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Transect # X Vegetation Type pNr»/rn- L>> , /7P/- (Sc^ hli 3!^ ,;k) Location cr^Ks T\s . {^ ^^^ J '^ 5M 5 e k. u-^/ ^^J Vh-
Date2A Ai/>M. -7<T:ime, Ground Temp, at Start IHo k^^ Time, Ground Temp, at End \^oo 72. "^
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Sex

Age
Class

Additional ^ /
Observations /

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HERPETOFAUNA TRANSECT FIELD DATA SHEET

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Transect // "^ Vegetation Type U'p^oAWt.l -v3c^c,<^ Location €m\ TZ? <^^^ J S ^ .SkI<\ A S^ ^

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HERPETOFAUNA TRANSECT FIELD DATA SHEET

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Class

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HERl'ETOFAUNA TRANSECT FIELD DATA SHEET

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Date

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HERPETOFAUNA TRAl^SECT FIELD DATA SHEET / ^ ■ <- ^ /^

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Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional ^
Observations

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RDO.CP PROGRESS REPORT I

ocolaf^y conffultants, tnc

HERl'ETOFAUNA TRANSECT FIELD DATA SHEET^^-^'/i -f ?l /^'l^*^ ^ ^ V, V^/">^W
Yr'ansect // //'-/? Vegetation Type -^' ' .'- ■ '■■'■■ <' ' ':" Location 'V.'/- T/l . ^.^^fJSZ^ S^/WS:

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Age
Class

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RBOSP PROGRESS REPORT

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REPTILE AND AMPHIBIAN COLLECTION SHEET

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FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS

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: t~i\-ir

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FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS

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Date: Q-^l^ "Vj"

Times: O'^^'/QOO

Project :_£_§J2^S

ocology consultants. Inc.

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS

Observer: [/^^ Hc^^J

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FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS

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Times: H^Q ' ^ HO Temp. : %^% Wind: O ' ^^
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ocology consulianis. Inc.

Site: C^<L^A <>ao^^T>

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FIELD DATA SHEET - El'ILEN STRIP CENSUS

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Times:

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Project.:

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Date : ^~^< - "?C
Times: /^ - /Cj ;^Q

Project: 0^3>-O'S^

Observer: V/c^^Q li-o^O
Temp. : cPO^r_^
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File No: ^3 C ^./-X. I ^-^4

SNL\LL MAMMAL LIVE TRAPPING FIELD DATA SHEET <''<■'— ^

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Grid Name f hJ^C'j iCh\h Grid ^

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• REPRODUCTIVE STATUS DATA SHEET
Date Q... -.-^ \ -") 13 Investigator

( Capture Technique_

Comments

Hafeitat

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grams

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■^^0REPRODUCTIVE STATUS DATA SHEET

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Comments

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l-IAMMAL NIGHT ROAD CENSUS DATA AND SUM^tARY SHEET

?roject_

t. V

Transect // .* "-^

Date i2./2j J:^v^ q-S' Sunset Time ^ tl OO

Time Begun 12> 16" Temp. '^ SO ' f Time Completed gV^o 23 Ju/t^-o Temp. C:.Ao'F^ Cloud Cover O

C.^3

Starting Point 5? -4^ }^.oa^ i^-J Finish Point <r--<V^/e' o^mA t--^^ Length of Transect 3o nu'l<t4>

Observable Distance Estimates up to 25 meters,

Mile 1 /|__; 2 (e ; 3 IS ; 4 /<;. ; 5 /j

D

A'^',^"^-^ o/ {^'-"'^'^ ^5^-^

HBOSP PROGRESS REP0R7

11 /2- ; 12 /2. ; 13 /2 ; 14 /^ ; 15 l2-
21_lL_; 22 /-^ ; 23 /o ; 24 ^ ; 25 /o

6_is_; T_n_i 8__/f_; 9 /5 ; lO /g
16_^£_; 17 /3 ; 18__2__; 19 /Z ; 20_
26 /Q ; 27 /5" ; 28 ^ ; 29 /O ; 30_

Z2i_;

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Odometer Species Odometer Species

Reading Observed Habitat Reading Observed Habitat

36.t

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Species

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Hectares Covered

60./?

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0-03

MAMMAL NIGHT ROAD CENSUS DATA AND SUMMARY SHEET

:^,^ .Z -^

Project ^3

Transect // -hxro

Date ZS/2.i, Jicu*^ 75" Sunset Time Z: 2. ford

Time Begun 23^25 Temp .^^o^f Time Completed 0430 ^irja«^Temp. jS^^Q"^ Cloud Cover Q %

Starting Point f^ y^ixax^

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Observable Distance Estimates up to 25 meters. ^Cyrr-^ «sU> j^us->v%. Z2- Jci^^^-*^ , Cfl'^ ^£^ ^//

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Species

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Z
3

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20/

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File No . ?3.C.:^ ^ ■ ^"Z

BAT MIST NET SAMPLING SHEET

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2.3.7 Avifauna *—«•. CO 60225-004. ^1^'

2.3.7.1 Introduction *^<^ ^'3. 7':^?,/^

No change has occurred since Progress Report-2. See section 3.9.1 in
Progress Report-2 for the introduction to the avifauna section.

2.3.7.2 Methods

2.3.7.2.1 General Avifauna

Quantitative censuses of bird species residing in or utilizing major
vegetation types on Tract C-a and adjacent areas commenced in early
October, 1974 and continue through August, 1975. During 9 field
periods (October, December, 1974; February, April, June, October,
1975; February, April, June, 1375) 15 separate censuses are conducted.
All routes except a riparian transect either start at or traverse
one of the 14 small mammal live trapping grids (Figure 2.3-11 ).

The Emlen strip census procedure (Emlen, 1971) is being used to pro-
vide data from which bird densities can be calculated. Censuses are
conducted during a 3.5 hour period immediately after sunrise and a
similar period before sunset during each day of every sampling
period. The technique consists of walking through a strip approxi-
mately 800 m (2,624 ft) long and 244 m (800 ft) wide and recording
all individual birds seen and heard, by species, according to their
perpendicular distance from the transect on a standard field data
form (Figure 2.3-21 ). The length of each transect is determined by
measuring the route plotted on USGS topographic maps and converting
the length to meters. A hand-held rangefindsr is used initially to
verify perpendicular density estimates.

These distances are later used to calculate species coefficients of
detectability, an adjustment factor necessary to provide more accurate
density estimates for all species observed. A basal detectability
adjustment factor is used to aid in the determination of population
estimates for species in which a sizeable segment of the population
is not readily detectable by the observer. In accordance with Emlen 's
(1971) theses the basal adjustment used for wintering populations was
xl.2 and for breeding populaiions with intermittently inactive females,
a factor of xl.5 was used. Additional field experience may lead to
further refinements in these adjustment factors.

While the Emlen technique provides data on species utilizing the
surveyed areas, it does not identify the full range of species expected
throughout the entire area of investigation. Past experience and
information obtained from this and other ECi research projects in the
Piceance Basin suggest that -the bird species inventory may be very
incomplete if sole reliance is placed upon the relatively few Emlen
censuses which can be performed at dusk.

2.3-292

OOoloQy oonaultnnta, /no.

FIELD DATA SIEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS

Date:

Times!

Project:

Observer:

Temp. :

Wind:

Other Comments ;

Site:

Sky:

Number Recorded Per Strip

Species

0-10'

10-25'

25-50'

50-100'

100-200'

200-400'

Flv Over

•

-

.

Figure 2.3- Emlen strip census field data sheet for RBOSP.

2.3-293.

Therefore, standardized qualitative count surveys are used to indi-
cate and document the bird species inhabiting the major variants of
predominant vegetation types. Such surveys are conducted during each
general avifauna sampling period. A qualitative count survey con-
sists of walking a route in a given vegetation type approximately 250
m (820 ft) long and recording all birds encountered, by species and
numbers, on a field data form (Figure 2,3-22 ). Quantification in
these surveys is less rigorous than for standard Emlen transects and
they may be run in daytime periods of low bird activity. Thus quanti-
tative comparisons between these qualitative surveys or with Emlen
transect data are not usually reliable. Nonetheless, the qualitative
surveys serve important functions in more adequately assessing species
diversity in each vegetation type and providing a more complete
qualitative picture of bird species distribution.

When an active nest is discovered during any field activity, the nest
is examined and the species, nest type, nest substrate, rim height
of nest, and nest location in relation to nearby landmarks are
recorded on a field data sheet (Figure 2.3-23 ). The number of eggs
and/or nestlings present and estimated age of nestlings, based on
criteria presented by the Western Bird Banding Association's banding
work sheets, are also recorded. These data will indicate specific
habitat preferences of bird species found nesting in the study area.

Emlen strip surveys are not interrupted to obtain data on nests.
This reduces the possibility of recording birds already tallied.
Rather, the nest's location is marked with surveyor's flagging tape
and examined after the Emlen survey is completed.

2.3.7.2.2 Upland Gamebirds

No change has occurred since Progress Report 2. See section 3.9.2.2
in Progress Report 2 for specific methods used in upland gamebird
surveys.

2.3.7.2.3 Waterfowl

No change has occurred since Progress Report 2. See section 3.9.2.3
in Progress Report 2 for specific methods used in waterfowl surveys.

2.3.7.2.4 Raptors
2.3.7.2.4.1 Aerial Surveys

Low level aerial surveys are being conducted to determine relative
abundance and distribution of raptors utilizing or residing in the
vicinity of Tract C-a. These flights were initiated in November,

2'. 3-294

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2.3-295

SpeclcB^
Date

AVIAN NESTING RECORD
Site

Observer

0Oology oonoultHnia, It

Ne'et No.

Project

Neet Location

Hest Type_
Substrate

Rim height (cm)_
Comments :

^ Sketch in nest location relative to

Identifiable landscape features, grid system,
or vegetation pattern.

Date

Eggs

— - — ■ 1

Nestlings

-■ ■

Age

Comments

.

Summary: Clutch size

Completed?

Date Incubation Started

Young Hatched_
Young Fledged

Nest Destroyed?

Hatching Date
Fledging Date_
Date

Cause

Figure 2.3-23. Avian nesting record field data sheet for RBOSP.

2.3-296

1974 and continue 1n conjunction with mule deer, elk, feral horse,
and domestic livestock aerial surveys scheduled bimonthly. Flights
employ a high-winged aircraft designed to permit slow flight speeds
at low levels above the ground. The plane is flown along standard-
ized transects at an indicated air speed of 137.1 - 153.2 km (85 -
95 mi) per hour^ and approximately 60 m (195.8 ft) above the ground,
safety permitting. During each census flight, the flight paths
(transects), speed and altitude of the aircraft are duplicated as
much as weather conditions will allow.

Portable tape recorders are used to record information during the
census. This allows continuous observation of the transect. Raptors
seen by the pilot and two observers (positioned on opposite sides
of the plane) are identified to species, location, and when possible,
age class. Prior to the initiation of the census, each observer
identifies the category of information to be recorded (i.e.. Aerial
Raptor Survey), the date, area to be surveyed, observer's name and
observation position in the aircraft, the name and position of the
other observer, name of pilot and make of aircraft on the tape.
Weather conditions such as temperature, estimated wind speed and
direction, and cloud cover are also recorded. The time is recorded
at the beginning of the first transect and at the end of the last
transect. The information recorded on the tape is transcribed by
each observer onto a standard aerial raptor census report and summary
form (Figure 2.3-24 ) .

Aerial surveys cover Tract C-a and adjacent areas (Figure 2.3-25 ).
Each aerial survey consists of fourteen 17.7 km (11 mi) transects
and systematically covers Tract C-a and adjacent areas. Odd numbered
transects are flown from north to south and even numbered transects
are flown in the opposite direction. Each successive pass is flown
approximately 1.6 km (1.0 mi) from the previous transect, as mapped.

Although raptor surveys occur in conjunction with mule deer, elk,
feral horse and domestic livestock aerial surveys, they are initiated
separately to assure total coverage of the survey area and to allow
thermal s, which are utilized by raptors for soaring and hunting, to
develop. At times censuses may be postponed or terminated due to
adverse weather (low overcast, high winds, rain, snow, etc.). If
a survey is aborted, it is conducted in its entirety as soon as
weather conditions become more favorable.

2.3.7.2.4.2 Ground Surveys

No change has occurred since Progress Report 2. See section 3.9.2.4.2
in Progress Report 2 for specific methods used in raptor ground
surveys.

2.3-297

AERIAL R/xPTOR CENSUS REPORT AND SUMMARY FORM

ProJect/Study_

Observers : R_
Time: Start

Date Flown_
L

Survey Area_

Pilot/Aircraft

Finish

Est. Ground Speed_

Altitude

Weather: Temperature

Air Light

Wind

Percent Cloud Cover_
Analyst

Species

Number

Location

Notes and Comments

Adit

Imm.

Unkn

Section

Town .

Range

.

•

•

•

•

•

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.

Figure 2.3-24.

Boology oonauIlanlB, Ino.

Aerial raptor census report and summary form for RBOSP.

2.3-298

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2.3-299

2.3.7.3 Results
2.3.7.3.1 General Avifauna

Eleven different vegetation types in fifteen separate locations .
were sampled during June, 1975 by Emlen strip censuses (Emlen,
1971). Emlen strip transect locations, representing a variety of
different slope aspects and elevations generally correspond to the
small mammal live-trap grids. The quantitative population esti-
mates of avifauna species provided by the Emlen census v;ere supple-
mented by qualitative "wal k- through" surveys conducted within the
various habitat types on. the study area. Dr. John Wiens from Oregon
State University was consulted in the determination of the
coefficients of detectability and basal adjustment factor for all
the avian species encountered during Emlen censuses.

Because species on some grids were represented by only one or two
observations, their coefficients of detectabil ity and resulting popu-
lation density estimates may be unreliable. Also, the highly mobile
nature of raptors and their lack of habitat preferences for activities
other than nesting may preclude reliable density estimates for these
species as well. However, the increasing data base resulting from
continued Emlen strip sampling may permit more reliable estimates of
population density for all species in the future.

Ninety-six bird species were tallied during all avian census activities
conducted during the summer field period. A total of 127 avian species
has been tallied since the initiation of field sampling and these
species are listed in Table 2.3-151.

2.3.7.3.1.1 Aspen (Transect #14)

One Emlen strip transect was surveyed in a single aspen stand
(northern slope/8100') during June, 1975. A total of 34 birds
representing seventeen different species was recorded for the aspen
type during this survey (Table 2.3-152). The broad-tailed huimiing-
bird, ruby-crowned kinglet and mountain chickadee were the most
abundant species observed. The ruby-crowned kinglet is a common
nester of the Colorado sub-alpine zone. Its nests are usually
found in evergreens, but they are also occasionally found in the
high altitude deciduous forests (Bent, 1964; Davis, 1969). The
broad-tailed hummingbird and m.ountain chickadee are typical summer
residents of the aspen community in western Colorado and eastern
Utah (Twomey, 1942; Bailey and Niedrach, 1965). The black-capped
chickadee is the only species recorded during this survey that has
been observed throughout the year.

2.3.7.3.1.2 Douglas Fir (Transect #13)

Thirteen avian species were recorded within the Douglas fir tran-
sect (northern slope/8200') during June. All species observed were

2.3-300

Table 2.3- 151. Species of birds observed during field investigations to date
in the vicinity of Tract C-a for RBOSPl/

ORDER
FAMILY
Species

Common Name

CICONIIFORMES
ARDEIDAE

Ardea herodias
CICONIIDAE

Pleqadis chihi
ANSERI FORMES
ANATIDAE

Anas platyrhynchos

Anas strepera

Anas crecca

Anas discors

Anas cyanoptera

Aythya americana
FALCONIFORMES
CATHARTIDAE

Cathartes aura
ACCIPITRIDAE

Accipiter gentilis

Accipiter striatus

Accipiter cooperii

Buteo jamaicensis

Buteo swainsoni

Buteo laqopus

Aquila chrysaetos

Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Circus cyaneus
FALCONIDAE

Faico mexicanus

Faico pereqrinus

Falco sparverius

Great blue heron

White- faced ibis

Mallard
Gadwall

Green-winged teal
Blue-winged teal
Cinnamon teal
Redhead

Turkey vulture

Goshawk

Sharp-shinned hawk
Cooper's hawk
Ked-tailed hawk
Swainson's hawk
Rough-legged hawk
Golden eagle
Bald eagle
Marsh hawk

Prairie falcon
Peregrine falcon
American kestrel

2.3-301

Table 2.3-151. (Continued)

ORDER
FAMILY
Species

Common Name

GALLIFORMES
TETRAONIDAE

Dendraqapus obscurus
Centrocercus urophasianus
6RUI FORMES
GRUIDAE

Grus canadensis tabida
• RALLIDAE

Rail us li mi col a '
Porzana Carolina
CHARADRI I FORMES
CHARADRIIDAE
Charadrius semipalmatus
Charadrius vociferus
SCOLOPACIDAE
. Capella gallinago
Actitis macularia
Actitis macularia
Trinqa flavipes
RECURVIROSTRIDAE

Recurvi rostra americana
PHALAROPODIDAE
Steqanopus tricolor
COLUMB I FORMES
COLUMBIDAE
Zenaida macroura
STRIGIFORMES
STRIGIDAE
Otus as 10
Bubo virqinianus
Glaucidium qnoma
Asio flammeus

Blue grouse
Sage grouse

Greater sandhill crane

Virginia rail
Sora

Semipalmated plover
Kill deer

Common snipe
Spotted sandpiper

Solitary sandpiper
Lesser yel lowlegs

American avocet

Wilson's phalarope

Mourning dove

Screech owl
Great horned owl
Pygmy owl
Short-eared owl

2.3-302

Table 2.3-151. (Continued)

ORDER
FAMILY
Species

Common Name

CAPRIMULGIFORMES
CAPRIMULGIDAE

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii
Chordeiles minor
APODI FORMES
APODIDAE

Aeronautes saxatalis
TROCHILIDAE

Selasphorus platycercus
PICIFORMES
PICIDAE
Colaptes auratus
Dendrocopos pubescens
PASSERIFORMES
TYRANNIDAE
Sayorni s saya
Empidonax hammondii
Empidonax wrightii
Contopus sordidulus
ALAUDIDAE

Eremophila al pestris
HIRUNDINIDAE

Tachycineta thalassina
Iridoprocne bicolor
Stelqidopteryx ruficoll is
Hirundo rustica
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

Poor-will

Common night hawk

White-throated swift

Broad-tailed hummingbird

Common flicker
Downy woodpecker

Say's phoebe
Hammond's flycatcher
Gray flycatcher
Western wood pewee

Horned lark

Violet-green swallow
Tree swallow
Rough-winged swallow
Barn swallow
Cliff swallow

2.5-303

Table 2.3-151. (Continued)

ORDER
FAMILY
Species

Common Name

PASSERIFORMES (Continued)

COR VI DAE
Cyanocitta stelleri
Aphelocoma coerulescens
Pica pica
Corvus corax
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
Nucifraga columbiana

PARI DAE

Parus atricapillus
Parus qambeli
Parus inornatus
Psaltriparus minimus

SITTIDAE

■ Sitta carol inensis
Sitta canadensis
Si tta pyqmaea

CERTHIIDAE
Certhia familiaris

TROGLODYTIDAE
Troglodytes aedon
Salpinctes obsoletus

MIMIDAE
Oreoscoptes montanus

TURDIDAE

Turdus miqratorius
Catharus guttata
Si all a currucoides
Myadestes townsendii

Steller's jay
Scrub jay

Black-billed magpie
Common raven
Common crow
Piny on jay
Clark's nutcracker

Black-capped chickadee
Mountain chickadee
Plain titmouse
Bushtit

White-breasted nuthatch
■Red-breasted nuthatch
Pygmy nuthatch

Brown creeper

House wren
Rock wren

•Sage thrasher

American robin
Hermit thrush
Mountain bluebird
Townsend's solitaire

2.3-304

Table 2.3- 151. (Continued)

ORDER
FAMILY
Species

Common Name

PASSERIFORMES (Continued)

SYLVIIDAE
Polioptila caerulea
Regulus calendula

MOTACILLIDAE
Anthus spinoletta

BOMBYCILLIDAE
Bombycilla cedrorum

LAN 1 1 DAE
Lanius excubitor
Lanius ludovicianus

STURNIDAE

Sturnus vulgaris

VIREONIDAE
Vireo vicinior

. Vi reo sol i tar i us
Vireo olivaceus
Vireo gilvus

PARULIDAE
Vermivora peregrina
Vermivora celata
Vermivora virginiae
Dendroica petechia
Dendroica coronata
Dendroica nigrescens
Oporornis tolmiei

Blue-gray gnatcatcher
Ruby-crowned kinglet

Water pipit

Cedar waxwing

Northern shrike
Loggerhead shrike

Starling

Gray vireo
Solitary vireo
Red-eyed vireo
Warbling vireo

Tennessee warbler •
Orange-crowned warbler
Virginia's v/arbler
Yellow warbler
Yellow-rumped warbler
Black-throated gray warbler
MacGillivray's warbler

PLOCEIDAE
Passer domesticus

House sparrow

2.3-505

Table 2.3- 151. (Continued)

ORDER
FAMILY
Species

Common Name

PASSERIFORMES (Continued)

ICTERIDAE

Dolichonyx oryzivorus
Sturnella neglecta
Aqelaius phoeniceus
Euphaqus cyanocephalus
Molothrus ater
. THRAUPIDAE

Piranqa ludoviciana

FRINGILLIDAE
Pheucticus melanocephalus
Carpodacus cassinii
Carpodacus mexicanus
Leucosticte australis
Spinus pinus

. Loxia curvi rostra
Chlorura chlorura
Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Calamospiza melanocorys
Ammod ramus savannarum
Ammodramus bairdii

Pooecetes gramineus
Chondestes grammacus
Amphispiza belli
Junco hyemalis
Junco caniceps
Spizella arborea
Spizella passerina
Spizella breweri

Bobolink

Western meadowlark
Red-winged blackbird
Brewer's blackbird
Brown-headed cowbird

Western tanager

Black-headed grosbeak
Cassin's finch
House finch

Brown-capped rosy finch
Pine siskin
Red crossbill
Green-tailed towhee
Rufous-sided towhee
Lark bunting
Grasshopper sparrow
Baird's sparrow
Vesper sparrow
Lark sparrow
Sage sparrow
Dark-eyed junco
Gray-headed junco
Tree sparrow
Chipping sparrow
Brewer's sparrow

2.3-306

Table 2.3-151. (Continued)

ORDER
FAMILY
Species

Common Name

PASSERIFORMES (Continued)
FRINGILLIDAE (Continued)
Zonotrichia leucophrys
Passerella iliaca
Melospiza melodia

Calcarius mccownii
Calcarius ornatus
Plectrophenax nivalis

White-crowned sparrow
Fox sparrow
Song sparrow
McCown's longspur
Chestnut-collared longspur
Snow bunting

— The following authorities are used for bird nomenclature:

American Ornithologists' Union. 1957, Checklist of North American Birds,
Fifth edition. Port City Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 691 pages.

American Ornithologists' Union. 1973. Thirty-second supplement to the
American Ornithologists' Union checklist of North American Birds (Fifth
edition, 1957). Auk 90:411-419.

2.3-307

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present in low numbers. Red crossbills, pine siskins, red-breasted
nuthatches and mountain chickadees however, were more numerous than
other avian species recorded in this vegetation type during June.
These four species are generally associated with coniferous forests
(Twomey, 1942; Bailey and Niedrach, 1955); the red-breasted nut-
hatch, mountain chickadee and Steller's jay are the only species
observed during the June Douglas fir avian census that were also
• recorded during the spring and winter (Table 2.3-153).

2.3.7.3.1.3 Upland Meadow (Transect #7)

The upland meadow vegetation type (flat/8500') was surveyed once
during June, 1975. Species diversity and overall summer density
were relatively low; twenty birds representing seven species were
recorded (Table 2.3-154). Nine horned larks were observed during
this census period. The horned lark is a yery common nesting
species of Colorado prairies and meadows (Bailey and Niedrach, 1955;
Davis, 1969), and is the only species recorded during the June
census that occurs year round within this vegetation type.

2.3.7.3.1.4 Mixed Brush (Transect #5) • '

Five different avian species were recorded during the Emlen strip
census in the mixed brush vegetation type (northern slope/7200')
during June. Five species, the white-throated swift, broad-tailed
hummingbird, house wren, blue-gray gnatcatcher and green-tailed
towhee, were recorded in low numbers during June (Table 2.3-155).

2.3.7.3.1.5 Mixed Brush (Transect #12)

Twenty-five individual birds representing eight different species.
were recorded on the southern slope (8300') mixed brush, Emlen strip
transect (Table 2.3-156). Thirty-two percent of all individuals
encountered were Brewer's sparrows and another .44 percent
were vesper sparrows, green-tailed towhees and MacGillivray's
warblers.

Species diversity and overall population densities were slightly
higher within the southern slope mixed brush transect (#12) in
comparison with the northern slope mixed brush type (Transect #5).
The difference in structural appearance (physiognomy) and micro-
environments of both variants of the mixed brush type may contribute
somewhat to this result. The number of vegetative strata comprising
a woodland is normally an important determinant of bird species
diversity (Bond, 1957; Hilden, 1965). Although the southern slope
mixed brush stand is not as dense as the northern slope stand, its
shrubs are larger, and therefore may provide more strata for avian
utilization. A lot of microenvironmental variation also exists

• between the two transects due to differences in aspect and elevation,

• Odum (1959) has recorded variations in species composition and dis-
tribution due to microenvironmental differences between north slope
and south slope variants of a habitat type.

2.3-310

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2.3-314

2.3.7.3.1.6 Pinyon-Juniper (Transect irlO)

Thirty-four individual birds representing thirteen different species
were recorded during the June Emlen strip census in this dense stand
of mature pinyon-juniper (northern slope/6900') (Table 2.3-157).. Of
these thirteen species, the chipping sparrov;,. mountain chickadee and
. . _ black-throated gray warbler accounted for 77 percent of the total
population density for this stand. The chipping sparrov/ is one of
the most common sparrows in the 6000 to 8000 foot elevational zones
in Colorado, where it nests in shrubs and small trees (Bailey and
Niedrach, 1965). Pinyon-juniper woodland with a dense shrub under-
story provides ideal nesting habitat for the chipping sparrow. The
mountain chickadee and black-throated gray warbler both nest in northern
coniferous forests (Bailey and Niedrach, 1965; Bent, 1963). The
mountain chickadee is a common species in the pinyon-juniper wood-
land throughout the year, while the black-throated gray warbler,
is common as a summer resident in the pinyon-juniper habitat (Davis,
1969).

2.3.7.3.1.7 Pinyon-Juniper (Transect #9)

Species diversity and overall summer density were relatively high
along this transect as compared to estimates resulting from censuses
conducted within this pinyon-juniper stand (southern slope/7000')
during other seasons (Table 2.3-158). Twelve species were observed
in this pinyon-juniper stand during summer field investigations.
The most abundant species found during June were the bushtit and
mountain bluebird.

2.3.7.3.1.8 Pinyon-Juniper/Mixed Brush (Transect #4)

■ Seven avian species (19 individuals) were observed along the pinyon-
juniper/mixed brash (northern slope/7400') transect censused during
June (Table 2.3-159). The species encountered are those typically
associated with pinyon-juniper woodland and mixed brush communities
in northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah (Davis, 1969; Twomey,
1942). No one avian species was clearly predominant during the
summer census, although the mountain bluebird, green-tailed towhee
and Brewer's sparrow were the most frequently observed species.

2.3.7.3.1.9 Pinyon-Juniper/Sagebrush (Transect #6)

The stand of mixed pinyon-juniper and sagebrush (flat/7400') supported
a variety of avian species indicative of woodland and/or brushland
communities in northwestern Colorado (Davis, 1959). Such species
as the Brewer's sparrow, blue-gray gnatcatcher and green-tailed
towhee are birds typically associated with brush communities (Bent,
1964, 1968), and these were frequently observed in the pinyon-juniper/-
sagebrush type during June. The pinyon pines and junipers of the
area attracted tree swallows, mountain chickadees and mountain
bluebirds, while the lark sparrows were associated with open patches
of grasses and forbs within this vegetation type.

2.3-315

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2.3-317

During June, species attaining the greatest densities were the
blue-gray qnatcatcher. Brewer's sparrow and mountain bluebird
(Table 2.3-160).

2.3.7.3.1.10 Sagebrush (Transect f}2)

i

This sagebrush vegetation type (flat/6500' )' was found to support
the lowest species diversity of all vegetation types censused by
the Emlen method. Only four species were observed along the tran-
sect surveyed in this sagebrush stand during June (Table 2.3-161).
Low numbers of lark sparrows. Brewer's sparrows, vesper sparrows
and lark buntings were recorded during the June census.

The lark bunting, a species not previously recorded within the study
area, is a common breeding bird throughout Colorado within the Upper
Sonoran Zone. It is particularly abundant on the state's eastern
grasslands (Bailey and Niedrach, 1955; Bent, 1968). According to
Bailey and Niedrach (1965) it was reported as a common species in
Moffat County during 1957. However, the lark buntings appear to
change nesting areas periodically so consequently the uncommon
status of the species within Tract C-a and adjacent areas could
change as more observations are made.

2.3.7.3.1.11 Sagebrush (Transect #11)

Seven species were observed within the north slope sagebrush vege-
tation type (7100'). The most numerous species recorded
during June were the Brewer's sparrow, green-tailed towhee and
vesper sparrow. These three species comprised 92.5 percent of the
estimated avian population (Table 2.3-162).

2.3.7.3.1.12 Greasewood/Sagebrush (Transect #8)

Of the twelve avian species recorded within this greasewood/sagebrush
stand (flat/6400') in June, the Brewer's sparrow and chipping
sparrow accounted for 74.1 percent of the total avian density
(Table 2.3-163). This stand of greasewood/sagebrush supported the
largest population of Brewer's sparrows (a species common through-
out the study area) of any Emlen transect surveyed during June.
None of the large flocks of dark-eyed and gray-headed juncos
characteristic of this habitat type in the winter were recorded
during this survey.

2.3.7.3.1.13 Rabbitbrush (Transect #3)

Thirty birds representing six different species were recorded
along the Emlen strip transect surveyed in the rabbitbrush vege-
tation type (flat/6800' ) during June. The Brewer's sparrow and
cliff swallow were the avian species most frequently observed

(Table 2.3-164),

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2.3.7.3.1.14 Riparian (Transect #15)

The variety of birds occupying the riparian transect (flat/6700')
during the June census period is indicative of the heterogeniety of
habitat along this portion of Stake Springs Draw (Table 2.3-165)..
During the June survey 117 individuals representing eighteen different
avian species were noted. The total population was numerically
dominated by song sparrows (24.6/hectare) , red-winged blackbirds
(19.7/hectare) and Brewer's sparrows (9.8/hectare) . Mallards, green-
winged teals, a sora and killdeer were observed near the Stake Springs
pond.

2.3.7.3.1.15 Bottomland Meadow (Transect #1)

During the June Emlen strip census conducted within the bottomland
meadow vegetation type (flat/6300') the highest species diversity
(21 species) for the study area was recorded. The rough-winged
swallow, and Brewer's black-bird were the most frequently observed
species, but the conrnon snipe had the densest population (8.2/
hectare) (Table 2.3-166).

In contrast with the riparian habitat, the bottomland meadow vege-
tation type supported few dominant species and a sparse avian popu-
lation during June (23.8 birds/hectare in comparison with 72.2
birds/hectare within the riparian type). The black-billed magpie
and common raven are the only year-round residents recorded within
this vegetation type.

2.3.7.3.1.16 Summary for All Vegetation Types

The largest number of individual birds and the- greatest avian species
diversity were encountered within the riparian, bottomland meadow,
Douglas fir, aspen and all pinyon-juniper vegetation types during
the summer sampling period (Tables 2.3-152, 2.3-153, 5.3-154, 2.3-158,
2.3-159, 2.3-160, 2.3-165 and 2.3-165). The rabbitbrush, sagebrush,
mixed brush, and upland meadow vegetation types exhibited fewer avian
species as well as low total numbers of birds in comparison with the
aforementioned vegetation types (Tables 2.3-154, 2.3-155, 2.3-156,
2.3-161, 2.3-162, 2.3-163, and 2.3-164).

The Brewer's sparrow, vesper sparrow, chipping sparrow, mountain
chickadee and mountain bluebird were observed in greater numbers
and in a greater variety of vegetation types than any other avian
species during the summer survey.

2.3.7.3.2 Upland Gamebirds

2.3.7.3.2.1 Sage Grouse

Two brood censuses to investigate sage grouse nesting success in
the vicinity of Tract C-a were conducted July 14-15, 1975 along a

2.3-324

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twenty mile route located in sagebrush and mixed brush vegetation
types, the preferred nesting habitats for sage grouse (Patterson,
1952; Rogers, 1964). When sage grouse were encountered on the
census route they were flushed and tallied according to sex and
age. Four sage grouse (1 female, 3 chicks) were observed on July
14 and two flocks comprised of seven (2 males, 1 female, 4 chicks)
and sixteen (3 females, 13 chicks) birds respectively were seen
on July 15, 1975. All sightings were within a one mile segment of
the census route on the ridge northwest of the right fork of Stake
Springs Draw within an upland sagebrush vegetation type. Two
opportunistic sightings on July 30-31 reported 27 sage grouse, both
adults and juveniles, also in this vicinity within the sagebrush/
mixed brush vegetation type.

Summer opportunistic sightings also provided records of sage grouse
populations in two other locations within the study area. Thirteen
sage grouse (11 adults, 2 juveniles) were reported on the Cathedral
Bluffs within a mountain shrub vegetation type and two sightings
of five and three grouse (adults and young respectively), were
recorded on Airplane Ridge within a sagebrush/mixed brush vegetation
type. The sightings of juveniles indicate that sage grouse are
nesting near the sighting locations mentioned above.

Rogers (1964) described sage grouse density in the region as
"light" and indicated that sage grouse have only been observed in
low numbers within sagebrush communities in the Piceance, Yellow
and Douglas Creek drainages. He has recorded them on 84 Mesa, the
only area in Rio Blanco County near Tract C-a where they have been
sighted. A possible explanation for the reported rarity of sage
grouse in Rio Blanco County, according to Rogers (1964), is that a
large amount of the sagebrush range in this county is intermixed
with pinyon-juniper, a combination apparently disliked by the grouse
Rogers (1964) also states that sagebrush in this county occurs in
steep and narrow canyons with little available water, habitats also
not preferred by sage grouse.

Sage grouse are apparently not limited to the sagebrush vegetation
type in the study area, rather they inhabit a wide variety of upland
brush vegetation types on and near Tract C-a. All observations
within the Tract C-a vicinity indicate localized but relatively
dense populations of sage grouse within areas of upland sage and
mixed brush vegetation types.

2.3.7.3.2.2 Blue Grouse

Blue grouse were censused twice along a standard census route during
June 11-12, 1975, a period within the blue grouse displaying season
(Rogers, 1968). During this time blue grouse males can be heard
hooting or fluttering.

2.3-527

The species favors open conifer-aspen stands or areas where aspen
and shrubs are intermixed (Rogers, 1968), Therefore, these vege-
tation types, found only in the area of Cathedral Bluffs, were
traversed for two consecutive mornings to count blue grouse. These
surveys, approximately 24.2 km (15 mi) in length, commenced at day-
break and continued for three hours after sunrise. At each appro-
priate vegetation site, stops were made and all grouse heard dis-
playing were recorded. Twenty-three displaying adult male blue
grouse were recorded along this census route. Display locations
were plotted on field maps and identified as probable nesting areas
for this species. These same locations were revisited on August
18-19 to locate all flocks and record young-to-adult ratios. Blue
grouse were not observed during that field investigation. The
absence of blue grouse during August may be due to the seasonal
movements of this species. After breeding and nesting, many blue
grouse hens, their broods and some males will remain in the meadow,
brush, aspen and open timber stands at lower elevations until mid-
August. They then slowly move back to the heavily timbered areas
at higher elevations (Rogers, 1968). The time and degree of move-
ment of this species is related to food availability and the
weather (Rogers, 1968). It is thought that the blue grouse observed
in the mountain shrub communities on the Cathedral Bluffs during
the breeding season may have already migrated to the adjacent
stands of Douglas fir for the winter and therefore were not observed
during the late August survey.

2.3.7.3.2.3 Mourning Doves

The mourning dove is a common summer resident within the pinyon-
juniper and greasewood/sagebrush vegetation types. During the June
Emlen censuses and qualitative surveys, seventeen sightings of
mourning doves were recorded in the pinyon-juniper vegetation type
and three in the greasewood/sagebrush vegetation type. Twomey
(1942) describes the mourning dove as a summer resident of all
habitats from low desert shrub to the coniferous forests in north-

eastern Utah.
2.3.7.3.3 Waterfowl

Waterfowl surveys at the Stake Springs impoundment were conducted
twice during June and twice during August, 1975. A total of five
waterfowl and eight shorebird species was observed during the two
sampling periods.

The June sampling period demonstrated a substantial increase in the
numbers of different waterfowl and shorebird species, but a decrease
in abundance of birds at the Stake Springs impoundment. Of the U
species recorded from 39 different bird sightings, the mallard,
green-winged teal and conmon snipe were the most abundant.

2.3-328

Wilson's phalarope, killdeer, spotted sandpiper, gadwall, cinammon
teal, sora, Virginia rail and blue-winged teal were also observed
but in lower numbers. The cinammon teal, gadwall, sora and Virginia
rail are species not previously recorded by ECI in the vicinity of
Tract C-a. The semi-palmated plover, long-billed curlew and white-
faced ibis were recorded during avian surveys conducted in June.

Waterfowl abundances were relatively high during the August census
period when a total of 62 birds was recorded. However, fewer
distinct waterfowl species were observed during this census period;
only four species, the mallard, killdeer, American avocet and solitary
sandpiper were recorded. The mallard was by far the most abundant
waterfowl species recorded during the August survey. It was
observed during every count. On one morning 35 mallards were
observed feeding in Stake Springs pond. The large numbers of
mallards present during mid-August may be due to pre-migration
flocking. Although the migration flights do not begin in earnest
until late September, flights from local nesting areas to nearby
feeding grounds occur in late August, or early September (Kortright,
1967). Many of the scattered mallards in the vicinity of Tract
C-a probably come to feed in the Stake Springs pond before migrating
south.

2.3.7.3.4 Raptors
2.3.7.3.4.1 Aerial Surveys

Five raptor species were observed during two survey flights conducted
over the study area on June 26 and August 18, 1975. The red-tailed
hawk. Cooper's hawk, American kestrel and common raven were observed
during June (Table 2.3-167). Of the 22 sightings recorded, the
common raven was observed most frequently. Fewer numbers of raptors
were observed during the August survey. Four species, the golden
eagle, red-tailed hawk. Cooper's hawk and American kestrel were
recorded (Table 2.3-167). High winds were prevelant throughout
the August survey and may have had an adverse effect on local raptor
activity.

2.3.7.3.4.2 Ground Surveys

Opportunistic ground sightings of raptors in the study area during
the June, 1975 sampling period, revealed the presence of twelve
different raptor species, one of which (the prairie falcon) is
presently listed as threatened (USDI, 1973) and one of which (the
peregrine falcon) is presently listed as endangered (USDI, 1974).

The turkey vulture, goshawk, sharp-shinned hawk and Swainson's hawk
were observed for the first time by ECI in the study area during the
June, 1975 sampling period. The American kestrel, marsh hawk, golden
eagle, and common raven were frequently observed during June. Cooper's

2.3-329

Table 2.3- 157. Raptor species encountered on aerial surveys conducted during
the summer, 1975 for RBOSP

Species

Numbers Observed

June

August

Total

Cooper's hawk
Red-tailed hawk
Golden eagle
American kestrel
Common raven
Unidentified raptors

2
3
0
5
12
0

1
1
1
3
0
2

3
4
1
8
12
2

Total

22

8

30

2.5-330

hawks and great horned ov/ls were also observed during the summer
field period. The red-tailed hawk was recorded more frequently
than any other raptor species and was seen throughout most vege-
tation types. Table 2.3-168 lists raptor observations recorded
during ground investigations conducted in summer, 1975.

Ground surveys to locate raptor nests were conducted during June,
1975. Eleven nest sites were located, all of which were active at
the time of investigation. All active nests contained chicks and
one Cooper's hawk nest had a young nestling and 2 eggs. Marsh
hawks were found occupying three nest sites; American kestrels
three nest sites; golden eagles two nest sites; Cooper's hawks two
nest sites; and a goshawk one nest site. All active raptor nests
and nest contents are listed in Table 2.3-169.

2.3.7.4 Summary and Conclusions

The June sampling period occurred during the height of the breeding
season for most avian species. The variety of vegetation types
present in the study area provides suitable nesting sites for many
species, as demonstrated by the relatively high avian diversity
recorded during the suiTiner season. Of the 96 species recorded
during this sampling period, 42 species had not been previously
recorded by ECI personnel on the study area. This brings the total
to 127 species recorded within the area of investigation. The
mallard, mountain bluebird, green-tailed towhee, chipping sparrow.
Brewer's sparrow and vesper sparrow were the most frequently
observed species during the summer sampling period.

The riparian cummunity and adjacent habitats supported the greatest
bird density and diversity throughout the year while the sagebrush
and rabbitbrush communities supported the lowest number of .different
bird species and individuals.

In the Tract C-a vicinity, a few surface ponds and streams create
isolated islands of habitat for many waterfowl species within the
predominantly arid region that is northwestern Colorado. For this
reason, representatives of such habitat types have an unusually
high ecological value within this region. Fourteen waterfowl and
shorebird species have been recorded within the vicinity of Tract
C-a .

A fairly large population of breeding raptors was present in the
area of investigation. The common raven, American kestrel and red-
tailed hawk were the species recorded most frequently in opportunistic
observations during summer, 1975. The majority of the nesting
raptors present in the area were found in the pinyon-juniper wood-
lands and on the associated sandstone cliffs.

2.3-331

Table 2.3- 168. Opportunistic sightings of raptor species recorded during
summer, 1975 for RBOSP

1 , Total Number of

Species — Observations Recorded

Turkey. vulture 1

Sharp-shinned hawk . 1

Cooper's hawk 2

Goshawk 2

Red-tailed hawk 12

Swainson's hawk 1

Marsh hawk 9

Golden eagle 6

Peregrine falcon 3

Prairie falcon Z

Great horned owl 4 ' ' "

Total . 43 .

— American kestrels and common ravens were observed consistently throughout
the sampling period within most habitats.

2.3-332

.Table 2.3-169. Active nests located on or near Tract C-a during summer, 1975
for RBOSP

Nest
Number Species

Contents of Nest

Eggs

Chicks

0

3

.0

4

0

3

2

1

0

2

0

1

0

4

0

2

0

1

0

2

0

1

21 * American kestrel

22 Marsh hawk

23 Marsh hawk

24 Cooper's hawk

25 American kestrel

26 Golden eagle

27 Marsh hawk

28 Cooper's hawk

29 Goshawk

30 American kestrel

31 Golden eagle

2,3-333

Field data collected during summer 1975, indicate that most avian
species encountered in the area of investigation were those expected
to be present based on published information from northwestern
Colorado and northeastern Utah (Bailey and Niedrach, 1965; Davis,
1969; Hayward, 1967; Twomey, 1942).

Several unexpected species were encountered during field sampling.
All such species discussed below except Baird's sparrow have been
recorded previously in northwestern Colorado, but only as unusual
occurrences.

Virginia Rail--Tv/o individuals were observed in the riparian habitat
adjacent to the Stake Springs impoundment. The status of this
species is undetermined west of the Continental Divide (Davis, 1969).
Ela (1971) reported a sighting from Mesa County in 1970, the first
record in many years. Martin, Baldwin and Reed (1974) reported
hearing them regularly along the Yampa River near Craig during the
1971-73 breeding seasons. They indicate ihat this species is a
regular breeder in northwestern Colorado.

Sora--On June 6 and 11, 1975, soras were observed at the Stake Springs
pond. Davis (1969) describes the sora as an uncommon summer resident
of the cattail swamps in western Colorado.

Long-billed Curlew--On June 2, 1975 a long-billed curlew was
recorded in a flooded pasture along Ryan Gulch. This species is
rare west of the Colorado Continental Divide (Bailey and Niedrach,
1965). Martin, et. al . (1974) recorded one individual on agricultural
fields near Craig during the summer of 1971.

Semi-palmated Plover--The semi-palmated plover was recorded in the
mixed brush vegetation type located on Cathedral Bluffs
during a June qualitative survey. This small plover is an irregular
migrant along the shores of reservoirs and lakes in eastern Colorado.
Bailey and Niedrach (1965) have no records of the semi-palmated
plover in northwestern Colorado. Davis (1969) records the semi-
palmated plover as a rare migrant in western Colorado.

Red-eyed Vireo--Two red-eyed vireos, an unusual species for Colorado,
were recorded in an aspen stand along Cathedral Bluffs during
a qualitative survey. This species is a rare visitor to the Piceance
Basin (Bailey and Niedrach, 1965; Martin, et. al . , 1974) particularly
within the vicinity of Tract C-a. The preferred nesting habitat
of the red-eyed vireo is the cottonwood-willow river bottom. The
paucity of this vegetation type within the Piceance Basin is the
major limiting factor on the red-eyed vireo populations within the
area.

2.3-354

Bobo1ink--The bobolonk, an unusual species for this area, was
recorded once during the June survey. Since the habitat of the
bobolink is limited rather strictly in the intermountain area to

western pasturelands, its distribution in Colorado seems to be spotty
and it is not at all common in the Piceance Basin (Bailey and
Niedrach, 1965; Hayward, 1957). However, the increased cultivation
of western lands is improving the nesting conditions for the
species and as a result, according to Bent (1968) the bobolink "has
been encouraged to extend its range and to move farther west."
Although little or no cultivated lands is found within the study
area the bobolink sighted is probably a straggler from the agricul-
tural lands along the Piceance Creek.

Baird's Sparrow--One individual was observed within a sagebrush
community on 84 Mesa during June qualitative counts. This species
has never been recorded on the western slope of Colorado nor in
eastern Utah (Bailey and Niedrach, 1965; Davis, 1969; Twomey, 1942).
The Baird's sparrow is an irregular migrant on the eastern prairies
of Colorado during spring and fall, with a few individuals wintering
(Bailey and Niedrach, 1965). Being exceedingly inconspicuous
birds (Bent, 1968) they may be more common within the state than
the records now indicate.

2.5-335

2.3.7.5-AVIFAUNA RAW DATA

2.3-336

2.3.7.5--AVIFAUNA RAW DATA

oooloQy consultantR, [no.

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS
Observer :J/£Ajf)^^ Slte:^oTrba^)?/i7i U^jto^

Date; (o' \\- 1 '^

Times: ) ^ ( Q - cP 0<^ 5"' Temp. : ^I^CL Wind; O'^ Sky; Q^^

Project.: ?3-<^5^ Other Comments; (^C^bVy v> tC cQt Pr-9o ( t)\eooGit cx.V-

Number Recorded Per Strip

Species

^u^e^c^M

s//

/30
0 ?

/-M>^ booV

I^daoPiSi Pil.

U)rvr^a/p[^

C^S/^\pe ^1\

y-go^^(oA<

0-10'

/3.

4 I

/3

4

M(^o;JkoH.

V^pgit Sp.

^ogto. Si^

J<^liet_

CcyCO A

^^\^\L

$s£^L

L

B

H

A-

i^L^^^LM-.

3

^

_s^

jA&i^c^V./i\c. 3

liA

Jj^e^

JLkleT_

6

A

'35-

Ji5^Vvj^fc_ At

10-25'

25-50' ! 50-100'

II)

II

100-200'

\^

200-400'

Fly Over

m\

\{

iii\

11

m i/ll

ocology conauKnnta, Ino. ''

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS

Sc«-c,-ot>-ro^ W_- -V l^'-A

Date: NJl»^)P, 5^ \^^^ Observer :__\^JP\;o40,_ ^^^^•-J^5eiife-^^&'—

Times; ^\^ - f^S^ Terni^. :^7^<S -^{.^C Wind: Q-S Sky: )0% pC

Project;

Other Comments:

\^^ ^Kc^Orvj^ a^M.^ ,

Number Recorded Per Strip

Species

0-10'

10-25'

25-50'

50-100'

100-200'

200-AOO'

Fly Over

673

?)riiM)?.^Vc.1>:^ ^

f

\

C S^

%mr..

v>

\

1

bsl

L' i>'-"^fcA

a.^

(^

LS-^

n

/3

1

1 "

•

'.

'

•

-^ B.D.

UG Itje

'- /.^

^

•

i

•

■

— — — .

—

...

(~Riosp7'RoGl?iss~RipQnTl

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS
Obs erver : [Q. /Q -{--pf^

ooo/of/y conaultanta, Ino,

Times; -?vy- ,44^:^ Temp. :_ c^fe^^Q y^^^, ^^^
Project: ^^^^^

Other Comments:

Species

0-10'

10-25'

Number
25-50'

Recorded Per Strip

505

' ^\\l^P)lUi

p>

II

1

200-AOO'

Flv Over

6 7.

5 S?8ft

3

m

itHI

III

II

1

/$Vi

^ Q Tict^Kff

/3

11

1

^S'Ji

> S:>ia^.

C^

^/30

-tti—

^

rm '

//3^

Irov^ri i-o.'rti

4

/

-hS^

ll/T^ So.pr

.'^

/

•

■ _

/

-^

^ B.D.

kJ<x\o-^

- /. r

■

-

-

-

i

-

•

-

II

1

-

.

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEII STRIP CENSUS

Date: ^ "/O' 7

Observer; ^^/J /^^^Ay Site ; JZ)^>gy£--J-2.^-^'/;,^-^-y7-

ocofogy consuftants, !no.

?3. C.9./.2../c?,^

)^'.\rs 7/v/

Times :/^(^0- ^ Q/5^ Temp. : ^^ °C (Z^/^) Wind: 0 -5'^ Sky: /O % OC

Project:_i2lOS Other Coioments: (^^i^J /^/, t^f,^ /j^j^v Cbt^

Species

0-10'

10-25'

Number
25-50'

Recorded Per Strip

'^ f\r\ / r\ r\ t

Var

$yfL>6 J

A

1

i-UC-ilUU '

ZOu-AOO'

/

Fly Over

St)5~

A^H 6W

'b

/

//

1 --
1

~

373

fU KeiL

A

1

/

S6 6)

F)lue-ji"^A^

/z>

/

^YT

CrTjocj

^

I

//

/

/

WV

^Wip}e

A

//

i,73

6'2£uy?ed^>

.3

I

Jl /

•

1

-

•

-

-

-

♦

^ -

-

• -

_

_

— —

--

W---

Date : ^^^^^-'7^
Times :Al^r- O^JO
Project.; ^V^^

FIELD DATA SliEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS
■; [br^Ot^

ocotoay oonnulf^in'ts, Ino.

Observer
Temp.: (^^^

site; ijAyLL^ (,^j)

Wind: '^■'\0 Sky: Wo ^'^/*

Other Comments:

Species

0-10<

10-25'

Number
25-50'

Recorded I

'er Strip

1 r\r\ o nn i

O A M / r> r\ *

6V5

G,Tlo^^^

/3

1

iUU-zUiJ '

ZUO-400'

1

Fly Over

^Obi

/3

3s5-V

'fA . l^Vxv./f.

C,^

!

5~0Q

p i:v^6v/;.>

/3

i\

773

U Djua^

/^

ii>o^

UH,..M

A

\

'-

•

^fe.o.

sJC^lwC

= ).^

-

.

•

.

fcG a,,..i

-^/^^

II

^P

'A-N tvV ,•

\

1

'1^

1

_

<- . 1

- '.'»^ \

1

■ 0

r

■*--»——___-

J^sp pnoGREsJTipoHrl

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS

ocoloay oonsttStnnta, Ino.

Date: G-M'-IS^

Observer: Vs^ fjx^^/J

Slte:_y^^;^_

'Ijyrr -7/7^^ .^,V.

Times: O^f^ - /QOQ Temp. : o^O^C Wind: 0"^ Sky: C/ea>^
Project.: f ^ -05" Other Comments; (/4c-duiry ST/lc iU(ud)

J/gpe-

Species

0-10'

10-25'

Number
25-50'

Recorded I

'er Strip
1 r>n o nr\ i

'"^ C^ r\ f r\r\ \

67:

^ 5/:>3/e

5

//

/

III

iUU-ZuU'
/

200-400'

HI

Fly Over

^/3c

> C/:-ff

A

II

im I

^/3^

T^^^td/h

A

in

Vi?

ftPco

A

//

Wv

' Coco

A

J

SDS

■ ^:(C0

/3

/

n

III

50(^

Toe A

/3 /

//

(9)

■ cHci4-

B

//

/

lf^(^f^ sp

13

/

/

&s^

l/es 5-/^

n>

/

//

1

3:s-y

^n~. -fjiJM.

d-^

/

1

.

^Bo.

Ua lu-e

- (.^

m

- —

-

—

.

•

-

' ~

•-

~

*

-

-

—

■^

RBOSP PROGnESS REPORT

ocoioay consult ants, I no.

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS ^,

Date; 6^1^ '^S^ Observer- \lo,)A.^. J ^,, ^^V'^

Tln.cs: 6^^-/000 T.™,. :. /^ ° C @)^lr£__ Sky: Ch^^

Project: f 3 -6$ Other Comments: {^ 0<,r I'jd C-^ 70 rc) M AH )

Number

Recorded P

er Strip

bpecies

0-10'

10-25'

25-50'

50-100'

100-200'

200-400'

Fly Over

(^3-^

' fej^^P/?. ;^

7

/

//

-J >; !;ii:

^;? §

' /ix!/i«. i/

! ////

/

///

/

//

6^5^

Qt^T/Ot/T-

-5

CdlluACiili

-^ /oM 5,^;

'/^

//

6V5-

Qilee,i-Tou)

6 ' '

1

'

^^3

fkeuoo^ S/).

/?

/

/

/30

Ke^r^et^

A

/

w

AUh> P)ive.

^

/

/

•

•

-

f HBOSP ?mQ^^ nePOHT ;

Ig)

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS

7

Date; , /u UP^| l^'l ^ Observer: J/^i^+Vvew^

Times; H^Q- ^ HO TeiDp.; g^^P ^ ^.'^ Wind; O ^ ^^^

Project: Q ^^6>^ Other Comments:

ooology conniiltants, Ino.

(^t r^k / c UJ fir/// J^.^ ( (:5^
_ Site: (^c.^1^Cv-\ <:.p.,^ -^t.

Ui'^

Number Recorded Per Strip

Species

0-10"

10-25'

25-50'

50-100'

100-200'

200-400'

Fly Over

'-(5 0

m%'s

.4

\

6-v^

8

\

67 3

(\?.i-^M<f^

3

>ff^-

\

tl

la

W\

(o?2)

9 '

C?^

1

1 \

656

\l2^i/. Co^^

a-^

^5-^

2>

II

67/

^.v^Coa.

ic^

?v\)V;C;»\^ -W'n/

A-

w

5o^ot^M>] ^

\

3/0

N.ik' .//

\\

/^6

Cl0^H.L

A

— M-^

yY7

Rll.KHv^

A

(

^^B.O.

Jalut -

/.^-o

•

.

, .

RBOSP PnOGRQSS f^^ilPQRT

oooloay oonsuliants, /no.

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS • ^ • ^ X ^ . ycT^^

Project.; 03^<i5^ Other Comments:

Date;J^-/:^^7S-

Number Recorded Per Strip

)SP Df^^rr

Date

ocotoyy consuttsnts. Inc.

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS

_ Site: ■ fo700' <-rt......c^.,..L)

Temp. : WC Jl^^ Wind; Q-y" Sky: c;20% oc

: Ju*J<(^^, |g-7<r Observer; \/^^l\o.tn/

^ Times: C)100-cPo'^0

Project: I'^-Q^T Other Comments; g^;^ ^\o^t<L oJgrt, c^^^^ ^ -r

OboQ fap^i^ox) /C0^-> ^0^-^ •\iJO'^

Number Recorded Per Strip

Gil

^l^iS

Species

9ftCii^ ^

J^-^CA .^

S?pft c/

6VvS
5"^ 7

»

373
3</7

WWv l.%.v\Y,

^t'^n-t't^t^i

0-10

11

10-25' 25-50'

!l

zi

-^^AJ-WM:

-^_Bt

r^Qi'^^pv-

^A. H

t^Mi^e^

s

6

n?

/3

50-100'

C

-^

^P^CiO. ^i

^

/).

2i<ii_kJ^

(l-fU.fc

r

5

/S

A

100-200'

200-AOO

\

\1

A

5

R

)^4}^iA

B

Fly Over

lAiu^

A

^

IkD,

Ua-lug-

^-L^Sl

— ii^^:iiLLtiii( 1 ^Msi/)-

^.lif '^^

i

^y"

11

11

OilULii

1

1.

H

jjJai^

i^^±L

i^Jt_s.

liL

.Ji^C^f

'IMjI.^1.

7 — ^^^

V

! ..nr^coTi^w^nr.ss a^^^ont

FIELD DATA SHEET - EIUEN STRIP CENSUS

ocolooy oonsutefints, t„c.

Date: G'^^l" 7i

Observer

:_ l^^rJ Hrj.^^J

pjdh- 7/^)

Times ;^0y/6)'-^ Q^]'^ T emp . : ^J^^^

Projec^:__?3:^o£ ^ther Consents :_,,,V^^^^^__^4_^^^^

Site; -^9^,^^/^ _ O

TTBTTfn s/c^cu

Number Recorded Per Strip

5£2-^ Pmx^r.ss nrp^Ti'i'

Date;_Gj:COC

Times; iVQ ~ iq^Q
Project: ^3~o<^

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS ^P'^ir ^

Observer; Vo-Q (-log/Q
Terrp.

Site:-

c?0^<

Wind; ^"'0

Sky: bO^oOc

Other Comments

: ^.^^K)^ -U (n-'.9r^pL

Species

0-10'

10-25'

Number
25-50'

Recorded Per Strip

^V6'

^lli^-\.7c.JL

) 8

W

\

i-UW-/CUU ■

200-400'

Fly Over 1

6^^

U^S^^jL

.^(

[

/

U

■

6 73

?)A!)Uk>^r

TS

\l

1/1

\{

__

VJ^'

'^^^JU'-c

A

\

_

wv

P^V.V^Aa

A

\

/0 9
S8/

A
3

1

(^^d)

%

ikM.___

A

1

^75,D.

i/a(t>t— /»>ib

■

-

— —

-^ — _

" ■ — ■■■—.,

___

— .

\\

. —

•

\ -

— ■■

.- _„

L____

(_

'

r.o,-.c.> tjno.-ncQc^ r^rnnRT

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CEI^SUS
Date:_^:J^J_£^__ Observer: \I^O\\y^J

ooo/cffy consu/tnnfs, /no.

: ^^"'-^ '-09O0-|O3O Temp . :_^Q^C_

Project:_g5-Q5 Other Comments:

Wind:_0_:^l__ Sky:_ClfeR_

Number Recorded Per Strii

Species

^5^ R'^POFVr^

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEN STRIP CENSUS

Date:_j^:2/ll_7f___ Observer:J^^^^

Times ;^/^ ^n<<^0 Temp.; /-^X^

Project :_/£^o£]____ other Comments:

Wtnd: Q-^

ocology consult.inin, Ino.

Sky: C lec.r-

Species P Q-IQ

lQ-25"n' 25-5nT

Number Recorded Per Strip

so^Too

-1 L

lMz20p^lj00^400

i

-ikL{iiWxJs_

Xly Over

RBOSP PnOGHGSS R-uPORT

FIELD DATA SHEET - EMLEl^ STRIP CETJSUS

Date: Jo^j^ ^, |^7b^ ^h^^xv^r-.J^fd^y^ S^^^^ ^^

Ti.es :i)7^0-O^lOO___ ,,^. :ayi!a_ Wind: O ^ S 1.'^^ ,o
Project: ^jf-QS^"

other Comments :_j;^^ .A^Cu^. c.P.^

Number Recorded Per St

rip

s,i

nuosp pROGf^Ess nr

iPORll

^

y

I

3

T^M/^ ^Tj^y^T /6'^C.

/?OUTEl

y South- to /^6^7^

I v

o

. r:>.C'.'/0.a.

V.-l

cO}/j^

57/5 /?r 6-5" 4

F/z^/s.V D -S~ c-jl

)

1 ^)?C03e kr^aei. Kc:<iTmQ

4 ^ieoose Wcc^v2c\ -CloTTeV,^^Q

I!

I <•

!| Ti^?/ 5T/9>2r /7"c •5/<^ % 6C^:^?^ 0*/^

I!' ■

; |:

I 1;

il: ^Oure scot?/ Tooc^tH

il!
li!

: I"

li'
'II

li]!££^i;^^s?^^

}'3.C.9.J. .^/-S^

BLUE GROUSE SURVEY

Project 83/05

0620-1015

15-20 mph gusts of wind periodically

55°F start

70°F end

Pat Kennedy

Tlie first 15 points where blue grouse v;ere observed in the spring, were
rechecked and no blue grouse were observed. At point 4, 13 sage grouse were
observed, 2 juv. and 11 adults. Four females definately identified, (ad.)
Tlie habitat was upland meadow and mixed shrub ecotone.

Pat Kennedy

Bob Macgregor along QA/QC

/ii/r ^/t^^

/J.c /.rj:^^^. /

H

BLUE GROUSE SURVEY

Project 83/05
8/20/75
0810-1010
0-5 raph
65 F start
75°F end
100% overcast

The last 8 points at which blue grouse were observed in the spring were
rechecked and no blue grouse were noted.

Pat Kennedy

Bob Macgregor along QA/QC

^3.C.7.T.^--.'

'^- ;

I I

c

I i !

0-S

fev-'-p

A:-(?-'.

'•*-^ v_0 2 S. -c

l|! Le

OAiL'.

Le.

^

Vo\A^

<9- o'

.^

o

-I-

4 cVicti-

^^i)V.^ ^/-V?^

^ ^^

1 3 cW J.

y--u

5>w. \^c.4l.

(TlBOrJ^'KS'GRESS Rtporjj

}'5

^

-1 (S" 1\

S3 1 OS

^J.A>VL>^

^

V-lT^^v^/^'T/'?^

O

A-

3 c

\ax^j

• ^

- c^-A.

J^ IQA*-^*-. U<='-^-^ ^^-/^

Si^o \^Vp^ ^u...^Lv- gL.w. ^SJ(^(SL

[ F.DOSP r ^''^^j;J: . jjl— - -J

WATERFOWL COUNT RESULTS - FIELD DATA FORM

^^•C.9"

'^■^--10

rvoject__^3_:03 ^'-^^^^--JuA^C-il^iflJil, Observer \/tVA\:.Z v^ ^^^ '"^" 1^

J^d_5[j:^l<£.^0i?lv,rJ^^t^_ Time iaAO_ Wind Q'^T Temp j^^C

'cent Sky Overcasy 0%^ ^°™"ci^ts__5^_L^_X:r\Q^,2^

Species

|V\^-lla-^o

ft

<^<^/i/o^>0 T'lfa.L^

Number Observed

M

Juv

Notes

Cq)

WATF.RFOWL COUNT RESULTS - FIELD DATA FORM ""^'^

?rojL'cr.__y5 _05 ^ Date yl^/t^g 5; /fcT^T Observer /A^/A/f/Q

Vou^A^Jlke^^AiAf S Time /5/9r;> . wind 0-^^ Tcmp^^(^^/^J_"

I'^cnt Sky Overcast <^^ Comments Jj-^^'A. /A^Gco},^^ClA

'j^y^\^

'

Number Observed

... y

Species

M .

¥

Juv

Notes

/ii/?^^/^/:^

/

(AhSP^'/ra^il}t-i )

C0!\Aimr\'5t^'\\'X^

1

^i/leo/j-ujj/^c,c<:\ 7ec\L

I

(/l5^i^/Vo^i'^e^ \

■ J ...... .

/

,

■

#

•

■

■

'

•

(^•x;!

?ro1c.ct Sd ~ OS"

'i^^cnt Sky Ovcrcnst CJ

Dote 6

L cou:-;

-«?'- 7

r Hi:r.i.!i

>TS - ]-Ii:i.;) DATA lORM 83 . C. 9 . 3 . 2-1 2
_ Observer I^^aJ {h>Z/^

fine Oh'TO

_ Wind ^- ^-^' Temp "V'^C JvO'^/:: ^

Coi.i;nonts r\/lir

Nvii;,V

)er Obscrvcc]

.. .

S]iecles

H

F Juv

Notes

Co '"i Kw o H ;;?/^> p^

r

—

// (oo T }aJ /\ ;? sr-/^ ; Yo^ni e s /-^^,= ) '

/Apicn/li^

y

If

' -■ •/. 7_ f

1

■

1

.

•

•

*

•

■

.

_

•

•

•

-•-

-

•

•

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^^'^i'-^^^JjlPjL

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2.3.8 Reptiles and Amphibians

2.3.8.1 Introduction

No change has occurred since Progress Report-2. See section 3.10.1
in Progress Report-2 for the introduction to the reptile and amphibian
, section.

2.3.8.2 Methods

2.3.8.2.1 Line Transects and Breeding Site Visits

Line transect methods are employed to sample reptiles and amphibians
in all major habitat types on and near Tract C-a. Ten transects,
each approximately 1000 m (3820 ft) in length, are surveyed once
during June and August 1975 and 1976 by two observers walking far
enough apart to preclude duplicate observations. Five transects
are permanently located, one in each of the five major vegetation
types (pinyon-juniper on north and south facing slopes, sagebrush,
greasewood-sagebrush, and mixed brush). Non-permanent transects
are relocated during each sampling period such that all vegetation
types are sampled at least once during the two-year period. Species,
numbers, microhabitat type, sex and age class (when possible),
various environmental parameters, and other data are recorded on a
standard field data sheet (Figure 2.3-26).

Information regarding nocturnal ly active amphibian species is gathered
opportunistically by ECI field personnel. Two nights during May and
June, 1975 and 1976, are devoted to sampling potential amphibian
breeding sites (ponds) on and near Tract C-a. Species, numbers,
habitat description, sex and age class are recorded on a standard
field data sheet (Figure 2.3-27).

The first individual of each species encountered in the area is
killed by an injection of phenobarbital and prepared as a voucher
specimen.

2.3.8.3 Results

2.3.8.3.1 Line Transects

During June, 1975, 5 permanent herpetofauna transects established
within the major vegetation types and 5 non-permanent transects
located within selected habitat types were surveyed. The same 5 per-
manent transects were again surveyed in August, 1975 along with 5
additional non-permanent transects. The locations of all herpeto-
fauna transects sampled are shown in Figure 2.3-28 . Table 2.3-170
lists the species encountered to date and. Table 2.3-171 summarizes
. all data by listing the vegetation types sampled and the number of
individuals of each species encountered on each of these transects.

2.3-337

HKRPETOFAUNA TIO\NSECT FIELD DATA SHEET

Transect C Vegetation Type

Date Time, Ground Temp, at Start

Location

Time, Cfound Temp, at End

Cloud Cover (%)

Wind Speed

Observer(s)

Project

Species

Approxlrante

Perpendicular

Distance From

Transect

Mlcrohabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional ^
Observations

•

•

-

'•

•

■

Reproductive condition, broken tall, etc.

Boology conau/tanta. Inc.

Figure 2.3-26. Herpetofauna transect field data-sheet for RBOSP.

2.3-358

am'hidiaM collection sheet

Project #:__

•

Date

No.

Species

Sex

Ap.e
Class

Capture
Location

Habitot
Description

Collec-
tor

Additional
Notes *

•

•

•

•

• ' .

•

i
1

Reproductive condition, stomach contents, tail loss, etc.

Figure 2.3-27. Amphibian conection field data sheet for RBOSP.

Boology oonaultanta, Ino.

2.3-339

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2.3-340

Table 2.3-170. Species of amphibians and reptiles encountered to date in the
vicinity of Tract C-a for RBOSP U.

FAMILY
Species

Common Name

AMBYSTOMIDAE

Amby stoma tigrinum

PELOBATIDAE

Scaphiopus intermontanus

HYLIDAE

Pseudacris triseriata

IGUANIDAE

Sceloperus undulatus
Sceloperus graciosus
Urosaurus ornatus
Phrynosoma douglassi

COLUBRIDAE

Thamnophis elegans

Tiger salamander

Great Basin spadefoot

Chorus frog

Eastern fence lizard
Sagebrush lizard
Tree lizard
Short-horned lizard

Western terrestrial garter snake

— The following authority was used for amphibian and reptile nomenclature:

Stebbins, R.C. 1966. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians.
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 279 pages.

2.3-341

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2.3-343

Because the survey effort (2 observers) and the transect length (1000
meters) are equal for each sampling location, the results should pro-
vide a direct index of relative abundance. The transect surveys con-
ducted this quarter, together with opportunistic observation records
and literature reviev/ should provide preliminary information regarding
distributions and habitat affinities of the reptile and amphibian
species sampled.

During the two sampling periods in this quarter a total of 5 reptile
species was encountered at six different transects located within
three major vegetation types -- pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and riparian,
The greatest diversity and abundance of herpetofauna were recorded at
Transect 6-NP which traversed a sparse pinyon-juniper habitat situated
at the base of south-facing sandstone cliffs. On 9- of the transects
surveyed in June and August no reptile or amphibian species were
observed. The vegetation types in which herpetofauna were not
observed include greasewood/sagebrush (2 surveys), mixed brush (3
surveys), bottomland meadow (1 survey), rabbitbrush (1 survey) and
shadscale (1 survey).

The sagebrush lizard (Sceloperus graciosus) was the most frequently
encountered species on the herpetofauna transects. A total of 50
lizards of this species was observed or captured 'during the surveys.
Tinkle (1973) refers to the sagebrush lizard as one of the most wide-
ranging and abundant lizard species in North America. In the study
area the pinyon-juniper vegetation type seems to provide the preferred
habitat, for all encounters with this species occurred within this
vegetation type. The sagebrush lizard was observed on all but one of
the seven surveys in pinyon-juniper. When approached, this species
often sought refuge beneath dead-fal Is and on Transect 6-NP, where
numerous sandstone outcroppingsv/ere present and where lizard abundance
was highest, refuge was often sought in rock crevices as well.

The short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi) is a wide-ranging,
ground-dwelling lizard that inhabits a variety of habitat types within
western North America (Stebbins, 1954). In the study area this
species is frequently encountered but not as frequently as the sage-
brush lizard. Four short-horned lizards were recorded during 3
transect surveys within 2 vegetation types -- pinyon-juniper and
sagebrush. Opportunistic sighting records have documented the
presence of this species in mixed brush and upland meadow vegetation
types as well. Short-horned lizards have also been observed in mixed
brush and upland meadow habitats on the Cathedral Bluffs at an
elevation of 8400 feet.

Two eastern fence lizards (Sceloperus undulatus) and 4 tree lizards
(Urosaurus ornatus) were recorded along transect 6-NP surveyed in the
pinyon-juniper habitat beneath steep south-facing sandstone out-
croppings. The eastern fence lizard is similar in appearance to the
sagebrush lizard with which it may coexist but .remain ecologically

2.3-544

distinct in its microhabitat selection, foraging stratagies and diet
composition (Turner, 1974). It is more often found perched on ele-
vated structures such as rocks than is the predominantly ground-
dwelling sagebrush lizard. The tree lizard climbs more frequently
than either of the two Sceloperus species. Neither the tree lizard
nor the eastern fence lizard are commonly seen within the study area.

Only one snake, a western terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis elegans) ,
was encountered during both sampling periods. This species was
observed along a transect through riparian habitat. The western
terrestrial garter snake occurs in a wide variety of habitats and
may be found in dry areas away from permanent water as well as in
riparian stiuations where it may be almost entirely aquatic in its
habits (Stebbins, 1954). The subspecies in the study area, however,
is known to be predominantly terrestrial but to occur in mesic environ-
ments (Stebbins, 1954). Sightings of this species to date (3
opportunistic sightings in addition to the one transect sighting)
have been in fairly moist areas near water and two of the garter
snakes retreated into water when approached.

Reptile species that have been documented in areas contiguous to
Tract C-a but have not been encountered in our studies include the
gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) and the side blotched lizard
(Uta stansburiana) (Thorne Ecological Institute, 1973 and Smith,
Maslin and Brown, 1955). The western rattlesnake (Crotalis viridis)
has not been encountered during field investigations. The study
area is immediately outside of the known distributional range of this
rattlesnake so its occurrence is not expected (Smith, Maslin and
Brown, 1965).

Amphibian species were not encountered on the herpetofauna transects.

Voucher specimens of the sagebrush lizard, tree lizard and western
terrestrial garter snake were collected and preserved.

2.3.8.3.2 Amphibian Breeding Sites

Potential amphibian breeding sites were visited on two nights in June,
1975. Amphibian activity appeared reduced from that observed earlier
in May, 1975. Only a few individual chorus frogs (Pseudacris triseriata)
were heard calling on one night and on both nights tiger salamander
larvae (Ambystoma tigrinum) were observed in the Stake Springs pond.
Voucher specimens for these two species were collected during the
first sampling period in May, 1975.

2.3.8.4 Summary and Conclusions

Five reptile species were encountered on 20 herpetofauna line tran-
sect surveys conducted during June and August, 1975. The sagebrush
lizard appears to be the most abundant reptile species in the study

2.3-545

area; 50 of these lizards were observed or captured on six su»"veys at
four different locations. The other reptile species encountered, but
in fewer numbers, were the eastern fence lizard, tree lizard, short-
horned lizard and v/estern terrestrial garter snake. Greatest abun-
dances of lizards were observed on transects within the pinyon-juniper
vegetation type.

2.3-346

2.3.8.5— REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS RAW DATA

2 •5-347

2.3.8.5--REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS RAW DATA

^ 2-6]^ HERPETOFAUNA 7K/NSECT FIELD CATA SHEET

Location <>-?</ ^ ,/ ? !

0

— /

/

Transect C [ Vegetation Type Gr^'-- '.-■■! ' [ f . r

C '■''.)

I5-'^te.^_l£.-_l_ Tlir.e, Ground Temp, ^at Start ICCr C'^"^ Time, Ground Temp, at End/,-;^^"'' /

/ -

\-. -' t-' nu \^uvi:;l V'"/

\yj ' - wina .-sp

eaa u ' ■? Observer

Ks) \v^'Y-■r .\:.c^'Ar-{ Project > '?

0 _ - . _... -

Species

Approximate

Perpendicular

Distance Froin

Transect

Mlcrohabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional ^
Observations

l^J 0 Vcro^-.V

-\",n'

I

•

^

-_

,

-

#

■

-

-

'

•

•

RoproducL i.vo condillon, broken tall, etc.

[ R30SP PROGIU'SS RlLl'O.ll ]

y'\>

■»

•^) nci^'^ ;.;-^T■^.•^ i'MJ

V , I

na^ -p.V ^^'f-^ -^..^--..V c4t.t^i HERPETOFAUNA TRANSFXT FIELD DATA SUl'ET

Transcct J? 'X Vegetation Type '^>>v/,-o- .)vnn ,"-)p-,^ [5c-m ^Vi )l:^ Locaticn_c_r^\s T\s \(l<\c\ ^J ^ 54 5^". v. .-/ '/jv
Date^Zf Ui/>^.v 7s^ime, Ground Teir.p. 'at Startling ^y" Time, Ground Tcinp. at End y^QO 7-1.''
Joud Cover (%)___£ Wind Speed p- f ObserverCs) S^y^-^ ?:)r.Kr^ Project ^ 3

Species

Approximate
Perpendicular
Distance From
Transect

Mlcrohabitat
Type

Sex

Ace
Class

Additional ^ /
Observations /

O. r-^r'.u > o'.sas

/^ r f W<?lc<;

CVl r-i y yi J . ^ >^ 5 Ix^ K>

'^

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Rcproibicl i.\ e condition, brok(jn tail, etc,

Trdcsp p^^0Gn[iS3 hr.f'oaf] (^7j)

HERPETOrAUIJA TP.WSECT FIELD DATA SHEET '^^v''^^ \ M,{<'\'^'^ ■'^-Y'l'/^i ^,'^

Transect }?__3 Vegetation Type ?sN->-^.n - V..^^ t. f^/orVU TlrYXocation^"'^' 1 2 5 , £ ^W . i ' '[ '^ ^

Date d^\ JvAiac /) Time, Grounci Temp, at Start/,^.!{> /3 Time, Ground Temp, at End \^\?^0 "/]_

^^ud Cover (%)_J2 . Wind Speed Q ' 3 ObserverCs) ^c-.VnU . fc^v^T", Project_jri_

(T^-i Species

Approxim-ate
Perpendicular
Distance From
Transect

Microhabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

'^^ Additional ^
/ Observations

^ !•.-•'.:

r.^ '■' < ^ ^y 7, ""v- ^

rP

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^, .X ,- ".

7

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^

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Pi'P r(.H'uct ivo coHil i Lion , brokmi tall, etc,

RiBCG? I^iOGRlil'L' h^l-GiVi(r;(;r

tA ^<^. r., ^

" ' '■• HERPETOFAUNA TRANSECT FIELD DATA SHEET . -r . /? aa . r Mr> ,.

Transect ^ ^ Vesetatlon Type U\^W.Wv.l OcA^^ Location e ^a T ? 5 . f?n^vJ^ J^. ^^'yf^ j ^:

Date '(" Jv.J^^ 7. Time, Ground Temp, "at Start,' t> V.r"^ 7:< Tliae, Ground Temp, at End (730 -7 £

iJloud Cover (%) Y''. Wind Speed /''-/(? Observer (3) \?>.< i^^.. . C"^ ,, ^^ Project ,- C

Species

Approximate

Perpendicular

Distance Fro:Q

Transect

Mlcrohabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional .
Observations

?. r^r,.0'. .'O

7 r •'". ' ■!

r.'^-i -, /•• -! -^ ":• 5-,

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4—

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9

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I — --— — C-,«..;t

{^Cr^Ai' \ '•^. h >^W^J 6 1 V , • ;

HERPETOFAUHA TJL/uNSECT FIELD DATA SHEET

'3 .a' >^'^.

/

;<i^

Transect J?__,l_ VogcLation TypeJ:i^ciW?^,,a__j_^2iLli^ . t<\^sv) , .^ /; 5 ^ ^^ ^/ llT^k

D 'J t ejJLl ■' '^ A^ T lipe , Ground Temp, at Start i^^P 7 f* Time, Ground Temp, at EndfUOf^ 7^^

r^ —I — r- -■ . . — :

(^ikI Cover (%) O

Wind Speed P - <r

r -T~ — ■ — ~^^^

ObserverCs) \Sr/>- r>< " -<J_'_Zz_ Project ^ ;:

Species

Approximate

Perpendicular

Distance From

Transect

Mlcrohabltat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional ^
Observations

i^O l^r,-.o.

Cl9.^•^/^^

-1

v

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(f^c:

MI'RPETOFAUNA rR/vNSJ'XX FIELD DATA SHEET

/3 C. z^-^.;?--^,

Transect ^ ." -?{' Vegetation Type (?0i ?: / <^ ^- m f''j!'.':^' Location MG ^/^ T/S C ; {^ ^->

Date ^r / •'' " '. Time, Ground Tcrap. at Start iV-P ■'-?> ^Tlme, Ground Terap. at End 1 ^ 2 i> ,1 0 r
^^ud Cover (%) <^ ^ h Wind Speed -S-/ '^ Observer (s) 1^- /r-'<'z lf'/-'C-'^ Project ^ '^

Species

5; ^ .' •: ,' !•-• '■ /;i' .''" '*

Approximate
Perpendicular
Distance From
Transect

Z.^-

/..

■c^

<>. >'

^, ,' •'^.^^,,,:-

<^.^•f^<^

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f. .7

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o

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Type

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II

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y

r\

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Age
Class

/hi

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rt </

'.A

C'.^

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. /

.- 1

Additional ^
Observations

A-.(rA-'<y . .^'"-v.../

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.:-;

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7

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■-!:.,

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'1 r

.1-

rl;j

l^'prodiict i.ve condition, bjokon tail, etc.

HERPETOFAUNA TR.\NSECT FIELD DATA SHEET ^

Tr.mr.ect }?._7:/l!_ Vegetation T:/pe (^^rllO.v > /ly^ Q vr^ (^.Q-^is Location <A^ -T/ S /^ ^ $ ^

TiCita(fJ2li:2^ Time, Ground Temp, at Start6^^f-^ ,^^^( Time, Ground Temp, at Endj5;^2i^_lZ^ -"

c^d Cover (%) 1 /* Wind Speed ^- 5 >.;U ObserverCs)"^''^-'-^ ' ' v/' ■-^^ Project 3"^

Species

Approximate
Perpendicular
Distance From
Transect

1

Mlcrohabltat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional ^
Observations

'ib ^, ^rjc /^

'

(

}

(

-^

.

-

-

. .

#

•

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'

^

V

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KoprcidnrtLve (-ondilion, broken tall, etc.

liVl

[Riwipj^nOaKBSJAEPO^

.•-c

o

Transect {f^^y Vegetation Type .Sc- r

Datef.'3W?J

UKRPETOFAUNA TM!;SECT FIELD DATA SHEET '^

'-,-., 'V '^<^^ rr-trA Location ..C i ^ '"\ \ S T^-V'^;

;

Tine, Ground Temp. 'at StartC'-' ' jT

oud Cover (%) ^Q/)^ Wind Speed /^- 3 Ob s e r v e r ( s )'Tr/^ r>) r r ^^^ '/

Time, Ground Temp, at Hnd r-.--r-. 7/0_

y^ ^^^''_/nr' Project 7 ^

Species

Approximate
Perpendicular
Distance From
Transect

Mlcrohabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional ^
Observations

1/1 * ^

-) i f..-r\I < A

\

V

'

-

.

#

^

,

-

,

-

-

'

A

V

•

Rcproducl.ivii condition, brokcMi tail, etc.

■c.w

I »-. «- -.

7 i

HEIIPETOFAUNA TRANSECT FIKLD DATA SHEKT ^' 3 C . /^ ■ Ji >_-^>

Transect f'__^ -'Vegetation Type 'V^^X^\t\^\ ^''''^''^'^^^31}kAl£y^i_3jjJLl ^^JL'j!: ^-^^

Date_7jJjTri_5^_^^TiTne, Ground Temp, at StartH^^'" > >""'Tirne. Ground Temp, at End I 'f A c-' c^ "d.'
^oud Cover (%)£D_ . ^'^'ind Speed \f-'^0 Observer (s) \yySi.aA ^ -^_^r^^^^ Project J^.^

Species

Approximate

Perpendicular

Distance From

Transect

Microhabitat
Type

Sox

Age
Class

Additional ^
Observations

Kd H-Pr-^"?^^

\^<. ^bfCr-

mX

' K

>

•

,

-

-

#

_

'

•

.

Reproductive condiLion, broken tail, etc.

R30£:^ l^HOGHr.SC. Hf:

HKRPra^OFAUNA TRAl^SECT FIELD DATA SHEET tu'T-^* T\!),C 'V?Ki ^ 7 ^ 1-' -^^ •'^^ '^

Transect /? | 0 Vegetation Type '^ r^c^e - S^VcIjcaIp Locatloa_r>A ^ ^\ S <> y/g S 7 SkjV, cj \ fV^

Date 2iiAi^^i5^-2.^ Time, Ground Temp, at Start |c3D It^ Time, Ground Temp, at End_jjj^j^ 7V^

kloiid Cover (%) C/ V71nd Spee(

?d .T'-'ZO Observer(s) <'.c ,K-Cr .V.^-u rro.iect<?:^

Species

Approximate
Perpendicular
Distance From
Transect

Microhabltat
Type

Sox

Age
Class

Additional _^
Observations

\ 1 r^ V (^ 0 Vl ^

l\(C'r\]i\

1 \M J t \ - V — L! — L —

' -' ' ■» -e — , " -J-

1

.

1

.

i

W "

■

" "

r"

■...;— -•■•"■:%. 1

n«'pi o<lui-t ive condnlLou, broken tall, etc.

r^:

r^":{p F^ioGHEiSS a^^i'^I.

HKR]^}:TOi-AL'I>V. TRA]JS}-:CT ]^JKLD DATA SliHF.T
Transoct //_/':_ j^ Vc get at ion Ty p (^^£'C_i!^-. W * , //'. '■' t ' •• j-->J^

•^ < :? C. /^ • - ■' -^ ' //

Local i on;^]/f^_:/,;^^'^^_j^^^^ -jx:'I.___
Dale/C_^_1^2_i:- Time, Ground Temp, at -"^^tar t/3_5/0 _i7_^_ Time, Ground Temp, at V.nAjf/^^f'/ ;^-c'
C^ud Cover {%) .^J^ ."T^ ___ Wind Speed _52'Z^:L__ _^ Observer (s) X/V'^- ///'<^}P Pi-oject_£:^

Species

Approximate

Perpendicular

Distance From

Transect

Microhabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional
Observations

'/ 0 Hef^^s

nh ^r. .V//

.

" .^

'

•

A

V

/

"•

•

-

l\cproduct ive cDudillon, broken tail, etc.

iii:ri'):toi-auna tkansect field tjata shki;t

:l

Transect i^2-Ul Vecetation Type /^ Vv' -v ;^7 /,:> ^ . >:''- J^^ !>ocation^^^A< 'r/'- /,"^-:;', ^. *t/.V
Pate// '■■■■.'■ --V^TiTne, Ground Temp, at S t a r t //) /'/^' / p^ 7- c Time, Gronnd Temp, at End_J//^' I n ^ - ,-
Cloud Cover (%)_.3_5_ Wind Speed T -- .f OhE.ervcr(s) ^^'' Y.\^\'/'/^2__

Project ,'^ <:

9 —

Species

Approximate

Perpendicular

Distance From

Transect

Microhab j-tat
Type

Sox

Age
Class

Additional
Observations

-/ -/"/"' - '. :"^'- ■

V .V-.'.-' •• •'.

il

/I

■7 ,r'.->'-. /

., ■ <> ►^ *■

^

■ C-^ ^'i .

1

/

-/ //■.•,-.-/.•

j^ i, .« »k

K

1

. Pf-.c^, - . '

/ '■

/' /< "■' '■

f

^

.-,. ../

'~ . ■r.^,r..r

.2 .* " -

^1

1

"^.V vv- :,/.'. ^

^ "

6^^

ii

'"■ ^"frrr'^ffr:

/ 1'

^ . u

C

^ .f

'■-./. ■

r -r;^',. ■

■ C' '1

^ " M

M-

■1

1

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. r "

n . J. 1.

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^

J

Cr^ 0 7 .

A

/

V

•

*

•

/

•

l>'pro,bKLive condiLJon, brol;en tail, ot.

--"^

or-y,f.

HI:K]M'T01-AUI;A TKANSi-CT FIELD DATA SUFET ^ ^ ^' ^ '^' ' '^' ■ '^ ' / '::i
Transect //^A. Vegetation ■^yx'^J^^V'" ^- Jl' ■ ■' ^ r- U- Location Ar'- ■;'' -''-.-^ / / .
Date_,;V;: ■■ ,•-- Time, Ground Temp, at Start/^£/2X^'''J'^f"f^ . Ground Temp, nt Fnd/,:>^,^£; /j/°7

Cloud Cover (%)

_i^

Wind r>peed_C-;::£ Ob s e r ve r ( s ) c7^ '/> / , ^/'/^ Project ;"'-?

Species

Approximate

Perpendicular

Distance From

Transect

; Microhabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional ,_
Observations"

.^' 'r,.^ /;, /;,,,

9

/)

r...„.A

/ /

7 , /- -

■ -..-' ;. -A'.';

,,-;•■>

/3

;- —

h

-'^7v :v'io f I'.^'.'S

.S '^

f:':-'- •-. '' . • L •../.-.

-;

T^

V

.3 -^^^.f fCn- '

r^ "

6^ r.>A;^'/ •-■ '-r r^jl

OL

/J

C r'S,

5 >"

■f>\ ^^v'^.iJ. i^\ Cx •>

V

"i. vi J

/

,1 i- ••

6'

(\

r/:./h

6^ ''

/I ^l 1- /•

n
"2

,/:'

k
/*^- '-

/

/

A

V

.

•

•

■

•

.

•

.

!'< pMuL-ct ive con(Mticjn, broken tail, etc.

nan fifr^Kf ni7ri::sff'::)^(:'. /•

IICRPETOI-AUNA TR/.NSECT FIELD DATA S!ii:ET
Transect /'j/:/:^ Vegetation Typo^_^i2v;2;i^^^ t-_... U

. I-o ca t ion },'/;> ,';;;. /• ^, >/:-/J_ /.< ^j-j ; ■/

Date/ri>/,__£v:_ Time, Gronnd Temp, at Start '-^ I -??jr''hme, Ground Temp, at T^nd /lj[2SiLZ-O^C
Cloud Cover (%) J^ Wind Speed .r^- ^TT^ ', Observer CrVO// b /-r^J'y'rc^ t>^^a ^ - -,

^^

/

^ -^ ' t . /

C^ 1 ^ / /<

,-,' 1 lujuci.^^^ .

Species

Approximate

Perpendicular

Distance From

Transect

Kicroiiabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional
Observations "

» 3 hA

(T^ .-jr.-.-f > ',.;,

^

J

'^. ^r:/.'r/'/ii

/

,1 " «' •'

F'f

A

■

I

"

■ •

'•

•

•

■

*

'

- -^ ^

9

!^''l>io(lu<-.( Jve con.Iiilon, broLcn tafl, etc.

(jV^OCr' PnoSRizi^ppporvj: I

■' ^a

Hl'RPI' TO FAUNA Tr.AILSFCT FIl'LD DATA Slil^KT

pa c /c^..^ j^ -

Tiansect //, 5 /^ Vegetation Type J ' " /"<' ^''.^ ■' '•■'

/S

?^'>t-e jLJ_^J_£I Time, Ground Temp, at St^rtiZ^V/ ' .2 'j " Time, Ground Temp, at End /"•■' -p '.

Cloud Cover (%) /'

9

< Wind Sp

eed 2 - 'y Observer

(s) ''/;

'i' .'//'A Project ?,^

Species

Approximate

Perperidicular

Distance From

Transect

Microhabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional ^
Observations

//}^y/t oe^

■■r:-::-, oP .

■

\

•

"

A

V

•

\

■

.

*

«

•

<ii

•

i'luductlve condition, bn^ken t.ill, etc.

\^

%>

/ '-'•.

HERPETOKAUNA TKAN'SIXT FIELD DATA SilEET^U^'^, - T^ -,.V'* ■">'.^r'' ' "'^ '■'/''•'

Transect ifjj_'j_]_ Vegetation Type/^V vV-^ : ■ :I___J._G ^--ocationJ^^-'^jXj C ^Jl''^ ^'i.^.Ji.^ '^f /\':-

Date ■< - /T Time. Ground Temp, at Start /^^-T ■ ;2 r^ Time, Ground Temp, at FAid / •/ C/ f p <-^ 'C

Cloud Cover (%) ,

'?<^' Wind Sp

eed -^ " y<^^ Observer

(s) '^7-'/^'/

C<L Project ^'S .

Species

Approximate

Perpendicular

Distance From

Transect

Microliabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional
Observations

■ /."• - ' . '

/ /:'.:-^'r

. '■ ■ rr ' ■ ■'.': ■ '

/'

.'" -

-- -/-rr- '•, '

t ,

t V '.'

9

i\

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A '. ■•

M.

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. _, ,. »

lA

n^.

v,^c

/ '

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—^

^

/

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H

/ ■'

A

V

• •

■

•

-

-

#

1

,

•

.

U:i)ic)duc-.t Lve coiKlition, brokcMi taH, etc.

n

.. </

HERPHTOFAUN^A TRANSJXT KIKRD DATA SliKFTr'-.^.^ . ^ .' ^^ /■'■'•'^, J -^ V, -' ''■/•-
Tr.ir.sect // j^j;;^^ Vegetation Type (^ ' ■■, / ' '• ' '• / ^^ / Location ^-^^ 7" ^-,/^.\' /-A S - i' 'fi !> \'..)
Pate ■''''_::i^:_l_li Time, Ground Temp, at Start €■'■''!> ' ' Time, Grovind Temp, at End i i''0 / ",22 '" r.
rwud Cover (%) <^^ VJlnd Speed ^^- A/' Observer (s) f .'/'.' j / r <^'/7-- Project " .-'

Species

Approximate
Perpendicular
Distance From
Transect

• Mlcrohabltat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional ^
Observations

— ^ /

A

w

•

/

•

•

-

,

1

,

•

.

.

K.'pi oducL Ivo condlfion, broken tall, etc,

I n""or'

n n-^'-N

■---fsnr:;^^^

c>.:.-,'A

!••.•//:'.

Hr.RPETOFAUNA TRAJ.'SHCT .FIl'LD DATA Sl!i-ET

'/'rH, Z^,-; ,fri)-

F3 C./(^ .^.7-

^ ransect (L.^^^ Vegetation Type/. ' f- '^''"^Ivj/j!:!^^^ Location'^ y5 f^n.-r) C^:> )' tJfJsh^ .
_ ■ 'atc_V -V , Tine, Ground Teir.p. at StartJ/j/^^ .^^^ Time , Ground Te'inp. at r:nd_/^^0„ ^^^^V"
Mond Cover (%)_2il___. ^'ind Speed Z" 7< ___ Ob s e r vc r ( s ) ;v' /I/ / /, . /' /^^^^ Project ;^j; •"

Species

Ai)proxlr!iate

Perpendicular

Distance From

Transect

Mlcrohabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional
Observations

•

.

^

V

.

.

• ■

•

•

•

-

,

'

,

.

•

^

— .

F.«'prodn(:tIve condition, broken tall, etc

[Rf2GGP PnCGRESS" BEPOhT {

(k/M

raz-v/n //->i-.. i« >*,*.•.... f^,..-^.

,J ..

IIERPETOFAUNVv TRANSI-XT KT.KLD DATA SIJHK.T / -J C ^ ^ ■ ''^' ■- '//

Trauscct Ct /j_L. Ver.ctation Type -^ , ■ ■-. " - ■' :\ '^ hocntin^^^^f > ^ /0'>-^,J Cir, re

Dare_///L_^

^or^M^A^iA^n:ij;iJi,

Time, Ground Ten.p. at S L a r t C ' -T X 7 ^ T i me . Ground Tc-nip. at End ','-

^^- "-^ _ Ob s e r V e r ( s ) ' -"V V^ Y ' //

Cloud Cover (%) j:/^ Wind Speed 5-/r

Project ^

Species

Approxiraate

Perpendicular

Distance From

Transect

Microhabltat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional
Observations

/-".•/^.:-" '6'^'

-/

/

•

■

"

■

^

#

-

■

•

1

.

•

•

Hf-product tve condition, brokeii tall, etc.

--^:C!

. /

\WA{Tv:yoYi\\jUk transect yiva:o data siiket '"•'"

Transect W'^-n Vegetation Type /?.';■ J J^j\Zy^

Date///!i^,i£_ Tin3, Ground Tcjr.p. at Start/y ^^y'^i _ Time. Ground Tomp. at End//;^^^2-5

Cloud Cover (%)_3^ Wind Speed -^ " 1 _ Observer (s) />/:^5.^/:5/- /Vj___ Project ^^ >

>

•^=

Species

Approximate

Perpendicular

Distance From

Transect

Micronabitat
Type

Sex

Age
Class

Additional
Observations

^. .

1 ' ' . .

0 //i

^- ?i ;;tck. /'T r, :^-7'--'

f

A-

•

1

A

•

w

•

•

*

•

•

_

•

neprodu.Uvo condition, broken tail, etc.

• i*^..*.- r,

rojcct #:

KFA

^TILE /J.T) y\J-lPUlDI/J^! COLLF,CTION SHEET ^^ • -'-^

T 1 — • — — ... — , - ... . '._, ' *'

'«

\'JlL

Species

Sex

Age
Class

Capture
Location

Habitat
Description

Collec-
tor

Additional
Notes "

-3/

Cy::^Js \r^.y d rJ. •

^s_

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a-^^w ,

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J ^, r/..-j ,7x -V- ,'

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^V^y^^-^

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1

0

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//

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1

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i

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\

-m

v~

\

V

f

— „ f

j

i

\

\

!

1
i

1

!

1

j

'

1
!

>roductive condition, stomach contents, tail ]oss, etc

I^RBOSP PROGRESS RflPOfffl

REPTILE AND AMPHIBIAN COLLECTION iPilEET

/ .>» .^ .^u./. ..c.

Proifct #: V^

■ • • ' '?

t^-'k. 7

/'/•

/ /"

I \

ri ■

■ ■ •■ . .

9

" ('

^#

No.

Species

Sox

Age
Class

Capture
Location

Habitat
Dcscript ion

Collec-
tor

Addi t ional
Notes '^

' 1

0

^ c-v) tC> v^r*,^ ( (

-/..Cx

i-i

^ ^'kI, >.

/xr\c c vW -lv( 1 C-

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r^'.rA

/

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C-

-irA Cma\^

A . .

6>laa

ll SI

^J^c ( -^ V±l ^ uJC^"^ y\J

s'- CV

^

<

1

/}.r>^^ 'V

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:^V:^0 ^ /

I J- J :-/<:.

■ cl..

I'

IJ

-

•

\

•

>p)oductivG condition, stoinach contents, tail loi:s, etc.

cpO\Vf

ocofor/y aai:. ;tli::ii1r., tnc

2.3.9 Invertebrates

2.3.9.1 Introduction

The objectives of the terrestrial invertebrate investigations are to
collect and identify the abundant invertebrates associated with the
major vegetation types, and to qual itati vely 'and quantitatively
describe the invertebrates whose hosts are made up of the dominant
plant species within these habitats. Data serve as a basis for
determination of the role of invertebrates in the ecosystem and a
basis for future comparative studies on Tract C-a and the surrounding
area.

2.3.9.2 Methods

2.3.9.2.1 Collection of Samples

Field sampling is scheduled at five sties during May, July, and
September of 1975 and 1975. The sampling sites were selected so as
to concentrate on the major vegetation types found in the area and
are located near small mammal grids A, B, C, D and 5 (Figure- 2. 3-11 ) .
These five sites are (1) sagebrush-rabbitbrush (with some greasewood)
bottomland, (2) south-facing pinyon-juniper, (3) 'north-facing pinyon-
■ juniper, (4) upland sagebrush, and (5) mixed brush.

A variety of field sampling techniques was employed to capture inver-
tebrates in different microhabitats at each sampling station, including
pitfalls, malaise traps, sweeping, beating, litter D-Vac, and trap
D-Vac samples.

Ground dwelling active species are captured and their abundance esti-
. mated using a pitfall grid at each sample site (Gist and Crossley,
1973). The fauna of importance in this method consists of those
groups which do not fly or hop and are essentially confined to the
ground. An area 10 x 10 m was completely enclosed with aluminum
border fencing sunken to a depth of two inches in the soil, leaving
a 4" barrier above-ground to prevent movement in or out of the area
by ground-crawling species. Within the enclosure, 25 pitfalls v/ere
placed, evenly spaced where possible, each consisting of a 0.35
1 (12 oz) can with both ends removed. The can was placed in the
ground with the top rim just below the ground surface and a cup was
placed inside. A funnel was also placed inside the can with the stem
leading into the cup and the lip of the funnel at ground level (Figure
2.3-29). Captures are dependent on the movement of ground dwelling
invertebrates within the grid.

All pitfall traps are checked daily for 10 days during each sampling
period. Specimens from each grid are combined, labeled and placed in .
a standard 70 percent alcohol 3 percent glycerin solution daily.

2.3-348

^wmmm

VAmAwm^/

Soil Surface

Funnel

Figure 2.3-29. Invertebrate pitfall trap used for RBOSP

2.3-349

Samples are logged into a record book as collected and routed to ECI
laboratories for identification and enumeration of the invertebrates.

One malaise trap as described by Townes (1972) was placed at each

site to capture mobile airborne species. The trap consists of a
tent made of dacron netting (25 meshes per inch) open on two sides
and divided in the middle (Figure 2.3-30).

Invertebrates which fly into the trap hit the screen dividing the
trap and begin to crawl upward along the screen to the highest point
of the tent where they enter a jar containing a standard alcohol -
glycerin solution. A wire fence consisting of 4 - 4.5' posts and 2
strands of number 9 guage wire is put up around each trap to prevent
interference from ungulates while the traps are operative (the
duration of each sampling period).

The trap is designed for flying species such as Diptera and Hymenoptera
which exhibit a characteristic upward crawling movement when trapped.
Other groups such as Homoptera, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera often drop
off the screen and escape by crawling or hopping out. These traps
are opened on the first day of sampling and checked daily, with the
insects being removed periodically for the duration of the sampling
period (about 10 days). Samples are labeled and -logged into the
record book and transported to the laboratory for identification
and enumeration.

Sweep samples are taken from the herbaceous stratum at each site as
well as from tall shrubs and trees at Sites 1, 2, and 3. Sweeps are
taken with a standard net having a 38 cm diameter opening and 76 cm
long bag. Because the vegetation types are such that a regular sweep
transect where the collector makes regular 180 back and forth motions
cannot be made, a sweep is considered one motion across the plant or
plants to be sampled, with 100 of these motions making up the sample
from each site. Tall shrub and tree samples are taken in the same
manner with 50 sweeps each from pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper
(Juniperus osteosperma) at Sites 2 and 3 and 50 sweeps from sage
(Artemesia tridentata) at Site 1. The purpose of the sweep samples
is to provide qualitative data on invertebrates in tv;o strata not
otherwise being specifically sampled by other techniques. In the
herbaceous stratum, the samples reveal invertebrates associated with
plant species not being specifically sampled by the trap D-Vac method.
In the tall shrub and tree sampling, sweeping and beating provide a
sample of the invertebrates not sampled with other proposed methods.
The upper portions of these plant specimens may contain invertebrates
which when disturbed fly or cling to the vegetation; these are
picked up by the sweep net. All sweep samples are labeled and placed
in alcohol, logged in the field log book and transported to the lab
for analysis.

2.3-350

00

CO

]

00

2,5-351

Invertebrates which inhabit the tall shrubs and trees may also drop
to the ground when disturbed. These are sampled using a beating cloth
which is a circular canvas spread under the plant. Vigorous shaking
and beating of the plant causes the invertebrates on the vegetation
to fall to the canvas after which the resulting litter is removed
and transported to the field office and placed in a Berlese funnel.

Each Berlese consists of a sheet metal cylinder 40.6 cm long and 35.5
cm in diameter with a cone of equal diameter and 25.4 cm long attached
to the lower end. A jar lid is attached to an opening at the apex
of the cone to which sample collecting jars partially filled with a
30 percent alcohol solution are attached. Two grids are placed
inside the cylinder upon which the samples are placed. The remaining
open end of the cylinder is covered with a cone 5.2 cm high containing
a light bulb socket (Figure 2.3-31 ). The sample is placed in the
refrigerator prior to being put in the Berlese to decrease inver-
tebrate activity. It is then dumped onto the grid in the cylinder
and the top cone, containing an illuminated 60 watt bulb, is placed
over the cylinder. The heat from the bulb causes the debris to
become hot and dry whereupon the invertebrates tend to move downward
to escape, eventually falling into the jar containing alcohol.
Samples are placed in the BerTM^ on the same day they are taken.
All samples are exposed to the Berlese treatment for 48 hours to 60
hours depending on the depth of the litter.

Two beating samples are taken from big sagebrush at Site 1 and two
each from pinyon and juniper at Sites 2 and 3 during each sampling
period.

Invertebrates inhabiting the ground litter are sampled using a com-
mercial vacuuming unit and a cylinder open on both ends. The cylinder
is placed down on the ground surface and all litter and loose- soil
vacuumed from the area inside. The sample is placed in a muslin
bag, labeled, recorded in a log book and transported to the field
laboratory for Berlese treatment. After Berlese extraction for 60
hours, the litter is weighed to determine the abundance of inverte-
brates per gram of dry litter. One of the 5 samples taken from each
site is placed in a standard alcohol-glycerin solution after
weighing for transport back to the ECI laboratory. This sample is
hand-picked to determine the efficiency of extraction by Berlese.
Efficiency is read as a percentage equalling the number of inverte-
brates collected in Berlese treatment divided by the number collected
in Berlese treatment plus the number found in hand picking the
remains. This calibration is performed only during the first and
last sampling periods of each year.

Invertebrate species found in association with dominant shrub species
at^each sample site are sampled using a trap and a commercial vacuuming
unit. The trap consists of a square metal of rame covered with rr50
mesh screen and enclosing an area of 0.5 m which is placed over the

2.3-552

Light/Heat Source

Top Cone

Cylinder

Grids

Bottom Cone

Collecting Jar

Preservative

Figure 2.3-31. Berlese funnel used for RBOSP.

2 0 3-3 53

plant to be sampled. The trap prevents escape of the invertebrates.
The vacuum is then used to remove the invertebrates by suction. After
the area has been vacuumed thoroughly, with the trap in place, the
trap is removed and the vacuuming repeated. The second vacuuming
allows the operator to get down close to the plant, insuring a more
complete removal of invertebrates and litter. During vacuuming, the
plant is visualized as asphereand the diameter estimated. The
efficiency of removal by vacuuming is calibrated by clipping the
plant and placing it in a plastic bag immediately after the second
vacuuming. The plant is taken to the field station or laboratory
for inspection of remaining invertebrates. Immediately following
clipping, another brief vacuuming is made of the clipped area with
this material also hand sorted. This calibration is done for one
specimen of each plant species sampled at each site in May and
September. Plants from each species designated for sampling are
selected in the field primarily on the basis of a workable size for
using the trap. During each sampling period, five trap samples are
taken from one or more dominant shrubs at each sampling site as
follows:

Site 1 - rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus)
Site 2 - shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) - . ' ■
Site 3 - sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata)
Site 4 - sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata)
Site 5 - serviceberry (Amelanchier utahensis)
snov/berry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus)

All samples are placed in Berlese funnels for separation on the same
day they are taken. Calibration of Berlese and vacuuming efficiencies
as previously described occurs during the first and last sampling
period each year. Hand-picking of Berlese remains is done for one
specimen of each plant species sampled at each site. In the laboratory,
analyses reveal, through knov/n life history data, which invertebrates
were plant inhabitants and which were picked up from the soil and
litter beneath the plant.

2.3.9.2.2 Laboratory Analysis of Samples

All samples taken in the field and transported to the laboratory for
analysis are handled in the same way -- placed in a container of 70
percent alcohol and 3 percent glycerin, labeled, recorded in the field
log book, transported to the laboratory and receipted upon arrival
in the laboratory.

Analyses of data include number of insects per volume of shrub
species per unit of area in each vegetation type sampled. Shrub volume
data gathered during both the invertebrate and phytosociological
studies are used to calculate the average volume of the dominant
shrubs in eac-h of the three vegetation types subjected to inverte-
brate sampling.

2.3-354

In addition to field samples, colored infrared imagery (1:6000 scale)
is used to determine the extent of western harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex
occidental is) colonization on the tract and surrounding areas. Random
squares of knov/n area are inspected on the imagery maps, and the
number of mounds falling within each square is counted to determine
the number of mounds per unit area within the site vicinity.

Observation of plant damage by invertebrates also is noted in the
field and a photographic record kept for identification and analysis.

2.3.9.3 Results

Invertebrate samples were taken utilizing seven different techniques
(pitfalls, litter D-Vac, trap D-Vac for individual plant species,
herbaceous sweeps, beating, aerial sweeps and malaise traps) in
June, July, and September, 1975 at 5 sampling sites established in
different vegetation types on or near Tract C-a. Analysis has been
completed for the June data and is in progress on the July and
September samples. Invertebrate sampling locations are the same as
several used for small mammal sampling and are described in
Table 2.3-32. Table 2.3-172 represents a list of the invertebrate
groups collected and identified to date. Species groups deemed
important numerically or because of their feeding habits will be
sent to recognized experts for confirmation of species identification,

2.3.9.3.1 Density and Abundance
2.3.9.3.1.1 Pitfall Sampling

Population density estimates for ground dwell ing invertebrates are
presented in Tables 2.3-173 through 2.3-177. Calculations of
density are dependent on a negative slope for capture rate plotted
against total animals removed, i.e., to obtain this estimate, the
capture rate must decrease over time during the sampling period.
This criterion has not been met for many orders of invertebrates
however, and in many cases the data trends show either large day
to day population fluctuations, drastic declines in populations,
or little population reduction over the 10-dav trapping period.
The overall net result may be a negative slope, however the slope is
not gradual.

Only invertebrates which were limited behaviorly or morphologically
to the pitfall grid area were used in calculation of density. Families
known or suspected to fly or hop frequently during their daily
activities were not included. Of the 11 orders captured which were
used in the calculations, Thysanura, Collembola, Lepidoptera (larvae),
Araneida, Phalangida, Acari, Scorpionida, Chelonethida, and Solpugida
do not have wings. It was assumed that these groups are limited
to the grid enclosure, although some have specialized means of
transport which could allow them to emigrate.

2.3-355

Table 2.3-172 Invertebrate groups collected and identified to date for RBOSP

ORDER/Fami ly

ORDER/Fami ly

THYSANURA

Machi I idae

COLLEMBOLA

Isotomi dae
Entomobry idae
Sminthuridae

ORTHOPTERA

Acrididae

Gry I lacri dl dae

PSXOPTERA

Trogi idae

THYSANOPTERA

HEMIPTERA

Mi ridae
Reduviidae
Tingidae
Aradidi dae
Lygaeidae
Pentatomi dae

HOMOPTERA

CIcadel I idae

Delphacidae

Psy I I idae

ADhididae

Coccoidea (superfami ly)

COLEOPTERA

Carabidae
Histeri dae
Staphy I inidae
Scydmaeni dae
Cantharidae
Lampyridae
Dermesti dae
Ostomi dae
Cleridae
Elateridae
Eroty I I dae
• Lathridi idae

COLEOPTERA (Cont.)
Cocci nel I idae
Anthicidae
Me I oi dae
Tenebrionidae
Melandryidae
Ptinidae
Anobi i dae
Scarabaeidae'
Byrrhidae
Chrysomel idae
Curcu I ion idae
Scolytidae

NEUROPTERA

Heme rob i idae
Myrmeleonti dae

LEPIDOPTERA
Hesperidae
Arcti idae
Noctuidae
Geomet ridae

Pyralidoidea (superfami ly)
Pterophori dae
Tortricoidea (superfami ly)

DIPTERA

Tipul idae

Psychodidae

Chironomidae

Simu I idae

Bibionidae

Mycetophi I idae

Sclaridae

Cecidomy i Idae

Therevidae

As 1 1 idae

Empldidae

Do! ichopodidae

Phoridae

Pipuncul idae

Syrphidae

Otitidae

Tephritldae

2.3-356

Table 2.3-172 (Continued)

ORDER/Famlly ORDER/Fami ly

DIPTERA (Cont.) ARANEIDA

Sepsidae Dictynidae

Sciomyzidae Hahnildae

Chamaemy i i dae Lycos I dae

Lonchaeldae .Oxyopidae

Chloropidae Gnaphosidae

Heleomyzidae Thomisidae

Trixoscel dididae Salticidae

Agromyzldae

Anthomy I i dae PHALANGIDA

Muscidae

Cal I iphoridae AGAR!

Tachinidae

GEOPH I LOMORPHA
HYMENOPTERA

Xye I i dae

Tenthredini dae

Braconidae

Ichneumonidae

Mymaridae

Eulophidae

Encyrtidae

Eupelmidae

Pteromal i dae

Chalcididae
. Flgltidae

Cynipidae

Proctotrupidae ' .

DIapri idae ^

See 11 on i dae

Platygasteridae

Bethylidae

Dryinidae
Form lei dae
Vespidae
Sphecidae
Col let idae
Andrenidae
Hal let idae
Megaeh i I i dae
Apidae

SCORPION I DA

CHELONETHIDA

SOLPUGIDA

Common names, eorreet spel I f ng,andtaxonomic order from: Borror, D.J. and
DeLong, D.M. 1971. An Introduction to the study of Insects. Holt, Rinehart,
and Winston. New York. 812 pp.

2 •3-357

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to

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In the orders Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, only certain families were
included in the density calculations. In Hymenoptera, only wingless
wasps and ants were included with ants presenting a particular
problem in that visual observation indicated that most species can
easily climb the barrier surrounding the grid, and move in and out
of the pitfall traps at will. In Coleoptera, only families which
tend to stay on the ground, such as Tenebrionidae and Carabidae,
were used in the density calculations. Others such as Chrysomel idae
and Curculionidae were left out because they spend at least some time
airborne moving from plant to plant, to feed or when disturbed. Other
orders such as Hemiptera and- Homoptera were not included in the
calculations.

At Site 1 (greasewood-sagebrush) the total density of ground dwellers
was calculated at 4.13 invertebrates per m^. Phalangida was the
most abundant order (Table 2.3-173). In no order captured was there
a satisfactory gradual decline in capture rate which would indicate
that the density estimate is accurate. Because of a lack of a
negative slope, density estimates of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera could
not be calculated although they are the second and third most abundant
orders captured.

Capture rates of the six orders for which densiti'es v;ere calculated
showed little tendency to decrease over the 10-day period. This
may be an indication that populations have not been affected enough
by removals for capture rate to decrease.

At Site 2 (pinyon-juniper/south slope), the total density was
estimated at 25.21 invertebrates per m^ due largely to the density
of Collembola (Table 2.3-174). The capture rate for this order
peaked in the middle of the sampling period. Acari and Araneida, two
of the more abundant orders captured exhibited positive slopes,
indicating an increase in capture rate Jun'ng the sampling period.
Collembola showed the highest relative abundance of any group
sampled at Site 2.

One-half of the orders captured at Site 3 (pinyon-juniper/north
slope) exhibited a zero or positive slope and were not included in
density calculations (Table 2.3-175). Trends in capture rates for
Hymenoptera and Collembola show increases toward the latter part
of the sampling period. Capture rates for Coleoptera, Acari, and
Araneida fluctuated throughout the period. Three of the four
orders for which estimated densities were obtained had only 1
individual captured. The total calculated invertebrate density
at Site 3 was 0.60 individuals/m^.

2.5-365

Major differences between Site 2 and Site 3 (the two pi nyon- juniper
sites) are a lessening of numerical dominance at Site 3 of Collembola
and an increase in the number of Coleoptera taken at Site 3. Only
about one-third the number of Acari was taken at Site 3 as
compared to Site 2. Collembola are clearly dominant at Site 3.

The largest total number of invertebrates was removed from Site 4
(sagebrush) (Table 2.3-176). This is primarily due to the high
capture rate of Collembola although large numbers of individuals
of the orders Acari, Araneida, and Hymenoptera were also capj;ured.
A total of density estimates yield 81.48 invertebrates per m^ for
Site 4. As at other sites, trends in capture rate tend to
fluctuate for some orders, particularly for Collembola where daily
captures varied rather drastically on four separate occasions.
Acari also exhibited strong fluctuations, while other orders
remained relatively constant in their capture rates throughout the
sample period. Relative abundance at Site 4 is dominated by
Collembola.

At Site 5 (mixed brush) the total estimated density is 3.99
invertebrates per m^ (Table 2.3-177). Trends in capture rate indicate
no readily visible decreases in any order over the 10-day period.
Seven orders of invertebrates showed a relative abundance greater
than 5 percent. Ants (Hymenoptera) showed the greatest relative
abundance (about 30 percent).

2.3.9.3.1.2 Litter D-Vac Sampling

Results are expressed as the number of invertebrates per kilogram
of litter for five samples taken at each site (Tables 2.3-173
through 2.3-182) and the average number of invertebrates per
kilogram of litter sample (Table 2.3-183). Numbers of species groups
and numbers of individuals collected are shown in Table 2.3-184.

At Site 1 (greasewood-sagebrush) , the number of invertebrates varied
from 0 to 117.6 per kilogram of litter (Table 2.3-178) with an
average of 38.0 invertebrates per kilogram of litter and a standard
error of 20.5 (Table 2.3-183). Numerically, predominant groups
at the greasewood-sagebrush site were dictynid spiders (Dictynidae)
and ground beetles (Carabidae), which contributed just less than
half of the total captures (Table 2.3-184). Capture rates for
pitfall day 8, when litter samples were taken, show no readily
visible differences from other days, an indication that the litter
samples are probably representative for the time period. Only one
sample from Site 2 (pinyon-juniper/south slope) showed greater than
four invertebrates per kilogram of litter (Table 2.3-179) yielding

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a low overall average of 1.8 invertebrates per kilogram for this site.
Actual captures show only three ants taken in 5 samples (Table 2.3-184)
an extremely low figure in view of the fact that duff layers where
samples were taken v/ere thick. A comparison of litter results and
pitfall results for the day litter samples were taken show a low .
capture rate for Collembola in the pitfalls (down to 15 individuals
from 876 and 184 the previous two days). If the springtails were
not active at the ground level, as indicated by pitfall results,
they may have moved out of the litter layer which would affect the
litter results.

Results from Site 3 (pinyon-juniper/south slope) are similar to
Site 2 in that small numbers of invertebrates per kilogram of
litter were captured in all samples (Table 2.3-180) resulting in a
calculated average for the Site of 5.0 invertebrates per kilogram
of litter (Table 2.3-183). Of the specimens captured, no families
were numerically dominant (Table 2.3-184). On pitfall day 7,
when the litter samples were taken, Collembola was the most abundant
group sampled, however, none were picked up in the litter. One
possible explanation is that Collembola are active during some part
of the day, but retreat during the heat of the day where they are
not reachable by litter vacuuming.

Site 4 (sagebrush) had by far the most densely populated litter
samples, ranging from 35.0 to 1427.4 invertebrates per kilogram
of litter for the 5 samples taken (Table 2.3-181). This is an
average of 519.4 invertebrates per kilogram of litter with a
standard error of 260.6 (Table 2.3-183). The major factor in this
increase in abundance over other sites is the presence of 96
Individuals of Formicidae which succeeded in transporting 64 pupae
as they migrated through the litter in the Berlese funnel
(Table 2.3-184). The presence of pupae is a good indication that
the sample was taken over an ant nest, which is probably also true
for one other of the 5 samples in which 74 specimens of the same
ant species were taken. All of tlie Collembola taken at the
sagebrush site were found in one sample. The abundance of Collembola
and Formicidae in the samples at Site 4 appears to be the most
obvious difference between this site and site 1 (also predominantly
sagebrush).

Results from Site 5 (mixed brush) show a range of 26.0 to 263.7
invertebrates per kilogram of litter (Table 2.3-182) with an average
for the mixed brush site of 126.9 and a standard error of 45.2
(Table 2.3-183). Numerical dominants at Site 5 included the
springtail family Entomobryidae ants (Formicidae) and mites (Acari).

2.5-373

2.3.9.3.1.3 Trap D-Vac Sampling

Samples taken using a trap and a vacuuming unit were designed to
quantify invertebrates per cubic meter of space occupied by a
known plant species. Five plant species were selected; one of these
species was sampled at two sites. Five trap D-Vac samples v;ere
, taken from each designated plant species at each sample site. Results
are presented in Tables 2,3- 185 through 2.3-192 . Families used
in the calculations were determined primarily by feeding habits.
Those known to feed on live plant material in any form were included;
the remaining families are scavengers (probably found in the litter
beneath the plant), or predators or parasites which were "hunting"
on the plant or in the litter below. One exception is the order
Acari which v/as not included in the calculations at all because of
problems in determining where they are found and their exact
feeding habits, although it is suspected that at least some of those
captured are herbivores found on the plant.

At Site 1 (greasewood-sagebrush) estimates ranged from 182.6 to
2101.3 invertebrates per cubic meter of plant sampled (rabbi tbrush) •
(Table 2.3-185), yielding a calculated average of 844.6 invertebrates
per cubic meter of rabbi tbrush at Site 1 and a standard error of
341.7 (Table 2.3-191). An obvious source of variation in the
samples taken from rabbitbrush is apparent when data from individual
plant samples are examined. The bulk of thrips (Thysanoptera) and
leafhoppers (Cicadell idae) were taken from 1 plant (the second
smallest plant) substantially increasing the number of invertebrates
per cubic meter for that plant. The remaining abundant family
(Anthicidae) was evenly distributed on all 5 rabbitbrush plants
sampled (Table 2.3-192).

Variation in the number of invertebrates per cubic meter of shadscale
at Site 2 (pinyon-juniper/south slope) is substantial with a range
of 67.3 to 611.2 the average for the 5 shadscale plants was
277.7 invertebrates per cubic meter with a standard error of 100.2
(Tables 2.3-186 and 2.3-191). The most visible source of variation
appears to be a lack of any correlation between the number of
invertebrates found on a plant and it's volume at Site 2 as opposed
to Site 1 where concentration of a few species on one plant was a
source of major difference in numbers between plants. Numerically
dominant groups sampled by trap D-Vac at Site 2 include ants
(Fonnicidae), mites (Acari), and a species group of Lepidoptera larvae
in the super family Tortricoidea (Table 2.3-192).

2.3-374

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At Site 3 (pinyon-juniper/north slope) five samples were taken from
sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) which contained an average of
2809.4 invertebrates per cubic meter and a standard error of 2133.6
(Table 2.3-191). The large standard error is attributed to the
fact that .tv;o of the five plants sampled were extremes in terms of
invertebrate numbers per cubic meter. The plant with the smallest
volume had the largest number of invertebrates captured (8) while
• the largest plant had the smallest number of invertebrates (2).
Although these figures do not appear to be drastically different,
the type of calculation used extremely modifies the final totals.
Only 2 species used in the calculations were found in numbers
greater than 1, with the snout beetles (Curculionidae) clearly the
most abundant (Table 2.3-192).

Results from Site 4 (sagebrush) show the least amount of variation
in number of invertebrates per cubic meter of all plants sampled.
The average number of invertebrates per cubic meter is 235.8
with a standard error of 46.4 (Tables 2.3-188 and 2.3-191). No
families used in the calculations are dominant-numerically, and
the distribution by family among the 5 plants sampled is relatively.
even throughout.

At Site 5 (mixed brush), two plant species were sampled, Amelanchier
utahensis (Site 5A), and Symphoricarpos oreophilus (site 5B); five
plants of each species were vacuumed. Results of sampling
serviceberry (A. utahensi s) gave an average of 733.9 invertebrates
per cubic meter with a standard error of 440.0 (Table 2.3-191).
Results for the 5 plants sampled indicate a relatively constant
number of invertebrates from each plant, but a variation in the size
of the plants (Table 2.3-189). The most abundant groups captured
are snout beetles (Curculionidae) and scale insects in the super ■
family Coccoidea (Table 2.3-191).

Snowberry (S^. oreophilus) samples yielded an average of 732.3
invertebrates per cubic meter with a standard error of 251.6
(Table 2.3-191). Results in Table 2.3-190 show that the largest plant
had the most invertebrates, yet the number of invertebrates per cubic
meter was lowest. In contrast, the smallest plant also had the
smallest number of invertebrates, but had the second largest number
of invertebrates per cubic meter. Dominant groups numerically are
thrips (Thysanoptera) and leafhoppers (Cicadell idae) (Table 2.3-192).

2.3-585

2.3.9.3.1.2 Herbaceous Sweep Sampling

Results from sv/eeping of the ground cover at each site are presented
in Table 2.3-193. This sv;eep method is designed to determine
qualitatively if there are any invertebrate groups not picked up
in individual plant sampling which may be of importance in the
vegetation types sampled. In addition, this method aids in formulating
relative quantitative comparisons between sampling sites.

At Site 1 (greasewood-sagebrush) , 127 specimens were captured in
100 sweeps (Table 2.3-193). . Of this total, over one-half of the
invertebrates fall into three groups: thrips (Thysanoptera) ,
leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) , and ants (Formicidae) . Site 1 is the
only site where thrips and Collembola were collected and the only
site where leafhoppers were found in large numbers (nearly one-fourth
of the total invertebrate numbers).

At Site 2 (pinyon-juniper/south slope), 48 invertebrates were captured,
about one-fifth of which were one family of plant bug (Miridae).
Other famil ies of importance are Psyllidae, Eulophidae, and Formicidae,
all of which contributed 15 percent or more to the total number.

Site 3 (pinyon- juniper/north slope) has very little ground cover, and
this condition probably resulted in the low total number of inverte-
brates found in 100 sweeps (Table 2.3-193). Ants (Formicidae) are
dominant tiumerical ly comprising greater than one-fourth the total.
Delphacid planthoppers (Delphacidae)^ were also numerous.

Although the herbaceous stratum sampled by sweeping at ite 4
(sagebrush) visually appeared adequate to support a good insect
population, the lowest total of invertebrates per 100 sweeps was
found here. Ants (Formicidae) were the only group sampled which
yielded more than 3 individuals.

Fifty invertebrates vjere captured at Site 5 (mixed brush) (Table
2.3-193). Of these, about one-sixth fall into three families:
plant bugs (Miridae), leaf-miner flies (Agromyzidae) and ants
(Formicidae).

Only three invertebrate families were taken at all sample sites;
leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), pteromalid v/asps (Pteromal idae) and
ants (Formicidae). Ants were numerous in samples from all sites.

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2.3-388

2.3.9.3.1.5 Beating Samples

Beating samples were taken from big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)
at Site 1, and pinyon (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus
osteosperma) at Sites 2 and 3. Results are presented in Table
2.3-194.

Site 1 (greasewood-sagebrush) beating samples yielded 48 invertebrates
of which one-third were in the order Homoptera. The remaining
group which contributed a large number of individuals is the order
of mites (Acari ). •

At Site 2 (pinyon-juniper/south slope), samples from pinyon
contained 32 invertebrates, half of which are ants. Thirteen
of the 16 ants were Tapinoma sessile, making this the most abundant
species captured at this site. Juniper samoles yielded 122 inverte-
brates, 105 of which were plant bugs (Miridae).

Site 3 (pinyon-juniper/north slope) pinyon samples yielded only 12
invertebrates of which one-half v/ere spiders (Araneida). Two
families were captured from pinyon at both Sites 2 and 3; orb-weaver
spiders (Araneidae) and crab spiders (Thomisidae). Seventeen
invertebrates were taken from Juniper at Site 3, 4 of which are the
same species of plant bug (Miridae) found in abundance on Juniper
at Site 2. In addition, the spider families Dictynidae, Thomisidae,
and Salticidae, and mites (order Acari) were also found on juniper
at both Sites 2 and 3.

2.'3.9.3.1.6 Aerial Sweep-Sampling

Aerial sweeps were taken from the same species at the same sites as
beating samples. The results are presented in Table 2.3-195. At
Site 1 (greasewood-sagebrush), 100 invertebrates were collected, over
half of which were a species of plant bug (Miridae) also found in
beating samples from greasewood-sagebrush. The Homptera families
which were abundant in the beating samples were not taken in aerial
sweeps. In all, only thrips (order Thysanoptera) , plant bugs (Miridae),
ladybird beetles (Coccinell idae) and jumping spiders (Salticidae)
were common to both sampling techniques.

Results from pinyon sweeps at Site 2 (pinyon-juniper/south slope)
contained only 7 invertebrates. Three families (Coccinell idae,
Curcul ionidae, and Araneidae) were found in both aerial sweeps and
beating from pinyon at Site 2.

2.3-589

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Sweeps from juniper at Site 2 yielded 85 invertebrates. As in the
beating samples from juniper at this site, most of this total consists
of a species of plant bug (Miridae).

Site 3 (pinyon-juniper/north slope) aerial sweep results reveal five
invertebrates taken from pinyon, of which 3 were ants. This is
consistant with beating samples from pinyon at Site 3 which also
'yielded a low total number of invertebrates.

Juniper trees yielded a total of 20 invertebrates in the two trees
sampled. Of these 20, 12 are a species of plant bug (Miridae) also
found in beating samples from juniper at both Sites 2 and 3.

2.3.9.3.1.7 Malaise Trap Sampling

Malaise traps left open for the 10-day sampling period yielded large
numbers of invertebrates. As a result of this abundance in
samples, subsampling was undertaken, and the results are presented
in Table 2.3-196. The adjusted total on the last page of the table
represents the actual total divided by the fraction of the whole
sample used in determining the actual total.

Results from Site 1 (greasewocd-sagebrush) yielded 3,254
invertebrates which when expanded for the entire sample gives a total
estimate of 5,206 invertebrates. Flies (Diptera) and ants, bees,
and wasps (Hymenoptera) were clearly the numerically dominant
orders in the samples. The largest families in the order Diptera
were midges (Chironomidae) , anthomyiid flies (Anthomyiidae) ,
gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) , syrphid flies (Syrphidae), trixoscel idid
flies (Trixoscel ididae) , and big-headed flies (Pipuncul idae) ; all
families were represented with over 100 individuals in the samples.
About 30 percent of all invertebrates taken by Malaise trap were
Chironomidae, and close to 13 percent v/ere Anthomyiidae. Diptera
also had the largest number of families (23). In Hymenoptera, 16
families were taken with Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, and Halictidae
the most abundant families.

At Site 2 (pinyon-juniper/south slope), 1,077 invertebrates were
taken in subsamples, yielding an estimated total of 2,872 inverte-
brates. The dominant order in abundance v/as again Diptera;
Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera were also abundant in the Malaise
samples. The largest families were anthomyiid flies (Anthomyiidae),
dark-winged fungus gnats (Sciaridae), midges (Chironomidae), aphid
flies (Chamaemyiidae) , and gall-midges (Cecidomyiidae); these
families range from 7 percent to 13 percent of the total invertebrate
samples. In addition, 147 adult moths (Lepidoptera) were taken,
the largest number at any site.

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Of the 468 invertebrates taken at site 3 (pinyon-juniper/north
slope), Diptera (280) and Hymenoptera (124) made up over 86 percent
of the total. Large dipteran families included Chironomidae,
Sciaridae, and Cecidomyi idae. In addition, the fungus gnats
(Mycetophilidae) and stiletto flies (Therevidae) were found in
moderate numbers at this site only. Cf the hymenopteran families
taken, bumblebees (Apidae), andrenid bees (Andrenidae) and braconid
wasps (Braconidae) were taken in abundance.

At Site 4 (sagebrush), 67 percent of all invertebrates sampled

were flies. Most of this percentage (59 percent) was comprised

three families: Chironomidae, Sciaridae, and Cecidomyi idae. In the

order Hymenoptera, the only family taken in abundance was

Ichneumonidae. At this site, as at Site 2, large numbers of
adult moths (Lepidoptera) were captured.

Site 5 (mixed brush) results yielded 408 invertebrates in a 1/16
subsample, 160 of which were midges (Chironomidae). Three other
dipteran families (including lonchaeid flies, Lonchaeidae) were
moderately abundant at this site. This is the first site at which
this family was taken in abundance.

2.3.9.3.2 Feeding Habits

All invertebrate families captured have been categorized into feeding
types (Table 2.3-197). Within each order there are many families
for which food type and feeding type are well-known and these
feeding type categories usually apply to all members of the family.
For others, however, nothing is known about feeding, or food habits
are diverse within the family. In the latter, case, the most prevalent
feeding type was used for calculation purposes, and in the former,'
the family was included as an unknown. There are two exceptions
to these criteria: ants (Formicidae) are extremely varied in their
food selection, and many vary their diet seasonally or as a response
to availability, therefore, members of the family Formicidae are
considered omnivorous. In the case of mites (Acari), little taxono-
mic work was done beyond the order level, so they were considered
unknowns.

For purposes of assigning feeding habits to each family, the following
classification system was developed.

(1) Plant sap feeder (Psf) - feeds on all plant juices except

nectar.

(2) Plant tissue feeder (Ptf) - feeds on all plant parts except

pollen.

2.3-398

Table 2.3-197 Feeding types for immatures and adults of all invertebrates
collected at each sample site during June, 1975 for RBOSP

FOOD HABIT CLASSIFICATION
ORDER Family 1' Immature Adult

THYSANURA

Machi 1 idae

COLLEMBOLA

Isotomidae

S, Myp

Entomobry idae

S, Myp

Sminthuridae

Ptf,

Myp

ORTHOPTERA.

.

Acrid idae

Ptf,

Epr

Gryl lacrididae

Ptf,

Epr, S

PSOCOPTERA

Trogi 1 dae

Myp

THYSANOPTERA

Ptf

HEMIPTERA

Ml ridae

Psf,

Epr

Reduvi Idae

Epr,

Mp

Tingidae

Psf

Aradidae

Myp,

Psf

Lygaeidae

Sf, 1

Psf, Epr

Pentatomldae

Psf,

Epr

HOMOPTERA

Membracidae

Psf

Cicadel 1 idae

Psf

Delphacidae

Psf

Psy 1 1 i dae

Psf

Aphid idae

Psf

Cocco i dea ( superf am i 1 y 1

> Psf

COLEOPTERA

Carabidae

Epr

HIsteridae

Epr

Staphy 1 in idae

Epr,

S, Epa

Scydmaenidae

S

Cantharidae

Epr

Lampyridae

Epr

Dermestidae

S, Ptf

Os torn idae

Ptf

Cleridae

Epr

El atari dae

Ptf,

Sf

Eroty 1 i dae

Myp

S, Myp

S, Myp

Ptf,

Myp

Ptf,

Epr

Ptf,

Epr, S

Myp

Ptf

.

Psf,

Epr

Epr,

Mp

Psf

Myp,

Psf

Sf,

Psf, Epr

Psf,

Epr

Psf

Psf

Psf

Psf

Psf

Psf

Epr,

Ptf

Epr

Epr,

S

S

Pf,

Nf

Epr

S, Ptf

Ptf

Epr

Ptf

Myp

2.3-399

Table 2.3-197

(Continued)

ORDER Fam i I y -

1/

FOOD HABIT CLASSIFICATION
Immature Adult

COLEOPTERA (Cont, )

Lathrldi idae

Myp

Cocci nei 1 idae

Epr, Ptf

Anthlcidae

2/

Meloi dae

Epr

Tenebrion idae

S, Myp, Ptf

Melandry Idae

Ptf, Myp

Pt in Idae

2/

Anobi idae

Ptf, Myp

Scarabaeldae

S, Myp, Ptf

Byrrhldae

Ptf

Chrysomel idae

Ptf

Curcul ion idae

Ptf

Scolytidae

Ptf, Myp

NEUROPTERA

Hemerobi idae

Epr

Myrmeleontidae

Epr

LEPIDOPTERA

Hesperidae

Ptf

Arcti idae

Ptf

Noctuidae

Ptf

Geometri dae

Ptf

Pyralidoidea (super-

family)

Ptf

Pterophoridae

Ptf

Tortricoidea (super-

fami ly)

Ptf

DIPTERA

Tipul idae

S, Ptf

Psychodidae

. S

Chi ronomi dae

S

Simul idae

s

Bibionidae

S, Ptf

Mycetophi 1 idae

Myp

Sciaridae

Myp, S, Ptf

Cecidomy i idae

Ptf, S, Epr

Therevidae

Epr

As! 1 idae

Epr

Empididae

Epr

Do! ichopodidae

Epr

Phoridae

S, Myp, Epa

Pipuncu 1 idae

Epa, Epr

•Syrphidae

Epr, S, Ptf

Otitidae

Ptf, Epa

Myp
Epr, Ptf

2/
Ptf

S, Myp, Ptf

Ptf, MyD

2/

Ptf, Myp

S, Myp, Ptf, Pf, Nf

Ptf

Ptf

Ptf

Ptf, Myp

Epr •
Nf

Nf
Nf
Nf
Nf

Nf
Nf

Nf

Nf

Mp, Nf

Nf, Aphid excretion

Mp

2/
Nf
Nf

2/

Psf 2/
Epr
Epr
Epr
S 2 /

2/
Nf
2/

2.3-400

Table 2.3-197

(Continued)

ORDER Fami ly -'

1/

FOOD HABIT CLASS! Fi CATION
Immature Adult

DIPTERA (Cont.)

Tephritldae

Ptf

•

2/

Sep*sidae

S

S 2/

Sciomyzi dae

Epr

2/

Chamaemy i idae

Epr

2/

Lonchaeidae

Ptf

2/

•

Chloropidae

Epr,

Epa, Ptf, S, Mp

Nf 2/

Heleomyzidae

S, Myp

2/

Trixoscel i didldae

2/

2/

•

Agromyzidae

Ptf

Nf

Anthomy i idae

Ptf,

S, Epr

Nf 2/

Muscidae

S

S, Mp

Gal 1 iphoridae

S, Mp

S, Mp

Tachinidae

Epa

Nf 2/

HYMENOPTERA

Xyel idae

Ptf

Nf .

• .

Tenthrl din idae

Ptf

Nf

Braconidae

Epa

Nf

Ichneumon i dae

Epa

Nf .

Mymaridae

Epa

Nf

Eulophidae

Epa

Nf

Encyrtidae

Epa

Nf

Eupelmidae

Epa

Nf

Pteroma 1 i dae

Epa

Epr, Nf

•

Chalcididae

Ptf

Nf

Figitidae

Epa

2/

.

Cynipidae

Ptf,

Epa

Nf

Proctotrupidae

Epa

•2/

Ceraphroni dae

Epa

Nf

Diapri idae

Epa

Nf

Seel ion idae

Epa

Nf

Platygasteridae

Epa

Nf

Dryinidae

Epa

2/

Bethy 1 idae

Epr

Nf

Formici dae

Epr,

Ptf, S, Psf, Nf

Epr, Ptf, S

;, Psf, Nf

Vespidae

Epr,

S

Nf, Pf

Sphecidae

Epr

Nf

Col let idae

Andrenidae

Pf>

Nf

Pf, Nf

Hal ictidae

Pf,

Nf

Nf, Pf

Megachi 1 idae

Pf,

Nf, Epa

Nf

Apldae

Pf.

Nf

Nf, Pf

SCORPION IDA

Epr

Epr

CHELONETHIDA

Epr

.

Epr

2.3-401

Table 2.3- 197 (Continued)

FCX)D HABIT CLASSIFICATION

ORDER Family 1' Immature Adult

SOLPUGIDA Epr Epr

ARANE I DA

Dictynidae Epr Epr

Hahniidae Epr Epr

Lycos idae Epr Epr

Oxyopidae Epr Epr

Gnaphosidae Epr Epr

Thomisldae Epr Epr

Salticidae Epr Epr

PHALANGIDA S S

ACARI S, Mp, Epa, Epr, S, Mp, Epa, Epr,

Psf, Ptf Psf, Ptf

GEOPH I LOMORPHA Epr Epr

— Common names, correct spelling, and taxonomic order from: Borror, D.J
and DeLong, D.M. 1971. An Introduction to the study of insects.
Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. New York. 812 pp.

2/

— Denotes families where food habits are unknown or little known.

2.3-402

(3) Seed feeder (Sf) - feeds largely on seeds at some stage of

it's life cycle.

(4) Nectar feeder (Nf) - feeds on plant nectar.

(5) Pollen feeder (Pf) - feeds on pollen at some stage of it's

life cycle.

(6) Fungus feeder (Myp) - feeds on fungi.

(7) Scavenger (S) - feeds on dead and decomposing plant and animal

material .

(8) Omnivore (0) - feeds on both plant and animal material..

(9) Entomophagous predator (Epr) - feeds on insects and other

arthropods.

(10) Mammalian predator (Mp) - feeds largely on secretions around

vertebrate eyes and sores, or under the skin of
mammals.

(11) Entomophagous parasite (Epa) - spends one or more life stages

feeding upon and destroying only one insect.

In determining percentages of food habits, categories 1-3 are
considered herbivores, 4 and 5 - flower feeders, and 9 to 11 -
predators.

A composite list of all invertebrate families captured and their
feeding types is presented in Table 2.3-197. Results of calculations
of percentage of each food habit for invertebrates taken by sampling
type are presented in Tables 2.3-198 througi; 2.3-204.

2.3.9.3.2.1 Pitfall Sampling

Percentage calculations of invertebrates in each feeding category
are based only on the invertebrates used in estimating density, that
is, those in some way tied to the area within the pitfall grid.

At Site 1 (greasewood-sagebrush), scavengers were the numerically
dominant feeding type, although 3 other feeding types had over
10 percent of the total numbers (Table 2.3-198). Scavengers at
Site 1 were primarily harvestmen (Phalangida) . Predators, the
second largest feeding group at Site 1 were almost exclusively
spiders (Araneida), and ground beetles (Carabidae).

2.3-403

Table 2.3- 198

Percentages of ground dwelling invertebrates within each
feeding type collected by pitfall traps at each sampling
site during June, 1975 for RBOSP

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

Site 5

Herbivores

6

0

0

0

4

Flower feeders

0

0

0

0

0

Fungus feeders

0

0

0

0

0

Scavengers

36

90

62

92

23

Omnivores

20

2

•0

5

30

Predators

27

2

20

1

21

Unknown

II

6

8

2

22

2.3-404

Table 2.3- 199 Percentages of Invertebrates within each feeding type
taken In Litter D-vac samples at each site during
June, 1975 for RBOSP

Site 1

Site 2

site 3

site 4

Site 5

Herbivores

16

0

23

2

8

Flower feeders

0

0

0

0

0

Fungus feeders

0

0

0

0

0

Scavengers

2

0

0

14

19

Omnivores

2

100

23

74

32

Predators

55

0

38

4

14

Unknown

25

0

16

7

27

2.3-405

Table 2.3-200 Percentages of invertebrates within each feeding type
taken in Trap D-vac samples at each site during
June, 1975 for RBOSP

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

Site

5A

Site 5B

Herbivores

45

40

25

13

7

13

Flower feeders

4

3

1

0

3

3

Fungus feeders

2

0

0

0

1

0

Scavengers

1

2

0

5

3

•

0

Omn i vores

14

12

35

59

42

61

Predators

5

II

20

12

9

4

Unknown

30

33

18

12

35

18

2.3-406

Table 2.3- 201

Percentages of Invertebrates within each feeding type
In herbaceous sweep samples at all sites during
June, 1975 for RBOSP

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

Site 5

Herbivores

57

48

52

18

48

Flower feeders

13

23

18

45

28

Fungus feeders

2

0

0

0

2

Scavengers

0

2

0

0

0

Omnlvores

13

15

28

27

16

Predators

3

4

3

9

0

Unknown

12

8

0

0

6

2.3-407

Table 2.3- 202 Percentages of Invertebrates within each feeding type

taken In beating samples from plant species at sites
I, 2, and 3 during June, 1975 for R30SP

Site 1
Sage

Site

2

Site

3

Pinyon

luni per

Pinyon

Juniper

Herbivores

52

15

87

25

53

Flower feeders

8

0

2

0

6

Fungus feeders

0

0

0

0

0

Scavengers

0

0

0

0

0

Omni vo res

8

50

0

0

0

Predators

6

9

7

67

35

Unknown

26

26

4

8

6

2.3-408

Table 2.3-203 Percentages of invertebrates within each feeding type

taken in aerial sweep samples from plant species at
sites I, 2, and 3 during June, 1975 for RBOSP

Site I Site 2 Site 3

Sage Pinyon Juniper Pinyon Juniper

Herbivores 78 28 95

Flower feeders 13 28 3

Scavenger s 1 0 0

Omnivores 0 0 1

Predators 8 43 1

Unknown 0 0 0

-0

60

0

0

0

0

33

0

67

40

0

0

2.3-409

Table 2.3-204 Percent Invertebrates taken within each feeding type In
Malaise trap samples at all sites during June, 1975
for RBOSP

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

Site 5

Herbivores

4

7

17

11

5

Flower feeders

66

69

62

74

70

Fungus feeders

0

0

0

0

0

Scavengers

4

2

2

0

4

Omnivores

0

0

0

0

0

Predators

3

4

3

3

2

Unknown

21

18

14

12

19

2.3-410

The Site 2 (pinyon-juniper/south slope) invertebrate smples were also
dominated by scavengers, the primary feeding type of the 1,500
Collembola captured there. Results from Site 3 (pinyon-juniper/
north slope) resemble Site 2 although the decreased numerical
dominance of Collembola at Site 3 results in the other feeding types
appearing more important.

Site 4 (sagebrush) was also dominated by Collembola, therefore, 92
percent of the invertebrates from pitfalls at the site were
classified as scavengers.

Site 5 (mixed brush) had the most even distribution of individuals
into feeding types, with four feeding categories containing over
20 percent of the total captures. The largest feeding group was
classified as omnivorous and was dominated by ants.

2.3.9.3.2.2 Litter D-Vac Sampling

Results for Site 1 (greasewood-sagebrush) Table 2.3-199) show the
predator level as the most abundant, due to the influence of spiders
and ground beetles, the two most abundant groups captured. The
unknov/n category consists mainly of mites. Herbivores, the third
largest feeding type consisted of a variety of families in the
orders Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, and
Lepidoptera. At Site 2 (pinyon-juniper/south slope), the lack of
an adequate sample size resulted in 100 percent scavengers (3 ants).
At Site 3 (pinyon-juniper/north slope), the same problem of sm.all
sample size existed, although the variety of insects increased.
The largest feeding type, predator, consisted of 5 invertebrates;
4 beetles (Coleoptera) and a spider (Araneida). The total numerical
dominance of ants (Formicidae) at Site 4 (sagebrush) is the reason
why 74 percent of the invertebrates in litter D-Vac samples from
this site were categorized as omnivores. The next largest feeding
type (Scavengers) vjas made up primarily of Collembola, the only other
order taken in significant numbers at Site 4. Ants were the most
abundant family captured at Site 5 (mixed brush), hence, the
high percentage of omnivores. Other abundant groups and their
feeding types at Site 5 were: springtails (Entomobryidae) - scavengers,
and mites (Acari) - unknown. The predator level consisted of a
variety of Coleoptera and Araneida.

2.3.9.3.2.3 Trap D-Vac Sampling

Because of the assumptions about feeding type made in determining
which families were used in quantitative calculations of density
per cubic meter, percentages of invertebrates in different feeding
categories were based on all invertebrates captured in the samples
rather than only those tied to the particular plant species by
feeding. Results are presented in Table 2.3-200.

2.5-411

At Site 1 (greasewood-sagebrush), herbivores v/ere the dominant
feeding type, made up primarily of thrips (Thysanoptera) and hoppers
(Homoptera). The second largest group, unknowns, consisted
primarily of mites (Acari) and a family of ant-like flower beetles
(Anthicidae).

Results for Site 2 (pinyon-juniper/south slope) indicate herbivores
are the most abundant feeding group. Of the groups listed as
herbivores, the most abundant is a species group of Lepidoptera
larvae in the superfami.ly Tortricoidea. The second most abundant
feeding group, unknowns, consisted entirely of mites. As at all
other sites, ants (Formicidae) were the only family in the Omnivore
category.

At Site 3 (pinyon-juniper/north slope), the numerical dominance
of ants is reflected in the high percentage of invertebrates in the
omnivore feeding group. In this case, as at other sites it is
suspected that most ants were at the ground level below the plant
when sampled, and consequently, are probably not part of what is
considered the fauna of the plant. However, it is possible that
some may be up in the plant tending aphids thus becoming an
indirect factor in the fauna feeding on the plant. The only
plant feeder found in substantial numbers was a species of snout
beetle (Curcul ionidae) .

Ants dominated the samples from Site 4 (sagebrush). Therefore,
the majority of invertebrates (59 percent) captured in t>-ap D-Vac
at this site were classified as omnivores.

The ants were probably not in the foliage, and in this particular
case, it appears that in sampling, the trap was placed over an ant
nest at the base of one of the sagebrush plants sampled. Unknowns
were primarily mites (Acari). Herbivores and predators were made
up of a variety of families in several orders.

Virtually the same conditions exist at Sites 5A (mixed brush) and B

as at Site 4 with respect to the two most abundant f^oHinq types

(omnivores and unknowns). At Site 5A, the remaining 23 percent of the inver-

brates taken from serviceberry were mainly herbivores and predators.

In the herbivore category, two families, Curcul ionidae, and Noctuidae

larvae made up the bulk of the numbers captured. At Site 5B,

herbivores made up 13 percent of the invertebrates taken from snowberry.

2.3-412

2.3.9.3.2.4 Herbaceous Sweep Sampling

Herbaceous sweep samples represent a reasonably accurate measure
of the invertebrate fauna of a specific portion of the habitat.
As such, they can be valuable in interpreting faunal characteristics
within a habitat and between similar habitats, provided the
emphasis is on the fauna itself rather than on quantitative
measurements. Results for calculations of food habits for inverte-
brates found in the herb-shrub-grass stratum at five sample sites
are presented in Table 2.3-2.01.

Herbivores made up 57 percent of the fauna at Site 1 (greasewood-
sagebrush), primarily thrips (Thysanoptera) and leafhoppers
(Cicadell idae). The leafhoppers are probably host species specific,
however, it is not known whether this is also true for thrips, many
of which have several plant species as hosts. Flower feeders were
made up of a variety of flies (Diptera) and v/asps and bees
(Hymenoptera) with no family or species group dominating the
total number. .

At Site 2 (pinyon- juniper/south slope), herbivores were again the
largest group with plant bugs (Miridae) dominating. The
bulk of the flower feeders were eulophid wasps (Eulophidae), flower
feeders as adults, but internal parasites as larvae.

Of the 22 invertebrates captured at Site 3 (pinyon-juniper/
north slope), one species of delphacid planthopper (5 individuals)
was the most abundant herbivore. Omnivores make up the second
largest feeding group sampled.

At Site 4 (sagebrush), only 22 invertebrates, half of which were
dipteran and hymenopteran flower feeders, were taken in 100 sweeps.
Most of these are parasitic wasps which could be in the area looking
for hosts for ovi position rather than feeding. Only four herbivorous
insects were taken in the sample.

Herbivores comprised 48 percent of the invertebrates captured at
Site 5 (mixed brush) half of which were plant bugs (Miridae) and
checkered beetles (Cleridae). Site 5 is the only area where the
checkered beetles were captured. Flower feeders, the second
largest feeding type contained 7 families, the most abundant of
which was Agromyzidae. As adults, these flies feed on nectar,
but as larvae they are herbaceous leaf miners.

2.3-413

2.3.9.3.2.5 Beating Samples

Beating samples were taken along v/ith aerial sweeps to provide
qualitative data on the invertebrate fauna associated with 3 plant
species too large to be sampled efficiently by other methods. The
main emphasis of analysis was to determine which, if any, of the
associated fauna are tied to the plant in a feeding or other type
of relationship. Results of feeding habits of the invertebrates
collected in beating samples are presented in Table 2.3-202.

Results of beating samples from tall big sagebrush plants (Artemisia
tridentata) (Site 1) indicate that 52 percent of the invertebrates
collected are herbivores, primarily of the order Homoptera. Within
this order, species of leafhoppers (Cicadel 1 idae) and aphids (Aphididae)
are both probably host species specific for sagebrush.

Beating samples from pinyon at Site 2 (pinyon-juniper/south slope)
contained 32 insects, including 16 ants. Omnivores (all ants) made
up 50 percent of the total invertebrates captured. Herbivore
families were aphids (Aphididae), and bark beetles (Scolytidae).
Both families have many species which are host species specific.
Site 2 juniper samples yielded 105 individuals of one species of
plant bug (Miridae). The relative abundance of this species accounts
for the high percentage (87 percent) of herbivores in the sample.

Site 3 (pinyon-juniper/north slope) beating samples from pinyon
contained 12 invertebrates, half of which were spiders. Predators
were the most abundant feeding type at Site 3 and include all the
spiders and 3 hemipterans (Reduviidae). No plant feeders found on
pinyon at Site 2 were present in beating samples at Site 3. Juniper
samples at Site 3 contained 17 invertebrates; 53 percent were
classified as herbivores. This percentage includes 4 individuals of
the plant bug family (Miridae) taken abundantly at Site 2.
Other herbivore families are leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and
snout beetles (Curcul ionidae).

2.3.9.3.2.6 Aerial Sweep Sampling

Aerial sweeps were taken from sagebrush (Site 1 - greasewood-sage-
brush) and pinyon and juniper at Sites 2 and 3 (pinyon-juniper,
north and south slopes). Results are presented in Table 2.3-203.

The 50 sweeps from sagebrush at Site 1 (greasewood-sagebrush)
contained 100 invertebrates, 78 percent of which were classified
as herbivores. Most of these were one family of plant bug (Miridae)
This family was also taken from beating samples of sage although
its relative abundance was much less in the beating samples. The
other abundant herbivores adding to the total percentage included
two species groups of thrips (Thysanoptera) .

2.3-414

Sweeps from pinyon at Site 3 (pinyon-juniper/north slope) contained
two herbivore species and three predator species. Juniper sweep
samples from Site 2 support the evidence from beating samples that
the numerically dominant feeding group (95 percent herbivores at
this site) results primarily from the large numbers of one species
of Miridae. The second largest family, also herbivorous, is
Sminthuridae, the globular springtails. The five individuals of
this family were the only taken in all sampling of juniper.

Pinyon sweep samples at. Site -3 (pinyon-juniper/north slope) yielded
only eight invertebrates, 67 percent of which were classified as
omnivores. Juniper sweep samples at this site revealed 20 invertebrates;
12 of these were plant bugs (Miridae) accounting for the 60 percent
herbivores collected.

2.3.9.3.2.7 Malaise Trap Sampling

The relative abundance of flower feeding adult Hymenoptera and
Diptera was high at all sample sites (Table 2.3-204) due to the
fact that the malaise trap is designed to capture these airborne
invertebrate groups. The high percentage of unknowns at each sample
site is attributed to the abundance of gall midges (Cecidomyi idae)
at these sites, and combinations of big-headed flies (Pipuncul idae) ,
aphid flies (Chamaemyiidae) , lonchaeid flies (Lonchaeidae), and
trixoscelidid flies (Trixoscel ididae) at the sample sites. It is
felt that in most cases these adults are flower feeders, or scavengers
of plant liquids, but lack of confirmed dietary information in
the literature prevented their being included in those feeding
groups.

All of the very abundant dipteran families are flower feeders

except Callophoridae (scavenger) and Therevidae (herbivore) and those

listed above as unknowns.

Most of the herbivore feeding group is comprised of families from
the orders Hemiptera, Homoptera, and Coleoptera. At Site 3
(pinyon-juniper/north slope) the high herbivore percentage is
attributed to members of the 3 orders (Hemiptera, Homoptera, and
Coleoptera) and to the large number of Therevidae.

2.3.9.4 Summary. and Conclusions

Seven different methods (pitfalls, litter D-Vac, trap D-Vac.
herbaceous sweeps, beating, aerial sweeps. Malaise traps were employed to
sample invertebrates both quantitatively and qualitatively at five
sites, each in a different vegetation type during June 1975.

2.3-415

Ground dwelling invertebrates, as sampled by pitfalls and litter
D-Vac techniques were most abundant at Site 4 (sagebrush). The
predominant ground dwelling groups in samples from all sites included
Collembola (the most abundant), mites (Acari), spiders (Araneida),
and ants (Hymenoptera - Formicidae).

The dominant species within the shrub and tree strata and the
herbaceous stratum were sampled by ground level sweeps (herbaceous),
trap D-Vac samples, beating samples and aerial sweeps. The primary
emphasis of these samples v/as to identify species of invertebrates
which potentially have close relationships with the plant species
they inhabit, and to give rough quantitative estimates of their
density per cubic meter of the dominant shrub species.

A comparison of trap D-Vac and herbaceous sweep results indicates
that sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) has the largest invertebrate
fauna per unit area of plant, followed closely by rabbi tbrush.
In herbaceous sweep samples, the largest nuir.ber of invertebrates
was taken at the greasewood sagebrush site (Site 1). Overall, it
appeared that the two sagebrush sites had the largest total
invertebrate populations in the shrub and ground vegetation strata.
Predominant invertebrate groups captured by trap D-Vac included
Curcul ionidae, Formicidae, and Acari at all sites, as well as
Thysanoptera and Anthicidae on individual plant species. For
herbaceous sv/eep samples, the predominant invertebrate families
captured were Cicadellidae and Formicidae for all sites.

Beating and sweeping samples from tall shrubs and trees at Sites 1,
2, and 3 (greasev/ood-sagebrush, pinyon-juni per/south slope and
pinyon-juni per/north slope) showed the overall invertebrate abundance
to be greatest at Site 2 juniper, followed by sagebrush. Comparisons
between north and south slope pinyon-juniper sites (Sites 3 and 2)
show a distinct difference in total invertebrate numbers, with both
pinyon and juniper trees yielding larger numbers of invertebrates
at Site 2 (south slope). Within these sites, it appears from
samples that the population of invertebrates inhabiting juniper
trees is much larger than that from pinyon trees.

Predominant groups from sagebrush included Miridae, Cicadellidae,
Aphididae, Acari, and Thysanoptera. In pinyon samples, one species
of ant (Tapinoma sessile) was the most abundant species taken, and in
juniper samples one species of Miridae was found most abundantly
in nearly ewery sample.

Adjusted totals for Malaise samples indicate that invertebrates
were most abundant in the pinyon-juniper/north slope site (Site 3).
Predominant groups sampled by Malaise traps v/ere at all sites
in the order Diptera, with Ciiironomidae the most abundant family
collected. Other abundant families of Diptera were Mycetophi 1 idae,
Sciaridae, Cecidomyiidae, Syrphidae, Chamaemyi idae, Trixoscel ididae.

2.3-416

Anthomyiidae, and Callophoridae. In Hymenoptera, predominant families
captured by Malaise traps were Ichneumonidae, Broconidae, and
Pteromal idae.

Overall, it appears that Site 4 (sagebrush) supported the most
abundant invertebrate fauna of all sites sampled.

2.3-417

2.3.9.5— INVERTEBRATES RAW DATA

P-3-418

2.3.9.5--INVERTEBRATES RAW DATA

oooluiiy conBtil(:iiits, Ira.

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LAB ANALYSIS - INVERTEBRATl' S

Project Name & Number T^^ Y\ I 0 Li r^.ilt 0 Site Namie U Number -^ i I T
Collection Datef^ fi yi - rTl/ r.' C ^^ Species List Ref . No._2

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2.3.10 Domestic Livestock
2.3.10.1 Introduction

Numbers of livestock on the study area are being determined and areas
of concentration are being estimated on a seasonal basis to help
define the extent and type of grazing pressure exerted by domestic
herbivores.

2.3.10.2 Methods
2.3.10.2.1 Aerial Censuses

Aerial censuses are being used to determine the locations of domestic
livestock within the area of investigation. The domestic livestock
censuses are conducted bimonthly in conjunction with the large marrjnal
aerial censuses. Since the censuses are conducted concurrently, the
data gathering procedures are identical to those described for the
large mammal aerial surveys. When livestock are sighted during the
aerial censuses, location and number of individuals are recorded
into cassette tape recorders.

2.3.10.3 Results

Aerial surveys of domestic livestock were conducted in conjunction
with the large mammal aerial surveys on June 26 and August 18, 1975.
During the June census, 752 cattle were observed. The majority of
the cattle were located on 84 Mesa and in areas south and east of
Tract C-a (Figure 2.3-17 ). In contrast to the livestock distribution
noted during the June survey, most of the cattle observed during
August were located west of Tract C-a in mountain brush areas. The
screening effects of the heavy brush may have resulted in many cattle
being overlooked during the surveys. Only 101 domestic livestock
were observed during the August count.

2.3.10.4 Summary and Conclusions

Large numbers of cattle were observed during the two aerial surveys
conducted this quarter. Most cattle were observed to the northeast
and southeast of Tract C-a.

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2.3-420

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2.3.11 Remote Sensing

2.3.11.1 Introduction

Several ongoing investigations to determine the applicability of
remote sensing techniques for acquisition of terrestrial baseline
data are included in the terrestrial baseline program. These include
investigations of the distribution, areal extent and crown density
status of the vegetation community types; erosion condition; distri-
bution of v/ildlife habitat for large and small manmals; distribution
of western harvester ant colonies; and locations of suspected habitat
of major avifauna, including raptor species.

2.3.11.2 Methods

2.3.11.2.1 Imagery Procurement and Inspection

One flight to obtain color infrared (CIR) imagery at a scale of 1:6000
is conducted in September of 1975. Coverage at the 1:6000 scale will
provide imagery of the entire 440 sq km (170 sq mi) study area.

The mapping flight is designed to provide imagery of sufficiently
high quality to obtain the maximum amount of information available.
A qualified subcontractor performs the flight.

All planned flights must meet several requirements established by ECI
to insure a maximum amount of information and high quality results.
Specifications require a 9" format aerial, metric camera (Zeiss RMK
A 15/23, Wild Heerburgg RC-8 or equivalent); a high resolution, low
distortion lens (focaTlength dependent upon application); 60°Z over-
lap and 30% sidelap for 1:6000; flying time between 1000 and 1400
hours MDT; Wrattan No. 12 filter; 0-10% cloud cover and Kodak color
infrared type 2443 film (Avery, 1968; Moffitt, 1972).

To insure high quality results, ECI personnel inspect procured
imagery when received from the aerial survey subcontractor. This is
done by randomly selecting several successive images and visually
checking them for proper scale, overlap and image quality (Avery,
1968). If this inspection shows inadequate imagery the aerial survey
subcontractor is required to provide new imagery to meet the require-
ments established by ECI.

2.3.11.2.2 Laboratory Analysis and Verification

Analysis of CIR transparencies is conducted using a variable intensity
light table with a mounted zoom stereoscope. Interpretations are
made directly on the imagery using water soluble ink. Interpreted
information is then transferred to 1:24000 mylar reproductions of
USGS Ih minute topographic quadrangles.

2.3-421

) 2.3.11.2.2.1 Vegetation Mapping

Vegetation types are identified on CIR imagery on the basis of texture,
tone, topographic characteristics and size and shape (Avery, 1968) and
by correlating data from vegetation transects with CIR imagery for
the precise location of each transect. The transect data provide a
basis for ground truthing CIR interpretations. An interpretation key
is compiled, indicating the type of CIR imagery represented by each
plant association. Anomalies are noted and ground truthed separately
to verify interpretation. Each major vegetation type and any impor-
tant associations within major vegetation types which can be accurately
differentiated from CIR imagery are mapped. During interpretation, all
roads and trails which are identified and not on USGS Ih minute topo-
graphic maps are included to provide landmarks for ground checking.

Direct on-the-ground observations (ground truthing) are employed to
establish the accuracy of image analyses (National Academy of Sciences,
1970). ECI staff members conducting ground truth missions are furnished
with a map showing the interpretation boundaries and/or locations and
and a description of the area and/or location is recorded and returned
to ECI remote sensing personnel for reevaluation and correction.

After interpretation and required ground truth checks, details are
transferred to black-line, topographic mylar reproductions and scaled
to 1:24000. Transfer of detail to base maps is performed using a
transfer instrument which aids removal of photographic errors due to
tilt and scale differences resulting from variation in flying altitude.
This allows improved correlation of vegetation associations with
topographic relief.

Quantification of area! extent (vegetation cover) is performed utilizing
planimetric measurements of vegetation types on the final map. A
table is developed showing the acreage measurements of the major types
prior to site development.

Crown density classes of the major wooded vegetation types are mapped,
based on estimated crown density. Crown density is the proportion
of the forest canopy occupied by trees and refers to all crowns in
the stand regardless of canopy level. Estimates are ocular and
stands are grouped into classes based on percentages (Avery, 1968).
ECI investigations include the following crown density classes: 0-
25%, 26-50%, 51-75%, 76-100%.

2.3.11.2.2.2 Vegetation Condition

Timing of the CIR flight in early fall is intended to obtain the best
differentiation of vegetation types for mapping. Indications of

2.3-422

vegetation condition, a secondary objective, may not be discernable
due to normal losses of plant vigor at this time of year To the
extent that unusual losses in plant vigor are detected, they will be
recorded. ^ j

2.3.11.2.2.3 Erosion Condition

Soil erosion rates are a function of soil type, plant cover, climate
and topography. Human acceleration or deceleration of these rates
IS primarily a function of alteration of plant cover and topography
A correlation of plant cover, soil type and topography from CIR
imagery and vegetation transect data is made to determine erosion con-
dition for a given plant association. An erosion condition class
(stable, slight, moderate, or severe) is then assigned to each plant
association and the extent of that association on the vegetation map
IS used as a basis for determining the erosion condition by vegetation
type for the study area.

2.3.11.2.2.4 Wildlife Habitats

Because the distribution of most wildlife is directly related to the
distribution of vegetation and water, much of the vegetation infor-
mation discussed previously is used to delineate the distribution of
wildlife habitats. Information on distribution of species gained
from a diversity of census techniques is used as the basis for maps
which depict the relative habitat availability for important large
and small mammals. This is done by keying wildlife species to iden-
tifiable vegetation types.

The 1:6000 imagery is analyzed for areas of major avifauna habitat
including that of raptorial species. Rock outcrops, cliffs and noted
specific nesting activity are mapped on 1:24000 USGS base maps. This
information is placed on maps and made available to ECI avifauna
investigators.

Western harvester ant colonies are also mapped on USGS 1:24000 quad-
rangles. Density is determined by overlaying a 1 ha (2.47 A) grid
scaled to the 1:6000 imagery and counting colonies. Ground checking
requires site visits to a few suspected ant colonies for visual
verification.

2.3.11.3 Results

Remote sensing data were not gathered during the reporting quarter
June through August, 1975.

2.3-423

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2.3.12 Threatened and Endangered Species

2.3.12.1 Introduction

Federal and State wildlife agencies have compiled lists of species
which may be considered "threatened", "rare" or "endangered". If
any of these species are present in the study area they will be
identified and their location and reliance on local habitats deter-
mined.

2.3.12.2 Methods ' " -

2.3.12.2.1 General Investigations

Throughout earlier sections of this and previous Progress Reports,
specific quantitative and qualitative sampling techniques have been
described which are to be performed within all major vegetation
associations in the tract vicinity to inventory and enumerate the
species of plants and animals present. Cumulatively these tech-
niques should ascertain the presence of threatened, rare or endan-
gered species. Once discovered, special efforts may be directed
at determining the distribution and habitat utilization of the
species on and near Tract C-a. The greater sandhill crane,
endangered as a nesting species in the state of Colorado, has been
observed on 84 Mesa north of Tract C-a and has therefore been sub-
jected to this closer scrutiny.

2.3.12.2.2 Greater Sandhill Crane Surveys

2.3.12.2.2.1 Introduction

The greater sandhill crane breeds locally from southern British
Columbia east to southern Manitoba and probably in southwestern
Ontario south to northeastern California, northern Nevada, Utah,
Wyoming, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan (Marshall, 1969). The
sub-species is also known to nest in isolated areas of Colorado
(Bailey and Niedrach, 1965), where recently its breeding status
has become more clearly understood (Blake, 1974). During 1968 the
United States Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife estimated the
greater sandhill crane national population to be about 6,000.
Littlefield and Ryder (1968) estimated the same population to be
from 10,000 to 15,000 individuals. There is evidence that popu-
lations of this subspecies are showing marked increases in certain
portions of the breeding range (Littlefield and Ryder, 1968).
These notable population increases probably resulted in the greater
sandhill crane's being removed from the list of nationally threatened
wildlife species published by the USDI Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife (1973).

2.3-424

Dancing activities of the greater sandhill crane take place regardless
of the number of birds present and regardless of age, sex, season,
place, or time of day (Walkinshav/, 1949). However, dancing is most
common prior to the nesting period, when the flock gathers on a
particular dancing ground, to which cranes tend to return each
spring (Blake, 1974). Although the function of dancing is not
entirely understood, it probably functions as a courtship display,
strengthening the pair bond (Blake, 1974). The importance of
staging grounds in the cranes' breeding cycle as well as the
difficulties involved in utilizing new staging areas if traditional
ones are made unacceptable are not known. Farner and King (1973)
state that after birds have entered the phase of overt reproductive
activity, certain behavioral activities that assist the process
of breeding become manifest. Dancing is one such behavioral activity
that may lead to egg laying and brood production.

Between April 17-30, 1975, up to 30 greater sandhill cranes were
observed displaying and foraging on 84 Mesa northeast of oil shale
Tract C-a. The use of 84 Mesa and contiguous areas by greater
sandhill cranes had not been reported prior to these April obser-
vations. Greater sandhill cranes nesting in northwestern Colorado
concentrate their spring staging activities near Hayden and disperse
to nesting areas approximately 25 miles away. Thus, it was initially
considered that the greater sandhill cranes utilizing 84 Mesa for
staging might nest in suitable areas in and around the mesa or
continue north into Idaho, Wyoming, or Montana. The objective of
the survey, therefore, was to determine if greater sandhill cranes
are nesting in portions of the Piceance Basin.

2.3.12.2.2.2 Field Investigations

The study site was located in Rio Blanco Coungy and consisted of
the following areas: (1) 84 Mesa and the adjacent valley of Duck
Creek; (2) Piceance Creek valley from Rio Blanco to the White River;
(3) Douglas Creek valley from the confluence of its two main forks
to the White River; and (4) the White River valley from 10 miles
east of Rio Blanco Lake to 10 miles west of Douglas Creek (Figure
23.-32).

Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) is the dominant plant species on
84 Mesa and its immediate vicinity. Scattered patches of pinyon
(Pinus edul is) and juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) are also present.
The scrub communities in the vicinity of Piceance Creek consist
primarily of sagebrush, greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) , and
shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) . The upper end of Piceance Creek
from Rio Blanco to Little Hills Experiment Station, consists of
agricultural land, and there is a gradation into pinyon-juniper and
scattered Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Both Piceance Creek
and Douglas Creek lack typical woody riparian vegetation, such as

2.3-425

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willov/s (Salix spp.) and cottonwoods (Populus spp.). The shrub
communities present in the Douglas Creek area are similar to those
in the Piceance region. Much of the land along the Vihite River is
currently utilized for agricultural purposes, but scattered groves
of cottonwoods and willows are also found in some areas along the
river. Small peninsulas and islands harboring cattails (Typha
lati folia) and rushes (Juncus spp.) are common along the portion
of the White River which was surveyed.

An initial aerial survey was conducted on June 6, 1975 to syste-
matically map potential greater sandhill crane nesting areas; these
potential areas were more closely scrutinized from the ground.
Transects spaced at one-mile intervals were flown at an indicated
air speed of 90-100 mph and at an altitude of 200-250 feet above
ground level. The areas traversed by air are shov/n in Figure 2.3-32.

Following the initial aerial survey, a thorough ground survey of
84 Mesa and the adjacent Duck Creek drainage was conducted between
June 11-16. All locations of greater sandhill cranes sighted in
earlier work were checked. Since free water is essential to cranes
for nesting habitat (Walkinshaw, 1965), valleys were explored for
water at one-mile intervals or wherever rough-winged swallows, which
are common near water, were observed foraging above the valleys.
When water was present, the length of the drainage was examined
for cranes and/or their footprints (Figure 2.3-33).

A ground survey of the remaining potential nesting habitats was
completed between June 26 and July 4. The areas examined are indi-
cated on Figure 2.3-32. The vehicle was stopped approximately
eyery 0.3 mile, and the area was thoroughly scanned with 7 x 35
binoculars and/or a spotting scope. Areas that were inaccessible
by truck or that afforded particularly good crane habitat were
traversed on foot. Littlefield and Ryder (1968) described good
greater sandhill crane breeding habitats as tracts having minimal
disturbances, a feeding meadow, nesting cover and nearby water.
These criteria were used in designating greater sandhill crane
breeding habitat in this study.

On June 30 at 0640 a final aerial survey was conducted to reexamine
potential nesting sites for greater sandhill cranes and to determine
where further ground survey efforts should be concentrated. Indi-
cated air speed ranged from 80-90 mph at an altitude of 150-175 feet
above ground. Air and light conditions were excellent, providing
for good visibility. The portion of the White River within the
study area was flown three times because it contained the best
potential nesting habitat. Douglas Creek was flown twice and
Piceance Creek and Yellow Creek once. The confluences of the major
tributaries to the above stream courses were also recanvassed for
location of possible nesting sites. The areas flown during the
June 30th survey are indicated in Figure 2.3-32.

2.3-427

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2.3-428

During the two ground surveys, residents of the study area were
interviewed to determine whether they had observed cranes in the
area. The interviewees v/ere asked if they had seen any large
birds in the area and if so, to describe the birds. It was deter-
mined by inquiry whether the residents were possibly confusing
greater sandhill cranes with great blue herons (Ardea herodias) ,
the only other bird in the study area of comparable general
appearance. Residents not initially familiar with the greater

sandhill crane or that did not describe it properly were shown
several photographs of the bird to determine if they then recog-
nized it. Residents that were familiar with greater sandhill
cranes were also shown pictures.

2.3.12.3 Results

2.3.12.3.1 General Investigations

Three animal species, the threatened prairie falcon (USDI, 1973), the
endangered peregrine falcon (USDI, 1974) and the status-undetermined
greater sandhill crane (Colorado Wildlife Commission, 1973) and one
plant species, an endangered and threatened milkvetch (Astragalus
lutosus, Smithsonian Institution, 1975), have been observed in the
study area to date.

During the reporting quarter June-August, 1975, three adult prairie

falcon observations were made, two on the Cathedral Bluffs, in June

and one in Stake Springs Draw, in July. Three observations of

peregrine falcons were recorded, one each in June, July and August,
two in the Corral Gulch drainage and one on Wolf Ridge.

Because of their high mobility, it is not feasible to say exactly
how many different individuals of each species were observed. Also
the high mobility of these species and the low number of observations
preclude the designation of habitat preference for either species.

No nests were observed for either species in the study area.

2.3.12.3.2 Greater Sandhill Crane Surveys

No greater sandhill cranes were observed in any of the areas examined
by air or on the ground. The White River valley with its willow
swamps and nearby grainfields provided the best potential breeding
habitat. Two other potentially appropriate nesting areas were
located on Duck Creek and Big Duck Creek (Figure 2.3-33). Both
areas provide year-round v/ater. Cottonwoods are located at the
potentially suitable breeding site near Big Duck Creek while dense
aquatic vegetation and insects are prevalent at the site on Duck
Creek. After air and ground survey, many of the smaller creeks
were ruled out as providing suitable nesting sites because they
did not meet one or more of the requirements for suitable nesting
sites as itemized in the methods section.

9 -^-/IPQ

Conversations with area residents provided no evidence that greater
sandhill cranes are nesting in the vicinity of 84 Mesa or elsev;here
in the Piceance Basin, however an employee of Ecology Consultants,
Inc. reported observing a single greater sandhill crane flying near
the junction of Piceance Road and the White River on June 26, 1975.
Many residents described the great blue heron as a recurring visitor
in their locality a'hd did not recognize the photographs shown to
them of greater sandhill cranes. Several residents reported that
although they were familiar with the greater sandhill crane, they
had not observed any in the vicinity. Some residents along the White
River described seeing a few to many cranes land in their fields or
along the river during past migration periods, but these birds never
remained for extended periods. One rancher on Piceance Creek
reported that several cranes foraged along the creek during the
high winds and rainy period of April, 1975. It appears that cranes
have visited the White River and Piceance Creek in past years, but
no resident knows of any having actually nested in the survey area.

At this time, it is not known if the cranes observed staging on 84
Mesa are Colorado nesters. As previously stated, the results of
aerial and ground reconnaissance combined with personal interview
data provided no evidence that greater sandhill cranes are currently
nesting in the areas in and around 84 Mesa. But, according to Blake
(1974), when the young are a couple of days old the adult birds lead
them to higher ground or into the sagebrush to feed. Thus, the
second portion of the ground survey may have occurred when adults
had already led their young to feeding areas av;ay from the water.
Aerial and vehicle search for cranes may miss birds during the
incubation period, due to the wariness of the birds and their
ability fo blend with the surrounding environment (Walter Graul ,
personal communication). Therefore, it is possible that the greater
sandhill cranes observed staging in April 1975 are Colorado nesters
even though they were not detected during the study. They may be
a local Rocky Mountain breeding flock that has gone unnoticed over
the past years, or because pioneering local birds seem to be moving
Into habitats which were historically occupied (Blake, 1974), a
recent population may possibly have reinhabited the area.

Greater sandhill cranes may use 84 Mesa during spring and fall flocking,
foraging, and staging, yet move onto breeding and nesting grounds
well removed from 84 Mesa. Bailey and Niedrach (1955) consider
cranes- to be regular migrants in the western counties of Colorado,
and according to personal communications with Colorado Division
of Wildlife personnel cited in Drewien and Bizeau's (1974) "Status
and distribution of greater sandhill cranes in the Rocky Mountains,"
cranes are observed annually in spring and fall passing over the
Grand Junction area, and small numbers occur occasionally on the
White River and Piceance Creek in Rio Blanco County. Reports from
several residents on the White River and Piceance Creek concerning

2.3-430

occasional sightings of cranes during past migration periods also
suggest that portions of the basin may serve as foraging sites for
transient cranes. It is undetermined if the observed greater sand-
hill cranes use these sites year after year or on an occasional
basis.

Greater sandhill cranes do not breed until they are 2 to 4 years old,
The non-breeding adults congregate during the summer into flocks of
non-breeding birds, which may have habitual feeding areas but tend
to roam (Walkinshaw, 1950). Conceivably the flock of cranes
observed in April could have been such a non-breeding flock.

The area in and around 84 Mesa is being observed from horseback and
on foot beginning in mid-August and continuing into September 1975
for fall staging and flocking of greater sandhill cranes. Drev/ien
and Bizeau (1974) observed that marked cranes at staging areas in
southeast Idaho during fall 1970 generally moved to the major
staging areas nearest their summering site.

2.3.12.4 Summary and Conclusions

During the reporting quarter June-August 1975, three animal and one
plant threatened, endangered or status-undetermined species were
observed. Three individual observations each were recorded for the
prairie falcon and the peregrine falcon, although no nests for either
species were encountered. An Astragalus lutosus was located in the
Big Duck Creek drainage near Cottonwood Spring. A special study was
conducted to investigate the status of greater sandhill cranes in
the study area.

The extent to which greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida)
utilize 84 Mesa and other locations within a radius of 20 miles of
84 Mesa was investigated between April and July 1975. Ground and
aerial surveys as well as personal interviews with residents of the
Piceance Basin revealed no evidence that these areas are currently
used by this species for nesting. However, based on observations
made during April 1975, 84 Mesa may serve as a staging and foraging
area for greater sandhill cranes during their spring migrations;
suitable habitats adjacent to the mesa may serve as foraging sites.
It is unknown if "birds staging in this area of the Piceance Basin
eventually nest in Colorado or if they continue migration to breeding
areas farther north.

2.3-431

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