h 1

,-o^..-f?!.;:ic-t?:^-?.-s:iJ?:;

:;;;^%%^^^^2.^M^*^*7^

•v>^';.^;,;s^;;^A.^^'^'^'%.^/%i^,^

:^ %'i^^v

>*

- *4#*«

^^.

^s^^^^:

;^. _!f;;i**^^'"--:^wjs

^r*'^

V ^. -

^•.K'"'

COLLECTION

OF

William Schaus

©

PRESENTED
TO THE

National Museum

MCMV

^

'^»»

•^^,

^^•^

kTT-

kLJ ^^J

^A^iMi^i^y^'"''

^-Ss-^ ^

y^^^^

>;i^^^

>^(ft^A i ^^^'^^Ai^^iy^i^A

,• -^A^

^•'

,^iK:^iij::5:^

0^'^0^

A*i4-.

•'*<^>^?""

'**-.-^

'^-i.'iMAm^^

-wV

M^"^:2^';usi*^*f?::»^J^^-

A^A

--*'-^;?<

^^^'

^^*-*

^A-^^

Wwl^^^«^

.:?^ii^'^•^^^s^

^^^<^

u^^

•^^

>:;^i^-

^^^

'^^(i^';^*

' »>^'^' 'A^jk. i^'^"'.

>I*r?V<^^^A*

THE

//

RHOPALOCERA OF JAVA

HESPERIDAE

BY

M. C PIEPERS AND P. C. T. SNELLEN

With the collaboration of H. Fruhstorfer

AVIXn 6 COLOURED PLATES

1

!uej^p5«i

the HAGUE

MARTINUS NIJHOFF

1910

WILLIAM WESLEY and SON

LONDON

THE

RHOPALOCERA OF JAVA

RHOPALOCERA OF JAVA

/

HESPERIDAE

BY

M. C. PIEPERS AND R C T. SNELLEN

With the collaboration of H. Fruhstorfer

WITH 6 COLOURED PLATES

*ra^

5iej^t^i

the HAGUE

MARTINUS NIJHOFF
1910

WILLIAM WESLEY and SON

LONDON

INTRODUCTION.

In the preliminary observations prefixed to my study on the Java Pieridae,
I expressed my intention to enter into a more particular discussion of various
biological facts or phenomena — though, in a general way, these also concern
the Rhopalocera or even the Lepidoptera — when treating of the families in
which these facts or phenomena stand out more clearly, either on account of
their frequent occurrence, or because they are very obvious or particularly
suitable for observations in them. Indeed, by thus uniting such discussions with
the treatment of certain families, I can at the same time indicate more easily
the examples with which my considerations in this respect are concerned and
mostly illustrate them with figures, without which such considerations always
remain obscure for many a one. Thus, in connection with the treatment of the
Pieridae I discussed especially the subject of colour-evolution and the pretended
tropical seasonal influences.

Also with regard to the Hesperidae^ some observations may now be made
about the phenomena of colour-evolution. These butterflies are of course subjected
to the same evolutionary changes, but only in a few species is this distinctly
visible. The Koruxhaiolos Xanites Butl. e.g. have preserved on a part of
the fore-wings the original red colour, while for the rest the upper-side of the
fore-wings has been entirely darkened by the increase of black pigment. Hence
this red colour forms there a band the extent of which, however, differs very
mucli in different individuals and the colour also fades from dark orange into
lighter shades, whilst in other species the same evidently happens in the more
advanced stadia of orange, yellow and white. Thus among the species living in
Java such a yellow band is found on Celaenorhinus Dhanada Hb. which
has faded into white in other Celaenorhinus species and also in NoTOCRYFrA

I

11

Restricta Moore. ^) All this perfectly agrees with the phenomena of the process
of colour-evolution as is seen in the case of the Pieridae. The Javanese imagines
of the said family, however, for the rest present no other examples that are
so clear of this evolutionary process, although for one who is aquainted with
this phenomenon, it will never be difficult to explain their colour. Indeed a
survey of the Javanese imagines of this family, in connexion with those to be
found in other regions, distinctly shows how the process of the said evolution
moves along fixed lines, whose direction, it is true, in consequence, we suppose,
of an inborn, probably correlative tendency, is not always the same, but along
which the evolutional change for the rest continues independently. Viz., in this
sense that usually the surroundings evidently have no influence thereon, and
that this change entirely independent of other similar changes, to which the
same animals may be subject, goes its own way. Thus, confining ourselves to
those that are the most distinct, we can clearly distinguish among the Javanese
Hesperidae three directions of colour-evolution which undeniably give to the
pattern of colours of many species, belonging to different genera, the same
character, and which, for the sake of convenience, I shall indicate by some
well-known species in which they are found, as the Thrax-, the Feisthamelii
and the CoMMA-type.

The first named after Erionota Thrax Clerck, L., is, besides in this species,
also to be found in Gangara Thybsis F., in Unkara Attina Hew., in
HiDARA Irava Moore, and also, though somewhat reduced, in Parnara
Brunnea Snell, and many others.

The second, characterised by the above mentioned transversal band on the
fore-wings in Notocrypta Feisthamelii Bsd. and Restricta Moore, and.

') The same transversal band on the upper-side of the fore-wings also appears among many
Rhopalocera of other families and evidently has its origin in some cause, thus far unexplained,
which, between the more inward lying part of the fore-wings and the rest, not unfrequently gives
rise to a difference of condition, the nature of which is consequently not yet known, but distinctly
manifested in the fact that owing to it, the process of colour-evolution does not continue there
likewise. On the upper-side of manv species this is more or less distinctly visible; clearly e.g. in
the Iphias (Hebomoia) species, in the family of the Pieridae and further very generally on the
under-side, through which in very manv species arises, mimetically looked upon as protecting
coloration, the well-known equality in colour between the hind-wings and that part of the
fore-wings, which, when at rest, is not covered by the hind-wings, in both which places the said
process has reached the same development. Frequently the line of demarcation between these
two parts consists in the aforesaid, mostly more or less paled, band, and when this is the case,
there is usually also a similar band on the upper-side ; this would, however, be very difficult to
explain if it were true, according to the mimicry theory-, that the said coloration of the under-side
had developed as a protecting one.

in

moreover, in many Celaenorhinus species and also with a difference in colour
in CoLADENiA Dan F. and the two Koruthaiolos species.

The third, that of the European Hesperia Comma L. in Ampittia Maro F.,
Telicota Augias L. and Augiades Felder, in many Padraona species and
also, though in a somewhat modified form, in Plastingia Callineura Felder.

Besides these there are also many Hesperidae which have taken another trend
of colour-evolution, sometimes one that is only to be found in a very few
species. In accordance with what seemed to follow from my former study of
the evolutionary process of the annihilation of the so-called caudal horn of the
caterpillars of the Sphingidae, I suppose that the reason of this is to be found
in the special correlative wants peculiar to each species, which as such may
differ from those of other species, but may also resemble them, at least so far,
that they admit the same arrangement of pigment. For the moment, however,
the other directions may be left out of consideration. From what has been said
above, it is evident that all the three types spoken of appear in different genera ;
moreover, a comparison with the Hesperidae occurring in other regions, shows
that the same types are likewise represented among the species of the Palaearctic,
the Neoarctic and the Neotropical fauna. Hence whilst their appearance in
different genera, whose characteristics, through different evolutional changes,
have sprung from a primitive type, distinctly shows that their process of
colour-evolution has continued quite independently of the other change-processes,
to which the same animals were at the same time subject, it is also clear from
the appearance of the same types in such different zones, that climatical or
other external influences cannot have played any part in the evolutional process
of which they are the expression. Conversely, species of the same genus, living
in the same region, have sometimes developed in another way. As e. g. in
Java Plastingia Callineura Felder and P. Tessellata Hew.

What are we to say, in the face of such facts, of the usual assertion that
the colours of Lepidoptera and their arrangement are dominated by climatic
and other external influences, nay, that the former are even caused by them?
What of those pretended results derived in such a superficial way from the
well-known heat and cold experiments on the first states of Rhopalocera ?

If the phenomenon of colour-evolution in the case of the Pieridae, however
obvious in the imagines, is mostly but slightly noticeable with regard to the
caterpillars, in the case of the larvae of the Hesperidae, on the contrary, this
is all the more noticeable, especially as regards the head, which organ is of
a peculiar form and of a striking colour. About this I shall speak afterwards.
But first I wish to add to my considerations concerning the phenomenon of

IV

colour-evolution the following general remarks. I then repeatedly expressed my
opinion that nowadays no actual scientific significance should be attributed to
any views on animal coloration, in which the phenomenon of colour-evolution
is not taken into account. I now wish to reiterate this most emphatically with
reo-ard to Mendelism, nowadays so very fashionable in the domain of biology.
If it is an ascertained fact that the pigmental colours of insects, and very
probably of other animals also, as they exist in some species or even certain
individuals, only show stages in a continnous series of evolutionary colour-changes,
then this ought to be taken into account in any truly scientific study of the
colour-changes appearing in the offspring, through cross-breeding or otherwise,
of individuals having such a colour. I do not refer to the colours of plants,
because I do not know whether they also show the phenomenon of colour-evolution,
and if so, whether in the same manner as animals ; the conclusions of Mendelism,
however, are of a general biological nature, and therefore, if these conclusions
are to be valid, the facts on which they are based, ought to hold good both
for animals and for plants. With regard to various cross-breeding processes,
however, as between mice and between canary-birds, to which so much value
is attached nowadays, this is not the case. Where the appearance of a certain
coloration among animals has to be explained in the above manner, such a
coloration can never be regarded as a well-defined character as the Mendelian
theory supposes, — a supposition which is indeed absolutely necessary for the
soundness of the theory. To regard an evolutional modification of colour,
such as normally occurs among animals, for an acquired character, and thence
draw conclusions, as often happens nowadays, must then, where the said
knowledge exists, be regarded as absolutely erroneous. Is it not remarkable
that, in a well-known experiment which is said to serve as a confirmation of
Mendelism, a cross-breeding of a black hen with a white cock at first results
for some generations in white and black cocks and hens, but that at last the
black ones entirely disappear, while wholly white hens are produced exclusively
amongst whose offspring only white ones ever appear? No Mendelism explanation
can annul the fact that the process in question is entirely the same as that
which, according to the theory of colour-evolution, always occurs and that
consequently the white cocks and hens are such as in this evolutional process
have already reached a more advanced stage than those among which black
has held its own to a great extent. The latter, however, will sooner or later
lose this black colour evolutionally, to be substituted bij white, so that finally
only white ones come to exist. Of the same nature are the investigations of
Prof. Lang at Zurich concerning the crossing of the plain yellow and the
yellow wit black striped individuals of Helix Hortensis, which are also said

to confirm the Mendelian theory. If the experiment of Darwin is cited, who,
by the crossing of a white with a black pigeon, is said to have obtained a
blue pigeon in the second generation, the nature of this blue ought to be
inquired into. As to Lepidoptera, colour-evolution seems only to occur as far
as the pigmental colours are concerned? but then blue is never a pigmental
but always a structural colour and is specially frequently met with on
scales, containing a black pigment. But as to what is the nature of the
colours in question, why the ancestors of the said hens were white or black,
or from what that colouring has arisen, about all that the Mendelian theory
does not trouble itself. Words such as dominant or recessive element, and the
like, have, of course, to take the place of an explanation. The usual method
nowadays. To what an absurd, quasi learning a blind persistence in the said
theor}- can lead, was lately evident on the occasion of researches concerning
the polymorphism of Pap. Memnon L. in two papers, typical of the same
nature as the absurdities, that have excreted on the mimicry theory. When
treating on this species, I shall fully recur to this.

In the first place I must speak here about a subject which in the treatment
of this family may not be passed over in silence, viz. the question whether the
Hesperidae may really be reckoned among the Rhopalocera group. Formerly
this was generally accepted, afterwards, however, systematists have arisen who
maintain that this must be erroneous, and owing to the fact that I had followed
the old custom in my study concerning the appendages of the wings of the
Lepidoptera I was, some years ago now, severely criticised by a certain German
systematist, who reproached me with not keeping pace with modern entomology.
Such an attack I regarded as rather childish in itself and the more so because
it was made by a mere systematist ; for how insignificant after all, from a
systematic point of view, is this division into the two groups of Rhopalocera
and Heterocera? But, moreover, I venture to question the soundness of this
point of view. Originally the difference assumed between these two groups was
not founded on systematic, but on biological grounds, and, indeed, the main
difference between the two still lies therein, though in later years it has all
been wrapped in a systematic dress by determining structural characteristics,
especially as regards the absence of a fully-developed bristle and loop, fastening
the fore-and hind-wings near the base, and in regard to the antennae, from
which, indeed their name has since been derived. From a biological point of
view the family of the Hesperidae undoubtedly stands nearest to the Rhopalocera,
notwithstanding the fact that, first, the shaj^e of its antennae differs somewhat
from that of the Rhopalocera proper — bui. still much less than from that ot
the Heterocera — and secondly, that the Hesperidae, a family undoubtedly

VI

separately differentiated from the Heterocera, show some more relics of them
still, so much so that the frenulum of the Heterocera, though very rarely, is
still found among them. It is true that systematism has, of late, dissociated
from the Hesperidae such species as those in which this organ is still present,
and classified them with the Heterocera (Castniidae) ; but this is only forcing
on one the rules of the system in contradiction with all natural affinity : for
these species also, according to their whole habitus, are real Hesperidae. And
as for the others, as Mr. Snellen assured me, we do not, indeed, find there
a fully developed brisde and loop, but still in the same place there are some
stiff hairs performing the same function, whose presence, as far as they are
concerned, seems to point to a very close affinity with the Heterocera.

No doubt from the earliest times that people began to take some interest in
the once so much despised insects, they must have noticed that some Lepidoptera
fly chiefly by day, others in the dark, and that there is a structural difference
between the two classes. Indeed, in the vulgar tongue the two have always
borne different names, so that it is even very probable the conception that
they belong to the same group, is of a much later date, a conception which
forsooth even at the present day is almost absent among illiterate people. Hence
when science began to take notice of the Lepidoptera the above named distinction
— a biological one, since chiefly based on the animal's way of life — found
its expression in Latreille's division into Diiirna, Crepuscular ia, and Nodua.
Soon however, it became evident that the middle category was entirely factitious
and that the two others also were not quite correct, because many so-called
Nodua fly chiefly by day and even in a blazing sun ; afterwards it became
known also that many so-called Diunia do not chiefly fly by day, but in the
twilight. Then people tried to found a sytematic distinction on somatic characteristics
and so the two above named groups were accepted. But though we may agree
with this for the sake of an orderly arrangement in entomology, we should
not forget — however much systematism, especially in Germany, has aimed
at absolutism in this, and though its biological treatment has even been regarded
as not scientific — , that also the old division into Diunia and Nodua, at least
from a biological point of view contains much truth and that an impartial
naturalist ought to take this into account in his systematic arrangement as much
as possible. Looked at from this, in my opinion the correct, point of view, the
Hesperidae will continue to be classed among the Rhopalocera, I think.

It is true that some Rhopalocera, in Java also, do not fly by day except
when roused, but only fly in the evening-twilight and probably also at dawn.
The twilight in the tropies does indeed not last very long, but still it is not so
short as astronomy teaches. For as soon as the sun in the evening has so

vn

far gone down that its rays only touch the visible part of the earth more or
less horizontally and are consequently still more tempered by trees and unevenesses
of the ground, something sets in which compared with the blazing day-light
we may call a kind of twilight lasting from a quarter of an hour to as much
as half an hour. Something similar happens in the morning. The Rhopalocera,
however, that fly then belong only to a few species, as is also the case with
those that live continually in the twilight of the dense forests or in the heavy
clouded mountains; their number is insignificant compared with the others
which are real Diunia and even, for a great part, true children of the sun.

Conversely the same thing happens in the Heterocera. Comparatively many
species of this group fly by day and even in full sunshine, but still their
number is insignificant, compared with the multitude of real Nocturna.

After thus choosing a somewhat broader biological point of view, more in
keeping with nature than systematism pure and simple, one has still a right
to make a general distinction between the aforesaid two large groups : the
Diurna and the Nocturna.

The more so as all Lepidoptera belonging to each of these groups are
evidently adapted to that difference in mode of life, so much so that some of
the organs connected with this have either assumed a special form, or on
becoming useless have been atrophied. The latter happened, as far as the
Rhopalocera are concerned with regard to the frenulum already spoken of,
the former especially with regard to the form of the antennae. For why this
form differs so much in the two groups is, indeed, not known to us, but that
such a difference exists and is even rather considerable, cannot be denied; that
the cause of this lies in the difference of the mode of life is, it is true, a supposition,
but one to which we may surely attach some importance for this further reason
also that the antennae are undoubtedly organs adapted to sense perception.

The thread-like, yet stiff club-shaped antennae, which characterize the
Rhopalocera, are found in them just as normally as the frenulum in the
Heterocera. And this is the case with all Lepidoptera, belonging to each of
these groups ; such Rhopalocera as perform their functions of life in the
twilight, have the same antennae as the others, just as well as those Heterocera
which fly in the sunshine agree with the other moths, both as regards the
form of the antennae and the presence of the frenulum. Hence there cannot be
much doubt that such species as have become somewhat differentiated in their
mode of life from the great body of their group, though now in that respect
approaching the other group, yet originally followed the habits of the group
with which they still agree in structure of body, and only became differentiated
from them at a later date. If we ask ourselves then to which of the two groups

VIII

the Hesperidae are nearest allied, the answer cannot be doubtful; the above
named frenulum, as has been said, does indeed occur in this family, but only
very rarely, and evidently as a mere relic ; and their antennae are of the same
stiff thread-like nature as those of the Rhopalocera, though the club-form is
somewhat modified; with those of the Heterocera they agree in no wise. All
this is still further corroborated when with regard to affinity, we do not, as is
usual in systematism, merely pay attention to the characteristics of the imago,
but also biologically take into account the early stages. The Rhopalocera have
undoubtedly become differentiated from the Heterocera and specially from those of
whose caterpillars the spinning-power was strongly developed. This we infer from
the circumstance that this power is not merely present in the first named group
as a mere relic, but can as such be clearly seen in different degrees of gradual
decrease by any one who is convinced that for the right understanding of
structural changes it is necessary, as I have already pointed out so emphatically
in my considerations on the phenomenon of colour-evolution, always to bear in
mind their evolutional character. It is not accidental that in some families of the
Rhopalocera, the spinning power of the larvae when pupating is still manifest
only in the attaching of the anal extremity of the pupa by a button of silk,
while in a great number of families the pupae are attached, besides at the
anal extremity, also by a so-called silken girdle-thread, which is evidently
purposely spun for this. Undeniably the reason of this is an evolutional decay
in the use of the spinning power, as I have already pointed out on page 72
of my monography on the Javanese Pieridae ') which may be ascribed to the
circumstance that where the animal had slowly, as if through involuntary practice,
acquired the power to pass the pupal state with the head extremity turned
downwards, it was no longer necessary for the pupa to be kept in an upright
posture by means of the girdle-thread, so that consequently the girdle-thread had
become superfluous. This simplification, however, has only been accomplished
in a small number of families, although in the others also there is often a
manifest tendency in the same diretion. In the latter group, the succincti of
BoisDUVAL, the spinning power results therefore in so much more as is required
for the application of a girdle-thread, which is no longer necessary in the
suspensi. Herewith also agrees the fact that in those cases where in the old
forms of Rhopalocera the evolutionary change is as yet much less advanced,
and the spinning-power is consequently much more active and agrees more in
this respect with those Heterocera from which the Rhopalocera have differentiated,

") Through a mistake in the translation which was overlooked in the correction of the proofs,
the words suspensae and succinetae in lines 2i and 22 were unfortunately transposed.

IX

these old forms (Parnassius, Doritis, Zegris) belong tho the Papiiionidae, and
further as regards the chrysalides, to the succincti ; for they are also fastened
by a girdle-thread, which is not the case with the Heterocera, to which, for
the rest, they are allied in this respect.

At least this is not the case with those more highly developed Heterocera
from which the Rhopalocera must have been differentiated ; among their lower
forms however, in particular among some Geometrae, we also find such a girdle-
thread ; but here the question turns only on a phenomenon of convergence.

Accordinglv it follows from this that succincti, as the Rhopalocera of the genus
Papilio — in the still unknown metamorphosis of a species of which, P. Coon F.,
I have been able to observe a still more developed spinning-power — as regards
the development of the said power stand midway between the more powerful,
occurring among the old forms of Papiiionidae and the more reduced in the
families which are therefore counted by Boisuuval among the suspensi; in
this we clearly see three degrees of development and hence the gradual,
evolutional decay of the power in question. And what do we see in the
chrysalides of the Hesperidae? They have in this respect reached the very
same stage of evolution as the above-mentioned old forms of the Papiiionidae.
In them also the spinning-power is rather strongly developed, in one species
more than in another and in many the pupae are still surrounded by a good
deal of loose cocoon. Besides this they are always fastened both at the anal
extremity and by a girdle-thread ; they are indeed real succincti. If Bois-
DUVAL had been better acquainted with this, he would only have been able to
maintain his class of involuti as a subdivision of the succincti. It appears,
therefore, that the Hesperidae, in this respect also, are much more to be
considered as belonging to the Rhopalocera than to the Heterocera. Finally
this is also borne out by the form of the pupae. Some of the chrysaUdes of
the Hesperidae, their colour cooperating in this, as those of Odontoptilum
Angulatum Feld., strongly remind us of those of pupae of the genus Pieris,
but in all of them the form is generally much more allied to those of the
Rhopalocera than to those of the other group. The angular sharp-edged
thorax often provided with a pointed head-process, is in a somewhat modified
form also found in other Rhopalocera, but is quite different from what in this
respect is found in the Heterocera. On these grounds I believe I am fully
justified in continuing to reckon the Hesperidae among the Rhopalocera
and also to devote a monograph to this genus. To avoid the less exact
name of Rhopalocera for the Hesperidae a main division has of late, again
been adopted viz. Diurna, which has again been subdivided into two sections,
the Rhopalocera and the Grypocera, then denoting the Hesperidae by this

latter name. I am however, of opinion, that there are quite enough names
and divisions already.

The Hesperidae however, belong unquestionabl}- to a form not so far differ-
entiated from the Heterocera as the other Rhopalocera and therefore in some
respects they still stand between these two groups. This is very marked as
regards their manner of flying and the time at which they usually fly. For
while the great body of the Rhopalocera, as I observed above, are real diurnals,
the reverse is probably true of the Hesperidae. Some species of this family
fly by day, a few even in the blazing sun. Among these diurnals there are
some that have a peculiar custom in their flight, a custom which is especially
found in another family likewise of the Rhopalocera, viz. in that of the Erycinidae,
and which, if I be not mistaken, also occurs in some Geometrae. We refer
to their custom to disappear suddenly from sight, after they have flown up,
by placing themselves with outspread wings against the under-side of a leaf.
This is probably a means of defence, for he who is not acquainted with this
custom, has absolutely no idea what has become of such a butterfly and will
not easily find it again. Others, on the contrarjs fly most certainly in the
evening. Thus for instance the large and very common Erionota Thrax
Clerck ; it is often roused in the day time by people approaching banana-trees
(Musa) on which its larva feeds, but when so roused it immediately setdes
down again on some other object ; in the evening, however, one may see it flying
about of its own accord in banana-gardens. This is also the Ccise with some
species, such as Hasora Mvra Hew. and Matapa Druna Moore, which in
the evening-twilight may often be seen flying on flowers exactly in the same
manner as the Sphingidae are accustomed to do, suddenly darting from one
flower to another or flying away, or sometimes also coming back and whilst
continually fluttering about sucking honey from the flowers with their long
trunk. But the time and the opportunity to observe this is very limited, and
so I have been unable to ascertain about most species of Hesperidae in Java
whether they usually fly in the evening or at night ; but if we take into
consideration that I have never seen them fly by day either, though I have
had every opportunity to observe them, and that when roused by day they
immediately settle down again in the same manner as we have just stated of
the Erionota Thrax Clercq, which manner is also characteristic of evening-fliers
in other families, for instance of the well-known Cyllo Leda L., then it
becomes very probable that these Hesperidae-species also do not belong to
such as normally fly by day.

Hence in this respect the Hesperidae are again more nearly allied to the group
of Heterocera than to that of Rhopalocera. In fact those Hesperidae that visit

XI

flowers in the evening in exactly the same manner as the Sphingidae, are, like
these, strong, swift fliers and their structure answers to this.

The manner in which Hesperidae hold their wings differs considerably in
different species, sometimes agreeing with that of the Heterocera, sometimes
more with that of the Rhopalocera. As to the first class there are some
species which, also when at rest, keep their wings spread out without folding
them together. This is the case with the South-American Antigonus species ;
as Seitz observes, and also e.g. with the Javanese Odontoptilum Angulatum
Feld. Most species, however, clap the wings together when at rest; but very
many of them do not spread them out quite flat when flying, but keep them
half raised, which is doubtless connected with, let us say, their springy way of
flying that as such resembles most the flight of the Sphingidae.

That in which the Hesperidae show the greatest peculiarity may be observed
in these Lepidoptera in their larval state. The body of many larvae of the
Hesperidae is more or less transparent, a phenomenon which I do not remember
having met with to the same degree in other larvae. I should not be surprised
if this transparency caused a certain sensibility to light, which is the reason
why Hesperidae- caterpillars, mosdy live in rolled up or bent down leaves so as
not to be exposed to the full daylight ; for I also found that such larvae of
the Lycaenidae as are considerably transparent, though less than many
Hesperidae, lived inside leguminous plants and hence were not exposed to full
daylight. It is, therefore, quite common that the vas dorsalis of such larvae is
distinctly visible, sometimes so much so that the time of its lateral contraction
can exactly be observed. Very often, too, the testes of c? larvae lying on both
sides of the vas dorsalis stand out ver)' clearly as great, yellow, crescent-like
bodies ; through the transparent sides of some larvae numerous, thin, yellow
canals may also be seen.

The heads of these larvae are peculiar, both in respect to their form and
especially in their colour, these heads, namely, are particularly large and
disk-like, the fore-side, however, somewhat convex and sometimes slightly
bifurcated at the upper-side. In many species they are very striking, so that
by this alone we can usually tell the larvae of this family at once, and besides
their size and peculiar shape this is especially to be ascribed to their striking
coloration, which is so characteristic in the different species, that they can
often be very well distinguished from each other by that alone, though, as we
shall see, mistakes are very easily made here. Now in this coloration the process
of colour-evolution is quite evident as we have already indicated above, and
leads to very peculiar phenomena. Sometimes the general colour of these heads
is red, orange, yellow in different tints, and sometimes also white, showing in

XII

this manner the different degrees of paHng which characterize the said process,
often, however, they are either dark or hght brown, sometimes even paling
into a slightly brownish white, sometimes also entirely a deep black. Finally
there are also caterpillars of this family whose heads are concolorous with
the rest of the light green body. Besides the entirely black heads, black
appears more or less on all the others in the form of spots, streaks or lines,
in whose number, size and placing is a very great difference, yet in the same
species mostly so constant, that it gives rise to a marked characteristic of the
species. Not always, however ; and in such cases a mistake between the species
is easily made. The black spots on the large heads give to many of these
larvae a peculiar appearance.

The cause of this difference in the marking of the heads, and of the

circumstance that this arises principally from the black that appears on them,

cannot be ver}' doubtful to one, who regards this in the light of the said

evolutional phenomenon. Besides the paling of the original red colour into

white, the black colour has evidently followed the usual process of colour-evolution

as far as the black pigment is concerned, by extending itself in different ways

until the head had become entirely black, in which stadium, in fact, some

species are still, and then again by decreasing; this decreasing process, however,

progresses very unequally in the several species, so that there remain various

streaks and spots as relics of it. While in such species in which meanwhile

also the paling had already grown from red to white, the decrease of the black

pigment sometimes weakened the colour of the whole head regularly into brown

of various shades, until at last there only remained a very little dark pigment

mixed with white. In every one of these stages some species are to be found.

The question then arises with each species whether the black colour on the

head is still in a state of increase or already in a state of decrase. To a

certain degree this question can be answered from the study of the first larval

stadia, which show the earliest phylogenetic state. If in them, black is more

extended than is the case with the larva in its present grown up form, the

evolutional change has evidently caused a decrease of it, in the other case, it

has brought an increase. The phenomenon of colour-evolution, however, was

not yet known to me when I made my observations concerning the larvae in

question ; I did not understand the phenomenon until later days, hence I have

made no purposed researches in this respect; entomologists coming after me,

may devote their attention to this. Nevertheless I have here and here, because the

phenomenon, though as yet not understood by me, drew my attention, noted

down some observations connected with it, and I can make some use of them here.

In the young larva of Tagiades Japetus Cram. I found the head red,

XIII

afterwards it became dark, brown or black. Hence an increase of black.

In the case of the young larva of Hasora Badra Moore, the head of the
young larva is black ; afterwards it becomes blood-red with five black points.
Hence decrease of black ; five relic spots have been left and this even before
the red colour had paled.

In the case of the larva of Hasora Myra Hew. the head is orange ; when it
is grown up, on each side a little black spot is to be seen ; but in the young
larva two more somewhat larger black spots. Therefore decrease of the black.

The head of the young larva of Parnara Conjuncta Herr-Sch. seems to
be black with a little white, and, in its adult condition, white with not always
the same black relic-spots or streaks. Decrease of black.

In the case of Padraona Dara Koll. the head of the young larva is black ;
afterwards it becomes gray, or clay-coloured with some dark marbling.
Decrease of the black pigment.

The head of the young larva of Telicota Augias L. is black or dark brown,
afterwards it becomes lighter with a dark marbling of a greater or smaller
extent or intensity, sometimes also the head of the adult larva remains dark
brown. Decrease of black more or less developed in the different individuals.

Thus, except in the first named case, where black seems to be on the
increase, we notice in all these cases a decrease of black; and probably
this is the general rule; all those spots and streakes, which give rise to such
peculiar head-markings, make on the connoisseur quite the impression of being
relics. The increase of a colour in the process of colour-evolution is as a rule
more equal; in the above named case of increase, it advances too, uniformly
over the entire surface. That in some larva-species the colour is sometimes
greatly different in different individuals, dit not escape van Deventer's notice
either {Archie f Java Suikcr Ltd. igo2) and hence, although not understanding
the cause of it, he represented many of those forms of coloration. Exactly the
same thing, indeed, we observe in the larvae of this family living in other
regions. Subsequent researches may still clear up much in this respect, but
the fact that the process of colour-evolution here stands out very clearly, is
indisputable, I think. The colour of the body of the larvae, indeed, has in
some species undergone an evolutional change, but not in such a striking
manner as is the case with the heads. Also as regards the nature of the
green colour of the head of some larvae, I wish to wait for further researches.
Evidently this green colour of the head is concolorous with the general colour
of the body, and although the green colour of larvae is sometimes formed
from yellow with the addition of some black pigment, it also very often arises
from other causes; in such cases then this ought first to be inquired into,

XIV

before we can also sufficiently judge about the appearance on those green
heads of dark spots or lines or sometimes even of white and red streaks-
doubtless also relics — as in the larva of Parnara Matthias F.

Undeniably, and hence very characteristically, connected with the fact of
colour-evolution of larvae, are the curious cases of convergence respecting
their colour, which occur in some species and one of which I also observed
amongst those of the Javanese Hesperidae. My observations, it is true, have
not been quite sufficient, because in order to study such cases well, one ought
to breed, side by side, from their earliest days, many specimens of the two
resembling species, but I have never had an opportunity for this. Much more
completely have I been able to do this with the larvae and pupae of butter-
flies belonging to other families, especially with those of Atella Egista Cram,
and Messaras Erymanthis Dbd. and with the larvae of the Heterocera
Hypaetra Renosa Hb. and Athyrma Saalmulleri Mab. of whose mer-
vellous mutual likeness I hope to treat in its proper place, illustrating it also
with some figures ; instances of equality in development which surely have
nothing to do with mimicry, yet surpass many of those mimicry cases, about
which so much fuss is made. With respect to the Java Hesperidae I have
been able to notice the same in the larvae of Bibasis Sena Moore and Ismene
Oedipodea Swains., which I have always confounded owing to their striking
resemblance. Although my observations concerning these larvae are, as I said
above, still incomplete, and although my figures not being quite exact and,
moreover, representing larvae of unequal development, do not show the likeness
well enough, yet I can, in view of the above-named cases which are better
known to me, find occasion in them to discuss here the nature and also the
cause of this phenomenon. Advocates of the mimicry theory must look upon
this as an incomprehensible case. For there is nothing to show that this equa-
lity brings with it any protection or some other advantage for either of the
species; it is true, that true fanatics in this domain are accustomed to make
shift with the hypothesis that there is doubtless such a protection or advantage,
though unknown to us; but such-like assertions pure science cannot entertain.

It would be much better to try and derive the nature of these facts from
the circumstances under which they appear, and then we should recognize
here certain phenomena of convergency, such as. In my opinion, have certainly
not yet been pointed out elsewhere. It is a fact that many larvae, though
systematically not closely allied, yet bear a general resemblance to each other,
which Is especially the case with the naked, green larvae of many Heterocera;
the cause of this undoubtedly is, that with such species the form of the body.

XV

on which not even hair or other appendages have yet developed, has remained
in a very primitive state, so that in all of them the body deviates but little
from the original primitive form, thus constituting a considerable resemblance
between them, while the green colour is doubtless chiefly caused by the same
factor in them all, for instance the green of the leaves on which they feed.
Among leaves also, to however many species of plants they may belong, green
is an extremely common colour and the cause of this is well known. This is
also the case with those Rhopalocera whose larvae have still such a primitive
form, and the larvae of closely allied species it is wholly impossible or very
difficult to distinguish. Thus in the discussion of the Javanese Pieridae I pointed
out already that I could not find any difference between the larvae of Callidryas
ScYLLA L. and the earliest form (See Pieridae pi. Ill fig. 6a) of Callidryas
Pomona F., and that this is also the case with that of Terias Sari Horsf.
and the not yet quite grown up larva of Tekias Hecabe L., from which I
was warranted, I thought, in drawing the conclusion that Pomona F. with
the first mentioned Callidryas species and Hecabe L. with the other Terias
species, must have developed from the same primitive species ; the larvae of
C ScYLLA L. and T. Sari Horsf. have preserved the original form, but those
of the two other species have differentiated from it, so that, for the greater
part at least, they differ from it now. At the same time I hazarded the
supposition that the fact, that both these changed species seem to be much
more polyphagous that the unchanged ones, would have something to do with
it, and that consequently the change of food would have worked as a factor to
change these larvae.

Now there are also other facts of larva biology, which may not pass unnoticed
here. Rather common at Batavia is the larva of a Heterocera species, determined
by Snellen in litt. as Leocyma Bateoides ; I have given a picture of it in
volume XL of the Tijdschrift voor Entomologic on pi. 4 fig. 1 1 , which larva is
dark red and lives in the kernel of the fruit of Durio Zibethinus L. Once
it happened to me, when eating a fruit of the Nephelium Lappaceum L., that
I found in the kernel this dark red larva. I preserved it to get the imago ; but
how great was my surprise, when after some time I noticed that the larva
had left the kernel and had turned into the chrysalis of a butterfly, out of
which there afterwards appeared the beautiful Lycaenide, Deudoryx Epijarbas
Moore. It is true, at that time I did not exactly examine this larva, because
I felt sure that I saw the common above-named species, which it greatly
resembled on account of its, for the rest not at all common, colour, and its
uncommon way of living. Is it not reasonable then to ascribe this likeness in
colour between two, systematically so little allied, larvae, to the same manner

XVI

of living, though this manner of life differs greatly again from that of the
species nearly allied to them? Whether the nature of the food has played a
part here, it is impossible to say ; a chemical research of the interior of the
kernels of both the above named fruits would be necessary for this; but also
the manner of living in the dark may have been the cause, which has led to
an equality in colour and form. Also among other caterpillars living in the
dark, for instance the well-known European Cossus Cossus L. this red colour
is found. However this may be, it can hardly be doubted, that equality in the
circumstances of life here has caused convergency, a change of form in the same
direction. Moreover, it is a fact that when once an evolutional process has
taken a certain direction, it will usually move along the same lines in the
different individuals, in as far as no disturbing influences are brought to bear
on it. In the Introduction of my study on the Pieridae of Java I have, especially
in connection with the phenomenon of colour-evolution, given many examples
of it. Consequently the process of colour-evolution in butterflies living in different
regions, can cause a strong resemblance in form. Because such a circumstance
in the case of animals living in different regions, can, of course, never be
regarded as Mimicry, I have pointed out this fact in my fight against the
Mimicrytheory. For if it is impossible that such a conformity then have arisen
in accordance with the Mimicrytheory, then there is no reason either to assume
that this is the case between animals living in the same country, unless
this should appear from other facts, which, however, is not the case. In
my above mentioned work Mimicry, Sclektion, Daiivinisfnus especially when
treating of the XXIII"" thesis, I have pointed out many instances of this convergency;
as regards Lepidoptera more in particular those of the Javanese Ornithoptera
PoMPEjus L. and the South-American Papilio Quadratus Stdgr. ; in the same
way I have pointed out instances of the identity of the colour-evolution in Limenitis
Albomaculata Ch. Oberth. and L. Punctata Leich., both living in Thibet or South-
China, and in the I ndo- Australian Hypolimnas Boltna L. d and H. Misippus L. <3.
Very remarkable, too, is the fact that I have discussed there, and to which
I already drew attention on the occasion of the 3d International Zoological
Congress held at Leyden in 1895, that two allied European Satyridae Pararga
Egeria L. and P. Megaera L. and two Javanese Nymphalidae Junonia Erigone
Cram, and J. Asterie L. have developed side by side in exactly the same
manner, so that now the Javanese couple, though butterflies belonging to
another family and different indeed, in some respects, for instance in size,
from the European couple, may undoubtedly be said to represent the
latter in Java. The colour and the arrangement of the colour-pattern of
P. Egeria L. and J. Erigone Cram, are very much alike, which is also the

xvir

case with those of P. Megaera L. and J. Astf.rie L. This might be expressed
thus : P. Egeria L. : J. Erigone Cram. = P. Megaera L. : J. Asterie L.
The lavanese butterflies like the European ones live also in the same regions,
onlv J. Erigone Cram, does not seek the shade so much as P. Egeria. L.,
but on the other hand it is a curious fact, that while P. Megaera L. in
Germany bears the popular denomination of Maticr/uchs, in England it is called
Wall-butter lly on account of its preference to fly upon walls that are brightly
illuminated and scorched by the sun, on Java I have repeatedly seen J. Asterie L.
flying upon white-washed walls on which the sun was shining brilliantly. Surely
a proof that similarity in development is not confined to colour alone. From
the above we may doubtless infer that where once the same process of evolutional
change has set in, this process when no disturbing influences modify its
course, can bring about in different animals a striking similitude of form and
hence also of colour. However the study of the nature of biological evolution
also teaches, that the course of such a process may be modified through the
operation of disturbing influences, and consequendy it may be regarded as not
improbable that such influences can also cause evolutional changes and give
a certain direction to them. Now, if such an influence begins to operate in
that manner on different species, it is not unlikely that the said conformity
in form or colour will result from it. Now it is also known that prolonged
periods of ifislasy may temporarily impede the course of an evolutionary process,
but that this condition may also sometimes suddenly come to an end, in which
case the interrupted process again goes on. This may also warrant the supposition
that by the rise of new influences forcibly operating on an organism in a state
of cpistasy, this may also be modified to such an extent that the cause of the
cpistasy is removed, and consequently the said state ceases and the development
again proceeds, but, into a new direction by the aforesaid new influence. The
cause, forsooth, of the action of ifisiasy must probably be of a correlative nature
and lie in the incompatibility of other requirements of such an organism with
a determinate direction of development. If, now, this occurs in more than one
species, i.e. if the same influence begins to act upon several species being in
such a state, then surely, — and all the more, if those species already have in
general a very close affinity to each other — the further development will doubtless
be the same, and so cause a striking likeness in form and as the pigmental
colour is nothing else but a kind of form, thus in so far also in colour.

The influences in question may, no doubt, be of various kinds. In the above
named example of two species of larvae both living in the kernels of fruits, but
in no wise closely allied, the very peculiar life in the dark, which for some
reason or other they have adopted, and which is very different from the life

III

XVIII

of species living on leaves, may in itself have acted as such an influence,
without it being necessary that the change of food should have cooperated
with it ; however, this last mentioned change may also be regarded as eventually
acting upon larvae so strongly, that through it such an influence can arise.
The nature of the food, indeed, plays an important part among the requisites
of larval life ; a great many larvae stick exclusively to one kind of food, others,
when once accustomed to such a food, though properly speaking strange to
them, will rather starve than eat even the normal food of their species. The
larvae of many families are in fact limited to definite families of plants, and
for the peculiarities of these plants they possess a faculty of discernment that
is, indeed, wonderful to us. The larvae of Papilio Sarpedon L. very common
on Java, feed there, as far as is known to me, exclusively on the leaves of
the cinnamon-species. Now there stands at Batavia in an inner-court a Japanese
camphor-tree, doubtless the only one in Java, once cultivated there from seed
brought from Japan, and on the leaves of this quite isolated tree I found, to
my surprise, a larva of the said species. To my surprise, I say, because to
man the smell of camphor has surely nothing in common with that of cinnamon.
How was it then, I thought, that the 9 butterfly which laid eggs upon it,
could be so mistaken? Afterwards, however, I found out that Pap. Sarpedon
also occurs in Japan and that the larva there feeds on the leaves of the same
camphor-tree, and further that the camphor occurring in the leaves of the
camphor-tree, has, indeed, not yet been ascertained as an element of the
volatile oil of cinnamon-leaves, but that it has been ascertained in that obtained
from the root of the cinnamon-tree. This circumstance makes me strongly
inclined to believe that camphor is also very likely, though in a very small
quantity, present in the cinnamon-leaves, and that the Batavian butterfly was
probably not mistaken, but, being a finer chemist than our scientists, was
acquainted with the presence of this very small quantity in the cinnamon-leaves,
on which it had fed when a larva ; and therefore, finding the same smell in
the leaves of the camphor-tree, it also considered these leaves a fit food for
its offspring, and laid its eggs upon them. Besides, the cinnamon-tree and the
camphor-tree are both Latuvidcac and hence botanically closely allied plants.
But how did this butterfly know this fragance so well, unless as a remembrance
from its own larval state ? Many similar examples concerning the larvae of other
species and other plants afterwards became known to me. For this reason then
I thought it not too venturous to suppose that, as has been said above, the
difierentiating of the larvae of Callidryas Pomona F. and Terias Hecabe L.
may have arisen from a change in their food. And as each of the above
mentioned three pair of larvae in which I observed the said strong convergency,

XIX

the two species of Heterocera, the two Nymphalidae and the two Hesperidae,
feed on the leaves of the same plant, I think I am justified in looking upon
this as the cause of the great similarity of these larvae. I do not mean to
say that the food itself could directly have changed colour or form, but that the
ancestors of these larvae originally probably left another food for that on which they
feed now, and that this change has given a particular direction to their further
development, which has consequently moved along the same line in both species,
especially if they were already closely allied, and has thus given them such a striking
resemblance. Whether this explanation of those remarkable convergency-phenomena
is correct can only be decided at some future time. As for me, I do not know a better
one ; for to the e.xplanation of the Mimicry theory I attach no importance.
But to be able to judge mine, it is of course necessary that one has first
learned to understand the nature of the phenomenon of evolution in general.
There are among the European fauna two Heterocera in which something
similar occurs, the two moths Acronycta Psi L. and A. Tridens W. V.,
belonging to the same genus and hence closely connected. Though entomologists
have tried to take for granted a constant difference between these two
species, the attempt seems to have failed, for only individual differences seem
to have been looked upon as such. So able a connoisseur of those
fauna as my collaborator, Mr. Snellen, has declared to me that he is not
able to distinguish the imagines of the two species with any certainty. But on
the other hand, in the case of their larvae the difference is very clear and they
do not live on the same feeding-plants. In accordance with the above theory
the explanation might be, that the two species have sprung from one and the
same primitive species, whose larvae fed on the same, or closely allied, species
of plants, but that then, in consequence of certain circumstances unknown to
us, a part of those larvae began to feed on other plants, so that two species
have developed, whose difference, however, only appears as yet in the form
and the colour of the larvae. For it is well known that the evolutional change
of larva, pupa and imago continues independently, so that in different species
the old form of the larva has remained, though the imago has already assumed
a new form. Thus the larvae of Papilio Aristolochiae F. and P. Coon F.
still show the same form that is peculiar to the larvae of Ornithoptera from
which they have descended, through the imagines are no longer Ornithoptera
but must be classed under the genus Papilio. And so as been mentioned in the
treatise on the Pieridae, part of the larvae of Callidryas Pomona F. still have
the old colour, similar to that of the larvae of C. Scylla L. though from them,
too, the imagines of the first mentioned species always originate. Between
the larvae of Cupha Erymanthis Did. and Atella Sinha KoUar, both living

XX

on the same plant there is, on the contrary, some slight difference, but, on the
other hand, both pupae, though in colour and shape very peculiar, are not
distinguishable from each other. Though no special examples of this case
have come under my notice, I have therefore no difficulty in accepting that
where the larvae are alread changed, the imagines may nevertheless have
remained unaltered, and so much the less as we also know, forsooth, that the
colour-dimorphism that appears in many larvae, leaves the imagines unaltered.
Hence me might assume that through the change of food a differentiation had
been caused, which from one primitive species,— either that of Acronvcta Psi,
L. or A. Tridens W. V.— has made two, but which has as yet only modified
the larval form of the differentiated species, though it has also undoubtedly
occurred in the imago, although not yet in an externally visible way, so that
the imago of each species now only produces its own larval form. I do not
know whether a sufficient study has been made of the ontogeny of the two
European species, from which I might learn in what way the first stages of
the said larvae differ from each other, and if I might draw some illustrations
for this point from it. Such a study, therefore, may well be recommended to
the European larvae-breeders.

Some larvae of Hesperidae, that live in a case-like leaf, have the peculiar
custom to shoot their dry excrementa through that case far away as if they
were bullets coming from the mouth of a fire-arm. Evidently a phenomenon
of cleanliness ; there are more larvae that have the same peculiarity, those for
instance, that when pupating evidently intentionally remove their stripped off
skins. Others on the contrary, apparently have no objection to live continually
surrounded by their excrementa; some even spin it into the cocoon in which
they wrap themselves as pupae.

Some give a remarkable proof of intellectual faculties. Instinct, the admirers
of the hollow phrase will say. The real biologist, however, as I have amply
explained in my latest work on Mimicry, must know that the psychical nature of
living beings is as much in a state of evolution as the physical, and can be
observed as such in different stages of development. What people call instinct,
without being able to give a further definition of it, is nothing else than such
a stage itself, occurring again in many degrees of development; reflex action
is a manifestation of a still lower stage and hence the explanation, though not
entirely understood yet, given by Romanes of instinct as reflex action into
which is imported the element of consciousness. With tropism, by means of
which some biologists try to explain it, neither instinct nor reflex action has
anything to do. A remarkable instance of such an intellectual faculty of larvae

XXI

occurs for Instance in Java in those of Adolias Adonia Cram. ; besides, the
same fact has already been observed elsewhere respecting other butterfly-species.
The said larva feeds on the leaf of a Loranthus species growing parasitically
on trees; the thick, pulpous stem of that leaf very easily breaks off from the
branch on which it grows, in which case, of course, the leaf falls on the ground.
Against such a leaf the larva attaches itself, so that, during the chrysalis
state, it is much exposed to the danger of the leaf being accidentally torn from
the branch and falling to the ground, which in most cases will cause the death
of the pupa. But it knows how to avert this danger ; as soon as the leaf has
been chosen to which it is going to fasten itself with a button of silk in order
to pupate there afterward, it first of all fastens the stem of the leaf by means
of some threads of silk strongly to the branch, so that if, during its pupal stage, the
leaf should by any unexpected accident break of from the branch, it must
yet remain fastened by the threads of silk, whence the fall of the leaf will cause
no danger to the pupa. The larva, then, knows how to take well planned
measures against a future danger which may, but need not necessarily, come
to pass. Once I saw such a larva fasten to its own leaf, with a few threads of
silk, on two sides, another leaf that had accidentally grown before the leaf it
had selected for Itself, so that fastened In such a manner it must always remain
before It, so that the pupa, when it afterwards became attached to the leaf,
would be hidden from sight, from approaching birds, squirrels and other animals
that prey upon pupae.

Measures against future danger of which the larva must know the nature
as well as the possibility. The existence of the here mentioned pupae-enemies,
the peculiar fragility of the stem of the LoRANXHUs-leaf, the coming of its
own helpless pupal stage when attached to the leaf, must therefore be known
to It. It is, in fact, nothing wonderful that larvae possess the intellectual power
to take such measures. That many insects have a strong intellectual development
Is well known. With the ants this Is the case In a very high degree, but also
In other classes of animals we find remarkable instances of it. As for the
Lepidoptera, many manifestations of the psychical nature have been made
known of these Insects too. Such facts as the love of cleanliness spoken of above ;
sometimes, as for instance the removing of the cast larva-skin from the cocoon
by the larvae of Chionaema Javanica Butl. and C. Bianca Hamps. — described
by me in the XLVII"" volume of the Tydschrift voor Entomologle — performed
with evident reflexion, are undeniable manifestations of such a psychical nature.
These manifestations appear more particularly In the larvae when they are In
those critical periods of their life that are connected with the process of
pupating. Here belongs the case which gave rise to this discussion ; even the

xxir

practice of attaching the pupa to its button of silk after the skin is cast, as
already described by de Reaumur, manifests a remarkable reflection, and the
circumstance occurring in all these actions, that they do not always succeed,
but are sometimes accompanied by failures and real mistakes and, moreover,
the manner of execution, which is often modified according to circumstances,
distinctly show the psychical nature of it all; for in an automatic process this
would hardly occur. Indeed, the point of view from which a mere automatical
physico-chemical explanation of vital activities was regarded as adequate, is
obsolete. The more advanced among modern biologists reject it and hold that
the cooperation of a psychical element, however materialistically this may be
conceived, must be acknowledged here. According to them the highly intellectual
and appropriate origin of various organs and vital activities cannot have taken
place but under such a psychical, i.e. intellectual, guidance, which, however,
does not in the least involve the assumption of any metaphysical action. Is
it, then, not obvious that we should assume the same with regard to the
above-mentioned, evidently intellectual, actions? In this sense, however, that,
while with the rise of the said vital activities, — although they are therefore in
no wise the consequence of tropism, but undoubtedly of psychical action — the
intellectual guidance remained unconscious, with those actions a state of consci-
ousness was developed still of a primitive nature, it is true, and confined to
only a few actions of the being in which this took place, but which in so far
caused a very great difference from those of numerous other activities of the
same being, which were still unconscious. A superficial observer, may not
think this very probable, but we find the same in man; in him, too, many
unconscious actions occur by the side of the conscious ones, but the latter
are very numerous and the nature of consciousness has also become much
stronger, but then this difference, however great, is merely quantitative, only
showing a difference in the degree of development. Hence I think that the
intellectual capacity which is manifest in the said case, is not wholly inexplicable,
though not completely cleared up yet. Much more difficult it seems to me
to find a reasonable answer to the question, whence the lar\-a has got the
positive knowledge which must be the foundation of its intellectual actions.
How does it know its future state, and how does it become acquainted with
the dangers that threaten it in its pupal state, how does it know the special
danger arising from the fragility of the stem of the Loranthus leaf? Experience
it cannot have, at least not of the pupal state and its dangers. I suppose that
only a comparison with that which we observe in other animals can lead to
a reasonable conjecture. It is known that many animals gather winter provisions,
and thus seem to be acquainted with the future fact of the coming winter

XXIII

and the want of provisions which it brings with it. As a matter of fact, this
is a case of "-radual adaptation to climatical conditions, acquired in course of
time by means of the intellectual faculty, which adaptation has for its basis
a certain knowledge, originally acquired by experience, but which by a continually
o-rowino- and developing adaptation has become a custom and passed into an
hereditar}^ instinct. Something similar is ver}' likely the cause of the strong
impulse in many birds of the colder regions to migrate to warmer countries
at the approach of te cold season. The impulse of the birds to build nests
is ver}' likely of the same nature; it has for its basis a knowledge acquired
by intellectual activity and according to the development ot this knowledge,
it has passed into an hereditary inclination, which occurs in the different species
in various degrees of development. In many species this knowledge seems to be
wholly undeveloped as yet. The intellectual activity in the meantime continues
to increase that knowledge more and more ; the young birds have still much to learn
from experience, and what they thus learn is also gradually transferred in an
hereditary way. That fully developed psychical inclinations and impulses can
also become hereditary in man, is not to be doubted; thus psychiatry knows
very well as a morbid phenomenon the heredity in the impulse towards suicide
and even towards the special manner in which it is performed. An evidently
hereditary inclination exists also in many persons for certain religious or even
political views, though with historical certainty it can be proved that before a
certain date such an inclination cannot have existed in the ancestors of these
persons. Now where such facts can be demonstrated in higher animals,
analogously with our own intellectual operations, and which, as in the nest-
building of birds we also see manifested in connection with care for the off-
spring, there is no reason why we should not accept the same with regard to
a similar strong impulse in many insects, both as regards the gathering of its
own winter-provisions and the care for the future of its offspring. This, for
instance, is very strongly manifested in many Hymenoptera, in which the care
for its offspring presents itself in all its operations, as founded upon the know-
ledge of the wants of its progeny, though those insects themselves will never
see their progeny. When we have thus become convinced that knowledge,
acquired in that way by experience, can become hereditary and, moreover, in
consequence of the knowledge in question, can create an impulse to take
intellectual measures in its own behalf, then the said knowledge of the larva
of Adolias Adonia Cram, of its future pupal state and the measures that it
takes for it, become more conceivable. How different the imago, the chrj'salis
and the larva of a butterfly may seem to us, they are in reality nothing else
than three successive forms of the same living being and when we take it for

XXIV

granted that a butterfly is psychically able to make observations, to remember
them and to act accordingly, then there is indeed no reason why the recol-
lections of an imago should not extend to the earlier stages of existence.
Now the existence of the faculty of recollection has often been observed in
butterflies ; I myself published more than 30 years ago my observation,
how for four evenings, I saw resting in the same place against the ceiling
of the outer-gallery of the club at Macassar, evidently the same Precis
Intermedia Felder. By day it was not there; a real diurnal, it was evi-
dently out on business then ; each evening, however, it remembered very
well, and could find back its sleeping-place of the previous night ; i. e. it
could act according- to that remembrance. And the fact that butterflies
always lay their eggs on a plant of the same species as that on which they
themselves fed as larvae, probably happens through the smell, though this
faculty is indeed not to be regarded as entirely equal to that of man, as
appears from the above mentioned case of the Batavian Papilio Sarpedon L.,
yet, perhaps, some recollection of its larval stage may also play a part in it.
The above mentioned actions of the larva of Adolias Adonia Cram, might
therefore be explained as founded on the knowledge obtained by this species
of butterflies during its life in the pupal state — perhaps already at the time
that the ancestors of the Lepidoptera were not yet subject to such a complete
metamorphosis as the present one — and which knowledge has afterwards been
passed on as hereditary knowledge to the offspring still in its larval state, at
the same time an impulse being developed, to provide herein, which is always
carried out then with an intellectual faculty, limited, indeed, but comparatively
well developed. This explanation seems to me at least not impossible; for
till now I have never heard of a better one, though I readily consent that the
one given can perhaps be substituted by a better one. But not by hollow words
as "Instinct" and such like, which in reality do not mean anything more than
the juggler's ''Passe" .

An instance of intellectual reflection similar to the one just spoken of, is also
to be found in the larva of a species of Hesperidae, viz. with that of Parnara
CoNjuNCTA Herr-Sch. The pupa of this species has a very oblong form,
agreeing in this respect with that of Udaspes Folus Cram. (PI. X fig. 79i5). It is
attached at the anal extremity and besides by a girdle-thread to a leaf, perhaps
also by another thread stretched over the abdomen. Thus I found it on a
bamboo-leaf, one of the plants on which it lives, but I found, moreover, that
two strong, longer threads were stretched right across the pupa, which threads
were evidently intended to prevent the leaf from bending backwards, if it
should shrink, to which the leaf, naturally extremely dry, is very liable. If it

XXV

bent backwards all the same, the girdle-thread would necessarily be stretched
so tightl)-, that the pupa must be crushed to death. Hence a very ingenious
precautionary measure, very much analogous to the one spoken of above.

According to the observations of Mr. van Deventer it seems that this
species always attaches its pupa to the under-side of leaves, a circumstance
which would render the measure in question still more necessary, because a
bamboo-leaf, when drying up curls inwards and would thus stretch the girdle-
thread in the above mentioned disastrous manner. Later observations must
settle the question whether this larva always takes this measure of precaution,
also when it is going to pupate on a leaf of one of its other feeding-plants,
which is not so inclined to bend inwards as that of the bamboo.

Of this monograph, soo, the systematism is from the hand of Mr. P. C. T.
Snellen ; especially with respect to this difficult family this required much
labour. The latest system, that of P. Mabille, published in 1 903 by P. Wytsman
in his monograph on this family in Genera Insectoruiii, has been followed here,
though in connection with the identification of some species Snellen does not
always agree with the opinion of Mabille.

Besides the papers quoted, use has also been made of the paper of C. Swinhoe
published in the Trans, of the Ent. Soc. of London igo8. ''On the species of
Hesperidae from the Indo-Malayan and African Regions described by Heir Plotz,
ivith description of some neiv species." Then almost all the numerous figures of
imagines have again been made under his direction and at his own expense.
Mr. Fruhstorfer has been so kind to have seven species, wanting in our
collection, designed for me by Mr. J. Culd at Geneva, after specimens from
his own collection. This Lepidopterologist has also in general kindly assisted
me in this labovir ; an assistance so very valuable also for this reason, that of
those specimens which Mr. Fruhstorfer says that originate from Java, I
consider this habitat as certain; a confidence that I dare to place only in very
few such statements. For not a few butterflies in European collections are
said to originate from Java, though in reality they are not from that island,
but have been gathered on other islands of the Indian Archipelago and only
transported via Java to Europe. All figures of the earliest stages were made
in Java during my stay there, as was the case with the Pieridae.

With regard to the scientific names of plants, the same plan has been followed

as that explained in the Introduction of the study of the Pieridae. It only

remains to refer to a new work published in 1909, viz. Nieiitv Plantkundig

Woordenboek voor Ahderlandsch Indie, the production of a scientific collaboration

of a ver}' competent botanist with a no less competent connoisseur of native

XXVI

languages and in which the scientific name of a great number of plants is given.
I have often made use of this excellent work.

Finally I have to correct here some mistakes that have crept into my monograph
of the Pieridae. Passing over such insignificant errors as will be evident to the
expert reader, I only call attention to the more serious ones.

On page 2 line 3i instead of: snspensac read sticcinciac.

succindac „ suspensae.
Be/siama „ Belisama.
Tackiiiiae „ Tachininae.
12 „ „ PL II „ PI. Ill

I sf)ike Old .

22,
31

34
34
48

53

26
15

(P/. Ill J. 2, a, b, c, d, e,J).
7 read after i Glaucippe L. : (PL III fig. 2, a, b, c, d, e, f).
18 strike out: Alcmeone Cram.
16 strike out : and Alcmeone.
Explanation of Plate III ad. fig. 6. i strike out Alcmeone Cram.
Ibid, last line, instead of i read /.

HESPERIDAE. ')

Genus SATARUPA Moore.

I. DiRAE de NIc. (PI. V, fig. I a, b).

De Niceville, Jouni. Bombay Soc. of N. H. IX, /. 369, pi.

Q., fig. 49 <3 (1895) Daimio Dirae.

Elxves and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ London 14, 4, /•

131. 133 Satarupa

Ibid. pi. iS, Jig. 13 oM 1 89 7)- • • " Fumosa.

S. Fumosa Elwes, is a form from Sumatra in which the white band on
the hind-wings is wanting. Specimens from Borneo are transitional forms

M With regard to the systematic arrangement of this family Snellen has followed P. Mabille's
latest monography, Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Fam. Hesperidae 1903, belonging to the Genera
Liseclonim, published by P. Wytsman. Concerning however, the scientific names of some species,
he cannot entirely agree with the opinion of Mabille.

Besides the species treated by me the following are mentioned by different writers as
occurring in Java, the exactness, however, of the localities assigned is not sufficiently certain for
me as yet to regard these species as Javanese.

By Mabille.

p. 51 no. iS Celaenorhinus Spilothyrus Fekler. Verh. Zoiil. Bol. Gesdlsch. 1S68 s. 283
Moore, Lep. of Ceylon IV p. 179, pi. b-], fig. 4, 4a.

p. 51 no. 27 Celaenorhinus Inaequalis Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ London 14, 4,/. 112,
119, //. i?>, fig. 3 c^-

p. 90 no. 17 Ismene Atrincta Mab., Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Beige 1 891, p. 78.

Mabille mentions as synonymous the Jonis de Nic. which Snellen regards as the same
species as Hasora Nestor Mischler.

p. 103 no. 5 Matapa Shalgrama de Wk., Joicrn. Asia/. Soc. 0/ Bengal $2 p. 85; Aria
Hew., Kxot Butt. Hesp. pi. 3, fig. 24, 25 (not Aria Moore).

p. 104 no. 7 Sepa Noctis Stdgr., Iris 1889 s. 143; Perfusca Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige

1893 P- 53-

I

between the Sumatra and Java form. Perhaps Tagiades Liman Plotz,
Jahrb. des Nass. J^erciiis fiir Naturkundc 37, 5. 54 (i 884) is the same species.
This then should be the oldest name. Neither Mabille nor Swinhoe {Trans.
Ent. Soc. of London 1908, /. i etc.) make any mention of Liman.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265), and the neighbouihood of Pelabouan Ratoe (Wyn-
koopsbay) in the province of Prajangan.
C. J. ?
E. J. ?

p. 136 no. 33 Parnara Scortea Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige 1893, p. 53.
p. 137 no. 49 Parnara Nirwana Plotz, Sldt. Ent. Zeil. 1882, s. 436 no. 142.
p. 137 no. 53 Parnara Pagana de Nic, Proc Zool. Soc. of London 1897, />. t\b^, pi. i,ofig. 7.
p. 137 no. 57 Parnara Mormo Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige 1893, p. 53.
p. 141 no. ig Padraona Trochala Mab., Pel. Nouv. Ent. 1878, p. 237.
p. 170 no. 57 Plastingia Liburnia PIcw., Dcscr. Ilesp. p. y-^, no. 26 (1868). Perhaps the
same species as P. Callineuea Felder.

By Swinhoe.

(Trans. Ent. Soc. of London 1908). It is impossible to cite the ligures belonging to this
sketch, because they do not agree either vvith the te.xt or with the explanation of the plates.

p. 16 Taratrocera Aliena Plotz, Slett. Ent. Zeil. 18S3, j. 228. The description of Plotz
is not cited by Mabille. Perhaps the same species as Padraona Dara Koll.

p. 18 Padraona Tropica Plotz, Slett. Ent. Zeil. 1883, s. 230. Plotz thinks that this species
is Mexican. Swinhoe, however, that it lives in Java. Mabille makes no mention of it.

p. 23 Caltoris Colaco Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London 1S77 p. 59-1, pi. 58, fig. 7.
Mabille places this species in his genus P.-\rnara.

p. 23 Ch.\pra Agna Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London 1865, p. 791. This species also is
placed by Mabille in the genus Parnara. Ella Plotz, Stctl. Ent. Zeil. 1S83, s. 4b is a
synonym.

p. 24 Parnara Guttatus. Bremer and Grey, Schmetl. dcs nordl. China's, s. 10, pi. ^,fg. 2.

p. 25 Parnara Daendeli Plotz, Berl. Ent. Zcitschr. 1885, .s. 226. The species was not
known to Swinhoe. Mabille makes no mention of it.

p. 34 Hasora Simplicissima Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. de France, Ser. 5, VI p. 25. Mabille
mentions this species as only from India.

p. 35 Hasora Wortha Swinhoe, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. Ser. 7, A'A' /. 435. A des-
cription of this species was not written before the publication of Mabille's monography.

By Hewitson.

Eudamus Decoratus Hew., Dcscr. Ilesp. p. 17, no. 30 (1807I Mabille places this species
in his genus Odina, but knows it only from India and Tonkin. Swinhoe makes no mention of it.

Eudamus Eutellus Hew., Dcscr. Ilesp. p. 14 w. 26 (18O7). Neither Mabille nor Swinhoe
makes mention of this species.

By Plotz.

Proleides Aesopus Plritz, Deri. Enl. Zeilschr. 1882, s. 72. This species is mentioned neither
by Mabille nor by Swinhoe.

2. Afffnis Dkuce. (PI. V, fig-. 2).

Druce, Proc. Zoo/. Soc. of London 1873,/. 360,//. 2,2,, fig. 9. Satarupa affinis.
Distant, R/io/y. Mai. /. 385, //. 35- A- '7 (1886) (mr.

Cognata) » .>

Weymer, 5a//. iT///. Z?//. 1887, ,v. 15, Taf. 1, fig. 5 . Tagiades Niphates.
El WES and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. oj London 14, 4,

/. 131, 134 (1897) Satarupa aftinis.

The specimens from Java are transitional forms between that from Borneo
and the form Cognata, from Distant. The latter which is but of litde con-
sequence, is not mentioned by Marille.

W. J. Prajangan (1300).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

Genus COLADENIA Moore.

I. Dan F. (PI. V, t^g. 3 a, b, c).

Fabricius, Mant. Lns. LL, /. 88, No. 798 (1787) • • • Papilio Dan.

EnL Syst. LLI i, /. 341, No. 297 (1793) • • Hesperia „
Latreille, Enc. Metk. IX, />. 738, No. 25 (1823) ... „ Eacus.

Kollar in Fc?« liiigePs Kaschniir IV, 2 s. 454, Tafi. 18,

Jig. 5 d. (1848) „ Fatih.

Plotz, ^a/ird. d. Nass. F 37, 5 Ephyrlades Dan.

Distant, Rhop. Mai. /. 398//. 35 /a^- 27 (1886) . . . Coladenia
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ London 14, \ p.

124, 127 (1897)

The figures of Kollar and of Distant are but mediocre.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265); Gedeh mountains (1500); province
of Prajangan (1545).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

At Batavia the butterfly is very common. It hides Itself with outspread
wings against the under side of leaves.

The larva lives between leaves, spun together, of a plant which at Batavia

is called djaroung (Achyrantes Aspara Lam. var. Crispa). When young it
is of a greenish white, but grown up, dark green sometimes with a yellow or
white supra-spiracular line. The vas dorsalis just as in the <3 two large crescent-
like testes, which constantly move towards each other, are distinctly to be seen
in the body which in proportion to its length, is rather thick. The great,
broad, black head is fluted and two-forked. The pupa is also attached between
leaves. In form it approaches that of some chrysalides of Heterocera, its
general colour is a very soft green with some brown marbling, the wing-cases
are of a faint white. Of two caterpillars that pupated on the ig'"^ of March,
one gave the imago on the 26''', the other on the 27''' of March. Out of
another that pupated on the 20"' of April the imago appeared on the 28'^ of
the same month.

Cenus CELAENORHINUS, Hb.

I. Summra Moore. (PI. V, fig. 4).

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London 1865, /. 787 . . Plesioneura Sumitra.
Plotz, Jahrb. d. Nass. V. 37, 5. 51, No. 51 (1884) • » »

It may be doubted whether the other names mentioned by Mabille
concerning this species are really synonyms; therefore it seems preferable not
to cite them.

W. J. In the province of Prajangan (1500 — 1800).
C. J.?
E. J.?

2. Leucocera KoUar. (PI. V, fig. 5).

KoLLAR, in Von Hilget's Kaschmir., s. 554, Taf. 18,

Jig. 3, 4. (1848) Hesperia Sumitra.

Plotz, Jahrb. d. Nass. V. 2,1 > ^- 51 (1884) . . Plesioneura Leucocera.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London

14, 4, /. 112, 116 {pars) (1897) Celaenorhinus Leucocera.

The antennae of this species have during life a silvery glance.

W. J. Tjampea (160) ; the vicinity of Pelabouan Ratou (VVynkoopsbay) (+ 1 50).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst).

5

3- PuTRA Moore.

Moore, Proc. Zoo/, of London 1865, /. 788. . . Plesioneura Putra.
SwixHOE, Trans. Ent. Soc. 0/ London 1893,/. 317. Celaenorhinus
Elwes and Ed\var]«, Trans. Zool. Soc. oj London,

14, 4, p. 112, 116 {pars) (1897) „ Leucocera.

Only one specimen, not fresh enough to make a figure of, but sufficiently
so for the identification of its scientific name and quite agreeing with the
description of Moore. According to the opinion of Snellen Putra is not a
synonym of Leucocera.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265).
C. J.?
E. J.?

4. Chamunda Moore. (PI. V, fig. 6).

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London 1865,/. 788. Plesioneura Chamunda.

Plotz, Jahrb, d. Mass. V. 37, j. 5 (1884) . . . Ephyriades Dichroa.
Elwes and Edwards, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London

1892 /. 661 Plesioneura Chamunda.

Elwes and Ed\\'ards, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ London

14, 4/. 112, 117 (1897) Celaenorhinus

W. J. Salak mountains, province of Prajangan (1500 — 1800).
C. J.?
E. J.?

5. Asmara Butl. (PI. V, fig. 7).

Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. of London 2c Serie II, I,

p. 556 (1877) Plesioneura Asmara

Distant, R/iop. Mai. p. 4 00 //. 3 5 /^. 2 8 ( 1 8 8 2 — 1 8 8 6)
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14,

4 /. 112, 118 (1897) Celaenorhinus

Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige 1 7 /. 56 (1883). . Plesioneura Goto.
De NiCEViLLE, Joiirn. Bombay Soc. of N. H. IV

p. 222, pi. E., Jig. 12 (1890) Celaenorhinus Consertus.

De Niceville, Journ. Bombay Soc. of N. H. IV

p. 223,//. F., Jig. II (1890) « Cacus.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The larva lives between leaves of vielati outan (Clerodendrum Fragrans
Vent). It is dark green, sometimes of a murky green, occasionally with a white
supra-spiracular line, the hind part of a somewhat lighter shade. The dark
vas dorsalis is distinctly visible through the body, sometimes at the sides also
many thin-branched vessels are to be seen shining through. The head is large,
heart-shaped, dark red, reddish brown or dark brown. The form of the pupa
resembles that of Udaspes Folus Cram, figured on plate X b, though is not quite
the same. The pupa is of a greasy streeny, dark green at the upper end,
brown on the wing-cases and on the knobs which indicate the eyes. The head
terminates in an obtuse brown projection and out of each of the above-named
knobs also a shorter brown excrescence protudes.

6. Dhanada Moore (PI. V, fig. 8 a, b).

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of Loudon 1865,/. 789 . Plesioneura Dhanada.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London

14, 4, /. 112, 120,//. 18,/^. 6 6,pL 22, Jjg. 5,

5fl (1897) Celaenorhinus Saturatus.

Our Javanese specimens of Dhanada are by Snellen compared with
those of Moore and found identical.

W. J. Batavia (3—14); Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160) ; (Tjibodas (1410) ;
Megamendoung, Salak, Gedeh and Wayang mountains (1480 — 1550)-

C. J.?

E. J.?

The larva is of a grayish green colour and has the form of the following
species but clearly to be distinguished from it by the possession of a milk-
white subdorsal line. The yellow testes are perfectly visible in the body. The
dark brown head is broad and bifurcate, but is not heart-shaped. Food unknown.
About the pupa I have no notes.

Genus TAGIADES Hb.

I. Japetus Cram. (PL \', fig. 9 a, b, c).

Papilio Japetvis.
Tagiades Obscurus.
Plesioneura Distans.
„ Japetus.

Cramer, /F/. 145, />/. 365 E. F. (1782) . . .
Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. dc France 1877, /. 274 .
Moore, Lcp. 0/ Ceylon I p. i75' pl- 68- A- i (1881)
Plotz, Jahrb, d. Nass. V. 37, .s. 47, i^'b. 29 . .
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ London 14,4.

/. 137, 141 (1897)

Sxei.len supposes that T. Obscurus of Mabille and P. Distans of Moore
are the same species as T. Japetus Cram.

Tagiades Japetus.

W. J. Batavia (3—14); Depok (95); Buitenzorg (265); Sindanglaya (1074);
the neighbourhood of Pelabouan Ratou (W)-nkoopsbay) (4- 200) ; Soukaboumi
(602) (Fruhst.).

C. J. Touban on the north coast (2); province of Semarang (200) (Jacobson).

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

This butterfly is one of the most common Hesperidae on Java; it is in
the habit when roused, after a moment's flight to place itself with outspread
wines against the under-side of a leaf.

The larva is wont when touched, to open the mandibles wide for biting.
It lives in a folded leaf or between two leaves sewn together of the plants,
which at Batavia are called, oiibi djaiva (Ipgjmea Batatas Poir.), onbi kalappa
(Dioscorea Alata L.), djagonng (Zea Mavs L.), and according to Horsfield
also on Dioscorea OPPOSiriFOLiA L. Once also I found one in a folded leaf
of Roxburghiacea spec.

The colour of the young caterpillar is whitish green or blue, of the grown
up ones a dark green, the foremost segments somewhat yellowish, sometimes
also light green studded with yellowish dots, and with a dark dorsal line, which
indicates the vas dorsalis. Through the body the great, yellow testes are
distinctly visible. The head of the young larva is red but afterwards becomes
dark brown or black. It is heart-shaped, bifurcated on the apex, in the one
individual deeper than in the other and the two points formed thereby are
sometimes more or less rounded.

The pupa also lies in a folded leaf and is attached at the anal extremit)-
and by a girdle-thread. Its shape resembles the pupa's of Pieris, but it has
no projections. Its colour is a yellowish white with some brown marbling and
some milk-white spots, of which the greatest on the wing-cases and one that
is somewhat smaller on the foremost part of the thorax.

One pupa of the 4''' of February gave the imago on the is'"^ of the
same month.

One of the 2^^^ of January on the 4"^ of February. One of the 7''^ of
March on the 16''^ of that month.

The figure of this caterpillar given by Horsfield is badly coloured, that
of the chrysalis very inaccurate.

2. Menanto Flotz. (PL V, fig. 10 a, b, c).

Plotz, Berlin. Ent. Zeiiung 1885, 5. 231 Plesioneura Menanto.

„ Steil. Ent. Zcitung 1886, j. 113 ,, „

W. J. Bidara tjina (28); Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160); SoukaboumI
(602), (Fruhst.).

C. J. ?

E. J.?

The caterpillar in folded leaves of plants, which I was told were named
oubi-oubian- and tjamar (Smilax Leucophylla B1.). The general colour is dirty
green or dark yellow ochre studded with many white dots; on the fore and
hind parts the colour is somewhat red or orange, and in the folds between the,
segments not a clear orange. The vas dorsalis shines through as a dark dorsal
line and the big yellow testes are also distinctly visible. The head is reddish
brown; it is heart-shaped and bifurcate. The pupa in the folded leaf, fastened
at the extremity of the abdomen and with a girdle-thread, is light gray, on the
thorax somewhat reddish, but on the abdomen for the great part pale brick-
coloured. The fore part is obtuse with a thick protrusion ; the eyes are indicated
by feeble orange coloured knobs.

3. Gana Moore (PI. V, fig. i i).

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London 1865 /. 780 . . . Pterygospidea Gana.
PLorz, Jahrb. d. Nass. V, 37, s. 48 (1884) .... Tagiades
Distant, Rhop. Mai. /. 388,//. 34, fig. 2 (1884— 1886)
El WES and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ London 14, 4,
/. 137, 141 (1897)

W. J. Depok (95); Soukaboumi (620) (Fruhst.) ; mount Salak (780).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

9

4- Menaka Moore (PI. Y, fig. 12).

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London 1865, /. 778. . Pterygospidea Menaka.
Plotz, Jahrb. d. A^ass. V. 37, s. 48 (1884) . . . Tagiacles
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ London 14,

4, /. 137, 142 (1897)

The Javanese specimens appeared to Snellen to be identical with those
received from Moore.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); Province of Prajangan (1500— 1800).

C. J. Province of Madioun.

E. J. Tengger mountains (700); province of Pasourouan (500).

The larva on fjanar (Smilax Leucophylla Bl), grayish green, back and
sides studded with many dark dots. The vas dorsalis and the yellow testes are
distinctly visible. The yellowish or reddish brown or sometimes also reddish
marbled head is broad, heart-shaped and furcated. On the pupa triangular
milk-white spots are to be seen, just as with those of T. Japetus Cram.

5. Trichoneura Feld.

Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatschr. LV, s. 402 (i860) Pterygospidea Trichoneura.
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London 1865, />. 779. „ Pralaya.

Feeder, Novara, Lcp., s. 528, Taf "il, fii:,- 14.

15 (1867) ., Trichoneura.

Plotz, Stdt. Ent. Zcif. 1886, ^. 113 . . . • Tagiades
Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 389, //. 34, fig. 20

(1882— 1886)

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of Loidon

14, 4, /. 137, 145 (1897)

According to Mabille F. Pralava Moore must be a separate species.
Snellen can see nothing therein but a sligthly varying form of Trichoneura.
The Javanese specimens agree with Felder.'s figure of Trichoneura.

W. J. Tjampea (160); Gedeh mountains (1400); the neighbourhood of the
Tjiletou or Sandbay on the south coast (+ 200).
C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The larva resembling in shape that of the following species, feeds on the

2

lO

leaves of a tall tree, which at Buitenzorg they told me was called kalhvara
(Cratoxylon Celebicum BL). It was yellowish with a black head. The short
chrysalis resembled also that of the following species.

Genus ODONTOPTILUM de Nic.
I . Angulatum Feld. (PI. V, fig. 13 a, b, c).

Felder, Vcr//. Zoo/. Bot. Gcs. XII, s. 488 (1862) . Pterygospidea Angulata.
„ Novara,Lcp.,s. 529, Taf.']^,/ig. 10, i i (1862) „ „

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, /. 786 . . . Achlyodes Sura.

DiSTANT,7?//<7/.J/<2/.,^ 390,//.34,/7>. 16(1882— 1886) Abazatha

Flotz, Jahrb. d. Nass. J'. 37, s. 41 (1884). . . Tagiades Angulata.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ Hondo/!

14, 4, />. 148, 149 (1897) Odontoptilum „

Snellen found the specimens of Achlyodes sura sent him by Moore were

identical with P. Angulata from Felder. The figures given by Feeder and

Distant are but slightly accurate.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Bidara Tjina (28); Depok (95); Buitenzorg (265).

C. J.?

E. J.?

This butterfly is common at Batavia, in the wet as well as in the middle
(August, September) of the dry season. It is fond of basking in the full
sunshine. The larva feeds on the leaves of warou (Hibiscus Tiliaceus Sw.),
pouloiiian (Urena Lappago Sm.), randoit (Eriodendrum Anfractuosum D. C.)
and droivak (Grewia Blumei Hassk. var. /3 Obversa). It does not live in
rolled up leaves, but in those which are only drawn together with some threads ;
for some time, however, it abandons that home to go and feed on other
leaves. To perform the process of moulting, it secludes itself for some time
in a part of a leaf, spun together with a few threads. The general colour of
the young larva is a dull yellow, sometimes a little greenish, of the grown up
larva ochreous. On magnifying it, one sees on the body many cross decussated
wrinkles, it proves to be covered with prominences which are overgrown with
short white hairs. The anal extremity is round shaped. A large brown scale
is seen on the back of the first thoracic segment. The head is large, at the
apex deeply bifurcated, bfown and thickly overgrown with short, gray, brown
and yellow hairs.

1 1

The form of the chrysalis resembles those of the PrEKis' pupae, it has,
however, no pointed projections. At the entremity of the abdomen and also
with a girdle-thread, it is fastened in a leaf bent together. Its colour is
milkwhite with black dots, which shoot out from the extremity of the abdomen
in four longitudinal, parallel rows, and of which the outermost row runs up to
the wing-cases and the innermost one to the thorax. On the wing-cases some
black lines, which seem to answer to the veins in the wings, and on the
foremost part of the thorax black dots. A little white knob stretches out of
the head part and a similar knob only orange coloured or black with reddish
brown extremity is seen on each side of the back of the foremost part of the
thorax. The haustellum is short but separated from the body. A pupa of
January 24''^ gave the imago on the 8''' of February. One of the i^' of
February on the 13"^ of that month.

2. Pygela Hew. (PI. V, fig. 14).

IIewitson, Descr. of nnv Hesp., p. 33 yVc. 6 (1868). Pterygospidea Pygela.

Plotz, Jahrb. d. Nass. F. 37, ,?. 42 (1884) . . . Tagiades „

DrsTAXT, Rhop. Mai., p. 390,//. 34,7/4'. 18(1882 — 1886) Abaratha
Elwes and Edwards, Tra?is. Zool. Soc. 0/ London 14,

4, /. 148, 149 (1897) Odontoptilum „

W. |. In the mountains of the province of Prajangan.

C. J.?

E. J. Loumajang (54) ; province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst).

Genus ABARATHA Moore.

I. SvRicHTHUs Felder.

Moore, Cat. Lcp. E. T. C, I, p. 249,//. '],/ig. i, \a. Pyrgus Agama.
Feeder, Novam, Lcp., s. 530,//. 12, fig. 22, 23 (1867). Pterygospidea Syrichtus.
Plotz, Jahrb. d. N'ass. ]\ 37, s. 43 (1884) . . . Tagiades Danae.
Elwes, Pivc. Zool. Soc. of London 1892, /. 6^b, pi.

43, //0-. 2 Abaratha Syrichthus.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. oj I^o)idon

14, 4, /. 150, 151 (1897)

Whereas Moore: only figures the early stages, Snellen cannot accept the
name agama.

12

W. J. Mountains in the province of Prajangan ; the neighbourhood of Pela-
bouan Ratou or Wynkoopsbay, on the Southcoast (+ 200).
C. J. Dander (+ 30) in the province of Rembang.
E. J. Province of Pasourouan ; province of Kediri.

Genus HASORA Moore.

I. Badka Moore. (PI. VI, hg. 15 a, b, c).

Moore, Cat. Lif. E. I. C, I, p. 245,//. ^^/tg. 3,

3a (1857) Goniloba Badra.

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London 1865, /. 778 . „ „

Mabille, Ann. Soc. En/, dc France 1876, /. 265 . „ Ouadripunctata.

Moore, Lcp. of Ceylon /, />. 159, //. 65, //o. 4, /\a,

41^ (188 1) Ismene Badra.

Plotz, Stctt. Ent. Zcit. 1884, .V. 59, A'o. 25. . . „ „

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ London

14, 4, />. 296, 298 (1897) Hasora „

In the Catalogue of 1857 Moore figures only the caterpillar and the

chrysalis, but in 1865 he gives a description of the imago. Badra Distant

is not Badra Moore but Lizetta Plotz.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265); Tjibodas (14 10); Tjipannas
(+ 1080) ; Sindanglaya (1074) ! the neighbourhood of the Tjiletou or Sandbay
on the southcoast (+ 200).

C. J.?

E. J. A specimen without any indication of the locality where it was caught.

The eyes of this butterfly during life are of a very deep brown. The four
white dots on the under-side in some specimens are considerably more pro-
nounced than is shown on the figure. The larva feeds on the plant, which at
Buitenzorg I was told was /oiiba lalar (Pongamia volubius Z. & M.). The
ground-colour is yellow, with a dark dorsal line, on each side of which another
thinner line. From these lines others again run off crosswise, and between them
at the back, alternately round the other articular ring, a black spot, not perfectly
square, is to be seen. The under-side is rather white. The head of the young
larva is black, afterwards it becomes dark blood- red with 5 black dots. It
lives between two leaves spun together and there also is the pupa which is
yellowish, though covered with a thick white dust. The spiracles are black and in

front the head a long obtuse snout projects. A pupa of December 22°'^ — 23"'
gave its imago on the 23'^'^' — 24''^ of January. The caterpillar is infected with
little ichneumonidae.

2. LizETTA Plotz. (PL YI, fig. 16).

Plotz, SM/. Ent. Zeii. 1884, .?. 59 Ismene Lizetta.

Distant, RItop. Mai. p. l^i,, pi. Z^, /'i:- 3 (1882 — i88b) . Hasora Badra.
De Niceville, Joimi. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 1889 /. 172. „ Hadria.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); mount Salak (+ 780).

C. J. ?

E. J.?

The larva feeds on the same plant as the preceding one and has a striking
likeness with that of Hasora Myra Hew., which is also to be found on the
same plant; its ground colour is grayish with two white dorsal lines between
which the vas dorsalis is visible as a dark streak. On the 2^ thoracic segment
a bright black, square spot. Alternatively on each segment is seen a large,
square, subdorsal spot; the foremost of these spots are black, the others red.
On the confines of the underside a milkwhite streak, on the foremost segments
also some white dots. The head is orange, on the foreside for the greater part
covered by a black spot. The young larvae are bright and not yet, as is the
case with the grown up ones, covered with hairs; its ground colour is darker
with manv white transversal lines.

3. Mixta Mab. (PI. VI, fig. 16 ^7, /;).

Mabille, Biill. Soc. Ent. dc France, Ser. 5, VI p. 9, No. 7.

Annates Id. p. 267 Ao. 13 (1876) Ismene Mixta.

Plotz, Stcif. Ent. Zeit. 1884, s. 56, No. 14 . . . . „ Philetas.

Staudinger, Lis II, s. 139 (1889) „ Simplicissima.

De Niceville, Journ. Bombay Soc. of Nat. Hist. IX,

p. 405,//. Q, ftg. 62, 63 6 'I (1895) Hasora

Nee Simplicissima Mab. Bull. Soc. Ent. de France 1876, p. 25.

By De Niceville this species is given as Javanese and by Fruhstorfer
found on West-Java also, through whose care also the two figures were made
which are added here. But as they show only the under-side the streak of
dark scales, the feature of the species, is not visible, which just as with Hasora
Chromus Cram, is found on the upper-side of the fore-wings of the <3.

u

4. Nestor Moschl. (PI. VI, fig. 17 a, b).

MoscHLER, Vcrhandl. d. Zoo/. Bot. Gcs. 1878, 5. 208, No. 10 Ismene Nestor.

Plutz, Sfeff. Eiit. Zcif. 1884, 5. 55 ,,

De NiCEViLLE, yonni. Bombay Sac. of N.H. IX, p. 403, //. 0,

fig. 61 (1895) " J°"'^-

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ London 14, 4, /.

291, 295 (1897)

This species is allied to Iluska Hew. of Celebes. Moschler did not
know the d".

W. J. Gedeh mountains (1400—2700).

C. J ?

E. J. Banyouwangy; province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

5. Chromus Cram. (PI. IV, fig. 18 a, b, c).

Cramer, ////. 163 //. 204, E (1782) Papilio Chromus.

HuBNER, Ziitragc fig. 193, 194 (1 8 1 8) Coeliades Taminatus.

Feeder, IVicn. Ent. Mo7iats. IV, s. 401, No. 28 (i860) Ismene Malayana.

Novara III Lcp. s. 527, //. 12,/ig. 15 (1867) „ „

AIoore, Lcp. of Ccy/on, p. 161,//. 65, /(i^-. i a, <5(i88i) „ Chromus.

Plotz, Stdt. Ent. Zcit. 1884, s. 57, No. 19 ... .

„ 1884, „ 57, „ 20 . . . . „ Malayana.

DisTAXT, Rliop. Ma/, p. ZIZ^ pl- 3 5../'^'- ^ (1882 — 1886) Choaspes Malayana.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ London 14,

4, /. 296, 301, //. 2-], fg. 93, 93 a (1897) . . Hasora Chromus.

The figure by Cramer is mediocre.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); province of Prajangan (1500 — 1800).

c. J.:^

E. J. In the provinces of Besouki and Pasourouan.

The larva is a dull green with yellowish green lines of which 4 are dorsal
and some vertical, each on the side of a segment. The cross-folds between
the segments are also yellowish green. A subdorsal, almost square black spot
on each of the thoracic segments and a greater one on the 2'^, 4"^ and 6''^
abdominal segment. These marks are largest on the midst segments, but
seem to differ somewhat in the different individuals.

The head is red with black spots. Food unknown. About the pupa I
possess no information.

6. Alexis F. (PL VI, fig. 19).

Fabricius, Sys/. Ent. /. 533, ^^'«- 387 (i 775) Papilio Alexis.

Butler, Cat. Fabr., pi. 3, //^. i (1878) Hesperia „

Moore, Lcp. of Ceylon, p. 161, //. 65, //..?. 2 a, b (1881). Ismene

Plotz, Stett. E7it. Zcit. 1884, ?. 57, A^o. 21

De Niceville, Jow-n. As. Soc. of Bengal, 55, 2,/. 378,

pi. 18, //<-. 8 6, fig. ?, a, b Q (1886) Hasora Coulteri.

W. J. Depok (95); Tjampea (160); mount Salak (780).

C. J.?

E. J. province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The food of the larva is not known to me. It is light-green and would
much resemble the preceding species, but the head will perhaps be orange
coloured overgrown with short, white hairs and showing 4 small black spots;
the abdominal spots being round. Evidently some confusion crept into m>-
notes about this larva and the preceding one, so that both descriptions are
perhaps not very accurate.

7. Mvra Hew. (PL VI, fig. 20 a, b, e).

Hewitson, E.xot. Butt. IV, Ismene, pi. \, fig. 3 (? (1867). . Ismene Myra.

PlStz, Stett. Ent. Zcit. 1884, s. 59, No. 29

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 4, 4/, />. 296,

303 (1897)

The figure given by Hewitson is anything but accurate.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265); Sindanglaya (1074); Patjet (i 1 14) ;
Megamendoung (1450); province of Prajangan (1200— 1500); mount Karang
in the province of Bantam.

C. J.?

E. J. province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst).

The butterfly flies in the evening on flowers. The larva feeds on the
plants, which I was told at Buitenzorg were named kazvoivli (Milletia Sericea
W. & A.) and tonba lalar (poxgamia volubilis Z. & M.). It is light
green, and reddish with four white dorsal lines, and some white vertical hnes
on the sides; a subdorsal row rather large marks round every second ring.
The foremost of these patterns are black, the others a deep red; sometimes
all the spots are red. The grown up larva also is overgrown with fine silky
white hairs. All the marks of the young larva are black; nor is it reddish.

i6

The head is orange, on each side a black dot, above that in the young larva
still two somewhat bigger spots. Sometimes also the first thoracic ring is
orange, but for the greater part covered by a black mark on each side.
Out of a pupa that pupated on the 7"^ of April came the imago on the 20"'
of that month.

8. ScHOENHERKi Latr.

Latreille, Encycl. Metli. IX, p. 742, iVo. 36 (1823). Hesperia Schoenherr(i).

Hewitson, Ex. Butt. IV, huicne, //. i, fig. 4 c? (1867). Ismene Chuza.

„ I ., 5 V (1867). „ Saida.

Feeder, Novara Lep. 527, Taf. 12, fig. 18, 19 (1867). „ Gentiana.

PLorz, Stct/. Eiit. Zcit. 1884, JT. 61, No. 36 d . . „ Chuza.

„ 1884, /. 62, No. 37 9 • • " Saida.

Distant, Rhop.Mal.p. Hi, pi. 2>\,Jig- 27(1882—1888). Choaspes Chuza.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. ZooL Soc. of London

14, 4,/. 296, 304 (1897) Hasora

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. ZooL Soc. ot London

14, 4,/. 296, 304 (1897) „ Saida.

Snellen thinks Chuza and Saida Hew. etc. to be both the sexes of the
same species and synonyms of Schoenherri Latreille; a species which
description is very clear.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); Mega Mendoung-mountains (1450).
C. J. Province of Madioun.
E. J.?

Genus BIBASIS Watson.

I. Sena Moore. (PI. VI, fig. 21 a, b).

Moore, Proc. ZooL Soc. of London 1865,/. 778. Goniloba Sena.
Lep. of Ceylon, /. 1 60, 5 3 3 , //. 6 5 , /a^. 3 ,
2,a (1881) Ismene „

Staudinger, Iris II, s. 139 (1889) „ var. Palawana.

Semper, Sc/mniL d. P/iiL I, s. 292 (1892) . Bibasis „

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. ZooL Soc. of Lon-
don 14, 4, /. 305 (1897)

Elwes and Edw'ards, Trans. ZooL Soc. of Lon-
don 14, 4, p. 305 //. 27 fig. 95 (1897) . „ Uniformis.

17

The form Palawana, Stdgr. is the same as B. Uniformis, Elwes and
Edwards, and according to their description undoubtedly nothing else but a
local form of Sena Moore.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14), also in the very low lying forest of Pademangan ;
Buiten/.org (265).

C. J. Dander (+ 30), in the south of the province of Rembang.

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The larva at Buitenzorg on dawou laban (CoMBREiuAr Latifolium B1.). It
is bluish-black with 2 white dorsal lines and alternately yellow and bluish-black
sub-dorsal lines. The foreside of the head is black with a peculiar yellow
marking along the border. The back side is red or orange. It lives in a leaf
folded by two threads. The pupa also is in a rolled up leaf, it is faintly
}ellowish, powdered with white, with a subdorsal row of black dots visible
through the powdering. Two similar dots are seen also quite under the girdle-
thread. I must notice here that the larva very much resembles that of Ismene
Oedipodea Swains, even more than this is to be seen on the not quite accurate
figures, by which, the more so as both live on the same plant, it often happened
to me that confusion arose between them, which may also have had some
influence on the description.

Genus BADAMIA Moore.

I. Exclamationis F. (PI. VI, fig. 22).

Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 530, No. 373 (17 75)- • • Papilio Exclamationis.

Cramer, ///,/. 164,//. 284 C(i783) „ Ladon.

Felder, Sitz. Bey. d. Wiener Akad. 40, s. 461 (i860). Hesperia Thymbron.
Butler, Cat. Lep. Fabr., pi. ?>, /{s;- ^ (1870) ... „ Exclamationis.

Moore, Lep. of Ceylon I, p. 157, //. b(), fig. 2, 2a, b

(1881). Ismene

Plotz, Stctt. Eut. Zeit. 1884 j-. 60 „ „

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. of London 14,

4, p. 306 Badamia

W. J. Depok (95); Buitenzorg (265).

C. J. Dander (+ 30), in the south of the province of Rembang.
E. J. Province of Besouki ; province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).
The back of the larva is greenish yellow, the fore-side of each segment

3

i8

shows on the back a broad black cross stroke, and 4 gray cross Hnes. White
spiracles. On the confines of the under-side a white elevated streak. The head
is light orange or yellow with a peculiar black marking, consisting for the
greater part in a horizontal row of three lines under which still another of 5 dots.

Genus RHOPALOCAMPTA Watson.

I. SuBCAUDATA Feld. (PI. VI, fig. 23 a, b, C, d).

Felder, Novara Lcp. s. 526, //. 72, //;'■. 20, 21

(1867) Isniene Subcaudata.

Snellen, YY/Wsc/n: ?'. Ent. 21 /V. 40 (1877) . .
Distant, RIiop. Mai, /. 372, pi. 34, //<,'. 26

(1882— 1886) , Crawfurdi.

Plotz, Stdt. Eiit. Zcit. 1884, 5. 59 „ Subcaudata.

Elwes and Edwards, Traits. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ London

14, 4, /. 307 (1897) Rhopalocampta Crawfurdi.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ London

14, 4, /. 307 (1897) » Subcaudata.

The Javanese specimens agree with the figure of Felder, which for the
rest is not very accurate. Ckawfurdi Distant is surely not a separate species.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160); mount Salak (780); Province of
Prajahgan (+ 1500).

C. J. ?

E. J.?' ^

The beautiful larva seems to be dimorphous, as occurs with more cater-
pillars, f. i. with those of Callidryas Pomona F. One that fed on daivon
laban (Combretum Lajifolium B1.) had a velvet-black colour, with a dorsal row
irregular, deep yellow spots and on the sides still another row of such spots,
which were, however, larger and somewhat oblong square. On the i^' and 2"''
thoracic segments the yellow of all these spots become white. Between the
two rows an azure coloured dot is seen on the foremost part of each segment
and in each of the yellow spots on the sides also a little black mark in which
the spiracles are to be found. The head is a faint orange with a peculiar
marking of black spots. (See fig. b, c).

Another larva feeding on Meliosma Lanceglala B1. and M. Ferruginea
Bl., was also velvet-black with a grayish green longitudinal and between each

19

segment ; in which bands arc s(x!n two olive-green lines. Along the confines
of the belly these bands united into a gra)'ish green streak. On each segment
the same subdorsal azure dots are seen as in the above-mentioned larva. The
dark orange head shows also the same drawing of black spots (see fig. d).
The difference between the two larva-forms is, indeed, not so great as it
appears to be at first sight, and consists for the greater part herein, that the
irregular yellow spots of fig. b are more regularly united into crossbands in
fig. d and that the colour of the head of the latter is more clear.

The pupa in found between two leaves, spun together with some threads,
and is of a wax-like white, under which, however, the deep black ground
colour is distinctly visible. There is a subdorsal row of black spots : on the
wings are black streaks ; on the thorax many projecting knobs and two oblong
projections on which also are little black streaks. On the tenth day, the
g^i^ of February, the imago appeared.

Genus ISMENE Swains.

I. Oedipodea Swains (PI. VI, fig. 24 a, b, c, d).

SwAiNsoN, Zoo/. Illustr., pi. 16 (1820) Ismene Oedipodea.

Plotz, Skit. Ent. Zcit. 18 84, .?. 54, No. g

Elwes and Edw^ards, Tiaus. Zoo/ Soc. of London 14, -i ,

/. 290, 291 (1897) ,

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Frumsi-.).

See what is mentioned above for the larva of Bibasis Sena Moore. The
larva of this species feeds on the same plant and on a climber which at
Buitenzorg was said to be called, oyot poi^arapat (?). It is bluish-black
with two white dorsal lines and on each segment a subdorsal oblong, dark
yellow or orange coloured spot, which however, on the first thoracic segment
is not ver}- distinct. The under-side is light green, on its confines appears a
lip-ht green line. The fore-side of the head is black with a peculiar yellow
drawing along the edge. The pupa is rose-coloured or reddish-brown with a
subdorsal row of round yellow spots and still another row of round black ones ;
also many black spots on the thorax. The head shows a pointed projection.

20

2. Harisa Moore (PI. VII, fig. 25 a, h, c).

SwAixsoN, Zool. in, /)/. 16 (1820) Ismene Oedipodea.

Moore, Proc. Zool. Sac. of London, 1865 />. 782 . . . „ Harisa.

Plotz, Stctt. Ent. Zcit. 1884 j>~. 55 „ Consobrina.

Elwes and Edwards, Tra7ts. Zool. Soc. o/ London 14, 4,

/. 290, 293 (1897) „ Harisa.

Snellen thinks that I. Harisa Plotz, {Stctl. Ent. Zcit. 1884 /. 53) is the
Jaina Moore which is not yet found on Java.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); province of Prajangan (+ 1500).

C. J.?

E. J.?

Of this larva I have no description, only a figure, tolerably accurate. The
larva, however, becomes larger, just as big as that of the following species.
It feeds on dawon boungli (Zingiber Zerumbet Rose). Out of pupas of the
omi Qj. ^rii of January the imagos came on the 16''', 17"^ or iS^"^ of the same
month.

3. GoMATA Moore. (PI. VII, fig. 26 a, b, c, d).

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London 1865, /. 783 (c?) . . Ismene Gomata.

Mabille, An7t. Soc. Ent. dc France 1876, Bull. /. 10. . „ Lorquini.

Snellen, Midd. Sumatra Lcf. bl. 26 (1880) „ Striata.

EluTiS and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14, 4,

A 291, 295 (1897) Gomata.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265) ; Megamendoung and Gedeh mountains (i 300 — i SooV

C. J.?

E. J.?

The larva on Heptapleurum Lucidum, gambangan or f^angi^ang (Trevesia
suNDAiCA Miq.) and further on the plants, which at Buitenzorg I was told
were named ki tcrang ?, kidjang kourang, (Horsfieldia Aculeata BL), katjinibang
(Embelia Garciniafolia Miq.). Its groundcolour is a pearl-colour, the back
of the abdomen yellow with 4 white dorsal lines. Further on the back and
sides many larger and smaller spots. The head orange-coloured with many
black dots. The larva folds a leaf together and fastens it with some threads,
in which it takes up its abode, and in it one finds also the pupa fastened
at the hindpart and with a girdle thread. The chrysalis is first of a gold-
yellow, but afterwards becomes milk-white with little black streaks and dots.

21

Genus SUASTUS Moore.
I. Gremius F.

Fabkicius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 433 (1798) .... Hesperia Gremius.
Moore, Proc. Zoo/. Soc. of London 1865, /. 791 . . . „ Divoda.sa.

Butler, Cat. Lcp. Fabr., pi. ?>, Jiii- 7 (1870). . . . Hesperilla Gremius.

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 0/ London 1878, /. 689,//. 45 A- 5 Hesperia Subgrisea.

Pmrz, Skit. Ent. Zeit. 1884, .s^. 381, 1886, s. lOQ . . Telesto Gremius.

SiAUDiNGER, Exot. Sc/im., s. 301, Ta/. 100 (1888) . . Hesperilla ,

De Niceville, Indian Mies. Notes, I p. 9, //. i ,/ig. a—c (1889) Suastus
Elwes and Edwards, Tians. Zool. Soc. ol London 14, 4,

P- 179 (1897) •

W. J.?

C. J.?

E. J. A 6 without any further notice of the place where it was caught.

2. Sala Hew. (PI. VII, fig. 27).

Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. of London 1865, /. 500 . Hesperia Sala.
De Niceville, Jonrn. As. Soc. of Bcnoa/ ^3, f- 49 (1884) Suastus Adites.
Swinhoe, Ann. and Mao. of Nat. Hist. Ser. 6, J', p. 364

(1890) .. Bipunctatus.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ London 14, 4,

/. 178, 179,//- 18, y/;^ 15 ^ (1897) . . . • • >. Sala.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14, 4,

/. 178, 180,//. 18, A^. 14 o" (1897) Bipunctus.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14), in the low-lying wood Pademangan.
C. J.?
E. J.?

3. Tripura de Nic. (PL VII, fig. 28).

De Niceville, Bombay Jotun. of Nat. Hist. VI, p. 392

//. G fig. 39 9 (1891) Tagiades Tripura.

Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bclgc, 37, /. 91 (1893). • • Carystus Albescens.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14, 4,

/. 179, 180 (1897) Suastus Tripura.

W. J.?
c. J.?

E. J. A specimen from the province of Pasourouan.

Genus SUADA.

I. SwERGA de Nic. (PI. VII, fig. 29 a, b).

De Niceville, youni. As. Soc. of Bengal, 52,/. 89,

//. 10, fig. 12 (1883) Hesperia Swerga.

PLorz, .S7,'//. Eiif. Zcit. 1884, ^-. 152 Apaustus Triplex.

Moore, Jouni. As. Soc. of Bengal 53, /. 34 (1884) Suastus Moelleri.
Staudin-ger, Ins II, s. 162, Tcrf 2, fg. 13 (1889). Heteropterus Cataleucos.
Semper, SclimctL d. Philifp. Is. 229, //. ^2, fig. 8 <3

(1892) Suastus Albinus.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. oj London

14, 4,/. 177, 178 (1897) Suada Swerga.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. oJ London

14, 4, /. 177, 178 (1897) " Cataleucos.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London

14, 4, /. 177, 178 (1897) ' Albinus.

Snellen does not regard Albinus Semper, as a separate species.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160); the neighbourhood of the Tjiletou
or Sandbay (+ 200) on the south coast. _

C. J.?^

E. J. Banyouwangy.

The larva feeds on bamboo (Bambusa); it is grayish green, on which the
vas dorsalis shines through as a dark line. The frontside of the head is
encircled with a small black line, inside of which it is light brown with a
peculiar marking consisting of two curved stripes of which the uppermost is
black and the undermost a clear white. The head is slightly bifurcated.

The pupa firmly spun between bamboo leaves is quite oblong ; the thoracic
segment somewhat thickened is a bright-yellow and overgrown with dense
colourless hairs; on each side of the head a small brown dot is to be seen.
The abdomen is a yellowish white.

23

Genus JAMBRIX Watson.

I. Stellifer Butl. (PI. \'1I, fig. a, b).

Butler, Trans. Liini. Soc. of London, 2c Scries, /,

y^. r c; :; ( 1 8 7 7) Astictopterus Stellifer.

Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, /, /. 163 (188 1)

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ London,

14, 4, /. 181 (1897) Jambrix

W. J. Tjampea (160); environs of Pelabouan Ratou or Wynkoopsbay (+ 200).

C. J.?

E. J. Loumajang (54); province of Pasourouan (1300) (Fruiist.) ; the moun

tains alone: the south coast.

o

Genus AEROMACHUS de Nic.

I. Discreta Plotz. (PI. VII, fig. 3 0-

Plotz, Ber/. Ent. Zeit. 1885, .?. 232 . .. . . . . Apaustus Discreta.

Sfeft. Ent. Zeit. 1886, .v. 105

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. oj London 14, 4,

/. 1S7, 190,//. 19, _Ai,'- 6 (1897) Aeromachus Discreta.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14, 4,

/. 187, 191,//. 19, .^4'- 24 (1897) '• Javanicus.

\SI . J. Sindanglaya (1074); Patjet (114); Gedeh mountains (1400); Penga-
lengan (+ i 500).
C. J.?
E. J.?

Genus ITYS de Nic.

I. Jadera de Nic. (PI. VII, fig. 32).

De Niceville, Jonrn. Bombay Soc. of N'at. Hist. IX, p. 2>11^

//. O fig. 52 (1895) Itys Jadera.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14, 4,/. 200 (1897)

>> >!

W. J.?

C. J. ?

E. J. A specimen from Banyouwangy.

Genus HYAROTIS Moore.

I. Adrastus Cram.

Cramer, IV, /. 62, //. 319 F. G. (17S2) Papilio Adrastus.

Moore, Lcp. of Ceylon IV, p. \1\, pi. ^l^/is;. 5> 5^^ (1881 Hyarotis

Plotz, Steit. Ent. Zat. 1883 v. 30 Hesperia

Distant, Rhop. Mai. /. 2,91 p^- iA /'g- 4 (1882 — 1886) Hyarotis
Elwes and Edwards, Tra//s. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ Lo/ido)/ 14, 4,

A 197 (1897)

Cramer wrongly mentions Suriname as the habitat of this species.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14).

C. J. ?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

I found the larva wound up in a rattan leaf spun together in the forest of
Pademangan, in the lowest part of Batavia, but also in the higher districts
of Batavia on rattan plants cultivated there in pots. Its colour is whitish-
green, especially on the round hind part of the body ; with a few longitudinal
dark streaks, in which wise the vas dorsalis also shines through. The head is
yellow on which thin black lines form a A. on the sides of which some more
dark marbling is visible. The chrysalis resembles in form that of Udaspes
FOLUS Cram, (see pi. X fig. jgi), it is slightly coloured somewhat agreeing
with a withered rattan leaf. The vas dorsalis is visible ; on each side of which
some feeble black marbling is to be seen ; in the middle of each segment appears
a dark spot. A pupa of the 29'^^ of May gave the imago on the 7* of June.

Genus LOPHOIDES Watson.

I. Japis de Nic. (PL VII, fig. a, b).

De Niceville, Jouni. Bombay Soc. of Nat. Hist. V, p. 213,

//. E, fig. 9 c? (1890) Isoteinon Japis.

De Niceville, Joiim. Bombay Soc. of Nat. Hist. VI, p. 384
(1891)

Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige Zl> f- i5 Pamphila Vulso.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14, 4,

/. 195, 196, />/. 54 //j,'. 24, 44a (1897) Lophoides Japis.

25

According Snellen Vulso Mab. is the same species as Japis de Nic.
(Sapis Mab.).

W. J. Buitenzorg (265).

C. J.?

E. J. Banyouwangy.

Genus ZOGRAPHETUS Watson.

I. Satwa de Nic. (PI. VII, fig. 34).

De Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal ^2, p. 86,//. 10,

fio. 15 (1883) Isoteinon Satwa.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc . oj London , 14,4,

/. 201 (1897) Zographetus „

W. J. A specimen from the neighbourhood of the Tjiletou or Sandbay
(+ 200) on the south coast.
C. J.?
E. J.?

2. Ogygia Hew. (PI. VII, fig. 35).

Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. of London, Scr. 3, ///

/. 500 (1866) Hesperia Ogygia.

Hewitson, Exot.Bn/L V, Hesp.,p!. ",/ig. 73, 74 (1896) „

Plotz, Sfetf. Ent. Zeit. 1884, ,?. 381 Telesto

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ L^ondon

14, 4, p. 200, 203 (1897) Zographetus Ogygia.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. oJ L^ondon

14. 4, //. 19, //^. 9 „ Ogygioides.

Among the Javanese specimens the form Ogygioides passes gradually into
the form Ogygia so that both are undoubtedly the same species.

W. J. Patjet (11 14); in the neighbourhood of the Tjiletou or Sandbay
(+ 200) on the south coast.

C. J.?

E. J.^

In April I once found the larva on a bamboo leaf (Bambusa spec). It was
light-green, the head light gray with a black edge.

4

26

Genus MATAPA Moore.

I. Aria Moore (PI. VII, fig. 36 a, b).

Moore, Proc. Zoo/. Sac. of London 1865, /. 784 . . . . Ismene Aria.
Lc/>. of Ceylon /, /. 164, //. 66, //<,'. 1, \a (1881) . Matapa

Plotz, Stctt. Ent. ZcH. 1882, .r. 315 Hesperia „

Distant, Rhop. Ma/., /. 378, //. 35- /<;'• 8 (1882 — 1886) . Matapa
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ London, 14, 4,

/. 201, 209 (1897)

The fieure of Distant is far from accurate.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265). ,

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruiist.).

During life the butterfly has blood-red eyes. The larva feeds on a rolled
up leaf of a Bambusa species.

The body is whitish green, but grows gradually into a lime-white ; the
fore legs are black, the spiracles black with a black cross-line on the first
thoracic segment. The large head is yellow or orange coloured with a little
black close to the mouth parts. The yellow pupa with a somewhat thickened
head end is concealed in a bambooleaf, which is, however, so closely spun
together, that I could not exactly fix the day on which the larva pupated.
A larva that had shut itself up in this manner concealed on the 1 7"^ of March
gave the imago on the 25''' of the same month.

2. Druna Moore. (PI. VII, fig. 37 d-, b).

Moore, Proc. Zoo/. Soc. of London 1865, /. 784 .... Ismene Druna.

Plotz, Sfeft. Ent. Zcit. 1882, 5. 315 Hesperia PuUa.

„ 1882 /. 322 „ Druna.

PuLLA Plotz is according to Snellen the 9 of Druna.

&

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); Sindanglaya (1074); mount Salak (780).

C. J.?

E. J. Without any further indication of the locality where it was caught.

This butterfly has also blood-red eyes during life. The larva lives also
in a rolled up and fastened leaf of a Bambusa species ; its colour is red or
brown, covered, however, with much white, the rounded anal-extremity is
blackish and overgrown with white little hairs; on the back of the last segments
some black dots are seen ; the spiracles are black also. On the c? specimens
the j'ellow testes shine distinctly through. The flat part of the big^ head is a

27

light-or dirty-orange or yellowish brown, marked with two parallel black streaks.
In a leaf, tightly spun together, the pupa is fastened both at the anal extremity
and by a girdle thread; as soon as the leaf is touched the pupa moves
strongly which makes pretty much noise in the dry leaf It is yellowish and
oblong round. A larva that pupated probably on the 22^'' of April o-ave the
imago on the 30'^ of that month.

Genus GE de Nic.
I. Geta de Nic. (PI. VII, fig. 38).

De Nickville, Jouni. Bombay Soc. of Nal. Hist. IX, p. 373, 374,

pl- Q, J'g- 51 o' (1895) Ge Geta.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. of London, 14, 4,/. 182 (1897) „ „
The 9 of this species seems not yet to be known.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); province of Prajangan.

C. J.?

E. J. Banyouwangy; province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

Genus SCOBURA Elwes.

I. BoNONiA Hew. (PI. VII, fig. 39).

Hewitson, Descr. of neiv. Hesf., p. 29, No. 16 (1868) . Hesperia Bononia.

Plotz, Stetl. En/. Zeit., 1883, i". 40

Distant, RIiop. Ma/., p. 386,//. Z^, fig. 20(1882—1886) Isona
De Nickville, Journ. Bombay Soc. of Na/. His/. JV, p. 391,

//. G., fig. 38 (189 1 ) , Inarime.

Mabille, Ann. Soc. En/. Be/ge, 1893, /. 55 Pamphila Zetus.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 204, 206 (1897) Scobura Bononia.

W. J. In the neighbourhood of the Tjiletou or Sandbay (+ 200) on the
south coast.
C. J.?
E. J. Banyouwangy; province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

2. Feralia Hew. (Pl. VII, fig. 40 a, b, c).

Hewitson, Descr. of new. Hesf., p. 31, No. 20 (1868). . Hesperia Feralia.
Ex. im//. IV, Hesp., //. 4, //,.. 32 (1869) . . „

28

Elw'es and Edwards, 71aiis. Linn. Soc. of London 14, 4,

/. 206 (1897) Scobura Feralia.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Linn. Soc. 0/ L^ondon 14, 4,

/>. 204, 207, //. \<^, fig. 2 9 (1897) , Bipunctata.

Snellen regards Bipunctata as not a separate species. The number of

white points on the hind-wings is not always the same.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160).

C. J. ?

E. J. Banyouwangy.

The larva on pinang rendc/i (Pinanga Kuhlei B1.) and pandan ontan
(Pandanus spec). It is light green with feeble bright crossfolds, along the
sides sometimes a more or less bright streak. The anal entremity terminates
in a point sometimes slightly bent upwards, on the back of which is a black
streak. The head is heart-shaped, at the upper-side somewhat bifurcated,
light brown or green mi.xed with brown ; at the upper-end beneath the bifur-
cation it is bruised in a peculiar manner. The green pupa is somewhat
thickened at the head-end; the cremaster is hollowed out.

Genus ACERBAS de Nic.

I. Anthea Hew. (PI. VIII, fig. 41 a, b (forma Javanica).

Hewltson, Dcscr. of nnv ILcsp., p. 29, No. 17 (1868) . Hesperia Anthea.

Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. of London, Ser. 2, Zoo/., J'o/. /,

/. 554 (1877) Cobalus Ciliatus.

Distant, f?/wp. Mai, f. 404,//. 35, //>,'. 32(1882 — 1886) Plesioneura Anthea.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. LJnn. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 214, 215 (1897) Acerbas

Among the specimens of the type described by Hewitson and figured by

Distant according to a d" from Malacca, the white band does not continue

up to the external margin as it does with the Javanese specimens, for which

reason the latter can be distinguished as forum Javanica.

W. J. Neighbourhood of the Tjiletou or Sandbay (+ 204) on the south coast.

C. J.?

E. J. Semarou mountains ; province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

29

Genus ERIONOTA Mab.

I. Thrax Clerck L. (PL VIII, fig. a. b).

Clerck, Icoucs, pi. ^2, fig. 2 (iJSO) Papilio Thrax.

Linnaeus, Syst. lYaL, Ed. XII, I, 2, /. 794, No. 260 ( 1 767)
HoKSFiELD and Moore, Cal. Ltf. E. I. C, I, /. 254,

A- 7. f'S- 5 ^(i'"^'^' 5'^ P^'P<^ (1857) Hesperia „

PiEPERS, Tijdschr. v. Ent., 19, /. 158 (1875 — 1876) .

De Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal ^o, 2,/. 260(1 881) Ereonota Acroleuca.

Plotz, Stdt. Ent. Zcit. 1882, s. 327, 1886, .?. 91 . . Hesperia Thrax.

Distant, i?//o/. y]/a/., />. 393 //. 34, //i--. 17(1882 — 1886) Erionota

Elwes, and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ London, 14, 4,

/. 217 (1897)

The form Acroleuca de Nic. that has white scales near the apex of the
fore-wings occurs on Java with the type.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160); Sindanglaya
(1074); mount Salak (780); mount Tjerimay in the province of Tjeribon
(2003); Megamendoung mountains (1500). The neighbourhood of the Tjiletou
or Sandba}' (200).

C. J. Magelang in the province of Kadou.

E. J. Semarou mountains (2200); Sourabaya on the east coast; province
of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst).

The above-mentioned variety Acroleuca represents only the individuals,
that are in a more advanced stadium of colour-evolution and in which there-
fore a part of the yellow already faded into white. By daylight the butterfly flies
only when it is roused, else only in the twilight; when flying it makes a soft
enashine sound ; when at rest and touched with the hand on the antennae it
seems not to take any notice thereof, but then the same is done on one of
its legs it flies away immediately. Sometimes it makes vibratory movements
with the wings just as the Sphingidae before flying, but as with these moths
this is evidently a preparation to enable themselves to fly such is surely
not the case with Thrax, because this species is also perfectly able to fl>- up
without doing so. One evening during a heavy shower of rain such a butterfly-
flew into a room where a lamp was burning, and directly it went to the light
just as many Heterocera do. The caterpillar is to be found wherever its
principal food but exists, viz., the leaf of \he pisang (Musa spec), that is to sa)',
wherever on Java human dwellings are found. I found them also on the leaves
of kclappa (cocos kucifera L.), of rhapis flabelliformis, oi Idray (metroxylox

30

SAGUs Rottb.) of arm (arexga sacharifera Lab.), and as I was told they are
said also to have been found on the leaves of the African Elaeis guineexsis L.
It lives in a part of a leaf that is rolled up into a case and fastened with
threads, it is chalk-white with a black head overgrown with very short hairs
and wholly covered with a white waxy powder, that also entirely fills its abode.
That this wax-like exudation as de Nkeville according to Tuth means, should
serve the caterpillar and the pupa as a sheltering against the heavy rains,
may be doubled; because many other larvae of Hesperidae live also in
rolled up or folded leaves without exuding such a powder. It is very much
plagued by small Braconidae. The yellow brown chrysalis, that is also in that
abode, is very oblong and has a very long and mostly curved haustellum
which is even longer than its abdomen. When the leaf is touched it moves
strongly so that it makes some noise. After 7 or 8 days the imago appears.
The figures of this larva and pupa given by HoRSFrELo are but little accurate.

2. Lebadea Hew. (PI. VIII, fig. 43 «. b, c).

Hewitsox, Exot. Butt. IF, Hesp., //. 3,./'^- 22, 23 (1868) Hesperia Lebadea.

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, id>iS, p. 686 . . Ismene Subfasciata.

Lcp. of Ccylou, I, /. 1 64, //. bj[. Jig. 3, 3« /^ 1 88 1) Mataspes

Plotz, Stctt. Ent. Zeit. \S^2, s. z?>3. No. I'^^b . . . Hesperia Lebadea.

Distant, Rhof. MaL, p. 375- //• 35..A^- 5 (1882- 1886) Paduka Glandulosa.
Elwes and Ed wars. Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14. 4.

/. 218, 219 (1897) •• Lebadea.

SxEi.LEN regards the figures by Hewitsox and Distant as not very accurate.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan; Ibid (+ 500) (Fruhst). The larva on
rqtan (Calamus spec). It is chalk-white with a dorsal row of black points.
The black head is almost entirely covered with white, so that the black is
only visible along its edge as a peculiar row of dots. When the rolled up
leaf, where in the pupa is, is touched, the pupa makes a ratding sound by
moving itself forcibly.

Genus GANGARA Moore.

I. Thyrsis F. (PI. VIII, fig. 44 a, b).

Fabricius, .Sv.sV. £■;//.,/. 582 (1775) Papilio Thyrsis.

Moore, Cat. Ep. E. L C, I., p. 254, //. i^/ig. 10, larva

loa pupa {\Z^1) Hesperia Pandia.

31

Moore, Pioc Zoo/. Sac. of Loudon, 1865, />. 790 . . . Hesperia Pandia.

,, /.(•/. of Ccy/on, /, /. 165,//. 66,//;'. 3, 3^! (1881) Gangara Thyrsis.

Plotz, Ste/L Eut. Zdt. 1882, /. 331 Hesperia Clothilda.

Distant, RIiop. Mai. /. 394,//. Z^,/ig- 13 (1882 — 1886) Gangara Thyrsis.
Ei.wEs and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. 0/' London 14,4,

/. 218 (1897)

W, J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160).

C. J.?

E. J.?

The eyes of this butterfly are blood-red during life. The larva lives in
the same manner as that of Erionota thrax Clerck L. in a rolled up and
fastened leaf of different Palmaceae, as: l;e/appa (cocos nucifera L.), arcn
(arexga sacharifera Lab.), /cimy (metroxylon sagus Rottb.) etc.) and also
of ratan (calamus spec). It is entirely covered with a white waxy substance,
that hangs also in long threads down from its body, but easily lets loose.
Under this substance the real colour of the body is here and there to be seen
as blood-red spots, just as such is the case on the young larva of cricuj.a
CRAMERi Feld. Sometimes the head also is red, but generally it is entirely white.

The pupa is oblong, the upper end dark, the thoracic part, as for the
rest, light green, the abdomen light yellow-brown. The cremaster is bifurcated,
the haustellum as long as the abdomen and mostly hollowed out. This pupa
makes also a rattling noise when the leaf wherein it dwells is touched, by
moving itself vigorously in the very dry palm leaves. The figure of the lar\a
given by Moore, is bad, that of the pupa somewhat better, but yet not
accurate either.

Genus KORUTHAIOLOS Watson.

I. Xanites Bud. (PL VIII, fig. 45 a, b, c, d).

Butler, Trans. En/. Soc. o/' London 1870/. 510. . Astictopterus Xanites.
„ Trans. Linn. Soc. 0/ London, 2c Scr., Zoo/. /,

A 555. A- 69, .A^. 7 (1877)

Plotz, Bcr/. En/. Zci/sc/ir. 1882, ^. 263 Lychnuchus Focula.

Distant, Rliop. Ma/., p. 402,//. 34, A;'. 28 (1882 — 1886) Astictopterus Xanites.
Watson, Proc. Zoo/. Soc. 0/' L^ondon 1893 /. 77 . . Koruthaiolos Hector.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. of London 14, 4,

A 175 (1897)

Snellen remarks that the e.Ntent of the orange coloured band on the fore-
wings differs much, as is to be seen in the figures. The figure given by
Distant is not very accurate. This band referred to by Snellen that occurs
also by many other Rhopalocera from other families, is evidently one of those
obstinate spots of which I have spoken when treating the Pieridae, where the
original colour long maintains itself against the increase of the black ; this
process, however, is already much advanced in this species and so that band
is with the one individual so much more extensive than with the other. In some
other species the process of colour-evolution has already changed the red
into yellow and especially into white ; but with regard to Xanftes the red is
not yet much faded. In my collection there are many specimens that partly
show the transition from the type (pi. VIII fig. a, b) to the form Verones Hew.,
(Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist, 5* Serie, i, p. 34' 1878) in which latter the
red of the upper-side of the fore-wings has quite disappeared and now only
appears at the under-side as a small spot. Of such a specimen from the
collection of Mr. Fruhstorfer the under-side is imaged here, (fig. d).

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); mount Salak (780); Gedeh mountains (1400);
the neighbourhood of the Tjiletou or Sandbay on the south coast ; mount
Karang in the province ot Bantam.

C. J.?

E. J. Semarou mountains (700) ; province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

2. Kophene de Nic. (PI. VIII, fig. 46 a, b).

De Nickville, Joiini. Bombay. Soc. iVat. Hist., X, p. 2,

pi. T, P;o-. 50 V (1896) Koruthaiolos Kophene.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ London 14, 4,

/. 176 (1897)

W. J. Gedeh mountains and other mountains in the province of Prajan-
gan (1500).
C. J. ?
E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

Genus SANCUS de Nic.

I. PuLLiGo Mab. (PI. VIII, fig. 47 «, b).

Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. dc France 1876, />. 272,

Bull. p. zb Tagiades Pulligo.

00

Astictopterus Subfasciatus.
Kethra.

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. oj Loudou, 1878, /. 842

Plotz, StetL Ent. Zcit. 1886, ^.109

Wood Mason and De Niceville, Jonrn. As. Soc.

of Bengal, 55, /. 380,//. 18,//^. ia(i887) „ Subfasciatus.

Staudinger, Irh II, s. 147 (1889) Plotz /;/ ////. „ Ulunda.

Semper, Sclimctl. d. Phill. I,s.3i 9,//. 49,A?- 1(1892) Sancus PuUigo.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. 0/ London

14, 4, /. 174 (1897)

W. J. Batavia (3—14); Depok (95); neighbourhood of Pelabouan Ratou
or Wynkoopsbay (+ 200), on the south coast; in the mountains of the province
of Prajangan (1500).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The larva in a folded leaf of obi rarout = anvivroot (?). Green, on the
thoracic segments passing over into a dark yellow with many cross folds.
The head is heart-shaped and bifurcated, the flat fore-side is light brown with
dark brown spots and margin.

Genus AMPITTIA Moore.

I. Maro F.

Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., />. 432 (1798) • • •
Hewitson, Dcscr. of Hcsp., /. 43, No. 8 (1868) .
Butler, Cat. Lcp. Fabr. p. 2, fig. 12 (1870) . .
Snellen, Central Sumatra Lep. bl. 28 (1880) .
Moore, Zt-Z-.^/'Gy^/; /,/. 172,//. l^i■,fs■ i. i«(i88i)
Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zcitung 1884, v. 164 . . . .
Distant, Rhop. 3Ial., p. 383, A- 2,5^ fig- U. ^5

(1882 — 1886)

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. ol London

14, 4, /. 185, 186 (1897)

Hesperia Maro.
Cyclopides Camertes.

„ Maro.

Thymelicus Palemonides.
Ampittia Maro.
Apaustus „

Telicota „

Ampittia „

W. J. Batavia (3—14); Soukapoura in the province of Prajangan ; the
neighbourhood of Pelabouan Ratou or Wynkoopsbay on the south coast (+ 200).
C. J. In the province of Rembang.
E. J.?

5

34

The little larva on the leaf of the padi (Orvza sativa L). It is a dull
green, the head is black, mixed with some light brown. The oblong pupa is
grass-green and attached to a leaf of the padi. From a pupa of the 28''^ of
February the imago emerged on the 6* of March.

Genus PARNARA Moore.

I. Phflixo Moschl. (PL VIII, fig. 48 ^, b).

MoscHLER, l^erh. Zoo/. Bot. Ges. 1878, s. 220 . . . Hesperia Philino.
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London 1878, /. 220. . . Parnara Bada.
Lcp. of Ceylon I, p. 167,//. 70, Ai,'. 2, 2^ (1881)

Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeihing 1883, 5. 44 Hesperia Intermedia.

Van Deventer, Archie/ Sid/cer Ind. 1902, b/. ^, f/g.

g — 13 d' „ Philino.

The Javanese specimens have been identified by Moschler himself as Philino,
and Snellen found, after a personal research, that Bada Moore agrees with it.

W. J. Batavia (3—14).

C. J. Pekalongan (van Deventer).

E. J.?

According to van Deventer the larva is from 30 to 35 millimetres long
and lives between the lengthwise stitched leaves of the pad/ (oryza sativa L.),
of the /edou (saccharum officinarum L.) and of the djagoung (zea mays L.) ; once
also I found one between bamboo leaves (Bambusa) and once a pupa in a
sewed up piece of a leaf of the /c/adi (colocasia antiquorum Schott.). It is
green or greenish white, on which the vas dorsalis shines through as a dark
streak ; on the anal extremity, that runs out in a rounded off form, is mostly,
but not alwa)s on that streak a dark brown or black line running lengthwise,
which sometimes at the upper-end is nail-shaped, thickened or formed into a
cross by a little cross-line. According to van Deventer this black is only
sometimes wanting in the young larva; I think, however, that I may doubt
this. The )ellow testes also shine through. On the first thoracic segment
there is sometimes also, according to van Deventer in the young larva always,
a dark brown litde cross-line. The head is bifurcated at the upper-side, red
brown here and there, and especially along the margins a dark brown with
two vertical black streaks; the head of the young larva, however, is entirely
black. The pupa is mostly in a thick white cocoon between leaves, it is oblong,
the thoracic part somewhat gibbous light violet coloured or yellowish white.

35

The haustellum shows itself as a body projection, which is longer than the
wing-cases. From a larva pupated on the i^' ot' March the imago emerged
on the lo* of that month, and from one of 30''' May, on the 8"' of June.
I think my figure of the caterpillar has succeeded better than that of
VAN Deventer ; the one, however, which he gives of the pupa is correct.

2. TooNA iMoore (PI. VIII, fig. 49).

Moore, Proc. Zoo/. Soc. of London, 1878, />. 689. . . . Hesperia Toona.

Woou-MASON and de Niceville, Jouni. Asiat. Soc. of Bengal,

55, //, /. 383 9 (189 1) Parnara

Snellen doubts whether Contigua Mab., BulL Soc. Zool. de France, 1877,

/. 232, is the same species.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265); Patjet (11 14).

C. J. Bojonegoro (258).

E. J. Tengger mountains (700); mountains along the south coast (600);
province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The larva on allang-allang (Imperata arundlnacea Cyrill.). It is light or
dirty green with many dark dots and yellow cross-folds. The head is yellow
brown, surrounded by a brown streak, which is somewhat broader at the sides
and somewhat brown under the mouth-parts. In the middle a faint figure
of two standing lines converging at the top and above that a slightly vertical
notch.

3. Matthias F. (PI. VIII, fig. 50).

Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Stipfl., p. 433 (1798)

HiJBNER, Samml. Exot Schniett, (1806 — 1827).
Lederer, Verhand. Zool. Bof, Gcs., V, p. 194, pi.

fig. 9, 10, (1855)

Butler, Cat. Lcp. Fabr., pi. 3, /ig. 6 (1870). .

Plotz, StetL Enf. Zcit., 1883, 5^. 46 . . . . ,

Distant, Rhop. Mai. , /. 3 8 o, //. 3 5 , /■>. 10(1882—1886). Baoris

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, 14,

4,/. 271, 275,//. 2^, fig. 86 (1897) Parnara

Van Deventer, Archief, Java Sicik. Ind., 1902, bl. 7,

fig- 14 — 19 {larva, p7ipa c? 9) , Hesperia

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265).
C. J. Pekalongan (van Deventer).
E. J.?

Hesperia Matthias.
Gegenes Thrax.

Hesperia Thrax.
Epargyrus Matthias.
Hesperia „

36

The larva according to van Deventer 40 millimeters long feeds on padi
(oRYZA SATivA L.) ; alang-alaug (imperata arundinacea Cyrill.) ; tebou (saccharum
OFFiciNARUM L.), and other species of grasses ; once I found it also on sereJi
ivancri (axdropogon schoenanthus L.). While most Hesperidae feed on
folded or rolled up leaves, van Deventer remarks that this species in its
last stadium lives free, mostly upon the leaves. It is light, yellowish, green
with many white dots and clear yellow subdorsal lines, which sometimes do
not run on to the last segment, while the vas dorsalis shines darkly through.
The anal extremity is rounded off.

The head of the grown up larva is light-green, on each side is a vertical
red streak between two white lines, which red, however, is not always of the
same tint and just as the white strokes is sometimes more or less visible and
sometimes even entirely wanting. According to van Deventer, however, this
red in the last stage but one of the larva is considerably more extended and
the head of the young larva is uniformly black ; one of my notes seems to
agree with this last; from another it would appear that afterwards that black
considerably lessens. One then would be inclined to accept that in this manner
the black lessening gradually during the ontogenetic evolution, does reappear a part
of the original red colour yet unchanged, while another part thereof has already
faded into white, but that such is not the case with all individuals. In this
respect, however, much further inquiry is necessary before the facts, which are
of consequence here, can be settled.

The pupa is light green with lengthwise running dim white lines. It is
fastened against a half folded leaf at the hind end and by a girdle thread that
goes over the upper part of the thorax. It is oblong and the head ends in
a snout. A pupa of the 8'*^ of January gave the imago on the 26''^ of that
month, one of the 5'i^ of March on the 14* of March. Van Deventer gives
a very good figure of the pupa; what concerns the larva, however, I think
my figure has succeeded better.

4. Brunnea Snell. (PL VIII, fig. 51 a, b, c, d, c).

Snellen, Tijdsclir. v. Ent. XIX, bl. i64,/>/. I, fig- 4 (1876) Pamphila Brunnea.

Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zcit. 44, 5. 46 (1883) Hesperia „

De Niceville, Bombay Jouni. of Nat. Hist. VI, 3,/. 388,

//. G, //;'. 33 5 (189 1) Chapra Caere.

Mabille, Ann. Sac. Ent. Beige, 37, p. 53 (1893) . . . Pamphila Sodalis.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 271, 276 (1897) Parnara Brunnea.

The figure in the Tijdschrift voor Entonio/ogic is not very accurate.

37

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14) ; Buitenzorg (265); Sindanglaya (1074); Megamendoung
mountains (1482); Gedeh mountains (1400); neighbourhood of Pelabouan
Ratou or Wynkoopsbay on the south coast (+ 200).

C. J. in the province of Semarang (Jacobsen).

E. J. province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The larva on the leaves of Bamboo (Bambusa spec.) and on alang-alaug
(Imperata arundinacea Cyrill.). It is a grayish yellow green, but yellow on
the cross folds. The anal extremity is rounded off. The head of the young
larva is black or dark brown ; afterwards it becomes pearl-gray with, along the
margin, a brown streak that thickens downwards, but does not entirely run on
to the underside. From the centra of the fore-side of the head descends a
small streak that lower on divides into many little thin lines. Near the mouth-
parts small brown dots. The pupa is light-green, oblong, the head ending in
a snout and the cremaster hollowed. A pupa of the 30* of January gave the
imago on the 9'*^ of February, one of the 10* May on the ig''^ of that month.

5. MooLATA Moore (PI. IX, fig. 52 «, b).

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London 1878, /. 843. . . Hesperia Moolata.

Mabille, Petit Nouv. Ent. 1878, /. 242 Pamphila Dravida.

Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 379. pl- 34 ,. A^- i o d ( 1 88 2 — 1 886) Baoris Moolata.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 271, 378,//. 26, fg. 86 a—c (1897) .... Parnara
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, pi. 21,

fig. 23 d", //. 26, fg. 87 a — c „ Aurociliata.

AuROCiLiATA is nothing else than a form of Moolata from which it differs
only because the yellow of the fringe has a somewhat deeper colour; both
forms occur on Java. The figure by Distant it not very accurate.

W. J. Tjampea (160); Mount Salak (780); Gounoung Pantjar, in the
neighbourhood of Buitenzorg.
C. J.?
E. J. Banyouwang}'.

6. CoNjuNCTA Herr.-Sch. (PI. IX, fig. 53 a, b, c).

Herrich-Schaffer, Corr. BI. d. Zool. Min. V, 23,

.f. 195 (1869) Goniloba Conjuncta.

Mabille, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1877, /. 232 . . Parnara Javana.
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 1878, /. 687, //. 45,

fia. 4 Hesperia Narova.

38

Moore, Lcp. of Ceylon /, /. 167,//. 39..A?- 3. 3^ (1881) Hesperia Narova.
Plotz, Stdt. Bit. ZcU. 1882, .-. 344. ^"^'o. 141 .. . „ Conjuncta.

„ 1883, p. ^^, No. z^-\ . . . . „ Alice.

Distant, J^//op. Mai., p. 380,//. ZA^fis- '- (1882 — 1886) Baoris Narova.

Semper, Sclnnctt. d. Pliil. /, .v. 297 (1892) Parnara Javana.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 271, 280,//. 2-], fig. g2a—c (1897) Parnara Conjuncta.

Van Deventer, Archie/ Java Suiker Ind., igo2, A//. 15,

/. 7, fig. 20 — 26 9 Hesperia „

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Depok (95); Buitenzorg (265); Gedeh mountains
(Fruhst.).

C. J. Tegal (Lucassen); Pekalongan (van Deventer).

E. J.?

The eyes of this very common butterfly are dark reddish brown during its
hfe. According to van Deventer the larva reaches a length of 50 to 55
millimeters; it feeds on djagoung (zea mays L.), padi (oryza sativa L.), tebou
(SACHARUM OFFiciNARUM L.), bamboo (Bambusa spec.) and sereh ivangi (andro-
POGON schoenanthus L.). It is dim, greenish yellow, on the foremost segments
somewhat brighter with two dull yellow lengthwise streaks, and fine transverse
folds. By magnifying, many black dots on back and sides become visible.
The hindpart of the body ends rounded off and is near the anal extremity
overgrown with short white hairs. The head has a peculiar appearance; on
the very young larva it is black, dotted with some white, afterwards, however,
it becomes gray, divided into two parts by a thin vertical black line, which
sometimes thickens at the upper and lower end, in each of the two divisions
are— mostly two— round black spots. With the grown up larva the head is
white and 4 of such spots are usually to be seen, and above these sometimes
also black streaks; this black head-marking is not in all individuals entirely
the same; there is evidently some times more or less black than otherwise.
From my numerous, but often hastily made, notes concerning these larvae it
appears to me, that these black spots are sometimes substituted by more or
less bent black vertical streaks, one at each side of the head, and that the
heads of some larvae, saving a dark margin, should be entirely white. This,
however, must still be setded by a special inquiry in this direction. The pupa
is light green with two parallel white streaks at the back, its form is that ot
udaspes folus Cram. (See pi. X, fig. 79 b). The right haustellum is separated
from the body and reaches to the anal extremity. I found it fastened on that
extremity and the normal girdle thread to a bamboo-leaf; once I think observed

39

also a little thread spun over the abdomen. Above that, however, three longer
and stronger threads were stretched across the not rolled up, but a little l^ent
leaf, which prevented the leaf from curling to the other side through which
the thin threads, that hold fast the pupa, would break or become so stretched
that it would have been the pupo's death. According to v.\n Deventer the
larva always pupates in this manner at the underside of a leaf; if this is true,
then the danger of curling upwards of the leaf would lie in the fact itself. A
ver}- ingenious arrangement of which I have spoken in the Introduction and
that I think has not been observed in all pupae of this species, therefore it
may be, that such is only the case when they are attached to very dry leaves
as those of the Bambusa, which are particularly inclined to curl. This, however,
also requires a further inquiry. A pupa of the 29''^— 30"^ March gave the
imago on the <}''> of April. The pupae often contain many Braconidae. I
give here figures of the early stages, which I regard as more accurate than
those of VAN Deventer, particularly in respect to the larva.

7. TuLsi de Nic. (PI. IX, fig 54).

De Niceville, Journal Asiat. Soc. 0/ Bengal, 52, /. 86 (1883) Parnara Tulsi.
Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zcit. 1886, .v. 95, No. 20,0 b . . . . Hesperia Jolanda.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. oj London, 14, 4,

p. 371, 284 (1897) Parnara Tulsi.

The description of Jolanda given by Plotz without doubt concerns Tulsi
de Nic, which is then the oldest name.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); Soukaboumi (602); Tjibodas (1410); province of
Prajangan ( 1 500 — 1 800).

C. J. A specimen without further indication of the place where it was caught.
E. J.?

8. Plebeja de Nic. (PI. IX, fig. 55).

De Niceville, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 1887, /. 466,

//. 40, fio. 2 Parnara Plebeja.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. oJ London, 14, 4,

/. 271, 275 (1897) -

Identified from a specimen sent to Snellen by de Niceville. The 9 seems

yet to be unknown.

W. J.?
C. J. ?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

40

g. KuiMARA Moore (PI. IX, fig. 56, a, b).

Moore, Proc. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ London, 1878, /. 687 . . . Hesperia Kumara.

Lif. of Ceylon I, /. 166, //. 69,//^?. 2, 2a (1881)
SwiNHOE, Trans. Ent. Soc. of London, 1893,/. 323 . . Caltoris „

Elwes and Edwards, Ti-ans. ZooL Soc. 0/ London, 14, 4,

/. 271, 275,//. 2^, fig. c)oa, b (1897) Parnara

W. J. Patjet (11 14); Gedeh and Wayang mountains (1500 — 1800).

C. J.?

E. J. A specimen without further indication of the place where it was caught.

The larva on alang-alang (Lmperata Arundinacea Cyrill). It is a very
whitish green, at the anal extremity entirely white; it shows cross folds
which at the thoracic segments are yellowish with very many numerous black-
dots. Head almost white as ground-glass. Above the mouth-parts and at the
side ivory-yellow. On the side also still some black marking. Concerning the
pupa I am without annotations of my own.

10. Oceia Hew. (PI. IX, fig. 57 rt, b).

Hewixson, Dcscr. of new Hesp., p. 31, No. 2 2 (1868) . . Hesperia Oceia.

Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1883, 5. 44 „ „

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. ZooL Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 271, 274,//. 25, //^'. 74 a—c (1897) Parnara

W. J.?
C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

II. Bevani Moore. (PI. IX fig. 58, a, b, c, d).

Moore, Proc. ZooL Soc. of London, 1878, p. 688 . . . Hesperia Bevani.
Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. of London, 1888, /. 446, //;'. 2 . Parnara Bevani.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. ZooL Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 271, 283, //. 2b, fig. 82 (1897) „ Bevani.

This species is not mentioned by Mabille. By Snellen it is doubted
also whether it belongs to the genus Parnara. By comparing the Javanese
specimens with the Moore collection it appeared besides evident to him, that
it does aeree with Bevani Moore.

••&'

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265); mount Salak (780).

41

C J.?

E. J.?

The larva feeding on tebou (Saccharum Officinarum L.), on ala^ig-alang
(Imperata Arundinacea Cyrill.) and on rounipout pahit (Paspalum Conjugatum
Berg.), is very light whitish-green on which the vas dorsalis darkly shines
through, on each side, besides, a white line is seen. On each side of the body
also such a white line. The thickness and brightness of all these lines are in
the specimens very different. The anal extremity is rounded off. The head
is licrht trreen with two white vertical streaks, which are sometimes on the
outside bounded by a black streak, while sometimes still other little black lines
occur ; all these black lines, however, are occasionally wanting ; the white
streaks are more constant. Sometimes, yet another head-marking, without
white streaks seems to occur, and from my notes it seems probable to me,
that this Is an older marking, which is mostly substituted by the afore-mentioned,
but sometimes, however, also remains in existence until the pupating. The
pupa that is attached to a leaf has the form of that of Udaspes Folus Cram.
(See pi. X fig. \<^b) and is light-green with four lengthwise white lines. A
pupa of 13 March gave the imago on the 23^ of that month.

I 2.

Apostata Sneil. (PL IX fig. 59).

Snellen, Central Sumatra, Lcp. bid. 27 (1880) . . . Pamphila Apostata.
Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1886, s. 96, No. 315 (^ . . . Hesperia Haga.

This species is not mentioned by Mabille; Snellen regards its placing in
the genus Parnara as also still doubtful. According to him, however, it is
undoubtedly the Haga Plotz.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265); Sindanglaya (1074); Gedeh
mountains (1500).
C. J.?
E. J.?
The larva feeds on padi (Oryza Sativa L.) ; it is light-green ; the head

black mixed with light-brown.

Genus HALPE Moore.

I. Zema Hew. (PI. IX, fig. 60).

Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., Scr. 4, XIX,

p. 1'] (x^ll) Hesperia Zema.

Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1886, ^. 92 , Ormenes.

6

42

Weymer, Stdt. Enf. Zeil., 1887, //. //, fig. 16 . . . Hesperia Ormenes.
Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. of London, 1888, /. 455, //. AY,

fig. yd" „ Zema.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

p. 257, 260 (1897) Halpe

W. J. mount Salak (780).
C. J. ?
E. J.?

2. HoMOLEA Hew. (PI. IX, fig. 61, a, b, c).

Hewitson, Descr. of nav Hesp., p. 29, No. 15 (1868) . Hesperia Homolea.
Exot. Butt, r: Llesp., PI. 1, fig. 77, 78 (1876).

Plotz, Stiit. Ent. Zeit., 1883, j-. 43 „ „

Distant, Rhop. Ala/., p. 391,//. i5,fig- 23(1882—1886). Isma

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 257, 265,//. 2^, fig. 71 (1897) Halpe

Many other species enumerated by Swinhoe are still mentioned by Mabille,

but their identity with Homolea, however, is not sufficiendy sure to Snellen.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265).

c. J.:^

E. J. Banyouwangy (?) and also another specimen without further indication
of the place where it was caught.

The larva feeds on the leaves of the bamboo (Bambusa spec). It is light-
green, at the joints between the segments more yellow. The head is light-gray
with dark brown margin and a peculiar marking consisting in a thin vertical
line in the middle, which at the lower end divides into two, and more or less
joins a somewhat thicker horizontal streak at the lowest part of the head. In
each of the two divisions into which the head is divided by the vertical line,
is a vertical brown streak ; which streak is sometimes also united with the
lowest part of the above-mentioned vertical line, where it parts into two. The
pupa is brown and is surrounded by a loose cocoon concealed in a rolled up
bamboo-leaf. A pupa of the i^' of February gave the imago on the 13* of
that same month.

3. Marsena Hew. (PI. IX, fig. 62, a, b).

Hewtison, Trans. Ent. Soc. of London, 1886, /.

498, Ah. 33 Hesperia Marsena.

Felder, Novara, Lep. s. 515, Taf T2,pig. 6 (1867) „ Ornata.

43
Hewitson, Exot. But/. V, Hesp., p. \,fig. 51, 52 (1873)

Parnara

Plotz, SteU. Ent. ZeiL, 1883, ^. 32, i\^<?. 249 .

n 1) » 1) " >> " " ~ ^^ ■

De Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. of Beng., p. 382,//.
\^,fig. 7. la (1S87) ....
„ „ Journ. As. Soc. of Bejig, 55,/. 387.

//. IS, fig. 4 (1887) ....
„ „ Butter fl. of Siunatra, />. 548 .

El WES and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of Loncton,

14, 4, /. 257, 268 (1897)

According to de Niceville (Butt, of Sum.) Ornata Felder is the same
species as Marsena Hew.

Hesperia Marsena.

Subornata.
Ornata.

Pithauriopsis Aitchisonii.
Parnara Marsena.

Halpe Ornata.

W. J. mount Salak (780); both sexes were caught in coitu.

C. J.?

E. J. Banyouwangy.

4. Pelethronix Fruhst. (PI. IX, fig. 63).

Fruhstorfer, Socictas E/itomo/ogica. XXW, No. 20,/. 155. Halpe Pelethronix.
This species was found by Fruhstorfer in West-Java near Soukaboumi
and is here figured according to a specimen from his collection.

Genus PADRAONA Moore.

I. GoLA Moore (PI. IX, fig. 64 a, b, c, d).

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, i^T] p. 594.//. 58,//^. 9 Pamphila Gola.

Lep. of Ceylon, /, /. 171,//. 7i,f'g- 3, 3« (1881) Padraona Goloides.

Mabille, Covipte Rend. Soc. Ent. Beige, 1883, />. i . . Pamphila Akar.

Distant, Rhop. Mai. p. 382,//. 35,//^. 13 (1882 — 1886) Telicota Goloides.

Staudinger, Iris II, s. 146 (1889) Pamphila

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 249, 252, //. 2^, ftg- 66a, b (1897) Telicota Gola.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Depok (95); Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160);
neighbourhood of Pelabouan Ratou or Wynkoopsbay (+ 200) on the south coast.
C. J.?
E. J. Jember (98) ; province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

44

The larva feeds on alang-a/a?ig (Imperata Arundinacea Cyrill.) and on
mmipout paliit (Paspalum Conjugatum Berg.); it is whitish-green, the head a
white, with a not always constant marking of black vertical lines and black
dots. The pupa is green with 4 lengthwise white lines, and a snout projecting
at the head- end.

2. Dara Koll. (PI. IX. fig. 65 a, b).

KoLLAR, in von Hilgcl, Kasihinir IV, 2, s. 455 (1844). Hesperia Dara.
Felder, Sifs. Btr. d. Akad. d. JJ'/ss. in ll'/iv/, i860,

jr. 462, A^o. 54 Pamphila Sunias.

Moore, Proc. Zoo/. Soc. of London, 1865,/. 509,//. 2^, fig. 9 „ Maesa.

Distant, R/iof^. I\IaI., p. 383,//. Z\,ftg- 24 (1882— 1886) Telicota Maesoides.
El WES and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. at London, 14, 4,

/. 249, 254,//. 2^, Jig. 68, 69 (1897) , Dara.

Van Deventer, Archief Java Suikcr Ind. 1902, bl. 11. Pamphila „

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Depok (95); Buitenzorg (265); Gedeh mountains
(1500); neighbourhood of Pelabouan Ratou (Wynkoopsbay) and of the Tjiletou
or Sandbay (+ 200) on the south coast.

C. J. Pekalongan (van Deventer).

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The larva in a rolled up leaf feeds on tcbou (Saccharum Officinarum L.),
on bamboo (Bambusa spec), on alang-alang (Imperata Arundinacea Cyrill.)
and on roiimpont paliit (Paspalum Conjugatum Berg.). It is light green, the
vas dorsalis mostly shining through as a dark line, just as the yellow testes ;
sometimes a little black cross-streak on the first thoracic segment. The head
of the young larva is black, there afterwards appear thereon two white or gray
supra-spiracular streaks ; mostly, however, the head becomes gray or clay-
coloured with a dark margin and on the middle a vertical nail-like stroke which
mostly is deep brown, but sometimes also red-brown or dark-orange. Some-
times the drawing also is very indistinct and sometimes also the head somewhat
clay-coloured. The light-yellow, oblong little pupa has a haustellum that does
not reach farther than half-way to the abdomen. A pupa of the 18/19 of
January gave the imago on the 30* of that month, one of the 8''^ of May on
the 19^'' of the same month, one of 14 May on May 25 and one of 13/14
]ulv on the 26''^ of that month.

45

3. Orphitus Mab. (PI. IX, hg. 66).

Mabille, Compte Rendu Soc. Ent. Beige, 1883, /• 74 • Pamphila Orphitus.
De Niceville, Joiini. As. Soc. of Benga/, 63, /-. 53,

//. IV, Jig. 8 d (1894) Padraona Pavor.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of Londoti, 14, 4,

/. 249, 259 (1897) Telicota Orphitus.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Megamendoung, Gedeh, and Wayang mountains
(1500 — 1800).
C. J.?
E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) Fruhst.).

4. Archias Feld. (PI. IX, fig. 67 a, b, c, d).

Felder, Sits. Ber. Wicn. Akad., XL, p. 462,

No. 15 (i860) Pamphila Archias.

Snellen, Tijdschr. v. Ent., 19 bl. 165,//. 7,/^. 5

/i3y^ 1876) Thymellcus Nigrolimbatus.

Ploxz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1884, 5. 289 ... .
Distant, Rhop. Ma/., p. 384. A- 35- A- '^

(1882— 1886) Telicota

Following the classification of Mabille, Snellen places this species in the
genus Padraona; with the remarks, however, that the pointed extremity of
the antennae comes out but very little, that the description of Felder is in
the main too vague, and that this lepidopterologlst does not make any mention

of the antennae.

Besides this, the Hesperia Dscholia Plotz cited by Mabille is unknown

to Snellen.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265); Soukapoura (70); SIndanglaya
(1074); Megamendoung and Gedeh mountains (1500); the neighbourhood of
Pelabouan Ratou or Wynkoopsbay (+ 200).

C. J. Bojonegoro (258).

E. J. Jember (98) in the province of BesoukI ; Kediri (64); province of
Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

A little butterfly very common everywhere, that flies in the sunshine over
grass and low-growing flowers. In the 0" the colour on the upper-side Is some-
times more, sometimes less shaded and the extent of the black not quite of
the same size. The larva dwelling between halms of the ronmpout pahit

46

(Paspalum Conjugatum Berg.) combined together, is of a light-green, afterwards
yellow, where the vas dorsalis shines through as a dark streak, just as also do
the yellow testes. At the back of the first thoracic segment a little black
cross-streak. The anal extremity rounded off. The head yellowish brown
with a black margin and almost entirely covered by a black spot, which at
the upper-side is united with the margin by a small vertical line. The pupa
is light yellowish brown, oblong, with a straight haustellum, separated from the
body, which is somewhat longer than the wing-cases. A pupa of the 2t,'^ of
April gave the imago on 2'' of May.

Genus TELICOTA Moore.

I. AuGiAS L. (PI. IX, fig. 68 a, b, c, d, e, /, g, li).

Linnaeus, Amoen. Acad. IV, p. 410, Ah. 80 (1760) . . Papilio Augias.

Donovan, his. of India, pi. 48, yfi,'. i (1800) „ „

Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeii., 1883, 5. 226 Hesperia

Distant, RIiop. Mai., p. 382,//. 34. ./^'- 23 (1882— 1886). Telicota
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 250, 251,//. 25, //^. 63 (1897)

Van Deventer, Aixhief Java Suikcr Ind. 1902, ajl. 15,

bl. 3, fig. I — 8 Pamphila „

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Depok (95); Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160);
Patjet (11 14); mount Salak (780); Gedeh mountains (1500 — 1600).

C. J. Bojonegoro (258); Pekalongan (van Deventer).

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

A butterfly very common on West-Java. The larva feeds on padi (Oryza
Sativa L), on bamboo (Bambusa spec), on iebou (Saccharum Officinarum L.),
and on alang-alang (Imperata Arundinacea Cyrill.). It is a dim or yellowish
green. The joints between the segments are sometimes visible as yellow
cross-folds. At the first thoracic segment mostly a little black cross-line and
at the last segment a more or less extended or sometimes even wanting, black
spot. The anal extremity is rounded off. The head of the young larva is
mostly black or dark brown, but afterwards becomes lighter in different shades,
and then mostly with a marking that consists in a dark brown line that lower
on divides itself into two lines under which, above the light brown mouth-parts,
is a dark brown horizontal streak. The thickness of the lines of this marking
and the width of the legs of the dividing line differ very much, sometimes

47

there is no marking at all and sometimes the head also is almost entirely
dark brown. Evidently the black of the body as well as that of the head-
marking are in an evolutionary state of lessening, which with the one individual
is more advanced than in the other, and therefore shows so many differences
of all kinds. The pupa is found among some grass-blades spun together. It
is small, oblong yellowish, sometimes greenish here and there, with a straight
haustellum separated from the body, that does not reach farther than half-way
the first abdominal segment. A pupa of the 9/10 of February gave the imago
on the 25'*^ and one of the 29'"^ of February on the 12''^ of March. My
figure of the larva is more accurate than that of van Deventer ; his figure
of the pupa has totally failed. I give here — as also van Deventer does —
also difterent figures of the difference in colour of the head.

*&*

AuGiADES Feld. (PI. X, fig. 69 a, b, c, d)

Pamphila Augiades.
Hesperia „

Felder, Silz. Ber. d. Wien. Akad. XI, /. 46 1 , No. 5 i (i 860).
„ Novara Lep., s. 515, Taf. ']2,Jig. 5 (1867).

Plotz, Sfefi. Ent. Zcit., 1883, .f. 228

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. oj Loudon, 14, 4,

/. 249, 253, />/. 25, y%-. 65, 65^ (1897) .... Telicota

The Javanese specimens are, as on the figures is to be seen, somewhat

smaller than the type from the Moluccas.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265); Gedeh mountains (1500).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) Fruhst.).

The larva feeds on the leaf of the kclappa (Cocos Nucifera L.) and on
rotan (Calamus spec). It is green, here and there with some yellow marbling,
the vas dorsalis shining through as a dark dorsal line, so that its contraction,
can distinctly be seen. The light orange testes shine through also. The anal
extremity of the body is rounded off and has some stiff white hairs. The
head is light brown or clay-coloured, with a black margin and mostly with a
marking consisting in a little vertical brown line in the middle, that is divided
lower down into two small branches ; between its legs there is still another
little vertical line; which marking, however, varies in from and thickness of
lines. The larva spins a very tight white cocoon between some parts of a
leaf strongly sewed together, wherein it pupates. This pupa surrounded with
a white powder, is of a dim yellow ; at the place of each eye it has a brown
dot. Its haustellum is straight but not long.

48

Genus PIRDANA Dist.

I. Hyela Hew. (PI. X, fig. 70).

Hewitson, Dcsci: of Nroj Hesp, /. 23 (1868) .... Hesperia Hyela.

Plotz, Stdt. Ent. Zcif., 1882, ^. 322

Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 376. pl- ^5^/l^- 6 (1882 — 1886) Pirdana
De Niceville, yotm/. of Soc. of Bengal, 55, 2, /. 438,

//. 20, fi'g. 6 (1887) Pirdana Rudolphii.

El WES and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 223 (1897) Hyela.

W. J. Depok (95); Tjampea (160); Buitenzorg (265); mount Karang in

the province of Bantam.

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (4- 500) (Fruhst.).

The larva feeds on daivon soiigi (Cordyline Rumphii Hsk.), on Dracaena
spec. ; once I found also a pupa on the leaf of the arai (Arenga Saccharifera
Lab.). The caterpillar is greenish gray with two lengthwise black lines, at
each side under those lines a row of square black spots. At the hindmost
segments the black forms a special drawing. The head is orange with a
drawing of little black lines and spots, which is not the same in the case of
all caterpillars.

2. DiSTANTi Staud. (PI. X, 71, a, b, c, d).

Staudinger, Iris II, s. 140 {sub. Hyela) (1889) .... Pirdana Distanti.
De Nickviile, Butterfl. of Sumatra, p. 540 (1895) . • • " Paerna.

„ „ Jouni. As. Soc. of Bengal, 66, 2, /. 514,

pi. w, fig. 16 <3, fig. 13 9 (1897) „ Distanti.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

/. 223, 224 (1897) „ ,

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); neighbourhood of Pelabouan Ratou or Wynkoops-
bay on the south coast (+ 200).*

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The grown up larvae, which I found on the same daivon soiigi as the
preceeding species agreed so much with each other that I could state no
difference. They were, especially along the sides, covered with a waxy powder.
In a not yet grown up larva the black drawing at the back and sides, which

49

in the full grown larva is to be seen, was wanting. It had, however, already
the same marking on the head. The pupa is yellow, with a straight haustellum
that reaches half way to the abdomen and two great blood-red knobs at the
place of the eyes.

Genus PLASTINGIA Butl.

I. Callineura Feld. (PI. X, fig. 72).

Felder, Novara Lep., p. ^\Z,pI. l\,fig.^, 10(1867). Hesperia Callineura.
Hewitsom, Descr, of neiv Hesp., /. 34, No. 27 (1863). „ Latoia.
Exot. Butt., Hesp., pig. 62, 63 (1873) .

Plotz, SMf. Ent. Zeit. 1884, -f. 148 Plastingia Callineura.

Staudinger, Iris //, s. 150 (1889) „ Callineura var. Flava.

Distant, Rliop. Mai., p. 396, //. 35, fig. 26

(1882 — 1886) „ Callineura.

Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, Zl, p. 52 (1893) . „ Fruhstorferi.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14,

4,/. 224, 226,//. 24,//^. 52 (1897) ... „ Callineura.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. oj London 14,

^^, p. 224, 227,//. 2/^, fig. 53 (1897) ... „ Latoia.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of L^ondon 14,

4, /. 224, 227, //. \% fig. 19. pl- 24. A'- 55.

5a (1897) » Fruhstorferi.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); Tjampea (160); Soukaboumi (620) (Fruhst.).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan; Ibid. (+ 500) (Fruhst.); Semarou moun-
tains (800) ; Banyouwangy.

The larva feeds on pinang rendch (Pinanga Kuhlii Bl.) and on daivon
tjongkok (CuRCALiGO Recurvata Dryand.). It lives in a piece of a leaf sewn
together. Its colour is a dirty, bluish-gray, with a reddish shade. The vas
dorsalis shines through as a dark dorsal line. The head is light brown, the
mouth parts, however, are dark reddish-brown, at the side of which a short
but rather broad obligue white streak and further on still some little black
dots placed closely together. In the centre on the uppermost part of the
fore-side of the head a small vertical line. A pupa of the i 5"^ of December
gave the imago on the i^' of January.

7

50
2. Tessellapa Hew. (PI. X, fig. 73 a, b, c).

Hewitson, Trans. En/. Soc. of London 1866,

/• 494 Hesperia Tessellata.

Felder, Novara Lcp., $. 517, //. 72, fig. 12

(1868) ■ „ Eulepis.

Staudinger, Iris II, s. 149 (18S9). ... „ Tessellata, var. Palavvata.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. of

London 14, 4, /. 224, 229 (1897). . .

In the type the colour of the marking on the under-side is yellow, in the
form Palawata Staud., white. Both stadia of colour-evolution occur in Java.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265) ; neighbourhood of Pelabouan Ratou or Wyn-
koopsba-\' on the south coast (+ 200).

C. j'. ?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The larva feeds on arln on/an (Arenga Obtusifolia Mart.), it is bluish
grey with cross-folds, the anal extremity is rounded off and not hairy. Head
part gray surrounded by a black line, which downwards strongly broadens
and is divided into two parts b)- a thin vertical line; the mouth-parts are light
brown.

3. Naga de Nic. (PI. X, fig. iibis).

De Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. of Benga/ 52, /. 89, //. 10,

fig. 2 (1883) Hesperia Naga.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14, 4, /. 224,

229 (1897) Plastingia „

E. J. Malang (Fruhst.) Mr. Fruhstorfer calls the Javanese form \'alenia.

4. Corissa Hew. (PI. X, fig. 74).

Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. of Na/. Hist., 4, Ser. 18,

P- 455 (1876) Hesperia Corissa.

Plotz, S/e//. Ent. Zeit. 1884, ,?. 149 Plastingia Drancus.

Elwes and De Niceville, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. of Bcnga/,

55, /. 441, //. 20, //;'. 5 (1886) Isoteinon Indrasana.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. of London 14, 4,

/. 224, 229 (1897) Plastingia Corissa.

51

Mabille identifies this species with the name of Viburnia Semp., but
Snellen is not quite sure that this species is identical with Corissa Hew.,
which is in every case the oldest name dating from 1876, not from 1892.

W. J. A single specimen from the neighbourhood of Pelabouan Ratou or
Wynkoopsbay on the south coast (+ 200).
C. J.?
E. J.?

5. PuGNANS de Nic. (PI. X, fig. 75).

De Niceville, Joiun. Bombay Nal. Hist. Soc, VT, p. 384,

//. G, fig. 30 9 (189 1) Parnara Pugnans.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ Loudon 14, 4,

/. 271, 284 (1897)

This species is not mentioned by Mabille ; Snellen, however, thinks that
it ought to be inserted in his genus Plastingia.

W. J. In the neighbourhood of Pelabouan Ratou or W}'nkoopsbay on the
south coast (+ 200).
C. J.?
E. J. Semarou mountains (800).

Genus NOTOCRYPTA de Nic.
I. Felsthamelii Bsd.

Bolsduval, Voyage de P Astrolabe, /. 159, //. 2, J'lg. 7

(1832) Thymele Feisthamelii.

Blaxchard, Voyage de Diunont d' Urville, p. 403,//. 3,

fig. 19, 20 (1853) Hesperia

Plotz, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1882, \. 262 Plesioneura „

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14,

4, /. 238, 239 Notocrypta

De Niceville, Joiirn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, XI,

p. S99, P^- ^K/'g. 28 (1898)

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Depok (95); Tjampea (160); Buitenzorg (265);
Patjet (11 14); Soukaboumi (620); (Fruhst.) ; neighbourhood of Pelabouan
Ratou or "Wynkoopsbay (+ 200) (Fruhst.).

5

->

C. J.?

E. J.?

The butterfly is very common on West-Java, in the sunshine flying on
flowers. The larva feeds on kounjit (CuRCUxrA Longa L.), on pisang (Musa
Paradisiaca L.), on paf/iiig (Costus Si'eciosus L.), on /cmoii (Curcuma spec.)
and on daivoii ondjch (Amomum spec); according to de Niceville also on
Hedychium SpicatuiM Ham.

The larva as well as the pupa has a striking likeness with those of Udaspes
FoLus Cram. The first is very transparent so that some of the inward organs
are distinctly visible. The head is strongly bifurcated, sometimes red or dark-
brown with a vertical line, that downwards divides into two, sometimes black,
sometimes also grayish yellow with a broad margin and 4 bright yellow
patterns. The larva shoots its hard excrements vigorously out of the leaf-case
wherein it lives. A pupa of the 14"' of May gave the imago on the 22'^ of
that same month.

2. Restricta Moore (PI. X, fig. 76 rt', b).

Moore, Lep. of Ceyloii /, /. 1 78 (1881) Plesioiieura Restricta.

Pi.OTZ, Berl. Ent. Zcit. 1882, s. 262, N'o. 4. . . . „ Chimaera.

Pagenstecher, Jahrb. d. Nass. J^vrins, 3 7./- 61,//. VI,

fig. I (1884)

KiJHN, Iris I, 4, .v. 118 (1887)

Staudinger, Iris II, s. 153 (sub Pies. Mvsos) (1887). „ Restricta.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London 14,

4,/. 238, 239 (1897). . . . Notocrypta Feisthamelii, var Restricta.

W. J. Megamendoung — Salak — Gedeh — and Wayang mountains (1545).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) Fruhst.).

The larva feeds on paijing (Cosxus speciosus L.) and on kounjit (Curcuma
Longa L.). The young larva is very transparent, so that many inward organs
are distinctly visible.

Genus CUPITHA Moore.

I. PuRREEA Moore. (PI. X, fig. 77).

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 1877,/. 594,//. 58,

fig. 10 9 Pamphila Purreea.

Moore, Jonrn. As. Soc. of Bengal 1884, /. 33 c? . . Cupitha Tympanifera.

53

Semper, Sclnnctt. d. Philipp. /, .v. 304 (1892). . . . Cupitha Purreea.

Mabille, .inn. Soc. Ent. Bel^re, 189,3, /. 54 • ■ • • Pamphila Lycorias.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo!. Soc. oj London 14, 4,

/>. 245 (1897) Cupitha Purreea.

W. J. Tjampea (160); neighbourhood of Pelabouan Ratou or Wynkoopsbay
on the south coast (+; 200).
C. J.?
E. |. Province of Pasourouan (+ 300) (Fruhst.).

Genys OERANE Elwes.

I. Neaera de Nic. (PI. X, fig. 78 a, b).

De Niceville, Journ. Bombay Soc. of Nat. Hist., VI, 3,

A 379. A- G, fig. 27 (1891) Notocrypta Neaera.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. of London 14, 4,

/-. 242 (1897) Oerana

W. J. Tjampea (160); Buitenzorg (265); mount Salak (780).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan ; Banyouwangy.

The larva feeds on the leaves of a rafan species (Daemonorops Oblongus
Mart.). It is bluish gray, with cross-folds; the vas dorsalis feebly shining
through. A short time before pupating the colour becomes more greenish and
two lengthwise white streaks distinctly make their appearance. The head pearl-
o^ray, mosdy with a broad black margin that continues until close to the
mouth parts, and a broad vertical middle-line downwards extending to both
sides. The pupa has the form of that of Udaspes Folus Cram., is light green
with longitudinal white lines.

Genus UDASPES Moore.

I. Folus Cram. (PI. X, fig. 79 a, b, c).

Cramer, L p- nS, pi. 74. ^(i779) Papilio Folus.

Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 338, No. 287 (i793)- • • Hesperia Cicero.

Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, I, p. 177, //. 68, //<'. 3 (1881) . Udaspes Folus.

Plotz, Ja/irb. d. Nas. Ver. 3 7, ^^- 55. ^^0. 63 (1884) . Plesioneura Folus.

Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 398, pi- iA, J'g- 3 (1882 — 1886) Udaspes Folus.
Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zoo/. Soc. ot London 14, 4,

/. 243 (1897) '

5-4

Cramer is mistaken in giving Surinam as the liabitat of this caterpillar;
his figure is bad, those by Moore and Distant are sufficiently accurate.

W. J. Batavia (3 — 14); Buitenzorg (265) ; Megamendoung mountains (1450);
Soukaboumi (620) (Fruhst.) ; Gedeh mountains (1300) (Fruhst.).

C. J. Touban (2) on the north coast; Tegal (Lucassen).

E. J. A specimen without any indication of the place where it was caught.

The butterfly is very common. With outspread wings it attaches itself to
the underside of leaves.

The larva feeds on komijif (Curcuma Longa L.) on toiwu or ieiiiou la-va
(Curcuma spec.) and on kouping badak (Fagrasa Racenosa Jacq.) Just like
the larva of Notocrypta Feisthameui Bsd. it ejects vigorously its excrements ;
often, however, it spins some parts of a leaf together but does not roll it
up. Its colour is green, strongly mixed with white, and it is very transparent
so that different inward organs, such as the yellow testes and the vas dorsalis,
are distictly visible, and the contraction of the last is clearly to be seen. On
the body are cross-folds ; the foremost and hindmost segments are sometimes
yellowish ; sometimes also more or less black dots are visible on the body.
The head is black and its ape.x bifurcated. The pupa is fastened to a leaf by
a girdle thread and by some threads of silk at the anal extremity that at two
different places are attached to the leaf. It is a light yellowish green, with a
rather long projecting snout at the head-end and a membranous excavated
cremaster, that reminds one some of the pupae of the Sphingidae. The straight
haustellum, separated from the body, is very long and reaches to the end of
the abdomen. Sometimes along the abdomen a white line is to be seen.
A pupa of the 15'^ of February gave the imago on the 24''^ of that month,
one of the 22^^ of April on the 3"^ of May.

The figures of the earliest states given by Horsfield are but middingly
accurate; those given by myself have succeeded better.

Genus ASTICTOPTERUS Felder.

I. Olivascens Moore. (PI. X, tig. 80, a, b).

Moore, Proc. Zoo/. Soc. of Loudon 1878,/. 692 . Astictopterus Olivascens.

Ploxz, S/c/f. Ent. Zcit. 1886, 5. 109 „ Melania.

De Niceville, Joiirn. As. Soc. of Bengal, 55,/. 380,

//. 18, fig. 2, 2« (1887) , Olivascens.

El\ves and Edwards, Tians. Zoo/. Soc. of Loudon

14, 4,/. \~2, p/. 18, Z/^-. 16 (1897) ....

55

W. J. Tjampea (i6o); Buitenzorg (265); mount Salak (780); the neigh-
bourhood of the Tjiletou or Sandbay (+ 200) on the south coast.

C. J. Bojonegoro (258); Touban (2) on the north coast.

E. J. Pouspa (630) ; Kediri (64) ; province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The butterfly places itself with out-spread wings against the under-side of
the leaves. The larva feeds on the leafs of the bamboo (Bambusa spec.) is
grayish -green, and has on the first thoracic segment a little black cross-line
that continues to the sides. The head is black, however, with two oblique
light brown streaks, or only with some little brown near the apex; sometimes
at the back of the last segments also a little black spot.

Genus KERANA Moore.

I. DiocLES Moore (PI. X, fig. 81).

Moore, Proc. Zool. Sac. of London 1S65, /. 787 . . Nision Diodes.

S.NELLEX, Central Sumatra Lc/>., bl. 28 (1880) . . . Tagiades Maura.

Plotz, Stdt. Ent. Zcit., 1886, .v. 109 Astictopterus Diodes.

Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 403, //. 34. /^i,'- 8 (1882— 1 886) Kerana Diodes.

Stau DINGER, Iris II, s. 147 (1889) Astictopterus Diodes.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. oj London,

14, 4, /. 220, 222 (1897) Kerana Diodes.

W. J. Buitenzorg (265); province of Prajangan (1000) ; the neighbourhood
of the Tjiletou or Sandbay on the south coast (+ 200).

C. J. Province of Tegal (Lucassen).

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The larva feeds on ondieh Amomum spec. ?), on konnjit (Curcuma Longa L.),
on Icmpoujang zvangi (Zingiber Gramineum Noronha). It is green, sometimes
grayish, sometimes with many dark green dots. The testes shine through, the
head is black. Larva and pupa have a striking likeness with those of
Udaspes Folus Cram.

Genus UNKARA Dist.

I. Attina Hew. (PI. X, fig. 82 a, b).

Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. of Londoti, Ser. Ilf, 2,

p. 489 (1866) Hesperia Attina.

Feeder, A^ovara, Lef. /, i. 5 11 , No. 892, 7af 7 1 J'g- 8(1867) „ Latrdllii.

Plotz, Steft. Ent. Zcit. 1882, ^. 339, A^^?. 122 Attina.

56

Distant, Rhop. Mai, p. 370,//. 34, fig. 11 c? (1882 — 1886) Unkana Batara.

„ 371, „ 34, „ 309(1882 — 1886) „ Attina.

Staudinger, Iiix IT, s. 141, 164 (1889) Proteides Cruda.

Elwes and Edwards, Tjaiis. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ London 14, 4,

/i. 234 Unkana Attina.

W. J. Batavia 3—14); Depok (95); Buitenzorg (265).

C. J.?

E. J. Banyouwangy ; province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

The larva lives in a rolled up \ea.i oi pandaii douri {Pahhamvs Fascicularis
Lam.) and of kckopian (Psychotria Viridiflora Reinw. var. Sylvatica). It is
grayish-green with cross-wrinkles and a rounded off flat anal e.xtremity, on which
a brown or black spot. The foremost segments are yellowish. The head is
double pointed, black or dark brown. The yellowish pupa, surrounded by much
white powder, is in a folded leaf and has an extraordinarily long straight
haustellum that stretches out far beyond the abdomen. A pupa of the 8'^ of
February gave the imago on the 25'*" of that same month.

Genus LOTONGUS Dist.

I. Onara Butl. (PL X, ng. 83).

Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. of London, p. 498 Lotongus Onara.

Plotz, Stctt. Ent. Zcit., 1882, 5. 329 Hesperia „

De Nickville, Joiirn. Bonibav Soc, 12, /. 156, //. AA,

fg. 32 c? (1898) Lotongus „

This species is gathered by Fruhstorfer on the mount Gedeh (+ 1300)
on West-Java and figured after a specimen from his collection.

2. Calathus Hew. (PI. X, fig. 84).

Hewitsox, An)i. and Mag. of Naf. Hist., Sir. 4, 18,

p. 353 (1876) Eudamus Calathus.

Distant, R/wp. Mai., p. 371, //. 24, fg. 14 (1882 — 1886) Lotongus „

Staudinger, Iris II, s. 155 (1889) Plesioneura Aliena.

Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bclgc, Z"], p. 52 (1893) . . . Proteides Zalathes.

,, „ dc France, 1895, Bull. p. 59 . „ Surus.

Elwes and Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, 14, 4,

p. 230, 231 (1897) Lotongus Calathus.

57

The figure given by Distant is but poorly accurate. Mabille cites also
Maculatus Distant (Parthenoi'e Weymer), but Snellen is not sufficiently
certain in regarding this as the same species as Calathus Hew.

\V. J. In the neighbourhood (+ 200) of the Tjiletou or Sandbay and
of Pelabouan Ratou or Wynkoopsbay on the south coast.
C. J.?
E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fhuhst).

Genus HIDARI de Nic.

I. Irava Moore (PI. X, fig. 85 a, b, c).

HuBNER, Ztttr. 4, s. 20, //(,'. 875, 876 (1832) . . . Celaenorhinus Thrax.

Moore, Cat. Lcp. E. /. C, /,/. 254 (1857) . . . Hesperia Irava.

Hewhson, Dcsc. Hesp., /. 25 (1868) „ Hypaepa.

Plotz, StetL Ent. ZciL, 1882, s. 328, No. 80 . . . „ Irava.

Distant, R/iop. Mai. p. 395, pi. 34. /<i.'- 15 (1882 — 1886) Hidari Irava.

De Niceville, Butt, of Sumatra, /. 543 (1895). • • » ..
Elwes and Edwards, Trayis. Zoo/. Soc. 0/ London, 14, 4,

A 235 (1897)

W. J. Depok (95); Buitenzorg (265); Sindanglaya (1074); Tjimahi (760);
neighbourhood of the Tjiletou or Sandbay on the south coast (+ 200).

C. J.?

E. J. Province of Pasourouan (+ 500) (Fruhst.).

I found seven of these larvae gregariously living in a rolled up part of a
leaf of the kelappa (Cocos Nucifera L.), which abode they left now and then
to go and feed on the not folded part of the leaf first of all. It is to be found
also on kiray (Metroxylon Sagu Rottb.). The larva is yellowish green, and
so transparent that the vas dorsalis as a dark stroke und the yellow testes
shine through. A broad brown line along both sides of the body ; both lines
unite at the back of the last segment. The anal extremity is rounded off.
The head is a reddish-brown, sometimes black, with large dark orange-coloured
spots. The pupa also is reddish-brown with a dark brown line on the sides ;
it is powdered blue; the straight haustellum is not so long as the abdomen.
A pupa of the 7* of March gave the imago on the 17"' of that same month.

According to J. AV. Tuth {A Natural History of the British Lepidoptcra)
it should be mentioned by de Niceville that the larvae of this species and

58

those of Amathusia Phidippus L. which both feed on Cocos Nucifera L. by
there numerousness on Sumatra must continue a heavy struggle for existence,
in which struggle the Hesperidae, because they know how to make an abode
of leaves, mostly gain the victory. I, however, regard this as merely
phantastic. On Java, at least, not one of these species are so very numerous
while there are, on the other hand, cocoa-trees in abundance, and this last is
surely the same on Sumatra. Neither do I see of what avail it can be to
live in a folded leaf.

INDEX

OF

Java HESPERIDAE.

Page.

9-
10.
II.

12.

13-

14-
15-
i6.

17-
1 8.
19.
20.
21.
22.

23-

24.

25-

26.

-/ •

28.
29.
30.

31-

Satarupa Dirae Moore

„ Affinis Druce

CoLADENiA Dan F

Celaenorhinus Sumitra Moore .
Leucocera KoUar.
PuTRA Moore. . .
Chamunda Moore.
Asmara Bull. . .
Dhanada Moore .

T.vGiADES Japetus Cram

„ Menanto PlOtz

„ Gana Moore

„ Menaka Moore ....

,, Trichoneura Feld. . .

Odontoptilum Angulatum Feld. .

„ Pygela Hew. . . .

Abaratha Syrichtus Moore . . .

Hasora Badra Moore

, Lizetta Plotz

Mixta Mab

Nestor MOschl

Chromus Cram

Alexis F

Myra Hew

SCHOENHERRI Latr. . . .

Bibasis Sena Moore

Badamia Exclamationis F. . . .
Rhopalocampta Subcaudata Feld.
Ismene Oedipodea Swains ....

„ Harisa Moore

GoiiATA Moore

1

32.

3

33-

3

34-

4

35-

4

36.

5

37-

5

38.

5

39-

6

40.

7

41.

8

42;

8

43-

9

44-

9

4.5-

10

46.

II

47-

II

48.

12

49.

13

50.

13

51-

14

52-

14

53-

15

54-

15

bb-

16

56-

16

57-

17

58.

18

59-

19

60.

20

61.

20

62.

Page.

SUASTUS GrEMIUS F 21

„ Sala Hew 21

„ Tripura de Nic 21

SuADA Swerga de Nic 22

Jambrix Stellifer Bull 23

Aeromachus Discreta Plotz. ... 23

Itys Jadera de Nic 23

Hyarotis Adrastus Cram 24

LoPHOiDES Japis de Nic 24

Zographetus Satwa de Nic. ... 25

„ Ogygia Hew. ... 25

Matapa Aria Moore 26

„ Druna Moore 26

Ge Geta de Nic 27

ScoBURA BoNONiA Hew 27

Feralia Hew 27

AcERBAS Anthea Hew 28

Ertonota Thrax Clerk L 29

„ Lebadea Hew 30

Gangara Thyrsis F 30

KORUTHAIOLOS XaNITES Butl. . . . 3I

„ Kophene de Nic. . 32

Sancus Pulligo Mab 32

Ampittia Maro F 33

Parnara Philino MOschl 34

„ TooNA Moore 35

„ Matthias F 35

Brunnea Snell 36

„ Moolata Moore .... 37

Conjuncta Herr.— Sch. . 37

FULSI de Nic 39

6o

Page.

63. Parnara Plebeja de Nic 39

64. „ Kumara Moore 40

65. „ OcEiA Hew 40

66. „ Bevani Moore 40

67. „ Apostata Snell 41

68. Halpe Zema Hew 41

69. „ Hojiolea Hew 42

70. „ Marsena Hew 42

71. „ Pelethronix Fruhst. ... 43

72. Padracna Gola Moore 43

73- - Dara Koll 44

74. „ Orphitus Mab 44

75. „ AucHiAS Feld 45

76. Telicota Augias L 46

77. „ AuGiADES Fetd 47

78. PiRDANA Hyela Hew 47

79. „ DisTANTi Staud 48

Page.

80. Plastingia Callineura Feld. . . 49

81. „ Tessellata Hew. . . 50

82. „ Naga de Nic 50

83. „ Corissa Hew 50

84. „ PuGNANS de Nic. ... 51

85. NoTOCRYPTA Feisthamelii Bsd. . . 51

86. „ Restricta Moore . . 52

87. CuPiTHA Purreea Moore 52

88. Oerane Ne/Ere de Nic 53

89. Udaspes Folus 53

90. ASTICTOPTERUS Olivascens Moorc . 54

91. Kerana Diocles Moore 55

92. Unkara Attina Hew 55

93. LoTONGus Onara Butl 56

94. „ Calathus Hew 56

95. Hidari Irava Moore 57

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fig. I. Satarupa Dirae Moore, a cf I ^ 9-

„ 2. Satarupa Affinis Druce, cf.

3. CoLADENiA Dan F., a imago; /' larva; c pupa.

4. Celaenorhixus Sumitra Moore.

„ 5. Celaenorhinus Leucocera Kollar. T/ie antennae are too broadlv pictured to denote
the white colour.

, 6. Celaenorhinus Chamunda Moore.

7. Celaenorhinus Asmara Bull.

„ 8. Celaenorhinus Dhanada Moore, a imago; b larva.

9. Tagiades Japftus Cram., a zj^; b larva; c pupa. {In the illustiation only a part of the
leaf is coloured).

10. Tagiades Menanto PlOtz, a <:J'; b '^■, c larva.

„ II. Tagiades Gana Moore, cf.

12. Tagiades Menaka Moore cf.

„ 13. Odontoptilum Angulatum Feld., « cT; b larva; c pupa. [In the illustration onlv a
part of the leaf is coloured).

„ 14. Odontoptilum Pygela Hew., cf.

PiKi'ERS & Snellen, The Rlipp. of Java.

Plate V

l-'\

lb.

%4

a'b.

7.

8a.

^4 %

10 a

ioTj.

^/

IOC.

12.

14.

13 a.

\ .. r

'M' ?'

i^"^

i'!^

3 c.

c^-^^ii.^

ot.

9 a

gb

flc.

^:^?«^;

^:

/-

.riD^

\

13c.

\

/

1.3b.

/\

\

^■k:

\i

P>irif,-i/ l<y /'. ;r. J/. 7"',;/, Z«V/c«.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VL

15. Hasora Badra Moore, a cf; * 9; (^ larva.

16. Hasora Lizetta PlOtz, cf-

ibdis. Hasora Mixta Mab., a cf; d '$.

17. Hasora Nestor MOschl., a (f; 6 '^.

18. Hasora Chromus Cram., (j 9; * cf ; f larva.

19. Hasora Alexis F. (f.

20. Hasora Myra Hew., a cT; * 9; <: larva.
31. Bibasis Sena Moore, a '$; 6 larva.

22. Badamia Exclamationis F. larva.

23. Rhopalocampta Subcaudaia Feld., a ^■, b larva; c head of the larva; d larva.

24. IsMENE Oedipodea Swains., a cf ; i^ 9; f larva; d pupa.

PlEPFRs & SXKI.LEN, The Rhop. of Java.

Plate \'I

rrinlcl by />. ;;■ M. Trap^ La Jen.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIL

Fig. 25. IsMENE tiARiSA Moore, a cf; <^ 9; <^ larva.

„ 26. Is.MENE GoMATA Moore, rt cf ; * ?; (^ larva: d pupa.

,, 27. SuASTUs Sala Hew. 9.

„ 28. SuASTUs Tripuka de Nic.

„ 29. SuADA Swerga de Nic, a imago; b larva.

„ 30. Jambrix Stellifer Bull., a ^ ; b 9-

„ 31. Aero.machus Di&creta PlOtz. cf-

„ 32. Itys Jadera de Nic. cT-

„ y:,. LoPHOiDES Japis de Nic, a (^-^ b 0_

„ 34. Z0GRAPHETU.S Salwa de Nic. $.

„ 35. ZOGRAPHETUS OOYGIA Hew. cf.

„ 36. Matapa Aria Moore, a S''; b larva. {The caterpillar becomes twice as large).

„ 37. Matapa Druna Moore, a J'; b larva.

„ 38. Ge Geta de Nic. (j\

„ 39. SCOBURA BONONIA Hew. cf.

,, 40. ScoBURA Ferai.ia Hew., a (j^; b '^; c larva.

riKi']':RS & Snellen, The Rhop. of "jfava.

25'l>.

Pl.ltc VII

26"

26 1

28

34^

36.

36 ■■5.

3 7^

25 c ^_^_^

^^1^

'^1^

26d.

J^:

26^

29a

29t,

3 0b.

iT

^

^ ^^^A

33 b.

Iff ^f^

40 f.

10 «

•^.8.

-.'.^

wW

Printed by P. W. M. Trap, Leiden.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIIL

Fig. 41. ACEKBAS Anthea Hew., a ci'; b $.

„ 42. Erioxota Thrax Clerck, L., a larva; b pupa.

„ 4,3. Erioxota Lebadea Hew., a J' ; * 9 ; "^ larva.

„ 44. Gangara Thyrsis F., a larva; b pupa.

„ 45. Koruthaiolos Xanites Bull.; a t;^ ; b (^ \ c '^\ d Verones Hew.

„ 46. Koruthaiolos Kophene de Nic, a cf ; li 9. (/« the pklnred (^ ihe abdomen 21 as
wanting).

„ 47., Sancus Pulligo Mab., <? cT; (5 $.

„ 48. Parnara Philino MOschl., a ^2^; b larva.

„ 49. Parnara Toon a Moore c^'.

„ 50. Parnara Matthias F., larva.

„ 51. Parxara Brunnea Snell., ^cT; <^ 9; f larva; (/ pupa. (The green of the pupa is someivhat
too dark ) ; e cremaster.

PiKPKRS & SxF.i.i.KN, The Rliop. of Java.

41 1>.

Plate VIII

4ia.

^f^ K^

ana.

49

Sw

48^

50

Prill led by P. IV. M. Tiap^ I.eiJcii.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE TX.

'ig. 52. Parnara Moolata Moore, a (^ ; b V'.

53. Parnara Conjunxta Herr.— Sch.; a image: l> larva. [The green of the lan'a is somejvhat
too dark); r the not yet full grown caterpillar.

54. Parkara Tulsi de Nic. cT'.

55. Parnar.\ Plebeja de Nic. d"'.

56. Parnara Kumara Moore, a o ; b '-^.

57. Parnara Oceia Hew.; a ^■\ b ^.

58. Parnara Bevani Moore, a ci'; 1^ 9; f larva. {The green of the /arva is somewliat too
dark); d head.

59. Parnara Apo.stata Snell. a'.

60. Halpe Zejia Hew. c^'.

61. Halpe Homolea Hew., o c^'; i $; f larva.

62. Halpe Marsena Hew., a (j"; b ^.

63. Halpe Pelethronlx Fruhst.

64. Padraona Gola Moore, a r<'-, b O-^ c larva; d pupa, {l^ie green of the pupa is some-
ivhat too dark).

63. P.A.DRAONA Dara KoH., a ^■, b head of the larva.

60. Padraona Orphitus Mab.

67. Padraona Archlas Feid., a ^' \ b d'- ; c ^■, d larva.

68. Telicota Augias L., a rf ; b $; c, e, larvae; d, f, g various heads of larvie ; h pupa.

lEPi.-.RS & Snellkn, The Rhop. of Java

Plate IX

/',,•„/,•,/ i,Y /'. W- i^f- T'"P-> f-''*"-

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Fig. 69. Telicota Augiades Feld., a (f ; /> V ; i^ larva ;</ pupa. {The ptil>a is somewhal loo dark).

70. PiRDANA Hyela Hew., larva. [The spols on the head are not always the same).

„ 71. PiRDANi DiSTANTi Staud., a ^j' ; b 'i ; c larva, not quite full-grown; d larva before the
last moulting.

72. Plastingia Callineura Feld. cf-

„ 73. Plastingia Tesseli.ata Hew., a, b. imagines; c larva not quite full-grown.
~^his. Plastingia Naga de Nic, Valenia Fruhst.

74. Plastingia Corissa Hew.

„ 75. Plastingia Pugnans de Nic.

76. Notocrypta Restricta Moore, a image; b. larva:

77. Cupitha Purreea IMoore,

78. Oerane Neaera de Nic, a <j^; b ^.

„ 79. Udaspes Folus Cram., a larva; b pupa; c cremaster.

80. Astictopteru.s Olivascens Moore, a (f; b '^.

81. Kerana Diocles Moore, larva.

„ 82. Unkara Attina Hew., a larva. (The green colour of the larva must be lighlei); b pupa.

83. Lotongus Onara Butl.

„ 84. Lotongus Calathus Hew.

„ 85. Hidari Irava Moore, a cf ; b larva ; c pupa.

PiEPERs & Snellen, The Rhop. of Java.

69 »

I'latc X

PihiliJ by P. VV. M. Trap., Uiiicii.

The complete series of

THE RHOPALOCERA OF JAVA

will consist of:

PIERIDAE, With 4 coloured plates Gld. 18.—

HESPERIDAE, With 6 coloured plates .... Gld. 25.—

In preparation :

DANAIDAE, SATYRTDAE, RAGADIDAE, ELYMNAIDAE.

LIBYTHEIDAE, ERYCINIDAE, LYCAENIDAE.

PAPILIONIDAE.

HELICONIDAE, EURYTELIDAE, NYMPHATJDAE.

i^^^mm

•a<«^

^?j

<S)h»*liS«

;^:^^^^

^(i^W«^#

^0>,^^^^^^^Z

;^^^^^-^^i»

;5^/^

.'^5^^5V2vr:

iSSi

!!S

T

^H^,%^«>»>4 -*

^?n2-!*^*^r.^tr:3-

V^A#^

;;^^^^5^-^ ^-.i'^i^^^n/v^^'^

aiiiii»*

\m. ^'^^

'n^^'y

-^•^^^^sai^-ft

«•■!>'

-^"^-/--/-.-JS*

^f\-

■^^^'/K^.-A.

>*

^mjk^^^

^^mf^T-

^ «4^-«-^'^*»

^iMl4l^

^^^^f^

"^Ik^^

■ '>A-.i^i^^'^^^

^'^^-i

•^•'>*

•**•'

|*«i"C«ft'

-^^ - *^^A'S"p^A*s'ffST52SA^ ..A^l^^ ' ;.^'^«^*:

l,IK^«l'

"•1^. .^J.\.aM!

>;:;'^:i -^^f^'i^i^^

,_--/^,^^

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

DDE43flll 7

QL661 P5P61
opalocera of Java.

3 IDflfl

nheni ^
V. 2 The Rl

miim^iify ■■ ■'

^