limbo interno cano."

" Alae subtus cano-fuscae, striga externa in posticis anum versus angulata fusca, multo dilutius cincta
alteraque submarginali obsoleta, posticae macula subanali alteraque anali nigris, intus late aurantiaco-flavo
circumdatis, extus metallico-virenti cinctis, atomis interjectis metallico-virescentibus, linea alba ante
marginem posticum."

Exp. wings, 2 , 34 to 44 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau— coll. Feld. ; Biggs— coll. Dist.). — Celebes ;
Macassar (coll. Hewits.)?f

3. Tajuria relata, n. sp. (Tab. XXI., fig. 12 5 .)

Female. Allied to 7\ mantra, but differing in the following respects: — The wings beueath are dark
greyish, and not brownish-ochraceous as in Felder's species, and the narrow fuscous submarginal fascia is
rounded and outwardly convex on the anterior wings.

Male. At present unknown to the writer.

Exp. wings, 2 , 35 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

Although I only possess a single female specimen of this species, it is still, though
closely allied to T. mantra, so very distinct in many important characters, as to necessitate
its description as a new species.

4. Tajuria travana. (Tab. XXII., fig. 4 2.)

Mi/rina Travana, Hewitson, 111. Diurn. Lap. p. 38, n. 38, t. 17, f. 59, 60 (1865); Butl. Trans. Linu. Soc.

ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 2 (1877).
Sithtm Travana, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 352, n. 9.
liemelana Travana, Moore, MS.

=■■ This has been omitted m the figure, owiiif; to tlie specimen — then only available — being in a somewliat mutilated
condition.

f It is doulitfnl whether this form is not really a distinct species or local race.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 247

■ Wings above dark fuscous ; anterior wings with a large oblong streak in lower portion of cell,
the greater portion of the space between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure and a streak
on inner margin bright shining violet-blue ; posterior wings with the lower portion of cell and the outer
cellular area of the same colour ; a narrow greyish submarginal line from second median nervule to anal
angle, where there is a black spot inwardly containing some greenish metallic scales ; tail-like appendages
dark fuscous, with their apices and their margins a little beyond base greyish. Wings beneath olivaceous-
brown, both wings with two dark disco-cellular lines at end of cell ; anterior wings with a very dark waved
line crossing outer disk, commencing at bifurcation of third and fourth subcostal nervules and terminating
near third median nervule ; a similar line on posterior wings, commencing near costa, strongly fractured
at upper subcostal nervule, and continued to near abdominal margin ; three black marginal spots, inwardly
and broadly margined with resplendent metallic-green, the first small and transverse between the first and
second median nervules, the second and third spots largest, between which, and separated by the third
median nervule and submedian nervure, is a large patch of greyish scales also inwardly margined with the
resplendent metallic-green, greyish marginal line as above near anal angle.

Exp. wings,* 38 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery). — Sumatra (coll.
Hewits.). — Borneo (Druce).

Genus BINDAHAKA.

Bindahara, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. Ill (1881).

Anterior wings siibtriangular, the costal margin arched and slightly convex, the outer margin almost
straight in the male and moderately convex in the female, the inner margin nearly straight. Costal
nervure extending a little beyond end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell,
second about midway between bases of first and third, the third from end of cell, third and fourth
bifurcating at about two-thirds the length of third ; disco-cellular nervules suberect ; first and second
median nervules with an apparently common origin just before the end of cell, third median nervule
emitted at about one-third before end of cell. Posterior wings elongately subovate, the costal margin
obliquely convex, the posterior margin obliquely convex and obsoletely waved to apex of second median
nervule where it is angulated, with a very long tail-like appendage at apex of third median nervule and
with a short lobular tail-like appendage at anal angle. Costal nervure extending to apex of wing, subcostal
nervules bifurcating near middle of cell ; first and second median nervules with an apparently common
origin at end of cell, third median nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell ; submedian nervure
straight, internal nervure rounded and convex. Body moderately robust. Palpi with the apical joint
slender and about one-third the length of second in male and one half the length of second in female. +

This is probably a truly Oriental genus.
1. Bindahara phocides. I (Tab. XX., fig-. 25 2 .)

Hespo-ia Phocides, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 282, n. 85 (1793).
Papilio Phocides, Donov. Nat. Eep. ii. t. 44, f. 1 (1824).
Myrina Phocides, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 183, n. 1 (1869).

* One specimen only examined.

f Mr. Moore, in his diagnosis of this genus, has presumably given the length only of the apical joints of the palpi in
a male specimen.

I This is not the species found in Ceylon, and figured and described by Mr. Moore as B. phocides, and of which
he places the B. siigriva, Horsf., as a synonym. Horsfield's species — found both in Java and Ceylon — is, however, quite
distinct, the large ochraceous anal patch and the blue marginal fascia to the posterior wings being alone well-marked
differences, whilst the type specimen of B. phocides is contained in the Banksian collection of the British Museum, where
1 have examined it with Mr. Butler.

248 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown ; posterior wings with the tail-like appendages ochraceous,
the smaller one at anal angle with a fuliginous spot. Wings beneath brownish-ochraceous. Anterior wings
with the following castaneous markings :— a spot at base of cell, a broad outwardly curved fascia crossing
cell near middle, commencing on costal uervure and continued to about the submedian nervure ; between
this and outer margin is another broad fascia, commencing near costal margin and uarrowlj- terminating
at submedian nervure, and a narrow, obscure and more fuscous submarginal fascia ; at end of cell there is
a narrow, disco-cellular castaneous streak. Posterior wings with the following castaneous markings : —
a series of basal spots, two narrow and much-waved and siuuated discal fascise crossing wing beyond
middle, between which and the basal spots is a broad obscure fascia commencing on costal nervure and
terminating at median nervure ; a dark submarginal line at anal angle enclosing two blackish spots with
scattered metallic greenish scales, and a prominent black spot on inner and shorter tail-like appendage.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above olivaceous-brown ; posterior wings with a large white anal angular patch
divided by the dark median nervules, and containing a large black marginal spot between the second and
third median nervules and a smaller and much more obsolete spot at anal angle ; tail-like appendages
white, with black basal streaks. Wings beneath whitish ; anterior wings with the castaneous markings
as in male, the outer fascia narrowly margined with white, and the remaining ground colour pale
castaneous ; posterior wings with the markings more distinct and linear than on male.

Exp. wings, <? , 31 to 38 millim. ; 2 , 35 to 42 millim.

Hab. — Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak
(Kiinstler — Calcutt. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery).

Genus NEOIVIYKINA.

Xecmi/nna, Distant, antea, p. 234.

Anterior wings with the costal margin strongly arched ; the outer margin nearly straight, the
apex subacute, the posterior angle rounded ; the inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure
short, terminating on costal margin considerably before end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted at
about middle of cell and terminating on costal margin nearly opposite end of cell, second emitted rather
nearer the base of third than first, third arising a short distance beyond end of cell, third and fourth
bifurcating at about two-thirds the length of third ; upper median nervule from end of cell and emitted nearer
to second than second is from third, which is emitted fully two-thirds from base of median nervure. Posterior
wings elongately subovate, costal margin oblique and very slightly convex, apex obtusely acute ; posterior
margin oblique, slightly waved, prominently angulated at apex of second median nervule, and with two
tail-like appendages, one very long at apex of third median nervule, the second short and slender at apex
of submedian nervure. Costal nervure about reaching apex of wing ; subcostal nervules bifurcating about
one-third before end of cell, disco-cellular nervules almost obsolete ; first and second median nervules with
an apparently common origin just before the end of cell ; submedian nervure almost straight, internal
nervure curved and rounded inwardly. Bodj- short, moderately robust ; palpi porrect, the second joint
extending distinctly before the eyes ; ajjical joint much more slender than second, but moderately
robust.

It is necessary to form a new genus for the following species, as Mijrina, under which it
was originally placed, and the type of which is the African .1/. ailenus, Fabr., possesses strongly
distinct structural cliaracters.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 249

1. Neomyrina hiemalis. (Tab. XXII., fig. 13 2 .)

Mijrina hiemalis, Godinau & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 640, t. 40, f. 5, 6.

Female. "Wings above i^early white ; anterior wings with the outer margin and a large curved
apical space terminating on costal margin at about one-third from base, black : posterior wings with the
posterior margin from apex to median nervules (where it becomes obsolete) black; an elongate black
marginal spot on each side of second median nervule ; tail-like appendages with a faint and slender
central blackish line. Wings beneath pearly white, with four transverse dark greyish fascife with still
darker margins, the first two crossing cell and terminating at median nervure, third and fourth wider and
more irregular, situate between end of cell and outer margin and terminating near the third median
nervule, marginal and submarginal dark greyish fascite, the colour between which is also dark greyish ;
posterior wings crossed by five irregular dark greyish macular fasciae ; the first near base consisting of five
spots and terminating near base of abdominal margin, the second composed of three elongate spots, of
which the lowermost two are joined and terminate between the third median nervule and submedian
ner^^lre, the third consists of four spots commencing beneath the lower subcostal nervule and recvn-ved and
terminating on abdominal margin, the fourth composed of six fused spots extending in an almost straight
line from costal margin to third median nervule, and the fifth submarginal, recurved and extending to
abdominal margin ; a marginal dark greyish fascia extending from apex to upper midian nervule, followed
by an elongate black marginal spot, a dark bluish spot between second and third median nervules, two
small bluish spots between that nervule and submedian nervure, and a large bluish spot shaded with black
at anal angle, above which the submarginal fascia is also tinged with bluish ; tail-like appendages as above ;
body above pale greenish, beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Male. This sex, as figured by Godman and Salvin, and described in error as a female, differs from
that sex in having the apical area of the upper surface of the anterior wings bluish, the outer margin
being only black ; the posterior margin of the hind wings is also only slightly marked with blackish ;
wings beneath as in female.

Exp. wings, <? "2-2 inches'';* 2 50 millim.

Hab. — Burma; Meetan (Hume — coll. Godm. & Salv.). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler — coll.
Semper).

I am miTch indebted to Herr Georg Semper, of Altona, for the loan of this female Perak
specimen, which is the only example of the species — as far as I am aware — yet received from
the Malay Peninsula.

Genus PUKLISA, gen. no v.

Purliia, Distant, aiitea, p. 234.

Anterior wings subtriangular, the apex subacute ; costal margin arched and convex ; outer margin
nearly straight, very slightly concave ; inner margin nearly straight, very slightly concavely sinuate.
Costal nervure short, terminating on costa before the end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted near
middle of cell and terminating on costa a little beyond end of cell, second about midway between bases of
first and third, the last of which is emitted a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about
two-thirds the length of third ; first median nervule curved and emitted from end of cell, second and third
straight and nearly twice the distance apart as second is from first. Posterior wings elongately and
irregularly subtriangular, the costal margin convex, the posterior margin oblique, abdominal margin

* As given by Godman and Salvin.
February 20, 1885. 3 s

250 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

acutely cleft near anal angle, posterior margin with a long tail-like ai^pendage at apex of submodian
nerviire, and a short one at apex of lower median nervule. Costal uervure not quite reaching apex of
wing, the subcostal nervules bifurcating a little before the end of cell, first and second median ucrvules
with an apparently common origin near end of cell. Palpi long and porrect, second joint robust, clothed
with short adpi'essed hairs and extending more than half its length in front of eyes, apical joint moderately
slender and about half the length of second ; antennae with a very slender and gradually formed apical
club. Legs mutilated.

Although the name of this genus has appeared before,* it has not been previously
described, and was used by Mr. Waterhouse in error. I originaUy described the typical species
under the name of lolaus (Purlisa) giganteus,\ the name Purlisa being a proposal of Mr. Moore,
but in 'Aid' the name ^^ lolaus" was discarded, and the hitherto unpublished name of
"Purlisa" alone substituted.

1. Purlisa gigantea. (Tab. XXI., fig. 28.)

lolaiis {Purlisa) ijiganteus. Distant, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xvii. p. 245 (1881).
Purlisa gigantea, Waterb. Aid Ident. Lis. vol. i. t. 46 (1882).

Wings above brilliant cerulean-blue; anterior wings with the basal third of costal margin dark
greyish-fuscous, and from which the whole apical area (concave internally) to near apex of inner margin is
black ; posterior wings with the outer margin broiidly black, the fringe greyish-white, abdominal margin
greyish, anal angle fuscous, irrorated with bluish scales, outwardly margined with white, and followed by
a dark line separating the fringe, tail-like appendages fuscous, margined with greyish-white. Wings
beneath smoky-grey, both wings crossed by a submarginal narrow dark fascia, commencing on anterior
wings about midway between end of cell and outer margin, sharply defined outwardly and evanescent
inwardly, waved but entire on anterior wings, and deeply sinuate towards anal angle of posterior wings ;
a pale marginal border containing some obscure elongate spots on anterior wings and a double row of
smoky elongate spots on posterior wings ; a black submarginal spot faintly margined with bluish between
the second and third median nervules, and a larger spot of the same colom- at anal angle ; fringe as above.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 52 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (coll. Dist.).

This appears to be an exceedingly rare species. I possess but one specimen, and the
only other example which I have seen is a much mutilated and unlocalised one in the
collection of Mr. F. Moore, where it has been for the last twenty years. During this time it
has frequently excited the interest of the owner and the late Mr. Hewitson, but its condition
prevented its proper determination.

Genus CHEEITKA.

Cheritra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 109 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the outer margin nearly
straight, the inner margin nearly straight, but slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure terminating
on costa nearly opposite end of cell, first subcostal nervule emitted at about middle of cell, second

=■= Aid to Ident. Ins. vol. i. t. 46. f Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xvii. p. 245.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 251

emitted at about the same distance from first as second is from third, the last of which is emitted
a little before the end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at nearly two-thirds the length of third ;
first median nervule emitted at end of cell, the bases of the second and third being twice as far apart
as those of first and second. Posterior wings irregularly and elougately subovate, the costal margin
obliquely convex, the iiosterior margin oblique, angled and i^roduced at area of median nervules, and with
a long tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule and a shorter one at n'pex of submedian
nervure ; abdominal margin somewhat oblique, deeply and acutely excavated near anal angle. Costal
nervure not quite reaching apex of wing, subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of
cell ; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin near end of cell. Palpi very
similar to those of Purlisa.

Male with a ti;ft of fine hairs at base of inner margin of anterior wings, concealing a glandular patch
at base of costal area of posterior wings.

In the syuopsis of genera (p. 234) I have unfortunately given the length of the costal
nervure to posterior wings as found in " Cheritra amrita," a species which I have since found
cannot be included in Cheritra, and for which I have projjosed a new genus iiuder the name of
Neocheritra.

1. Cheritra freja. (Tab. XX., fig. 10 ? .)

Hespcnu FiYJa, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 203, n. 19 (1793).

Ml/rinii Freja, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, pp. 34, 30, f. 1 ; Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 183, n. 2 (1809); Trans. Linn.

Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, u. 8 (1877) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 834.
Sithun Freja, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351, u. 3.
Myrina Jaffra, Horsf. (nee. Godt.), Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 118, u. 48, t. 2, f. 5, 5a (1829).

Female. Wings above fuliginous -brown ; posterior wings with three large submarginal white spots,
separated by the second and third median nervules, beneath the two outermost are two marginal white
lines, and beneath the innermost a marginal white spot, fringe beneath these spots also white ; tail-like
appendages white, with a central fuscous line ; abdominal margin at anal angle more or less spotted with
white. Wings beneath greyish ; anterior wings with the costal, apical and outer marginal areas pale
ochraceous, with a disco-cellular and two discal submarginal darker ochraceous lines ; posterior wings
with two waved, fuscous submarginal linear fascise, darker and more broken towards anal area ; these are
followed by a brownish submarginal line from apex to discoidal nervule, two black linear spots divided by
the upper median nervule, and a large black spot inwardly margined with bluish between the second and
third median nervules, a bluish transverse sj^ot between the lower median nervule and submedian nervure,
a small black spot at anal angle, from which a bluish streak, outwardly margined with black, extends
to lower portion of abdominal margin. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, S , 40 to 50 millim.

Hab. — Burma; Moulmein (Moore). — Upper Tenasserim; Taoo (Moore).^ — Malay Peninsula ; Penang
(Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). — Java (Horsf.). — Borneo (Druce).

I have not seen the male of this species, which is described by Horsfield* as " covered
with a beautiful saturated cupreous gloss slightly varying to purple," and as having the
posterior wings "marked with two white spots, one large, lunulate and marginal, the other
oblong, narrow, and exactly opposed to the exterior one at the inner boundary of the anal
region."

The species also varies in size, as the above dimensions of female specimens in my own
collection testify.

* Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 119.

252 lUIOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Genus NEOCHERITRA, gen. nov.

Allied to Cheritra, but with the costal nervure of the posterior wings terminating at about two-thirds
of costal margin, the subcostal nervules of the posterior wings emitted a little before end of cell, and the
position of the tail-like appendages reversed, the long one being at the apex of the submedian nervure,
and the shorter one at the apex of the lower median nervule.

1. Neocheritra amrita. (Tab. XX., fig. 15 2 , and Tab. XXIII., fig. 12 3 .)

Myrina Amrita, Felder, Wien. Ent. Men. iv. p. 395, u. 2 (18G0); Hew. 111. Diurn. Lap. p. 27, u. 1, t. 11,

f. 1—3 (1863); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 7 (1877).
Sithon AviriUi, Kheil, Kbop. der luscl. Nias. p. 32, n. 105 (1884).

Male. Wings above violaceous-blue, more or less dusted with fuscous ; anterior wings with the
costal margin and rather more than the apical half black ; posterior wings with the outer margin black,
broadest at apex and containing three submarginal transverse pale spots, the two ujjpermost pale bluish
and separated by the second median nervule, the third white and situate between the lower median
uervule and the submedian nervure, where above the black margin is also a pale greyish spot, and above
the upper median nervule there is a discal black fascia, anal angle white, containing a small black spot ;
tail-like appendages greyish-white, with an indistinct central pale fuscous line ; tuft of hairs at base of
inner margin of anterior wings greyish with an ochraceous tinge. Wings beneath pale greyish ; anterior
wings with the whole cellular and outer areas pale reddish-ochraceous ; posterior wings with the costal and
apical areas pale reddish-ochraceous with two series of black spots, one marginal and separated by the
nervules commencing near discoidal nervule, the other and preceding series consisting of three transverse
spots separated by the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure ; tail-like appendages with their
bases blackish and with a central fuscous line ; body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown ; posterior wings with the black and white markings at
anal angular area as in male, but with the white markings larger, or sometimes, as in the figure here
given, with the white area and the black spots therein much larger; tail-like appendages greyish -white,
with prominent central fuscous lines. Wings beneath as in male, but with the black markings at anal
angular area somewhat larger.

Exp. wings, 3 and ? , 40 to 44 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist ; Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Kerr — coll.
Dist. ; coll. Godm. and Salv.). — Nias Island (Kheil).

The female specimen here figured is from Singapore, and contained in the collection of
Messrs. Godman and Salviu. It exhibits the maximum of varietal character as observed in
the species, and which appears to be found in the extent of the black and white markings on
the anal angular area of the upper surface of the posterior wings. Although C. amrita is only-
recorded here from the Malay Peninsula it is probable that its geographical distribution will be
proved to be of a wider description, the Lijccmida* of the Malayan Archipelago having still to
be properly described and enumerated.

* Mr. P. H. Gosse has written to me that, on p. 196, I should have cited him literatim, and should have used the word
Lyccenadee, as he would reject the use of "a Greek patronymic in idei;, from a noun of the first declension. Lycepna should
make Lijcitnadce." My friend is doubtless correct on the point, though I expect the more coiTupt word '^ Lycirniilfe" will
prevail. Should a day of literary purification ever arise the requisite change of well-known words in our literature will he not
inconsiderable. Even so cai-eful and great a writer as Milton has been recently shown, by the late Mark Pattisou, to have erred
in his title of ' II Penseroso,' the adjective formed from ' Pensiero ' being ' Pensieroso ' (Milton, p. 23).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 253

Genus SITHON.

Sithon, Hiibuer, Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 77 (1816); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526.

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched at base, the apex subacute, the outer margui
very slightly convex, posterior margin slightly convex and provided (in male) with a tuft of hairs near
base. Costal nervure sinuate, terminating on costa near end of cell, first subcostal nervule impinging on
the costal nervure and emitted at about one-third before the end of cell, second emitted about midway
between bases of first and third, the last near end of cell, first and second median nervules with an
apparently common origin near end of cell. Posterior wings subovate, costal margin at about one-thml
from base suddenly deflected and oblique to apex, posterior margin oblique, somewhat widened and lobular
at apex of second median nervule, with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule,
and a shorter and more lobate one at apex of submedian nervure, abdominal margin oblique, rounded and
not cleft at anal angle, subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell. Palpi porrect,
second joint extending about half its length beyond the head, third slender, about or a little less than half
the length of second. Body long and moderately robust. Antennae moderately long, with a slender but
well-formed apical club.

As known at present, this genus seems to be distributed in an area comprising Bengal,
the Malay Peninsula, Java and Sumatra.

1. Sithon nedymond, var. (Tab. XXII., fig. 1 <? .
Pajiilio Xedymond, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 299, E, F (1782).
Thecla Nedymond, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 96, n. 28 (1829).
Sithon Nedymond, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 77 (1816); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526.

Male. Wings above dark fuscous or black ; anterior wings with a large discal dark bluish patch, not
extending to base nor above the subcostal nervure, and outwardly reaching to about one-third between
end of cell and margin ; posterior wings with the outer margin very broadly of the same hue ; tail-like
appendages dark fuscous, the outermost with its apical third whitish, the innermost with a longitudinal
pale bluish streak. Wings beneath pearly-grey, the outer third of both wings chocolate-brown, of which
the innermost portion consists of a broad and somewhat straight darker brown fascia, the posterior wings
with a marginal greyish line ; at anal angle of posterior wings the brown is replaced by ochraceous and
contains four bluish streaks margined with black, situate one between the second and third median
nervules, two between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, and the fourth oblique, between the
Bubmedian and internal nervures : above these and between the third median nervule and internal nervure
is a transverse black streak inwardly containing some ochraceous markings : between the first and second
median nervules is an obscure dark spot containing a few pale bluish scales and outwardly margmed with
ochraceous. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings ; legs pearly-grey, streaked
and auuulated with dark fuscous ; palpi pearly-grey, with their apices dark fuscous.

Exp. wings, 34 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (coll. Godfery).— Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).— Java (Horsf.).

I have only seen one specimen of this species from the Malay Peninsula, which Mr. Godfery
writes me that he caught " in a forest-path near the banks of the Linggi in Sungei Ujong."
It is evidently an extremely rare species. I have no knowledge of the female,* and have

•'= If it is not to be fouud in the following species ?
FEBKU.UIY 20, 1885. ^ 1'

254 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

treated the form here figured as a variety, owing to the transverse black streak above the
anal angle on the under surface of the posterior wings containing some ochraceous markings
not observed in typical Javan specimens.

2. Sithon chitra. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 15 2 .)

Tluria Chitra, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 97, n. 29, t. 1, f. 5 (1829).

Mijrina Chitra, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 51, n. 87 (1857); Butl. Trans. Linn. See.
ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, u. 3 (1877).

I have not received this species myself* from the Malay Peninsula, but have figured a
Malaccan specimen contained in the British Museum, and have copied the original description
of Dr. Horsfield.

" Surface above dark brown, with a very slight ferruginous lustre, being paler on the disk and more
saturated at the borders ; in the hinder pair the anal region is covered by a broad white patch, confined
posteriorly by a delicate black marginal thread, and bearing two ii-regulariy round black spots, the
exterior one being dotted with white ; the anal appendage bears a black dash, attenuated interiorly and
marked laterally with a greenish silvery line ; the extreme fringe of the hinder pan- and the tails
throughout being white; underneath the anterior icings are fulvous, the hinder silvery white, with a broad
fulvous posterior border, attenuated towards the anal region, and continued by a narrow striga passing
u-regularly flexuose to the inner margin; the anterior wings are paler at the base, have an obscure
yellowish litura on the disk, behind this a curved brown striga, increasing in breadth and intensity of tint
towards the interior margin, and finally a black marginal thread ; the hinder pair have a very delicate
linear yellowish transverse streak on the disk, a medial band of browu dots, more satiurated near the costa,
and continued at the inner boundary of the anal areola by a very deep black broad regularly transverse
streak, tending to the irmer margin, and accompanied, a little above its termination, by a solitary black
dot ; the anal region is interiorly bounded by a series of diversified marks of an intense black colour,
disposed in a simple curve ; it commences, near the outer apical angle, with an oblong black streak
touching a wedge-shaped streak with a minute dash of green silvery irrorations at its inner extremity ;
this is followed by two large irregularly defined black spots, which also appear on the upper surface,
the exterior one being bordered at its inner margin by a crescent of silvery irrorations, the next divided
into two portions by the passage of the fulvous striga, bearing near the middle two silvery lunules opposed
to each other ; the series is terminated by a black streak, extending in contact with the fulvous band along
the oblique portion of the inner margin, being nearly concealed by a corresponding streak of silvery
irrorations ; the anal appendage is black, and surrounded by a lax ciliated white fringe which is broader
internally ; the thorax and abdomen are brown above and white underneath, the latter being banded at the
sides ; the feet are white, annulated with black ; the antcunce are also delicately annulated, and the club
has a broad white ring at its base and a ferruginous tip."

Exp. wings, 2 , 32 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).— Java (Horsfield).

Dr. Horsfield's description evidently apphes to a female specmien, and of the male sex
I can find no account. It probably has a bluish gloss above, and is evidently allied to the
preceding species. "What is the female of S. nechimomU and what is the male of S. chitra?
There is certainly no great reason why the two species (?), as at present known, should not be

* Siuce this was witteu I have received a female specimen fi-om Suugei Ujong, which has enahled me to certify
its generic position.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 255

classed as male aud female <S'. nedymond. The only reason why that com-se is not followed
here, is owing to the fact, that the female S. chitra has a more curved upper tail-like appendage
than the male <S'. nedijmond, and the ground colour beneath being somewhat diverse. When
the insects are bred the above supposition may not improbably prove correct.

Genus HYPOLYCENA.

Hi/polyccena, Felcler, Wien. Ent. Mou. vi. p. 293 (1862) ; Moore, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. pt. ii. no. 1, p. 14
(1884).

Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched at base, the apex subacute, outer margin slightly
convex, inner margin slightly concave. Costal nervure terminating nearly opposite end of cell; first
subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell, second a little closer to first than thii'd, the last of
which is emitted a little before end of cell, which reaches to about the middle of wing ; first and second
median nervules emitted close together at end of cell. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin at
a short distance from base oblique to apex, which is rounded, outer margin oblique, slightly waved and
produced at second median nervule aud with two slender tail-like appendages, one at apex of third median
nervule and the other at apex of submediau nervure ; abdominal margin somewhat concavely cleft near
anal angle, which is moderately lobular. Costal nervure strongly arched at base and reaching apex of
wing, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before the end of cell ; first and second median
nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell. Palpi porrect, second joint stout, but scarcely
extending before the eyes, third joint slender, very long, of nearly equal length to second; antennae
moderately long, with a gradually thickened but well-formed apical club.

This is a widely distributed genus, and extends from Continental India through the Malay
Peninsula, and throughout the Malayan Archipelago. It is also probably common to Tropical
Africa, a number of species found there being apparently congeneric.

1. Hypolycaena erylus. (Tab. XX., fig. 5 <? ; 6 ? .)

Folijommatus Krylus, Godart, Euc. Meth. ix. j)- C33, u. GO (1823).

Amhlypodia Erylus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. Ill, u. 43 (1829).

Myrina Erylus, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 50, u. 84 (1857).

Hypolyccena Erylus, Hew. 111. Diurn. Lep. p. 49, n. 1, t. 21, f. 1, 2, 4 (1866) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,

p, 351, n. 1 ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 232, n. 44 (1880) ; de Nic. J. A. S.

Beng. vol. l. pt. ii. p. 52, n. 48 (1881) ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 1 (1877) ;

Moore, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. pt. ii. no. 1, p. 15 (1884) ; Kheil, Ehop. der Insel. Nias, p. 31, u. 97

(1884).
Hypolycim Aiulainana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 589.
Hypolycmna Erilus. Snell. Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 23, n. 95 (1878).

Male. Wings above dark indigo-blue ; anterior wings with a discal patch of blackish scales at end of
cell ; posterior wings with a whitish submarginal line extending from second median nervule to anal angle ;
fringe greyish ; tail-like appendages with their margins pale greyish ; a dark spot at anal angle margined
with white. Wings beneath dark grey, tinged with greenish. Anterior wings with two brown disco-
cellular lines at end of cell, followed by a narrow dark brown fascia, margined with greyish, commencing
near costa and terminating at the submedian nervure, and a paler brownish submarginal fascia, between
which and the outer margin the colour is more or less tinged with brownish ; fringe brown, tipped

256 KHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

with greyish. Posterior wings with two brownish lines at end of cell, followed by a dark fascia as
on anterior wings, but more or less dislocated at the nervules, especially between the first median nervule
and the abdominal margin, and duplex near aual angle ; two pale brownish submarginal fascife, a large
ochraceous patch containing a black spot between the second and third median nervules, and a black s^jot
at anal angle — between these spots is a patch of metallic bluish scales — ; extreme margin black, narrowly
bordered on each side with whitish ; fringe as on anterior wings. Body above more or less eoncolorous
with wings ; beneath greyish ; legs greyish, broadly annulated with black. Antennae black, annulated
with greyish, the apex castaneous.

Female. Wings above fuliginous-brown ; both wings with the dark discal fascia beneath more or less
distinctly visible above ; posterior wings with the anal area pale greyish, traversed by two submarginal
fuliginous fasciae, the outermost beyond the second median nervule consisting of three large spots, the
third at lobe of anal angle : tail-like appendages fuliginous, margined with greyish. Wings beneath as in
male, but somewhat paler in hue.

Exp. wings, (? , 28 to 36 millim ; ?, 30 to 38 milHm.

Hab. — Continental India; N.E. Bengal, Sikkim, Khaisa Hills, Cherra Punji (Moore). — Andaman
Islands (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Burma (Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.) ; Perak (Townsend— coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—
Brit. Mus. ; Biggs-— coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Wallace — coll. Godm. & Salv. ; Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Nias
Island (Kheil). — Java (Horsf.). — Borneo (Druce). — Celebes (Snellen) ; Macassar (coll. Hewits.).

H. enjhis is probably distributed throughout the Malay Archipelago, and is in all its
recorded habitats a moderately abundant species. I have always received the sexes in unequal
proportion, male specimens predominating, and Mr. de Niceville, when collecting in Sikkim, in
October, 1880, found the " males very common all through the Terai and up to Chunabatti,"
but "only one female taken."* It is a species little subject to variation, as is evident from
the series from different habitats in my own collection, and, as found in the Andamans,
Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville remark, "Absolutely indistinguishable from fresh
Sikkim specimens." f

2. Hypolycaena etolus. (Tab. XX., fig. 23 s .)

Papilio Etolus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 66, n. 620 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. p. 264, n. 20 (1793).

Amhbjpodia FAoIus, Horsf. Cat. Lap. E.I. C. p. 115, n. 46 ; Theola E. I.e. t. 1, f. 9 (1829).

Mijrina Etohis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 49, n. 82 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep.

p. 183, n. 8 (1869).
Hi/polycana Etolus, Hewits. III. Diuro. Lep. t. 22, f. 19, 20 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. See. 1873, p. 851,

n. 2 ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 2 (1877) ; de Nic. J. A. S. Bcng. vol. l.

pt. 11, p. 59, u. 105 (1881) ; Kheil, Khop. der lusel. Nias, p. 31, n. 98 (1884).
Hypohjcana Amasa, Hewits. 111. Diurn. Lep. p. 51, u. 8 (1865).

Male. Wings above very dark indigo-blue or blackish, base of anterior wings and whole area of posterior
wings, excluding apex and two submarginal spots (one between second and third median nervules and one
at anal angle) pale bluish, with a greyish tinge ; fringe of posterior wings and tail-like appendages greyish,
the last with a faint central bluish line. Wings beneath very pale bluish, with a greyish tinge ; anterior
wings with the apical half more or less ochraceous, and with the following darker ochraceous markings: —
two short contiguous lines at end of cell, followed by two transverse fasciae, the innermost of which is most
distinct; posterior wings with the apex and two outer waved and dislocated narrow fasciiB ochraceous,

* J. A. S.Benj,'. vol. L. ]it. ii. p. 52 (1881). + Ibid. vol. xlix. p. 232 (1880).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 257

these fasciae becoming more or less fuscous on inner half of wing ; two somewhat faint ochraceous lines at
end of cell ; a black spot near base ; and some submarginal blackish spots, the two largest corresponding
with the position of those above. Body more or less concolorous with wings; legs greyish, broadly
annulated with black ; antennse black, narrowly annulated with greyish.

Exp. wings, S , 26 to 32 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Sikkim (de Nic.) ; N.E.Himalaya (coll. Dist.).— Malay Peninsula; Malacca
(Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Nias Island (Kheil). — Java (Horsf.). — Borneo (Druce).

The female of this species appears to be particularly scarce, and I have not as yet
received it. Mr. de Niceville states that H. etolus is very common in Sikkim, that " it is a
rapid flyer, and on the wing at once reminded me of the common blue-bodied Dragon-flies
which abound everywhere near water ; " and asks, " is it possible that a butterfly has ' mimicked'
a Libdlula ?" *

3. Hypolycaena tharis. (Tab. XX., fig. 19.)

Oarylides Tharis, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Scbmett. f. 883, 884 (1837).

Myrina Tharis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 47, n. 78 (1857) ; Butl. Trans. Liun. Soc.

ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 6 (1877).
Sithon Tharis, Kheil, Ehop. der Insel. Nias, p. 32, u. 108 (1884).

Wings above dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with two obscure streaks of scattered bluish
scales situate one on each side of submedian nervure ; posterior wings with a transverse macular white
fascia crossing wing from apex of lower subcostal nervule to notch at anal angle ; beneath this is a white
spot at anal angle and a narrow submarginal white line, fringe white, submedian nervure tinged with
greyish ; tail-like appendages white, with faint dark central lines. Wings beneath ochraceous, the anterior
wings reddish ochraceous ; posterior wings with the anal angular area largely white, anteriorly defined by
a waved blackish line bordered with greyish, and from which some very obscure narrow pale linear fasciae
radiate towards costa ; this white area includes the following black spots : — a submarginal row of sis,
of which the first, second and fifth are small and linear ; above the fifth and sixth is a broad irregular
spot and another is placed above notch at anal angle ; fringe and tail-like appendages as above. Body
more or less concolorous with wings ; legs greyish, broadly annulated with black; antennae dark fuscous,
narrowly annulated beneath with greyish.

Exp. wings, 28 to 32 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinstler — Calc. Mus.) ; Suugei
Ujong iDurnford— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.). — Nias Island (Kheil).— Java (Horsf.).

4. Hypolycaena thecloides.

Mijrina thecloides, Felder, Wieu. Eut. Mon. iv. p. 895, n. 3 (1860).

Hypulycana thecloides, Hewits. 111. Diurn. Lep. p. 49, n. 4, t. xxii. figs. 9, 10 (1869) ;

Wood-Mas. & de Nic, J. A. S. Beng. vol. 11. pt. ii. p. 17, n. 47 (1882) ;

Moore, J. A. S. Bang. vol. liii. pt. ii. u. 1, p. 16 (1884).

Not having seen this species I have copied Felder's original
diagnosis, and reproduced Hewitson's figure of the same.

" Alls supra fuscis, posticis bicaudatis, fascia anali fulva, subtus omnibus
glauco-albis, litura discali geminata strigaque exteriore anticarum continua, Fm. iK—Hypoiycama thecloides.

* J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. pt. ii. p. 59 (1881).
Febeuaey 20, 1885. 3 u

258 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

posticarum bis refracta aurantiacis albo cinctis, anticis extus fulvescentibus, posticis macula subcostal!
concolore binisque analibus atris, exteriore in areola fulva. J ."

" Colore Theclis quibusdam hand absimilis."

Exp. wings,* 36 millim.

Hab.— Nicobar Islands ; Nankouri, Katschall (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca ?
(Feld.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.).

There seems little doubt that this species is rightly placed in the genus Hypohjccma,
though I have not examined a specimen. Hewitsou's figure of H. thecloides gives a congeneric
impression, whilst the structural remarks f added by Felder emphasise that view.

Genus lEAOTA.

Iraota, Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 101 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin arched at base and then obliquely continued to apex,
which is subacute; exterior margin moderately convex and slightly waved; inner margin slightly
concavely sinuate. Costal nervure curved, terminating nearly opposite end of cell ; first subcostal
nervule emitted near middle of cell, second about midway between first and third, third emitted
at about the same distance from end of cell as its base is from that of second, third and fourth
bifurcating a little beyond middle of third; first and second median nervules emitting rather more
than one-third nearer together than second and thii-d. Posterior wings short and broad; costal
margin obliquely convex to apex ; posterior margin convexly rounded, with a slender tail-hke
appendage at apex of submedian nervure in the male, and with an additional and similar ai^pendage
at apex of lower median nervule in the female ; anal angle lobately produced, and a somewhat prominent
angulation at apex of second median nervule. Costal nervure arched at base and extending to apes;
subcostal nervules bifui-cating at about one-thii-d before end of cell; first and second median nervules
emitted close together near end of cell ; thu-d at about one-third before end of cell. Body robust ; palpi
porreet, second joint about reaching apex of head, third joint long and slender ; legs robust ; antennse
with a long and gradually formed apical club.

The male, as described by Mr. Moore, possesses " a tuft of hair on underside of posterior
margin" of anterior wings, and also "a slightly indicated glandular space between the base of
costal and subcostal veins" of posterior wings."

This genus is of moderate extent, and is recorded from North-Eastern India, Ceylon,
the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, and the Philippine Islands. It is probably to be found
throughout the true Indo-Malayau region.

1. Iraota boswelHana, I n. sp. (Tab. XXII., fig. 23 2 .)

Male. Wings above dark fuscous ; anterior wings with a large patch of dark bluish scales occupying
base of cell and extending along inner half, but not reaching outer margin ; posterior wings with a very
large and similar dark bluish patch occupying the whole discal area ; tail-like appendage and the

''■'■ Taken from He'n'itson's figiu'e.

I " Species hsEc et ejus aflfinis M. cryliis, Godt., et Sipylus, Feld., a Myrinis palporum articulo secrmdo capite breviore,
tertio longo aciculari aicuato antenrdsciue giaciliter clavatis reeediint."

I In naming this species I have taken a hint from Dr. Johnson. The great lexicographer once remarked to his future
biographer, apropos of a moth which fluttered into a candle, "That creature was its own tormentor, and I beheve its name
was Boswell." This is probably the whole condensed "entomological" observation of Dr. Johnson, and as such may be
remembered.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 259

angulation at apex of second median nervule dark fuscous, with the apex greyish-white. Wings beneath
warm brownish, shaded with purple. Anterior wings with seven white spots, situate one largest and
elongate in cell, one at end of cell, and five in somewhat curved series between end of cell and outer
margin, of which the third is the largest and extends outwardly, and a submarginal, somewhat obscm'e,
macular series of small greyish spots ; towards inner margin the ground colour becomes much paler.
Posterior wings with the basal half dark purplish, bounded by a central silvery white fascia, which is
widest at abdominal margin and contains some irregular purplish markings ; the basal dark purplish
area also contains two silvery white fasciae, the first short and costal, the second very large, extending
from near base of abdominal margin to apex, with a concave depression above and a narrow central
continuation beneath, which reaches the central silvery fascia ; beyond this the colour is ochraceous, with
some purplish marginal spots, bordered with white near apex, and a broad bluish marginal fascia bordered
with white, extending from about upper median nervule to anal angle, and containing a darker spot
at either end. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings ; legs pale brownish.

Female. Wings above pale uniform ochraceous-browu, the costal area of the posterior wings paler,
the tail-like appendages and angular prolongation darker brown, with their apices greyish. Wings
beneath as in male, but brighter in hue and markings.

Exp. wings, (? , 35 to 38 millim. ; $ , 45 millim.

Hae. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery).

Although the female is decidedly larger than the male it is probable, if a large series
could be measured, that the diversity is not so great as the above dimensions advocate. The
male also possesses a more elongate appearance than the female, but I was unable to figure
one when the plate was executed.

Considerable confusion has ensued by several distinct species having for a long time been
placed under one name. Thus Mr. Hewitson* has not only considered I. tiinoleon, Stoll,
I. rochana, Horsf., and J. lazarena, Feld., as one species, but has also included the species
described here, as is evident from the mention of Penang as a locality. In this opinion he
has been copied by Mr. Kirby. f All these species are, however, clearly distinct and easily
determinable by the emphatic markings on the under surface of the wings, which, in the
Ehopalocera, are the surest guide for specific difference. \

Genus NAKATHUEA.

Xarathura, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 835.
Nilasem, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 114 (1881).

Anterior wings ample ; costal margin more or less convex, either oblique towards apex as in
N. centaurus, or convexly depressed towards apex as in N. amphimuta ; exterior margin more or less convex ;
inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure short, terminating at about one-thii'd of costal

* lU. Diurn. Lep. p. 25 (1869). + Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 418 (1871).

J Amidst the present creation of specific names, which, seem in many cases to be the only reason why certain insects
are called by the term " species,"- — that 2'ons asinoruvi of so many natui-alists, — it is refreshing to see clearer views being
sometimes enunciated. Thus quite recently ]\Ir. AV. F. de Vismes Kane (' NaturaUst,' November, 1884, p. 73) has well
remarked : — " From one point of view there is no such a thing as variation of species ; since the most rigid and painstakino-
sci-utiuy of Natiu-e leads, little by Uttle, slowly but inevitably, it seems to me, to the conclusion that thei-e is no such a thing
as species, if we mean by the term a primeval type which has permanent and unaltered jiersistence of characteristics."

The evolution of species appears to have been always admitted by the older anthropologists, for who can doubt the
modifying and constructive power in Nature which has produced the diverse races of mankind, and deny that the same cause
has been inoperative or ineffectual in the case (say even) of butterflies.

260 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

margin ; first subcostal nervule emitted at abo\:t one-third from base, and terminating on costa a little
beyond end of cell, second emitted about midway between first and third, the last of which arises at about
an equal interval from end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about middle or two-thirds of third ;
first and second median nerviiles about one-third nearer together than second and third, the first convexly
rounded. Posterior wings broad, the costal and outer margins convex, with a short tail-like appendage
at apex of third median nervule, either distinct as in N. centaurus, or short, fragile, and obscure as in
N. amphimuta ; anal angle obliquely rounded and not lobed. Costal nervure about reaching apex of wing;
subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell ; first and second median nervules
emitted somewhat close together near end of cell ; lower median nervule at about one-third before end of
cell. Body robust ; palpi porrect, second joint compressed and flattened. Antennfe very slightly and
gradually thickened at apex.

I have failed to find any structural difi"erences between the two genera Narathura and
Nilasera, as proposed by Mr. Moore, and, although the first and earliest name is here used,
it is not without some hesitation, as no single character of neuration is given in the diagnosis
of Narathura, and it can only be accurately determined by the fact of the typical species
(Ambhjpodia hypomuta, Hewits.) being given.

This genus and the two following, Panchala and Ambhjpodia, have till quite recently been
classed and catalogued together as one genus under the last-mentioned name. As, at present,
all the species thus treated have not been examined to ascertain their true generic position, it
will be better to deal with them corporately in ascertaining their geographical distribution. This
distribution is distinctly Oriental, and not only includes Continental India, the neighbouring
islands, and the Malay Peninsula, but also the entire length and breadth of the Malayan
Archipelago.

Another strongly marked peculiarity of these genera is their singular individuality, both
in depth and intensity of hue and general increase of size, compared with the remaining
Liiccenidce, which affords some support to the theory that climate has a tendency to influence
coloration. This principle can of course have no universal application, as in the Tropics
we find no diminution of pale-coloured butterflies. The true test seems to be this, whether we
can observe, in different groups, that the most melanic members of those groups are found in
the region of the Tropics, whilst at the same time the most albinic species are discovered only
in the highest latitudes to which the distribution of the group extends.* The whole question,
however, still requires a further amount of material and a patient and qualified investigation.

One other feature of this deep blue coloration is not to be neglected, and that is its
recurrent character throughout the Rhopalocera. In families whose members have a generally
sombre hue it usually appears in an unexpected, complete and brilliant manner, and in

* Mr. de Vismes Kane has recently advocated this view as the result of his study of European Lepidoptera
(' NaturaUst,' Nov. 1884, p. 77). The result of other investigations has pointed to similar considerations, in which, however,
the controlling or exciting cause has been rather that of southern latitude than of tropical heat. Thus Prof. Milne-Edwards
pursued a course of studies on the colour of birds as connected with their geographical distribution, and found that buds
with black plumage are foiind in almost all parts of the world ; but in certain widely distributed families the tendency
to melanism is displayed only in the southern hemisphere, and especially in the oceanic district inchiding Now Zealand,
New Guinea, Madagascar, and the intermediate islands. This was remarkably illustrated in the family of swans, of which
its numerous representatives in the northern hemisphere are all perfectly white, whilst in the southern hemisphere there are
only three species, of which one, that of New Holland, is perfectly black, and of the two others, natives of South Axnerica,
one has a few black feathers and the other a black head and ueck, the rest of the body being white (' Comptes Bendus,'
Dec. 29, 1873). This i)eculiarity has also been shown by Mi-. J. A. Allen to exist in the North American birds (Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. vol. xv. p. 212), and also — and by the same naturahst — to be found in the North American squirrels (Paper read
before U.S. Soc. Nat. Hist. Boston, Feb. 4, 1874). ',

RHOPALOCEKA MALAYAN A. 261

decided contrast to the allied species. A few examples will suffice. In the genus Euplcea of
the subfam. Danaince, in which the prevailing colour is generally some shade of black or brown,
we see this resplendent blue coloration seeking to establish itself, as in the Midamus group,
and reaching its full splendour in E. diodetia, Hiibn., a species found in the Philippine Islands.
Amongst the SaUirbm of generally sombre hue we again find this colour manifesting itself in
such dull coloured genera as Lethe, where the L. scanda, Moore, a Sikkim species, is in striking
contrast to its specific allies ; in the genus Ccelites this blue coloration assumes a more
dominant form, but reaches its maximum in Ptychandra lorguinii, Feld., another Philippine
species.* In the Nijinphalidce (referring only to this fauna) we have already seen it as a special
element in the Morphina, and in the Nymphalina, Euriitela castelnaui, Feld., is a striking
example. The eastern Enjcimdcc show little approach to this hue, but still in the subfam.
Lihythceime we find again another and excellent illustration of the recurrence in Libythea antipoda,
Boisd., a species found both in Celebes and the Philippine Islands. The Papilionidce prove no
exception. In the subfam. Pierince, in which white and yellow hues predominate, this same
phenomenal coloration appears in Appias celestina, Boisd., a Papuan species, whilst in the
PapiUonina'. the most resplendent bluish coloration is exhibited in P. tdysses, Linn., and some
other allied species, likewise found in the Papuan region. These examples are taken solely
from the Oriental and Papuan regions, and could be considerably augmented by increasing the
area of examination. It is such isolated instances, and such concurrent facts, that promote
research, and must be understood before we can arrive at any adequate explanation of the
gorgeous and diverse coloration of butterflies.

The last remark, and one not the least important, is that though the late Mr. Hewitson
was a considerable collector of these butterflies, and has left behmd him some beautifully
illustrated results of his study and regard, the figures in these works, which were drawn
by himself, and represent in many cases the types of his own species, will very often he
found to disagree with the figures of the same species given in this puhlication. The figures have
been, however, carefully compared with his types, and the only explanation feasible is, either
that his figures are not sufficiently exact, or, as I have had reason to believe, in substituting
fresh and perfect specimens for his own cabinet, he has been known to have discarded a faded
type, and replaced it by a well-conditioned specimen of an allied but distinct species.

1. Narathura centaurus. (Tab. XXL, figs. 4 <? , 5 2 .)

Papilio centaurus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 520, u. 329 (1775); Sp. Ins. p. 117, u. 523 (1781) ; Maiit. Ins.

p. 68, n. 646 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. p. 275, n. 68 (1793).
AmhhjpoiUa nakula, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 895, u. 4 (1860) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 853, u. 1 ;

Kheil, Ebop. der Insel. Nias, p. 33, u. 121 (1884).
Arhopcda nakula, Feld. Eeise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 222, n. 244, t. 29, f. 14 (1865) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,

p. 835 ; Wood-Mas. k de Nic. J. A. S. Beug. vol. l. p. 251, n. 77 (1881).
Amhbjpodia centaurus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 179, u. 1 (1869) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548,

n. 1 (1877) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 107, n. 1.

* The occurrence of these two brii^ht hlue butterflies in the Philippines, belonging to both the Danainm and Satyrince,
recalls the several similar instances foimd in insular faunas, given by Mr. Wallace in illustrating bis thesis (" On some
Relations of Living Things to their Environment," Pres. Address, Sect. Biology, Brit. Ass. Glasgow, 1876).

February 20, 1885. ^ ^

262 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue, the fringe brownish. Wings beneath ochraceous-brown.
Anterior wings with two looped spots, margined with pale bluish in cell and a subquadrate spot, inwardly
mai-gined with pale bluish and outwardly with greyish at end of cell, a waved fascia margined with
greyish crossing wing beyond cell, and the following spots margined with greyish : — one near costa
above end of cell, and two beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule ; the apical third of wing
is somewhat paler, and contains a mai-ginal and submarginal dark fascia. Posterior wings with the
following spots and fasciae margined with greyish :■ — seven basal spots, a central transverse fascia, which is
connected above at the lower subcostal nervule with a broken macular fascia extending to abdominal
margin ; a marginal and two submarginal somewhat obscure fascite ; three transverse marginal metallic
gi-eenish spots near anal angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above violaceous-blue, costal and outer margins of anterior wings broadly fuscous ;
posterior wings with the costal margin broadly, and the outer margin narrowly, fuscous. Wings beneath
as in male.

Exp. wings, <? , 50 to 58 millim. ; ?, 52 to 58 millim.

Hab. — Andaman Islands ; Port Blair (Calc. Mus.). — Tenasserim ; Taoo (Limborg — Moore). — Malay
Peninsula ; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier and Dist.) ; Perak (Townsend — coll.
Godm. & Salv.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist. ; Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore [Kevi — coll. Dist.). — Siam; Chentaboon, Nahconchaisee (Druce). — Sumatra (Brit. Mus.). — Nias
Island (Kheil). — Borneo (Druce).

This is the true Fapilio centauriis, Fabr., of which I have satisfied myself by a comparisou
with the Fabrician type contained in the Banksian collection in the British Museum.
Considerable confusion exists as to the true identity of this species, and this has been greatly
due and is still frequently caused by the erroneous representations of the species given by the
late Mr. Hewitson,* which seem to apply to a variety or distinct species found in Continental
India. It is probably these figures which have induced many to consider as distinct the Malay
butterfly described by Felder under the name of Amhhjpodia iiakula. Mr. Kirby, in his Catalogue, t
placed the two species as synonymous with one another ; and, to render the matter as
complicated as possible, N. M. Kheil has recently pointed out that Mr. Kirby is wrong, and
uses Felder's name as distinct from the Fabrician. Mr. Butler, in 18G9, 1 corrected this
error, but his remarks appear to have been overlooked.

This is an abundant Lyc£enid in the Malay Peninsula, and its distribution extends through
Tenasserim into Burma, but, owing to the confusion as to identity, its kuouii geographical area
is somewhat diflicult to ascertain.

2. Narathura agnis. (Tab. XXI., fig. 29 $ .)

Arhopala agnis, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 228, n. 252 (1865).

Female. Wings above violaceous-blue; costal and outer margins of both wings broadly fuscous.
Wings beneath pale brownish, with the following spots and fasciae margined with greyish : — anterior wings
with two spots in cell and one at end of cell, two spots beneath cell divided by the lower median uervule,
a somewhat curved macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin commencing near costa and
terminating at lower median nervule, and a more obscure submarginal fascia ; posterior wings with about
seven basal spots, a subquadrate spot at end of cell continued as a macular fascia to abdominal margin, an
outer discal macular fascia which becomes duplex near anal angle, and a somewhat obscm-e submarginal

* Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. t. 2, f. 10—13 (1862). \ Syn. Cat. Dium. Lep. p. 419-20.

J Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 179.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 263

fascia ; three transverse, marginal, metallic greenish streaks, the innermost with a black spot near anal
angle {two of these are rubbed or obliterated in the speeimen figured) ; tail-like appendages with their apices
greyish-white. Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath more or less greyish ; legs pale
brownish.

Exp. wings, 2 , 60 millim.

Had. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau — coll. Feld. : coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.) ;
Perak (Kiiustler — Calc. Mus.).

Siuce writing the above I have been enabled to examine a male specimen of this species,
and find it is unicolorous and dark violaceous-bhic above, and exactly resembling the female
beneath. It is evidently a much rarer insect than N. centaurus, or at least more seldom met
with by collectors. Mr. Kirby has placed N. agnis as a synonym of the Sumatran species,
N. anarte, Hew., but it is sufficiently distinct for specific separation.

3. Narathura anthelus. (Tab. XXIII., fig. i 2 .)

Amhhjiiiidia imthehis, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 74, f. 6 (1852) ; Hewits. Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus.

t. 3, f. 23, 24 (1862); Butl. Traus. LIdu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, u. 3 (1877).
Satrt(/;-rt a«t/irfiw, Moore, J. A. S. Beug. vol. liii. pt. ii. no. 1, p. 24 (1884).

Female. Wings violaceous-blue ; anterior wings with the costal margin, apex, and outer margin
broadly fuscous, the fuscous coloration also continued in a disco-cellular streak at end of cell ; posterior
wings with the costal margin broadly and the posterior margin more narrowly fuscous ; apices of the
tail-like appendages greyish-white. Wings beneath pale brownish, with the following dark purplish or
pale brown spots and fasciae margined with greyish ; anterior wings with two looped spots in cell and a
subquadrate spot at end of cell, a fractured macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin, which is
strongly dislocated at upper median nervule ; between this fascia and base are a series of large irregular
costal spots, a small spot beneath cell between the bases of the second and third median nervules, and
a more obscure and narrow, macular, submarginal fascia ; posterior wings with an irregular series of five
subcostal spots, beneath which are four smaller basal spots, a very irregular discal fascia extending from
lower subcostal nervule to abdominal margin, and an outer pale, waved fascia extending from the outer
subcostal spot to abdominal margin ; three transverse metallic greenish spots more or less shaded with
black near anal angle, where the outer margin is narrowly greyish. Body above and beneath, with legs,
more or less concolorous with wings.

Male. I have not seen this sex, but, as figured by Doubleday and Hewitson, it is violaceous-blue
above, with the costal and outer margins narrowly dark fuscous, somewhat more broadly so at the apices
of both wings and at the anal angle of the posterior wings.

Exp. wings, 2 , 55 millim.

Hab. — Burma ; Moulmein (Doub. & Hew.). — Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Dm-nford — coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.).

4. Narathura maxwelli, n. sp.* (Tab. XXIII., fig. 10 2 .)

Female. Wings above violaceous-blue ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (abruptly
widened at ajjex) dark fuscous ; posterior wings with the costal and outer margins dark fuscous ;
abdominal margin fuscous, tail-like appendages with their apices greyish-white. Wings beneath brownish,
with the following spots and fasciae margined with greyish : — two in, and one at end of cell ; above this

•■'■ Named after Mr. W. E. Maxwell, not only well known as the "Kesident" at Lanit, but also as the author of
'A Manual of the Malay Language,' &c.

264 RHOPALOCEBA MALAYANA.

last is a small and obscure spot ; a curved macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin,
commencing near costa, abruptly dislocated at upper median nervule, from ■which it is continued by thi-ee
fused spots, the uppermost smallest, two spots beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule, and a
submarginal waved fascia ; posterior wings with seven basal spots, two transverse, waved, discal fasciae
dislocated and fused from lower subcostal nervule to costal nervure, a waved submarginal fascia as on
anterior wings, and three metallic greenish spots, more or less shaded with black near anal angle ; body
above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 50 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.).

One female specimen collected by the Rev. L. Biggs is at present my only knowledge
of this species. It appears, however, quite distinct from anything described, and is an
interesting addition to this large genus.

5. Narathura farquhari,* n. sp. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 3 ^ .)

Amhhjpodia eunwlphtts, Butler (nee Cram.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 2 (1877).

Male. Wings above bright golden-green ; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly, and the
outer margin more broadly, dark fuscous ; posterior wings with the costal, posterior and abdominal
margins dark fuscous, the posterior widest and continued in rays along the median nervules ; apices of the
tail-like appendages greyish-white. Wings beneath brownish, with the following spots and fasciae margined
with greyish : — anterior wings with two spots in cell, one transverse at end of cell reaching the third
subcostal nervule, a small spot between bases of second and third subcostal nervules, two spots beneath
cell divided by the lower median nervule, a macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin, strongly
dislocated at the upper median nervule, a submarginal and a moi'e obscure marginal fascia ; posterior
wings with seven basal spots, two central, transverse macular fascia dislocated and united into one fi'om
the lower subcostal nervule to the costal nervui-e, marginal and submarginal fascije as on anterior wings,
but more obscure, and three transverse metallic greenish spots, more or less marked with black, near anal
angle. Body above and beneath, including legs, more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, $ , 54 to 58 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore iKerr, Biggs — coll. Dist.;
coll. Godfery).

I have not seen the female of this species. Horsfield has given \ a description of that sex
belonging to the Javan species (under the name of A. eumolphus) which may or may not be
conspecific, but is certainly very closely allied to N. farquhari. According to that description
the female is black above, "the greenish golden lustre being limited in the fore-wings to
a medial patch extending to the base, and in the hinder to a triangular spot occupying the
basal areolet."

This species has hitherto been confounded with the N. eumolphus of Cramer, but a
reference to that author's figure will at once dispel any gi-ound of misunderstanding, it having
the outer discal transverse fascia to the anterior wings straight and not strongly dislocated as
in this species. Cramer also gives the " Coast of Bengal" as its habitat.

* Named after Colonel Farquhar, whilom Governor of Malacca, whose worth may be estimated by the tribute paid
to his memory by the native writer, Abdulla bin Abdul K.idar, munshi. This no mean authority, in addition to much other
favourable testimony, states, " All the four races (Malays, Chinese, Kliugs, and Portuguesel in Malacca were exceedingly fond
of, and attached to, the Governorship of Major Farquhar" ('Translations from the Hakayit Abdulla,' by J. T. Thomson,
p. 27). Can Proconsul achieve much more?

I Cat. Lcp. E. I. C. p. 104.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 265

6. Narathura adatha. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 1 ^ , 2 2.)

Amhhjpodia Adatha, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. t. 4, f. 29—31 (1862); Bntl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 4 (1877).

Before describing this species it is necessary to make two preliminary observations.
Firstly : the figures here given are those of a male and female specimen captured in Malacca
by Capt. Pinwill, and now contained in the British Museum ; and secondly : these figures do
not altogether correspond to those given by Mr. Hewitson as representative of his species.
I have, however, carefully compared them with the tijpe specimen of Hewitson, and find that
they are correct and faithful. Mr. Hewitson also obscured the identity of his A. adatha by
firstly placing it as a synonym of the " Arhojmla micale" of Boisduval, * and subsequently as
distinct from A. micale, but conspecific with the Amboinese Ambhjpodia oleander, Feld. f

Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue ; I apices of the tail-like ajipenclages to the posterior wings
greyish-white. Wings beneath brownish, with the following spots and fasciae margined with greyish ;
anterior wings with two spots in, and one at end of cell, two spots beneath cell divided by the third median
nervule, a cm-ved fascia (dislocated at the upper median nervule) between cell and outer margin and
a narrower submarginal fascia ; posterior wings with seven basal spots, a transverse central fascia
commencing at costal nervure and terminating near base of upper median nervule, followed by a transverse
fascia commencing at lower subcostal nervule, a submarginal fascia and three marginal transverse metallic
greenish spots, more or less spotted with black, near anal angle. Body above and beneath more or less
concolorous with wings.

Female. Eesembling the male, but with broad darker margins to the upper surface of the wings.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 40 to 42 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr —
coll. Dist ).

7. Narathura atosia. (Tab. XXHI., figs. 6 <? , 5 2.)

Amhtijpodia atosia, Hewitson, 111. Diurn. Lep. p. 9, n. 37, t. 2, f. 8, 9 (1863) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,
p. 353, n. 4; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 548, n. 5 (1877).

The figures of this species, here given, ai-e taken from two Malaccan specimens in the
British Museum. As I have not received the species, I append a copy of Mr. Hewitson's
description : —

" Upperside. Male. — Lilac-blue ; the margins black, very narrow. Anterior wing with a large
central spot of somewhat different colour, not seen except in a certain light,- and not produced by any
unusual arrangement of the scales."

" Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing, with the transverse band broken, composed of seven parts ;
three together, the fourth projecting outwardly from the rest, the three following further from the margin
than the fourth."

=■= Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 7 (1862). \ 111. Dim-n. Lep. p. 8, n. 28 (18G3).

J A specimen received from Singapore has the colour above darker blue and less violaceous than in the figures liere
given, which are taken from Malaccan specimens in the British Museum.

February 20, 1885. 3 y

266 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

" Female. — Violet-blue. Anterior Aving witb the costal margin, the apex, and the outer margin
broadly black, the nerv\u-es black. Posterior wing with the apex and outer margin broadly dark brown,
the nervures black."
" Exp. U inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (coll. Hewits.). — Borneo (Druce).

8. Narathura antimuta. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 11 $ .)

Arhopala antimuta, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lap. ii. p. 233, n. 260 (1865).

Amblypodio antinutta, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 8 (1877).

The Malaccan specimen here figured has been identified and recorded by Mr. Butler as
Felder's species. The following is a copy of the original description : —

" 3 ■ Alae supra obscure violaceo-cyaneae, margine externo perangusto fusco, subtus omnes dilute
fuscae, anticae intus pallidiores, maculis duabus annularibus in cellula, tertia infra venam medianam,
fasciola discocellulari, fascia exteriore abbreviata catenulari fi-acta alteraque maculari submarginali fundo
pauUo satm-atioribus, multo dilutius cinctis, posticae macula in costse lobulo, tribus basalibus, quarta
interna, quinta subeostali, sexta majore cellulari annularibus, septima infra banc, vix cordata, fasciola
discocellulari fasciaque externa a margine bene distante macularum subtriaugularium fundo satm-atioribus,
multo dilutius cinctis, fascia pone medium, catenulata, apud ramum medianum primum valde fraeta et per
striolam cum fasciola juncta, postice sursum flexa, fundo paullo satui-atiore (.maculis duabus supremis ejus
plane sepaiatis, annularibus), maculis duabus aualibus nigris, metallico-cyaneo introrsum limitatis et
maculis totidem obsoletis nigris, atomis albidis intus cinctis insedentibus."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau — coll. Feld. ; Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

9. Narathura aroa. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 17.)

Amblypodia Aroa, Hewitson, III. Dium. Lep. p. 13, n. 60, t. 2, f. 12 (1863) ; Butl. Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 548, u. 9 (1877).

This is another species not yet obtained by the writer from the Malay Peninsula. The
specimen figured was coUected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and I append the description as
given by Mr. Hewitson : —

" tpperside. Mule. — Yiolet-blue : the margins tery ttarrow, black."

" Underside rufous-bro\\Ti. Anterior wing with the band of nearly equal breadth, slightly curved."

Exp. Ito inch.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (^Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (coll. "Wallace — Hewits.).

Mr. Hewitson also remarks, " A. Aroa is very nearly alhed to A. Hypomuta ;* the blue of its
upperside is less brilhant, and the spots and bands of the underside appear to be much wider
apart. A. Hypomuta seems, on the posterior wing, as if covered thioughout with spots, the
spaces between the bands and spots having nearly the same appearance as the usual spots and
bauds themselves have."

'' A species described on the foUowiug page under the earher name of N. amphimuta.

RHOPALOCERA MALA VAN A. 267

10. Narathura metamuta.* (Tab. XXIII., figs. 19, 18 var. ?)

Amhlypodia metamuta, Hewitson, 111. Diurn. Lep. p. 13, n. 59, t. 2, f. 14, 15 (1863); Butl. Trans. Liuii. Soc.
sev. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 10 (1877).

This is another of the luaiiy species captured in Malacca by Capt. Piuwill that have
apparently been met with by no other collector. The figure represents two such specimens
now contained in the British Museum. Fig. 19 is typical ; fig. 18 represents a specimen
catalogued as Hewitson's species by Mr. Butler, and which may probably be but a variety, and
is figured as such ? The original description is as follows : —

" Underside. Male. — Anterior wing violet-blue : posterior wing brilliant morpho-blue ; the maiyuis
broad, dark brown."

" Underside. Anterior wing with the^first three sjmts of the transverse band placed obliquely outwards,
the two outer spots a little within them and placed transversely."

" Exp. 1^ inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (coll. Wallace — Hewits.).

The different colour of the anterior and posterior wings readily indicates the identity of
this species, and, as remarked before, the so-called variety here figured, is only admitted
as such with hesitation, until a series of specimens can be examined.

11. Narathura amphimuta. (Tab. XXI., tig. 10 <? , and 9 2.)

Ainhli/jxtdia Aniphimuta, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mou. iv. p. 396, u. 6(1860); Butl., Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2,

Zool. vol. i. p. 548, u. 6 (1877).
Arhapala Amiihimuta, Feld. Eeise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 232, u. 259, t. 29, f. 8 (1865;.
Amblypodia Hyponmta, Hewits. Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 11, u. 52, t. 6, f. 63, 64 (1862) ; 111. Diurn. Lep. p, 12,

n. 58, t. 2, f. 13 (1863) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 354, n. 11 ; Butl. Traus. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,

Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 11 (1877).

Male. Wings above violaceous-blue, margins narrowly dark fuscous ; wings beneath brownish with
the following spots and fascife margined with greyish ; anterior wings with two spots in, and one at end of
cell, two beneath cell divided by the lower median uervule, a slightly curved fascia between end of cell and
outer margin, which is strongly dislocated between the lower discoidal and upper median nervules (where
it has the appearance of a projecting spot),t a subcostal spot between the first and second subcostal
nervules and a narrow submarginal fascia ; posterior wings with six basal spots, two irregular central
curved macular fascia3, dislocated aud united into one from lower subcostal nervule to costal nervure,
a submarginal fascia aud three marginal metallic greenish spots more or less marked with black uear
anal angle : apices of tail-like appendages greyish -white. Body above aud beneath with legs more or less
concolorous with wings.

Female. Paler bluish above, the dark marginal shadings very broad on anterior wings at apex aud
outer margin, and at apex of posterior wings ; wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, t? and ? , 32 to 45 millim.

■■'■ In the speciiic nomenclature of this genus several authors appear to have not only recognised the diiflcultj' of
properly separating the species, but to have also endeavoiu'ed to make it almost impossible to remember the names of
such species, by inventing a farrago of euphonious words, as though rhyme was the one thiug needful. To this rhythmical
and labyrinthian effect the following contributions may be acknowledged: — ^ iimta,' "■ ejjimuta,'' 'amphimuta,'' ' anfiiniita.'
' hypomuta,' 'metamuta,' and 'perhuuta.^ As these are all names of closely allied species, such " contributions to science "
require application and study.

I This has not been sufficiently shown in the figure of the female here given, thoiigh it is distinctly indicated iu
that of the male.

268 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Piuwill— Brit. Mus. ;
colls. Moore and Godm. & Salv.) ; Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Drace).

This species varies greatly in size, the smallest specimen examined heiug a female and
expanding only 32 millim. As Mr. Hewitson pointed out, an excellent differential specific
character is found in the spot-Hke projection to the discal fascia on the under surface of the
anterior wings ; but when the describer states that in the female the last spot of this fascia also
projects outwardly, he has described what is found on none of the specimens now before me.

Mr. Hewitson recognised the identity of his A. hipomtita with the .-1. aniphimiita, Feld.,*
and though Mr. Butler states f that the two are quite distinct, and places them wide apart,
I have failed to find these differences. A closely allied species, A. epimuta, Moore, was included
by Mr. Butler in his catalogue of Malaccan butterflies, I but could not be found in the National
Collection, for the use of our artist, and so it is not included here.

12. Narathura kurzi,^ n. sp. (Tab. XXL, fig. 1 <? .)

Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue. Wings beneath bi'ownisb, witb tbe following spots and
fasciae margined witb greyisb : — anterior wings with two spots in and one at end of cell ; two beneath cell
divided by the lower median nervule ; a macular fascia beyond cell, which is strongly dislocated at
upper median nervule and is then inwardly continued by an almost separated spot terminating near tbe
central median nervule ; posterior wings witb about six basal spots {the extreme basal spots have been
omitted in the fif/ure), a central discal fascia commencing at lower subcostal nervule, followed by a fascia
crossing tbe whole breadth of wing, a submai'ginal fascia, and marginal metallic greenish spots, more or
less marked witb blackish near anal angle. Body above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous
witb wings.

Exp. wings, S 42 millim.

H.VB. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Dist.).

Only one male specimen of this distinctly marked species is known to the describer, and
the female has still to be discovered.

13. Narathura ameria. (Tab. XXI., fig. 30 9 .)

Amblypodia ameria, Hewitsou, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 14, n. 64, t. 8, f. 85, 86 || (1862).

Female. "Wings above dark violaceous-blue, costal and outer margins of both wings, and abdominal
margin of posterior wings broadly dark fuscous. Anterior wings beneath somewhat rufous-brown, cell
containing a whitish line near base, two near centre, and two at termination, some obscure whitish linear
marks above the cell ; beneath tbe cell the colour is paler, containing a conical brownish sjjot between
the second and thhd median nervules and a broad brown spot between the tbhd median nervule and

* 111. Dium. Lep. p. 12, u. 58. \ Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. "2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549. J lb. p. 548, n. 7.

§ Dedicated to the memory of the late excellent hotanist, Sulhiz Kurz, author of the ' Forest Flora of British Burma,' kc.
He died at Penang on his way to the islands of the Malayan Archipelago, for the purpose of botanical exploration.

II The figure of the underside of this species as jjiven by Hewitson is totally unlike that which I have given here.
I have, however, carefully compared my figure and specimen with the type specimen of Hewitson's species in the British
Museum, and they are altogether identical. Hewitson's figm-es of the midersides of these Ambltjpodice are h-equently altogether
misleading.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 269

the submedian nervure, a curved transverse fascia bordered with greyish between end of cell and outer
margin dislocated at the upper discoidal and median nervules, and with a submarginal row of lunulate
spots bordered with greyish. Posterior wings beneath brownish with a steely tinge, the basal third with
reticulated dark brown fascise, followed by a transverse, discal, angulated fascia of the same colour,
and with a submarginal series of dark brown spots. Body above and beneath with legs more or less
concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 2 , 44 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; N.India {sic) (coll. Hewits.). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Townsend — coll.
Godm. & Salv.). — Siam (coll. Hewits.).

A female specimen, captured by Dr. Townsend in Perak, is here figured, and is the
only example of the species from the Peninsula of which I have, at present, information.

14. Narathura anniella. (Tab. XXL, fig. 20(?.)

Aiiil)h//ioilia annielkt, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 10, u. 46, t. 8, f. 83, 84 (1862).*

Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue ; costal and outer margins narrowly darker. Anterior
wings beneath pale castaneous with an ochraceous tinge, and with the following dark castaneous spots
and fasciiie narrowly margined with greyish : — a spot crossing cell near centre (the basal portion of cell
is also dark castaneous), a short broad fascia at end of cell joined to a spot beneath cell and terminating
at lower median nervule : this is followed at a short distance by another fascia commencing nearer costa
and terminating in a spot between the second and third median nervules, and an outer marginal fascia,
becoming obsolete towards outer angle ; between these faseije, but particularly at apex of wing, there is a
strongly developed steely-blue tinge. Posterior wings beneath dark castaneous, with the following spots
and fasciae margined with steely-blue lines ; a looped costal spot near base and terminating near subcostal
nervure : this is connected with three discal fasciae, which are also more or less fused at the extreme
margins, and the uppermost of which is dislocated at the median nervure, and the lowermost is narrowest
and strongly tinged on each side on lower half of wing with steely blue ; a small black marginal spot with
some metallic greenish scales between the second and third median nervules, and another near anal
angle. Body above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above paler in hue than those of the male, and with the margins (especially at apex
of anterior wings) broadly dark fuscous. W'ings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, $ and 2 , 40 to 44 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (coll. Godfy.) ; Sungei Ujong
vDurnford — coll. Dist.). — Singapore (coll. Hewits.).

15. Narathura lycaenaria.

Amhhjpudid li/aenaria, Felder, Wieu. Ent. Mou. iv. p. 896, n. 9 (1860) ; Hew. Cat. Lye. Brit. Mua. p. 12,

u. 54 (1862) ; Druee, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 354, n, 12.
Aiiioji((hi li/cancnia, Feld. Eeise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 232, n. 258, t. 29, f. 13 (1865).

* These figm-es do uot at all agree with the one here given, and I coiild not have believed that I possessed the species
had I not carefully compared my specimens with Hewitson's type. There can be no doubt that in the Eastern Lyccenida
Hewitson's figures are, in several cases, in direct antithesis to his typical specimens, which being now contained in the
National Collection, must be accepted as decisive.

Februaby 20, 1885. 3 z

270

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

The woodcut here given is copied from Felder's figure, and which when
executed, constituted the writer's sole knowledge of the species. Since then
a specimen has been received which affords an opportunity of giving a fuller
description.

Male. Wings above bright shining cerulean-blue ; costal and outer margins
narrowly fuscous. Wings beneath brownish, with the following greyish lines or
hjcaiuiria. "™ fascisB and spots: — anterior wings with two pairs of transverse lines in cell (one
at base and one near middle), and a similar pair at end of cell ; above the last
are two placed closer together, and almost reaching costa ; a pair beneath cell situate on each side
of lower median nervule ; between cell and outer margin is a curved fascia, strongly dislocated at
the nervules, commencing at second subcostal nervule and terminating at lower median nervule, and
a submai'ginal row of small gi'eyish spots placed between the nervules ; posterior wings with two
basal sjjots, and the whole disk covered with transverse fasciae more or less dislocated and fused ;
three black sjjots with metallic greenish scales near anal angle. Body and legs more or less coneolorous
with wings.

Exp. wings, S , 38 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Biggs— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau — coll. Feld.) ;
Singapore (Wallace). — Borneo (Druee).

I have not seen a female specimen, but in the male sex the sf)ecies is rendered very
distinct from any of those preceding and here enumerated, by the metallic cerulean-blue of the
upper surface of the wings. As it is now recorded from Penang, Malacca, and Singapore,
.V. Iijcienaria is probably generally distributed throughout our area.

The following species are only known to the writer by figures and descriptions (both of
which are here reproduced), and seem to belong to the genus Karathiira : —

1(5. Narathura vihara.

AmUijpodia rihiira, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 395, n. 5 (1860) ; Kheil, Rhop.

der Insel Nias, p. 33, n. 122 (1884).
Arhopala riluira, Feld. Raise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 228, n. 253, t. 29, f. 7 (1865).

Male. " Alae supra saturate violaceo-cyaneae, anticse margine costali et
externo latiusculo nigro-fuscis, posticfe limbo costali in marginem posticum
latiusculum increscentem transeunte limboque interno fuscis."

"Alse subtus dilute fuscae, fascia submarginali communi, anticarum

maculis binis annularibus fundo saturatioribus in cellula, macula discocellulari,

duabus infra venam medianam fasciaque catenulari exteriore apud ramum

medianum primum finita, apud tertium fracta, posticarum maculis quinque

basalibus annularibus fundo saturatioribus, sexta interna, faseiola tripartita discoidali fasciaque exteriore

catenulari apud ramum subcostalem secundum fracta, fasciolae contigua, postice sursum flexa et continua

* Tliis fifjure is tnken from the coloureil copy of Felder's work. If an uneoloured copy is consulted, the spots on the
under snrface of the posterior wings appear to have a greater amount of speciaUsation.

Flo. SO. — Naratburii ii/idirt.*

i

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

271

fuscis, multo dilutius cinetis, anticae triente in terno pallido, posticae maculis tribus aualibus, increscentibus
atris, media omnino — , reliquis inti'orsum metallice cyaneo atomatis."

Female. " Alae supra dilutiores, quam in mare, antics limbo costali sinuato et margine lato postico
fuscis, posticae limbo costali in limbum posticum transeunte ejusdem coloris, limbo interno pallidius
fusco."

"Alae subtus omnino ut in mare."

H.U3.— Malay Peninsula: Malacca (Com. de Castelnau— coll. Feld.) ; Nias Island (Kheil).

Felder also appends the following remarks :— " Schon durcli die viel dunklere, zeimlicli
breit gerandete Oberseite des Miinnchens von der vorbeschriebenen Species auffallend
abweichend. Die Vorderflugel sind stumpfer und die Hinterflugel kurzer uud am Scheitel
mebr vorgezogen, als bei A. Afjnis."

17. Narathura inornata.

Awhh/pdilia inornata, Felder, Wieii. Eut. Men. iv. p. 396, n. 6 (1860).
Arlwpala inornata, Feld. Keise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 23i, n. 261, t. 29, f. 12 (1865).

Male. "Alae supra vivide saturate cyanese, margine ante cilia fusca, subtus dilu-
tissime fuscae, anticse introrsum pallentes, maculis duabus annularibus cellulae, tertia
mediana, quarta interiore, quinta discocellulari fasciaque exteriore, eurvata, catenulari
fundo paullo saturatioribus, dilutius cinetis, vix conspicuis, fascia submarginali plane
fere evanescente, posticae maculis septem basalibus annularibus (exterioribus sat-
magnis), fasciola discocellulari, fascia exteriore vix catenulari, apud ramum sub-
costalem secundum et medianum primum valde fracta, postice sursum flexa alteraque

submarginali, submaculari, decrescente, fundo paullo saturatioribus, multo dilutius cinetis, linea ante
marginali diluta."

Female. "Alae supra multo dilutiores, anticae margine costali fusco in limbum terminalem ad
apieem sat latum, dein valde decrescentem, intus subarcuatum transeunte, posticae limbo costali fusco,
in marginem externum perangustum, angulum analem versus latiorem abeunte, limbo interno, ut in mare,
fuscescente."

" Alae subtus omnino ut in mare."

H.iB. — Malay Peninsula; " Malacca Interior" (Com. de Castelnau— coll. Feld.).

Fig. 81. — Narathura
inornata.

18. Narathura achelous.

Ainl>liijiiiilii( Achelous, Hewitsou, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 7, u. 30, t. 5,
f. 47, 48 (1862) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 354, n. 13.

" Upperside. Male. — Dark blue : the margins with a narrow
border of brown."

" Underside rufous-brown : the costal margins broadly lilac.
The band of the anterior wing broken, formed of five spots, the middle
spot projecting towards the outer margin. Posterior wing without a
band : the apex with four black spots irrorated with golden-green."

"Female. — Like the male, exce^it that the blue of the upperside
is lighter, with the margins broadly brown. The costal margins of
the underside paler."

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; " Singapore" (coll. Wallace— Hewits.).— Borneo (Druce

Fig. b'2. — Narathura achelous.

272 RIIOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

19. Narathura ammon.

Amblypodia Ammon, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 9, n. 41, t. 5, f. 49,
50 (1832).

" Upperside. Male. — Lilac-blue : the margins with a narrow border
of black."

" Underside rufous and lilac-gre}'. The band of the anterior wing
broken, the middle spot projecting outwards. Posterior wing without
Fig. m.—>iamthura ammon. ^ transverse band, with a white spot on the middle of the costal margin :

the black spots at the anal angle irrorated with silvery-blue."
" Female. — Like the male, except that the margins are much broader."
Hab. — Malay Peninsula; "Singapore" (coU. Wallace — Hewits.).

Genus PANCHALA.

ranrhala, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1882, p. 251.

SaUuba, Moore, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. pt. 2, uo. 1, p. 23 (1884).

This genus is closely allied to Karathura, the only structural difference of any value which
I can discover being in the length of the costal nervure of the anterior wings, which, as pointed
out in the generic synopsis {antea, p. 234), extends to about half the distance of the costal
margin.

I have felt no hesitation in placing Satadra as a synonomy of Panchala, Mr. Moore, its
proposer and describer, stating that its " venation" is " similar to that of Panchala."

It is, however, a question whether these four proposed genera, viz., Narathura, Xilasera,
Panchala, and Satadra, as formulated by Mr. Moore, and condensed into two by the present
writer, would not even be more naturally treated as one, under two sections. One feels a
reticence in altogether disagreeing with the conclusions of a veteran lepidopterist, but at the
same time how can this generic splitting advance the study of Entomology, which, after all, is
the only excuse for publication ?

The geographical distribution of Panchala has been noticed with that of }^arathura.

a. Posterior icings icitli a slender tail-like appendage at apex oj lower median nervide, and a small
rudimentary one at apices of second median nervule and suhmedian nervure.

1. Panchala diardi. (Tab. XXIIi., tig. 14 S .)

Amblypodia Diardi, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 9, u. 48, t. 5, f. 41, 42 (1862) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1874, p. 107, n. 2.
Amblypodia ! l>iardi, Butl. Trans. Lian. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 13 (1877).
Satadra diardi, Moore, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. pt. ii. no. 1, p. 26 (1884).

Female. "Wings above dark violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins
broadly (especially at the apex) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins
fuscous ; tail-like appendages with their apices greyish-white. "Wings beneath violaceous-brown, with the
following dark purplish-brown markings and fasciae margined with greyish : — anterior wings with the
basal half of costal area (somewhat paler), basal half of cell (somewhat excavated internally), a broad

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

273

Fig. y4. — Fanchala singhajnira 2 •

curved and angulated fascia commencing at end of brown costal area and terminating at lower median
nervide, followed by a more regularly curved fascia extending from costa to lower median nervule, and
a narrow marginal and submarginal fascia fused together near apex ; posterior wings with a basal
costal spot, followed by eight very irregularly sized spots (some more or less fused and one long and
fascia-like extending from costa to base of upper median nervule) on discal half, again followed by an
outer dislocated narrow fascia, which is merged in a purplish -brown patch near apex, a faint lunulate
marginal fascia including some very small spots, and three large marginal spots of metallic greenish scales
near anal angle, the first and third of which contain a black spot. Body above and beneath more or less
concolorous with wings ; legs concolorous, the tarsi greyish.

Exp. wings, $ , 42 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Singapore (coll. Godfery) ; Siam ; Nahcon-
chaisee (Druce).

The male, as figured by Hewitson, is unicolorous, violaceous-blue above.

2. Panchala singhapura, n. sp.

Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue, the fringe dark fuscous.
Wings beneath violaceous-brown, with the following dark purplish-brown
markings and fasciae : — anterior wings marked as in P. diardi ; posterior
wings with a basal costal spot, a broad transverse fascia crossing wing at
basal third, followed by a central fasciate spot extending from costal
nervure to base of third median nervule, where it is connected with an

upper spot situate between the median and the submedian nervures ; other markings as in P. diardi, save
that the anal angular greenish marginal spots are situate in a broad dark purplish-brown patch.

The ground colour of the under surface of the posterior wings is much more violaceous than that of
the anterior wings.

Female. — Wings above much paler violaceous-blue than in male ; anterior wings with the costal
and outer margins (broadest at apex and extending to upper disco-cellular nervulesi broadly dark fuscous ;
posterior wings with the costal, outer and abdominal margins dark fuscous. Wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, c? and 2 , 40 to 42 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kerr and Biggs — coll. Dist.).

This species is closely related to P. diardi, as may be seen by comparing the figures here
given, the specific differences being most emphatically illustrated by the distinct markings on
the under surface of the posterior wings. It is also venj closely allied to the Philippine
species, P.fidglda, Hew., from which it is most readily discriminated by the much larger
bluish area on the upper surface of the wings in the female sex.

Panchala apidanus.

PupUiii Apidanus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 137, F, G (1779).

Papiitu Dariiiwnd, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. t. 27, f. 4, 4 D (1790).

Pohjommatiis Apidanus, Godt. Enc. Metb. is. p. 652, n. 118 (1823).

Amblypodea apidanus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 100, n. 32 (1829);

Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 39, n. 53 (1857) ;

Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 16, n. 54 (1876) ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. Fig- sa.— Panchala apidanus $ , showing

mutilation efl'ected liv tlie attack of
ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, d. 12 (1877). a bird.

Auibhjpodia Apliidanus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353, u. 7.

Satadra apidanus, Moore, J. A. S.Beng. vol.liii. pt. 2, no. 1, p. 26(1884).

Februaey 20, 1885. 4 a

274 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue, the outer margins narrowly fuscous. Wings beneath pale
violaceous-brown, with the following dark chocolate-brown markings and fasciae margined with obscure
trrej'ish : — anterior wings with a basal patch occupying more than third of wing, to which is attached
a curved fascia crossing end of cell and terminating at lower median nervule, beneath which is a rounded
snot, followed by an outer curved fascia terminating a little before the lower median ner\iile, and an
obscure submargiual fascia ; posterior wings with a patch occupying about basal third, and outwardly
waved ; a central narrow much-waved fascia preceded by a spot between the third median nervule and the
submedian nervm'e, an outer wider irregular fascia, a faint submarginal scalloped fascia, and with the
usual greenish scales near anal angle, containing a large black spot at the extreme angle. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <? , 44 millim.

Hab. — Bm-ma ; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore
(coll. Godfery). — Sumatra (Moore). — Java (Horsf.) ; Batavia (Snellen). — Borneo (Druce).

The late Dr. Horsfield remarked that this butterfly in Java appeared to be a most
abuudaut species compared with its alUes. Strange to say, I did not meet with it myself
when collecting in Province Wellesley, and have seen it in none of the large collections since
received or examined from different parts of the Peninsula, excepting a specimen contained
in the collection of Mr. Godfery, who labels it " rare kind." It is therefore not common in this
fauna. The specimen figured is one certified by Mr. Godfery to have been mutilated by a bird,
and I have figured it in this condition.

According to Dr. Horsfield, as observed in Java, " the larva feeds on the leaves of several
species of Eiujenia and Cahjptranthes." *

4. Panchala morphina.

Panchala morphina, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xiv.
p. 201 (1884).

:Male. Wings above dark shining purplish-blue, the margins
(narrowly), ner\iu-es, and nervules more or less blackish ; abdo-
minal area of the posterior wings fuscous. Wings beneath pale
brownish : anterior wings with the basal area from costa to median
nervure, and extending outwardly to a little beyond cell, darker
brown, followed by a waved fascia of the same colour, terminating
beneath second median nervule, where it is narrowest ; the outer
Fig. hg.— Panchala morphina <j.t margin also darker brown, with the apex and extreme margin pale

violaceous. Posterior wings with the basal fourth dark chocolate-
brown, with a narrow outer violaceous margin ; a small chocolate-brown spot margined with violaceous
above the submedian nervure, a narrow waved central violet -margined fascia crossing disk, strongly
fractured at end of cell, and then more narrowly continued to internal nervure; this is followed by
a short and somewhat broken fascia, commencing at lower subcostal nervule and narrowly terminating
at lower median nervule, the whole outer margin broadly infuscated, the apex and extreme margin pale
violaceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Exp. wings, ,? , 51 millim.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler — Calcutta Mus.).

* Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 101.

f The absence of the tail-like appendages to the posterior wings in tliis specimen is probably due to mutilation.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A, 275

I have not seen the female of this beautiful species, and its discovery is in a large part
due to the encouragement given to Herr Kiiustler by Dr. Anderson, of the Indian Museum,
Calcutta.

5. Panchala trogon.

Panchahi trogon. Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xiv. p. 201 (1884).

Male. Wings above bright metallic emerald-green ; uervures and uer-
vules, extreme margins of the anterior wings, costal area, abdominal area,
and posterior margin — narrowing from apex to uj)per median nervule and
then broadly to anal angle — of posterior wings dark chocolate-brown ; fringe
and short tail-like appendage of the same colour, the latter with its apex
greyish. Wings beneath pm-plish-brown, the lower half of anterior wings

almost without the purplish reflections: anterior wings crossed by the Fig. 87.-P««cMa (ro^on ^.
following greyish lines : — two looped and macular crossing cell, two disco-
cellular at end of cell (the innermost continued to third median nervule), two discal, waved and fractured,
commencing near costa and terminating at third median nervule, and two submarginal, which are narrow
and somewhat obsolete ; from base of third median nervule to inner margin is a narrow greyish line, from
which to outer angle the colour is greyish and before which is a small greyish spot : posterior wings
darker purplish, the basal area beneath the median nervure clothed with long brownish hairs and with the
following greyish lines : — four macular, arranged in transverse basal series, followed by three macular,
situate one above and one within cell, and one irregular in shape beneath cell ; these are followed by about
four, much waved and fractured, crossing disk of wing, and a waved marginal line from apex to second
median nervule, where there are three blackish spots, much covered with metallic greenish scales and
outwardly bordered with greyish, extending to anal angle. Body above brownish ; body beneath and legs
somewhat paler.

Exp. wings, $ , 36 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinstler — Calcutta Mus.).

This species is allied to both the X. faniuhari, Dist., and the P. aurea, Hewits. (a Bornean
species), by the metallic emerald-green colour above ; it is, however, very distinct from both,
not only by the ditferent markings beneath, but also by the much smaller brownish markings
on the upper surface of the wings.

Genus AMBLYPODIA.

Aniblypoilia, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 98 (1828); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 113 (1881).

Wings broad ; anterior wings with the costal margin arched at base and convexly oblique to apex ;
outer margin moderately convex ; inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on
costa a little beyond end of cell ; subcostal nervules five in male and four in female ; first subcostal
nervule emitted at about middle of cell, second rather nearer first than third, which is about midway
between second and end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating near middle of third, fourth and fifth (in
male) bifurcating about midway between base of fourth and apex of wing; cell broad; first and second
median nervules emitted a little nearer together than second and third. Posterior wings subovate ; costal
margin obliquely convex ; outer margin broadly rounded, elongated near anal angle, with a short tail-like
appendage at apex of submedian nervure, the anal angle somewhat broadly lobate. Costal nervure convex
and extending to apex; subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell, which is
broad ; first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell, third emitted a little

276 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

beyond middle of cell. Body robust ; palpi robust, porrect, the second joint extending about one-third in
front of the eyes ; third joint short. Antennae gradually incrassated.

The note as to the geographical distribution of Narathura (antea, p. 260) must again
suffice here, as it is uncertain how far the genus Ambhjpodia, as thus restricted, really extends.
It is probable that its species are focussed in the Indo-Malayan region.

1. Amblypodia narada. (Tab. XXI., fig. 23 <? .)

Amblypodia narada, Horsfield, Cat. Lap. E.I. C. p. 98, n. 30; Th. N. I.e. t. 1, f. 8 (1829).

Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (the
last most broadly) dark fuscous ; posterior wings with the costal and outer margins dark fuscous,
the abdominal margin paler fuscous. Wings beneath somewhat rufous-brown ; both wings crossed
by a narrow and somewhat waved fuscous fascia, which commences a little beneath the apex of anterior
wings and terminates on posterior wings near middle of abdominal margin (this fascia is much more
distinct in some specimens than in others) ; this is followed on both wings by two narrow broken fuscous
fasciae, very obscure on anterior wings, where they commence close together near apes, and more distinct
on posterior wings, where they are margined with greyish towards anal angle ; the lobular anal angle
fuscous, with some greyish scales ; tail-like appendage fuscous.

Exp. wings, S , 40 to 4.5 millim.

H.\B. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Java (coll. Horsf.).

The female of this species is unknown to the writer, but is described by Horsfield as
differing from the male in having the ground colour of the upper surface of the wings paler :
" the blue patch has a light azure tint with a purple reflexion, is less widely diffused, especially
in the posterior pair, and the borders are proportionally broad"; the colour beneath is also
described as "gray."

Genus RAP ALA.

Eapalii, Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 105 (1881).

Wings broad. Anterior wings with the costal margin arched at base, and then slightly convex, the
outer margin obliquely convex, inner margin slightly concavelj' sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on
costa nearly opposite end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell ; second and third
subcostal nervules emitted nearer together than first and second ; third and fourth bifurcating beyond
the middle of third ; first and second median nervules emitted at about half the distance that separates
second and third. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin arched at base and oblique to apex ; outer
mai'gin convex, with a short tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule ; subcostal nervules
bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell ; first and second median nervules emitted close together
at end of cell.

Male with a tuft of hairs near base of inner margin of anterior wings, and with a broad conical-
shaped glandular depression at base and between the costal and subcostal nervures of posterior wings.
Body robust; palpi mutilated in the one specimen of (R. amisena) only available for examination.

This genus has been so recently proposed, and without the whole of its known species
being enumerated, that it is impossible to properly define its area of distribution. One
species is found in Ceylon, and others are known from tlie Malay Peninsula and Java. It is
probably common to the Indo-Malayan liegion.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 277

I am only able to record one species as found in this fauna, and though another or
others seem necessary to be added, I have, however, no adequate knowledge to justify their
present incorporation. Thus Mr. Hewitson * described (but not figured) a Singapore specimen,
in the collection of Mr. Wallace, as a variety of the Javan species, R. vivarna, Horsf. ; and
Mr. Moore f refers to "E. orseis from Singapore," a species described by Mr. Hewitson (and not
figured) as Dendorix orseis, I and as from Sumatra.

1. Rapala amisena. (Tab. XXIII. , fig. 13 ^ .)

Ambhjpodia amisena, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 13, ii. 62, t. 7, f. 74, 78 (1862); Kheil, Ehop. der
Insel. Nias. p. 38, n. 123 (1884).

Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (very
broadly at apex) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and outer margins (the first broadly,
particularly at apes, and the second narrowly) dark fuscous, the abdominal margin somewhat paler
fuscous. Wings beneath dark brownish, with the following dark fuscous markings :— anterior wings
with a linear spot near centre and one at end of cell, a waved and sinuated linear fascia between end
of cell and apex of wing, preceded by a subcostal linear spot situate between the first and second
subcostal nervules, and a submarginal series of small spots placed between the nervules ; posterior
wings with a short broken linear fascia near base, commencing at costal nervure and terminating
near submedian nervure, a much-waved and sinuated linear fascia more or less outwardly margined with
greyish, crossing wing beyond end of cell ; a submarginal series of spots (largest beyond the upper median
nervule) placed between the nervules, and three metallic greenish marginal spots, more or less centred
with black, near anal angle ; tail-like appendage fuscous, with the apex greyish-white. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings. Extreme apex of antennae ochraceous.

Exp. wings, <y , 35 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Brit. Mus. ; Kerr — coll. Dist.).

The female sex was evidently figured by Mr. Hewitson, and is much paler than the male.
It was described as " Upperside dull lilac-blue. Anterior wings with the margins sutfased
with brown. Posterior wing rufous-brown, glossed with blue in the middle."

The species was originally described from a Singapore specimen, and I have only received
it from that habitat.

Genus DEUDORIX.

Deudorix, Hewitson, III. Diurn. Lep. p. 16(1868); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 102 (1881).
Nadisepa, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1882, p. 249.
Baspa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 250.
Vadebra, § Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 528.

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin arched at base, and more or less oblique to apex;
outer margin either nearly straight or somewhat convex ; inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal
nervure terminating on costa a little beyond end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of
cell, and at about the same distance from second as second is from third, which is emitted a very little before
end of cell ; third and fourth bifurcating a little beyond middle of third ; first and second median nervules

* Cat. Lye. Brit. p. 13. f Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 105. | 111. Diurn. Lep. p. 23, n. 20 (1863).

§ This name has already been used, m an earlier part of the same volume (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883), by Mr. Moore, for
a proposed new genus in a section of Euplcea.

February 20, 1885. 4 b

278 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

with their bases about half the distance apart as that separating second and third. Posterior wings some-
what elongately subovate ; the costal margin convexly oblique to apes ; the outer margin oblique, slightly
waved ; the anal angle lobately produced, and with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median
nervule ; abdominal margin nearly straight and obtusely cleft near anal angle. Costal nervure strongly
arched at base and extending to near apex; subcostal nervules bifui-catiug about one-fourth before end
of cell ,- first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell ; third at a little beyond
middle of cell. Body robust ; palpi porrect, second joint projecting a little in front of the head, third
joint slender, nearly one-half the length of second in male, a little shorter than second in female.
Autennte long, with a distinct and well-formed apical club.

This genus is recorded from Contiuental India, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Ishiuds,
Burma, and the Malay Peninsula, and is found throughout the Indo-Malayan Kegion.

1. Deudorix jarbas. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 15 3 ; Tab. XX., fig. 26 $ .)

Papilio Jarbas, Fabricius, Maut. lus. ii. p. 68, n. 648 (1787); Don. lus. lud. t. 40, f. 3 (1800).

Hesperia Jarben, Fabr. Eut. Syst. iii. p. 276, n. 65 (1793).

Polyommatits Jarhcia, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 646, n. 108 (1823).

Thecla Jarbas, Hoisf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 93, n. 26 (1829).

Deudorix Jai-bas, Biitl. Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 3 (1877).

Xadisepa jarbas, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, j). 249.

Male. Wings above bright sanguineous-red ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins
(broadest at apex) dark fuscous, the basal half of cell and the nervures and nervules also dark fuscous ;
posterior wings with the outer margin very narrowly dark fuscous, the abdominal margin pale fuscous,
the nervures and nervules very pale fuscous, the lobular anal angle ochraceous (sometimes containing
a black spot), the margin greyish at the anal-angular area. Wings beneath greyish-brown, both wings
with an obscure disco-cellular fascia at end of cells ; a narrow and distinct fascia outwardly margined
with greyish between end of cells and outer margins, which is dislocated, waved and sinuated near
termination on posterior wings, and duplex above anal angle, and a fainter submarginal fascia, which
is most distinct on posterior wings, where it is interrupted by a black marginal spot inwardly bordered
with ochraceous between the second and third median nervules, followed by some scattered bluish
scales, and a large black spot on the lobe at anal angle. Tail-like appendages fuscous, with their
apices greyish. Body above fuscous; head greyish-white between the eyes; body beneath and legs
more or less coucolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above reddish-brown, the margins more obscurely fuscous than in male. Wings
beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, (? and 2 , 30 to 40 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; N.W.Himalaya (Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls.
Saiier and Dist.) ; Perak (Townsend — coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca
(Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Java (Horsf.).

2. Deudorix sequeira,* n. sp. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 21 2.

Deudorix Petosiris, Butl. (iiec Hewits.), Trans. Liiiu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 649, n. 1 (1877).

Female. Wings above violaceous-blue, the margins obscurely fuscous ; a black sjjot at lobular anal
angle of posterior wings. Wings beneath pale brownish ; anterior wings with a disco-cellular fascia
outwardly margined with greyish at end of cell ; a narrow waved dark fascia outwardly margined with

* Named after Diego Lopez di Sequeira, the early Portuguese voyager to Malacca.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 279

greyish between end of cell and outer margin, and a fuscous marginal and submarginal fascia ; posterior
wings with a transverse dark fascia bordered with greyish at end of cell ; a narrow and strongly dislocated
fascia outwardly bordered with greyish (dislocated at the nervules from costa to second median nervule
and then continuous and broader to abdominal margin) crossing wing between end of cell and posterior
margin ; a marginal and submarginal fascia as on anterior wings, a black marginal spot surrounded with
greenish scales between the second and third median nervules, a patch of greenish scales between the third
median nervule and submedian nervure, a black spot at lobular anal angle, and two small fuscous spots
beneath costal nervure.

Exp. wings, $ , 38 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

The female specimen captm-ed in Malacca by Capt. Pinwill, and presented to the British
Museum, was identified in error by Mr. Butler as D. petosiris, Hew., a species, however, from
which -D. sequeira differs by the distinct markings on the under surface of the wings, such as
the absence of the transverse spot in the cell of the anterior wings, and by the strongly
dislocated transverse fascia to the posterior wings, &c. The male has still to be discovered,
and wiU doubtless prove to have the wings above of some shade of rufous-brown. My
collection contains a Burmese example of the true I), petosiris, which perfectly agrees with
Hewitson's figure.

3. Deudorix utimutis,* n. sp. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 22 3- .)

Deudorix pheretima, Butl. (nec Hewits.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 2 (1877).

Male. Wings above dark rufous; a black spot at the lobular anal angle of the posterior wings.
"Wings beneath pale brownish, with a transverse dark brown spot margined with greyish, in and at end
of cells of both wings, followed between ends of cells and outer margins by a narrow transverse dark
brown fascia outwardly margined with greyish, which on posterior wings is strongly dislocated and
sinuated from upper median nervule to abdominal margin, where it is considerably widened ; an obscure
submarginal fascia to both wings, and three marginal spots to posterior wings near anal angle, the first
and third black, and the central one composed of greenish scales ; extreme outer margin narrowly paler,
the fringe dark.

Female. Wings above pale bluish, the margins irregularly pale fuscous. Wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, J and 2 , 40 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

A male specimen in the British Museum captured by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and
a female Penang specimen in my own collection, are the materials which have induced
the description of this species. Though Mr. Butler included it in his Ust of the Malaccan
butterflies as D. pheretima, he now quite agrees with the writer as to its perfect distinctness
from that species, as a reference to Hewitson's figure will testify. D. pheretima, Hew. (a Bornean
species), not only has the spots and fasciae on the under surface of the wings of a larger
character than in B. utimutis, but also possesses a large spot above the cell of the posterior
wings.

* Dedicated to tlie memory of the unfortunate Malaccan rajah Utunutis, a victim to the mistaken ferocity of the early
Portuguese settlers.

280 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

4. Deudorix domitia. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 1 3 .)

DeudurLc Domitia, Hewitson, 111. Diurn. Lep. p. 19, n. 7, t. G, f. 6, 7 (1863) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,
p. 353, n. 1 ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 549, n. 4 (1877).

My only knowledge of this species is derived from the figure and description of Mr.
Hewitson, both of which are reproduced here.

Upperside. Male. — " Rufous-brown. Anterior wing with a longitudinal rufous band within the
cell ; the anal lobe and the fringe at the base of the tails white."

" Underside yellow. Anterior wing with three black spots — one on the middle of the cell, a triangular
spot on the costal margin beyond the middle, and a smaller spot between the second and third median
nervules ; the apex and a large spot on the inner margin grey. Posterior wing with one tail ; the outer
margin brown : the caudal spot, the lobe, and two spots between them black, irrorated with blue, and
above these spots two parallel black lines."

"Female does not differ from the male, except that the underside is nearly white, the third spot of
the anterior wing scarcely seen."

Exp. wings, " Ijs inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (coll. Wallace) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Borneo (Druce).

5. Deudorix barthema,* n. sp.

Dexidorix Xenophon, Hewits. (nee Fabr.), 2 , HI- Diuru. Lep. p. 21 (1869).

Myrina Megistia (?), Butl. (nee Hewits.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 1 (1877).

Female. Wings above fuliginous-brown, with a black spot at the lobe of the anal angle of posterior
wings. Wings beneath yellow, both wings with a very narrow and linear slightly darker fascia outwardly
margined with greyish, situate between ends of cells and outer margins, angulated and inwardly margined
with fuscous from the central median nervule of posterior wings to abdominal margin, where it is duplex ;
three marginal spots near anal angle of posterior wings, the first and third black, the central one composed
of greenish scales ; extreme outer margin narrowly greyish, the fringe pale brownish.

Exp. wings, ? , 30 to 34 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore
(Godfery— coll. Dist.).

I have not seen the male of this species, and I did not receive the other sex in time
to have it figured on the plates. It is, however, closely allied in colour to the male of
J), domitia, wanting, however, the black spots on the under surface of the anterior wings, which
renders it easily distinguishable. I have refrained from giving a woodcut, owing to the little
advantage that such would afford in portraying a plainly coloured and little marked insect.

Genus LOXURA.

Loxitra, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 119 (1829); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 110 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin strongly arched and convex, apex acute ; outer margin
almost straight and sligbtly oblique ; inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure short, terminating
on costa before the end of cell ; first subcostal nervule short, emitted a little beyond middle of cell and

* Named after Luilovico Barthoma, of Bologna, who is reported to have visited Malacca about 1503, or six years
before the visit of Sequiera.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 281

terminatinc; nearly opposite end of cell, second emitted about midway between first and third, the
third emitted at end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating beyond middle of third ; second and third
median nervules about one-third farther apart than first and second, the first emitted at end of
cell ; submedian nervure nearly straight and widely separated from the lower median nervule. Posterior
wings elongately and irregularly subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex, the outer margin
oblique and produced into a long tail-like appendage near apex of submedian nervure ; abdominal
margin eoncavely excavated near anal angle. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex; subcostal
nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted
close together near end of cell. Body moderately small ; palpi very long, second joint projecting fully
two-thirds in front of head, third joint about half the length of second; antennas short, gradually
thickened to apex.

This small genus is found in Continental India, the adjacent islands, and throughout the
Indo-Malayan Kegion. Two species are here understood as found in this fauna.

1. Loxura atymnus. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 7 J .)

Papilio AtipmiHs, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 331, D, E (1782).

Hesperia Atymniis, Don. Ins. China, t. 39, f. 1 (1798).

Myritm Atymnus, Godt. Enc. Metb. is. p. 594, u. 5 (1823); Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. t. 2, f. 6, 6 a (1823) ;
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 107, n. 1 ; Kheil, Ehop. der Insel. Nias, p. 32, n. 113 (1884).

Myrina alymnus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353, n. 1.

Loxura Atymnus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 121, n. 49, t. 2, f. 6, 6a (1823) ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. t. 7, f. 3 (1836) ;
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 51, n. 90 (1857); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 1 (1877) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 835 ; ibid. 1882, p. 251 ; de Nic.

J. A. S. Bang. vol. H. p. 63, n. 183 (1882). ,.

I

Male. Wings above fulvous. Anterior wings with the costal area — very narrowly for about hf Jf its
length — and the apex and outer margin broadly dark fuscous ; base pale fuscous. Posterior wings with the
base pale fuscous, the outer margin narrowly dark fuscous, the abdominal margin and lobular anal angle
pale fuscous ; tail-like appendage more or less streaked with pale fuscous, its apex greyish-white. Wings
beneath bright ochraceous ; both wings with a more or less distinct discal dark transverse fascia and a
submarginal series of small spots (these fascise and spots are extremely variable in intensity of hue) ;
lobular anal angle pale fuscous; tail-like appendage as above. Body above fuscous, beneath with legs
more or less greyish.

Female. Kesembling the male, but with the fuscous margins of the anterior wings rather broader, and
having the costal margin more or less broadly pale fuscous to base.

Exp. wings, S and ? , 32 to 35 millim.

Hab.— Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking— Moore) ; Sikkim (de Niceville) ; Canara (Horsf.
and Moore).— Tenasserim; Meetan, Moolai (Limborg — Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley
(colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Perak (Townsend— coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Piuwill— Brit. Mus.). — Siam ; Chentaboon (Druce).— Nias Island (Kheil).— Java (Horsf.).— Borneo
(Lowe — Druce).

Mr. de Niceville found this species " common amongst clumps of bamboos" in Sikkim.*

* J. A. S. Beng. vol. li. p. 63 (1882).
February 20, 1885. 4 c

282

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

2. Loxura Cassiopeia.

Fig. ^S. — Loxura Cassiopeia, J" .

i lu. 89. — Loxura Cassiopeia, J .

Loxura Cassiopeia, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xiv. p. 200 (1884).

Male. Wings above dark reddish ochraceous ; anterior wings with the
costal margin (as far as subcostal nervure) and the outer margin (broadest at
apex) fuscous or black, the base tinged with olivaceous-brown ; posterior wings
with the outer margin fuscous (darkest at apex), the fringe ochraceous, the base
and abdominal area more or less olivaceous-brown, the tail-like appendage
ochraceous, with an obscure central reddish line, and the apex whitish. Wings
beneath bright ochraceous, with the following brownish spots : — anterior wings
with one about centre of cell, three disco-cellular and contiguous at end of cell,
and beyond these are two separated by the second subcostal nervule ; a waved
macular discal band and a submarginal series of very small and somewhat
obsolete spots : posterior wings with some obscure basal spots, a macular band
crossing disk, but not extending below third median nervule, and a submarginal
series of small obscure spots as on anterior wing. Body above fuscous, beneath
greyish ; legs and palpi blackish, speckled with greyish.

Female. Eesembling the male, but with the posterior wings above shaded
with fuscous, which is darkest on the costal and outer margins.

Exp. wings, ,? and ? , 34 to 35 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinstler — Calc. Mus.).

The nearest ally of this species is the L. prahha, Moore, from the Andaman Islands.

marciana. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 16 2 .)

Myrina marciana, Hewitson, 111. Diurn. Lep. p. 34, u. 22, t. 12, f. 12, 13 (1863); Biitl. Trans. Liun. Sec.
ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 4 (1877).

The figure here given is taken from the Malaccan specimen contained in the British
Museum, and referred to as above by Mr. Butler. I have since examined this specimen, and
find it is considerably mutilated, and that it should in a perfect condition possess two
tail-like appendages to the posterior wings. It thus evidently belongs to the genus Tajuria,
but I have thought it better to merely refer to the figure on this occasion, and to endeavour
to obtain perfect specimens to allow of a proper description in the subsequent appendix to
this volume.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

283

Fam. PAPILIONID^.

PapUionida' , Leach, Sam. Comp. p. 234 (1819);
Swains. Phil. Mag. ser. 2, yoL i. p. 187
(1827) ; Westw. Introd. Mod. Glass. Ins.
p. 347 (1840); Bates, Journ. Ent. vol. i.
p. 219 (1861) ; ib. vol. ii. p. 177 (1864) ;
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 116 (1881);
Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl.
vol. i. p. 18 (1882).

Six perfect legs in both sexes. Discoidal cells
of wings perfectly closed. Pupa secured by the tail
and a girdle across the middle.

Under the name of Papilio, Linnasus oii-
ginally grouped as one genus all the day-flying
Lepidoptera ; the name is now usually restricted
to one very large genus, which perhaps, from
the size and diversiformity of its species, is the
best known of any of the Khopalocera. It like-
wise now dictates the construction of the above
family name, which comprises the two well-
marked and extensive subfamilies Pierince and
Papilioninm, both of which from the variety and beauty of the butterflies which are thus
divisionally classified, have long been the pride of the amateur's collection, and the admiration
of all lovers of Nature.

Another result of their handsome appearance is that they are better known by name
or individuality than most other butterflies, and consequently observations made by non-
entomological observers can be with some degree of certainty connected with the true species,
which is more than can be said for many other insects thus referred to, by which the value
of numerous entomological facts and observations recorded in books of travel is frequently
destroyed.

Fig. 91. — Pupa of Hebomoia
glaucipjK. (FromHorsf.
Cat. Lep. E. I. C.)

<? 2

Fig. 90. — Anterior legs (showing
tarsi) of Ornithoptera hephcestus
var.

Subfam. PIERIN^.

PieriniB, Swainson, Cab. Cycl. p. 87 (1840); Bates, Journ. Ent. vol. h. p. 177 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.

vol. i. p. 116 (1881) ; Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 18 (1882).
Pieridm, Dup. Cat. Lep. Fr. p. 23 (1846) ; Doubl. Gen. Dium.

Lep. p. 32 (1847) ; Trim. Ehop. Air. Austr. p. 24 (1862).
Pierides, Westw. Introd. Mod. Class. Ins. p. 849(1840); Voll.

Faun. Ind-neerl. Mou. Pier. p. 1 (1865).

Abdominal margin of the hind wing not curved inwardly,
nor channelled, to receive the abdomen. Larvae more or less

Fig. 'M. — Larva of Uebomoia glaiu'njpe.
(From Horsf. Cat. Lep. K.I.G.)

284 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

pubescent and attenuated at each end without any nuchal tentacles. Anterior tibiae not provided with
a medial spur.*

In this large and well-known subfamily considerable variation ensues in the neuration of
the wing (a character of great differential value in the diagnosis of genera), and also in the
structure of the antennte. The Pierince are very well represented in the Malayan Region, and
have induced the publication of two fine monographic works by the late Dr. Snellen van
Vollenhoven f and Mr. Wallace, I whilst a study of the neuration of the whole subfamily with
a view of generic division has been attempted by Mr. Butler. §

Like the Lijccenida;, the Pierince are ubiquitous, are recorded from the highest latitudes of
butterfly distribution, and also produce some of the best known and most abundant species
found in either temperate or tropical areas. It is, however, in the tropics that the Picrime reach
their full maximum of colour decoration, the plain whites and brimstones of the Palearctic
area being frequently shaded by the most vivid hues in tropical regions.

But the most remarkable features connected with the Pierinw are their gregarious and
migratory habits. Of the first peculiarity we have many independent records from different
parts of the world, a few only of which can here be recapitulated. In South Africa Mr. Trimen
bears witness that "the habits of the species of this division are often gi-egarious or pseudo-
gregarious, as considerable numbers of one kind are often found about some favourite spot or
attractive flowers ; and little clusters of some species of ' Whites ' may frequently be seen
congregated on the damp mud at the margins of pools or brooks." || This was strongly
witnessed in South-west Celebes by M. C. Piepers, and well described by that entertaining
entomologist. When travelling in that region, — to use his own words, — "my companion
suddenly exclaimed, as we were crossing a nearly dry brook, ' Oh, look what a beautiful
flower ! ' And on looking where he pointed I saw in the bed of the stream, amongst the damp
gi'avel, a beautiful orange-coloured flower with a white centre, about ten centimetres in
diameter. The strangeness of the occurrence led me to step nearer in order to observe it more
closely, when what did I see ? — the flower consisted of two concentric rings of butterflies
{CaUidnjas scfiUa, Linn.), which had closed their wings (which are yellow, and orange beneath),
and were busily sucking up the moisture from the damp sand, and thus represented in the
most closely deceptive manner the petals of a flower. They surrounded five of another white
species of Pieris similarly occupied, which thus seemed to form the white centre of the flower.
I still remember the amazement of my travelling companion, when on my nearer approach the
whole flower dissolved into a swarm of butterflies." IT

It was probably Pierince, or principally butterflies belonging to that subfamily, which
surprised and delighted Mr. E. L. Arnold in Southern India, on one of his excursions in the
dry season. He graphically relates that he " came upon a quiet nullah meandering through
the jungle. The bed by chance, just there, was broad and sandy, and the stream a single

* The two subfamilies may also, apparently, be separated by their mode of flight, as Dr. Collingwood, who obser\'ed
both in Borneo, desci-ibes " the swift flight, nqw over the tops of the trees, now down near the gi-ound," as characteristic of
the Pierince, whilst the PapilionincB were distinguished "by their strengtli of wing and straight headlong course" ("The
Lepidopt. of Labuan" — 'Entomologist,' 18G8, p. 14).

+ Faun. Ind-Neerl. Mon. Pier. 1865. \ Trans. Ent. Soc. 18G7.

§ Cistula Entomologica, vol. i. (1870). |! Rhop. Air. Austr. p. io.

•f Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii to xxiv, and English translation by Kii-by, ' Entomologist,' x. p. 267.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 285

thread that seemed every moment in danger of vanishing. But to my astonished eyes the
whole place appeared a garden of flowers of a thousand colours, and crowded so close by the
water that the sand could scarcely be seen. I looked and looked again, and then stepped
down to observe the parterre closer ; but as I did so these animated blossoms sprang into the
air in a huge cloud, and the truth was plain that they were a countless host of thirsty
butterflies, collected from the forest all round to drink at this thread of liquid."* Sometimes
these swarms appear both suddenly and unexpectedly, as related of a species, Terias lisa, in
Bermuda. According to Mr. Jones, the butterfly was first observed on " 10th October, 1847,
ou which day it suddenly appeared in great abundance, hundreds being seen in every
direction They all disappeared, however, in the course of a few days."t

This brings us to the subject of migration, and here we are again indebted to Mr. Jones
for an excellent account of a swarm of this same species which visited the Bermudas in
October, 187-4. " Several persons living on the north side of the main island perceived, as they
thought, a cloud coming over from the north-west, which drew nearer and nearer to the shore,
on reaching which it divided into two parts, one of which went eastward and the other
westward, gradually falling upon the land. They were not long in ascertaining that what they
had taken for a cloud was an immense concourse of Terias lisa, Boisd., which flitted about all
the grassy open patches and cultivated grounds in a lazy manner, as if fatigued after their long
voyage over the deep. Fishermen out near the reefs, some few miles to the north of the
island, very early that morning, stated that numbers of these insects fell upon their boats,
literally covering them. They did not stay long upon the island." I During Mr. Spruce's
sojourn in South America he witnessed large flocks of butterflies pass across the Amazons near
the mouth of the Xingii in November, 1849, in a direction from about N.N.W. to S.S.E.,
evidently in the last state of fatigue, " all of common white and orange-yellow species." The
little wind there was blew from E, to N.E., and therefore the butterflies steered their course at
right angles to it. § In Ceylon Sir Emerson Tennent watched the "extraordinary sight"
•' of flights of these delicate creatures, generally of a white or pale yellow hue, apparently miles
in breadth, and of such prodigious extension as to occupy hours, and even days, uninterruptedly
in their passage — whence coming no one knows ; whither going no one can tell." || On Sunday,
July 5th, 1846, an enormous flock of white butterflies arrived at Dover from the French coast.
It was described as being so extensive as to pass like a cloud of snow. IT The late Mr. Darwin
describes one such swarm which he witnessed when about ten miles from the Bay of San Bias.
"Vast numbers of butterflies, in bands or flocks of countless myriads, extended as far as the
eye could range. Even by the aid of a telescope it was not possible to see a space free from
butterflies. The seamen cried out 'it was snowing butterflies'"; and these again were
principally Pierince, as Mr. Darwin found the most common butterfly to be a species of the
genus Colias.**

The pseudonymous 'Eha,' who has written so pleasantly of Natural History in India,
observes that "butterflies of some kinds — -especially those energetic greenish-white ones of the

* ' On the Indian Hills,' vol. ii. p. 31-t. f ' Naturalist iu Bermiula,' p. 120.

I ' Psyche,' Dec. 1875, No. 20, p. 121. § Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. ix. p. 356.

II Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 403. If J. Pemberton, ' Zoologist,' vol. iv. p. 14-12.
'■'■''■'■ 'Voyage of the Beagle,' p. 158.

Maech 20, 1885. 4 d

286

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

family surnamed Callidrijas* — are sometimes seized with a mania for migrating to the far

West I have stood near one of the parade-grounds at Poona, and watched them,

with scarce a pause to rest their wings or sip a flower, from eight or nine o'clock until the
afternoon, as far as eye could reach, the host kept streaming past, like the fugitive Gauls
after one of Cassar's great hattles." f

These interesting facts could be multiplied if our space permitted, and the only reason
why they have been thus somewhat amply recorded, is to show, what an interesting, and
phenomenal phase of butterfly existence, still requires a scientific explanation.

In my treatment of the neuration of these Fierince, I am not altogether in unison with the
views of my contemporaries Messrs. Butler and Moore, who also differ somewhat in this respect
from one another. I only recognise a discoidal nervule, as such, when its basal emergence is
distinctly traced from some portion of the end of the cell. Mr. Butler has a contrary opinion, and
treats as a discoidal nervule what I consider as a lower subcostal nervule. The genus Delias
affords a good example. In this genus Mr. Butler counts three subcostal nervules ; I I enumerate
four, the difference being due to a divergence of view as to what is really a discoidal nervule.
Here I am supported by Mr. Moore, whose view, however, of this nervule is somewhat capricious,
as in Hehomoia he describes five subcostal nervules, § whilst Mr. Butler and myself can see
but four.

Fio.!)-i. — Arrangement of nervules
in anterior wing of Delias par-
thenope.

FiG.Oi. — Arrangement of nervules
in anterior wing of Udaiana
ci/nis.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Anterior wings with one discoidal nervule.

A. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules.

a. Discoidal nervule of anterior wings emitted near upper end

of cell. -...-.... Leptosia.

aa. Discoidal nervule of anterior wings emitted at middle apex

of cell. ......... Delias.

B. Anterior wings with five subcostal nervules.

b. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings longer than

lower. Prioneris.

bb. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings shorter than
lower.
c. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at

about middle of cell. Catopsilia.

cc. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted beyond
middle of cell.
d. First and second subcostal nervules emitted some-
what close together near end of cell.
e. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifurcating

near apex of wing. ...... Udaiana. {{

■■■ The writer evidently meanR the genus Callidryas, which is now correctly restricted to American species. Hiibner's
earlier genus Catopsilia emljraces aU the Old World species. It is usual to find these butterflies spoken of as " CalUdryads"
in the East ; but it is also common to hear about boa-consti-ictors, alligators, humming birds, &c., inhabiting the same region !

t ' The Tribes on my Frontier,' p. 113. :; Cist. Entom. vol. i. p. 55. § Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 127.

I Gen. nov. type Picris cynis, Ilewits. Mr. Butler (Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 49, 1870) gave this species as the type of his
genus Phrissura. He subsequently (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 171) stated that this was an error, and that the species " agrees
in venation, and in every other character, with the species of the genus Belenois." Bnt the type oS Bclcnols, as given by
Mr. Butler liimself (Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 34), is the Papilio Calypso, Dru., a species in which the first subcostal nervule is more
or less anastomosed with the costal nervure, a character not applicable to P. cynis, and I have therefore been compelled to
erect a new genus for its reception.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

287

Fig. 95. — Arrangement of nervules
in anterior wings of Dercas
gobrias.

Fio.96. — Arrangement of nervules
in anterior wing of Saletara
nathalia, ^ .

Fig. 07. —Arrangement of nervules
in anterior wiug of Nepheronia
hippia.

ee. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifurcating
almost midway between end of cell and apex
of wing.

/. Discoidal cell about half the length of anterior
wings. --------

./J. Discoidal cell not half the length of anterior wings.
dd. First and second subcostal nervules emitted some
distance before end of cell.
g. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifurcating about

midway between end of cell and aj^ex of wing.
(ig. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifurcating near
apex of wing. -------

C. Anterior wing with five subcostal nervules in male and four
in female.

ggy. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifurcating in
male at extreme apex of wing. - . - -

2. Anterior wings with two discoidal nervules.

C. Anterior wings with foitr subcostal nervules.

D. Anterior wings with five subcostal nervules. - . .

Terias.
Dercas.

Ixias.
Appias.

Saletara. *

Hebomoia.
Nepheronia.

Genus LEPTOSIA.

Leptosia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sebmett. p. 95 (1816) ; Scudd. Proc. Am. Arts & Sci. vol. x. p. 204, n. 618 (1875).

Xychitona, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. pp. 34, 41 (18701 ; Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 117 (1881),

Nina, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 140 (1829).

Pontia, Boisd. (nee Fabr.), Spec. Gen. i. p. 430 (1836).

Anterior wings subpyriform ; costal margin arched and convex ; apex rounded ; outer margin very
convex ; inner margin nearly straight, very slightly sinuate. Costal nervin-e terminating nearly opposite
end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell, second a little before end of cell, third
and foui-th bifurcating at about one-third from base of third ; lower disco-cellular nervule inwardly bent and
angulated, upper minute ; discoidal nervule emitted from near upper apex of cell ; upper median nervule
somewhat convex, second and third wide apart. Posterior wings subovate ; costal margin slightly oblique,
posterior margin strongly convex, abdominal margin oblique towards anal angle. Costal nervtire short,
terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell, curved
and extending to apex, second at a short distance before end of cell ; upper disco-cellular directed outwardly,
lower more or less inwardly bent and angulated ; position of the discoidal and median nervules as in
anterior wing. Body slender ; palpi moderately short, and strongly pilose beneath ; antennte with a long
compressed and pointed apical club.

This is a small but widely distributed genus. It is found in Tropical and Southern Africa,
Madagascar, Continental India, and generally throughout the Malay Peninsula and Malayan
Archipelago, absent — according to Mr. Wallace f —from the Moluccas and New Guinea, but
extending through the islands east of Java to Timor, and thence into North-West Austraha.

Mr. Wallace, who had opportunities of observing the habits of these butterflies, has
stated that they " fly about slowly in woods and shady places, keeping near the ground, and
often settling on leaves and flowers." J

The fragile butterflies of this genus, which possess a facies distinct from most of the
other Pierince, and have a more or less superficial resemblance to the Lycsenad genus Liptena,

■'• Gen. nov. type Pieris nathalia, Feld.

Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 316 (1867).

288

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

appear to be a very ancient and little diflferentiated generic group. This is evidenced bj- their
wide geographical distribution as a genus, the extremely large area in which two, at least,
of the species* are also found, and their generically distinct appearance combined with
smallness of specific differentiation.

1. Leptosia xiphia. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 8.)

Papilio Xiphia, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 43, n. 180 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. p. 20, n. 204 (1787).

Papiiio Xina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 194, n. G04 (1793).

Pieris Xina, Godt. Euc. Meth. ix. p. 162, n. 147 (1819).

Pontia Xina, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 140, u. 66 (1829); Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 431, n. 2 (1836);

Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 69, u. 130 (1857); Veil. Faun. lud-Neerl. Pier.

p. 3, n. 1 (1865); Wall. Trans. Eut. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 317, n. 1 (1867); Snell. Tijd. Ent. six.

p. 16, n. 55 (1876) ; Lep. v. Midden-Sumatra, p. 22, u. 1 (1880).
Pontia Xiphia, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 229, n. 2 (1869); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 354, u. 1 ; ibid.

1874, p. 107, n. 1.
Xichitona A'yi/iw, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 837 ; Lep. Cej-1. vol. i. p. 118 (1881).
Var. a. Leptosia Chlorographa, Hiibn. Zutr. Ex. Sclimett. f. 47, 48 (1818).

Male and Female. Wings above white. Anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly blackish, the
basal third of which is spotted with greyish, apex, and a large spot at about centre of upper median nervules
black. Anterior wings beneath with the costal area and apex speckled with fuscous strigse ; an outer marginal
series of small black spots, and the discal spot as above, but paler. Posterior wings beneath crossed with
irregular fuscous strigte, those on the disk assuming the form of transverse fasciae. Body above blackish,
beneath greyish ; legs greyish, streaked with fuscous.

Exp. wings, S and $ , 40 to 44 millim.

Hab.— Continental India; Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist.) ; Calcutta (de la Chaumette). — Ceylon
(Thwaites — coll. Dist.). — Tenasserim; Ahsown (Limborg— Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong
(Durnford — coll. Dist.); Malacca (Wallace). — Siam; Chentaboon, Nahconchaisee (Druce). — Sumatra
(Snellen). — Java (Horsfield). — Borneo (Druce) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coU. Dist.). — Bali (Wallace). — Flores
(W'allace). — Timor (Volleuhoveu). — PhUippine Islands (Brit. Mus.).

Mr. Wallace, who examined a long series of this species from many habitats, states tbat
it varies but little throughout its extensive range, and that the specimens from the Philippine
Islands "are very large." f Some variation does, however, ensue, Vollenhoven writes, "Chez
un individu de Sumatra le sommet des ailes superieures est presque entierement blanc en
dessous. Les individus de Timor ont la tache post-cellulaire plus grande que les autres." \
Horsfield found it "by no means unfrequent" in Java";§ but it appears to be a moderately
scarce insect in the Malay Peninsula. In North-Western India, Capt. Lang only met with it
" in one place, a forest in the interior of Oudh, in the month of October," where it seemed
" to be afraid to fly boldly from the shelter of the bushes." || Capt. de la Chaumette, however,
found it " in great abundance in Calcutta, flying very softly about as if blown by the wind,"
and during the months of March and April. IF It would appear to be found nearly all the year
round, as Mr. Hutchison, in Ceylon, records it as found at Matale in August, and from Juue
to December, in gardens at Colombo.**

* L. alcesta in the Ethiopian, and L. xiphia in the Oriental Regions.

f Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 317 (1867). \ Faun. Ind-Neerl. Pier. p. 4. § Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 141.

f{ Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 102. U Ibid. vol. ii. p. 36. ** Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 118.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 289

Genus DELIAS.

Delias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 40 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.

vol. i. p. 139 (1881).
Cathainia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 92 (1816).
Pontia, Hiibu. (uec Fabr.), Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 92 (1816).

Thyca, Wallengr. Sveusk. Acad. Forh. 1858, p. 76 ; WaU. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 344 (1867).
Pieris, sect. 1, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 44 (1847).

Anterior wings somewhat elongate ; costal margin moderately convex, the apex rounded, outer
margin obliquely' rounded, inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure extending to about two-thirds
of wing ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before end of cell, second and third bifurcating
near apex of second, fourth springing from second at about one-third beyond end of cell ; upper disco-
cellular obliquely directed outwardly, lower disco-cellular somewhat concave ; discoidal nervule emitted at
central apex of cell ; median nervules emitted wide apart, first and second a little nearer to each other
than second and third. Posterior wings elongately subovate; the costal margin oblique, the posterior
margin convex, abdominal margins obliquely divergent towards anal angle. Costal nervure extending
to about two-thirds of costal margin, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell,
second almost midway between bases of the first and of the discoidal nervule ; upper disco-cellular oblique,
lower disco-cellular very slightly concave ; upper median nervule emitted at apex of cell, second and third
median nervules almost twice as wide apart at base as first and second ; submedian nervure slightly curved
outwardly ; internal nervure reaching about centre of abdominal margin. Body somewhat robust ; head
and pronotum clothed with long hairs ; palpi porrect, extending considerably beyond the head, and clothed
with long hairs beneath ; legs long and slender ; antennae with a well-formed and moderately channelled
apical club.

This is an extremely large. genus, and one in which the coloration of the wings assumes
a most vivid and extraordinary character. It is on the under surface of the wings that the
most brilliant hues and markings are found, and these are often of a bizarre and ostentatious
description. Mr. Wallace has thought that these butterflies may have some special protection
which renders the disguise of sombre colours unnecessary, and this seems the more probable
when it is found that some of them are the subjects of "mimicry" by species of the genus

noneris

*

Delias has a wide geographical distribution; it inhabits Continental India and the
neighbouring islands, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, the length and breadth of the Malayan

■'■ Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 344.

This exposure of the gaily-coloured under surfaces of the wings is often equalled Ln moths where a bright-
coloiu-ed upper sm-face is oiily seen when at rest. Protection is, however, generally afforded in some respect.
Mr. Johnston observed such a case on the banks of the Congo. He saw such a moth sitting "complacently, not fearing
to attract attention by the magnificeut carmine of the upper side of the wings, although then- underside is leaf-brown
and ' protective ' in eoloiu-, and, if the creature liked, would when closed render it quite indistinguishable fi'om the
dead and scrubby foliage it haunts" ('The Biver Congo,' p. 33Uj. In this case, however, the same aiithor remarks that
he was never able to secure it, "for the reason that it enters a tangle of thorny bush where capture is impossible," and
that it was there he thus observed it. Difficulties, however, do occur in the thorough explanation of facts afforded by the
theories of "mimicry" and "protective resemblance." Thus Mr. Johnston, who is a thorough evolutionist, remarks that
" large green mantisses or ' praying insects ' are chasing smaU flies with their great pouncing fore legs, and every now and
then a bhie roller-bird snaps up a mantis in spite of its wonderful assimilation to its leafy surromidiugs " ('The River Congo,'
p. 37). Another new feature in the theory of mimicry is afforded by that competent travelling natmalist, Mr. Herbert Smith.
In Brazil he noticed spiders which mimic ants, but the peculiarity was that the spiders "eat the particular ants which they
mimic." But, as Mr. Smith remarks, " It is difficult to suppose that the quick-witted ants would be deceived, even by so close
a resemblance ; and in any case it would seem that the spiders do not reqmre such a disguise to capture slow-moving ants."
The supposition is therefore hazarded that as ants enjoy an immunity from the attacks of birds, the spiders thus acquire
a similar protection from the same enemies" (' Brazil, the Amazons., and the Coast,' p. 223).

March 20, 1885. 4 e

290 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. ]

i

Archipelago, North Austraha, many of the Pacific Islands, and is found as far north as Cliiua. 'I

Mr. Wallace had many opportunities of observing the habits of these butterflies, in more than |

one habitat, and he reports that " they all fly weakly and slowly, yet they are by no means ;

rare, since in almost every locality I found some of the species very abundant in the forests, J

flying lazily along near the ground, sometimes settling on a flower, but more generally seeming ^

to wander aimlessly through the pathless recesses of the forest."* >

Seven species oi Delias are here included as found in this fauna. f i

• ■ I

1. Delias dione. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 5 J , 6 2 .) I

Painlio Dione, Druvy, 111. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 8, f. 3, i (1773).

Delias pnsitho'e var. dione, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29, u. 6.

Delias dione, Butl. Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, u. 2 (1877).

Male. Anterior wings above very dark indigo-blue ; the basal half pale bluish, with the extreme
base, costal and inner marginal areas and neuration dark indigo-blue ; a small pale spot beyond cell,
and a submarginal series of pale linear ray-like spots placed between the nervules. Posterior wings above
dark indigo-blue, the basal half pale bluish, the abdominal mai'gin more or less yellowish, the extreme
base dark indigo-])lue ; a small pale spot at end of cell, and a marginal series of pale linear ray-like spots,
but less distinct than those on anterior wings. Anterior wings beneath dark fuscous, a broad and irregular
greyish fascia crossing very near centre, divided by the fuscous neuration ; a pale spot beyond cell as
above, and the submarginal spots as above, but larger and more greyish. Posterior wings yellow, the
basal third, the neuration and the outer margin blackish, the last widening at apex, and apparently
containing five yellow spots ; the basal black area crossed by a bright carmine-red fascia. Body above
kidigo-blue, thorax beneath and legs blackish. Abdomen beneath greyish.

Female. Wings above dark fuscous ; anterior wings with a broad irregular central greyish fascia
divided by the fuscous neurations, and a submarginal series of greyish linear spots ; posterior wings
crossed by an oblique, broad, greyish fascia near base, divided by the dark neuration. Wings beneath as in
male, the central fascia to anterior wings broader and absorbing the spot at end of cell ; posterior wings
with the yellow colour paler and more greyish.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 65 to 72 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coUs. Saiier & Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).—
Borneo (Brit. Mus.).

This species is intermediate between D. pasithoe, Linn., a species found in Continental
India, and D. egialea, Cram., which is a Javan species. It is one of the many distinct forms
or species found in this region, in which more or less common features bear witness to a
common progenitor. I

■■: Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 344.

+ In a synonymic list of the species of Delias (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29), Mr. Butler has given D. hicrte, Hubn.,
D. eucharis, Dru., and D. descombesi, Boisd., as found in Penang, but I have as yet failed to find any corroboration of the fact
of such species being found there.

\ The Rev. L. C. Biggs has given some interesting facts relating to this butterfly, under the name of Delias Mgialea.
He speaks of it as the "common coasting butterfly," and describes it as being found sometimes in an " apparently endless
stream" all following one direction, and numbering twenty to thirty in sight per minute from any one point, but forming
a belt several miles broad, extending far inland from the coast, and from morning till night continuing to pass any fixed
point for a fortnight or more. " It seems seldom to feed or alight during these migrations, except at night or lii early

morning, when with dawn it resumes its flight Now and then it is entangled in a sort of cul dc sac, formed by tliick

clumiis of fruit trees, or the higli walls of houses, against which it will dash itself repeatedly and recklessly, willing to
persevere until death. This is especially apt to be tlie case when a strong head wind is blowing agamst it " (' Monthly
Packet,' vol. ii. pp. 186-7, 1881).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 291

2. Delias parthenope. (Tab. XXIV., fig. \ s ,)

Tlu/ai /„n-tlu;io/,e, Wallace, Trans. Eut. Soc. ser. ;;, vol. iv. p. 347, u. 8, t. 6, f. 5, 5a (18G7) ; Butl. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29, n. 1.

Male. Anterior wings above blackish, with the following bluish-grey markings : — a broad cellular
streak, a large spot occupying about two-thirds of the area between the third median nervule and the
submedian uervure, a smaller spot between the second and third median nervules, a .sublunulate spot at
end of cell, two contiguous spots beyond end of cell (these are sometimes fused with the marginal spots),
and a series of submarginal elongate spots placed between the nervules, of which the two lowermost are
shortest and more or less relieved with greyish. Posterior wings above with a bright carmine-red patch at
base, and occupying basal third of cell, which is followed by a transverse bluish patch : apex of cell and the
area from the upper median nervule to apex of wing blackish, remaining portion bright yellow : neuration
and outer margin black, narrowing towards anal angle and inwardly angulated at the nervules. Anterior
wings beneath as above, but with the spots larger and more marked with greyish. Posterior wings beneath
with a large and outwardly transverse basal patch of carmine-red, broadly margined with blackish ;
remainder of wing bright yellow, the neuration and outer margin black. Body above and thorax beneath,
with legs, black, shaded with bluish ; abdomen beneath greyish.

Exp. wings, <? , 55 to 70 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ;
Singapore (Wallace).

The female of this species is unknown to the writer, and the male was alone described by
Mr. Wallace. It is allied to the Indian D. pijramus, and bears a similar relationship to that
species as we have seen to exist between D. dione and D. pasithoe.

3. Delias ninus.

Thyca ninus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 347, n. 9, t. 7, f. 1 ^1867).
Delius ninus, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29, n. 2.

This species is only known to the writer by the figure and
description given by Mr. Wallace, both of which are here reproduced.

" Closely allied to T-jyip-amus, Wall. Male. — Wings broader, uppers more
triangular, the outer margin not concave and produced. Above : upper wings ,
marked nearly as in T. py minus, but the ground colour is blacker, and the
basal patches bluer and less elongate ; lower wings with the red patch at the
base much smaller, not tilling one-third of the cell, below it a broad transverse
bluish-ashy band, paler at the abdominal margin, a large ochre-yellow patch Fie. os.— Delias ninus 3 .
at the anal angle divided into four parts by the nervures ; outer angle black,

without whitish markings. Beneath almost exactly as in T. pyramus, but the red semicircle does not
extend quite so far down, and the posterior markings of the hind wing are more clearly defined, and
of a nearly uniform ochre-yellow."

Exp. wings, " 3 inches."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca; Mount Ophir (coll. Wallace).

Mr. Wallace accurately states the systematic position of his species in the following terms:—
" This insect difiers so clearly in form, size, markings, colouration, and locality from its alhes,

292

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

that I Lave felt obliged to give it a different name, although its general appearance is such
that many entomologists would at once pronounce it ' a mere variety.' Male specimens were
only taken by myself at Malacca."

Mr. Wallnce appears to have been perfectly justified in this course. The amount of
differentiation is equivalent to what is considered as specific by entomologists, subject of course
to the final ruling of the breeder of this and the allied species.

Fig. ni). — Delias ithiela.

4. Delias ithiela.

TInjca Ithiela,- Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 242 (1869).
Delias Ithiela, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 62, t. xxiv.
f. 1 (1871) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872,
p. 30, n. 13.

This is another of those species
which are at present only known to
the writer by the original figure and
description, both of which are accord-
ingly reproduced.

" Alae supra uigrse, velut in D. Hors-
Jieldio * cinereo plagiatje et maculatae ;
j)osticaB macula subcostal! apud basin
aureo-flava; niaculis ijuatuor discalibiis et uno apit-ali albidis ; area abdominali albicante (baud flavo
niaculata) : coiiius iiigresceus, antennis nigris ; alie subtus fere velut in D. Hvrsjieldio, maculis
posticarum multo miuoribus, latius separatis : corpus ciuereum, abdomine albicante, antennis nigris,
cinereo squamosis : exp. alar. unc. 3, lin. 8j."

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; " Penang (colls. Brit. Mus. & W. W. Saunders)."

This is aiJutlnr differentiated or local race of an Indian species, the D. belladonna, Fabr.

5. Delias hyparete, var. metarete. (Tab. XXIV., figs. 13 (? , 14?.)

Piquliu IhjiHiidc, Liiii)a,'us, Mus. Ulr. p. 247 (17G4) ; Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 763, u. 92 (1767).
Delias metarete. Bull. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 650, n. 1 (1877).

Male. — Wings above greyish-white ; anterior wings with the neuration blackish, the apical third
dusted with blaclcisli, and with a series of marginal black spots at the apices of the nervulea ; posterior
wings with the apices of tht nervules and the outer margin irregularly blackish, the red submarginal spots
beneath giving a roseate tint above. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the apical blackish area
more broken, and containing a series of five greyish-white spots. Posterior wings beneath greyish-white,
the neuration blackish, the inner area bright ochraceous, and with a submarginal series of large red spots,
the largest towards anal angle, outwardly and somewhat broadly margined with black, and inwardly more
narrowly and obscurely with the same colour from apex to the lower median nervule. Body above and
beneath dark greyish ; legs dark greyish, more or less streaked with blackish.

Female. For)n <i. — Anterior wings above more or less suffused with blackish, the cell and inner area
from lower median nervule to margin being palest ; five or six distinct, but obscure, greyish subapical
spots. Posterior wings above, with the outer margin (not reaching apex of cell) broadly blackish, the

SynonjTnic with D. belladonna, Fabr., au Indian species.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

293

red spots beneath being obscurely visible above; neuration of both wings broadly blackish. Wings
beneath as in male, but with all the black markings larger and darker.

Female. Form h* — Resembling form a, but with the black suffusions above larger, and altogether
covering the anterior wings and reaching the apex of the cell in posterior wings.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 7-' to 80 millim.

H.\B. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. —
coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Brit. Mus.) ; Banjermassin (coll. Dist.).

The two forms of the female here described seem to negative the probability that we are
dealing with anything but a simple variety of D. kiiparete, more especially as in Bornean
specimens in the writer's collection, Sarawak examples agree with the form found in the
Peninsula, whilst others received from Banjermassin are almost inseparable from Javan
D. hyparete.

6. Delias singhapura.

Tlii/cti Sim/Iuipiini, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 353, u. 29, t. 7,

f. 2 (1867).
Delias Sinijlwpura, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 33, n. 36 ; Druce, Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1873, p. 355, n. 3.

" Male. Wings elongate ; above white, the costal margin and the outer
half of the uppers dusky, nearly black at the apex, and with an ill-defined inner
edge ; lower wings with a narrow interrupted black border behind, within which
dusky patches of scales extend a short distance along the nervui-es. Beneath :
upper wings white, the nervures of the upper half black-margined, the apex fig. iw.— Delias siitijiwyura g .
blackish, leaving a row of six distinct ovate white spots ; lower wings bright

yellow, the nervures black-bordered, and a rather broad black border round the hind margin enclosing
a row of six whitish spots, the inner ones bifid, the outermost yellow-tinged."

Exp. wings, " 3| inches."

Has. — Malay Peninsula; " Singapore (coll. Wallace)." — Borneo (Druce' ; Sarawak (Brit. Mus.).

This species has not been received by the writer, nor seen by him in any of the many
collections examined, which have been formed in different parts of the Peninsula.

7. Delias orphne.

T/iijca Orphne, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 361. u. 56, t.

(1867).

8, f. 2

"Male. Above, white, with the base dusky; ujjper wings with a narrow
black border from the apex to near the outer angle, the costa dusky, as well as
the extremity of the cell, and a broad marginal baud beyond as if smeared with
black ; the lower wings have a very narrow dusky edging behind. Beneath :
the uppers have the base dusky, a broad patch at the end of the cell nearly
black, and a broad dusky outer margin enclosing a row of six white spots, the
two lower the largest ; lower wings black, but nearly covered with chrome-

FiG. 101. — Delias oriihtw J .

March 20, 1885.

* This is represented by the figure (Tab. XXIV., fig. 14).

4f

294 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

yellow, which covers the whole abdominal margiu to the middle of the wing, beyond which are three I

large oval spots near the outer angle ; another band of yellow crosses the lower half of the cell, and t

reaches up to the inner margin near the base of the wing."

Exp. wings, " 2f inches."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; " Malacca — Mount Ophir — (coll. Wall.)."

This, judging from Mr. Wallace's figure aud descriptiou, is a very distinct species, and
from its general absence in collections, appears to be a very scarce one. As Mount Ophir is
given as the precise locality where the species was taken, it may probably be peculiar to that
little — entomologically — known and worked district.

Genus PMONEEIS.

Prioneiis, AYallace, Traus. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 383 (1867); Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 39 (1870);*
Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 140 (1881).

Anterior wings somewhat elongately subtriangular ; costal margin arched at base, the apex
subacutely rounded; outer margin oblique, inner margiu slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure
extending to nearly two-thirds the length of costal mai'gin ; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle
of cell, second at a short distance from first, third and fourth bifurcating at about two-thirds the length
of third, third and fifth bifurcating at about one-fourth of the length of third fi-om end of cell ; upper
disco-cellular nervule very oblique and longer than the lower ; cell extending to more than half the length
of wing, median nervules situate wide apart. Posterior wings somewhat elongately subovate ; costal
margin oblique to apex, which is broadly rounded ; outer margin convex and slightly and irregularly
sinuate. Precostal nervure curved outwardly ; costal nervure couvexly rounded ; first subcostal nervule
emitted near middle of cell, second midway between bases of the first and of the discoidal nervule ;
disco-cellular nervules oblique, the uppermost much the longest ; first aud second median nervules a little
closer together than second aud thnd ; submedian nervure nearly straight ; internal uervm^e recurved
and reaching to about two-thirds the length of abdominal margin. Body somewhat large and robust ;
head and pronotum very hairy ; palpi long, and clothed with very long hairs beneath ; legs long ; antennae
long, with a gradually thickened apical club.

Costal margin of the anterior icings minutely serrated.

This is a very distinct genus, both by its neuration and also by the peculiar character
of the serration of the costal margin of the anterior wings, which is immediately discovered
if the finger is passed from the apex towards the base. In colour and markings the species
approximate towards those of Delias, or, as Mr. Wallace remarks, "seem to mimic" them,
as in all the cases the species of Delias " are very abundant, aud are weak, slow-flying insects,
while the mimicking species of Prioneris are rare, aud in all cases the pairs which resemble
each other inhabit the same district, and they often are known to come from the same
locality." t

Prioneris is a somewhat small genus, and its species are distributed from Continental
India and Ceylon throughout the Indo-Malayan region. One species is found in the Malay
Peninsula.

* In describing this genus Mr. Butler has omitted one of the subcostal nervules to the anterior wings.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 383 (1867).

I

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 296

1. Prioneris clemanthe. (Tab. XXIV., fig. IQ 3 .)

Pieiis cU'iiianthe, Doubleday, Aim. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 23 (1846); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 758;

Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 354, n. 1.
Prioneris cinnanthe, Wall. Trans. Eut. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 885, n. 4 (1867); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,

p. 839.
Pieris Berenice, Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 324.
Pieris Helferi, Feld. Eeise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 161, u. 131, t. 25, f. 10, 11 (1865).

Male. Wings above greyish-white ; anterior wings with the neuration (widely broadened towards
apex and outer margin) black, tlie costal and apical areas and outer margin powdered with blackish ;
posterior wings with the neuration only blackened on outer third, the posterior margin blackish. Anterior
wings beneath as above, the cell either immaculate as in the specimen figured, or sometimes containing
two or three longitudinal blackish lines ; posterior wings with the whole of the neuration black, a bright
red basal spot, the whole disk yellow, the apex and the area beyond cell between the upper subcostal
and the second median nervules greyish-white, the outer margin broadly blackish towards anal angle,
sometimes continued to a^Jex by a narrow submarginal fascia, which is absent in the sjjecimen figured.
Body above more or less concolorous with wings ; thorax beneath and legs blackish ; abdomen beneath
greyish white.

Exp. wings, $ , 70 to 85 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Bengal (Moore). — Burma; Moulmein (Felder). — Tenasserim ; Houngduran
source, Natboung to Paboga (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak
(Kiinstler — Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce).

The females of this genus are exceedingly scarce, and I have not seen that of this
species.

Genus CATOPSILIA.

Catopsilia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 98 (1816) ; Butl. Lep. Exot. p. 154 (1873) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i.

p. 121 (1881).
Miirtia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 98 (1816j.
Callidryas, Trim, (nee Boisd.), Khop. Afr. Austr. p. 67 (1861).

Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin arched and convex, outer margin oblique, inner margin
shghtly sinuate. Costal nervure arched and extending beyond middle of costal margin ; first subcostal
nervule emitted at about middle of cell, second from near end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about
two-thirds the length of third, fifth bifurcating from third at about one-third beyond cell ; disco-cellular
nervules oblique, both somewhat concavely bent inwardly ; discoidal nervule emitted from about their
middle ; first and second median nervules with their bases slightly nearer to each other than those of
second and third. Posterior wings broadly subovate, costal and outer margins convex, the abdominal
margins obliquely divergent at anal angles. Costal nervure arched and not quite reaching apex of wing,
subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-fourth before end of cell, disco- cellulars oblique, the lowermost
the longest and slightly bent inwardly ; upper median nervule from end of cell, the bases of the first and
second about one-fourth nearer together than those of second and third ; submedian nervure nearly
straight, very slightly curved ; internal nervure slightly curved. Body stout, pronotum hairy ; palpi
porrect, projecting one-third beyond the head, second joint laterally compressed ; legs slender ; antennae
gradually thickened into an apical club, which is truncate at tip.

Male with a tuft of silky hairs near base of inner margin of anterior wings, and with a glandular
patch of raised scales above the subcostal nervure of the posterior wings.

296 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

This genus until quite recently was better known under the name of Callidrtjas, and
embraced a number of American species as well as those of the Old World. Subsequent and
more careful examination has shown that the butterflies of these areas are generically quite
distinct, the peculiarity in neuration of the wings being sufficient to easily separate them.
The Old World species are thus grouped under Hiibner's genus Caiopsilia, and are found in
Western, Southern and Eastern Africa, Madagascar and the African Islands, Continental India,
the Malay Peninsula, throughout the Malayan Archipelago, and also in Australia and New
Zealand.

The species of Catopsilia are usually very abundant and gregarious, and notices of their
habits have already been given under the generic name of Callidri/as {antea, pp. 284-5).

1. Catopsilia crocale. (Tab. XXV., fig. 11 J , 12 5 .)

Painlio Crocah, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. t. 55, C, D (1779).

Papilio Jiujurtha, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. 1. 187, E, F (1779).

Pa/nlio Alcmeone, Fabr. (nee. Cram.), Ent. Syst. iii. p. 196, ii. 611 (1793).

Colias .higurthiim, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 96, n. 21 (18191.

Callidryas crocale, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 625, n. 19 (1836) ; Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 400,
n. 7 (1867); Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 22, t. 9, f. 1, 2, 3, 6 (1870) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 355,
n. 1; ibid. 1874, p. 108, n. 2; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 18, n. 66 (1876); ibid. xxi. p. 35, u. 134
(1878) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 837.

Catopsilia crocale, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 1 (1877) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1877, p. 591 ; ibid. 1882, p. 253 ; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 122, t. 48, f. l,la,b (1881) ; Wood-Mas. and
deNic. .J.A.S.Beng. vol. xlis. p. 236, n. 60 (1880); de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. 11. p. 63, n. 188 (1882);
Kheil, Ebop. der Insel. Nias, p. 35, n. 134 (1884).

Colias Alcmeone, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 131 (1829).

Callidryas Alcmeone, Horsf. & Moore, Cap. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 57, t. 1, f. 7, 7n (1857).

Var. 2 . Callidri/as Kndeer, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 63, t. 2, f. 3, 4 (1832).

Male. Wings above very pale greenish-white ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins —
broadest at apex and not reaching the outer angle — dark fuscous ; the basal third of wing and costal area
to a little beyond end of cell sulphur-yellow ; posterior wings with the inner half — concave externally —
sulphur-yellow. Wings beneath pale stramineous, with an ochraceous tinge ; anterior wings with the
lower half — beneath cell and extending to outer margin — pale greenish-white. Body above with the
pronotum dark and thickly covered with long pale greenish hairs, the abdomen pale ochraceous, eyes
castaneous, body beneath with legs more or less coneolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above greenish-white or pale sulphureous, both wings with the basal areas more
or less suffused with darker sulphureous or pale ochraceous as in male. Anterior wings with the costal
and outer margins broadly and irregularly dark fuscous, broadest at apex, where there is a more or less
distinct subapical fascia enclosing some pale apical spots ; a dark fuscous spot at end of cell sometimes
connected with the dark costal margin. Posterior wings above with the outer margin broadly and
irregularly dark fuscous, sometimes having some faint and obscure pale fuscous submarginal markings.
Wings beneath as iu male, but darker, with one small disco-cellular spot on antei'ior wings and two on
posterior wings.

Exp. wings, ^ , 52 to 68 millim. ; 2 , 70 to 78 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking — Moore) ; Darjeeling, Punjaub, Nepal (Butler) ;
Madras Coast (Brit. Mus.); Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist). — Ceylon (Moore). — Andaman Islands; Port Blair
(Wood-Mas. it de Nic). — Nicobar Islands; Kamorta (Moore). — Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). —

RHOPALOCEKA MALAY AN A. 297

Tenasserim ; Moolai to Meetan (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and
Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Siam ; Chentaboon, Nahconchaisee (Druce). — Hong Kong
(Butler). — Sumatra (Wallace). — -Nias Island (Kheil). — Java (Horsfield). — Borneo (Lowe — coll. Dist.). —
Lorabock (Butler). — Philii^pine Islands (Wallace). — Celebes (Snellen). — Batchian, Ceram, Timor (Wallace).
— Australia; Queensland (Wallace) ; Moreton Bay (Brit. Mus.).

Altliongh this is such a widely distributed species, I did not find it unusually
abundant in the Malay Peninsula. In Ceylon Capt. Hutchison reports that it is found
"everywhere. Plains and hills up to 6000 feet, in forest and cultivated land. Have taken
them at almost all times. Flight strong, quick, sits in crowds on damp spots of roadside."*
Capt. de la Chaumette observed it frequenting the gardens at Saugor, and states that it is
" very fond of flying about the outside branches of the ' Babool ' {Acacia arahica) " ; and that
it is "on the wing from July to November." t Capt. A. M. Lang writes that "this species
frequents Cathartocarjms fistula, an introduced plant in gardens of the North Indian plains, but
indigenous to the lower slopes of the Himalayan ranges, 2000 to 5000 feet."];

2. Catopsilia catilla. (Tab. XXV., figs. 16 <? , 15 $ .)

Papilio CatiUa, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. t. 229, D, E (1782).

Papilio Hilaria, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 339, A, B (1782).

Papilio Titania, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 428 (1798).

Callidnjiis Phle;ieiis, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 401, n. 8 (1867).

Callidiijiis Hilaria, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 626, n. 20 (1836) ; Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 400,

u. 6 (1867).
Colias Catilla, Godt. Enc. Metb. ix. p. 95, n. 20 (1819).
Colias Hilaria, Godt. ib. p. 96, n. 25 (1819).
Colias Titania, Godt. ib. p. 97, n. 26 (1819).
Callidrijas Catilla, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 24, t. 9, f. 7-10 (1870); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 35.3, n. 2;

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 887 ; Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 640, n. 24.
Catopsilia catilla, Butl. Trans. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 2 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1877, p. 591 ; ib. Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 122 (1881) ; Enys, Cat. Butt. New Zeal. p. 17, n. 14 (1880) ;

Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Beug. vol. l. p. 251, n. 87 (1881) ; de Nic. J. A. S. Beug. vol. li. p. 63,

u. 187 (1882).

Male. Wings above pale greenish-white. Anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly dark
fuscous, the apex a little more broadly so of the same colour, and the outer margin as far as the middle
median nervule also narrowly but irregularly dark fuscous ; basal area — occupying nearly half of cell and
extending to inner margin — and costal area from base to a little beyond middle of cell, bright sulphur-
yellow. Posterior wings with the basal third — becoming narrower and paler towards anal angle — bright
sulphur-yellow. Wings beneath greenish-white, sometimes with an ochraceous tinge ; anterior wings with
a small reddish disco-cellular spot at end of cell, and sometimes a reddish narrow angulated fascia between
end of cell and outer margin ; apex and outer margin narrowly pale reddish ; posterior wings with two
reddish disco-cellular spots at end of cell — -these have pearly centres and sometimes have an outer
encircling ring. Body above with the pronotum dark and covered with long greenish hairs, the abdomen
ochraceous, the eyes castaneous : body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

* Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 123. f Ent. INIouth. Mag. vol. ii. p. 36. \ Ibid. vol. i. p. 103.

March 20, 1885. 4 g

298 EHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. \

Female. Wings above dark sulphm-eous ; anterior wings with the costal margin commencing about ||

one-third from base — narrowly — and the apex and outer margin — broadly and irregularly — dark fuscous ; j

a fuscous spot at end of cell, and a more obscure, angulated, transverse fascia between end of cell and j

outer margin ; posterior wings with the outer margin spotted with fuscous. Wings beneath ochraceous, '<

the disco-cellular spots as in male ; the anterior wings with the apex and outer margin somewhat broadly «

pale reddish, and with a distinct pale reddish angulated transverse fascia between end of cell and
outer margin ; posterior wings with a transverse linear reddish spot between the costal nervure and the >

first subcostal nervule, and an outer discal, waved, pale reddish, transverse fascia : marginal spots much j

smaller than above. |

? . Var. a. — Wings beneath with the disco-cellular spots much larger and darker, the linear spot |

between the costal nervure and first subcostal nervule of the posterior wings also much larger and .!

darker.

$ . Var. h. — Anterior wings beneath with the disco-cellular spot surrounded by a large dark dull ;

reddish patch, the discal transverse fascia also broader and dull dark reddish. Posterior wings
beneath with a very large discal, dull and dark reddish patch extending from costal nervure to upper '^

median nervule ; this patch occupies outer third of cell and is inwardly and outwardly much angulated I

and is continued beneath the upper median nervule by a narrow fascia becoming obsolete towards
abdominal margin.

Exp. wings, <? , 75 to 80 millim. ; ?, 58 to 80 millim.

Hab.— Continental India; Silhet (Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (de Nic.) ; Bengal, Nepal, Calcutta (Butler). —
Ceylon (Moore).— Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Burma; Moulmeiu (Butl.). —
Tenasserim; Hatsiega to Houngduran; Naththoung to Paboga; Moolai (Limborg — Moore). — Malay
Peninsula ; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier & Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinstler — Calc. Mus.) ;
Suugei Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Billiton Island (Godm. & Salv.). —
Java (coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce). — Philippine Islands (Wallace). — Celebes, Moluccas, Timor (Wallace). —
Australia ; Queensland (Butler) ; Brisbane (coll. Dist.) ; Piockingham Bay, Moreton Bay (Brit. Mus.). —
New Zealand (Enys).

The females of this species are eminently variable, both as regards the size of the spots
and the presence of the dark patches on the under surface of the wings ; the commonest form
is the one here figured. In North-West India, according to Capt. Lang, this butterfly frequents
the Cathartocarpus fistula, as does the previous species C. crocale.* In Ceylon Capt. Hutchison
reports this species as being " at all times very local. Found in several spots of limited
extent; and always there." t It is also, in the same habitat, a remarkably migratory species,
Mr. Mackwood stating that "In the flights along the sea-coast, beginning generally in
November, this species of Catopsilia forms about a third of the number, always travelling
to the north ; the flights lasting for days, thousands of them passing in an hour." I

3. Catopsilia scylla. (Tab. XXIV., figs. 1 ■? , 2 2.)

Papilio Scylla, Linnaeus, Mus. Ulr. p. 242 (1764) ; Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 763, n. 95 (1767) ; Job. Amoen. Acad,
vi. p. 404, n. 57 (1764) ; Houtt. Nat. Hist. i. 11, p. 256, t. 88, f. 5 (1767) ; Miill. Naturs. v. 1, p. 592,
n. 95, t. 18, f. 5 (1774) ; Meerb. Afbeeld, t. 16, (1775) ; Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 12, C, D (1775) ; Sulz.
Gesch. Ins. p. 143, t. 15, f. 6 (1776) ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2268, n. 95 (1790) ; Herbst, Naturs.
Scbmett. v. p. 198, n. 105, t. Ill, f. 5, 6 (1792) ; Don. Ins. lud. t. 28, f. 3 (1800); Turt. Syst. of
Nat. iii. 2, p. 72 (1806).

- Ent. Month. Mag. vol. i. p. 103. \ Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 12'i. I Ibid.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 299

CoUns Scylla, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 99, n. ]050 (1816); Godt. Eiic. Metb. ix. p. 95, n. 19 (1819);

Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 133, n. 59 (1829).
Callidryas Sci/lla, Boiscl. Sp. Gen. i. p. 631, n. 25 (1836) ; Luc. Lep. Exot. p. 80, t. 40, f. 1 (1845) ; Horsf. and

Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. L C. vol. i. p. 58, n. 102 (1857) ; Voll. Faun. lucl. Neerl. Pier. p. 62, n. 4

(1865) ; ButL Lep. Exot. p. 31, u. 6, t. 12, f. 5—8 (1870) ; Snell. Tijcl. Ent. xix. p. 18, u. 64 (1876) ;

ibid. XX. p. 2 (1877) ; ibid. xxi. p. 35, n. 133 (1878) ; Lep. v. Midden. Sumatra, p. 23, n. 2 (1880).
Catopsilia Sci/lhi, Kirby, Cat. Diuru. Lep. p. 486, n. 28 (1871); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.

p. 551, n. 4 (1877); Aurivill. Kougl. Sv. vet. Akad. Haudl. Bd. 19, no. 5, p. 55 (1882).
Papilio Cornelia, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 21, n. 229 (1787).

Var. Callidryas Goniophone, Doubl. & Hew. (nee. Boisd.), Gen. Diuru. Lep. t. 9, f. 2 (1847).
Var. Callidryas Etesia, Hewits. Ex. Butt. iv. Call. t. 1, f. 5, 6 (1867).

Male. Anterior wiugs above pale greeuish-white ; costal margin — very narrowly — and apex and
outer margins — broadly — dark fuscous. Posterior wings above bright ochraceous, with some scattered
small and obscure fuscous marginal spots. Wings beneath dark sulphureous ; anterior wings with the
internal area — beneath cell and lower median nervule — pale greenish-white ; a duplex pale castaneous
spot at end of cell, a waved and broken pale castaneous fascia between end of cell and outer margin,
and the apex and outer margin of somewhat the same colour ; posterior wings with two small pale
castaneous spots at end of cell, followed by an outer discal waved and broken pale castaneous fascia, and
with small dark marginal spots as above. Body above greyish-white, the pronotum clothed with pale
greenish hairs ; abdomen beneath greyish-white ; thorax and legs ochraceous ; eyes dark castaneous.

J . Var. ((. — Anterior wings above with the apex, costal and outer margins very pale brownish ; wings
beneath with the discal fascise almost obliterated.

Female. Anterior wings above as in male, but with the apex and margins more broadly and
irregularly dark fuscous, and with a narrow, angulated, macular fascia between end of cell and outer
margin. Posterior wings paler ochraceous than in male, the dark marginal spots very large and with
faint indications of a dark macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin. Wings beneath as
in male, but with all the markings broader and darker, and with some additional spots near base of
posterior wings.

Exp. wings, (? and ? , 57 to 75 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier & Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — ]3rit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (Snellen). — Java (Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen).— Lombock; Timor
(Wallace).— Celebes (coll. Dist.). — Ternate, Batchiau (Wallace). — Australia; Champion Bay (Boulay —
Brit. Mus.) ; Port Essington (Brit. Mus.).

This is a variable species, and the figures here given represent the form existing in the
Malay Peninsula, which certainly does not reach the maximum of size and coloration as
found elsewhere.

The larva and pupa, as found in Java, have been figured by Dr. Horsfield,* who states
that the larva " feeds on various species of Cassia, particularly on the Cassia fistula and
C. obiusifolia." " It is, however, occasionally found on other plants ; it is extremely abundant,
particularly in the early part of the rainy season, after the renewal of the foliage of these
plants." t

* Cat. Lep. E. I. C. t. iv. f. 6, Oa. f Ibid. p. 134.

300 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

4. Catopsilia chryseis. (Tab. XXV., fig. 2 J , 1 ? ; Tab. XXVI., fig. 20 s vca:)

Papilio Chryseis, Drury, 111. Ex. Ent. i. t. 12, f. 3, 4 (1773).

Papilin Alcymte, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 58, A— C (1779).

Callidn/as Chnjseis, Butl. Lep. Ex. i. p. 35, n. 8, t. 15, f. 4—7 (1870).

Catopsilia Chryseis, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 3 (1877) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877,

p. 813, n. 28; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 591 ; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 125 (1881).
Callidri/as pijrdnthe, Wall. (nec. Linn.), Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 400, n. 3 (1867).

Male. Wings above pale greenish-white ; anterior wings with the costal margin — very narrowly —
and the apex and outer margin — -not reaching outer angle — dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous spot at end of
cell ; posterior wings with some very minute and obscure marginal spots. Wings beneath pale greenish
ochraceous, thickly covered with darker strigae, which form an indistinct fascia on both wings between
end of cell and outer margin ; anterior wings with the inner area occupying lower half of cell and
extending to outer margin, pale greenish-white, both wings with a small brownish spot at end of cell.
Body above with the pronotum dark and covered with long greenish-white hairs, the abdomen obscure
ochraceous, eyes castaneous, body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Resembling the male above, but with the costal margin more broadly fuscous, and with
a short subapical fuscous fascia, apparently enclosing two or three pale spots ; posterior wings with a
distinct marginal series of brownish spots. Wings beneath generally as in male.

Female. Var. a. — Anterior wings above with the fuscous apex and subapical fascia amalgamated ;
posterior wings with the outer margin broadly and irregularly dark fuscous.

Exp. wings, S^ and ? , 60 to 66 millim.

Hab.— Continental India; Assam, Bengal (Brit. Mus.). — Ceylon (Moore).— Andaman Islands; Port
Blair (Moore). — Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Kerr— coll. Dist.).— Sumatra (Wallace). — Java; Bantam (coll.
Dist.). — Flores (Wallace). — Philippine Islands; Manilla (Brit. Mus.). — Formosa (Brit. Mus.). — Australia;
Port Stephen, Queensland (Brit. Mus.).

The females of this species vary considerably in the amount of the dark fuscous marginal
shadings on the upper surface of the wings.

Genus UDAIANA.

rdiiiiina, Distant, mttcd, p. 28C.

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched at base, and then somewhat oblique to apex;
apex obtuse ; outer margin convex ; inner margin nearly straight, very slightly sinuate. Costal nervure
terminating on costa a little beyond apex of cell ; first and second subcostal nervules emitted somewhat
close together near end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating near apex of wing, fourth and fifth bifurcating
almost midway between end of cell and apex of wing ; upper disco-cellular nervule obliquely concave near
its upper end, lower oblique and slightly bent inwardly ; median nervules about equally wide apart, upper
from end of cell. Posterior wings somewhat elongately subovate ; costal margin obliquely rounded to
apex; outer margin convex; abdominal margins obhquely divergent at anal angle. Costal nervure
rounded, extending to a little more than half the length of costal margin ; subcostal ner\Tiles bifurcating
at about one-third before end of cell ; disco-cellular nervules oblique, the upper slightly bent inwardly :
upper median nervule from end of cell ; bases of the first and second median nervules about oue-fourtli
nearer together than those of second and third ; submedian nervure nearly straight ; internal nervure

:|

EHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 301

directed inwardly. Body moderately robust; prouotum hairy; palpi long, porrect, projecting beyond
the head, the second joint very longly hirsute ; antennte moderately long, with a short but well-thickened
apical club ; legs long and slender.

The position of the first and second subcostal nervules of the anterior wings have
compelled the erection of a new genus for the reception of the Pieris cynis, Hewits. Udaiaua
has a superficial resemblance to some species of Appias and Belenois, and with the last genus
it has been sometimes incorporated.

1. Udaiana cynis. (Tab. XXVI., figs. 5 <? , 6 2.)

Pieris cpiis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Pic: t. 8, f. 54 (1866); Wall. Traus. Eat. Soc. ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 341,

n. 41 (1867).
Phrissui-a cijnis, Butl. Cist. Eut. vol. i. p. 49 (1870).
Belenois cy7m, var., Butl. Traus. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 171.
Belenois cynis, Butl. Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, u. 1 (1877).

Male. Wings above pale greenish-white ; anterior wings with the basal half of costal area dark
greyish, speckled with black; remainder of costal area, the apex— broadly — and the outer margm
angulated internally — black; posterior wings with some small black spots on outer margin. Anterior
wings beneath as above, but with the black markings paler ; posterior wings beneath without the black
marginal spots. Body above fuscous, beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Anterior wings above fuscous, with an outer discal curved fasciate series of large whitish
spots; posterior wings above gre3dsh -white, with the base and outer marginal area fuscous. Anterior
wings beneath as above, but with the white markings rather larger ; j)osterior wings beneath as above,
sometimes with a faint central transverse narrow fuscous fascia.

Exp. wings, <? and ? , 50 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinstler— Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus. ; Biggs— coll.
Dist.) ; Ayerpanas (Godfery — coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (Hewits.).

This species has a close ally in North Borneo, of which I append description.*
The dissimilarity of the sexes in this species affords a good example of what is generally
found more or less throughout this subfamily. Mr. Darwin, as is well known, sought the
explanation in his theory of "sexual selection." Dr. Weismann, on the contrary, considered
the formation of these secondary sexual characters to be " due in great part to the difference
of physical constitution between the sexes." t

- Udaiana pryeri, n. sp. Male.— Wiugs above closely resembliug those of U. cynis; auterior wings beiieath with the
basal costal area somewhat broadly fuscous ; posterior wiugs beneath with the basal fourth also fuscous, and with some
inilistiuct narrow discal fuscous markings.

Exp. wiugs, 55 millim.

Hab. — Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer).

t ' Studies in the Theory of Descent,' Eng. transl. p. C2.
June 20, 1885. 4 h

I'

302 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. \

I
I

Genus TERIAS.* *'

Terias, Swainson, Zool. lUustr. i. t. 22 (1820-21) ; Horsf. Cat. Lop. E. I. C. p. 131 (1829) ; Boisd. Spec. Gen. *

i. p. G51 (183G1 ; Doubl. Gen. Diiu-n. Lep. p. 7G (1847) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 44, n. IG (1870) ; \

Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 118 (1881). '

Anterior wings subtriangular, apex generally more or less rounded, costal margin rounded and arched
at base, outer margin more or less oblique, inner margin sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa \

a little beyond end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before end of cell, second very ,

near end of cell, third and fom-th bifui-cating about midway between end of cell and apex of wing, third and '

fifth bifurcating beyond cell at about one-third the distance between end of cell and apes of wing ; upper '

disco-cellular nervule shorter than the lower, which is concave, with its lower half dkected outwardly ;
discoidal nervule emitted at the junction of the disco-cellulars ; ceil broad and extending to about half the
length of wing ; upper median nervule somewhat couvexly bent and emitted from end of cell, second with ;

its base about half the distance from that of first as from that of third. Posterior wings broadly subovate, -1'

costal margin obliquely convex, outer margin rounded. Precostal nervure more or less atrophied ; costal j

nervure arched and almost reaching apex of wing ; subcostal nervules bifurcating close to end of cell ;
disco-cellular and median nervules arranged much as in anterior wing. Body slender ; pronotum hairy ; ^

palpi short, scarcely extending beyond the head, second joint broadly compressed, third joint minute and
pointed ; legs slender ; antennae with a gradually formed apical club.

This genus is almost universally distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical
portions of the world ; and this is easily understood when we reflect ou the migratory habits
of so many observed species. In the East the species are, as a rule, of some shade of orange-
yellow, with black apical and marginal markings. In the Neotropical region many species
have the ground-colour white, instead of yellow, and this hue is also found in some African
and Oriental species.

By the general consent of all who have worked at this genus, it is agreed that the
discrimination or separation of the species affords the greatest difficulty. This is owing to the
extreme variability of the species, and to the disinclination of some cabinet entomologists to
admit the same, or at least with the adequacy necessary to meet these difficulties. A good
example of this has been afforded by the treatment accorded to some Japanese specimens.
T. hecabe and 2'. mandarina are two so-called species, which, taken in their typical forms, would
scarcely leave a doubt as to their being thoroughly distinct and good species. In 1880
Mr. Butler published a paper in which he stated that, by the aid of 154 specimens received
from Nikko, he had " been able to arrange a perfect gradational series of scarcely differing
forms, from the most heavily-bordered of the Japanese representative of T. hecabe to the palest
T. mandarina, in which the border has practically disappeared." Mr. Butler, however, did not
conclude from this that T. hecabe and T, mandarina are but extreme forms of one species, but
suggested a theory of "hybridization," and described three of the series under new specific
names.f Subsequent to this paper Mr. H. Pryer, an entomologist with the advantage of

=•= Mr. Kirby (Syu. Cat. Diuru. Lep. p. 441) has substituted Hiibncr's earlier published name Eurana for this genus,
which seems strictly correct ; but as there appears to be a couseusion among lepidopterists to use the better known,
and generally accepted, name Terias, I have followed that course here, whicli, though eminently reasonable and
conducive to the study of the butterflies, as against that of generic words, is still scarcely logical and in keeping with the
method pursued by myself elsewhere.

I Trans. Ent. Soc. ISbO, pp. 197—200.

BHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 303

residing in Japan, has by careful breeding proved tliat T. hecahe and T. mandarinu are one '
species, or rather what Mr. Pryer calls "temperature forms" of one species, and he accounts
for the fact of breeding so many intermediate forms from one batch of eggs by the qualifying
conditions of "having reared these specimens in a cold room, without much direct sunlight."*
Neotropical species afford the same difficulty, and that excellent naturalist, Mr. Bates, has
supplemented his account of those of the Amazon Valley by a "note" stating that "the species
of Terias are a most difficult study, and it is with some hesitation that I have described several
as new." He further remarks: — -"Their specific characters are not at all trenchant; the
peculiar markings which may serve to distinguish well-characterised examples of a species are
subject to become obsolete in other examples ; the species, again, present many local varieties
in different parts of their area of distribution." f I fully entertain this view with regard to the
species or varieties found in the Malay Peninsula, and where I have been unable to find a
published name for any species have refrained from giving it a new one, prefering to have
that done by some local lepidopterist who could give certitude to his work by breeding the
different forms.

The Fiev. L. C. Biggs writes : — " These butterflies are often seen by dozens together in
moist places on the road, or singly near the Malay villages, under the shade of cocoa-nut
trees, or crowding round the inky pools too often found in closest proximity to the Malays'
dwellings. They, with the smallest Lijccmidcc and the Skippers, are among the first to venture
out in the morning after heavy dew, or at any time after a storm." \

1. Terias tilaha. (Tab. XXV., fig. 8 ^ .)

Tena:i Tilaha, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 136, u. 62 (1829); Boisd. Spec. Gea. i. p. 668, ii. 26 (183G);
Voll. Mon. Pier. p. 65 (1865) ; Wall. Traus. Eut. Soc. ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 326, n. 27 (1867) ; Butl.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 537, n. 64.

Male. Wiugs above bright sulphureous ; auterior wings with the costal margin narrowly, the apex
and outer margin broadly, and the inner margin also broadly, black (the apical and outer marginal black
area is inwardly oblique and dentately sinuate, occupying about half the distance between end of cell and
apex of wing, and terminating somewhat narrowly at the outer angle). Posterior wiugs with the outer margin
somewhat broadly black and inwardly obscurely sinuate. Wings beneath less brilliant sulphureous than
above ; anterior wings with a curved black line near base of cell, two connected disco-cellular black lines at
end of cell, and a fainter curved narrow blackish fascia near apex ; posterior wings with one or two small
blackish spots near base, two connected disco-cellular blackish lines at end of cell, a submarginal series of
small blackish spots, preceded on the costa by a larger and darker one, and a series of small but dark
marginal spots placed between the nervules. Body above black, beneath with legs sulphureous, tarsi
iufuscated.

Exp. wings, 3 , 43 to 46 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinstler — Calc. Mus.). — Java
(Horsf.). — Borneo (YoU.) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

I have not received the female of this species, which is probably paler in hue than the
male, and with the blackish margins broader.

* Trans. Ent. Soc. ISS'2, pp. 488 -'J. In recording the fact of Mr. Pryer's breeding the -writer does not accept Mr. Fryer's
further proposition, that Australian, West African, and other described specie,s, should also be considered as varieties of
T. hccabe, or rather should, in defiance of all canons of uomenolatui-e, be called under a new name.

i Joui-n. Entomology, i. p. 245 (IbOl). :j; Month. Packet, vol. ii. p. 187 (1881).

304 RHOPA LOCERA ^fA LA YA .V.I .

2. Terias hecabe. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 19 J .)

Papilio Hecabe, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 470, n. 74 (1758); ib. ed. xii. p. 763, u. 96 (1767); Clerck,

Icones Ins. iii. lined.) t. 6, f. 4, a, h (1764) ; Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 472, n. 125 (1775) ; Spec. Ins. ii.

p. 42, n. 178 ( 1781 1 ; Sulz, Gesch. Ins. p. 143, 1. 15, f. 7 ( 1776) ; Cram. Pap. Esot. ii. p. 40, 1. 124, B, C

(1779); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2269, n. 96 (1790); Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. v. p. 171, n. 82,

t. 106, f. 3, 4 (1792).
Juiicma Hecabe, Hiibu. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 96, n. 1022 (1816); Aui-ivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl.

Band. 19, no. 5, p. 60 (1882).
Pieiis Hecabe, Godt. Enc. Metli. ix. p. 134, n. 51 (1819).
Terias Hecahe, Swains. Zool. 111. i. t. 22 (1820); Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 135, n. 60, t. 1, f. 12 (1829);

Boisd. Spec. Gen. i. p. 669, n. 27 (1836); Luc. Lep. Exot. p. 75, t. 38, f. 2 (1845) ; Butl. Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1870, p. 727, n. 1 ; ib. 1871, p. 536, n. 59; ib. 1874, p. 286, n. 71 ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,

p. 836 ; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 118, t. 45, f. la,b,c (1881) ; Snell. Tijd. Ent. six. p. 18, n. 67 (1876) ;

ib. Lep. V. Midden-Sumatra, p. 23, n. 1 (Leiden, 1880) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. -J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlis.

p. 235, n. 56 (1880) ; ib. vol. l. p. 236, n. 49 (1881) ; Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 881.
Terias hecabeoides, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 3 (1877) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i.

p. 119, t. 45, f. 3, 3 a, i (1881).
Terias multiformis, Pryer {part). Trans. Ent. Soc. 1882, p. 489.

Male. Wings above bright sulphureous ; anterior -wings with the costal margin narrowly, and the
apex and outer margin broadly, blackish ; the outer black area is concavely and sinuately oblique to upper
median nervule, then strongly deflected towards margin, slightly but distinctly anguLitely produced
at second median nervule, and inwardly extending along inner margin for about one-fourth of its length ;
posterior wings with the outer margin blackish, which becomes evanescent towards the anal angle.
Wings beneath somewhat less brilliant sulphureous than above ; anterior wings with a small dusky spot
near base of cell, and with two slender and connected angulated disco-cellular lines at end of cell ; apical
and outer margin minutelj' spotted with fuscous ; i^osterior wings with three rounded dusky spots near
base, two angulated and connected disco-cellular lines at end of cell, and some outer discal small dusky
patches ; posterior margin minutely spotted with fuscous. Body above blackish, beneath, with legs, more
or less ochraceous ; tarsi somewhat infuscated.

Female. Paler sulphureous than the male, the dark markings also paler and somewhat broader.

Exp. wings, S and 2 , 35 to 50 miUim.

Hab. — Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking — Moore) ; Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist.) ; Gujerat
(Brit. Mus.); Silhet (Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (de Niceville).— Ceylon (Thwaites— coll. Dist.).— Andaman
Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Nicobar Islands; Katschall, Trinkut, Naukowri (, Wood-Mas.
and de Nic). — Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). — Tenasserim ; Meetan; Hatsiega ; Naththoung to Paboga
(Limborg— Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Sungei Ujong (Biggs —
coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Siam ; Nahconchaisee (Druce). —
Sumatra (Snellen). — Nias Island (Kheil). — Billiton (Godm. & Salv.). — Java (Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen);
Bantam (coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.). — Celebes (coll. Dist.). — Formosa
(Brit. Mus.). — China, Japan (Elwes).— Aru Islands (' Challenger ' Exped.). — New Guinea (Godm. & Salv.). —
New Ireland (coll. Dist.). — .Australia ; Cape York (Brit. Mus.) ; Port Essington, Piockingham Bay (Brit.
Mus.). — South Sea Islands; Yauua, Yalava (Herr Schiiff.).

Var. a. (Tab. XXVI., lig. 15 J , 11 2 .)

More or less completely resembling typical form of T. hecabe above, but beneath with a more or less
developed irregularly formed subapical fuscous streak to anterior wings, and the dark markings somewhat
more numerous and better pronounced on posterior wings.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 805

Hab. — Continental India; Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ;
Perak (Kiinstler — Calc. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.).

This varietal form somewhat approaches the T. cesiope of Menetries, and is intermediate
between that form and typical T. hecahe. It seems impossible to come to any other conclusion
than that this species is extremely variable ; and this view is not only prompted by the extent
of its geographical distribution, but has also been proved by the breeding experiments of
Mr. Pryer in Japan {antea, p. 302).* In my own opinion the following species (?), T. sari, should
also be considered as a variety of T. hecahe, but as breeding experiments have not yet proved
this to be the case (as I have little doubt will subsequently be demonstrated), I have kept
them as distinct in a classificatorij sense.

The larva and pupa, as observed in Java have been figured by Horsfield, t who describes
the first as feeding on the " ^Eschynomene scsbau," and as "found abundantly from January
to April." I In Ceylon, according to Dr. Thwaites, the larva feeds on Legummosce, and
Mr. Mackwood gives the " Madras thorn" as the food-plant. §

3. Terias sari. (Tab. XXV., fig. B ^ .)

Tei-ias Sari, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 136, u. 61 (1829) ; Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 826,
n. 25 (1867) ; Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 537, u. 63 ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 560,
u. 2 (1877) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 354, n. 4.

Terias Hecahe, var. ? , Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 670 (1836).

Male. Wings above closely resembling those of T. hecahe, but the anterior wings beneath with a
large apical fuscous subquadrate spot.

Female. Eesembling the male, but paler sulphureous, and with the dark marginal markings paler
and broader.

Var. a. (Tab. XXVI. , fig. 3 ^ .)

Eesembling typical form of T. sari, but with the subquadrate apical fuscous spot on the under sm-face
of the anterior wings more or less cleft.

Var. h. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 7.)

Pale and dwarf form of the species.

Exp. wings, 34 to 52 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinstler — Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca
(Pinwill — -Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (Wallace). — Java (Horsfield). — Borneo
(Druce); Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.). — Flores, Timor, Australia? (Wallace).

As previously stated, the writer can see no improbability, but rather every possibility, that
breeding will prove the T. sari, Horsf., to be only a variety of T. hecahe, Linn. The typical
sari, as described by Horsfield, is the form figured (Tab. XXV., fig. 3). The dwarf form
(Tab. XXVI., fig. 7) is not uncommon, as the British Museum also contains an example which
was captured by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca.

'■'■ I have not included in the synonymy all the named forms which Mr. Pryer found to be conspecific in Japan, as some
of them do not appear to be found in this fauna.

t Cat. Lep. E. I. C. t. iv. f. 8, 8a. \ Ibid. p. 136. § Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 119.

June 20, 1885. 4 i

306 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

4. Terias vallivolans. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 17 3 .)

Teriat: nillivolans, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xi. p. 420, n. 71 (1883).

This species or variety appears to differ ouly from T. hecabe by the narrower black marginal borders
to the wings.*

Exp. wings, 46 millim.

H.U3. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Kerr— coll. Dist.). — Philippine Islands ; Mindanao (' Challenger'
Exped.).

The reason why the writer considers it probable that this is but another variety of
T. hecabe is partly derived from the remarks of Mr. Butler himself, who describes T. vallivolans
as "in pattern and coloration nearest to Terias mariesii, var. e (Trans. Ent. Soc, 1880, pi. vi.,
fig. 5), but with narrower wings, &c." Now as Mr. Pryer has stated that his breeding
experiments have proved that T. mariesii and its varieties are together but seasonal forms of
T. hecahe, t we must, if we credit Mr. Pryer, as certainly doubt that we are here dealing with
specific differences.

5. Terias pumilaris, var. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 10 <? .)

Teriii.H pumilaris, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. G17, n. 36, t. 67, f. 7| (1875); Traus. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 5 (1877).

This is a species enumerated by Mr. Butler in his list of the Butterflies of Malacca
Collected by Capt. Pinwill, and the specimen here figured has been compared (in company with
Mr. Butler) with the type of T. pumilaris, from which it slightly varies. I give a copy of
the original description : —

"Sulphur-yellow; primaries with the costal margin blackish, outer margin rather broadly and
regularly brown-bordered, the border being bisinuated within the median interspaces ; secondaries with
brown spots at termination of the nervures, sometimes concurrent ; body blackish : wings below paler
yellow; nervures terminating in black dots; an annular marking at the terminations of the discoidal
cells ; secondaries with an annular marking on the subcostal area near the base ; body pale dull j'ellow :
expanse of wings 1 inch to 1 inch 3 lines."

H.\B. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — New
Hebrides; Tanna, Vate (Brit. Mus.).

Mr. Butler adds to his description the following remarks : — " This species belongs to the
T. hecahe group, but differs from all its allies in its narrow elongated primaries with more
rounded apex : the sinuation of the outer border is also much less marked ; so that the insect
has a very different aspect."

The specimen here figured, and which has been compared with the type, does not bear
out these distinctions, and as Mr. Butler could find no " distinguishing characters" to separate
the Malayan form collected by Capt. Pinwill from the representative in the New Hebrides," §
we can see that it varies in itself. Heretical as it may appear, the writer believes that any
Malayan lepidopterist can prove that this also is but a form of T. hecabe.

■'■'■ Tlie minute davk outer margiual spots exist as iu T. hecabe, but have unfortunately been overlooked by our artist,
f Trans. Ent. Soc. 188'J, p. 488-9. J This figure is very indiffereut aud confusing.

§ Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550.

RIIOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 307

6. Terias senna. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 13 $ ; Tab. XXV., fig. 14 5 .)

Terias Senna, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 212, n. 226 (1865).
Terias santana, var. senna, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 535.

Male and Female. Wings above pale sulpbnreous ; anterior wingfs with the basal portion of costal
margin speckled with blackish, thence narrowly black to the apical and outer marginal black area, which
is very broad, commencing at less than midway between end of cell and apex of wing, oblique to near
discoidal nervule, then curved inwardly to near upper median nervule, strongly excavated and sinuated
between upper and lower median nervules, and terminating broadly on inner margin near outer angle.
Wings beneath in some specimens almost spotless (as in the female here figured), in others (as in the
male specimen figured), with distinct double dark disco-cellular streaks on both wings, an elongate spot
between upper discoidal nervule and costal margin of posterior wings, and with some indistinct dispersed
discal mottled markings, especially on posterior wings ; in some specimens the outer black area to the
anterior wings is reflected beneath.

Var. a. Terias inanata* Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 4 (1877).

This variety appears to have the black margin of the anterior wings somewhat narrower than in
typical specimens.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau — coll. Feld. ;
Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.).

This species seems clearly the T. senna described by Felder, and I possess four examples,
all perfectly constant in markings above, but varying beneath as previously described. It is
closely allied to the T. venata, Moore.

7. Terias harina. (Tab. XXV., fig. 13 <?.)

Terias Harina, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 137, n. 63 (1829); Boisd. Sp. Geu. i. p. 668, u. 25 (1836);

Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 320, n. 1 (1867) ; Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 540, p. 94;

Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 354, n. 1 ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Bang. vol. xUx. p. 235,

n. 57 (1880).
FAirema formosa, Hiibn. Zutr. Ex. Scbmett. f. 979, 980 (1837).
Terias formosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 590 ; ib. 1878, p. 836 ; Butl. Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.

vol. i. p. 550, n. 1 (1877) ; de Nic. .J. A. S. Bang. vol. li. p. 63, n. 186 (1882).

Male. Wings above pale sulphureous ; anterior wings with the apex and outer margin — narrowing
towards outer angle — blackish ; posterior wings without dark marginal border. Wings beneath pale
sulphureous and unspotted.

Female. Wallace describes this sex as " much jialer, and sometimes has a broader apical border." t

Exp. wings, <? , 40 to 48 mihim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Sikkim (de Nic.) ; Assam, Silhet (Brit. Mus.). — Andaman Islands ; Port
Blair (Moore, Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Teuasserim ; Hatsiega (Limborg— Moore). — Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinstler— Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore
(Kerr— coll. Dist.). — Java (Horsfield).— Borneo (Druce) ; Sandakan (Pryer— coll. Dist.).— Philippine Islands
(Wallace).— Celebes (coll. Dist.).— Amboina, Waigiou (Brit. Mus.).— Batchian, Ceram, Aru Islands
(Wallace).

'■= This species was originally describerl from specimens collected at the New Hebrides, and I here only refer to the
Malaccan specimen, enumerated under tlie same name by Mr. Butler.
\ Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 320 (1867).

808 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Genus DEECAS.

Deiras, Boisduval, in Doubl. Gen. Diium. Lep. p. 70 (1847); Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 45 (1870).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin convex, the apex more or less dentate, the outer
margin oblique, the inner margin coucavely sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa a little beyond >'

end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted at less than one-third before end of cell, second near end of
cell, third and fourth subcostal nervules bifurcating nearer end of cell than apex of wing, fifth emitted at
about two-thirds the distance between end of cell and bifurcation of thu'd and fourth ; upper disco-cellular
nervule concave and a little less than one-half the length of lower, which is directed outwardly towards
its base ; upper median nervule convexly rounded at base and emitted from end of cell ; second from
a little before end of cell, lower at about one-third before end of cell ; cell short and broad ; sub-
median nervure somewhat bent inwardly near base, and then outwardly along its apical half. Posterior
wings elongately and irregularly subovate ; costal margin obliquely convex, outer margin prominently and
angularly produced at upper median ner^Tile, from whence to anal angle the margin is more or less
concavely sinuate. Costal nervure short, extending to about half the length of costal margin ; first
subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before end of cell, second from end of cell ; upper median
ner^^lle short and oblique, lower more than twice the length of upper and bent inwardly ; upper median
nervule from end of cell, second emitted at about half the distance from first as from third ; submedian
nervure moderately bent outwardly ; internal nervure bent inwardly. Body moderately robust, pronotum
jjilose ; antennae short, with a gradually formed but distinct apical club ; palpi short, compressed, broad,
and clothed with long adpressed hau-s, apical joint minute.

This genus is of small extent, and may be taken as an Eastern representative of the genus
Gonepteryx. Dercas is found in Continental India, the Indo-Malayan region, and in China.
One species inhabits the Malay Peninsula.

1. Dercas gobrias. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 18 d^ .)

Gonepteryx Gobrias, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. ii. p. 24G, u. 5, 1. 16, f. 1 (1864J ; Butl. Proc. Zool.

See. 1865, p. 432, t. 25, f. 4.
Rhodocera Gohias, Voll. Mon. Pier. p. 63, n. 1 (1865).
Dercas Gobrias, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 398, n. 1 (1867) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 356.

Male. Wings above bright sulphureous, the costal margin — especially near base — more or less
infuscated, the apex broadly dark chocolate-brown, — this patch is inwardly sinuate to discoidal nervule,
and then concavely narrowed outwardly ; outer margin narrowly dark chocolate-brown, all the brown
markings narrowly inwardly margined with ochraceous ; an ochraceous disco-cellular streak at end of cell,
and an oblique narrow ochraceous discal fascia. Posterior wings with the outer margin narrowly
chocolate-brown, the fringe reddish ochraceous. Wings beneath as above, but anterior wings with the
costal margin — especially near base — reddish ochraceous, followed by two small costal spots of the same
colour, the apical patch and outer margin paler than above, and the first with an oblique violaceous spot,
the disco-cellular spot and the discal fascia darker than above ; posterior wings with some reddish
ochraceous markings at base, and with an oblique, narrow, discal, ochraceous fascia. Pronotum dark
greyish ; eyes castaneous ; abdomen sulphureous ; body beneath, with legs, concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, $ , 65 to 68 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province W^ellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.). — Sumatra
(Hewits.). — Java (coll. Dist.).— Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 30&

I have not as yet seen the female of this species, which is described by Mr. Wallace as
being " larger than the male, pale yellow, the discoidal spot and transverse streak almost
obsolete."* The same author describes D. gobrias as flying "slowly in forest clearings near
the ground, often settling in damp places." t

Genus IXIAS.

Ixias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 95 (1816) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 48 (1870) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i.

p. 125 (1881).
Thestias, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 590 (1836) ; Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 60 (1847).

Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched and convex towards apex, outer naargin somewhat
oblique and rounded at outer angle, inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure very robust, terminating
on costa a little beyond end of cell : first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell ;
second about midway between base of first and apex of cell ; third and fourth bifurcating somewhat nearer
apex of wing than end of cell ; fifth bifurcating a little beyond end of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule
strongly concave, shoi-ter than the lower, which is less prominently concave ; upper median nervule from
end of cell, first and second median nervules nearer together than second and third ; submedian nervure
strongly sinuate. Posterior wings subovate, posterior margin slightly waved. Costal nervure extending
to about two-thirds of costal margin, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before end of
cell; disco-cellular nervules oblique, the lower one longest and bent at its junction with the upper;
position of median nervules much the same as in anterior wings, submedian nervure somewhat straight.
Body moderately robust ; pronotum hairy ; antennre slender, of moderate length, and with a well-formed
apical club ; legs somewhat slender ; palpi clothed beneath with long adpressed hairs, the apical joint
minute.

This genus appears to be distributed throughout India and the Indo -Malayan region ;
it is also found in many other parts of the Malayan Archipelago, is recorded from China, and,
according to Mr. Butler, is also found on the White Nile. I

1. Ixias birdi. ? (Tab. XXVI., fig. 4 <? .)

I.rias Birdi, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. 351 (1883).

Male. Anterior wings black ; basal third (consisting of lower and inner half of cell obliquely
terminating at a little beyond base of lower median nervule, and from thence continued to inner margin
at about one-fourth from posterior angle) sulphureous ; the black area is invariably angulated beneath the
lower median nervule, and is crossed by a broad irregular orange-coloured fascia, divided by the black
nervules, commencing a little above the costal nervure, and outwardly oblique to upper diseoidal nervule,
then convexly suberect to upper median ner^^^le, after which it is outwardly elongated, and terminates at
about the lower median nervule ; inwardly it is excavated at the disco-cellular nervules, before which and
in the cell it possesses an extension of two irregular spots. Posterior wings sulphureous, with a broad
outer black margin. Wings beneath sulphureous; anterior wings faintly showing the orange-coloured
fascia above, sparingly speckled with fuscous in upper portion of cell and along the costal and outer

* Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 398 (1867). + Ibid. p. 397.

t Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 254. nos. 14 and 15.

§ Named after Mrs. Bishop, who, writing under her well-known maiden name (Isabella L. Bird), is the author of
a recent and pleasant work on the Malay Peninsula, entitled ' The Golden Chersonese.'

Junk 20, 1885. 4 k

310 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

margins (most broadly so at apex), and with a dark fuscous spot at outer angle; posterior wings also
sparingly speckled with fuscous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, ^ , 54 to 56 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Peuang (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kunstler — Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong
(Godfery— coll. Dist.).

This species is allied to the /. anexibia, Hiibn., a species found in Continental India, and
to the /. latifasciatus, Butl., described from Burma. Several species of this group of the
genus have a very similar facies, if examined superficially, but the extent of the black apical
area to the anterior wings, with the size and shape of the orange-coloured fascia, will generally
alone afford a key to differentiation.

Genus APPIAS.

Appias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 49 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.

vol. i. p. 134 (1881).
Catophaga, Hiibn. Verz. bek, Schmett. p. 93 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 181 (1881).
Hiposcritia, Geyer, in Hiibu. Zutr. iv. p. 16 (1832); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 138 (1881).
Tachyris, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 361 (1867).
Huphina, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 136 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched and convex, the apex either pointed and
subacute or rounded, outer margin slightly concavely sinuate, inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal
nervure extending to a little beyond end of cell ; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell,
second rather nearer to first than to apex of cell, third and fourth bifui'cating near apex of wing, fifth
at about one-fourth beyond end of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule concavely bent, much shorter than
the lower, which is more or less oblique ; median nervules wide apai-t, first and second a little closer
together than second and third ; submedian nervure waved and bent inwardly at base. Posterior wings
more or less elongately subovate, costal margin oblique, posterior margin rounded and very obscurely
waved. Costal nervure almost reaching apex of wing ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third
before end of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule oblique and slightly bent inwardly ; lower obhque, slightly
bent outwardly ; upper median nervule from end of cell, first and second median nervules with their bases
about half the distance apart as those of second and third ; submedian nervm-e slightly curved outwardly.
Body moderately robust; pronotum hairy, less moderately slender; palpi with the apical joint long and
pointed, the second joint clothed with long hairs beneath. Legs moderately slender.

Mr. Wallace drew particular attention to the anal valves of the males as being " elongated
and provided with a tuft of long and stiff hairs at each side of the base beneath,"* and as
peculiar and characteristic of his genus Tachyris — a character which, though applicable
to that restricted genus, does not possess universal application in the more comprehensive
genus Appias as here used.

This is a very extensive genus, the study of which has not been simplified by recent
minute generic subdivision. It is found throughout the tropical portion of the Old World, and
is not uncommon. Mr. Wallace describes most of the species he observed as flying swiftly, and
"many of the males assemble in troops about wet places and on river margins, after the
manner of the genus Callidryas." f

* Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 302 (1867). f Ibid.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 311

1. Appias nero. (Tab. XXIV., figs. 9 <? , 10 ? .)

Fapilio Neru, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iu. 1, p. 153, n. 471 (1793) ; Don. Ins. Ind. t. 32, f. 1 (1800).

Pierk Xero, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 485, n. 72 (1886).

Pieiis Thyria, Grodt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 147, u. 101 (1819); Luc. Lep. Ex. t. 25, f. 3 (1835).

Pnutla TJii/ria, Horsf. Zool. Jouru. v. p. 69, t. 4, f. 2 (1829).

Pierisfigulina, Butl. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 399, t. 8, f. 1 (1867).

Tachijiis nei-o, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 378, u. 40 (1867); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,

p. 355, u. 5 ; Kbeil, Khop. der. lusel Nias, p. 34, n. 128 (1884).
Appias nero, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 46, n. 26 ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, u. 6 (1877).
Appias figidina, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 7 (1877).

Male. Wings above either carmine or vermilion-red ; anterior wings with the basal costal area
speckled with fuscous and greenish, the neuration blackish, the apical area more or less infuscated, and
with a more or less distinct submarginal series of obscure blackish s^^ots placed on the nervules ; posterior
wings with the neiu'ation only darkened towards outer margin, which is more or less distinctly fuscous.
Wings beneath paler than above ; anterior wings with the costal and apical areas more or less ochraceous,
and with some obscure submarginal fuscous spots ; posterior wings paler and more ochraceous than the
anterior, the abdominal margin distinctly ochraceous, — in some specimens with a more or less obscure
discal fuscous fascia. Body above fuscous, beneath greyish ; thorax beneath, and legs more or less
ochraceous.

Female. Darker than the male ; anterior wings with the basal area infuscated, the costal area pale
fuscous ; the apex and outer margin broadly dark fuscous, and with an elongated transverse dai'k fuscous
spot reaching from end of cell to near outer margin above the upper median nervule, and a submarginal
dark fuscous spot extending between the second and third median nervules ; posterior wings with the basal
area infuscated, the outer margin broadly dark fuscous, and the neuration towards the outer margin also
infuscated. Anterior wings beneath reddish ochraceous, with the dark markings as above, but paler and
with a subapical transverse greyish streak. Posterior wings pale reddish-grey, with the outer margin
fuscous, tinged with ochraceous, and an irregular broad fuscous submarginal fascia.

Exp. wings, S and S , 70 to 73 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier & Dist.) ;
Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Brit. Mus.). — Siam (Brit. Mus.). —
Nias Island (Kheil). — Java (Brit. Mus.). — Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv. — coll. Dist.).

This species is of a variable character, there being two forms of the male, one much
brighter and paler than the other. This has induced Mr. Butler to separate these forms as
distinct species, the pale form being identified as his A. jigulina.* I do not think, however,
that this specific separation can be maintained, as precisely similar variation is found in allied
species, and notably in the Celebesian .-1. zariiula, Boisd. A still more remarkable variation,
and that of a structural character, is to be found iu the bifurcation of the third and fourth
subcostal nervules of the anterior wings, which iu some specimens occurs much nearer to the
apex of the wing than in others.

2. Appias hippo. (Tab. XXV., fig. 4 ■? , 5 2.)

Papilio Hipt>o, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. t. 195, B, C (1782).

Pieris Hippo, Godt. Enc. Meth. is. p. 143, u. 89 (1819) ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 534, n. 141 (1836).

Appias hippo, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 47, n. 38 ; de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 52, n. 54 (1881).

Pieris FAemvjra, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 481, n. 64 (1836).

Appias eleonora, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 3 (1877).

'•■■ Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551 (1877).

812

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Male. Wings above creamj- white ; anterior wings with the costal area dark bluish-grey, the outer
margin black, which is inwardly strongly sinuated and angulated between the nervules ; posterior wings
with the outer margin black as on anterior wings, but broadly preceded by bluish-grey. Anterior wings
beneath creamy white, the costal (from near base), apical, and outer (inwardly angulated) areas dark
fuscous, containing a subapical sulphureous spot ; posterior wings dark sulphureous, the outer margin
very broadly dark fuscous, which margin is inwardly sinuated and angulated. Body above and beneath
greyish-white.

Female. Wings above dark fuscous ; anterior wings with two whitish streaks beyond cell, and three
large whitish streaks (the uppermost obscure) beneath cell, divided by the second and third median
nervules ; posterior wings with the basal half more or less greyish, the fuscous being darkest at margin,
and from thence along the nervules. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the grej'ish markings
larger and brighter, an obscure paler subapical spot, and with a long greyish streak in cell ; posterior
wings sulphureous or greyish (as in specimen figured*), the nem-ation and the outer margin (broadly)
dark fuscous.

Exp. wings, ,? & ? , 47 to 64 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist.); Sikkim (de Niceville). — Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier & Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ;
Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

This species varies remarkably in size, as the above dimensions testify ; it is, however,
constant in markings, and is an abundant species.

I

3. Appias enarete, var.

Fio. 102. — Appias enarete J .

Pieru Enarete, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. p. 480, n. 61 (1836) ;

Feisth. Eev. Zool. 1839, t. 18, f. 1.
Appias enarete, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 47, n. 37.
Tachjris enarete, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 366,

n. 10 (1867) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 355, n. 6.

Male. Wings above very similar to those of the preceding
species (.-1. hiiqio), but with the bluish-grey submarginal
border to the posterior wings broader. Wings beneath as in
A. Jiippo, but the anterior wings with the subapical spot
white, instead of yellow, and the posterior wings having the
fuscous outer margin much broader, and the base of costal
margin, the costal and subcostal nervures, and the subcostal nervules more or less infuscated.
Exp. wings, <? , 64 to 70 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Moore). — Sumatra
(Forbes — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Lowe — coll. Dist.) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

The female is no doubt closely allied to the corresponding sex of A. hippo, but having the
nervures and nervules of the posterior wings infuscated as in the male. This last character
is not so prominent in the specimens from the Malay Peninsula as in those from Borneo, and
the fuscous margin of the posterior wings is very slightly narrower.

* This is probably a rubbed specimen. Fresh examples have the ground colour yellowish.

I

.1

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 81»

4. Appias leis. (Tab. XXV., fig. 7 J ; figs. 6 & 10 vars. 2 .)

Citophdija Leis, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 771, 772 (1832).

TacJiyris alope, Wall. Traus. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 372, n. 21 (1867).

Pieris Amasene, Boisd. (nee Cram.), Sp. Geu. i. p. 53.5, n. 113 (183G) ; Voll. Mon. Pier. p. 35, n. 45 (1865).

Pieris neomho, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. t. 2«, f. 3 (1857).

Appias alope, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 43, n. 8.

Male. Wings above white, with a faint pale greenish tinge ; anterior wings with the base and basal
half of costal area blnish-grey (this is much more pronounced in some specimens than in others),
remainder of costal margin narrowly black, apex and outer margin (the last inwardly dentately sinuate),
and a submarginal curved fascia commencing at fifth subcostal nervule, forming a large subquadrate spot
between the first and second median nervules, and from thence sometimes carried obscurely and narrowly
towards outer angle, black ; posterior wings with the base more or less bluish-grey, and with a marginal
row of blackish spots placed between the nervules. Anterior wings beneath white, with a faint pale
greenish tinge, basal area sulphureous, apical area pale ochraceous, and with the black submarginal fascia
above more or less plainly visible beneath ; posterior wings pale ochraceous. Body above with the
pronotum dark bluish-grey, the abdomen pale fuscous ; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.

Female. Wings above white, with a faint pale greenish tinge ; anterior wings with the basal area
dark greyish, the apex and outer margin broadly black, and containing four subapical white spots — the black
area obliquely crosses the upper extremity of cell, is more or less truncate to second median nervule, and
narrowed between second and third median nervules ; posterior wings with the base dark greyish and the
outer margin broadly blackish. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the basal area ochraceous,
and the apical black area from the four whitish spots to apex bluish-grey, with the extreme margin
ochraceous ; posterior wings with the extreme margins and neuration ochraceous, the black margin above
being seen as bluish-grey beneath.

Var. a. 5 . The posterior wings beneath pale ochraceous, the outer margin more or less violaceous.
(Tab. XXV., fig 6.)

Var. h. ? . The posterior wings beneath dark ochraceous, with a broad chocolate-brown outer
margin containing a few obscure ochraceous spots. (Tab. XXV., fig. 10.)

Var. c. ? . Wings beneath with the apex of the anterior wings and the whole of the posterior wings
dark ochraceous, the last with only faint indications of the dark chocolate-brown outer margin.

Exp. wings, ^ & 2 , 46 to 62 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca,
Ayer-panas (Godfery — coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (Brit. Mus.). — .Java (Brit. Mus.). — Borneo (Brit. Mus.);
Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

Both sexes of this species are of a very variable character. Thus the males vary in the
intensity of the black markings above, a peculiarity which is strongly exhibited in a series of
North Bornean examples now before me, in the palest specimens of which the black marginal
spots to the anterior wings are almost obliterated, and the black markings of the anterior
wings are pale and somewhat effaced.

Some confusion has existed in the identification of this species, several authors having
considered the Catophaga leis, Hiibn., as being synonymic with the Papilio paulina, Cram., but
besides colour differences in the female sex — such as the width of the dark margin to the
posterior wings — the males are very distinct.

June 20, 1885. 4 l

Male. Wings above pearly-white ; anterior wings with the base bluish-grey, the base of costal area
(lusted with dark greyish, the apical area broadly black, containing two small white subapical spots, and
inwardly much angulated, touching upper extremity of cell, inwardly angulated between fii'st and second
median nervules, and narrowest and terminating a little above outer angle ; posterior wings with a sUght
black marginal sj^ot at apex. Anterior wings beneath with the black apical area as above, but with the
apex broadly brownish-grey ; posterior wings with an oclu-aceous tinge, the costal margin narrowly darker
ochraceous. Body above with the pronotum clothed with long pale greenish hah's, the abdomen infuscated ;
body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings, legs streaked with fuscous.

Female. Wings above resembling the male, but with the black apical area of the anterior wings
larger and with a black margin to the posterior wings, which is less distinct and more or less broken up
from the discoidal nervule to anal angle. Wings beneath as in male, the posterior wings having sometimes
a roseate tinge, and sometimes indications of an obscure, waved and broken fuscous submarginal fascia.

Exp. wings, 3 , 50 millim. ; 2 , 58 miUim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinstler — Gale. Mus.) ; Malacca
(Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (coll. Dist.). — Java (coll. Horsf.). — Borneo (Lowe — coll. Dist.).

Mr. Butler separated his species on the followiug characters of a male specimen, the
colour ones of which, though slight, appear to be quite constant, but are considered here as
only of a local varietal nature : — " Constantly differing from the Javan A. kptis of Felder in the
absence of the black border of secondaries, a trace only of which exists at the apex of these
wings ; also larger, the primaries more produced ; I the apex of primaries below and the
secondaries of a clearer cream-colour." §

(3. Appias amalia. (Tab. XXXIII., fig. 1 <? .)

iWii Aiiudiii, Yollt'uhoveu, Mou. Pier. p. 23, n. 28, t.3, f. 6, $ (1865); Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol.iv.

p. 336, n. 22 (1867).
Pontia Amalia, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 60, n. 24.
Huphina amalia, Moore, MS.

Male. Wings above creamy white. Anterior wings with the extreme base, basal costal area, and the
median nervure dai-k bluish-grey ; apical half of costal margin, apex and outer margin (ixom. the last of

* Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 373.

t Mr. Butler \\Tites, " We Lave two male A. alope from Smnatra, and one of these is a little more hea^-ily marked than
the other, and may be the female of Wallace's description."

I This difference of size is not observable in the specimens before me.
§ Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551.

314 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AS A.

I feel no doubt as to the Tachyris alope, Wall., being the male sex of A. leis. I have

received all male examples of the first and female representatives only of the second, wbilst i

examination of the specimens in the British Museum and in tbe fine collection of Mr. F. Moore, |

show the same facts. Mr. Wallace* refers to a Sumatran female of A. alone in the British )

Museum, but this is evidently an error, as Mr. Butler has searched for me and can find no i

such specimen, t the probabihty being that the female of some other species was substituted. ,

5. Appias leptis, var. plana. (Tab. XXV., fig. 9 2.)

Pieris Leptis, Feldei; Keise Nov. Lap. ii. p. 163, n. 136 (1865).

Appias plana, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, u. 1 (1877).

Hyposcritia phvia, Moore, MS.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 315

which some ray-like spots extend inwardly along the nervules, which give the appearance of two whitish
spots surrounded by black near apex) black ; the upper median nervule is also completely shaded with black.
Posterior wings with the basal half from base, beneath cell to nearly the upper median nervule, deep orange-
yellow, the outer margin black, — narrowed towards anal angle, — the extreme base, the subcostal and median
nervures, and the subcostal nervules dark bluish-grey, the same colour preceding the black margin near
apex. Anterior wings beneath creamy-white, the costal a^rea, margins of cell, apex and outer margin
fuscous, beyond cell are four whitish spots, and three subapical sulphureous spots, the base of costal area
is also shaded with sulphureous. Posterior wings dark sulphureous, the anal area bright orange ; outer
margin fuscous, enclosing a large sulphureous spot between the subcostal nerviiles, and a smaller one
beneath it, the margin also inwardly becomes somewhat broken and macular from the upper median
nervule to anal angle ; costal, subcostal and median nervures, subcostal and upper median nervules
infuscated. Body and legs more or less concolorous Avith wings.

Female. This sex has not been seen by the writer, but has been described and figured by
VoUenhoven as the male. The wings above are much infuscated, and the orange colour of the posterior
wings extends quite to the upper median nervule, the outer margin of these wings being broadly fuscous
to the orange anal area, and emits a short fuscous extension into that area.

Exp. wings, <y , 50 to 54 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler — Calc. ilus.) ; Singapore (Wallace).— Sumatra (VoUen-
hoven).— Banca (VoUenhoven).

A. amalia is closely allied to A. lea, Doubleday (a species wliich will also probably be
discovered in this fauna), but the narrower dark margin on the under surface of the posterior
wings will alone distinguish it.

7. Appias andersoni. (Tab. XXXIII., tig. 2 <? .)

Appiait Andersoni, Distant, Entomologist, vol. xviii. p. 146 (1885).

Male. Wings above creamy-white ; anterior wings with the apical area — from less than midway between
end of cell and apex of wing and narrowing to outer angle — blackish ; neuration more or less blackish ; basal
half of costal area more or less shaded with greenish ; posterior wings with the outer margin ]>lackish, the
neuration more or less darkened. Anterior wings beneath creamy-white, costal area and apex oehraceous,
with a greenish tinge, the last with three obscure paler subapical spots ; upper and lower cellular margins
broadly blackish ; beyond cell the colour is blackish, neuration more or less blackish, the two upper median
nervules darkest and connected with a transverse black spot ; outer margin pale blackish. Posterior win^s
beneath bright orange-yellow, the neuration blackish ; apex of cell and two large elongate spots beyond cell
pale sulphureous ; apical and outer margins and a transverse fascia extending from discoidal nervule to
about lower median nervule obscure olivaceous. Body above more or less concolorous with wings; abdomen
beneath creamy-white ; thorax and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <y , 54 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler — Calc. Mus.).

This species belongs to the section of the genus which has been generically separated by
Mr. Moore, under the name of Huphina ; it is allied to the Javan A. iiama, Moore, and is
represented by a single example in a tine collection of Perak butterflies belonging to
Dr. Anderson, of the Calcutta Museum, which collection has been most considerately placed
in my hands for study and comparison.

316 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

8. Appias cardena. (Tab. XXXIII., fig. 3, <? ).

I'iensranlen,!, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier. t. 3, f. 17, 18 (1861).

Pieris Hannr, Voll. Mon. Pier. p. 38, n. 49, t. 4, f. 6 (1865).

Tachyris cardena, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 368, u. 2 (1867) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,

p. 355, n. 1.
Appiax cardena, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 43, n. 1 ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 2

(1877).

Male. Wings above creamy-white; anterior wings with the costal area bluish-grey, the apex and
outer margin broadly blackish, and containing three white spots — two sej^arated by the fifth median
nervule and one between the first and second median nervules ; posterior wings with the outer margin
somewhat broadly blackish, the dark coloration extending inwardly and ray-like a short distance along the
neuration. Anterior wings beneath as above, but the dark area much paler and more broken up with
whitish ; jDosterior wings with the neuration blackish, a broad blackish marginal fascia, most distinct
at anal angle, and from thence to apex broken and indistinct, basal and abdominal area ochraceous, this
hue not extending beyond the cell. Body above more or less concolorous with wings ; abdomen beneath
creamy- white ; thorax and legs greyish-white, the last streaked with fuscous.

Exp. wings, I? , 70 millim.

H.iB. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler — Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (coll. Wall.).- Sumatra (coll. Wall.) ;
Padang (Vollenhoven). — Borneo (coll. Hewits.) ; Sarawak (Brit. Mus.).

In his paper on the ' Eastern Piericlas,' Mr. Wallace observes, in relation to this species,
" my specimens are intermediate between Hewitson's and Vollenhoven's figures, and I have no
doubt but that they represent one rather variable species."* This remark exactly applies to
the Perak specimen here figured, for an examination of which I am indebted to Dr. Anderson.

Genus SALETARA.

Saletara, Distant, antea, p. 287.

This genus is closely allied to Appias, and is separated on the structural characters of the subcostal
nervules of the anterior wings, which, as in S. nathalia, Feld., number five in the male and four in
the female, or, as in S. punda, Godt.,t number only four in each sex. This variation exists in the third and
fourth subcostal nervules, which when present in the male bifurcate close to the apes of the anterior
wing.

This is a genus in which we can almost see the characters in course of consolidation.
Not only is there the difference already pointed out between the subcostal nervules in
S. nathalia and S. panda, but in a specimen of the first-named species in my own collection,
one wing possesses the third and fourth subcostal nervules and the other wing only one of
them, as in the female, and as in both sexes of -S'. panda.

Saletara is a genus of small extent, and is apparently confined to the Malay Peninsula
and some of the islands of the Malayan Archipelago.

* Traus. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 363 (1807).

t According to the series of that species contained in the British Museum.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 317

1. Saletara nathalia. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 1 c? , 2 2 .)

Pieris Xathalia, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. vi. p. 285, n. 40 (1862).

Tachyris Nathalia, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 369, n. 16 (1867) ; Druee, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,

p. 355, n. 2; Kbeil, Ehop. cler Insel. Nias, p. 34, n. 125 (1884).
Appias nathalia, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 4 (1877).

Male. Wings above very pale ochraceous ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins dark
fuscous. Wings beneath as above, but with the i30sterior wings darker ochraceous and the fuscous
margins to the anterior wings very much paler than above, the outer fuscous margin being often
practically obsolete. Body above more or less dark greyish or fuscous, the anterior area of pronotum
greenish ochraceous ; body beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings, the legs streaked with
fuscous.

Female. Anterior wings above whitish, posterior wings pale sulphureous ; anterior wings with the
basal area dark greyish, the costal area (from about middle of cell), the apex and outer margin broadly
dark fuscous; posterior wings with the outer margin somewhat broadly dark fuscous, the dark margin
being inwardly broken and sinuated towards apex. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the basal
area ochraceous, the apical and outer marginal dark border somewhat paler than above and abbreviated,
the whole apical area very pale violaceous, with the extreme margin ochraceous. Posterior wmgs paler
sulphureous than above, the costal and outer margins narrowly ochraceous, and the outer dark margin
above seen as pale obscure violaceous beneath.

Exp. wings, S and ? , 54 to 60 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Ayer-panas (Godfery —
coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Wall.). — Nias Island (Kheil). — Sumatra, Java, Borneo (Wallace). — Celebes
(coll. Dist.). — Philippine Islands (coll. Felder).

This does not appear to be a very common species, the female especially being seldom
received from collectors.

2. Saletara panda.

Pirns Panda, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 147, n. 102 (1819) ; Boisd. Sp. Gea. i. p. 485, u. 71 (1836).

Pieris Sulphurea, Voll. Mon. Pier. p. 32, n. 41, t. 4, f. 4 (1865).

Tachyris panda, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 368, n. 15 (1867).

Appias panda, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551, n. 5 (1877).

A single specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill was recorded by Mr. Butler as A. pauda,
with the qualifying remark, " This appears to be only the worn male of A. nathalia ; but the
black border seems narrower." I have examined this specimen, and find the fourth subcostal
uervule absent, — a character which, as before remarked, is peculiar to A. panda, — though the
possession of a specimen of A. nathalia, in which that nervule is present in one wing and not
on the other, points to a gradual transition of that character between the two species.

Male. A. panda principally differs from A. nathalia by the more sulphureous coloration of the wings.

Female. Differing principally from the corresponding sex of A. nathalia by having the ground
colour of both wings sulphureous.

Exp. wings, 58 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (Forbes — coU. Dist.). — Java
(Brit. Mus.).

June 20, 1885. 4 m

318 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Genus HEBOMOIA.

Hebomoia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 95, 96 (1816) ; Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 62 (1817) ; Butl. Cist.

Ent. vol. i. p. 48, n. 28 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 127 (1881).
Iphias, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 595 (1836); Wall. Journ. Ent. ii. p. 1 (1863).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin somewhat strongly convex, the apex subacute, outer
margin oblique, inner margin concavely sinuate. Costal uervure extending to about two-thirds the length
of costal margin ; first and second subcostal nervules emitted close together at about one-fourth before the
end of cell, third emitted close to end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating near apex; upper discoidal
nervule emitted at upper end of cell, lower a little above middle end of cell ; upper disco-cellular
nervule oblique and slightly concave, lower disco-cellular concave, obliquely bent outwardly at its
lower half; upper median nervule moderately convex and emitted at end of cell, second rather nearer
first than third, which is omitted a little beyond middle of cell ; submedian nervure strongly recurved ;
cell long and broad, extending a little beyond middle of wing. Posterior wings broadly obovate ;
costal margin arched at base and then nearly straight, being very slightly oblique ; outer margin
convex and moderately waved, abdominal margin oblique. Costal nervure convex and extending
to near apex, precostal nervure prominent, and curved and directed outwardly ; first subcostal nervule
emitted a little beyond middle of cell, second at about end of cell ; disco-cellular nervules long and
oblique, lower about one-third longer than upper; cell long and extending to about two-thmls the
length of wing ; upper median nervule slightly convex and emitted from end of cell, second much nearer
first than third, which is emitted beyond middle of cell ; submedian nervure nearly straight, internal
nervm-e slightly recurved. Body long and robust ; prouotum clothed with long hairs ; head pilose and
tufted anteriorly; palpi clothed with long and stiff hairs beneath, the apical joint minute; legs long and
slender ; antennae long and gradually thickened into an ill-defined and truncated apical club.

Hebomoia is a genus of moderate extent, is found in Continental India, Ceylon, the
Andaman Islands, and the Malay Peninsula, and is distributed more or less throughout the
Malayan Archipelago. Considerable variation ensues in the amount of sexual difference
among the species. Thus in H. gJaiicippe (a species found in this fauna) the female more or
less resembles the male, with additional dark markings, but in H. hornecnsis and H. ci'lcbcnsis
(species whose habitats are denoted by their names) the females are altogether without the red
subapical markings to the anterior wings.

1. Hebomoia glaucippe. (Tab. XXVL, fig. 9 a~ .)

Papilio Glaucippe, Linnaeus, Mus. Ulr. p. 240 (1764) ; Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 762, n. 89 (1767) ; Drury, 111. Ex.

Ent. i. 1. 10, f. 3, 4 (1773) ; Clerck, Icones, t. 35, f. 1 (1764) ; Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 164, A— C (1779);

Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 474, u. 134 (1775) ; Spec. Jus. ii. p. 45, n. 191 (1781); Mant, Lis. ii. p. 21,

n. 216 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 198, n. 618 (1793); Donov. Lis. Chuia, t. 31, f. 1 (1798).
Papilio Callirhoe, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 473, u. 133 (1775).
Pieris Glaucippe, Godt. Enc. Metb. ix. p. 119, ii. 2, t. 13, f. 1 (1819).
Colias Glaucippe, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 130, n. 55 (1829).
Iphias Glaucippe, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. i. p. 596, n. 1 (1836); Blanch. Hist. Nat. Lis. p. 432 (1841) ; Wall.

Journ. Ent. ii. p. 2 (1863) ; Voll. Mon. Pier. p. 53, n. 1 (1865).
Anthocaris Glaucippe, Lucas, Lep. Exot. p. 66, t. 34, f. 3 (1845).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 319

Hebomoia Glaucippe, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 60, n. 105 (1857); Moore, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1878, p, 837; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 127, t. 49, f. 1, la, b (1881) ; SneU. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 17,
n. 62 (1876) ; Lep. v. Midd. Sum. p. 23, ii. 1 (1880) ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 551,
n. 1 (1877); De Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l, p. 52, n. 57 (1881) ; Ibid. vol. li. p. 64 (1882) ; Aurivill.
Kongl. sv. vet. Acad. Handl. Band 19, no. 5, pp. 53-4 (1882).

Male. Wings above creamy-white, with a very faint pale greenish tinge ; anterior wings with the
basal half of costal area sj)eckled with dark fuscous ; apex (crossing upper end of cell and more or less
oblique to near outer angle) blackish, containing six large and elongate contiguous reddish-orange spots,
only divided by the nervules, the second, third, fourth and fifth containing a blackish spot near their
apices, the sixth shortest and inwardly blending with the blackish ground colour, the first narrowest, and
the first and second preceded at their base by a small reddish spot of the same hue situate in upper
extremity of cell ; posterior wings with a few marginal blackish spots (placed on the apices of the nervules)
on the apical half of wing. Anterior wings beneath creamy-white, the black apical area above mottled
pale brownish beneath ; posterior wings mottled pale brownish, with darker reticulations and with an
oblique fuscous line passing through centre of cell and terminating on outer margin between the discoidal
and upper median nervules. Body above and abdomen beneath pale greenish, anterior collar of pronotum
and head pale brownish ; thorax beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings ; legs streaked with
brownish.

Female. Eesembling the male, but the anterior wings above with the creamy-white having a more
decided pale greenish tinge, the blackish spots at the apices of the reddish-orange spots larger ; posterior
wings with a marginal and submarginal series of large dark fuscous spots, the marginal series being more
or less confluent. Wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, 3 and 2 , 90 to 100 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Sikkim (de Niceville) ; Darjeeling, Madras (coll. Dist.). — Ceylon (Thwaites —
coll. Dist.). — Tenasserim; Houngduran Source (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunst. —
Calc. Mus. ; coll. Godfei^) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Sumatra (Snellen). — Java (Horsfield) ; Batavia
(Snellen).

Mr. de Niceville writes of this species that " it has a very rapid flight; when settling on a
flower it is very inconspicuous, the mottled hind wing and the apex of the fore wing, which is
also much mottled and which alone is left uncovered hy the hind wing, render it diflicult to be
seen on account of its close resemblance to a dead leaf."*

In Java, according to Dr. Horsfield, the larva feeds "on a species of Capparis,
distinguished by the native name Waiiwannan." \ In Ceylon the same food-plant is recorded
by Dr. Thwaites. I

The larva and pupa have been already figured in this work (antea, p. 283, figs. 91, 92).

Genus NEPHEEONIA.

Nephcronia, Butler, Cist. Ent. vol. i. pp. 38, 53 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 138 (1881).
Valeria, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 139 (1829).
Eronia (part), Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 64 (1847). §

Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched and convex, outer margin generally more or less
concave (sometimes scarcely discernible), inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure extending to

* J. A. S. Beng. vol. L, p. 52 (1881). f Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 131. I Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 128.

§ Mr. Moore (Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 138) gives Eronia (part), Boisduval, as a synonym of this genus. This, however,
IS a slip, as Boisduval's type, and only species given, is the E. cleodora, Hiibn., v^fhich is given by Mr. Butler as the type of that
genus and not included in his Nepheronia.

320 EHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. I

I

almost two-thirds the length of costal margin ; first and second subcostal nervules emitted close together |j

at about one-fourth before end of cell, fourth and fifth bifurcating near apex, thii-d emitted a little before j

their bifurcation ; upper disco-cellular nervule deeply concave, lower oblique, nearly straight ; upper \

discoidal nervule emitted from upper end of cell, lower from about middle end ; upper median nervule
nearly straight and emitted from end of cell, the median nervules about equally wide apart ; submedian
nervure waved. Posterior wings subconical ; costal margin nearly straight, slightly convex, outer margin
more or less convex. Costal nervure extending to apex of wing ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about
one-fourth before end of cell ; disco-cellular nervules oblique ; upper median nervule short, emitted from
end of cell ; lower median nervule from about middle of cell ; submedian nervure nearly straight ; internal
nervure recurved. Body long ; pronotum hairy ; palpi short, hairy beneath ; legs long and slender ;
antennfE moderately long, with a distinctly formed apical club.

Neplieronia is found throughout the tropical portions of Africa and Asia. The species
inhabiting the two continents have a very dissimilar facies, those from Africa being much more
brightly coloured. Two species are here enumerated as found in this fauna.

The females are excellent " mimics" of species of the protected genus Danais.

1. Nepheronia lutescens. (Tab. XXVI., fig. 14 J .)

Nepheronia lutescens, Butler, Cist. Ent. vol. ii. p. 431 (1879).
Eronia lutescens, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1878, p. 838.*

Male. Wings above pale greenish, the neuration (excepting the greater portion of the disco-cellular
nervules of both wings) dark fuscous ; anterior wings with the costal area blackish, speckled with greyish,
the apex and outer margin somewhat broadly blackish, the last continued in short ray-like streaks along
the nervules ; posterior wings with the outer margin broadly blackish, and inwardly continued as on
anterior wings, the subcostal nervure and lower subcostal nervule being somewhat broadly infuscated.
Wings beneath as above, but paler, and with the apical and marginal dark markings almost obsolete, t
Body above fuscous, beneath greyish ; femora dark, covered with greyish pile ; tibia and tarsi pale
brownish.

Exp. wings, ^ , 78 millim.

Hab. — Tenasserim ; Meetan (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinstler — Calc. Mus.) ;
Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Low — Brit. Mus.); Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.) ;
Banjermasin (coll. Dist.).

The writer is only acquainted with the male of this species, which appears to be
moderately rare in the Malay Peninsula.

2. Nepheronia hippia, car. gaea. (Tab. XXVI., figs. 16 ,? , 12 2 .)
Papilio Hippia, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 55, n. 545 (1787).
Eronia Gma, Felder, Raise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 190, n. 188 |1865).
Pieris Valeria, var. A., Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 444, n. 9 (1836).

Male. Wings above very pale greenish. Anterior wings with the neui'ation, costal area, apex, and
outer margin (the last inwardly and ray-like, continued for a short distance along the nervules) blackish,

* Though Mr. Moore's citation of the species has priority over Mr. Butler's description, the difference of dates is a matter
of accident only, and as Mr. Moore did not describe it, no difficnlty arises.

f In some Bornean specimens the under siurfaces of the lower wings have a decidedly ochraeeous tinge.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 321

the apical and outer black area with a series of small pale spots. Posterior wings with the neuration and
the outer margin blackish (the last often containing a small pale sjjot near anal angle as in the specimen
figured), the subcostal nervure and subcostal nervules being very broadly black. Wings beneath much paler
than above, the posterior wings especially having a pearly reflection, the dark margins to both wings much
paler than above, but hofh containing a series of paler spots. Body above and beneath more or less
concolorous with wings ; legs greyish, the tibife and tarsi pale brownish.

Female. Wings above fuscous, with the following greyish-white markings : — anterior wings with two
long cellular streaks, a discal curved series of sis elongate spots beyond cell, placed between the nervules,
the fifth being short and broad, and the sixth longest, two long and inwardly connected fasciate-like spots
between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure, and a submarginal series of smaller spots
placed between the nervules, the innermost of the series being that placed between the first and second
median nervules, and that at outer angle being duplex. Posterior wings marked much as the anterior
wings, but the discal series of spots smaller and more uniform, the submarginal series more regular and
the base of the cell and the abdominal area more or less ocbraceous. Anterior wings beneath paler than
above, but marked in like manner ; posterior wings paler greyish, the disk more or less infuscated, the
outer margin fuscous, with the submarginal row of pale spots as above. Body above and beneath more or
less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, ^ , 75 to 80 millim. ; 2 , 80 to 83 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Canara (Brit. Mus.) ; Bengal (Stoliczka — coll. Feld.). — Burma (Brit. Mus.
and coll. Dist.). — Tenasserim (Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula; Quedah * (coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley
(coll. Dist.).

I treat this species as a variety of N. hippia, and as distinct from the A^. Valeria, Gram.,
by the character of the pale-spotted outer margin of the anterior wings. Even treated as a
distinct variety, considerable variation is discovered amongst the female examples, particularly
as regards the amount of ochraceous markings on the abdominal area of the upper surface of
the posterior wings, and the depth of hue of the under surfaces of the same wings, which are
either infuscated as in the specimen figured, or almost greyish as in other examples. The
fuscous margin containing the series of pale spots is, however, always present.

Subfam. PAPILIONIN.^.

Pa]>Uionin(P, Swainson, Cab. Cycl. p. 87 (1840); Bates, Journ. Ent.

vol. ii. p. 177 (18G4) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 141 (1881) ;

Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 18 (1882).
Pnpilionidct, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 1 (1840); Trim. Ehop.

Afr. Ausfcr. p. 10 (1862).
Paiiilionides, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 171 (18361; Westw. Introd. Mod.

Class. Ins. vol. ii. p. 349 (1840).

Abdominal margin of the hind wing curved inwardly, not Fig. 103.— Larva and pupa of Pa;«7w pammr„i.

^ " •' (From Horst.i- Moore, Cat. Lep. lus. Mus.

channelled to receive the al)domen.+ Anterior tibiiu pi-ovided with K.i.c.)

* I have adliered to the old way of speUiiig this name, though Keddah, or Kedah, is now the general spelling.

f By an itnfortimate oversight, at p. 283, in the diagnosis of the subfamily Pierince, the word "nor" has been
substituted for "but", thus completely destroying the true character: "nor ehaneUed" should read "but chaneUed."
The PierincB being thus partly distinguished from the Papilionince by having the abdominal margins of the posterior
wings chaneUed to receive the abdomen.

June 20, 1885. 4 n

322

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Fig. lOi. — Anterior wing of Papilio
memnoii, showing position of median
nei-vules.

a stout medial spur. Larvae stout, subcylindrical ; the protboracic
segment furnished with two retractile tentacles.*

Anterior wings having the lower discoidal nervule united to the
median nervure, and thus appearing as a fourth median nervule.

The Papilioniiue, by the above detailed characters, are the
most distinct and easily recognised subfamily of Ehopalocera.
The apparently four-branched median nervure of the anterior
wings is found in no other group of butterflies, and is a
neural feature of so simple and clear a character that a glance at the wings is sufficient to
decide whether a butterfly belongs to the Papilioniiue or not. The larvse, again, possess an
extraordinary organ in a Y-shaped tentacle situate on the prothoracic segment, which,
concealed in a state of repose, is capable of being suddenly thrown out by the caterpillar when
alarmed. On this point Mr. "Wallace has well remarked : — " When we consider this singular
apparatus, which in some species is nearly half an inch long, the arrangement of muscles for
its protrusion and retraction, its perfect concealment during repose, its blood-red colour, and
the suddenness with which it can be thrown out, we must, I think, be led to the conclusion
that it serves as a protection to the larva, by startling and frightening away some enemy when
about to seize it, and is thus one of the causes which has led to the wide extension and
maintained the permanence of this now dominant group." t

This subfamily includes but few genera, its strength lying in the genus Papilio itself.
Three genera — or, as treated here, two genera and one subgenus — are found in the Malay
Peninsula, and, excluding Teinopalpus, I there is little probability of more being found,
as the others are principally denizens of higher altitudes. These three genera, however,
viz., Ornithoptera, Papilio, and Leptocircus, are of very unequal value, the first two being
almost inseparable, in a structural sense, if we retain the genus Papilio in its old and
undivided condition. There can be no question that in Papilio, as thus understood, we
do find structural and neural characters that in other subfamilies are ranked as correctly
proving the existence of distinct genera, and which, if the useful tbough artificial canons
of classification were here rigidly adhered to, would compel the generic disintegration
of Papilio.^ The objections, however, to that course appear to have at least considerable

-■'■ Prof. Westwood (Introd. Mod. Class. Ins. vol. ii. p. 848) states that the larva; are "never viUose nor hairy," but this
does not appear to be always true in the earher stages of development, as Mr. Forsayeth describes the young larvEE of Papilio
erithonius as differing greatly "from the mature caterpillar, having numerous px'ocesses, armed with stiff hairs or spines,
along either side and head" (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1884, p. 380J.

]- Trans. Linu. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 3 (1865).

The use of this organ has been observed in the common Palsearctic butterfly, Papilio machaon. Bonnet states that
when he pressed this caterpillar, near its anterior part, it darted forth its horn as if it meant to prick him with it, directing it
towards his fingers ; but withdi'ewing it as soon as he left off' pressing it. " This horn smells strongly of fennel, and probably is
employed by the insect, by means of its powerful scent, to drive away the Hies and ichneumons that annoy it " (Kirby & Spence,
Introd. Ent. 7th ed. p. 418). Eeunie observed the same action in larvae of the buttertly found feeding on feimel m the Jardiu des
Plautes at Paris, and concludes that it might be "intended to intimidate the ichneumons fi-om depositing then- parasite eggs
in its body, or warning off the thrushes or the carnivorous locust (Acrida vcrnicivora) from devouring it. On the same plant
indeed where these caterpillars were feeding we saw one of the latter lurking about, no doubt with evil intent" ('Insect
Miscellanies,' pp. 53-4). Mr. Forsayeth describes the larvie of Papilio erithonius as found at Mhow, in Central India, and
speaking of these tentacidie, states that "on pressure between linger and thumb, a double horn, soft and erectile, of a pink

colour, shoots out and quivers slightly When extrusion takes place a rather pungent, aromatic, but certainly not

disagreeable, odour is given out. The larva seldom shoot forth these processes on being handled or irritated, but only on
pressiu-e being made" (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1884, p. 386). The odoxu' thus emitted is not, however, always i^leasant, as Lacordaure
has uiformed us : — " Dans certames espcces Americaines (Papilio Crassiis, Archelaus, &c.), que nous avons eu occasion
d'observer, cette odeur est plus ou moins desagreable" (Introd. a I'entomol. i. p. 108).

J A genus foimd in North-Eastern India.

§ The Ceylon species have thus been treated by Mr. Moore (Lep. Ceylon, vol. i.).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 323

biological value. Papilio has its species existing in what may almost be called small
"coteries," and thus has always been divided with facility into groups, which possess the
advantages of genera, minus the true structural definitions. Divided in such groups the genus
has been studied by some authors (as subsequently detailed) who have done so much to enrich
our lepidopteral literature by a number of epoch-marking memoirs, and as the name Papilio
is so universally known and used in connection with these butterflies, the writer will certainly
pause before supporting a system which, though correct in classificatory practice, is likely to
add new terrors to those numerous observers and lovers of nature who give us so many facts,
and receive from cabinet entomologists so many divisional husks in return.

Taking the three genera Ornithoptera, Papilio, and Leptocircus as representing this
subfamily (for these alone are found in this fauna) we can obtain an approximate idea as to the
number of species known in entomological literature. In 1852 Mr. G. R. Gray published his
Catalogue of the Papilionidce, and enumerated 337 species ; in 1864 C. and E. Felder, in their
* Species Lepidopterorum — Papilionidae,' were able to give the names of 493 species, whilst
subsequently Mr. Kirby, in his Catalogue, issued in 1871 and his supplemental list to 1877,
only recognises 398 species.* The Malayan region is exceedingly rich in Papilioiiiiue, and
this, as Mr. Wallace has pointed out, can be readily appreciated by " comparing the number of
species found in the different tropical regions of the earth." f The genus Papilio is almost
ubiquitous, but Ornithoptera and Leptocircus are confined to the Eastern tropics.

During the last few years great attention has been paid to the anal structure of insects,
as a guide to specific and generic division. I In this country two memoirs describing these
organs in the Rhopalocera have been recently published. The one by Dr. Buchanan White,
" On the Male Genital Armature in the European Ehopalocera," § and the other by
Mr. P. H. Gosse, " On the Clasp)ing Organs ancillary to Generation in certain Groups of
the Lepidoptera," j] which is confined to the Papilioniiue alone. Dr. White's studies led him
to the conclusion that in the structure of these parts " not only generic, but in many (if not in
every) species good specific characters are to be found." Mr. Gosse, however, does not speak
in this unqualified sense, for though he observes that out of the number of specimens he had
examined he had not found " any two species whose apparatus is alike, or even so nearly alike
that a moment's observation is not sufficient to show the difference," yet he adds : — " It might
seem that, by the aid of organs so uniformly present, so easily examined, and so varied

••■ The discrepancy between the figures of the Felders and Kirby is due to the different estimate of the value of species
held by the authors, many which are specifically recognised and described by the first being simply treated as varieties by the
second. Even then too mueh statistical reliance must not be placed on Mr. Kirby's estimate, as ui his origmal volmue of 1871
he has critically enumerated the species, whilst in his Supplement he has merely recorded the recently described species.
This author has since estimated the species of the genus Papilio alone as about 5IJU (Cassell's Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 50).

Of other collections we have the following published mformation : — The Natural History Museum at Leyden, in 1S60,
contained, according to Snellen van Volleuhoven, 158 species (Tijd. Ent. iii. pp. 70 — 88). In 187'J three other Catalogues weie
published. The first refers to the species contained in the collection of J\Iou. Ch. Oberthiii- at llenues, and 343 species are
recorded ('Etudes d'Entomologie,' Quatr. Livr.). The second is Mr. Kh'by's 'Cat. CoU. Diurn. Lep. formed by the late
W. C. Hewitson,' in which 339 species are catalogued. The third refers to the collection in the Museum of Science and Art,
Dubhn, is likewise made by Mr. Kirby, and enimierates 220 species (Sclent. Proc. Boy. Dnbl. Soc. 1879). Of piu'ely local
collections that contamed in the late Museum of the East India Company uray be mentioned, which numberetl 62 species
collected in the Indo-Malayan region alone (Horsf & Moore, Cat. Lop. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. 1857.

I Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xsv. p. 27 (1865).

I This has been recently and exliaustively studied and described in the Trichoptera of the European fauna by
Mr. E. M'Lachlan, and in the Rhynchotal subfamily Ci/dnince by Dr. V. Signoret.

§ Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 357 (1877). || Ibid. \ol. ii. p. 265 (1883).

824

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

iu different species, while constant in the same, great facihties must be afforded for the
determination of specific identity and limitation. Yet, in practice, I fear this cannot be carried
out, without severing species which otherwise seem most closely allied, and linking others
which have little else in common." *

Discarding the further generic segregation of Papilio for the reasons already given, and
unable to separate Omithoptera from that genus save in a subgeneric sense, the writer can only
enumerate two genera as Malayan representatives of this subfamily.

Fig. 10a. — .interinr iving of Lepto-
circits vieges, showing position
of subcostal nerviiles.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

A. Third subcostal uervule of anterior wings free. - - - Papilio.

B. Third, fourth, and fifth subcostal nervules of anterior wings

with a commou origin. -----.. Leptocircus.

Genus PAPILIO.

PapUio, LiuniBus, Syst. Nat. 1.2, p. 744(17671; Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. siv. p. 108(1805); Euc. Meth.

ix. p. 9 (1819); Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 183(1836); Doubl. Gen. Diin-n. Lep. p. 5 (1846) ; Trim. Rhop.

Ah-. Austr. p. 11 (1862).
Pathijsa, Reak. Proc. Entom. Soc. Philad. iii. pp. 508-4 ( 1864) ; Moore, Lep. Geyl. vol. i. p. 141 1 1881 ).
Zetides. Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 144 (1881).
Orpheides, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 146 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 146 (^1881).
Iliades, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 88 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 147 (1881).
Laertias, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 150 (1881).
Mmelaides, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 151 (1881).
Dalchina, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 143 (1881).
Hanmala, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 145 (1881).
Charus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 149 (1881).
Chilasa, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 153 (1881).

This genus is difficult to accurately diagnose in its neural characters, and these will be
more fully treated when discussing the different groups into which Papilio is divisible. As
already pointed out, the apparently four-branched median nervure of the anterior wings is
a strongly distinguishing character, and the free position of the third subcostal nervule of the
same wings sufiSciently separates it from Leptocircus, the only other genus of Papilionince at
present known from the Malay Peninsula. The body is moderately large, the pronotum rather
stout and convex, the eyes prominent and rounded ; the palpi short, closely pressed to the
head, the apical joint being short and indistinct.

Papilio is widely distril)uted in most parts of the world, but the peculiarities of
geographical distribution will be best given in application to its different groups as found in
this fauna.

=■■ Messrs. Salvin and Godiiian have for the last few years exhaustively studied these organs in the Neotropical
Ehopalocera, and made maguiticent preparations of the same. The early pubUcation of these details is greatly to be
desiderated.

RHOPALOCERA MALA VAN A. 326

Subgenus OENITHOPTEEA.

Omithoptera, Boisduval, Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 83 (1832) ; Sp. Gen. i. p. 173 (1886) ; Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep.

p. 8 (1846) ; Wall. Traus. Linu. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 35 (1865) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 154 (1881).
Amphrmxis, Swains. Zool. lUustr. ser. 2, t. 98 (1882-8).
Troides, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 87 (1816).
Pachlwptera (part), Reak. Proc. Eutom. Soc. Philad. iii. p. 504 (1864).

Anterior wings large, elongate and subtriaugular, narrower in the male than in the female. Costal
nervure extending to about tbree-fom-ths of costal margin ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about middle of
cell ; second either at about one-fourth before end of cell, or at about one-third before cell as in 0. hrook<-<tna,
third emitted at about end of cell and terminating at apex of wing, fourth and fifth bifurcating at either
less than one-half the distance between end of cell and outer margin, or at about one-fourth the distance,
as in 0. brookeana ; cell extending beyond half the length of wing ; upper disco-cellular nervule straight,
shorter than the lower, which is somewhat obliquely concave ; upper discoidal nervule emitted at junction of
disco-cellular nervules, lower discoidal from extreme end of cell and having the appearance of a fourth median
nervule ; lower median nervule emitted either at about middle of cell or before middle as in 0. brookeana,
second median nervule nearer lower than upper, which is emitted before the end of cell at more than half
the distance between it and the second median nervule ; submedian nervure slightly curved and with a
short basal internal nervule. Posterior wings small and subovate, costal margin convexly rounded,
posterior margin convex and scalloped, abdominal margin folded. Precostal nervure with two branches,
the lower most united with the costal nervure, which does not quite reach the apex of wing ; first subcostal
nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell (at about one-half in 0. brookeana) ; upper disco-
cellular nervule obhque, longer than the second ; discoidal nervule emitted near extreme end of cell ; upper
median nervule emitted a short distance before end of cell, second nearer upper than lower, submedian
nervure recurved. Male with the abdomen provided with two large anal valves.

The larvae, as described by Mr. Moore,* are " elongated, thick, slightly attenuated at both ends, with
dorsal and lateral rows of rather long fleshy tubercles."

I have here treated Omithoptera as a subgenus — firstly, in order to use that well-known
name, and secondly, because there is no vaHd character or characters to separate it generically
from Papilio. Doubleday, seeing these difficulties, sought the divisional element in the larvae,
which he stated differed " in having an external forked sheath for the prothoracic tentacula." t
This, however, has been disproved by Mr. Wallace, who found that in 0. poseidon the larva has
no " external sheath." Mr, "Wallace therefore relied on a character found in the perfect insect,
viz., the " anal valves in the male." I But Mr. P. H. Gosse has found a very similar structure
in some species of Papilio, § and Keakirt proposed a new genus — Atrophaneura — for a species of
Papilio, II which he found to be intermediate between Papilio and Omithoptera, possessing the
"large anal valves" of the last.H It thus seems that the only reliable characters to
distinguish Omithoptera are, to use the words of Mr. Wallace, " the great strength and size
of these insects, the thick texture of their wings, their long, curved and stout antennae, their

•■' Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 155. The larva and pupa of O. darsins are figured from drawings made by the Bros, de Alwis,
ibid., t. 55, f. 1, 6. — Horsfield has also figm-ed the larva and pupa of a species found in Java (Cat. Lep. E. I. C. t. iv. f. 13, 13 a).

f Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 3. J Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xsv. p. 35 (1805).

§ Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 271 (1883).

II P. semperi, Feld., from the Philippines (described by Keakirt as a new species).

^ Proc. Entom. Soc. PhOad. iii. pp. 446-7 (1864).

June 20, 1885. 4 o

326 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

peculiar form, colour and distribution" ; but these alone can only be considered as of subgeneric

value. (

Ornithoptera is not an extensive genus, and the difficulty of estimating the number of its 1

species is enhanced by the divergent views held by different entomologists as to whether many \

of its members should be considered as species or varieties.* Taking the analytical view, and j

looking at all the distinct forms as species, we find that these are between thirty and forty in !

number, and are truly Eastern, or rather almost Malayan, in distribution. Ornithoptera is i

found in Continental India, Ceylon, the Andaman Islands, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, y

throughout the length and breadth of the Malayan Ai-chipelago, — as far east as the Duke of ^

York Island and New Ireland, — and in Australia. ^

There are several distinct colour types in the genus, of which the yellow and black, i

dominant in this fauna, is confined to the Indo-Malayan region, whilst O. hrookeana still forms |
a section by itself, f

A. Outer iHiirijin of anterior icings more or less concarelij sinuate.
a. Extreme bases of icings beneath fringed with carmine.

1. Ornithoptera rhadamanthus. (Tab. XXVII. «, fig. 5 (7 , small var.)

Ornithoptera Ehadamcint/in.H, Boisduval (part), Sp. Gen. i. p. 180, u. 8 (1836); Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,

Zool. vol. ii. p. 289 (1882).
Papilio {Oniithnjitera] rluKlainaiithus, de Niccv. J. A. S. Beng. vol. lii. p. 98, n. 255 (1883).
(hiiithii/itera llhiidainantltiix, var. Thuinsunii, Bates, Thompson's Straits of Malacca, p. 546 (1875).

Male. Anterior wings soot}' l)lack, the nervules more or less broadly margined with greyish, fringe
alternately greyish and black ; posterior wings bright and pale golden yellow, the neuration, costal margin
(broadest at base), abdominal margin, and outer margin (inwardly scalloped, and with the last three
scalloped spots divided by the median nervules inwardly margined with powdery fuscous) black. Wings
beneath as above, but anterior wings with the greyish markings more distinct than above, and tinged with
yellowish towards inner margin ; posterior wings with the powdery fuscous near anal angle much less
distinct than above, aud with two contiguous black spots above anal angle ; extreme bases of both wings
beneath edged with carmine. Head and pronotum black, the last with a narrow anterior carmine collar ;
abdomen above fuscous, with the segmental incisures ochraceous and the anal valves greyish ; thorax,
beneath and legs black ; abdomen beneath yellow.

■ Prof. Westwood has made some true observations on this point: — "Another difficulty, unknown to the older

writers has ai'iseu £i-om the exploration of numerous adjacent localities, which, whilst it has added greatly to our

knowledge of new aud quite distinct species, has also shown that the wide geographical range of a species is often attended
with the development of slightly modified races, which have by some writers been mdifferently regarded as distinct species,
or have been sunk to the rank of local varieties. Thus, of the gigantic types of the diurnal Lepidoptera, which, from their size,
have been well named Ornithoptcrus, and which are natives of the East, we find the single species Papilio Priamus, in
Mr. Kirby's C'atabjgue, made to comprise not fewer than seventeen of these local forms. These have been specifically named
and regarded by others as distinct species" (Trans. Lmn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. loG).

\ Amongst the most beautiful of the species may be mentioned the 0. urvilliana, described by Guerin-Meneville, in 1829,
from specimens obtained in New Ireland dm-ing the voyage of the ' Coquille,' and of which nothing more was known tiU
1877, when specunens were sent home fi'om that island by the Eev. G. Brown. The male in this species is of a lovel}- blue
colour. Another splendid species is the 0. croesus, discovered by Mr. Wallace in the island of Batchian, and described by that
naturalist, the males of which are " velvety black and fiery orange." Mr. Wallace describes the excitement under which he
first captured this entomological prize : — " On taliing it out of my net, and opening the glorious wings, my heart began to beat
violently, the blood rushed to my head, and I felt much more like faulting than I have done when in apprehension of
immediate death" (• The Malay Ai-chipelago, 3rd ed. p. 336). Tliese are the sensations of the searchers for "hid treasures" in
Palestine, and Dr. Thompson tells us that he has " heard of diggers actually faintmg when they have come upon even a single
coin" (' The Land and the Book,' p. 135).

\

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

327

Female. Larger than the male, the anterior wings with the greyish markings more distinct, the
posterior wings above possessing a submarginal series of large black spots, the basal black area larger than
in male, and occupying base of cell, and continued for about half the length of cell between the median and
submedian nervures, an irregularly shaped black spot at anal angle ; posterior wings beneath as above,
but the black inner margin of cell continued and fused with the lower submarginal spot.

Exp. wings, (? , 98 to 14.5 millim. ; 2 (one spec), 145 millim.

Hab.— Continental India; Gudwal (coll. Dist.) ; Sikkim (de Nice ville). —Malay Peninsula; Perak
(Kiinst.— coll. Semper) ; Selangor— Kwala Lumpor (Biggs— coll. Dist.). — Siam (Thomson— coll. Godm.
and Salv.1.

Fig. 100. — Oniithoptera rhadamanthus, J ,

Some confusion formerly existed as to the identity of this species, Boisduval's types,
—derived from Cochin China and Manilla, — forming a composite species,* of which the
Philippine insect has been correctly separated by G. R. Gray mider the name of 0. nephereus.
I am indebted to my friend Mr. 0. Salvin for comparing my figure of the Perak female with
those in his own collection from N. India, and which he writes me do not disagree. Mr. Salvin
also writes, " Ornithoptem rhadamanthus, var, Thomsonii, Bates, ex Siam, is based upon two
MALE specimens, which are hardly to be distinguished from 0. rhadamanthus of N. India. The
wings are rather more elongate, but the difference is very slight and not constant."

The male here figured (Tab. XXVII. a, fig. 5) is a very dwarfed form captured at Kwala
Lumpor by the Eev. L. C. Biggs ; the female (of which a woodcut is given) is a Perak specimen
kindly lent me for examination by Herr Georg Semper, of Altona.

•■= Boisduval distinctly describes the female as having on the iiosterior wings " la bordure precedee d'lm rang de taches
ovales," wliich agrees with what is here understood as his species, whilst he describes as his var. A, a " femelle ayant la bordure
entierement confluente avec les taehes," which entu-ely denotes the Phihppine species renamed by G. E. Gray.

328 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

2. Ornithoptera hephaestus. (Tab. XXVII., fig. 3 <? , 4 ? .)

Papilio HephtBstus, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lep. i. p. 16, u. 8 (1805).
Ornithoptera Leda, Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xsv. p. 39, n. 8 (1865).

Male. Anterior wings velvety black, the outer marginal fringe alternately greyish-white and black;
posterior wings bright pale golden yellow, the neuration, outer margin (inwardly scalloi>ed), abdominal
margin, and basal area — crossing upper end of cell and terminating on costal margin beyond middle of
costal nervure — black. Wings beneath as above ; anterior wings generally with the median nervules more
or less margined with greyish ; posterior wings with the portion of the scalloped margin situate between
the second and third median nervules broken and maculate, and with a notched black spot on abdominal
area a little above anal angle. Body above with the head and pronotum black, the last with an anterior
carmine collar ; abdomen above fuscous, the segmental incisures ochraceous, and with a basal central pale
fascia ; thorax beneath and legs black, the first with its margins at bases of wings carmine ; abdomen
beneath yellow.

Female. Larger than the male, the posterior wings above with a submarginal series of black spots,
the one between the second and third median nervules touching the scalloped margin, two large
spots — sometimes fused into an elongate jjatch — at anal angle. Wings beneath as above ; the anterior
■wings with the neuration more or less obscurely margined with greyish, and sometimes with a distinct
greyish patch near posterior angle, the spots on the posterior wings sometimes narrowly margined with
bluish-grey.

Var. a. S . Posterior wings with the scalloped margin between the second and third median nervules
broken and macular as beneath, and with a more or less distinct submarginal series of minute black spots
placed between the nervules — more distinct beneath than above.

Var. a. 2 . (Tab. XXVII., fig. 2.)

Ornithoptera ruficollis, Butl., 5 , Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 552, u. 1 (1877).

Anterior wings above sometimes black as in typical specimens (Tab. XXVIL, fig. 4) or streaked with
greyish at end of cell, and with the nervules more or less broadly margined with greyish ; posterior wings
with the submarginal row of sjiots larger.

Exp. wings, <? , 140 to 150 millim. ; 2 , 168 to 185 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier and Dist.) ; Perak (Biggs — coll. Dist.). —
Celebes (colls. Wallace, Felder, Gosse) ; Menado (coll. Dist.).

This is a race of the 0. pompeus, Cram., and which has another closely allied race or
species in the North Indian 0. cerberus, Feld. Mr. Butler had described the female specimen
in my own collection (Tab. XXVII., fig. 2) as the female of his 0. ruficollis, but this is at once
seen to be an error by the wings beneath having their bases carmine, a character not found in
0. ruficollis.

b. Extrevie bases of uings beneath not/ringed tcith caniiinr.

3. Ornithoptera ruficollis. (Tab. XXVII., fig. 1 <? .)

Ornithoptera ruticoUis, Butler, Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 552, u. 1 (1877), (part).

Male. Anterior wings velvety black ; apex of cell, and the area above and beyond apex of cell elougately
continued along the nervules, ochraceous ; fringe alternately grey and white. Posterior wings bright and
pale golden yellow, the neuration, costal, abdominal and outer margins — the last narrow and scalloped

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

329

internally — black ; between the second and third median nervules the scalloped margin is continued as an
elongate spot. Wings beneath as above, the markings on the anterior wings somewhat paler, brighter and
more grej'ish. Head and pronotum black, with an anterior carmine collar ; abdomen above pale yellow,
the basal half tinged with brownish ; thorax beneath and legs black ; al)domeu beneath pale yellow ; anal
valves greyish white.

1"IG. 107. — Ondth'iptera ruJjcoUi--, 5 .

Female. Anterior wings above velvety blackish, with the following greyish markings : — two large
contiguous spots at end of cell, the area above and beyond apes of cell elongately continued alongi^the
nervules, and a spot near apex of second and third median nervules and of submedian nervure. Posterior
wings above very bright and pale yellow ; the neuration, a large basal transverse patch extending from
base of cell to costal margin beneath the costal nervure, the abdominal margin, and the posterior margin
inwardly scalloped and connected with a submarginal series of six large spots placed between the nervules,
the three uppermost of which are irregularly rounded, the fourth, fifth and sixth pyriform, black ; near the
abdominal fold and above the submedian nervure the ground-colour is dusted with dark greyish. Wings
beneath as above, but the greyish markings on the anterior wings paler beneath, and the posterior wings
not dusted with dark greyish near abdominal margin. Body above with the head and pronotum black, the
last with a narrow carmine collar ; abdomen above greyish-brown ; abdomen beneath with about half of its
lateral margin bright yellow ; thorax beneath and legs black.

Var. «. 2. (Tab. XXVII. rt, fig. 1.)

Differs from typical form of (>. ri(Jicollis by having the submarginal row of spots to the posterior
wings distinctly separated from the posterior margin.

June 20, 1885. 4 p

830 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAXA.

j
i

Exp. wings, <? , 115 to 137 millim. ; 2 , 140 to 155 millim. |]

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak ,

(Kiinstler — Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). <

As already explained (antea, p. 328), when Mr. Butler described this species the true ;

female had not been received, and he described a specimen in my own collection as l)eing the '

missing sex of 0. ruficoUis. Since then, by the kind assistance of Dr. Anderson, I have been i

able to examine a fine series of both sexes, and no mistake can be made if the bases of the ,

wings beneath are consulted, as in 0. hephestus these are tinged with carmine — a character |j

totally absent in 0. ruficoUis. i

B. Onti'r iiiiiniiii of (interior tcbujs nearly straight.

4. Ornithoptera brookeana. (Tab. XXVII. h, fig. 1 <? ; XXYII. a, fig. 4 2 .)

Oniilhuiitera Brookiana, Wallace, Pi'oc. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 104 (1855).

Ornithoptera Brookeana, Hew. Ex. Butt. i. Oni. d Pa/i. t. 1, f. 1 (1855|; Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv.

p. 40, n. 16 (1865) ; Gosse, Ent. vol. xiv. p. 156 (1881) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 291,

t. 27, f. 5-8 (1882).
Papilio Brookeana, Snell. Lep. v. Midd. Sum. p. 24, n. 1 (1880).
PapUio Troi/on, Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 69, t. 6 (1860).

Male. Wrings above velvety black, the fringe narrowly grej'ish ; anterior wings with a series of seven
large submarginal lanceolate, metallic, emerald-greenish spots, broadest inwardly, and each centrally
divided by the neuration, the uppermost smallest and situate on the lower subcostal nervule, the seventh
broadest and divided bj' the submedian nervure ; posterior wings with the disk from near base to about
one-third beyond cell metallic emerald-greenish, divided by the black neuration. \Vings beneath black,
but more opaque than above ; anterior wings with the greenish spots smaller and more obliterated than
above, followed by some more or less distinct greyish duplex spots divided by the uervules, the basal costal
area, and a broad curved streak beneath base of cell, metallic-blue ; posterior wings with some metallic-
bluish spots at base, and with a broad submarginal greyish fascia, which is outwardly lunate and inwardly
more or less effectively encloses a series of black spots. Body and legs black, base of head above and
a broad pronotal collar dark brilliant carmine ; thorax beneath with the posterior margins of the meso-
and metasternums, and a maculate tuft on each side of base of abdomen dark brilliant carmine.

Female. Wings above less intense and brilliant black than in the male, the anterior wings also
differing in having the emerald-green spots replaced above the lower discoidal nervule by a large subapical
greyish-white patch, divided by the black nervules and outwardly deeply and acutely cleft ; posterior wings
with the discal emerald-greenish patch having the dividing neuration more broadly blackened, shaded with
bluish at base, and outwardly bordered by a submarginal lanceolate dark greyish fascia, which is palest
towards apex ; wings beneath paler and more fuscous than above ; anterior wings with the emerald spots
above as well as the subapical patch greyish-white beneath, those beneath the cell inwardly tinged with
greenish, the metallic-blue markings as in male ; posterior wings with a broad submarginal greyish-white
fascia, outwardly lunate and inwardly more or less effectively enclosing a series of spatulate dark spots.
Body above with the pronotal collar less broadly carmine than in male, the abdomen dark olivaceous-
brown ; abdomen beneath blackish, the sternum and base of abdomen marked with carmine as in male.

Exp. wings, S , 166 to 172 millim. ; 2 , 172 to 180 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Gosse; Kiinstler — Calc. Mus. ; Lowe — coll. Dist.); Malacca

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 331

(Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Jobore (Annesley).* — Sumatra (Snellen). — Borneo; Sarawak (Wallace); Sandakan
(Pryer) ; Banjermasin (coll. Dist.).

This very beautiful butterfly holds au intermediate position between the subgenera
Ornithoptera and Papilio, but, as argued by Mr. Wallace, it agrees with Ornithoptera " in the
form and stoutness of the wings, the long, stout and curved antennae, the red collar and
patches at the base of the wings beneath, the abdominal fold, and the flight and general
appearance."! For many years the female was quite unknown, and though contained in some
very few collections was subsequently first described by Mr. P. H. Gosse. I It is still, however,
exceedingly scarce. Mr. Low, the Kesident at Perak, through whose kind assistance the first
examples of this species from the Peninsula reached my hands, wrote to Mr. Logan that the
specimens were all males, as " the females are rarely met with." Two females only have
passed through my hands, one belonging to Mr. Godfery, and the other (now contained in my
own collection) having been captured by Mr. K. D. Hewett at Kinta, in Perak, and that the
only example amidst a collection of some hundred male specimens. Herr Kiinstler, who has
spent some time in Perak collecting Natural-History specimens, has forwarded me the following
information as to the species : § — "During the last five years I have caught over a thousand
males, and about fifteen females only. On some days the males are very plentiful ; a man may
catch as many as fifteen to twenty in a day. On other days they are not to be seen. I have
only seen them in the Kinta district in Perak nearly all the year round, but principally in
March, April, May and June, in showery weather, when they are to be seen flying over muddy
streams (coming from the tin mines) with overhanging jungle. They generally resort to spots
where there is decayed animal matter, and may, in fact, be enticed to those spots if the same
is suitably prepared. Have never bred any, but have once observed a female laying one egg
on a creeper ; — the egg was lost on my removing. The female is so scarce that during the
three months in which, with the assistance of three men, I obtained over 800 males, I did not
get a single female, and only saw during that period from twenty to tbirty females, which were
flying high and settled only on flowers on high trees. The bait which attracted the males
never attracted the females, which fly mostly by themselves, and seldom near the males,
excepting when the latter are in pursuit of them."

Mr. F. W. Burbidge, during his travels in Borneo, observed this species in abundance.
He writes : — "Now and then the most splendid Ornithoptera are seen, their strong and swift
flight resembling that of a bird. One lovely fellow, fully six inches across the wings, settled

on my boot as I remained motionless watching it These delicate insects are generally

most numerous by rivers, or in sunny places by the dry beds of streams, and, singularly
enough, are most abundant during the cool wet monsoon." ||

This butterfly, in the male sex at least, will soon be a drug in collections. Thousands
have been recently sent to Europe, and I was lately told by an extensive cabinet and

'■'■ I record a capture of the species at Johore on the authority of a communication from Mr. Godfery.
+ Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 41 (1866). I ' Entomologist,' vol. xiv. p. 156 (1881).

§ This information was forwarded in 1883. || ' The Gardens of the Sim,' p. 260.

832 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

furniture maker that he had been offered a large quantity at a low rate for the decoration of
screens ! *

Subgenus PAPILIO.

The principal diagnostic characters of Papilio have already been given {antea, p. 324), and
the characters by which Ornithoptera differs in a subgeneric sense have also been described
{antea, p. 325), so that it only remains to give the structural characters of the groups into
which Papilio is divided.

One great feature in Papilio is the extraordinary diversity of coloration found among its
species. Even in this fauna we have melanie types, like P. pammon, P. isivara, and others,
whilst in P. antiphates we have a totally dissimilar and paler coloration. The whole question
as to the coloration of insects is still extremely obscure, though a new theory is sometimes
advanced. f

In the tropics the Papilios form no inconsiderable portion of the principal feature of
butterfly existence. Dr. Hooker vividly describes their abundance and appearance near
Darjeeling, "They were seen everywhere, sailing majestically through the still hot air, or
fluttering from one scorching rock to another, and especially loving to settle on the damp sand
of the river-edge ; where they set by thousands, with erect wings, balancing themselves with
a rocky motion, as their heavy sails inclined themselves to one side or the other ; resembling a
crowded fleet of yachts on a calm day. Such an entomological display cannot be surpassed."^
In Angola, Mr. Monteiro found the finest Papilios, in contrast to the shade-loving habits of
some other genera, " only in the full sunshine, on the low bushes and flowering plants,
skirting, as with a broad belt, the woods or forest." § On the contrary, however, Mr. Bates,
when in South America, and in the rich rhopalocerous region of Para, found " those species
of Papilio which are most characteristic of the country, so conspicuous in their velvety-black,
green, and rose-coloured hues never leave the shades of the forest." || Doubieday

* It is siirprismg how many living creatures are almost exterminated by man for bis gratification in ornamentation, or to
satisfy his utilitarian propensities. Quite recently, in this country the robin was slauglitered to provide a head-ih-ess for ladies,
and at the present time the hats and bonnets of our female fi-ieuds are frecjuently decorated with the skin of some tropical bird.
At the Norfolk Broads the an?ler catches the bream for sport, and often consif,nis them to the cottager to manure liis garden ;
whilst at Skomer Island, we have recently learnt from the Rev. M. A. Mathew, that multitudes of shearwaters are "destroyed
by the farm servants, and the bodies of the bu-ds ploughed into the gi'ound as a ih-essing for wheat" (' Zoologist,' ser. 3, vol. viii.
p. 435). Even man does not spare his fellow in this civilizing process, as in the time of the gi-eat French Revolution, when,
as Carlyle tells us, the hair of the guillotined was used for the manufacture of "^jerrufyjtes blondes," and quotes Montgaillard
that at ileudon " there was a tannery of human skins ; such of the guillotined as seemed worth flaying ; of which perfectly good
wash-leather was made."

i One of the most important suggestions on this subject has recently been formuhxted by Lord Walsingliam (" On some
probable causes of a tendency to melanie variation in Lepidoptera in high latitudes," the annual Presidential Address to the
Yorkshire Naturalists' Union, Doncaster, March 3, 1885). In discussing the probable explanation of the white covermg of
many Arctic and Alpine mammals and birds, and the dark hue of many lepidopteral species in the same habitats, he has
accepted the views set forth at least by (^raven in 1846, as explanatory of tlie first phenomenon, which accounts for the same l)y
the well-known fact of white being a bad radiator of solar energy, and white-covered animals thus being able to retam their heat
to the greatest ad\antage. The dark insects, on the contrary, are considered to have their advantage in being better able to
absorb the solar radiation. Mr. Meldola lias well summarised these views in the following words : — " In the case of warm-
blooded animals the loss of heat by radiation is retarded by the white covering, whilst in insects, which develop but little heat
by respiration, it is of the utmost importance to utiUze as much as possible of the solar energy" (' Nature,' vol. xxxi. p. 505).
An excellent resMJMf of Lord Walsingham's theory has been given by Mr. J. Jenner Weir ('Entomologist,' vol. xviii. p. 81).

This theory throws little light, however, on the coloration of trojyical butterflies, a question still reipiiring suggestions
for a solution.

I ' Himalayan Journals,' vol. i. p. 143, § ' Angola,' vol. i. p. 171.

f{ ' The Naturalist on the .\mazons,' 3rd edit. p. 52.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 333

observed several species to "take long circuits, returning after the lapse of a few minutes in
the same direction, and often in precisely the same track they have just passed over. I have
often, in the old cotton-fields of East Florida, waited by the side of a large bush of some
Vaccinium, or Andromeda, for a specimen of P. ajax, which I had seen pass it ; and my patience
in remaining quiet for a few minutes has mostly been rewarded by its capture." *

As already remarked (antea, p. 322), Papilio, although treated here as a single genus,
possesses structural characters which in other families have been — and by myself in this
work — used to denote generic separation, and though several lepidopterists are now proposing
this course with Papilio, the work has been already exhaustively done by C. and R. Felder in
their ' Species Lepidopterorum,' in which the structural details which separate their sections
and subsections are fully and carefully given, so that the work of the generic creator in
Papilio is almost merely that of a proposer of new generic names. I have also followed the
method of specific grouping proposed by Mr. A. R.Wallace in his weU-known memoir, "On
the Papilionidfe of the Malayan Region."

Prof. Wood-Mason has drawn attention to "mimicry" among several Indian species
which belong to "scentless" groups, and which "mimic" other species belonging to "strong-
scented and nauseous" groups, f

NOX Group.

a. A'o.v-group, Wallace (part), J Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 23 (1865).
Sect. LXVI. et LXVII., Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 87, 84-5 (1864).

Abdominal fold in ^ very large ; anal valves small but swollen ; posterior wings simple or caudately
produced.

This is a small group of obscurely coloured species, which is almost confined to the
Indo-Malayan region, and particularly well represented in the island of Borneo. The females
are larger and always somewhat more brightly coloured than the males. In the Philippine
species P. sempcri, Feld., the posterior wings are caudately produced. §

Two species only are known to the writer as found in the Malay Peninsula. A third —
P. nox, Swains. — has been recorded by Mr. Wallace as found at Penang, on the authority of
a male specimen contained in the British Museum, but this appears to be incorrect, as
Mr. Butler, who kindly looked into the matter for me, writes " locality Penang is not attached
to our (? P. nox, and does not exist in our Register. The specimen was presented by
Dr. J. Hooker."

* Gen. Dium. Lep. vol. i. p. 7.

t Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., February, 1882, p. 103. Mr. Wood-Mason in this paper promised a more exhaustive memoir
on the subject, " Notes on the Phenomena of Mimicry, as esempUfled by the Papilionid* of our North-eastern Indian
Possessions," a pubUcation which has not yet appeared.

I Mr. Wallace proposed to include here the " Indian Philoxenus-grouTp, but this seems better treated separately as by the
Pelders in a separate section (Sect. LXIX. — Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 37 and 86), since genericaUy named Bijasa by Mr. Moore
(Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 258).

i; Mr. Wallace has also given the larval characters of this and the two following — Coon and Polydorus — groups, as
" Larvae short, thick, with mmierous fleshy tubercles ; purplish." I have not relied on these characters, as the hfe-history of
aU the butterflies included in the groups are not known ; and though analogous reasoning would point to a similarity of larval
character, we must not forget that in nature it is the miexpected that is so frequently discovered.

Sept. 25, 1885. 4 q

334 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AS A.

1. Papilio erebus. (Tab. XXXI., fig. 1 ^ , 2 s .)

Pajjilio Krebm, Wallace, Trans. Liun. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 41, u. 19 (1865).

Papilio Nox, var., De Haau, Verb. Nat. Ges. Ned. overz. Bez. p. -il, t. 5, f. 3 (1840).

Papilio Nox, Gray (part), Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 8, n. 28 (1852).

Male. Anterior wings above dark indigo-black ; posterior wings dark olivaceous ; anterior wings
beneath with the neuration beyond cell margined with pale obscure fuscous, the inner margin more or
less olivaceous ; posterior wings beneath darker than above. Body above more or less concolorous with
wings ; pronotum with a villose carmine collar ; thorax beneath and legs blackish, the lateral margins at
extreme base of wings brilliant carmine ; abdomen beneath dark fuscous.

Female. Much larger than the male ; wings above more or less concolorous with those of the male,
but the anterior wings having the median nervules margined with pale fuscous, and the remainder of the
neuration beyond cell (excluding extreme apex) margined with greyish-white; posterior wings with the
posterior margin distinctly scalloped, the fringe greyish-white, and with a series of large dark lanceolate
marginal spots placed between the nervules ; wings beneath as above, but the anterior wings having all
the nervules margined with pale greyish-white, and the apical half of cell also inwardly more or less
distinctly margined with the same colour ; posterior wings having the apices of the nervules at posterior
margin obscurely bordered -with greyish. Body coloured as in male, but with a carmine tuft between the
eyes and the apex of the abdomen beneath of the same colour.

Exp. wings, <? , 85 to 98 millim. ; 2 , 121 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Provmce Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei
Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Wallace).— Borneo; Banjermasin (De Haan).

Au opportunity has now been afforded of figuring what appears to be both sexes of
this scarce species.* Prof. Westwood, in recently describing some new species belonging
to the group, also gave a description of what he considered the female P. erebus as " black
above," which, with other characters enumerated' do not apply to the species. t

2. Papilio varuna. (Tab. XXXI., fig. 3 <? , 4 ? .)

Papilio Varuna, White, 'Entomologist,' i. p. 280 (1842); Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 8, n. 27 (1852);

Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 98, n. 199 (1857); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc.

vol. xxv. p. 42, n. 20 (1865) ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 553, u. 20 (1877).
Papilio Vhara, Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 37 (1842); Arc. Ent. ii. t. 66, f. 2 (1844).
Papilio Astorion, Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 37 (1842); Arc. Ent. ii. t. 66, f. 1 (1844).

Male. Anterior wings above dark glossy blackish, with an olivaceous tinge, and with a few greyish
streaks near outer angle (these are absent in some specimens) ; posterior wings dark shining olivaceous ;
anterior wings beneath as above, but with a series of longitudinal greyish strigae on outer half of wing,
faintest at apex and most distmct and palest at outer angle ; posterior wings darker and blacker than
above. Body above blackish; an anterior pronotal collar and tuft between the eyes carmine; body
beneath blackish ; lateral margins of the thorax, and a large basal tuft to the abdomen carmine ; abdomen
beneath carmine, spotted with black ; legs blackish.

Female. Considerably larger than the male. Anterior wings above blackish, irrorated with obscure
grtj-ish, the last colour most distinct and prominent near the submedian nerviure; posterior wings as m f.

male; wings beneath as in male, but the anterior wings having the greyish markings larger, more
numerous, and distributed over the whole area of wing. Body as in male.

* Both sexes have been received together, and presumably represent one species, despite several and not inconsiderable
differences.

f Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 93.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 335

Exp. wings, $ , 104 to 110 millim. ; 2 , 133 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Sikkim (coll. Dist.) ; Daijeeliug (Horsf. & Moore). — Malay Peninsula;
Peuang (Brit. Mus.) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier and Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

Some difference of view exists as to the priority of the nomenclature of this species.
Mr. Kirby* records it under the name proposed by Prof. Westwood, — P. astorion, — but, after
perusing the explanatory note or almost pathetic remonstrance of Adam White, t there seems
scarcely any doubt that the usual course, and that followed by most writers, of giving White's
name priority, is inevitable.

COON I Group.

b. C'ooM-group, Wallace, Trans. Lino. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 23 (1865).
Sect. LXXI. & LXXII., Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap, pp. 38, 86 (1864).

Abdominal fold in male small ; anal valves small but swollen ; posterior wings caudately
produced.

This section embraces a small group of species which are found in Continental India,
the Andaman Islands, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and the islands of the Indo-Malayan
Region.

These butterflies have a distinct facies by their elongately produced wings, the posterior of
which are caudately developed. Two species have been received from the Malay Peninsula.

3. Papilio neptunus. (Tab. XXXIII., tig. 5 <?, 6 2 .)

Papilio Neptunus, Guerin, Deless. Souv.Iude, ii. p. 69 (1848); Wall. Traus. Linu. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 42, u. 22
(1865) ; Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 15, n. 19 (1852) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 357, n. 8 ;
Oberth. Etudes d'Ent. Quatr. Livr. p. 45, n. 62 (1879) ; Kbeil, Kbop. der Insel. Nias, p. 36, n. 138 (1884).

Papilio Satarniis, Guer. Deless. Souv. lude, ii. t. 19 (1843). j

Male. Anterior wings above blackish, with two long transverse greyish patches, the first and most
distinct crossing cell, the other near apex ; posterior wings black, with four contiguous red spots above
anal angle, one small above the upper median nervule, the two largest divided by the second median
nervule and the fourth, minute, beneath the lower median nervule ; caudate prolongation long and
slender, black. Wings beneath as above. Body above and beneath with legs black ; abdomen with
nearly apical half ochraceous, lateral margins of thorax beneath at extreme base of wings carmine.

Female. Wings broader than in male, the greyish patches to the anterior wings larger, paler and
brighter ; posterior wings with the uppermost red spot sometimes missing as in the specimen figured
(tig. 6) ; caudate prolongation broader and more spatulate.

Exp. wings, <y & 2 , 95 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (coll. Oberth. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.
and Sauer) ; Perak (Kiinstler — Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (Wallace). — Nias Island (Kheil). — Borneo (Druce and
Wallace).

■■■ Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 553, n. 227 (la71). t Entomological Notices, p. 9.

I P. coon, Pabr., is a species found in Sumatra, Java, autl Borneo, and is replaced on the continent by P. douhledayi,

§ Guerin's plate was lettered erroneously, the species being fixed by that author's description.

336 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

This does not appear to be an abundant species ; it was not contained in the large
collection made by Capt. Pinwill at Malacca, and has been included in very few of those sent
home to the writer as contributory material for this work.

4. Papilio doubledayi. (Tab. XXXIII., fig. 4 s .)

Pajiitiii Douhlcldi/i, Wallace, Trans. Linu. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 42, note (1865) ; Oberth. ^fitudes d'Ent. Quatr.
Livr. p. 45, u. 64 (1879) ; Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 323, t. 32, f. 17, 18 (1882).

Female. Anterior wings above dark fuliginous, with dark fuscous streaks in cell and along and
between the nervules ; posterior wings black, with two white spots in cell, five similarly coloured spots
beyond cell, of which two almost subquadrate are separated by the lower subcostal nervule, the other three
oblong and divided by the median nervules, the innermost spot longest ; three submarginal greyish spots
divided by the lower subcostal and discoidal nervules and two red marginal spots, one at apex of second
median nervule and the other at anal angle ; caudate prolongation black. Anterior wings beneath as
above ; posterior wings as above, but with an additional spot in cell and two additional spots beyond cell,
one between the discoidal and upper median nervules and one above the upper subcostal nervule, the lower
submarginal greyish spot tinged with reddish, and an additional submarginal red spot between the first
and second median nervules. Head and pronotum black, with an anterior pronotal collar and a tuft
between the eyes carmine ; abdomen above ochraceous, the base and some dorsal spots black ; thorax
beneath and legs black, lateral margins of the thorax at extreme base of wings carmine ; abdomen beneath
ochraceous, spotted with black.

Exp. wings, ? , 125 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Assam (Wallace); N.E. Himalayas (coll. Dist.). — Burma (coll. Dist.) ;
Moulmein (Wallace). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

This appears to be a very scarce Papilio in the Malay Peninsula, as I have only seen
one specimen from that locaUty, and that an example from Province Wellesley in my own
collection.* I have given the description of that specimen, but the species would seem to
be very variable, as I have Burmese examples in which the white spots in the cell of the
posterior wings are amalgamated and the surrounding spots also larger, whilst in one specimen
I possess, from the N.E. Himalaya, the spots in the cell are almost obsolete.

POLYDOEUS\ Group.

c. Piili/dorus-gron^), Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 23 (1865).

Sec. LXXm., Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 87 (1864).'

Menelaides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 151 (1881).

Abdominal fold in male small, or none ; anal valves small or obsolete, hairy ; posterior wings
simple or caudately produced.

This is a somewhat larger group of species, the distribution of which is focussed in the
Malayan Archipelago, throughout which region it is found. One species only is known from
the Malay Peninsula.

* Smce this was wTitteu I have beeu advised by Mr. Walter Egerton of a specimen taken at the Langkawi Islands,
off the coast of Quedah.

f P. polydorus, Linn., is a species found in many of the eastern islands of the Malay Peninsula, but not in this fauna.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 337

6. Papilio aristolochiae var. diphilus. (Tab. XXXI., figs. 6 & 7 vars.)

Papilio Amtnlochia:, Fabricius, Syst. Eut. p. 443, n. 3 (1775) ; Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lepkl. p. 258, u. 78 (1869) ;

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 840.
Papilio Polidonis, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 128, A, B (1779).
Papilio Pohjdorus, Jabl. Naturs. Schmett. ii. t. 15, f. 8 (1784); Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 71, u. 180 (1819);

Boisd. Spec. Gen. i. p. 267, u. 90 (1836); De Haan, Verb. Nat. Ges. Ned. overz. Bez. p. 88, t. 8,

f. 1 (1840).
Papilio Diphilus, Esper, Ausl. Scbmett. t. 40 B, f, 1 (1785—1798); Hiibn. Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1806—

1816) ; Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 10, n. 34 (1852) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i.

p. 94, n. 190 (1857) ; Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 79, n. 73 (1860) ; Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 43,

n. 26 (1865) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 756 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, n. 8 ; Pryer,

Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xiv. p. 52 (1877) ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 553, n. 21 (1877) ;

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 153, n. 81 ; Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 329, t. 38,

f. 17—20 (1882).
Menelaides AristolochitB, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 259.
Papilio Adainas, Zink. Nova. Acta. Ac. Nat. Cur. xv. p. 144 (1831).
Poh/dorus Thoas, Swains. Zool. 111. Ins. ii. t. 101 (1833).

Male. Anterior wings above fuliginous, the basal area blackish, and the remaining area streaked with
blackish, both in cell and between the nervules ; posterior wings blackish, with five whitish spots beyond
cell, the first and smallest situate above the discoidal nervule, the fifth between the lower median nervule
and the submedian nervure, and a submarginal row of six reddish spots placed between the nervules, of
which the upper three are the most obscure ; a red spot above anal angle more or less fused with the inner
whitish spot. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler ; posterior wings with the red spots larger and
brighter than above, and with a small additional whitish spot within and just before end of cell (this spot
is frequently visible above). Head and pronotum black, with an anterior pronotal collar and a tuft between
the eyes carmine-red ; abdomen red, spotted above and beneath with black ; thorax beneath and legs
black; lateral margins of the thorax at base of wings carmine-red.

Female. Kesembling the male, but with the anterior wings broader, and the red submarginal spots
to the posterior wings rather more obscure.

Exp. wings, (7 & $ , 70 to 90 millim.

Hab.— Continental India; N.W. Provinces (Swinhoe — Butler; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking — Moore);
Bengal (Moore); Calcutta (Horsf. & Moore). — Burma; Moulmein (Limborg). — Tenasserim; Meetan,
Hatsiega, Naththoung to Paboga (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Province
Wellesley (colls. Sailer and Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinstl. — Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Siam ;
Nahconchaisee (Druce). — Java (Voll. and coll. Wallace). — China ; Chekiaug and Kiangsu Provinces (Pryer).

This is a very variable species, the race found in the Malay Peninsula being somewhat
inconstant in character, especially by the presence or absence of the whitish spot in and near
the end of cell of the posterior wing. When a series of specimens are examined, collected over
a large area, and combining typical examples of P. aristolochice and P. diphilus, the difficulty of
properly separating these forms seems to be insuperable, and Mr. Moore — who cannot be accused
of too synthetic an arrangement of species — has recently published the two names as synonyms.*

The flight of this butterfly has been differently described. Capt. de la Chaumette reports
it (when observed in Continental India) as being " slow and heavy" ;f whilst at Malacca the
Rev. L. C. Biggs describes it as having "a curious hurried flight," and that it "will often
bear you company for quite a long distance upon the road, returning even after being

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 2o9. f Ent. Month. Mag. vol. ii. p. 37.

Sept. 25, 1885. 4 p.

838 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

threatened with the net."* Mr. L. cle Niceville states that the " species contains in itself the
elements of protection in having a very strong somewhat rose-like odour, which is probably
distasteful to birds." t

The larva and pupa of this insect were discovered by Horsfield in Java, drawings of wliich
have been published. I In India the larva is recorded as feeding on " Aristolochia." ^

PERANTHUS Group.

e. Peranthus-gTonp, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 23 (1865).
Sect. LXIII., Sub-sect. C, Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 34, 83 (1864).
Hariiiuila, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 145 (1881).

The characters of this and the four following groups are thus given by Mr. Wallace : —
" Larvae with third segment swollen, transversely or obliquely banded ; pupa much bent. Imago
with abdominal margin in <? plaited, but not reflexed." Posterior wings often caudately produced.

This is a small and distinctly coloured group of PapiUos, all more or less marked with
metallic-greenish scales. P.peranthus, Fabr. (the name of which Mr. Wallace has applied to the
group) is found in Java and some of the neighbouring islands, most of the other species being
scattered throughout the Malayan Archipelago ; the group is also represented in Coutiueutal
India ; one species is found in Ceylon and one in this fauna.

0. Papilio brama. (Tab. XXXII., fig. 4 3 .)

Papilio Brama, Guerin, Kev. Zool. 1840, p. 43, t. 1, f. 3, 4 ; Deless. Souv. lude, ii. p. 71 (1843) ; Wall. Traus.

Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 46, n. 39 (1865) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 357, n. 15.
P. Palinurus, De Haan (nee Fabr.), Verb. Nat. Ges. Ned. overz. Bez. p. 28, t. 7, f. 3 (1840).

Male. Wrings above fuscous, thickly covered with minute greenish scales ; anterior wings with a
transverse metallic-greenish fascia crossing wing at end of cell — where it is narrowest — and reaching inner
margin near outer angle — where it is broadest ; posterior wings with a similarly colom'ed fascia crossing
wing from between the subcostal nervules — where it is broadest — to the abdominal margin near anal
angle — where it is narrowest ; a dark spot lunulated with dull red and violaceous at anal angle, and a
marginal series of greenish lunulate spots ; caudate appendages dark fuscous. Wings beneath dark
brownish, somewhat thickly covered with minute ochraceous scales ; anterior wings with a broad pale
brownish fascia transversely crossing wing near apex — broadest at costal margin and narrowest at outer
angle ; posterior wings with the outer margin paler and containing a marginal series of dark lunulate spots
irrorated with dull reddish and violaceous, the spot at apex inwardly greyish-white. Body above and
beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Eesembling the male, but larger, and with the metallic-greenish fascia to the anterior
wings narrower.

Exp. wings, S , 88 to 90 millim. ; 2 , 100 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Sumatra
(Wallace). — Borneo (Druce).

This was considered one of the rarest species when the writer collected in the
Peninsula. A female Malaccan specimen sent home by the Eev. L. C. Biggs had tliis

* Month. Packet, vol. ii. p. 191 (1881). \ 'The Asian Sporting Newspaper,' vol. iv. \}. 175 (1880).

\ Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. t. 11, f. 5, 5a.
§ Capt. de la Chaumette, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. ii. p. 37 (1865).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 339

label attached : — " On Bamboo in compound of Malay house, at 4.30 p.m., composing itself
for the night."

MEMNON Group.

f. j¥«?Hwo?i-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 23 (1865).

Sect. LXV., Sub-sect. C. Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 86, 83, 84 (1864).

Iliades, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 88 (1816j; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 147 (1881).

This is one of the most typical and interesting groups in the Malayan Papilionince, and
is distributed from Continental India and the Malay Peninsula throughout the Malayan
Archipelago. It is in relation to species of this group that Mr. Wallace lirst formulated his
celebrated conclusions as to the dimorphism, trimorphism, and polymorphism in the character
of the female sex, conclusions that were subsequently accepted and corroborated by
Mr. Trimen, who made similar observations in South Africa, and since supplemented by
Mr. W. H. Edwards in North America, who has shown seasonal variation in species belonging
to that fauna.

One dominant species of this group, P. (ujenor,— and one found in this fauna, — has been
recorded by Mr. Wallace * as having two forms of the female ; but since then Mr. Butler has
treated one of these and two others as distinct species, considering he can separate the males,
and that it is only the non-appreciation of the lesser differences observable in the male sex
that has induced observers to consider them as one species.

The difficulty of deciding which of these views to accept (in the absence of exact breeding
experiments) has been much enhanced to the writer by having to deal with six distinct female
forms, if the view of one species only be adopted, whilst, on the other hand, a number of males
have been submitted to Mr. Butler, who has discriminated three species, according to his
view, and another since received varies sufficiently on these lines to be estimated as a fourth.
This gives four males only to six females, and therefore, awaiting the decision of the breeder,
I have adopted a tentative course here, treating the different forms as subspecies or distinctly
recognised varieties, f and it is to be hoped that Mr. Biggs or Mr. Durnford will soon settle
the question.

7. Papilio agenor. (Tab. XXIX., tig. 1 2 .)

PaplUu Ayenor, Linnajus, Mus. Ulr. p. 194 (1764) ; Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 747, n. 14 (1767) ; Clerck, Icoues,

t. 15 (1764) ; Cram, Pap. Ex. i. t. 32, A, B (1775) ; Godt. Enc. Metli. ix. p. 28, n. 9 (1819) ; Aimvill.

(part), Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Band 19, no. 5, p. 18 (1882).
Papilio Androyeus, Wall, (part), Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 47, u. 44 (1865) ; Oberth. (part), Etudes d'Ent.

Quatr. Livr. p. 34, n. 11 (1879).
Papilio Memnon, Gray (part). Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 13, u. 47 (1852) ; Horsf. & Moore (part), Cat. Lep. Mus.

E.I. C. vol. i. p. 99, u. 202 (1857); Beak, (part), Proc. Eut. Soc. PhU. iii. p. 449 (1864).

Female. Anterior wings above jmle fuscous, with dark longitudinal fuscous streaks in cell and
between the uervules ; about half of inner marginal area, and about half of outer marginal area

* Under the name of P. androgens, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 47, n. 44 (1865).

f Painlio cenea, an African butterfly, has been shown by the breeding experiments of Mr. Mansel Weale, to have four
distinct forms, one miale and three female, and Mr. Trimen, in commenting on this observation, remarks that " the males
present the customary amoimt of variation" (Trans. Ent. Boo. Lond. 1874, pp. 181 & 137 et seq.

340 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

greyish-white ; a triangular carmine spot occupying base of cell, beneath which the base of wing is also
black : posterior wings greyish-white, the basal and cellular areas, neuration, abdominal margin, and
a submarginal row of large spots placed between the nervules (that at anal angle smallest), black ; these
spots are followed by marginal ochraceous coloration, which is also more or less distributed on the
abdominal area. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler ; posterior wings as above, but with carmine
basal spots and without the ochraceous marginal coloration. (Body mutilated.) *

Male. I am not sure of this sex, but it is closely allied to the males of the following five species,
subspecies, or varieties? and will be almost indistinguishable from them above, only differing? by the
nature and arrangement of the spots to the under surface of the posterior wings.

Exp. wings, 2 , 155 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore t (Godfery).

One mutilated specimen, collected by Mr. Godfery at Singapore, is the only example
I have seen from the Malay Peninsula.

la. Papilio phoenix, n.sp. or var.2 (Tab. XXVII. i, fig. 7 2.)

Female. Anterior wings above fuscous, with the neuration and longitudinal streaks in cells and
between the nervules blackish, a large triangular red spot occupying base of cell, a very small red spot
beneath base of cell, and the basal area beneath cell black ; posterior wings black, dusted with a few
scattered bluish scales, beneath cell and from lower subcostal nervnile to abdominal margin the colour is
greyish-white, with the neuration blackish, the outer marginal area dull reddish, containing a submarginal
series of large blackish spots (that above anal angle smallest), the posterior margin and anal angle
also black. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler; posterior wings as above, but with basal red
spots and the submarginal black spots continued to apex, the two uppermost margined above with reddish.
Body and legs dark fuscous.

Exp. wings, 2 , 140 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

A female specimen collected by myself in Province Wellesley, in 1868, is the only
example which I possess or have observed in any other collection. For the reasons given
above, it is here treated provisionally as a subspecies under a distinctive name; it may
probably be proved hy breeding to be a seasonal form or variety of P. agenor.

Ih. Papilio cilix, n.sp. or rm-. ? (Tab. XXIX., fig. 4 <? (t 5 2 .)

Male. "Wings above dark gi-eenish, the anterior wings with the cellular area, basal area beneath cell,
the neuration, and longitudinal streaks between the nervules blackish, and a reddish basal streak in cell ;
posterior wings brighter and paler greenish, the basal area, the neuration and longitudinal streaks between
the nervules blackish, and an obscure reddish spot at anal angle. Anterior wings beneath paler greenish,
the neuration, longitudinal streaks in cell and between the nervules and basal area beneath cell blackish,
a triangular basal red spot in cell ; posterior wings blackish, with basal red spots, the outer marginal area
somewhat more opaque, containing a submarginal row of spots inwardly bordered with bluish-green placed
between the nervules, and a marginal series of three spots situate between the discoidal nervule and the
lower median nervule ; a large subquadrate anal-angular space reaching the second median nervule reddish,

* This descriptiou is taken fi-om a badly mutilated specimen taken at Singapore.

+ The ^^Titer has only recorded the locahty from which he has received this form of the species, and is unable to
quote the habitats given by other authors, as their treatment appUes also to the following forms as varieties of P. agenor;
a conclusion which may be correct, but is not yet verified.

BHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 341

containing two of the submarginal and one of the marginal sjDots, the anal angle also black. Body above
more or less eoncolorous with wings.

Female. Anterior wings above as in P. 2)hoe7iix, but with an obscure pale fascia near apex ; posterior
wings blackish, dusted with some scattered minute metallic-greenish scales, three large greyish-white spots
separated by the first and second median nervules, — the uppermost more or less obsolete ; these pale
spots are followed by three large dark black marginal spots, the lowermost of which is posteriorly margined
with red, a lai-ge reddish patch at anal-angular area, containing a rounded black spot with the extreme
angle itself black. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler, and with a greyish patch at inner margin
and a smaller one beyond cell ; posterior wings beneath as above, but darker, with basal red spots,
the reddish patch at anal-angular area larger, a marginal series of large black spots placed between
the nervules, the reddish patch also containing two submarginal spots ; extreme anal angle black as
above. Body and legs fuscous or black.

Exp. wings, S , 116 millim. ; ? , 147 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.).

This interesting form, for tlie acquisition of which I am indebted to the exertions of the
Rev. L. C. Biggs in Malacca, is closely allied — especially in the female sex — to P. thunbergii,
Sieb.,* a Japanese insect. Whether its position in relation to P. agenor is that of a distinctly
specific or varietal character is, as stated before, a perfectly open question, and one awaiting
solution.

Ic. Papilio esperi. (Tab. XXVIII., fig. 1 <? , f and 6 2 .)

Papiliu Esperi, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 553, n. 17, t. Ixviii. fig. 7 (1877).
Papilio Protenor (part), Esper (uec Cramer), Ausl. Schmett. t. 29, f. 2 (1785-98).

Male. Wings above and beneath resembling those of P. cilix, but the posterior wings beneath
having the marginal spots continuous and inwardly bounded by more or less distinct reddish lunules, the
spots in the red anal-angular area also much larger.

Female. Resembling the male above, but with the anterior wings dark greyish, the basal area,
neuration, and longitudinal streaks between the nervules black, and with a large diffused broad subapical
whitish fascia. Posterior wings as in male, but with a reddish spot at anal angle, and sometimes a
smaller but similarly coloured spot on posterior margin between the third median nervule and submedian
nervure. Anterior wings beneath as above ; posterior wings beneath as in male, the spots in the red
anal-angular patch somewhat smaller, and the red submarginal lunules obsolete.

Exp. wings, S , 145 millim. ; $ , 140 to 155 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Quedah (coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Saiier) ; Malacca (Piuwill —
Brit. Mus. ; Biggs— coll. Dist.).

Id. Papilio mestor. (Tab. XXVIIL, figs. 2 ,? , + 7 2.)

Iliades :\Iesto,; Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89, n. 931 (181G).

Papilio Mestor, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 553, n. 18 (1877).

Papiliu Amirorjeos, $ , Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 91, f. A, B (1779) ?.

=■■ Considered a synonjTn of P. agenor by Mr. Kirby (Syii. Cat. Diurn. Lei)., Suppl. p. 810, 1877) ; and treated as a
synonym of P. memnoii hy Mr. Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p.'873).
t As proposed by Mr. Butler.

I As proposed by ilr. Butler. The under surface of the posterior wings only given.
Sept. 25, 1885. 4 s

342 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Male. Eesembling P. esperi, but the under surface of the posterior wings having a more or less
distinct double row of marginal spots, the innermost being bounded by bluish lunules.

Female. Eesembling P. esperi, but the anterior wings having the white subapical fascia absent and
transferred to the inner marginal area ; posterior wings having the reddish anal-angular patch larger than
in P. esperi, and containing a dark spot. Wings beneath as in P. esperi, but with the corresponding
differences as above.

Exp. wings, S , 130 to 140 millim. ; ? , 142 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Quedah (coll. Dist.l ; Province Wellesley (coll. Saiier) ; Malacca (Piuwill —
Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery).

These last five species ? or varieties ? here described and figured exhibit iu a marked
degree the gradual transference of the male characteristics to the female sex. 1\ agenor, ? ,
and P. phcenix, 9 , show the strongest sexual divergence, whilst P. cilix, 2 , P. esperi, 2 , and
P. mestor, 2 , more closely, — and in the order named, — approach the hue and markings of the
male.

7 e. Papilio achates. (Tab. XXVIII., figs. 3 & 4 <? ,* 5 2 .)

Papilio Acluites, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 182, A, B (1779) ; Godt. Enc. Metb. is. p. 64, n. 107 (1819); Bull.

Trans. Lmn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 553, n. 19 (1877).
Papilio Memnon, var. Achates, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109.
Papilio Androgeos, De Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 53, u. 62 (1881),

Male. Differing principally from the same sex of the preceding species? or forms described by
having the red anal-angular patch on the under sm-face of the posterior wings much more restricted.

Female. Anterior wings above resembling those of P. plta-nix, 2 , but somewhat paler ; posterior
wings caudately produced, creamy white, the neuration (broadly), a basal patch occupying nearly half of
cell, a broad submarginal fascia, — widest and terminating at the median nervules, — anal angle and a
spot above it on abdominal margin, and the caudate appendages, black ; a patch on abdominal margin
(containing the black spot), two marginal lunulate spots divided by the median nervules, and sometimes
more obscure marginal lunulate spots extending to apex, reddish ; fringe of both wings greyish. Wings
beneath as above, the posterior wings with red basal spots. Pronotum and head black ; abdomen above
yellowish-grey, with a dorsal blackish fascia ; body beneath and legs fuscous or black.

Exp. wings, <? , 130 millim. ; 2 , 145 to 154 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Sikkim (de Niceville). — Malay Peninsula; Quedah (coll. Dist.) ; Penang
(Biggs -coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.). — Siam; Chentaboon
(Druce).

The question whether this is merely another female form of P. agenor requires solution.
Evidence in favour of its being so is found in the statement of Wallace,! that in a closely
allied species, P. memnon, \ " the males, the tailed and tailless females, have all been bred from
a single group of the larvae by Messrs. Payen and Bocaruie in Java."

•= As proposed by Mr. Butler. The under surface of the posterior wiugs only given.

t Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 6 (1865).

J P. memnon is closely allied to P. agenor, and represents the insular species, whilst P. agenor is the continental form.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 343

HELENUS Group.

g. Uelenus-gioi\]3, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 49 (1865).
Sect. LX., Sub-sect. B, Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 31, 79 (186i).
Chanis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 149 (1881).

This is a somewhat extensive group of sombre-hued Papihos, which are distributed from
Continental India to the confines of the Malayan Archipelago. Four species are found in this
fauna, the sexes of which are more or less similar, but other species are contained in the group
in which the greatest sexual dissimilarity is manifest. Prof. Wood-Mason, remarking on this
fact, infers " the probable descent of all the members of this group from an ancestor with
tailless, rounded wings in both sexes, closely resembling P. dravidarum,* but with diffused discal
markings in the hind-wings, and probably also in the fore-wings ; the conspicuous wing-
blotches of P. helemis, P. castor, \ &c., having apparently resulted from the concentration, so to
speak, of such diffused colouring in the direction of the breadth of the wing, just as have the
discal bands of spots in P. dravidarum and P. mahadena I from a similar process of modification
in the opposite direction." §

Mr. Wallace, who observed this group in their natural condition, states that P. iswara, and
another species allied to P. helenus,\\ "have an undulating flight, very like that of the South
American Morphos, or even sometimes approaching that of the large Noctuidce, and they rest
with the upper wings deflexed over the lower." U

8. Papilio helenus. (Tab. XXIX., tig. 3 <? .)

Papilio Helenus, Linnaeus, Mus. Ulr. p. 185 (1764) ; Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 745, n. 4 (1767); Cram. Pap. Ex. ii.

t. 158, A, B (1779); Clerck, Icones, t. 13, f. 2 (1764); Fabr. Syst. Eut. p. 443, n. 5 (1775); Spec.

Ins. ii. p. 3, n. 7 (1780) ; Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 18, t. 2, f. 2 (1784); Jabl. Naturs. Sclimett. ii.

p. 166, n. 40, t. 14, f. 4 (1784) ; Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 68, u. 117 (1819) ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 211,

n. 25 (1836); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 18, n. 77 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C.

vol. i. p. 101, n. 205 (1857); Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 74, n. 28 (1860); Eeak. Proc. Ent. See. Pliil. iii.

p. 464, n. 13 (1864) ; Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 50, n. 56 (1865) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1865, p. 757 ; ibid. 1878, p. 840 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 357, n. 13 ; Butl. Trans. Linn.

Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 553, n. 13 (1877) ; Oberth. Etudes d'Ent. Quatr. Livr. p. 45, n. 68 (1879) ;

Snell. Lep. v. Midd. Sum. p. 25, u. 7 (1880) ; De Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 53, u. 60 (1881) ;

Aurivill. Kongl. Sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Band 19, no. 5. p. 10 (1882) ; Gosse. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,

Zool. vol. ii. p. 300, t. 29, f. 1—3 (1882) ; Kheil, Khop. der Insel. Nias. p. 37, n. 140 (1884).
Achilliden Helenus, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85, u. 875 (1816).
Chanis Helenus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 149, t. 58, f. 3 (1881).

Male. Wings above blackish ; posterior wiugs with three large, fused, discal, pale stramineous spots,
separated by the subcostal nervules and a more or less obscure marginal series of reddish lunules not
reaching the apical area. Anterior wings beneath with longitudinal greyish rays in cell, and an outer
series of similar but broader greyish rays, becoming paler towards outer angle ; posterior wings with the
discal spots much whiter than above, the outer marginal series of reddish lunules continuous to apex,
those at anal angle enclosing black spots, and above anal angle are two others, one being macular ; fringe

* A species found in Continental India. t Another species found in Continental India.

I A Burmese species. § J. A. S. Beng. vol. xUx. p. 149 (1880).

II Probably the P. prexaspes, Feld. f ' Zoologist,' p. 4G37 (1885).

344 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

anrl extreme oi;ter margin alternately gre_yish-white between the ner\'ules, greyish slender longitudinal rays
in cell and basal area dusted with minute greyish scales. Body above black, the pronotal collar and base
of head with minute greyish spots ; body beneath blackish, the sternum spotted with greyish ; legs
blackish, the femora streaked with greyish.

Female resembling the male, but larger.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 120 to 144 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Southern India (coll. Dist.) ; Sikkim (de Nic.) ; Bengal (Moore). — Ceylon
(Moore). — Tenasserim ; Hatsiega ; Moolai to Moolat (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Penang;
Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier and Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll.
Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (Snellen). — Nias Island (Kheil). —
Java (Voll. and Oberth.). — Borneo (Druce) ; Banjermasin (coll. Dist.). — Philippines (Reakirt). — Celebes
(Piepers). — China (Gray).

This widely distributed species appears to be of migratory habits, as I received in 1879
a specimen taken at sea during a cahn, thirty miles from Singapore and nine from the nearest
land.* If during a calm one of these butterflies can be found so far at sea, it can be easily
imagined that in such a region of sudden squalls and storms involuntary migration must
frequently take place.

Herr C. Piepers, whose interesting observations of butterfly life in Celebes have been
previously referred to, gives an interesting fact relating to this species : — " While I stood on
the bank of the river, which forms at this spot an apparently still and very clear pool before
entering the cleft in the rock, from which it reappears as a foaming and thundering waterfall,
a specimen of Papilio Heknus, Linn., came flying over the water. Flying low, as is the habit
of this species, it came within a short distance of me, when I saw it suddenly half close its
wings and dive down close beside me, so that the whole body and about a third of the wings,
which slanted upwards, were immersed ; it then raised itself again out of the water and
flew away." f

According to Mr. Wade, this species in Kandy, x\mboganiua, and Kottawa forest, in Cejdon,
"frequents high jungle only." Whilst, on the same island, Mr. Mackwood describes it as "found
principally in open glades and roadways in the jungle, from about 2000 to 4000 feet." I

I have received from Penang specimens of a large dragonfly and this species, labelled
respectively by the Rev. L. C. Biggs " pursuer and pursued."

9. Papilio iswara. (Tab. XXX., figs. 1 <? , 2 2.)

rapilio Isirani, White, Eutom. i. p. 280 (1842) ; Doubl. Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 2, f. 1 (1846) ; Gray, Cat.
Lep. Papil. p. 19, n. 78 (1852) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 101, n. 204 (1857) ; Wall.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 51, u. 58 (1865); Butl. Traus. Linu. Soc, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 553,
n. 15 (1877).

Male. Wings above black ; anterior wings with obscure longitudinal brownish streaks in cell, and
still more obscure streaks on outer area, the fringe narrowly spotted with whitish ; posterior wings with
a large whitish discal macular patch, divided by the nervules, and extending from costal margin, where it

•■■ I orisinally refen-ed to this speeimen, iu error, under the name of P. hystaspes, a local form of P. Jwlenus (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Loud. 1879, p. xxx).

f Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii to xxiv, and English translation by Kirby, ' Entomologist,' x. p. 268.
4 Moore's 'Lepid. Ceylon,' vol. i. p. 149.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 345

is narrowest, to the upper median nervule where it is broadest, more or less convex inwardly and obtusely
dentate outwardly ; between the spot and the abdominal margin are three small patches of whitish scales,
a red lunulate spot above anal angle, and the fringe alternately white and black. Wings beneath less
glossy black than above ; anterior wings with the cellular margin, the longitudinal streaks in cell, and
a series of streaks near outer margin greyish ; posterior wings with the basal portion of the neuration,
longitudinal streaks in cell, and some scattered scales between the costal and subcostal nervures greyish,
the discal whitish patch narrowed and more macular, being divided by the black neuration, two lunulate
greyish spots divided by the second median nervule, three lunulate bluish spots divided by the first and
second median nervules and two red spots with black centres and outwardly margined with greyish,
one a little before and the other a little above anal angle, the last containing an upj^er violaceous streak.
Body above concolorous with wings, the pronotal collar spotted with greyish ; body beneath with legs
blackish or dark fuscous ; a streak on inner side of eyes, posterior margin of head, some spots on
presternum, longitudinal streaks on femora, and some obscure abdominal spots, greyish.

Female. Larger than the male ; anterior wings above with the longitudinal streaks paler, brighter,
and more ochraceous-brown ; posterior wings with the discal patch more stramineous than in male, and
with two red spots with black centres, one a little before and the other a little above the anal angle ;
anterior wings beneath with the outer longitudinal streaks much broader than in male ; posterior wings
beneath with the markings larger and somewhat brighter than in male.

Exp. wings, <y , 142 millim. ; $ , 152 millim.

Hab. — -Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Brit. Mus.) : Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier and Dist.) ; Malacca
(Pin will— Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Wall.).— Borneo (Wall.).

P. iswara does not appear to be an abundant species, and is apparently almost confined
to this fauna.

10. Papilio prexaspes. (Tab. XXIX., fig. 2 J .)

Papilio Prexaspes, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. i. p. 107, u. 82, t. 15, f. d (1865) ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Zool. vol. i. p. 553, n. 11 (1877).

Male. Wings above black ; posterior wings with a discal, pale stramineous, macular patch divided
by the black neuration and extending from near the apex (where it is narrowest) to the upper median
nervule (where it is broadest) inwardly somewhat convex and outwardly obtusely dentate ; fringe
alternately greyish and black ; anterior wings beneath with cellular and outer brownish longitudinal
streaks, and with a greyish spot near outer angle ; posterior wings with the macular discal patch whiter
than above, and between it and the abdominal margin are three lunulate greyish spots divided by the
median nervules, followed by a series of more or less obscure bluish spots, and dark ochraceous marginal
spots, which are almost completely obliterated from beneath the upper median nervule ; a dark ochraceous
spot above the anal angle ; the fringe as above. Body above black, the pronotal collar spotted with
greyish-white ; body beneath with legs blackish ; interior margin of eyes, basal margin of head, imder
surface of legs, and spots to thorax and abdomen, greyish-white.

Exp. wings, <y , 110 millim.

H.\B. — Malay Peninsula; Selangor — KwalaLumpor (Biggs — coll. List.; ; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau
—coll. Fold. ; Pinwill— Brit. Mus.).

11. Papilio nephelus, var. saturnus (Tab. XXX., figs. 3 <? , 4 ? , 5 2, var.)

Papilio NepJu'lus, Boisduval, Sp. Geu. i. p. 210, n. 24 (1836) ; De Haan, Verb. Nat. Ges. Ned. overz. Bez. p. 29,
i. 4, f. 4 (1840) ; Wall. Trans. Liun. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 51, u. 61 (1865) ; Oberth. Etudes d'Eut. Quatr.
Livr. p. 45, 11. 66 (1879).
Sept. 25, 1885. 4 t

346 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Papilio Sammies, Gu^rin, Deless. Souv. Ind. ii. p. 70 (1843); FelJ. Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. p. 320, n. 412,

p. 367, n. 248 (1864); Butl. Traus. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 553, n. IG (1877).
Papilio Xeidimm, Guer. Deless. Souv. Ind. ii. t. 18 (1843).*
Papilio Xephelus, var. Saturnns, Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 18 (1852).

Male. Wings above black ; anterior wings dusted with minute bronzy scales, which form longitudinal
rays in cell, a subapical transverse fascia of five pale stramineous spots divided by the nervules, and
sometimes with a sixth very slender linear subcostal spot ; outer margin with minute white spots between
the nervules ; posterior wings with a large discal macular pale stramineous patch divided by the nervules,
extending from near costa — where it is narrowest — to the second median nervule, more or less convex
inwardly, and outwardly strongly and obtusely dentate, principally produced between the discoidal and upper
median nervules ; fringe alternately gre3'ish and black. Wings beneath as above, but the anterior wings
with the subapical transverse macular fascia larger and whiter than above, and with two whitish spots
near outer angle divided by the submedian nervure, the lowermost of which is very small ; posterior wings
with the discal macular patch whitish, and not pale stramineous as above, and continued to abdominal
margin by two somewhat violaceous spots divided by the lower median nervule, a submarginal series of
subviolaceous linear spots divided by the nervules and two similarly coloured spots near anal angle, the
lowermost smallest ; the fringe more broadly alternately greyish than above, the same colour extending to
the basal margins of the caudate appendages. Body above blackish, the pronotal collar spotted with
greyish ; body beneath and legs blackish ; the inner margin of eyes, posterior margin of head, spots
to thorax and abdomen, and under surface of femora greyish.

Female. Anterior wings above with the subapical fascia larger and darker than in male, and with
two obscure and dull ochraceous spots near outer angle divided by the submedian nervure ; posterior wings
above with the discal patch continued to abdominal margin by two dull ochraceous spots divided by the
lower median nervule. Wings beneath as in male, but posterior wings with the submarginal apical spot
much enlarged and continued inwardly, the submarginal spots larger than in male.

Exp. wings, g , 97 to 120 millim. ; ? , 80 to 132 millim.

HAB.^Continental India; Assam (Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier
and Uist.) ; Perak (Kunstler — Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (,coll. Wall. ; Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (coll.
Wall.; Forbes — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Lowe — coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Banjermasin (coll. Dist.) ; Elodina
(Pryer— coll. Dist.).

In some specimens, especially in a Sumatran one now before me, the pale stramineous
markings above are more or less shaded with dark ochraceous ; in other respects the species
seems fairly constant in character.

PAMMONl Group.

h. Pammon-gioTxp, Wallace, Traus. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 51 (1865).

Sect. LX., Sub-sect. A, Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 30, 78, 79 (1864).

Laertias, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Scbmett. p. 84 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 160 (1881).

This abundant and interesting group of Papilios is found in Continental India, and
from thence distributed eastward through the continent as far north as China ; it is also
found in the Indian islands and throughout the Malayan Archipelago.

The group is also remarkable for the varietal and diverse forms of the females of the same
species, as is shown in the only one found in this fauna.

* Guerin's plate, as already noticed {antea, p. 335, note) was lettered erroneously, the species beiiig fixed by that
author's description.

I P. pammon is here enumerated and described under the older name of P. polytes.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 347

12. Papilio polytes. (Tab. XXIIL, figs. 1 $ ; 8, 9, 10 2 .)

Papilio Polytes, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 460, n. 7 (1758) ; ib. ed. xii. p. 74G, n. 5 (1767) ; Clerck, Icones,

1. 14, f. 1 (1759) ; Cram. Pap. Ex. iii. t. 265, A— C (1782) ; Esper, Ausl. Scbmett. p. 19, t. 3, f. 1 (1784) ;

ibid. p. 50, t. 12, f. 1 (1786) ; Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 443, n. 2 (1775) ; Spec. Ins. ii. p. 2, n. 4 (1781) ;

Mant. Ins. ii. p. 1, n. 5 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 2, n. 5 (1793) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.

E.I. C. vol. i. p. 103, n. 208 (1857); Eeak. Proc. Ent. Soe. Pbil. iii. p. 468, u. 16 (1864); Moore,

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 487; ibid. p. 756; Butl. Lepid. Fabr. p. 253, n. 62 (1869); Trans. Linn.

Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 652, n. 12 (1877) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 357, n. 10 ; ibid. 1874,

p. 108, n. 4; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 155, n.71 (1876); Lep. v. Midd. Sum. p. 25, n. 6(1880); de Nic.

J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 53, n. 61 (1881); Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Haudl. Band 19, no. 5,

pp. 11, 12, 14 (1882).
Papilio Pontes, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 70. n. 126 (1819).
Princeps Stichim, Hiibn. Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1806 — 1816).
Menelaides Polytes, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85, n. 869 (1816).
Menelaides AlpJienor, Hiibn. (part), Verz. bek. Scbmett. p. 85, u. 870 (1816).
Papilio Pammon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 460, n. 8 (1758); ibid. ex. xii. p. 746, n. 8 (1767) ; Clerck, Icones,

t. 14, f. 2 (1759) ; Fabr. Syst. Eut. p. 445, n. 13 (1775) ; Spec. Ins. ii. p. 4, n. 16 (1781) ; Mant. Ins.

ii. p. 3, n. 16 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. p. 7, n. 20 (1793) ; Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 141, B (1779) ; Esp.

Ausl. Schmett. p. 246, t. 40, B. f. 1 (1793) ; Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 74, n. 139 (1819); Boisd. Spec.

Gen. i. p. 271, n. 96 (1836); Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 19, n, 82 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep.

Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 104, n. 209 (1857) ; Eeak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii. p. 468, n. 15 (1864) ;

Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 51, n. 62, t. 2, f. 1, 3, 5, 6 (1865) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865,

p. 487 ; ibid. p. 756 ; ibid. 1878, p. 840 ; Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 79, n. 79 ilSGO) ; Snell. Tijd. Ent.

XX. p. 3 (1877) ; Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 641. n. 30; Oberth. iStudes d'Ent. Quatr.

Livr. p. 47, n. 79 (1879) ; Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 801, t. 29, f. 7—9 (1882).
Princeps Pammon, Hiibu. Samml. Ex. Schmett. i. t. 109 (1806-16).

Laertias Pammon, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84, n. 861 (1816) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 259.
Papilio Romulus, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 43, A (1776) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 20, n. 83 (1852) ; Moore, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 765.
Laertias Romulus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 150, t. 59, f. 1, a, h, c. (1881).

Male. Wings above blackish or very dark fuscous ; anterior wings with an outer marginal series of
small creamy spots placed between the nervules ; posterior wings with a transverse discal series of large
creamy spots divided by the nervules, the fringe alternately creamy and blackish. Wings beneath as
above, but the posterior wings having a submarginal series of lunulate ochraceous spots, two spots a little
above anal angle, the uppermost largest, reddish, and preceded by some bluish scales, the fringe-Uke spots
much larger than above. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Varietal form a. — Closely resembling the male above, but with a red spot at a little above
anal angle of posterior wings ; wings beneath as in male, but the reddish spot above anal angle of posterior
wings duplex, and preceded by a somewhat reddish spot thickly irrorated with bluish scales situate between
the second and third median nervules.

This is the form depicted at Tab. XXXIIL, figs. 8 and 9, the last figure illustrating a specimen with
a more or less distinct series of reddish submarginal spots to the posterior wings above, whilst the spot
above anal angle is distinctly larger and enclosing a blackish centre.

Female. Varietal form b. — Anterior wings above much paler, the basal area darker and with darker
streaks in cell and between the nervules ; posterior wings with five creamy discal spots, one in and near
end of cell and four beyond apex of cell divided by the discoidal and first and second median nervules,
the innermost spot being more or less ochraceous and situate in a larger reddish patch irrorated with

348 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

violaceous scales which extends to abdominal margin, and being divided by the lower median nervule ; a
submarginal series of reddish lunulate spots placed between the nervules, the two within the area of the
caudate appendage duplex, and a large reddish spot near anal angle with a blackish centre, the fringe
alternately creamy and blackish. Anterior wings beneath much paler than above ; posterior wings as
above, but with the submarginal spots larger and irrorated with bluish scales and the fringe-like spots
also larger than above.

This is the form depicted at Tab. XXXIII., fig. 10.

Exp. wings, <? and ? , 80 to 110 millim.

Hab. • — Continental India; N.W.Himalaya (Lang and Hocking — Moore); Bengal (coll. Moore);
Sikkim (de Niceville). — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). — Tenasserim ; Ahsown, Meetan, Taoo (Limborg —
Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Quedah, Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ;
Malacca (Piuwill — -Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Wall.). — Sumatra (Snellen). — Billiton
(coll. Godm. & Salv.). — Java (Vollenh.) ; Batavia (Snellen) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.).— Borneo (Lowe — coll.
Godm. & Salv.) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.) ; Banjermasin (coll. Dist.). — Timor (Vollenh.). — ^Philippines
(Peak.). — Siara ; Chentaboon, Nahconchaisee (Druce). — Cochin China (Oberthiir). — China (Horsf. & Moore);
Canton (Vollenh.) ; Chekiang and Kiangsu Provinces (Pryer*). — Chusan (Horsf. & Moore).

Considerable variation exists in the length of the caudate appendages to the posterior
wings, and as Mr. Wallace pointed out, " The continental specimens .... have all considerably
developed tails in both sexes ; the insular specimens, on the other hand (which I treat as
a separate species), have only a prominent tooth or very short tail in the males." f Messrs.
Godman and Salvin also described the same character in Billiton specimens, in which the
" caudal appendage" " is but slightly developed, and in this respect they agree best with Javan
examples." I I cannot, however, separate the continental and insular specimens as distinct
species, for my own collection contains examples from Banjermasin in- which the males have
these appendages well developed, whilst in other males from North Borneo they are almost
obsolete. We can, however, accept Mr. Wallace's axiom in a general sense, and certify that
insular specimens do, as a rule, vary from continental ones more or less in this respect.

The most interesting fact in relation to this species is its polymorphism in the female sex.
Mr. Wallace first published these facts in his excellent memoir on the Malayan Papilionida;
and they have since been abundantly verified. The first form of the female more or less
resembles the male, as has already been pointed out (Tab. XXXIII, figs. 8 and 9) ; the second
and most common form is that depicted at Tab. XXXIII., fig. 10, whilst a third form — but
one at present unknown to the writer as having been found in the Malay Peninsula — is the
P. roimdm, Cram. These facts do not rest on mere conjecture. We have the statement of the
late Dr. Thwaites that in Ceylon he had "repeatedly reared the three forms of female from
larvae apparently quite indistinguishable from one another." § Mr. L. de Niceville has also
by experimental breeding placed the question beyond doubt, although, as he says, " My
experiments have so far been only partially successful, as from one form of female I have been
able to breed males and two forms of females, one like the mother, the other like one of tbe
two female forms"; still, as his experiments were with females of forms II. and III., the

* Ent. Montli. Mas- vol. xiv. p. 5'i (1877). \ Trans. Liiin. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 51.

\ Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 641. § Moore's Lepid. Ceylon, vol. i. p. 151.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 349

evidence is convincing, if not decisive. * The rationale of this female polymorphism has been
sought in the doctrine of " mimicry," the second form of the female more or less resembling
Papilio aristolochUc , which, as already pointed out (antea, p. 338), possesses an odour which is
probably distasteful, and hence protective from that butterfly's enemies, by affording an
immunity from attack. The female form III. (not at present known from the Peninsula) more
or less resembles Papilio hector, Linn., which is also absent from our fauna, and therefore we
can scarcely expect to find the imitator in the absence of the imitated. Mr. Meldola has
offered a suggestion on the subject in the proposition " that the di- and trimorphism displayed
by certain butterflies has originated through polymorphism from ordinary variability." It
being only necessary "for the immediate female forms to become extinct" in order to have
true cases of the phenomena.! That the variation is somewhat of a seasonal nature is
indicated by the statement of the Eev. J. H. Hocking that in the N.W. Himalaya, — where the
larva w-as found on lemon-tree " June 19," — " The perfect insects (male and female of pammon
form) fly from March to December, at an elevation of 6000 feet. The polijtes form ? , is more
restricted to the hot valleys, not appearing before June, and very rarely found above
4000 feet." +

The larva and pupa of this species (under the names of P. polytes and P. pammon) have
been figured by Horsfield and Moore, § and reproduced here {antea, p. 321), and the larva is
stated to feed in Java "on a species of Citrus bearing the native name of Juruk." Mr. de
Niceville describes the " common lime" as " one of the common food-j^lants of this species."

P. polytes is an abundant species wherever it is localised. Mr. CoUingwood, when in
Borneo, found it "floated over every hedgerow," || and scarcely a collection arrives from the
East that does not contain its familiar presence.

DEMOLION Group.

k. Demolicm-groii]), Wallace, Trans. Liun. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 69 (1865).
Sect. LIX., Subseet. B., FelJer, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 30, 78 (1865).

This is a small group of Papilios inhabiting many of the islands of the Malayan
Archipelago, and might be considered altogether insular but for the one species here
enumerated, which is found on the continent.

13. Papilio demolion. (Tab. XXVII. h, fig. 3 J .)

Pdjjillo Dniwiion, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 89, A, B (1779); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mas. E.I. C. vol. i.

p. 105, n. 210 (1857); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 59, n. 79 (1865) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1873, p. 357, n. 9; ibid. 1874, p. 108, n. 3; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 552, u. 9 (1877) ;

Kbeil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias. p. 37, n. 139 (1884).
Pdlilio Cresphoiites, Fabr. (nee Cram.), Spec. Ins. ii. p. 19, u. 77 (1871) ; Godt. Euc. Metb. ix. p. Gl, n. 98

(1819) ; Luc. Lep. Ex. t. 15, f. 1 (1835) ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 220, n. 38 (1836).

■■'■ An interesting account of these experiments is contained in ' The Asian Sporting Newspaper,' vol. iv. p. 175 (18S0j.
t Weismann's ' Studies in the Theory of Descent,' Eng. Transl. p. 250, note.

I Proc. Zool. Soc. 188-2, p. 259.

§ Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. t. 3, tigs. 3, a ; 4, a. The larvte of the two forms are also, according to Horsfield, seasonal iu
their appearance, as that of tlie form P. polytes is stated to feed iu Java from Januaiy to Ma5', and that of the form P.iyammon
from November to April (Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 105).

II 'Entomologist,' vol. iv. p. 15 (1868).

Sept. 25, 1885. 4 u

350 RHOPALOCERA MALAYA^iA.

Male. Wings above blackish ; anterior wings crossed by a pale greenish fascia, broadest at inner
margin and narrowed, broken and macular above the median nervules, the spots placed between the
nervules, the uppermost and smallest being subapical ; posterior wings with a broad transverse pale
greenish fascia on inner half, a submarginal series of pale greenish, somewhat lunulate spots, and a reddish
spot with a black centre above anal angle. Wings beneath much paler than above ; anterior wings
with pale stramineous streaks in cell, and the macular fascia as above ; posterior wings much paler than
above, the dark area before and beyond the transverse fascia being thickly dusted with pale greenish
scales, beyond the fascia are a duplex series of black spots (some fused) separated by small patches
of bluish scales, an ochraceous patch at apex and anal angle, the last containing a black spot, the
submarginal series of pale greenish spots above, enlarged, fused and fascia-like beneath. Body above
blackish ; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings ; the legs much darker above.

Female. Larger than the male, colour somewhat paler, and the submarginal spots to the upper
surface of the posterior wings ochraceous towards anal angle.

Exp. wings, $ , 95 to 100 millim. ; 2 , 98 to 105 milUm.

Hab. — Burma ; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula ; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Perak (Kiinst.— Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Wallace). — Sumatra (Wallace). —
Nias Island (Kheil). — Java (Horsf. & Moore). — Borneo (Druce) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.). — Siam;
Chentaboon (Druce).

ERITHONIUS Group.

1. Erithonius-gron^, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. pp. 23, 59 (1865).

Sect. XXXIX., Subsect. B., Felder, Spec. Lap. Pap. pp. 21, 68 (1864).

Orphddes, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Scbmett. p. 86 (1816); Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 146 (1881).

The characters of this and the three following groups are thus given by Mr. Wallace : —

" Larvae subcylindrical, variously coloured. Imago with abdominal margin in <? plaited, but not
reflexed ; body weak ; antennas short, with a thick curved club ; wings entire."

This is an exceedingly small group, containing three species as enumerated by the
Felders, two of which are, however, synthetically treated as one by Mr. Wallace. The sexes
are similar, and the area of geographical distribution embraces Tropical and Subtropical
Africa, and extends from Continental India to Australia.

14. Papilio erithonius, var. malayanus. (Tab. XXVII. h, fig. 6.)

Papilio Erithonius, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. fc. 232, A, 13 (1782) ; Gray, Cat. Lap. Papil. p. 21, n. 92 (1852);
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 105, n.211 (1857); Eeak. Proc. Eiit. Soc. Phil. iii.
p. 472, n. 19 (1864) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 487, u. 6 ; ibid. p. 757 ; Wall. Trans. Liuu. Soc.
vol. xxv. p. 59, n. 81 (1865) ; Drace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 108, n. 2; Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877,
p. 814, n. 85 ; Oberth. fitudes d'Eut. Quatr. Livr. p. 57, n. 129 (1879) ; Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881,
p. 878 ; Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 314, t. 31, f. 9—12 (1882).

Papilio Epitis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 35, u. 102 (1798) ; Don. Ins. China, t. 29, f. 2 (1799) ; Godt. Enc.
Metb. ix. p. 43, u. 53 (1819); Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 288, n. 61 (1886).

Papilio Deiiwleus, Esp. Ausl. Scbmett. t. 50, f. 1—4 (1785—1798); Don. Ins. China, t. 29, f. 1 (1799).

Papilio Rrithonim, var. Mataijanua, Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 59, n. 81 (1865).

Papilio Malayamis, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 552, n. 8 (1877).

Orpheides Erithonius, Moora, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 147, t. 01, f. 2, ,i, t> (1881) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 258.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 351

Male. Wings above blackish ; anterior wings with the cell and basal area marked with pale
yellowish strigje and a basal subcostal streak, and with the following spots of the same colour : — two in and
before end of cell, two at extremity of cell, four subapical, an oblique series of five beneath cell and an
outer submarginal series of smaller spots, fringe alternately yellowish ; posterior wings with the basal
area minutely speckled with yellowish, a broad and irregular macular pale yellowish transverse fascia
divided by the nervules, generally followed by a small spot between the bases of the first and second
median nervules, and containing a large black spot ocellated with bluish at the costal margin, an irregular
submarginal series of pale yellowish spots and the area between these and the transverse fascia minutely
speckled with yellowish, a dark red spot at anal angle posteriorly united to a small yellow spot and the
fringe alternately spotted with pale yellowish. Anterior wings beneath spotted as above, but with basal
pale ochraceous streaks both in and beneath cell, and with some ochraceous spots between the four
subapical and the submarginal yellowish spots ; posterior wings with the base ochraceous, outwardly
margined with and inwai'dly containing a forked narrow black fascia, the central transverse fascia as
above followed by ochraceous containing a blackish spot outwardly margined with bluish in and near end
of cell, a transverse series of six similarly coloured spots beyond cell ; five blackish spots at outer margin
of the ochraceous area and a marginal blackish scalloped fascia ; other spots and markings as above.
Body above more or less concolorous with wings ; body beneath pale yellowish, striped with blackish ;
legs yellowish, streaked with blackish.

Exp. wings, (? , 80 to 82 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Lang & Hocking — Moore) ; Bengal (Moore) ; Canara,
Calcutta (Horsf. & Moore). — Ceylon (Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Quedah, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ;
Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (coll. Dist.). — Philippines (Reakirt). — Siam; Nahconchaisee (Druce). — Cochin China (Oberthiir).
— Formosa (Brit. Mus.). — China ; Foochow (Elwes).

Mr, Wallace described his local form malaijanus as wanting " tlie two spots ou the lower
margin of the cell of the hind wings," but these are really present — though in a modified
form — in all the specimens now before me from the Peninsula, excepting in one example
from Singapore. The width of the transverse fascia in the cell is also somewhat wider
than in the typical forms of P. erithonius, but the differences seem simply of a local and
varietal character. In Western Australia a distinct form of this species is found, in the
P. sthcnelus, M'Leay.

As pointed out by Beakirt,* several descriptions of the larva of this species had been
published, which differed in several particulars. Since then the drawings of its transformations
made by the Bros, de Alwis in Ceylon have appeared, and may be taken as decisive.}
In Continental India the larva has been recorded by Capt. Hutton as feeding on the Citron ; I
in the Bengal Presidency its food-plants have been described, by Capt. Mortimer Slater, as the
"Lime, Orange, and 'Bel' tree";§ Mr. Hamilton's statement is that "the larva of this
butterfly feeds on the Lime and Citron"; || in N.W. India Capt. Lang found this species
constant to the " Aurantiacete " ; IT at Mhow Mr. Forsayeth not only found the larva "on a
species of orange or sweet lime tree, a large shrub with green fleshy leaves and thorny
branches, common in Indian fruit gardens," but subsequently " on a small green herb,

* Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. iii. p. 475.

t Moore's Lep. Ceyl. p. 14, t. CI, f. 2 a, 6. + Proc. Ent. Soc. vol. v. p. 48.

§ Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, Append, p. 111. H Ibid.

ir Ent. Month. Mag. vol. i. p. 104.

352 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

growing in grassy patches amongst cultivated fields."* Mr. Forsayeth also adds the following
interesting })articulars : — "The larvse appear invariably to attach themselves to the leaf
on which they are feeding by a tine, almost invisible, web. On removing a larva from the
leaf the web is dragged away by the feet, and then is easily seen. I have also noticed that
they devour their exuvite, at least I never could find a cast skin in the cages in which I bred
the larvaB from early youth to maturity." f

Dr. E. Bonavia found, whilst breeding this species at Etawah, in India, that the larvae
were attacked by parasitic flies belonging to the Tachiuiiuv, whose eggs thus deposited in the
caterpillar resulted in one chrysalis having succumbed in the struggle for existence with six
larvjE as internal parasites." I

PAEADOXA § Group.

m. Parudoxa-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 60 (1865).
Sec. XXXVII. (part), Felder, Spec. Lep. Pap. pp. 20, 66 (1864).

This is a remarkable group, the distribution of which is focussed in the Indo-Malayan
region. These Papilios "mimic" other protected butterflies, principally species of the genus

Eliphid.

Two species — according to present knowledge — are found in the Malay Peninsula ; a third,
J', amigma, has been recorded by Mr. Wallace || as common to Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo,
but the first locality is probably incorrect, as the Malay Peninsula possesses a closely ahied
form or species in the P. butleri, Jans., here enumerated, and we have seen in other families
that these local forms or species are generally quite constant and peculiar to their restricted
hal)itats.

1.^). Papilio butleri. (Tab. XXVII. a, fig. 6 s ; Tab. XXVII., tig. 0 ? .)

Papilio Butleri, Janson, Cist. Ent. vol. ii. p. 4.33 (1879).

Male. Anterior wings above dark velvety indigo- blue, the base somewhat brownish, and with the
following pale violaceous markings : — a spot in and near end of cell, a small subcostal streak beyond
end of cell, and a series of seven large linear submarginal spots placed between the nervules, which
become fainter and somewhat broken towards the outer angle ; posterior wings above dark chocolate-
brown, with a faint submarginal series of very small bluish spots with dark margins, one near apex largest
and brightest. Wings beneath pale chocolate-brown ; both wings with a submarginal series of small and
very pale violaceous spots ; anterior wings with two pale streaks beneath base of cell ; fringe alternately
greyish. Body above somewhat blackish ; pronotum anteriorly spotted with greyish ; body beneath
lilackish, spotted with greyish ; legs blackish, streaked with greyish.

Female. Wings above brown; anterior wings spotted as in male, but the spots greyish-white;
posterior wings with a submarginal series of lunulate greyish spots ; wings beneath generally as above.

Exp. wings, <? , 90 to 95 millim. ; 2 , 95 to 103 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Selangor, Kwala Lumpor (Biggs— coll.
])ist.) ; Malacca (Janson).

* Trans. Ent. boc. Loud. 1884, p. 380. \ Ibid. X ' Nature,' vol. xxxi. p. -iil.

§ P.paradoxa,Z\\i\i., is a .Tavau species. || Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 60 (1865).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 353

This appears to be a moderately scarce species, and is related to some very closely allied
forms in the neighbouring islands. Were the butterflies of the whole Malayan region being
described, it would be possible to pursue the more reasonable course of arranging these local
though distinct forms under one specific grouping, but, as the Ehopalocera of the Malay
Peninsula are here alone enumerated, that course cannot be followed.

16. Papilio caunus, var. aegialus. (Tab. XXVII. ?>, fig. b S .)

Papilio Caimus, Westwood, Cat. Orient. Ent. t. 9, f. 2, 2* (1848).

Piipilio Caunus, race ctyialus, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. 352 (1883).

Male. Wings above dark indigo-blue. Anterior wings with the following greyish-white spots : —
a large spot crossing cell just before its extremity, preceded by a subcostal streak and followed beneath by
two spots separated by the upper median nervule and a submarginal row of small spots which are more
or less tinged with bluish ; a small bluish discal spot between the second and third median nervules.
Posterior wings with the cell, and adjoining streaks between the nervules, — practically absent between the
upper discoidal and first median nervules, and longest and largest between the lower median nervule and
submedian nervure, — greyish white ; these streaks are outwardly notched and margined with pale bluish :
a submarginal series of small lunulate whitish spots. Wings beneath dark brownish, with the greyish-
white markings as above, the submarginal spots tinged with bluish. Body dark indigo-blue, spotted —
especially beneath — with greyish ; legs dark indigo-blue.

Exp. wings, (? , 90 to 94 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery).

The interest attaching to this local race of E. caunus is principally owing to its being
a "mimic" of Euplcea diocletianus, which is also the local race or form in the Malay Peninsula
of E. rhadamanthus.* We thus see this mimicking Papilio modified in the same manner as
its mimicked Euphea, and if E. diocletianus is to be recognised as a distinct species, this local
form, variety, or race, will have (in an artificial and systematic sense only) to be recorded
in the same way. I have been recently informed by Mr. 0. Salvin that he has received
Bornean examples of the Papilio which mimic the Bornean form of the Euplcea, viz. E. loivci.

DISSIMILIS Group.

n. Disdmilis-gronp, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. pp. 23, 61 (1865).
Sect. XXXVII. (part), Felder, Spec. Lep. Pap. pp. 20, 66 (1865).
Arisbe, Hiibn. (part), Verz. bek. Sebmett. p. 89 (1816).
Clijtia, Swains. Zool. Illust. ser. 2, iii. t. 120 (1833).
Chilasa, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 153 (1881).

This is a small group of species found in and between Continental India and the Malayan
Archipelago.

17. Papilio clytia. (Tab. XXVII. h, fig. 2 <? .)

Paidlio Ch/ti,(, Limiffius, Syst. Nat. ed. s. p. 479. n. 125 (1758) ; Mus. Ulr. p. 296 (1764) ; Syst. Nat. ed. xii.
p. 781, n. 189 (1767); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 507, u. 270 (1775); Spec. Ins. ii. p. 95, n, 415 (1781);
Mant. Ins. ii. p. 50, n. 500 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 127, n. 387 (1793); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5.
p. 2324, n. 189 (1790) ; Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 244, n. 39 (1869) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 552, n. 11 (1877) ; Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Baud. 19, p. 96, n. 114 (1882).

'■'■' Antea, p. 28.
October 15, 1885. 4 x

354 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Papilio Dmimilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 479, u. 130 (1758) ; Mus. Ulr. p. 301, u. 119 (1764) ; Syst. Nat.
ed. xii. p. 782, n. 195 (1767) ; Clerck, leones. Ins. i. 1. 16, f. 2 (1759) ; Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 511, n. 288
(1775); Spec. Ins. ii. p. 101, n. 444 (1781); Mant.Ins. ii. p. 54, n. 539; Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 38, n. 113
(1793); Cram. Pap. Exot. i. t. 82, C, D (1775); Sulz. Gesch. Ins. p. 145, t. 18, f. 6 (1776); Gmel.
Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2325, n. 196 (1790); Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. vi. p. 41, n. 23, t. 126, f. 2, 3 (1793);
Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 233, t. 57, f. 3 (1798); Godt. Enc. Metb. ix. p. 75, n. 143 (1819) ; Lucas,
Lep. Exot. p. 46, t. 23, f. 2 (1835) ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 377, n. 224 (1836) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil.
p. 71, n. 330 (1852) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 91, u. 187 (1857) ; Voll. Tijd.
Ent. iii. p. 88, n. 155 (1860) ; Eeak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii. p. 490, n. 28 (1864) ; Moore, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1865, p. 486 ; ibid. p. 756 ; Oberth. Etudes d'Ent. Quatr. Livr. p. 100, u. 323 (1879).

Vlytia Dissimilis, Swains. Zool. 111. Ins. ii. t. 120 (1833).

Chilasa Dissimilis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 153, t. 57, f. 1, n, I' (1881); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 261.

Male. Wings above blackish, with pale ochraceous markings ; on anterior wings these markings consist
of a narrow basal subcostal streak, a triangular patch outwardly and triple-cleft occupying about basal
half of cell, three spots in and before end of cell, followed by a cui'ved discal series of ten spots irregular
in shape and size, two long and basally fused fasciate-like spots between lower median nervule and
submedian nervure, a submarginal row of smaller spots, a prominent apical spot, and a series of minute
fringe-like spots ; on posterior wings the markings are as follows : — a large patch more or less occupying
cell, which is surrounded by a series of long and fasciate-like spots placed between the nervules ; these
spots are outwardly lunate and somewhat lanceolate inwardly, — that between the lower median nervule
and the submedian nervure being much the longest, — and a submarginal series of lunate spots ; two dark
ochraceous spots at anal angle and the fringe alternately of that colour. Wings beneath much paler than
above ; anterior wings spotted as above, but the spots paler than above and somewhat shaded with bluish ;
posterior wings creamy, the neuration broadly blackish, a submarginal series of creamy spots with blackish
margins, a marginal series of dark ochraceous spots with inner blackish margins and a large and similar
spot, with a blackish centre at anal angle ; fringe alternately creamy-white. Body above and beneath
blackish, spotted and striped with pale ochraceous; legs blackish, streaked with pale ochraceous.

Exp. wings, 92 to 110 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Lang & Hocking — Moore) ; Canara (Horsf. & Moore) ;
Darjeeling (coll. Dist.) — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley
(coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Biggs — coll. Dist.) — Philippines (Reak.). — Cochin China (Oberth.). — China (Voll.);
Hong Kong (Gray).

The larva and pupa of this species have been figured by Horsfield aud Moore,* and were
copied from the drawings of General Hardwicke, in the Library of the British Museum. They
have also been figured in Moore's ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon,' f from drawings made on that
island by the Bros, de Alwis, and the larva is there stated to feed on " Tetranthera," and
again by Mr. Mackwood to feed on Cinnamon. I Horsfield and Moore also state that the
transformations were observed by Lady Gilbert, — presumably in Continental India, — who
described the larva as feeding on a plant called by the natives Maike. " The larva was
obtained on the 26th July ; two days after it commenced its transformation, and on the
following day the chrysalis resembled a dried twig, adhering to the frame only by the
extremity of the tail, and supported on each side by two fine threads ; in this state it died."§
In N.W. India, Capt. Lang writes: — "The only place in which I have seen this species
is Subbathoo, altitude 4000 feet, in June, frequenting a grassy undulating down, flying rapidly

'■= Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, T. 11, f. 3, 3 a, 3 6. f Lep. Ceylon, vol. i. t. 57, f. 1 a, 1 6. I Ibid. p. 153.

§ Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 92.

RHOPALOCERA MAI^AYANA. 355

in long circuits, pitching occasionally on grassy knolls, and generally returning by the same
route to the same spot after a flight."* In the same district the Rev. J. H. Hocking
describes the flight of this butterfly as " very strong." t

18. Papilio onpape. (Tab. XXVII., fig. 5.)

Painlio onpape, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 840.

Wings above dark brownish, with the following pale creamy ochraceous spots : — anterior wings with
four subapical spots divided by the nervules — of which the uppermost is much the largest — followed by a
submarginal series of smaller spots divided by the nervules — duplex between lower median nervule and
submedian nervure — and a marginal series of small subquadrate spots ; posterior wings with a double
sumarginal series of spots, the innermost faintest, lanceolate, and not extending above the lower subcostal
nervule, the outermost brighter and lunulate, excepting the two subapical spots which are rounded, the
innermost above anal angle being dark ochraceous ; fringe alternatel}' pale ochraceous and a dark ochraceous
spot at anal angle. Wings beneath as above, but the anterior wings having the spots somewhat paler
and the large subapical spot more or less broken ; posterior wings as above, but with a marginal series
of large ochraceous spots placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above blackish ; head and
pronotum spotted with greyish ; abdomen above brownish ; body beneath more or less dark brownish,
spotted and marked with greyish ; (legs in specimen here described mutilated).

Exp. wings, 100 millim.

Hab. — Teuasserim; Hatsiega, Houngduran Source, Naththoung (Limborg — Moore). — Malay
Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

This is a local race or form of P. panope, Linn., found in Continental India, and is not
at all a common insect in collections received from the Malay Peninsula.

MACAREUS: Group.

0. J/ac((cc».s-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. yoc. vol. xxv. pp. 23, 61 (1865).
Sect. XXXVI., Felder, Spec. Lep. Pap. pp. 20, 66 (1864).

The butterflies of this group "mimic" different species of the "protected" subfamily
Danaince, and are found from Continental India throughout the Malayan Archipelago. This
and the two following groups have been thus diagnosed by Mr. WaUace :—

"Larvae elongate, attenuate behind, and often bifid, with lateral and oblique pale stripes, green.
Imago with the abdominal margin in <? retlexed, wooly or hairy within ; anal valves small, hairy ;
antennae short, stout ; body stout."

- Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 486. f Ibid. 1882, p. 261.

The difficulty of capturing the strong and swift-flying Papilios is not inconsiderable, and Mr. CoUingwood in Labuan
found that " the sacrifice of a single specimen wdl often secm-e others ; for butterflies are gregarious, and a dead specimen
pinned upon a conspicuous twig will often arrest an insect of the same species in its headlong flight, and bring it down within
easy reach of the net, especially if it be of the opposite sex" ('Rambles of a Natm-alist,' p. 182). Insects can also be deceived
by painted representations of flowers and fruits. Om- celebrated painter, Mr. Millais, has related the following cmious facts : —
" I was painting in spring a pictm-e which 1 called ' Apple Blossoms.' I painted the trees when they were in full flower, and,
not being able to finish the work in one spring, 1 continued the pictm-e the following spring, so that many of the flowers were
(juite di-y. 1 should tell you that I had my canvas out in the orchard, and worked direct from Natm-e. 1 was perfectly annoyed
by bees crawhng over my canvas, and distinctly going to the centre of my painted blossoms — those a year old and scentless —
as wed as the wet ones, which might have had attractions in the way of smell, fi-om oil and turpentine. To my mind they
mistook the imitation for the real flower. They were a great nuisance, and retarded my work, di-agging their legs, clogged
with white and pink paint across the canvas. Some of the blossoms 1 painted in the foreground were nearly the real size, and
to those they chiefly went" (W. L. Lindsay's ' Mind in the Lower Animals,' vol. i. p. 517).

I P. macaveus, Godt., is a species found in Continental India, and recorded also from Java and Borneo.

356 RHOPALOCEKA MALAYAXA.

Two species are here enumerated, but two others, P. macareus, Godt., and P. dehaanii,
Wall., are likewise recorded by Mr. Wallace as found at Malacca ; * these are not here
included, as up to the present time the writer has neither received nor seen specimens from
the Peninsula.

19. Papilio delessertii. (Tab. XXVII. b, fig. 4, S ).

Papiliu Delessertii, Giicrin, Deless. Souv. Inde. ii. p. 68, t. 17 (1843); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 71, n. 325
(1852) ; Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 62, u. 93 (1865) ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 552, n. 10 (1877).

Male and Female. Wings above pale lavender in hue ; anterior wings with the whole costal area
and apex black, containing a series of small whitish spots above cell ; cell black, with two small basal
spots and four transverse fasciae pale lavender, — of these fasciae the two innermost are oblique, the two
outermost irregularly bent, and the one at apex of cell frequently broken, — neuration broadly blackened,
and thus widened triangularly at outer margin ; a submarginal series of black spots divided by the
nervules and a black patch resting on bases of the discoidal and upper median nervules — in many
specimens the ground colour is broken up and appears at end of cell as a series of about five pale spots.
Posterior wings with the neuration — broadly — a submarginal series of spots, and a broad outer margin
black ; the two submarginal spots near anal angle more or less margined with bright ochraceous. Wings
l)eneath as above, but paler, the black markings smaller, broken, and there replaced by pale purplish black;
posterior wings with a large bright ochraceous patch above anal angle, and the outer margin broken and
macular. Body more or less concolorous with wings ; legs streaked with blackish.

Exp. wings, J and ? , 83 to 95 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula • Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier and Dist.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — ^coll.
Dist.) : Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Gray).— Borneo (Lowe — coll. Dist.) ;
Elodina (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

This is not an abundant species in the Peninsula, and though most collections made
there contain it, it is always in very limited number.

20. Papilio leucothoe. (Tab. XXVII. a, figs. 2 <? , 3 ? .)

I'ttiiilio Leucothoe, Westwood, Arc. Ent. ii. t. 79, f. 3 (18-15); Oberth. ifitiides d'Eut. Quatr. Livr. p. 100,
n. 317, and p. 117, n. 317 (1879).

Male. Anterior wings above dark fuscous, with the following greyish-white markings : — tW'O small
basal spots, five small spots in and towards end of cell, — the outer four arranged in pairs, — three small
spots beyond end of cell, followed by four larger spots se^jarated by the nervules, three long fasciate-like
streaks beneath cell divided by the second and third median nervules, — the innermost longest and
duplex, — a streak on inner margin, and a submarginal series of small spots; posterior wings greyish-
white, with the neuration, a basal patch emitting a streak which enters and nearly crosses cell, and
a marginal and submarginal fascia— enclosing a series of pale lunulate spots — dark fuscous. Wings
beneatli with the markings similar, but the dark coloration very much paler than above. Body above very
dark fuscous, the inner margin of eyes and spots on pronotum greyish-white ; body beneath dark fuscous,
the thorax spotted, and the abdomen striped with greyish-white.

Female. Darker and brighter than the male, and differing from that sex in the following
particulars : — the anterior wings do not possess the pale cellular spots, and the three fasciate-like streaks

* Trans. Liuu. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 62 (1865).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 357

beneath cell are very much abbreviated and lanceolate in shape ; in the posterior wings the streak which
nearly crosses cell in male, completely crosses it and is continued beneath to the lower median nervule.
Wings beneath as above, but paler.

Exp. wings, (? , 88 millim. ; 2 , 98 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Selangor : Kwala Lumpor (Biggs— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Oberth.).—
Sumatra (coll. Oberth.).

The resemblance of this species — especially in the male — to a Danaid is one of those facts
which support the true theory of "mimicry," and the protection thus acquired by so closely
simulating fi protected or distasteful Danaid is self-evident.*

ANTIPHATES Group.

p. Antiphdtes-growp, Wallace, Trans. Linn. See. vol. xxv. p. 63 (1865).

Sect. XXI., Sub-sect. C. Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 14, 58 (1864).

Pathi/sa, Keak. Proc. Ent. See. Phil. iii. pp. 503-4 (1864); Moore, Lep. Cejd. vol. i. p. 141 (1881).

In this group the posterior wings possess the maximum of caudate prolongation, and
really merit the popular name of " swallow-tails." Their area of distribution comprises
Continental India, the adjacent islands, the Malay Peninsula, the Malayan Archipelago,
portions of Australia, and extends as far north as China.

One species is at present only known in this fauna.

21. Papilio antiphates, var. pompilius. (Tab. XXXI., fig. 5 ^ .)

Papilw Antiphates, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 72, A, B (1779) ; Boisd. Spec. Gen. i. p. 248, n. 72 (1836) ; Gray,
Gat. Lep. Papil. p. 31, n. 147 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 116, n. 232
(1857) ; Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 77, n. 57 (1860) ; Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 63, n. 99 (18651 ;
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 757 ; ibid. 1877, p. 593 ; ibid. 1878, p. 841 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1873, p. 357, n. 20 ; Suell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 155, n. 68 (1876) ; Lep. v. Midd. Sum. p. 25, n. 2 (1880) ;
Butl. Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 552, n. 1 (1877) ; Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,,
p. 641, n. 27; Oberth. Etudes d'Eut. Quatr. Livr. p. 63, n. 156 (1879).

PapiUo Alcibiailes, Fabr. Maut. Ins. ii. p. 8, n. 65 (1787).

Paijilio Antiphates, var. Alcibiailes, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 240 (1869).

* It may be not altogether supererogatory to give a few facts relative to the insect depredations of birds, and hence
the need of some form of protection on the part of edible insects. This can be evidenced by observations made in this country
alone, and we will take the Rev. F. 0. Morris as witness. He states " that not only such bnds as sea gulls, but that all the
owls, even up to the eagle owl, feed on insects when they come in their way, and not only the owls, but all the six British
species of true falcons, — .... , — as also most, if not all, of the hawks, and some, if not all, even of the eagles, the spotted
eagle for instance ? Few persons are aware of the innumerable number of insects thus destroyed by birds. The following
observations, and several of them are much below the mark, will show this : —

" The blue titmouse has been watched, and found to feed its young from 3.30 a.m. to 8.30 p.m. 475 times, bringing one
large or two or three small insects each time.

"The thrush, from 1.15 a.m, to 9.1.5 p.m., 206 times.

"The blackbu'd, fi-om 3.15 a.m. to 8.40 p.m., 113 times.

"The miseltoe thrush, from 4.20 a.m., to 8 p.m., 66 times, each time bringing several large worms or insects.

" The spaiTow, h-om two or three to six or eight insects at once, and as this goes on for all the day, and they frequently
have two or three broods in the year, they miist destroy an immense number.

" I watched the other day a wagta'il catching m'sects to feed its young, and it took eight or nine into its bill in a minute
or two, and had not left off when I turned a,w&yr —• Letters to " The Times" about Birds, dc.,' p. 40.

The quantity of insects in the tropics is sometliing enormous, and requires " checks." In Mexico, Mr. E. B. Tylor has
related that m order to supply an armadillo with food an old Indian " walked out into the fields with an earthen pot, and
returned with it full of insects in about half-an-hour. We reckoned that there were over fifty species in the pot" (' Anahuac,'
p. 819).

OCTOBEE 15, 1885. 4 Y

338 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Papilio Pompilius, Fair. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 8, u. 66 (1787) ; Godt. Enc. Metli. is. p. 49, n. 70 (1819).

rndalirius Pompilius, Swains. Zool. 111. Ins. ii. t. 105 (1833).

Pathysa Antiphates, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 142, t. 63, f. 1, 1 « (1881).

Papilio itamputi, Forbes.*

Male and Female. Wings above pale stramineous ; anterior wings with the cell crossed by five
black fascise, the first and second slender, the third broad, the fourth wedge-shaped and not reaching
the median nervure, the fifth broadest and occup3'ing extremity of cell, a broad marginal and a submargiual
black fascia which amalgamate at about the second median nervule, and the marginal fascia not quite
reaching the outer angle, the ground colour of the basal half of cell and of the apical area is pale greenish,
the costal margin being narrowly black ; posterior wings with a black lunate and broken marginal fascia,
the caudate appendages black, outwardly and narrowly margined with ochraceous, with their apices
greyish, a plumbaginous patch at anal-angular area containing two or three submarginal narrow
transverse black spots, and extending a short distance down the caudate appendages, anal angle inwardly
margined with ochraceous, with a black spot above. Anterior wings beneath marked as above, but with
the two basal fasciffi extending a short distance beneath cell, the fourth fascia almost reaching the median
nervure, the marginal and submarginal fasciae not amalgamated at the second median nervule, and the
ground colour at the area of the median nervules pale greyish-white ; posterior wings beneath with
the basal half greenish, crossed by three longitudinal narrow black fasciae, the outermost irregular and
sometimes more or less broken ; this is followed by a series of irregular black spots ; the ground colour
is then dark ochraceous, with a submarginal series of black spots approaching closer to the margin
towards anal angle, a broken Innately macular black margin which at anal angle is preceded by dark
plumbaginous between it and the submarginal spots; a large black spot above anal angle preceded by
two transverse yellowish spots, margined on each side by blackish ; caudate appendages as above, but
with a pale central line almost reaching their apices. Body above with the thorax pale plumbaginous ;
the abdomen ochraceous, with dorsal black spots; body beneath and legs very pale ochraceous, the
abdomen and thorax margined with blackish, the legs streaked with blackish.

Exp. wings, <? and 5 , 72 to 84 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Silhet (Horsf. & Moore) ; Sikkim (coll. Dist.). — Ceylon (Moore).— Andaman
Islands; Port Blair (Moore). — Tenasserim ; Houngduran Source (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula;
Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Perak (Kunst.— Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill -Brit. Mus.).—
Sumatra (Snellen).— Billiton (Godm. & Salv.).— Java (Horsf. & Moore); Batavia (Snellen).— Borneo
(Lowe— coll. Dist.) ; Banjermasin, Pontianak (Voll.).— Philippines (Semper). — China; Hong Kong (Gray).

This species is very variable and extremely difficult to properly identify under its several
named forms. Firstly, all the Malaccan forms are distinctly separable from the true
P. antiphates in not having the first and second basal fasciae of the anterior wings extending
beneath the cell, and also in not having the outer marginal fascia quite reaching the outer
angle. This form is found in Continental India (I have specimens from Sikkim) and in
China. We have now three named forms differing in these respects from P. antiphates, — the
P. alcibiades, Fabr., P. pompilius, Fabr., and P. itamputi, Forbes, — and for drawings made of
these, and for precise and liberal information concerning the same, I am much indebted
to Mr. A. G. Butler. I thus learn that P. alcibiades is the Javan form of the species, and that

" the P. pompilius of Fabricius is I believe correctly identified by Swainson and is the

Malaccan form of P. alcibiades, difficult to separate from it indeed by description l)ut

=:■ I am informed by Mr. Butler that this form is described iu Forbes' ' Nat. Wand. East Ai-chipel.,' but I have not yet
seen that work.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 359

nevertheless having a different aspect ; it is somewhat larger, has all the markings blacker and
thicker on both surfaces, the triangular band {i.e., the fourth true band) broader, and more
elongated so as almost to cross the cell," &c. Now this last character is very variable in
Malaccan specimens, for in my own collection are examples in which this band completely
crosses the cell ; others in which it does not reach the median nervure, as in the s^iecimen
figured (Tab. XXXI., fig. 5), and which is the form Pompilius ; whilst in others the band is
much abbreviated and barely crosses a third of the cell, thus approaching and sometimes
completely agreeing with the form P. alcih lades, and these three different aspects of the species
are to be found in a single collection made in Perak at the same time. I have therefore
thought it best to treat P. antiphates and all its varieties synthetically, and its habitats thus
and here given must be understood to apply in this larger sense.

It should be added that the form discriminated by Mr. Forbes under the name P. itamputi
is found in Sumatra.

The larva and pupa as found in Java have been figured by Horsfield and Moore,* and
the first is stated to feed " on a species of Uoaria bearing the native name of Kalak." \

EURYPYLUS I Group.

q. Eurypylm-gron]}, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 64 (1865).

Sect. XXVII., Felder, Spec. Lepid. Pap. pp. 10, 61 (1864).

Zetides, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 85 (1816) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 144 (1881).

Chlorisses, Swains. Zool. 111. ii. 89 (1832).

Dalchina, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 143 (1881).

This is a somewhat numerous group of species whose distribution is focussed in the
Malayan Archipelago, and its habital area also comprises Continental India and adjacent
islands, the Malay Peninsula, China, Japan, and some parts of Australia.

Mr. Wallace, who observed these beautiful butterflies in a state of nature, describes them
as flying "with the greatest rapidity of any Papihos ; the eye can scarcely fohow them;
in fact, they much resemble in habit the humming Sphinxes, and hover over flowers, or more
frequently over damp places on the ground, with a constant vibration of the wings." §

Seven species are known to the writer as inhabiting the Malay Peninsula.

22. Papilio sarpedon. (Tab. XXXIL, fig. 6.)

I'lipilio Sat-pedon, Liuuffiiis, Mus. Ulr. p. 196 (1764) ; Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 747, u. 15 (1767) ; Fabr. Syst. Ent.
p. 447, n. 21 (1775) ; Spec. Ins. ii. p. 8, u. 28 (1781) ; Maut. Ins. ii. p. 4, n. 30 (1787) (part) ; Ent.
Syst. iii. p. 14, n. 41 (1793) (part) ; Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 38, t. 8, f. 2 (1785) ; Godt. Enc. Meth.
ix. p. 46, n. 62 (1819); Luc.Lep. Exot. p. 9, t. 5, f.l (1835); Boisd. Spec. Gen. i. p. 235, n.57 (1836);
Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 28, n. 135 (1852); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 113,
n. 226 (1857) ; Voll. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 70, n. 48 (1860) ; Eeak. Proo. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii. p. 483, n. 24
(1804) ; Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 65, n. 110 (1865) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 487,
n. 8 ; ibid. p. 757 ; ibid. 1878, p. 841 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 357, n. 21 ; Suell. Tijd. Ent.
xix. p. 155, n. 69 (1876) ; ibid. xx. p. 3 (1877) ; Lep. v. Midd. Sum. p. 25, n. 4 (1880) ; Butl. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 814, n. 34 ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 552, n. 2 (1877) ; Godm. & Salv.

* Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. t. iii. fig. 10, 10a. \ Ibid. p. 116.

X p. eurypylus, Linn., is a species found in the eastern islands of the Malayan Archipelago.

§ ' Zoologist,' p. 4636 (1855),

360 KHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 641, n. 28 ; Oberth. Etudes d'Ent. Quatr.Livr. p. 59, n. 144 (1879) ; De Nic.

J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 59, n. 113 (1881) ; Aurivill. Kongl. sv. Vet. Akad. Ilandl. Baud. 19, no 5,

p. 20 (1882).
Zetides S!arpe(lo')i, Hiibn. Samml. Exot. Schmett. iii. t. 25 (1824-41).
Chlorisses Sarpedon, Swains. Zool. III. ii. t. 89 (1832).
IMchina Sarpedon, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 257.
Popilio Demophon, Meerburgli, Afbeeld, t. 9 (1775) ; Shaw, Gen. Zool. vi. t. 64 (1806).

Male and Female. Wings above blackish ; both wings crossed by a pale green discal fascia, which
on the anterior wings is narrowed, broken, and macular above the median nervules and on the posterior
wings is narrowed and elongately angulated beneath the median nervure; posterior wings with a
submarginal series of lunulate green spots and three narrow pale greyish fringe-like spots at anal angle.
Wings beneath paler than above ; posterior wings having the base of the green fascia inwardly margined
with a black and red spot, a black spot outwardly margined with red occupying apex of cell, between which
and the submarginal green spots there are an irregular series of blackiah spots which from cell to anal
angle are more or less marked with carmine-red. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings ;
legs more or less greyish.

Exp. wings, $ and 2 , 72 to 85 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Lang and Hocking — Moore) ; Sikkim (De Nic.) ;
Darjeeling (coll. Dist.). — Tenasserim ; Hatsiega, Houngduran Source (Limborg — Moore). — Malay
Peninsula; Quedah, Province Wellesley, Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst.) ; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit.
Mus.). — Sumatra (VolL). — Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.). — Java; Batavia (Snell.).— Borneo (Druce) ;
Elodina (Pryer — coll. Dist.) ; Banjermasin (coll. Dist.). — Philippines (Semper). — Celebes (VolL). — Amboiua
(Voll.). — Aru Islands (Wallace).— New Guinea (Wallace). — Formosa (Brit. Mus.). — China; Shanghai
(Pryer — Elwes).— Japan (coll. Dist.).

This is an abundant species, and its habits have been variously described. Thus
Mr. de Niceville found it in Sikkim as particularly fond of imbibing moisture from damp spots
on the ground, and as returning to the same place, however often disturbed,* and the first part
of this observation coincides with the writer's experience in Province Wellesley. In the
N.W. Himalaya Capt. Lang described it as " seen but in few places, and never more than one
at a time. It is bold and rapid in flight, and not easily captured." t In the same habitat,
Mr. Hocking found it flying " round and round the tops of trees." I At Masuri, Capt. Hutton
records it as " one of the commonest, but not the least beautiful, of our butterflies ; it appears
early in May, and is found till the end of the rains in September. It usually frequents the
tops of oak trees, where it flies about with a jumping or jerking flight, and is somewhat
difficult to capture from its quickness, and the height at which it keeps." §

23. Papilio evemon. (Tab. XXXII., fig. 1.)

I'lijii/id F.vemim, Boisduval, Spec. Geu. i. p. 234, n. 55 (1836); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.

p. 552, n. 3 (1877) ; Obertli. Etudes d'Ent. Quatr. Livr. p. 59, u. 139 (1879) ; Klieil, Ehop. der Iiisd.

Nias, p. 87, n. 142 (1884).
I'dptlio JiisDH, var. Eremoji, Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 67 (1865J.

Male and Female. Wings above black, with the following pale greenish markings : — five spots in
cell, — the basal three linear, the outermost two broader, — beyond cell is a discal series of eight spots

- J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 59 (1881). j Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 487.

I Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 2.57. § Proc. Ent. Soc. Loiul. v. p. 51 (1848).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

361

completely crossing wing, of which the five uppermost are quite detached and the third minute, the sixth,
seventh and eighth being largest and fused, a submarginal series of small spots and a small subapical spot ;
posterior wings with a central discal macular fascia, not reaching anal angle and becoming narrowed
and elongated between the second and third median nervules, a submarginal series of small spots,
a greyish marginal spot above anal angle, and the fringe alternately greyish-white. Wings beneath very
dark brownish, with a bronzy tinge, the pale greenish markings above very much paler and silvery
beneath, the spots larger than above, the basal spot in cell of anterior wings much larger and continued
beneath median nervure, meeting a similar basal spot on posterior wings which does not enter the cell ;
base of both wings silvery, posterior wings having the central fascia from end of cell to abdominal margin
bordered with black and red spots ; this central fascia at costal area is tinged with yellowish. Body above
blackish, beneath greyish ; legs blackish, speckled and streaked with greyish.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 75 to 83 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Peuang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ;
Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (Boisd.). — Nias Island (Kheil). — Java (coll. Oberth.).

This is one of the commonest Papilios in the Malay Peninsula, and is found in every
collection.

24. Papilio mecisteus, ». sp.

Papilio Aadon, Butl. (nee. Feld.), Trans. Linn. See.
ser. 2, Mool. vol. i. p. 552, n. 4 (1877).

Wings above almost indistinguishable from P.
evemon; beneath differing principally from that species
in the posterior wings, which have the short costal
fascia, which amalgamates with the longitudinal
fascia, rather closer to it and red spotted, and the
central pale macular fascia more notched at cellular
area.

Exp. wings = exp. P. evemon.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit.
Mus.). — Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

The figure is taken from a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, which has been
recorded as P. axion. A reference to Hiibner's figure,* however, to which Felder refers as
indicating his P. axion, will at once separate it, and the junction of the short red-spotted
costal fascia to the longitudinal one parallel with the abdominal margin of the posterior wings
will, even alone, distinguish it from that species ; a difference which is emphasised in Felder's
description.

Fig. lOy. — Papilio mecist"us.

25. Papilio telephus.

Papilio Telephus, Fekler, Eeise Nov. Lep. i. p. 64, n. 49 (1865).

Zetides Telephus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 144, t. 63, f. 3 (1881).

Pajnlio Jason var. Evenwnides, Honr. Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. Bd. xxviii. p. 396, t. s. f. 2 (1884).

•■■ Under the name of Zetides eurypylua, Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1816 — 1841).
October 25, 1885. 4 z

362

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Fig. 109. — Papilio tctei)liiis.

Male and Female. Closely allied to P. evemon above,
but with the basal linear spot in the cell of the anterior
wings continued beneath to near the inner margin. Wings
beneath as in P. eiemoii, but the short dark costal fascia
to posterior wings red-spotted as in P. mecisteus, but not
passing beyond the subcostal nervure, and thus being well
separated from the basal longitudinal fascia which runs
parallel with the abdominal margin.

Exp. wings, J & 2 , 75 to 80 millim.

Has. — Ceylon (Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Penang
(Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc.Mus.). — Borneo ;
Sandakau (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

25. Papilio bathycles. (Tab. XXXIL, fig. 2 ^ .)

Papilio Bathycles, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Ac. Nat. Cur. xv. p. 157, t. 14, f. 6, 7 (1831); Boisd. Sp. Gen.
i. p. 232, u. 52 (1836)?; Luc. Lep. Ex. t. 5, f. 2 (1835); Gray, Cat. Lap. Papil. p. 28, n. 132(1852);
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 114, n. 228 (1857) ; VoU. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 76, n. 46
(1860) ; Wall. Trans. Linn. See. vol. xxv. p. 66, n. 118 (1865) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Sec. 1873, p. 357,
n. 23 ; Biitl. Trans. Linu. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 552, u. 5 (1877) ; Oberth. Etudes d'Ent. Quatr.
Livr. p. 58, n. 137 (1879) ; Gosse, Trans. Linn. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 813, t. 31, f. 1—5 (1882).

Papilio Bathycles var. Bathycloides, Honr. Berl. Entom. Zeitscbr. Bd. xxviii. p. 396, t. x. f. 3 (1884).

Male. Wings above black, with the following pale green markings : — anterior wings with five spots
in cell,— the one at apex small and rounded, the others more or less linear, — a discal oblique row of eight
spots commencing just beyond end of cell and terminating on inner margin, — of these the third spot
is smallest, and the sixth, seventh and eighth much the largest, the last two being more or less fused
together, — a small subapical spot and a submarginal row of still smaller spots; posterior wings with
the basal half of costal area greyish, three large discal spots, — the largest in cell, the smallest above cell,
and the other situate between the two lower median nervules, — a submarginal row of small spots and
a large greyish patch on abdominal margin, fringe alternately greyish. Wings beneath paler than above,
the spots silvery in hue ; anterior wings spotted as above ; posterior wings with the three discal spots
continued to costa in a large silvery patch, yellowish at base, and traversed by two dark fuscous fasciae, —
one near base parallel with abdominal margin, the other concave at about centre of wing, between these
fasciie the median nervure is broadly blackish ; beyond cell and extending to a little above anal angle are
a series of red spots, the innermost of which is followed by a small greyish spot ; the submarginal spots
much larger than above, with two additional linear spots situate one on each side of the upper subcostal
nervule. Body above with the head and pronotum blackish ; the abdomen fuscous ; body beneath greyish ;
legs greyish, streaked with blackish.

Exp. wings, <? , 74 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Gray) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc.Mus.); Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.;
Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Gray). — Java (colls. VolL and Wall.). — Borneo (Druce).

27. Papilio arycles. (Tab. XXXII., fig. 5.)

Papilio Arycles, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. p. 231, n. 51 (1836); Gray, Cat. Lepid. Papil. p. 27, n. 131 (1852);

Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 857, n. 25 ; Butl. Trans. Liun. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 552, n. 6

(1877); Oberth. Etudes d'Eut. Quatr. Livi-. p. 58, n. 134 (1879).
Papilio Rama, Fold. Wien. Eut. Mon. iv. p. 394, u. 1 (1860) ; Keise Nov. Lep. i. p. 71, n. 54, t. 12d (1865);

WaU. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 68, n. 119 (1865).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 363

Male and Female. Wings above blackish, with the following jmle greenish spots : — five spots in cell,
the apical spot smallest, an oblique discal row of eight spots commencing just beyond end of cell
and terminating on inner margin, — of these spots the third is minute, the sixth and seventh largest,
and the eighth moderately attenuated, — two contiguous spots at base parallel with basal spot in cell,
a small subapical spot and a submarginal row of small spots ; posterior wings with two costal basal
very pale spots, and the following spots as on anterior wings : — two elongated spots parallel with
abdominal margin, the uppermost being situate in cell, a discal row of three much smaller spots, the
second of which is situate in apical portion of cell, and a submarginal row of small spots, the fringe being
alternately greyish. Wings beneath paler than above ; anterior wings spotted as above, but the spots
much paler ; posterior wings spotted as above but paler, the two elongate spots parallel with abdominal
margin preceded by two contiguous spots, between which and a large costal spot is a small spot of reddish-
carmine, the small green spot between bases of first and second median nervules above red beneath, and
followed by two other red spots, the last of which is situate on abdominal margin ; the discal spots on the
posterior wing have a yellowish tinge, and the basal portion of the abdominal margin is of the same hue
marked posteriorly with a red streak. Body above blackish ; body beneath and legs greyish-white, the last
streaked with blackish.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 70 to 72 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; N.E. India (Gray). — Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll.
Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Oberth.). — Borneo (Bruce).

28. Papilio agamemnon. (Tab. XXXII., fig. 7.)

Papiliu Aijamemnon, Liniiffius, Mus. Ulr. p. 202 (1764) ; Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 748, n. 22 (1767); Fabr. Syst.

Ent. p. 455, n. 51 (1775) ; Spec. Ins. p. 20, u. 81 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. ii. p. 10, n. 92 (1787) ; Ent.

Syst. iii. 1, p. 33, n. 98 (1793) ; Esp. Ausl. Schmett. t. 46, f. 1—3 (1796) ; Donov. Ins. China, t. 27,

f. 2 (1798) ; Godt. Enc. Meth. is. p. 46, u. 63 (1819) ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. p. 280, u. 49 (1836) ; Gray,

Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 27, n. 130 (1852) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lap. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 114, n. 229

(1857) ; Veil. Tijd. Ent. iii. p. 76, n. 44 (1860) ; Eeak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii. p. 478, n. 22 (1864) ;

Wall. Trans. Linu. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 67, n. 118 (1865) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 757 ;

ibid. 1877, p. 592; ibid. 1878, p, 841 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 357, n. 24 ; ibid. 1874,

p. 108, n. 1; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 155, u. 70 (1876); ibid. xxi. p. 38 (1878); Lep. v. Midd.

Sum. p. 25, n. 5 (1880); Butl. Trans. Linu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 552, n. 7 (1877); Oberth.

fitudes d'Ent. Quatr. Livr. p. 58, u. 135 (1879) ; Wood-Mas. and de Nic. J. A. S. Beug. vol. xHx.

p. 238, n. 69 (1880); Gosse, Trans. Lmn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. ii. p. 314, t. 31, f. 6—8 (1882);

Aurivill. Kongl. sv. vet. Akad. Handl. Band 19, u. 5, p. 24 (1882) ; Kheil, Bbop. der Insel. Nias.

p. 37, n. 143 (1884).
Iphiclidcs Ayamemiujii, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 82, u. 841 (1816).
Zetides Jgamemnon, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 145, t. 63, f. 2, 2« (1881).
Papilio Dorijlm, Sulz. Gesch. Ins. t. 13, f. 3 (1776).
Papilio Au/iKtus, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 106, C, D (1779).

Male and Female. Wings above blackish, with the following pale green spots : — anterior wings with
nine spots in cell, — one at extreme base, the second large and transversely oblique, the ninth near apex, —
two small spots beyond cell, two small subapical spots, an oblique discal series of eight larger spots, — the
uppermost placed above the upper discoidal nervule, the first to the fifth gradually increasing in size,
the sixth and seventh sometimes divided and duplex, the eighth basal, — a submarginal series of smaller
spots and a spot on inner margin ; posterior wings with three costal greyish spots and the following pale
green spots : — two elongate and subparallel with abdominal margin, followed by a curved discal series
of five spots and a submarginal series of spots, the one at anal angle being very small, two greyish streaks

364 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

on abdominal fold, the innermost being more more or less — mostly so in female — greenish. Wings beneath
with the ground colour purplish-brown, mottled with darker patches ; anterior wings with the spots as above ;
posterior wings with two additional and contiguous pale green spots at base, spots generally more obscure
than above, a large gi-eyish-white spot near costa inwardly margined with a black and red spot, a black
and red spot close to the upper discal green spot, the lower discal spot with a black centre, the marginal
spots more or less margined with blackish, a small whitish fringe-like spot above anal angle preceded by a
reddish spot bordered with greyish and black ; abdominal fold dark greyish, sometimes more or less greenish.
Body above brownish, with a broad central black fascia, which is margined with greenish on pronotum
and with greyish on abdomen ; inner margin of eyes greyish ; body beneath greyish ; legs streaked with
dark fuscous.

Exp. wings, ^ and 2 , 66 to 95 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Silhet, Dukhun (Horsf. & Moore); Darjeeling (coll. Dist.). — Ceylon
(Moore). — Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. and de Nic). — Nicobar Islands; Kamorta (Moore). —
Burma ; Moulmein (Moore). — Tenasserim ; Meetan, Hatsiega, Houngduran Source (Limborg — Moore). —
Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill
— Brit. Mus.). — Siam; Chentaboon (Druce). — Nias Island (Kheil). — Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.). — Java
(Horsf. & Moore) ; Batavia (Snellen). — Borneo (Voll.) ; Elodina (Pryer — coll. Dist.) ; Bangermasin (coll.
Dist.). — Philippines (Semper). — Celebes (Snell.). — Amboina (VoIL). — Cochin China (Oberth.).

The larva and pupa of this species have been figured by Horsfield,* and the larva in Java
is stated to feed on the same plant as P. antiphates.\ The larva and pupa are also figured from
drawings made by the Bros, de Alwis in Moore's ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon,' I and the larva
in Ceylon is said to feed on MagnoUacea and Anonaceiv, and also — on the authority of
Mr. Mackwood — on " Soursop and Cinnamon," § whilst both in Batavia and South-West
Celebes M. C. Piepers found it " feeding on the leaves of Anona muricata, Linn., a plant
introduced from the West Indies." ||

This species is of a varietal nature, and several local races appear to have a moderately
distinct facies. Thus the length of the caudate appendages to the posterior wings is longer
in specimens found in Continental India than in the Malay Peninsula, whilst Celebesian
examples can easily be recognised by their generally larger size and smaller spots. IT

* Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. t. Ill, f. 9, 9a. f Ajitea, p. 359. t T. 63, f. 2, 2 a. § Ibid. p. 145.

II Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii to xxiv, and English translation by Kirby, ' Entomologist,' x. p. 272.

Fritz Miiller has recently given some interesting facts as to the botanical discrimination of butterflies. Writing from
Santa Catharina, Brazil, he remarks: — "The caterpillars of Mechanitis, Dlrccnna, Cerafinia, and Ithomia feed on different
species oi Solanacecc {Solaium, Cyphomandra, Bassonia, Oestrum), those of the allied genera Thijridia on Bmnfelnia. Now
this latter genus of plants had been placed unanimously among the ScrophulariniE, tiU quite recently it was transfeiTed by
Bentham and Hooker to the Solanacea:. Thus it appears that butterflies had recognised the ti-ue aflinity of Brunfelsia long

before botanists did so There is yet another and more cui-ious instance of our butterflies confirming the arrangement

of plants in Bentham and Hooker's ' Genera Plantaram.' Ar/eronia and Didonis were formerly widely separated by
lepidoptcrists, being even considered as constituting distinct families, but now they are to be found beside one another
among the Nymphalinte, and the structure of then- caterpillars leaves no doubt about then- close affinity. The caterpillars
of Ageronia feed on Dalechampia, those of Didonis on Tragia. Now these two Euphorbiaceous genera were widely
separated by Endlicher, who placed the former among the Euphorbiece, the latter among the Acalyphea; ; Bentham and
Hooker, on the contrary, place them close together ui the same sub-tribe of Plukenetiece, and thus their close affinity, which
had been duly appreciated by butterflies, has finally been recognised by botanists also." — (' Nature,' vol. xsx., p. 240.)

H Mr. Wallace enumerates six local forms of this species (Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xxv., pp. 67-8 (1855), and Mou.
Oberthur has more recently described two under distinct varietal names (Etudes d'Ent. Quatr. Livr., p. 58 (1879).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 365

Genus LEPTOCIECUS.

Leptocircus, Swainson, Zool. lU. Ins. ii. p. 106 (1832-33); Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 380 (1836); Doubl. Gen.

Diurn. Lep. p. 22 (1847).
Lamproptera, Gray, Griff. Ann. Kingd. xv. t. 102, f. 4 (1832).

This genus, as already pointed out [aidca, p. 324), differs from Papilio in all its sectional groups, by
having the third, fourth, and fifth subcostal nervules of the anterior wings with a common origin. More
detailed diagnosis appears imnecessary here, as these characters are not only clearly defined, but the
general facies of the species are almost indicative of the genus. t,

Leptocircus seems well and naturally classified in a position intermediate between the
" Swallow-tail" Papilios and the Hesperiidae, many species of which — especially from Tropical
America — have more or less similar caudate prolongations to the posterior wings.

The genus is not of large extent, and is purely Eastern in distribution. It appears to
be confined to the Indo- Malayan region, and other portions of the Malayan Archipelago.

Two species are here recorded as from the Malay Peninsula.

1. Leptocircus meges. (Tab. XXXII., fig. 3.)

i'li/d/io Mei/es, Zinkeu-Sommer, Nova Acta Ac. Nat. Cur. xv. p. 161, t. 15, f. 8 (1831).

Eri/cina Cwitis, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. Suppl. p. 827 (1823).

Lauipruptem Ciifius, Gray, Griff. An. Kingd. xv. t. 102, f. 4 (1832).

Leptucircus Curius, Swains. Zool. 111. Ins. ii. t. 106 (1833) ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 381, t. 7, f. 1 (1836).

Leptocircus Meyes, Doubl. Zool. i. pp. 110, 111, tig. (1843); Gray, Cat. Lep, Papil. p. 73, n. 337 (1852);
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 85, n. 173 (1857); Feld. Spec. Lepid. Papil. p. 1,
n. 2 (1864); Keak. (part), Proc. Eut. Soc. Phil. iii. p. 494, n. 29 (1864); Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc.
vol. XXV. p. 68, n. 120 (1865).

Male and Female. Anterior wings above pale hyaline, the neuration, the margins, and basal half
black, the black area being divided by a broad, pale greenish fascia ; posterior wings black, a greenish fascia
parallel and similar to that on anterior wings, but attenuated posteriorly, and not extending beyond the
central area ; the anal-angular area and caudate appendages dusted with greenish scales, the lower half of
fringe, inner margins and apices of caudate appendages greyish-white. Wings beneath as above, but
inner area of both wings pale greenish, thus giving the appearance of two greenish fascia, the central fascia
greyish on posterior wings, and the jjosterior wings with the abdominal margin above anal angle marked
with three oblique pale greenish stripes. Body above black ; beneath, with legs, greyish-white ; legs
streaked with blackish.

Exp. wings, 45 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Silhet, Assam (Feld.). — Malay Peninsula; Perak 'Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.);
Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Feld. and Wall.). — -Java (Ziuk. and Wall.).

In February, 1884, my friend Capt. Godfery sent me some interesting observations on
this species. He wrote: — "In Perak .... I invariably found this butterfly over running
water, and its appearance was so peculiar that, had I not known what to expect, I might
almost have passed it by, thinking it was not one. The transparent wings and long streaming
tails give it a certain resemblance to a dragon-fly, and since its haunts are by the water-side,
this may be of service to the insect. Its flight, however, hardly bears out this resemblance,
consisting of a kind of dancing motion, — a series of mid-air jumps, so to speak, — very different
to the direct swift flight or the steady hovering motion of the LibelluUdce. Still the rapid

April 30, 1886. 5 a

366 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

vibration of its transparent wings strongly reminded me of the dragon-fly, and it is possible
that it sometimes hovers in its flight, after the manner of the latter, though I did not

see it do so."

Subsequent to the above, and with reference to another species, Mr. Forbes has published
similar observations made in Sumatra : — "By the margin of a small stream I caught Leptocircus
cirescens, which derives protection from mimicking the habits and appearance of a dragon-fly,
in a crowd of which it is often to be found. In form it reminded me of the European genus
Nemoptera. It flits over the top of the water, fluttering its tails, jerking up and down just as
dragon-flies do when flicking the water with the tip of their abdomens. When it settles on
the ground it is difficult to see, as it vibrates in constant motion its tail and wings, so that
a mere haze, as it were, exists where it rests."*

2. Leptocircus curius. (Tab. XLII., tig. 1.)

Painlio Curim; Fabricius, Maut. Ins. ii. p. 9, n. 71 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. p. 28, n. 81 (1793) ; Don. Ins. InJ.

t. 47, f. 1 (1800).
Eryciria Curius, Godt. Enc. Metb. ix. p. 564, n. 5 (1823).
Leptocircus Curius, Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 73, n. 836 (1852) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i.

p. 85, n. 172 (1857) ; Feld. Spec. Lepid. Pap. p. 1, n. 5 (1864) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 758 ;

Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. sxv. p. 69, n. 123 (1865) ; Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 259, n. 1 (1869);

Kheil, Rhop. der Insel Nias. p. 37, n. 144 (1884).

Male and Female. Diifers from L. megcs by the smaller size, less elongated caudate appendages to
the posterior wings, the greater expanse of the opaque black area to the anterior wings, and by the green
fasciffi to the wings of L. meges being replaced by much narrower and ichite fasciae in L. curius.

Exp. wings, 38 to 40 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Cherra Poonjee (Horsf. & Moore); Silhet, Assam (Feld.). — Burma;
Moulmeiu (Feld.).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery) ; Malacca (Feld.). — Siam (Feld.).— Sumatra
(Forbes — coll. Dist.) ; Nias Island (Kheil). — Java (Wallace and Brit. Mus.). — Borneo; Sarawak
(coll. Dist.).

In Bengal this species has been described by Mr. A. Grote, as " Found only on the slopes
of the hills to the eastward and north-eastward." f

Fam. HESPERIIDiE.

Hesiieriihe, Leach, Sam. Comp. p. 242 (1819) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 505 (1852) ; Bates, Journ. Entomol.
vol. i. p. 219 (1861); ib. vol.ii. p. 177 (1864); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p.285 (1866); Marsh. & DeNic.
Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 18 (1882).
Hesiieriida:, Westw. lutrod. Mod. Class. Ins. vol. ii. p. 360 (1840) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 156 (1881).
Urbicola:, Scudd. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. vol. vi. p. 69 (1877).

Six perfect legs in both sexes ; posterior tibiffi, with few exceptions, having two pairs of spurs. Antenna-
generally curved or hooked at apices. Pupa secured by many threads, or enclosed in a slight cocoon.

The olassificatory position of this family is unequivocal, and forms a connecting link
between the Papilioninous portion of the Ehopalocera and the Heterocera or Moths. I Wbeu

* ' Nat. Wand. East, .\rchipel.,' p. 139. t Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 758.

t Dr. Speyer has well pointed out that the Hesperiidcs are still more characterised as a genealogical transition group,
between the Hctcrocr-ra and the Hhopalocera, in that they possess, in particular cases, two characteristic physiological and
anatomical pecuUarities— the position of the wings when at rest, and the catch-bnstle (ha/tborste) of the hind wings (Stett.
Ent. Zeit. 1878, pp. 107—193, and Eng. Transl. Cauad. Ent. vol. x. p. 123 (1878).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

367

Fig. 110. — Posterior leg of Erionota tlirax.

AiHStaW'

Flo. 111. — Larva and pupa of Erionota thrax.
(Froiri Horsf. ct Moore, Cal.Lep. Wiis.E. I.C.)

we examine the many aberrant characters possessed
by the Hcspcriida' it is difficult to refuse them a more
distinct position than is possessed by any of the
other famihes of butterflies. Thus the peculiar and
diverse positions of the wings in repose have already
been alluded to (antea, p. 1, note), whilst the generally
hooked antennae and the frequently chrystalid form
of jjupation show how close is their relationship to
the Moths. As Mr. Scudder has remarked, "Doubtless
these skippers* first separated from the common stock and
never developed to a high degree, since they still remain
by far the lowest of the group, and are in many points more
closely allied to some of the higher moths than they are to
any other butterflies." f

Amongst the many peculiar habits of these obscure but
interesting butterflies, is their mode of flight, which in
Ceylon has been described by the late Dr. Thwaites as not uniform: — " Some flit about with
the greatest activity during the very hottest hours of the day, whilst others are somewhat
moth-like, making their appearance in the early morning or late in the evening." I Mr. P. H.
Gosse has recorded some curious experiences in breeding these butterflies in Alabama. He
writes : — " I have bred very many butterflies, and have universally found them, on first opening
the dark box in which they have been evolved, perfectly still, and making no attempt to escape
when touched with the fingers ; but these Skippers formed a singular exception. Before the
lid was half raised, all was scuffle and flutter within, the first intimation I had of their birth ;
though, as I had examined them every day, I knew by the discoloration of the pupa that the
change was near." § Prof. Westwood quotes Mr. Curtis as mentioning the curious circumstance
that old specimens, when alive, have frequently lost one or both of their palpi, an accident he
had only oljserved amongst the Heterocerous Pyralidae. ||

The classification of the genera of these obscure butterflies has long been a stumbling-
block to systematists, but has recently received considerable attention from many excellent
lepidopterists. The two earliest systems proposed were those of Hiibner and Latreille. That
of the first author is uncritical, his eight divisions or families being founded either on the shape
or colour-markings of the wings, and is therefore more or less superficial in character. That
of Latreille, published in the ' Encyclopedie Methodique,' is much more exhaustive, but based
greatly on similar characters to those relied upon by Hiibner. In 1873 Mr. S. Scudder
advocated the partition of the family into two main divisions, to which he applied the names
of Hespcrides and Astijci, terms prenously used by Latreille and Hiibner. The chief diagnosis
of these divisions is thus given: — "In the Hespcrides the fore wing of the male is always
provided with a costal fold where a sort of silky down is concealed ; this feature is often very

=■■ A colloquial name given to the Hesperiiilfe, on account of the short, jerking flight of the species,
f Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. vi. p. 6'J (1877). \ Moore's Lep. Ceylon, vol. i. p. 156 (1881).

§ ' Letters &-om Alabama,' p. 80.

Introil. Mod. Class. Ins. ii. p. 360.

368 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAXA.

inconspicuous. In the Astyci, on the other hand, the male is generally furnished with a discal
patch of peculiar scales crossing the median interspaces of the fore wings, usually in an oblique
direction ; but sometimes the wing of the male is as simple as that of the female. In the male
Hi'spcrides, again, the posterior extremity of the alimentary canal is protected beneath by a
corneous sheath, which extends beyond the centrum or body of the upper pair of abdominal
appendages, carrying the vent beyond the centrum ; while in the Astijci, the extremity of the
canal is not protected by any extruded sheath, but opens at the very base of the inferior wall
of the centrum."* In 1876 Mou. Paul Mabille, who has considerably and specially studied
the Hfsperiidiv commended this classification,! and in the following year enumerated and
described the species contained in the Brussels Museum under these main divisions, which he
again subdivided into several tribes.

In 1878 a thoroughly exhaustive and model contribution to this problem appeared from
the pen of Dr. A. Speyer, I who notices, but does not altogether follow, Mr. Scudder. In the
revision of the European Hesperiidce, Dr. Speyer places considerable value on the presence or
absence of an appendage to the anterior tibiae as a character to be used in grouping the genera.
Dr. Speyer thus describes this structural character : — " The appendage to the anterior tibiae
(epiphysis cruralis, schienhlattchen), a bare, mostly reddish-yellow, blunt thorn-shaped, or lancet-
shaped, chitinous plate projects, in the Hesperiidcv, from the middle of the inner side of the
tibiae and reaches to their end. It lies quite close to the tibias, and its free surface is clothed
with a flat tuft of hairs, so that the structure is sometimes not readily recognised." In his
diagnostic table of the genera. Dr. Speyer uses the presence or absence of this character as a
means of sectional division.

Herr C. Plotz, in 1879, gave a synopsis of genera, § and has since followed that paper by
the publication of a list of the species contained in many of those genera, whilst Mr. F. Moore
has fm-ther studied the family, and described many new genera, some of which embrace species
foi;nd in this fauna.

Although reference has thus been made to much recent work devoted to the Hesperiidce, it
is only too apparent that no natural classification and arrangement have yet been formulated
which are applicable to the whole family. As, however, in a work of this nature, some system
must be adopted, the writer has followed the same scheme of classification as was used with the
Lijcoenidce, and has divided the genera into two groups : —

Posterior wings more or less elongate, distinctly longer than broad. - - - - Ismenabia.
Posterior wings more or less convex, about as broad as long. . . . . . Eeionotabia.

Group ISMEXAEIA.

This group is widely distributed, and it is m Tropical America, that the utmost elongation,
combined with caudate prolongation of the posterior wings, are found.

* Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. vol. i. p. 197. | Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), vi. p. 251 et seq.

I Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1878, pp. 167—193, and Engl. Transl. CauaJ. Ent. vol. s. pp. 121, 144, anil Itio.
§ Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1879, p. 175.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

369

Fig. 112. — Auterior wing of
Unkaua batara, showing
disco-cellular uervules.

Fio. 11;J.— .interior wing of
Oioaspes crawfurdi, showing
position of median nervules.

Fig. 114. — Anterior wing of
Matapa aria, showing atten-
uated cell.

Fig. 115. — Anterinr wing of
Fithauria iniirdava, showing
posiliuu ot median nervules.

Fig. llu. — AnteuiJaol'Satantjja
ajinie.

Fig. 117. — Anterior win;,' of
Ca>^il(tpa phundms, showing
Ueuriition.

SYNOPSIS OF GENEEA.

A. Posterior wings with the outer margin sinuated or more or less

lobately produced near anal angle.

a. Outer margin of anterior wings a little longer than inner margin.

h. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings distinctl}' longer

than lower.

c. Disco-cellular nervules of anterior wings obliquely directed

inwardly. Unkana.-*

hh. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings slightly longer
than lower.
cc. Disco-cellular nervules of anterior wings suberect. - - Lotongus. t
aa. Outer margin of auterior wings subequal in length to inner margin.
ccc. Disco-cellular nervules of anterior wings about equal in length,
or lower a little longer than upper.
d. Cell of auterior wings not attenuated anteriorly.
e. Wings not furnished with pseudo-scent glands, t
/. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
twice as far apart from that of the lower as from
that of the upper median nervule. - - - Choaspes.

ff. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
midway between the base of first and third median
nervules. ..-.-... Hasora.
ee. Wings provided with pseudo-scent glands. - - - Paduka. §
dd. Cell of anterior wings attenuated anteriorly. - - - M.\t.\pa.
cccc. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings longer than lower.
g. Upper median nervules of anterior wings close together,

remote from lower. ....... Pirdana. ||

gg. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of
the upper median nervule.
/(. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings moderately

oblique. --------- Zea. T

/(/(. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings very oblique. BAOPas.
ggg. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings less than
twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of
the upper median nervule. ------ Pithauria.

Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
midway between that of upper and lower median nervules,
or rather nearer to the lower. ----- Telicota.

B. Posterior wings with the outer margin neither sinuated nor lobately

jjroduced at anal angle.

i. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about, or
little more than, twice as far apart from that of the lower
as from that of the upper median nervule.
_/. Antenuse with their apices strongly hooked. - - - Satarupa.
jj. Antennffi with their apices curved, but not strongly hooked. Casyapa.
u. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
three times as far distant from that of the lower as
from that of the upper median nervule.
k. Disco-cellular nervules of anterior wings oblique. - - Isma. **
hk. Disco-cellular nervules of anterior wings suberect. - Tagiades.

C. Posterior wings with the outer margin angularly produced near apex. Abaeatha.

99iW-

the
these

'•■ Gen. nov., type TJnkana batara, Dist. f Gen. nov., type Eudamus calathus. Hew.

I In using the term "pseudo-scent glands," I do not necessarily question the results of such careful investigators as
Fritz Miiller, Wood-JIason, and others on this point, and only think it necessary to make this remark, as Mr. Butler, of
British Museum, has thought it necessary to record the remarkable opinion that, " in nine cases out of ten," he considers tl
suggestions as " the most pitiable nonsense" (Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xxi. p. 247J. " Audi alteram partem."

§ Gen. nov., type Paduka glandulosa, Dist. || Gen. nov., type Hesperia hyela. Hew.

H ,, „ Pamphila mytheca. Hew. '■"■' „ ,, Isma obscura, Dist.

April 30, 1886. 5 is

370 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAMA.

Genus UNKANA.

Unkana, Distant, cintett, p. 369.

Anterior wings elongate ; costal margin moderately convex, outer margin oblique, inner margin
nearly straight, a little shorter than outer margin. Costal nervure extending to about half the length ol
costal margin ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell ; second, third, and
fourth emitted at about equal distances apart between base of first and end of cell ; fifth from end of cell :
disco-cellular nervules obliquely directed inwardly, the upper distinctly longer than the lower ; second
median nervule emitted much nearer upper than lower median nervule. Posterior wings elongate and
somewhat lobately produced near anal angle, the outer margin obliquely convex. Subcostal nervules
bifurcating beyond middle of cell ; second median nervule emitted nearer to upper than lower median
nervule. Body robust ; palpi broad and pilose ; antennae moderately long, theii" apices incrassated,
with the tip attenuated and curved or hooked ; legs long, anterior tibiae short and thickened ; posterior
tibiae with two long and prominent sj)ine3 near apex.

Unkana is allied to Badamia, Moore, and includes three species which are at present known
as found in this fauna.

1. Unkana batara. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 11.)

Ismene hatara, Moore, MS.*

Wings above dark fuliginous ; anterior wings with three large irregular pale discal spots, one in and
beyond middle of cell, and two beneath cell divided by the second median nervule : beyond these are six
minute pale spots, four in oblique series directed outwardly situate beyond upper end of cell, and two
separated by the lower discoidal nervule ; a pale streak near centre of inner margin ; posterior wings with
the fringe very pale ochraceous. Anterior wings beneath with the costal and apical areas pale steely
bluish, and the pale spots above ochraceous beneath ; posterior wings bluish-grey, a spot near apex and the
anal-angular area dark fuliginous. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 52 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs— coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Staudinger). — Java (Horsf.
and Moore).

This appears to be a moderately scarce species, — at least in collections, — though
such comparatively little ardour has been shown in the capture of Hcsperiidw that few correct
conclusions can be formed on these questions.

2. Unkana elia. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 25, var.).

Hesperia Elia, Hewitsou, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. ii. p. 489, u. 9 (1806).

Carysttis Elia, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 359, u. 2.

Cobalus elia, Butl. Traus. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, u. 1 (1877).

Wings above dark fuliginous ; anterior wings with nine pale irregularly formed spots, of which five in
oblique series extend from between the discoidal nervules to the submediau nervure, three in almost
perpendicular series divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and one in and near end of cell ;
posterior wings with a transverse discal macular pale greyish fascia commencing at discoidal nervule, and
the abdominal-marginal area also largely of the same colour. Wings beneath a little paler than above ;

■•■■ This species is ouumeratod, but 7wt described, in Horsfield aud Moore's Cat. Lap. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 249,
n. 555 (1857).

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 371

anterior wings spotted as above ; posterior wings with about the basal half pale greyish, the costal area
and a patch at base of cell fuliginous. Body more or less concolorous with wings.

Var. — Posterior wings above having the transverse, discal macular fascia narrower than in specimen
figured, and the pale coloration at abdominal margin also considerably more restricted.

Exp. wings, 47 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; coll. Stand.) ;
Singapore (Godfery — coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (Hewits.). — Borneo (Druce).

The above described varietal characters may possibly be of a sexual nature, but the
material now before the writer is not sufficient to warrant a conclusion on that point.

3. Unkana attina. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 30.)

Hesperia attina, Hewitson, Traus. Eut. Soc. ser. 3, vol. ii. p. 489, n. 10 (1866) ; Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xhii.

p. 389, n. 122 (1882).
Hesperia Latreillii, Feld. Reise Nov. Lap. iii. p. 511, u. 892, t. 71, f. 8 (1866).

Wings above dark fuliginous ; anterior wings with eight pale irregular spots, of which four are in
oblique series from upper discoidal nervule to lower median nervule, three divided by the fourth and fifth
subcostal nervules, and one in cell ; posterior wings with the disk pale greyish. Wings beneath somewhat
paler than above ; anterior wings spotted as above, and with some submarginal greyish streaks near apex ;
posterior wings with the pale discal area much larger than above, and extending to the outer margin
between apex and median nervules. Body more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 55 millim.

Hab. — India, sic. (Hewitson). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Java (Feld. and
Hewits.).

Genus LOTONGUS.

Lotongus, Distant, aiitca, p. 369.

This genus is allied to Unkana in having the outer margin of the anterior wings a little longer than
the inner margin, but differing by having the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings only shghtly
longer than the lower, and the disco-cellular nervules suberect, and not oblique as in Unkana.*

Two species belonging to Lotongus are found in the Malay Peninsula, and are here
enumerated.

1. Lotongus calathus. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 14.)

Eudamus Calathus, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii. p. 353 (1876).

Wings above dark fuliginous ; anterior wings with three large pale contiguous discal spots situate one
in and near end of cell, and two beneath divided by the second median nervule, a small pale spot near
centre of submedian nervure, and a smaller and more obscure pale spot beyond cell ; posterior wings paler
than anterior with the apex and the fringe pale ochraceous. Wings beneath as above, but anterior wings
having the pale discal spots united to the costa and to the inner margin by pale greyish ochraceous ;
posterior wings having the apex more continuously pale ochraceous than above. Body more or less
concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 47 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Biggs— coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (Hewits.).

■■ The writer has thought it best, in describing genera belonging to the Hesperiidee, to give comparative, rather than
more exhaustive but less easily understood diagnosis.

872 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

This sjiecies is at present scarce in collections. I am indebted to the Rev. L. Biggs for
the possession of two Malaccan specimens, and these are the only examples from the Malay
Peninsula with which I am at present acquainted.

2. Lotongus maculatus, n. .s/j. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 1.)

Allied to L. calatlms, but differing from that species above by having the three lai-ge discal spots
replaced by four smaller ones and by the absence of the ochraceous apex to the posterior wings ; wings
beneath as in L. calathus, but the discal macular fascia to the anterior wings somewhat narrower, and
containing a central fuliginous spot. Body more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 47 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs - coll. Dist.).

This is another species discovered in Malacca by the Eev. L. C. Biggs.

Genus CHOASPES.

Choaspes, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 158 (1881).

Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched at base, outer margin obliquely convex, inner
margin nearly straight. Costal nervure terminating on costal margin nearly opposite end of cell ; fourth
and filth subcostal nervules emitted somewhat close together near end of cell; disco-cellular nervules
almost subequal in length, and obliquely directed inwardly ; base of second median nervule about twice as
far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. Posterior wings elongate, more
or less lobately produced at anal angle. Subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of
cell ; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell. Body very
robust ; jialpi broad, flattened, and coarsely pilose, apical joint long, naked, and cylindrical ; antennae with
the apex long, curved, and slender ; femora pilose.

This genus appears to be truly Oriental in distribution ; it is allied to Ismeiie, but apart
from other structural characters the males have no "glandular patch of raised scales" on the
anterior wings, as is found in species of Ismene.

1. Choaspes crawfurdi.* (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 26.)

Ismme {Choaspes) Craw/urdi, Distant, Auu. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. x. p. 247 (1882).

Wings above obscure olivaceous-green, becoming tinged with fuscous towards outer margins. Posterior
wings with a large anal-angular bright yellowish patch, inwardly and broadly margined with black, apical
portion of abdominal margin also bright yellowish. Wings beneath paler and more metallic-green, the
nervures and nervules distinctly darker ; posterior wings with a very large bright yellowish anal-angular
patch which extends from about middle of abdominal margin to between the second and third median
nervules, and which possesses a long black irregular streak on inner side of submedian nervure, two
parallel black streaks between the submedian nervure and lower median nervule, and two similarly placed
black spots between the second and third median nervules on outer edge of the yellow patch. Body above
more or less concolorous with wings ; anal tuft yellow ; body beneath and legs paler.

Exp. wings, 52 to 58 millim.

H.UJ.— Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs— coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

=■■ Named after Juo. Crawfui'd, author of the ' Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries,' &c.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 373

2. Choaspes harisa. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 22 3 .)

Ismme Harisa, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1865, p. 782; Mab. Ann. See. Ent. Belg, xxi. p. 34, n. 105 (1878) ;

Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 255, n. 110 (1881) ; Pliitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 54,

n. G (1884).
Hesperia harisa, Butl. Trans. Linn. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 1 (1877).
Choaspes harisa, De Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. li. p. 64, n. 194, t. x. f. 8 (1882).

Male. Wings above dull vinaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the disk somewhat paler and with an
ochraceous costal streak ; posterior wings with the fringe pale ochraeeous and the costal area pale
greyish-ochraceons. Wings beneath paler and more ochraceous ; anterior wings with a curved pale discal
fascia divided by the nervules, and situate just beyond end of cell ; inner marginal area pale greyish-
ochraceous ; posterior wings with the neuration and intermediate linear fasciae and the fringe brighter
ochraceous ; a black spot margined with ochraceous at base and a discal curved pale fascia divided by
the nervules as on anterior wings. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. The following is Mr. Moore's description of this sex : — " Upper side dark purple-brown ; the
base of wings greyish, with steel-blue gloss. Body greyish. Cilia of hind wing pale orange-yellow.
Underside as in male ; posterior margin of fore wing with a less-defined pale patch."*

Exp. wings, 46 to 50 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Sikkim (de Nic.) ; Calcutta (Plotz) ; Darjeeling (Moore). — Malay Peninsula ;
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery).

3. Choaspes chuza. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 27.)

Isyiiene Chuza, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iv. Ism. 1. 1, f. 4 (1867) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 358, n. 1 ; PUitz,
Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 61, n. 86 (1884).

Wings above dark purplish-brown, their basal area paler ; anterior wings with an ochraceous costal
streak, three contiguous pale discal spots divided by the nervules and situate at end of cell, and four small
white contiguous subapical spots divided by the third, fourth, and fifth subcostal nervules ; posterior wings
with a broad, central ochraceous fascia, and the fringe of the same colour. Wings beneath paler,
particularly their basal areas ; markings as above, but the discal spots on anterior wings connected by
pale ochraceous to the costal and inner margins. Body above concolorous with wings ; body beneath
and legs paler.

Exp. wings, 44 to 46 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Singapore (coll. Godm. & Salv.). — ^Borneo
(Druce) ; Sarawak (Hewitson).

4. Choaspes ? malayana. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 2.)

Ismmie malayana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401, n. 28 (1860) ; Raise Nov. Lep. iii. t. 72, f. 15 (1866).

This species is only known to the writer by Felder's description and figure, both of which
are here reproduced. Its generic position is therefore not determined,

" Alis supra fuscis, subtus anticarum limbo costali, posticarum dimidio basali chalybfeis, his striga
discali alba. <? ."

Hae. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Felder).

- Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 783.
April 30, 1886. 5 c

374 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Genus HASOEA.

Hasora, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 159 (1881).

Hasora principally differs and is most easily distinguished from the previous genus, Choaspes,
to which it is closely allied, by the position of the second median nervule of the anterior wing, which is
emitted about midway between the bases of the first and third median nervules.

According to present knowledge, Hasora is a purely Oriental genus, and two species are
here included as found in the Malay Peninsula.

1. Hasora badra. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 3 <? .)

Goniloba Badra, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 245, n. 532, t. 7, f. 8, Sn (1857);

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 778.
Hesperia Badra, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 3 (1877).
Ismene Badra, Snell. Tijd. Ent. sxi. p. 41, n. 167 (1878) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 256,

n. Ill (1881) ; Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 59, u. 25 (1884 1.
Hasora Badra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 159, t. 65, f. 4, a, b (1881); de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. li. p. 66,

n. 195 (1882).

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with the fringe brownish-gi-ey. Wings
beneath paler than above, both wings crossed by a somewhat indistinct dark fuliginous fascia ; anterior
wings with the inner marginal area pale yellowish-grey ; posterior wings with a greyish-white spot in and
near end of cell, and a fuliginous submarginal fascia developing into a large and dark fuliginous spot at anal
angle, which is preceded by an oblique greyish spot. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings ;
palpi and posterior segmental margins beneath yellowish-grey.

Var. — Posterior wings beneath having the greyish spot in cell and the greyish streak above anal angle
practically obliterated or obsolete.

Female. This sex is figured and described in Mr. Moore's 'Lepidoptera of Ceylon,' and differs from
the male in having the anterior wings spotted above; "three small subapical spots .... and three large
obliquely-quadrate spots, two being disposed on the disc, the third above them within the cell."*

Exp. wings, 48 to 50 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Bengal (Moore) ; Sikkim (de Nic). — Ceylon (Moore).— Andaman Islands ;
Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).— Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinstl.— Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—
Brit. Mus.) ; Johore (coil. Staud.). — Java (Horsf. & Moore). — Celebes (SneU.). — Philippines (Plotz).

Mr. Moore, in describing both Bengalese and Ceylonese male examples of this species,
refers to " three conjugated very small yellowish semitransparent spots near the costa, one
fourth from the apex" on the upper surface of the anterior wings, but these spots are practically
absent in the few specimens I have examined from the Malay Peninsula.

The larva and pupa of this species as observed in Java are figured by Horsfield, +
who describes the first as feeding " upon a leguminous plant bearing the native name of
Tunokul."

■■o

* Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 160.

f Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. t. vii. f. 3, 3a.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 375

2. Hasora vitta. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 4 3 .)

Hesperia Vitta, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 498 (1870) ; Lep. Ex. p. 167, t. 59, f. 9 (1874) ; Trans. Linn.

Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 2 (1877).
]smene Vitta, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 358, n. 5; Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 57, n. 18 (1884).
Ismme Chahrona, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 56, n. 16 (1884).

Male. Wings above dark fuliginous -brown ; anterior wings with three (frequently only one) very
small greyish subapical spots ; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-brown, the anal angle more or less
suffused with darker fuliginous. Wings beneath paler than above, more or less suffused with obscure
violaceous ; anterior wings with an outer submarginal dark fuliginoiis fascia and with subapical small greyish
spots as above ; posterior wings with a narrow oblique greyish-white fascia crossing wing from costal
margin to near anal angle, which is occupied by a large blackish spot, with a greyish-white spot on its
upper inner margin and a linear greyish-white spot on its outer lower margin. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings ; palpi and anal tuft beneath greyish-ochraceous.

Exp. wings, (? , 43 to 45 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc.Mus.); Malacca (Plotz ; Pinwill — Brit.Mus.). — Borneo
(Druce) ; Sarawak (ButL). — Philippines (Plotz).

I feel little hesitation in placing the I. Chahrona, Plotz, as the female, and therefore synonym,
of this species. I have not seen a female specimen, but the description of Plotz specifies
spotted anterior wings combined with all the other characters of H. vitta, which are in unison
with the differential sexual characters which obtain in the previously described species,
H. badra.

Some amount of variation is apparent in the width of the greyish-white fascia on the
under surface of the anterior wings.

Genus PADUKA.

Pailukct, Distant, tmtea, p. 369.

Anterior wings elongate, subtriangular ; costal margin oblique, outer margin nearly straight, inner
margin very slightly rounded. Costal nervure terminating on costa a little before the end of cell, first
subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell ; second, third, and fourth subcostal nervules about
equal distances apart, fifth from near end of cell ; disco-cellular nervules about equal in length, the upper
suberect, the lower obliquely directed inwardly ; middle median nervule slightly nearer u^jper than lower.
Posterior wings with the costal margin roi;nded, the outer margin sinuated and somewhat lobately
produced at anal angle ; subcostal nervules bifurcating about middle of cell ; median nervules with their
bases moderately close together. Body robust, pilose, the hairs forming several prominent tufts, of which
the most noticeable are three in triangular series above base of abdomen. Palpi broad and coarsely pilose.
Legs longly pilose beneath. Antennje somewhat long and slender, with a moderately formed club, its
apex attenuated and strongly curved or hooked.

Male. Anterior wings above with a large discal patch of silky hairs extending to base along the
median nervure, and an elongate patch of long silky hairs on base of inner margin. Posterior wings above
with long silky hairs at base and along submedian nervure, and with two prominent discal elongate
glandular pouches — or pseudo-scent glands — situate on the second and third median nervules. Anterior
wings beneath with a long tuft of coarse hairs on the submedian nervure.

The extraordinary butterfly for the reception of which I have been compelled to propose
this genus, is contained in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, who has obligingly placed it

376 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

in my hands for figuring and identification. It appears to exhibit a maximum of glandular
development.

1. Paduka glandulosa, n.sp. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 5, J.)

Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown ; anterior wings with a large discal patch of dark fuscous
silky hairs ; posterior wings with the fringe pale ochraceous, and with two pale raised discal elongate
glandular pouches situate on the second and third median nervules. Wings beneath paler than above ;
anterior wings with the disk darkest, the inner area palest, and with a long tuft of coarse pale ochraceous
hairs on the submedian nervure ; posterior wings with a transverse discal pale ochraceous fascia. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings. Antennte blackish, then- hooked apices ochraceous.

Exp. wings, <? , 55 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Staudinger).

Genus PIRDANA.

Pirdana, Distant, antea, p. 369.

This genus principally differs from the preceding — Paduka — in the following characters :— The upper
disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wing is longer than the lower ; the first and second median nervules
of the same wing are emitted moderately close together and remote from the lower median nervule ; and
there is a complete absence of the glandular patches and pouches as found in Paduka.

This genus will also contain the Hespma ismene, Feld.,* a Celebesian species.
1. Pirdana hyela. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 6 $ .)

Hesperia Hyela, Hewitsou, Desc. Hesp. p. 23, n. 2 (18G7).

Female. Wings above very dark fuscous, the basal areas of both wings somewhat extensively
bluish-gi-een ; posterior wings with the anal-angular area bright orange-yellow, the fringe yellowish-grey.
Wings beneath extensively shaded with bluish-grey, with darker reflections between the nervules ; anterior
wings purplish-brown between the two lower median nervules, the mner area pale j'ellowish-grey ; posterior
wings with the anal-angular area and the fringe as above. Body above more or less concolorous with
wings, beneath somewhat yellowish-grey ; legs brownish.

Exp. wings, $ , 45 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (coll. Godfery).— Java (Hewitson).

I have examined a Malaccan male specimen in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, which
may prove to be the male of this species, but which is unfortunately so rubbed beneath as to
make exact determination somewhat hazardous. This specimen is dark obscure chocolate-
brown above, with the anal-angular area orange-yellow as in the female. If this is really
the other sex, as I strongly suspect, then Mr. Hewitson erroneously described the female
as a male.

- This species has been inchKled by Mabille in his genus Tanyptera (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. sxi. p. 33, 1878), but
..rnneouslv. That genus was first applied "to a West African species, i\xe Hesperia laufella, B.ew., which may therefore be
taken as tlie type, of which the neuration is cjiiite distinct from the species included in Ptrdana. The name Tanyptera is also
pre-occupied, havmg been used for a genus in Diptera (1804).

err

RHOPALOCERA MALA VAN A. 377

Genus ZEA.

Zea, Distant, aiitea, p. 369.

This genus is allied to the preceding in general characteristics and in having the upper disco-cellular
nervule of the anterior wings a little longer than the lower ; but it strongly differs from Pirdana by the
position of the median nerviiles of the anterior wings, the second of which has its base only about twice
as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule.

It is probable, looking at the many superficially allied but structurally or generically
distinct species of Hesperiidce, that in this family much generic separation must be made before
these butterflies can be rightly understood, or their distribution in any way studied ; and whilst
this generic separation can be effected by the recognition of such structural characters, as
may be clearly expressed in words, and capable of synoptical illustration with reference to other
genera, the work i^ necessary and to be commended. But when a supposed genus is better
known by its name than separable by its characters, it becomes but a term of a catalogue and
an encumbrance to Science.*

1. Yea mytheca. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 7.)

Hesperia mi/theca, Hewitsou, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. vol. 19, p. 81 (1877).

Female. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown ; anterior wings with three pale yellow discal spots,
one in cell and two beneath, divided by the second median nervule, a fourth very small greyish spot
above upper end of cell. Anterior wings beneath as above ; posterior wings beneath with a very broad
silvery-white discal fascia commencing on costa and terminating near the submedian nervure. Body and
legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 50 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).

The type, in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, is here figured and described, and I am
much indebted to that esteemed lepidopterist for the loan of what I believe is at present
an unique specimen.

Genus MATAPA.

Matapa, Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 163 (1881).

This genus is most readily recognised by the position of the cell to the anterior wings,
which is attenuated anteriorly.

The male is described by Mr. Moore as having " an oblique discal slender linear glandular
streak of raised scales" to the anterior wings.

•■ AVhat wowld olil Isaac Walton have thought now, if possessed of the same spirit of admiration as when he wrote,
ni'Te thau_ two huiich-ed years ago, " Nay, the Royal Society have found and published lately that there be thirty and three
knids of spiders ; and yet all, for aught I know, go under that one general name of spider."

April 30, 1886. 5 d

378 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

1. Matapa aria. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 8.)

hmem- Aria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 784 ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. xlis. p. 241, n. 75 (1880).
Pamphila Aria, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, u. 1 (1877).
Hesperia Aria, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliii. p. 315, n. 4 (1882).
Matapa Aria, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 164, t. 66, f. 1, In (1881).

The figure is taken from a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, and the following
is Mr. Moore's original description : —

" Male and female chocolate-brown.

" Male. Upperside pale brown ; fore wing with a short impressed comma-like grey streak obliquely
beneath the cell. Cilia yellowish white. Underside bright ferruginous-brown. Palpi ferruginous-brown."

" Female. Upperside dark chocolate-brown, without the impressed streak ; cilia of hind wing pale
orange-yellow. Underside bright ferruginous-brown."

Exp. wings, " S If, S 2^ inches."

Hab. — Continental India ; Bengal (Moore). — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). — Andaman Islands ; Port
Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.).— Java (Horsf.).

Several accounts of the habits of this species have been given by observers in Ceylon.
At Colombo Capt. Hutchison found it in " Plains and forest. During S.W. Monsoon. Settles
on leaves." At Kandy Capt. Wade-Dalton reports it as " Uncommon. Found in Guinea-
grass"; whilst Mr. Mackwood states that it " appears twice a year generally— in January and
July ; at other times very scarce.

" *

Genus PITHAUKIA.

i'ithauria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 689.

This genus has the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings longer than the lower
disco-cellular, thus differing from Matapa, whilst from Zca, with which it agrees in that respect, it is
differentiated by the position of the median nervules of the anterior wings, of which the second has its
base less than twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule.

In his description of this genus Mr. Moore does not describe the neuration, but only
states " venation similar to PainphUa." It is evident that at that time Mr. Moore had not
recognised the true genus Pamphila, and therefore these remarks are incorrect. The genus,
however, is fixed by its type, which is here described.

1. Pithauria murdava. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 9 <? .)

Pmene murdava, Mooro, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 784 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 359, n. 7.
Pithauria murdava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 689, t. xlv. f. 13.

Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the base greyish, and with six small pale
ochraceous discal spots, situate two in cell, two beyond cell separated by the fifth subcostal nervule, and
two beneath cell separated by the second median nervule; posterior wings greyish, with the margins
broadly olivaceous-brown. Wings beneath brownish-ocluaceous; anterior wings with the disk blackish,
and spotted more or less as above; posterior wings with indistinct ochraceous discal and submarginal

* Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 164.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY ANA. 379

markings. Body above olivaceous-brown ; abdomen above with segmental ochraceous fasciae ; body beneath
and legs more or less ochraceous.

Female. Diifering from the male by having the greyish markings above ranch darker in hue, and the
abdomen above without the pale segmental fascisB.

Exp. wings, ,? & 2 , 40 to 42 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Darjeeling (Moore and coll. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll.
Godfery). — Borneo (Druce).

The only specimen known to the writer from the Malay Peninsula is the one here figured,
which was captured at Singapore by Capt. Godfery.

Genus BAOEIS.

Baoi-is, Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 165 (1881).
PariMia, Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 166 (1881).
Chapra, Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 169 (1881).

In this genus the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings is longer than the lower, thus
agreeing with Pithauria, but it differs from that genus by the position of the median nervules of the anterior
\vings, of which the second has its base about twice as far apart from the lower as from the upper median
nervule, thus resembling Zea, from which, however, it is distinguished by the very oblique position of the
upper median nervule.

I have failed to discover the characters which separate the above-named three proposed
genera of Mr. Moore, no diagnosis of the neuration having been given in either case, save
that Parnara has similar venation to Chapra. Glandular tufts have been used for the separation
of Baoris and Chapra, but these alone have not been considered as primary generic characters
in this work.

It is probable that this genus has a wide Ethiopian as well as Oriental distribution, but the
classified material is too scanty as yet to warrant very definite conclusions on that point.

1. Baoris moolata. (Tab. XXXIV., tig. 10 J^ .)

Hesperia moolata, Moora, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 843.

Pamphila julianus, Butl. (nee. Latr.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 654, u. 2 (1877).

Male. Wings above dark vinous-brown, the fringe greyish-ochraceous; anterior wings with the following
very pale ochraceous spots : — one in and near end of cell, two or three — small — beyond cell and before
apex, and three placed obliquely, divided by the first and second median nervules, and of which the
lowermost is much the largest and is subquadrate in form. Wings beneath as above.

Female. Resembling the male, but having two spots in and near end of cell and an additional spot
placed between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure. Wings beneath lighter and brighter
in hue than above.

Exp. wings, <y and 2 , 36 to 39 millim.

Hab. — Tenasserim; Ahsown, Moolai to Moolat (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (coll.
Dist.) ; Perak (Townsend — coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Borneo ; Sandakan
(Pryer— coll. Dist.).

380 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

2. Baoris narooa. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 12 2 ,)

Hesperia iiariion, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. G87 ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 260,

n. 125 (1881).
Parnara narooa, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 167, t. 69, f. 3, a, b (1881) ; De Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. lii. p. 99,

n. 264 (1883).

Male and Female. Wings above vinous-brown, the basal areas paler, fringe pale brownish -grey.
Anterior wings with the following very pale ochraceous spots : — two in and near end of cell, three — small —
in almost upright series beyond cell and divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, five in oblique
discal series, of which the fourth is exceedingly minute and placed beneath the lower median nervule
(omitted in the figure here given) ; posterior wings with two very small pale discal spots — -three in female.
Wings beneath paler than above ; anterior wings spotted as above ; posterior wings with a small pale spot
at upper end of cell, and a discal series of four small pale spots. Body above concolorous with wings ;
paljii, anterior portion of sternum, and abdomen beneath, greyish-brown.

Exp. wings, (? & $ , 40 to 48 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Bombay (Moore) ; Sikkim (de Nic.).— Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). —
Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley
(coll. Dist.).

This species seems closely allied to the Gegenes contigua and G. javana of Mabille, both
described as from Java,* and principally differs from the description of those species by the
number of the discal spots on the under surface of the posterior wings.

3. Baoris chaya. (Tab. XXXIV., lig. 9.)

J-lt'S]ieria Ch<i;i,i, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 791 ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 242.

n. 85 (1880) ; de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 60, n. 124 (1881).
Pamphila Chaya, Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 37, n. 134 (1878).

Wings above vinous-browu, the fringe greyish-brown ; anterior wings with the following pale
ochraceous spots : — a duplex spot within cell, two — small — beyond cell and separated by the lower sub-
costal nervule, and an oblique discal series of four spots placed between the nervules, of which the first and
fourth are smallest ; posterior wings with some very obscure pale discal spots. "Wings beneath paler and
more rufous-brown ; anterior wings spotted as above ; posterior wings with a few small and very pale discal
spots. Body above more or less concolorous with wings; palpi and abdomen beneath greyish-brown.

Exp. wings, 82 to 35 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic). — Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-
Mas. & de Nic). — Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Staud. ; Biggs —
coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Wallace — coll. Godm. & Salv.). — Java (Horsf. & Moore).

According to Mr. de Niceville, " this is the widest spread and commonest Hesperia in
North India, met with everywhere from the plains to 8000 feet elevation." t

4. Baoris mathias. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 10.)

Hisjiena Mathias, Fabricius, Ent. Svst. Suppl. p. 433 (1798); Latr. Enc. Metb. is. p. 751, u. 61 (182Si;
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 594 ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 238, n. 61 (18811.
Epargyrctcs Mathias, Biitl, Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 275, n. 1, t. Ill, f. 8 (1869).

- Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 232, note. j J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. GO (1881).

EHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 381

PatniMlii Miithiin, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 728, n. 1 ; ibid. 1881, p. 612, n. 50 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1874, p. 109, u. 1 ; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 158, n. 76 (1876) ; Mab. Ami. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 37,

n. 133 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 848; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Beug. vol. l.

p. 261, n. 129 (1881) ; Kheil, Kbop. der Insel. Nias, p. 88, n. 146 (1884).
PamphUa Matthias, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 3 (1877) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877,

p. 815, n. 40.
Chapm Mathias, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 169, t. 70, f. 1, la (1881) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 261 ; de Nic.

J. A. S. Bang. vol. lii. p. 99, n. 269 (1883) ; Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 154, n. 32.
Paniam Malhlas, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 493, n. 39.

Wings above viuous-browu, the fringe greyish ; anterior wings with eight small greyish spots, situate
two in cell, three in siiberect and subapical series beyond cell, and three in oblique series — of which the
uppermost is smallest — divided by the first and second median nervules ; between the lowermost spot and
the submedian nervure is a narrow, transverse linear, greyish impression. Wings beneath paler than above ;
anterior wings spotted as above, but the spots a little darker in hue ; posterior wings with a small pale spot
in cell, and a curved discal series of small pale spots situate between the costal nervure and the lower median
nervule. Body above more or less concolorous with wings ; palpi and abdomen beneath greyish.

Exp. wings, 31 to 33 millim.

Hab. — Aden (Butl.). — Continental India; Karachi (Swinhoe — Brit. Mus.) ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking
—Moore); Gujerat iSpaight — Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (de Nic). — Ceylon (Moore). — Nicobar Islands ; Kamorta
(Moore). — Burma; Moulmeiu (Limborg — Moore). — Tenasserim; Meetan (Limborg — Moore). — Malay
Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Stand ; Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery). — Siam ; Naheouchaisee
(Druce). — Nias Island (Kheil). — Java; Batavia (Snell.). — Formosa (Butl.).

This widely spread species appears to have been somewhat neglected by collectors in the
Malay Peninsula, as beyond the specimens collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca and now
contained in the British Museum, the example captured in Singapore by Capt. Godfery — here
figured — has alone passed through my hands. It also appears to have passed through many
generic vicissitudes, Mr. Butler, as the above quotations testify, having already placed it in four
different genera.

5. Baoris unicolor. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 11.)

Wings above and beneath unicolorous rufous-brown ; body dark brown ; legs pale brown.

Exp. wings, 30 millim.

Hab. — Malacca (coll. Staud.).

This obscure, and to me unique, Baoris is contained in the collection of Dr. Staudinger,
to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of figuring and describing it in this work.

Genus TELICOTA.

Telkota, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 169 (1881).
Padraona, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 170 (1881).
Ampittia, Mooro, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 171 (1881).

In TcUcotd the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings is longer than the lower, thus
agreeing with the preceding genera Pirdana, PitJiauria, Zca, and Baoris, but from these genera it differs by
the position of the second median nervule of the anterior wings, which has its base either midway between
that of the upper and lower median nervules, or rather nearer to the lower than to the upper.

April 30, 188(3. 5 e

382 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

1. Telicota augias. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 23).

Papiliii Aw/ia.s, Linuffius, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 79i, u. 257 (17G7); Joh. Amoen. Acad. vi. p. ilO, n. 80 (176-t) ;

Don. Ins. Ind. t. 48, f. 1 (ISOO).
Hespeiiu Attt/ias, Latr. Enc. Meth. is. p. 767, n. Ill (1823).
PamjMla Auyias, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 251, n. 566 (1857) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1865, p. 792 ; Drace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, u. 2 ; Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii.

p. 248, n. 32 (1876) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 4 (1877) ; Snell. Tijd. Ent. sis.

p. 158, n. 77 (1876) ; ibid. ss. p. 3 (1877) ; ibid. xxi. p. 41, n. 172 (1878) ; Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.

xxi. p. 37, n. 138 (1878) ; Salv. & Godm. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 149, n. 40 ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic.

J. A. S. Bang. vol. l. p. 261, h. 133 (1881) ; de Nic. J. A. S. Beug. vol. l. p. 60, n. 121 (1881).

Wings above dark ocbraceous ; anterior wings with the ueuration, a broad oblique discal fascia, —
commencing at end of cell where it is broadest and ending at submedian nervure, — and a series of outer
marginal more or less elongate spots placed between the nervules, — of which the two uppermost are longest
and the third and fourth shortest, — black ; the discal fascia has its central area paler in hue ; posterior
wings with the costal and basal areas, — excluding cell, — a broad scalloped outer marginal fascia widening
towards anal angle, abdominal area and the nem-ation black ; fringe of both wings greyish ocbraceous.
Anterior wings beneath as above, but the black discal fascia shorter, and the outer marginal spots more or
less obsolete ; posterior wings beneath with only traces of the black markings above. Body above fuscous,
beneath greyish-ochraceous ; legs dark ocbraceous.

Exp. wings, 30 to 33 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Bengal (Moore) ; Sikkim (de Nic). — Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-
Mas. & de Nic). — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Staud. ; Pinwill— Brit.
Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Siam ; Nahconchaisee (Druce). — Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.). — Java (Horsf.);
Batavia (Snell.). — New Guinea; Port Moresby (Brit. Mus.). — Duke of York Island (Salv. & Godm.).

2. Telicota bambusae. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 12.)

Pamphila bambusm, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 691, t. xlv. f. 11 & 12.

Mr. Moore thus diagnoses his species : — " Allied to P. augias, Linn., from typical Java specimens
of which it differs in its somewhat broader and less pointed wings. Markings above similar, but more
defined, the borders of the wings blacker, the basal yellow streak on hind wing confined to a terminal spot
at the end of the cell, and the abdominal border black. On the underside the markings are also more
clearly defined and the interspaces blacker."

Exp. wings, " <y If, S 1| inch."

Hab. — Continental India; Calcutta (Frith & Atkinson — colls. Moore & Stand.). — Malay Peninsula ;
Johore (coll. Stand.).

According to Dr. Atkinson, the larva of this species " feeds on the bamboo."*
The figure is taken from a specimen captured at Johore, and contained in the collection
of Dr. Staudinger.

3. Telicota goloides. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 13 s .)

Fadiaona yuluides, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 171, t. 71, f. 3, 3« (1881).

Pamphila naranata, Moore, MS. ; (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 251, n. 565 (1857).

Male. Anterior wings above dark ocbraceous, the outer margin broadly dark chocolate-brown, and
with an irregular oblique discal fascia of the same colom*, which commences at costa, — where it is united

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 691.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 383

with the outer margin, — is widest and elongately produced beyond cell, and is continued through cell to
base ; this fascia encloses a small ochraceous spot at upper end of cell ; posterior wings above dark
chocolate-brown, with a transverse discal ochraceous fascia; fringe of both wings greyisb-ochraceous.
Wings beneath with the dark markings more or less obsolete ; anterior wings with the outer margin only
dark chocolate-brown towards outer angle, the discal fascia obsolete, represented by a dark disco-cellular
spot at end of cell, the inner margin and basal area also of the same colour ; posterior wings much paler
than above, the discal fascia moi'e or less margined with dark spots. Body above dark chocolate-brown,
beneath with legs more or less dark greyish-ochraceous.

Exp. wings, 24 to 27 millim.

Hab. — Ceylon (Tbwaites — coll. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Staud.). — -Java (Horsf.).

This is the species which stands in Horsfield and Moore's Catalogue under the MS. name
of Famphila naranata, as I have satisfied myself by a careful comparison with the specimen
thus named in the Horsfield collection. It has since been described under the name of
I'lulrauna goloidcs by Mr. Moore. My Ceylonese specimens are identical with the Singapore
example here figured, which belongs to the collection of Dr. Staudinger.

In Ceylon, according to Mr. Mackwood, this species " is widely distributed. Sea coast up
to 5000 feet. Generally January to March."*

4. Telicota maesoides. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 24.)

PdiiiphUa DitEsoides, Butler, Trans. Linn. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 5 (1877) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. See.
1877, p. 594 ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Bang. vol. xlix. p. 242, u. 87 (1880).
Padniuna )iimsoiLles, Moore, Lap. Cayl. vol. i. p. 171 t. 71, f. 6, 5 a (1881).

Wings above dark ochraceous ; anterior wings with the outer margin broadly dark chocolate-brown,
and with an oblique discal fascia of the same colour, commencing at costa, deflected outwardly at end of
cell — sometimes connected with outer margin — and continued broadly beneath cell to base ; posterior wings
dark chocolate-brown, with a transverse discal fascia, a spot in cell and a subcostal spot dark ochraceous ;
fringe of both wings greyish-ochraceous. W^ings beneath as above, but much paler. Body above dark
chocolate-brown, beneath with legs more or less greyish-ochraceous.

Exp. wings, 20 to 25 millim.

Hab. — Ceylon (Tbwaites — coll. Dist.). — Andaman Islands ; Port Blair (coll. Moore & Calc. Mus.). —
Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Townsend — coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Malacca (coll. Staud. ; Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ;
Biggs — coll. Dist.); Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Java; Bantam (coll. Dist.).

This seems a widely distributed species, and from T. guloides may be readily distinguished
by the very ditierent markings of the imder surface of the wings.

5. Telicota maro. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 14 a^ , 15 2 .)

Hesperia Maro, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 432, n. 242, 243 (1798).

Cyclopides Maro, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lap. p. 279, t. 11, f. 12 (1869j.

Cyclopides Camertes, Hew. Descr. Hasp. p. 48, n. 8 (1868).

Pamphila Maro, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, n. 3 ; Butl. Trans. Liun. See. sar. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 555,

n. 6 (1877) ; Snail. Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 41, n. 171 (1878) ; Mab. Ann. Soc. Eut. Balg. xxi. p. 88, n. 146

(1878).
Ampittia Maro, Moore, Lap. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 172, t. 71, f. 1, Ik (1881) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 262,

■■' Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 171.

384 RIIOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Male. Anterior wings above dark ochraceous, outer margin broadly chocolate-brown and a discal
narrow transverse fascia of the same colour commencing at costa and united to outer margin beyoud cell,
and connected from lower median nervule with inner margin, where it there encloses a small ochraceous
spot; posterior wings above dark chocolate-brown, with a short but broad transverse discal ochraceous
fascia ; fringe of both wings greyish-ochraceous, spotted with brownish. Anterior wings beneath as above,
but paler and with the outer dark margin broken ; posterior wings beneath ochraceous, with dark, waved
and somewhat reticulated narrow fasciae, and with a submarginal series of dark spots. Body above dark
chocolate-brown, beneath with legs more or less greyish-ochraceous.

Female. Wings above dark brown, the pale markings of the male only represented by a few scattered
pale spots ; wings beneath much paler than in male, and with the darker markings larger.

Esp. wings, J , 21 to 23 millim. ; ? , 21 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking— Moore). — Ceylon (Thwaites— coll. Dist.).—
Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (colls. Hewits. & Godfery).— Siam ; Nahcon-
chaisee (Druce).— Java (Mabille). — Celebes (Snell.).

This species has been redescribed by the late Mr. Hewitson under the name of Cyclopides
Camcrtes. The female is peculiar by its diverse appearance, a specimen of which, belonging
to the collection of Capt. Godfery, is here figured.

6. Telicota nigrolimbata. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 16.)

Tkymelicus nigrolimbatus, Snellen, Tijd. Eut. sis. p. 165, t. 7, f. 5 (1876) ; Kheil, Khop. der Insel. Nias, p. 38,

n. 147 (1884) ; Plntz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 289, n. 19 (1884).
Pamphila niijmlimhata, Butl. Traus. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 555, n. 7 (1877).

This species — not contained in the writer's collection — differs fi'om the preceding species here
enumerated and described, in the apparently broken and more or less obsolete discal fascia on the upper
surface of the anterior wings ; the lower wings above somewhat resemble those of T. iruBsoides. Wings
beneath generally resembling their upper surface.

Exp. wings, " 19 to 28 millim."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Nias Island (Kheil). — Java; Batavia
(Snellen).

The figure here given represents a capture made by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and now
contained in the British Museum. It has not been included in any of the numerous collections
which have passed under the writer's examination.

Genus SATARUPA.

Sntitrupa, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 780.

The first distinguishing feature between Satarupa and the preceding genera is that of the regular
outer margin of the posterior wings, which is neither sinuated nor lobately produced at anal angle. The
base of the second median nervule of the anterior wings is about, or little more than, twice as far apart
from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. The antennae have their apices strongly
hooked or curved.

This genus is somewhat scarcely represented in most collections, and its area of
distril)ution cannot be rigidly defined owing to our little knowledge of its species. It is
represented in Continental India by several species, and one has been described fi-om Borneo.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. . 385

1. Satarupa affinis i-ar. cognata. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 17.)

Satarupa ajfinis, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 360, n. 1, t. xxxiii. f. 9.

Wings above dark fuscous ; anterior wings with seven or eight small pale and semihyaline spots,
situate two beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule (the lowermost sometimes duplex), two
beyond cell divided by the upper median nervule, two separated by the upper discoidal nervule, and
one on each side of the fourth subcostal nervule ; posterior wings with a broad white central discal
fascia, commencing near costa and terminating at abdominal margin, its outer margin fringed with a
series of blackish spots just contained in the outer fuscous area ; fringe alternately greyish-white.
Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler ; posterior wings as above, but the white area larger, the
basal fuscous coloration above replaced by greenish-grey beneath, the black spots beneath more or less
detached from the outer fuscous coloration. Body above dark fuscous, beneath with legs greyish ; palpi
greyish, with their apices fuscous.

Exp. wings, 40 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (coll. Staud.).

This may probably prove to be a distinct species, but I have been unable to find any very
strong character to separate it from the type of Mr. Druce's Bornean species, which I have
carefully examined, and which is now in the collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin. Its chief
difference is in the position of the black spots in the outer fuscous area of the posterior wings,
and these in typical S. affinis are more immersed in that fuscous area than in var. cognata. On
the under surface of the wings this area is also much more broken and obsolete than in the
variety ? here described and figured.

Genus CASYAPA.

Casyapa, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurii. Lep. p. 576 (1871).

Chatocnewer Feld. Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 460 (1860).

In this genus the anterior wings are relatively somewhat shorter and broader than in the preceding
genera, the costal margin is slightly falcate at apex, the outer margin nearly straight ; the upper disco-
cellular nervule is shorter than the lower, which is obliquely dii'ected inwardly, and the base of the
second median nervule is a little more than twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the
upper median nervule. The posterior wings are subovate, the first and second median nervules having an
apparently common origin at about end of cell. The body is robust and hairy, the palpi broad, thickly
clothed with somewhat short hairs and directed upwards and forwards ; the antennse are of moderate
length, with a well-thickened curved club, which is not so strongly hooked as in Satarupa; the posterior
tibiae are very prominently spined and clothed with very long hairs.

This genus has sometimes had an indiscriminate application, and without a thorough
examination of many species — some not attainaljle to the writer — it is impossible to speak of
its geographical distribution. The typical species on which the genus was founded is from
Amboina, and Casyapa is probably widely distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago.

One species only is known to the writer as found in the Malay Peninsula.

'•■ This name was preoccupied by Chcetocnema in Coleoptera, and therefore the genus was rightly renamed by
Mr. Kirby.

April 30, 1886. , 5 f

386 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

1. Casyapa phanaeus. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 18.)

Etidamus Phanmis, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp. p. 14, n. 24 (1867).

Wings above rufous-brown. Anterior wings with three large pale discal semihyaline spots margined
with fuscous, situate one in and at end of cell, and two beneath cell divided by the second median nervule ;
beneath these are two fuscous spots situate between the lower median nervule and the submediau nervure ;
three subapical fuscous spots with greyish centres divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules.
Posterior wings with a single discal and a series of submarginal fuscous spots ; abdominal margin more or
less ochraceous. Wings beneath somewhat duller and paler in hue than above ; markings similar. Body
and legs more or less coneolorous with wiugs.

Exp. wings, 55 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace — coll. Godm. & Salv.). — Borneo; Sarawak (Hewitson).

Genus ISMA.

Ismu, Distant, antea, p. 369.

In this genus the anterior wings are elongate, the outer margin oblique and slightly convex ; the
disco-cellular nervules are obliquely dnected inwardly, and the base of the second median nervule is about
three times as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. The body is
robust and pilose, the palpi broad and hairy, projecting forward and almost level with the upper surface of
the head ; antennae with a pyriform club, the apex of which is slender and slightly hooked.

Two species are here enumerated as found in the Malay Peninsula.

1. Isma obscura. n. sp. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 19.)

Wings above dark fuscous ; anterior wings with five greyish spots, situate two — small — in and before
end of cell, two — largest — beneath cell and divided by the second median nervule, and one between end of
cell and apes of wing. Wings beneath paler than above ; anterior wings spotted as above, and with the
inner marginal area greyish; posterior wings with the abdominal area paler. Head and thorax above
more or less greyish ; legs brownish. Abdomen mutilated,

Exp. wings, 33 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Wallace — coll. Godm. & Salv.).

2. Isma bononia. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 20.)

Hesperia Bononiu, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp. p. 29, n. IG (1868) ; Ex. Butt. v. Hesp. t. 7, f. 75, 76 (1876).

This species is only known to the writer by the typical specimen (which is here figured)
in the collection of the late Mr. Hewitson, whose original description is also reproduced : —

" Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with five transparent spots : — three between the median
nervures and two before the apex : an opaque pale-yellow spot near the costal margin. Posterior wing with
two transparent spots."

"Underside ochreous-yellow ; the middle of the anterior wing dark brown. Posterior wing with the
transparent spots bordered below with brown, and with a brown spot on each side of them."

Exp. wings, " 1-rV inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Wallace — coll. Hewitson).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 387

Genus TAGIADES.

Tagiades, Hiibuer, Verz. bek. Scbmett. p. 108 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 175 (1881).
Ptenjgospidea, Wallengr. Ebop. Caffr. p. 53 (1857).

Anterior wings moderately short, the costal and outer margins slightly convex. Costal nervure
moderately swollen ; disco-cellular nervules suberect and almost subequal in length ; base of the second
median nervule about three times as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median
nervule. Posterior wings subovate. First and second median nervules emitted somewhat close together.
Body short ; palpi broad and flattened, the terminal joint short and slender ; legs not prominently pilose ;
antennse somewhat short, the club not prominently thickened, its apex recurved, but not strongly hooked.

This geuus is both Ethiopiau and Oriental in distribution, and the species appears to be
subject to considerable variation.

1. Tagiades atticus var. calligana. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 6.)

Hesperia Atticus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 389, n. 288 (1793).

Tagiades calligana, Butler, Trans. Linn. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, u. 3, t. Ixix. f. 11 (1877).

Vur. a. Anterior wings dark fuscous, with a subapical series of nine small pale ochraceous spots
arranged in semicircular series ; posterior wings greyish-white, with about basal half and apex dark
fuscous, and three submarginal black spots, the uppermost more or less fused with apical coloration, and
lowermost situate on second median nervule. Anterior wings beneath as above, but slightly paler ; posterior
wings beneath greyish-white, the costal and apical margins broadly fuscous, and with a submarginal series
of darker spots, which become marginal and more or less fused on posterior margin ; the basal dark
coloration above appearing as pale obscure bluish beneath. Body above dark fuscous, beneath more
or less greyish.

Exp. wings, 35 milim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penaug (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Wallace — coll. Godm. & Salv. ;
Pinwill— Brit. Mus. ; Biggs— coll. Dist.).

This is the variety figured, and which appears to differ from typical T. atticus in wanting
a lower marginal spot to the upper surface of the posterior wings.

T. atticus in its typical form is found both in Continental India and Ceylon.

Var. b. Differing from var. a in having the basal fuscous coloration to the upper sm-face of the
posterior wings larger, and extending more than half way across the wing ; and with four dark marginal
spots as in typical T. atticus.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).

There can be little doubt that T. atticus is a most variable species, and little good can
accrue to our knowledge by raising these varieties to specific rank. It is difficult to understand
the position of those entomologists who, professing to believe in the doctrine of natural
selection, yet tacitly deny variation on which that very doctrine is sustained, by naming and
describing each varietal form as a distinct species. If variation exists, why is it excluded from
so many cabinet drawers ? Surely this is making evolutionary brick without natural straw.

388 EHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

2. Tagiades gana. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 2 ^ .)

Pterygospidea Gana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Sec. 1865, p. 780.

Tagiades gaita, Butl. Trans. Limi. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 2 (1877).

Male. Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with three small greyish semibj-aline subapical
spots, and a transverse discal macular fascia, a large spot within the cell, another near base, and the
exterior margin blackish ; posterior wings with about the outer third greyish-white ; apical margin, three
upper discal spots, and two marginal spots on the greyish-white area, blackish. Anterior wings beneath as
above, but paler; posterior wings beneath greyish-white, the costal and apical margins broadly fuscous ;
spots as above, but the marginal ones frequently larger and more spreading, and the basal fuscous
coloration above, pale and obscure bluish beneath. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath grej'ish.

Female. Wings above paler than in male, and the greyish-white area to the upper surface of the
posterior wings much smaller than in the other sex.

Exp. wings, <? , 43 to 45 millim. ; 2 , 45 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Bengal (Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist. ; Wallace

—coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Perak (Kiinst.— Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca

(Pinwill— Brit. Mus. ; Biggs— coll. Dist.).

♦

3. Tagiades ravi. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 1 <7 .)

Ptcnjijospidea llaii, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 779.

Tagiades Pari, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, n. 2; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556,

n. 1 (1877) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. .J. A. S. Bang. vol. xlix. p. 241, n. 78 (1880) ; ibid. vol. l. p. 238,

n. 60 (1881).

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown ; anterior wings with three small greyish semihyaline subapical
spot^, two somewhat larger spots of the same colour beneath and beyond extremity of cell, three obscure
blackish spots in ti-ansverse series across disk, one of the same colour in cell and another near base, apex
and exterior margin darker ; posterior wings with curved discal series of small blackish spots. Anterior
wings beneath paler brown, with the semihyaline spots as above ; posterior wings beneath olivaceous-grey,
the costal and outer margins brown, and with curved discaJ series of small blackish spots — these are
sometimes almost obsolete. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath more or less olivaceous-grey.

Female. Eesembling the male, but with two minute additional semihyaline subapical spots, and with
the blackish discal spots rather larger and brighter.

Exp. wings, <? & 2 , 40 to 48 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Bengal (Moore). — Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). —
Nicobar Islands; Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.);
Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Wallace — coll. Godm. & Salv.).
— Nias Island (coll. Dist.). — Siam (Druce). — Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

This species varies iu the colour of the under surface of the posterior wings, which in
some specimens is wholly pale fuligiuous-brown, and in others more or less olivaceous-browu
as in the specimen here figured.

4. Tagiades dealbata, n. sj>. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 21.)

W ings above dark fuscous-brown ; anterior wings with a cluster of small pale semihyaline spots, of which
three or four are discal, and five in irregular series are subapical ; posterior wings with the outer margin

lUTOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 389

from a little beneath apex to anal angle broadly greyish-white, a discal series of dark spots margining the
upper end of this white area. Anterior wings beneath paler, spotted as above ; posterior wings beneath
with about the outer half irregularly greyish-white, the white area partly crossed by a series of small brown
spots, and the basal brown area also variegated by somewhat large dark brown spots. Body and legs more
or less concolorous with the dark hue of wings.

Exp. wings, 80 millini.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula: Sungoi Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).

5. Tagiades lavata. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 5.)

ToijiaiU's lavata. Butler, Trans. Liim. See. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 557, n. 4, t. Ixix. f. 8 (1877).

Wings above dark fuscous-brown ; anterior wings with a few (irregular in number in different
specimens) small pale semihyaliue subapical spots ; posterior wings with the outer margin from beneath
apex to anal angle somewhat broadly greyish-white. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler ;
posterior wings beneath greyish-white, with a pale bluish tinge, the costal margin and apex broadly
fuscous. Body above dark fuscous, beneath greyish ; legs more or less streaked with brownish.
• Exp. wings, 3'2 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

0. Tagiades trichoneura, rar. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 20.)

Pti'i-i/i/dsja'dm tricliiiiu'ura, Fekler, Wieii. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 402, n. 31 (18(S0); Raise Nov. Lap. iii. t. 73,

f. 14, 15 (1867).
Tdfiiinlfs tnrlwnmra, Klieil, Pihop. der lusal Nias. p. 38. n. 149 (1881).

Wings above dark purplish-brown ; anterior wings with the neuration more or less greyish and with
thu'teen pale greyish spots, situate two in and two above cell, four in oblique series beneath cell, and five
subapical (there is sometimes a small fourteenth subcostal spot as in the specimen figured). Posterior
wings with the outer margin from the up2)er median nervule to anal angle broadly orange-yellow, and the
same colour is extended narrowly for a short distance along the margin as far as the lower subcostal nervule,
two elongate spots in cell, a discal series of elongate spots and the apical margin dark purplish. Anterior
wings beneath as above, but with a few additional greyish spots ; posterior wings beneath pearly- white,
the costal and apical areas purplish-brown, containing a series of dark purplish elongate spots. Body
above purplish-brown, the abdominal segments margined with greyish ; body beneath with legs greyish.

Exp. wings, 33 to 42 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ; Malacca (coll. Staud. & Feld.). — Nias Island
(Kheil).— Java (Feld.).

Mr. Kirby* has placed the Ptn-iigospitlfa Fmhuja, Moore, as a synonym of this species.
It is, however, at least a distinct race, and appears to be confined to Continental India. In
Mr. Moore's species the posterior wings are ochraceous, not pearly-white beneath. The width
of the ochraceous margin to the posterior wings above is variable, as is the greyish margin
of other species of the genus.

■■■ Syu. Cat. Diiirn. Lep. p. 635-6.

April 30, 1886. 5 g

390 HHOPALOCEUA MA LA VAN A.

Geuns .y3AHATHA.

Abaratha, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 181 (1881).

This genus differs from all those of the family which have been here previously enumerated by havmg
the posterior wings with the outer margin angularly produced near apex.* The anterior wings have the
costal margin moderately arched, the outer margin ol)liquely rounded, the inner margin nearly straight.
The first, second, third and fourth subcostal nervules are emitted at about equal distances apart, the fifth
from upper end of cell, disco-cellular nervules obliquely directed inwardly, the lowermost the longest,
second median nervule about twice as far apart from that of lower as from that of upper median nervule.
Posterior wings irregularly subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex, the outer margin sinuate and
angularly produced near apex and again more moderately so near centre ; subcostal nervules bifurcating
at about one-fourth before end of cell, first and second median nervules emitted somewhat close together
near end of cell. Body moderately robust ; palpi laterally compressed, terminal joint short and conical ;
posterior legs stronglj' pilose ;+ antennse with a short and thick curved or hooked club.

The strength and geographical distribution of this genus cannot at present be fixed ; one
species is found in Ceylon, and two are at present recorded from the Malay Peninsula.

1. Abaratha sura. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 16 <? .)

Acliyludes Sum, Mooro, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 780.

Ftenjf/osjmlea Helias, Feld. Reise Nov. Lop. iii. p. 5ii), ii. 9-20. t. 73, f. 12, 13 (1867).

Wings above dull purplish ; anterior wings with an oblique blackish fascia (sometimes broken) crossing
wing before middle, a waved submarginal blackish fascia, margined interiorly with two subapical white
spots, and with two others divided bj' the second median nervule, these white spots margined with blackish ;
bevond the outermost fascia the coloiu- is more or less bright castaneous ; posterior wiugs with a sub-
basal greyish oblique linear fascia, two subapical (the innermost very short) linear greyish fasciae, and
two submarginal series of greyish spots, the lowermost with dark centres in the male, a series of apical
marginal blackish spots and the basal greyish fascia in malr also inwartily margined with blackish.
Anterior wings beneath much j)aler than above ; posterior wiugs beneath greyish-white with a subcostal
rounded blackish spot near base, and the spots above darker and better defined beneath. Body above more
or less coneolorous with wings, beneath with legs greyish.

Exp. wings, 35 to 40 millim.

Hab. — Continental India: Bengal (Moore); Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore*). — Malay Peninsula; Perak
(Kunst. — Calc. Mus. ; Townsend — coll. Godm. & 8alv.) ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.).^Celebes (Felder).

■1. Abaratha pygela. (Tab. XXXIY.. lig. 18.)

I'terygospidea I'ljyela, Hewitsou, Descr. Hesp. p. 53, n. 6 (1868) Ex. Butt. v. I'lii-. t. 1, f. 3 (1873)
Antiijonus iiyijda, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 360, n. 1.

Wings above chocolate-brown, extreme bases narrowly greyish ; anterior wings with a transverse
dark fascia margined with greyish near base, a waved irregular dark fascia inwardly more or less

=■= Of course this is a superficial ami uot a true stnictural jieiieric c-liaracter, but it is of .ijrcat use in distiuguisliiuf;
between the genera of a small fauna, as of the Malay Peninsula, and is simply useil in the " Synopsis" for that purpose. The
])ractice of foundiu^' genera upon shape of wing is even less followed than advocated.

I Mr. Moore describes the legs as naked, but I have specimens of the Ceylouese A. laiisonneti, Feld., the tj-pe of his
genus, in which the pilosity of the posterior legs is strongly developed.

; Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. f. vol. i. p. 251 (1857).

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 391

margined with greyish situate near outer margin, and a submarginal narrow dark fascia ; posterior
wings with the abdominal margin, rather less than outer third of wing, a transverse sub-basal fascia,
followed by a very irregularly waved linear fascia greyish-white ; the outer white area traversed by
two pale brownish fasciie. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler ; posterior wings beneath
greyish -white, the costal area spotted with brownish, and with some minute dark spots along outer
margin. Body above chocolate-brown ; apical half of abdomen more or less greyish ; body beneath and
legs greyish.

Exp. wings, 32 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery ; Kiinst. — Cale. Mus.) ; Malacca (Hewitson). — Borneo
(Druce).

SPECIES INCEET^ SEDIS.

I have here followed the method of Messrs. Godman and Salvin,* in enumerating the
following species without exact generic determination. The reason for such a course with
myself is that the species are represented by single specimens, and are not in my own
possession, so that complete study of neuration has been prevented by my responsibility to
keep the specimens uninjured.

1. Baoris? insignis, x.sp. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 22.)

Wings above dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with seven greyish-white discal spots, situate two
subapical, two divided by second median nervule, two in cell, and one small and subcostal above them ;
posterior wings with the fringe prominently greyish-white ; anterior wings beneath paler than above, spots
similar, but with a faintly marked submarginal series of small pale spots ; posterior wings beneath
greyish -brown, the costal and basal areas brownish, and with a discal and marginal series of brownish
spots, fringe as above. Body above concolorous with wings ; body beneath with legs more or less greyish.

Exp. wings, 26 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Godfery).

2. Isma? homolea. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 23.)

Ib'Kpci-ia Homolea, Hewitson, Descr. Hasp. p. 29, n. 15 (1868); Ex. Butt. V. Hesp. t. 7, f. 77, 78 (1876);
Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliv. p. 13, n. .312.

The figure is taken from the typical specimen in the late Mr. Hewitson's collection, and
his description is here reproduced.

" Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with live transparent spots ; one in the cell, two between the
median nervures, and two before the apex."

" Underside. Anterior wing with a sulimarginal band of ochreous spots. Posterior wing with two
bands of similar spots and one spot more distinct than the rest towards the anal angle."

Exp. wings, " Ih inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Wallace — coll. Hewitson).

'■ Biologia Ccntrali Aiuorioaua — Ehop. vol. i. p. -ISO.

302

7i' no I\ 1 LOCK U A MA LA YA NA .

Group EEIONOTARIA.

This group — which was proposed (diitea, p. 368) to include those geuera whose species
possessed posterior wings more or less convex and about as broad as long — is probably
distributed wherever the family is lonnd.

As already stated, this division is only proposed as a ready means of discrimination in the
study of this fauna. I have not presumed to advocate it as of universal application, and in
the words of Captain Cook, I do not wish, in this respect, "to go beyond soundings."

Fig. lis. — Alltel lor
Krionota tlira.r.
iiitiliaii iiervure.

wiii^" 111'
showing

Fig. ll:t. — Anterior winf; of
I'lastinriia callineura, show-
ing positiou of subcostal and
iiit'tliiui nervnles.

I'iG. l'.JO. — Anterior wing of
Ilidari irava, sliowing posi-
tion of median uorvules.

FiG. 191. — AiiU-riur wing of
Kerana armata, showing
position of subcostal and
niedinn nervnles.

SYNOPSIS OF GENEEA.

A. Outer and inner margins of anterior win^s subequal in length.
((. Upper and lower disco-cellular nervules of anterior wings

almost subequal in length.
I). Anterior wings elongated, about twice as long as broad.
<■. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about

twice as far apart from that of lower as from that of

upper median nervule.

d. IMedian nervure hetween bases of the two upper median

nervules more or less oblique and curved. - - Erionota.
(hi. Median nervure between bases of the two upper median

nervules straight. ------- Gangara.

cc. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about
three times as far apart from that of lower as from that
of upper median nervule.

e. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more

nearly opposite the base of second than of lower
median nervule. ------

ce. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more

nearly opposite the base of lower than of second

median nervule. .-.---.

hb. Anterior wings short, not twice as long as broad.

aa. Upper disco-celluhxr nervule of anterior wing longer than lower.

/. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings not more

than twice as far apart from that of lower as from that

of upper median nervule. ------

ff. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings more than
twice as far apart from that of lower as from that of
upper median nervule. ..--..

B. Inner margin of anterior wings longer than outer margin.

fl. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings moderately
close to that of upper and remote, or more than twice
as far apart, from that of lower as from that of upper
median nervule. --------

/{(J. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about twice

as far apart from that of lower as from that of upper

median nervule.

/;. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more

nearly opposite the base of lower than of second median

nervule. Astictopterus.

////. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more
nearly opposite the base of second than of lower median
nervule. - - Kerana. t

- Plastingia.

Hy.\rotis.
Coladenia.

HiDARI.*

Udaspes.
Plesioneura.

Gen. nov., type Hespcria Irava, Moore.

Geu. nov., type Asticinpteriis annafiis. Druce.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 393

Genus ERIONOTA.

Eriunota, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Eiit. Belg. xxi. p. 84 (1878).

Anterior wings moderately long, the inner margin longer than the outer, costal margin very slightly
sinuate, inner margin distinctly sinuate. Costal nervm-e terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell ;
fifth subcostal nervule emitted at about end of cell ; disco-cellular nervules moderately oblique, the upper
and lower subequal in length ; second median nervule with its base more than twice as far apart from that
of lower as from that of upper median nervule. Posterior wings about as broad as long, the costal margin
obliquely convex, the outer margin irregularly rounded and slightly sinuate towards anal angle. Subcostal
nervules bifurcating at about half the distance before end of cell ; second median nervule emitted at rather
more than twice the distance from lower than from upper median nervule, which starts from end of cell.
Body long, robust and pilose ; palpi large, broad and considerably compressed, the terminal joint very
short ; antennfe slender, the apex moderately thickened and curved, not strongly hooked.

Mod. Mabille, the founder of this genus, inchided m it the Heapcria intvu, Moore, but this
species is structurally distinct, and is the type of my proposed genus Hidari.

1. Erionota thrax. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 17.)

R'pilio Thrax, Lhmxns, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 794, n. 260 (1767) ; Don. Ins. Iml. t. 49, f. 2 (1800).
, Ilrsprria Thrax, Latr. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 748, n. 53 (1823); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i.
p. 254, n. 582 ( 1857) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 790 ; PLitz. Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliii. p. 327 (1882).

Ca.'iiiapa Thrax, Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 158, n. 73 (1876) ; ibid. w. p. 3 (1877) ; ibid. xxi. p. 40, n. 161 (1878) ;
Biitl. Trans. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 553, n. 1 (1877); Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 641, n. 33 ; Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 909 ; Kheil, Ehop. der lusel Nias, p. 38, n. 145 (1884).

Ctrsijapii Thrax, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 858, n. 1.

Erionota Thrax, Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 35, n. 114 (1878).

Telefionns Thnix, De Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. h. p. 65, n. 196 (1882).

Male and Female. Wings above chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with three discal pale ochraceous
spots, situate one crossing cell, another beneath cell and between the two lower median nervules, and the
third and smallest betw^een the first and second median nervules ; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-
ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above ; anterior wings with the disk distinctly darker and spotted
as above; posterior wings with a discal, rounded, macular darker fascia. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 3- and 5 , ()3 to 78 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Bengal (Horsf. & Moore) ; Sikkim (de Nic.) ; Darjeeling (Plotz). — Malay
Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll.
Dist.); Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist. ; Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (Snell.). — Nias Island (Kheil). —
Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.).— .Java ; Batavia (Snell.). — Borneo (Druce). — Celebes (Snell.). — China;
Foochow (Elwes).

The Larva and pupa of this species have been figured by Horsfiekl and reproduced here
{((iitrii, p. 3G7, f. Ill), and the first is stated, in Java, to feed on the "Pisang {Musa paradisaica),
November and February." *

■■■■■ Cat. Lep. Mus. E,I.C. vol. i. p. 254.
April 30, 1886. 5 h

;)94 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Genus GANGAllA.

Gangara, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 16-1 (1881).

This genus is closely allied to the preceding, En'onota, and seems to differ principally — so
far as I can discover — by the median nervure between the bases of the two upper median
nervules being straight, and not curved as in EviDiKita.

1. Gangara thyrsis. (Tab. XXXIV., tig. 13.)

Papiliu Tln/rsis, Fiibiiciiis, Syst. Eut. p. 532, u. 383 (1775); Maut. Iiis. p. 86, u. 781 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii.

p. 333. 11. 264 (1793).
Ti'liymus Thi/rsis, Bntl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 262, n. 5 (1869) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. -T. A. S. Beug. vol. i,. p. 261,

n. 127 (1881) ; ibid. p. 238, u. 61 (1881).
Hesperia Thyrsis, PKitz, Stett. Ent Zeit. xliii. p. 331 (1882).
Hesperia Pandia, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. :Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 254, t. 7, f. 10, 10^ (18571 : Moore,

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 790.
Gamjarii Tlii/rsis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 165, t. 66, f. 8, 3;/ (1881).

Male and Female. Wings above chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with six pale ochraceous spots,
of which the three largest ai-e discal, and situate one crossing cell, one beneath cell and between the
two lower median nervules, and the third between the first and second median nervules, the other
three spots are small and subapical (in some specimens there is an additional linear spot on submedian
nervure) ; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above ; anterior
wings with the disk darker and spotted as above, the inner marginal area also pale ochraceous, and
with a tuft of short hairs in male, the subapical area irrorated with bluish-grey scales ; posterior wings
irrorated with bluish-grey scales, which form some irregular fasciae across their surface. Body and legs
more or less coucolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, J and $ , 70 to 83 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Canara (Horsf. & Moore). — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll.
Dist.). — Andaman Islands ; Port Blair (Calc. Mus.). — Nicobar Islands (Calc. Mus.). — Burma; Moulmein
(Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (Birch— coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.). —
.Java (Horsf. \- Moore).

I am indebted to Mr. J. K. Birch, of Buttevwortli, Province Wellesley, for a specimen of
this species, which, as he wrote to me (under date of April 24th, 1883), was '• Cauglit in my
verandah a few nights ago, attracted by the lamp."

The larva is figured in Moore's ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon,' * and is there thus described : —
'■ Larva greyish-white, with a few ochreous dorsal spots and marks. From the body,
according to Dr. Thwaites, a loose shaggy iilamentous clothing consisting of pure waxf is
excreted, but wliich is easily rubbed off when handled, leaving the larva (p;ite naked. Feeds
on Palmaceje. Pupa pale olivaceous-yellow; the tongue spirally protruded.";]:

* Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. tab. t>(i, f. 'Sti.

t lu the Tnuis. Eut. Soc. for 187(), p. 519, Prof. Westwood publislied " Notes ou the habit.s of a Lepidopterous lusect
parasitic on Fuli/oia camlclaria, and states that tliere is every probability "for our beUeviu<,' that it is upon tiie waxy secretion
of the Fiilgoia that this parasite subsists.''

I Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 165.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A. 395

Genus HIDAPJ.

Hidari, Distant, antea, p. 392.

This genus differs from Erionota and Gangara in having the ujjper disco-cellular nervule of the
anterior wings longer than the lower ; the hase of the second median nervule of the anterior wings is
also not more than twice as far apart from lower as from upper median nervule.

Three species are found in the Malay Peninsula, and are here included in the genus.

1. Hidari irava. (Tah. XXXIV., fig. 15 ? .)

Hespeiid Irava, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mas. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 254, u. 583 (1857); Plotz, Stett.

Ent. Zeit. sliii. p. 328, u. 80 (1882).
Cehcnoirhinus Thriki; Hiibn. (nee Linn.), Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 875, 876 (1832).
Hespena Hypapa, Hew. Descr. Hesp. p. 25, n. 7 (1868).
Erionota Hypapa, Mab. Auu. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p_ 35, n. 115 (1878).
Casyapa irava, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 553, n. 2 (1877).
Erionota irava, Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 35, n. 116 (1878).

Male and Female. Wings above chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with the basal costal area rufous
and the disk much darker, containing four pale ochraceous spots, situate one in cell and three beneath cell
divided by the median nervules and two (sometimes only one) small greyish subapical spots ; posterior
wings with the fringe greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath very much paler than above ; anterior wings
with the disk blackish, spotted as above, and with small fuscous spots divided by the lower discoidal
nervule ; posterior wings with usually four small fuscous discal spots in curved series. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <? and 5 , .52 to 64 millim.

H.\B. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) : Perak (Kiinst. — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Stand.;
Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.). — ^Java (Horsf.).

2. Hidari sybirita. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 24.)

Hexpcria Sybirita, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii. p. 451 (1876).

Wings above chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with three discal pale ochraceous spots, one in coll
and two beneath, divided by the second median nervule, and three small subapical greyish spots in
suberect series ; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above :
anterior wings with the inner and subapical areas somewhat violaceous, and spotted as above ; posterior
wings with a discal constellation of dark fuscous spots.

Exp. wings, 68 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Hewitson).

The figure is taken from the typical specimen in the collection of the late Mr. Hewitson,
and this constitutes at present my whole knowledge of the species.

3. Hidari staudingeri, u.sp.* (Tab. XXXV., fig. 25).

Wings above chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with an ochraceous, irregularly transverse discal
macular fascia, composed of one spot in cell and three spots beneath divided by the two lower median

* Named after Dr. Staudinger, of Dresden, the gi-eat living authoritj' on Palearctic Lepidoptera.

390 EHOPALOCERA MALAVANA.

nervules, and two minute greyish subapieal spots ; posterior wings with the fringe brownish-grej'. Wings
beneath as above, but the lower spot of the macuhir fascia to the anterior wings having its posterior half
greyish-white. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 52 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).

This very distinct species is contained in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, and I have not
seen a second example.

Genus PLASTINGIA.

Ptaxtimii.i, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. vii. p. 95 (1870).

This genus differs from Ilichtri in having the upper and lower disco-cellular nervules of the anterior
wings almost subequal in length, thus agreeing with Erionota and Gnngara, but easily distinguished in a
structural sense from those genera by the position of the second median nervule of the anterior wings,
which has its base about three times as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median
nervule. Another distinguishing character in PlastiiKiin is the position of the first subcostal nervule of
the anterior wings, which is emitted more nearly opposite the base of second than that of lower median
nervule.

PlastiiKjid, as at present known, is a small genus, and its species appear to be principally
found in the Indo-Malayan Region. Several have been described from Borneo.

1. Plastingia callineura. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 26.)

Ihxin'iiii r.iUtiu'itni, Felder, Keise Nov. Lap. iii. p. 513, ii. 895, t. 71, f. 9, 10 (1866).

Pltixtiiii/iii callinmra, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 359, n. 2; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.

p. 555, n. 1 (1877); Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 30, n. 133 (1878); Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit.

xlv. p. 148, n. 12 (18841.
Hesperia Lotoia, Hewits. Descr. Hesp. p. 34, u. 27 (1868); Ex. Butt. Hasp. t. 6, f. 02, 63 (1873).
Plastingia Ldtoia, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 149, u. 13 (1884).

Wings above dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with basal costal, subcostal, and inner marginal
ochraceous streaks, and with a discal series of seven pale semi-hyaline spots, of which the largest is bilid
and situate above the lower median nervule, three — the uppermost smallest— in oblique series separated by
the lower discoidal and the upper median nervules, two small and subapieal and one in and near end
of cell; posterior wings with a central transverse fascia connected with base, a narrow streak along inner
edge of abdominal margin and the fringe ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above ; anterior wings
spotted as above and with a series of dark submarginal streaks placed between the nervules ; posterior
wings with the neuratiou ochraceous, the discal fascia as above, and with a submarginal series of minute
ochraceous spots. Body above brownish, with segmental ochraceous fascia ; body beneath pale ochraceous,
abdomen with a central series of dark brownish spots ; legs brownish.

Exp. wings, 38 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.) ; Shigapore (coll. Hewits. ; Wall.— coll.
Godm. & Salv.). — Java; Buiteuzorg (Felder).

Mr. Hewitson redescribed this species under the name of Hesperia latoia, and the figm-e
here given represents the typical specimen in the Hewitsonian Cabinet. According to the
writer's exjjerience the species is moderately rare in the Malay Peninsula.

RHOPALOCEKA MALAYANA. :'!97

Genus HYAROTIS.

Hi/diotis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 17 i (1881).

This genus can be readily distinguished from the preceding — Plastinciia — hy the position of the first
subcostal nervule of the anterior wings, which is emitted more nearly opposite the base of the lower than
of the second median nervule.

A single species (according to present knowledge), and one which is given by Mr. Moore
as the type of the genus, is found in the Malay Peninsula.

1. Hyarotis adrastus. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 4.)

I'tijiiliu Ailni)itus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 319, F, G (1782).
Tmjiades Adrastus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, u. 1.
Hesjwia Adrastus, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliv. p. 30, u. 240 (1883).

Hijiirotis Adrastus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 174, t. 67, f. 5, 5a (1881): Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 262;
de Nic. .J. A. S. J3eiig. vol. lii. p. 99, n. 274 (1883).

Wings above chocolate-brown : anterior wings with seven pale greyish semi-hyaline spots, situate
one in cell, three in oblique series beneath cell divided by the two lower median nervules, and three small
and subapical in suberect series ; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-brown. Anterior wings beneath
spotted as above, the outer half paler and with a distinct darker submarginal fascia ; posterior wings
beneath with the basal third chocolate-brown, the discal third more or less violaceous, and the outer thii-d
pale fuscous ; the discal third contains some irregularly formed greyish-white spots, and the outer third
has an inner dark macular fascia. Body above chocolate-brown ; body beneath and legs paler brown.

Exp. wings, 40 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; N.W.Himalaya (Hocking — Moore) : Sikkim (de Nic). — Ceylon (Moore). —
Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.i : Malacca (coll. Stand.). — Siam ; Nahconchaisee
(Druce). — Java (Plotz).

It is not accurate to speak of any species belonging to this family as being really rare
in the Malay Peninsula, the Hi'speriidw having been so little worked, but certainly H. adrastus
is not common in collections belonging to the fauna, as one specimen in my own collection
and another in that of Dr. Staudinger are the only Malay examples I have seen.

Genus COLADENIA.

Coladetiia, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 180 (1881).

This genus differs from all those of the Erionotaria here previously enumerated in having the
anterior wings short, and not twice as long as broad. The anterior wings have the upper disco-cellular
nervule a little shorter than the lower, the second median nervule has its base about twice as faV apart
from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule ; the posterior wings have the subcostal
nervules bifurcating near end of cell, the first and second median nervules having an apparently common
origin near end of cell. Body robust and pilose ; palpi laterally compressed ; antenniB with a well-formed
apical club moderately hooked at tip ; posterior tibife with two prominent spines.

April 3U, 188G. 5 i

398 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

1. Coladenia dan. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 27.)

PapiUo Dan, Fabricius, Maut. Ins. ii. p. 88, n. 798 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 341, n. 297 (1793).

Hespena Earns, Latr. Enc. Metli. ix. p. 738, ii. 25 (1823).

Hesperia Fatili, Roll. Hiig. Kascbm. iv. 2, p. 454, t. 18, f. 5, 6 (1848).

Hesperia Dan, Hor.sf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 258, n. 580 (1857).

Hesperilla Dan, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 271, u. 1 (1869).

Pleisoneura Dan, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 789; Suell. Tijd. Ent. \ix. p. 158, u. 80 (1876); ib. xxi.

p. 41, n. 178 (1878); Butl. Trans. Linii. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 4 (1877).
Coladenia Dan, De Nic. .J. A. S. Beiig. Iii. p. 100, u. 282 (1883).

Wiugs above rufou.s-brown ; anterior wiiif^s witli four discal greyish -white spots, one — largest and
sublunate — in cell, a smaller spot above it and two beneath cell divided by the second median nervule,
and three — sometimes two — small subapieal greyish-white spots in suberect series, outer half of wing with
obscm-e dark fasciie ; posterior wings with discal and outer marginal dark fasciae. Wings beneath as
above, but slightly paler. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, BO millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Bengal (Moore) ; Sikkim (de Nic). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Townsend —
coll. Godm. .1- Salv.); Malacca (Piuwill— Brit. Mus.). —Java (Brit. Mus.); Batavia (Snell.).— Celebes (Snell.).

A Malaccan specimen, cajDturecl by Capt. Pinwill, and contained in the British Museum,
is here figured.

Genus UDASPES.

Udaspes, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 177 (1881).

In Udaspi's the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings is longer than the lower, and the
base of the second median nervule is more than twice as far apart from that of the lower as from
that of the upper median nervule.

1. Udaspes folus. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 3.)

I'apilio Fohis, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 74, F (1779).

Hesperia Cicero, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 338, n. 287 (1793) ; Latr. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 787, n. 154 (1823).

Pteryyospidea Folus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 778.

Tayiades Folus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 283, n. 3 (1869).

Pleisoneura Folua, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, n. 1; Suell. Tijd. Eut. xix. p. 158, n. 79 (1876);

Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 1 ( 1877) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 815, u. 41 ;

Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 33, n. 99 (1878).
Vdasjies Folus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 177, t. 68, f. 3, 3i( (1881) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 263 ; de Nic.

.1. A. S. Beng. vol. Ii. p. 65. n. 200 (1882).

Wings above dark olivaceous-brown, the fringe alternately greyish-white ; anterior wings with the
following greyish-white spots : — one in cell, two beneath cell which are contiguous and only separated by
the lower median nervule, one — small — between the lirst and second median nervules, two submarginal
separated by the lower discoidal nervule, and three subapieal which are more or less fused and sometimes
l)recedcd by a minute fourth spot near costa ; jjosterior wings with a broad, irregularly shaped, and
outwardly angulated greyish-white discal fasciate patch. Anterior wings beneath somewhat paler, spotted
as above, and with a psile fascia near apex ; posterior wings beneath much paler than above and somewhat
greyish, the costal area and a patch on outer margin castaneous, the fasciate patch more or less continued

KHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 399

towards base, a subcostal greyish-white spot, and a central dark castaneous linear spot. Body above
olivaceous-brown, beneath with legs greyish.

Exp. wings, ^ and ? , 45 to 50 millim.

Hab.— Continental India: N.W. Himalaya (Hocking— Moore) ; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic). —
Ceylon (Moore).— Malay Peninsula ; Perak (coll. Godfery ; Kunst.— Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford —
coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus. ; Biggs— coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Wallace— coll. Godm. & Salv.). —
Siam : Chentaboon (Druce). — Java (Mabille).

Genus PLESIONEUKA.

Plesioneuia, Felder, Wieu. Eut. Hon. vi. p. 29 (1862); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 177 (1881).

In this genus the inner margin of the anterior wings is longer than the outer margin, thus agreeing
with the two following genera, but it possesses a distinctive character in the position of the second median
nervule to the anterior wings, which has its base close to that of the upper and remote from the lower
median nervule, or more than twice as far apart from that uervule as from the upper one.

1. Plesioneura alysos. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 7).

Plesiotieura Alysos, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 789; ibid. 1877, p. 593; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 178, t. 67,
f. 3, a, b (1881); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 263; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556,
n. 2 (1877) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beug. vol. xlix. p. 241, u. 80 (1880) ; de Nic. J. A. S.
Beug. vol. L. p. 60, n. 128 (1881); Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 38, h. 98 (1878).

Hesperia Ah/sus, Horsf. & Moore, MS. Gat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 253, n. 577 (1857).

Male. Wings above dark fuscous ; anterior wings with a discal transverse whitish fascia, crossing wing
near end of cell and not reaching either the costal or inner margins and with a small whitish spot between
the upper median and the lower discoidal nervule. Anterior wings beneath paler than above, especially
near outer margin, the fascia and spot as above, but the first more or less connected with the costal
margin ; posterior wings beneath much paler than above, with a somewhat indistinct darker curved discal
fascia. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, J , 30 to 38 millim.

Hab.— Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking— Moore) ; Bengal (Moore) ; Sikkim (de Nic.).—
Ceylon (Moore).— Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).— Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll.
Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit.
Mus. ; Biggs— coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Wallace— coll. Godm. & Salv.).— Java (Mab.).

The female, as found in Ceylon, is thus described by Mr. Moore :—" Forewing with
broader medial band, three subapical spots, the spot between upper median and radial, and
sometimes another between the upper and middle medians."*

Mr. Moore also describes the Ce3donese males as having " either one or two very small
oblique subapical spots," but there is no trace of these in any of the specimens from the
Malay Peninsula which I have examined.

The larva as observed in Ceylon is described as "pale green, white speckled; head black
bordered. Feeds on Zinziberaceae." t

■■'■= Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 178 (1881). I Ibid.

400 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Mr. de Nicevillo states, tVnni observations made in Sikkim, that this species " always
settles with expanded wings." "

2. Plesioneura asmara. (Tab. XXXY., fig. 28.)

I'lesiuneiira Asmara, Butler, Trans. Liiiu. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, u. 3 (1877).
Ihspmn Asmani, Horsf. ct Moore, MH. Cat. Lop. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 253, n. 576 (1857).

The tigitre here given is taken from a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, and the
following is Mr. Butler's original description : —

" Similar to /'. dan, I but not tawny-tinted, the three spots in the centre of primaries united, and
hyaline-white."

Exp. wings, <? & ? , "1 inch 8 lines."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Java (Horsf. & Moore).

This species is much more closely allied to /'. nhison, and appears remote in appearance
from C. dan.

3. Plesioneura pinwilli. (Tab. XXXV., tig. 29 J .)

PIcsimieuia Pinivilli, P)utler, Trans. Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 55G, n. 5, t. Ixviii. f. 4 (1877).

As with the last species, Mr. Butler's figure and description are reproduced : —

"Primaries ])lack, with a bluish shot; a broad oblique shining pale-yellow subhjaline patch,
separated by the median nervure and its second and third branches into three spots ; two small spots
of the same colom% j^laced obliquely below it, on the interno-median interspace ; secondaries bright
orange, the base and the apical portion of external border choeolate-brown ; remainder of outer border,
a rounded spot at end of cell, a second near anal angle, and live, submargiual, touching the outer border,
black; head and thorax greenish grey, vertex of head edged with sordid white; abdomen orange banded
with black. Primaries below as above, excepting that there is a bifid whitish spot above the end of the
cell, a whitish spot at base of interno-median area, aud that the inner margin is brown ; secondaries
bright orange ; the costal and outer borders irregularly purplish black ; fringe brownish ; a subcostal dash,
a rounded spot at the end of the cell, and a reniform spot near the aual angle black ; body below and legs
bright ochreous, palpi jjale oehreous ; neck below white ; antenna; black above, testaceous below."

Exp. wings, "2 inches 2 lines."

H.VB. — Malay Peninsula : Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.).

This is a rare species, and is only known to the writer by the single specimen captured
by Capt. Pinwill, and now contained in the British Museum.

Genus ASTICTOPTEUUS.

AKtk-topterm, Feldcr, Wicu. Ent. Mou. iv. p. 401 (1860); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 162 (1881).

This genus diftVrs from Plcshmnint by iiuving the base of the second median uervule of the
anterior wings about twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median
nervule ; the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings is emitted more nearly opposite the base of
the lower than of the second median nervule.

'•■ J. A. S. Dens. vol. l. p. (Id (IHHli. | Coladrtiin (hin, antea, p. 398.

t

RHOPA LOCFJIA MA LA Y. I N. 1 . 401

1. Astictopterus jama.

Astktopterus jama, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mou. iv. p. 401, n. 29 (1860); Butl. Traus. Liuii. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
vol. i. p. 555, n. 1 (1877).

Wings above and beneath uniform dark luscous. Body above concolorous with wings ; abdomen
beneath and legs somewhat greyish-brown.

Exp. wings, 3'2 to 34 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Townsend — coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Sungei Ujong (Duruford — coll.
Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Feld. & Stand.; Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Sumatra (coll. Stand.). — Java; Bantam
(coll. Dist.).

This is apparently a very widely distributed species, but on account of its small size
and obscure appearance it probably frequently escapes the collector's net. It has not been
considered necessary to figure this species, as its uniform coloration renders it easily
distiuuuishable.

2. Astictopterus salsala. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 21.)

XimnilaJi'a Sdlmihi, iloove, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 780.

Cyclopides Sahalti, Butl. Tnins. Liiiii. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 555, n. 1 (1877).

Wings above dark fuscous ; anterior wings with a transverse curved series of rufous spots crossing
wing beyond cell, the so-called s[iots consisting of scattered groups of scales. Wings beneath rufous-
brown : anterior wings with the rufous spots above bluish-grey beneath, and generally with a small
cluster of similarly coloured spots (variable in number) in cell ; posterior wings with some discal
spots of the same coloin-, also variable in number in different specimens. Bodj* and legs concolorous
with wings.

Var. a.

Astictopterus steUiffi- . Butler, Trans. Linn. Sou. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 555, n. 7 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
vol. i. p. 163 (1881).

This variety simply differs from what is understood as the typical form of ^. salsala by the absence
(and probably accidental obliteration) of the scale-like spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings.

Exp. wings, 26 to 28 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Bengal (Moore). — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak
(Townsend — coll. Godm. & Salv.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus. ; Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr —
coll. Dist.). — Nias Island (coll. Dist.).

There is little doubt that this proposed species of Mr. Butler {A. stellifer) is simply
a variety of A. aalsala. In fact, the process of reunion has already commenced, as, though
they were originally enumerated by Mr. Butler in difterent genera, they now — or rather did on
the 29th March last — appear arranged in the same genus in the National Collection. It is no
doubt a variable species. Mr. Moore cited his Ceylonese species as A. stcllifer, Butl. ; but on
my visit to the British Museum (on the above-named date) Mr. Butler had separated the
specimens received from Ceylon as distinct from his A. stellifer. It is therefore not beyond
possibility that the Ceylon forms may yet be described as a " new species."

April 3U, 1886. 5 k

40-2 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

3. Astictopterus xanites. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 28.)

Astirtopterux xanites, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 510; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 555,
n. 2, t. Ixix. f. 7 (1877) : Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 359, n. 2 ; Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi.
p. 4.S, 11. 170 (1878|.

Wings above dark fuscous : anterior wings with a sanguineous transverse fascia not reaching costal
or inner margins and crossing wing at end of cell. Wings beneath as above, but the transverse fascia
to the anterior wings broader and paler than above and approaching nearer to the costal margin.
Body and legs dark fuscous.

Exp. wings, 32 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Suugei Ujong (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.). — Java
(Mabille).— Borneo ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.) ; Sarawak (Butl.).

4. Astictopterus sindu. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 30.)

.Istirt,j],t,'rux SiiulK, Pelder, Wieii. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401, ii. 30 (1860); ]3utl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2. Zool.
vol. i. p. 555, n. 0 |1877).

The specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill in ]\ralacca, and now contained in tlie collection
of the British Museum, is here figured, and the following is Felder's original description : —

" Alis utrinque fuscis, anticis fascia lata transversa subsinuata fulvo-aurantiaca. <? ."
" Praecedenti * affinis, sed minor pedibusque gracilioribus instructus."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Selangor ; Kwala Lumpor (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Mnlacca (coll. Feldcr —
Pinwill— Brit. Mus.).

The small size of this species and the position of its transverse fascia on the anterior
wings are the characters which apparently identify it. Tt appears to be a moderately scarce
species ; one specimen only — mutilated — is in my collection.

Genus KEEANA.

Kerann, Distant, mttea, p. 392.

This genus is closely allied to Astictopterus, but structurally differs by having the first subcostal
nervule of the anterior wings emitted more nearly opposite the l)ase of the second than of the lower
median uervule.

1. Kerana armata. (Tab. XXXV,, tig. 31.)

Astictopterus Aniiatitx, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 359, ii. 3, t. 33, f. 7 ; Butl. Trans. LLuu. Soc. ser. 2.
Zool. vol. i. p. 555, n. 4 (1877).

"Wiugs above dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with a liroad, transversely oblique dark orange-
yellow fascia, which is convexly rounded outwardly and nearly straight inwardly, crossing wing at about
end of cell. Wings beneath as above, but a little paler in hue, the fascia to the anterior wings being also
paler than above. Body and legs coucolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, /)0 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula Malacca (coll. Stand. ; Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. GodferyJ. —
Borneo (Druce).

* A. Jama, Kcld.

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

403

2. Kerana gemmifer. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 29.)

Astictuptenis ijeiiimi/er, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 555, n. 3 (1877).

Wings above dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with a broad and outwardly rounded transversely
oblique orange-yellow fascia crossing wings at about end of cell. Wings beneath as above, the fascia to
anterior wings slightly paler. Body and legs concolorous with wings.

Exj). wings, 32 to 34 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.) ;
Singapore (Wallace — coll. Godm. & Salv.).

8. Kerana aurivittata, rar. cameroni.* (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 19.)

Plesioneura Aurivittata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 843.

Plesioneura Cameroni, Dist. Ann. k Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. x. p. 248 (1882).

Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with an obliquely transverse yellow fascia crossing
wing iit about end of cell, and three small fused pale subapical spots. Wings beneath as above, the colour
somewhat duller, and the posterior wings having an obscure yellowish spot at end of cell. Body a,nd legs
concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 38 millim.

Hab.— Tenasserim ; " above Ahsown " (Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Province
Wellesley (coll. Saiier) ; Perak (Kiiust. — Calc. Mus.).

This variety differs from typical K. aurivittata in the shape of the fascia of the anterior
wings, which, as depicted by Mr. Moore, is widened beneath the cell. Although I previously
described the form here figured as specifically distinct, I think its natural position is better
represented by the formula " variety."

4. Kerana diodes. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 8.)

Xiso,ii,i,lis Diodes, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 787; Horsf. & Moore (MS.), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i.

p. 250, n. 562 (1857).
AsiiciopterKs Diodes, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1873, p. 359, n. 1 ; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.

p. 555, n. 5 |1877) ; de Nic. .J. A. S. Beug. vol. l. p. 60, n. 126 (1881).

Wings above fuscous-brown, with a slight bronzy tinge, the fringe greyish-brown; wings beneath
paler than above, both wings with a submargiual paler fascia, the inner marginal area of the anterior
wings somewhat greyish-brown. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <? li- 2 , 46 to 57 millim.

Hab.— Continental India; Bengal (Moore) ; Sikkim (de Nic.).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—
Calc. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.; Wallace — coll.
Godm. & Salv.; Biggs— coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr— coll. Dist.).— Java (Horsf. & Moore); Bantam
(coll. Dist. ^. -Borneo (Druce).

In Sikkim Mr. de Niceville found this species "the commonest Hespcria seen. Settles
with closed wiugs." f

'■■ Named after Jolm Cameron, author of ' Our Tropical Possessions in Malayan India.'
. 1 J.A.S. Beng. vol. l. p. GO (1881).

404 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

SPECIES INCERTiE SEDIS.
Plesioneura? anthea. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 32.)

Heiperia Anthea, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp. p. 29, n. 17 (1868).

Cobalvs ciUattia, Butl. Tnins. Linn. Soc. ser. *2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 2 (1877).

This species is only known to the writer by the typical specimen in the Hewitsouian
cabinet (here figured) and the specimen in the British Museum Collection presented by
Capt. Pinwill, which was redescribed by Mr. Butler under the name of Cobalus cilialus.
Mr. Hewitson's description is here reproduced :—

" Upi^erside dark browu. Anterior wings with five small transparent white spots : two between
the median nervures and tbree before the apex. Posterior wing with a broad band of white from the
inner margin to the middle ; the fringe white."

" Underside as above, except that the white band is broader and crosses the whole of the wing."

Exp. wings, " 1t^(j inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewitson).

Astictopterus ? harmachis.

Aalictojiti'i-iis hiinnarliis, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. i. p. 341 (1878).

This species was described by Mr. Hewitson as from Sumatra and Malacca, but it is
only represented by a Sumatran specimen in the Hewitsonian cabinet, and although the
describer said, "Also in coll. Dr. Stand, from Malacca," Dr. Staudinger writes me that he
is unable to trace the specimen. I therefore merely draw attention to the species as doubtfully
belonging to our fauna.

APPENDIX.

Since the commencement of this publication, in 1882,* much additional information has
been acquired, some new species discovered, and many other known species, not hitherto
recorded from the Malay Peninsula, have been received from various helpful collectors and
lepidopterists. These are now included, and though doubtless many others have still to be
captured and enumerated, the present work must be brought to a conclusion.

Subfam. DANAIN^.— Group DANAINA (antea, p. 3).

In 1883 Mr. Moore published his "Monograph of Limnaina and Etiplceina, &c."t — in
other words, a monographic list of the genera and species belonging to this group. Mr. Moore
approaches the subject in an analytical spirit, and has thus described many genera and species
which fail to find acceptance with lepidopterists of more synthetical views and method, and he
has also made several useful corrections to the synonymy, all of which, so far as they relate to
species found in this fauna, are duly referred to.

Genus HESTIA {autca, p. 5).

1. Hestia lynceus {antea, p. 6).

Reference has been made to the general variability in size and hue as found in different
specimens of this species. ;!: Mr. Moore has estimated and described these forms as distinct
species, limiting the true H. lynceus to Borneo, describing three new species as found in the
Malay Peninsula, and also specifically separating the Javan and a Sumatran representative of
the species. As the writer inclines to the purely varietal view of these characters, he adds to
the synonymy of H. hjnceus : —

Hestia Reinivardti, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 218, n. 8.
Hestia Lotjani, Moore, ibid. u. 4.
Hestia Do}iovani, Moore, ibid. n. 5.

This species has now been recorded by Messrs. Marshall and de Niceville as not uncommon
in the southern portions of Continental India, § and Perak must also be added to the Malay
districts in which it is found.

=■= During this interval some valuable contributions to a knowledge of tropical Khopalocera have been published.
Messrs. Salvin and Godman have completed the tirst volume of their work on the Central American Rhopalocera ; the first
volume has also appeared of Messrs. Marshall and de Niceville's -Butterflies of India, Burmah, and Ceylon'; whilst Herr
Georg Semper is just commencing to publish his description of the Rhopalocera of the Philippine Islands.

+ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, pp. 201 and 253. J Antea, p. 7.

§ ' Butt. India, Burmah, and Ceylon,' vol. i. p. 25. — It was also captured in the Madura district by mv late friend
F. E. Robinson, whose untimely death by a tiger is deplored by many friends and entomologists alike.

July 30, 1886. 5 l

406

RHOPALOCERA MA LA YAXA .

Its habits on the "Indian Hills" have been described by Mr. E. L. Arnold as "water-
loving." " Their favourite habit is to lazily flap their wide wings while ascending to the tops
of the trees, and then, keeping their wings spread out to the full on either side, they let
themselves come slowly sailing down in wide circles, like large white blossoms, until just at
the surface of the water, when they flutter over their own bright reflection for a moment, and
again rise up to the tree-tops — a happy, lazy sort of way of spending existence, which I was
generally reluctant to disturb."*

2. Hestia linteata {mnm, p. 7).

I have received specimens from Banjermassin — South Borneo — which only slightly vary
from typical forms of the species.

By an oversight the reference to the figure was printed " Tab. II., fig. 1," instead of
Tab. I., fig. 1.

3. Hestia leuconoe. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 3 ? .)

Idea Leucome, Ericbsou, Nova Acta Ac. Nat. Cur. xvi. p. 283 (1834).

Hestia Leuconoe, Doubl. & Hew.^Gen. Diurn. Lep. 1. 13, f. 2 (1847) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 337, n. 1 ;

Semp. Schmett. Philippin. Ins. p. 6, n. 2, t. 1, f. 3, 4, 5 (1886|.
Xectaiia Leuconoe, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 216, n. 6.
Hestia clara, Butl. Trans. Eut. Soc. 1867, p. 469.
yectai-ia clara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 217, n. 8.
Nectaria lahiiana, Moore, MS.

Male and Female. Wings semihyaline, creamy white, more or less suffused with yellow on basal
areas, ueuration black. Anterior wings above with the following black markings : — some black longitudinal
lines in cell, and a macular fascia crossing cell near centre, a waved disco-cellular spot at end of cell,
a much angulated and waved discal fascia commencing at costa and terminating on inner margin, between
which and the median uervure are two spots separated by the lower median nervule — the lowermost largest —
and a waved submarginal fascia enclosing a marginal series of pale spots ; posterior wings with the
following black markings : — two black longitudinal lines in cell, united towards base and the uppermost
cellular at disco-cellular nervule, a spot a little beyond middle of cell, and discal and submai-ginal fasciae
as on anterior wings. Wings beneath marked generally as above. Body greyish-white ; head above
spotted with black ; thorax with two black stripes ; abdomen with a central dorsal stripe ; thorax beneath
and legs streaked with black.

Exp. wings, $ , 120 miUim. ; 2 , 155 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll.
Dist.). — Philipjjines ; Manilla (coll. Dist.). — Formosa (Brit. Mus.).

I am indebted to Capt. Juo. Manners Kerr for the first knowledge of this species occurring
in the Malay Peninsula. Capt. Kerr forwarded me two specimens from Singapore, one of which
was taken by A. P. Wodehouse, Esq., in a Mangosteen orchard, and the other by himself.

This species, hke its allies, varies widely in appearance, and Herr Georg Semper informs
me that he has been able to trace complete gradation from typical e-xamples to the forms clara,
Butl., and labuana, Moore.

* ' On the Indian Hills,' p. 194.

APPENDIX. 407

Genus IDEOPSIS (antea, p. 8).
2. Ideopsis daos {antea, p. 8).

I have examined a very pale specimen of this species, which was collected by Herr
Kiinstler in Perak, and one which bears the same relationship to typical smoky forms as is
exhibited by the varieties of species in the preceding genus Hestia.

Genus RADENA {antea, p. 9).
1. Radena juventa. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 4.)

Papilio Juveitta, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 188, B (1779).

Danais Juventa, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 193, n. 5-1 (1819); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Miis. E. I. C. vol. i.

p. 122, 11. 2i0 (1857) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 837, n. 8 ; Semp. Verb. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien.

1867, p. 698 ; Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 637, n. 4 ; Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Ac.

xliv. Nr. 2, p. 259, t. 2, f. 6, A, B. (1882).
Eadena Juventa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 221, u. 6, t. xxix. f. 1 ; Semp. Scbmett. PbOlip. Iiis. p. 8,

11. 5, t. A, f. 1 (1886j.
Radena Manillana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 224, n. 7.

Male and Female. Wings above fuscous, with pale bluish-grey markings ; anterior -wings with a
basal subcostal streak, followed by three subcostal spots, a large cellular fascia more or less broken near
middle, two spots beyond cell, three large spots beneath cell, divided by the two lower median nervules, the
lowermost of which is very large and more or less divided by a fuscous streak, three subapical spots,
a submarginal series of somewhat rounded spots and a marginal series of much smaller spots ; posterior
wings with the cellular area bluish-grey, surrounded by six elongate spots of the same colour, which are
divided by the nervules, and of which the lowermost is very large, submarginal and marginal series of spots
and the abdominal margin bluish-grey. Wings beneath as above, but somewhat paler. Body above
fuscous; head and thorax spotted with greyish; thorax beneath, palpi aud legs spotted and streaked with
greyish.

Exp. wings, 7'2 to 83 millim.

H.\B. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Godfery — coll. Dist.). — Billiton (Godm. & Salv.). — Java (coll.
Dist.). — Lombock (Moore). — Borneo (Druce) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.). — Philippines (coll. Dist.) ;
Manilla, South Luzon (Moore).

A specimen captured by Capt. Godfery at Singapore lias enabled me to add this insular
species to our fauna.

Genus DANAIS {antea, p. 11).

Attention was previously drawn {antea, p. 13) to an observation made by Mr. Meldola
tending to show that the species of this genus possess an immunity after death from the
attacks of mites and other museum pests. This has since been corroborated by Mr. Jenner
Weir as regards some Indian specimens.* On the other hand, Mr. W. F. Kirby has kindly
drawn my attention to the fact that several species of Chalcia have been reared from East
Indian Danaids. t

* ' Entomologist,' vol. xv. p. 160 (1882).

t C. cupliBO,, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. ser. ii. p. vi. t. 2, f. 9 and 10, also C. albicrus, Klug. Symb. Phys. t. 37, f. 9,
parasitic on D. chrysippus.

408 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAXA.

2. Danais melaneus {antea, p. 14.)

Caduga Bankdi, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1883, p. 251, n. 8.

Mr. Moore has named the above varietal form as a distinct species, a course with which
I cannot agree, as typical forms of D. melaneus have since been received from Perak and other
portions of the Malay Peninsula.

5. Danais genutia (antea, p. 18).

Salaturu intermeiUa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 241, u. 6.

As before remarked, in nearly every series of D. gemitia received from the Malay Peninsula
there is found a variety in which the posterior wings have the fulvous-red much suffused with
white (Tab. II., fig. 3). Mr. Moore has since described this variety as a distinct species under
the name of S. intermedia, and in his monograph has separated it from the typical form of
D. genutia by the intervention of four other species. The reasons, however, for thus treating
this usually recognised variety as a distinct species are unfortunately not given. Its purely
varietal nature has been further exemplified by the subsequent examination of a Perak specimen
in which the fulvous shading is mixed with the white of the posterior wings.

7. Danais chrysippus (antea, p. 20), var. alcippoides. (Tab. XL,, fig. 13.)

Liiiimis Alcipjinidi's, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 288, n. 3, t. 31, f. 1.
Thniais Alcijipus, Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Incl. Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 51 (1882).

This variety bears the same relationship to D. chnjsippns as a similar variety does to
D. gemitia. Messrs. Marshall and de Niceville incline to this varietal opinion, although
provisionally keeping it under a distinctive name. The specimen figured was captured at
Singapore by Capt. Godfery ; it is also reported as found occasionally in Continental India
and Rangoon.*

'o^

8. Danais tytia, var. (Tab. XLI., fig. 15 ^ .)

Kitpkca T;/tici, Gray, Lap. Ins. Nepal, p. 9, t. 9, f. 2 (1833).

Danais Ti/tia, Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. i. p. 50 (1844) ; Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diuru. Lep. t. 12, f. 4 (1847) ;

Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 810, n. 4.
Danais Sita, KoU. Hiig. Kasclim. iv. p. 424, t. 6 (1848).

Danais (Chittira) ti/tia, Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 42 (1882).
Cadui/a tytia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 249, n. 1.
Caduga niphonica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 249, n. 2.
Cadttga sivinhoei, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 250, n. 4.

Male. Anterior wings above black, the cell, a large patch occupying the greater portion of the
iuterBpace between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure, a smaller patch or subquadrate
spot between the second and third median nervules, — sometimes divided or in other specimens only
partially cleft, — two spots above this situate between the two upjier median nervules, five or six subapical
spots in curved series, a submarginal row of spots and a very indistinct and broken series of small
marginal spots, pale bluish-grey and subhyaline. Posterior wings above pale subhyaline and bluish-grey,
the costal area and the outer margin broadly castaneous, enclosing beyond the cell some pale spots and
containing near anal angle two black pseudo scent-glands ; neuration blackish. Wings beneath as above,
but the anterior wings with the ground colour of the apical area reddish-brown ; posterior wings with two

* Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. S2.

APPENDIX. 409

submarginal series of small pale sjiots. Head and thorax above blackish, spotted and streaked with
whitish ; abdomen olivaceous-brown. Head and thorax beneath and legs blackish, spotted and streaked
with white, abdomen above fuscous ; abdomen beneath olivaceous-brown, with a series of apical segmental
whitish fasciffi.

Exp. wings, 82 to 115 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Himalayan Region (Marsh. & de Nic). — Tenasserim (Marsh. & de Nic). —
Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.). — Formosa (Butl.). — Japan (Jonas — coll. Dist.) ; Nikko
(Brit. Mus.).

There can be no question as to the variabihty of this species, and I here treat it
accordingly, and do not follow Mr. Moore in giving distinctive names to the local forms. The
form found at Perak is certainly not constant, as in two specimens in my own collection one
has the large pale spot on the anterior wings between the second and third median nervules
partially cleft, whilst the other has the spot completely divided {specimen figured).

According to Col. Lang it is a forest-loving insect, frequenting in the Western Himalayas
wooded glens, at 6000 to 7000 feet altitude, with a high and soaring flight. In Kulu "it is
not uncommon ; it has four broods — the first brood appearing in April at the lower altitude ;
the second brood appears in June at about 6000 feet elevation ; a third brood appears in
August and the first week in September ; and the fourth, which is much the smallest in
numbers, appears late in October. It is strong on the wing and a high flier ; the long pendant
flowers of the hill toon {Cedrda scrrata) are much affected by it" (A. Graham Young).*

I am indebted to Dr. J. Anderson for my first knowledge of this species occurring in Perak,
his fine collection made by Herr Kiinstler having been submitted to me for examination.

The systematic position of D. tijtia is after D. mdaneus.

9. Danais abigar. (Tab. XLIL, fig. 11.)

Idea Ahhjar, Eschscboltz, Kotzeb. Eeise, iii. p. 209, t. 7, f. 12 n, b (1821).
Euphea chionippe, Hiibn. Samml. exot. Scbmett. t. 6, f.'l, 4 (1806 — 1824).
Danais cecilia, Bougainv. Voy. Thetis, ii. p. 342, t. 44, f. 1 (1837).
Salatura rhionipjie, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 243, n. 16.
Anosia ahujar, Semp. Scbmett. Phillip. luseln. p. 17, u. 15 (1886).

Anterior wings above dark ochraceous ; costal area, apical half, inner marginal area and the neuration
dark fuscous ; the outer fuscous area contains the following whitish spots : — one small costal spot near
middle of costal margin and two above end of cell ; six large spots in oblique series beyond end of cell, of
which the upper five are only separated by the nervules and the lowermost is I'ounded and more detached ;
a few small apical spots, and a marginal and submarginal series commencing at upper median nervule.
Posterior wings above whitish, the costal and outer marginal areas broadly dark fuscous, inwardly spotted
and marked with castaneous ; the costal dark area contains some whitish markings, and the outer dark
area contains a marginal and a submarginal series of small whitish spots. Anterior wings beneath as
above, but slightly paler, and with the marginal and submarginal series of spots continued to apex ;
posterior wings beneath as above, but paler. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, the head and anterior
portion of thorax spotted with whitish ; abdomen dark ochraceous, with a dorsal fuscous stripe ; head and
thorax beneath blackish, spotted with whitish ; legs black, the femora streaked with whitish.

Exp. wings, 68 to 74 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (Birch — coll. Dist.). — Philippines; Manilla, Luzon

(Moore).

'■■'■ Marsh. & de Nic. ' Butt. InJ. Burm. and Ceyl.' vol. i. p. 43.

July 30, 188G. '. m

410 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

The discovery of D. abigar in the Malay Peninsula is a most interesting fact in geogi-aphical
distribution, as the species was generally considered as peculiar to the Philippine Islands.

The systematic position of I). ahUjar amongst the Malay Danaids is after B. melanippus
var. hcgesippus.

Genus EUPLCEA (antea, p. 21).
2. Euploea bremeri (antea, p. 23).

Since writing the description of this butterfly, the male of which was then alone known to
me, I have, through the kindness of Mr. L. de Niceville, received some female examjjles captured
by Capt. Bingham in Tenasserim. These Tenasserim females are paler and more olivaceous
than my males from the Malay Peninsula, the markings are similar, and the discal spots
equally variable.

One, and the smallest, of these Tenasserim females has been described by Mr. Moore as a
distinct species, under the name of Tronga olivacea.*

4. Euploea midamus {antea, p. 24).

Mr. Moore has come to the conclusion that the description of Papilio midamus by Linnsus
really applies to a Chinese species, and he has therefore renamed, as Trepsichrois liniun, f the
widely spread butterfly which has hitherto been understood as E. midamus. I do not propose
to alter the name here, as the species is at present so generally known as E. midamus, and has
been thus referred to by so many authors that much inconvenience would arise by such
transference of names, whilst, on the other hand, some authors might not accept Mr. Moore's
conclusion.

7. Euploea vestigiata {antea, p. 26).

Scdpiiix lazulirui, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 300, n. 3.

Mr. Moore has added what I consider as another name to the synonymy of E. vestigiata,
which again is most probably but a variety of the Javan species E. leucostictos, Gmel. I

9. Euploea crassa {antea, p. 29.)

Pademma apicalis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 308, n. 15.

The view was here previously expressed that E. crassa was probably a variety of the
E. erichsoni, Feld., and a long series of Felder's species, since acquired from Bm-ma, strengthens
that opinion. The experience of the writer is that both these species— if they are distinct — are
very variable in markings, and therefore he can see no reason for Mr. Moore having given the
Malay form the distinctive name of 1\ apicalis. If any alteration should be made it might
be better to sink the name E. crassa under that of E. erichsoni, rather than to erect new species
in a group which has already been made almost unintelligible by the specific treatment of
varieties. §

- Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 267, n. 5. f Ibid. p. 286, n. 1. J Syst. Nat. V. Ins. ii. p. 2289 (1789).

§ It is singular that when a so-called species is sought to be relegated to its proper vai-ietal position in respect to some
parent species, the greatest proof is desiderated by the analytical describer, who liimself is constantly naming what other
entomologists consider as varieties, without gi\dng any reason whatever for the process.

APPENDIX. 411

17. Euploea harrisi.

F.upkea grotei (antea, p. 36).

Euphea Harrisi, Felder, Eeise Nov. ii. js. 328, $ (1865).

fStictophcii Harris, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 320, u. 4, t. xsx. f. 8, <?.

Mr. Moore has discovered that the insect figured by Felder * as his E. grotei is really the
female of another species he had previously described as E. harrisi. The name of the Malay
butterfly must therefore be altered as above.

18. Euploea marsdeni. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 1 J .)

Tnimja warsdeni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 266, n. 3.

The following is Mr. Moore's description of this species : —

"Intermediate between T. bremeri and T. crameri.i Colour paler. Fore wing more the shape of
that in T. crameri, being comparatively longer and narrower than in T. hre)ncri; the markings also are
more like those in T. crameri, there being only two small upper submarginal spots, which, however, are more
elongated and narrower, the next (or largest) spot is also much longer and narrower, the fourth smaller,
and the lower three very smah ; the marginal row is distinct but very small ; hind wings with two rows of
small distinct white spots."

Exp. wings, ^ , 98 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Moore; Kerr — coll. Dist.).

I have given Mr. Moore's original description, because the species is evidently a variable
one, as in two male specimens sent me, by Capt. Kerr, from Singapore, one (the specimen
figured) possesses three small pale spots beyond the cell, and a very small spot in the cell,
which are altogether absent in the second example.

I systematically place E. marsdeni as following E. hrcmeri.

Subfam. SxlTYEIN^ {antea, p. 37).— Genus MELANITIS {anUa, p. 40).
1. Melanitis leda {antea, p. 41).

21. determiimta, Butl. Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xxi. p. 246 (1885).

Mr. Butler states that " the true M. leda is a totally dissimilar Amboinese species," and
proposes the name M determinata for the common Indian and Malay form of the species.

I do not agree with this course, firstly, because Mr. Butler himself does not seem clear as
to what is the typical form, as, though he would now restrict that form to Amboinese examples,
he has previously stated that he " found the small dark form (the true P. Leda of Linnaeus) to be
almost exclusively confined to India"; ]: and, secondly, because I possess Amboinese specimens
of the species collected by Mr. Forbes, and find nothing but the gradual variation previously
described by Mr. Butler himself in the paper referred to, thus proving his also previously
expressed words, " I am fully convinced that this species is capable of almost any amount of
variation in form as well as in colour." §

It has been already stated {antea, p. 40) that J/, leda and .1/. ismcne have often been
considered as varietal forms of one species. Mr. L. de Niceville has subsequently informed us
that M. isineiie is but the dry-season form of 3/. leda, \\ the species thus exhibiting seasonal

-■■ Beise Nov. Lep. ii. t. 41, f. 7. | A Boniean species.

I " Observations on the Variation of Cylla Leda," Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xix. p. 61 (1867).

§ Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 2 (1868). || Proc. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 11.

412 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

dimorphism or variation. Of course we await the recital of the experiments which will
demonstrate this conclusion, and douhtless this will soon be afforded, for Mr. de Niceville is a
most careful lepidopterist. Meanwhile this proposed seasonal identity of the two forms is
eminonth- reasonable and probable. It is therefore to be regretted that, awaiting these fuller
particulars, Mr. de Niceville's interesting and valuable theory should have been subjected by
another writer to some jocose criticism,* and the fact of the two forms having been found flying
together does not prove that they entered the imago condition at the same time. Should this
theory prove to be correct — and I certainly incline to the opinion that it will — a necessary
qualification will be given to many of our specific views, and more benefit will be afforded to
the study of Lepidoptera than by an annual contribution of the descriptions of three or four
hundred so-called new species.

3. Melanitis zitenius. (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 2, J .)

Papilio Zitenhis, Herbst, Naturs. Scbmett. vol. viii. p. 5, t. clxxxii. f. 1, 2 (1796).
Melanitis vamana, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 223, n. 463 (1857).
Melanitis Ambasara, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 223, u. 464 (1857).
Melanitis Gnophodes, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 5, n. 11, t. 2, f. 1 (1868).

Melanitis zitenins, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 244, n. 9 (1881); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Iiid.
Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 258, n. 251 (1882).

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown ; anterior wings with a fuscous oblique patch at end of cell,
followed by a subapical ochraceous subquadrate spot, beneath which is a very small spot of the same colour ;
posterior wings with two small whitish submarginal spots separated by the second median nervule. Wings
beneath brownish-ochraceous, much mottled with small darker strigse ; anterior wings with a dark oblique
fascia almost crossing wing bej^ond end of cell, two small subapical greyish-white spots, and some similar and
very indistinct spots placed between the nervules near outer margin ; posterior wings with a discal curved
dark fascia crossing wing beyond end of cell, and some submarginal small and obscure greyish spots as on
anterior wings ; outer margins of both wings warmer ochraceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.

Exp. wings, 73 to 78 milim.

Hab. — Continental India ; East Himalaya, Khasi Hills (Marsh. & de Nic). — Andaman Islands (de
Eoepstorff — Calc. Mus.). — Burma (Marsh. & de Nic). — Tenasserim (Bingham — Calc Mus.). — Malay
Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.). — Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.). — .Java (Horsf. & Moore).

A male specimen captured in Perak, and now contained in the Calcutta Museum, is here
figured. The female is larger and paler in hue than the male, and the under surface of the
wings is more ochraceous and less prominently mottled with the dark strigas.

4. Melanitis suyudana. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 2.)

Melanitis Sui/itdana, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 224, n. 466 (1857).
Melanitis Aswa, Marsh. & de Nic. (part). Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 251, u. 244.

Tlie following is Mr. Moore's original description : —

" Upper side deep dark brown, paler on the margins : a single whitish spot near apex of foir-uinri,
and a minute dot on lutid-irnKj. Underside deep mottled ferruginous-brown, with indistinct dark usually

=•■ Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xxi. p. 246.

APPENDIX. 413

transverse streaks ; a triangular space of mottled greyish-white from costal margin near the apex ;
hind-iving with six small pale spots centred with a white dot."

Exp. wings, 67 to 75 millim.

Has.— Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinst. — coll. Semper).— Java (Horsf. & Moore) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.).

I am indebted to Herr Georg Semper for the opportmiity of examining and figuring
a Perak specimen of this species. Messrs. Marshall and de Niceville treat M. smjudana as
conspecific with M. aswa, Moore, and M. tristis, Feld.,* or rather estimate the three forms as
varieties of one species. I possess Javan and therefore typical examples of M. siujmlana, with
which the Perak specimen figm-ed exactly agrees, and I think it is sufficiently distinct to
stand alone.

5. Melanitis abdullae. (Tab. XIX., fig. 3.)

Melanitis ahdnUa, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. 241 (1883).

Wings above dark fuliginous-brown, somewhat paler at outer margins. Wings beneath ochraceous,
thickly mottled with brown ; anterior wings with two broad and irregular dark fasciae crossing cell and
wing, some irregular waved markings beyond cell, and some small and indistinct ocellated spots placed in
irregular series on outer discal area, of which the most distinct are two separated by the upper discoidal
nervule, and two separated by the second median nervule ; posterior wings with a narrow dark fascia
passing a little beyond end of cell, beyond which the colour is uniformly darker and more opaque, and on
which is included a series of six submarginal ocellated spots placed between the nervules, of which the
second (situate above the discoidal nervule) and the sixth (placed near the anal angle) are somewhat the
smallest. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 63 millim.

HiB. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

My collection contains but a single specimen of this species, and I have not met with it in
any of the numerous and large consignments from Perak, of which opportunity for examination
has been afforded.

Genus LETHE [antea, p. 43).

2. Lethe mekara. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 9 a^ .)

Bebis Mekara, Moore (Horsf. k Moore), Cat. Lap. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 219, n. 454 (1857).
Lethe Mekara, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 119, n. 32 (1868) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824 ;
Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ccyl. vol. i. p. 148, n. 132 (1882).

Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown ; posterior wings with four submarginal blackish spots
surrounded by dull red, and sometimes with a fifth subapical black spot as in the specimen figured.
Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown ; the disks of both wings crossed by two narrow castaneous fasciae,
the first straightest, crossing cells, and on anterior wings having a short additional branch from median to
subcostal nervures, the second waved — particularly on the posterior wing — and crossing wings beyond
cells, the inner fascia is outwardly margined with greyish-white, and on posterior wings the lower disco-
cellular nervule is also shaded with castaneous; beyond the outer fascia the colour is paler, more
violaceous, and inclining to ochraceous at outer margin, and containing on anterior wings five submarginal
ocellated spots placed between the nervules (a sixth apical spot is only denoted by a dark central spot), and
on posterior wings six ocellated spots, the uppermost largest and well separated from the rest which are
more or less contiguous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <? , 63 millim.

* Two species described from Continental India.
July 30, 18d6. o k

414 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Hab. — Continental India; Sikkim, Sibsagar (Marsh. & de Nic). — Tenasserim; Absown, Taoo
(Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.). — Malacca (Godfery — coll. Dist.).

Some examples from the Malay Peniusula, by the presence of the fifth marginal spot to the
upper surface of the posterior wings, approach the Javan form described by Felder under the
name of L. mantham,* but other specimens from the same locality exhibit only the four normal
spots. The female is figured by Messrs. Marshall and de Niceville, f and as described by those
authors differs principally from the male on the upper surface of the anterior wings, which are
*' crossed beyond the cell by an angulate macular white band, consisting of a short oblique
bar from the costa to third I median nervule, below which are two triangular spots directed
inwards, one on each median interspace ; a subapieal bifid white spot near the costa."

According to the experience of Capt. Godfery, this species in Malacca " frequents dark
shady places, passing the day at the foot of a tuft of bamboo, or on low shrubs under shady
trees. When disturbed it goes off with a rapid flight, soon settling again, however, unless it
has been several times alarmed."

3. Lethe minerva. (Tab. XXXVI., fig. 8 <? .)

Piqnlio Minerva, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 493, n. 216 (1775) ; Sp. Ins. p. 74, n. 327 (1781) ; Maut. Ins. p. 37,

D. 383 (1787); Ent. Syst. ill. p. 95, n. 295 (1798).
Papilio Arcadia, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 116, E, F (1779).
Temenis Arcadia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84, n. 279 (1816).
<f Satyrus Caumas, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 479, n. 7 (1823).

Pebiii Arcadia, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 219, u. 453 (1857).
Lethe Arcadia, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 118, u. 24 (18G8) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824.
Lethe Minerva, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 29, n. 4 (1869); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Lad., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i.

p. 122 (1882).

Male. Wings above dark brown ; anterior wings with a sexual patch of differently formed scales near
the centre of the submedian nervure and surrounded by blackish bail's ; posterior wings with the outer
margin reddish ochraceous, and with an outer discal patch of the same colour, on which are situate three
dark spots separated by the two upper median nervules, a glandular patch of blackish hau-s beneath cell
and between the two lower median nervules ; abdominal area somewhat paler in hue and clothed with long
hairs. Wings beneath pale violaceous-brown, both wings crossed by two narrow castaueous fasciffi, the
first nearly straight crossing cells and commencing at subcostal nervui-e of anterior wings and angularly
terminating near submedian nervure of posterior wings, the outer fascia much waved and deeply angulated
on posterior wings, between this fascia and outer margin there are on anterior wings three or four
subobsolete ocellated spots placed between the nervules, and on the posterior wings there are six ocellated
spots — the lowermost bifid — the centres of which are ochraceous dusted with blackish and broadly
surrounded by warm ochraceous ; a submarginal castaneous fascia to both wings, and the margins
reddish ochraceous with an inner black line ; the anterior wings have a short oblique broken fascia in
cell and the lower disco-cellular nervule of the posterior wings is also shaded with castaneous. Body
above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings ; legs dark ochraceous.

Exp. wings, 56 millim.

Hab. — Tenasserim ; Ahsown (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.). —
Sumatra (Smith). § — Java (Horsf. & Moore).

* Keise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 497, n. 861. t Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceylon, vol. i. t. xi. f. 24.

I Upper median nervule of Messrs. Marshall & de Nieeville's arrangement.
§ In Bock, 'Head Hunters of Borneo,' Appendix V.

APPENDIX. 415

This species does not appear to be scarce in Tenasserim, as Messrs. Marshall and
de Niceville report that " Capt. Bingham took the species in the Donat Range and Meplay
in January, at Meplay in January and February, in the Thoungyeen Forests in March and May,
and at Houndraw in November; and Limborg took it at Ahsown, probably in the cold
weather."*

The only example I have seen from the Malay Peninsula is the male specimen here
figured, belonging to Dr. J. Anderson, and destined for the collection of the Calcutta Museum.

Genus CCELITES (aiitea, p. 45).
2, Ccelites epiminthia. (Tab. XIX., fig. 8.)

Ccelites Epiminthia, Westwood (Dovibl. & Hew.), Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 368, n. 2, note (1851) ; Bxitl. Cat. Satyr.
Brit. Mus. pp. Ill, 112 (1868) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 339, n. 1.

Wings above violaceous-blue ; anterior wings witb the base, costal area, the apex and outer margin
pale brown ; posterior wings with the base, costal area and outer margin pale brown. Wings beneath pale
brown, a greyish-violaceous fascia crossing both wings near apices of cells, and the apices and outer
margins broadly of the same colour ; this pale coloration on the anterior wings possesses four or five
obscure ocellated spots placed between the nervules, of which two near the apex are the most prominent ;
posterior wings with five ocellated spots placed between the nervules, of which the third is smallest ; two
narrow dark violaceous submarginal lines to both wings and the margins narrowly of the same colour.
Body above pale brown ; body beneath and legs pale brown.

Exp. wings, 68 to 70 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (Butl.). — Borneo (Westw. and
Druce).

Messrs. Marshall and de Niceville have evidently misunderstood this species, and not
Mr. Butler, as they conclude.! The anterior wings do possess ocellated spots beneath, which
Prof. Westwood did not describe — they are sometimes almost obsolete — and they were found
present in all the Bornean examples which I have examined.

Genus NEOPJNA (to follow Ccelites).

Neonna, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 369 (1851); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm.& Ceyl. vol. i. p. 133
(1882).

This genus as arranged systematically with other genera of Satyricke belonging to the Malay
Peninsula is related to Ccelites, agreeing with that genus in the common characters of having the median
nervules of the anterior wings widely separated, the first and second median nervules of the posterior
wings having a common origin at apex of cell, and the lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings
distinctly longer than the upper one. It, however, differs from Ccelites in having the costal nervure of
the anterior wings only dilated in a scarcely perceptible manner, and the lower disco-cellular nervule
of the anterior wings is strongly and concavely bent inwardly towards the lower discoidal nervule. The
species of Neonna are also noticeable by theii" large size and the well-developed caudate prolongation of
the posterior wings.

Neonna, as at present understood, is a small genus, and its species are confined to
Continental India and the true Indo-Malayan region.

* Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 141. t Ibid. p. 102.

416 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

1. Neorina lowii, var. (Tab. XXXVIL, fig. 3.) j
Cyllo Lowii, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diuru. Lep. p. 369, t. 61, f. 4 (1851). ;
Xeorina Loivii, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. Ill, n. 3 (^1868) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 339, n. 1 ; J

Kbeil, Rhop. der Ins. Nias, p. 19. n. 23 (1884). i

Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous-brown ; anterior wings with the outer margin paler *

and traversed by a dark submarginal line, and with a large oeellated spot near apex, a submarginal series of i

four small whitish spots, — five if the centre of the oeellated spot is counted, — an apical white marginal spot, l|

and a very pale stramineous patch on inner margin near outer angle ; posterior wings with a large and very I

pale stramineous patch at apex, which extends inwardly to near upper median nervule, an oeellated spot .i

between the second and third median nervules, and often a small white spot between the first and second [

median nervules, — not present on the specimen figured, — two dark submarginal lines, and fringe greyish- I
white. Wings beneath as above, but somewhat paler ; anterior wings with the area beyond the spots more or

less violaceous, and with two dark submarginal lines ; posterior wings as above, but with an oeellated spot 'i

between the subcostal nervules and the pale stramineous patch above, smaller, paler and broken beneath, '

the abdominal and anal-angular areas more or less dusted with greyish, and with a sublunate greyish spot '

at anal angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. ■

Exp. wings, d' & 2 , 98 to 102 millim. i
Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler — colls. Semper & Calc. Mus.). — Nias Island (Kheil). —
Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

Malay (and also Sumatran) specimens of this species slightly vary from Bornean examples
by having the apical pale patch on the under surface of the posterior wings more or less
broken, but whoever studies the fauna of the Malay Peninsula together with that of Sumatra
and Borneo will find much specific variation of this character.

Genus INIYCALESIS {antea, p. 47).

2. Mycalesis orseis {antea, p. 49).

Since writing the description of the above, when a single specimen in the Hewitsonian
collection from Singapore was the only record of the species from the Malay Peninsula,
I have received several specimens, and the following locality can be added : —

Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.).

8. Mycalesis anaxias. (Tab. XXXVL, fig. 7.)

Mi/cah'sis iimi.via^, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Myc. t. 4, f. 25, 26 (1862); Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 141,
n. 59 (1868) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825 ; Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl,
vol. i. p. 106, n. 86, t. x\i. f. 54 (1882).

Virapa muixias, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 156.

The following is Mr, Hewitson's original description of this species : —

" Upperside. — Male brown ; anterior wing crossed near the apex by an oblique band of white."
" Underside dark brown from the base to beyond the middle (its border on the anterior wing angular),
followed by a broad margin clouded with lilac and grey, and rufous-brown : traversed by three lines of dark
brown ; the cilia lilac ; anterior wing with the white band as above, and three small ocelli, two above, one
below the band ; posterior wings with five ocelli ; * all black, with white pupils, the iris rufous, and
indistinct."

* Sometimes seven as in specimen figured.

APPENDIX. 417

Exp, wings, 45 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Nilgiris, Trevandrum, Travancore, Sikkim, Assam, Kbasi Hills (Jlarsh.
and de Nic). — Tenasserim ; Ahsown, Moolai (Limborg -Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunst. —
Calc. MuB.).

This species is subject to considerable variation, and Messrs. Marshall and de Niceville,
who have examined long series of specimens, have fully described the same ; they also write,
" The female difters from the male in its larger size, broader and more romided forewing, and
paler coloration, in consequence of which the ocelli of the underside not unfrequently show
through on the upperside."

The figure is taken from a single specimen contained in a Perak collection placed in my
hands by Dr. J. Anderson, and I have seen a second specimen in the collection of Messrs. Birch
and Egerton, now exhibited in the Colonial Exhibition.

This species should here precede M. maianeas, and thus be placed at the beginning of
the genus.

9. Mycalesis nautilus. (Tab. XL., fig. 4 <? .)

.Mi/ciih'sis ymitilu^, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. iii. vol. xx. p. 403, t. t), f. 7 (1867) ; Cat. Satyr. Brit.

Mus. p. 136, n. 39 (1868).
Calydsme Nautilus, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 162.

Male. Wings above fuscous-brown ; anterior wings witb a broad paler submarginal fascia on wbich
are five ocellated spots divided by the uervules, the lowest largest and situate between the two lower
median nervules, three narrow marginal fascife, the innermost waved ; posterior wings with fasciae as on
anterior wings, two obscure ocellated spots near apex and with a large glandular patch of silky dark indigo
scales situate on the median nervules. Wings beneath much paler than above, two narrow dark discal
fasciae, the outermost margined with pale violaceous ; anterior wings with ocellated spots as above, but
paler and larger ; posterior wings with a series of seven ocellated spots placed between the uervules, the
fourth and fifth largest ; the spots on both wings are inwardly narrowly and sinuately margined with pale
greyish. Body above and beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Wings above much paler than in male ; posterior wings with the spots beneath obsoletely
visible above,* and the dark silky patch absent. Wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, <? and 2 , 48 to 49 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus. & coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Eoberts).

Attention has already been drawn to this species {antcu, p. 55), and it has recently been
received freely from Perak, where evidently it is not a rare species.
In this enumeration it should follow .1/. minrns.

10. Mycalesis mnasicles. (Tab. XXXVII., tig. 5), var.

Mijcalinis MjMsieles, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Myc. t. 5, f. 32, 33 (1864); Butl. Cat. Satyr. Bidt. Mus. p. 141,
n. 63 (1868) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 339, n. 4 ; Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl.
vol. i. p. 126, t. 16, f. 51 (1882).

Vulapa Mmsiilcs, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825 ; Trans. Eut. Soc. 1880, p. 165.

* Mr. Butler in his original description states that "the sexes differ only in size"; it is therefore probable that he had
not seen both of them.

JuLTT 30, 1886. 5 0

418 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

I

Tlie following is Mr. Hewitson's original description : — |

" Upperside. Male rufous brown ; both wings with a submargiual black line. Anterior wing with |

two ocelli, one at the ape\ minute, the other below the middle, very large. Posterior wing with one \

indistinct ocellus and a submarginal band of indistinct lunular spots." j

" Underside with the basal half rufous ; both wings crossed before the middle, and at the middle by t

common rufous-brown narrow bands : both with two black lines near the outer margin and a submarginal '

zigzag rufous band. Anterior wing with five ocelli, the first four minute, the fifth larger, and marked li

with a large white pupil. Posterior wing with seven small ocelli, the first and fifth the largest." ]

" Female does not differ except in size."

Exp. wings, S , 65 millim. "

H.VB. — Tenasserim ; Ahsown, Meetan (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (coll. Godfery ; ;
Kiinst. — -Calc. Mus.). — Sumatra (coll. Hewits.). — Borneo (Druce).

The specimen figured is a pale variety captured by Capt. Godfery in Perak, and I have '>
seen similar examples of the species from Tenasserim, However, this variety is not constant
in Perak, as specimens have recently passed through my hands which perfectly agreed with
Hewitson's figure. :

M. mnasidcs should be here arranged after ill. blasius.

11. Mycalesis anapita. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 8.) |

Mijcalesis Amipita, Moore, Cat. Lap. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 232, n. 495 (1857) ; Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. :

p. 146, n. 85 (1868) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. See. 1873, p. 339, n. 6. i

Mydosama Anapita, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 171. i

Male and Female. Wings above reddish-ochraceous, basal areas darker ; anterior wings with the '
costal, apical and outer margins broadly fuscous, and the outer third of inner margin also of the same
colour and with a large ocellated spot containing a white centre situate between the two lower median
nervules ; posterior wings with a submarginal series of five ocellated sjiots, the two largest being separated
by the second median nervule, three marginal fuscous linear fasciae, the innermost broadest. Wings
beneatli paler ochraceous than above, both wings crossed by two narrow castaneous fascije ; anterior wings
with a large ocellated spot as above, and two small and united ocellated spots near apex (in some specimens
the large spot has a smaller one beneath it) ; posterior wings beneath with a submarginal series of seven
ocellated spots, the thi-ee uppermost smallest, the spots on both wings preceded by a pale waved castaneous >
fascia ; both wings with one submarginal and two marginal dark lines. Body above pale brown, beneath
with legs more or less concolorous with wings ; legs more or less shaded with fuscous. i

Exp. wings, S and ? , 40 to 45 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Selangor — Klang (coll. Godfery) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.). —
Sumatra (Moore). — Borneo (Druce) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

This species, though seemingly scarce in the Malay Peninsula, has been found abundant
in North Borneo by Mr. Pryer. It has not been recorded from Tenasserim, and does not
appear to occur above the limits of our fauna.

M. anapiia is allied to M./usca.

12. Mycalesis ustulata. (Tab. XLI., fig. 1(5 <? .)

i1/;/' "''■■'" -^ iistitliitii, Distant, Entomologist, vol. xviii. p. 289 1 1885).

Male. Wings above bright rufous-brown ; anterior wings with the apex and outer margin broadly
infuscated, and with a moderately-sized dark fuscous ocellated spot — having a minute greyish centre and a

APPENDIX. 419

pale rufous outer margin— situate between the two lower median nerviiles ; posterior wings having the
costal and outer margins somewhat broadly infuscated, and the male with a costal tuft of pale ochraceous
hairs near base. Wings beneath fuscous ; a dark waved and obscure narrow linear fascia crossing cell of
anterior wings, and two similar ones crossing cell of posterior wings ; both wings crossed beyond middle by
a violaceous fascia, beyond which on anterior wings are two large ocellated spots, the uppermost smallest,
both blackish, with white centres and narrow ochraceous outer margins, which are again surrounded
by an outer pale waved marginal ring ; these outer rings approach one another, and at their prolongations
each contains an additional minute and obscure greyish spot ; posterior wings with seven ocellated spots
as on anterior wings, the fifth largest, the sixth and seventh contained in one encircling ring, and a more
minute and much more obscure spot above anal angle ; both wings with three narrow marginal pale
fasciae, the outermost fringe-like, the innermost broadest and scalloped. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 48 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst. — -coll. Eibbe).

This is another novelty captured by Kiinstler in the Perak district, and is in the collection
of Herr Eibbe, of Dresden, who forwarded it to me for determination. It belongs to the
section of the genus which has been generically separated by Mr. Moore under the name of
Locsa. It is intermediate in form between the Javan M. oroatis, Hew., and the M. surkha,
Marsh., foimd in Upper Tenasserim.

Genus YPTHIMA {anfca, p. 55).

1. Ypthima pandocus var. corticaria.

Y/itldiiia Luiticaria, aiitea, p. 55.

Ypthina Pandocus, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 235, n. 506 (1857) ; Hew. Traus.
Ent. See. ser. 3, vol. ii. p. 290, n. 16, t. 18, f. 12 (1865) ; Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 149, n. 5
(1868) ; Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 223, n. 211 (1882).

Since enumerating the above species under the name proposed by Mr. Butler I have
received long series of both typical Y. pandocus from Java, and the form Y. corticaria from the
Malay Peninsula. The difference between the Malay and Javan specimens is simply that the
former have the under surface of the wings, and particularly the basal half of the anterior
wings, jyalcr than in the typical form of the species as found in Java and Borneo. I have
therefore now placed the Y. corticaria as a simple variety or local form of Y. pandocus.

To the former habitats given may be added —

Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore
(Kerr — coll. Dist.).

2. Ypthima methora (a idea, p. 56),

Mr. L. de Niceville has communicated his opinion to me that the species thus identified
by Mr. Butler, and enumerated as such by myself in this work, is not typical Y. methora, Hew.,
which is a larger insect and confined to Northern India and Upper Burma. As I have not
received a specimen myself from the Malay Peninsula, and only know it by the example from
Malacca in the British Museum (which agrees with Hewitson's figure in markings, though not
in size), it is better to leave it under this name, subject of course to a further series of specimens
proving its varietal or distinct character. ?

420 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

5. Ypthima fasciata, var. '

Yptliinia fasciata, Hewitson, Trans. Eut. Soc. ser. 3, vol. ii. p. 287, n. 12 ;

(1865) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 340, u. 2. \

The following is Mr. Hewitson's original description : — i

" Upperside brown. Both wings undulated with grey, chiefly beyond \

the middle ; both crossed at the middle by a common band of darker {

colour, the margins dark brown. Anterior wing with one large bipupillated Ij

,. , ocellus ; posterior wing with five or six obscurely marked upon a band of i

rufous-brown." J

" Underside grey, beautifully undulated throughout with rufous- ;

brown ; both wings crossed by two bands of darker colour. Anterior wing with the ocellus as above, but '

more distinct ; posterior wing with seven small ocelli of nearly equal size, placed as above upon a band of ;

rufous-brown, all black, the pupils silver, the irides orange-yellow." •,

Exp. wings, 38 to 40 miUim. '

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (Hewitson). — Borneo ; Sarawak (Wall. — coll.

Dist.) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.). '

The Perak specimen here figured only differs from typical Bornean examples by the j
somewhat paler hue of the under surface of the wings. It thus bears the same relationship to ,
the Bornean type as the Javan Y. pandocus exhibits to the Malay var. corticaria. \

Genus EAGADIA {to follow Ypthima).

Neonympha, subgenus naiiddki, Westwood, Gen. Diiirn. Lep. p. 376 (1851); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind.,

Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 234 (1882). |

This genus is allied to Ypthima, from which it may be at once synoptically separated by the very |
short and acute discoidal cell to the posterior wings. In Ragadia the costal nervure of the anterior wings
is strongly swollen at the base, the first subcostal uervule of the anterior wings is alone emitted before the I

end of the cell as in YjJthima : the disco-cellular uervules concave, the lowermost longest ; discoidal cell of the ^

posterior wings very short and acute, the lower disco-cellular nervule apparently emitted from the subcostal ;

nervure, and joining the median nervure near the base of the lower median nervule ; this nervule is simple
in the female, but in the male is developed into a narrow glandular pouch.

Of this very distinct and somewhat aberrant genus two species are known, one of which
appears to be confined to Northern India, Burma and Tenasserim, and the second, found in this
fauna, is also distributed through some of the islands of the Malayan Archipelago, and in the
Philippines diverges into several distinct forms, which have been estimated by different |
lepidopterists as either varieties or distinct species.

I
1. Ragadia crisia. (Tab. XIX., fig. 7).

KiqjUjdda Crisia, Hubuer, Zutr. Ex. Scbmett. f. 675, 676 (1832).

Neonympha {Hayadia) Crisia, Westw. Gen. Dium. Lep. p. 376, n. 26 (1851).

Hipparchia Makuta, Horsf. Cap. Lep. E. L C. t. 5, f. 9, 9« (1829).

Rayadia Makuta, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 226, n. 473 (1857).

Uayadia Crisia, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 158, n. 1 (1868) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 339, n. 1.

Male and Female. Wings above pale greyish-brown ; anterior wings crossed by three oblique dark
fasciffi, — the one at base short and obscure, — a submarginal fascia of the same colour enclosing a series of

APPENDIX. 421

seven obscure ocellated spots, the uppermost small and the lowermost duplex, and a narrow marginal
fascia. Posterior wings with three oblique fascias ; beyond the third is a series of six obscure ocellated
spots, of which the uppermost is smallest and the lowermost duplex, and a narrow submarginal and a
rather broader marginal fascia of the same colour. Wings beneath pale ochraceous, the fasciae darker, and
the ocellated spots with bright silvery centres. Body above greyish-brown, beneath with legs pale
ochraceous ; thorax and legs streaked with greyish-brown.

Exp. wings, (? & ? , 36 to 46 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst.— Calc. Mus.) ;
Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca, Singapore (Godfery). — Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.). —
Java; Bantam (coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce) ; Sarawak (Wallace — coll. Dist.) ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll.
Dist.).

This species varies in hue above, and of a long series in my own collection the palest
specimen is from Sumatra and the darkest from Perak.

One of the most peculiar facts in relation to this butterfly appears to be its almost recent
appearance in the Malay Peninsula, or at all events its first capture there by collectors. I did
not meet with it myself when collecting at Province Wellesley, nor did I subsequently receive it
in numerous collections derived from the Peninsula. In 1883, however, the species seems to
have been common from Penang to Singapore. I first received two specimens captured on
Peuang Hill, and sent to me as a new species ; others shortly followed from Province Wellesley,
with the remark of an experienced collector that the species was quite new to the locality ; and
almost simultaneously the Indian Mail brought me more examples from Sungei Ujong,
Malacca, and Singapore. My friend Mr. Logan also sent me an example with the comment,
" a very rare butterfly, not known to collectors here."*

Capt. Godfery, who also captured the species at Sungei Ujong, describes it as being found
" in low undergrowth in the forest, where, especially in the early morning, I several times met
with it. Its flight is weak and feeble, but it cleverly eludes pursuit by threading its way
through the tangled brushwood."

Genus ELYMNIAS {antca, p. 58).
8. Elymnias abrisa. ' (Tab. XLIII., fig. 5 <? .)

FAymnias abrisa, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 531 (1886).

Male. Wings above dark obscure indigo-blue, posterior wings with a large submarginal pale bluish
patch. Wings beneath glossy brownish, much mottled with paler strigse ; anterior wings with the basal half
of costal area and apical margin castaneous, and with a large triangular pale subapical patch ; jjosterior
wings with a subcostal castaneous patch, a pale sti-amineous spot between the subcostal nervules, and the
outer half of wing with the ground-colour pale violaceous and having a few small submarginal spots.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female.! "Wings dentated, the hind wings most strongly, brown with a slight blush shade. Fore
wings with a large whitish patch, commencing above the submedian nervure at half the length of the cell,
to beyond the discoidal nervule ; below the submedian nervure it extends obliquely outwards to the level

- lu England the plentiful appearance of some hitherto rare insect frequently gives the character to an entomological
year, and the above facts show that this spasmodic appearance is exhibited by certain species in the tropics.

t I am indebted to Mr. W. F. Kirby for furnishing me with the above description of the female of this species, which
I found contained (unnamed) in the Hewitsonian collection.

July 30, 1886. 5 p

422

liHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

of tbf internal nervure, which, however, it does not pass, nor does it reach the hind margin, which it
approaches nearest above the anal angle. There is also a white band running obliquely across the tip
from beyond the middle of the costa to beyond the submedian nervui'e, which divides it ; but this also does
not reach the wing margin. Hind wings white, with a l)road border of the bluish-brown ground colour, not
sharply defined on the inner side. Underside brown, thickly mottled with pinkish-white, especially on the
portions corresponding to the white parts of the upper surface. A little below the costa, just above the
discoidal nervule, is a large slightly oval primrose-coloured spot, slightly paler round the edges."

Exp. wings, <? , 70 millim.

H.\B. — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)

E. (ihrisa is allied to the Sumatran species E. sumatmua, Wall., from which it differs by
the pale patch ou the upper surface of the posterior wings, and by the subcostal stramineous
spot beneath. It is therefore also allied to E. pi'intiijin, after which species I place it in this
enumeration.

An unlocalised and unidentified specimen in the Hewitsonian collection is clearly the
female (descril)ed above) of this species, and also differs strongly from the corresponding sex
of E xHiiiatrana.

Fi(i. I'JM. — o. aiitPiiim : 6, jialpiis; c, antfrinr lef;; rf, alidorneii.

9. Elymnias kunstleri. (Tab. XLI., fig. 9 <? .)

Kh/iinuos Kinistleri. Honratb, Berl. Entomol. Zeitschr. Bd. xsix. Heft 11, p. 276, t. viii. f. 3 (1885).

Female. Wings above greyish-white ;
anterior wings with bluish reflections in cell
and pale ochraceous shadings on inner mar-
ginal area. Costal area more or less spotted
and marked with blackish, thickly so to end
of cell, and some similar markings in cell
along the median nervure, nervules orna-
mented with fuscous and blackish blotches —
the three median nervules and the lower dis-
coidal nervule most prominentlj' so ; posterior
wings with the basal and abdominal areas more or less shaded with pale ochraceous, neuration with black
and fuscous blotches as on anterior wings, but less prominent, a blackish spot uniting the discoidal and
upper median nervules ; a submarginal series of irregularly shaped blackish spots, between which and
posterior margin are many fuscous and black irregulai'ly shaped and placed linear spots. Anterior wings
as above, but more uniformly greyish, the shadings along neuration much more broken and unrelieved by
fuscous-brown, several curved black lines crossing cell ; posterior wings generally as above.
Exp. wings, 101 millim.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler — coll. Honrath).

I am indeljted to Herr Honrath for a very careful and beautiful drawing of this species,
which is here reproduced, and also for the loan of the blocks showing ilh;strations of the
antenna, palpus, anterior leg, and abdomen.

As far as can be gathered from an examination of the neuration in the drawing, this
species is a true Elynniias, and is one of the most interesting and beautiful additions to our
knowledge of the genus.

APPENDIX. 423

10. Elymnias godferyi. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 5 S .)

FhiDiiium Goilferiji, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. 351 (1883).

Female. Allied to E. vasiideva, Moore,* but differing above by the much paler colouring of the wings,
the fuscous shadings in the Indian species being replaced by bluish ; the anterior wings are greyish-white,
shaded with bluish, which become darker beyond the cell ; a broad outer marginal dull bluish black fascia,
widest at apex; nervures and nervules dark bluish, the median nervules and submedian nervure more or
less margined with dark bluish ; posterior wings as in E. vasiulcvd, but the markings bluish and the outer
margin very broad at anal angle. Wings beneath as in E. rasiidera, but the dark mottled markings much
smaller and closer together ; anterior wings with two small submarginal ocellated spots (black with greyish
centres), divided by the lower discoidal nervule; posterior wings with eight similar submarginal spots, the
two uppermost largest, the first between and near the bases of the subcostal nervules, the second above the
discoidal nervule, and the remaining spots following regularly between the nervules — two between the lower
median nervule and submedian nervure ; the red basal colouring of the posterior wings occupies the largest
portion of the cell, and extends to the base of the abdominal margin ; the yellow space does not extend
from the abdominal margin to the upper median nervule, as in P. vasudeva, but terminates suddenly at
the second median nervule.

Exp. wings, <? , 53 millim. ; ? , 70 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Godfery — coll. Dist.). — Borneo ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

Since describing this species, from a female specimen sent home by Capt. Godfery, I have
examined male specimens which were captured in North Borneo by Mr. Pryer. These differ
from the female by their smaller size, their darker colouring above, and by the smaller and
less vivid expanse of the red and yellow shadings to the under surface of the posterior wings.

Capt. Godfery caught the species "hovering with somewhat feeble flight over the high
banks separating the road from the adjacent forest."

Subfam. NYMPHALIN^.— Group MORPHINA {antea, p. 67).
Genus AMATHUSIA {autea, p. 70).

1. Amathusia phidippus [aniea, p. 70).

Several specimens of a variety of this species have been sent home by Herr Kiinstler
from Perak, in which on the under surface of the wings the outer dark fascia is — on the
anterior wings — somewhat narrowed and its outer margin broken and scalloped ; the basal dark
fasciae are also narrowed, and therefore appear further apart, t

Typical examples of the species are also plentiful in Perak, and I can find no reliable
character to difi'erentiate this form as a distinct species.

2. Amathusia dilucida. (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 7 <7 .)

Amathmia Dihtcida, Honrath, Berl. Entomol. Zeitschr. Bd. xxviii. p. 206, t. 3, f. 8, t. 4, f. 8, h, J (1884).

Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with a broad and inwardly crescentic
subapical resijlendent pale violaceous fascia, commencing on costa, but not reaching outer margin, and
inwardly occupying nearly apical half of cell ; posterior wings with an evanescent violaceous outer margin,
the abdominal area pale brownish, and with two small and obscure dark spots on the caudate prolongation.

'•■ A species recorded from Sikkiiu and Upper Tenasserim.

I Herr Honrath has advised me that he considers this form as a distmet species, and proposed describing it as
A. perakana; this description, however, has not yet been pubHshed.

424 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Wings beneath pale brownish, with a violaceous tinge ; anterior wings with the following dark castaneous
linear fasciae : — three crossing cell, one passing through lower apex of cell and continued to lower median
nervule, after which it is inwardly curved and more obscure towards inner margin, an obscure fascia
beyond cell almost at right angles to the preceding one, a narrow curved submarginal fascia, and a very
obscure and narrow marginal line ; beneath the lower median nervule the ground colour is more or less
bronzy. Posterior wings with the following linear dark castaneous fasciae : — two crossing cell from costal
margin, one crossing apex of cell and extending from costal margin to near lower median nervule, and one
submarginal which tends towards the ajjex of the preceding and is then recurved upwardly to a little above
anal angle, a curved fascia almost following the submedian nervure and a marginal linear fascia terminating
above the caudate prolongation, which is more or less castaneous and has two small dark ocellated spots ;
two somewhat large ocellated spots, the first between the subcostal nervules and the second between the
two lower median nervules and more or less uniting the two outer castaneous fasciae. Body and legs
more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, S , 115 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst. — colls. Semper, Eibbe, Dist., and Calc. Mus.).

The position of this proposed species is more that of a constant local form of A. porthcus,
Fekl.,* and is intermediate between that and the Bornean A. ottomana, Butl. All these
so-called species are almost exactly similar in markings beneath, and so also are A. amijthaon,
Doubl., and A. westwoodii, Butl., f supposing both of these are really not conspecific with
A. porthcus. At all events they form a small group of so-called species, distributed over a
continuous or contiguous area, possessing a common facies, and differing localhj in slight, if
though constant respects, and generally by the difference in size of the violaceous subapical
fascia to the anterior wings.

Genus ZEUXIDIA {antea, p. 72).

1. Zeuxidia amethystus (antea, p. 72), var. <? . (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 5.)

Since describing and figuring the above I have received from Perak the male specimen
now figured which possesses only two ocellated spots on the under surface of the posterior
wings, and differs somewhat in the bluish markings above. This is really the typical form of
the species, but I do not imagine that the variety previously figured is anything but another
phase of the specific form of Z. amcthistux.

2. Zeuxidia doubledaii. (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 6 ? .)

Zeuxidia DoiiUedaii, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 329, n. 2, note, t. 52, f. 1 (1851) ; Marsh. & de Nic. Butt.
Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 287, n. 274 (1882).

Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with a curved, subapical pale
violaceous-blue fascia, which commences at costa a little beyond end of cell, and is narrowed and
terminates near outer angle ; posterior wings with a broad submarginal pale violaceous-blue fascia
extending from costa to near anal angle, where it is narrowed. Wings beneath pale browuish-
ochraceous, both wings crossed by a narrow castaneous fascia commencing near costa on anterior
wings at a little beyond end of cell and terminating on posterior wings at anal angle ; beyond this fascia
there is on anterior wings a small and very obscure greyish subapical spot, and on posterior wings two

* A species found in North-East India and Upper Tenasserim. f Both recorded from Sj'Uiet.

APPENDIX.

425

ocellated spots — one between the sub-
costal nervules and the other between
the two lower median nervules ; some
irregular and obscure faseife cross the
cell of anterior wings, and there is an
obscure waved submarginal line to
both wings. Body and legs more or
less concoloroiTS with wings.

Female. Larger and paler in
hue than the male ; winga above
brown, anterior wings with a jjale
violaceous subapical fascia, more
irregular in shape than that of the
male, and bi'oken and traversed with
a waved brown fascia at the area of
the median nervules, a broken waved
pale violaceous submarginal fascia,
which above the lower discoidal ner-

vule is practically obsolete and is principally represented by a greyish apical spot ; posterior wings with a
submagrinal series of contiguous pale violaceous spots placed between the nervules, palest inwardly, and
outwardly shading oflF to margin, a dark oblique line crossing disk at end of cell. Wings beneath as in
male, but paler and more mottled and ornamented with darker markings.

Exp. wings, 3 , 98 millim. ; ? , 113 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Cale. Mus.).

This is a very rare species. A male specimen (see woodcut) collected at Penang by the
Rev. L. C. Biggs is the only specimen I possess, whilst the female specimen here figured is
contained in the Calcutta Museum, and was captured by Kiinstler in Perak,

Zeiixiilea d'nibledtiii. g .

5. Zeuxidea aurelius. (Tab. XXXVIL, fig. 13.)

Papitio Aurdhis, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 168, A, B (1779).
Moiyho Aurelim, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 439, u. 1 (1823).
Zeiuidia Auielins, Hew. Ex. Butt. iv. Zfu.v. et .Emanti, f. 1, 2 (1868).

Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with a very large and curved
violaceous fascia occupying the largest portion of cell and extending to outer margin, where it is bounded
by the apex and by the lower median nervule, a patch of greyish-white scales at apex, and the outer angle
also greyish ; posterior wings paler brown, excepting basal area, and containing a large violaceous patch
between the second median nervule and the submedian nervure, a spot of the same colour between the two
upper median nervules, and an indistinct violaceous patch at anal angle. Wings beneath dark creamy-
white ; anterior wings with a large fuscous patch almost bounded by the median nervure and the second
median nervule, and almost extending to outer angle, cell crossed by three irregular brownish fasciae,
a short oblique fascia of the same colour passing through lower end of cell, followed by a very obscure pale
brownish discal fascia, a submarginal waved fascia and an obscure marginal line; posterior wings with
some dark greyish shadings, a few dark brownish streaks at base, two crossing cell, the outermost broadest
and inwardly greyish, a longer fascia passing through lower apes of cell and two ocellated spots — one
between the sulicostal nervules and the other between the two lower median nervules. Body above dark
chocolate-brown.

July 30, IBBG. 5 q

426 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Exp. wings, S , 110 millira.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst. — coll. Semper). — Sumatra (coll. Hewits.).

The specimen figured is tlie only one I have seen from the Malay Peninsula ; it is one of
Kiinstler's captures in Perak, and is contained in the collection of Herr Georg Semper, to whom
1 am much indebted for kindly forwarding the same to me for insertion here.

Genus DISCOPHORA {anka, p. 74).

1. Discophora tullia (antca, p. 74).

As previously stated (antca, p. 75), in the male specimens from the Malay Peninsula which
I had identified as Cramer's species, the anterior wings were unspotted, " but in specimens
from Continental India there are usually three discal rows of pale spots between the end of cell
and outer margin." Messrs. Marshall and de Niceville have since expressed an opinion that
this may possibly prove to be the Discophora zal of Westwood.* I have, however, been able to
show that this is not the case ; t but still no tiipical form of D. ttiUia has yet reached me from
our fauna. The difficulty has also been increased by the receipt of a number of male specimens
of an allied species, D. sondaica, Boisd. I therefore propose that we should for the present
enumerate the Malay form as —

1. Discophora tullia, car.

2. Discophora sondaica. (Tab. XLIII., tig. 7 <? .)

I lisni/ihora Sondtiica, Boisduval, Sp. Geu. i. t. 12, f. 3 (1886).

Male. Closely allied to the corresponding sex of D. tidlia, but differing on the upper surface of the
anterior wings by having three bluish discal spots separated by the lower discoidal and upper median
nervules, and three smaller outer bluish spots separated by the first and second median nervules.

Exp. wings, $ , 70 to 75 millim.

IlAJi. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinst. — colls. Semp. & Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Godfery — coll.
Dist.). — Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.). — Java (Boisd.).

This species — for the reasons above given — will naturally follow our D. tullia, var. Capt.
Godfery, who sent home a specimen from Sungei Ujong, informed me that it was " captured in
a very dark and deeply shaded spot, which I can only compare to the gloom of a pine forest
in Scotland."

Genus THAUMANTIS (untm, \u 11).

2. Thaumantis noureddin [antca, p. 78.)

The following interesting observation relating to the apparent stridulation of the species
was sent home to me from Singapore by Capt. G(jdfery. " One evening in a broad grassy path
after having shot a 'mouse-deer,' I watched a pair of Thaumantis nouinldin playing together as
they circled round each other. I noticed that one, presumably the male, in his flight around
the other produced a most curious cracking or rattling noise. This immediately struck my
attention, as I had never before heard of a butterfly capable of making any sound, except
perhai)s the almost imperceptible flutter of its wings in the air. The noise in the present

■■■ 15utt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 299. \ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. 852 (1883).

APPENDIX. 427

instance was evidently emitted at the creature's will, and was distinctly audible within two or
three yards of the insect. I had only my gun with me, and therefore was unable to catch the
butterfly. I am certain, however, it was the Thanmaiitix noinnldlii, of which I had caught
several in the same neighbourhood witliin the previous three or four days." *

4. Thaumantis odana. (Tab. XXXVI., tig. 3.)

Morjihii Odana, Godart, Enc. Metb. ix. p. 445, ii. 16 (1823); Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I. C. t. 6, f. 5, 5n (1829).
Tliiiiimmitis Odana, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. 1. 12, f. 1 (1836) ; Wesiw. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 170 (1858) ;

Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 341, n. 1.
Tliauiiiantis Oda, Hiibn. Samml. Ex. Scbmett. (1816-1824 1.
Morpho Kliqiius, Zink. Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xv. p. 165, t. 15, f. 12, 13 (1831).

Male. Wings above dark chocolate-brown, fringe greyish-ocbraceous ; anterior wings with an oblique
blue fascia crossing wing a little beyond end of cell, and witb three contiguous greyish-white subapical spots.
Wings beneath much paler than above ; anterior wings with three fascise crossing cell, a patch beyond
cell, and a large subajiical triangular patch dark castaneous, the triangular patch is inwardly margined
with a greyish-white oblique fascia ; posterior wings crossed by two waved and narrow castaneous fasciae
near base, the colour between which to about the median nervure is also castaneous, beyond the outer
fascise is a large subtriangular castaneous patch margined inwardly and outwardly with violaceous, and
containing two ocellated spots, the smallest situate between the subcostal nervules and the largest placed
between the two lower median nervules, a small black marginal .spot at anal angle and the base violaceous-
grey containing a dark castaneous irregularly formed sjiot. Body iind legs more or less concolorous with
wings.

Exp. wings, 104 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinst.— Gale. Mus.) ; Singapore ("Wall.— Westw.).— Sumatra (coll.
Hewitson). — Java (coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce).

Tiie only specimen of this species which I have seen from the Malay Peninsula is in a fine
collection made by Kiinstler for Dr. J. Anderson, and which is here figured.
It will, in this enumeration, follow 2\ iioiurddi)!.

Genus TENAIIIS {to follow Thaumantis).

Tenaris, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 52, 53 (1816).

DrusUla (nom. prffiocc), Swains. Zool. III. i. t. 11 (1820); Westw. Gen. Diuni. Lep. p. 334 (1851); Trans.

Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 180 (1858).
Hi/ades, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 157 (1832); Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 455 (1840).

This genus may at once be separated from Thaumantis in a synoptical manner by the character of
the inner margin of the anterior wings, which is convex at base and then concavely sinuate to outer angle ;
the anal angle of the posterior wings is always rounded and never produced in caudate prolongation. The
first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings is emitted at about one-fourth before the end of the cell, aud
does not anastomose with the costal nervure ; the second, third, fourth and fifth subcostal nervules are

-■■■ A similar observation was made by both Lacordaire and Mr. Darwin in South America in reference to Ageroiiia
fcronia. Mr. Darwin wrote :— " Several times when a pair, probably male and female, were chasmg each other in an n-regiilar
course, they passed within a few yards of me ; and I distinctly heard a cbcking noise, similar to that produced by a toothed
wheel passi'iiK under a spring catch. The noise was contimied at short intervals, and could be distinguished at about twenty
yards distance: I am certain there is no error in the observation" (Journ. Research. Nat. Hist. & Geol. Voy. Beagle, pp. 33-4,
1800). Mr. Wallace also observed the same fact, and as he never beard the noise made by the small species ot the genus be
was inclined to believe " that it is produced in some way by the contact of two insects, and that only the larger and stronger
winged species can produce it" ("On the Habits of the Butterflies of the Amazon Valley "—Trans. Ent. Soc. 1853).

428 KHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

emitted somewhat close together near apex. Another prominent feature is the lai-ge ocellated spots with
which the posterior wings of the species are ornamented, and the general hue and pattern throughout.

Ti')iiirls is an insular genus, being found throughout the Malay Archipelago, particularl)^
in the Papuan Eegion.

1. Tenaris birchi. (Tal). XXXIX., tig. 7.)

TeiKiiis lllrrhi. Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5. vol. xii. p. 241 (1883).

Male. Anterior wings above pale fuscous. Posterior wings greyish-white, costal area to above the
median nervules pale fuscous, with a large ocellated spot, of which the centre is blackish with a pale
central eye, situate between the second and third median nervules, and which is broadly surrounded with
ochraceous ; a second very indistinct spot is situate on and above the lower subcostal nervule. Anterior
wings beneath as above, but darker towards base. Posterior wings beneath as above, but with the basal
area obliquely dark fuscous ; the lower ocellated spot larger and brighter than above, the upper spot
bright and concolorous but smaller than the lower spot, and situate on the subcostal nervules. Palpi
ochraceous. Body dark obscure ochraceous.

Exp. wings, 70 millim.

H.\B.— Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Birch — coll. Dist.).

This species is allied to the Javan T. horsjicldii and to an undescribed Bornean species,
and is extremely interesting as being the first representative of the genus recorded from the
Peninsula. It was caught by J. K. Birch, Esq., who captured it whilst flying along a road
in Singapore. He wrote to me at the time, " Seeing it was a strange one, I knocked it down
with a stick," thus not only securing an undescribed species, but also, for the first time,
proving that the genus Tenaris is found in the Malay Peninsula.

Genus CLEROME {aiiUa, p. 81).
1. Clerome gracilis (antca, p. 81).

This species has been found somewhat plentiful in North Borneo by Mr. Pryer.

3. Clerome arcesilaus. (Tab. XL., fig. 5.)

I'li/'ilio Arct'xil<iiis, Fabiieius (nee. Cram. I, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 28, n. 205 (17871 ; Eut. Syst. iii. p. 153, u. 470

(1793) ; Don. Ins. Ind. t. 30, f. 2 (1800).
t'lerniiic Airesihitis, Doub. Hew. Gen. Diuru. Lep. t. 54*, f. 5 (1851); Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv.

p. 183 (1858) : Horsf. .t Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 213, n. 436 (1857) ; Butl. Cat. Fabr.

Lep. p. 44. n. 2 (1869) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 341, u. 1 ; Suell. Lep. v. Midden-Sumatra,

p. 16, n. 1 (1880); Marsh. & de Nic. Pnitt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. voL i. p. 313, n. 295 (18H2); Kheil,

Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 20, n. 32 (1884).
Faniiis Cnncus, Hiibn. Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1816-1824).
Morpha l.^anteiis, Zink. Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xv. p. 170, t. 16, f. 14, 15 (1831).

Alale and Female. Wings above cinmimoneous-brown ; apex of anterior wings and outer margins of
both wings darker. Wings beneath fuscous-brown, both wings crossed by two dark curved discal fascis,
the innermost crossing cells of both wings ; the outermost — which is strongly sinuated — crossing be3'ond
cells ; beyond this fascia are a series of small greyish-white spots, six on anterior wings and seven on
posterior wings, both wings with a fuscous submai'ginal line. Anterior wings with a linear fuscous streak

APPENDIX. 429

in cell and the upper disco-cellular nervule also shaded with fuscous. Body and legs more or less
concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 58 to 70 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Sikkim, Sylhet (Marsh. & de Nic). — Upper Tenasserim (Marsh. & de Nic). —
Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Birch — coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Duruford —
coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Westwood). — Siam (Marsh. & de Nic). — Nias Island
(Kheil). — Sumatra (Snellen). — Java (coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce).

Although at tlie time of writing ou the genus Chrome I had not seen an authenticated
specimen of this species from the Malay Peninsula, I have since freely received it from several
correspondents. It seems subject to little variation, though some Perak examples are very
darkly coloured on the under surface of the wings.

Capt. Godfery, a most observant collector, who captured this species at Sungei Ujoug,
supplied the following particulars : — " Taken in a shady nook near a well. Its flight was very
low. Issuing from the surrounding jungle it would flit along the path, or rest upon it for
awhile and then return to the thickest shades."

C. arcesilaus will here follow C. gracilis.

Group NYMPHALINA {antea, p. 83).

Genus KALLIMA {to precede Doleschallia).

KalUma, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 824 (1850) ; Feld. Neues Lep. p. 14 (1861) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
vol. i. p. 36 (1881).

This genus is closely allied to Doleschallia, from which it may be sejiarated by the following
characters : — the cell of the anterior wing is not open by the aboi-tion of the lower disco-cellular nervule,
but is closed by that nervule, which is concave, and the third subcostal nervule of the anterior wings is
emitted much nearer to the end of the cell than in Doleschallia.

KalUma, as previously anticipated [antea, p. 83), is now found to inhabit the Malay
Peninsula. It is both an Ethiopian and Oriental genus, being found in Tropical Africa and
also in Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, and is probably somewhat widely distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago.
The species of KalUma are also generally known as "leaf-butterflies," from the extraordinary
foliaceous resemblance of the under surface of the wings, a phenomenon which was forcibly
described by Mr. Wallace, and is one of the best remembered and most often quoted facts in
that author's charming " Malay Archipelago."

1. Kallima buxtoni, car. (Tab. XXXVIL, fig. 2.)

Kalliinti Buxtoni, Moore, Trans. Eat. Soc. 1879, ]}. 10.

The following is Mr. Moore's original description of his species : —

"Most like the Java species (A'. Paralekta). Male, differs in the intensity of the blue of the upper-
side, broader and more oblique band, the inner border of which terminates at its own width above the
posterior angle ; female, paler purple-blue, with broad fulvous band as in male. Underside, male, dusky
greyish-green, vinous tinted and black speckled, with broad greyish fasciae ; female, pale greenish-ochraceous,
vinous tinted ; rib line only prominent."

Exp. wings, 90 to 96 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Wray) ; Sungei Ujong — 1300 feet (Durnford — coll. Dist.).

August 30, 1886. 5 r

430 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Mr. Moore's typical species is fouudecl on Sumatrau specimens, and from these the Malay
form only differs by the narrower ochraceous subapical fascia to the anterior wings. Too much
reliance must not be placed on the general hue and markings of the under surface of the wings,
as this is an exceedingly variable character, and is in strong contrast in my two specimens from
Sungei Ujong. These two specimens were obtained for me through the kind instrumentality of
Capt. Godfery, and I was also favoured by coloured drawings made by a lady named Wray of a
specimen found in the "inland district of Perak."

Genus VANESSA [to foUoiv Doleschallia).

Vanessa, Fabricms, 111. Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807); Latr. Enc. Metli. ix. p. 10 (1819); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i.

p. 48 (1881).
Polygonia, Eugonia, et Inachis, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Sclimett. pp. 36, 37 (1816).
Grapta, Kirb. Fauna Bor. Amer. iv. p. 292 (1837).
Grapta et Vanessa, Doubl. Gen. Diuru. Lep. pp. 195, 198 (1848).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the apex falcate and truncate, the
outer margin deeply concave beneath apex, inner margin concavely sinuate near outer angle. Costal
nervure extending beyond middle of costal margin, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fifth before
end of cell, second close to end of cell, third at about one-third beyond cell, fourth and fifth bifurcating
about midway between base of third and outer margin ; upper disco-cellular nervule short, lower long,
slender and obliquely directed outwardly, median nervules well separated, bases of second and third further
apart than those of first and second. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, the apex concave, the outer
margin waved and caudately angulated at apex of upper median nervule. Costal nervm-e extending to apex,
first subcostal nervule emitted opposite to the base of the lower median nerviile, first and second median
nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell. Body robust ; palpi porrect, pilose and well
produced upwardly and forwardly in front of head ; antennae long with a well-formed and rounded apical club.

Vanessa is a genus of very wide distribution. The Palearctic region appears to be its
head-quarters, but the Himalayas have not prevented it reaching India, Ceylon, and the Malay
Peninsula. It is also found in the Nearctic and in some portion of the Neotropical regions.

1. Vanessa perakana, /;. sp. (Tab. XL., fig. 1.)

Wings above very dark fuscous ; anterior wings with a small greyish-white subapical spot, an oblique
bluish spot beyond end of cell, and a submarginal bluish macular fascia commencing beneath the
lower discoidal nervule where it is narrowest, and terminating on inner margin where it is broadest ; this
fascia is more or less concavely sinuate outwardly and convexly sinuate inwardly ; posterior wings with a
broad bluish submarginal fascia, which is narrowest at costal margin, and is outwardly margined with some
dark bluish linear markings, and with two somewhat obscure narrow bluish marginal fascise. Wings
beneath dark violaceous with the basal and marginal areas thickly studded and densely covered with
blackish strigse, a distinct dark, much-waved and angulated fascia crossing both wings beyond cells ;
a small ochraceous spot at apices of both cells ; the basal, apical and outer marginal areas of anterior
wings and the basal and outer marginal areas of posterior wings more or less shaded with warm ochraceous.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 66 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (I^^iinst. — Calc. Mus.).

V. perakana belongs to a small group of species with bluish margins, such as the Indian
V. charonia, the Ceylonese T'. hawuica, and the Japanese V. ijlaucouia. It is allied to the first of

APPENDIX. 431

these species, from which it differs by the greater breadth of the bluish fasciae on the upper
surface of the wings, and as the Ceylonese butterfly has been specifically described, this insect
also requires a distinctive name.

Genus SYMBKENTHIA {to folloiv Ehinopalpa).

Symhrenthia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 43 (1816).

Laoi/onti, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. t. 10, f. 3 (1836) ; Doubl. Gen. Dinm. Lep. p. 190 (1848).

Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin moderately convex, the apex prominent but not falcate,
the outer margin more or less concavely sinuate, the inner margin slightly convex at base, and concavely
sinuate towards outer angle. Costal nervure robust, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before
end of cell, second just before end of cell, third emitted between end of cell and base of fourth, fourth and
fifth bifurcating about midway between base of third and apex of wing ; upper disco-cellular nervule short
and concave, lower oblique and slightly concave, median nervules well separated, the first from end of cell.
Posterior wings irregularly subovate, the costal margin oblique and very slightly convex, the posterior margin
more or less waved and scalloped, and angularly produced at apex of upper median nervule. Costal nervule
strongly arched at base and extending to apex of wing ; subcostal and discoidal nervules emitted close
together near upper end of cell. Body short and robust, palpi long and robust, well projecting before the
eyes ; antenna moderately long, with an apical club, which is hollowed beneath and attenuated at apex.
Legs moderately long and not prominently robust.

This genus is well represented in Continental India, and is distributed eastward through
the Malay Peninsula and the Indo-Malayan region. To what extent it is distributed throughout
the Malayan Archipelago it is at present impossible to say, but its area seems certainly focussed
m Northern Continental India.

1. Symbrenthia hyppoclus. (Tab. XLII., figs. 4 <? , 5?.)

Papilio Hyppoclus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. t. 220, C, D (1782).

Vanessa Hyppoda, Godt. Enc. Meth. is. p. 298, u. 6 (1819); Suppl. p. 818 (1823).
Hypanartia Hippocla, Hiibn. Samml. Ex. Sclimett. (1816 — 1824).
Papilio Lucina, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 330, E, F. (1782.
Luoyonn Hippocla, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 762.

Syiiihnnthia Hyppoclus, De Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 50, n. 18, p. 54 : n. 18 (1881) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1882, p. 243, t. xi. f. 4, 4« ; Kbeil, Kliop. der Insel. Nias, p. 21, u. .39 (1884).

Male. Wings above blackish, with the following dark ochraceous markings : — anterior wings with
an irregularly shaped fascia extending from base along median nervure to a little beyond end of cell,
a curved fascia near outer angle, a short subapical fascia (sometimes broken as in specimen figured) and a
small apical spot ; posterior wings with a central and a submarginal fascia and a submarginal ochraceous
line. Wings beneath ochraceous, much mottled with castaneous markings, of which the darkest and most
prominent is an oblique fascia crossing both wings, passing beneath cell of anterior wings and across cell
of posterior wings, and on posterior wings it bifurcates at costal margin ; the costal margin of anterior
wings is spotted with blackish, and there is a violaceous spot outwardly fuscous between the two upper
median nervules of the same wings ; the posterior wings have a bluish marginal patch of scales between
the two upper median nervules. Body above blackish, anterior portion of head, pronotal collar, and base
of abdomen ochraceous ; body beneath and legs ochraceous.

Female. Larger than the male, the ochraceous markings above much larger ; wings beneath with
the ground colour paler than in male.

Exp. wings, <? , 40 millim. ; ? , 50 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking — Moore) ; Bengal (Moore) ; Sikkim (de Nic.) ;

432 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Darjecling (coll. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Goodrich — coll. Dist.). — Nias Island (coll. Dist.). —
Borneo; Sarawak (coll. Dist.).

I am indebted to Lieut. Goodrich for the acquisition of this and the following species from
the Malay Peninsula. In the North-West Himalaya the Eev. J. H. Hocking found the larva
of this species "on nettle, August, (5200 feet";* and in Sikkim Mr. de Niceville describes
it as " a very rapid flyer for so small an insect, but it frequently settles."!

2. Symbrenthia hypatia. (Tab. XLH., fig. G J .j

LaogoiM Hypatia, Wallace, Trans. Ent. See. 1869, p. 345.

The following is Mr. Wallace's original description : —

" Male. Form of wings nearly as in L. Iiippoda, the outline a little more even.

"Above: the markings are nearly as in L. kippocla, but the rufous band and markings are all
enlarged, and have a very irregular outline, esijecially on the anterior wings.

"Beneath: quite distinct from L. hippoda ; the ground colour whitish ochre, veined in a complicated
net-work with deep rusty brown ; near the middle of the outer margin on the upper-wings is an elongate
blackish spot with a blue centre, enclosed on its inner side with a horse-shoe and a lunule of the ground
colour ; on the outer margin of the hind-wings is a row of brown spots enclosed by a double row of lunules
on each side, the two central spots are violet-ash powdered with black, while the lateral ones consist of a
brown ring with a whitish centre."

Exp. wings, " 1-9 inch."

HiB. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Goodrich — coll. Dist.). — Java (Wallace).

The above description, supplemented by Mr. Wallace's further remark, " This insect is
somewhat intermediate between L. Hippoda and L. Hijpselis," I so thoroughly applies to the
species captured by Lieut. Goodrich, and here figured, that I have little doubt as to the
identification proving correct. I have been unable to compare it with the *' type," as though
Mr. H. Grose Smith acquired Mr. Wallace's collection, he writes to me, " I have no named
species ' Hypatia,' though possibly it may be among my specimens."

Genus CHARAXES {antea, p. 101).
9. Charaxes durnfordi. (Tab. XL., fig. 8 J .)

(Iidrci.i-rs Durnfordi, Distant, Entomologist, vol. svii. p. 191 (1884).

]Male. Wings above dark brownish ochraceous; anterior wings with the apical half blackish,
containing two transverse series of greyish-white angulated spots placed between the nervules, and with a
somewhat obscure series of small greyish-white marginal spots, those at the outer angle largest and most
distinct ; two small obscure greyish-white spots at end of cell separated by the upper discoidal nervule ;
l)osterior wings with a very broad marginal greyish-white fascia, inwardly lunulated and margined with
blackish, containing a central series of blackish spots with whitish centres, placed between the nervules —
that at anal angle duplex — and with a narrow submarginal blackish line. Wings beneath brownish-grey ;
anterior wings with the cell containing a small black basal spot, and centrally crossed by a darker spot
margined with blackish, an irregular darker fascia margined with blackish crossing wing at end of cell,
where it is widest ; beyond the fascia the ground colour is paler, and the whitish spots above are more or
less distinctly visible beneath, a .waved dark line separating the two discal series ; posterior wings with two

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 243. f J. A. S. vol. l. p. 54 (1881).

t A species found iii North-East India, Nias Island, Sumatra, and Java, and therefore probablv to be discovered in the
Malay Peninsula.

APPENDIX. 433

irregular darker fasciae margined with blackish, one at base, the other crossing disk and terminating on
abdominal margin; the outer white fascia with spots faintly visible beneath, its margin denoted bj' two
waved or lunulated lines, the innermost bluish, the outer fuscous with the intervening ground colour
ochraceous. Body above and beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <? , 93 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Dui-nford — coll. Godfery).

This beautiful and exceediugly distinct species* seems to find its nearest ally in the
Amboinese G. eunjalus, Cram., and in this arrangement should precede C. harpax. It is one
of the entomological novelties captured by Mr. Durnford at Sungei Ujong, and is now in the
collection of Capt. Godfery.

10. Charaxes borneensis, var. (Tab. XXXVII., fig. 6 J .)

Chamxes Bomeemis, Butler, Lep. Ex. p. 16, u. 7, t. 6, f. 2 (1869) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 346, n. 8.

Male. Wings above rufous-brown ; anterior wings with the apical half — narrowing to outer angle —
blackish and preceded by a transverse greyish-white fascia crossing wing at end of cell ; this fascia is
outwardly scalloped and inwardly more or less narrowly margined with blackish, a black disco-cellular
spot at end of cell containing a greyish-white central line, and a small whitish spot in and at upper end of
cell ; posterior wings with the apex more or less blackish and with a submarginal series of blackish spots
inwardly marked with obscure greyish ; abdominal area paler and less rufous. Wings beneath similar to
those of C. harpax, but much darker, the waved black lines somewhat differently arranged and margined
with greyish-white. Body more or less concolorous with wings ; legs with the femora tinged with greyish,
the tibife and tarsi ochraceous.

Exp. wings, (? , 85 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl. — coll. Semper). — Sumatra;! Borneo (Lowe — coll. Dist.) ;
Sarawak (Wall.— Butl.).

The Perak form of this species — judging from the specimen here figured — differs from
Bornean typical examples in possessing the small greyish-white spot in the upper end of the
cell of the anterior wings, and also by the greyish-white fascia of the same wings which extends
nearer to the costal margin, and is also less inwardly bordered with black.

I have only seen one specimen from the Malay Peninsula, and that was kindly lent to me
by Herr Georg Semper, in whose collection it remains.

It is here arranged after G. durnfonli.

11. Charaxes baya. (Tab. XXXVI., fig. 1 <? .)

Charaxes Baya, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 207, u. 424 (1857) ; Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1865, p. 636, n. 53, t. 37, f. 5.

The following is Mr. Moore's original description: —

"Allied to NipniJh. Psaplion, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. t. 24, f. 1, 2, from Ceylon, but differs in
the male in having the black exterior border of ihe fore -wing much narrower, it not extending to the middle
of the posterior margin, as in that species, but is confined to the angle : on the hind-iving the apical patch
is also smaller, and continued in a series of six white-centred spots to anal angle ; a small blackish spot at
extremity of the discoidal-cell. Under-side glossy greenish buffy-brown. Female paler above : fore-wing

=■■ Another allied but very distinct species from Burma has just been described by Mr. H. Grose Smith imder the name
oi Nymplialis Nicholii (Auu. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xviii. p.' 150 (1886).

t Smith, in Bock, 'Head Hunters of Borneo,' Append. V., p. 336.

August 30, 1886. 5 s

434 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

with a broad central yellowish band ; a small round yellowish spot near the apex ; a patch of black at
extremity of discoidal-cell, and narrow zigzag line bordering the black band : hind wing with the central
upper portion of disc yellowish ; submarginal row of spots clearly defined, and all centred with clear white.
Under-side more variegated than the male, and much paler. Tails two, short in the male ; hoth long iu
the female."

Exp. wings, <? , " 2f inches"; ? , "rather more than 3 inches."

Hab. — Continental India ; "N.India" (Bucklej' — Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinstl. — coll.
Anderson). — Java (coll. Horsf.). — Borneo (Brit. Mus.).

This species is allied to C. harpax, from which, however, it is easily distinguishable. The
Perak specimen here figured is in the collection made by Kunstler for Dr. J. Anderson, and
is, I believe, destined for the Calcutta Museum.

12. Charaxes distanti. (Tab. XXXVI., fig. 2 3 .)

Chamxes Distanti, Houratb, Berl. Eutomol. Zeitsbr. Bd. sxix, p. 277 (1885).

I only know this species by a coloured drawing which Herr Honrath kindly sent me, and
which is here reproduced. It is therefore better to give the original description : —

" Grundfarbe gelbbraun; dei breite Binde am Aussenrande der Vorderfliigel rothbraun, in iihuHcher
Weise verlaufend, wie die mehr schwiirzliche bei Marmax Wstw., woran Distanti am meisten erinnert."

"Die Hinterfliigel haben am Aussenrande eine schmale braune Einfassung die bei Marmax fehlt.
Die dem Aussenrande parallel laufenden augenartigen Flecken sind schwiicher und namentlich in den
vordern zellen lange nicht so entwickelt wie bei Marmax. Bei einen Stiick von Sarawak, woher Dr.
Staudinger 2 3 S von Dr. Platen erhielt, sind diese Flecken fast nur noch angedeutet."

" Die ebeufalls gelbbraune, aber mattere Unterseite zeigt einen auffallenden Unterscheid darin, dass
der Yorderrand der Vorderfliigel von der Basis bis zum Schlusse der Discoidalzelle hellweiss gefiirbt ist.
Ausserdem verlauft zwischen Discoidalzelle und Saum der Hinteriliigel von der Spitze bis zum Analwinkel
eine dunkelstahlblau schillernde, geradlinige Binde, welche bei Marmax sich als schwache und wellen-
fiirmige und durchaus nicht gerade zeigt."

" Die Oberschenkel der Mittelbeiue sind ebenso wie die der Hinterbeine bei Distanti weiss bestiiubt,
wiihrend sie bei Marmax mehr braunlich sind."

Exp. wings,* 3 , 72 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinstl. — coll. Honrath). — Borneo; Sarawak (Honrath).

Genus PEOTHOE {antea, p. 110).

Several distinct races or species have generally been confounded under the name of the
Javan species P. franckii, \ which is distinguished by having a broad white band intersecting
the oblique bluish fascia on the anterior wings. Mr. Butler has recently separated these local
forms or species, of which two occur in the Malay Peninsula, and I have thought it best to
give here his own differential diagnoses.

2. Prothoe uniformis. (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 4.)

I'rothoe iinij'vrmis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xvi. p. 53 (1885).

" Oblique belt of primaries without white band or spots, excepting upon the costal border; apical area
and external border of secondaries chocolate-brown.

* According to drawing of typical specimen.

t Previously stated (antea, p. 113) to have been recorded from Malacca by Mr. Wallace.

APPENDIX. 435

" Oblique belt moderately broad, greeuisli blue ; secondaries elongated as in P. Franckii, with
well-marked caudal appendage, apical markings white with bluish borders ; prevalent colouring on external
area of secondaries pinky greyish."

Exp. wings, 72 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst. — Calc. Mus.).

Mr. Butler described P. uniformis from a specimen without a "locality-label," which he
correctly surmised might prove to be a Malaccau species. It is, however, rare, the commoner
one being the following, P. angelica. The figure here given is from a Perak specimen.

3. Prothoe angelica.

Prothoe amjelica, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xvi. p. 53 (1885).

" Oblique belt of primaries shining azure or greenish, with a series of irregular white dashes to
represent the central belt ; * apical area of secondaries purplish black ; prevalent colouring on external
area of secondaries below pale green."

Exp. wings, 68 to 74 millim.

Hab.— Tenasserim (Butler).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunst.— Calc. Mus.); Suugei Ujong (Godfery
— coll. Dist.). — Sumatra (Butler). — Borneo (coll. Dist.).

I have not figured P. angelica, because it is easily differentiated from P. uniformis by the
oblique bluish fascia to the anterior wings possessing a central series of white dashes or spots.

Capt. Godfery sent me the following interesting particulars relating to the capture of this
species: — " AVhile exploring a path in the forest parallel to the Linggi in Sungei Ujong, in
company with a friend, we disturbed a butterfly of swift flight which settled high up on the
trunk of a tree. Being beyond the reach of our nets we startled it from its resting place, when
it flew to another tree and alighted in a similar position. We tried several times to secure it,
but in vain, the height at which it rested rendering it safe from our attacks. Stimulated by
curiosity at its unique habit of always selecting the trunk of a tall tree for its restiug place,
where, from its assuming a vertical position, with the edges only of its wings directed towards
the spectator, and from its protective coloration, it was very hard to see, we determined to
effect its capture, and eventually did so, by tying the handles of our nets together with a
handkerchief. I imagine it to be of crepuscular habits from its reluctance to fly far, or indeed
to leave its resting place," &c.

Genus SYMPH.EDRA {anka, p. 112).
2. Symphaedra pardalis. (Tab. XL., fig. 7 2.)

Sijmpliadra parddlis, Btaudinger & Schatz, Exotiscb, Schuiett. t. 5-i (1885).

Female. Closely resembling the female of «S'. dirtea above ; wings beneath pale chocolate-brown, not
greeuish-oehraceous as in S. dirtea, but spotted as in that species, the spots pale yellowish ; posterior wings
with the abdominal area pale violaceous.

Male, t Resembling the female, but smaller.

Exp. wings, S , 88 milim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kunst.— Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.).

-'= As in P. francliii.

f According to Staudinger and Scbatz's figure, no description baviug yet been published.

430 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

The female appears to be simply a strongly coloured variety of S. dirtca, aud as this
I should still have considered it, had not Staudiuger and Schatz figured the male which
resembles the female. This at once separates it from the Fabrician species.

Genus EUTHALIA {antca, p. 114).

16. Euthalia dunya. (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 1.)

Adolias Duni/ii, Doubleday & Hewitsou, Geu. Diuru. Lep. t. 44, f. 3 (1850); Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2,
vol. V. p. 84, u. 47 (1859); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 345, n. 4.

Wings above brown ; anterior wings with a very small black spot more or less surrounded with
greyish-white in cell, and a black margined disco-cellular spot at end of cell, two greyish subcostal spots,
one near the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules and the other between it and end of cell,
and a slightly oblique series of four spots with greyish centres (the third very slightly pale centred), the
first placed between the two upper median nervules and the third and fourth between the lower median
nervule and the submedian nervure. Posterior wings with two contiguous greyish spots, outwardly concave,
and separated by the upper subcostal nervule, a transverse series of five black spots with large greyish
centres placed between the nervules, an obscure blackish spot at end of cell, and a subobsolete fuscous
submarginal fascia to both wings. Wings beneath pale greenish, the spots as above, but paler and more
obscure, and with a very small fuscous spot in cell of posterior wings. Body more or less concolorous with
wings ; legs with the tibife and tarsi ochraceous.

Exp. wings, 90 to 98 millim.

Hab. — Mergui Archipelago (coll. Anderson). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinstl. — Calc. Mus.). — Borneo
(coll. Dist.) ; Sandakan (coll. Pryer).

This species is here arranged afer E. derma.

17. Euthalia bellata. (Tab. XXXVII., fig. 4 <7 ; Tab. XLIII., fig. 12 2 .)

AtloUd.s Bellata, Druce. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 344, n. 3, t. 32, f. 3.

Aclolias CanaspoUs, Hewits. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xi. p. 183 (1875); Ex. Butt. V. Add. t. 4, f. 14 (1875).

Etithalia Goodrichi, Dist. ' Entomologist,' vol. xix. p. 11 (1886).

Male. Wings above dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with a small dark spot in cell and a dark
disco-cellular spot at end of cell, a series of six greyish-white spots crossing wing beyond cell, the ujjper
three smallest and the lower three largest,* a small subapical greyish-white spot and a submarginal dark
waved fascia; posterior wings crossed by a series of seven contiguous greyish-white sjjots, a dark waved
submarginal fascia enclosing a series of small and very obscure pale spots. Wings beneath pale brownish-
ochraceous, pale spots as above, but those on posterior wings more fused than above ; anterior wings with
the cellular spots black margined with reddish centres ; posterior wings with a small cellular spot (sometimes
absent) and a disco-cellular black margined spot ; the submarginal fascia above only denoted by a series of
dark spots beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Larger aud very much paler than the male ; anterior wings above with the transverse pale
spots with a slight bluish tinge, the lowermost broken and duplex, the dark submarginal fascia (as in male),
broken into a series of spots in female, and placed in a more or less bluish-grey area ; posterior wings
above with the pale spots very small and not extending beneath the upper median nervule, a small dark
spot at end of cell and a waved submarginal dark fascia placed on a somewhat paler area. Wings beneath
much paler than above ; anterior wings with the spots in the cell larger and brighter, greyish-white spots
as above, followed by a series of dark purplish spots much smaller than those above ; posterior wings with
a small spot in cell as above, and a disco-cellular spot at end of cell, the series of pale spots as above, but

* The lowermost sometimes di\-ided.

APPENDIX. 437

continued to abdominal margin a little above aual angle, the last spot being longest, the waved fascia
above being replaced by a series of small dark spots as on anterior wings.

Exp. wings, <? , 56 millim. ; 5 , 75 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kunstl. — coll. Semper ; Goodrich — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce) ;
Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

On examining the interesting collection of Rhopalocera made by Mr. Pryer in Borneo,
which possessed both sexes of this species, I first became cognisant that the Adolias aencespolis of
Hewitson was the female of the Adolias hcllata, Druce, and that further I had redescribed the
female under the name of Euthalia (joodrichi. It, however, seems to be a somewhat rare species
in the Malay Peninsula, as I have seen very few male specimens, and only one female, for
which I am indebted to its capturer, Lieut. Goodrich.

In this enumeration E. bellatu may be placed after E. duiuja.

18. Euthalia parta. (Tab. XXXVII., fig. 7.)

Adolias Parta, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 185, n. 373 (1857); Traus. Ent. See. ser. 2, vol. v.

p. 63, n. 2, t. 3, f. 1 (1859).
Adolias apicalis, Veil. Tijd. Ent. V. p. 186, n. 5, t. 10, f. 1 (1862).

The specimen figured has been identified by Mr. Moore as his A. parta, but as it somewhat
differs from his figure I have thought it best to give a copy of the original description : —

"Male. Upperside dark brown with a vinaceous tinge: fore-ivincj with a paler transverse band,
margined broadly on both sides with black, the anterior portion within, from costal margin on both sides,
with a series of small white patches ; marks within discoidal cell black, with dark brown centres ; hind-uing
with an inner blackish baud and outer row of small black spots. Underside paler, marked as above."

" Female. Upperside pale brovm : fore-iving with broad whitish curved transverse band, with patch
on costa and dark margins; hind-wing with rather broad inner band, and outer zigzag line, the point
between each vein with a minute darker dot ; space between inner band and base tinged with white ;
marks at base of wings blackish. Underside pale dull ochreous, with paler margins ; markings as above,
but very indistinct."

Exp. wings, " 3 '^f , 2 2| inches."

HiB.— Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Biggs— coll. Dist.).— Borneo
(Moore).

I have only received male specimens of this species from the Peninsula. Its proper
position in this enumeration appears to be between E. ganida and E. jama.

19. Euthalia merta. (Tab. XLIII., fig. 1 <? , 2 2.)

AihAias Merta, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 72, n. 19, t. 6, f. 4 (1859).

Male. Wings above dark fuscous-brown ; anterior wings with the cell crossed by a black line near
base which extends beneath the median nervure, two black lines at about centre and two— joined beneath —
at end of cell, a broad and somewhat paler submarginal fascia the margins of which are dark fuscous, and a
curved series of five whitish spots a little beyond cell, the lower two spots separated by the second median
nervule, and two small subcostal and subapical spots of the same colour ; posterior wings with the cell
crossed by two black-margined spots, — one at centre and one at end, — a fuscous irregular fascia crossing
wing beyond cell, and a submarginal series of small and very dark spots. Wings beneath browuish-
ochraceous, marked as above, with the fuscous fascife more or less broken and obsolete ; anterior wings
with an obscure violaceous marginal fascia near apex ; posterior wings with two additional black-margined
August 30, 1886. 5 t

438 RHOPALOCEHA MALAYAN A.

spots above cell separated by the upper subcostal nervule. Body above dark fuscous-brown ; body beueath
gi'eyisb ; legs greyish, the tibioe and tarsi brownish-ochraceous.

Female. The following is Mr. Moore's description: — " Upperside luteous-brown, paler beyond the
middle of the fore-wings, where they are slightly glossed with pale green ; a row of five white spots suffused
with brown on fore-wing. Underside pale bufif, with the liturse nearly black and slender ; the pale broad
submarginal space clearer and nearly white, with blackish row of spots."

Exp. wings, 3 , 49 millim. ; 2 , 56 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger). — China? (Hope — coll. Oxford).

I think it is open to doubt whether the locality China is correct as referable to this
species, and it is here only given on the authority of Mr. Moore, who found that habitat affixed
to his type specimen. This is a very rare species, and the male has not hitherto been
figured.

E. merta is here arranged after E. jama.

20. Euthalia zichri. (Tab. XLIII., fig. 6.)

Adolias Ziclin, Butler, Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 6 (1869).

" Wings above dark brown ; the outer margin of the anterior wings bronzy, the band tapering from
the anal angle to the apex, also two patches of the same colour near the costal margin and two spots near
the base of the outer marginal band ; the outer margin of the posterior wings of two colours, the inner and
apical portion bronzj', showing three black spots, the outer portion except the apex greenish blue."

" Wings below pale brown, with the usual black characters at the base and two discal rows of black
subhastate spots arranged nearly as in A.parta, Moore : body dark brown above, pale brown below ; antennae
black above, brownish ferruginous below."

Exp. wings, S , 50 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger). — Borneo; Sarawak (Brit. Mus.).

The Malaccan specimen here figured is a little paler beneath than the Borneau type, but
iu other respects exhibits no difference. I am indebted to Dr. Staudinger, of Dresden, for the
opportunity of figuring this species.

6. Euthalia lubentina.

Kuthalia lubentina [antea, p. 128).

Since inserting this species with doubt as to its truly belonging to our fauna, Messrs. Birch
and Egerton have captured both sexes at Province Wellesley.

21. Euthalia bipunctata. (Tab. XLIIL, fig. 3 J .)

AiUuis Bipunctata, VoUeuhoveu, Tijd. Ent. v. p. 191, u. 11, 1. 10, f. 4 (1862).

Male. Wings above dark fuscous-brown, both wings crossed beyond cells by two waved dark fasciae ;
anterior wings with four dark lines crossing cell and one at end of cell, and with two small subapical
greyish-white spots ; posterior wings with four dark lines crossing cell. Wings beneath brownish-ochraceous,
fasciae and cellular markings as above ; anterior wings with three dark spots beneath cell separated by the
lower median nervule and the submediau nervure, the apex tinged with greenish ; posterior wings with two
circular sj^ots above cell separated by the upper subcostal nervule, abdominal margin more or less greenish.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings, the tibiae and tarsi brownish-ochraceous.

Exp. wings, (? , 48 to 53 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger). — Borneo ; Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.).

APPENDIX. 439

I am at present ignorant as to the female of this species, which like so many others is
common to the Peninsula and Borneo. The specimen figm-ed is from Malacca, and belonging
to Dr. Staudiuger.

E. bipunctata is allied to E. dccorata.

2. Euthalia decorata {antca, p. 122).

I have received the female of this species from Snngei Ujong. It is paler in hue than the
figure given by Mr. Butler (woodcut 41, antca, p. 122), but this variability is not uncommon in
the genus Euthalia.

b

The species has also been found by Mr. Pryer in Northern Borneo.

8. Euthalia ramada {antea, p. 122).

Since the description of this species was written a Perak female, in the collection of
Herr Eibbe, has been examined. It somewhat resembles the female of E. puscda.

22. Euthalia xiphiones. (Tab. XXXVI., fig. 10 <? , 9 2.)

Adotias Xiphiones, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 609, n. 60, t. xlv. f. 6.

Male. "Affinis A. apiadi minor, supra obscurior castaneo-fusca lineis anticarum discalibus inagis
approsimatis ; posticae fascia marginali viridi multo latiore : anticse subtus basi flavescentes, punctis apud
apicem albicantibus ; posticse fundo toto fiavo, maculis areee analis cseruleo cinctis, aliter velut in apiade :
corpus supra fuscum, subtus albidum."

Female. Wings above paler tban in the male ; anterior wings with two very obscure greyish
subapical spots ; posterior wings, unicolorous, without the bluish marginal fascia. Anterior wings
beneath brownish-ochraceous, the base bluish, the two greyish spots above larger, paler and more
prominent beneath, and a pale apical bluish-grey patch, other markings as above ; posterior wings beneath
pale bluish, spotted and marked as in male, the upper three of the double series of spots shaded with
greenish-ochraceous, the apical margin brownish-ochraceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with
wings ; legs sti'eaked with brownish.

Exp. wings, (? , 58 millim. ; S , 70 millim.

Hab. — Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiiustl. — Calc. Mus.).

This species is allied to the E. apiades, Men., a species not uncommon in North-
Eastern India.

23. Euthalia lepidea, var. (Tab. XXXVI., fig. 4 (? , 6 ? .)

Adotias Lepidea, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 71 (1868) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 830.
Adotias Cocytus, Moore (nee Fabr.), Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 70, u. 28 (1859); Prittw. Stett. Ent.
Zeit. 1867, p. 272.

Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with the usual black cellular
markings, and with a narrow ashy-grey outer margin commencing beneath apex ; posterior wings with a
broad ashy-grey outer marginal fascia gradually widening from apex to anal angle. Wings beneath pale
brownish-ochraceous, and with two darker fasciae crossing both wings beyond cells (sometimes almost
obsolete as on specimen figured), the ashy-grey margins paler and more obsolete beneath; both wings
with the usual cellular markings. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Larger and paler in hue than the male, the wings beneath are brighter, the dark fasciae
more distinct, and on the anterior wings the colour between these fasciie is warm brownish-ochraceous.

440 EHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Exp. wings, <J , 62 millim. ; ?, 70 to 75 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Cachar (coll. Dist.)- — Burma; Akyab (coll. Dist.). — Tenasserim ; Meetan
(Limboi-g — Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl. — Gale. Mus.).

The few specimens from Perak which have passed through my hauds are certainly —
especially in the males — more melauic in hue than my Indian and Burmese examples. Perak
specimens are also variable in the intensity of the markings beneath, as is shown by those here
figured.

Genus TANAECIA (antea, p. 128).
(). Tanaecia consanguinea. (Tab. XLIII., fig. 4.)

Tawu'cin consdiKjuinea, Distant, ' Eutomologist,' vol. xix. p. 11 (1886).

Male. Closely allied to T. piihisara, but differing in tbe following particulars : — The six contiguous
transverse spots on the apical half of the anterior wings are more regular in size, and therefore their inner
margins are subparallel, and not so deeply and sinuously irregular, as in T. pidasara ; these spots are also
darker in hue ; the posterior wings have tbe outer margin of the contiguous spots on outer area bordered
with greyish-white, and the violaceous apical shading in T. pidasara is absent in T. consamitiinea ,- anterior
wings beneath with corresponding differences as above.

Exp. wings, (7 , 55 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl. — coll. Ribbe). — Singapore (coll. Godfery).

7. Tanaecia robertsi {nntca, p. 132).

This species is still only known to me by Mr. Butler's description, no specimen having
been found in any of the numerous collections which have passed through my hands during
the last few years.

8. Tanaecia nicevillei.* (Tab. XL., fig. 9.)

Tiinoeciii nicevillei, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xiv. p. 199 (1884).

Male. Wings above very dark brownish, with a violaceous tinge ; anterior wings with the cell
crossed by two basal black lines, continued beneath to the submedian nervure, two black lines near
middle of cell, the innermost of which has a parallel line between the lower median nervule and the
submedian nervure, and a single black line at end of cell ; a small bluish spot near apex and a marginal
bluish fascia commencing about centre of wing and gradually widening to outer angle, where it
possesses two inner lanceolate black spots beneath the lower median nervule, and an inntr black streak
at inner margin ; posterior wings with a very broad outer mai'ginal bluish fascia, narrowest at apex of
wiug, inwardly margined with small lilackish spots, and containing a central series of blackish spots placed
between the nervules, which become practically obsolete at the area of the median nervules ; three obscure
blackish lines crossing cell, two near centre and one at apex ; abdominal margin brownish-ochraceous.
Wings beneath pale brownish-ochraceous ; anterior wings with the black linear markings as above, followed
by a transverse series of five broad fuscous streaks placed between the nervules, those at end of cell largest ;
a pale violaceous marginal fascia with an inner series of lanceolate blackish spots ; posterior wings with
the broad outer bluish fascia as above, but paler and more violaceous, its central sj^ots smaller, but more
continuous and distinct, the three dark lines crossing cell as above, a looped line beneath the costal

■ Named after my ftienl Mr. L. de Niceville, of Calcutta, joint author with Col. Marshall of the ' ButterHies of ludia,
Burma and Cevlon.'

APPENDIX. 441

nerviire, and an outer cellular series of three dark spots separated by the lower subcostal and discoidal
nervules. Body above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 3' , 57 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinstl. — Calc, Mus.).

T. nicevillei is allied to the Bornean species T. dathrata, VoUenh., and appears to be a
scarce species.

Genus EURIPUS {antea, p. 133).
3. Euripus halitherses, var. 2. (Tab. XLIII., lig. 11).

FAuipm Halitherses, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diuru. Lep. t. 41, f. 2 (1850).
Hestina Isa, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 161, n. 333 (1857).
F.uvipm Haliartm, Feld. Wien. Eut. Mou. iv. p. 284, n. 81 (1860).

Female. Differs from the female of E. eupheoides bj' its much darker coloration, the anterior wings
with no spot in cell, and the oblique macular fascia somewhat smaller ; posterior wings with the inner
whitish basal area smaller, and not reaching the subcostal nervure.

Exp. wings, 2 , 72 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Godfery).

A single female specimen collected by Capt. Godfery forms my only knowledge of this
butterfly in the Malay Peninsula. It is clearly a variety or race of E. halitherses, but whether
it should have a distinctive name like E. enpkeoidcs can only be determined when more
specimens are collected, and the differences (principally the size of the inner whitish area to
the posterior wings) are found to be constant or the reverse.

Genus EURYTELA {antca, p. 135).
1. Eurytela castlenaui (antca, p. 136). (Tab. XLIII., fig. 10 2 .)

Female. Wings above brownish-ochraceous ; anterior wings with the outer area beyond and beneath
cell paler in hue ; posterior wings with a basal and central dark area, but both wings crossed by four dark
linear fasciae, two near base, one beyond cells and one submarginal, the third much waved on the anterior
wings, and the fourth much waved on both wings. Wings beneath much paler and more unicolorous than
above, fascite as above. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 2 , 50 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kunstl. — coll. Dist.).

The sexes of this species are widely divergent in hue, and the female is not only a very
rare insect, but does not appear to have been previously figured.

Genus ERGOLIS (antea, p. 137).

3. Ergolis isaeus (antca, p. 139). (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 6.)

Since publishing Mr. Wallace's description of the above I have acquired specimens, and
am now able to figure the species.

Additional Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiinstl. — coll. Semper) ; Singapore (Godfery — coll. Dist.).
August 30, 1886. 5 u

442

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Genus CYEESTIS {anWa, p. 139).
3. Cyrestis codes. (Tab. XLI., tig. 13.)

Painlio Codes, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 7, n. 83 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. p. 65, n. 204 (1793) ; Don. Ins. Ind.

t. 23, f. 2 (1800).
Cijrestis Cochs, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 82, n. 1 (1869); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 829; Wood-Mas.

and de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 228, n. 22 (1880).

Male. Wings above pale creamy yellowish ; anterior wings with the cell crossed by three dark
greyish and ochraceous fasciae, a short disco-cellular fascia consisting of three dark greyish lines at end of
cell, a short dark greyish and ochraceous fascia beyond end of cell, two similar fasciae beneath cell, two
small subcostal spots at end of cell, and a broad outer darker margin consisting of waved and somewhat
reticulated dark greyish and pale ochraceous markings, and containing some very obscure central spots ;
a black submarginal line, the margin ochraceous, inwardly bluish, the fringe creamy white ; posterior
wings with two basal dark greyish and ochraceous fasciae, the outer one much angulated and continued
inwardly towards anal angle ; between these fasciae is a short disco-cellular fascia as on anterior wings,
a short and obscure ochraceous fascia at base, and the outer marginal area as on anterior wings, but with
a distinct central series of five spots with dark bluish centres, two small bluish-grey patches marked with
black on anal-angular area, caudate prolongation bluish-grey. Wings beneath pale creamy white, with the
fasciae and markings above pale and indistinct beneath, the outer marginal spots, however, larger and
blacker, three showing distinctly on anterior wings (two small and subapical and one between the two lower
median nervules). Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, <y , 54 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Silhet (Brit. Mus.). — Andaman Islands ; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.i.
— Tenasserim ; Hatsiega (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Perak
(Godfery— coll. Dist. ; Kiinstl.— Calc. Mus.).

4. Cyrestis formosa.

l''iii. I'-i"). — Cyrestis formosa.

of the sepia colouring, in its larger and
at the anal angle of the posterior wing
sepia markings absent and replaced by

Exp. wings, ,? , 53 to 59 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Orissa
Peninsula; Perak (Kunstl. — Calc. Mus.

Cyrestis forinosa, Felder, Eeise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 412, n. 631 (1866);

Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 240, n. 30

(1881).
( 'i/nvtis homtitis, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1881,

August, p. 142.

Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville have so clearly
described this species that I reproduce their words : —

" Allied to C. codes, with which it agi'ees almost exactly in

the character of the markings of the upperside, but from which it

differs in the jjure white ground-colour, painted with different

shades of sepia-brown instead of j^ale ochraceous-fuscous and

black, the black marks of C. codes being represented by the darkest

more distinct ocelli, and in having a distinct but pale fulvous patch

; and, on the underside, in having only the lightest portions of the

white or whitish."

(Wood-Mas. & de Nic). — Andaman Islands (coll. Dist.). — Malay
).

APPENDIX. 443

Some specimens of C.formosa received from Perak are much paler in hue, and seem
to connect it with the form or species I described as G. earli {antea, p. 141). Mr. de
Niceville has communicated his opinion to me that he considers C. codes, C. formosa and
C. earli to be all phases of one species, and certainly there is much to impress this view, which
if accepted must also include aud synonymically sink several other described " species."
Actual breeding must, however, decide this question, and at present I treat them here as
distinct. Certainly C. codes is much further removed from C. formosa than the last named
is from C. earli.*

5. Cyrestis periander. (Tab. XLI., fig. 10.)

Piipilio Periander, Fabricius, Maut. Ins. ii. p. 9, n. 74 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. p. 65, n. 204 (1793) ; Don. Iiis.

Ind. t. 37, f. 1 (1800).
Nymphalis Periander, Godt. Enc. Metb. ix. p. 362, n. 42 (1823).
Paphia Perimuler, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I. C. t. 5, f. 3, 3(( (1829).
Cyrestis Periander, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 147, u. 299 (1857) ; Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep.

p. 82, n. 2 (1869).
Cyrestis Themire, Honrath, Berl. Entomol. Zeitscbr. Bd. xsviii. Heft 1, p. 398, t. x. f. 5 (1884).

Male and Female. Wings above creamy white ; anterior wings with the following pale ochraceous
fasciae : — two near base, third not extending beneath cell, fourth crossing wing, fifth not extending beneath
cell, and the sixth again crossing wing, apex and outer margin dark fuscous and containing an inner row
of blackish spots and a submarginal blackish line margined on each side with greyish-white, fringe obscure
greyish ; posterior wings with the following pale ochraceous fasciae, — two near base, neither of which reach
the abdominal margin, the third oblique, fourth aud fifth crossing wing and fused towards anal angle,
a large pale ochraceous submarginal patch extending from about the discoidal nervule to the anal angle,
outer margin dark fuscous with an inuer series of greyish spots with blackish centres and margins situate
on a blackish waved line outwardly margined with greyish, a submarginal waved blackish line margined on
each side with greyish and the fringe obscure greyish. Wings beneath as above, but with the ochraceous
fasciae narrower, paler, and somewhat less continuous and more broken. Body above pale fuscous, beneath
with legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, S and 2 , 38 to 48 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Assam (Brit. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Biggs & Egertou — coll.
Dist.) ; Perak (Kiuistl. — coll. Honrath). — Java (Horsf. & Moore).

Genus CHEESONESIA {antea, p. 142).
2. Chersonesia peraka. (Tab. XL., fig. 6).

Chersonesia peraka, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xiv. p. 199 (1884).

Allied to C. rahria, Moore, but smaller, the ground-colour more ochraceous and less rufous ; markings
similar, but with the transverse fasciae broader, much darker, and placed closer together. The obsolete
caudate prolongations in C. rahria near the apices of the first aud third median nervules are scarcely
visible in C. peraka, and a structural peculiarity exists in the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings,
which in the species I here describe impinges near its base on the costal nervure.

Exp. wings, S , 28 millim. ; ? , 34 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kiiustl. — Calc. Mus.).

* The fuuambulatory path of the specific discriiniuator is not enlightened, but rather darkened, by such unexpected
problems as these poor Cyrestids afford. lu fact, the whole canon of specific differentiation frequently partakes of the iiatui-e
of the old scholastic jargon, and some future historian who may write on the classificatory systera pursued by many naturahsts
of these days might aliuust use the words of the venerable-^or to some flippant - Jortiu D.D., who, writing of a.d. 1000,
remarks : — " In tliis age, though dark aud iguorant, a subtle question was started, relating to dialectics, concerning uniocrsals,

as they were called, or the ijcnera and species rermn ; whether they were realities aud substances, or mere names This

coutroversy was warmly agitated for many ages and caused furious contentions." — (' Remarks upon Ecclesiastical History.')

444 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Genus LEBADEA {antea, p. 144).
2. Lebadea ismene.

Limenitis Ismene, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 34, f. 2 (1850).

Male. Very closely allied to L. martha, but larger, the ground colour rufous-red, and not brownish-
ochraceous ; posterior wings with the discal oblique white fascia broader than in L. martha, and the space
between the fuscous lunulate spots and the submarginal line considerably broader than in the Fabrician
species.

Exp. wings, (? , 55 to 60 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Silhet (coll. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula ; Langkawi Islands (coll. Birch and
Egerton).

Genus NEPTIS (antea, p. 149).
13. Neptis miah, var. (Tab, XLI., tig. 14).

Xeptis Mmh, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mas. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 164, n. 339, t. 4(i, f. 1 (1857); Proc.
Zool. See. 1858, p. 4, u. 5.

Mr. Moore has thus described his species : — " Upper-side brown-black : fore-wing with a longitudinal
streak from base of wing, an oblique transverse short apical fascia, and which nearly meets a reversely-
obhque fascia on posterior margin, rufous : hind-u-ing with a nearly straight broad inner band, and a
narrow submarginal band rufous. Under-side dark ferruginous : fore-tcing with the longitudinal and
oblique marks pinky-white ; two narrow submarginal lines purple : hind-wing with inner band pinky-
white ; two submarginal and a less distinct middle line purple ; costal margin at the base whitish."

Exp. wings, " 2| inches."

Hab. — Continental India ; Sikkim (de Niceville) ; Darjeeling (coll. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak
(Kiinstl. — coll. Eibbe).

A single specimen of this species from the Malay Peninsula has alone passed through my
hands. This, as the figure shows, differs in some slight peculiarities — principally in the size
and shape of the rufous fasciae to the anterior wings — from typical specimens from Darjeeliug;
but the differences are only slight, and such as are not uncommon in other species of the
genus.

In Sikkim Mr. de Niceville found it " not rare at low elevations. I took it settled to drink
on damp sand."*

N. miah belongs to the section of the genus which contains X tiga, and is here arranged
after that species.

5 a. Neptis vikasa, var. harita. (Tab. XLIII., fig. 8).

Neptis Harita, Moore, Proc. Zool. See. 1874, p. 571, t. 66, f. 8.

I here give Mr. Moore's original description of a specimen from E. Bengal : —

" Male and female. Upperside olive-brown ; fore wing with paler and rather indistinct discoidal
streak and dentate disco-cellular mark ; two transverse discal series of pale black-bordered zigzag luuules,
and a submarginal similar lunular line ; hind wing with pale narrow subbasal transverse band, with dark
outer border, beyond which is a blackish fascia, and then a submarginal row of pale-bordered dark lunules
(these lunules being triangular in the female). Underside olive-brown ; markings as above, but whiter."

Exp. wings, "2 inches."

Hab. — Continental India; E. Bengal (Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl. — coll. Eibbe).

* J. A. S. Beng. vol. li. p. 58, n. 151 (1882).

APPENDIX. 445

As Mr. Moore observes, X. harita is closely allied to N.vikasi, "but may be distinguished
from it by its smaller size, less distinct markings, and in the submarginal band of the hind
wing being formed of distinct lunules." The last character is the only reliable one I can find,
and I therefore prefer to look upon it as a varietal form only. The figure here given of
A^. vikasi has already (aiitea, p. 152) been reported as unsatisfactory.

14. Neptis anjana, var. (Tab. XXXVI., fig. 11.)

Neptis Anjmia, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 309.

The following is the original description of this species : —

" <? . Upper side very dark olivaceous-bro-wn ; fore wing with a slender, but not very prominent,
ochreons-browu narrow discoidal streak, a curved discal macular band, a submarginal and a less distinct
marginal line ; bind wing with a slender transverse subbasal band, a recurved discal band, and narrower
but less distinct marginal line. Undei'side dark chestnut-red ; fore wing with the discoidal streak,
transverse outer bands glossy purplish blue, the lower part of the discal band being pale ochreous ; bind
wing with two medial, two discal bands, a very slender marginal glossy purplish blue and a broad paler

' basal band."

, Exp. wings, " 2J inches."

I Hab. — Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl. — coll. Eibbe) ; Sungei

; Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.).

A specimen received from Sungei Ujong is here figured. I have carefully compared
this specimen with Mr. Moore's Moulmein type, and find slight differences in the following
particulars : — it is darker, the discal bands beneath are slightly wider apart, and the
submarginal fascia is somewhat less lunular ; but all these differences are not constant, as a
Perak specimen in the collection of Herr Eibbe is much lighter in hue.
j N. anjana is here arranged after N. vikasi.

' Genus ATHYMA [antea, p. 156).

1 6. Athyma kresna (uutea, p. 161).

Since describing the female as differing in "no essential respects from the male," the
only distinguishing character being that in the female the cellular streak of the anterior wings
is apparently never broken, Mr. Moore has pointed out to me that this female represents his
A. kanica,* and he considers the true female to be a yellow and brown form, much like the
corresponding sex of A. neftc, or again it may be his A. subrata (antea, p. 164), of which also
female specimens are alone known. Breeding must decide this point, and my own opinion
leans to the supposition that all these three distinctly marked females belong to A. kresna, and
are trimorphic varieties of that species.

Genus HYPOLIMNAS {antea, p. 164).
4. Hypolimnas anomala (rt/?^((, p. 169). (Tab. XLI., f. 1, 2 <? : 3, 4 ? .)

Since giving the description of the above species I have received a fair series of specimens,
and am now able to give figures of both sexes. It is, like most of the other members of the
genus, a very variable species.

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 17, ii. 17. t. 51, f. 2.
Sept. 30, 1886. 5 x

446 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Additional Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (Birch) ; Perak
(Kiinstl. — Calc. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.). — Borneo;
Sandakan (coll. Pryer).

From information contained in a letter sent me by Mr. J. K. Birch, this species appears
to be not uncommon in some parts of Province Wellesley in the month of December.

Genus HESTINA {to follow Hypolimnas).

Hestina, Westwood, Diadetna, sect. 6, Gen. Diurn. Lap. p. 281 (1850).

This genus may be synoptically separated from Hypolimnas, with which it has considerable aEfinity,
by the character of the cells of both wings being open and not closed by a disco-cellular nervule.

The distribution of this genus appears to be focussed in Northern India, and it is also
found in China.

1. Hestina nama. (Tab. XLIIL, fig. 9 J ).

Diadema Xiunci, Doubleday, Anu. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 232 (1845) ; Doub. & Hew. Gen. Diuru. Lep. t. 39, f. 2

(1850).
Hestina nama, De Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. l. p. 50, n. 25 (1881) ; ibid. vol. 11. p. 58 (1882).

Male. Anterior wings above very dark indigo-blue, with the following pale bluish markings :— a basal
streak in cell, followed by two spots, and two other similar spots at end of cell, a curved discal series of six
linear spots placed between the nervules, the lowermost longest and duplex ; beyond these are an irregular
cluster of spots, with a distinct submarginal series, basal two-thirds of inner margin pale bluish. Posterior
wings creamy with a bluish tinge, the neui-ation and a broad outer margin castaneous, the last containing
some dark spots which are inwardly margined by some small pale creamy spots, extreme outer margin
sublunulate and paler in hue. Anterior wings beneath as above, but the ground colour of the apical area
ferruginous ; posterior wings beneath as above, but paler, and with the outer sublunulate spots creamy
white and with three somewhat large subapical spots of the same colour. Body above dark indigo-blue ;
head and anterior portion of pronotum spotted with creamy-white, lateral margins of j)i"ouotum pale
bluish-grey ; body beneath thickly spotted with creamy-white ; abdomen with a lateral stripe of the same
colour on each side ; legs streaked with creamy-white.

Exp. wings, <? , 85 to 90 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Sikkim (de Nic). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Egerton — coll. Dist.).

The exertions of Mr. W. Egerton have enabled me to add this butterfly to the list of
species composing our rhopalocerous fauna. My collection contains male specimens only, and
Mr. de Niceville narrates his collecting experiences in Sikkim with reference to this species as
" males only taken on the lower hills. On the wing it much resembles Banais tytia." *

Genus CETHOSIA {autea, p. 170).
4. Cethosia biblis. (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 3 ,y .)

Piipilio Biblis, Dniry, 111. Ex. Ent. i. t. 4, f. 2 (17731 ; Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 175, A, B (1779).
Ahnonia Si/ii>iiblis, p., Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46, u. 421 (1816).
Cethosia Biblina, Godt. Euc. Meth. ix. p. 248, n. 12 (1819).

Cethoda Biblis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 153, n. 317 (1857) ; De Nic. J. A. S. Beng.
vol. L. p. 50, n. 14 (1881).

■■■ This of course does not necessarily imply that one species mimics the other, though such is probahly the case. In
forming these likely conclusions one is reminded of the apothegm of Bacon : — " The Lord St. Albans, who was not over hasty
to raise theories, but proceeded slowly by experiments, was wont to say to some philosophers, who would not go his pace,
' Gentlemen, nature is a labyiinth, in which the vei-y haste you move with will make you lose your way.' "

APPENDIX. 447

This species is here perhaps hest described by a differential comparison with C. Ivgani
{untca, p. 170) :—

Male. Allied to C. logani, but wanting the large subquacU-ate white si^ots between the fii'st and third
median nei'vules of the anterior wings ; the black margin to the posterior wings is narrower, and is preceded
by a linear black macular fascia, and the marginal lunulate linear spots are much brighter in C. biblis.
On the under surface of the wings the pale fasciie are narrower and more regular than in C. locjani.

Female. Wings paler and more ochraceous than in male.

Exp. wings, (? & S , 62 to 85 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Sikkim (de Nic.) ; Cachar (coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore). —
Malaj' Peninsula; Perak (Kimstl. — Calc. Mus.).

Mr. de NiceviUe, who has had more than the nsual experience of cohecting in Sikkim,
remarks : — " The rich red of its upper surface with a long violet reflection makes this species
one of the handsomest insects on the wing I know." *

Genus CIRROCHEOA {anka, p. 177).
6. Cirrochroa rotundata {antea, p. 181). (Tab. XLI., fig. 12 2).

Since enumerating this species I have received an undoubted female specimen, which
I have here figured (Tab. XLI., fig. 12). It is thus apparent that Mr. Butler mistook the sex
of his type specimen (which I previously figured — Tab. X., fig. 10), and that it was the male sex.
As I followed the error, the correction will be, (Tab. X., fig. 10 S ; Tab. XLI., fig. 12 ? ).

Additional Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.).

Genus PADUCA {io follow Cirrochroa).

Piiduca, Moore, List Lep. Mergui Archipel. Jouru. Liun. Soc. 1886.

Mr. Moore, who has just proposed this genus, and given me the above reference to its
forthcoming publication, has also favoured me with the following diagnosis : —

" Male. Wings narrower than in Cirrochroa, fore wings more triangular in form ; fourth subcostal
further from the third ; disco-cellular inwardly oblique ; two upper medians at a short distance beyond the
cell. Venation of hind wings very similar, the inner submedian straighter. Antennae with a much stouter
and shorter terminal club; palpi narrower."

•'Type. P.fasciata."

1. Paduca fasciata. (Tab. XL., fig. 12.)

Atella Fasciata, Folder, Wien. But. Mou. iv. p. '236, n. 83 (1860).

Cirrochroa Fasciata, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mou. v. p. 301, n. U (1861) ; Eeise Nov. Lep. iii. t. 49, f. 9, 10 |1866);
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 3i2, u. 3.

Male and Female. Wings above dark brown ; anterior wings with the following pale stramineous
markings : — a moderatelj' broad discal, oblique fascia, commencing between the two upper median nervules
and terminating on inner margin, two spots a little beyond end of cell, a submarginal series of spots, the
uppermost situate between the discoidal nervules, and the lowermost with an inner blackish spot, these
are followed bj' an outer series of lunulas, which margin the innermost of two dark fasciae ; jjosterior
wings with an oblique discal fascia continuous to that on upper wings, an outer discal macular fascia

-■' J. A. S. Beiig. vol. L. p. 50 (1881).

448 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

inwardly margined with small black spots, with lunules and dark marginal fasciae as on anterior wings.
Wings beneath very much paler than above, the stramineous areas moi'e nearly confluent in the male.

Exp. wings, (7 & 2 , 40 to 48 millim.

Hab. — Mergui Archipelago (coll. Anderson). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (Biixh — coll.
Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinstl. — Calc. Mus.) ; Larut (Durnford — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce) ; Sandakan (Pryer —
coll. Dist.). — Philippine Islands ; Mindoro (Felder).

Fam. ERYCINID.E {anka, p. 185).
Siibfam. LIBYTH^INiE.

LibythaiiKB, Bates, Joui-n. Eut. ii. p. 176 (1864) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 67 (1881) ; Marsh. & de Nic.

Butt. India, Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. 18 (1882).
Libytheidte, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 412 (1851); Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr. Amer. Rhop. vol. i. p. 359

(1884).

This subfamily of the En/cini(l(e is at once distinguishable from the Nemeobiince by the great
develoi)ment of the palpi, which are very long and protruding, and united at their apices, thus forming
a long conical beak. The pupa is also freely suspended by the tail.

The species of Lihiitluelim are appareutly well included in one genus, and are not only
distributed in the temperate and tropical portions of the Old World, but are also found in the
Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. None, however, have been recorded from Australia or the
Islands of the Pacific.

Genus LIBYTHEA.

Libythea, Fabricius, BI. Mag. vi. p. 284 (1807) ; Latr. Enc. Meth. is. p. 10 (1819) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep.

p. 412 (1851) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 67 (1881); Godm. & Salv. Biol. Ceutr. Am. Rbop. vol. i.

p. 359 (1884).
Hecaertje, Ochsenb. Scbmett. Eur. iv. p. 32 (1816); Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 100 (1816).
Chilea, Billb. Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820).

As this genus represents the subfamily, the diagnostic characteristics ah-eady given for
the Libytlucina' are equally applicable to the genus Libythea, and need not be recapitulated.

1. Libythea myrrha. (Tab. XLII., fig. 2.)

Libythea Myrrha, Godart, Enc. Metb. ix. p. 171, u. 4 (1819) ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. t. 10, f. 8 (1836) ; Gray, Lep.

Ins. Nep. t. 12, f. 4 (184G) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 240, n. 518 (1857);

Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 335, n. 1 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 347, n. 1 ; Moore, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832 ; ibid. 1882, p. 243.
Hecaerije Myrrha, Hiibn. Zutr. Ex. Scbmett. f. 789, 790 (1832).

Wings above very dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with a broad longitudinal streak passing along
the median nervure and continued towards outer margin, and two subapical spots — sometimes separate,
but generally connected, at their angles — reddish-ochraceous ; posterior wings with a broad central reddish-
ocbraceous fascia which is augulated near apex. Anterior wings beneath much paler than above, the
longitudinal fascia broader, the subapical spots distinctlj' separated, the apex with a violaceous tinge ;
posterior wings beneath violaceous, thickly mottled with dark strigje, a dark pm-plish patch near apex,
and the central fascia as above pale and obscurely seen beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.

Exp. wings, J , 50 millim.

n

fi

APPENDIX. 449

Hab. — Contiueutal India ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking— Moore) ; Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore). — Burma ;
Moulmeiu (Limborg — Moore). — Tenasserim ; Meetan, Hatsiega (Limborg — Moore). — Malay Peninsula;
Perak (Goodrich & Egerton — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce).

The Eev. J. H. Hocking describes this species as " a tree-perching insect. Settles with
vertical wings."*

Subfam. NEMEOBIIN^ (antea, p. 186).
Genus ABISARA {antea, p. 188).

7. Abisara neophron. (Tab. XXXVI., fig. 6.)

Sospita Xeophiv?!, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Sosp. t. 1, f. 3 (1861).
Abisara Neophron, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 833.

Mr. Hewitson thus describes his species : —

"Upperside. Male rufous-brown. Anterior wing crossed transversely at the middle by a broad
band of white, and obliquely beyond the middle by a narrow, obscure, rufous baud. Tke outer margin
pale from the middle to the anal angle, traversed by a dark line. Posterior wing tailed. Crossed beyond
the middle and near the outer margin by waved rufous bands. Two large black spots at the apes,
separated by a line of orange. A submarginal band of white traversed by a black line. The tail white."

" Underside as above."

Exp. wings, " 2-k in."

Hab. — Continental India; Silhet (coll. Hewits.). — Tenasserim; Moolai (Limborg — Moore). — Malay
Peninsula; Perak (Kiiustl. — -coll. Anderson).

This species will here follow A. savitri.

8. Abisara telesia. (Tab. XL., figs. 2 ,? , 3 ? .)

Tii.vila Telesia, Hewitsou, Ex. Butt. ii. Tax. t. 1, f. 1, 2 (1861); Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. viii. p. 119 (1865);
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 347, u. 5.

" Upperside. Male dark brown. Anterior wing with the apex and outer margin carmine, the inner
margin produced, rounded, with near its middle an oval spot of lilac-white."

" Underside carmine, with bands and spots of blue and black. Anterior wing with the apex rufous ;
a longitudinal and transverse baud within the cell blue, a second transverse band also blue, followed bj^
five blue spots, bordered inwardly with black. The inner margin where the wings touch, light yellow.
Posterior wing with numerous black and blue spots. Crossed near the outer margin by a band of light blue
and a baud of light yellow, each bordered with black, and separated by a band of the same colour."

Female. Anterior wings above carmine, with some scattered discal pale brownish markings and
some irregular subapical greyish shadings ; posterior wings pale brownish, with marginal and submarginal
dark fasciae, the upper two median and the discoidal nervules shaded with pale carmine. Wings beneath
as in male.

Exp. wings, ^ & ? , 40 to 42 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl. — Calc. Mus.). — Sumatra (coll. Hewits.). — Borneo (Druce);
Sarawak (Hewits.).

6. Abisara damajanti (aiitcu, p. 192). (Tab. XL., fig. 10 c? , 11 ? .)

Since enumerating this species I have been enabled to figure what appear to be both sexes.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl. — Calc. Mus.).

- Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 243.
Sept. 30, 1886. 5 y

450 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Genus SIMISKINA {to follow Abisara).

Simiskina, Distant, ' Entomologist,' vol. sis. p. 12 (1886).

This genus differs from Abisara in having the lower disco-cellular nervule of the posterior wings much
longer than the upper, thus resembling Stiboijes ; hut from that genus it is easily distinguished by the
subcostal uervules of the posterior wings, which bifm-cate before the upper end of cell. In shape of wings
and general superficial features Simiskina resembles Abisara.

1. Simiskina fulgens. (Tab. XLII., iig. 3.)

Simiskina /ulyens, Distant, 'Entomologist,' vol. xix. p. 12 (1886).

Wings above bright ochraceous ; anterior wings with the apex, and outer and inner margins, broadly
dark brownish, with a narrow Unear disco- cellular spot of the same colour ; posterior wings with the
cellular area, the whole area between cell, upper median nervule, and abdominal margin, and a broad outer
macular margin, dark brownish. Wings beneath pale ochraceous ; both wings with linear pale castaneous
disco-cellular spots, a much-waved castaneous fascia crossing the wings beyond cells, recm-ved, and
terminating on abdominal margin of posterior wings ; two fainter outer discal fasciae, the outermost of
which is blackened on posterior wings ; outer margin pale castaneous on posterior wings, preceded by two
dark linear fasciae. Body above fuscous ; beneath more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 36 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Goodrich — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Stand.).

Fam. LYCiENIDiE {antea, p. 193).— Group CUEETAEIA {antca, p. 196).

Genus PORITIA {antea, p. 197).

In my diagnosis of this genus I stated that "according to my view there are three"
subcostal nervules to the anterior wings. Mr. Moore has since pointed out to me that there
are four, the first being very short and minute.

S. Poritia pharyge. (Tab. XLI., fig. 8.)

Poritia Flutryge, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 345 ; III. Diuru. Lep., Lye, p. 215, t. 88, f. 8, 9 (1878).

Wings above blackish, with the following bluish-green markings ; anterior wings with a longitudinal
fascia along the median nervure, a cm'ved fascia on base of inner margin, three subapical spots and a
marginal series of six spots ; posterior wings with a longitudinal fascia along the submedian nervure, two
discal and three marginal spots ; costal ai"ea of posterior wings brownish. Wings beneath brownish ;
anterior wings with a dark linear disco-cellular spot, followed by two linear fasciae crossing wing which
are more or less margined with greyish ; posterior wings with a dark linear disco-cellular spot, two discal
narrow waved dark fasciae more or less margined with greyish, a similarly coloured and margined waved
fascia extending from the upper median nervule to anal angle, and a marginal narrow bluish and black
fascia at the same area.

Exp. wings, 28 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl. — coll. Ribbe). — Borneo (coll. Hewits.).

Genus DERAMAS.

Deramas, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 252 (1886).

This genus is closely allied to Poritia, but differs by possessing .Arc subcostal nervules in the anterior
wings ; of these the first is very short, emitted at about one-third before the end of cell, and joins the

APPENDIX. 461

costal norvuvc ; second emitted nearer first than third ; third from cud of cell ; fourth bifurcating from
third at about half its length ; fifth bifurcating from third about midway between base of fourth and
apex of wing.

1. Deramas livens. (Tab. XLII., fig. 15 S .)

IhrtDiKhs livetis, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 252 (1886).

Male. Wings above dark coerulean-blue ; anterior wings with the ueuration, costal, cellular, and ajiical
areas, outer margin narrowly, to outer angle, and inner margin narrowly dark fuscous ; posterior wings
with a cellular tuft of long hairs, costal and abdominal areas, posterior margin, and a more or less
continuous series of marginal spots placed on the nervules dark fuscous. Wings beneath pale brownish
ochraceous ; both wings with a narrow, linear, much waved and dislocated castaneous fascia, between
which and outer margin the colour is much suffused with greyish ; posterior wings with a short, narrow,
strongly waved linear blackish fascia at anal angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 30 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Godfery).

Gemis CURETIS {anWa, p. 201).

2. Curetis aesopus {antea, p. 202). (Tab. XLIV., Hg. 14 9 .)

I am now able to figure the female of tbis species, of wliicb the original description has
previously been given.

Additional Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Dist.).

5. Curetis insularis. Tab. XLI., figs. 6 (? , 7 2.)

I'lualix IiL^ulari.-:, Horsfield, Gat. Lep. E.I. C. p. 125, n. 52 (1829).

Anops Insularis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mns. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 53, t. l-*, f. 14 (1857).

Male. Wings above shining sanguineous ; anterior wings with the base brownish, the costal, apical
and outer marginal areas black ; posterior wings with the outer margin black, the basal, abdominal and
anal-angular areas brownish. Wings beneath pale creamy-white, with a stramineous tinge, both wings
crossed beyond cells by a waved and more or less broken linear blackish fascia inwardly margined with
bluish-grey, and both wings with a submarginal series of small black spots. Body above dark brownish ;
body beneath more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. — Wings above dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with a large discal orange-yellow patch
which occupies the lower portion of cell, is continued beneath cell, and extends to a short distance from
outer margin ; posterior wings with a small curved orange-yellow patch extending from upper subcostal
nervule to about end of cell. Wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, (? and ? , 35 millim.

Hab.— Malay Peninsula; Perak (luinstl.— coll. Dist.) ; Selangor; Kwala Lumpor (Biggs— coll. Dist.).
— Java (Horsfield).

This species is here arranged after C fchkri.

Genus PARAGEEYDUS {anka, p. 207).
Mr. Butler has recently expressed his opinion* that Folder's genus Atlotinus is synonymic
with I'anujcnjdus, for the reason that he proposes A.J'allax] as the type of Allotiiiiis, whilst
I have taken A. subviolaceiis as the typical species.

- Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xxii. p. 59 (1885). | A species I'uund in the I'liilippiue Islands.

452 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

Genus LOGANIA {aiitea, p. 208).

2. Logania sriwa. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 16.)

Livjania sriuci, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 531 (1886).

Wings above violaceous-white ; anterior wings with the costal margin spotted with fuscous and the
apical area (not quite reaching to outer angle) dai-k fuscous ; j^osterior wings with the fringe spotted with
fuscous. Wings beneath fuscous-brown with darker blotches, and irrorated and speckled with greyish-
white; this whitish coloration is most prominent on the anterior wings at apex and outer angles, and on
the posterior wings it appears as an irregular broad subcostal streak : the posterior wings are also more
darkly marked than the anterior. Body above brownish, beneath greyish ; legs very pale brownish with
dark annulations.

Exp. wings, 24 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).

Genus ALLOTINUS (antea, p. 208).
Mr. Butler's interpretation of this genus has already been referred to {antea, p. 451).

8. Allotinus alkamah, n.sp. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 3 ^ .)

Male. Allied to A. subriolaceiis, Felder,* from which it differs by the much larger violaceous area
to the anterior wings, and consequent considerable diminution in the width of the blackish margin to the
same. Wings beneath as in A. subviolaceus (judging from Felder's figure), but having some distinct short
transverse darker strigfe.

Female. Resembling the male, but the posterior wings paler and more violaceous.

Exp. wings, ^ , 26 millim. ; ? , 35 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger). — Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.).

Genus CYANIRIS (antea, p. 210).

3. Cyaniris jynteana, var. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 6 J .)

Ci/Knii-isJi/nti'iiiiu, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 524, t. 48, f. 10; De Nic. J. A. S. Bang. vol. Hi. p. G9, n. 5,
t.'l, f. 7,7a (1884). t

"Near C. imspa. Mole. — Fore wing comparatively shorter, the blue less intense and slightly paler;
the discal area slightly white speckled ; with a blackish outer marginal band of one-twelfth inch in width ;
hind wing with a narrow macular marginal band. Underside greyish white ; fore wing with a slender
indistinct dusky-black discoeellular streak, four transverse discal, outwardly oblique, short linear spots,
a small costal spot, a submarginal and marginal row of lunular sj^ots ; hind wing with three small black
subbasal spots, an irregular discal transverse series of nine spots, an indistinct submarginal and marginal
row of dentate lunular spots."

The above is Mr. Moore's description of the male, the following is Mr. de Niceville's
description of the other sex : —

" FciiKile. — Upperside, forewinc/ with all but the middle of the disc (which is white glossed with
iridescent blue) black; a discoeellular black spot. Hindwing blackish, white in the middle, glossed with
bhu', and along the veins irrorated with black scales ; a submarginal series of pale lunules. Underside
marked exactly as in the male."

* A Javan species.

f Both Mr. Moore and Mr. de Xiocvillc seem to have described this species under the same name at about the same
time. Mr. Moore's description, however, has priority, as the portion of the ' Jom-nal of the Asiatic Sooietj- of Bengal ' in whicii
Mr. de Niceville's contribution appeared, though bearing date 1883, was really delayed in puhUcation till 1884.

APPENDIX. 453

Exp. wings, S , "li to 1| inch" (Moore) ; 2 , " -9 to 1-25 inches" (de Nic).

jJab. — Continental India; Khasia and Jyntea Hills (Moore); Sikkim, Shillong (de Nic.)- — Malay
Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).

A single male Malaccan specimen in the collection of Dr. Staudinger forms my only
knowledge of this species from the Peninsula. Although this specimen differs from the typical
form of the species by the darker colouring of the anterior wings, and especially by the
brownish hue of the posterior wings, it was yet identified without doubt by Mr. Moore himself as
representing his C. jynteana. When one compares the figures of this species given by Messrs.
Moore, de Niceville, and myself, the difficulty of properly portraying the colour of these small
Liicceiiida: (either by hand-colouring or chromo-lithography) becomes painfully apparent. This
difficulty, however, is scarcely detrimental to determination, for the markings beneath, on tuhich
true idcnlification depends, will be seen to be uniform and unmistakable.

That the species is variable is shown by the following remarks of Mr. de Niceville : —
" Four male and two female specimens of this species were taken by me at different elevations
in Sikkim in October. The males differ in size, in the absence in two of them of the white
patch on the disc of the forewing on the upperside, and also in the width of the marginal black
border, which in some specimens disappears at the hinder angle. The underside is very
constant, all the spots and markings being very small and distinct."*

4. Cyaniris placida. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 7 <? .)

L'l/aniris iilacida, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 523, t. 48, f . 5 ; De Nic. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Hi. p. 68, n. 3,
t. 1, f. 8 (1883).

" Allied to C. lavendularisA Male. — Upperside of a darker but duller blue, and of an uniform tint
throughout, C. lavendularis having the discal area of both wings slightly whitish ; marginal black borders
similar but slightly narrower. Underside similarly marked, except that in the fore wing there are but
four transverse discal spots, which are also disposed in a more linear series."

Exp. wings, " 1| inch."

Hab. — Continental India; Darjeeling (coll. Moore) ; Sikkim; Sibsagar, Upper Assam (de Nic). —
Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.).

A single specimen of this species, collected by the Rev. L. Biggs in Penang, has alone
reached me from the Peninsula. Mr. de Niceville writes that it is very common in Sikkim ;
he "took it at various elevations in October, and Mr. Otto Moller has taken it in large numbers
in the spring."

0. Cyaniris sp. '? (Tab. XLIV., fig. 10 2 .)

I am unable to definitely identify this species, and having but one specimen of one sex
before me at present, and judging that such may most probably prove to be the female of some
other described species, I here merely figure and draw attention to it.

Exp. wings, $ , 30 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).

* J. A. S. Beng. vol. lii. p. 69. f A Ceylonese species.

Sept. 30, 1886. 5 z

464 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Gemis ZIZERA {antea, p. 212).

3. Zizera pygmea.

Lijccmi Ptjiimea, Suelleu, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 153, t. 7, f. 3 (1876).
Zhera Pyymea, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 79, t. 35, f. 5, 5« (1881).

Male. Wings above resembling Z. lysizone. Wings beneath pale greyish-

fl^^^^'^^Jfe brown ; anterior wings with nine dark spots margined with greyish, one long and

^^^Bi'fflSi linear at end of cell, the rest smaller, two subcostal, and sis submarginal ; posterior

^^F Ji^^y wings with a linear disco-cellular spot at end of cell, a series of ten spots in

Fig. Viis.— Zizera pygmea. circular discal series, two similar spots situate one in and one beneath cell, and two

small contiguous spots at base ; both wings with two marginal brownish linear

sublunulate fasciae, the outermost broadest, and both margined with greyish, a blackish marginal line

and the fringe greyish-brown.

Exp. wings, 20 millim.

Hab. — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. G. F. Mathew). — Java;
Biitavia (Snellen).

This species was captured at Singapore by Mr. Gervase F. Mathew, R.N., and is, so
far as I am aware, the only record of it from the Peninsula.

4. Zizera? usta. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 5.)

Zizera? mtii, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 581 (1886).

Wings above violaceous-brown. Wings beneath greyish-ochraceous ; anterior wings with two
contiguous fuscous spots at centre of cell, a fuscous discocellular spot at end of cell, and five spots of the
same colour in a curved submarginal series ; posterior wings with two large black spots near costal
margin, the outermost with a small fuscous spot beneath it, a small fuscous spot in cell, and a disco-
cellular streak of the same colour at end of cell, and with the following blackish spots : — one beneath and
near base of cell, two near abdominal margin, one near anal angle, and four in a curved series beyond cell,
and with a double series of pale fuscous, linear, submarginal spots ; fringe of both wings fuscous. Body
and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 20 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).

1 place this species provisionally in the genus Zizera, from which it differs by having
the first subcostal nervule completely anastomosed with the costal nervure. The typical
specimen, however, is not only unique, but also not my own property, thus preventing that
detailed structural examination which is necessary for exact generic determination, but which
is liable at the same time to injure the specimen.

Group CASTALARIA {antea, p. 214).— Genus NACADUBA {antea, p. 218).

1. Nacaduba macropthalma (antea, p. 218). (Tab. XLIV., fig. 82.)

I am now able to figure the female of this species, and at the same time to portray more
carefully the markings on the under surface of the anterior wings than they are represented by
the figure of the male specimen previously given.

This female specimen is from Malacca, and is in the collection of Dr. Staudinger.

APPENDIX. 455

7. Nacaduba kerriana. (Tab. XLIL, fig. 12.)

Nacadtiba kerriana, Distcant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 253 (1886).

Wings above pale lavender-blue ; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and the outer margin
more broadly fuscous ; posterior wings with the outer margin fuscous, and with marginal fuscous spots
separated by the median nervules, and which are divided from the outer margin by narrow greyish, linear
markings ; tail-like appendages fuscous, with the apices greyish-white. Wings beneath pale greyish-brown ;
anterior wings with the following whitish fasciie : — one crossing cell just before apex, and extending from
subcostal nervure to near inner margin ; a short disco-cellular fascia just beyond end of cell, preceded by
a small spot between the second and third subcostal nervules ; these are followed by a fascia which nearly
crosses the whole breadth of wing, commencing at second subcostal nervule and extending to near inner
margin, the outermost fascia being shorter and commencing at lower subcostal nervule terminates on
second median nervule; outer margin broadly whitish, containing a double series of dark fuscous spots,
extreme margin dark fuscous ; fringe brownish : posterior wings crossed by a series of whitish fasciae, the
outer margin as on anterior wings with two marginal black spots, which are separated by the second
median nervule and are irrorated by bluish scales and preceded by ochraceous shading. Body above and
beneath more or less concolorous with wings ; legs fuscous, streaked with greyish.

Exp. wings, 35 millim

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Stand.) ; Singapore (Kerr — coll. Dist.).

I am iuclebtecl to Major Kerr for a single specimen of this species, which is probably
not so very rare, but requiring its localities and times of appearance to be discovered.

Genus EVEEES {antea, p. 221).
2. Everes exiguus, n.sp. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 17 2.)

Female. Wings above pale dusky-brown, the basal areas more or less shaded with violaceous-blue ;
posterior wings with a submargiual broken lunate greyish fascia and a marginal series of blackish spots
margined with greyish, the spot between the two lower median nervules inwardly margined with reddish-
ochraceous ; fringe greyish. Wings beneath greyish-brown : anterior wings with three discal greyish-
margined fascise, the first short at end of cell, the second extending from the bifurcation of the fourth and
fifth subcostal nervules to the second median nervule, the third commencing at that nervule, its outer
margin being connected with the inner margin of the second fascia, a submarginal greyish-margined fascia,
and a small subcostal greyish-margined spot on the inner side of the second discal fascia. Posterior wings
with three discal greyish-margined fascise, the first shortish at end of cell, the second longest and reaching
the second median nervule, the third commencing at that nervule, its inner margin connected with the
outer margin of the first, two greyish-margined spots at base, one in and one beneath cell, beyond the
outer fascia is a greyish lunulate line, and a marginal series of greyish-bordered spots, the spots between
the two lower median nervules broadly margined inwardly with reddish-ochraceous, and a small ochraceous
spot at anal angle ; two black grey-margined subcostal spots. Body and legs more or less concolorous
with wings.

Exp. wings, 2 , 21 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singajjore (Kerr — coil. Dist.).

This is another species represented by a single female specimen sent to me by Major
Kerr from Singapore. I have been compelled to name and describe it in order that it might
appear here.

456 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

Genus CATOCHEYSOPS (antea, p. 223).

2. Catochrysops cnejus {antca, p. 225). (Tab. XLIV., fig. 15 ? .)

I am now able to figure the female of this species, of which the description has
been previously given. The figure represents a Malaccan specimen in the collection of
Dr. Staudinger.

-'o^

Genus LAMPIDES (antea, p. 226).
2. Lampides selianus {antea, p. 228.)

Plebeitis Mahicamus, Kober, ' Ms,' i. p. 57, t. 4, f. 3 (1886).

Herr Rober appears to have described one of the varieties of L. celianns (apparently my
var. h) as a distinct species.

6. Lampides optimus.

Piebeius Oi>timus, E5ber, 'Iris,' i. p. 56, t. 4, f. 16 il886).

" 3 . Oberseite weissblau, die weisse Zeichnung der Unterseite durch-

f y^^^ seheinend; Aussenrand der Vdrfl. graubraun ; Htrfl. init duukler Saumlinie

■ i^^Wftl ""^ weissen, an den Rippen dunklen Fransen ; Scbwanzchen mit weisser
. -fiTsit^ii^ Spitze ; Innenrand der Htrfl. weisslich."

"Unterseite bellrebgrau mit weissen Zeicbnungen ; der scbwarge Fleck
zwiscben M, und M^ der Htrfl. nacb inneu breit rotbgelb begi'enzt, an deu
Seiten metallischgriin bestaubt ; im Analwinkel ein kleiner scbwarzer, nach
I'iG. 127.— Lampides optimus. innen rotbgelb begrenzter Fleck ; Innenrand der Vdrfl. weisslicb."

" Flugelspannung : 27 mm."
" 2: Oberseite der Vdrfl. mit breitem, scbwarzgrauem Aussenrande; am Aussenrande der Htrfl.
eine Reihe dunkler, weiss umzogner Flecken."
" Unterseite wei beim 3 ."
" Fliigelspaunung : 27 mm."

" Tborax blaulicb ; Hinterleib oben dunkel, unten weisslicb; Brust desgl. ; Fiibler schwarz, weiss
gevingelt ; Palpen oben scbwarz, unten weiss ; Beine aussen scbwarz, innen weiss, Tarsen scbwarz
geringelt."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Eober). — Borneo (coll. Dist.). — Celebes (Rober).

This species will here follow L. aliaiuis.

6. Lampides abdul, n.sp. ? . (Tab. XLIV., fig. 22.)

Female. Wings above pale cerulean-blue ; anterior wings witb tbe costal and outer margins — the
last very broadly — pale brownish, tbe outer margin with some indistinct greyish fasciae ; posterior wings
shaded with pale brownish as on anterior wings, but tbe outer margin broader, witb some black spots with
bluish margins at anal angle. Wings beneath pale greyish-brown ; anterior wings witb two gi-eyisb-white
fasciae crossing wing at end of cell commencing at subcostal nervure, followed by two shorter fasciae
commencing near lower subcostal uervule and terminating on the first and second median nervules
respectively, and two submarginal and a marginal fascia of the same colour; posterior wings crossed by
greyish fasciae, a black marginal spot inwardly margined with ochraceous between the two lower median

APPENDIX. 457

nervules, and a small patch of greenish scales preceded by ochraceous at anal angle. Body and legs more
or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 2 , 26 millim.

TTau. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).

A single female of this distinct species was in the collection of Malaccan specimens
submitted to me by Dr. Staudinger.

Genus POLYOMMATUS {antea, p. 230).
2. Polyommatus bagus. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 13.)

Polyommatus bagits, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 532 (1886).

Female. Wings above closely resembling those of the same sex of P. baticus. Wings beneath pale
brownish ochraceous, with the following linear brownish fasciae margined with greyish : — both wings with
two at end of cells and two submarginal fasciae, the innermost broadest ; posterior wings with two large,
marginal, blackish spots, containing a few scattered greenish scales, inwardly margined with pale reddish-
ochraceous, and separated by the lower median nervule. Body above more or less concolorous with
wings, beneath with legs greyish-white ; legs more or less streaked with brownish.

Exp. wings, 2 , 30 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (Birch — coll. Dist.).

I am indebted to Mr. J. K. Birch for a specimen of this very interesting species.

Genus MEGISBA.

Megisba, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 71 (1881).

This genus is allied to Polyommatus by having the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings free
and not anastomosed with, nor impinging on, the costal nervure, and like that genus the posterior wings
possess a single filamentous tail-like appendage. The other characters relied upon by Mr. Moore are in
the anterior wings : — " first subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half length before end of the cell,
second at one-third before its end, third at one-eighth, the fourth at one-half beyond and terminating
before the apex ; discocellulars very slender ; middle median branch emitted immediately before end of the
cell, lower at one-half before its end ; submedian straight ; hindwing convex at the apex, oblique towards
anal angle, abdominal margin long ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell ; two
upper median branches from a short distance beyond end of the cell. Abdomen long, reaching to anal
angle."

This genus has been so recently proposed that it is impossible to estimate its area of
distribution, at least, until we know what species are to be included in it.

1. Megisba thwaitesi.* (Tab. XLIV., fig. 4.)

Megkba Thwaitesi, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 71, t. 31, f. 3, 3 a, b (1881).

"Male and female. Upperside dark violet-brown; forewing with an oblique lower discal white-
speckled patch. Cilia whitish. Underside bluish-white : forewing with four blackish spots on middle of
costal border, one within the cell, a brown discocellular streak, an outer discal transverse curved series
of five brown streaks, a marginal row of blackish spots bordered inwardly by a narrow sinuous line and
outwardly by a linear marginal line : hindwing with three black subbasal transverse spots, one on middle

* Named after Dr. George Henry Kendrick Thwaites, for many years the Director of the Eoyal Botanic Garden,
Peradeniya, Ceylon, which under his management became "perhaps the most beautiful tropical garden in the world.''
Dr. Thwaites was also an entomologist. He died at Kandy on September 11th, 18B2.

Sept. 30, 1886. 6 a

458 RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

of abdominal margin and a larger one on costal border near the apex ; a narrow brown discocellular streak
and a discal series of irregular-shaped spots, a marginal row of blackish spots bordered within by a sinuous
line and outwardly by a linear marginal lino, the third spot from anal angle large and blackest. Palpi
black above ; legs with prominent black bands ; antennas black with white annular bands."

Exp. wings, " 3 vi, $ 1 inch."

Hab. — Ceylon; Kandy (Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).

Mr. Moore describes the larva of this species as " light gi-een, vermiform, middle segments
swollen. Pupa thick, blunt at the ends. Feeds on Sapindaceee."

Although at Kandj^ .1/. tkwaitesi is reported as " verj' common and easy to capture,"*
one specimen only from the Malay Peninsula has up to this time passed through my hands.

Genus LYC^ENESTHES {antea, p. 232).

2. Lycaenesthes bengalensis. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 9<?.)

Lijcanesthes betigalensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Sec. 1865, p. 773, t.41, f . 9 ; de Nic. J. A. S. Bang. vol. li. p. 62 (1882).
Pseudodipsas bemjalensis, de Nic. J. A. S. Bang. vol. l. p. 55 (1881).
PseudodipsHs benijalensis, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351, n. 2.

" Male. Upperside dark purple-blue, exterior margin defined by a narrow suffused black line ;
a small indistinct black spot at anal angle ; abdominal margin brown. Underside pale greyish-brown ;
forewing with a short transverse double white line at the extremity of the cell, enclosing the discal veinlet,
beyond which are a transverse discal chain-like white band and an outer indistinct brownish submarginal
and a narrow white marginal line ; hindwing with basal, discoidal, and a curved discal series of chain-like
white bands ; an indistinct inwardly angled, double-lunulated, white marginal line ; a black spot bordered
above with orange-red near anal angle of exterior margin ; a small white-encii'cled black spot on middle
of abdominal margin. Head above brown ; eyes encircled with white. Palpi above and beneath brown,
at the sides white. Thorax, body, and legs beneath white."

"Female, Upperside pale purple-brown, with suffused bluish patch at the base; exterior margin
suffused with darker brown ; hindwing with an inner narrow white exterior marginal line. Underside as
in male."

Exp. wings, " Ij inch."

Hab. — Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll.
Staudinger; Biggs — coll. Dist.). — Borneo (Druce).

3. Lycaenesthes tessellata. (Tab. XLII., fig. 13 <? ; Tab. XLIV., fig. 21 2 .)

Xiphanda Tessellata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 572, t. 66, f. 6.
Lycicnesthes athiops, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 258 (188G).

Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue ; wings beneath greyish mottled with purplish. Anterior
wings with the following dark fuscous markings : — a broad basal streak beneath costal nervure extending
to about middle of cell, where it is joined to a large spot which crosses and extends beneath cell ; a large
discocellular spot at end of cell ; a curved fascia between end of cell and outer margin, extending from
the second subcostal nervule to the second median nervule ; a somewhat similar fascia extending from
second median nervule near end of cell to near inner margin ; paler narrow marginal and submarginal
fascisB containing a large, round, dark spot between the second and third median nervules. Posterior
wings with the following dark markings : — four basal spots, two large spots beyond cell divided by the
upper subcostal nervule, a marginal series of smaller dark spots and paler discal spots, of which the most

* Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 72 (1881).

APPENDIX. 459

promineut are a transverse one at end of cell, and a transverse waved series of rounded ones ; all these
spots are margined with greyish. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. " Upperside pale glossy blue; cilia white, streaked with brown; forewing with a broad
dusky black band along the costa and exterior margin ; a patch below the apex, a discocellular spot,
and a lower discal spot also black ; a short white streak at posterior angle ; hindwing broadly dusky black
along anterior margin ; the exterior margin with a series of black spots bordered with bluish white and an
inner dusky line."

Wings beneath marked as in male, but the ground colour paler.

Exp. wings, <y , 33 millim. ; $ , 36 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (Pioberts — Moore; Biggs — coll. Dist.).

When I redescribed this species I possessed the male sex ouly, which is very dissimilar
to the female, which was described and figured by Mr. Moore (without mentioning the sex)
under the name of a new genus. Now, however, that I possess both sexes the difficulty is
solved, and Mr. Moore's proposed genus Niphanda will probably accompany my specific name
L. lethiops into the limbo of synonymic forgetfulness.

The peculiarity of L. tcsseUata is in its Ethiopian appearance, its most closely allied
species being found in the West African L. lanjdas, Cram.

Group APHNARIA (antea, p. 233).
Genus CATAP^CILMA (antca, p. 234).
2. Catapaecilma ? bubases. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 26.)

Ihjliiichrijsops hubases, Hewitsou, Eut. Moutli. Mag. vol. xii. p. 38 (1875).

" Upper-side : csrulean-blue with all the margins broadly brown. Posterior wing with two slender tails,
the outer margin rufous, broadest near the anal angle, where it is bordered above and below with silver."

" Under-side : rufous. Both wings undulated throughout with black, marked by several irregular
black spots, and by numerous small silvery-blue spots, some of which form two sub-marginal bands."

Exp. wings, " lio inch."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Wallace — coll. Hewits.).

I place this species with considerable hesitation in the genus Catapcecilma. It is only
known to me by the type specimen in the Hewitsonian collection, of which a figure is liere
given, and I am therefore unable to take liberties with the specimen for the purpose of
studying the neuration. Again, the specimen possesses — as described — only two slender
tail-like appendages ; and if a third has not been mutilated, this character is divergent from
Catapcecilma.

This species having not hitherto been figured, Mr, de Niceville has wrongly identified
a Sikkim species* as conspecific with it. The Sikkim species is therefore undescribed and
requires a distinctive name.

Genus HOEAGA {to follow Catap^cilma).

tlora<ja, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 98 (1881).

This genus is allied to Catapcecilma by the character of the posterior wings, which possess
three slender tail-like appendages, and also by the anterior wings having three subcostal
nervules only.

* J. A. S. Beng. vol. liv. p. 118, t. 2, figs. 11 and 1 (1885).

460 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

The following are the characters given by Mr. Moore : —

" Forewing short, triangular ; costa gently arched, apex acute, exterior margin slightly oblique,
even ; costal vein recurved ; first subcostal branch emitted at half length of the cell, second at one-
third, and third close to the end ; " " cell recurved, broad ; discocellulars nearly erect, radial

from their middle ; middle median branch from near the end of the cell, lower at one third before the end ;
submedian straight ; hindwing short, broad, bluntly oval ; exterior margin uneven, furnished with three
slender tails ; costal vein much curved its entire length ; first subcostal branch at one-third before end
of the cell ; discocellulars oblique, radial from their middle ; two upper median branches from end of the
cell, lower at one third before the end ; submedian slightly curved, internal recurved. Body shoi-t, thorax
stout ; palpi jiorrect, second joint squamose, slender, extending half beyond the head ; third joint
cylindrical, one-third length of second ; legs short ; antennae short, gradually thickening to a pointed
club."

1. Horaga halba, n. sp. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 23.)

Wings above violaceous-blue, anterior wings with the costal, apical and outer areas fuscous (the last
two very broadly sol, and containiug a discal whitish spot situate at about end of cell; posterior wings
with the costal and outer areas fuscous, a submarginal greyish-white line and the tail-like appendages with
their apices greyish. Wings beneath pale ochraeeous, both wings crossed by a discal greyish-white fascia,
broadest on anterior wings where it commences at a little beyond end of cell, and narrowing on posterior
wings below median nervule where it is recurved and continued upwards to abdominal margin as a
metallic-greenish fascia inwardly margined with blackish, and followed beneath by a similar fascia ; a series
of marginal blackish spots near anal angle, inwardly margined with metallic-greenish and black ; one at
anal angle greyish dusted with black ; posterior margin with two blackish lines bordered on each side with
greyish. Body mutilated.

Exp. wings, 28 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (coll. Dist.).

H. halha belongs to a group of species in which great similarity of colour and markings
is found. I have, however, carefully compared it with the other described species of the
genus, and in the shape of the white spot above and the width and pattern of the white fascia
beneath find sufficient characters to separate it.

Genus DRUPADIA {antca, p. 236).
1. Drupadia moorei {anica, p. 236). (Tab. XLIV., fig. 11, var.)

A very small female variety of this species is here figured, and, as previously stated
{antca, p. 237), the species varies very much in size ; this is, however, the smallest female
specimen examined, measuring in expanse only 20 millim. It is a Malaccan specimen, and is
in the collection of Dr. Staudinger.

•■D^

Genus TAJURIA {antca, p. 244).
3. Tajuria relata {antca, p. 246).

I have since examined a Malaccan male of this species, belonging to the collection of
Dr. Staudinger. The wings above are cerulean-blue ; anterior wings with the costal margin
greyish-brown, the apex broadly dark fuscous, this colour extending to near outer angle;

APPENDIX. 461

posterior wings with the costal margin greyish-brown, the outer margin very narrowly fuscous.
Wings beneath as above.

-'o'-

Genus SINTHUSA {to follow Bindahara).

Sinthiisa, Moore, J. A.S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 33 (1884).

" Male. Wings small : forewing somewhat broad, costa arched at the base, apex pointed, exterior
margin slightly oblique and convex, posterior margin convex near the base ; subcostal vein five-branched,*
first branch emitted at nearly one half, second at one fourth, and third from near the end of the cell, third
bifid near its end ; cell extending to half length of the wing ; discoeellular slender ; radial from its middle ;
lower median at more than one-third and middle median from near end of the cell ; submedian straight :
hindwing short, broad, costa arched in the middle, exterior margin with a single slender tail from end of
lower median ; cell broad, triangular, extending half the wing ; first subcostal at one-half before end of the
cell ; discoeellular oblique, slender ; radial from its middle ; lower median at nearly one-half and middle
median from near end of the cell ; submedian and internal veins recurved. Palpi porrect, second joint
long, third joint short, slender, pointed ; antennae with a large thick pointed club."

I place this genus after Bindahara, with which it agrees in having an outer long and an
inner short broad and lobular tail-like appendage.

1. Sinthusa amba. Tab. XLIV., fig. 12^, 19 5 .)

Hypolyccena. amba, Kirby (Hewits.), 111. Diurn. Lep. Lye. Suppl. p. 32, t. v. b, f. 44 — 46 (1878).

Male. Wings above dark shining blue ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (the last
very broadly) dark fuscous or black ; posterior wings with the costal and abdominal areas dark fuscous,
a small metallic bluish spot on the lobular prolongation to the wing, the apex of the tail-like prolongation
white, and the fringe greyish with an inner dark margin. Wings beneath pale greyish-brown ; anterior
wings with the apex and outer margin tinged with ochraceous, and with two narrow ochraceous fasciae
margined with greyish, the first short at end of cell, the second beyond cell, commencing on third subcostal
nervule and crossing wing ; posterior wings with two similar fasciae, the first commencing on lower
subcostal nervule, curved, angulated, and terminating near abdominal margin, the second commencing on
costal nervure and terminating at upper median nervule, a macular marginal fascia, a large black spot
inwardly margined with ochraceous between the two lower median nervules, on each side of which is a
bluish and black spot, the lobular prolongation black, a short narrow ochraceous fascia at anal angle, and
an ochraceous spot on abdominal margin. Body above dark fuscous, beneath with legs more or less
concolorous with wings ; abdomen beneath ochraceous.

Female. Wings above dark brownish ; posterior wings with a large anal-angular patch of pale
gi'eyish with a violaceous tinge, containing some obscure marginal spots ; wings beneath as in male.

Exp. wings, ^ and ? , 23 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Biggs — coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Stand. & Hewits.).

The male specimen here figured is from Malacca, and is contained in the collection
of Dr. Staudiuger ; the female specimen I received from Perak, through the hands of the
Rev. L. C. Biggs.

2. Sinthusa amata, n. sp. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 20 2 .)

Female. Wings above dark brown ; posterior wings with an anal angular pale greyish patch with a
violaceous tinge ; — the patch is narrower and extends farther upwards than in S. amba, and is separated

* Four nervules only in my view.
Sept. 30, 1886. 6 b

462

RHOPALOCERA MALAY AN A.

from the i)osterior margin ; tail-like appendage greyish--white with a black central line. Wings beneath
pale greyish ; anterior wings with the apex and outer margin ochraceous and with two ochraceous fasciae,
the first short at end of cell, the second much dislocated and almost crossing wing beyond cell ; posterior
wings with a short disco-cellular fascia at end of cell, followed by a curved series of seven spots crossing
wing and an oblong spot at anal angle, — all these spots dark ochraceous, margined with blackish, — two
broken and obscure dark narrow marginal fasciae, a black spot with some metallic bluish scales between
the two lower median nervules, and another spot almost entirely metallic bluish at anal angle, both these
spots being inwardly margined with ochraceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 2 , 23 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.).

I have uot yet seen the male of S. amata, and should have preferred waiting for the
same before describing it, but have been compelled to propose a distinctive name, in order
that the species might duly appear in this enumeration.

Genus NEOCHERITRA {antca, p. 252).
2. Neocheritra gama, n.sp.

Female. Wings above ochraceous-brown ; anterior wings with the
costal area and the apex and outer margin broadly darker brown ; posterior
wings with the anal-angular area pale greyish-white with bluish margins,
and containing two blackish marginal spots separated by the lower median
nervule, and a smaller spot at extreme ana! angle : a marginal blackish
line, the tail-like appendages greyish-white with darker central lines.
Wings beneath pale reddish-ochraceous ; anterior wings with the area
beneath the median nervure and the lower submedian nervule grejash ;
posterior wings with the anal-angular greyish-white patch as above, but
without the bluish margin and inwardly containing a transverse series
of five linear blackish spots, an additional small marginal spot above the second median nervule, the spot
between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure much more obscure than above, and the
spot at aual angle larger and brighter and inwardly margined with bluish. Body above greyish-brown,
beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings ; tarsi with some blackish annulations.
Exp. wings, 2 , 35 millim.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Staudiuger).

A female specimen in the collection of Dr. Staudinger is my only knowledge of this
species : the male has still to be discovered.

Fio. 128. — Neocheritra gama.

Genus HYPOLYC^NA {antea, p. 255).
4. Hypolycaena thecloides {antca, p. 257).

I have now received this species, and find it a true Hypolyccena as surmised.
Additional Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dist.).

Genus IRAOTA {antca, p. 258).
•2. Iroata nila, n. sp. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 24 2 .)

Female. Wings above violaceous-blue ; costal and outer margin of anterior wings, and costal,
outer and abdominal margins of posterior wings more or less brownish. Anterior wings beneath pale

APPENDIX. 463

ocbraceous-browii, the area near posterior angle greyish, the area beyoud cell more or less eastaneous,
preceded by a narrow white linear fascia extending from first subcostal to lower median nervule ; this
fascia is followed by a series of five white spots, and these by a cluster of four apical spots of the same
colour ; two dark spots are placed beyond the lower two of the five white spots. Posterior wings beneath
with about the upper half eastaneous, the remaining area more or less ochraceous, shaded with eastaneous,
and marked with a series of white spots, most of which are shaded or margined with dark bluish ; these
spots are thus situate : — two subcostal, four (small) subapical, four diseal, four (large, and much margined
with bluish) on abdominal margin, and a marginal series of linoate spots ; a black spot at anal angle and
a smaller black spot between the two lower median uervules. Body above more or less concolorous with
wings; body beneath with legs greyish, mottled and streaked with brownish.

Exp. wings, ? , 36 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger).

Genus NAEATHUEA {antea, p. 259).

With a much larger accumulation of sj^ecimens thnu when I previously enumerated the
species of this genus found in the Malay Peninsula, and with more prolonged study and
comparison with other species from the surrounding habitats, I am compelled to own that
our knowledge of some species is still in the most unsatisfactory condition. Several causes
have helped to produce this perplexing confusion, a potent one of which has been the
difficulty in properly identifying many of Mr. Hewitson's species, owing to the very indifferent
figuring of the under surface of the wings (a difficulty which I have not been altogether
unable to overcome with the figures here given), which has led in some instances to the same
species being several times redescribed by different authors, and at the same time not figured.
Hence it is almost impossible to verify some identifications without a reference to the typical
specimens. Another disturbing element is found in that principal guide to specific differentia-
tion, the marking of the under surface of the wings. Here so much variation exists that without
breeding it is impossible to say where it either begins or ends, and the shade of blue on the
upper surface is often so different as to lead to only two conclusions, viz., either that we are
dealing with the most closely allied species, or with seasonal forms of one species.

5. Narathura farquhari {antca, p. 264).

Female. Eesembling the male in hue, but the anterior wings above with a broad costal and outer
marginal dark fuscous fascia ; this dark colour being broadest at the apex.

I am indebted to Lieut. Goodrich for a specimen of the female sex of this species, which
was probably captured at Singapore.*

'■■■ Atteution has already been drawn to the peculiarity of the recurrence of deep blue coloration in different families
of the Khopalocera (antea, p. 260). The bright golileu-green coloration of N. farquhari recalls the remarks of Prof. Haeckel
on the prevalence of this hue in the Eastern tropics. " Ransonnet had already pointed out how singularly and univeisaUy
green prevaUs in the colouring of Ceylon. Not only is the greater portion of this ever-green isle clothed with an unfading
tapestry of rich verdure, but the animals of the most widely dissimilar classes, which live m its woods, are conspicuous for
their green cidouring. This is seen in all the commonest bii-ds and lizards, butterflies and beetles, which are of every shade
of brilliant green. In the same way the innumerable inhabitants of the sea, of all classes, are coloured gi-een, such as many
fishes and Crustacea, worms iAmphinome), and sea anemones {Actinia) ; indeed creatures which elsewhere seldom or never
appear in green hvery wear it here ; for instance, several starfish (0]ihiura), sea-urchins, sea-cucumbers; also some enormous
bivalves (tr idacna), ' a.nA Brachiopoda (Lingida), and others. An explanation of this phenomenon is to be found in Darwin's
principles, particularly in the law of adaptation bv selection of similar coloimng or sympathetic affinity of colour, as I have

elucidated m my 'History of Creation,' vol. i. p. 'iM The green coral banks of Ceylon, with their preponderance of

gi-een inhabitants, are as instructive as bearing on this theory as the green land animals are which people the evergi-een forests
and thickets of the island ; but in purity and" splendour of colouring, the sea creatures are even more remarkable than the
fauna of the forests." — Eenst Haeckel (' A Visit to Ceylon,' pp. 185-6).

464 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

20. Narathura buxtoni. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 18 ?.)

AmUypnilw Buxtoni, Hewitsou, 111. Diurn. Lepid. Lye. Suppl. p. 21, t. 7, f. 68, 69 (1878).

Male. Wings above bright violaceous-blue, the margin somewhat narrowly dark fuscous, containing
a greyish line near anal angle of posterior wings, the abdominal area of the same wings gi-eyish-brown.
Wings beneath pale brownish, with the following greyish lines or fasciae : — anterior wings with three pairs
of subcostal lines, the last pair somewhat irregularly continued across wing towards lower median nervule,
where there is also a small brown spot surrounded with greyish, two broken submarginal lines, three pairs
of lines crossing cell, two (small) lines above cell, and three lines beneath cell ; posterior wings with some
basal spots and crossed by a number of irregular greyish lines, some small submarginal greyish spots, and
three black spots shaded with metallic-green at anal angle ; tail-like appendage with its apex greyish.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Female. Resembling the male, Init with the wings above having a wider dark margin, especially at
the apices.

Exp. wings, J & 2 , 38 to 40 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger). — Sumatra (coll. Hewitson). — Borneo; Sandakan
(Pryer— coll. Dist.).

The female specimen figured belongs to the collection of Dr. Staudinger, and is the only
example I have seen from the Malay Peninsula.

I have here arranged this species after N. lycenaria.

Genus PANCHALA {cuitea, p. 272).

5. Panchala trogon (antea, p. 276).

When this species was described the male alone was known, but I have since examined a female
specimen from Perak, belonging to Herr Eibbe. Unlike the male, it is violaceous-blue above ; the anterior
wings with the whole costal area above cell, the apex very broadly and irregularly — almost approaching
apex of cell, which has a discocellular spot — and the outer margin also broadly blackish. Posterior wings
blackish, with the disk violaceous-blue. Underside as in male.

Exp. wings, 2 , 36 millim.

Genus DEUDORIX (antea, p. 277).

6. Deudorix epijarbas. (Tab. XLI., fig. 5 ^ .)

Dii>si,s F.injarlms, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lap. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 82, u. 40 (1857).

Deudorix Ki,ij,irhas, Hewits. 111. Diiu-n. Lep. Lye. t. 7, f. 16—18 (1863) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353,

n. 2 ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 589 ; ibid. 1882, p. 250 ; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 103, t. 39,

f. 4, 4a (1881 ) ; Kbeil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 32, n. 114 (1884).

"This is larger than D.jarhas, the male having on the upper-side of the fore-wings the dark brown
border occupying the whole space between the anterior margin and the median vein (in the latter of which
it is nearly black), and then branching off to exterior margin, and ending in a point at the middle of the
hind margin. The under-side is of a duller tint, and has two whitish undulating lines crossing the fore-
and hind-wings, as also two short lines from the median to subcostal veinlet. The outer black spot
is a well-defined lunar-shaped streak of metallic-green. The female is somewhat larger, with rounded
wings, and is of a fulvous-brown, but may be distinguished by the similarity of the markings of the
under-side."

Exp. wings, " male In in., in the female Ik in."

APPENDIX. 4()5

Hab. — Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking — Moore). — Ceylon (Thwaites — coll. Dist.). —
Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Moore). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Kinistl. — coll. Eibbe). — Nias Island
(Kheil). — Borneo (Druce).

7. Deudorix xenophon. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 1 J , 2 2 .)

Hexpeiia Xenophuv, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 272, n. 47 (1793).
Thedu Xenuphon, Horsf. Cat. Lap. E.I. C. p. 94, n. 27 (1829).

Male. Wings above bright sanguineous-red ; anterior wings with the costal margin broadly, the
outer margin more narrowly, widened at outer angle, — the inner margin narrowly, and cellular area,
excluding apex, blackish ; posterior wings with the costal margin, a large basal patch, and an outer
marginal line blackish, the neuration more or less of the same colour, abdominal area dark fuscous,
the lobular anal angle black, with an ochraceous spot, fringe greyish with the tip fuscous. Wings beneath
bronzy ; both wings with two contiguous dark discocellular lines, followed by a similar line crossing wings
which is outwardly margined with greyish, especially on posterior wings, where it is much angulated
towards anal angle, and is there more or less duplex; posterior wings with the outer margin faintly
ochraceous, and with three dark marginal spots at anal angle, the outermost black, the remaining two
thickly covered with greenish scales, the innermost smallest, lobular anal angle black ; posterior margin
with a distinct greyish-white line from about discoidal nervule to anal angle. Body above blackish,
beneath more or less concolorous with wings ; legs blackish, streaked and annulated with greyish-white.

Female. Wings above bronzy-brown, beneath greyish-brown marked as in male, but the wings with
an obscure submarginal fascia, and the posterior wings with a greyish lunulate submarginal line.

Exp. wings, <y , 32 millim. ; $ , '29 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Mathew). — Sumatra (coll. Dist.). — Java (Horsiield).

The male and female specimens here figured were captui-ed by Mr. Gervase F. Mathew at
Singapore, and obligingly lent for figuring in this publication.

marciana {antea, p. 282).

I have still been unable to obtain a specimen of this species, and only know it by the
nuitilated specimen in the British Museum. I have therefore still left it ungenerically
determined, though I was quite wrong in my supposition that it belonged to the genus Tajuria,
us Mr. Butler informs me it possesses only three subcostal uervules to the anterior wings.

Fam. PAPILIONID.E {autni, p. 283).— Subfam. PIERIN.E {a,ih;i, p. 283).

Genus DELIAS {autm, p. 289).
8. Delias pyramus. (Tab. XLIL, lig. 14.)

Tliyca I'l/iiiiinif:, Wallace, Trans. Eut. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 347, u. 7 (1867).

Pieris ThLshe, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. i-19, n. 16 (1836) ; Gray, Lep. Ins. Nep. p. 8, t. 7, f. 1 (1846).

Deliiis Pi/raiiitis, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29, n. 3.

Male. Allied to D. parthenope, Wall., but considerably larger; posterior wings with the basal
caroiine-red patch larger and not or very obsoletely followed by bluish, the yellow space much smaller and
restricted to the lower median nervule. Wings beneath very similar to those of D. p<n-tlicnopc.

Exp. wings, $ , 84 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Nepaul (Gray) ; Darjeeling (coU. Dist.). — Malay Peninsula ; Perak (370U
feet), (Egerton — coll. Dist.).

This is one of the many captures of Mr. W. Egerton, and was obtained on the summit of
I " Low's Hill at Perak."

Sept. 30, 1886. 6 c

-J6f; RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

4. Delias ithiela {anteu, p. 292).

I inserted both the description and figure of this species on the authority of Mr. Butler,
who in 1869 described the species as from Peuang ; and in 1871 figured it in another
pubHcation, still giving the same habitat. Mr. Butler now writes:* — "Originally described
from Penang, and on that account included by Mr. Distant in his ' Rhopalocera Malayana';
this locality, however, was an error arising out of the fact that the type was labelled thus —
'P.', which with Wallace's specimens stands for 'Penang,' but with specimens received from
the East India Company (as Mr. Moore pointed out some two or three years since on a ticket
which is attached to this very species) it stands for ' Darjeeling, Pearson.' Had Mr. Distant
examined my type, which by his own admission he did not do, he would have avoided the
repetition of this error."

This argument would logically imply two axioms, vi^. (1) Mr. Butler's recorded localities
cannot be taken without an examination and verification of the labels attached to his " types";
and (2) if "types" are not contained in this country, neither names nor localities should be
used; a " reductio ad ahsiirdam." Although Mr. Butler now definitely records his species from
the somewhat vague locality " Near Assam," I have thought it best to still let it appear in this
enumeration, as his " P." may yet prove to be Penang and not "Darjeeling, Pearson."

9. Delias descombesi. (Tab. XLIL, fig. 16 <? .)

Pieris Descombesi, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. p. 465, n. 39 (1836).

Thyca Descomhe.ii , Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 350, n. 16 (1867).

Delifis Descombesi, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 34, n. 44.

Male. Wings above greyish -white ; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins — broadest at
apex — blackish ; posterior wings with the posterior margin blackish. Anterior wings beneath blackish,
a greyish spot at end of cell, three elongate subapical spots followed by smaller marginal spots of the same
colour, the median nervure and the two lower median nervules more or less powdered with greyish ;
posterior wings beneath bright orange-yellow, the costal and outer margin blackish, containing an oblong
vei'milion patch at base and a marginal series of yellow spots. Body above blackish, beneath more or
less greyish, the sternum shaded with yellow.

Female. Anterior wings above blackish, with the greyish spots more or less visible above; posterior
wings with the blackish marginal border very broad. Wings above as in male.

Exp. wings, ,y & 2 , 70 to 72 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Silhet, Nepaul, Darjeeling (Brit. Mus.).— Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). —
Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Brit. Mus.) ; Province Wellesley (Birch — coll. Dist.). — Cochin China (Wallace).

Genus TERIAS (autea, p. 302).
8. Terias lacteola, n. sp.

Wings above milky-white ; anterior wings with the costal
margin narrowly and the apex, outer margin, and inner margin
— for a little more than one-fourth of its length — blackish ; this
black apex and outer margin is arranged somewhat as in
T. hecahc, but broader ; posterior wings with a narrow blackish
outer margin. Wings beneath creamy-white, the black markings
I'lii. 129.— rerias lacteola. reflected indistinctly beneath ; anterior wings with an irregularly

-1^ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvi. p. 339 (1885).

APPENDIX. 467

rounded spot at end of cell, and posterior wings with a few discal spots composed of pale brownish
scales. Body mutilated.

Exp. wings, 41 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (coll. Godfery).

A single specimen of this distinctly coloured species is contained in the collection of
Capt. Godfery, and is the only white Teriad I have seen from the Malay Peninsula. A
somewhat similar species is represented by an Amboinese specimen in the British Museum.

Genus APPIAS {aiitea, p. 310).
1. Appias nero {antea, p. 311).

Mr. Forbes has published the following observations respecting this species as found in
Sumatra: — " In the open paths and sunny roads I netted scarlet Pierida' (Appias new), often
tiring in flocks of over a score, exactly matching in colour the fallen leaves, which it was
amusing to observe how often they mistook for one of their own fellows at rest, and to watch
the futile attentions of an amorous male towards such a leaf moving slightly in the wind."*

9. Appias lagela. (Tab. XLI., tig. 11.)

Catophatia Laf/ela, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 838, t. 52, f. 4.

" AUied to C. laJoije, t Doubleday, D. Lep. pi. 6, f. 3."

"Male and Female. Smaller. Upperside differing on the fore wing in the black apical border
terminating in both sexes before reaching the posterior angle, and the medial portion partly excavated
outside the lower end of the cell, and thence extending across the end to its base ; hind wing with a broad
marginal continuous band (as in C. pandione, Hiibn.). Underside — fore wing with the black band
terminating as above ; the apex and hind wing greyish-yellow, speckled with purple in male, and brownish-
grey with darker speckles in female, the speckles numerous across the disk, and forming zigzag fasciae."

Exp. wings, " 2^ inches."

Hab. — Tenasserim; Moolai (Limborg — Moore). — ^Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstl. — coll. Piibbe).

This species is here arranged after A. his.

Subfam. PAPILIONINiE [antea, p. 321).
Genus PAPILIO {antea, p. 324).— Subgen. ORNITHOPTEEA [antea, p. 325).

4. Ornithoptera brookeana [antea, p. 330.)

To the other collected facts respecting the characteristics of this butterfly may be added
the curious observation made by Mr. Forbes in Sumatra, in the neighbourhood of the hot
springs, that its "favourite resort was the stones that cropped out above the hot water, and
which were of a temperature but little below 130° F." :|:

■■■ ' Nat. Wanderings in Eastern Arcliipelago,' p. 130. f A species found in Continental India.

I ' Nat. Wanderings in Eastern Archipelago,' p. '2'i7.

At the hot springs of Soorujkoond Dr. Hooker found that a water beetle abounded in water at 112° (' Himalayan Journals,"
vol. i. p. 25). Water beetles, liowever, seem to have extraordinary vitality, as Dr. Auerbach, writing to the ' Chemiker-
Zeitung,' mentions as a curious fact that during an entire summer he observed water beetles— probably Gijrinus na/nfoc— living
in tanks of a saturated solution of Glaubers salts. When alarmed the beetles took shelter under the crystals, just as they do
in ordinary circumstances under water plants, &c. (' Psyche,' vol. iii. p. 143).

468 RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A.

Siibgen. PAPILIO {antea, p. 332).— MEMNON Group (caitea, p. 339).

29. Papilio sycorax. (Tab. XLII., fig. 10.)

Papilio Sycorax, Smith, Ent, Month. Mag. vol. sxi. p. 247 (1885).

Papilio Ryertoni, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 251 (1886).

Anterior wings above blackish, the nervures and nervules margined with dull ol)scure greyish :
posterior wings above bluish-grey, the cell and the area from costal margin to lower subcostal nervule
almost totally dark bluish-black and with a double series of spots of the same colour placed between
the nervules, the uppermost and discal series smallest, consisting of four spots, of which the largest
is subquadrate and placed between the lower subcostal and the discoidal nervules ; the outer series
marginal and larger than the discal spots ; abdominal area dark bluish -grey and with two small spots of
the same colour placed beneath cell and divided by the second median nervule ; fringe very narrowly
ochraceous. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the greyish markings paler and brighter and with
oblique greyish streaks in cell ; posterior wings paler and brighter than above ; the blackish basal area
continued inwardly to submedian nervure. Body above with the head and anterior portion of ijrouotum
pale buff-yellow, remainder of pronotum black ; abdomen ochraceous, with a greenish tinge, its base black
and with two lateral rows of black spots on each side ; body beneath with the head, thorax, and legs
black, the abdomen beneath darker ochi'aceous than above ; palpi pale buff-yellow.

Exp. wings, 150 millim.

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Egerton). — Sumatra (Bock — coll. Grose Smith).

Mr. Egerton bad more tbau ouce written to me concerning this then unclescribed Papilio,
which he bad succeeded in discovering, but some time elapsed before it reached my hands,

and I had not noticed that in the meantime it had been received from Sumatra, and was
described by Mr. H. Grose Smith, whose name of course claims priority.

HELENUS Group {antea, p. 343).

11. Papilio nephelus var. saturnus {antea, p. 345).

Papilio albolineatus, Forbes, Nat. Wand. East. Archip. p. 275 (1885); Waterh. Aid. Ident. Ins. vol. ii. t. 106,
f. 1 (1886).

Mr. Forbes has redescribed the female sex of this species, having also apparently greatly
relied upon the additional pale spot at the apex of the cell of the anterior wings. This,
however, is not a constant character, as my Malay specimens sufficiently prove. Further
testimony, if needed, is to be found in the fact that this female form of the species is found in
all its habitats.

MACAEEUS Group {antea, p. 355).

30. Papilio megarus. (Tab. XLII., fig. 9.)

Papilio Meyarus, Westwood, Arc. Ent. ii. t. 72, f. 2 (1845); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 71, n. 326 (1852);

Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 90, n. 183 (1857); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,

p. 840.

Wings above dark fuscous, with the following spots and markings of pale greyish-green : — anterior

wings with a small spot at base of cell, followed by three oblique cellular fasciee and two spots at end

of cell, an oblique spot at base of wings, two spots beneath base of cell, an inner marginal streak, two

contiguous fasciae between lower median nervule and submedian nervure, a broad streak between the two

APPENDIX. 46i)

lower median nervules, two discal series, the innermost consisting of five, the outermost of sis spots, and
a marginal series of siiots, the lowermost duplex ; posterior wings with a costal and ahdominal marginal
streak, a streak in and a streak above cell, a small spot in and near end of cell, two short streaks
beneath cell divided by the second median nervule, a double series of discal spots and a marginal series
of sublunulate spots. Body above fuscous, margined on each side with greyish, beneath with the thorax
spotted with greyish, and with a central abdominal greyish fascia.

Exp. wings, 75 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Silhet (Brit. Mus.). — Tenasserim ; Hongduran source (Limborg — Moore). —
Malay Peninsula; Perak (Goodrich — coll. Dist.).

This species i^ossesses one of those remarkable resemblances to a Danaid which is best
expressed by the term — used in its biological sense— " mimicry," and it no doubt possesses
protection from its enemies by the close resemblance to an inedible species.*

31. Papilio agetes. (Tab. XLII., fig. 8.)

I'lipilio Aijetcs, Westwood, Arc. Ent. ii. t. 55, f. 1,2(1843); Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 31, n. 145 (1852) ;
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. vol. i. p. 116, n. 233 (1857) ; Oberth. Etudes d'Eiit. Quatr.
Livr. p. 67, n.l85 (1879).

Wings above pale stramineous, with a greenish tinge ; anterior wings with the following black
markings : — three transverse fasciae crossing cell of which the basal is narrowest, a triangular discocellular
spot at end of cell, an oblique fascia commencing on costal margin a little beyond end of cell and
terminating on outer margin a little above outer angle, the outer margin somewhat broadly black;
posterior wings with the outer margin blackish, containing some linear greenish-grey spots and with an
oblique red fascia more or less margined with blackish at anal angle ; caudate appendages blackish with
a central obscure greyish line, and their apices greyish-white. Anterior wings beneath as above, but the
central cellular fascia extending a short distance beneath median nervure ; posterior wings as above, but
with two black fasciae crossing wing, the first commencing near base of costal margin and terminating near
anal angle, the second crossing wing a little before end of cell, spotted with red above cell, and terminating
jointly with the other fascia near anal angle, beneath the cell are two minute red spots placed a little beyond
the outer fascia. Head and anterior portion of pronotum d:irk ochraceous, with a central and a lateral
fascia on each side black, remainder of pronotum greenish with a central black fascia ; thorax .beneath
greenish-grey, with a lateral black fascia on each side ; abdomen pale stramineous, with a lilackish dorsal
fascia.

Exp. wings, 78 millim.

Hab. — Continental India; Silhet (coll. Oberth.) ; Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore). — Malay Peninsula;
Perak (Egerton— coll. Dist.).

=•■ The search for evidences of evolution is only another form of the energy formerly displayed in the study of what
were called " marks of design." The teleologist of that time is the evolutionist of to-day. The jirocesses are the same,
the results are simply called hy another name. As Ernst Krause has truly remarked, " In the numerous works of the last
century which treat of physico-theology, and esiiecially in those on insecto-theology, in which the existence of a purpose
in all the arrangemets of Natm-e was discussed in all senses, there are prohahly numerous examples of phenomena pertaining
to 'mimicry.' Thus Kosel von Rosenhof, in his ' Insekteu-Belustigungen' (Niirnberg, 1746), describes the resemblance which
the caterpillars of geometric moths, and also certain moths when in repose, present to dry twigs, and thus conceal themselves,
but this gi-onp of biulogical phenomena seems to have been first regarded from a more general point of view by Dr. Darwin"
(' Life of Erasmus Darwin," p. 1(J3, note).

It seems singular that with all the current literature on mimicry, which is altogether based on the disguises whfch
different living organisms have acquired to protect themselves from ever-j)reseut enemies, —

" The grub eats up the pine,
The finch the grub, the hawk the silly finch," —
no reflections are ever made on the difference in view which this has effected in the philosophical conclusions as to what was
wont to be called the " moral order of the universe."

Sept. 30, 1886. 6 d

470 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

32. Papilio anticrates, var. (Tab, XLII., fig. 7.)

I'lipilio Anticrates, Doubleday, Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 371 (1846) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Papil. p. 29, n. 140, t. 3,
f. 8 (1852) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 115, n. 231 (1857).

Wings above pale greenish-white ; anterior wings with the costa and a broad outer margin black, the
last divided by a narrow greenish-white line which is broken by the nervules, two black fasciae crossing
wing near base, followed by three shorter fasciae of which the innermost alone extends slightly beneath the
median nervure ; posterior wings with two longitudinal black basal fasciae (in Sikkim and typical specimens
the outer of these fasciae is broken and subobsolete), a broad blackish outer marginal fascia — becoming
plumbageous at anal angle — divided by a series of greenish-white lunules, above the anal angle are two
pale ochraceous margined spots, tail-like appendages black, their margins and apex more or less greyish-
white. Anterior wings beneath as above but much paler, posterior wings beneath much paler than above,
the outer basal longitudinal fascia outwardly margined with a series of black and red spots which are
deflected and continued inwardly to a little above anal angle, outer margin paler than above, but with its
outer portion exhibiting a series of black sublunulate spots, a black spot — both above and below — on
abdominal margin a little above anal angle. Body above blackish, pronotum with a greyish fascia on each
side, the abdomen annulated with the same colour ; body beneath greyish-ochraceous ; legs greyish, more
or less suffused with blackish.

Exp. wings, 60 to 70 millim.

Hab. — Continental India ; Silhet (Gray) ; Sikkim (de Nic. — coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore). —
Malay Peninsula; Perak (Egerton — coll. Dist.).

Fam. HESPERIIDiE* (antea, p. 366).— Group ERIONOTARIA (antea, p. 392).

Genus PLASTINGIA {antea, p. 396).

2. Plastingia hieroglyphica. (Tab. XLIV., fig. 25.)

Pliistimjia Ilieirxjlijpliica, Butler, Trans. Ent. See. 1870, p. 511, n. 2 ; Lep. Ex. p. 171, t. 59, f. 12 (1874).

"Wings above black; front wings with a spot at the base, two at the middle of the wing, and four
across the disc, the uppermost oblique and divided into four parts by the subcostal and discoidal branches,
the third bifid, slanting towards the lower end of the first, the second small, between the first and third,
the fourth near the anal angle, divided by the submedian nervure ; hind wings with a large basal spot,
a streak and two small spots on the inner margin, two spots at the apex, a large triangular spot on the
disc, and another at the anal angle, all deep orange ; body brown, spotted with orange ; abdomen with
orange rings.! Wings below, almost as above, but paler; body greyish, with mesial yellow stripe."

Exp. wings, " 1 inch, 6 lines."

Hab. — Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Dist.). — Borneo; Sarawak (Lowe — coll. Godm. & Salv.).

* Ml'. Doherty states that " a kind of hermaphroditism seems to occvu- in the Hesperiidce. From the body of (apparent)
males of Siiastus eltola and of Coladenia dan, both liaving perfect prehensors of the form characteristic of their respective
species, I obtained one or two well-developed eggs exactly similar to those taken fi'om the females of the same species. Also
from a male of Siiastus toona (the egg of that species being, except for this, unknown to me) I obtained a single immatiu'e
blood-red egg. I have not obtained this in any of the higher groups of butterflies " (Joum. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 113
(1880).

I The body of the specimen figtured was unfortunately mutilated, and therefore had to be sketched under the artist' s
imagination, without showing these black markings.

INDEX.

(Specific names not adopted in the work, under the genus, are printed in italics.)

Abaratha, Moore, 369, 390
pygela, Hew. 3'JO ; figured pi.

xxxiv. f. 18
ransonnetii, Feld. ; legs noticed,

3'.I0, note
sura, Moore, 390 ; figured pi.
xxxiv. f. 16
Aberrant Satyrinie, 58
Abisara, Feld. 187, 188,449 ; larva
and distribution, 189
damajanti, Feld. 192, 449 ;

figured pi. xl. f. 10, 11
haquinus, Fabr. 190 ; figured pi.

xviii. {. 13
kausambi, Feld. 189 ; figured
pi. xviii. f. 10, 11 ; front legs,
with tarsi, figured, 18-5, f. 47 ;
variation and range, 190
neophron. Hew. 449 ; figured

pi. xxxvi. f. 6
prunosa, Moore, pupa figured,

196, f. 48
savitri, Feld. 189, 449 ; figured

pi. xviii. I. .5
tanita, Hew. 192 ; figured pi.

xviii. f. 14
telesia, Hew. 449 ; figured pi.

xl. £. 2, 3
thuisto. Hew. 191 ; figured, 191,
f. 51, 52
Abisara (Laxita)

tanita, Butl. 192
Acari attacking Danais dorippus,

King. 13
Acca, Hiibn. 149

lencothoe, Hiibn. 158
Achillides, Hiibn.

lielenus, Hiibn. 343
Achlyodes, Hiibn.

sura, Moore, 390
Achyranthes (plants possessing
medicinal properties), 94 and
note
Aconthea, Horsf. 114
alaiikara, Horsf. 145
cocytiua, Horsf. 125
luhentina, Horsf. 120
Acra?inie, not recorded from

Malay Peninsula, 83
Adigama, Moore

inalaijuiia, Moore, 22
Adolias, Feld. 112; Boisd. 114
adotiia, Horsf. & Moore, 120
anosia, Moore, 117
apicalis, VoU. 437
aruna, Feld. 132
asoka, Feld. 127

hellata, Druce, 436

lipiinctatii, YoU. 438

botxduvalii, Boisd. 112

cocytiua, Butl, 125

cocytui:, Moore, 439

ccenaspolis. Hew. 436

decoratus, Butl. 122

derma, Koll. 110

dirtea. Gray, 112

dunya, Doubl. & Hew. 436

eva, Feld. 110

evelina, race derma, Butl. 116

garuda, Moore, 117

godurtii. Gray, 125

indras, VoU. 131

jama, Feld. 119

lavenia, Butl. 119

lepidea, Butl. 439

lubciitina, Horsf. & Moore, 128

ludckingii, Butl. 125 ; VoU. 126

merta, Moore, 437

mitra, Feld., noticed, 125

monina, Butl. 125

2)urdalis, VoU. 132

partii, Moore, 437, 438

pida>iara, Moore, 130

puscda, Moore, 125

ramada, Moore, 122

zichri, Butl. 438
Affinities of fossil butterflies from

Aix in Provence, 08
African Fauna, its Oriental aflin-

ities, 90, note
Ageronia, Hiibn., food-plants,
304, note ; habits, 143, note ;
structure, 149, note

ferouia, Linn., position in re-
pose, 1 ; stridulation, 427,
note
Alazouia, Hubn. 170

symhiblis, Hiibn. 446
Albinism in butterflies, 2C1, and

note
Alcyoneis, Hiibn. 92

asterie, Hiibn 94
Allotinus, Feld. 197, 208, 452;
type discussed, 451

alkamah, Dist. 452; figured
pi. xUv. f. 3

fallax, Feld., noticed, 451

subviolaceus, Feld., noticed,
451, 452

unicolor, Feld. 209
Amathusia, Fabr. 69, 70, 423

amythaon, Doubl., noticed, 424

dilucida, Honr. 423 ; figured
pi. xxxviii. f. 7

nivea, Zink.-Somm. 140

ottomana, Butl., noticed, 424

perakana, Honr., noticed, 423,
note

phidippus, Linn. 70, 423 ;
figured pi. vi. f. 6, 7 ; head,
showing palpi, figured 67,
f . 17 ; food-plant, 77 ; habits,
71 ; larva noticed, 72, figured,
67, f. 18 ; neuration figured,
70, £. 20, 21

portheus, Feld., noticed, 424

westwoodii, Butl., noticed, 424
Amauris, Hiibn., peculiar to

Ethiopian Begion, 4
Amblypodia, Horsf. 234, 275

achelous, Hew. 271

adatlia, Hew. 265

amisena, Hew. 277

ampliimuta, Feld. 267

anniella. Hew. 269

anthelus, Doubl. & Hew. 263

antimuta, Butl. 266

aphidanus, Druce, 273

ajndanus, Horsf. 273

aroa. Hew. 26(i

atosia. Hew. 205

buxtoni. Hew. 464

centauriis, Butl. 261

diardi. Hew. 272

epimuta, Moore, noticed, 268

eryliis, Horsf. 255

etolus, Horsf. 256

eumolpIitK, Butl. 264

hypomuta. Hew. 266, 207

inornata, Feld. 271

longinus, Horsf. 244

lyccenaria, Feld. 269

vietamuta. Hew. 267

nakuhi, Feld. 261, 262

narada, Horsf. 276; figured
pi. xxi. f . 23 ; larva and pupa
figured, 194, f. 54 ; neuration
of front wing figured, 234,
f. 74

pseudolonginus, Doubl. 244

syama, Horsf. 243

syma, Westw. 243

vidiira, Horsf. 241

viliara, Feld. 270
Amphrisius, Swains. 325
Ampittia, Moore, 381

vuiro, Moore, 383
Anartia, Hiibn. 183
Anops, Boisd. 201

asopus, Butl. 202

itistdaris, Horsf. & Moore, 451

malayica, Feld. 202

sperthix, Feld. 203
Anosia, Hiibn.

abiyar, Semp. 409
AntenniE, origin of term, 4, note
Anthocaris, Boisd.

glaucippc, Luc. 318
Antigonus, Hiibn.

pygela, Druce, 3U0
Ants attracted by larvaj of Ly-
Cffiuidie, 194 ; mimicked by
spiders, 289, note ; preying
on butterflies, 169, note
Apatura, F'abr., Moore's use of
name, 100 note, and 164 ; not
recorded from Malay Penin-
sula, 84 ; larva noticed, 37

bolinii, Moore, 165

chevana, Moore, spurious mi-
micry, 157

iris, Linn., frequenting dung
and carrion. 111, note

viisippuii, Moore, 167

osteria, Westw. 100

trayia, Hiibn. 92
Aphnaria, 233, 459 ; synopsis of

genera, 233, 234
Aphmeus, Hiibn. 243 ; Hew. 242

lohita, Horsf., noticed, 243,
note

oroas, Dru., neuration noticed,
243, and note

syama, Horsf. & Moore, 243
Appendix, 405

Appias, Hubn. 287, 310, 467 ; anal
tufts in cJ , 310 ; habits, 310

alvpc, Butl. 313

amalia, VoU. 314 ; figured pi.
xxxiii. f. 1

andersoni, Dist. 315; figured
pi. xxxiii. f. 2

cardena, Hew. 316 ; figured pi.
xxxiii. f. 3

coelestina, Boisd., noticed, 261

elcouora, Butl. 311

enarete, Boisd. 312 ; figured,
312, f. 102

fguliiui, Butl. 311

hippo, Cram. 311, 312 ; figured
pi. XXV. f. 4, 5

lagela, Moore, 467 ; figured pi.
xli. f. 11

lea, Doubl., mentioned, 315

leis, Hubn. 313 ; figured pi. xxv.
f. 6, 7, 10; variation, 313

leptis, Feld., var. plana, Butl.
314 ; figured pi. xxv. f. 9

472

lUIOPALOCEEA MALA YANA.

nama, Moore, noticed, 315

mitlMlid, iJutl. 317

nero, l-'abr. 311; figured pi.

xxiv. f. y, 10 ; habits, 467 ;

variation, 311
IMiiidi. liutl. 317
paulina. Cram., noticed, 313
l^laiia, liutl. 314
zarinda, Boisd., noticed, 311
-\rgynnis, I'abr., not recorded

from Malay Peninsula, 84
alciojjc, Godt. 174
chiiiiu, Godt. 17'J
emiiUd, Guer. 114
enjNiiiiilhis, Godt. 17(j
idaiia, Dru., noticed, 230, note
niphe, Lain., noticed, 84
plKiUnita, Godt. 173
Arhojjala, Boisd.
ayiiis, Feld. 202
ttinphimtttd, Feld. 267
aittimuta, Feld. 266
iiifintttta, Feld. 271
lycceitiiiin, Feld. 269
nakula, Feld. 261
vihara, Feld. 270
Ariadne, Horsf. 137
eonjta, Horsf. 137
Arisbe, Hiibn. 3d3
Artificiality of many genera, 103,

note
Astictopterus, Feld. 3.i2, 400
ttr}nattts, Druce, 402
dtsculor, Druce, 403
gemnii/i-r, Bull. 403
harmachis. Hew. noticed, 404
jama, Feld. 401
salsala, Moore, 401 ; figured

pi. xxxiv. f. 21
sindu, Feld. 402 ; figured pi.

XXXV. f. 30
steiliter, Butl. 401
zauites, Butl. 402 ; figured pi.

xxxiv. f. 28
Astyci, 367
Atella, Doubl. 87, 173

alcippe. Cram. 174 ; figured

p. 174, f. 46
fciscialii, Feld. 447
phalanta, Uru. 173 ; figured

pi. ix. f . 4 ; neuration of front

wing figured p. 87, f. 34 ;

habits and larva noticed,

174 ; larva figured, 173, f. 45
sinha, Koll. 174 ; figured pi. x.

£. 8
Aterica, Boisd.
meleagris. Cram. ; resemblance

to soil noticed, 71, note
Athyma, Westw. 87, 156

abiasa, Moore, 161 ; vay. clerica,

Butl. 161 ; figured pi. xvi,

f. 8
amhara, Druce, 162 ; figured pi.

xvi. f. 5 ; variation noticed,

163
clerica, Butl. 161
idita, Moore, 160 ; figured pi.

xvi. £. D, 10
kanwa, Moore, noticed, 445
kresna, Moore, 161, 445 ; figured

pi. xvi. f. 3
larynma, Doubl. it Hew. 159 ;

figured pi. xvi. f. 1
Uiii\illiui\ Horsf. it Moore, 158;

neuration of hind wing, 87,

f. 33
nefte, Cram. 163 ; «ac. nivitera,

Btitl. 163 ; figured pi. xvi.

f. 6, 7
perms, Linn. 157 ; figured pi.

xvi. f. 2 ; neuration of hind
wing figured (sub U'ucotlwe),
87, f. 33 ; habits and trans-
formations noticed, 158 ;
larva figured, 157, f. 44

pravara, .Moore, 160 ; figured pi.
xvi. £. 11 ; variation noticed,
161

sabrtita, Butl. 164

subrata, Moore, 164, 445 ;
figured pi. xvi. f. 4

urvasi, Feld. 164; figured pi.
xvi. f. 12
Atrophaneura, Beak. 325

Semperi, Feld. 325, note

Badamia. Moore, noticed, 370
Bahora, Moore

af!2)asifi, Moore, 13
Baoris, Moore, 369, 379

cliaya, Moore, 380 ; figured pi.

xxxiv. f. 9
insignis. Hew. 391 ; figured pi.

XXXV. f. 22
mathias, Fabr. 380 ; figured

pi. XXXV. f. 10
moolata, Moore, 379 ; figured

pi. xxxiv. f. 10
narooa, Moore, 380 ; figui'ed

pi. xxxiv. f. 12
unicolor, Dist. 381 ; figured pi.
XXXV. f. 11
Baspa, Moore, 277
Batesia, Feld., attiacted by oflal,

111, note
Bees attracted by painted fiowers,

355, note
Belenois, Hiibn., type noticed,
286, note
eynis, Butl. 301
Biblis, Latr. 58
ariddiw, Godt. 137
lilts, Godt .()2
procris, Horsf. 148
Biduanda, Dist. 233, 237
lapithis, Moore, 238 ; figured

pi. XX. f. 29
thesmia. Hew. 238 ; figured
p. 238, f. 76, 77
Bindahara, .Moore, 234, 247, 461
phocides, Fabr. 247 ; figured

pi. XX. f. 25
sugriva, Horsf., noticed, 247,
note
Bii'ds preying on butterflies, 169,

note
Bithys, Hiibn.

loiiijiiius, Hiibn. 244
Blue colour of butterflies, 260,

261
Brassolime, larvse noticed, 37
Butterfiies frequenting wet ijlaces,

107 note, 303, 310
Byasa, Moore, 303, note

Caduga, Moore

banlmii, Moore, 408

iiiplwiiicii, Moore, 408

mciiiliOL'i, Moore, 408

tytid, Moore, 408
Ciesalpinia, medicinal and chemi-
cal properties, 107, note
Callianira, Hiibu. 147
Callidryas, Trim. 2U5 ; migra-
tions, 286

iilcmeone, Horsf. & Moore, 296

ccilill,!, Butl. 297

cliryseit, Butl. 300

crucdle, Boisd. 2U6

eiuUcr, Boisd. 296

etesia, Hew. 299

gorgophone, Doubl. & Hew. 299
hiluris, Boisd. 297
pldegfu^, Wall. 297
pyidiitlie. Wall. 300
scj/Z/d, Boisd. 299; simulating

fiowers, 284
Calliplcea, Butl.

diocletianus, Butl. 28
hdereri, Butl. 26
ve.-tigialu, Butl. 26
Calysisme, Moore
blasitt,'i, Moore, 62
ceplieux, Moore, 51
jiistiiM, Moore, 50
luldssis, Moore, 53
miTieuSf Moore, 50
nautilus, Moore, 417
sambd, Moore, 53
Cameron, John, 403, note
Cantor, Dr. 185
Carystus, Hiibn.
flid, Dru. 370
Castalaria, 214, 454; synopsis

of genera, 214
Castalius, Hiibn. 214
elna. Hew. 217 : figured pi. xx.

f . 4 ; neuration of front wing

figured 214, f. 62
ethion, Doubl. & Hew. 216;

figured pi. xxii. f . 25
najH.f, Hiibn. 215
rosimon, Fabr. 215 ; figured pi.

xxii. f. 20
roxus, Godt. 206 ; figured pi.

xxii. t. 24
Castelnau, F. F. de Laporte,

Comte de, 13G, note
Castor-oil plant, local names,

138, note
Casyapa, Kirb. 369, 385
irufd, Butl. 395
phaniDus, Hew. 386 ; figured

pi. XXXV. f . 18 ; neuration of

front wing figured, 369, f. 117
thrdx, Snell. 393
CatapiLcilma, Butl. 233, 234, 239,

4.59
bubases, Hew. 459 ; figured pi.

xliv. £. 26
elegans, Dnice, 235 ; figured pi.

xxii. f . 17 ; neuration of front

wing figured 233, £. 67
Cathannia, Hiibu. 289
Catochrysops, Boisd. 214, 223,

456
cnejus, Fabr. 225, 456 ; figured

pi. xxi. f. 2, it' pi. xliv. f. 15
lithargyria, Moore, noticed, 225
paudava, Horsf. 225 ; figured

pi. xxi. f. 17 ; larva noticed,

226
strabo, Fabr. 224; figured pi.

x>u. f. 8, 14 ; variation

noticed, 225
Catophaga, Hiibn. 310
lui/eld, Moore, 467
le'is, Hiibn. 313
Catopsiha, Hiibn. 286, 295;

habits, 284, 285 ; range, 296
catilla. Cram. 297 ; figured pi.

XXV. f. 15, 16 ; variability

and migrations, 298
ehryseis, Dru. 300; figured

pi. XXV. f. 1, 2, and pi. xxvi.

f. 20
crocale. Cram. 296 ; figured pi.

XXV. f. 11, 12; habits, 297
scylla. Linn. 298 ; figured pi.

xxiv. f. 1, 2 ; simulating a

fiower, 284 ; larva and pupa

noticed, 299

Cela;norrhinus, Hiibn.

tliriix, Hiibn. 295
Cetheria, Fabr. 87, 170 ; range,

170 ; spiny stinging larvte

noticed, 170
biblina, Godt. 446
bibUs, Dru. 446; figured pi.

xxxviii. f. 3
cyane, Dru., larva noticed,

170
hypsina, Feld. 172 ; figured pi.

viii. figs. 6 — 8
logani, Dist. 170, 447 ; figured

pi. viii. f. 5
methypsea, Butl. 171 ; figured

pi. viii. f. 9 ; variation, 172

nicobarica, Feld., noticed, 171

Ceylon, prevalence of green

colour in, 463, note
Chffitocneme, Feld. 385
Chalcis, Fabr.

albicrus, Klug. ) parasitic in
euplffia;, Hope / Dauais chry-

sippus, 407, note
Chamieleon (American) preying

butterflies, 169, note
Chapra, Moore, 379

matliia.-i, Moore, 381
Charaxes, Ochs. 86, 101, 432;

larva, range, and habits

noticed, 37, 101, 102; pro-
posed subdivision, 102, 103
agna, Moore, noticed, 109
athamas, Dru. 106; habits

and larva noticed, 107; vitr.

samatha, Moore, 106; figured

pi. xiii. f. 8 ; larva noticed,

107 ; larva figured, 102, f. 37
baya, Moore, 433 ; figured pi.

xxxvi. {. 1
bereuice, Dru., noticed, 110,

note
borneensis, Butl. 433 ; figured

pi. xxxvii. f. 6
calydoiiid, Butl. 110
conclui, Voll. 105
deliihis, Doubl. 105 ; figured

pi. XV. f. 1
distanti. Hour. 434 ; figured

pi. xxxvi. f. 2
durnfordi, Dist. 432 ; figured

pi. xl. f. 8
echo. Butl. 103 ; figured 103,

i. 38
euryalus. Cram., noticed, 433
fabius, Fabr., noticed, 104
harpax, Feld. 109, 433, 434;

figured pi. xiii. f. 1
hebe, Butl. 107; figured pl.xv.

i. 2
jal(isu<, Druce, 108
jalysus, Feld. 108 ; figured pi.

xiii. f. 4
marmax, Westw. noticed, 434
moori, Dist. 108 ; figured pi.

xiii. 1. 3
nicholii, Smith, noticed, 433,

note
psaplion, Westw., noticed, 433
samatha, Moore, 106
schreiberi, Godt. 104 ; figuied

pi. xiii. £. 2 ; neuration of

front wing figured, 85, f 28
Charus, Moore. 324. 343

hcU'iuuH, Moore, 343
Cheritra, Moore, 234, 242, 250
freja, Fabr. 251 ; figuixd pi. xx.

f. 10
Chersonesia, Dist. 86, 142

peraka, Dist. 443 ; figured 1)1.

xl. f. 6

INDEX.

473

rahria, Horsf. & Moore, 142 :

fifjured pi. xii. f. 4
risa, Doubl. & Hew. noticed,

142 ; habits, 140
Chilasa, Moore. .S24, 3.53

dissimilis, Moore, 354
Chilea, Billb. 448
Chlorisses, .Swains. 359
sarpedon. Swains. 360
Choaspes, Moore, 3G'.), 372

ohuza. Hew. 373 ; figured pi.

xxxiv. f. 27
orawfurdi, Dist. 372 ; figured

pi. xxxiv. f. 20 ; neuration

of front wing figured, 369,
• f. 113
harisa, Moore, 373 ; figured pi.

xxxiv. f. 22
malayana, Feld. 373 ; figured

pi. XXXV. f. 2
Cicadidse, hours of appearance,

195, note
Cirrochroa, Doubl. 87, 177
aoris, Doubl. iS: Hew. noticed,

177
bajadeta, Moore, 179, 180 ;

figured pi. xix. f. 1, 2
clagia, Godt. 179 ; figured pi.

xvii. f. 7 ; variation noticed,

179
fasriata, Feld. 447
Johannes, Butl. 180
vialnija, Druce. 179
malaya, Feld. 180 ; figured pi.

X. f. 3, 4
mithila, Moore, noticed, 181
orissa, Feld. 178; figured pi.

X. f. 9 ; neuration of front

wing figured, 87, f. 35 ;

variation noticed, 178
raimnii, Moore, 179
rotundata, Butl. 181, 447 ;

figured pi. X. f. 11, and pi.

xli. f. 12
satellita, Butl. 178 ; figured

111. xix. t. 9
Clerorae, Westw. 69, 80, 428
arcesilaus, Fabr. 428 ; figured

pi. xl. f. 5; habits, 429
busiris, Westw. 82
faunula, Westw. 81 ; figured

pi. viii. f . 2 ; an aberrant

species, 82
gracilis, Butl. 80, 428 ; figured

pi. viii. f . 1 ; neuration of

hind wing figured 69, f. 24
Clerome (Melanocyma)

fannula, Westw. 81
Clerome (Xanthotasnia)

biusiris, Westw. 82
Clytia, Swains, 353

dissimilix. Swains. 354
Cobalus, Hiibn.
ciliatus, Butl. 404
elia, Butl. 370
"Cocoa-nut Moth" (Amathusia

phidippus), 71
Ccelites, Westw. 39, 45 ; blue

coloration, 261 ; range, 45
epiminthia, Westw. 415; figured

pi. xix. f. 8
euptychioides, Feld. 45, 46 ; var.

humilis, Butl. 45 ; figured

p. 45, f. 15
Coladeuia, Moore, 392, 397
dan, Fabr. 398; figured pi.

XXXV. f. 27 ; oviposition of

supposed hermaphrodite,

470, note
Colias, Fabr.

(ih-meonc, Horsf. 226

catilla, Godt. 297
ijlaiicippe, Horsf. 318
'hilnria, Godt. 297
juqurthina, Godt. 296
scylla, Hiibn. 299
ti'tanid, Godt. 297
Collecting butterflies alive, 196,

note
Correlation between colours of

animals and their food, 39
Crastia, Hiibn.
hremeri. Butl. 23
diatanti, Moore, 32
gndartii, Moore, 34
nuilinjira, Butl. 22
Cupha, BiUb. 87, 176

erymanthis, Dru. 176 ; figured

pi. viii. f. 4 ; variation, 177
Cupido, Schrank.
apnata, Druce, 228
almora, Druce, 220
aluta, Druce. 220
bcvticva, Auriv. 231
cnejns, Druce, 225
cmrulcu, Druce, 229
ethion, Druce, 216
haraldus, Kirb. 211
ananga, Kirb. 211
parrhasius, Snell. 221
rosimon, Druce, 215
roxiui, Druce, 216
strabo, Druce, 224
Curetaria, 196, 450

Synopsis of genera, 196
Ceratinia, Hiibn.
food plants, 364
Curetis, Hiibn. 197, 201, 451
ffisopus, Fabr. 202, 451 ; figured

pi. xxiv. f. 12, and pi. xliv.

f. 14
felderi, Dist. 203, 451 ; figured

pi. xxii. f. 26, and pi. xxiv.

f. 3
insutaris, Horsf. 203, 451 ;

figured pi. xli. f. 6, 7
malayica, Feld. 203 ; figured

pi. xxii. f. 28
sperthis, Feld. 203 ; figured pi.

xxii. f. 27
thetys, Dru., noticed, 203
Cyaniris, Dalm. 197, 210, 452
haraldus, Fabr. 211 ; figured

pi. xxi. f. 6
jynteana, Moore, 452 ; figured

pi. xliv. f. 6
Iambi, Dist. 211 ; figured pi.

xxi. f. 22 ; neuration of front

wing figured, 197, f. 56
placida, Moore, 453 ; figured

pi. xliv. f. 7
sp. 453 ; figured pi. xliv. f. 10
Cyoads : Grant Allen's views on,

226, note
Cyclopides, Hiibn.
camertes. Hew. 383
maro, Butl. 383
mlsiila, Butl. 401
Cyllo, Boisd. 40
leda, Butl. 42
leda, Westw. 41
lowii, Doubl. & Hew. 416
Cynthia, Fabr. 87, 183
aninoe, Dru. 184
cantori, Dist. 185 ; figured pi.

X. f. 5
deione, Eriehs. 184 ; figured

pi. X. f. 1, 2; habits, 185;

head, showing palpi, figured,

83, f. 25 ; neuration of front

wing figured, 87, f. 36
erotella, Butl. 184

Cyrestis, Boisd. 86, 139
range and habits, 140
codes, Fabr. 442 ; figured pi.

xli. f. 13
earli, Dist. 141, 443 ; figured

pi. xiii. f. 5
formosa, Feld. 442 ; figured,

442, f. 125
lioratius, Wood-Mas. & De Nic.

442
nivalis, Feld. 140
nivea, Zink.Somm. 140; var.

nivalis Feld. 140 ; figured pi.

xii. f. 3
paulinus, Feld. noticed, 141,

note
periander, Fabr. 443 ; figured

pi. xli. f. 10
rahria, Horsf. & Moore, 142
sericeus, Butl. noticed, 141,

note
themire, Hour. 443
thyodamas, Boisd., habits, 140

Dacalana, Moore, 233, 239

vidura. Horsf. 241 ; figured pi.
xxi. f. 27; neuration of front
wing figured, 233, f. 70
Dalchina, Moore, 324, 359

snrpedon, Moore, 360
Danis, Fabr.

haraldus, Butl. 211
Danaida, Latr. 11
Danaina, 3, 405

Synopsis of genera, 4
Danainte, 3, 405 ; ptotected but-
terflies, 12; opaque and dia-
phanous groups, 3 ; Fritz
Miiller's views, 3 ; mimicked
by Elyninias, 58, 59
Danais, Latr. 4, 11 ; neuration,
12; range, 11, 12; scent-
producing organs, 12 ; tawny
the ancestral colour, 12 ;
supposed immunity from
mites, 13, 407 ; attacked by
ChalcididiE, 407 ; mimicked
by Elymnias, 59 ; and Nephe-
ronia, 320

abigar, Esch. 409 ; figured pi.
xlii. f. 11

aglea. Cram., reputed Malac-
can, 13

agleoides, Feld. 15 ; figured pi.
i. f. 5

alcippus. Cram, mimicked by
Hypolimnas alcippoides, 169

alcippus. Marsh. & De Nic. 408

archippus, Fabr. noticed, 18

asjsasia, Fabr. 13 ; var. crocea,
Butl. 13 ; figured pi. i. f. 7

Cecilia, Boug. 409

chrysippus, Linn. 20 ; figured
pi. i. f. 10; range, 11, 12;
larva and food plants noticed,
21 ; larva figured, 3, f. 3 ;
pupa figured, 2, f. 2 ; Chalcid
parasites, 407, note ; mi-
micked by Hypolimnas mi-
sippus. 168 ; var. alcippoides,
Moore. 408; figuredpl.xl.f.l3

crocea, Butl. 13

diocletianus, Godt. 28

dorippus, Klug. attacked by
mites. 13 ; mimicked by Hy-
polimnas inaria, 169

genutia. Cram. 18, 408; figured
pi. ii. f. 2, 3 ; habits, 19

(jranimica, Butl. 15

hamata, Macl., noticed, 17

hegesippus, Godt. 19

juventa, Godt. 407

melaneus. Cram. 14, 408 ;

figured pi. i.f. 6; variation, 15
melanippus. Cram. 19 ; var. he-
gesippus. Cram. 19 ; figured

pi. ii. f. 1
melissa, Doubl. 10
midanuK, Godt. 24
misippe, Godt. 167
philomela, Zink. noticed, 14
plexippu^-<, (rodt. 18
plexippus, Linn, identification,

18; migration, 12; northern

range, 12
septentrionis, Butl. 16 ; figured"

pi. i. f . 9 ; hind wing figured,

3, f. 5 ; is a form of D. ha-
mata, 17
similis, Horsf. & Moore, 10
similis, Linn, noticed, 10
sita. Roll. 408
tytia, Grav, 408, 446 ; figured

p. xli. f."l5; habits, 409
vulrjaris, Butl. 10
Danais (Chittira)

tijtia. Marsh. & De Nic. 408
Danisepa, Moore

diocletianus, Moore, 28
Danaus, Latr. 11 ; use of name

discussed, 11
Dasyomma, Feld.
fu-icum, Feld. 53
Debis, Westw. 43

arcadin, Horsf. cSr Moore, 414
europa, Westw. 44
imikara, Moore, 413
Decoying species of Papilio, 355,

note
DeUas, Hiibn. 286, 289, 465 ;

habits, 290; range and colour,

289
belladonna, Fabr. noticed, 292
descombesi, Boisd. 290, note,

466 ; figured pi. xlii, f. 16
dione, Dru. 290; figured pi.

xxiv. f. 5, 6
egialea, Cram, noticed, 290 ;

habits, 290, note
eucharis, Dru., reputed from

Penang, 290, note
hyparete, Linn. 292 ; var. met-

arete, Butl. 292 ; figured pi.

xxiv. f. 13, 14
ithiela, Butl. 292, 466 ; figured,

292, f. 99
metarete, Butl. 292

ninus. Wall. 291 ; figured, 291,

f. 98
orphne. Wall. 293 ; figured,293,

f. 101
parthenope. Wall. 291 ; figured

pi. xxiv. f. 4 ; neuration of

front wing figured, 286, f. 93
pasithoe, Linn, noticed, 290 ;

var. dione, Butl. 290
jiyramus. Wall. 291, 465 ;

figured pi. xlii. f. 14
singhapura. Wall. 293 ; figured,

293, f. 100

Deloneura, Trim, noticed, 196,

note
Dempul-Iolot, Javan name for a

species of Phyllanthus, 158
De Niceville's views on seasonal

dimorphism, 411
Deramas, Dist. 450

livens, Dist. 451 ; figured pi.

xlii. f. 15
Dercas, Boisd. 287, 308

gobrias. Hew. 308 ; figured pi.

xxvi. f. 18 ; neuration of

6e

474

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

front wing figured, 287, i. 95 ;

habits, 309
Design and mimicry, 409, note
Deudorix, Hew. 234, 277, 464
barthema, Dist. 280
domitia. Hew. 280 ; figured pi.

xxiii. f. 7
epijarbas, Moore, 464 ; figured

pi. xli, f. 5
jarbas, Fabr. 278, 464 ; figured

pi. XX. f. 26, * pi. xxiv. {. 15
orscis, Hew. mentioned, 277
petosiriif. Butl. 278
petosiris. Hew. noticed, 279
pheretitna, Butl. 279
pheretima, Hew. noticed, 279
sequeira. Dist. 278 ; figured pi.

xxiii. f. 21
utimutis, Dist. 279 ; figured pi.

xxiii. f. 22
xenophon, Fabr. 465 ; figured

pi. xliv. f. 1, 2
.n'implion, Hew. 280
Dhak tree noticed, 229, note
Diadema, Boisd. 164
anomala, Wall. 169
boliiiu, Boisd. 167
hoUna, Wall. 165
misippus, Mab. 167
nana, Doubl. 446
Didonis, Hiibn. food plants, 364,

note
Dircenna, Doubl. food plants, 364
Discophora, Boisd. 69, 74, 426
celinde, Stoll. 75 ; figured pi.

V. f. 10. 11; variation, 76,77;

neuration of front wing

figured, 69, f. 23 ; larva

figured, 67, f. 19
menetho, Butl. 76
sondaica, Boisd. noticed, 426
tuUia, Cram. 74. 426 ; figured

pi. vii. f. 8, 9 ; hind wing

figured, 66, f . 16 ; variation

in 5 , 75 ; larva noticed, 75
zal, Westw. noticed, 75. 426
Dispersal of collections, 1.35, note
Doleschallia, Feld. 85, 87 ; range,

affinities & transformations

noticed, 88
bisaltide. Cram., transforma-
tions, etc., noticed, 88
polibete. Cram, noticed, 89,

note
pratipa, Fold. 88 ; figured pi.

ix. f. 6, and pi. xi. f. 8;

neuration of front wing

figured, 85, f. 96
Dophla, Moore, 114
Doubtful Singapore species, 182,

note
Dragon-flies preying on butter-
flies, 169, note ; resembled

by Leptocircus, 365
Drupadia, Moore. 233, 236, 460
moorei, Dist. 236, 460 ; figured

pi. XX. f. 20, 21, 30, and pi.

xl. f. 11 ; neuration of hind

wing figured, 233, f. 68
ravindra, Horsf. noticed, 237
Drusilla, Swains. 427

Elymnias, Hiibn. 39, 58, 421 ;
aberrant Satyi-in!B, 58 ; mi- I
mic Danainse, 58, 59 ; range, |
habits, and lite-history, 60 |
abrisa, Dist. 421 ; figured
pi. xliii. f. 5
casiphone, Hiibn. 64 ; figured
pi. vi. f. 10 ; neuration of
lore wing figured, 39, f. 14

discrepans, Dist. 60 ; figured
pi. vi. f. 2, 3 ; a local form
of undularis, 60 : perhaps a
seasonal form of nigrescens,
61 ; rarity of 2 , 60

fratcrna, Butl., larva and pupa
noticed, 59

godferyi, Dist. 423 ; figured pi.
39, f. 5

kiinstleri, Honr. 422; figured
pi. xli. f. 9 ; details figured,
422, f. 123

lais. Cram. 62 ; figured pi. ix.
f. 2 ; variation, 63

leucocyma, Godt. noticed, 66

lutescens. Butl. 62 ; figured pi.
vi. f. 4, 5 ; variation of J ,
62

mehida, Wall. 63

nigrescens, Butl. 61 ; figured
pi. vi. f. 1, and pi. ix. f. 1

panthera, Fabr. var. lutescens,
Kirb. 62

penanga, Westw. 63, 421 ;
figured pi. vi. f. 11, and pi.
vii. f. 6 ; range. 64

saiieri, Dist. 65 ; figured pi. ix.
f. 3

sumatrana. Wall, noticed, 422

timandra, Wall, mentioned, 65

undularis, Dru., races, 60 ;
larva and pupa noticed, 59
EljTnniina, 37
Elymniiuffi, 37
Emesis, Fabr.

drupadi, Horsf. 190
Enemies of butterflies, 169
Epargyreus, Hiibn.

vuilfiias, Butl. 380
Epicalia, Westw. ; sexual se-
lection, 73
Ergolis, Boisd. 85, 137 ; habits,
137

ariadne, Linn. 137 ; figured pi.
xi. f. 6 ; larva noticed, 137,
1.38

con/tci, Boisd. 137, 139

isffius. Wall. 139, 441 ; figured
pi. xxxix. f. f!

merione, Cram. 138 ; figured pi.
XV. f. 6
Eriboea, Hiibn. 101
Erionota, Mab. 392, 393

hijpnepa, Mab. 395

iruva, Mab. 395

tlirax, Linn. 393 ; figured pi.
xxxiv. f . 17 ; hind leg figured,
367, f. 110; neuration of
front wing figured, 392, f.
118; larva and pupa noticed,
393 ; figured, 367, f. Ill
Erionotaria, 368, 392, 470

Synopsis of genera, 392
Erites, Westw. 39, 46

angularis, Moore, 46; figured
pi. V. f. 3 ; neuration of hind
wing figured, 39, f. 12
Eronia, Boisd. 319

cleodora, Boisd. noticed, 319,
note

ffrat, Feld. 320

lutescens, Moore, 320
Erycina, Fabr., name preoccu-
pied, 185, note

curins, Godt. 365, 366
Erycinida', 185, 448 ; habits, and
position in repose, 186 ;
neuration, 186 ; number of
species, 186 ; synopsis of
genera, 187
Erycininse, 185

Esoptria, Hiibn. 164
Eudamus, Swains.

calathtis. Hew. 371

pluinieus. Hew. 386
Eugonia, Hiibn. 4,30
Eulaceura, Butl. 99

osteria, Butl. 100
Eulacura, Butl. 85, 99 ; repre-
sentative of Apatura, 100

osteria, Westw. 100; figured
pi. xii. f. 5, 6
Eulepis, Dalm. 101

samatlid, Moore, 106
Euniauis, Hiibn., noticed, 196
Euphorbiacese, genera of butter-
flies feeding on, 364
Euploea, Fabr. 4, 21, 410 ; habits
and local variation, 22 :
sexual characters, 21 ; scent-
glands, or strigillators of ^ ,
22 ; not always present,
33 ; a protected genus, 22,
33 ; supposed mimicry be-
tween different species, 33 ;
mimicked by Elymnias, 59

segyptus, Butl., doubtfully no-
ticed from Singapore, 22,
note

bremeri, Feld., 23, 410; figured
pi. ii. f. 4

castelnaui, Feld. 24 ; figured
pi. ii. f. 6

cliionippe. Hiibn. 409

chloe, Guer. 30 ; figured pi. iv.
f. 2, and pi. xi. f. 5 ; varia-
tion, 31

ckrysippus, Hiibn. 20

crameri, Luc, noticed, 411

crassa, Butl. 29, 410 ; figured
pi. v. f . 8 ; probably = E.
erichsoni, Feld. 29

dejeani, Dist. 29 ; figured pi.
iv. f. 1 ; perhaps =; E. chloe,
Guer., var. 29, 30

diocletia, Hubn., noticed, 261

diocletianus, Fabr. 28 ; figured
pi. iv. f. 4, 5 ; a race of
E. rhadamanthus, Fabr. 28 ;
mimicked by Pap. caunus,
Westw., race legialus, Dist.
353 ; 2 mimicked by Euripus
euploeoides, Feld. 134

dioxippe, Hiibn. 167

distanti, Moore, 32 ; figured
pi. V. f. 9 ; resemblance to
E. bremeri, Feld. 32

erichsoni, Feld. 29, 410

godarti, Luc. 34 ; figured pi. iii.
f. 8

goudotii, Boisd., habits no-
ticed, 21

grotei, Feld. 36, 411 ; figured
pi. iii. f. 3, = E. harrisi,
Feld. 2 , 411

gyllenhalii, Luc, probablj- =
ochsenheimeri, Moore, 23

harrisi, Feld. 411

i7lquinata, Butl. 26

ledereri, Feld. 26; figured pi.
ii. f. 10

leucoslictus, Gmel. 410

linntei, Moore, 410

lowii, Moore, a Bornean form
of E. rhadamanthus, Fabr.
28 ; mimicked by a Papilio,
353

malayica, Butl. 22 ; figured pi.
ii. f. 7 ; variation, 23 ; a local
race of E. ochsenheimeri,
Moore, 23

margarita, Butl. 31 ; figured

pi. iv. f. 3 ; distribution, 22
var. from Malacca. 22

marsdeni, Moore, 411 ; figured
pi. xxxix. f. 1.

menetriesi. Feld. 34, 36 ; figured
pi. iii. f. 4, 5

midamus, Linn. 24, 25, 26, 261,
410 ; figured pi. ii. f. 8, 9 ;
front tarsi figured, 2, f. 1 ; a
protected species, mimicked
by Papilio paradoxa, Zink.,
(enigma, Wall., Ac 25 ; group
mimicked by Ely mnias,59,66

mulciber. Cram. 25 ; figured pi.
iii. f. 1, 2

novane, Feld., noticed, 26

ochsenheimeri, Moore, 22, 23

oliracea, Moore, 410

phoebus, Butl. 24 ; front wing
figured, 3, f. 4

pinwilli, Butl. 35 ; figured pi.
iii. f. 9, 10; variation, 36

rhadamanthus, Fabr. 28 ; races
inclining to melanism, 28 ;
mimicked by Papilio caunus,
Westw. 353 ; 2 mimicked by
Euripus halitherses, Doubl.
& Hew. 133

Bcudderi, Moore, noticed, 23

siamensis, Feld. 34

tytia. Gray, 408

vestigiata, Butl. 20, 410 ; figured
pi. iii. f. 6, 7 ; variation no-
ticed, 27 ; probably a race
of E. novane, Fuld. 27
Euplceina it Limuaina, Moore's

monograph noticed, 405
Euploeiiiffi, 3
Euptychia, Hiibn., variation, 52

crista, Hiibn. 420
Euralia, Westw 164
Eurema, Hiibn. 304, note

formosa, Hiibn. 307

hecabe, Hiibn. 304
Eurhinia, Feld. 97
Euripus, Westw. 86, 133 ; sexual
disparity and mimicry, 133

euplcEoides, Feld. 134, 441 ;
figured pi. xiii. f. 6, 7 ; a
local race of E. halitherses,
Doubl. * Hew. 134; 2
mimics Euplcea diocletiana,
Fabr. 134

haliarlus, Feld. 441

halitherses, Doubl. & Hew.
441; figured pi. xliii. f. 11;
2 mimics Euplcea rliada-
manthus, Fabr. 133

pfeifferie, Feld. 135 ; figured,
135, f. 42
Europe and America connected

in Tertiary times, 68, note
Eurytela, Boisd. 85, 135

castelnaui, Feld. 1.36, 261,
441 ; figured pi. xv. f. 10,
and pi. xliii. f. 10
Eurytelid;e, 37, 66
Euthalia, Hiibn. 86, 114, 436;
range, 115 ; sexual disparity,
123 ; larvae mimicking My-
riopoda, 115, 116

aconthea. Cram., feeding on
mango, 118, note

adonia. Cram., 120 ; figured
pi. xix. f. 10, 11 ; variation
noticed, 121

alpheda, Godt., noticed, 119 ;
va.T. jaina, Kirb., 119

anosia, Moore, 117 ; figured
pi. xiv. f. 5 ; neuration of
hind wing figured, 86, f. 29

INDEX.

475

apiades, Men., noticed, 43!l
asoka, Feld. 127 ; figured pi.

xiv. f. 3, and pi. xv. f. 3 ;

range, 127
bellata, Druce, 436 ; figured

pi. xxxvii. £. 4, and pi. xliii.

f. 12
bipunctata, Voll. 438 ; figured

pi. xliii. f. 3
cocytina, Hors{. 125 ; figured

pi. xviii. f. 7
decorata, Butl. 122, 439;

figured pi. xiv. f. SI, and p.

122, {. 41 ; variation in ^ ,

122
derma, Koll. 116, 436 ; figured

pi. xix. f . 4
dunya, Doubl. & Hew. 436 ;

figured pi. xxxviii. £. 1
evelina, StoU., noticed, 116
garuda, Moore, 117, 437;

figured pi. xiv. f. 1, 2; name

noticed, 117, note ; food

andjtransforuiations noticed,

118 ; larva figured, 115, f. 39
goodriclii, Dist. 436
jama, Feld. 119, 437, 438;

figured pi. xiv. f. 8, and pi.

XV. f. 4
laverna, Butl. 119 ; figured pi.

xiv. f. 7, and p. 120, f. 40
leijidea, Butl. 439 ; figured pi.

xxxvi. f. 4, 5
lubentina. Cram. 128, 438;

figured pi. xiv. f. 4 ; trans-
formations noticed, 128
macnairi, Dist. 123 ; figured

pi. xiv. f, 6, 10
maclayi, Dist. 124 ; figured pi.

xiv. f. 12
merta, Moore, 437 ; figured pi.

xliii. f. 1, 2
parta, Moore, 437 ; figured pi.

xxxvii. f. 7
puseda, Moore, 125, 439 ;

figured pi. XV. i. 3, and pi.

xviii. f. 8 : variation in J ,

126
ramada, Moore, 122, 439 ;

figured pi. xix. £. 5
stoliczkaua, Dist. 124 ; figured

pi. xiv. f. 11
xiphiones, Butl. 439 ; figured

pi. xxxvi. £. 9, 10
ziohri, Butl. 438 ; figured pi.

xliii. f. 6
Everes, Hiibn. 214, 221, 455
exiguus, Dist. 455 ; figured pi.

xliv. f. 17
parrhasius, Fabr. 221 ; figured,

221, f. 66
Examining neuratiou of butter-
flies, 242, note

Farquhar, Col. 264, note
Faunis, Hiibn.

cduens, Hiibn. 428
Felder's Reise d. Novai-a, date of

publication, 24
Female polymorphism, 339
Flight of butterfiies, 6
Formica, Linn.

smaragdina, Fabr. ; attracted

by larvffi of Lycitnidfe, 194
Fossil butterfiies from Aix in

Provence, 68
Fulgora, Linn.

candelaria, Linn. ; lepidopter-

ous parasite on, 394, note

Gangara, Moore, 392, 394

thyrsis, Fabr. 394 ; figured pi.
xxxiv. f. 13 ; larva and pupa
noticed, 394
Garuda = Gurda, 117, note
Gegenes, Hubn.

contigua, Mab., noticed, 380
javana, Mab., noticed, 380
Genera of butterflies feeding on
Euphorbiaceae and Sola-
nacea», 364, note
Geographical distrtbution of
Indo-Australian lepidopter-
ous fauna, 17, 18
Gerydus, Boisd. 197, 205

biggsii, Dist. 206 ; figured pi.

xxii. f. 12
boisduvalii, Butl., noticed,

206, note
lwr>^JiL'hU, Butl. 207
nivalin, Butl. 207
sjTnethus, Cram. 205 ; figured
pi. XX. f. 2, and i^l. xxii.
f. 14 ; not found in ants'-
nests, 205 ; hind leg figured,
205, f. 59
Glauber's salts, water-beetles in

tanks of, 467, note
Golden Chersonese, 142, note
Gonepteryx, Leach.
gobrias. Hew. 308
Goniloba, Westw.

badra, Moore, 374
Grapta, Kirb. 430
Green coloration of sea and land
fauna and flora in Ceylon,
*c., 263, note
Gurda ^= Garuda, 117, note
Gynandromorphism, 177, note
Gyrinus, Linn,
natator, Linn., inhabiting
tanks of Glauber's salts,
467, note

Habits of butterflies, 91, 143,

and note
Haeckel on the prevalence of
green coloration in Ceylon,
46H, note
Hamadryas, Boisd., noticed, 4

lemonias, Hiibn. 96
Haridra, Moore, 101
Harimala, Moore, 3'24, 338
Hasora, Moore, 369, 375

badra, Moore, 374 ; figured pi.
XXXV. f. 3 ; larva and jiupa
noticed, 374
vitta, Butl. 375 ; figured pi.
XXXV. f. 4
Hebomoia, Hiibn. 287, 318;
neuration noticed, r.'86
borneensis. Wall., noticed, 318
celebensis, Wall., noticed, 318
glauciiipe, Linn. 318, 319 ;
figured pi. xxvi. f. 9 ; habits,
and notice of larva, 319 ;
larva and pupa figured, 283,
f. 91, 92
Hecaerge, Ochs. 448
myrrlia, Hiibn. 448
Hedysarum, sp. called Kajangan

in Java, 149
Hermaphroditism, 177, note ; in

Hesperiidip, 470, note
Helieonius, Latr.

charithonia, Linn. ; habits
noticed, 91, note
Herona, Westw. ; not recorded

from Malay Peninsula, 83
Hesperia, Fabr.

adrasliis, Plotz. 397
telianus, Fabr. 228

iih/sos, Horsf. & Moore, 899

aiitJuui, Hew. 404

aria, Phitz. 378

asmara, Horsf. & Moore, 400

attina, Hew. 371

atyviinix. Cram. 281

aiK/ias, Latr. 382

budra, Butl. 374

bonoiiia. Hew. 386

callhieiirii, Feld. 396

chaya, Moore. 380

Cicero, Fabr. 398

oiejus, Fabr. 225

dan, Horsf. & Moore, 398

demncritus, Fabr. 222

eacus. Latr. 398

elia. Hew. 370

fatih, Koll. 398

freja, Fabr. 251

harisfi, Butl. 373

lumwlea. Hew. 391

Injela, Hew. 376

liypaepa. Hew. 395

irava, Moore, 395

ismene, Feld., noticed, 876

jdrbas, Fabr. 278

latoia. Hew. 396

latreiUii, Feld., 371

laufella. Hew., noticed, 376,
note

lo}iginus, Fabr. 244

maro, Fabr. 383

mathias, Fabr. 380

moulata, Moore, 379

vujtheca. Hew. 377

narooa, Moore, 380

2)andia, Moore, 394

parrJiasiiix, Fabr. 221

pJiocidcx, Fabr. 247

pluto, Fabr. 222

atrabo, Fabr. 224

sybarittj. Hew. 395

t'hra.T, Latr. 393

thi/rsix. Plotz. 394

vi'tla, Butl. 375

xenopiivn, Fabr. 465
Hesperidw vel Hesperiidre, 1,
note, 366, 470; habits and
■classification, 367, 368 ; spe-
cies incertiu sedis, 391, 404
Hesperilla, Hew.

dun, Butl. 398
Hestia, Hiibn. 4, 5 ; popular
names, and habits, 5 ; flight,
and area of distribution, 6

belia, Westw., compared with
linteata, Butl. 7 ; pupa no-
ticed, 6

Clara, Butl. 406

donovani, Moore, 405

endora. Gray, 8

idea, Doubl. & Hew. 7

leuconoe, Erichs. 406 ; figured
pi. xxxix. f. 3

linteata, Butl. 7, 406 ; figured
pi. i. f. 1

logani, Moore, 405

lynceus, Dru. 6, 405 ; figured
pi. i. f. 2 ; antenna figured,
4, f . 6 a ; intermediate tarsus
figured, 4, f. 7 (i ; habits,
406 ; variation, 7

malabarica, Moore, compared
with linteata, Butl. 7 ; pupa
noticed, 6

reinwurdti, Moore, 405
Hestina, Westw. 446

isa, Moore, 441

nama, Doubl. 446 ; figured pi.
xliii. f. 9 ; resembles Danais
tytia. Gray, 446

Hewitsonia, Kirb., noticed, 196,

note
Hewitson's views on species,

166, note
Hidari, Dist. 392. 395

irava, Moore, 395 ; figured
pi. xxxiv. f. 15 ; neuration
of front wing figured, 392,
f. 190
staudingeri, Dist. 395 ; figured

pi. XXXV. f. 25
sybarita. Hew. 395 ; figured
pi. XXXV. f. 24
Hipio, Hiibn. 40
leda, Hiibn. 41
Hiiwlimnas, Hiibn. 164
Hiposcritia, Geyer, 310
Hipparchia, Fabr.

hyperanthus, Linn., variation

noticed, 52
makvta, Horsf. 420
semele, Linn., resemblance to
soil, 71
Horaga, Moore, 459
halba, Dist. 460; figured pi.
xliv. f. 23
Hot springs, water-beetles in,

467, note
Hot stones frequented by Orni-
thoptera brookeana, Wall.
467
Huphina, Moore, 310, 315

amalia, Moore, 314
Hyades, Boisd. 427
Hyarotis, Moore, 392, 397

adrastus. Cram. 397 ; figured
pi. xxxiv. f. 4
Hypanartia, Hiibn.

hyppocla, Hiibn. 431
Hypochrysops, Feld.
bubases. Hew. 459
eleiians, Druce, 235
Hypolimnas, Hiibn. 87, 100, note,
164 ; range, 164
alcippoides, Butl., mimicking
Danais alcippus. Cram. 169
anomala. Wall. 169, 445;

figured pi. xli. f. 1 — 4
bolina, Linn. 165 ; figured pi.
xii. f. 11, 12, and pi. xv.
f. 12 ; variation, markings,
and transformations, 166
inaria. Cram., mimicking Da-
nais dorippus, King. 169
incommoda, Butl. 167 ; figured

pi. xvii. f. 8, 9
misippus, Linn. 167 ; figured
pi. xii. f. 9, 10, and pi. xv.
f. 11 ; migratory habits, 168 ;
mimics Danais chrysippus,
Linn. 168
poggei. Dew., noticed, 169, note
H}-polyca;na, Feld. 234, 255, 462
amba, Kirb. 461
andamana, Moore, 255
erihis, Snell. 255
erylus, Godt. 255 ; figured pi.

XX. f. 5, 6
etolus, Fabr. 256 ; figured pi.

XX. f. 23
tharis, Hiibn. 257 ; figured pi.

XX. f. 19
thecloides, Feld. 257, 462;
figured, 2.57, t. 78
Hyposcritia, Moore
plana, Moore, 314

Ida Pfeiffer, 135, note
Idea, Fabr. 5

ubigar, Esch. 409

daus, Boisd. 8

476

RHOPA LOCERA MA LA YANA.

diardi, Voll. 8
Uuconoe, Erichs. 406
lyncea, Godt. 6
Ideopsis, Horsf . & Moore, 4, 8 ;
range, 8
daos, Boisd. 8, 407; figured
pi. i. f. 3, 4 ; antenna
figured, 4, f. 6, b\ hind
tai-sus figured, 4, £. 7, 6 ;
variation in wing-outline, 9 ;
larva not known, 5
malabarica, Moore, habits and
transformations. 5
Iliades, Hiibn. 324, 339

mestor. Hiibn. 341
Ilerda, Doubl.

superba, Druce, 239
Impropriety of applying theolo-
gical names to insects, 245,
note
Inachis, Hiibn. 430
Indo - Australian lepidopterous
fauna, geographical distri-
bution of. 17, 18
Indra or Indras, 131, note
Insects destroyed by birds, 357,

note
lolaus, Hiibn. 240, note

cippus, Fabr. ; race longinus,

Bull. 244
helius, Fabr., noticed, 240, note
longinus, Hew. 244
■mantra. Hew. 245
pseudoloiiginus, Butl. 244
vidura. Hew. 241
lolaus (Purlisa)

fliganteux, Dist. 250
Iphias, Boisd. 318

glaucippe, Boisd. 318
Iphiclides, Hiibn.

agamemnon, Hiibn. 363
Iphita, Horsf. 92
Iraota, Moore, 234, 258, 462
boswelliana, Dist. 238 ; figured

pi. xxii. f. 23
lazarena, Feld., distinct from

timoleou, Stoll. 259
nila, Dist. 462 ; figured pi.

xliv. f. 24
rochana, Horsf., distinct from

timoleon. Stoll. 259
timoleon, Stoll., noticed, 259
Isaac Walton, spiders, and the

Royal Society, 377, note
I.smenaria, Dist. 3G8 ; synopsis

of genera, 369
Isamia, Moore
chloe, Moore, 30
dejeani, Moore, 29
margarita, Moore, 31
Isma,'Dist. 369, 386

bononia, Hew. 386 ; figured

pi. XXXV. f. 20
homolea. Hew. 391 ; figured

pi. XXXV. f. 23
obscura, Dist. 386 ; figured
pi. XXXV. f. 19
Ismene, Swains,
arm, Moore, 378
badra, Snell. 374
chabrona, Pldtz. 375
chitza, Hew. 373
harisa, Moore, 373
malayana, Feld. 373
rmirdava, Moore, 378
vilta, Druce, 375
Ismene (Choaspes)

crawfurdi, Dist. 372
Itanus", Feld. 114
Ithomia, Hiibn., noticed, 3 ; food-
plants, 364, note

Ixias, Hiibn. 287, 309

anaxibia, Hiibn., noticed, 310
birdi, Dist. 309; figured pi.

xxvi. f. 4
latifasciatus, Butl., noticed, 310

Jacoona, Dist. 233, 241

anasuja, Feld. 242; figured
pi. xxi. f. 15
Jamides, Hiibn. 214, 222

bochus. Cram. 222 ; figured
pi. xxi. f. 16, 19 ; variation
noticed, 223 and note ; neu-
ration of front wing figured,
284, f. 63 ; var. nicobaricus,
Wood-Mas.* De \ic. 222, 223
Johnson's (Dr.) views on Ento-
mology, 258, note
Junonia, Hiibn. 85, 89, 92

aouis, Hiibn. 96

asterie, Linn. 94 ; figured pi.
xi. f. 1, 2 ; size, transforma-
tions, and occurrence in
Ceylon, 95 ; var. javana,
Feld. 94 ; var. nicobariensis,
Feld. 94

atlites, Linn. 93; figured pi.
xi. f. 11, 12; variation and
transformations noticed, 94

ida, Druce, 92

iphita, Butl. 90

laomcdiii, Horsf. it Moore, 93

lemonias, Linn. 96; figured
pi. xi. f. 5 ; larva and food-
plant, 97

ocyale, Hiibn., noticed, 96 and
note

orithya, Linn., noticed, 96 and
note

orthosia, (iodt., noticed, 96,
note

wallacei, Dist. 95 ; figured pi.
xi. f. 3, 4 ; a race of orithya,
Linn. 96

Kajangan, Javan name for a

species of Hedysarum, 149
Ealal;, .Tavan name of a species

of Uvaria, 359
Kallima, Westw. 83, 88, 429
buxtoni, Moore, 429 ; figured
pi. xxxvii. f. 2; variation,
430
Kerana Dist. 392, 402

armata. Druce, 402 ; figured
pi. XXXV. f. 31 ; neuration
of front wing figured, 392,
f . 121
aurivittata, Moore, 403 ; var.
cameroni, Dist. 403 ; figured
pi. xxxiv. f. 19
diodes, Moore, 403 ; figured
pi. xxxiv. f. 8 ; settles with
closed wings, 403
gemmifer, Butl. 403; figured
pi. xxxiv. f. 29
Krema, native name of a Javan
medicinal plant (Aehyr-
anthes), 94
Kleppu, native name of Nauolea
(plant) in Java, 148

Laertias, Hiibn. 324, 346
pdninmii, Hiibn. 347
romiilus, Moore, 347
Lamb, J., entomological labours
in Province Wellesley, 211,
note
Lampides, Hiibn. 214, 226, 456
abdul, Dist. 456
a'lianus, Fabr. 228, 456 ; figured

pi. xxi. f. 18, and pi. xxii.
f. 19; transformations no-
ticed, 229; var.(i(/«a(a, Dru.
228
almora, Butl. 220
ahita, Druce, 220
bictica, Walk. 231
bteticus, Butl. 2;i0
beroe, Butl. 219
cnejti-^, Butl. 225
ca-nilca, Butl. 229
democritus. Butl. 222
elpis, Godt. 226 ; figured pi.
xxi. f. 25, 26 ; anterior legs
figured, 193, f. 53 ; contrast
of surfaces of wings, 227 ;
var. pseudelijis, Butl. 227 ;
figured pi. XX. f. 27, 28
kankena, Feld. 221, note, 229;

figured pi. XX. f. 11, 18
nmcrophthalnui, Butl. 218
optimus, Rober, 456 ; figured,

456, f. 127
parrha.iitii, Butl. 221
pittula, Butl. 225
p}ul(>, Butl. 222; var. nicoba-
ricu.'s, Wood-Mas. & De Nic.
222, 223
pseudelpis, Butl. 227
rogiiiwn. Wood-Mas. & De Nio.

215
stnibo, Butl. 224
viola, Moore, 219
sp. 230 ; figured pi. xxi. f. 24
Lamproptera, Gray, 365

ciirius. Gray, 365
Laogona, Boisd. 431
hippncia, Moore, 431
hypiitia. Wall. 432
hypselis, Godt. noticed, 4.32
Laxita, Butl. 188, 192

tanita. Butl. 192
Leaf-butterflies, 83, 88, 429
Lebadea, Feld. 86, 144
alankara, Butl. 145
ismene, Doubl. & Hew. 444
martha, Fabr. 145 ; figured pi.
xvii. f. 10, 11
Lemoniidff, 185
Lepidopterous parasite on Ful-

gora candelaria, 394
Leptocircus, Swains. 324, 365 ;
resemblance to dragon-flies
and Nemoptera, 365, 366
eurius, Fabr. 3G6 ; figured pi.

xlii. f. 1
eurius, Swams. 365
meges, Zink. 365 ; figured pi.
xxxii. f. 3 ; neuration of
front wing figured, 324, f.
105 ; habits, 3G5
virescens, Butl., habits, 366
Leptosia, Hiibn. 287; habits, 287
alcesta, Cram., noticed, 2f<8,

note
chlorographa, Hiibn. 288
xiphia, Fabr. 288 ; figured pi.
xxvi. f. 8 ; habits and varia-
tion, 288
Lethe, Hiibn. 39, 43, 413; range,
43
arcadia, Butl. 414
arcuata, Butl. 44
europa, Fabr. 43 ; figured pi.
V. f. 5, 6 ; neuration of hind
wings figured, 29, f. 11 ;
habits, 44, 45
mekara, Moore, 413 ; figured

pi. xxxix. f. 1 ; habits, 414
minerva, Fabr. 414 ; figured
pi. xxxvi. f. 8

scanda, Moore, noticed, 261
Lexias, Boisd. 112
dirtea, Feld. 112
Libythea, Fabr. 448

antipoda, Boisd. noticed, 261
myrrha, Godt. 448; figured
pi. xlii. f. 2 ; habits, 449
Libythaidie, 448
Libythicinii', 448
Limaciformes, 37
Limenitis, Fabr. 86, 147

alankara, Horsf. & Moore, 145
anarta, Moore, 148
ismene, Doubl. & Hew. 444
larymna, Doubl. it Hew. 159
leucutlioe, Westw. 158
martha, Butl. 145
procris, Cram. 148; figured pi.
xvii. f. 1 ; neuration of front
wing figured, 80, f. 32 ; trans-
formations and food plants
noticed, 148 ; var. anarta,
Moore, 148
Limnaina and Euplceina ; Moore's

Monograph noticed, 405
Limnas, Hiibn.

alcippoides, Moore, 408
Liphyra, Westw. 197, 204

brassolis, Westw. 204 ; figured
pi. xxii. f. 18
Liptena, Doubl. & Hew. noticed,

196, note
Lizards preying on butterflies,

16',), note
Local races discussed, 104 ; pro-
priety of describing, 144, note
Logania, Dist. 197, 208, 452
malayica, Dist. 208 ; figured
pi. xxii. f. 21 ; hind leg
figured, 208, f. 61
sriwa, Dist. 452 ; figured pi.
xliv. f. 16
Lotongus, Dist. 369, 371

calathus. Hew. 371 ; figured

pi. xxiv. f. 14
maculatus, Dist. 372 ; figured

pi. XXXV. f. 1

Loxura, Horsf. 234, 280

atymuus. Cram. 287 ; figured

pi. xxiv. f. 7 ; neuration of

front wing figured, 234, f. 75
Cassiopeia. Dist. 282 ; figured,

282, f. 88, 89
Lycffina, Fabr.

alianus, Horsf. 228

alexis, Horsf. tt Moore, 228

argiolus, Linn., noticed, 210

btetica, Horsf. 230

ba:licus, Snell. 230

beroe, Feld. 219

cagaya, Feld. noticed, 210

cuejus, Horsf. 225

elna, Hew. 217

elpis, Horsf. 226

ethion, Doubl. & Hew. 216

kandarpa, Horsf. 224

kankena, Feld. 221, note; 229

karsandra, Butl. 213

lysizone, Snell. 212

macruphthalma, Feld. 218

nila, Horsf. 222

panda va, Horsf. 225

2)arrha$ius, Horsf. 221

piitala, Koll. 225

phlieas, Linn., melanism in

Madeira, 223, note
pygmcca, Snell. 454
rosimo)i, Horsf. 215
ro.Tits, Horsf. 216
Samoa, Herr.-Schiiff. 225
sangra, Butl. 212

INDEX.

477

strabo, Snell. 224
Lycsenestlies, Moore, 214, 232,

458
stthiops, Dist. 458
bengalensis, Moore, 458 ; figd.

pi. xliv. f. 9
larydas, Cram, noticed, 459
lycainina, Feld. 232; figured

pi. xxi. f. 3
tessellata, Moore, 458 ; figured

pi. xlii. f. l.S, and pi. xliv.

f. 21
LycaBnidffi, 193, 450 ; groups,

19G, 214 and note ; synopsis

of genera, 197, 214, 233 ;

habits, 195 ; larva and neura-

tion, 194 ; larvae attractive

to ants, 194
Lycffinopsis, Feld. 210
ananqa, Feld. 211
hariiidus. Bull. 211

Macroploea, Butl.

phebu.s, Butl. 24
Maike, native name of an Indian

plant, 354
Maori botanists, 103, note
Malayan * N eotropical Eegions :

aliinities, (57
Mangoes apparently frequented
by birds and butterflies in the
East Indies only, 118, note
Marshall, Col., 440, note
Martanda, Moore

j<imn-dana, Moore, 54
Matapa, Moore, 369, 377

aria, Moore, 378 ; figured pi.

XXXV. f . 8 ; neuration of front

wing figured, 369, f. 114 ;

habits, 378

Mechanitis, Fabr., food-plants,

364, note
Medicinal plants, 94, note
Megisba, Moore, 457
thwaitesi, Moore, 457 ; figured
pi. xliv. f. 4
Melanism of butterflies, &c.,
260 and note ; of Lepidoptera
in high latitudes, 332, note
Melanitis, Fabr., 39, 40, 58,411
abdullie, Dist. 413 ; figured pi.

xix. f. 3
ambasara, Horsf. & Moore, 412
asu-a, Marsh. & De Nic. 412
aswa, Moore, noticed, 413
banlcsia, Moore, 42
casiplwne, Doubl. & Westw. 64
determinaUi y Butl. 411
gnophodea, Butl. 412
ismene. Cram. 42, 411 ; figured
pi. iv. f. 9, 11, 12 ; neuration
figured, 39, f. 10, 13; head
with palpi figured, 37, f. 9 ;
variation, 42 ; probably a
dimorphous form of leda,
Linn. 411 ; larva, pupa, and
habits noticed, 43
lais, Doubl. & Westw. 62
leda, Linn. 41, 411 ; figured pi.
iv. f. 10; habits, 41, 42;
larva and food plant noticed,
42; larva figured, 37, f. 8;
var. ismeiw, Butl. 42
mehida. Hew. 63
penanna, Westw. 63
suyudana. Moore, 412 ; figured

pi. xxxix. f. 2
tristis, Feld. noticed, 413
vamnna, Horsf. & Moore, 412
zitenius, Herbst. 412 ; figured
pi. xxxviii. f. 2

Menelaides. Hubn. 324, 336
alplieiwr, Hilbn. 347
aristolochitc, Moore, 337
polytes, Hiibn. 347
Messaras, Doubl. 87, 176
eryiiHuilJiis, Druce, 176
Mikluho-Maclay, in Johore, 124,

note
Miletus, Westw. 205
horsfieldi, Moore, 207
nii'alis, Druce, 207
syiiietlms, Kirb. 205
Mimacra;a, Butl., noticed, 196,

note
Mimicry : term first used by Hen-
frey, 33 ; mutual resemblance
between butterflies not al-
ways due to this cause, 33,
34 ; difficulties of, 289, note ;
controversy between Distant
and Meldola, 129, note ; and
design, 469, note
Minetra, Boisd. 143

fiambrisiiia, Doubl. & Hew. 143
Mites attacking Danais dorippus,

Klug. 13
Mitocerus, Billb. 70
Moduza, Moore, 147
Moor, J. H. 108, note
Moore, F., Monograph of Linna-
ina and Euplajina noticed,
405
Morphida;, 66
Morphina, 67, 423

Synopsis of Malayan genera, 69
Morphinje, 66 ; hardly separable

from Nymphalinae, 66
Morpho and Thaumantis repre-
sentative genera in the west
and east, 67
Morpho, Fabr.

achiUes, Linn., larva noticed,

68, note
adonis, Crahi., sexes noticed, 73
aurelius, Godt. 425
celinde, Godt. 76
epistrophis, Hiibn., larva no-
ticed, 68, note
eugenia, Deyr., sexes noticed,

73
klugius, Zink. 427
laertes, Dru., larva noticed,

68, note
leonteus, Zink. 428
luarcux, Scliall. 73
menetlio, Godt. 76
metellus. Cram., affinities with

Thaumantis, 77
odana, Godt. 427
pliidijJjnis, Godt. 70
tulliii, Godt. 74
Murtia, Hiibn. 295
Mycalesis, Hiibn. 39, 47 ; distri-
bution, 47 ; glandular pouch,
48
anapita, Moore, 418; figured

pi. xxxix. f. 8
anaxias. Hew. 416 ; figured pi.

xxxvi. f. 7 ; variation, 417
blasius, Fabr. 52 ; figured pi.
vii. f. 7 ; variation, 53 ; var.
ceplieux, Kirb. 51 ; var. lahi/:-
iin, Butl. 53 ; var. samba,
Butl. 53
ceplieus, Butl. 51
chu'iea, Butl. 50
diniche. Hew. 53
fusca, Feld. 53, 418 ; figured

pi. v. f. 1
ftisctim, Butl. 53
ht'gioni', Hiibn. 49

janardana, Moore, 54; figured

pi. V. f. 2
justina, Hiibn. 50
lalasais. Hew. 53
lurida, Butl. 52
maianeas. Hew. 48, 417 ; figured

pi. vii. f. 4
marijitiis. Hew. 53
medus, Fabr. 49 ; figured pi.

iv. f. 8; variation, 50
mineus, Linn. 50, 417 ; figured
pi. iv. f. 7, 13, 14 ; Linnean
type, 52; varieties, 51, 52
mnasioles. Hew. 417 ; figured

pi. xxxvii. f. 5
nautilus, Butl. 55, 417 ; figured

pi. xl. f. 4
oroates. Hew. noticed, 419
orseis, Hew. 49, 416 ; figured
pi. 5, f . 4 ; variation noticed,
49
polydecta. Cram, doubtfully

Malacean, 51, note
samba, Moore, 53
surkha. Marsh, noticed, 419
ustulata, Dist. 418; figured
pi. xii. f. 10
Mycalesis (Orsotriiena)

medu.i, Wood-Mas. & De Nic. 50
Mydosama, Jloore, 54
atiapita, Moore, 418
fu^cum, Moore, 53
Myriopoda mimicked by larva of

Euthalia, 115, 116
Myrina, Fabr.

alymnus, Druce, 281

ama<a. Hew. 256

amrita, Feld. 252

anasuja, Feld. 242

atymnti^, Godt. 281

cliitra, Horsf. & Moore, 254

erylus, Godt. noticed, 258, note

erylus, Horsf. & Moore, 255

etolvs, Horsf. & Moore, 256

freja, Butl. 251

hiemalis, Godm. & Salv. 249

jajjra, Horsf. 251

lapithis, Moore, 238

mantra, Feld. 245

marciana, Hew. 282

megistia. Hew. 280

phocidcs, Butl. 247

ravindra, Horsf. noticed, 237,

238
silenus, Fabr. noticed, 248
sipylus, Feld., noticed, 258,

note
tharis, Horsf. & Moore, 257
thecloides, Feld. 257
travana, Hew. 246

Nacaduba, Moore, 214, 218, 454
almora, Druce, 220 ; figured pi.

XX. f. 22
aluta, Druce, 220 ; figured pi.

XX. f. 13, 14
beroe, Feld. 219 ; figured pi.

XX. f. 16, 17
kankena, Feld. noticed, 221
kerriana, Dist. 455 ; figured pi.

xlii. f. 12
macrophthalma, Feld. 218,

454 ; figured pi. xx. f . 3, and

pi. xliv. f. 8
viola, Moore, 219 : figured, 219,

f. 65, and pi. xx. f. 24 ; varia-
tion in fasciaj, 220
sp. 221 ; figured pi. xxi. f. 7
Nadisepa, Moore, 277
jarbas, Moore, 278
Najas, Hiibn.

erosine, Hiibn. 158
Narathura, Moore, 234, 259, 263
achelous. Hew. 271 ; figured,

271, f. 82

adatha. Hew. 265 ; figured pi.

xxiii. f. 1, 2
agnis, Feld. 262 ; figured pi.

xxi. f. 29
ameria, Hew. 268 ; figured pi.

xxi. i. f. 30
ammon. Hew. 272 ; figured,

272, f. 83

amphimuta, Feld. 267 ; figured

pi. xxi. f. 9, 10
anarte, Hew. 263
anniella. Hew. 269 ; figured

pi. xxi. f. 20
anthelus, Doubl. & Hew. 263 ;

figured pi. xxiii. f. 4
antimuta, Feld. 26(5 ; figured

pi. xxiii. f. 11
aroa, Hew. 266 ; figured pi.

xxiii. f. 17
atosia. Hew. 265 ; figured pi.

xxiii. f. 5, 6
buxtoni. Hew. 464 ; figured pi.

xliv. f. 18
centaurus, Fabr. 261 ; figured

pi. xxi. f. 4, 6
eumolphus. Cram, noticed, 264
farquhari, Dist. 264, 275, 463 ;

figured 1)1. xxiii. f. 3
inornata, Feld. 271 ; figured,

271, f. 81
kurzi, Dist. 268 ; figured pi.

xxi. f. 1
lycisnaria, Feld. 269, 464 ;

figured, 270, f. 79
maxwelli, Dist. 263 ; figured

pi. xxiii. f. 10
metamuta. Hew. 267 ; figured

pi. xxiii. f. 18, 19
vihara, Feld. 270 ; figured,
270, f. 80
Native names of plants, 148, 149,

158, 354, 359
Nature a labyrinth, 446, note
Nauclea (plant) called Kleppu in

Java, 148
Nectaria, Dalm. 5
clara, Moore, 406
labuana, Moore, 406
leuconoe, Moore, 406
Nemeobiina;, 186, 449 ; synopsis

of Malayan geuera, 187
Nemoptera, Kamb. resembled by

Leptocircus, 366
Neocheritra, Dist. 252, 462

amrita, Feld. 252 ; figured pi.
XX. f. 15, and pi. xxiii. f. 12
gama, Dist. 462 ; figured, 462,
f. 128
Neomyriua, Dist. 234, 248

hiemalis, Godm. & iSalv. 249 ;
figured pi. xxii. f. 13
Neonympha, Hiibn. 420
Neonympha (Kagadia)

crisia, Westw. 420
Neopithecops, Dist. 197, 209
dharma, Moore, noticed, 209
horsfieldi, Dist. 210; figured
pi. xxii. f. 15 ; neuration of
front wing figured, 197, f. 57
Neorina, Westw. 415

lowii, Doubl. & Hew. 416 ;
figured pi. xxxvii. f. 3
Neotiopical & Malayan Kegicus :

atfiuities, 67
Nepheronia, Butl. 287, 319 ; J <i
mimic Danais, 320
liippia, Fabr. ; neuration of

6f

478

RIinPA LOCEUA MALA YAK A.

front wing fiRured, 287, f . 97 ;
var. goea, Feld. 320 ; figured
pi. xxvi. f. 12, 16; variation,
•A-21
lutfscens. Bull. 320; figured
pi. xxvi. f. 14
Neptis, Fabr. 87, 149 ; range,
transformations, &c. noticed,
149
aceris, Lcp. noticed, 156
anjana, Moore, 445; figured

pi. xxxvi. f. 11
charou, Butl. 155 ; figured, 155,

f. 43
columella, Moore, 153
dindinga, Butl. 151 ; figured

pi. xvii. f. 5
dorelia, Butl. 152
duryodana, Moore, 149, note,
155 ; figd, pi. x\-i. f. 15 ;
variation noticed, 155
eurvnome, Westw. 15B ; var.
niamaja, Butl. 156 ; figured
pi. xvi. f. 14
gononata, Butl. 154 ; figured

pi. xviii. f. 2
liarita, Moore, 444
heliinluru, Druce, 152
helivdore, Butl. 152
hordonia, StoU. 149, 150 ; figd.
pi. xvii. f. 13 ; variation
noticed, 150
jumba, Moore, noticed, 149
leuconata, Butl. 154 ; figured

pi. xvii. f. 14
mamaja, Butl. 156
niiah, Jloore, 444 ; figured pi.
xli. f. 14; habits noticed, 444
nata, Moore, 154 ; figured pi.

xviii. f. 1
omerodu, Moore, 152
ophiana, Moore, 153; figured
pi. xvii. f. 12 ; aberrant
ueuration, 154
peraka, Butl. 150 ; figured pi.

xvii. I. 2; variation, 151
sappho. Pall, noticed, 158, note
soma, Moore, noticed, 154
tiga, Moore, 140, 151, 444 ;
figured pi. xvii. f. 4; var.
dorelia, Butl. 152 ; figured
pi. xvii. t. 3
varmona, Mooro, noticed, 149
vikasi, Horsf. 152 ; figured pi.
xvi. f. 13 ; var. harita, Moore,
444 ; figured pi. xliii. f. 8
Nic(5ville, L. de, 440, note
Nichitona, Butl.

.ripliia, Moore, 288
Nilasera, Moore, 259
Nina, Horsf. 287
Niphanda, Moore, 458, 459

tfsxetliita, Moore, 458
Nisoniades, Hiibn.
diodes, Moore, 403
salsahi, Moore, 401
Nomenclature, rules of, 97, note;

100, note
Nychitona, Butl. 287
Nymiiliales, 2

Nyiuplialidic, 2, 66 ; position dis-
cussed; 2
Nymphalina;, 66, 423 ; larvse

noticed, 37
Nvnnphalina, 83, 429 ; synopsis
of Malayan genera, 85 ; sub-
division discussed, 84 ; un- |
certainty of larval charac-
ters, 84
Nymphalis, Boisd., Westw. 101,
147 I

adoiiia, Oodt. 120
Caledonia, Kirb. 110
ealydonia. Hew. 110
/alius, Fabr. var. echo, Kirb. 10.3
hordonia, Godt. 150
leucvtlioe, Godt. 158
luberitiiia, Godt. 128
misippe, Godt. 167
nicholi, Smith, noticed, 433
periander, Godt. 443
procris, (jodt. 148
psaphon, Westw. noticed, 433
schveiher, Godt 104
schreiberi, Horsf. & Moore, 104

Object of sexual variation of

colour in butterflies, 74
Ocelli, or ocellated spots, 39 and

note
Ogyris, Westw. noticed, 196
Ophir. 142, note
Ordure attractive to butterflies,

111 and note
Oreas (marmorea)

curnpa, Hiibn. 43
Oreas (marmorata)

Icda, Hiibn. 41
Oriental affinities in African

Fauna, 90, note
Ornithoptera, Boisd. 325, 462
brookeana. Wall. 330 ; figured !

pi. xxvii. a, f. 4, and pi. |

xxvii. b, f. 1 ; flight, 6 ;

habits, 331, 467 ; rarity of

2 , :«i
Cerberus, Feld. noticed, 328
Croesus, Wall., account of cap-
ture, 326, note
darsius, Gray, larva and pupa

mentioned, 325, note
hephsestus, Feld. 328 ; figured

pi. xxvii. f. 2, 3, 4; front

legs, showing tarsi, figured,

283, f. 90
leda. Wall. 328

nephereus, Gray, noticed, 327
pompeus. Cram, noticed, 328
poseidon, Doubl. structure of

larva, 325
rhadamanthus, Boisd. 326 ;

figured, 327, f. 106, and pi.

xxvii. a, f . 5 ; var. thomsonii.

Bates, 326
ruficollis, Butl. 328 ; figured,

329, f. 105, and pi. xxvii.

f. 1
urvilliana, Gu^r. noticed, B2(i,

note
Orpheides, Hubn. 324, 350

eritlwniiis, Moore, 350
Orsotriiena, Moore

hesioiie, Wallengr. 49
Oxylides, Hiibn.
tharis, Hubn. 257

Paehlioptera, Reak. 325
Pademma, Moore

apicalis, Moore, 410
Padraona, Moore, 381

yohide.i, Moore, 382

vuesoides, Moore, 383
Paduca, Moore, 447

fasciata, Feld. 447 ; figured pi.
xl. f. 12
Paduka, Dist. 369, 375

glandulosa, Dist. 376 ; figured
pi. XXXV. f. 5
Painted flowers attractive to bees,

355, note
Pamphila, Fabr.

aria, Butl. 378

aufjias, Horsf. & Moore, 382
bavibmte. Moore, 382
chaya, Mab. 380
julianus, Butl. 379
vucsoides, Butl. 383
niaro, Druce, 383
vuUhias, Butl. 381
matthias, Butl. 381
naruniita, Moore. 382
niyrolimbata, Butl. 384
Panchala, Moore, 234, 272, 464
apidanus. Cram. 273 ; figured,

273, f. 85

aurea. Hew. noticed, 275
diardi. Hew. 272 ; figured pi.

xxiii. f. 14
fulgida, Hew. noticed, 273
morphina, Dist. 274 ; figured,

274, f. 86

singhapura, Hew. 273 ; figured,

273, f. 84
trogon, Dist. 275, 464 ; figured,

275, f. 87
Pandita, Moore, 86, 146

sinope, Moore, 146 ; figured pi.
xii. f. 13
Pandora, Westw. attracted by

offal. 111
Paphia, Fabr.

periander, Horsf. 443
schreibcrs, Horsf. 104
PapUio, Lmn. 283, 324, 332, 467 ;
habits, 332; decoying, 355,
note

achates. Cram. 342 ; figured
pi. xxviii. f. 3 — 5

ad<im(is, Zink. 337

adonia. Cram. 120

adraslux. Cram. 397

tcyistiis. Cram. 363

senigma. Wall, noticed, 352 ;
mnnics Euplcea midamus,
Linn. 25

asnpns, Fabr. 202

agamemnon, Linn. 363 ; figured
pi. xxxii. f. 7 ; transforma-
tions noticed. 364

agenor, Linn. 339 ; figured pi.
xxix. f. 1

agetes, Westw. 469 ; figured pi.
xlii. f. 8

ajax, Linn, noticed, 333

albolineatus, Fabr. 468

alcibiades, Fabr. 357

alcipjie. Cram. 174

alaneone, Fabr. 296

alcyone. Cram. 300

alexis, Stoll. 228

almana, Clerck, 94

androqeos. Cram., De Nle. 341,
342

androyeus„\{a\\. 339

anticrates, Doubl. 470 ; figured
pi. xlii. f. 7

antiphates, Cram. 332, 357 ;
gi'oup of, 357; var. alcibi-
ades, Butl. 357 ; var. pompi-
lius, Fabr. .357 ; figured pi.
xxxi. f . 5 ; local variation,
358, 359 ; larva and pupa
noticed, 359

aonis. Cram. 96

apidanus. Cram. 273

arcadia. Cram. 414

arcesilaus, Fabr. 428

archelaus, Godt., disagreeable
scent of tentacles of larva,
322, note

arete. Cram. 44

ariadne, Linn. 137

aristides, Fabr. 75

aristolochiffi, Fabr. 337 ; varia-
tion and flight, 337; larva
and pupa noticed, 338 ; var.
diphilus, Esp. 337; figured
pi. xxxi. f. 6, 7
arycles, Boisd. 362 ; figured pi.

xxxii. t. 5
wspasia, Fabr. 13
asterie, Linn. 94
astorion, Westw. 334
athamas, Dru. 106
atlites, Linn. 93
alymnus. Cram. 281
auyias, Linn. 382
aurelius. Cram. 425
axion, Feld. noticed, 361
axion, Butl. 361
bicticus, Linn. 230
bathycles, Zink. 362 ; figured

pi. xxxii. f. 2
bcroc. Cram. 44
biblis, Druce, 446
blasius, Fabr. 52
bochus. Cram. 222
bolina, Linn., Dru. 165, 167
brama, Guer. 338 ; figured pi.

.\xxii. f. 4
brookeana, tjnell. 330
butleri, Jans. 352 ; figured pi.
xxvii. f. 6, and pi. xxvii. a,
f. 6
callirhoe, Fabr. 318
calypso, Druce, noticed, 286,

note
castor, Westw. noticed, 343
catilla. Cram. 297
cauuus, Westw. 353; race
a-gialus, Dist. 353; figured
pi. xxvii. b, f. 5 ; mimics Eu-
pluia diocletiauus, Fabr. 353
celinde, tjtoll. 75
cenea, StoU. J polymorphism,

339, note
centaurus, Fabr. 261
chara, Westw. 334
chryseis, Druce, 3U0
chrysippus, Linn., Sulz. 20, 167
cilix, Dist. 340 ; figured pi.

xxix. f. 4, 5
clytia, Linn. 353; figured pi.
xxvii. b, f. 2 ; habits and
transformations noticed, 354
clyton. Cram. 215
codes, Fabr. 442
cocyta, Fabr. noticed, 126, nole
columbiua. Cram. 173
coluteic, Fuessly, 231
coon, labr. noticed, 335, note ;
group of, 333, note, and 335
coridou. Cram. 215
Cornelia, Fabr. 299
coryta. Cram. 137
crassus. Cram., disagreeable
scent of tubercles of larva,
322, note
cresphontes, Fabr. 349
crocale. Cram. 296
curius, Fabr. 366
dan, Fabr. 398

dehaanii, Wall., alleged occur-
rence in Malacca, 356
delesserlii, Guer. 356; figured

pi. xxvii. b, f. 4
denioleus, Esp. 350
demolion, Cram. 349; figured

pi. xxvii. b, f. 3
demophon, .\Ieerb. 360
diucijjpiis. Cram. 167
diodetiunus, Fabr. 28
dioHf, Dru. 290
diphilus, Esp. 337

INDEX.

479

dirtea, Fabr. 112

disximilis, Linn. 354; jjioup

of, HoS
dorimond, StoU. 273
doris, Cram. 50
dorylus, Sulz. 303
doubledayi, Wall. 335, note,
and 330 ; liguied pi. xxxiii.
f. 4 ; vai'iation, 336
dravidarum, Wood-Mas., no-
ticed, 343
egertotu, l^ist. 408
epiu.i, Fabr. 350
erebus. Wall. 334 ; figured pi.

xxxi. t 1, 2
eritbonius. Cram. 350; group
of, 350 ; structure of larva,
and use of ^ tentacles, 322,
notes ; larva and food-plants,
noticed, 351, 3.52 ; larvae
attacked by Dipterous para-
sites (Tachininffi), 352; var.
malayanus,Wall. 350, figured
pi. xxvii. h, i. 0
erosine. Cram. 158
ery}naiuliis, Dru. 176
esperi, Butl. 341; figured pi.

xxviii. f. 1, 6
etolus, Fabr. 256
europa, Fabr. 43
eurypylus, Linn., noticed, 359,
note ; group of, and habits,
359
evemon, Boisd. 360 ; figured pi.

xxxii. f. 1
folui. Cram. 398
genutuii Cram. 18
glancippe, Linn. 318
hamikar, Herbst. 50
Itaquinus, Fabr. 190
Jiecabe, Linn. 304
hector, Linn., noticed, 349
hegesippus, Cram. 19
helenus, Linn. 343 ; figured pi.
xxix. i. 3 ; group of, 343, 460 ;
habits, 344
heliodore, Fabr. 152
hephastus, Feld. 328
hesionu. Cram. 49
hilaria. Cram. 297
hippia, Fabr. 320
hippo. Cram. 311
Iwrdonia, Stoll, 150
hylas, Linn. 158
hyparcte, Linn. 292
hyppodu.^. Cram. 431
hystaspes, Feld., noticed, 344
ida, Cram. 92
idea, StoU, 7
iphita. Cram. 90
ismeiie. Cram. 42
iswara. White, 332, 344 ; figured
pi. XXX. f. 1, 2 ; flight noticed,
343
itamputi, Forbes, 358
jarbas, Fabr. 278
jason, Linn. var. evemon. Wall.
360 ; var. eveiiwnides, Honr.
361
juyurtha. Cram. 296
juiitina. Cram. 50
juveiUa, Cram. 407
la is. Cram. 02
luodumiu, Clerck, 93
leda, Linn. 41
levwnias, Linn. 90
leueothea, Fabr. 158
leucotJioe, Linn. 157
leucothoe, Westw. 356 ; figured
pi. xxvii. a, I. 2, 3 ; mimics a
Danais, 357

htis, Sulz. 176
lubentina. Cram. 128
Iticina, Cram. 431
lynceiix, Dru., Papilio, 6
macareus, Godt., said to oecur
in Malacca, 356 ; group of,
355, 468
machaon, Linn., use of tenta-
cles of larva noticed, 322 note
mahadeva, Jloore, noticed, 343
maivton, Fabr. 215
malayaiuis, Butl. 3.50
■nutrcus, Schall., noticed, 73
martha, Fabr. 145
mecisteus, Dist. 301 ; figured

361, f. 108
medus, Fabr. 49
megarus, Westw. 408 ; figured

pi. xlii. f. 9
meyex, Zink. 365
metaneus. Cram. 14
melaiiijipus, Cram. 19
memnon. Linn., noticed, 342 ;
neuration of front wing figd.
322 ; group of, 339, 468 ; var.
acluites, Druee, 342
memnon. Gray, 339
menetho, Fabr. 75
merione. Cram. 138
mestor, Hiibn. 341 ; figured pi.

xxviii. f. 2, 7
miduiiiiis, Linn. 24, 410
minerra, Fabr. 414
mineua, Linn. .50
misippits, Linn. 167
monima, Fabr. 126
mulciber, Cram. 25
nedymond. Cram. 253
nefte. Cram. 163
nejihelus, Boisd. 345, 468 ;
var. saturnus, Guer. 346,
468 ; figured pi. xxx. f. 3, 5
neptunus, Guer. 335, 346 ;

figured pi. xxxiii. f. 5, 6
nero, Fabr. 311
nina, Fabr. 288
nox. Swains., noticed, 333 ;

group of, 333
nox, De Haan, 334
onpape, Moore, 355 ; figured

pi. xxvii. f. 5
orithya, Linn. 95
patinurus, De Haan, 338
pammon, Linn. 332, 347 ; eaten
by birds, 169, note ; larva
and pupa figm-ed, 321, f. 103,
group of, 340
panope, Linn., noticed, 355
paradoxa, Zink., noticed, 352 ;
mimics Euplcea midamus,
Linn. 25 ; group of, 352
jHirrhasiux. Don. 221
puulina. Cram., noticed, 313
peranthus, Fabr., noticed, 338 ;

group of, 338
periandcr, Fabr. 443
perius, Linn. 157
l>halanta, Dru. 173
phidippus, Linn. 70
philoxenus, Gray, group of, 333,

note
phocides, Don. 247
phoenix, Dist. 340 ; figured pi.

xxvii. b, f. 7
pisoi-um, Fourcr. 231
plexippus, Fabr. 18
jiolidorus. Cram. 337
polite.i, Godt. 347
polydorus, Linn., noticed, 330,
note ; group of, 333, note,
and 336

polydonw, Jabl. 337
polytes, Linn. 347 ; figured pi.
xxiii. f. 7 — 10 ; variation,
and 5 polymorphism, 348 ;
larva and pupa noticed, 349
poly.venti, Don. 158
pontpilias, Fabr. 358
prexaspes, Feld. 343, note, and

345 ; figured pi. xxix. f. 2
pnamus, Linn., local forms,

326, note
procris. Cram. 148
protenor, Esp. 341
raina, Feld. 362
remus, Cram., noticed, 91
romii/Hx, Cram. 347
rosimon, Fabr. 215
sarpedon, Linn. 359 ; figured

pi. xxxii. f. 0 ; habits, 360
saturnus, tiuer. 335, 346
scylla, Linn. 298
semperi, Feld., noticed, 325 note
sthenelus, Macl., noticed, 351
sycorax, Smith, 468 ; figured

pi. xlii. f. 10
symethus, Cram. 205
telephus, Feld. 361 ; figured,

302, f. 109
thrax, Linn. 393
thuubergi, Sieb., noticed, 341
thyrsis, Fabr. 394
titania, Fabr. 297
troyon, Voll. 330
tullia. Cram. 74
ulysses, Linn., noticed, 201
varuna, White, 334 ; figured

pi. xxxi. f. 3, 4
.ciphia, Fabr. 288
Papilio (Ornithoptera)

rhadamautlnis, De Nic. 326
PapilionidiE, 283, 321, 405 ; syste-
matic jjosition discussed, 2 ;
flight, 0
Papilionides, 321
Papilionina;, 321,467; approxi-
mate number of species, 323
and note ; synopsis of Ma-
layan genera, 324 ; anal
structure, 323, 324 ; tentacles
of larvae discussed, 322
Paragerydus, Dist. 207, 451
horsfieldi, Moore, 207 ; figured
pi. XX. f . 7 ; hind leg figured
207, f. 00
nivahs, Druce, 207 ; figured
pi. xxii. f. 11
Parantica, Moore

agleoides, Moore, 15
Parasites :

ChalcididiP on Danais chrysip-

pus, Linn. 407, note
Lepidopterous, on Fulgora can-

delaria, Linn. 394, note
Tachinina>, on Papilio eri-
tbonius. Cram. 352
Parnara, Moore, 379
mathiux, Butl. 381
luirooa, Moore, 380
Parthenos, Hiibn. SO, 143 ; habits
and transformations, 113
apicalis, Moore, noticed, 144
gambrisius, Fabr. 143 ; neura-
tion of front wing figured,
86,f.31; rur. lilacinus, Butl.
143 ; figured pi. xi. f. 7
Pathysa, Beak. 324, 3.57
anliphales, Moore, 358
Penoa, Moore

menetricsi, Moore. 34
pinnilli, Moore, 35
Pentila, Westw., noticed, 190 note

Pha-dra, Horsf. 201

insidari.i, Horsf. 451
Phiedyma, Feld. 149
Phalanta, Horsf. 173

coluiiibina, Horsf. 173
Philonoma, Billb. 149
Phrissura, Butl., noticed, 286,
note
cynis, Butl. 301
Phyllanthus, sp. called Dempul-

lolot in Java, 158
Phytala, Westw., noticed, 196,
note ; phytophagic variation,
223, note
PieridfE, 2S3
Pierides, 283

Pierina", 283, 465 ; gregarious
and migratory habits, 284 —
286 ; swarms simulating
flowers, 284,285; neuration,
286; synopsis of Malayan
genera, 280
Pieris. Doubl. 289
amalia, Voll. 314
anuisene, Boisd. 313
berenice, Luc. 295
cardena. Hew. 316
clemantlie, Doubl. 295
CI/HI.S, Hew. 286, 301
descombesi , Boisd. 406
eleonora, Boisd. 311
enarete, Boisd. 312
jiyuUna, Butl. 311
ylaucippe, Godt. 318
hayar, Voll. 310
hecabe, Godt. 304
helferi, Feld. 295
hippo, Godt. 311
leptis, Feld. 314
nathalia, Feld. 317
neombo, Horsf. & Moore, 313
nero, Boisd. 311
nina, Godt. 288
panda, Godt. 317
sulphurea, Voll. 317
tliisbe, Boisd. 465
tliyria, Ciodt. 311
Valeria, Boisd. 320
Pirdana, Dist. 369, 376

hyela, Hew. 376 ; figured pi.

XXXV. f. 6
ismene, Feld., noticed, 376
Pithauria, Moore, 369, 378

murdava, Moore, 378 ; figured
pi. XXXV. f. 9 ; neuration of
front wing figured, 369, f . 115
Pithecops, Horsf. 209

hylax, Fabr., noticed, 209

Plastingia, Butl. 392, 396, 470

callineura, Feld. 396 ; figured

pi. XXXV. f. 26 ; neuration of

front wing figured, 392, f. 119

hieroglyphica, Butl. 470 ; figd.

pi. xliv. f. 25
laloia, Plotz, 396
Plebeius, Linn.

malacca>ing, Sober, 456
opiinms, Kiiber, 450
Plesioneura. Feld. 392, .399
alysos, Moore, 399 ; figured pi.
xxxiv. f . 7 ; larva noticed, 399
anthea. Hew. 404 ; figured pi.

XXXV. f. 32
a.'imara, Butl. 400 ; figured pi.

XXXV. f. 28
uuricittala, Moore, 403
eameruni, Dist. 403
dan, Moore, 398
J'olmt, Druce, 398
pinwilli, Butl. 400 ; figured pi.
XXXV. f. 29

480

IIHOPALOCERA MALA YA NA .

Podalirius, Swains.

pompiliim. Swains. 358
Polydorus, Swains.

thoas. Swains. 337
Polygonia. Hiibn. 430
Polyommatidii', 193
Polyommatus, Latr. 214, 230,
457

ali(inu.<, Godt. 228

apidantiy. Godt. 273

biPticus, Linn. 230 ; figured pi.
XX. f. 1. 8 ; neuration of front
wing figured, 214, f. 64 ;
range and food-plants, 231

bagus, Dist. 457 ; figured pi.
xliv. f. 13

cnejus, Godt. 225

elpis, Godt. 226

eryltig, Godt. 255

haraUus. Godt. 211

jarbas, Godt. 278

kanandra, Moore, 293

longiiius, Godt. 244

Tosimon, Godt. 215

roxus, Godt. 210

strabo. Godt. 224

symfthiis, Godt. 205
Polyommatus (Cvaniris)

Iambi. Di.st. 2l"l
Pontia, Boisd. 287. 289

amaliii. Butl. 314

711 na, Horsf. 288

tliyria, Horsf. 311

xiphia, Butl. 288
Popular names of Eastern butter-
flies. 5
Poritia, Moore, 107, 4.50 ; name
hardly preoccupied, 197 note

pediada. Hew. 200 ; figured pi.
xxii. f. 16

phalena. Hew, 200; figured pi.
xxii. f. 8

pharype. Hew. 450 ; figured pi.
xli. f. 8

pheretia. Hew. 200 ; figured pi.
xxii. f. 9, 10

phraatica. Hew. 199; figured
pi. xxi. f . 21, ct pi. xxiv. f. 8 ;
neuration of front wing
figured, 197, f. 55

pleurata. Hew. 199 ; figured
pi. xxii. f. 56

potina. Hew. 201 ; figured pi.
xxii. f. 7

sumatr!?. Feld. 198; figured pi.
XX. f. 12, and pi. xxii. f. 2, 3
Pratapa, Moore, 244
Precis, Hiibn. 85. 89 ; range, 90

eudoxia, Kirb. 99

ida, Cram. 92 ; figured pi. xi.
f . 10 ; variation, 92

intermedia, Feld. 90

iphita, Ciam. 90 ; figured pi. ix.
f. 5, and pi. xi. f. 9 ; habits,
transformations, and varia-
tion, 91

laomedia. Moore, 93
Prjoneris, Wall. 2(Sfi, 294

clemanthe, Donbl. 295 ; figured
pi. xxiv. f. 16
Princeps, Hiibn.

pammoii, Hiibn. 347

sticliius, Hiibn. 347
Proportion of " blues " and
" hairstreaks " in Europe and
N. America, 196, note
Proportion of sexes in Khopalo-

cera, 61 note
Protective resemblance in butter-
flies and larvic, 71 and note,
115, 116, 133

Prothoe, Hubn. 86, 110, 434
angelica, Butl. 435 ; habits, 435
Caledonia. Hew. 110; figured
pi. .\iii. f. 9 ; capture by Wal-
lace, 111
franckii, Godt.. noticed, 100, 434
uniformis, Butl. 434 ; figured
pi. xxxviii. f. 4
Pseudodipsas, Feld.
bengaletisix, Druce, 458
sjimatra:, Feld. 198
Pseudolyca>na. Feld.
vtanlici. Fekl. 245
Pseudo-scent glands, 21, 48, 369

note
Pterygospidea, Wallengr. 387
folu.^, Moore, 398
gana. Moore, 388
helia.-!, Feld. 390
lorquinii, Feld., noticed, 261
pralaya, Moore, distinct from
Tagiades triclioneura, Feld.
389
pygela. Hew. 390
rari, Moore, 388
triclioneimi, Feld. 389
Pugnacity of butterflies, 159
Purlisa. Dist. 234, 249

gigantea. Dist. 250 ; figured pi.
xxi. f.28 ; neuration of front
wing figured, 234, f. 71
Pyrameis, Hiibn.

cardui, Linn., noticed, 84; con-
stancy in visiting flowers, 91,
note ; received for the Malay
Peninsula. Preface, vi., note
gonerilla. Fabr., variation in
larva, 173, note

Eadena, Moore, 4, 9, 407 ; area
and races, 9
juventa, Cram. 407; figured
pi. xxxix. f. 4 ; larva and
pupa noticed, 10
vianillnnn, Moore, 407
similis, Linn., nic. nicobarica,

Wood-Mas., scent-gland, 9
vulgaris, Butl. 10 ; figured pi. i.
f. 8 : probably a race of
E. similis. Linn. 9
Eagadia, Westw. 420

crisia, Hiibn. 420 ; figured pi.
xix. f . 7 ; habits and range,
421
iiuilcuta. Horsf. ct Moore, 420
Eahinda. Moore, 149
Eapala, Moore, 234, 276

amisena. Hew. 277 ; figuredpl.

xxiii. f. 13
orseis. Hew. mentioned, 277
vivarna, Horsf. mentioned, 277
Eemelana, Moore, 244
trarami. Moore, 246
Bhinopalpa, Feld. 85, 97 ; range,
98
eudoxia, Gu6r. 99 ; figured pi.

x\-ii. f. 6
fulva. Feld. 98 ; figured pi. xii.
f. 1, 2; neuration of front
wing figured, 85, f. 27
polynice. Cram, noticed 99
Ehodocera, Boisd.
gobias, Voll. 308
Ehopalocera, 1 ; systems of classi-
fication, 1, 2
Ehjining names for butterflies,

267
Eobinson, F. E., death noticed,

405, note
Eotten fruit attractive to Lepi-
doptera, 114, note

Boyal Society, Spiders and Isaac

Walton."377, note
Eules of nomenclature, 97, note ;

100, note

Salatura, Moore, 409
chionippe, Moore, 409
cliryxippnn, Moore, 20
geniilia, Moore, 18
hfgesippus, Moore, 19
intermedia, Moore, 408
Saletara, Dist. 287, 316
nathaha, Feld. 317 ; figured
pi. xxW. f . 1, 2 ; neuration
of front wing figured, 287,
f. 96
panda, Godt. 317
Salpinx, Hiibn.
chloe, Butl. 30
crassa, Butl. 29
diocletiamis, Butl. 28
lazulina, Moore, 410
leucogonis, Butl. 27
margarita. Butl. 31
plurbus, Butl. 24
i-eatigiata, Butl. 27
Satadra, Moore, 272
antlieliis, Moore, 263
apidanus, Moore, 273
diardi, Moore, 272
Satarupa, Moore, 369, .384
affiuis, Druce, 385 ; antenna
figured, 369, f. 116 ; var.
cognata, Dist. 385 ; figured
pi. XXXV. f. 17
Satoa, Moore

maiatieas, Moore, 48
Satyridiv, 37

SatyriniE. 37, 411 ; colour, dis-
tribution, and habits, 38 ;
preponderance in Europe,
38; equivalence in number
of genera and species in Old
and New Worlds, 38 ; larva
of primitive fonn, 37 ; sy-
nopsis of Malayan genera, 39
Satyrus, Latr.
caumds, Godt. 414
europa, Godt. 44
leda, Godt. 41
milieus, Godt. 50
subgenus Erites, Westw. 46
Scholastic controversies. 443, note
Seasonal dimorphism, 411
Semanga, Dist. 233, 239
superba, Druce, 239 ; figured
pi. xxi. f . 13 ; neuration of
front wing figured, 233, f . 69
Sexual selection, 166
Shape of inner margin of front
wings in butterflies indi-
cating presence of scent-
glands, 72, note
Silvery spots of butterflies, 236,

note
Simiskina, Dist. 450
fulgens, Dist. 450 ; figured pi.
xlii. f. 3
Sinthusa, Moore, 461
amata, Dist. 461; figured pL

xliv. f. 20
amba, Kirb. 461 ; figured pi.
xliv. f. 12, 19
Sithon, Hiibn. 230, 253
amrita. ICheil. 252
chitra, Horsf. 254 ; figured pi.

xxiii. f. 15
freja, Druce, 251
lapithix, Druce, 238
moorei, Dist. 236
nedymond. Cram. 253; figured

pi. xxii. f. 1 ; neuration of
front wing figured, 234, f. 73
tharis, Klieil. 257
travaiia, Druce, 246
Skippers, 367
Snowing butterflies, 285
Solanacese : genera of butterflies

feeding on, 364, note
Sospita, Hew. 186

neophron. Hew. 449
Species versus varieties, 188,

note ; 443, note
Sphingidffi : evolution of larvoe, 37
Spiders, Isaac Walton and the

Eoyal Society, 377, note
Spiders mimicking ants, 289. note
Spindasis, Wallengr. 233, 242
syama, Horsf. 243 ; figured pi.
xxiii. f. 8. 9
Spurious mimicry, 157
Sterosis, Feld. 204

robusta, Feld. 204
Stiboges, Butl. 187, 193
nymphidia, Butl. 193 ; figured
pi. xxiv. f. 11
Stictopl(Ea, Butl.
grotei, Butl. 36
harrisi, Moore, 411
Stinging caterpillars, 170, note
Stoliczka, Ferdinand, work in
Straits Settlements, 124,note
Suastus, Moore
eltola. Hew., oviposition of
supposed hermaphrodite,470
note
toona, Moore, oviposition of
supposed hermaplirodite,470
note
Subdivision of genera discussed,

102, 103
Suralaya, Moore

orseis, Moore, 49
SwaUow-tails, 357
Sj-mbrenthia, Hiibn. 84, 431
hvpatia, Wall. 432 ; figured pi.

■ xlii. f . 6
hyppoclus, Cram. 431 ; figured
pi. xlii. f . 4, 5 ; habits, 432
Symetha, Horsf. 205
pandu, Horsf. 205
Symphiedra. Hiibn. 86, 112, 435
dirtea, Fabr, 112, 435, 436 ;
figured pi. xii. f. 7, 8 ; habits,
114 ; variation, 113
emalea, Guer. 114
pardahs, Moore, 113 note, 435;
figured pi. xl. f . 7

Tachininse parasitic on Papilio

erithonius, Cram. 352
Tachyris, Wall. 310

alope. Wall. 313 ; ^ Appias

leis, Hiibn, J" , 314
cardeiia. Wall. 316
enarete, \\'all. 312
nathalia, WaU. 317
iiero. Wall. 311
panda. Wall. 317
Tagiades, Hiibn. 369, 387
adrastus, Druce, 397
atticus, Fabr. 387 ; var. calli-

gana, Butl. 387 ; figured pi.

xxxiv. f. 6
dealbata, Dist. 388; figured pi.

XXXV. f. 21
folm, Butl. 398
gana, Moore, 388 ; figured pi.

xxxiv. f. 2
lavata, Butl. 389 ; figured pi.

XXXIV. f. 5
pralaya, Moore, noticed, 389

INDEX.

481

ra\4, Moore. 388 ; figured pi.

xxxiv. f. 1
trichoneura.Feld. 389 ; figured

pi. xxxiv. f. 20
Tajuria. Moore, 233, 244, 460
longinus, Fabr. 244; figured pi.

xxiii. f. 20; antenna, larva,

and pupa noticed. 24.5
mantra, Feld. 24.5 ; figured pi.

xxi. f. 11
marciana. Hew. 282, 465 ; figd.

pi. xxiii. f. IC)
relata, Di.it. 246. 460 ; figured

pi. xxi. f. 12
travana. Hew. 246 ; figured pi.

xxii. f. 4
Tanaecia, Butl. 86, 128, 440
aruna. Feld. 132 ; figured pi.

XV. f. 7
elathrata, Voll. noticed, 461
consanguinea. Dist. 440 ; figd.

pi. xliii. f. 4
flora, Butl. 129; figured pi.

xviii. f. 6
nicevillei. Dist. 440 ; figured

pi. xl. f. 9
pnlasara, Moore. 119 note, 120,

1.S0; figured pi. xiv. f. 13.

and pi. xix. f. 6 ; neuration

of hind wing figured, 86,

f. .30 ; variation noticed, 131,

132 ; var. indras, Voll. 131 ;

figured pi. xviii. f. 9
robertsi. Butl. 132, 440
supercilia, Butl. 130 ; figured

pi. XV. f. 8
varuna, Butl. 130
vikrama, Feld. noticed, 131,

note
violaria, Butl. 130 ; figured pi.

XV. f. 9
Tanyptera. Mab. 370, note

laufella. Hew. noticed. 376, note
Taxila, Westw.

damajnnti. Kirb. 192
haquimix, Kirb. 189 note. 190
orphnn. Doubl. * Hew. 192
tanita. Hew. 192
teleniii, Hew. 449
thiiisto. Hew. 191
Teinopalpus, Doubl. noticed, 322
Telegonus, Hiibn.
thrax. De Nic. 393
thyrsh. Butl. 394
Telicota. Moore. 369, 381

augias, Linn. 382; figured pi.

xxxiv. f. 23
bambuste, Jloore, 382 ; figured

pi. XXXV. f. 12 ; larva noticed,

381
goloides, Moore, 382 ; figured

pi. XXXV. f. 13
msesoides. Butl. 383; figured

pi. xxxiv. f. 24
maro, Fabr. 383 ; figured pi.

XXXV. f. 14, 15
nigrolimbata, Snell. 384; figd.

pi. XXXV. f. 16
Temenis, Hiibn.
nrcndin, Hiibn. 414
Iiwmediu, Hiibn. 93
Temperature forms of butterflies,

303
Tenaris, Hiibn. 427

birchi, Dist. 427 ; figured pi.

xxxix. f. 7

horsfieldi. Swains., noticed,

428
Terias, Swains. 287, 302, 466 ;

migration and variability,

302 ; habits, .303
foTmo)>a, Moore, 307
harina, Horsf. 307; figured pi.

XXV. f. 13
hecabe. Linn. 302, 304, 305,

30rp ; figured pi. xxvi. t. 11.

15. 19 ; variation and trans-

fomiations noticed. 304, 305 ;

eaten by birds, 169. note
hecabeoiilex, Butl. 304
inanata, Butl. 307
lacteola, Dist. 466 ; figured,

4(;i;. f. 129
lisa, Boisd., swarms in Ber-
muda, 285
mandarina, De I'Orza, a form

of hecabe, Linn. 202, 203
mariesii, Butl. a form of

hecabe, Linn. 306
multiformis. Pryer. 304
pumilaris, Butl. 306 ; figured

pi. xx\n. f. 10; probably a

form of hecabe, Linn. 306
santana, Feld. var. senna, Butl.

307
sari. Horsf. 305 ; figured pi.

XXV. f. 3, and pi. xxvi. f. 3, 7 ;

probably a var. of hecabe,

Linn. 305
senna, Feld. 307 ; figured pi.

XXV. f. 14, and pi. xxvi. f. 13 ;

var. inanata, Butl. 307
tilaha, Horsf. 303 ; figured pi.

xxv. f. 8
vaUivolans, Butl. 306 ; figured

pi. xxvi. f. 17 ; probably a

form of hecabe, Linn. 306
venata, Moore, noticed, 307
Terinos, Boisd. 87. 181 ; velvety

patch on wings of J* , 181
Clarissa, Doubl. ctHew. noticed,

183
robertsia, Butl. 182; figured

pi. X. f. 7
sinha, Koll. 175
terpander. Hew. noticed, 183.

note
teuthras. Hew. 183; figured

pi. X. f. 6
violti. Wall. 183
Tertiary connection between Eu-
rope and America, 68, note
Thaumantis, Hiibn. 69, 77, 426
aliris, Westw. 77, 79, 80
louisa, Wood-Mas., atEnities

with Moi-pho, 77
lucipor, Westw. 77 ; figured pi.

ix. f . 8, 9 ; approximation

towards Moqiho, 77
noureddin, Westw. 78 ; figured

pi. vii. f. 3, and pi. ix. f. 7 :

variation in J . 79; stridu-

lation, 426
(ida. Hew. 427
odana, Godt. 427; figured pi.

xxxvi. f. 3
pseudaliris, Butl. 79 ; figured

pi. viii. f. 3 ; affinities with

Morpho, 77
Thaumantis and Morpho, repre-
sentative genera in the East

and West, 67

Thecla, Fabr.

cliitra, Horsf. 254

jcirbax, Horsf. 278

nedymond, Horsf. 253

xenophon, Horsf. 465
Tliestias, Boisd. 309
Thwaites, Dr. G. H. K., his work

in Ceylon, 457, note
Thyea, Wallengr. 289

descomhesi. Wall. 466

ithiela, Butl. 292

ininus. Wall. 291

iM-plme, Wall. 293

IHirthenope, Wall. 291

pyramii^. Wall. 465

siiifihapura. Wall. 293
Thymelicus, Hiibn.

niiirolimhutns, Snell. 384
Thyridia, Hiibn., food-plants,

364, note
Thysanuriform group, 37, 84
Tirumala, Moore

'^epietitrionix, Mooi-e, 16
Transition from butterflies to

moths, 1
Trepsichrois. Hiibn.

linntFi, Moore, 410

viidamus, Butl. 25
Trichonis, Hew., noticed, 196
Troides, Hiibn., 325
Tronga, Moore

bremei-i, Moore, 23

crameri, Moore, 411

marsdeni, Moore, 411

iilirnrea, Moore, 410

Udaiana, Dist. 280, 300

cynis. Hew. 301 ; figured pi.
xxvi. f . 5, 6 ; neuration of
fore wings figured, 286, f. 94 ;
dissimilarity of sexes, 301
pryeri, Dist. 301, note
Udaspes, Moore, 392, 398

folus, Cram. 398 ; figured pi.
xxxiv. f. 3
Unkana. Dist. 369, 370

attina, Hew. 371 ; figured pi.

xxxiv. f . 30
batara, Dist. 370 ; figured pi.
xxxiv. f. 11 ; neuration of
front wing figured, .369, f . 112
elia. Hew. 370 ; figured pi.
xxxiv. f. 25
Urbicolse, 366

Uvaria, sp called Kalak in Java,
359

Vadebra, Moore, 277
Valeria, Horsf. 319
Vanessa, Fabr. 430

asterie, Godt. 94

charonia, Dru., noticed, 430

c-aureum, Linn., supposed oc-
currence in Penang, 84

eudoxia. Guer. 99

glauconia, Motsch., noticed, 430

haronica, Moore, noticed, 430

''.'/W"''"> Godt., noticed, 431

idcnnene. Godt., 92

iphita, Godt., 90

Inomedia, Godt. 93

h'tnonias, Godt. 96

perakana, Dist. 430; figured
pi. xl. f. 1

urticae, Linn., constancy in
visiting flowers, 91 , note

Variation and esolution of spe-
cies, 2.59, note, and 387

Varieties versus species, 130 and
note, and 410 and note

Vermiform stirps, 194, note

Virapa, Moore

aiiaxia-!, Moore, 416

Wallace's \'iews on sexual dis-
parity in butterflies, 74

Walton (Isaac), Spiders and the
Koyal Society, 377, note

Wanton destruction of animal
life, 332, note

Water-beetles in hot springs, and
tanks of Glauber's salts, 467,
note

Xanthotienia, Westw. 69, 82
busiris, Westw. 82 ; figured
pi. v. f. 7

Yea, Dist. = Zea, 377
Ypthiraa, Hiibn. 39, 55, 419

corticaria, Butl. 55, 419 ; figured
pi. vi. f . 8 ; variation, 56

fasciata. Hew. 420 ; figured,
420, f. 122

hiibneri, Ku-b. 57 ; figured pi.
vii. f. 5

methora. Hew. 56, 419 ; figured
pi. vi. f. 9

nareda, Koll., noticed, 56

newboldi, Dist. .57 ; figured pi.
iv. f. 6

pandocus, Moore, 419; rar. cor-
ticaria. Bntl. 55, 419

philornclii, Hiibn. 57

Zea, Dist. 369, 377
mytheca. Hew. 377 : figured

pi. xxxv. f. 7
Zemeros, Boisd. 187

albipunctata, Butl. 187 ; figured

pi. xviii. f. 12 ; range, 188
emesioides, Feld. 188 ; figured

pi. xviii. f. 3, 4
Zetides, Hiibn. 324, 359
agameninou, Moore, 363
eurypylus, Hiibn., noticed. 361,

note
sarpedon, Hiibn. 360
telephus, Moore, 361
Zeuxidia, Hiibn. 69, 72, 424
amethystus, Butl. 72, 424;

figured pi. vii. f. 1, 2, and

pi, xxxviii. f . 5 ; neuration of

front wing figured 69. 1. 32 ;

sexual dissimUarity, 73
aurelius. Cram. 425 ; figured

pi. xxxvii. f. 1
doubledaii, Westw. 74, 424:

figured 425, f. 124, and pi.

xxxviii. f. 6
walldcei. Feld. 72
Zizera, Moore, 197, 212, 4.54
karsandra, Moore, 213 ; figured

pi. xxii. f. 22
lysizone, Snell. 212; figured

pi. XX. f. 9 ; neuration of

front wing figured, 197, f . 58 ;

variation noticed. 213
pygmsea, Snell. 212. 454 ; figd.

4.54, f. 126
sangra. Moore, noticed, 212
usta, Dist. 4.54 ; figured pi. xliv.

f. 5

6 G

EEEATA.

Page 7, Hestia linteata, Tal). II., fig. 1 should read Tab. I., fig. 1.

45, fifth Une from bottom of page, for "anenufe" read auteunae.

69, for ZeuziMa read Zeuxidia.

15, for Long. S 70 to 75 mill, read " Exp. wings," lic.

78, for 3. Thaumantis noureddin read i. Thaumantia nowrcddin.
347, for Papilio Polytes. (Tab. XXIII. , figs. 7 <? ; 8, 9, 10 ? ), read XXXIII.. ice.
o71, for Lotongus calathus. (Tab. XXIV,, fig. 14), read XXXIV., Ixc.
377, for Yea mytheca read Zea mytheca.
425, for Zeuxidea read Zeuxidia.
444, for Neptis vikasa read Neptis vikasi.
462, for Iroata nila read Iraola itila.

VEST, NEWMAN .^M) CO., 11:IXTEHS, HATTON (iARDKN, I.OXIiON. E.C.

RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.

PLATES

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

TAB. I.
Flo.

1. Hestia linteata

2. ,, lynceus
3, 4. Ideopsis daos

5. Danais agleoides

6. „ melaneus

7. „ aspasia

var. crocea

8. Badena vulgaris

9. Danais septentrionis
10. „ chrysippus

TAB. II.

1.

Danais

melanippns
tar. hegesippu.s

2,3.

„

genutia

4.

Euplcea bremeri

5.

chloe

6.

castelnaui

7.

malayica

8,9.

midamus

10.

ledereri

TAB. III.

1, 2. Euploea mulciber
3. „ harrisi

4,5.

6,7.

8.

9,10.

ra^netrifei
vestigiata
godarti
pin Willi

TAB. IV.

1. Euploea dejeani

2. „ chloe

3. ,, margarita
4, 5. ., diocletianus

6. Ypthima ncwboldi

7. Mycalesis mineus, var.

8- „ medus
9. Melanitis ismene

10. „ leda

11. 1-- ,, ismene

13, 11. Mycalesis mineus

TAB. V.

1. Mycalesis fusca

2. .. janardana

3. Erites angularis

4. Mycalesis orseis
5, 6. Lethe europa

7. Xanthot^nia busiris

8. Euploea crassa

9- „ distant!
10, 11. Discophora ceUnde

TAB. VI.

1. Elymnias nigrescens
2,3. ,, discrepans

"*. 5. „ lutescens

Fio.

6, 7. Aniatluisia phidippus

8. Ypthima pandocus

fin: corticaiia.

9. ,. methora

10. Elj-mnias casiphone

11. ., penanga

TAB. VII.

1,2. Zeuxidia amethystus

3. Thaumantis noureddin

4. Mycalesis maianeas
5 Ypthima hiibneii

6. Elymnias penanga

7. Mycalesis blasius

8, 9. Discophora tullia, var.

T.AB. VIII.

1. Clerome graciUs

2. .. faunula

3. Thaumantis pseudaliris

4. Cupha erymanthis

5. Cethosia logani
6,7,8. ,, hypsina

9. ,. methypsea

TAB. IX.

1. Eh-mnias nigieseens

2. ,. lais

3. „ saiieri

4. Atella phalanta

5. Precis iphita

(). DoleschaUia pratipa
7. Thaumantis noureddin
8, ',). ,, hicipor

TAB. X.

1, 2. Cjmthia deione

3, 4. Cirrochroa malaya

5. Cynthia cantori

6. Terinos teuthras

7. ., robertsia

8. Atella sinha

9. Cirrochroa orissa
10. ,, rotundata

TAB. XI.

1, 2. Junonia asterie
3, 4. ,, Wallace!

5. ,, lemonias

6. Ergolis ariadne

7. Parthenos gambrisius
var. lUacinas

DoleschaUia pratipa
Precis iphita

,, ida
Junonia atlites

8.

9.

10.

11,12.

TAB. XII.

Fig.

1,2.

Rhinopalpa fulva

3.

Cyrestis nivea

var. nivalis

4.

Chei-sonesia rahria

5,6.

Eulaeura osteria

7,8.

Symphitdra dirtea

9.

Hypolimnas misippus

10.

bolina

11.

misippus

12.

bolina

13.

Pandita sinope

TAB. XIII.

1.

Oharaxes harpax

2.

., schreiberi

3.

moori

4.

,, jalysus

5.

Cyrestis earli

6,7.

Euripus euplieoides

8.

Charaxes athamas

I'll)-, samatha

9.

Prothoe Caledonia

TAB. XIV.

1,2. EuthaUa garuda

3. ,, asoka

4. „ lubentina

5. ,. anosia

6. ,, macnairi

7. .. laverna

8. ,. jama

9. .. Jecorata

10. „ macnairi

11. ,, stoliczkana

12. ,, maclayi

13. Tanaecia pulasara

TAB. XV.

1. Charaxes delphis

2. „ hebe

3. Euthalia puseda

4. ,, jama

5. „ asoka

6. Ergolis merione

7. Tanaecia aruna

8. ,, supercilia

9. „ violaria

10. Eurytela castelnaai

11. Hypolimnas misippus

12. „ bolina

TAB. XVI.

1.

Athyma larj-mna, var

2.

,,

perius

3.

,,

kresna

4.

,,

subrata

5.

,,

amhara, far.

6,7.

"

nefte

tar. nivifera

Fig.
8. .\thyma abiasa

rar. clerica
9, 10. ., idita

11. .. pravara

12. ,, urvasi

13. Neptis rikasi

14. ,, eurynome

var. niamaja

15. „ duryodana, var,

TAB. XVII.

1. Limenitis procris

2. Neptis peraka

3. ,, tiga

var. dorelia

4. „ tiga

5. ,, dindinga

6. Rhinopalpa ? eudoxia

7. Cirrochroa elagia

8, 9. HypoUmnas incommoda
10, 11. Lebadea martha

12. Nei^tis ophiana

13. .. hordonia

14. .. leuconata

TAB. xvm.

1. Neptis nata

2. ,, gononata

3, 4. Zemeros emesoides

5. Abisara savitri

6. Tanaecia flora

7. Euthalia cocytina

8. „ puseda

9. Tanaecia pulasara, var.
10, 11. Abisara kausambi

12. Zemeros albipunctata

13. Abisara haquinus

14. .. tanita

TAB. XIX.

1,2. Cirrochroa bajadeta

3. Melanitis abduUa-

4. Euthalia derma

5. ,, ramada

6. Tanaecia pulasara

7. Ragadia crisia

8. Coelites epiminthia

9. Cirrochroa satellita
10, 11. EuthaUa adonia, var.

TAB. XX.

1. Polyommatus bffiticus

2. Gcrydus symethus

3. Kacaduba macropthalma

4. Castalius elna

5, 6. Hvpolycsena erylus

7. Paragerydus horstieldi

8. Polyommatus bseticus

9. Zizera lysizone

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Fig.

10. Cheritra freja

11. Lampides kankena

12. Poritia sumatrae

var. .'
18,14. Nacaduba ainta

15. Neocheritra amiita
16, 17. Nacaduba beroe

18. Lampides kankena

19. Hypolycfena tharis
20, 21. Drupadia moorei

22. Nacaduba almora

23. Hypolyc.-f na etolus

24. Nacaduba viola

25. Bindahara phocides

26. Deudorix jarbas
27, 28. Lampides elpis

rar. pseudelpis

29. Biduanda lapithis

30. Drupadia moorei

TAB. XXI.

1. Narathura kurzi

2. Catochrysops cnejus

3. Lycajnestiies lyca;nina
4, 5. Narathura centaurus

6. Cyaniris haraldus

7. Nacaduba sp. ?

8. Catochrysops strabo

9, 10. Narathura amphimuta

11. Tajuria mantra

12. ,, relata

13. Seraanga superba

14. Catochrysops strabo

15. Jacoona anasuja

16. Jamides bochus, var.

17. Catochrysops pandava

18. Lampides lelianus

19. Jamides bochus, var.

20. Narathura anniella

21. Poritia phraatica

22. Cyaniris Iambi I

23. Amblypodia narada

24. Lampides sp. ?
25, 26. ,, elpis

27. Dacalana vidura

28. Purlisa giganfea

29. Narathura agnis
^O- ,, ameria

1
2,3

4,
5,6.

7.

8.
9,10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1.5.
10.
17.
18.
111.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

TAB. XXIL

. Sithon nedymond, var.
■ Poritia sumatrip
• Tajuria travana
. Poritia pleurata
,, potina
,, phalena
pheretia
Paragerydus nivalis
Gerydus biggsii
Neomyrina hremalis
Gerydus symethus
Neopithecops horsfieldi
Poritia pediada
CatapiEcilma elegans
Liphyra brassolis
Lampides adianus, var.
Castalius rosimon
Logania malayica
Zizera karsandra
Iraota boswelliana
Castalius roxus
ethion
Curetis felderi
,, sperthis
,, malaj'ica

TAB. xxin.

Fig.

1, 2. Narathura adatha
3- ,, farcpihari

4. ,, anthelus

5, 6. ,, atosia

7. Deudorix domitia

8, 9. Spindasis syama

10. Narathura maxwelli

11. ,, antimuta

12. Neocheritra amrita

13. Raj^ala amisena

14. Panchala diardi

15. Sithon chitra

16. Gen. ? marciana

17. Narathura aroa

18- ,, metamuta, var.

19. ,. metamuta

20. Tajuria longinu=

21. Deudorix sequeira

22. ,, utimutis

T.\B. XXIV.

1, 2. Catopsilia scylla

3. Curetis felderi

4. Delias parthenope
5,6. ,, dione

7. Loxura atymnus

8. Poritia phraatica'
9, 10. Appias nero

11. Stiboges nymphidia.

12. Curetis aesopus
13, 14. Delias hyparete

var. metarete

15. Deudorix jarbas

16. Prioneris clemanthe

TAB. XXV.

1, 2. Catopsilia chryseis

3. Terias sari
4, 5. A])pias hippo

6. ,, leis, var.

7

8. Terias tilaha

9. Appias leptis, vur. plana
10. ,, leis, var.

11, 12. Catopsilia crocale

13. Terias harina

14. ,, senna
15, 16. Catopsilia catilla

TAB. XXVI.

I, 2. Saletara nathalia

3. Terias sari, var.

4. Ixias birdi

5, 6. Udaiana cynis

7. Terias sari, rar.

8. Leptosia xiphia

9. Hebomoia glaucippe
10. Terias pumilaris, rar.

II. ,, heeabe, t'ar.

12. Nepheronia hippia

i'(()'. giea

13. Terias senna

14. Nepheronia lutescens

15. Terias hecabe, rar.

16. Nepheronia hippia,

var. giea

17. Terias vallivolans

18. Dercas gobrias

19. Terias hecabe

20. Catopsilia chryseis, var.

TAB. XXVII.

1. Ornithoptera ruficoUis
2- ,, hephjEstus, var

3. 4.

Fig.

5. Papilio onpape

6. „ butleri

T.\B. XXVII.'a.

1. Ornithoptera ruficollis,
var.
2, 3. Papilio leucothoe
4. Ornithoptera brookeana
■5- ,, rhadamanthus

6. Papilio butleri

TAB. XXVII. B.

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.

Ornithoptera brookeana
Papilio clytia
„ demolion
,, delessertii
,, caunus

var. a;gialus
,, erithonius

var. malayanus
phoenix

TAB. XXVIII.

1.

2.

3, 4, 5.

6.

7.

Papilio esperi
„ mestor
,, achates
esperi

,, mestor

TAB. XXIX.

1.

2.

3.

4,5.

PapiUo agenor
,, )rexaspes
,, helenus
,, cilix

TAB. XXX.

1, 2. Papilio iswara
3,4,5. ,, nephelus

var. saturnus

TAB. XXXI.

1, 2. Papilio erebus
3, 4. „ varuna
5- ,, antiphates

var. pompilius
6, 7. „ aristolochiffl

var. diphilus

TAB. XXXII.

1. Papilio evemon

2. ,, bathycles
8. Leptocircus meges

4. Papilio brama

5. „ arycles

6. „ sarpedon

7. ,, agamemnon

TAB. XXXIII.

1. Appias amalia

2. ,, andersoni

3. ,, cardcna

4. Papilio doubledayi
•5. 6. „ neptunus

7,8,9,10. „ polytes

TAB. XXXIV.
1. Tagiades ravi

2.

gana

3. Udaspes folus

4. Hyarotis adrastus

5. Tagiades lavata
"• ,, atticus

var. calligana

Fig.

7. Plesioneura alysos

8. Kerana diodes

9. Baoris chaya

10. „ moolata

11. Unkana batara

12. Baoris narooa

13. Gangara thyrsis

14. Lotongus calathus

15. Hidari irava

16. Abaratha sura

17. Erionota thrax

18. Abaratha pygela

19. Kerana aurivittata

var. cameroni

20. Tagiades trichoneura var.

21. Astictopterus salsala

22. Choaspes harisa

23. Telicota augias

24. ,, niiEsoides

25. Unkana elia

26. Choaspes crawfurdi

27. ,, chuza

28. Astictopterus xanites

29. Kerana gemmifer

30. Unkana attina

TAB. XXXV.

1
2,
3
4,
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

11.

12.

13.
14,15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

Lotongus maculatus
!. Choaspes? malayanus
'i. Hasora badra
,, vitta
Paduka glandulosa
Pirdana hyela
Zea mytheea
Matapa aria
Pithauria murdava
Baoris mathias
„ unicolor
Telicota bambusie
,, goloides
,, maro
„ nigrolimbata
Satarupa afjfinis

var. cognata
Casyapa phanaius
Isma obscura
,, bonoiiia
Tagiades dealbata
Baoris? insignis
Isma ? homolea
Hidari sybirita

„ staudingeri
Plastingia callineura
Coladenia dan
Plesioneura asmara
„ pinwilli

Astictopterus sindu
Kerana armata
Plesionem-a ? anthea

TAB. XXXVL

1. Charaxes baya

2. „ distant!

3. Thaumantis odana

4, 5. Euthalia lepidea, var.

6. Abisara neophron

7. Mycalesis anaxias

8. Lethe minerva

9, 10. Euthalia xiphiones
11. Neptis anjana, var.

TAB. XXXVII.

1. Zeuxidia aurelius

2. Kallima buxtoni, var.

3. Neorina lowii, rar.

4. Euthalia bellata

5. Mycalesis mnasicles

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Fig.

6. Cliaraxes horneensis, ror.

7. Euthalia paita

TAB. xxxvm.

1. Euthalia derma

2. Melanilis zitenius

3. Cethosia biblis

4. Prothoe uniioimis

5. Zeuxidea amethystus

6. ,, doubledaii

7. Amathusia dilucida

TAB. XXXDC.

1. Euploea marsdeni

2. Melanitis suyudana

3. Hestia leuconoe
i. Eadona juventa

5. Elymnias godferji

6. Ergolis isaus

7. Tenaris birchi

8. Mycalesis anapita
!). Lethe mekara

TAB. XL.

1. Vanessa perakanu
2, 3. Abisara telesia

Fio.

4. Mycalesis nautilus

5. Clerome arcesilaus

6. Chersonesia peraka

7. Sympha>dra pardalis

8. Charaxes durnfordi

9. Tanaecia nicevillei
10, 11. Abisara daniajanti

12. Paduca fasciata

13. Danais chrysippus

var. alcippoides

TAB. XLL
1, 2, 3, 4. HyiJolimnas anoniala
5. Deudorix epijarbas
6. 7. Curetis insularis
8. Poritia pharyge
n. Elymnias kiinstleri

10. Cyrestis periander

11. Appias lagela

12. Cirrocliroa rotundala

13. Cyrestis codes

14. Neptis iniali, rar.

15. Danais tytia

16. Mycalesis ustulata

TAB. XLII.

1. Leptocircus curius

2. Libythea myrrha

Fig.

B. Siniiskina fulgens
4,5. Symbrenlhia hyppoclus

6. „ hypatia

7. Papilio anticrates, i'«;-.

8. „ agetes

9. ,, megarus

10. ,, sycorax

11. Danais abigar

12. Nacaduba kerriana

13. Lyca'nesthes tessella';i

14. Delias pjTamus

15. Deramas livens

16. Delias descombesi

TAB. XLIII.

1, 2. Euthalia merta

3. ,, bipunctata

4. Tanaecia consanguinea

5. Elymnias abrisa

6. Euthalia zicliri

7. Discophora sondaica

8. Neptis vikasi

var. harita

9. Hestina nama

10. Eurytela castelnaui

11. Euriijus halitherses, iiii

12. Euthalia bellata

T.U3. XLIV.
Fig.
1, 2. Deudorix xenophon

3. Allotinus alkamah

4. Megisba thwaitesii

5. Zizera usta

6. Cyaniris jynteana

7. ,, placida

8. Nacaduba macropthaluia

9. Lycanesthes bengalensis

10. Cyaniris sp. ?

11. Drupadia moorei, viir.

12. Sinthusa amba

13. Polyommatus bagus

14. Curetis cesopus

15. Catochrysops cnejus

16. Logania sriwa

17. Everes exiguus

18. Naratluua buxtoni

19. Sinthusa amba

20. ,, amata

21. Lyca»nesthes tessellala

22. Lampides abdula

23. Horaga halba

24. Iraota nila

25. Plaslingia hieroglyphica

26. Catapcecilma bubases

RH OP MALAYAHA.

TAB. I.

RHOP. MALAYANA.

TAB. II.

10.

Westtitwrnatitd? aj. H<xt.ckrom,.UJlj.

RHOP. Ivl-^LAYl^HA..

TAB. ni.

a

PHOP. MALAYANS.

TAB. IV".

'(

Xv^stNewman- & C? eui. nat ch-om.. UO/.

RHOr. MAIAYAK-'V.

TAB.

Wo,.t N.^«„..i, .< ("'.■ ,i.l,:„( ,-lir<.iii -111

TAB.

Wi-BtNcwnicuift C'.' oiinaJ (du-snt lilh

RHOP. MALAV'ANA.

TAB -Vlt

West. Ncwnuxji, il- v'."a<l mai chrom.htj-

RHOP. MALAYANA.

TAB. viir.

.iLit, diroir^ l^^^

RHOP MALAYANA.

TAB. K.

T/Vest Ne-wMiaji ft C "? ad ;uit caro iilh_

RJIOP IvIALAYANA.

TAB. X.

"West Ne■w^^^ail S 0° a,i. ji.

TAB. XI.

West Newman &■ ("

TAB- XII

WestNevoTLanV, '* .^^ "-A^t :iu-omlitii

^

EH OP. MALATAKA.

TAB xnr

8. i

West Newman i.C ad naUbhrom. lilli

RHOP MALAYAKA^

TAB. XtV.

"We^.tNewinaj'i a C^axinal clirom. litJi

RHOP- MAIATANA.

TAB^ xv:

WestNewman & C* ad Mat chroxn litJi.

,.:;.IOP. MALA^ANA.

TAB. XVI.

4.

13

l<t.

WestNe^inanfc C° ad2Tai.Gb:%3m.litk.

RHOP. MALAYANA

TAB XV3I.

li

West NewwiiL-rL & C ? ad «at . t^^irojir lilA .

RHOP MALAYANA.

TAB. xwn.

'*»«l„j-i..-5'»'

■^M.,^i>

10,

13

We!stNe'Win,ajtL& C ** a-diiat chrom lidi

vHOP. MALffi^^NA.

TAB. XDC.

"Wt^stNewmjui i. C? ad >iat, chroiri litli.

RHOP. MALA-YANA.

TAB XX.

West'Ne-wmsn.fc C? sLd- na-t . chrotw , }i ih-

RHOP. MALAYANA.

TAB. XXI.

"WestNewma-ii. S; C'^ SwlMat-ciiroru.htJi.

B.HOP. MALlAXAHA^.

TAB.XXU.

West. Newjn-a.li X- 0° *ui i\jl±. chrom- litK.

RHOP MALAYANA.

TAB, XXIU.

West Newmein. & C? ad :tLa.t chrom iiih..

RHOP. MALAYANA,

TAB. XXIV".

'West.'Newma_TL& C?a^ nat, diToan. Hth.

RHOP MALAYATTA.

TAB. XXV.

X

1

\

16

West Newman & C° adnat diroKt-Kth.

RHOP^ MALAYANA.

TAB XXYI.

Weat.Nwmuuii C"? id nail, dirojji.litii.

RHOP. MALAYANA.

TAB. xxvn

West Newman * C° ad nat. dironi. KlK.

RHOP. MAl^AYANA^

TAB. XXVIlA.

'Weat'Ne-winajv & C* ad. MJit rKronv lith.

RHOP. MAliAYANA.

TAB. XXVEb,

West Ne-z^majn i C" ad nax ahrom.litK.

TAB xxvin.

VeKt >ieAvrMa.n fc C °" ■

RHOP. MALAYANA.

TAB.XXDC.

"West !N"evsma£Ln& C^ ad joat- dirom lith.

RHOP, MALAYANA.

TAB. XXX.

■West 'Newmiu-. i. C? ad nat Arom.litli,

HHOP. MALAYANA.

TAB. XXXT

"West,Ne'//TK-ajn 3t C° ad *iai. eh»-oj»Liitli-

RHOP. MALAYANiV.

TAB.XXXn.

"West-.Nev/man 8bC*? a.a. nat chroMi-litlv.

11

i

TAB^ xxxm^

TVest.NevrtMAjifc C" ad. ast chrom lili..

TAB.xxxrv.

%r#«#

Wtst,NrwTTiaii A Co a.d, -n&.i oliroiti.liL'.,

RHOP. MALAVANA.

TAB, XXXV.

^nr

X /-

25

28

32

West Newman & Co ad nit clu-om lith.

RHOP MALAYANA.

TAB XXXVI.

K

West,N«vonaja-ftC* sul rtat chi-om Mth

ilH 0 p. MALAYAN A .

TAB XXXVII.

West.NevrmatwSt.Co6LdL.Tiat ._*.Ui

RHOP.MALAVANA .

TAR xxxvm

VVest,NevvTaafttii!tCo.ad.i3at ciiraMi.lidi

RKOP.MALAYANA .

TAB. XXXIX.

West Uewinaja 5cCo cLol naX ckrom .litli .

RHOP MAL AYANA

TAB.XL^

West.tfewMiaB-^-Co aiLiiat clii*om litli.

*

4J

RHOP. MAXAXANA..

TAB. XI, 1.

West, iie^ai» ail JcCosLcLnat ckrom.ljth

RHOP. MALA^lANA
\

TAB. XLII.

West, Newman & Co adnat chroin.lith

RHOP MALAYANA
X

TAB^ XLIII.

WestjKewnian k Co ad nat. chrom. lith.

RHOP MALAYANA.

r 2 i

TAB XLIV

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