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ON st O O ON O CO CO rH Textural Class CO ,J CO i-3 W hJ ,_j h4 rJ r4 1-4 CO CO CO CO _J ^J CO hJ CO CO »-3 CO 1 S-S CM A -3- r^ m CM ^ co m vo on CM vO CO rH CO VO c o •H ■U .Q •H M ■U CO •H Q <-» N •H CO , 3- rH CO l 1 1 O -3- r- rH 0-5 5-15 15-40 40-120 120-160 0-10 10-34 34-72 72-127 CO M O ^t 4J CU O JQ a) B H 52 O ON CO m in CO m I u a a a u 01 u to c o 0) *H U i-> 3 to •u U co 3 •H i_> o to Ov CM OO CM CO CO co oo co m OV iH 00 0O O CM tH tH B PU (o bo c o o •h o U tH cO •*-. U a) o iH O •O < cO O U ^S -3- CM tH O O d <■ m CM CM CO r4 d d d d CO CO tH tH iH O O O to co in m co co - in iH .H .H CM CM CM CO st ,H O O y-i 10 c CO c 0) H 0) M 3 CO •H O s CO o m e in: r-l u < vO 00 CO o tH o o «d- m vo o iH cm co .H O C7\ O CM CO <* -. m HON •H o. s vo in co odd co vo * 50 J-I-l 50 J-I-2 8.1 8.1 0.4 0.6 4.0 1.6 0.39 0.48 0.02 0.04 0.37 0.14 0.42 0.58 0.37 0.14 0.03 0.06 2.5 17.9 1.2 1.4 0.10 0.15 0.94 1.33 0.03 0.10 0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 18.3 22.9 6.8 10.7 34.0 45.0 53.0 48.0 33.0 35.0 14.0 17.0 SL L t 50 J - I - 1 Surface 3 cm, Interspace 50 J - I - 2 5-20 cm, Interspace 50 J - L Surface litter, beneath J_. monosperma canopy 50 J - C - 1 2-4 cm, beneath canopy 50 J - C - 2 4-15 cm, beneath canopy 58-1-1 Surface 3 cm, Interspace 58-1-2 5-20 cm, Interspace 58-1-3 40-50 cm, Interspace 58 - C - 1 Surface 3 cm, beneath A_. nova canopy 58 - C - 2 5-20 cm, beneath canopy 58 - C - 3 40-50 cm, beneath canopy Each sample is ground upon the receipt in laboratory or particles larger than 3 mm diameter are removed. The sample is then returned to o storage at 4 C until examined. Determination of Microbial Numbers One gram of each sample was placed in a 250 ml screw-cap Erlenmeyer flask containing 99 ml sterile distilled water to give a 1:100 dilution. After vigorous shaking, further dilution of 10 , 10 , 10 and 10 were made in screw-cap tubes containing 9 ml of sterile distilled water. Five plates were made for each dilution. Plates with 10-2, 10~^ and 10 dilu- tions were poured with Martin's Medium for the enumeration of fungi. Plates with 10 , 10~5 and 10 dilutions were poured with soil extract agar for the enumeration of bacteria and streptomycetes. After thorough mixing, the agar was allowed to harden, and the plates o were incubated at 22 C. • The fungal plates were counted after 5 days, the bacterial colonies on the soil extract agar plates were counted after 5 days and the strepto- mycetes on the same plates between 7 and 14 days. For microaerophilic plate counts, soil dilutions of 10 and 10 will be plated with Brewer's Anaerobic Agar (Dif co) . The solidified plates were placed upright in desiccator jars of BBL anaerobic system. The desiccators contained a small amount of CO2 and H^. After 7 days the plates were re- moved and counted. All microbial counts are reported on an oven-dry soil weight basis. Media: For streptomycetes and total aerobic bacteria soil extract agar with glucose was used (based on Fred and rf'aksman, 1928) : Agar 15.0 g K2HP04 0.5 g Soil extract 100 ml Tap water 800 ml One gram of glucose in 100 ml of distilled water was autoclaved separately and added to the sterile medium before use. The pH was adjusted to 6.8 - 7.2 before the medium was autoclaved. Soil extract : autoclave 1000 g of garden soil with 1000 ml of tap water for 60 minutes. Add 10 g of CaCO^. Stir and filter on a Buchner funnel with double Whatman #5 filter paper. The filtrate may need to be refiltered to obtain a clear solution. The filtrate was sterilized in 100 nl quantities and stored In refrig- erator. Martin's Medium for fungi (Allen, 1957): • Peptone 5.0 g KH2P04 1.0 g MgSO^ . 7H20 0.5 g Rose Bengal 0.033 g Agar 20.0 g Tap Water 900 ml Glucose 10 g in 10 g in 100 ml distilled water autoclaved Glucose was dissolved in 100 ml distilled water and sterilized separately, then added to medium after both were sterilized. The medium was heated to dissolve agar and then sterilized for 15 min. at 15 ps. The pH was adjusted to 6.8 - 7.2 before the medium was autoclaved. Streptomycin was weighed out under asceptic conditions and 4 g dissolved in 100 ml of sterile distilled water, poured into a 0.20 u millipore filter, filtered and poured into a presterilized 250 ml screw-cap Erlenmyer flask. This was stored in a refrigerator and 0.01 ml added to each plate for each 10 ml of agar before pouring plates. It may be added to cooled sterile medium immediately before using. Stable for 6-10 weeks. Soil Respiration. (Elkan and Moore, 1962) Ten grams of soil sample were placed in a 125 ml screw-capped Erlen- meyer flask with center well. One ml of 0.04 N Ba(0H)2 solution was added to the center well. The blank contained no soil but one ml of distilled o water. The flasks were tightly capped and incubated in a 30 C shaking water bath for 90 minutes. Titration was carried out with 0.02 N HC1 until a clear solution was obtained. One ml of the untreated Ba(0H)2 solution was also titrated to determine the normality of the standing solution. The 0.02 N HC1 was made fresh for each day. y The ml of NCI to titrate the Ba(0H)2 was multiplied by 0.02 N to obtain the starting normality. The final normality (ml to titrate the sample x 0.02) was subtracted from the original, then the blank was subtracted from the re- sult. This yields the total milliequivalents of CO^. Before each incubation, the negative water potentials of each soil sample were measured as described below. The water potentials were again measured at the end of the incubation time for each soil sample. The average negative bar reading between the beginning and ending was the approximate negative bar pressure of the sample during the reaction time. Dehydrogenase Activity. (Casida, Klein and Santoro, 1964) Each soil sample was weighed into three sterile screw-cap tubes, 6 g per tube. To two of the tubes were added 2.5 ml sterile distilled water and 1.0 ml 3% aqueous solution of 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. To the third tube (control) 3.5 ml sterile distilled water was added. The tubes were mixed thoroughly with a Vortex mixer and then incubated in a 30 C incubator for 24 hours. Extraction of the triphenyltetrazolium formazan produced was carried out with methanol. The samples were removed from the tubes by shaking with methanol onto a 125 ml Buchner funnel fitted with Whatman #5 filter paper. The soil was washed with, methanol until no more color could be extracted. During this procedure, it was necessary to keep the sample wet at all times until extrac- tion was complete to avoid air drawn through the soil. The filtrate was then poured into a 100 ml vol. flask and made, up to . volume with methanol. After mixing approximately 20 ml was poured into tubes for the determination of absorbance. The absorbance was read on a B & L Spectronic 20 at 485 nm. In some cases, due to suspended soil particles which were not removed by filtration, it was necessary to centrifuge filtrate at 14,000 rpm for 40 minutes before reading the absorbance. The readings were compared to a standard formazan curve in order to determine the amount of formazan in the diluted filtrate. The results are reported as mg formazan in 100 ml of filtrate. For a standard formazan curve, 1.5 mg of triphenyltetrazolium formazan was dissolved in 50 ml methanol to obtain 0.03 mg/ml formazan. Serial 1:2 dilutions of this solution were made to develop a standard formazan curve. Proteolytic Activity. (Hoffmann and Teicher, 1957) For the assay 10 g of soil sample were placed in each of two 100 ml screw-cap volumetric flasks. 500 mg of calcium carbonate was added to each flask and mixed in; 1.5 ml of toluene was added drop by drop so that most of the soil was dampened. After standing for 15 minutes, 20 ml of a freshly made 2% gelatin solution was added to one flask, and 20 ml of distilled water to the other flask. After thorough mixing, the flasks were placed on a ro- tating apparatus in a 37° C incubator. After 20 hours incubation, the flasks were removed from the incubator and filled to the mark with 37° C distilled water (the toluene was above the -mark) . After shaking the contents of each, flask were gravity filtered through a double filter paper consisting of Whatman $5 on the outside and Whatman i/2 on the inside. - To assay for the amount of hydro lyzed gelatin, 5 ml of each filtrate was placed in a centrifuge tube. To each was added 5 ml of a cupric phosphate suspension. The mixture of filtrate and cupric phosphate suspension was allowed to stand for 5 minutes with occasional shaking, centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 5 minutes and supernatant decanted into photometer tubes. The absorbance at 660 nm was read on a B & L Spectronic 20. The standard solution for this assay was a 2% solution containing the appropriate amino acids by weight that make up gelatin. Since the 2% gelatin used in the assay is diluted 1:5 before the absorbance is read, portions of the above solution were also diluted 1:5. This dilution was then considered to represent 100% hydrolysis of gelatin. Cupric phosphate suspension: cupric chloride 28 g/1 sodium phosphate 68.5 g/1 sodium borate 10.1 g/1, pH 9.1 - 9.2 sodium chloride 6 g/100 ml To 40 ml of sodium phosphate solution add 20 ml of cupric chloride solution with stirring. Centrifuge the mixture at 7000 rpm for 5 min. Dis- card the supernatant and wash the precipitate twice by resuspending in 60 ml of sodium borate buffer and centrifuge after each washing. Resuspend washed precipitate in 100 ml of borate buffer and add 6 g of NaCl. Stir until dis- solved and store in glass-stoppered bottle. Discard after 10 days. ATP Concentration. There exists a linear relationship between the amount of ATP added to the firefly (Photinus pyralis) luciferin-luciferase system and the duration of light out-put. The following is a summary of the mechanism of light emis- LH2 + ATP + E - ) E . LH2 . AMP + PP 10 Mg-H- E . LH2 AMP + 02 — neutral ) E + product + C02 + AMP + Light LH2 «= luciferin E ■ luciferase This relationship, therefore, is the basis for the assay of microgram quan- tities of ATP by measuring the light intensity of the luminescence. To prepare the luciferin-lucif erase suspension, a vial of firefly lantern extract (Sigma FLE-50 or 250) was rehydrated with deionized-distilled water. The vial was left to stand at room temperature for two hours and then stored at A C. Before use, the suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 minutes to remove insoluble debris. A standard stock solution was prepared initially by dissolving 10 mg of crystalline disodium ATP in 1000 ml Tris buffer (0.25 M) . The solution was capped and stored at -4° C and working standards were prepared by thawing and diluting stock solution with Tris buffer to the desired concentration. A standard curve of concentration vs. midrange of count sequence was plotted on log paper and unknowns determined by such a curve. It is necessary to count the standards with each sample determination. A liquid scintillation spectrometer, Packard Tri-carb Model 527, was used to determine light intensity. The settings included, 1) one channel only, 2) amplification set at 10%, 3) discriminators set at 50-1000, 4) re- peat mode used for 20 sequential counts and 5) spectrometer used out-of -co in- cidence . Two grams of soil were placed In a 250 ml boiling flask and 25 ml of 1:1 boiling solution of Tris buffer and 95% ethenol were added. The flask was placed on a high vacuum rotating evaporator so that it was partially submerged • 11 in a 55 C water bath. After 5 minutes, the contents of the flask were brought up to a 25 ml volume with ice cold Tris buffer. Then the soil extract was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 10,000 g to remove the soil parti- cles. Aliquots of the extract were dispensed into test tubes, capped and placed in an ice bath for immediate assay. For the light intensity, exactly 1.8 ml of standard or soil extract ATP solution were pipeted into a glass liquid scintillation counting vial. At zero time, 0.2 ml of reconstituted enzyme extract were added and shaken. Then the vial was placed on the elevator of a liquid scintillation counter and lowered into the counting chamber. The first count was begun 15 seconds after the enzyme addition for 6 seconds with a 2 second interval between counts for print-out. The analysis was conducted in semi-darkness to avoid chemoilluminescence and the scintillation vials were stored in the dark when not in use. A blank was made by adding 0.2 ml of enzyme to 1.8 ml Tris buffer. In addition, a soil extract blank was made by counting 1.8 ml of extract alone. The average of sequential counts was subtracted from the luminated samples. Nitrification. Nitrification potential in_ vitro was measured by a perfusion method as follows: To a 70 - 80 g soil sample was added VAMA (krilium) , a soil condi- tioner, 0.2% per weight of dry soil. Enough distilled water was added to obtain a smooth paste which was sieved to obtain 2-5 mm crum-like particles. The soil was then air dried for two days. After drying, 30 g of stabilized soil were placed in a perfusion apparatus containing 250 ml of water. This was done in duplicate for each sample in 12 order to have a control and experimental sample. The samples were perfused for 24 hours, the water was discarded and 250 ml of 0.01 M (NH,)2S0/ was added. The samples were then perfused for 20 days and a 5 ml aliquot of perfusate was collected every 2 days for analysis. The perfusates were ana- lyzed colorimetrically for NH^, NOl and N0~ The tests were run at 20 C in the dark and the soil was under conditions of optimal aeration and water saturation, but not water-logging. Organic Carbon. Reagents: 1. Potassium dichromate, 0.167 M. Weigh accurately 49.03g K/jC^Oy into a 1-liter volumetric flask. Dissolve in distilled water and make to volume. 2. Sulfuric acid, reagent, concentrated. 3. For soils containing chlorides, use acid containing 25g Ag2S0^ per liter. 4. Organic matter standards (soils). Univ. of Missouri standards 2.3 and 4.8% O.M. (1.34 and 2.68% O.C., resp.). Other similar standards prepared locally, -60 mesh, and analyzed with reference to the Univ. of Missouri standards. Procedure: Grind soil sample as necessary to pass -60 mesh screen. Avoid iron tools. Test soil or saturation extract for presence of chlorides. If a visible precipitate is formed with AgN0~, use reagent 3 in the procedure below. Weigh 0.50g samples of soils and standards into dry 125-ml ^ Erlenmeyer flasks. Pipet 5.00 ml of reagent 1 into the flask and swirl gently to mix. Add 10.0 ml of reagent 2 or 3 as rapidly as possible. • 13 Swirl and place on a cardboard or asbestos pad. Swirl again after about 1 minute. Note time. After 20 _2 minutes, add 50.0 ml distilled water, mix and filter. (Samples can be left overnight after water is added.) Read color intensity at 610 nm (blue phototube in Spectronic 20) with a reagent blank set at zero absorbance. Plot absorbance vs. organic carbon or organic matter on 10 x 10 linear paper. Total Nitrogen. It is basically the Kjeldahl Method but includes some modification made by Utah State University Soils Laboratory (1961) and other workers (Bremner) . Reagents: 1. Concentrated sulfuric acid, reagent grade, specific gravity 1.84. 2. Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution 40-45% NaOH by weight. 3. Digestion mixture. Prepare by nixing thoroughly finely ground reagents in the following proportions. 500 g sodium sulfate, anhydrous powder, 50 g copper sulfate, anhydrous powder, and 5 g of powdered selenium metal. A. Indicator solution. See page 16 for instruction on making indicator. This indicator may be added directly to the stock solution of boric acid to avoid the necessity of individual sample additions during the analysis. The amount to be used depends upon the color desired by the analyst. Usually 75 to 100 ml of this mixed indicator is used per 18 liters of 2% boric acid solution. 5. Boric acid solution 2%. Dissolve 360 grams of reagent grade boric acid in 18 liters of distilled water. 6. Standard Sulfuric acid solution. Add 37.5 milliliters of concentra- ted H2SO4 to an 18 liter bottle containing about 10 liters of dis- tilled water. Dilute to 18 liters and mix thoroughly. Standardize using sodium carbonate and methyl orange or methyl red indicator. "* This solution should have a concentration of slightly greater than .0715 normal. After exact normality is known calculate amount of water needed to make normality exactly .0715. 7. Zinc, granular, 20 mesh (or mossy Zn) . 1A Procedure: Weigh 2 to 10 grains of soil, depending upon the amount of organic matter. Samples of soil that are very high in organic matter will require only a 2-gram sample while the ordinary mineral soil will require 10. Sometimes it is desirable to use only 5 grams of soils that are extremely high in lime. A 10-gram sam- ple of high-lime soil quite often causes excessive frothing and bumping during distillation and digestion. The sample is weighed into an 800-ml Kjeldahl flask followed by the addition of a tea- spoonful (approx. 10 grams) of digestion mixture. With a free- flowing wash bottle containing distilled water, wash down the neck of the flask adding enough water to thoroughly soak all of the contents of the flask (15-20 ml) . Add 25 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid for plant material and 35 ml for soil. Place on digestion heater and boil until conversion of all nitrogen is complete. This takes about one-half hour (at least 15 minutes after solution clears) . Digestions of soil vary somewhat in color but should show evidence of all of the organic matter having been mineralized. Thoroughly wetting the sample with water prior to addition of acid results in a little higher recovery of nitrogen than does adding the acid to the dry soil. If digestion is carried so far that upon cooling, the con- tents of the flask solidify into a cake, "most likely some nitrogen has been lost. If such a long digestion time is required, more acid should be added in the beginning. 15 After the flask and contents have cooled add about 400 ml of distilled water. Mix thoroughly. The analysis may be suspen- ded at this point if the flasks are stoppered to exclude NH contamination. From a dispensing burette add 75-100 ml of con- centrated sodium hydroxide solution depending upon the amount of acid used in the beginning. The hydroxide should be allowed to run down under the solution in the flask. Add about a gram of zinc. Connect the flask to the distilling tube under which has been placed a 500-ml Erlenmeyer containing 50 ml of the boric acid solution. Swirl the Kjeldahl flask gently to mix the hydroxide and the acid solution. Enough hydroxide should have been added to make sure the contents are definitely alkaline after mixing. Generally it is advisable to turn the heater on shortly before adding the hydroxide so that the flask is placed on a hot heater. Continue the distillation until about 150-200 ml have distilled into the receiving flask. Watch carefully in the beginning to avoid frothing and carry-over of liquid into the distilling con- denser. Titrate the contents of the receiving flask with the standard .0715 N R^SO^ to the neutral gray color established for the indicator. Correct for a blank run in the same manner, omitting only the sample. Calculations: % N in sample = (ml .0715 N I^SO^-blank) x F x M where F = sample size factor g sample 1 0.10 2 0.05 5 0.02 10 0.01 and M = moisture factor 16 For soils M = 10Q + % moisture 100 For plants M ■ 100 100-% moisture (Generally, plant samples are air-dried or oven-dried at 70 C and no M correction is needed.) Indicator solution: Dissolve 350 milligrams of bromcresol green in 10 ml of 95% ethyl alcohol in sodium hydroxide and about 200 ml of distilled water. Add 22.1 ml of an aqueous 1% solution of new coccine and then add 750 mg of p-nitro phenol which has been dissolved in a few milliliters of 95% ethyl alcohol. This coccine solution should be mixed separately in a 250 ml graduate and finally diluted to the mark with distilled water. Test a few drops of the indicator in an acetate or pthalate buffer at pH 4.6. If the light gray color is not completely neutral as seen by. the type of light to be used in subsequent titration, add small amounts of the new coccine solution or bromecresol green solution, as the case may be to one milliliter portions of the solution and retest with the buffer. When the color is neutral gray correct the bulk of the indicator by a proportionate amount of either the bromecresol green or the new coccine solution. Nitrate - Nitrogen. Reagents : 1. Copper sulfate, IN. Dissolve 125 grams of CuS0^.5H20 in 1 litter HO. (or 80. Og. CuSO, per liter) 2. Silver sulfate 0.6% (.02N) . Dissolve 6 grams Ag2S04 in 1 liter H20. (Heating this solution will help it to dissolve more readily.) • 17 3. Nitrate extraction solution. Mix 200 ml of 1 and 1 liter of 2, and dilute to 10 liters. 4. Phenol Disulphonic Acid. Dissolve 100 grams of pure phenol (crystal vhite in color) in 600 ml of concentrated H2SO4. Then add 300 ml of fuming H2S0^ (13-18% S03) . Mix and heat on steam bath for 2 hours. When cool, store in amber bottle. CAUTION: This reagent is highly corrosive. 5. Calcium hydroxide, powder, nitrate-free. 6. Magnesium carbonate, powder, nitrate-free. 7. Sodium hydroxide - EDTA solution. Dissolve 360 g of sodium hydroxide and 15 g of the disodium salt of ethylene diammine tetracetic acid in 1000 ml of water. (The technical grade of EDTA supplied by the Dow Chemical Company, Framingham, Mass., has proved satisfactory.) 8. Standard nitrate solution, stock. (100 yg N/ml) . Dissolve 0.7221 grams of KN0-, in water, and dilute to 1 liter. Store in refrigera- tor. (Should remain stable for at least 6 months) . 9. Working standards. Dilute 8 as follows: ml stock for cone. of standard • yg N in 5-ml 500 ml of si ;andard ug N/ml aliquot 5 1 5 10 2 10 20 4 20 35 7 35 50 10 50 75 15 75 Procedure: Weigh 15 g of prepared soil sample into a 200 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Add 75 ml of reagent 3 and shake for 10 minutes. Add about 0.2 g of reagent 5 (one small lime scooper full) and shake for 5 more minutes. -Add about 0.5 g of reagent 6 (one large scooper full) and shake for at least 4 more minutes. Allow to stand for awhile for soil to settle, then filter through E & D No" 512 fluted paper and clean funnels, discarding the first 15-20 ml of extract. Prepare a blank in the same manner, omitting only the soil. Pipet 20 ml aliquot of each sample, and 5 ml of each working standard into a 150 ml beaker and evaporate to dryness on a steam bath. Cool and add 18 3 ml of reagent 4 rapidly around beaker; rotate beaker so that acid contacts all residue. After a few minutes, rotate beakers again. Allow the beaker to stand for 10 minutes; if there is still some undissolved residue in the beaker use a glass stirring rod to break up the residue and speed the reaction. When solution is complete add 25 ml of distilled water. Add 15 ml of reagent 7 solution and mix again. Allow to cool and measure the color at 440 mu. Compare to a calibration curve established by carrying (0-75 mg of N) through the above procedure beginning with the evaporation step. (Note: If solution color is not stable, add a small amount of KCN) Calculations : Plot the standard curve (%T vs. yg N in aliquot, using semilog paper) . Read yg N in aliquot for each sample. Calculate yg N per g of soil sample (ppm N) : _ (yg N in aliquot) x (total ml of extractant) PP (ml of aliquot) x (g of soil) If procedure above is followed exactly, (15 g — » 75 ml — » 20_ ml aliquot); then (yg N in aliquot) x . 25 = ppm N in soil. For reruns - if color goes off-scale, take a smaller aliquot from the filtrate and start at the evaporation step. Total Ammonium Nitrogen. (Fixed NH.-N and Exchangeable NH.-N) Four grams of soil was placed in a semi-micro Kjeldahl flask and steam distilled with 20 ml of 40% NaOH. The ammonium-nitrogen was collected in 19 % ml of 2% H2BO3 containing three drops of Tashiro's indicator. This was titrated to the endpoint with the primary standard 0.01 N KH (IO3) . The ml of tittant multiplied by the normality gives the milliequivalents (meq) of fcl in the sample. The meq weight of N is 14 mg/meq and when multiplied by the meq gives the mg of N in the sample. Nitrogen (N?) Fixation Potential. The N2 fixation potential was determined by the acetylene reduction assay from the method of Stewart, Fitzgerald and Burns (1967). Soil samples were prepared by adding two grams of surface soil (0-3 cm) to 13 x 60 mm glass tubes sealed at the bottom with a rubber stopper. Each sample was moistened with 1.0 ml of distilled water, and capped with injectable serum stoppers; 0*6 ml acetylene (Muthesen Co.) was injected into each sample tube resulting in a concentration of 0.1 atmosphere. At that concentration of acetylene, competitive inhibition by nitrogen (Np) is eliminated. Each soil core was then placed 15 cm from an incandescent light source for 24 hours at 23° C. For the determination of ethylene, a 0.2 ml gas sample was withdrawn and injected into a Varian gas chromatograph, series 1740, with a flame injection detector. Helium was used as a carrier gas with a flow rate of approximately 25 ml per minute with a 2.74 m Porapak R column, 100 to 120 mesh, at 50 C. The injection temperature was set at 55 C, and the hydrogen flame detector at 90° C. The attenuation of the G.C. was at 1 and at a range of 10 for the reading of most ethylene peaks. A Varian model 20 strip chart recorder was used for reading of the ethylene peaks > with a chart speed of 25 cm/hr. The concentration of ethylene was then determined from a standard curve using pure ethylene (Muthesen Co.). 20 The computation of nitrogen fixation potential is as follows: The crust surface area of the soil tubes was 1.324 x 10 hectors. The following assumption was made in order to estimate N2 fixed by acetylene reduction: C2H2 ?^—> C2H4 N2 6e~ > 2NH3 Therefore, 1.0 nanomole C_H, produced equals 9.33 x 10 grams of nitrogen fixed. Multiplying the nanomole found in the 0.2 ml gas sampled analyzed by 30 yields the total nanomoles produced in an assay. Nanomole s C2H^ x 0.7046 equals grams nitrogen (N2) fixed per hectore. To summarize: mm (peak height) x 1'5 nanomole C2H4 x 30 x 0.7046 = 100 grams nitrogen (N_) fixed per hectore Soil Moisture Content. 10 grams of each soil sample was placed into weighing bottles. With lids ajar the bottles were placed in a drying oven at 110 C. After 3 days the samples were removed, allowed to cool, and reweighed. The amount of weight loss was calculated as the number of grams of water per 100 g of soil. Moist Weight - Dry Weight x 10Q = % Moisture Dry Weight Soil pH. Weigh 5 grams of each sample into a 15 ml beaker, adding 5 ml of distilled water and stirring the contents. After standing approximately ten minutes, the contents were swirled, and pH was read with a Beckman pH meter using 21 imall electrodes. Water Potential. Measurement. Soil water potential was measured using a Wescor, Inc., Model MJ55 psyehrametric mierovoltmeter with a Model C-51 sample chamber psychrometer (Brown and Van Haveren, 1972; Wiebe, et al., 1971; Robinson and Stokes, 1949; Lang, 1967; Campbell and Gardner, 1971). Operation of MJ55 : 1. Take a temperature reading by connecting the copper thermocouple Wire to the red binding post, and the constanton wire to the blue binding post. a. Turn the range switch to 1 millivolt full scale. b. With the power switch in the "on" position and the reference junction switch in the "up" position, the meter will read the voltage corresponding to the temperature. c» The voltage reading can be converted to °C using Table 3. 2. For sample reading, turn reference junction switch off (down) and disconnect the copper thermocouple and constanton wires. 3. Connect the sample chamber by placing the copper thermocouple wire aa the red binding post and the silver wire in the blank binding post. 4. Turn range switch to proper scale (10, 30, 100 or 300 volts) 5. Turn power switch to "on". 6. Make a preliminary check on meter operation (i.e. battery check, other switches). Check sample chamber by positioning slide in sample chamber (move slide slowly as not to contaminate thermocouple) . Switch to cool and read. The meter should return to "0" in a few seconds. If the chamber is wet, the reading may go to 400 u volts. Wait for it to return to "0". 7. Switch the meter to zero check and check "zero" position if necessary. 8. Place a distilled water saturated chromatograph paper disk in shallow Bample holder and place in left hand position in slide of sample Chamber. Slide slowly into place beneath the thermocouple, tighten knob, and cool for 1.5 minutes. (Cool switch down). 0) c o U •H u +J « O 6 •-> c o a) •H o 00 c M a) a> co c m o (i) w u PS r-} w d < to u H 4J c to t8 a) u a) 0} p C 60 o Q) u O u C a) •H p. p. 0) o » rH m ON O O rH rH rH tH r» rH m r- r^ vO r-. co o r* CM vo O T r»- On O ON > • m o- -3" VO r-~ -a- •H rH rH m o« CO r-» rH d d d rH rH •H s vO co CO CO r^ rH o o rH CO CO rH in ON. CO r^ O o o rH rH r» CO r>- r>. o o O O o + rH CM CO -J" i£ 22 9. Prepare sample in another sample holder by filling the holder. Fill 2/3 of the holder, making sure the surface of the soil is smooth and there is no debris outside the center of the sample holder. 10. Place the prepared sample holder in the right hand position of the slide and place a 00 rubber stopper on the top of the soil. 11. After cooling 1.5 minutes: a. Switch to zero check and check "zero" position, adjust. b. Switch back to the "on" position. c. After removing the rubber stopper, slowly slide the sample to the thermocouple position, wait for meter to go to 100 or 300 uv for dry soil, less if it is wet, then tighten knob com- pletely. 12. Note and record reading at which meter remains stable, when it reaches a plateau (In a dry soil, this plateau may last only a few seconds.) 13. Allow meter to equilibrate while soil sample is in sample chamber, then repeat cooling with water disk and prepare another sample. 14. After use, remove sample holder from tray so that thermocouple is dry during storage. Turn off instrument. Cleaning MJ55 Sample Chamber Psychrometer : 1. Remove the 2 alien head screws on the upper side of the chamber and carefully separate the top and bottom halves of the sample chamber. 2. The thermocouple chamber is at the center of the nickel plated core. It's very tiny — be sure not to break it. 3. Wipe the Viton 0-ring and the surrounding area with a wet swab. 4. Then, chamber facing up, put a few drops of acetone in the chamber and blow it out with Dry-Blow (Wescor) . Repeat twice. 5. Place a few drops of distilled water in the chamber and blow it out with Dry-Blow. Repeat twice. 6. Be sure it is dry in and around chamber. Put the parts back and be sure it is clean, ready for using. Standard Calibration Curve. NaCl standard calibration curve: It is for wet soil. The water potentials 23 are between 0 and -100 bars. The stock solution was prepared according to Table A as shown in Table 5. For our measurements, standard solutions were made up at room temperature, 22 to 23 C. The temperature of the chamber was first read and then of the solution. Equilibration time between chamber and solution was 1.5 minutes. The output was essentially linear (Table 6). The relationship between the water potential and NaCl solution concentrations as a function of temperature is shown in Table 7. LiCl standard calibration curve: It is used for measuring extremely low potentials, as low as -800 bars. The lithium chloride concentrations for solu- tions having water potentials ranging from -100 to -1000 bars calculated for 22 C had an equilibration time between chamber and solution of 1 1/2 minutes. The output was linear (Table 8) . Factor for comparison of the NaCl and LiCl standard curves: NaCl curve = LiC1 curve 3.65 ^ TABLE 4 Mass of 2 M stock Molality of NaCl solution Mass of Water 950.00 Total Mass 0.1 55.84 1005.84 0.2 111.69 900.00 1011.69 0.3 167.53 850.00 1017.53 0.4 223.38 800.00 1023.38 0.5 279.32 750.00 1029.22 0.6 335.07 700.00 1035.07 0.7 390.91 650.00 1040.91 0.8 446.76 600.00 1046.76 0.9' 502.60 550.00 1052.60 1.0 558.45 500.00 1058.45 1.5 837.67 250.00 1087.67 2.0 1116.90 0.00 1116.90 *r TABLE 5 NaCl solutions for the Calibration Curve Mass of NaCl NaCl %j 50 ml distilled water 0.05 0.15 0.1 0.29 0.2 7f 0.59 0.5 1.46 0.7 2.05 0.9 2.63 1.0 2.92 l-1 3.21 1.3 3.79 1.5 4.88 1.7 A. 97 1.9 5.52 2.0 5.85 #? TABLE 6 NaCl Standard Solution "Water Potential Molality of NaCl Ave . uv 3.5 (-Bars) 0.05 2.34 0.1 14.5 4.62 0.2 18.5 9.15 0.5 35.0 22.81 0.7 44.0 32.10 0.9 49.0 41.58 1.0 56.0 46.40 1.1 66.0 51.27 1.3 70.0 61.19 1.5 80.0 71.34 1.7 96.0 81.70 1.9 110.0 92.40 2.0 120.0 97.80 TABLE 7 Water Potentials of NaCl solutions (Lang, 1967) at temperatures between 0-40 C fZ o°c 5°C Water Potential (J/Kg) 10°C 15°C 20°C 25°C 30°C 35°C 40°C 0.05 -214 -218 -222 -226 -230 -234 -238 -242 -245 0.1 -423 -431 -439 -447 -454 -462 -470 -477 -485 0.2 -836 -852 -868 -884 -900 -915 -930 -946 -961 0.3 -1247 -1272 -1297 -1321 -1344 -1368 -1391 -1415 -1437 0.4 -1658 -1693 -1727 -1759 -1791 -1823 -1855 -1886 -1917 0.5 -2070 -2115 -2158 -2200 -2241 -2281 -2322 -2362 -2402 0.6 -2484 -2539 -2593 -2644 -2694 -2744 2794 -2843 -2891 0.7 -2901 -2967 -3030 -3091 -3151 -3210 3270 -3328 -3385 Po.8 -3320 -3398 -3472 -3543 -3612 -3682 -3751 -3818 -3885 0.9 -3743 -3832 -3917 -3998 -4079 -4158 -4327 -4314 -4390 1.0 -4169 -4270 -4366 -4459 -4550 -4640 -4729 -4815 -4001 1.1 -4599 -4713 -4820 -4924 -5026 -5127 -5226 -5322 -5418 1.2 -5032 -5160 -5278 -5394 -5507 -5620 -5730 -5835 -5941 1.3 -5470 -5611 -5742 -5869 -5994 -6119 -6239 -6354 -6471 1.4 -5912 -6068 -6210 -6350 -6487 -6623 -6754 -6880 -7006 1.5 -6359 -6529 -6684 -6837 -6986 -7134 -7276 -7411 -7548 1.6 -6811 -6996 -7163 -7330 -7491 -7652 -7805 -7950 -8007 1.7 -7260 -7460 -7640 -7820 -8000 -8170 -8330 -8490 -8650 1.8 -7730 -7940 -8130 -8330 -8520 -8700 -8880 -9040 9210 1.9 -8190 -8430 -8630 -8840 -9040 -9240 -9430 -9600 -9780 ^2.0 -8670 -8920 -9130 -9360 -9570 -9780 -9980 -10160 -10350 ¥p TABLE 8 LiCl Standard Solution LiCl Wat er Potential (Molalit y) Ave. (yv) 40 (-Bars) 1.81 -100 4.12 112 -300 6.49 180 -600 8.85 280 -1,000 D. 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Milenge •:\ /c^iuu -a-^w gvU,^. /<^w c^t: r-- lX^> ^-CVt J^t ^— . nO<1 C , )' ^ Law Enforcement Game Manogenyent Game Control _^____ Fisheries- Management 1 & E Field Services F.A. Proj. ,rt> -j/s Activity Lav/ Enforcement . Goitis Management Game Control Fisheries Management I & E L Raid Service* F.A. Proj. . ^' v/r Law Enforcement Game Management . Game Control Fisheries Management I & E Field Services F.A. Proj. oo-V/.f Ul Doy_Z_6^rTime Started Time Ended Lie. Checked Veh. Nc ,g. Mile /y; ^ <-/ ( ini^i- ^•gCXx K-^<3- O^S_ \__^ — c_ . ....... Law Enforcement Game Management Game Control Fisheries Manogemsi I & E Field Service. F.A. Proj Lhe back of sheet where more space is needed. Be sore to ind.cate datsl ( Dny/ . > . . Time Stored Time End.d Lie. Checked Veh. No. B»g. MiUogo U^7M U^^L ~fe^g^ Oay_J_/_ Time Startec Tima Ended _ Lie. Cheeked , Veh. No. jo : Beg. Mileaga / /t i LA (^-//.r L / Time Started L13s± Time EndedliJ_lil> tic Cheeked Veh. No. A' HS - Beg. Mil.aa*. ~~>?t^i^ rv^^ ^ ■kL Law Enforcement Game Management Gams Control Fisheries Management ! & c : Field Service* , F.A. Proj. . S^,-/(C Othe Totals 77 Doy / / Time Startedi_Ll£i Time Ended^lliK Uc. Checked Veh. No// /-^ Beg. Mileage Narrative: A^-Cv MU^O-^- i^ ^^ ^1-/UX< . ,*?\ ^ ^ ^ •-Sr_r>_( ' - ffi-t rfur,^/,^ rsuZ-^^J7KZ^ -{Ho^AT <~- v- .-cv-r-C- "->. ^Ol< ^-2^ 32: 3G (S^t^T ;y Law Enforcement Gams Monogament Gams Control Fisheries Management . I 8, E Field Services F.A. Proj Use back of sheet where more space is needed. Be sura to indicate da* ,y If Tim, $t_rhK»_L__J__. Tima En_»-__il£_l Uc. Checked Veh. hio.f/j) B»g. MlLog. _rra.lv,: ^ !^^ -T^ (X U- St--^-" ( ~V^C^^ ^>W^' I (%c^L-^r",<6.,s^, ajTC^-(^ _fc-6» '. w^ _3^I FT _______ (7 Day_=^__ Time Sta Lie. Cheeked. Veh. NoJ_____y_ Beg. M Beg. Mileage. Narrative: _ ________/ Law Enforc*rrv.nt _____ Gam» Monoy»av»nt Gam» Contri} ..___ Fisheriet Mano^mm) _ I a e _____ Field S_rvic_- F.A. Proj. ___________ ___P V/X" Law Enforra-m-nt Gam* Mo/ia{j»'i — n> Gam* Control Fisheries Manof>»~s_nr I & E Field Services F.A. Proj. S^-//. _5 Day___l_L. Time Started. Narrative: Time Ended Lie Checked Veh. No. Beg. Mileage, Gam* Managemeot __ Gams Control Fisheries Moiwgnrrwnt I & E Field Ser/io-s , F_\. Proj Uss back of sheet where more space is needed. Re sure to indicate dahi! Employee Month . 1? Activity Day______Time Started. Time Ended Lie. Checked Veh. No Beg. Mileage, N-irrntive? ^ III . • f^tyf ' l\ 1 1 - Law Enforcement . Gams Management Gome Control _____ Fisheries Management I & E Field Services F.A. Pro}. __/_ Day -» Time Started- ' ♦5* 7c Tim, Fnd-d O r* f IJr CherV^d Veh. \ — - Mr, .7/ V__ B„_. Co n?^6 _^i {sL^Cj-A^v-^-, C_^__^C3u_, •v-*. , U) <^JL___A cvv (j^_,t-i-1 / v* r/ / i/ Law Enforosmen. Game Monogement Gome Control Fisheries Management J & E . Field Services F.A. Proj. _£_____/__ Cms Day_k^_" Time Started ______ Time Ent.s._j_ {_ I U Lie. Checked Veh. No// V V Beg. Mileage No^e= //u^'M- rii^Au.^..: F.A. Proj •V/; Otner Total* ^>/-Vv^ ^-C-Time SiartedlAllL Time Ended X>.7l£ V Checked_ . Veh. No. // V. ^ B^g. Mi|Ba (jO X-z. Jt si ^N^— _ ^C^^-'O— v^ — \ y3 — frv-Il~v%_f--C Q— t;.^-— ■ "<^^L-C -C'y^-to-* > ?1^_^& . ik ,JL ,-J^^ /N^cW fr «-T c< 1M> Law Enforcement Came Manoc>«rry*nt Gam-. Control Fisberie* Monog«rwn» I 2. E Field Serrio* F.A. Proj. __^ ^cT-V/ ( Om-»r DnyO^ / Time Storlsd.£_i^iiL Time Ended^r ' £33 Lie. Checked Veh. No Beg. Mileage <7T Low Enforcement _ Game Manotfemwnt Gom» Control A J x^<~< '^^rlS\ o<»JLZj> k^'*&ZI^^ /£ ^t: :?x Fisberi»» Management I & E Field Service* F.A. Proj. Cp>Yt{ Use back of sheet where mora space is needed. Be sure to indicate date! tmp'.oyee Month 19. Activity y_I~L£_ Time Started Time Ended Lie Checke Da Narra! Beg. Mileage 7^77 Law Enforcement Gom» Management Gom» Control ^'U Fisherin* Management I Z. E Field S»ryic»» F.A. Proj. Day_m/1 Time Started Time Ended lie. Checked Veh. No. 77 7 n .'/ i Law Enforcement Game Management Game ConlToI Fisheries Management I 8. E . Field Service* F.A. Pro} r v Other Total* Day ^"^ Time Started L^ri1\ Time EndedS " -> $ lie. Checked Veh. hioJJ^LL Beg. Mileage Narrative: /' /Lc V lyj ^ ,( C, -/ M^GT^vJ^-yv^ V- ( jt c^^^-er7 g-,^. ^ ^p~ \ 7) ^f. % yCc>n fc^r4- Law Enforcement Gome Management Game Control Fisheries Management I cV E .._ _ Field Service* F.A. Proj. ^L^I/IL Other Use back of *heet where more space i* needed. Be sure to indicate dotel en \Q O a o a* in - J-l fi3 OJ J J .-^ i— i IO Cu CTJ ex w <) 3 c o O •H T-l ,Q •-< 5-i U> 0 0. U-l w a ^> CO 4-1 O 4-1 TJ TO ■ co CJ to • -o CO CJ C'r-I CO r-l U-l CJ TJ -U 3 0 43 Cu ro *X3 CO CJ to TO x: .. . co- 0 r-t <: CJ r-l »-< CO GO O -a 1— 1 O O Q • 0 in 0 0 vO - O O ■ .' r-. • 0 0 O. . O -• -• v. w PL. a pr O H CO O •H -a -TO Pi 0 •r-l id CO Pi . 0 •r-l ■ XJ CO Pi M CO <—l U O < g£ s 0 O M rH H <: h > One mile below X-2 on north side of river Riparion • One eighth (1/8) mile above Evacuation .pipe- line. Riparion 0 -H r-l ca CU -r-l Pi CJ r-l O r^ O O One fourth (-s) mile above Evacuation pipe- line . ■ ■ Riparion One- mile downstream from X-2. . "'' ' Riparion ■ .' One half mile above Evacuation pipeline. Riparion f3 0 CnI <3" ol CN| v£> 1 1 ( -. i J J "'•.. ; :." No collars '•' No fawns to u ca to r-l C • r-l £ O ro • •. o % ■ G ro O c ro r— 1 LO r-l OJ o to CJ 13 CJ O r-l . r2 u . aj 13 C r3 - No collars ." ',. No Fawns Under ledges in wash' - 3 -; j ■1 /3 /: > 3 o . •■ 3* .- " . rQ - CJ C O . 13 c to co CJ o ■ 13 O ...'-: ta ■ CJ O " ' . 13 , - ■'•. u " 3 • O ' CJ o . . • CJ o a o 13 CJ c o 13 CO Ij 3 CJ • C ■ O o 3 . rQ OJ G o ■ CJ , CJ G O -• . CO ' ' CJ o . u 6 ■J ^. >^ H -i J-i 3 O t-i ro r-l 3 a O r-l CO i— 1 3 • U O r-l o o r-« CO 3 cj O ro 3 - CJ u CO 3 CJ O *3 --. H z; o M < H One half mile west of S-1. Sagebrush --shadscale Mouth of Evacuation Wash. Riparion One fourth mile up- stream from mouth of Cowboy Hole Riparion One fourth mile uproad from Wagon*. Hound to A-3.' Sage-Juniper 13 CO o u . ■ G O ' " 4J "q r-l r-l * ro O O ■ G • to O 13 CJ r-l ro r-i i x: •H < iO E B o cj o to G 'r-< ro O ^ co. One and one half mile north on road from A40 Sage-shadscale . ■: '" U CJ > •H U 13 "• c ro • I 13 ' * 8 cj a CJ CO [3 cv> 4J GJ ■ CJ U P3 O f 1 < p r-t vO -43" CNl • CM vO OJ ( Emp oyee 'C'l f ( f ' • «'' , f / Vv Month -J v- ' V J' V,h Nr, '7 V-J Reg. MiUag. 19 ? 5 Activity MiL»» Ho Day—L—. Ti Narrative: _ m» Start.**-*- *' Time Fnd.d '*"?/,< He. CK«t«J I//,. Law Brrrorcxm^nr y*si ,wr ,^^^-n -. i -,-trrx,/" rik^^ . t\ ^/ ^w,_. t. n 1 Ai ^> 7 Fisheries Manoc;*«rvJht 1 1 & E FA. Proj. Other ft** / X 0 a. Doy — T, Narrative: _ , t ■ m» .Stnrt..d ' L Tims Fnd«d • r ' - ' Lie Checked Veh. No ' 'V -I Beg. Mileage , Law Enforcement Game Managemant 06 t^v- // Z7T'./ - / Fisheries .'Aonoc«m»n( , > 1 A F u F.A. Proj. < *} - ' " ' / '- / > n»k-. < Totals / Doy i. Ti Narrative: _ m« Srnrted , f/ ' Tim* Ended ;> ' v I Lie Checked Veh. N«.//«y I Reg. MiUog* Law ErrforowrwMtt .... , ^ '^C-Jh*' M-^J^r Game Monagwiunt ,-A^. v> - 'j 2^-Jt -'. V^J^N .>UOol Fi»J>eries Management 1 i 1 A F F.A. Proj. Sl> -;/ i * Use back of sheet where more space is needed. Be sure to indicate da re I TotaU -■ X >- o / a TO < T3 r) s| O Z J? > -- to t> O a < < 1 ' - < c I- .5 £ a c 6 Si Z 5 t c Employee < v > ■■ ■ v Month. J ^ ! •■ f 19 '' ' Activity Miles 1 Cs o pny Tim* Sinrted j * Tim*. Ended V Lie. Cheeked V^h (sin '' ' Beg. M;L.r,0« --,•.. C ^.r-Y i .'..6 <--._, f / Gome Manop«m.nl Game Control Fisheries Manocement flfe—V-- • -~ ((^-.;]l^ t'l ' H 1 & E Field Servin.. F.A. Proj. .' • '- ' • \ Other Totals Pny / : Tim- <;«nrtp.d t !-h\ Time Fnded *> f. If „ , - . ,,-^0 'H Lie. Checked V«h. N« " V \ Beg. MiWoo* X O a. Game Manaoement X Fisheries Manoaemwnt 1 & E Fie id Servifj,! F.A. Proj. X '- v ' "V/ 1 >- , — i < Totals pay / Tim* S*"'^ Tim« FnrWJ Lie. Checked Veh Kin B*.g Wit-ago Law Enforcement Game Management _ Gome Coniroi Fisheries Management /( .// W7 1 A r Field Servient F.A. Proj. / / L L Other ^P Use bock of sheet where more spo<* is needed. Be sure to indicate date! Totals Employee Cw->^<, < - • ^ Month - v~' ' 19 Activity Mlle» Cx Hny 1 ■ Time Started. N<-irrotiv«- [^ .mVT*'' •, 2.- ■ ; Time ^na'sd v C\ -r- --^ J2hZ/Uc Checked Veh. Nn// 7 ' r.0 Mileage 'A^W^ -s4^ ,.( :, v , Co ^-,C"t~ < Law Errforcemenr Gome Management ___ ^ c C>-^ J . rt — i-Zc ^.^ CU*J~*-i C^d(?^ : ^ Game Control Fisheries Monooerrvent ~^,_T~v - ! .» ^'^S 1 & E ^ f/V^ '{-,, Field Services F.A. Proj. / / fso-//r OrJier Totals O a. noy LU j Time Started Narrative! Time Endud / / . Lie Cheeked Veh Nn (Ug Mileage Law ErrforcerrMHii Goma AAcrtogerrwtfij as •>- A^-i:. /( ! i Fisheries Mortagemont 5- / ^ "'VI 1 & e > :— u < Field ServicM ., n F-A. Proj. 1 v. Oltw < a Totals . _i Time Started^ Narrative: v/ -, \ 7 <"" ■ r " - . A' l ( Time Ended ' 0 ' i Lie. Cheeked V„h N« / / "t A R»a Milenge Gam*. Monagoncnt ^■-...^t:, , /< X-1 - « - ^ c ukv. ^ ^y,i c/d;^^ Game Control Fisheries Management _ ;-f / / 1 & E / FJL Proj. rC' "// 1 Other ( Employee • "»■ V* : > A/onth ~ f -"—— Activity Mile* Hour n<-iy 1 *-- Time Starred Tim. Fnded ''.'"I Lie. CUcUri V«h N« • 'l ~ Beg. MiWage Law im-lf.m.nt ( -' ■ Gome Manaaement , Game Control . . Fiiheries Management . m> , /'•",. -* ('(..-I - L- C ._ v— ( -. -' *- / 1 & E F.A. Proj. v >..• . ! / Total. / pny Tim* Stnrted • Law EnWmnvinl rtt.x */ . ». •-, i_. . ?- ■■•... - x f--. ;S( t_^ /. 7~f Game Monopenwrit y . j Fiiheries MonaoinMnl .^ I & E FJL Proj. Totals -- f Dny ■ { Time Started-.... ■>" Time. Ended' / ' > Lie. Checked Veil. No.'/ 7 :: Reg. Mileage ( J ' ... x L_ /.; Law EirfnrmiMA* Game Management L t- w,/ - / Fisheries Management / 1 A E FJL Proj. "^r_ Use back of sheet where more vpoce is needed. &e sure to indicate datel Totals Employee (>W*-\«Ht U~. Mon.h Jo /'• " »->r Activity Miles Hour [")nv / / , Time Started , Law Enforcement Narrative; . . Game Management Game Control Fisheries Management ( W-/ 1 & E F.A. Proj. (1 Other Toiais D <• "7 Law Enforcement ._ _ Narrative* _ ^ -A -.:_<-- v v-.L^-- . ,^Ct<) &.V,. ,/C,r/ Game Management / ' L L -L tf Fisheries Management 1 & E F.A. Proj. ,r" Totals / / Da f Tim* Started / Law Enforcement Narrative t ^ T\ ■ir^ i-r: ciuvC trr^ . ^-t .^- • Game Management ^_— ._,. ...<_;_(. .^ Fisheries Management I * F F.A. Proj. -. ST—//V Other t Employee Month. 1? Day ''y- Time Started. Narrative: ^ ^ ' Veh. NcLL- Beg. Mileoge__ .,//'/ J. '/ I I Time Ended. Narrative: i -• A L Lie. Checked. Veh. Nlr». » / ' Beg. Mileage. //■ II Activity Game ,Uunu,j«n-.df Game Control Fith-rUt /AoncH}-i.-n>nt I & E , Field Services F.A. Proj. _ Other Law Enforcement Game Monopement Game Control Fisheries Management I & c Field Services _____ FJ_ Proj Da /______ Narrative: Time Started. ^ -v • C :>'-' Time Ended_______S Lie Checked. __ Beg. Mileage. Use back of sheet where more space is needed. Be sure to indicate datel Law Enforcement Game Management Gome Control Fisheries Management I 3. E Field Services F.A. Proj Employee t-, )^-V j '. Month "• u »7.C" Activity Miles Hen Da/ Time Started. Nnrrntiv.. [ f,\ \ Time Ended O ' '•' ' Lie, Cheeked Veh. N« ' L Law Enforcement , , Game Management , Game Control fisheries Management it 1 & E , F.A. Proj. Sb-t/jr Other Totals Doy-J_____ Time Started Nnrrnhve: Time Ended lie Checked Veh. Nn Beg. Mileage Law Enforcement Game Management /-? / / Fisheries Manage— «nt w/ 1 A F Field Serv See- // F.A. Proj. i ( Other Totals L. . Time Started Nnrrnrivn. Time Ended Lie Checked Veh. No Beg. Mileage Law _mWa»m_-» / Game Management ■■-,- / / Rsheries Management L>Y / • 1 & E Field Services ,__ / / F_A. Proj. I t Other ^ ( . ' Employee <» •' " " • ' • ' v > Month - ,0 Activirr Mile. Hours ny Time Stnrtud -'■ ; • ^Time Ended \> 'j Lie. Clinr^d Vek Nr> R-"0 MlUng. Law Enforcement , Game /Jono.-.jmml Fisheries Manoaenxent ■" 1 & E Field Services F.A. Proj. .. *- *V — -- Totals ;' 7 -.y, **- / Time Started '<■ Time Fnded ' *> ' '/tile. rh*rk»d V«h. No. FUg. Mi!*on» Low . nroroinwnt Gome Management (~~ < ,; t ,._,_ y( . / Fisheries Manog«m«nl . i a f w F.A. Pro}. \ 1 "V ,' • .' J Totals / .'. Ty -s - Time Stnrt»rf' '•' Time End«d J '' »* ^-Lic Checked Veh. No// f B^g. MiUno« „„„«... C O c_L^ c.v k' U ■ ,\. — <-v tv/A— : Law Enforcement Game Management // Fisheries Management 1 A F Field Services F.A. Proj. "TTT- ""// v Other Use bock of sheet where more space is needed. Be sure to indicate dare! Total* j ' " Employe . 6 __ Month. Time Started' S' Time Ended__L_A Li e. Checked Veh. No_ Beg. Mileage. C\' ; ; L___c( C,^ k ( 6 {£ -V, ,-/A^. / Time Started Time Ended Lit Checked Veh. No. Beg. Mileage. 19. Time Started Time Ended Lie Checked Veh. No. Beg. Mileage, Activity Miles Hour* Law Enforcement Game Management _ Game Control Fisheries Management I & E Field Servient F .A. Proj Other Totals Low Enforcement Game Gome Control Fisheries Management I & E FieW Services F.A. Proj. Law Enforcement Game Management Game Control Fisheries Management I & E Field Services F.A. Proj ( ( UTAH STATE DIVISION OF WILDLIFE RESOURCES MONTHLY SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES AP-l.l 4-74 Employee t ) f P (~ drry^CL NON-FEDESAL AID ACTIVITIES: + „_Z LAW ENFORCEMENT Arrests No. Licenses Checked No- Other Law Enforcement Agency Activitii GAME MANAGEMENT GAME CONTROL o n FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INFORMATION AND EDUCATION Cb^fk-e^ Number School Programs Lectures Hunter Safely Classes Tours of Installation Visitors to Installations Press Contacts Radio Station Contacts Releases Programs flELD S&ftVTCEu ... FEDERAL AID PROJECTS Annual Leave: No. Doys. No. Days, _1 , do 20 C /2- Fed. Aid Days FOR EMPLOYEE COMMENTS AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION USE OTHER SIDE ( I KL'Tim« Ended ^ i' V: LJc. Checked Veh. No.// /T Beg. Mileac. /,Cr-,l-; [l,,^,. ' £c cUC U/v iC^-r lj 1 i • Low Enforcement Gom« Monao«m«nt Game Control Fisheries Monag«rr>4nt I & E Field Servient F.A. Proj JLX. 0m* Tim* Started5^ilL Time EndedA/2/V lie : r Veh. Nn // V A Beg. Mil o.icz £-.^ */L«L EI V. ^ a_ yv-^v^- Law Enforoem-nt Gatrw Manos*m*nt Game Control Fisheries Mnnapvtrnvi I & E Field Services F.A. Proj Y ;■> Time .Sorted Ll£< i Time Ended^OJ iZJ Lie. Checked Veh. No. Beg. Mileage. liLB i=sz^ dv^. ■ ^vv^ >-^<~' X. --& /lw ,--1 OA-CqTi ^-, r~t oA^k Law Enforcement Ganve Management Game Control Fisheries Management I & E Held Services F.A. Proj. s^o-V, \)se back of sheet where more space is needed. Be sure to indicate dar Employee Month V). Activity rv.y 7 Time Started Time Ended Lie Checked Veh. No__ Beg. Mileage. Narrative: L Li /( ,' A // 1>PK /I II V I Law Enforcement Gome Management Game Control Fisheries Management I & E Field Services F.A. Proj Otm Totals t^l Til fViy " J Time Started Time Ended Lie. Checked Veh. No. Narrative: ' u Beg. Mileage, Low Enforcement Game Management Game Control Fisheries Management I & E Field Services F.A. Proj. Other Totals Day_ Slat-ted pMjH Time EndedJ^LZ2l Lie. Checked. Veh. No. // V'\ Beg. Mile Law Enforcement Game Management Game Control Fisheries Management I & E _ Field Services F.A. Proj. Use back of sheet where more space is needed. Be sure to indicate datel 1 I « Tims Started. Time Ended -'■ ' ' , ■ lie. Check* ._ Veh. No.//, 1. Beg. MiWage. Narrative- c^.L-.t :-.,-•. ■• : ^ ■ ■ r^^v . e>& 0 c ,c7. .C, .-.v. t / ? A .O ( ).-v-.-*-..» . <2^y^jf , C^V^^-O . x/r; ^ff;-? vj ku-^^^-j . » ' T J Day. Narr Time Started. Time Fnded ->' ' / 1 Lie. Checked Veh. No.//1-/ ^ Beg. Mileage. :: / - C^Ll ^-r-T- C/^kUW C •(_/ i\' .*~-i<^.-. <.&*^l> AT/^^jaMto U Su, Dny / Time Started Time Ended Lie. Cht.rl.ed Veh. No Beg. Mileage. Use back of sheet where more spac* is needed. Be sure to indicate datel Employee Month 19. A^y n„y / L ' Time ^yU C* - ~7l> Time SndedAEtH Lie. Checked Veh. Nn. //V J Beg. Mileage ^_ Narrative: "fe^L^f ^\ Qry^Cl. ' . .^-fr-frC-O^T >*^-^ ^-^V- Z^^ i. Day_/i_ Time .Stnr>d /1^> Time Ended_jXZ2^ Lie. Cheeked Veh. No. // V \ B«r,. Milepge _ Norrotiv.: XU*£jLA J^\ t^^fa ^^^^ . ^m M^tf^ A4^. Jdottid . I^tf^i _^pU^JL .JJ^^jti )t^ rCT -W/. Day/ /-^T Narrative: O^iL^,/^^ Time EndeA^-1 Lie. Checked_ Veh. Noi/ / A- Beg. Mileage P, I- v. ^7. Use back of sheet where more space is needed. Be sure to indicate datel i I Dny I - ' Time StWjfrd [ W ' Time End»d "-^/ -/ tlir Checked V»ti. Kin/ / 7 V Bog. Mileage. Narrative: / '-■! ~ ^ fyO-^ P^ -C- ^ .-->■- ^ ' ^ > -~^- C _ 11 d Law Enforcement Gam* Management Game Control Fisheries Management I & E Field Services FA. Proj. Dny / ^ Time StartedA£lZlj- Time EndedJLLiiJ Lie. Checked Veh. No. //')'- Beg. Mileage_ CM C«J U- L- ('X : law Enforcement Gams ManocseitMnl Game Control Fisheries Monoc^nwnt I 8. E Field Services F.A. Proi. . SZ-S/4 Day_Z^L_ Time Started $ ' J & Time Ended /if^M Lie. Checked Veh. No.// V^ Beg. Mileage_ NarraHve: ^Zg^hg gA^?-A0 'Time Ended" U2l Lie. Checked Veh. No // fCl Beg. Mileage Narrative: [{ XCi^-^A ft^^-f-^k^y^ , /^ ,<^0-^C'''^/-> Beg. Mil«ag«_ /J,vU^ ^ -Q--r' ^ •. • , X _". OL-w^V V-^.' -J) 0J/ -•„; *-«n \c ^J^Jct^X^U r^:y^ , -.-<^n^~- '■ " Time Started^'* Time Ended //'/,""> Lie. Checked. O^t '■> Beg. Mileage. /! yO-i:->v^-7 4-A /j rt _^__3 x^^tz - J&' Tl __ 7 Time StortecLgI3iD Time Ended^£Vli Lie. Checked Veh. No.// ^T^Beg. Mileage 1TU,.,LJ ■- ^-, /4 (7 Use back of ;!i>=>-r where more space is needed. Be sure to indicate dorel employee Month 19. Day qL } Tin Started 23^'rtrinded^El'IUc. Checked Veh. UnJ / V'X Beg. Mileage C/J e\Ji*ZJlA C/>v. c^^M^T/a^. .^f l rJrX-k-7 .^ c/] ___ ^ c^/ £>^fV/p „ M^. *L j£2l nx^± A^r, n/Jbe^c^r trCf^ -x.y^.ZT A C^s^s^^xJc tf \^- CD LU E CD CO > co O O • JD i. i- (fl U d) > qj cu •!- e i— sz q; o E r— a> s_ co rO CU -C CO QJ 3 =5 S- a» CD CD i— rd •r- CO E i CD 4- r— r— re ra «^f o -E 1 CO co -a CD rd C4- -E O O CO -a r- 3 O O E "ai o .a s- 4- CD E i— O S_ T- •.- a> E s- > ro ■r- -=3- Ol r— Csl CO CO E o •<- • O rd 1 < <_> X +-> S- o E CD CD re Ei U "O CO -a CD rB r— -E •I— CO E i -E C|- . CO r— O E rd i— S- -E 1 -Q 1 < CD CD CD E <+- ra O O CO ro- CJO CM c, pj a> ,.'. CD C 1 u 00 c: fO <+- o m "O Ph rd s a: -a CO c *-< fO H H S- rd O 1Z w Pw < "Z •& o o H H H CO cu )l >T n3 X •!- S- -a -a a. •r- C <+- •!- 2(3 Ott 00 >i- 00 U. o ra s- a. U •!- < a: r— i o E CU +J CL'r- J- oo S- S- a. =) U OS CC o cu >> > >> o O -Q CU 3 "a o T- c_> oo U o rd > CD LU c a> oo > 00 o o • -Q J- s- ra O CU > 0) CU 'r- C 1 — cz or o F r— CU i- CU +J rd ^r- Q.T- CL ■"»> •r- _C Q.2 cc * * C) • r- ^ 00 cu JC 71 +J ■n £- o E c\J CD I c en o i— I -r- ■r- 5_ O O O C£ E <4- U"> C r— I O «(/) -i— E fO O) O Q- e S_ -r- o 4- q; 3 o oi o >> > cd >, o r— O •r- -Q CD E s -a O T- sz c_> oo 4-> S- 4- -C 3 O-P O =5 1-r o +-> oo CD =5 C O C O E O m CL> E > O T- u. -a +-> -r- 00 tO O O) >> > E -r- fO s_ 4- >> O o -Q CD 3 -O O •.- O if) -C O S- O E -r- .c i -Q >> E • ra o s- 2 CD -a c\j > V. GEOLOGY AND SOILS GEOLOGY AND SOILS: NO DATA THIS QUARTER r VI. HISTORIC AND SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS A. INVENTORY AND EVALUATION OF CULTURAL RESOURCES THE FOLLOWING SITE LOCATION DATA AND MAPS ARE TO BE OMITTED FROM PUBLIC COPIES OF THE U-A AND U-B ANTIQUITIES REPORTS TO PREVENT UNAUTHORIZED COLLECTING AND VANDALISM. '•'An Inventory and Evaluation of Cultural Resources in and Around Oil-Shale Lease Areas U-a and U-b." Title Page Figure 4 Location of Archeological and Historic Sites in arid Adjacent to Tract Areas 31 Figure 5 Breaking-Wind Butte (4ZUn405) 35 * (black out topographic map section) Appendix I A compilation of All Reported Sites in and Adjacent to Uinta Basin Oil-Shale Tracts U-a and U-b Appendix II Completed Site Survey Forms with Attached •A Photographs (and topographic maps) Appendix III Short History of the Uinta Basin, Utah (map, pg. 30 of text) «> * AN INVENTORY AND EVALUATION C" CULTURAL RESOURCES IN AND AROUND OIL-SHALE LEASE AREAS U-a AND U-b Final Report by Michael S. Eerry and Claudia F. Eerry with illustrations by LaMar W. Lindsay Prepared under the Direction of David B. Madsen Antiquities Section Division of State History 603 East South Tenple Salt Lake City, Utah 84102 Submitted to VTN Colorado, Inc. 2600 South Parker Road Denver, Colorado S0232 July 30, 1975 % 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS page FORWARD ............... . ii SYNOPSIS iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES viii INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives and Methods 1 Field Techniques and Results 5 PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE UINTA BASIN 7 Previous Research on Tracts U-a and U-b 13 PREHISTORIC CULTURES OF THE UINTA BASE; 15 Paleo-Indian 15 Archaic Period Hunter -Gatherers 17 Frenont Agriculturalists 21 Numic Speakers . . . . 24 Discussion 25 %> ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES OF THE OIL-SHALE LANDS 30 Rockshelters 30 Open Sites 33 Discussion 37 ARTIFACTS 39 The Thompson Collection (42Un377) 39 Chipped Stone 39 Points 39 Discussion of Points 63 Drills 65 Unifaces 65 Bifaces 68 Artifacts Collected by the Antiquities Section 75 Chipped Stone 75 Points 75 Drill 80 Bifaces 80 Cores 82 Miscellaneous Flaked Cobbles 83 Flakes 84 Ground Stone. 84 Metate 85 * Mano 85 Pipe 85 page Harrrnerstones 88 Etched Stone Tablet. 86 Pottery 88 Maize 88 INCLUSIONS AND REO^IMENDATIONS . 90 Recoirmendations 92 National Register Nomination 94 APPENDICES APPENDIX I A Compilation of All Reported Sites In and Adjacent to Uinta 35_5in Oil-Shale Tracts U-a and U-b APPENDIX II Completed. Site Survey Forms with Attached Photographs APPENDIX III A Short History of the Uinta Basin, Utah. By Floyd A. O'Neil nd Gregory C. Thompson APPENDIX IV National and State legislation Relevant to the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Resources APPENDIX V Vitae of Responsible Investigator, Coauthors, and Consultant APPENDIX VI References Cited ani a Partially Annotated Bibliography of Arcceological Research in the Uinta Basin f\ Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 « Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 V Figure 17 LIST OF FIGURES AM) TABLES page Location of Study Area 2 Folsom and Dated Archaic Sites Discussed in Text .... 16 Approximate Distribution of Fremont Variants 22 Location of Archeological and Historic Sites in and Adjacent to Tract Areas ..... 31 Breaking-Wind Butte (42Un405) 35 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Point Types I, II, and III 40 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Point Types IV and V 44 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Point Types VI, VII, and VIII . 46 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Point Types IX, X, and XI 49 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Point Types XII, XIII, X", and XV 52 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Point Types XVI, XVII, XVIII, XLX, XX, and XXI ..... 55 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Point Types XXII and XXIII 59 Chipped Stone Artifacts frcm the Thompson Collection Point Types XXIV and XXV 62 Chipped Stone Artifacts frcm the Thompson Collection Drills and Unif aces 66 Chipped Stone Artifacts frcm the Thompson Collection Biface Types I and II 69 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Biface Types III, IV, V, and VI 71 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Biface Type VII 73 '* H page Figure 18 Chipped Stone Artifacts Collected by the Antiquities Section Point Types I, II, VI, VII, VIII, XXV, and Large Side-notched „ „ . . 76 Figure 19 Chipped Stone Artifacts Collected by the Antiquities Section Drill, Type II Bifaces, and Cores 81 Figure 20 Etched Slate Tablet 87 Table I Distribution of Artifacts at White River Archeological Sites 89 V ' Ui * FORWARD The format and organization of the following report necessitate some comment. The VTN Corporation has requested specific types of information not usually included in professional archeological reports. Inclusion of these data in the main body of the text would have disrupted the format and distracted from the flow and general readability of the descriptive and interpretive sections of the report. Thus, information not directly relevant to the prehistory of the oil-shale tracts appears in appendix form at the end of the basic text. This includes a compilation of site survey forms, vitae of those responsible for the study, a list of relevant federal and state archeological legislation, and an annotated bibliography of arch- eological references specific to the Uinta Basin. The section prepared by Floyd A. O'Neil and Gregory C. Thompson on the history of the region also appears in appendix form (Appendix III). No discussion of the geologic and biotic setting has been included in this report. Extensive studies of this nature are currently being prepared as part of VTN's Environmental Baseline Monitoring Program. Additional alterations in the normal format of an archeological survey report are the result of research orientation. As noted in the discussion of objectives and methods, this study was essentially an inventory. As such, the sequence of topics normally discussed in the context of problem oriented surveys, i.e., problem-analysis-results-and-conclusions, would be inappropriate. We simply wished to determine what cultural phenomena were in the area, what these phenomena represented, and their significance. As noted in Conclusions and Recorrrrendations the archeological resources of the lease lands have already been subjected to intensive surface ii % m collection and illicit excavation. Uncontrolled distribution of this report could lead to further vandalism since site locations are shown in Figure 4 and Appendix II . I therefore request that VTN delete site locale data from copies of this report except those distributed to professionally recognized archeological agencies and institutions. With the permission of VTN, I plan to publish a modified version of this report in the Antiquities Section Selected Papers. Consistent with the palliative measures suggested above, specific locational data will not be included. This information will regain on file at the Antiquities Section and will, of course, be made available to interested professionals. David B. Madsen State Archeologist July 31, 1975 SYNOPSIS Between July 15, 1974 and May 27, 1975, the Antiquities Section, Division of State History under contract with VTN Colorado, Inc. conducted an archeological and historical inventory of Utah oil-shale tracts U-a and U-b near Bonanza, Utah. As a result of that and limited work by previous investigators, 31 archeological and six historical sites have been recorded on and adjacent to the lease lands. The archeological sites consist of rockshelters, open encampments and one isolated rock art panel. The designation of cultural affiliation is, in most cases, an open question owing to the lack of coherent syntheses of the prehistory of the Uinta Basin. Archaic occupance can be unequivocally demonstrated at only one site (42Un377) on the basis of diagnostic pro- jectile point types. A local amateur recovered 123 lithic implements from this site, ranging from McKean points (ca. 5500 to 3500 B.P.) to late pre- historic types (1500 to 750 B.P.). Cultural remains from other sites may tentatively be ascribed Northwest Plains, Uncompahgre and Basketmaker II affiliations. No evidence of Paleo-Indian or Fremont occupance was recover- ed at any of the sites. Virtually all of the rockshelters have been vandalized and most of the open sites have been intensively surface collected. We recommend test excavation of all sites followed by complete excavation of the most product- ive sites. We also recommend an extensive program of survey and site monitoring of areas within a 50 mile radius of the tracts in order to evaluate the social impact of economic development. With the exception of the Ignacio Stage Stop, the historic sites are of little significance. They consist of small log dwellings and corrals iv associated with the livestock and gilsonite industries of the area. Recon- struction and protective measures are deemed inappropriate. The Ignacio Stage Stop has been nominated for National Register status by the Bureau of Land Management. Funding of research, excavation and monitoring programs should be made available prior to tract development. In addition to the anticipated social impact of the project, the proposed construction of the White River Reservoir by the Department of Water Resources, State of Utah, poses a direct threat to numerous sites. Two sites will be destroyed by dam construction and another 12 will be inundated when the pool level of 5010 ft. is attained. INTRODUCTION During fiscal year 1974-1975 the Sun-Phillips-Sohio Company, through its agent , VTN Colorado , Inc . , sponsored an archeological and historical resources inventory of oil-shale lease areas U-a, U-b, and a surrounding one mile wide buffer zone in Uintah County, Utah. The inventory was con- ducted by personnel of the Utah State Historical Society, under the direct- ion of Dr. Melvin T. Smith (Director, Utah State Historical Society) and Dr. David B. Madsen (Utah State Archeologist ) . Inventory operations were done in cooperation with the Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Manage- ment, under the auspices of Federal Antiquities Act Permit #74~UT-052. Data and artifacts collected during the inventory are permanently on file at the Utah Museum of Natural History, Salt Lake City, Utah. The area of investigation consists of ca. 42.5 square miles in Sections EJ 13, EJ 24, E§ 25, E§ 36, T10S, R23E; Sections 1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, T10S, R24E; Sections 8, 17, 20, 29, T10S, R25E; and Sections NJ 1, Ni 2, N& 3, N| 4, T11S, R24E. This area is located just south of the White River and west of the Utah-Colorado border, approximately 40 miles south-southwest of Vernal, Utah (see Figure 1 for location). OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The primary objective of a cultural resource inventory is to locate any and all archeological and historical sites within a bounded area. In- terpretation of the data within the context of archeological and historical research goals is relegated to a secondary, or peripheral, objective. The cultural inventory is an outgrowth of legislation that requires professional Figure 1. Location of Study Area -3- investigation and evaluation of the potential impact of economic develop- ment within a specific geographic domain, An inventory is thus distinct from a survey, which does not recognize arbitrary modern economic or political boundaries as significant factors. The objective of a survey is dependent upon specific research interests, hypotheses and assumptions. A survey is designed to assess the validity of culture sequences and/or theories of culture process and is seldom complete or exhaustive within a specific area. The methods appropriate to the realization of the disparate goals of an inventory and a survey are, likewise, distinct. A survey incorporates such procedures as predictive models and stratified random samples designed to extract the maximum amount of information in the least amount of time. Explicitly formulated hypotheses permeate the conduct of a survey from general considerations of which ecozones will be sampled to the specific definition of what constitutes a site and how individual sites will be sampled. An inventory, as the word implies, necessitates total documentat- ion of archeological and historic remains in areas of potential impact. In an inventory the "sample" is presumably equivalent to the totality of remains and predictive models and statistical sampling techniques are irrelevant. An area is not sampled; every square foot must be investigated and remains that might not qualify as a site in a survey context must be recorded since the criteria of what constitutes a "site" are evolved pragmatically in the field rather than a priori within the context of a problem oriented research design . The inventory is a relatively recent phenomenon st arming from legis- lative action (see Appendix IV) which was designed to temper the onslaught of economic development by implementing measures to preserve and protect cultu ■ . L resources. This legislation comes as a mixed blessing to ar onco- logists and historians alike. On the positive side, the funds available for f ieldwork in the cultural sciences have been markedly increased and areas that might not have been investigated under the traditional funding pro- cedures have been subjected to professional scrutiny. On the negative side, it has led to an inefficient ratio of data recovered to funds committed. The development of "inventories" is antithetical to the concept of survey as it has evolved through the years in the cultural sciences. On a general level, survey means investigation and sequential reinvestigations in the context of an ever-changing, ever-expanding, level of scientific understand- ing and questioning. This is analogous to the long-standing excavation practice of removing only a portion of the deposits on the assumption that future investigators will have more refined or wholly different questions to ask of the site. The inventory and associated "salvage" excavation are inherently at odds with the whole concept of reassessment. All the data must be extracted in one process. This is, of course, an unrealistic object- ive which can never be attained. The Antiquities Section investigation of the Uinta Basin oil-shale lands was, of necessity, an inventory. As such, it was an extremely ineffic- ient operation. As shown in Figure 4, 90 percent of the sites are located on the banks of the White River or along its intermittant tributaries. This is a wholly expectable distribution and a simple predictive model could have been used to adequately sample the area in a two-week period. However, for the reasons given above, it was necessary to expend 211 man-days to ensure total coverage of the tract lands and the one-mile buffer zone. FIELD TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS Three archeological sites were previously recorded within the buffer zone boundary, The Antiquities Section redefined one of the two known archeological sites and discovered an additional 30. Representatives of the Department of History, University of Utah documented five historic sites. Standard recording techniques were enployed in the field. Sites were located as nearly as possible on U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute maps and described to include, area of cultural debris, depth and character of fill, surrounding terrain, local vegetation, etc. Sites were photographed and potentially diagnostic artifacts were sketched to scale and filed with the survey forms. Surface collections included all finished artifacts and a representative sample of associated lithic debris. No attempt was made to record intra- site distributional variation. Surface debris has been shuffled and re- shuffled by local collectors to such an extent that the present distribution is hopelessly skewed. Site collections were temporarily stored in paper bags appropriately marked with provenience data, type of material, and date of collection. Sites were located in the field simply by walking the ground. A field crew of four to five trained individuals criss-crossed the survey area at intervals of 20 to 100 ft., with intervals dependent on surface morphology, ground cover, etc. Actual field work was conducted during four periods — July 15 to September 25, 1974; October 16 to October 28, 1974; November 25 to December 23, 1974; and May 17 to May 27, 1975. Completion of field work was delayed due to inclement weather conditions. The following individuals were involved in various aspects of field and analysis work: Jan Applegarth, John Autrey, Claudia Berry, Michael Berry, Stanley Davis, Laurie George, Dixon Hindley, LaMar Lindsay, Chris Lund, David Madsen, Cherie Pitt, and Thomas Zeidler. Historical sites were initially identified by the archeo- logical survey crew and were checked in the field by Floyd O'Neil and Gregory Thompson of the American West Center, University of Utah. The results of the investigation and analysis are reported herein. The format is a straightforward presentation of the data to include sections entitled Previous Investigations, Prehistoric Cultures of the Uinta Basin, Archeo logical Sites of the Oil-Shale Lands, Artifacts, Summary and Discussion and Recommendations. PREVIOUS ARCHEODOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE UINTA BASIN The first person to mention the presence of archeological material in the Uinta Basin was Escalante, who, in 1776, described a ruin near the Duchesne River (Bolton 1950:173). However, the region did not attract academic attention until the 1890 's when Henry Montgomery (1894), a professor of natural history at the University of Utah, published his observations in eastern Utah including the masonry towers along Nine Mile Canyon, Several years later Fewkes visited numerous archeological sites in Utah and gave an excellent description of the ruins along Hill Creek (Fewkes 1917a, 1917b). His main concern was the "function" of the stone towers he had observed. With the exception of these few observations, the Uinta Basin was largely ignored by archeologists until the second quarter of the twentieth century. From 1920 until 1947 several areas in the Uinta Basin received the attention of numerous persons interested in the antiquities of the area. All of these explorations v/ere of short duration. The published accounts are brief and primarily descriptive, with little attempt to determine the age or cultural affiliation of the prehistoric occupation. As Julian Steward noted in 1940 (Steward 1940:486-487), "It is particularly unfortunate . . . that cave sites of the Upper Colorado Plateau, which contain a wealth of perishable materials, have been consistently despoiled by pothunters. The only scientific monograph which adequately described such materials is Morss's report on the Fremont River in central Utah (Morss 1931)." The following chronological record of exploration summarizes the results of archeological reconnaissance and excavation in the Basin for this period. In 1921, L. S. McCandless, with a party of four from Craig, Colorado, explored Castle Park on the Yampa River in Dinosaur National Monument, where -8- he found three caves with structures, pottery and corn. His observations were published in the Steamboat Pilot, February, 1921 (Jeancon 1927). On the basis of McCandless* report, Jean Jeancon, of the Colorado State Histori- cal Society, explored Lizard Canyon in 1924, just south of Yair.pa Canyon, and reported caves with beehive-shaped storage structures and corn caches (Jeancon 1927). In 1928 and 1929, Noel Morss did limited work in Nine Mile Canyon with the Claf lin-Emerson Expedition from the Peabody Museum at Harvard University. This was published in 1931 (Morss 1931) by Morss, who noted that the material from Nine Mile was very much like the material from the Fremont River that he had used to define the Fremont culture. In 1931, the final field season of the Claf lin-Fmerson Expedition, led by Donald Scott, concentrated efforts along the Green River and its tributaries from Green River, Utah, north to the Uinta Mountains. Selected sites were excavated in Hill and Willow Creeks and in the Uinta Mountain foothills near Myton and along Dry Fork-Ashley and Brush Creeks. Sites were also visited in Florence and Chandler Creeks. Unfortunately, this important material was not pub- lished until 1969 (Gunnerson 1969). The large collection of rock art photo- graphs made by Donald Scott were not incorporated in a publication until 1971 (Schaafsma 1971). During the early 1930 ?s, Albert B. Reagan, then with the United States Indian Field Service at Ouray, Utah, published numerous articles in widely scattered journals on the archeology of northeastern Utah. An effort has been made to include all of these articles in the bibliography, although several are not available for examination. Some of the photographs and material collected by Reagan are on file at the Laboratory of Anthropology in Santa Fe. It is difficult to evaluate Reagan's v.ork, since many of his interpretations are not kept separate from observations. Nevertheless, he -9- did place on record the fact that numerous sites did exist (often in locat- ions not visited since then by any archeologists) along with some information on their location and associated artifacts. Much of the material he des- cribed, such as structures and rock art, has been destroyed or mutilated since the 1930' s. In the early 1930' s Steward (1933a) conducted brief excavations seven miles north of Ft. Duchesne where he found the remains of rectangular shallow pit dwellings and a rock wall house. Other brief investigations were also conducted in the 1930' s by various people. Beckwith (1935) reported petro- glyphs near Vernal. Gaumer (1937) reported on excavations at a Basketmaker cave near the Green River, but the exact location of the material is unclear. Leh (1936) made a brief reconnaissance along Range Creek and reported several sites, mainly granaries. More extensive work was done by the University of Utah in 1936 along Nine Mile Canyon (Gillin 1938). Gillin's work is recog- nized as an important contribution to Uinta Basin and Southwestern archeology. The tree-ring specimens collected during this expedition were of special importance for placing archeological material from northeastern Utah in a temporal context. The beams from Nine Mile provided the key link in setting up the sequence from archeological to living trees (Schulman 1948, 1951; Ferguson 1949) . Other work in the 1930 's centered in Dinosaur National Monument. A party representing the Colorado Biological Survey explored Castle Park in 1933, under the leadership of F. Martin Brown. An account of their obser- vations was published in a brief but well-illustrated descriptive article (Brown 1937). In 1936, a party representing the Colorado Mountain Club explored the Yampa Canyon (Morris et al. 1937), In 1940, Charles Scoggin and Edison Lohr conducted excavations and survey in Castle Park, concentrating on -10- Mantle's Cave (Lohr 1948). During 1941, under a temporary appointment as a park ranger, Scoggin continued archeological reconnaissance in Dinosaur National Monument outside Castle Park, In 1942, a survey party of the National Park Service investigated proposed reservoir areas along the Yampa and Green Rivers. They found 33 sites, and a brief report of their work was published in 1947 (Baldwin 1947). In 1941, Elmer R. Smith and a party from the University of Utah under- took an archeological survey in northeastern Utah and northwestern Colorado intended to be the basis for a larger program of research in eastern Utah. The party covered the area from the southern boundary of Dinosaur National Monument to the Roan Cliffs, and from the confluence of the White River and Bitter Creek in UtaJh, to the easternmost part of Douglas Creek in Colorado. The only information concerning these investigations is contained in a few ^ sketchy notes from the excavation of Dripping Rocks Cave. Anderson used these notes to publish a less than illuminating site report (Anderson 1964). The late 1940' s saw a continued effort to understand the archeology and natural history of Dinosaur National Monument by the University of Colorado Museum with the cooperation of the National Park Service. The results of the archeological studies made in the area through October , 1947 , were pub- lished in 1948 (Burgh and Scoggin 1948). This major work on the prehistory of northeastern Utah was mainly concerned with investigations in Castle Park, and more particularly with the excavation of Mantle's Cave, visited by so many previous investigators. Another site in Castle Park, Marigold's Cave, was excavated in 1948 and 1949 by Herbert Dick (Dick n.d.). A pinyon pine beam from this cave dated the Fremont occupation to ca. 1200 B.P. and represents the farthest north extension of the Southwestern ring chronology (Schulman 1950; Burgh 1950). Other excavations by the University of Colorado . -11- Museum included work at a stratified open site, Hells Midden, where an agricultural Fremont component was found overlying pre-pottery deposits (Lister 1951). Other manuscripts concerning work in Dinosaur National Monument during the 1940' s have been included in the bibliography even though they were not available for examination (Scoggin 1941; Dick 1949, 1950; Stirland 1947; MacLeod 1959). Little archeological work was done in the Uinta Basin during the 1950 's when compared with the previous ten-year period. One survey was conducted by Gilbert Wenger, a student from the University of Denver, in the Blue Mountain - Douglas Creek area of Colorado, immediately east of the Utah state line. Wenger recorded numerous masonry granaries along the southern slopes of the Blue Mountains (Wenger 1955, 1956). In 1951, the University of Utah began a five-year archeological reconnaissance of the least known sections of Utah. One of the reports which resulted from this work was concerned with Eastern Utah (Gunnerson 1957a). Gunnerson's report includes sites recorded along the Uinta Mountain foothills, White River, East High Tavaputs Plateau, Hill, Willow, and Florence Creeks, Nine Mile Canyon, and Range Creek Canyon. Many of these sites had been located previously (see various authors, above), but most of that work had not been published. In March, 1950 a spectacular find was accidently made in Range Creek by Clarence Fillings of Price, Utah. He discovered eleven clay figurines, which by reason of their size, elaborate decoration, good condition and the fact that they had come from a single cache, constituted a significant addition to the corpus of figurines from Utah. Morss (1954) made them the center of his work, Clay Figurines of the American Southwest. -12- During the 1960 's numerous archeological investigations were undertaken in the Uinta Basin, almost all of which were sponsored by two institutions, the University of Colorado and the University of Utah. The University of Colorado began a three-year archeological project in Dinosaur National Monument in 1963, under contract to the National Park Service, to survey and compile an Archaeological Base Map for the Monument. Excavations were also undertaken at selected sites. The survey located 413 sites, only 16 of which could definitely be classified as Fremont by the presence of diagnostic pottery. The majority of sites were considered to be "basically aligned with the Desert Culture" (Bretemitz 1965). A few were identified as Ute. Twenty-four sites were excavated. The report on excavations at 22 of the sites was published in 1970 (Bretemitz 1970). The excavation of the other two sites, Deluge Shelter and Boundary Village, were published separately (Leach 1966b, 1970). This work provided important data for the interpretat- ion of Uinta Basin prehistory. Unfortunately, the majority of this material was undated. Deluge Shelter, a deep stratified site with Fremont, Archaic and, perhaps, Basketmaker levels, is one of the most important dated sites in the Basin with an early date of ca. 3800 B.P. In 1964, excavations were conducted by a University of Colorado student, J. R. Ambler, at Caldwell Village, a large Fremont village on Deep Creek near LaPoint, Utah. The site is located approximately four miles northeast of the sites excavated by Steward in the 1930 's (Steward 1933b: 32-34). The resulting data were the basis for Ambler's dissertation and were published in 1966 (Ambler 1966a, 1966b). At least 22 pithouses were recorded, as well as a large quantity and variety of artifacts which added considerably to the corpus of data on the Uinta Fremont. * -13- The University of Utah's work in the Uinta Basin was limited to the excavation of five Fremont village sites. V/hiterocks Village provided one of the largest ceramic collections from the Uinta Basin. The report (Shields 1967) describing this work included no synthesis of Uinta Basin prehistory. However, this work did furnish some of the few radiocarbon dates for the Uinta Fremont, ranging from 1280 to 1090 B.P. Kent Day (1964) also con- ducted excavations at Thorne Cave, a stratified site near the Green River. This site yielded the earliest dated Archaic component (ca. 4200 B.P. ) in the Uinta Basin, but provided few diagnostic artifacts. The most recent published work in the Uinta Basin was done by Polly Schaaf sma who visited and photographed many of the well-known rock art panels in the Ashley-Dry Fork area and Dinosaur National Monument (Schaaf sma n.d. , 1971). Her synthesis of rock art in Utah has a large section on the distinc- tive motifs found in the Uinta Basin and incorporates much unpublished earlier work as well. During the twentieth century, the Uinta Basin probably received more attention from archeologists than any other region of the state, with the possible exception of the Anasazi area, Despite this, no work has appeared which provides a synthesis of the prehistory of the area. To date, no attempt has been made to order this vast amount of archeological data. Previous Research on Tracts U-a and U-b Very little archeological investigation had been conducted within the Utah oil-shale lease lands prior to the Antiquities Section inventory. James Gunnerson of the University of Utah recorded two sites (42Unl06 and 42Unll8) in 1954. Richard Fike of the Bureau of Land Management revisited 42Unll8 and recorded 42Un324 in 1972. In a 1974 preliminary survey of the -14- lease lands, Gardiner F. Dalley of the University of Utah revisited 42Unll8 V and (probably) 42UnlC6. PREHISTORIC CULTURES OF THE UINTA BASIN Portions of the Uinta Basin have been occupied by Archaic hunter- gatherers, Fremont agriculturalists, and the proto-historic and historic Ute. In addition to these well documented cultures there is evidence of varying quantity and quality for the presence of Paleo-Indian "Big-Game" hunters, Basketmaker II groups, and late prehistoric Northwest Plains hunter-gatherers . Despite extensive survey and excavation activities in the Uinta Basin, our knowledge of spatio-temporal relationships and prehistoric subsistence/ settlement patterns is extremely sketchy. A large percentage of the work was done prior to 1950, and -thus, before the development of radiocarbon dat- ing. More recent work in the Basin also suffers from a paucity of radio- carbon dates. Deficiencies in the extant data and the major interpretive difficulties involved are discussed below. PALEO-INDIAN (Fig. 2) The evidence for Paleo-Indian occupance of the Uinta Basin is limited to a Folsom point found near Duchesne (Grouse 1954) and a Folsom mid-section from Roosevelt, Utah. This is somewhat surprising since Folsom sites are reported within reasonable proximity of the Basin to the north, east and south: the Finley site (Howard 1942) in west -central Wyoming; Hell Gap (Irwin 1971) in east -central Wyoming; Lindenmeier (Roberts 1935, 1936) in north-central Colorado; Grand Junction, Colorado (Steward 1933a); the Uncompahgre Plateau (Huscher 1939); Montrose County, Colorado (V/ormington 1957); the divide between the Green and Colorado Rivers in southeastern Utah (Hunt and Tanner 1960); and the Silverhorn Site (Gunnerson 1956) in Figure 2 Folscm and Dated Archaic Sites Discussed in Text, F0L9CM SITES 1- Hell Gap 2- The Finley Site 3- LindeDmeier 4~ Duchesne 5- The Silverhorn Site 6- Hunt's Early Man Sites 7- Grand Junction Area 8- Unccrnpahgre Region DATED ARCHAIC COMPONENTS 9- Bighorn Canyon 10- Mumny Cave 11- McKean Site 12- Pine Springs Site 13- Hogup Cave 14- Sandwich Shelter 15- Danger Cave 16- Joe's Valley Alcove 17- Clyde's Cavern 18- Sudden Shelter 19- Cowboy Cave 20- Sand Dune Cave 21- Deluge Shelter 22- Thorne Cave 23- LoDaisKa -16- -17- east-central Utah. The Folscm Complex on the Great Plains has been dated to between 10,780±135 and 9880±350 B.P. (Irwin 1971; Haynes 1971). These distinctive points have also been found in considerable numbers associated with Holocene beaches of the western pluvial lakes of Nevada and California (Davis and Shutler 1969). The Borax Lake finds in California have been dated to 9000 B.P. on the basis of obsidian hydration (Meighan and Haynes 1968, 1970). The near absence of reported Folsom finds in the Uinta Basin may be attributable to geologic processes, as suggested by Jennings (1968), e.g., the majority of sites may be buried by Holocene alluvium. Obviously, we must rely on future work to demonstrate or refute the presence of Folsom big-game hunters. ARCHAIC PERIOD HuTsTER-GATHERERS (Fig. 2) The term "Archaic" is used here as a relative temporal designator refer- ring to the time span encompassed by the inception and demise of the earliest hunting and gathering cultures in western North America. The terms "Desert Archaic" and "Desert Culture" (Jennings various) are not employed here since the adaptive implications and the associated interpretive framework are inconsistent with current models of paleoenvironmental conditions (Madsen and Berry 1975) . Temporal placement varies from region to region as do the specific arti- fact complexes. The Archaic period in Utah began at ca. 10,000 B.P. and lasted until ca. 2500 B.P. (Madsen and Berry 1975). Initial settlement occurred along the periphery of Holocene Great Salt Lake. Faunal remains from lakeside sites such as Danger Cave (Jennings 1957), Hogup Cave (Aikens 1970), and Sandwich Shelter (Marwitt, Fry and Adovasio 1971) included mule- deer, bison, antelope and several species of rodents and avifauna. Edible -18- plant remains consisted primarily of marsh and halophytic, species dominated by pickleweed (Allenrolphia oceidentalis) , Associated artifacts included the atlatl^ (employing both lanceolate and notched, triangular points), flat slab milling stones, basket^ rabbit nets, rabbit skin robes, stone drills and scrapers, bone awls and a wide variety of other utilitarian implements. Lakeside settlement pattern was closely tied to lake level oscillations. Floral and faunal resources were most abundant in the context of a stable or receding level. The latter situation resulted in the exposure of fresh water springs and, consequently, an increase in the area of lake periphery marshes. Marsh flora were used directly as resources and also attracted an abundance of mammals and game birds. Gradual lake recession also created playas suit- able for halophytes. Increases in lake level inundated springs and marshes and reduced halophyte availability. Numerous periods of high lake levels during the Holocene (Madsen and Berry 1975; Currey and Madsen 1974) forced lacustrine adapted populations of the Great Basin to migrate to more pro- ductive environments in Idaho, V/ycming, and the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah and western Colorado. The extreme recession of the lake between 5500 and 3500 B.P. probably reduced the lakeside carrying capacity as effectively as the previous inundations and, likewise, resulted in the emigration of at least a portion of the Archaic population. These periodic movements are attested to by the numerous, culturally sterile spall layers in the deep deposits of Danger Cave (a lake periphery site) which correspond tem- porally with the basal dates of sites north and east of the Great Basin. The final period of Archaic lacustrine adaptation in the eastern Great Basin 1 salt tolerant species 2 a throwing board used to propel a long dart tipped with a stone point -19- came to a close at ca. 3500 B.P. in response to the high lake levels of the Neoglacial.3 Archaic occupation of upland regions of the Basin ceased by 2500 B.P. (Fowler, Madsen and Hattori 1973; Madsen and Berry 1975) and the entire eastern Great Basin remained unoccupied until the influx of Fremont agriculturalists at ca. 1250 B.P. Archaic occupation of the Colorado Plateau in general and the Uinta Basin in particular is best understood in relationship to eastern Great Basin resource variability. The two earliest dated sites on the Colorado Plateau are Joe's Valley Alcove (ca. 8000 B.P.; Evan DeBloois personal caimunication) and Sudden Shelter (7500 B.P.; Jesse D. Jennings personal communication). Both of these sites are located in central Utah on the fringe of the Plateau. The basal dates correspond with an early Holocene lake maxima. The earliest dated Archaic components in the Uinta Basin are Thorne Cave (Day 1964) and Deluge Shelter (Leach 1970). Both sites contain Great Basin and Great Basin derived (McKean) projectile point types dated at 4200 and 3800 B.P. respectively. These dates fall within the Holocene lake level minima (5500 to 3500 B.P.) when lacustrine resource abundance was probably quite low. Similar lithic assemblages north and east of the Uinta Basin have also been dated to this period: 3600 B.P. at the Pine Springs site in southwestern Wyoming (Sharrock 1966a); 4900 to 3800 B.P. in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming (Husted 1969); 4400 B.P. at Mummy Cave in northwestern Wyoming (Wedel, Husted and Moss 1968); (prior to) 3300 B.P. at the McKean site in northeastern Wyoming (Mulloy 1954); 4500 to 4200 B.P. at Signal Butte in northwestern Nebraska (Strong 1935; Olson and Broecker 3 A relatively brief glacial advance beginning at ca. 3500 B.P. associated with a moist climatic regime. -20- 1959); and 48C0 to 3400 B.P. at LoDaisKa in north-central Colorado (Irwin and Irwin 1959). The data from Thome Cave sets the basal Archaic occupation date for the Uinta Basin, however, the temporal span of the site was apparently brief since the radiocarbon dates that bracketed the deposits were separated by less than 100 years. A lengthier sequence is indicated for Deluge Shelter. This site contained 15 distinguishable strata separated one from another by either sterile areas or erosional disconformities. The basal stratum (15) yielded very little cultural material and is undated. Leach tentatively identifies the projectile points as Scotsbluff and Dalton but these designat- ions are highly questionable. Leach infers considerable antiquity for stratum 15 because it is sealed by a layer of tufa.^ This is not necessarily the case, however, since the cultural materials are too scant to definitely tie this component to the Piano complex. Until radiocarbon dates become available, the age and cultural affiliation of stratum 15 must remain an open question. It is possible that the unit relates to Archaic occupation somewhat earlier than the overlying materials. Strata 13 and 14 also yield- ed sparse cultural materials. Strata 12 through 8 comprise the Archaic com- ponent of the site. The three radiocarbon samples from this component are 3630±85 B.P. (stratum 12), 3840±210 B.P. (stratum 11), and 3260±120 B.P. (stratum 8). The Archaic component is capped by stratum 7, a culturally sterile unit which probably indicates a significant occupational hiatus. Leach identifies succeeding layers 6 and 5 as Archaic and 4 and 3 as Fremont. The Fremont assignation is probably correct. Strata 4 and 3 date to 1215±85 and 1030±85 B.P., respectively, and contain Fremont pottery as well as 4 A porous calcareous precipitate deposited by springs, streams and lakes. -21- evidence of bow and arrow technology. Leach's identification of levels 6 and 5 as Archaic is probably in error. An alternate interpretation is offered below (see Discussion). The ca. 3300 B.P. date from stratum 8 may well represent the terminal Archaic occupance of the Uinta Basin and possibly the entire Colorado Plateau. The sterile overlying stratum lends credence to this interpretation as does the 3300 B.P. terminal Archaic date from Sudden Shelter (Jesse D. Jennings personal ccmmunication) , and the 3000 B.P. date from Clyde's Cavern (Winter and Wylie 1974). Other dated Archaic components from the Plateau are con- siderably earlier: 8000 to 6000 B.P. at Joe's Valley Alcove (Evan DeBloois personal ccmnunication) , and 7700 to 7150 B.P. at Sand Dune Cave (Lindsay, Ambler, Stein and Hobler 1968). In sum, the admittedly scant data suggest that the Colorado Plateau Archaic period lasted from 8000 to 3000 B.P. and that the Uinta Basin was occupied during the latter portion of this period between 4200 and 3300 B.P. At present, there are no other dated Archaic sequences in the Uinta Basin. Hells Midden (Lister 1951) was excavated prior to the development of radiocarbon dating techniques. Deer lodge Midden, 5Mfl32, Swelter Shelter, Serviceberry Shelter and Lowell Spring (all in Breternitz 1970) were excavated by the University of Colorado in the late 1960 's. All of these sites contain components identifiable as Archaic on typological grounds. Inexplicably, none of these components was ever dated. FREMONT AGRICULTURALISTS (Fig. 3) Aboriginal farming groups in Utah, north of the Anasazi area, are referred to collectively as the Fremont culture. Marwitt (1970) has defined five variants: the San Rafael and Uinta variants of the Colorado Plateau and the Great Salt Lake, Sevier and Parowan variants of the eastern Great -22- Figure 3. Approximate Distribution of Froront Variants. -23- Basin. The earliest dated sites occur on the Colorado Plateau by 1350 B.P. (Marwitt 1970). Fremont settlement of the Great Basin did not occur until 1250 B.P. in the Great Salt Lake region (Madsen and Berry 1975) and 1050 B.P. in the Parowan Valley to the south (Marwitt 1970; Berry 1972, 1974). Fremont occupation of Utah ended by ca. 650 B.P. Thus the tanporal span of the Fremont culture essentially paralleled the Anasazi sequence encompassed by Basketmaker III through Paeblo III. However , in terms of the trait criteria of the Pecos Classification, all sites recognized as Fremont fall within the Basketmaker III - Pueblo I range. Excavated Uinta Fremont village sites include Caldwell Village (Ambler 1966a, 1966b), Boundary Village (Leach 1966b), Whiterocks Village, the Goodrich Site, Felter Hill, Flat Top Butte (all in Shields 1967), V/holeplace Village, Wagon Run, Fremont Playhouse, the MacLeod Site, Burnt House Village, the Dam Site, Cub Creek Village, and the Ford Site (all in Breternitz 1970). In addition, Hell's Midden (Lister 1951), Mantle's Cave (Burgh and Scoggin 1948), Marigold's Cave (Burgh 1950; Dick n.d.), and Deluge Shelter (Leach 1970) contained Fremont components. This impressive number of excavations has unfortunately produced only a handful of radiocarbon determinations and a single tree -ring date. Ten of the 11 radiocarbon dates (one is clearly aberrant) range from 1450 to 850 B.P. The tree-ring date from Marigold's Cave (Burgh 1950) is ca. 1200 B.P. There is considerable disagreement as to the interpretation of these dates. Breternitz (1970) and Ambler (1967) reject the dates on the assumption that the early C-14 determinations reflect the aboriginal practice of using dead trees for firewood. They estimate the Uinta Fremont occupation span as 950 to 750 B.P. based on the presence of late Pueblo II tradeware. Marwitt (1970) accepts the dates and posits a range of 1300 to 1000 B.P. for Uinta Fremont. He notes that none -24- of the supposed Anasazi "trade" sherds were found in controlled stratigraphic context and may post-date Fremont occupation. I think it wise to follow Marwitt and tentatively accept the dates on the grounds of "best evidence." Ambler's and Berternitz's "dead wood" hypothesis is premature given the small sample size. In addition, one of the earliest dates is on a basketry fragment from Mantle's Cave (Marwitt 1970). Uinta Fremont sites are typically small settlements consisting of one to five shallow pit structures. Freestanding storage granaries are absent. Sites are usually located on knolls, buttes, or hill slopes above flood plains. Calcite tempered Uinta Gray is the predominant (99 percent) pottery type. The village sites have yielded, both corner-notched and side-notched projectile points. The corner-notched varieties resemble Ijate Woodlands (Johnson 1974) and Uncompahgre Complex (Wormington and Lister 1956) points. The side-notched varieties are formally identical to Plains Side-Notched (Kehoe 1966). The latter are stratigraphically superior to the former at Deluge Shelter (Leach 1970). Uinta Fremont subsistence was apparently based on corn agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering activities (Marwitt 1970). This is inferred from the charred corn recovered from village sites and the existence of numerous "temporary use" sites in adjacent ecozones. These consist of small open encampments and cave/rockshelter sites. NUMIC SPEAKERS The Ute occupied the region south of the Yampa and Green Rivers in historic times (Stewart 1958). The distinctive Paiute-Shoshoni pottery (also associated with the Ute) occurs on the surface of numerous sites but has yet to be recovered in a stratified context. Thus the antiquity of the Ute in the Uinta Basin is unknown. -25- DISCUSSION The interpretive potential of the Uinta Basin archeological resources has yet to be realized. The brief outline given above was obviously not an exhaustive survey of the available data but it does serve to point out seme major deficiencies in our current state of knowledge. Perhaps most signifi- cant was the absence of any statement regarding diachronic relationships between the four sequent cultures discussed. The scant temporal and skewed distributional data allow only a few speculative inferences. 1) A fairly good case can be made for a major hiatus - possibly 6000 years - between the Paleo-Indian and Archaic period occupations of the Uinta Basin. The Folsom complex is dated to between ca. 11,000 to 10,000 B.P. on the Great Plains. There is no evidence of a transition from Folsom to Archaic period complexes in that region and the earliest dated Archaic com- ponent in the Uinta Basin is Thorne Cave (ca. 4200 B.P.). The most probable locus of Paleo-Indian/ Archaic transition is within the Great Basin. Folsom points carmonly occur on ancient beaches of the western pluvial lakes (Davis and Shutler 1969), and the Borax Lake examples have been dated by obsidian hydration at ca. 9,000 B.P. If this estimate eventually proves correct, it indicates a ca. 1,000 year overlap with the earliest Archaic occupations on the shores of Holocene Great Salt Lake. This temporal overlap combined with the common factor of adaptation to lacustrine environments is, at least, suggestive of a cultural continuum. The gross similarities of the Folsom points to the intergradational early Archaic types, e.g., Pinto, Humboldt and Blackrock, lend a minimal degree of credence to this hypothesis. 2) There is no evidence whatsoever of cultural continuity between Archaic and Fremont. The evidence suggests that Archaic populations abandon- ned the Colorado Plateau by 3000 B.P. and no Fremont occupation has been -26- dated earlier than 1350 B.P. This interpretation is compatible with that offered by Madsen and Berry (1975) for the eastern Great Basin and suggests that the state of Utah was unoccupied for a 1000 to 2000 year period begin- ning shortly after the onset of moist Neoglacial conditions (ca. 3500 to 3000 B.P.). Thus, the data do not allow the derivation of the Fremont culture from an indigenous Archaic base as posited by Jennings (1957), Aikens (1970), Marwitt (1970), Leach (1970), Wormington (1955), or Rudy (1953). A viable alternative explanation of Fremont origins is derivation from a widespread and geographically diversified Basketmaker II level of technology. There is good evidence for a rapid expansion beginning early in the Christian era of aceramic groups possessing the atlatl and maize agriculture . Leach's "Archaic" assignation of strata 5 and 6 at Deluge Shelter could just as easily be interpreted as a Basketmaker II component, especially in light of the 1625±95 B.P. radiocarbon determination. This assemblage immediately underlies the recognizable Fremont component, but is separated from the underlying Archaic (dated at ca. 3300 B.P.) by a sterile deposit. The absence of maize may simply be a function of poor preservation since no maize was recovered from the "agricultural" Fremont component either. Earlier workers in the Uinta Basin (Burgh and Scoggin 1948; Gaumer 1937; Reagan various; the Claflin-Emerson Expedition, reported in Gunnerson 1969) and in the central Utah-Colorado border area (Hurst 1942, 1943, 1945, 1947) have recognized similarities between artifact complexes from those areas with Basketmaker II remains in the Four Corners region. Hurst's tree-ring dates of 348 to 371 A.D. (ca. 1600 B.P.) from the Basketmaker II component of Tabeguache Cave (Hurst 1957) are in accord with Basketmaker II dates from southwestern Colorado (Morris and Burgh 1954) and southeastern -27- Utah (Lipe and Matson 1973; Jennings 1966) as v/ell as the stratum 5 date from Deluge Shelter. It should also be noted that the Clyde's Cavern com- ponent designated "late Archaic" by Winter and Wylie dates to ca. 1600 B.P. and contains maize, both Fremont and Anasazi basketry, evidence of atlatl technology, and no pottery. This component is separated from the underlying Archaic (dated ca. 3000 B.P.) by a thick, sterile alluvial or colluvial deposit. Clearly, a Basketmaker II ascription is indicated. Here, as at Deluge Shelter, the succeeding level contains unequivocal Fremont remains. A review of the evidence suggests that by ca. 1600 B.P., groups funct- ioning on a Basketmaker II level of technology were distributed over the Colorado Plateau from the Four Corners area to the Uinta Basin. It is reasonable to posit that the Uinta and San Rafael Fremont as well as the Anasazi cultures developed from this early agricultural substratum. This is admittedly conjectural, but considerably less so than hypotheses that derive the Fremont from an Archaic base. 3) According to lexicostatistic (Lamb 1958; Miller, Tanner and Foley 1969) and archeological data (Madsen 1975; Berry 1972, 1974), the Numic speaking groups are relatively recent arrivals in the eastern Great Basin and Colorado Plateau. They initially dispersed from a southern California homeland and entered the southeastern Great Basin by ca. 1000 B.P. By ca. 650 B.P. , they entered the Great Salt Lake region (Madsen 1975). Their arrival on the Colorado Plateau and Uinta Basin is undated. Future arch- eological work in the Uinta Basin may well compliment the ongoing lexico- statistical analyses of the Numic dispersion. Numic speaking populations were apparently genetically unrelated to the Fremont groups of the eastern Great Basin and Colorado Plateau. They were, however, partially contem- poraneous with the Parowan Fremont of southwestern Utah and may have entered -28- into symbiotic or competitive relationships with these indigenous populat- ions (Berry 1974). Their temporal and/or systemic relationships with the San Rafael and Uinta Fremont variants cannot as yet be posited. 4) Future investigators in the western Uinta Easin will have to con- sider the possible occupance by Late Woodland and northwestern Plains cultures. The similarities in projectile points recovered from excavated Uinta Fremont sites to point types associated with the northwest Plains hunter-gatherers and the Late Woodland agriculturalists cannot be ignored. Additionally, Breternitz (1970) reports surface finds of Woodland cord- impressed pottery frcm Dinosaur National Monument. Given the existence of Late Woodland farming communities between the Missouri River and the Colorado Front Range by 1450 B.P. (Johnson 1974), an eastern origin for the Uinta Fremont is just as plausible as the prevailing hypothesis which claims derivation of all traits from the Southwest. 5) Finally, it is necessary to consider the temporal placement and cultural affiliation of the abundant and impressive rock art panels of the western Uinta Basin. Schaafsma (1971), following Morss (1931), Gunnerson 1957a, 1969) and Sharrock (1966b) has uncritically assigned a Fremont affiliation to these features. However, it is apparent that this is only one of several possible alternatives. Since rock art panels are not typically- associated in stratigraphic context with diagnostic artifacts, the Uinta Basin examples could just as equitably be assigned a Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Ute, Woodland or Northwest Plains cultural affiliation. "Typical Fremont" rock art supposedly consists of horned anthropomorphs , shield motifs, "ghost" figures, etc., but identical elements appear as far north as Pictograph Cave in Montana (Mulloy 1958) and as far south as White Dog Cave -29- in northeastern Arizona (Guernsey and Kidder 1921), i.e., in areas where there is no evidence of Fr & O o erf 4 ft «H O o -M c -P o « •H <]) 4-> o CtJ erf a •< ^ o r^ NOT FOR PUBLIC USE OR FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION -32- parts, tin cans and broken glass and has probably been intensively surface collected. A large aboriginal petroglyph consisting of concentric circles lias been painted yellow and used as a "bulls-eye" by local marksmen. How- ever, there is no evidence of digging. The shelter contains a rectangular, sandstone masonry structure. The walls have been toppled but two courses remain intact. The structure measures ca. 5 meters (east-west) by 2.5 meters (north-south). A single Type II projectile point was found on the surface (Fig. 18, a). 42Un365 : Shallow alcove ca. 75 meters long (east-west) and 3 meters deep (north-south). The site has been extensively looted, exposing aeolian deposits to a depth of 25 cm. The deposits contain a great deal of charcoal and a layer of dessicated cottonwood leaves. The surface collection consists of a Type II biface and chipping debris. Three badly weathered, red ochre pictographs appear on the patinated surface of the shelter wall. 42Un367: This site was originally recorded by the University of Utah as 42Unl09. It was described as a small masonry granary and no mention was ; made of the deep, extensive deposits in the adjacent alcove. A re-examinat- ion suggests that the "granary" is not aboriginal in origin. The site has thus been redefined as a rockshelter and assigned a separate number to prevent confusion with the earlier record. 42Un367 is ca. 30 meters long (north-south). The dripline varies from 1.5 to 3.0 meters from the rear wall. The surface collection consists of one Type VII point (Fig. 18, h), one unidentifiable point fragment, one Type II biface, one flake core, and chipping debris. Most of the deposits have been removed and screened. Cultural debris is visible to ca. 60 cm. in depth. 42Un381: Small shelter ca. 9 meters long (north-south) and 2.4 meters from the rear wall to the dripline. The fill consists of aeolian sand, -33- roof scale and charcoal. A large looter's pit has been excavated to a depth of 40 cm. The ceiling is smoke stained. No artifacts other than fire-blackened cobbles are present. 42Un402 : Large shelter ca. 75 meters long (east-west) and 10 to 15 meters from the rear wall to the dripline. Fill consists of aeolian sand and animal dung. Chipping debris is scattered over a 75 by 75 meter area below the shelter. Three large thick bifaces, one flake core, two flaked cobbles, and chipping debris were recovered from the surface. A pit has been excavated to a depth of 20 cm. 42Un404: Shelter ca. 30 meters long (north-south) by 5 meters deep (east-west). Aeolian deposits have been eroded away at the front of the shelter to a depth of 1.5 meters. Surface collection consists of one Type XXV projectile point (Fig. 18, i). There is no evidence of vandalism. 42Un407 : Water cut shelter along minor tributary arroyo of the White River. Shelter is 45 meters long (east-west) by 3 meters deep (north- south). The ceiling is ca. 3 meters high. There are no surface indications of occupation but two pot holes have exposed alluvial deposits containing charcoal and chipping debris to a depth of 45 cm. One well defined fire- reddened lens visible in profile may be a hearth. One Type II biface' frag- ment was recovered from the excavator's backdirt. 42Un409 : Small alcove with very thin aeolian deposit overlying the bedrock floor. Rear wall is smoke blackened and there are numerous fire- cracked river cobbles on the surface. Two large thick bifaces and chipping debris were collected. OPEN SITES Open sites consist of sparse concentrations of lithic debris and fire- cracked cobbles. With three exceptions (42Un405, 42Un406, 42Un403), they '- -34- are situated on Pleistocene terraces along the White River. The depth of deposit varies markedly. The cluster of sites on the south side of the river from 42Un368 through 42Un375 all contain aeolian and colluvial deposits one to two meters deep. However, the open sites on the north side of the river (42Un356, 42Un357, 42Un358, 42Un378, 42Un380, 42Un381) seldom have more than a few centimeters of aeolian sand and most lie directly on terrace gravels. The only exception is 42Un377 which was excavated by Mr. Bud Thompson of Bonanza. This site lies at the base of a steep cliff and is thus protected from wind and water erosion. Mr. Thompson excavated a ca. one square meter area to a depth of 1.2 meters and recovered one hundred and twenty- two lithic artifacts which are reported herein (see Artifacts). The deposits consisted of two charcoal stained layers separated by a thin layer of sterile sand. Sites 42Un406 and 42Un408 are situated on sandy knolls, respectively, 0.5 and 1.5 miles from the river. They consist of very sparse scatterings of chipping debris. Site 42Un405 is known locally as Breaking-Wind Butte. Figure 5 is a plan map of the site. It is situated on a flat topped butte ca. 250 meters above the surrounding terrain. A row of upright sandstone slabs lines the northern rim of the butte. The southern rim overlooks a precipitous drop into the White River Canyon. The site contains eighteen oval to sub- rectangular sandstone slab alignments of unknown function. The surface collection consists of one Type I point (Fig. 18, d), one Type II point (Fig. 18, b), one drill (Fig. 19, a), two Type II bifaces, a steatite pipe fragment and chipping debris. Site 42Un403 is the only isolated example of aboriginal rock art. It !j Figure 5 Plan Map of Breaking-Wind Butte (42Un405) NOT FOR PUBLIC USE OR FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION -35- -36- consists of a big-horn sheep petroglyph on the vertical surface of a sandstone cliff. The animal is ca. 20 cm. long by 14 cm. tall. -37- Discussion Proximity to the White River was clearly the dominant factor of aboriginal settlement pattern. This is not surprising. The river is the only perennial source of drinking water in this arid environment. The numerous intermittant washes fill quickly during thunder showers but dry up almost instantly when the rain ceases. Evacuation Wash is the only exception. It is a deep gorge that has been cut to bedrock and it holds some water during most of the year. However, the water is quite brackish and unpalatable. Floral and faunal resources are expectably more abundant along the course of the White River than elsewhere in this barren desolate region. Surface indications of prehistoric occupation are relatively sparse at all of the sites. This is partially attributable to surface collecting by local amateurs. At most of the open sites, chipping debris was found concentrated in small piles rather than evenly distributed. These "piles" probably represent materials rejected by surface collectors in search of "finished" artifacts. The large number of artifacts excavated from 42Un377 suggests that many of the open riverine sites may be considerably richer in yield than the scant surface debris would indicate. Nearly all of the rockshelter sites have been heavily vandalized. The depth of deposits thus exposed suggests a lengthy record of occupation. Most of these contain some undisturbed deposits with datable material (char- coal, wood, leaves, etc.) visible in profile. The potential for temporally controlled cultural and paleoenvironmental inference is obvious. Breaking-Wind Butte (42Un405) is the most intriguing site discovered during the survey. The upright slab wall "guards" all access routes, suggest- ing a defensive position. Other interpretations are equally tenable. The -38- butte ccrrmands a viev/ of the river and it would have been an excellent position to observe game movements. Excavation may shed some light on the utilization of the site. Wind erosion has removed most of the deposits but aeolian silts of considerable depth remain at the north end. The cultural affiliation and temporal span of the sites are questions open to multiple solutions. These matters will be discussed under Conclusion; and Reconmendations. ~ ARTIFACTS A total of two hundred and ninty-one artifacts were recovered by the Antiquities Section investigation . Chipped stone implenents and debitage comprise the bulk of the collection. Ground stone, pottery, hammerstones and perishables are poorly represented. Time sensitive or culture specific artifacts are extremely rare. This small sample imposes serious limits on the level of interpretation, In order to augment the sample and get a better idea of the range of cultures represented in the area we examined private collections recovered in and adjacent to the lease lands. The largest of these was excavated from a single site (42Un377) by Mr. Bud Thompson of Bonanza. Mr. Thompson was kind enough to loan us this collection for detailed analysis. The results are reported below, followed by a description of the materials re- covered during the inventory. The Thompson Collection (42Un377) The site yielded one hundred and twenty-two lithic implements. These have been subdivided into four categories: Points (Types I through XXV), Drills, Unifaces and Bifaces (Types I through VII). POINTS Type I (Fig. 6, a-i) No. Specimens: 9 Description: All points in this category are isoseles triangular in outline, with thin lenticular to plano-convex cross-sections; lateral edges Figure 6 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Points Type I; a-i Type II; j-n Type III; o-u -40- -41- are straight to slightly excurvate. The greatest width is generally at the top edge of the base. The narrow, moderately deep side notches are placed high on the lateral edges and at a right angle to them. The base of the stem is broad and straight to convex. The corners of the stem are squared. All are pressure flaked with flat collateral flaking most preval- ent. Secondary marginal retouch is present on some examples. One specimen has been reworked, forming a sharp acute point. Material: 8 chert/chalcedony, 1 quartzite Measurements: Length, 1.5 to 2.4 cm.; width, 1.2 to 1.5 cm.; thick- ness, 0.2 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 0.4 to 0.9 gm. Comparable types: Desert side-notched (Aikens 1967, Fig. 38, a-d; Swanson and Bryan 1964, Fig. 5, b-c; Ranere 1971, Plate 13 ,i ; Swanson, Butler and Bonnichsen 1964, Fig. 36, p-q; Aikens 1966, Fig. 22, b-c; Sharrock 1966a, Fig. 42. ) Type II (Fig. 6, j-n) No. Specimens: 5 Description: These specimens resemble Type I points but are distin- guished from them by the presence of a wide V-shaped basal indentation or notch. Type II points are isosceles triangular in outline with straight to slightly convex lateral edges. The position of greatest width is at the lower end of the base. Cross-sections range from biconvex to plano- convex. Side notches are placed relatively high at right angles to the edges, or at a slight angle downward. All bases are notched, forming pro- minent "spurs." Parallel flaking is present on some specimens. Flake scars generally do not carry beyond midpoint of the blade. Secondary mar- ginal retouch is present on one example. -42- Material: 4 chert, 1 quartzite Measurements: Length, 2.0 to 2.8 cm.; width, 1.2 to 1.7 cm.; thick- ness, 0.2 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 0.5 to 1.7 gm. Comparable types: Billings double-spur basal notch (Kehoe 1966, Fig. 1); Teotihuacan points, Harrell points (Byers 1967, Figs. 62 and 65); Desert side- notched (Aikens 1970, Fig. 18, a-c; Hunt 1953, Fig. 18, a-i; Gunner son 1957a, Fig. 14 t; 1969, Fig. 43 d; Day and Dibble 1963, Fig. 21, f-g; Sharrock 1966a, Fig. 48 h). Type III (Fig. 6, o-u) No. Specimens: 7 Description: This is a residual category of small side-notched points that could probably be split into two or more types if a larger, well- provenienced collection was available. All are triangular to elongate tri- angular- in outline; most have straight lateral edges although one is slightly concave and one slightly convex. Bases are straight to slightly concave. Cross-sections vary from biconvex to plano-convex. Side notches, with one exception, are relatively shallow and narrow, generally forming bases narrower than the blades, and shoulders that are straight to sloping. Workmanship varies. Most specimens exhibit collateral flake patterns pro- ducing a slight ridge along the midline of one or both faces. Two, made on thin flakes, have been marginally retouched only. On one specimen retouch is present only on the ventral face. Material: 5 chert /chalcedony, 1 quartzite, 1 unknown Measurements: Length, 1.9 to 2.6 cm.; width, 1.0 to 1.4 cm.; thick- ness, 0.2 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 0.4 to 1.8 gm. Comparable types: Ambler (1966b, Fig. 40, k-n); Type 4A, 4C, 4E (Breternitz 1970, see various sites); Shields (1967, Fig. 16, a-c). • -43- Type IV (Fig. 7, a-i) No. Specimens: 9 Description: Specimens are characterized by elongate triangular out- lines, relatively narrow in relation to width. Straight to slight- ly concave lateral edges, four of which are slightly serrated. Character- istic of the group as a whole are the wide, deep corner notches which form narrow necks and narrow expanding stems with straight to convex bases. Tangs are prominent. Cross-sections range from biconvex to plano-convex. Most appear to be made on thin curved flakes. Medial ridges are present on all but two of the points. Ventral surfaces exhibit the least amount of retouch with much of the original flake surface present. Most flaking is collateral, with flake scars carrying to or short of the medial ridge. Transverse flak- ing is present on two. Secondary marginal retouch is not present. Material: 8 chert /chalcedony, 1 jasper Measurements: Length, 2.0 to 2.8 cm.; width, 0.9 to 1.6 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 0.3 to 1.4 gm. Comparable types: Aikens (1970, Fig. 18, j-1), Hunt (1953, Fig. 10, a-e), Type C (Wormington 1955, Fig. 32), Wormington and Lister (1956, Fig. 40, a-d, Fig. 41, a-f), Brew (1946, Fig. 172, a-g), Type 3E, Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2, see various sites), Ambler (1966b, Fig. 40, o), Burgh and Scoggin (1948, Fig. 21), Lister (1951, Fig. 4), Gunnerson (1957a, Fig. 14, b-e, x-y). Type V (Fig. 7, j-n) No . Specimens : 5 Description: All specimens are triangular in outline with straight lateral edges and straight to slightly convex bases. The smallest specimen Figure 7 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Points Type IV; a-i Type V; j-n -44- 0 12 3 1 • -45- has serrated edges. All examples are characterized by narrow corner notches which form prominent tangs and expanding bases narrower than the blade. Cross-sections are biconvex to plano-convex. One specimen is twisted (Fig. 7, 1). Flaking is collateral or non-patterned with flake scars rarely carry- ing more than half way across the blade. On two specimens the original ventral flake surface is still present. Two of the specimens are distinctly smaller than the others, but have been placed in this category on the basis of shape, notching and flaking. Material: 3 chert, 2 jasper Measurements: Length, 1.2 to 2.4 cm.; width, 1.0 to 1.4 cm.; thickness, 0.2 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 0.2 to 1.0 gm. Comparable types: Type 3E, Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2, see various sites); Wormington (1955, Fig. 32). Type VI (Fig. 8, a-d) No. Specimens: 4 Description: Specimens in this group are characterized by elongate triangular outlines, straight lateral edges, and lenticular cross-sections. The bases on three are indented, one is slightly convex. Corner notches are of medium width and depth, forming bases nearly as wide as the blades. Work- manship is good. Flake scars are randan or non-patterned with most flake scars carrying across the midline of the blades. Material: 3 chert /chalcedony, 1 unknown Measurements: Length, ? to 3.2 cm.; width, 1.5 to 1.9 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.6 to 2.0 gm. Comparable types: Type 3, Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2); Type WIS, Jennings (1957, Fig. 89a); Wormington and Lister (1956, Fig. 8b); Day and Figure 8 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Points Type VI; a-d Type VII; e-k Type VIII; 1-n ( -46- -47- Dibble (1963, Fig. 5 i); Swanson and Bryan (1964, Fie. 5 h); Type 4B, Leach % (1970, Plate 6, j-k). Type VII (Fig. 8, e-k) No . Specimens : 7 Description: These points resemble those in Type VI, but have been separated because of their relatively wide blades and deeper corner notches. With one exception, the blades are as wide as or wider than they are long. Lateral edges are straight to slightly convex. The margins on three are slightly serrated. Bases range from slightly convex to indented, although the majority are straight, and expand to nearly the width of the blade. Tangs are very pronounced, drooping markedly on most specimens. Cross- sections are generally lenticular although a slight medial ridge is present on several specimens. Flake scars on most of the points are random. On W one the original flake surface is present on both faces; it may have been broken during manufacture. Material: 6 chalcedony/ chert , 1 unknown Measurements: Length, 2.2 to 2.8 cm.; width, 1.6 to 2.0 cm.; thick- ness, 0.3 to 0.5 cm.; weight, 1.4 to 2.0 gm. Comparable types: Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2); Swanson and Sneed (1966, Fig. 18 n); Swanson, Butler and Bonnichsen (1964, Fig. 36 g); similar to Type TB6, Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 39), and to Type 4g, Leach (1970, Plate 7, i-p). Type VIII (Fig. 8, 1-n) No. Specimens: 3 Description: These three points have equilateral triangular outlines, 9 with relatively broad blades, lenticular cross-sections, and straight lateral -48- edges. On one, the blade edges are irregularly serrated, the other two specimens exhibit minute, relatively steep retouch along portions of the blade edges. Corner notching varies, but has produced well-developed tangs and expanding stems on all specimens. Bases are concave on two, straight on the third. Flaking is largely non-patterned although parallel oblique flake scars are present, stopping at or just short of the midline. Material: 2 chalcedony, 1 welded tuff Measurements: Length, 1.9 to 2.2 cm.; width, 1.5 to 1.8 cm.; thick- ness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.0 to 1-2 gm. Comparable types: Types 2G and 4a, Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2); Wormington and Lister (1956, Fig. 43 b) ; Hunt (1953, Fig. 12, a-h) ; Prairie side-notched (Kehoe 1966, Fig. 1). Type IX (Fig. 9, a-c) No. Specimens: 3 Description: These points have elongate triangular outlines with straight blade edges, flat lenticular cross-sections. Corner notches are relatively deep and narrow, producing tangs which come down almost to the base of the stems. The bases are straight to slightly concave, with sharp lateral corners. Transverse parallel flaking is present on the broken speci- men, with flake scars carrying to or beyond the midpoint. Fine marginal retouch on one face has produced serrated lateral edges. The complete point exhibits well-controlled collateral flaking and fine serrations. The third point may have been broken during manuf acture . Both faces have been com- pletely flaked only near the tip, otherwise only along the margins. Material: 3 chert/chalcedony Measurements: Length, 3.2 to 3.4 cm.; width, 1.8 to 2.0 cm.; thickness, Figure 9 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection, Points Type IX; a-c Type X; d-h Type XI; i -49- -50- 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.5 to 1.7 gm. f Comparable types: Type 3, Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2); Hunt (1953, Fig. 14, 15): Kidder and Guernsey (1919, Fig. 48, c, d); Burgh and Scoggin (1948, Fig. 22); resembles Elko Corner-notched (Aikens 1970), TBS (Sharrock 1956a, Fig. 41); Type 4d (Leach 1970, Plate 7, a-e) . Type X (Fig. 9, d-h) No . Specimens : 5 Description: These points resemble those in Type IX, but are distin- guished by their smaller size and type of notching. Specimens have elongate triangular outlines, straight or slightly excurvate lateral margins, and lenticular cross-sections. A slight medial ridge, most pronounced near the point, is present on three. t Notches are shorter, narrower, and at a more acute angle to the stem than those of Type IX, producing less-pronounced w tangs. Bases are straight, expanding to nearly the width of the blades. Transverse parallel, collateral, and chevron flaking are all present, with flake scars generally carrying across or to the midpoint of the blade. Fine marginal retouch is present on two examples. On one of these it has pro- duced a low bevel on one edge. Material: 5 chert/chalcedony Measurements: Length, 2.6 to 3.3 cm.; width, 1.6 to 1.8 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.1 to 1.8 gm. Comparable types: Type 3, Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2); Hunt (1953, Fig. 14, 15); Kidder and Guernsey (1919, Fig. 48, c, d); Wormington and Lister (1956, Fig. 43, i), resembles Elko Corner-notched (Aikens 1970). Type XI (Fig. 9, i) $ No . Spec imens : 1 -51- Description: This point is elongate triangular in outline, with straight lateral margins and a thin lenticular cross-section. Deep narrov/ corner notches and a pronounced basal indentation have formed a distinctive, eared stem. Workmanship is good, characterized by flat collateral flaking. Flake scars generally end at the midpoint. Material : chert Measurements: Length, 3.3 cm,; width, 1.5 an. ; thickness, 0.3 cm.; weight, 1.3 gm. Comparable types: Elko Split Stem (Aikens 1970, Fig. 20, m-r);Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 48, e); Vrbrmington and Lister (1956, Fig. 47); Swanson, Butler and Bonnichsen (1964, Fig. 37, c); Heizer and Baumhoff (1961, Fig. 4); Gunnerson (1957a, Fig. 14, aa). Type XII (Fig. 10, a) No. Specimens: 1 Description: This point is triangular in outline with a straight lat- eral margin (other margin is missing) , wide convex base nearly as long as the. lateral margin, and a flat lenticular cross-section. Notching appears to be assymetrical, producing the wide, short base. Flat collateral and parallel oblique flaking is present. Flake scars feather out at midpoint. The base has been bifacially thinned. Material : chalcedony Measurements: Length, 3.0 cm.; width, 2.1 cm.; thickness, 0.3 era.; weight, 1.8 gm. Comparable types: none known Type XIII (Fig. 10, b) No. Specimens: 1 Figure 10 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Points Type XII; a Type XIII; b Type XIV; c Type XV; d-f -52- O I 2 3 cm. I i l I -53- Description: This point is triangular in outline. The blade is wide and relatively short. The lateral margin is convex (the other margin is missing) with an irregular edge. Cross-section is irregularly plano-convex. Corner notches are deep, producing prominent tangs and an expanding stem as wide as the blade. The base of the stem is also irregular (unfinished?). Part of the original flake surface is present on one face. The difference in appearance between this surface and the surface of the flake scars indicates that the point was heat treated during manufacture. It may have been broken during manufacture with the removal of a large flake from near the tip. Material: transparent chalcedony Measurements: Length, 2.8 cm.; width, 2.2 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.; weight, 2.0 gm. Comparable types: Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 47, f, n), Class IX, Day and Dibble (1963, Fig. 5, n). Type XIV (Fig. 10, c) No. Specimens: 1 Description: This point has a wide, short, triangular blade with straight lateral edges and a flat lenticular cross-section. The shoulders are pronounced and slightly tanged. The stem is relatively large, slightly expanding, and has a straight base. The base has been thinned by removal of long flakes which cany beyond the neck of the point. Flaking is mainly random but generally well-controlled. Parallel oblique flake scars are present near the tip, carrying almost as far as the neck. Material : chert -54- Measurements : Leng-th, 2.9 cm.; width, 2.3 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.; weight, 2.6 gm. Comparable types: Class I, Day and Dibble (1963, Fig. 5, a); Fowler (1968, Fig. 3, 5), Type 2B, Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2). Type XV (Fig. 10, d-f ) No. Specimens: 3 Description: These points are characterized by narrow elongate tri- angular blades, with straight to moderately excurvate lateral margins. Two have lenticular cross-sections. One, made on a slightly curved flake, has a plano-convex cross-section. Wide, moderately deep corner notches have formed well-developed shoulders and relatively short, slight to moderately expanding stems, with rounded bases. Both flat collateral and oblique flak- ing is present. The plano-convex specimen has a pronounced medial ridge on one face, the others have only slight ridges, most prominent near the points. Material: 1 chert, 1 translucent chalcedony, 1 quartzite Measurements: Length, 3.4 to 3.5 cm.; width, 1.3 to 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.2 to 1.7 gm. Comparable types: Aikens (1970, Fig. 18, d-f); Hunt (1953, Fig. 11, b). Type XVI (Fig. 11, a) No. Specimens: 1 Description: This large, unique point has an isosceles triangular blade with slightly excurvate lateral margins, a flat lenticular cross- section and small, but pronounced tangs. The most distinctive feature of the point is the stem which is 1.2 cm. long. The stem has a wide, relatively long, straight neck which flares abruptly near the base forming a base Figure 11 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection, Points Type XVI; a Type XVII; b Type XVIII; c Type XIX; d Type XX; e Type XXI; f f -55- -56- slightly narrower than the blade. The base has been bifacially thinned and is slightly concave. Flaking is collateral or non-patterned. Material: chalcedony Measurements: Length, 4.1 cm.; width, 2.2 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.; weight, 3.5 gm. Comparable types: Type 4F, Breternitz (1970:140, Fig. 9, k). Type XVII (Fig. 11, b) No. Specimens: 1 Description: This point resembles those classified as Type XV, but is considerably larger. It has a narrow, elongate triangular outline, slightly excurvate lateral margins, and a biconvex to lenticular cross- section. Shoulders are pronounced with slight tangs. The stem, formed by wide corner notches, is slightly expanding with a rounded base. The base has a small notch in it. A low, but well-defined medial ridge is present on both faces, produced by well-controlled parallel flaking. Flake scars meet at the medial ridge. Material : chalcedony Measurements: Length, 4.4 cm.; width, 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.; v.eight, 3.5 gm. Comparable types: Aikens (1970, Fig. 18, d-f); Hunt (1953, Fig. 11, b) . Type XVIII (Fig. 1\ c) No. Specimens: 1 Description: This side-notched point has a narrow elongate triangular outline, straight lateral margins and base, and a biconvex cross-section. The widest point is at the base. Moderately wide side notches are placed at * -57- right angles to the lateral edges, producing a base with square ends. Vfell-controlled parallel flaking is present on both faces. Flake scars carry as far as the midpoint, producing a definite medial ridge. Material: chert /chalcedony Measurements: Length, 3.9 cm.; width, 1.8 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm.; weight, 2.7 gm. Comparable types: Bitterroot side-notched, .Swanson, Butler and Bannich- sen (1964, Fig. 36 ,d); Swanson and Sneed (1966, Fig. 20, b-c) . Type XIX (Fig. 11, d) No . Specimens : 1 Description: This point is isosceles triangular in outline, with straight lateral margins and a plano-convex cross-section. It is character- ized by wide corner notches, shoulders with a slight tang, a wide neck, and an expanding stem with a straight base. The point was made on a slightly twisted flake and the ventral surface has been flaked along the margins only. The dorsal surface has been completely worked. Material : chert Measurements: Length, 3.7 cm.*; width, 2.1 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.; weight, 4.0 gm.*. Comparable types: Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 48, f), Hunt (1953, Fig. 13). Type XX (Fig. 11, e) No. Specimens: 1 Description: This point was made on a thin, expanding, curved flake. It is isosceles triangular in outline, with slightly convex lateral edges and a plano-convex cross-section. Relatively wide, V-shaped, shallow basal * Slightly less than half the point is missing. -58- notches have produced barbs that cane down almost to the base, and a short straight-sided stem with an indented base. The dorsal surface is completely worked. The ventral surface has been retouched along the edges, producing serrated lateral margins. The tip has been extensively retouched. Material : chert Measurements: Length, 2.9 cm.; width, 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.; weight, 1.3 gm. Comparable types: none Type XXI (Fig. 11, f ) No. Specimens: 1 Description: The specimen is leaf -shaped in outline with an isosceles triangular blade, rounded sloping shoulders, and a sharply contracting stem. It is lenticular in cross-section with a slight medial ridge on one face. The base is narrow and slightly concave. Well-controlled, flat collateral flaking is present. Flake scars do not carry beyond the midline. Material : chert Measurements: Length, 3.4 an.; width, 2.0 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.; weight, 2.8 gm. Comparable types: Pinto sloping shoulder, Aikens (1970, Fig. 21, h); Fowler (1968, Plate 1, q). Type XXII (Fig. 12, a-i) No. Specimens: 9 Description: While there is variation in size within this category, the examples appear to intergrade and possess basic similarities. Blades range from lanceolate to triangular depending on the length of the point, with blade edges incurved toward the tip. On the largest specimen, the -59- Figure 12 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection Points Type XXII; a-i Type XXIII; j -60- eclges of the proximal blade-half are parallel. Probably the most distinctive characteristic of the group is the stem. On five specimens it is straight- sided. On three axamples, the proximal end of the base is slightly expanding. Only one is slightly contracting. Six of the bases are shallowly notched, three are straight. With the exception of the contract ing-stemmed point, stem widths range from 1.2 to 1.3 cm. and lengths from 0.7 to 1.0 cm. Should- ers are prominent and generally straight, although some are slightly rounded or tanged. Cross-sections range from lenticular to biconvex. Hinge fract- ures are frequent and flakes do not commonly extend beyond the blade midpoint. The edges tend to be slightly irregular, produced principally by primary flaking. Secondary marginal retouch is rare. Parallel flaking is present only on the larger point (Fig. 12, a), One of the points (Fig. 12, i) is aberrant. It may not belong in this category but has been placed here since its stratigraphic position is unknown. Material: 3 chert /chalcedony, 7 silicified sedimentary stone Measurements: Length, 2.9 to 7.4 (est.) cm,; width, 1.7 to 2.3 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.9 to 9.0 (est.) gm. Comparable types: McKean points, Mulloy (1954, Fig. 4, 31-40, lower level; Leach 1966a, Fig. 3t ); Type TB5, Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 38); Class VIII, Day and Dibble (1963, Fig. 5, k-m); Type 2h, Leach (1970, Plate 3, h, k-m). Type XXIII (Fig. 12, j) No. Specimens: 1 Description: This point has a lanceolate blade, incurved toward the tip, and a thin lenticular cross-section. The square shoulders are promin- ent, with a slight barb. The broad corner notches form a relatively long, slightly expanding stem with a concave base. The base has been further -61- modif ied by longitudinal thinning flakes on both faces that extend up onto the blade. Thin parallel flakes feather out at or short of the midpoint. Step fractures are present on one face. While this point has much the same outline as those classified as Type XXII, it differs noticably in flaking technique, thinness, and by the presence of slight tangs. Material : quartzite Measurements: Length, 3.7 cm.; width, 1.9 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm.; weight, 2.6 gm. Comparable types: Type 2d, Leach (1970, Plate 3, e-g); Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 47 b, c, Fig. 48 b); Frison (1968, Fig. 3, m-p). Type XXIV (Fig. 13, a) No. Specimens: 1 Description: This specimen is lanceolate in outline, with a thin lenti- cular cross-section, and deeply indented base. One proximal lateral edge is slightly constricted forming a scarcely perceptible stem, defined by a slight shoulder. The opposite edge has a shallow notch just above the point where the base is broken. Oblique parallel flake scars are present, with most flakes extending beyond the blade midpoint. A few end in step fractures, probably a result of the poor quality of the material. Secondary bifacial marginal retouch is present along both lateral edges. Material : quartzite Measurements: Length, 4.4 cm.; width, 2.1 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.; weight, 8.2 gm. Comparable types: W 10, Jennings (1957, Fig. 81); McKean points, Mulloy (1954, Fig. 4, No. 23, 27, lower level). '■ Figure 13 Chipped Stone Artifacts frcm the Thompson Collection. Points Type XXIV; a Type XXV; b-f -62- O 1 2 3 cm. -63- Type XXV (Fig. 13, b-f ) No . Specimens : 5 Description: This category consists of large triangular corner -notched points which, because of their size, are believed to have been used as hafted knives. Some of the lateral edges also evidence signs of wear in the form of snail flakes which have been removed, perhaps indicating use other than as projectile points. Stems on all examples are expanding and barbs are prominent. Hinge fractures are numerous, in many cases clearly a re! .It of the non-homogenous nature of the material. All specimens have relatively thin lenticular to biconvex cross-sections. Secondary marginal retouch is present on two. Material: 2 quartzite, 2 chert, 1 silicified sedimentary stone Measurements: Length/ 4.3 to 5.2 cm.; width, 2.2 to 3.5 cm.; thickness, 0.5 to 0.6 cm.; weight, 3.5 to 6.6 gm. Comparable types: Leach (1970, Plate 8, a-b); Day and Dibble (1963 Fig. 5, h); Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 48, a). DISCUSSION OF POINTS Types I and II fall within the range of variation of the Desert Side- Notched (Baumhoff and Byrne 1959) as defined in the Great Basin. Type II is also formally identical to the Billings Double Spur Basal-Notched of the Northwestern Plains (Kehoe 1966). This geographically widespread point type has been dated from ca. 650 B.P. to the historic period (Baumhoff and Byrne 1959; Hester 1972). Its posited occurrence at 3000 B.P. in the Hogup Cave sequence (Aikens 1970) was based on erroneous interpretations of the strati- graphic and radiometric data (cf. Madsen and Berry 1975). -64- Type III is a non-diagnostic point found virtually everywhere in western North America. In Utah, they have been recovered from inumerable surface sites of unknown affiliation as well as from several poorly dated Franont sites. The temporal range is probably similar to that posited for Types I and II. Types IV and V are similar to the small corner-notched points associated with the Uncompahgre Complex (V.Tormington and Lister 1956) in the Utah- Colorado border area and Late Woodland sites (Johnson 1974) between the Colorado Front Range and the Missouri River. It is formally identical with the Great Basin type Eastgate Expanding-Stem (Lanning 1963; Clewlow 1967) and Pueblo I points of the Four Corners area (Brew 1946). These points occur as early as 1450 B.P. on the Plains (Johnson 1974) and from 1350 to 650 B.P. in the Great Basin (Lanning 1963; Clewlow 1967). Types I through V are probably arrow points based on their temporal provenience and stratigraphic association at various sites in western North America with the ronains of bow and arrow fragments. Type VIII may also be an arrow point. Similar forms are referred to as Prairie Side-Notched on the Northwest Plains and have been dated to ca. 1200 B.P. (Kehoe 1966). Types VI, VII, and IX through XXI are probably atlatl points and there- fore attributable to the Archaic Period or, possibly, Basketmaker II. Obviously no unequivocal temporal assignation is possible. Similar points have been recovered from Danger Cave in strata dated as early as 9800 B.P. (Jennings 1957) and from the basal stratum of Hogup Cave (Aikens 1970) dated at 8400 B.P. At Deluge Shelter in the Uinta Basin (Leach 1970) they were found in association with the earliest Archaic deposits dated at ca. 3800 B.P. However, if Basketmaker II affiliation can eventually be demon- strated, they may date in the 2000 to 1500 B.P. range. -65- Type XXII falls within the range of variation of McKean points (Mulloy 1954). McKean points date to 3300 B.P. at Deluge Shelter (Leach 1970), and 3300 B.P. at the type site (Mulloy 1954) Types XXIII through XXV are essentially non-diagnostic. DRILLS (Fig. 14, a-c) No . Specimens : 3 Description: Two of the drills are characterized by long slender drill blades, bifacially flaked along both lateral edges. Both have thick lenti- cular to lozenge-shaped cross-sections produced by relatively steep flaking. The expanding base which is present on one is bifacially flaked over both surfaces and unnotched. The base is slightly concave. The third specimen appears to be made on the stem of a projectile point (whose tip was broken off), by reworking the stem into a short triangular point. This point is bifacially flaked, forming a thick strong drill point, diamond-shaped in cross-section. Material: 2 chert /chalcedony, 1 unknown Measurements: Length, 4.1 cm. (b), 2.1 cm. (c); width of base (a), 2.2 cm.; width of blade (a, b), 0.8 cm.; thickness of base (a), 0.6 cm.; thick- ness of blade, 0.3 cm. (a), 0.6 cm. (b). UNIFACES (Fig. 14, d-h) No. Specimens: 5 Description: Figure 14, d is made on a long thick flake, wedge-shaped in cross-section with a dorsal ridge adjacent to one lateral edge. This edge is at a 90° angle to the ventral surface, and exhibits numerous step fractures on the dorsal face usually ascribed to use. The opposite lateral Figure 14 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection. Drills; a-c Unifaces; d-h -66- -67- edge is at a much lower angle and has been retouched by removal of relatively long flat flakes on the dorsal surface. The distal end is also retouched and exhibits tiny step fractures on the edge of the dorsal surface. Fig. 14, e is made on a long, flat flake and is assymetrically triangular in cross-section. Both lateral edges are steeply retouched by the removal of short flakes. The distal edge has been completely retouched by removal of longer, less steep, flakes. Small jagged use flakes have been removed around the entire margin on the dorsal face, but are concentrated at the two corners of the distal end. A smooth facet has also been worn along the ven- tral edge of the distal end. Fig. 14, f is made on a blade. The dorsal surface has been entirely flaked. The edges are retouched around the entire margin producing one lateral edge that is straight and at a steep angle. The other is convex and at a lower angle. The ventral surface is flat. A few flakes have been removed, apparently to resharpen the edge. Tiny use flakes have been removed from the dorsal face, producing a rough edge. These are concentrated in the center of each lateral edge. Figure 14 g, h, are made on expanding, curved flakes, triangular in outline. The entire dorsal . surface is flaked. The transverse edge is steeply retouched on both speci- mens. The smaller of the two, has one steeply retouched lateral edge. Two spurs have also been produced at the distal corners. These spurs and all retouched margins exhibit evidence of use in the form of tiny step fractures along the dorsal edges. Small use flakes occur along the lateral edges of the ventral face on both specimens. Material: 4 chert/chalcedony, 1 quartzite Measurements: Length, 2.6 to 7.3 cm.; width, 2.2 to 3.4 cm.; thickness, 0.5 to 1.1 cm.; weight, 4.1 to 30.9 gm. -68- BIFACES Bifaces, Type I (Fig. 15, a-h) No. Specimens: 8 Description: All of the specimens placed in this category are probably preforms for projectile points (almost certainly arrow points), or small knives. All that would be required is secondary retouch to straighten and thin the edges or to reduce the point (bulb of force) , and notching to facili- tate hafting. All the specimens have thin cross-sections which are biconvex, flat lenticular or plano-convex. Outlines vary, but most are periform or triangular with straight to rounded bases. One base is concave. One speci- men made on a thin expanding flake is worked on the dorsal face only, with no modification of the bulb of force. Another has been marginally retouched on the ventral face only, and the bulb of force has been removed. On a few, one or more edges have been turned (beveled) to provide a platform for re- moval of flakes frcm the opposite face. Material: 8 chert /chalcedony (all different) Measurements: Length, 2.3 to 3.1 cm.; width, 1.0 to 1.8 cm.; thickness, 0.2 to 0.3 an.; weight, 0.7 to 1.7 gm. Comparable types: Cottonwood triangular, Leach (1970, Fig. 1, a-1). Bifaces, Type II (Fig. 15, i-1) No. Specimens: 4 Description: The four examples in this category appear to be unfinished bifaces; probably blanks for knives or large projectile points. All are characterized by lanceolate to elongate triangular outlines with convex bases. Two have rounded tips. They range frcm biconvex to lenticular in cross-section. The edges on all specimens are slightly sinuous and irregular. Figure 15 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection. Bifaces Type I; a-h Type II; i-1 c -69- -70- A low medial ridge is apparent on one or both faces, formed by broad collat- eral flake scars, although random flaking is also present. These are pro- bably the result of pressure flaking (Crabtree and Butler 1964). Material: 2 chert, 2 jasper Measurements: Length, 4.1 to 5.2 cm.; width, 1.9 to 2.3 cm.; thickness, 0.4 to 0.6 cm.; weight, 3.1 to 6.3 gm. Comparable types: Leach (1970, Fig. 1, p-s). Bifaces Type III (Fig. 16, a-b) No. Specimens: 2 Description: These specimens are large, heavy bifaces, elongate ovoid in outline, and extensively flaked on both faces. They appear to have been worked down from large, thick flakes. One is assymetrical , with a narrow, concave base. The other has a thick, narrow oval base. Both have irregular cross-sections which vary from plano-convex to biconvex. Edges are slightly sinuous and irregular. Turned edges (beveling) are present along portions of the margins. Flake scars are generally random, although seme parallel flaking is present. Numerous hinge and step fractures are present, producing thick areas on both faces. These bifaces are probably unfinished blanks. Material : chalcedony Measurements: Length, 6.1 to 7.5 cm. (not complete); width, 3.3 to 3.5 cm.; thickness, 0.7 to 1.0 cm.; weight, 18.1 to 24.0 gm. Comparable types: none Bifaces, Type IV (Fig. 16, c) No. Specimens: 1 Description: This biface (probably a blank) was made on a curved blade. It has an elongate willow-leaf outline with pointed ends and a relatively -71- Figure 16 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection, Bifaces Type III; a-b Type IV; c Type V; d Type VI ; e • -72- thick biconvex cross-section. The bulb of force has not been completely removed. Both faces have been entirely flaked, but the dorsal surface is more extensively worked. Collateral flaking has produced a medial ridge along the midline of the ventral face. Lateral edges are sinuous and irre- gular. Material : unknown Measurements: Length, 5.5 cm.; width, 1.5 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm.; weight, 5.7 gm. Comparable types: none Biface, Type V (Fig. 16, d) No. Specimens: 1 Description: This specimen has an ovate outline with a wide obtuse point formed at one end. It is biconvex in cross-section. The edges are sinuous, formed by removal of relatively large flakes which converge at the center of each face. Negative bulbs of force are prominent on the flake scars. The biface appears to have been worked down from a core or thick flake. No original surface is present. It is probably a blank. Material : chert? Measurements: Length, 4.8 cm.; width, 4.1 cm.; thickness, 1.2 cm.; weight, 24.1 gm. Comparable types: none Bifaces, Type VI (Fig. 16, e) No. Specimens: 1 Description: The specimen was made on a medium-sized ovate flake and has one convex lateral edge which is bifacially retouched. This retouch is most extensive on the ventral face, and was done by pressure flaking. • Figure 17 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection. Bifaces Type VII; a-k -73- -74- The edge thus formed has a relatively acute edge angle. Small, short flakes, evidently removed by use, are present along this edge. The distal end of the flake, which is "nosed," shows signs of use on the dorsal face in the form of a polished bevel. Material: chert ? Measurements: Length, 4,7 cm.; width, 3.0 cm.; thickness, 0.9 cm.; weight, 11.6 gm. Comparable types: none Bifaces, Type VII (Fig. 17, a-k) No. Specimens: 11 Description: Bifaces in this category exhibit a variety of shapes, but are generally ovate in outline with one pointed end. They tend to be smaller than those placed in Types II, III, V and VI. Cross-sections are relatively thick and uneven. Flake scars are large with prcminant negative bulbs of force. Edges are sinuous with remnants of striking platforms still present. All specimens are probably blanks. Material: 7 chert /chalcedony, silicified sedimentary stone; 3 unknown Measurements: Length, 3.0 to 5.3 cm.; width, 1.4 to 3.1 cm.; thickness, 0.4 to 0.9 cm.; weight, 2.4 to 14.2 gm. Comparable types: none -75- Artifacts Collected by the Antiquities Section CHIPPED STONE Chipped stone artifacts recovered by the Antiquities Section are divided into six categories: Points, Drills, Bifaces, Cores, Miscellaneous Flaked Cobbles, and Flakes. Appropriate subdivisions into type have been made where necessary. Type designations are the same as those defined for the Thompson Collection. POINTS Type I (Fig. 18, d) No. Specimens: 1 Description: Small triangular point with excurvate edges. Side- notches are wide, shallow and poorly made. Flake scars are absent on both faces. Biconvex in cross-section. Material: quartzite Measurements: Length, 2.6 cm.; width, 1.2 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.; weight, 1.0 gms. Provenience: 42Un405, 1 (Fig. 18, d) Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 6, a-i. Type II (Fig. 18, a-c) No. Specimens: 3 Description: All are triangular in form with slightly excurvate edges, Side notches are shallow and rounded. All have a single notch at the mid- point of the base. The largest (Fig. 18, a) exhibits parallel oblique flak- ing on both faces. The flake scars terminate at the midline to form a Figure 18 Chipped Stone Artifacts collected by the Antiquities Section, Points Type I; d (42Un405) Type II; a (42Un365), b (42CJn405), c (42Un376) Type VI; g (42Un376) Type VII; h (42Un367) Type VIII; e (42Un370), f (42Un379) Type XXV; i (42Un404) Large Side-Notched; j (42Un380) -76- -77- slight medial ridge. Flaking pattern on the two smaller specimens is random and poorly executed. All three are lenticular in cross-section. Material: chert, quartzite Measurements: Length, 1.1 to 3.4 an.; width, 1.0 to 1.7 cm.; thick- ness, 0.3 cm.; weight, 0.3 to 0.9 gms. Provenience: 42Un365, 1 (Fig. 18, a); 42Un376, 1 (Fig. 18, c); 42Un405: 1 (Fig. 18, b). Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 6, j-n. Type VI (Fig. 18, g) No. Specimens: 1 Description: Large triangular point with straight edges. Stem is slightly expanding and basally thinned forming a shallow indentation. Tangs blunted by secondary retouch. Fairly regular collateral flaking at right angles to the edges. Specimen is plano-convex in cross-section and flake scars are absent on the central portion of the ventral face. Material : chert Measurements: Length (est), 4.0 cm.; width, 2.1 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm . ; weight ( est . ) , 4.0 gms . Provenience: 42IM376, 1 (Fig. 18, g) Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 8, a-d. Type VII (Fig. 18, h) No. Specimens: 1 Description: Triangular in form with excurvate edges. One corner notch is considerably deeper and broader than the other. Specimen is slight- ly curved and plano-convex in cross section. Flake scars are at right angles to the edges with the exception of a single thinning flake on the -78- dorsal surface which runs from the base ca. two-thirds of the way to the tip. Ventral surface exhibits numerous step fractures. Material: chert Measurements: Length, 2.6 cm.; width, 1.9 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm.; weight, 2.4 gms. Provenience: 42Un367, 1 (Fig. 18, h) Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 8, e-k. Type VIII (Fig. 18, e and f ) No . Specimens : 2 Description: Small triangular points with straight edges. Tangs are at right angles to the midline. Both specimens display random flaking and numerous step fractures. One point (Fig. 18, e) has a slightly concave base formed by basal thinning. The other (Fig. 18, f) has a bifurcated base. Both are biconvex in cross section. Material : chert Measurements: Length, 2.3 to 2.4 cm.; width, 1.6 to 1.7 cm.; thick- ness, 0.4 to 0.5 cm.; weight, 1.2 to 1.4 gms. Provenience: 42Un370, 1 (Fig. 18, e); 42Un379, 1 (Fig. 18, f) Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 8, 1-n. Type XXV (Fig. 18, i) No. Specimens: 1 Description: The base and tip of this specimen are missing. Large, thin triangular point, long in relation to width. Corner notches are shallow and directed at a slight angle toward the mid-line. Lenticular in cross section, broad, shallow parallel flake scars are visible on both faces. Flaking is collateral, forming a barely discernible medial ridge. Minute -79- seconclary retouch along one edge. Material : chert Measurements: Length (est.), 5.5 cm.; width, 3.2 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm. Provenience: 42Un404, 1 (Fig. 18, i) Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 13, b-f . Large Side-Notched (Fig. 18, j) No. Specimens: 1 Description: Only a portion of the base was recovered and the original shape could not be determined. Side notches are narrow and directed at a slight angle toward the tip. Base is relatively straight and has been bi- facially thinned. Plano-convex in cross section with broad, shallow collat- eral flake scars on both faces. Material : j asper Measurements: Width, 2.5 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm. Provenience: 42Un380, 1 (Fig. 18, j) Comparable Specimens: Too fragmentary for comparison. Point Fragments No. Specimens: 4 Description: Three point tips and one base fragment. All are thin, probably triangular specimens. The base fragment displays shallow, rounded side notches, low on the lateral margins. Material: chert, quartzite Measurements: Thickness, 0.2 to 0.4 cm. The single base fragment is 0.3 cm. thick and 1.9 cm. wide. Provenience: 42Un355, 1 (base); 42Un367, 1; 42Un375, 1; 42Un377, 1. -80- Ccmparable Specimens: Too fragmentary for comparison. BRILL (Fig. 19, a) No. Specimens: 1 Description: The base is roughly ova'l in shape. The blade of the drill tapers gradually to a blunted point. The blade is steeply retouched and biconvex in cross section. Material : chert Measurements: Length, 3,2 cm.; width of base, 1.2 cm.; width of blade, 0.6 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.3 gms. Provenience: 42Un405, 1 (Fig. 19, a) Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 14, b. BIFACES Type II: Complete Specimens (Fig. 19, b and c) No. Specimens: 2 Description: Both specimens are roughly triangular in shape with ex- curvate edges and a convex base. One (Fig. 19, b) is thin and lenticular in cross section. Both faces display broad shallow flake scars, many of which terminate in step fractures along the mid-line. Edges are sinuous and irregular. The other (Fig. 19, c) is plano-convex in cross section and relatively thick. Both faces have deep, rounded flake scars with prcminant negative bulbs of force. Numerous scars terminate in step fractures. Material: chert, chalcedony Measurements: Length, 6.4 cm.; width, 3.2 to 4.2 cm.; thickness, 0.6 to 1.5 cm.; weight, 14.2 to 46.5 gms. Provenience: 42Un366, 1 (Fig. 19, b); 42Un378, 1 (Fig. 19, c). Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 16, i-1. Figure 19 Chipped Stone Artifacts Collected by the Antiquities Section, Drill; a Type II Bifaces; b and c Cores; d and e -81- -82- Type II: Fragments No. Specimens: 14 Description: Mid-sections, tips and bases of broken, bifacially worked implements. Fragments are too small to determine original shape. Flake scars vary from broad and shallow to broad and deep with prcminant bulbs of force. Several specimens show definite evidence of heat treatment in the form of surface color and luster differences. Material : chert , chalcedony Measurements: Thickness varies from 0.5 to 1.6 cm. Provenience: 42Un3S7, 1; 42Un369, 2; 42Un370, 2; 42Un372, 1; 42Un375, 1; 42Un377, 1; 42Un401, 1; 42Un405, 2; 42Un407, 1; 42Un409, 2. Large Thick Bif aces No. Specimens: 9 Description: Relatively thick cobbles, bifacially flaked on all edges. Scars are broad and deep and show moderate negative bulbs of force. Numerous flake scars terminate in deep step fractures. Five specimens retain a portion of the original cortex. These specimens are probably reject preforms. All material have poor flaking characteristics. Material: chert, quartzite Measurements: Length, 7.0 to 12.0 cm.; width, 3.8 to 6.6 cm.; thickness, 2.1 to 3.5 cm. Provenience: 42Un367, 1; 42Un368, 1; 42Un370, 1; 42Un374, 1; 42Un401, 1; 42Un402, 3; 42Un406, 1. CORES (Fig. 19, d) No. Specimens: 2 -83- Description: One specimen (Fig. 19, d) is a large ovoid cobble, bi- convex in cross section. Flakes have been removed bifacially (probably by percussion) around the entire circumference. Flake scars show prcminant negative bulbs of force and average 5.0 cm. in length by 4.0 cm. in width. The other is rectanguloid in form. Four parallel flake scars appear at one end. They have prcminant negative bulbs of force and average 3.5 cm. in length by 2.0 cm. in width. Flakes were struck from a prepared striking platform on the obverse face. Material : quartzite Measurements: (Ovoid example) Length, 14.5 an.; width, 11.5 cm.; thick- ness, 6.5 cm. (Rectanguloid example) Length, 11.0 cm.; width, 7.5 cm.; thickness, 4.0 cm. Provenience: 42Un367, 1; 421M402, 1 (Fig. 19, d). MISCELLANEOUS FLAKED COBBLES No. Specimens: 5 Description: Amorphous cobbles with six to eight flakes randomly re- moved. No pattern discernable. These specimens probably represent "shatter" (Binford and Quimby 1961): lithic debris resultant from aboriginal testing for flaking quality. All examples are of poor quality material and were apparently rejected without further modification. Material : quartzite Measurements: Length, 9.0 to 11.0 cm.; width, 5.5 to 9.0 cm.; thick- ness, 2.5 to 7.0 cm. Provenience: 42Un367, 2; 42Un402, 2; 42Un406, 1. -84- FLAKES Decortication No. Specimens: 16 Description: Plano-convex flakes with cortex remaining on the dorsal surface. All have prominent bulbs of force on the ventral surface and well developed striking platforms. These specimens are probably decortication flakes from the initial stages of tool manufacture. Material: chert, quartzite Measurements: Length, 3.3 to 11.3 cm.; width, 2.3 to 7.9 crn. ; thick- ness, 0.5 to 2.3 cm. Provenience: 42Un355, 1; 42Un367, 1; 42Un370, 1; 42Un372, 2; 42Un375, 2; 42Un377, 2; 42Un402, 6; 42Un405, 1. Small Unmodified No. Specimens: 205 Description: Unmodified lithic debitage. Material: chert, quartzite Provenience: 42Un355, 3; 42Un366, 5; 42Un367, 16; 42Un368, 3; 42Un369, 20; 42Un370, 17; 42Un371, 1; 42Un372, 13; 42Un373, 2; 42Un374, 1; 42Un375, 10; 42Un376, 3; 42Un377, 32; 42Un378, 6; 42Un379, 8; 42Un301, 7; 42Un402, 21; 42Un405, 27; 42Un407, 1; 42Un409, 9. GROUND STONE Only three examples of ground stone were recovered: a metate and mano fragment and a portion of a steatite pipe. -85- METATE No. Specimens: 1 Description: Fragment of shallow troughed metate. Exterior surface unworked. Trough pecked and ground. Upper portion of lateral lip crudely shaped by pecking and not ground. Specimen decreases in thickness from the lateral edge to the center of the trough. Material : sandstone Measurements: Maximum thickness (lateral edge), 3.5 cm.; niinimum thick- ness (center of trough), 2.1 cm, Proveni ence : 42Un401 MANO No. Specimens: 1 Description: Fragment of a unifacial mano. Use surface pecked and ground. Edged shaped to subrectangular form by pecking. Material: coarse red sandstone with quartzite inclusions Measurements: Width, 7.2 cm.; thickness, 3.8 cm. Provenience : 42Un401 PIPE No. Specimens: 1 Description: Tubular stone pipe fragment. Black in color. Exterior highly polished; interior scored and unpolished. The rim of the bowl is tapered, rounded and considerably thinner than the body. The "mouthpiece" is broken off. Material: steatite • Measurements: Maximum thickness (body), 0.5 cm.; minimum thickness (bowl rim), 0.2 cm.; bowl diameter (est.), 2.0 cm. -86- Provenience: 42Un405 Comparable Specimens: Leach (1970, Plate 19 a-b); Steward (1936). HAMMERSTONE5 No. Specimens: 4 Description: Two of the specimens are quartzite river cobbles. One is oval in shape and battered on the polar ends. The other is a broken end of a flat, subrect angular form and is battered along the edges. The third specimen is a conglomerate river cobble battered on one end only. The fourth specimen is an amorphous piece of poor quality chert. Measurements: (Ovoid forms) Length, 5.4 to 6.6 cm.; width, 5.0 to 5.6 cm.; thickness, 3.4 to 5,4 cm. (Subrect angular fragment) Width, 8.8 cm.; thickness, 2.6 cm. Provenience: 42Un370, 1; 42Un401, 1; 42Un405, 1; 421M409, 1 ETCHED STONE TABLET (Fig. 20) No. Specimens: 1 Description: Flat tabular stone. Roughly triangular in outline with rounded corners. The decorated side was first ground smooth and design elements executed by incision. The obverse side is an unmodified weathered surface. Design elements consist of zig-zag lines and abstract figures shaded with parallel lines and cross-hatching. Elements at the upper (?) portion of the tablet (Fig. 20) are obliterated by lichen growth. Material: shaley sandstone Measurements: Length, 16.5 cm.; maximum width (base), 16.0 cm.; thickness, 1.0 cm. Provenience : 42Un371 • -87- Figure 20. Etched Slate Tablet (42Un371) -88- POTTERY Thirteen sherds were recovered from the Ignatio Stage Stop (42Un401). All are Tusayan Corrugated. Their occurence in the Bonanza area is anacmalous and it is possible that they v/ere brought into the region in historic times, (see Conclusions and Recoranendations) MAIZE The only perishables recovered during investigations were three corn cobs from Wagon Hound Alcove (42Unll8). Two of the specimens are eight- rowed and the third is ten-rowed. They are all small or immature, ranging from 6.5 to 7.4 cm. in length and 1.2 to 1.7 cm. in diameter. No kernals v/ere found intact. -89- TABLE I Distribution of Arcifai:ts at White River Archeo logical Sites. £ ft I c S. > SIS £ £ I 1 k to 1 i i: c £ 1 £ V 1 3 § 1 8 5 ■g 1 1 0 s | i 1 tS 42Un324 r Ui^ah c. . Utah jii - i^Jo. *<- ^.i-»^ - County — . Sta»e 1. AAap Reference Southara Canyon Quad, DSGS, 7.5 rain. 2. Type of Site Rock She leer ■ ^ 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) ___ 4 Location Straight east of Southara Canycr. 2.5 miles and west of Evacuation Creek 1 siile. 1.25 miles SE of White River. c.^ SE^, NEV, 23 T 10S p 24E 5. Owner and Address BxJ'1 6. Previous Owners 7. Tenant none I. Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site. BLM # AR43-08- 10. Siie description, position, & surrounding terrain Ver"-' slight overhang with southern exposure, partial projectile point, very few chips, some bone and charcp-yi Trash appears very light, if any, and occupation short. However, sand fill appears deep and interlaced with charcoal. ) 11. Area of Occupation 130 'x!2 12. Depth and Character of Fill see #1° 13. Present Condition good 14. Material Collected 15. Material Observed see #10 16 Material Reported and Owner none I 17. Recommendations for Further Work noae 18. Photo Nos. BUA ro11 -1 number 12 s 13 19. Type of map made by survey party Recorded by Richard E. Fike Date 1 1-12-7 2 h-ntiquity Section 51T£ SURVEY 5HEET Division of State History Archeological Survey Site No. 42Un355 Counfy Uintah 1 . M 3p Reference South am Canyon Qua d , USGS 2. Type of Site Rock Shelter ■ 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) Archaic 4. Location 200 ft. south of road at .8 mile north of benchmark. First major outcropping of sandstone if driving south. Sec. NW*t, NW\t, 12 T. IPS R. 243 5. Owner and Address BLM 6. Previous Owners 7. Tenant none S. Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site, 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Sandstone outcrop. Rock shelter on west side of outcrop. Front of shelter slopes into sage brush cove re d depression, slopes up to knoll 100 ft. south of shelter. 11. Area of Occupation indeterminable 12. Depth and Character of Fill sand 13. Present Condition Undisturbed. Chips found entire length of shelter (3'x60') 14. Material Collected flint chips, notched point (Slko side-notched) 15. Material Observed flint , no charcoal or smoke stains • 16. Material Reported and Owner lommendations for Further Work none 3 Photo Nos. none 19. Type of map made by survey party none Recorded by Dixon Hindley Antiquity Section b!iE SURVEY SHeET Division of State History ArcHeologicai Survey Site No. 42UH356 Coun Uintah 5tofo Utah 1. Map Reference Southara Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site °Per- _ . 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) unknown 4. Location ca. 6.5 airline miles SW of Bonanza, Utah where three tributary arroyos intersect the Unite River. Size lies between the two west of the 3 arroyos,250 m. N of present river. S5C NW%,SWS4, 16 T 10S R 24E 5. Owner and Address State of Utah 6. Previous Owners N.A. 7. Tenant none 8. Informants N*A* 9. Previous Designations for Sit« 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Size consists of a scattering of chipping debris on an alluvial terrace on the north bank of the "White River. 1. Area of Occupation 25 meters in diameter 12. Depth and Character of Fill unknown 13. n . r .... eroded to terrace gravels Present Condition 14. Material Collected flakes (worked and unworked) and chipping debris. Collection was destroyed in fire of July 27, 1974 //f ,%, c e c s )o»J 15. ... • i ^i ,see i?10 above Material Observed 16. Material Reported and Owner 1 17. Recommendations for Further Work test 18. Photo Nos. 19. Type of map made by survey party. none Recorded by Michael Berry Date 7-26-7-1 Antiquity Section SITE SURVEY SH Dillon of Stat, History Archeological Survey Sire No. 42Un3S7 County Uintah State_^ __ | 1. Mao Reference Southan Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site Ope 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) probably Archaic 4. Location Ca- 6-5 ™ilc>3 SWoof Bonanza, Utah where three tributary arroyos in tcrsect the Villi te River. Midway between two easternmost of arroyos. ca 150 m. M of present river. ssc. MW,#Sv7,f 16 j. IPS r, 24S 5. Owner and Address State of Utah __ 6. Previous Owners __!___ 7. Tenant none ints N.A. 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Site consists of a single Elko side- notched projectile point and a sparse concentration of chipping debris 11. Area of Occupation 5 meters in diameter (chipping debris) 12. Depth and Character of Fill Site lies directly on alluvial gravel terrace, no soil present. 13. Present Condition eroded 4. Material Collected Elko side-notched point and chipping debris. Destroyed in iy _AfS.„i> 15. Material Observed See #10 Above A/ ') ^ c _ c- 4 ,- / ^ ^j fire of July 27, 1974. One noint recovered from burnt camp Oct. 5, 1974 ' -X pf* -)v'\ 16. Material Reported and Owner See #14 17. Recommendations for Further Work test 1?. Photo Kos. none Recorded by._ Michael S. Berry Da>_ July 2G, 1974 Arfiquity Section SITE SURVEY SHEET Division of Stat* Arcneo'ogicai Survey Site No 42Un358 Counfy Uintah State Utah 1. Map Reference Southain Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site Open 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) probably Fremont or Numic 4. Location Ca- 6-_ miles SW of Bonanza, Utah where three tributary arroyos intersect the White River. Ca. 50 m. to east of easternmost of three arroyos on terrace (n. bank pester of S£C S^lh,lC> T.___10S R._24E 5. Owner and Address State o£ utah 6. Previous Owners, 7. Tenant n< 8. Informants 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Site consists of a single triangular ' projectile point lying on the surface of the terrace gravels. There was no other cultural material in the immediate vicinity. 11. Area of Occupation 12. Depth and Character of Fill terrace gravels, no soil present 13. Present Condition see #12 14. Material Collected Small triangular projectile point. Destroyed in fire of July 27, 1974. Straight, serrated edges, basal thinning but notches not present ft o n r _ & s 6 / -i. -^ 15. Material Observed — l' se_ „14 16. Material Reported and Owner ^ _ 17. Recommendations for Further Work 18. Photo Nos. none 1 9. Type of map made by survey party none Recorded by Michael S. Berry Date 7/26/74 Ajitiquity Section 5IT~ SURVEY SHEET Division of State History Archsologica! Survey Site No. 42U:i365 (gflftty Uinfcah State Utah I. Map Reference Asphalt Wash Quad, 2. Type of Site Rock She 1 Lor 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) probably Fremont 4 Location Mouth of Hanging Rock Hollow; ca. 300 m. north of the confluence of the center fork and west fork of Ashphalt Wash- Sec. SB^SVft, 6 T, US 5. Owner and Address unknown 6. Previous Owners 7. Tenant no.ru 8. Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Large (ca. 100 ft. wide; 25 ft. high and 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 20 ft. deep) rock shelter containing possible coarsed masonry granary on north side of Hanging Rock Hollow. Burned bone and charcoal present on surface. Granary measuroe ca* 20 x 8 ft* and has only one or two courses of masonry intact. i Area of Occuoation ca 10° x 25 ft- Depth and Character of Fill unknown Present Condition The granary walls have been toppled; no apparent looters' pits. Shelter has been utilized in historic times and is littered with machinery parts and rusty tin cans. Materia! Collected 0ne Desert side-notched projectile point. flS-l+k1.t Material Observed Charcoal, burned anaimal bones,- no potterv observed, no chipoina. Material Reported and Owner Recommendations for Further Work excavate 18. Photo Nos. none 19. Type of map made by survey party none Recorded by Michael S. Berrv na,p 8/10/74 Antiquity Section S!T5 5'JRVEY j'::t Division or State History Archeologica! Survey Sits No. 42UH366 County____J^^ State ^ *> 1. Map Reference Southam Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site Rock Shelter with Pictographs 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) possibly Archaic and Fremont 4. Location Site ca. h mile south at the \3r.ite River Bridge on the Bonanza to Dragon Road. Located west of road in the first arroyo south of the brie-: 5. Owner and Address State of Utah 6. Previous Owners SE^SE^, 2 J. 105 R 2 42 7. Tenant rLone Informants Bu^ Thompson, Bonanza 9. Previous Designations for Site no: 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Site is a shallow alcove ca. 250 ft. long (EW) . Dripline varies from 5 to 15 ft. from rear of alcove. Three pictographs are red ochre anthropomorphs. One of these is a "homed" "Fremont" figure and is adjacent to a "snakelike" red ochre pictograph. Petroglyphs of a horse and mountain sheep are also present, but these may be of "recent" orientation. 1. Area of Occupation Ca, 250 by 10 feat 2. Depth and Character of Fill Looters pits contain charcoal to a depth of at least 18 inches 13. Present Condition The deoosits have bean deadly potted but there is still quite a bit of "virgin" dirt left. 14. Material Collected Flakes and chipping deb: 15. Material Observed charcoal, burnt bone, chipping debris. llo pottery. fi> 14 <<6- I 16. Material Reported and Owner B^-d Thompson recovered two projectile points will try to identify. ! 17. Recommendations for Further Work excavate 18. Photo Ncs. none 19. Type of map mad- by survey party none Recorded by_ Michael Berry D^ August. 10, 197- uity Section SITE SURVEY SHEET Division of State History Arcnzological Survey Si re No. 42Un367 Com nty Uintah State Utah 1. Map Reference Souths Canyon Cual, USGS 2. Type of Site Cultural Affil Location Rock Shelter 3. iation (if known) possibly Archaic- 4. Site is ca. h mile south of White River. 50 yds south of the Bonanza to Dragon Road. 3/4 mile east and south of White/ iver Bridge. Sec. SE^SEli, 2 T. 10S R. 24E 5. Owner and Address State of Utah 6. Previous Owners none 7. Tenant 8. Informants Bud Thompson, Bonanza, Utah 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Site is a shallow alcove 100 ft. long (NS) . Driolina varies from 5-10 ft. from rear of alcove. 3 • 11. Area of Occupation aIcove 12. Depth and Character of Fill 2 ft. with charcoal deposits and chipping debris 13. Present Condition Looters' pits have virtually destroyed all fill. One 3 ft. strio of deoosit remains undisturbed. 14. Material Collected 15. Material Observed flakes and chipping debris. Point tip, piece of biface. flz i4*<\'\ 16. Material Reported and Owner charcoal, chippinq debris, Mo pottery. 17. Recommendations for Further Work test 13. Photo Nos. no 19. Type of map made by survey party. Recorded by Christian K. Lund _Date August 10, 1074 Antiquity Section 51T£ SURVEY SHEET Division of Stats History Archzologicd! Survey Sire No. 42Un359 County __:„■_£_ Stats Ufc-h ,M. \eo Reference Southam Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site Open; (riverlii>a 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) possibly Archaic 4. Location Site located 100 yds east of the Vlhite River. Directly south of river access road. Ca. lh miles from Bonanza to Dragon road. Sec. SW..SE*i. 11 T. 105 R. 24S 5. Owner and Address £__ 6. Previous Owners 7. Tenant none Informants 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Site is 200 ft. long and 100 ft. wide bounded by a sheer cliff on the west, a aaep arrovo on the north, a shal 1 ow ) wash on the south and a jeep trail on the east. Site is on a pleistocene river terrace with most fill eroded. It is sparsely covered with sage brush. 11. Area of Occupation 200 ft. (EW1 by 100 ft. (n-s) 12. Depth and Character of Fill varies from a few inches to 1 _ ft. 13. Present Condition undisturbed 14. Material Collected One blade point, chipping debris. No pottery AS 7-1 < lo- / 15. Material Observed rusted cans, rifle shells, chipping debris 16. Material Reported and Owner 17. Recommendations for Further Work test 18. Photo Nos. n°ne 19. Type of map made by survey party none. Recorded b/ Christian K. Lund n.-,^ August 11, 1974 .Annuity Section 5ITE SUSVEY ^"T ^ivlston of State History Archeologica! Survey Sire No. 42Ua369 __County Uintah Stole ______ ( 1 Map Reference Southarn Canyon Quad, U5GS 2. Type of Site °P3n 3. Culture! Affiliation (if known) possibly Archaic 4. Location Ca- ____ miles due south of the Ignacio Stage stop on the east bank of the White River. Sec. ir.-Vs rSZh, 11 T. IPS R. _________ 5. Owner and Address BL-'1 6. Previous Owners 7. Tenant none 8. Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Site consists of an extensive concentration of lithic debris, finished artifacts and fire-cracked river cobbles on a pleistocene terrace on the east bank of the White River. One fire hearth is eroding out and ash is present on the surface in association with fire-cracked cobbles. B 11. Area of Occupation Ca. 300 ft. (N-S) by 200 ft. (E-U) 17. Recommendations for Further Work excavate '•& 13. Pi-.oro Ncs. 1 9. Typo of map made by survey party f 12. Depth and Character of Fill May have considerable depth since terrace has not eroded down to cobbles over most of the area. 13. Present Condition Site has been picked over but no looter's pits present. 14. Material Collected Biface fragments, worked and unworked chips, chipping debris . f\ . 7_j_JJ__J 15. Material Observed see #14 16. Material Reported and Owner Antiquity Section 517' SURVEY 5H__. Di.hlon or State History Arc'neological Survey S;fe No. 4 2 U:\17Q County Uintah State Utah ip Reference South am Canyon Quad, USG5 2. Type of Site Open 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) ___u_Li__i_ca______ 4. Location Site located ca. lh mile directly south of Vihite River bridge on the east bank of White River. Sec. SE\,Sllh., 11 T. IPS R. 24S 5. Owner and Address BLM 6. Previous Owners 7. Tenant nose Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site. 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Site is on pleistocene terrace 40 ft above present banks , of the White River. The site is 300 ft. (E-W) 100 ft. (N-S) : a relatively level mound. Sage and qreasev/ood scattered over surface. ) 11. Area of Occupation 300 ft, :. 100 ft. 12. Depth and Character of Fill n-r^ri^ri t-o gravpk. Considerable deposits of possi.by depth. 13. Present Condition undisturbed 14. Material Collected 15. Material Observed chinning debris, one b if ace fragment, one p]-rrr,\-7h^^c\ , mr^f fire-blackened river cobbles, Ho pottery. f\ _~ r - p 5 '7 't ' * 4 -* 1 16. Material Reported and Owner 17. Recommendations for Further Wor^ excavate 13. Photo Nos. none 19. Type of map made by survey party no; Recorded by Christian K. Lund Date August 20. 1374 r Aniioui'y Section Sif2 SURVEY Division of Stor- HisU ry Archeological Survey 5-3 No. 42UH371 County Uintah State ___J^± 1. Map Reference Southam Canyon Quad, U5CS 2. Type of Site Open 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) possibly Fremont ^ 4. Location Site located lh miles south of White River bridge on east bank of •j\ e Who. t e River. Sec. SE^SUlt, 11 T. 10S R. 24S 5. CKvner and Address Bhl-l 6. Previous Owners 7. Tenant none Informants r\nn< 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Site is a plcisocene terrace 100 ft. east of Vfnite River. Bourdered on the north by a narrow wash , on the wast by a 50 ft. cliff and on the south and east by a continuation of terrace. The site is sparsely covered by sage brush and greasewood. ') 11. Area of Occupation mo ft-. (E-V7) . 50 ft. (IT-S) 12. Depth and Character of Fill 1 ft. to unknown depth 13. Present Condition undisturbed 14. Material Collected °ne etched slate 6"x6" pictograph of four legged creature and anthroDomorph; and designs. fi S 7 -^f • / 5> . { 15. Material Observed fire blackened riwr nnhhlps. No noi-fprv. fin 1 if'nirq 16. 17. Recommendations for Further Work test J 18. Photo Nos. none 19. Type of map made by survey party none Recorded by rhyi st-.iari K. T.nnd Date August 21, 19 7 > Antiquity Section SITE SURVEY SHEET Division of State History Arcneo!ogica! Survey Site No. 42UU372 Coun|y Uintah 1. Map Reference Southaia Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site Open 3. Cultural Affixation (if known) possibly Archaic 4. Location On. knoll on south bank of White Pdver. MW%,NVftf Sec. 14 T. IPS R. 24l 5. Owner and Address BJ 6. Previous Owners ^z: 7. Tenant none _____ 8. Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Site lies on knoll overlooking White Pdver; arroyos on either side. Covered with low sage, slat brush and 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. sarcobatus. Five cottonwood trees found immediately below knoll along river. ) Area of Occupation scattered chinoinq over entire surface of knoll, . Ca. 100 meter diameter Depth and Character of Fill apparently none Present Condition undisturbed -' Material Collected chinpinq debris As 7 4 ' H ' 1 Material Observed See ^X1 above Material Reported and Owner ses 5rH Recommendations for Further Work none J 13. Photo Nos. non< 19. Type of map made b/ survey party non- Recorded by David B. Madsen Date 8 /21/li 'icy Section SITE SURVEY SHEET Archeoloyicdl Survey Division of State History S»e No. 42UH373 Ccunfy Uintah State.__Utah_ I. Map Rgferencg____Sou thorn Canvo.i__Oua-:7. , USGS 2. Type of Site Open 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) possibly Archaic 4. Location On knoll overlooking south bank of White River. mih, NWfc Sec . 14 T. IPS R . 24] 5. Owner and Address BLM 6. Previous Owners 7. Tenant none informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Sire description, position, & surrounding terrain See 42Un372. Site 42Un373 is ca. 700 meters west of 372 and terrain is identical . II. Area of Occupation 100 by 100 ft. 2. Depth and Character of Fill possibility of considerable deoth 3. Present Condition no evidence of looters pit. Surface has probably been picked over. 14. Material Collected chipped stone ft 3 74 'Hi 15. Material Observed. chipped stone and fire-cracked river cobbles 16. Material Reported and Owner N-A- 17. Recommendations for Further Work 1 18. Photo Nos. none 19. Type of map made by survey party non ' -'Antiquity Section S1TE SU"V£Y 5H"T Division o: State History Archeologicai Survey Site No. 42Un374 County Uintah State Utah > 1. Map Reference Southern Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site Open 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) possibly Archaic 4. Location 0n a knoll overlooking the south bank of White River. SZhr NE^t Sec 15 T 10S R 24: Owner and Address 3Lf'' 6. Previous Owners I). A. 7. Tenant none 8. Informants N*A* 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Dense concentration of fire-cracked river cobbles and chipping debris. 11. Area of Occupation Ca. 100 x 100 ft. 2. Depth and Character of Fill May be as deep as 4 feet, knoll may be accretionary 3. Present Condition surface picked over, no evidence of looters pits 4. Material Collected chipoad stone ft 5 Ij-il • j 15. Material Observed chipped stone and fire cracked and blackened cobble; 16. .Material Reported and Ov/ner U.A. | 1 7. Recommendations for Further Work test 18. Photo Nos. none 19. ivpe of map made by survey party nor Recorded by Michael Berry Date 8/21/7' ity Section 5,Te SURVEY SHEET Division ot State History Archeological Survey Site No. 42L'n375 County ^z:^^ State ll 1. ,\\ap Reference Southam Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type cf Site Opei 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) possibly Archaic 4. Location On a knoll overlooking a cottonv/ood covered flab on the south bank of the White River. Knoll lies between two dry arroyos. approx. center, NE^Sec. ^ T. 10s R. 24E 5. Owner and Address BLM 6. Previous Owners N.A. 7. Tenant none 8. Informants N.A. 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain site consists of a heavy concentration of fire-cracked river cobbles and chipping detritus 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 1 Area of Occupation Ca. 100 x 150 ft. Depth and Character of Fill Dossibly cruite deeo. Artifacts eroclina out of knoll. Present Condition no obvious looter pits Material Collected chipped stone and one large sandstone projectile point tip (non-diagnostic) hS 7 A ' lc\ ' \ Material Observed river cobbles - fire cracked Material Resorted and Owner N*A* ., Recommendations for Further Work test 18. Pr.oro Nos. none 19. Type of map made by survey party none Recorded by Michael Berry Ddfe 3/21/7; Antiquity Section s;TS SURVEY SHEET Division or Scute History Archeoiogici! Survey Sire No. 42Un37S County Uintah state H^li 1. Map Reference Southara Canyon Quad, USG5 2. Type of Site Open 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) possibly Archaic - Fremont 4. Location On the south bank of the White Paver ca. 200 in. west of the confluence of White River and Evacuation Creek. T. IPS R 25E 5. Owner and Address &LI 6. Previous Owners 7. Tenant none 8. Informants none 9. Previous Designations for 5ife, 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Chipping debris and projectile points on a gradually sloping talus slope overlooking the White PoLver. Minor concentrations of fire-cracked cobbles. 11. Area of Occupation Ca. 20' x 20' 12. Deoth and Character of Fill talus, probably no depth 13 Present Condition 14. Material Collected One Elko eared projectile point. One desert side-notched projectile points Chipping debris. No pottery f\ $ ~^\ y~f ' X O t \ 15. Material Observed -. saane as #1° ancl #14 r also fire cracked cobbles 16. Material Reported and Owner H_&- ' 17. Recommendations for Further Work 3. Photo Mos. none 19. fype of map made by survey party none Recorded by Michael Berry D,:a 8/23/74 u Rprnmmpndations for Further Work tesc 18. Photo Nos. __________ 19. Type of map made by survey party N • A ■ Recorded by Michaal Berry Date 8Z2_L_Z_ . ' Antiquity Ssction 5!iE SURVEY SHEET Archsological Survey Siro No. 42Un379 1 Map Reference Southara Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site Open 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) unknown 4. Location On a knoll overlooking the south bank of the white River at a confluence of a major arroyo, loading in Southman Canyon and the White River. KWfr. SE^t, Sec. 17 'U T. 10S R. 24E 5. Owner and Address 3LH 6. Previous Owners nont 7. Tenant none Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Terrace remnant overlooking the V«hit< River. Sparse scattering of chipping debris and core fragments. One vaguely rectangular stone outline may be a tipi ring. 3 11. Area of Occupation c.a. 200 y. 200 ft. 12. Depth and Character of Fill Soil eroded down to terrace gravels — no depth 13. Present Condition Probably picked over quite extensively. Lots of litter from a cowboy or hunting camp. 14. Material Collected core fragments, chipping debris fi5 74 'A3 ■ I 15. Material Observed See 3 1Q ^nd ^14 17. Recommendations for Further Work. 13. Photo Nos. none 19. Type of map made by survey party N . A . Recorded by Michael Berry Date 8/25/7 = Antiquity Section 5,T= SURVEY SH2ET Division of State History ArcHeologica! Survey Site No. 42UH380 County _H^5f5 Stare_l£ah_ j 1. Map Reference Southaiq Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site 0?e: 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) possibly Archaic 4. Location North bank of the Vfaite River, ca 1/4 mile east of the White River Bridge ^_ irv&, UVlh, Sec. 1 T. IPS R. 24E 5. Owner and Address BL-''! 6. Previous Owners none 7. Tenant none 9. Previous Designations for Site non< 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain One pro jec bile point fragment on a pleistocene gravel terrace on the north bank of the White River. • 1 11. Area of Occupation N.A. 12. Depth and Character of Fill Probablv none — soil eroded down to cr ravels. 13. Present Condition 14. Material Collected One large triangular, side-notched point fragment AS 7rl and Owner N.A. ■^ Recommendations for Further Work 13. Photo No5. none ] 9. Type of map mace by survey party LLik^ Recorded by Michael Berry Date S/26/7: Antiquity Section 5lit- SUaVEY SHcEl Division of State History ArcheoIo3icaI Survey Site No. 42Un331 County Uintah Stats Utah 4 1. Map Reference Southam Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site R°ck Shelter 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) unknown 4. Location Ca. 1/3 mile (NE) from the White River. Ca. one mile from the 'White River Bridge along jeep trail through White River c ity up second wash. NE*t, UVlk Sec. 1 T._102__ R. 24E 5. Owner and Address BLiI 6. Previous Owners H.A. 7. Tenant none 8. Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Site is positioned in the S'.7 part of a semicircular sandstone outcrop. Area below shelter falls away sharply and is littered with rock spall. Shelter is 30' (N-S) 8' (E-W) from dripline to deepest part of ceiling—smoke stained. 11. Area of Occupation 30' (N-S) 8' (E-W) 12. Depth and Character of Fill at least one foot 3. Present Condition Looted; a meter square pit is dug beneath smoke stain. 14. Material Collected none l ver cobbles, charcoal in looters' back dirt 16. AAateria! Reported and Owner. 17. Recommendations for Further Work. 18 Photo Mcs. none 19. Type of map made by survey party. Recorded by Christ inn K. Lund Pats 8/26/7' ■Antiquity Section SITE SURVEY SHEET Divhici Archeologicai Survey Site No. 42Un401 County Uintah state Utah 1. Map Reference Southan Canyon Quad, USGS _ Type of Site Open; campsite and historic structure 3. Cu! rural Affiliation (if known) historic Anglo; probable Fremont 4. Location On bluff on south side of White River. Ca. 50 meters east of Utah Highway 45. 5. Owner and Address State of Utah 6. Previous Owners — NE%, SE% Sec.„ 2 T. 105 R. 24] 7. Tenant DOQI 8. Informants I10_ns 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Remaining buildings of the Iqnatio stage stop overlay the western portion of the archeologicai site. To the south the terrain rises gradually and is cut by numerous arroyos. High cliffs are found on the north side of the river. Vegetation is sparse, consisting of scattered grass, sagebrush, eriogonum and cactus. Site consists of scattered " ii-thic debris t J _po±.tery and ground stone on surface. There is, a pos.slble_ix7 Ji:exer_^triic±3.tre-,of slabs & irrigular reck. 11. Area of Occupation 1QQ x 100 meters 12. Depth and Character of Fill trash heaps associated with the stage stop are ca. 1 meter deep. Depth of archeologicai site is unlmown. 13. Present Condition some potting, but basically undisturbed 14. Material Collected lithic debris, corrugated orav pottery and ground stone 15. Material Observed same as £14 above, pins historic: artifacts. 16 Material Reported and Os 17. Recommendations for Further Work testing of archeolocfical site 18. Photo No3. SDD 30 through 36 19. Typo of map made by survey party ; Recorded by Stanley D. Davis Date _ December lf 197 A quity Section SIT~ SURVEY S'H Division of State History Archeological Survey _ County. tJinl A\ State Utah } i. Map Reference_ , C ran { 2. Type of Site Reck Shelter 3. Cultural Affiliation (if knov/n) — 4. Location On north side of Vftiite River on a high bluff/ sitting between favo higher portions (in saddle) of the bluff. SEfe., SEk Sec. 16 _T. 10S r. 24E 5. Owner and Address BLM 6. Previous Owners — 7. Tenant none 3. Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site unknown 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain A bluff with shelter On north side_of_ river between 2 high portions of the bluff (in saddle) . Faces So. toward Q river. Terrain drops gently to upper (older) terrace of river. Shelter runs east, west alona face of bluff. Shelter is 10 to 15 meters deep. Vegetation is greasewood, rabit brush, cactus. 1 1 Area of Occupation 7^ mp-f-ers (E-W) and 7S meters (N-S) toward river 12. Depth and Character of Fill wind hlnwn nratpri al & sm'mal dung. Seme erosion on f^ont portion of site. 13 Present Condition Good . some diacrina has taken place (about 6" deep and 4' long on r^c;i-pm nortinn of7 site) . 14. Material Collected flakes, scrapers, bifaces, choppers (large & small) , hammer stone mano frag. /} 3 7 ^ < 17. Recommendations for Further Work test 13 Photo No*. White River SDD lr2f3,4 19. Type of map made by survey party Recorded by. Stanley D. Davis n*n> December 14, . 1974 Antiquity Section S!TE SURVEY SHEET Division o! State History Archeological Survey Site No. 42UI1403 County Uintah State Utah 1. Map Reference Rainbow Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site Pictcgraph ; 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) — 4. Location Ten ft. off north side of road cut on sandstone cliff facing south - Ten ft. below crest of small cliff. SE&r SEk Sec. 23 T. US r. 24E 5. Owner and Address KLM 6. Previous Owners " * 7- Tenant ____n____e Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site -TlknOWn 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Possible bighorn Sheep — 8V' long by 6" high pictograph on sandstone cliff 10 ft. below top and 10 ft. north of road cut. Vegetation; juniper,, greasewood f grasses, sage, pinyon pine. Terrain is dssected by irany canyons and is generally undulating in nature. No cultur_-l material found. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Area of Occupation pictcoraph On side of cliff Depth and Character of Fill nnr applicable Present Condition Good, recent illegible signatures scratched into cliff face (historic) , approx 2 ft. east of pictcgraph Material Collected none, net apolicable Material Observed pictcgraph Material Reported and Owner ^ot applicable Recommendations for Further Work none 18. Photo Nos. #5, SDD, White River 19. Type of map made by survey party. Recorded by John T.. __trev pate December 20, 1974 Antiquity Section S]J- SURVEY SHEET Division of State History Arcfieologica! Survey I lo. 42Uri404 County Uintah „Stote Uj ;: 4 I ttap Reference Southern Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Type of Site Rock Shelter 3. Cultural Affiliation {if known) — 4. Location South of dirt road just: north of White River. Shelter faces \res1^n_north bank of River. ' NE£ . swfc Sec. „ 10 t. IPS __R. 24E 5. Owner and Address 6. Previous Owners 7. Tenant — 8. Informants 9. Previous Designations for Site none 0. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Sandstone bluff 15 yards above north edge of White River. Rock Shelter faces west. Drainage wash runs directly below bluff. The front or west portion of the deposit has been vzashed away. Accumulat- —lon-of maheriR] is greater than 4_J:t^_Bassih1.e prx^ec±iLj3L_pQJJi^'mS-fQund._QD- surface on the inner protion of the rock shelter on the south end. * 11. Area of Occupation 30 meters long by 15 meters deep 12. Depth and Character of Fill Greater than 4 ft. , composed of wind blown sand, _4PC35zeJU_sheep_dung 13. Present Condition front portion of fill eroded into drainage wash 14. Material Collected possible projectile point or knife (large) •• /i 6 7^ < 5~} -\ 15. Material Observed same as #14 above 5 tV iferiel Reported and Owner none 7. Recommendations for Further Work test - y 5. Photo Nos. sm^hiia-Bivsr^&^iJ 9. Type of map made by survey party jcorded by John T. Autre;/ Date December 20, 1974 Antiquity Section SITE SURVEY SHEET Division or State History Archeoiogicai Survey Site No. 42Un405 . _ County Uintah State Utah j 1. Map Reference Southern Quad, USGS . 2. Type of Site Qoen . 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) m^sibly Plains 4. Location In Watts Canyon ca. 1.5 miles north of the White P_ver terminus of Jt±ie___t±_ jCaiiv_riJBc__L Whr S'Eh Sec. 9 T. ioxs R. 24E 5. Owner and Previous O Tenant Addre: Amers >s BLM 6. n.a. 7. none 8. Informants Rutf Thrrrrnson of Pnnpn7R 9. Previous Designations for Site Breaking V/ind Butte 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain j\ prominent but to C? 300 refers east of the Wetts Canyon Road. Surface is ca. 250 ft. above surrounding terrain. Chipping debris thinly scattered over surface of butte. Large sandstone slabs , have been stacked around the- periphery of the butte to form a crude vail.,. Three possible "teepee" rings. D 11. Area of Occupation ca. 100 m by 200 m. 12. Depth and Character of Fill ?jfp ]iq? primarily on bedrock — some aelion deposit; 13. Present Condition Dnp to i to in^nop.^^^bi 1 i i-y/ -f-p^ cHto to^. nrotohil y nnf- been picked- over too badly. ; 14. Material Collected chipping debris, one possible stone pipe fragment 15. Material Observed sandstone slab "wall" — three sub-rectangular rock alignments 16. Material Reported and Owner not applicable 17 Recommendations for Further Work detailed mapping and photographs 1 J - ■ — 18 Photo Nos. _ „__ , 19. Type of map made by survey party none Recorded by Michael S. Berry ' Date_ October 23 , 1974 ■Ay Section SITE SURVEY SHEET Division of Stale History Arcfieological Survey Site No. 42Un406 County _ \ Lntah State Utah 4 l. Map Reference Southam Canyon Qu L LrSGS 7.5f 2. Type of Site Open 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) 4. Location On tv;o adjacent . low, flat knolls in Southam Canyon, ca. % mi^ SViT of V/hite River and ca. 6 mi. SW of Bonanza NY&, NE^ Sec. 20 T. IPS R._JZ__ 5. Owner and Address 6. Previous Owners 7. Tenant none 8. Informants non< 9. Previous Designations for Site none 0. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Artifacts: (2) crude bifaces and (1) possible harrmerstone Cno debitage) , located on low, flat knoll Ca. 30 meters to SW sane stone rubble amidst historic debris — ca. 30 m. apart. Vegetation: Atrip tex , crysothymus and sage — sparse 11. Area of Occupation 100 m. 12. Depth and Character of Fill rocky — no soil depth 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. ) Present Condition eroded Material Collected (2) crude bifaces, (1) possible harrmerstone Material Observed Stone rubble in crude circular alignment; may be historic only. Material Reported and Owner none ( Recommendations for Further Work none ■ 18. Photo Nos. none 19. Type of map made by survey party see attached map Recorded by LaMar W. Lindsay Date 5-18-7,5 Antiquity Section S!l2 SURVEY SHEET Division of State History Archeologica! Survey Site No. 42Un407 ro..ntv Uintah ct,,„ Utah County uxiicaxi State 1. Map Re Type of Cultural Location right ference Site Southam Canyon Quad, , uses 2. Rockshelter 3. Affiliai Frc ion (if known) 4. m White River bridge go South for ca. . 2 miles to fork in road. Take fork for ca. 3 mi. and turn right on dirt road. Total distance from 5. Owner and Address BTJ.i 6. Previous Owners — 7. Tenant Informants 9. Previous Designations for Site — 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Large shelter 15' high and 10' deep on north side of unnamed tributary wash of the White River. No surface inrH rations of occupation hut two potholes have exposed alluvial deoosi+.F: containing charcoal and chipping debris. 11. Area of Occupation 150 ft. by 10 ft. }?. Depth and Character of Fill sandy alluvium, ca. 18" deep 13. Present Condition potholes have done minimal damage 14. Material Collected chinning debris, one biface fragment recovered from potholer's back dirt 15. Materia! Observed Same as above 16 Material Reported and Owner none 17 Recommendations for Further Work test 18. Photo Nos.. 19. Type of map made by survey party none Recorded by Michael S. Borry Date May 18, 197b < V-V — : AT! ON ■ .■ ■ D:i 42Un. SE-*- Sec. 23 T. IPS R. 24E 7. Tenant none Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site none 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain (1) flint, flake and evidence _f_ potting located below 6 m. high overhang:. Vegetation: Juniper, sage and A triplex . y 1. Area of Occupation unknown; probably ca. 10 to 15 m. E-W 12. Depth and Character of Fill sand and some spall; site may have seme depth 13. Present Condition some potting, site may have seme depth 14. Material Collected none 15. Material Observed (1) flake plus severa.l red stone nodules that do not appear to be indigenous to area 16. Material Reported and Owner 17. Recommendations for Further Work test excavation 18. Photo Nos. __________ 19. Type of map made by survey party none- Recorded by La?, tar W. Lindsay Date ____________ 97f>. Antiquity Section SITE SURVEY SHEET Division of State 'ftfsior: Archeologica! Survey Site No. 42Un4.Q9 , County _ Pint ah State. Utah 1. Map Reference Southam Canyon Quad, USGS 2. Typo of Site Rockshelter 3. Cultural Affiliation (if known) 4. Location Ca. 5 m. west of jeep trail trending N-S through east edge of Spp 23, f.a 3 mi. from White KTvfir bridge on section line dividing Sees. 23 &._24_ NEjh jS^L Sec. 23 T. IPS R. 24E 5. Owner and Address BLM 6. Previous Owners not applicable 7. Tenant none 8. Informants none 9. Previous Designations for Site 10. Site description, position, & surrounding terrain Site is sandstone outcrop 6-7 meters high, 15 m. E-W. 5 m. N-S. Alcove is shallow (ca. 1 m.):area of habitation is ca.. 5 m. (E-YQ by 5 m. (N-S) site is highly eroded. Promontory extends eastward from alcove toward Evacuation Wash. Wash is ca. £ mi. from site. Vegetation: juniper with pinyon (infrequently) 11. Area of Occupation 5 m. (E-W) by 5 m. (N-S) 12. Depth and Character of Fill possible depth; two fire stains visible 13. Present Condition probably picked over by treasure hunters. Adjacent to heavily traveled road. Numerous indications of recent encampments. 14. 15. 16. 17. Material Collected river cobble with hammer scars; biface base (found on nrrmnntorv) , obsidian chips (questionable provenience; found in jeep trail Material Observed — 50 m . I rem alcove ) . Material Reported and Owner none Recommendations for Further Work 18. Photo Nos. 19. Type of map made by survey party Recorded by Christian K. Lund Date May 22. 1975 < A SHORT HISTORY OF THE UINTA BASIN. UTAH Floyd A. O'Neil Gregory C. Thompson American West Center University of Utah 1975 7600/ P- 15. 21 O'Neil, Op. Cit., Ch.7. 22 Thomas G. Alexander and Leonard J. Arrington, r,The Utah Military Frontier, 1872-1912; Forts Cameron, Thornburgh, and Duchesne," Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Fall, 1964), pp. 339-554 23 Daughters of the Utah Pioneers of Uintah County, Utah, Op. Cit. , p. 15. 24 A.R. Standing, "Through the Uintas: A History of the Carter Road," Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 3(Summer, 1965), PP.(256-257. 25 Newell Christy Remington, "A History of the Gilsonite Industry," Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Utah, 1959, pp. 52-53. 26 Ibid., p. 53. 27 Henry E. Bender, Uintah Railway; Tne Gilsonite Route, Berkeley, Calif.: Harnell-North Books, 1970. 2S Remington, Op. Cit., pp. 261-270. 29 Floyd A. O'Neil, "An Anguished Odyssey: The Flight of the Utes, 1906-1908," Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Fall, 1968), Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Early History of Duchesne County, compiled by Mildred Miles Dillman, Springville, Utah: Art City Publishing Co., 1948. BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscript Materials Bancroft, H. H. "Bancroft Scrapbook of Materials Collected in the Preparation of Various Pacific States Handbooks, 1860-64." (microfilm), Vols. 27 & 28 on Utah Counties. Commercial Club, Vernal, Utah. "Available Land for the Homeseeker in the Great Uintah Basin, Northeastern Utah." Vernal Utah: Vernal Express Print, 191?. Gates, Susan (Young). 1856-1933, "Utah Woman in Politics." 16p., n. p . , n. d. Historical Records Survey, Utah. "Inventory of the County Records of Utah, No. 24." Ogden, Utah: mimeographed, 1940. Tyler, Samuel Lyman. "Yuta Indian Material in the Spanish Archives of New Mexico." n. p., n. d. Writer's Program, Utah. Geological Wonders of Utah. (Salt Lake City: 1942), mimeographed, 78pp. Newspapers Deseret Evening News. Dec. 17, 1910. Sept. 25, 1861. Roosevelt Standard. Roosevelt, Utah. 1955. Salt Lake Tribune. Sunday Magazine Edition. Dec. 5, 1948. Salt Lake Tribune. May 18, 1938. Salt Lake Tribune. Sunday Magazine Edition. May 6, 1950. Periodicals and Journals Huff, Gerald A. "Mining an Unusual Mineral." Our Public Lands, Vol. 20, No. 2, (Spring, 1970). Kay, J. LeRoy. "The Tertiary- Formations of the Uinta Basin, Utah." Annals of the Carnegie Museum, XXIII (1934) . Periodicals and Journals "Stanolind's Search for Oil in the Vast Uintah Basin." Utoco-Torch (October, 1952) . Works Progress Administration. Today's Work (1935). Athearn, Robert G. "Opening the Gates of Zions Utah and the Coming of the U. P. R. R." Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 4, (Fall, 1968) . Douglas, Earl. "Geological Trip into Uintah Basin." Salt Lake Mining Review, March 15, 1920 and April 30, 1920. Emmons, S. F. "Descriptive Geology: U. S. Geological Exploration 40th Parallel." U. S. Geological Survey, Vol. 2. "First Missionaries, Trappers and Traders of Uinta Basin." Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. 9. Hansen, Wallace R. "The Geologic Story of the Uinta Mountains." Geological Survey Bulletin 1291. Kinney, D. M. "Geology of the Uintah R.iverbrush Creek Area, Duchesne and Uintah Counties, Utah." U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1007. Kneak, Albert H. "Uintah Basin and Its Irrigable Government Lands." The Railroad Red Book (January, 1917). Marsh, 0. C. "On the Geology of the Eastern Uinta Mountains." American Journal of Science, 3rd Series, Vol. I. ! Owen, Tom J. "Land Management in Action . . . One District's Job." Our Public Lands, Vol. 12, No. 4 (April, 1963). Palmer, Edward (ed.). "Notes on the Utah Utes," by R. F. Heizer. Anthropological Papers, No. 17 (1954). Pedersen, Lyman C, Jr. "Early Penetration of the Uintah Basin." Journal of the West, Vol. II, No. 4 (October, 1972). "Plans Studied for Prospecting 140 Mile Line Extention In Utah." Green Light, Denver and Rio Grande (May 1960) . Powell, J. W. "Report on the Geology of the Eastern Portion of the Uinta Mountains and a Region of County Adjacent Thereto." U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey Territories. Wash., D.C.: G.P.O., 1876. Reagan, Albert B. "Summary of Archaeological Finds in the Uintah Basin in Utah." Utah Academy of Sciences Proceedings, Vol. X (1933). 38- Periodicals and Journals Reagan, Albert B. "Anciently Inhabited Caves of the Vernal (Utah) District, with Some Additional Notes on Nine Mile Canyon, Northeast Utah." Transactions Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 36 (1933) . . "Some Notes on the History of the Uintah Basin in Northeastern Utah, to 1850." Proceedings of Utah Academy of Sciences, Vol. XI (1934). . "Forts Robidoux and Kit Carson in Northeastern Utah." New Mexico Historical Review (April, 1935) . Sears, J. D. "Yampa Canyon in the Uinta Mountains, Colorado." U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 374-1. Standing, Arnold R. "Through the Uintas, History of the Carter Road." Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 36 (Summer, 1967). "The Uintah Land Opening." American Monthly Review of Reviews (July- December, 1905). "Uinta Railroad (Uintah)." Colorado Magazine (May, 1935). "Uintah Basin Rich in Pre-Historic, Ancient and Modern History.1* The Vernal Express, n. d., n. p. "Utah Issue." Arizona Highways Magazine (1947). Walhquist, Loreen P. "Memories of a Uintah Basin Form." Utah His- torical Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Spring, 1974). Walton, Paul Talmadge. "Geology of the Cretaceous of the Uinta Basin, Utah." Structure of the Uinta Mountains. N.Y.: 1944. Winchester, Dean E. "Oil Shale of the Uinta Basin, Northeastern, Utah, and Results of Dry Distillation of Miscellaneous Shale Samples." U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin. Collett, R. S. "Roosevelt in the Uintah Basin." The Railroad Red Book (January, 1917) . Public Documents U. S. Statutes at Large. U. S. Government Documents. Serial Set. • Public Documents U. S. Dept. of the Interior. Indian Lands Uintah Reservation, Utah. 57th Cong., 1st Sess., January 28, 1902, Sen. Doc. No. 154. U. S. Dept. of the Interior. Opening of the Uintah Indian Reservation in Utah. 53th Cong., 2nd Sess., February 15, 1905, Sen. Doc. No. 159. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Surveys and Examinations of Uinta Indian Reservation. 57th Cong., 1st Sess., June 19, 1902, House Doc. No. 671. U. S. Dept. of the Interior. Uintah Indian Reservation. 55th Cong., 1st Sess., April 13, 1897, Sen. Doc. No. 32. U. S. Array Corps of Engineers, Report of the Exploring Expedition from Santa Fe , New Mexico, to the Junction of the Grand and Green Rivers of the Great Colorado of the West, in 1S59, under the Command of Capt. J. N. Macomb, Corps of Topographical Engineers with Geological Report by Prof. J. S. Newberry. Wash., D. C, G.P.O, U. S. BIA Planning Support Group. The Uintah and Ouray Indian Reserva- tion: Its Resources and Development Potential. Books and Pamphlets Arrington, Leonard J. From Wilderness to Empire; The Role of Utah in Western Economic History. University of Utah Institute of American Studies No. I. Salt Lake City, Utah: Univ. I of Utah, 1961. Bancroft, Hubert Howe. History of Utah. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1964, Beal, Merrill D. Intermountain Railroads, Standard and Narrow Gauge. Caldwell, Idaho: Coxton Printers, 1962. Beebe, Lucius. Narrow Gauge in the Rockies. Berkeley, California: 1955. Bender, Henry E. Uintah Railway: The Gilsonite Route. Berkeley, California: Harnell-North Books, 1970. Bilton, Ronald Davis. Diane's Autobiographies and Other Personal Docu- ments in Salt Lake City Repositories. Salt Lake City, Utah, 1968, 2nd Ed. Salt Lake City: Univ. of Utah, 1971. Blanch, George T. A Study of From Organizations by Types of Forms in Uintah Basin, Utah. Utah State Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 285, Logan, Utah: 1939. -40- Books and Pamphlets Alter, J. C. In the Beginning. Salt Lake City. . Utah, the Storied Domain, a Documentary History of Utah's Eventful Career, Comprising the Thrilling Story of Her People from the Indians of Yesterday to the Industrialist of Today. Chicago and New York: The Am. Historical Society, Inc., 1932. Carter, Kate B., Compiler. Bibliography of Utah Writings and History. Salt Lake City (?): Utah Centennial Commissions, 1947. , Compiler. Heart Throbs of the West. Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1939-51. , Compiler. Our Pioneer Heritage. Salt Lake City, Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1958, Vol. I. Creer, Leland H. The Founding of an Empire; _the Exploration and Coloni- zation of Utah, 1776-1856~ Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1939. Daughters of Utah Pioneers. Early History of_Duchesne County. Compiled by Mildred Miles Dillman. Springville, Utah: Art City Publishing Co., 1948. Daughters of Utah Pioneers. Uintah County. Builders of Uintah; a Centennial History of Uintah County, 1872 to 1947. Springville, Utah: Art City Publishing Co., 1947. Dwyer, Robert Joseph. The Gentile Comes to Utah: A Study in Religious and Social Conflict (1862-1890) . Salt Lake City: Western Epics (1971). Fay, George E. Land Cessions in Utah and Colorado, by the Ute Indians, 1861-69 . Museum of Anthropology, Miscellaneous Series, No. 13. Greeley, Colo." Univ. of Northern Colo., 1970. Froiseth, Bernard Arnold Martin. Froiseth's New Sectional and Mineral Map of Utah. Salt Lake City: 1878. Gillin, John Phillip. Archeological Investigation in Nine Mile Canyon. Salt Lake City: U of U Press, 1955. Gottfredson, Peter. History of Indian Depredations in Utah. Salt Lake City: Press of Skelton Publishing Co., 1919. Hafen LeRoy R. Old Spanish Trail: Santa Fe to Los Angeles. Glendale Calif.: A. F. Clark Co . , 1954. Harris, William R. The Catholic Church in Utah, Including an Exposition of Catholic Faith by Bishop Scanlan. Salt Lake City: Inter-Moun- tain Catholic Press, 1909. Books and Pamphlets Hunter, Milton R. Utah, the Story of Her People, 1540-1947: A Centennial History of Utah. Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1946. Jorgensen, Joseph Gilbert. The Sun Dance Religion; Power for the Power- less . Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1972. Judd, Neil Merton. Archeological Observations North of the Rio Colorado. Wash., D.C.: G.P.O., 1926. Kneale, Albert H. Indian Agent > Caldwell, Idaho: Copton Printers, 1950. Kretchman, Herbert F. The Story of Gilsonite. Salt Lake City, Utah: American Gilsonite Co., 1957. Lambert, Roy. High Uintas, Hi I Kamas, Utah: The Author, 1964. Livingston, E. Jeffery. Industrial Bibliography of Utah. Boulder, Colo.: Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, 1969. Lyman, June and Norma Denver, compilers. Edited by Floyd A. O'Neil and John D. Sylvester. Ute People, An Historical Study. Salt Lake City, Utah: Uintah School District and the Western History Center, University of Utah, 1970. McConnell, Virginia. Ute Pass: Route of the Blue Sky People. Denver: Saga Books, 1963. McLaughlin, W. W. Agricultural Reconnaisance of the Uinta Reservation, Utah State Agricultural College, Agricultural Experiment Station. [Bulletin No. 93], Logan: 1903. Miller, David E. Utah Historial Atlas. Salt Lake City, Utah: 1968. Mitchell, Ceanne. Uintah County, Utah: An Economic Study. Salt Lake City: Bureau of Econ. and Bus. Research, College of Business, Divi- sion for Economic Development and Research, Center for Economic and Community Development, Univ. of Utah, 1968. Morgan, Dale L. Jedediah Smith aad the Opening of the West. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1953. Nelson, Roger H. A Tourist and Recreation Feasability Study of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation. Salt Lake City, Utah: Univ. of Utah Bureau of Economic and Business Research, 1965. Pratt, A. Glen. Rock Art of the Uintah Basin. Roosevelt, Ut.: Uintah Standard, 1972. • Books and Pamphlets Raymer, Robert G. Early Mining In Utah. n. p., n. d. Rockwell, Wilson. The Utes, A Forgotten People. Denver, Colo.: Sage Books, 1956. Roylance, Ward J. Utah's Geography and Counties. Salt Lake City: 1972, 1962. Sotalka, Edward F. (ed.). International Association to the Geology and Mineral Resources of the Uinta Basin, Utah's Hydrocarbon Storehouse. Salt Lake City: 1964. Stone, Elizabeth Arnold. Uinta County: Its Place in History. Laramie, Wyo. : Laramie Print Co., 1924. Sutton, Wain, ed. Utah: A Centennial History. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., Inc., 1949. Tullidge, Edward Wheelock. Tullidge's Histories Containing the History of Northern, Eastern and Western Counties of Utah: also the Counties of Southern Idaho. Salt Lake City: Utah Press of the Juvenile Instructor, 1889. "Uinta Railway." Utah: A Centennial History. Vol. II. "Uintah Railway." Denver Westerners Roundup. Denver, 1959. Union Pacific Railroad Company. Resources of the State of Utah-. 14th ed. Omaha, Neb.: Union Pacific Railroad Co., 1911. Unterman, G. Ernest. Guide to Dinosaur Land and the Unique Uinta Country. Vernal , "Utah: 1972. Writer's Program. Utah Gazetier (sic) of Utah Localities and Altitudes Salt Lake City: Division of Biology, Univ. of Utah, 1952. Writer's Program. Utah. Utah's Story American Guide Series. Salt Lake City: 1942, Vol. V. Writer's Program. Utah. A Guide to the State. N.Y.: Hastings House, (1954) , 1941. Wyman, Walker D. The Legend of Charlie Glass, Negro Cowboy on the Colorado-Utah Range. River Falls, Wise: River Falls State Univ. Press, 1970. f -43- Utah State Documents Utah State Road Committee. "General Highway Map, Uintah County, Utah." Salt Lake City: 1947. Utah Dept. of Employment Security. Duchesne-Uintah Daggett Counties. "Industrial Patterns as of September 30, 1947." Unpublished Works Allen, Richard Cardell. "Governor George H. Dern and Utah's Parti- cipation in the Colorado River Compact, 1922-1933," Thesis, U of U 1958. Anderson, David W. "Sedimentology of the Duchesne River Formation , (Eocene-Ogligacenen?) Northern Uintah Basin, Northeastern Utah. Ph.D. Dissertation, Salt Lake City, 1973. Barber, James V. "The History of Highways in Utah from 1847-1869." Thesis, U of U, 1949. Barnhardt, Michael T. "Tate Quaternary Geomorphology of the Bald Mountain Area, Uinta Mountains, Utah." Thesis, U of U, 1973. Batty, Donald M. "History of Early Roads and Freighting in the Eastern Uintah Basin, 1672-1920." Thesis, USU, Logan, Ut., 1970. Bennion, Milton L. "Highway Development in Utah." Thesis, U of U, 1932. Borgquist, Erasmus S. "Report of E. S. Borgquist, Water Commissioner of the Uintah Basin for the Year 1915." Thesis, U of U, 1915. Bracken, Lynn E. "The Economy of the Ute Indians." Thesis, U of U, 1928. Bringhurst, Newell George. "The Mining Career of George H. Dern." Thesis, U of U, 1967. Burton, Lloyd A. "A Geographical Study of the Alkaline Soils of the Duchesne-Roosevelt Area." Thesis, U of U, 1970. Byrd, William D. "Geology of the Bitriminous Sandstone Deposits, Southeastern Uinta Basin, Uintah and Grand Counties Utah." Thesis, U of U, 1967- Calef, Wesley Carr. "Land Associations and Occupance Problems in the Uinta County." Ph.D. Dissertation, U of U, 1948. Cogier, Stanford 0. "The Life of William Henry Hooper; Merchant States- man." Thesis, U of U, 1956. Crook, John G. "The Development of Early Industry and Trade in Utah." Thesis, U of U, 1926. .44- Davis, H. Clyde. "Geology of the Culver Gilsonite Vein of Duchesne County, Utah." Thesis, BYU, 1952. Davis, Leland J. "The Characteristics, Occurrences and Uses of the Solid Bitumens of the Uinta Basin Utah." Thesis, BYU, 1951. Grogger, Paul Karl. "Glaciation of the High Uintas Primitive Area, Utah. With Emphasis on the Northern Slope." Ph.D. Dissertation, U of U, 1974. Gross, Larry T. Stratigraphic Analysis of the Mesaverde Group, Uinta Basin, Utah." Thesis, U of U, 1961. Hammond, Jay M. "A Survey of the History of the Road Construction Industry in Utah." Thesis, BYU, 1967. Justesen, Osmon. "Early Day Iron Mining in Utah Based Upon Source Material Dealing with Utah Industrial History." Thesis, U of U, 1918. Kinsman, Leo Lynn. "A Geographic Analysis of Factors Contributing to Changing Population Patterns in Uintah County, Utah, 1950-65." Thesis, BYU, 1969. Maxwell, Theodore A. "Paleohydrology and Depositional Environment of the Duchesne River Formation near Roosevelt, Utah." Thesis, U of U, 1933. Murany, Ernest E. "Subsurface Stratigraphy of the Wasatch Formation of the Uinta Basin, Utah." Ph.D. Dissertation, U of U, 1963. Nelson, James V. "The Environment of the Vegetation of the Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones in the Uintah Basin." Thesis, U of U, 1973. Oakes, Dennis E. "The Role of Vernal in the Prosperity of Uintah County." Thesis, U of U, 1973. O'Neil, Floyd. "A Histrry of the Ute Indians of Utah Until 1890." Ph.D. Dissertation, U of U, 1973. Reeder, Clarence A. "The History of Utah Railroads, 1869-1883." Ph.D. Dissertation, U of U, 1970. Remington, Newell C. "A History of the Gilsonite Industry." Thesis, U of Ut, 1959. Richie, Eleanor Louise. "Spanish Relations with Yuta Indians, 1680- 1822." Thesis, U of Denver, 1932. -45 Teller, George H. "Sedimentary Features of the 'Write Quartziter in the Western Uinta Mountains, Utah." Thesis, U of U, 1956. Thompson, William D. "Stratigraphy of Black Shale Focies of Green River Formation Eocene, Uinta Basin, Utah." Thesis, U of.U, 1971. Thorum, Reho F. "Railroad Development in Utah, 1869-79." Thesis, U of Wise, 1936. Van Deventer, Bruce R. "Petrology of the Moenkipi Formation (Early Triassic) Uinta Mountain Area, Northeastern Utah." Thesis, U of U, 1974. Vaughn, Rodney L. "Sedimentology of the Dakota Formation (Cretaceous) Uinta Mountains, Northeastern Utah." Thesis, U of U, 1973. Wahlquist, Wayne L. "An Economic Geograph y of Oil and Natural Gas in the Uintah Basin, Utah." Thesis, BYU, 1961. Williamson, Charles R. "Carbonate Petrology of the Green River Forma- tion (Eocene), Uintah Basin, Utah and Colorado." Thesis, 1972, U of U. JAN 2 81 AREA : — 0-0-0-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-Q-o-o-o-o fjjUJUK C^~3L ^^j^C ftit.ytfo.0fl7 P A T g JJ T. " M^f^ Vernal 00432 tk*-: unit::d ::tat::s ok Atr:niCA, TO ALL "CO ;VOli \'l! ::::-: rp.Kr.KHTo SHALL -Oil'-: cs:-:k'?iuc: 7HKHKAS, a Certificate of the RepiEter of the Lund Office at Vernal, Utah, has boon deposited In thfi General Land Office, whereby it appears that, pursuant to the Act of Conrrcr.r of Ki.y SO, inG::, "To Secure Homesteads to Actual Settlors on the public Domain", and the acts Bupple- mental thereto, the claim of George g. Popo has bean established, unci duly consummated in con- formity to law, for the Borthvrcst quarter of the Northwest carter of Section Fourteen and tho I!orth-l.u]f of the. Northeast quurter and the Northeast quarter of the Northwest quarter of Sec- tion Fifteen in Township Ten South of Range Twenty-four ».ftSt of tho Jalt Luke Ueri- dian, Utah, containing one hundred sixty acres, according to the Official plat of tho ourvey of the Said Land, returned to the General I-/. rid 'Office by the Surveyor-General: C07 n'ClT:, That there is, therefore, grunted by tho United Stntee unto the said clc.i.it.nt tho tract of Land above described; TO IfAV" Ai.'D TO HOLD the said tract of Land, with the ut:pur- tenuncos thereof, unto the said claimant and to the heirs a.*d assigno of %he said claliu • •. '»•«- ever; subject tc ur" rt£;l» •". c.i.5 -.corned vmter rights- for mining, agricultural, nvinufacturln,-: or other purposes, and rights to ditchi-3 and roservoirs used in connection with such water rights, :"-8 :nuy be reeo/rni;.ed and ac'-cnov/ledped by the local cutitoms., Iuw3, and u eeii: i.ins of courts; and thorc is reserved from the landc hereby grunted a ri.^ht of way thereon f^r ditches or c-.in.l2 constmcted by the authority of tho United states. Also exoeptinp uad recervin*- to t>io United !5tutes all the oil and pas and all shale or other rock valuable as a eourco of pe- troleum *-r,d nitrogen in the lands so putente.l, and to it, or persona authorized by It, the ri.*).t to nrocpect for, mine, and remove such dciiosits from the lame upon compliance with the condi- tions and cubject to thu provisions and limitations of the Act of July 17,1914 f :50 Sitnt.I'OO) . [IJ Ti:STT':r>i;V /T/.r.^OF, I, Calvin Coolldfre, President of the United :;tutce of America, i.-.vc c:"iiid tb<;Se letters to be raade patent and the seal of tho General I*>nd Office to bo hr.-rcit.ito affixed. BTV'JII under my hand, at the City of .'/ashlnfton, the Twenty-seventh day of November in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hunJred and Twenty- three and of the Independence of the United states t}:e ono hundred and Forty- eighth, By the President: Calvin Coolldpc (3KAL) Hy Viola D. Pui;h. Secretary. Lt. P. LeHoy. Recorder of tho General Lund Offlco. RgCORDi!): Patent Number 0^-1714 Filed for record January 10th 19JM at 1;30 P.M. N^Vvu^^^ ^J^X-u^-Si Recorder. 0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0 Entry Mo. 536245 . P A T E « T Vernal 03127 THE UHIT2D STATE'S OF AMERICA, TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PBESEMT3 SHALL COME W.ETIKG: Whcrono, a Certificate of the Resistor of tha Land Office at V»rnal, Utah, has been dopoa- ited In the Coneral Land Offlco, whereby it appaara that, pursuant to the Act of Congress of Hay 20, 1862, "To Secure Homesteads to Actual Settlers on the Publio Domain," and the act3 sup- plemental thereto,' the claim of Eugeno Pope has been extablished and duly consummated. In con*'-;- cormity to law, for the East-half of the South-oast quarter of Section Nine and the West-half of the South-west quarter of Section Ten in Township Ten South of Range Twenty-four East of the Salt Lake Meridian, Utah, containing one hundred sixty acres, according to the Official Plat of the Survey of the said Land, returned to the General Land Office by the Surveyor-General: NOW KNOW YE, That thoro is, therefore, granted by tho Unitod Statc3 unto the said claimant the tract of Land above described; TO HAVE AUD TO HOLD the eaid tract of Land, with the appur- tenances thereof, unto the said claimant and to tho heirs and assigns of the said claimant for- ever; cubject to any vestod and accrued viator rights for raining, agricultural, manufacturing, or other purposes, and rights to .ditches and reservoirs used in connection with such water rights,' as may bo rocognized and acknowledged by the local customs, lawa, and decisions of courts; and there is reserved from the lands hereby granted, a right of way thereon for ditches or canulp constructed by the authobity of the united 9tates« excepting and reserving also;: td.-tho 'UnitodrStates all oil and gno and all Bhala or other rock valuable as a source of petroleum and'"nitro*en in the lands- oo patented, and to It, or persons authoeized by it, the right to prospect for, rnino, and remove such deposito from the 6ame upon complianco with the conditions and subject to the provisions and limitations of the Act of July 17, 1914 f 38 Stat. 509). Ill TEST IKOUY THEREOF, I, Warren 0„ Harding, President of the United States of America, have caused these lottero to be made Patent, and the seal of the Concrol Land Office to be horcunto affixed. GIVEN under. my hund, at the City of Washington, the Eiehtecnth day of May in tho year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and Twenty- three and of the Independence of the Unitod States the one hundred and Forty-seventh. By the Prcsidont; .Varrcn G. Harding (SEAL) Dy Viola D. runh. Secretary M. P. LcRoy Recorder of the Goncral Lund Office. Recorded; Patent Ifunbor 00G72G Filed for record July 5th 10,?3 ut 9 A.M. ^^\,„.^3 f^w...^ Recorder. 0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0 .A 6 . Entry [lo. 5329G. l^UXoJ-v. Ct^L* 'ci^vOm. ^^1603. THE UNITED STATES OF ATIKRICA^ TO ALT, TO '.VHOft Tins-! PilXSKIiTS SIKIX COME. GREET II.'G.; VWHREAS, a Certificate of tho Roglster of the* Jane; Office at V9rnai# utnh has been deposited in the General land Office, whereby it nppears that, pursuont to the. Acta of Congress of May 20, T2£62., "-0 Secure Homesteads to Actual Settlors on the Public domain", and the acts supplemental thereto, tho cleim of .Edwin J, Longhurst h.?3 been established and duly con surma ted, in conformity to low, for the northeast quarter of tho southeast quarter of Section seventeen in Township ten south of Range tv/enty-four east of the salt lake Meridian, Utah, containing forty acres, according to the Official Plat of tho Survey of the 6aid land, .returned to the GENERAL I.Allu 1FFIC3 by the Surveyor General; 80V/ KB0V7 YE, That there is, therefore granted by the UiHTED STATES unto the said claimont tha tract of Inad above described; TO HAVE AND TO HOLD tho SOiA tract of Lnod, with the appurtenances thereof, uj.to tho eaid claimant and to the heirs and assigns of the said claimont forever; subject to any vested and secured water rights for mining, esrrlcultrsl, manufac tor Ing , or other purposes end rights to ditches and reservoirs used in connection with such water rights, ds nay oe recognized and acknowledged by the local customs, law3, and decisions of courts; and thora is reserved from tho lands .hereby granted a right- of way thereon for ditches or canals constructed by the authority of tho United States. Sxcoptinrr and reserving oho, to the United Stctes all oil end gas and all shale or other rock valuable a~ a source of petroleum and nitrogen in the lands sp patented and to it, or persons authorized by It, the right to prospect for mine, end remove such deposits from the some upon compliance with the conditions end subject to the provisions end limitations Of the Act of July 17, 1914, (58 Stat. , 509). IN TSSTiadBY WITHSOF, I, Warren G. Harding, President of tho United States of An-rica ha\ve ciused these letters to oe made Potent, and tho seal of tho General land Offica to be hereunto affixed. OIVEil under my hand, in the District of Columbia, the fifth day of Novonbcr in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred end t.vonty-one and of the Indapondence of the United States tho one hundred and Forty-Sixth. By tho President: V/orren 0. Hardinrr By Viola n. Turh Secretary. (SEAL) M.P. J.c?oy Recorder of tho Perioral Lund Oifico. BEC0RDEn: 7> W t "rnr-'er 0.111 Qi'i. Filod for record flov. 17'A.D. 1923 at 1:55 P.M. 'l>.vh, Secretary. (SEAL) ,M. P. Lnjloy Rocoroor of tho Gonoririand RCCono::D: rotont number u^iro7 xilod for record Octobor IUth I92«i at 2?. u. .'/Vu^///^. > . O..Vh,j 9^", Roc 0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0 APPENDIX TV National and State Legislation Relevant to the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Resources • Note: The quality of reproduction of the legal documents in Appendix IV is not as high as we would wish. Eowever, the Utah State Historical Society does not possess original copies of these papers. Our only source for reproductive purposes is the Law Library, Univer- sity of Utah campus, whose policy does not allow the removal of this material from the building. Thus, we have been forced to use the xerox machine at the library. [Public-No. 209-3 An Act For ths presarvation of American antiquities Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Confess assembled, That any person who shall appropriate, excavate, injure, or destroy any historic or prehistoric ruin or monument, or any object of antiquity, situated on lands owned or controllpd by the Government of the United States, without the permission of the Secretary of the Department of the Government having jurisdiction over the lands on which said antiquities are situated, shall upon conviction, be fined in a sum of not more than five hundred dollars or be imprisoned for a period of not more than ninety days, or shall suffer both fine and imprison- ment, in the discretion of the court. SEC 2 That the President of the United States is hereby authorized, in his discretion, to declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States to be national monuments, and may reserve as a part thereof parcels of land, the limits of which in all cases shall be confined to the smallest area compatible with the proper care and management of the objects to be protected: Provided, That when such objects are situated upon a tract covered by a bona fide unperfected claim or held in private ownership, the tract, or so much thereof as may be necessary for the proper care and management of the object, may be relinquished to the Government, andthe Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to accept the relinquishment of such tracts in behalf of the Gov- ernment of the United States. SEC 3 That permits for the examination of ruins, the excavation of archeological sites, and the gathorin- of objects of antiquity upon the lands under their respective jurisdictions may be granted by the Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and War to institutions which they may deem properly qualified to conduct such examination, excavation, or gathering, subject to such rules and regulations as they may prescribe: Provided, That the examinations, excavations, and gatherings are undertaken for the benefit of reputable museums, universities, colleges, or other recognized scientific or educational institutions, with a view to increasing the knowledge of such objects, and that the gatherings -shall be made for permanent preservation in public museums. SEC 4. That the Secretaries of the Departments aforesaid shall make and publish from time to time uniform rules and regulations for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of this Act. Approved, June 8, 1905 (34 Stat. L. 225). CPO 878 - 333 municipal with (e) Contract^ and make cooperative agreements with States subdivisions, corporations, associations, or individuals' proper bond where deemed advisable, to protect, preserve, main- tain, or operate any historic or archaeologic building, site, object or property used in connection therewith for public use, regardless as to whether the title thereto is in the United States: Provided. That no contract or cooperative agreement shall be made or entered into which will obligate the general fund of the Treasury unless or until Congress lias appropriated money for such purpose. (f) Restore, reconstruct, rehabilitate, preserve, and maintain his- toric or prehistoric sites, buildings, objects, and properties of national historical or archaeological significance and where deemed desirable establish and maintain museums in connection therewith. (g) Erect and maintain tablets to mark or commemorate historic or prehistoric places and events of national historical or archaeological significance. , ° (h) Operate and manage historic and archaeologic sites, buildings and properties acquired under the provisions of this Act together with lands and subordinate buildings for the benefit of the public, such authority to include the power to charge reasonable visitation fees and grant concessions, leases, or permits for the use of land, building space, roads, or trails when necessary or desirable either to accommo- date the public or to facilitate administration: Provided, That such concessions, leases, or permits, shall be let at competitive bidding to the person making the highest and best bid. _ (i) V, 'hen the Secretary determines that it would be administra- tively burdensome to restore, reconstruct, operate, or maintain any particular historic or archaeologic site, building, or property donated to the United States through the National Park Service, he may cause the same to be done by organizing a corporation for that purpose under the laws of the District of Columbia or any State. (j) Develop an educational program and service for the purpose of making available to the public facts and information pertaining to American historic and archaeologic sites, buildings, and properties' Ol national significance. Reasonable charges may be made for the dissemination of any such facts or information. (k) Perform any and all acts, and make such rules and reflations not inconsistent with this Act as may be necessary and proper to carry out the provisions thereof. Any person violating anv of the rules and regulations authorized by this Act shall be punished by a fine of not more than $500 and be adjudged to pay all cost of the proceedings. ' Sec 0. A general advisory board to be known as the "Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings, and Monu- ments is hereby established, to be composed of not to exceed eleven persons, citizens of the United States, to include representatives competent in the fields of history, archaeology, architecture and human geography, who shall be appointed by the Secretary and'serve at his pleasure. The members of such board shall receive na salary but may be paid expenses incidental to travel when en«\i"ed in discharging their duties as such members. . • & It shall be the duty of such board to advise on any matters m iVo WnV1? al P?rfa>?n* to the administration of this Act sub- mitted to it for consideration by the Secretary. It may also rorom mend policies to the Secretary from time to time Lr tarn no To national parks and to the restoration, reconstruction, conservation! Previm. Federal obligation re- striction. Operating building Proriio. Concessions, etc. Corporations to as- sist, may be organized. Educational pro- gram and service. renalty for violation. Genera! advisory board established. Compositl 1-1 and general administration of historic and archr mgs, and properties. eologic sites, buiid- «N^ Technical ad1 coiiiruit'.ees. A p v t o p r i authorized. Post, p. 1705. CrnQiclir pealed. Seo a. The. Secretary, in administering this Act, is authorized to cooperate with and may seek and accept the assistance of any fed- eral State, or municipal department or agency, or any educational or scientific institution, or any patriotic association, or any individual. (b) When deemed necessary, technical advisory committees may be established to act in an advisory capacity in connection with the restoration or reconstruction of any historic or prehistoric building or structure. p , , , (c) Such professional and technical assistance may be employed without regard to the civil-service lavs, and such service may be established as may be required to accomplish the purposes ot tins Act and for which money may be appropriated by Congress or made available by gifts for such purpose. _ Sec 5 Nothing in this Act shall be held to deprive any State, or political subdivision thereof, of its civil and criminal jurisdiction in and over lands acquired by the United States under this Act. Sec. 6. There is authorized to be appropriated for carrying out the purposes of this Act such stuns as the Congress may from time to time determine. _ Sfc. 7. The provisions of this Act shall control if any of them aro in conflict with any other Act or Acts relating to the same subject matter. Approved, August 21, 1935. fun* 27, I960 [S. 1185] Public Law 86-523 AX ACT To provide for the preservation of historical ami archeologieal data (including relics and sj>ecimcnsj which might otherwise be lost as the iv.sult of the construction of a dam. HI s t or: urcheol; data, pre tion. Dam c o tion. Advance n s t r uc- Iic it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the I ' a ited Stales of A merica in Congress' assembled, That it is the purpose of this Act to further the policy set forth in the Act entitled "An Act to provide for the preservation of historic American sites, buildings, objects, and antiquities of national significance, and for other pur- poses'", approved August 21, 19-35 (16 U.S.C. 461-107), by specifically providing for the preservation of historical and archeologieal data (including relics and specimens) which might otherwise be irreparably lost or destroyed as the result of flooding, the building of access roads, the erection of workmen's communities, the relocation of railroads and highways, and other alterations of the terrain caused bv the construc- tion of a dam by any agency of the United States, or by any private person or corporation holding a license issued by any such agency. Src. 2. (a) Before any agency of the United States shall undertake the construction of a dam, or issue a license to any private individual or corporation for the construction of a dam, it shall give written notice to the Secretary of the Interior setting forth the site of the. proposed dam and the approximate area to be flooded and otherwise changed if such construction is undertaken: Provided. That with respect to any floodwater retarding dam which provides less than five thousand acre-feet of detention capacity and with respect to any other type of dam which creates a reservoir of less than forty surface acres the provisions of this section shall apply only when the con- structing agency, in its preliminary surveys, finds, or is presented with ovidence that historical or archeologieal materials exist or may be present in the proposed reservoir area. (b) Upon receipt of any notice, as provided in subsection (a), the Secretary of the Interior (hereinafter referred to as the "Secretary''), shall cause a survey to be made of the area proposed to be flooded to ascertain whether such area contains historical and archeologieal data (including relics and specimens) which should bo. preserved in the public interest. Any such survey shall be conducted as expeditiously as possible. If, as a result of any such survey, the Secretary shall determine (1) that such data exists in such area, (2) that such data has exceptional historical or archeologieal significance, and should be col- lected and preserved in the public interest, and (3) that it is feasible to collect and preserve such data, he shall cause the necessary work to be performed in such area to collect and preserve such data. All such work shall be performed as expeditiously as possible. (c) The Secretary shall keep the instigating agency notified at all times of the progress of any survey made under this Act, or of any work undertaken as a result of such survey, in order that there will be as little disruption or delay as possible in the carrying out of the functions of such agency. (d) A survey similar to that provided for by section (b) of this section and the work required to be performed as a result thereof shall so far as practicable also be undertaken in connection with any clam the construction of which has been heretofore authorized by any agency of the United States, or by any private person or corporation holding a license issued by any such agency. (n] 'ra(0 0;,*...;,?.,™ c-h:>P .— -•-• If -M • ■> : ■' *■-- • ■-■».■; institutions and qualified individuals, with a view to determining the ownership of and the most appropriate repository for any relics and specimens recovered as a result of any work performed as provided for in this section. Sec. o. In the administration of this Act, the Secretary may — (1) enter info contracts or make cooperative agreements with any Federal or State agency, any educational or scientific organ- ization, or any institution, corporation, association, or qualified individual ; and (2) procure the temporary or intermittent services of experts or consultants or organizations thereof as provided in section 15 of the Act of August 2, 194G (5 U.S.C. 55a) ; and (o) accept and utilize funds made available for salvage nrcheo- logical purposes by any private person or corporations holding a license issued by an agency of the United States for the con- struction of a dam or other type of water or power control project. Sir. 4. There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as miry be necessary to cany out the purposes of this Act. Approved June 27, 1960. -^ no Stat.] jm hi.ic: i.-uv H9r,fi.s-ocf. ir>, iogg 915 Public Law B9-665 .11 vh n program for Iho prcsen throughout the N'ntlon.i AN ACT Ortol-tr is. n<>6 Ion i.f niTflitlonnl historic projH-rth'S [s. jojs) ] f«.r ollur purposes. Be it cnnctcd by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Slates of America in Congress assembled. The Congress finds and declares — (a) that (lie spirit and direction of Ihc Nation are founded upon and reflected in its historic past; (b) (hat (he historical and cultural foundations of (lie Nation should be preserved as a living part of our community life and development in order (c give a sense of orientation (o the Ameri- can people; (c) that, in the face of ever-increasing extensions of urban cen- ters, highways, and residential, commercial, and industrial devel- opments, the present governmental and nongovernmental historic preservation programs and activities arc, inadequate to insure future generations a genuine opportunity to appreciate and enjoy the rich heritage of our Nation ; and ■ (d) that, although the major burdens of historic preservation have been borne and major efforts initiated by private agencies and individuals, and both should continue to play a vital role, it is nevertheless necessary and appropriate for the Federal Govern- ment to accelerate its historic preservation programs and activities, to give maximum encouragement to agencies and individuals undertaking preservation by private means, and to assist State and local governments and the National Trust for Historic Pres- ervation in the United States to expand and accelerate their his- toric preservation programs and activities. TITLE I Iishrd. Sec. 101. (a) The Secretary of the Interior is authorized — Building, and (1) toexpand andmaintain a national registerof districts, sites, "^xp'-oslon" and buildings, structures, and objects significant in American history, maintenance of architecture, archeology, and culture, hereinafter referred to as *»,,on»1 Rec«»- the National Register, and to grant funds to States for the pur- pose of preparing comprehensive statewide historic surveys and plans, in accordance with criteria established by the Secretary, for the preservation, acquisition, and development of such prop- erties; (2) to establish a program of matching grants-in-aid to States Bt^*£!* to for projects having as their purpose the preservation for public benefit of properties' that are significant in American histor}-, architecture, archeology, and culture; and (3) to establish a program of matching grant-in-aid to the fo^HitZ'\7rU^ National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States, Preservation. chartered by act of Congress approved October 26, 1949 (63 Stat. 927), as amended, for the purpose of carrying out the responsibil- ities of the National Trust. (b) As used in this Act — (1) The term "State" includes, in addition to the several States of the Union, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Pico, the Virgin Islands. Guam, and American Samoa. (2) The terra "project" means programs of State and local govern- ments and other public bodies and private organizations and indi- viduals for the acquisition of title or interests in, and for the develop- 16 USC 468- Encl 1-1 .^"^.--'-•rwr^r.-^^auo* 916 i'l P.I.IC \.\W HO.r/,5. OCT. 15, 19r,6 [bo Stat. men I of, any ilisl i ict sif **, building, s( i ui(ui r, or object {hat is signifi- cant in American history, sirchitu-turp, archeology, :im! culture, or propci (y used in connection IIhtcm ifh, and for its development in oiiler to assure the preservation for public benefit of any such historical • properties. b/esVrvviion." (^) '•"• nc 'cnn "Jii-^torlc preservation" includes flic protection, IV.ll.1- bibtntion, restoration, antl reconstruction of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects significant in American history, architecture, archeology, or culture. 16 USC <6D?-4 not*. Apportionment. stc,t\sr7." /4j 'p[10 |_cnn "Secretary" means (lie Secretary of tbe Interior, .ndiiien.rer gEC 102< (a) fo grant may bLMiiadc umh-r this Act--- (1) unless application tlicrefoi is submit fed to the Secretary in accordance with regulations and procedures prescribed by bitn; (2) unless the application is in accordance with the compre- hensive statewide historic preservation plan which has been ap- proved by the Secretary alter considering ils relationship to the comprehensive statewide outdoor recreation plan prepared pur- suant to the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of JI'G.3 (7S Stat. 897); (3) for more than 50 per centum of flic total cost involved, as determined by the Secretary and his determination shall be final; (4) unless the grantee has agreed to make such reports, in such form and containing such information as the Secretary may from time to time require; v v (5) unless the grantee has agreed to assume, after completion .! of the project, the total cost of the continued maintenance, repair, and administration of the property in a manner satisfactory to the Secretary; and j' (6) until the grantee lias complied with such further terms and conditions as the Secretary may deem necessary or advisable. . [ (b) The Secretary may in his discretion waive the requirements of subsection (a), paragraphs (2) and (5) of this section for any grant j under this Act to the National Trust for Historic reservation in the United States, in which case a grant to the National Trust may in- clude funds for the maintenance, repair, and administration of the property in a mannersatisfactory to the Secretary. (c) No State shall be permitted Jo utilize the value of real property obtained before the date of approval of this Act in meeting the remaining cost of a project for which a grant is made under this Act. Sec. 103. (a) The amounts appropriated and made available for grants to the States for comprehensive statewide historic survevs and Slans under this Act shall be apportioned among the States by the ecretary on the basis of needs as determined by him : Provided, how- ever, That the amount granted to any one State shall not exceed 50 per centum of the total cost of the comprehensive statewide historic survey and plan for that State, as determined by the Secretary. (b) The amounts appropriated and made available for grants to the States for projects under this Act for each fiscal year shall be apportioned among the States by the Secretary in accordance Avith needs as disclosed in approved statewide historic preservation plans. The Secretary shall notify each State of its apportionment, and the amounts thereof shall be available thereafter for payment to such State for projects in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Any amount of any apportionment that has not been paid or obligated by the Secretary during the fiscal year in which such notification is given, and for two fiscal years thereafter, shall be reapportioned by the Secretary in accordance with this subsection. Encl. 1-2 80 Stat.] ITHI.ICKAH 89-065 -OCT. 15, MG 91? Skc. 10}. (a) No ,a;u,l may be made Jo* ,1,c Secretary for or on ^^ViVrTfrd- account of any survey or project under litis Act with respect to which t.ru) v,,oc,uma, financial assistance has been given or promised under any other Fed- eral program or activity, nnd no financial assistance may he given under nny other Federal program or activity for or on ncoonuf of any survey or project with respect to which assistance 1ms been given or promised under this Act. (b) Tn oidcr to assure consistency in policies and action? under this Act with other related Federal programs and activities, and to assure coordination of the planning acquisition, and development assistance to States under (his Act. with other related Federal programs and activities, the President may issue such regulations Mill) respect, thereto as he deems desirable, and such assistance may be provided only in accordance with such regulations. Sue. 105. The beneficiary of assistance under this Act shall keep such *«■«"■<"«. records as the Secretary shall prescribe, including records which fully disclose the disposition by the beneficiary of the proceeds of such assistance, the total cost of the project or undertaking in connection with which such assistance is given or. used, and the amount and nat urc of that portion of the cost of the project or undertaking supplied by other sources, and such other records as will facilitate an effective audit. Sr.c. 106. The head of any Federal agency having direct or indirect jurisdiction over a proposed Federal or federally assisted undertak- ing in any State and the head of any Federal department or independ- ent agency having authority to license any undertaking shall, prior to the approval of the expenditure of any Federal funds on the under- taking or prior to the issuance of any license, as the case may be, take info account the effect of the undertaking on any district, site, build- ing, structure, or object that is included in the National Kegister. The . head of an}- such Federal agency shall afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation established under title II of this Act a reasona- ble opportunity to comment with regard to such undertaking. Sec. 107. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to be applicable to Exemption*. the White House and its grounds, the Supreme Court building and its grounds, or the United States Capitol and its related buildings and grounds. Sec. 10S. There are authorized to be appropriated not to exceed $2,000,000 to carry out the provisions of this Act for the fiscal year 1967, and not more than $10,000,000 for each of the three succeeding fiscal years. Such appropriations shall be available for the financial assistance authorized by this title and for the administrative expenses of the Secretary in connection therewith, and shall remain available until expended. TITLE II Sec. 201. (a) There is established an Advisory Council on Historic ^t^Z^^" Preservation (hereinafter referred to as the "Council") which shall preservation, be composed of seventeen members as follows: membership. (1) The Secretary of the Interior. (-2) The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. (3) The Secretary of Commerce. (4) The Administrator of the General Services Administration. (o) The Secretary of the Treasury. (6) The Attorney General. (7) The Chairman of the National Trust for Historic Preser- vation. Encl. 1-3 Appropriation. ^-■^:>-^^'%w»»*35SfafeT&' --_' t->~::-> < 0]3 ri'HI.IC LAW 89-r.r,:,_n(;r. If), 1906 [MO St\t. (8) Ton appointed hy Hip Prt^i.L-nt from outside, tbc 1'Vflt-raS Government. Inmafcing these appointments, tlie President shall give duo consideration (o t lie selection of officers of Sl:i(c anil local governments anil individuals who arc significantly interested and experienced in the matters to he considered by I ho Council. (h) Each member of the Council specified in paragraphs (I) through (G) of subsection (a) may designate another officer of his '• i department or agency to serve on the Council in his stead. ; oJ.cT* °f (c) ^nc^ niemher of the Council appointed under paragraph (8) of subsection (a) shall serve for a term of five years from the expira- tion of his predecessor's term ; except that the members first appointed under that paragraph shall serve /or terms of from one lo five years, as designated by (lie President at the lime of appointment, in such manner as to insure that the terms of not less than one nor more than two of them will expire in an}- one year. (d) A vacancy in the Council shall not afTcct its powers, but shall be filled in the same manner as flic original appointment (and for the balance of the unexpired term), •tjeci'fo^"" (e) r^ie ^naHlnan °f fhe Council shall he designated by the Presi- dent (f) Eight members of the Council shall constitute a quorum. Du,iti- Sec. 202. (a) The Council shall — (1) advise the President and the Congress on matters relat- ing to historic preservation; recommend measures to coordinate activities of Federal. State, and local agencies and private institu- tions and individuals relating to historic preservation; and ad- vise on the dissemination of information pertaining lo such activi- ties; (2) encourage, in cooperation with the National Trust for His- toric Preservation and appropriate private agencies, public in- terest and participation in historic preservation ; (3) recommend the conduct of studies in such areas as the ade- quacy of legislative and administrative statutes and regulations pertaining to historic preservation activities of State and local governments and the effects of tax policies at all levels of govern- ment on historic preservation ; (4) advise as to guidelines for the assistance of State and local governments in drafting legislation relating to historic preserva- tion ; and (5) encourage, in cooperation with appropriate public and pri- vate agencies and institutions, training and education in the neld of historic preservation. PrllfdTnt'-nd (^) Tli 6 Council shall submit annually a comprehensive report of its activities and the results of its studies to the President and the Con- gress and shall from time to time submit such additional and special reports as it deems advisable. Each report shall propose such legis- lative enactments and other actions as, in the judgment of the Council. I are necessary and appropriate to carry out its recommendations. Sec. 203. The Council is authorized to secure directly from any department, bureau, agency, board, commission, office, independent es- tablishment or instrumentality of the executive branch of the Federal Government information, suggestions, estimates, and statistics for the purpose of this title ; and each such department, bure.au, agency, board, commission, office, independent establishment or instrumentality is au- thorized to furnish such information, suggestions, estimates, and sta- tistics to the extent permitted by law and within available funds. Sec. 204. The members of the Council specified in paragraphs O) through (7) of section 201(a) shall serve without additional eompen- F Conjrei Oth.r F»der»l 0£«nci«i, coop- eration. End. 1-4 f.S Slal. -1S3. BO Si\r.] ITlil ]('.]. \\\ JJ«>.f/,0-Of:T. l.r>, 1%6 ' 919 Ail inn. The im-mbcr.-, of the Council appointed under pa nigra oh (S) of section -01 (a) sliii I] ) rceivc $100 per uirm when rngagcd m i In- per- formance of llic duties of t lie Council. All members of Ihc Council shall receive rvinibiirK-ment for necessary (raveling ami suhsisfewo expenses incurred by llicm in l!ie performance of the duties of tho Council. Skc. -20.-.. (a) Tito Director of the Nation:.! Park Service or his Di^7|ro""v" designee shall be Die ICxemtivc Director of tlic Council. Kinaurial and administrative services (including those related to budgeting, accounting, financial reporting, personnel and procurement) shall l>c provided the Council by the Department, of 4hc Interior, for which payments shall he made in advance, or by reimbursement, from funds of the Council in such amounts as may Ik; agreed upon by the Chair- man of the Council and the Secretary of the Interior: Provided, That tho regulations of -the Department- of the Interior for the collection of indebtedness of personnel resulting from erroneous payments (5 U.S.C. 10e) shall apply to (lie collection of erroneous payments made to or on behalf of a Council employee, and regulations of said 'Secre- tary for the administrative control of funds (-31 U.S.C. 005 (g)) shall apply to appropriations of the Council: And provided further^ That the Council shall not be required to prescribe such regulations. (b) The Council shall have power to appoint and fix the compensa- p"">nn?1' lion of such additional personnel as may be necessary to carry out its duties, without regard to the provisions of the civil service laws and the Classification Act of 1949. *»««> p- 2*3- (c) The Council may also procure, without regard to the civil service laws and the Classification Act of 1949, temporary and inter- mittent services to the same extent as is authorized for the executive departments by section 15 of the Administrative Expenses Act of 19-46 (5 U.S.C. 55a) , but at rates not to exceed $50 per diem for individuals. 60 s'°«- s 10- (d) The members of the Council specified in paragraphs (1) through (6) of section 201(a) shall provide the Council, on a reim- bursable basis, "with such facilities and services under their jurisdic- tion and control as may be needed by the Council to carry out its duties, to the extent that such facilities and services are requested by the Council and are otherwise available for that purpose. To the extent of available appropriations, the Council may obtain, by pur- chase, rental, donation, or otherwise, such additional property, facili- ties, and sen-ices as may be needed to carry out its duties. Approved October 15, 19 65. Encl. 1-5 v&gspmgg* Yi.i -/ Public Lav/ 91-190 91st Congress, S. 1075 January 1, 1970 2nSct ^§y To establish a national policy for the environment, to provide for the establish- ment of a Council on Environmental Qualit7, acd for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may l-'ational En- be cited as the "National Environmental Policy Act of 1969"'. vironraental Policy Act of purpose 1969« Sec. 2. The purposes of this Act are: To declare a national policy •which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or elimi- nate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the eco- logical systems and natural resources important to the Nation; and to establish a Council on Environmental Quality. TITLE I j DECLARATION OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Sec. 101. (a) The Congress, recognizing the profound impact of Polioies and man's activity on the interrelations of all components of the natural e°als. environment, particularly the profound influences of population growth, high-density urbanization, industrial expansion, resource | exploitation, and new and expanding technological advances and recognizing further the critical importance of restoring and maintain- ing environmental quality to the overall welfare and development of man, declares that it is the continuing policy of the Federal Govern- ment, in cooperation 'with State and local governments, and other con- t cerned public and private organizations, to use all practicable means and measures, including financial and technical assistance, in a man- ner calculated to foster and promote the general welfare, to create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony, and fulfill the social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations of Americans. (b) In order to carry out the policy set forth in this Act, it is the [ continuing responsibility of the Federal Government to use all prac- ticable means, consistent with other essential considerations of national policy, to improve and coordinate Federal plans, functions, programs, and resources to the end that the Nation may — (1) fulfill the responsibilities of each generation as trustee of [ the environment for succeeding generations ; (2) assure for all Americans safe, healthful, productive, and f esthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings ; (3) attain the widest range of beneficial uses of the environ- ment without degradation, risk to health or safety, or other unde- sirable and unintended consequences ; (4) preserve important historic, cultural, and natural aspects of our national heritage, and maintain, wherever possible, an environment which supports diversity and variety oi individual choice-; (6} achieve a balance between population and resource use •which will permit high standards of living and a wide sharing of ► life's amenities j and ^f^m^!s^Fiifr^^?^^t "-■- Pub. Law 91-190 - 2 - January 1, 1970 Administration, ( (6) enhance the quality of renewable resources and approach the maximum attainable recycling of dcpletable resources; (cj ihe Congress recognizes that each person should enjoy a henltlr- iul environment and that each person has a responsibility to contribute to the preservation and enhancement of the environment. bi:c. 102. Ihe Congress authorizes and directs that, to the fullest fS??iPQfSlb,e:i(1,! J1,e.P°,icies» regulations, and public laws of the United States shall be interpreted and administered in accordan :« with the policies set forth in this Act, and (2) nil agencies of the Fed- era] Government shall— (A) utilize a systematic, interdisciplinary approach which will insure the integrated use of the natural and social sciences and the environmental design arts in planning and in decisionmaking vwncii may have an impact on man's environment ; («) identify and develop methods and procedures, in con- sultation with the Council on Environmental Qunlitv rtnMfcliivl by title IT of this, \-t. »),;.-). -,;n ;., »i,n, ,,nwi,t|v ».,.{.••'. i-«; fied environmental •'•..i-f w ••.,!• • ! • „,',':. consideration in decisionmaking ;;•■ nical considerations; (C) include in every recommendation or report on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions significantly af- fecting the quality of the human environment, a detailed state- ment by the responsible ofiicial on— (i) the environmental impact of the proposed action, (in any adverse environmental effects which cannot ba avoided should the proposal be implemented (lii) alternatives to the proposed action, ' (ivj the relationship between local short-term uses of man s environment and the maintenance and enhancement of Jong-term productivity, and (v) any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of re- sources winch would be involved in the proposed action should it be implemented. P'.i(?rItVVlkin» hny dct;li!ed statement, the responsible Federal omcial shall consult with and obtain the comments of any Fed- eral agency which has jurisdiction bv law or special expertise with ™« rfC?eCt *° "Ki. environmental impact involved. Copies of such ■o. .avail- statement and the comments and views ofthe appropriate Federal, State, and local agencies, which are authorizecfto develop and en- force environmental standards, shall be made available to the president, the Council on Environmental Quality and to the pub- he as provided by section 552 of title 5. United States Code, and shall accompany the proposal through the existing agency review processes ; ° ° J (D) study, develop, and describe appropriate alternatives to recommenced courses of action in any proposal which involves unresolved conflicts concerning alternative uses of available re- sources; . (E) recognize the worldwide and long-range character of en- vironmental problems and, where consistent with the foreirm policy of the Lmted States, lend appropriate support to initiatives resolutions, and programs designed to maximize international' cooperation in anticipating and preventing a declihe in the quality of mankind's world environment; * J (F) make available to States, counties, municipalities, institu- tions, and individuals, advice and information useful in restoring maintaining, and enhancing the quality of the environment • Copies of stat nenta, e ability. 81 Stat. 54. ]ic as shall i processes ; January 1, 1970 - 3 Ptib, Law 91-190 E3 ST.' (G) initiate and utilize ecological informatk and development of resource oriented project-; (H) assist the Council on Environmental Q. by title II of this Act. Sec. 103. All agencies of the Federal Govern: their present statutory authority, administrative re£ rent policies and procedures for the purpose of deL there are any deficiencies or inconsistencies then-, full compliance with the purposes and provisions o; propose to the President not later than July 1, 1973 may be necessary to bring their authority and poL: itv -with the intent, purposes, and procedures set fc "Sec. 104. Nothing; in Section 102 or 103 shall in i specific statutory obligations of any Federal ngen with criteria or standards of environmental quality. or consult with any other Federal or State agency. refrain from acting contingent upon the recommer. cation of any other Federal or State agency. Sec. 105. The policies and goals set forth in this A tary to those set forth in existing authorizations of TITLE II in the planning nd ..'•ty established :nt shall review Revi< iations, and cur- rrnining whether which prohibit 213 Act and shall rich measures as es into conform- :h in this Act. .;.- way affect the r (1) to comply 2) to coordinate :r (3) to act, or prions or certifi- - are supplernen- -"ederal agencies. COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Sec 201. The President shall transmit to the C: beginning July 1, 1970, an Environmental Quality after referred to as the "report'') which shall set for; and condition of the major natural, mamnade, or mental classes of the Nation, including, but not li- the- aquatic, including marine, estuarine, and fresl terrestrial environment, including, but not limited to, land, wetland, range, urban, suburban, and rural er. current and foreseeable trends in the quality, manage: tion of such environments and the effects of those tre? economic, and other requirements of the Nation; (3) available natural resources for fulfilling human and a ments of the Nation in the light of expected populatic a review of the programs and activities (includir; tivi ties) of the Federal Government, the State and lo and nongovernmental entities or individuals, with par to their effect on the environment and on the conser ment and utilization of natural resources; and (D'; remedying the deficiencies of existing programs a: gether with recommendations for legislation. Sec. 202. There is created in the Executive Office a Council on Environmental Quality (hereinafter r-. "Council"). The Council shall be composed of three m- be appointed by the President to serve at his pleas; the advice and consent of the Senate. The Presider: one of the members of the Council to serve ns Ohair- ber shall be a person who, as a result of his training attainments, is exceptionally well qualified to amity environmental trends and information of all kinds: grains and activities of the Federal Government in policy set forth in title I of this Act ; to be conscious c to the scientific, economic, social, esthetic, and cultu terests of the Nation 5 and to formulate and rc-c- policiea to promote the improvement of the quality of -gress annually Report to Report (herein- congress. a (1) the status :.tercd environ- ited to, the air, water, and the the forest, dry- .-ironment; (2) lent and utiliza- ds on the social, che adequacy of onomic require- 1 pressures; (4) regulatory ac- a] governments, icular reference *ition, develop- a program for i activities, to- f the President Council on ferred to as the Envlromsntal rr.be r3 who shall Quality.- r?, by and with shall designate •an. Each mem- axperience, and a and interpret :? appraise pro- :ae light of the :■: and responsive rL needs and in- ^mend national i; environment. ,, Hur**,;-*.^- --„**-'-- Pub. Law 91-190 - 4 - January 1, 1970 80 Stat. 416. Dutiss and functions. S>:c. 203. The Council may employ such officers and employees 03 5 may bo necessary to carry out. its functions under this Act. In addition, * Ch. tho Council may employ and fix the compensation of such experts and 'j for; consultants as may be necessary for the carrying out of its functions J Th>[ under this Act, in accordance with section 3103 ot titlo ?, United States . prof Code (but without regard to tho Inst sentence thereof). _ ' U..-J Sec. 20-1. It shall be the duty and function of the Council — ^ Sj (1) to assist and advise trie President in the preparation of the prv Environmental Quality Report required by section 201; (2) to gather timely and authoritative information concerning the conditions and trend3 in the quality of the environment both current and prospective, to analyze and interpret such informa- tion for the purpose of determining whether such conditions and trends are interfering, or are likely to interfere, with the achieve- ment of tho policy set forth in title I of this Act, and to compile nnd submit to the President studies relating to such conditions and trends; (3) to review and appraise the various programs and activities of the Federal Government in the light of the policy set forth in title I of this Act for the purpose of determining tho extent to which such programs and activities are contributing to the achievement of such policy, and to make recommendations to the President with respect thereto; (4) to develop and recommend to the President national poli- cies to foster and promote the improvement of environmental quality to meet the conservation, social, economic, health, and other irequirementsand goals of the Nation; (5) to conduct investigations, studies, surveys, research, and analyses relating to ecological svsteni3 and environmental quality; 1 6) to document and define changes in the natural environment, including the plant and animal systems, and to accumulate neces- sary data and other information lor a continuing analysis of these changes or trends nnd an interpretation of their underlying causes; (7) to report at least once each year to the President on the state and condition of the environment; and (8) to make fincl^ furnish such studies, reports tueroo;;, nnd recommendations with respect to matters of policy and legisla- tion as the President may request. Sec. 205. In exercising its powers, functions,, and duties under this Act, the Council shall — (1) consult with the Citizens' Advisory Committee on Environ- mental Quality established by Executive Order numbered 11472, 34 f. R. 8693. dated May 20, 19G9, and with such representatives of science, industry, agriculture, labor, conservation organizations, State and local governments and other groups, as it deems advisable; and (2) utilize, to the fullest extent possible, the services, facilities, and information (including statistical information) of public and private agencies and organizations, and individuals, in order that duplication of effort and expense may be avoided, thus assuring that the Council's activities will not unnecessarily overlap or con- flict with similar activities authorized by law and performed by established agencies. CO. January 1, 1970 - 5 - Pub. Law 91-190 e? s Seo. 20S. Members of the Council shall serve full time and_ the Tanuro ond Giairroan of the Council shall be compensated afc the rate provided compensation. for Level II of the Executive Schedule Pay Katea (5 U.S.C. 5:313). eo stat. 460, The other members of the Coimcil shall be compensated at the rate 461« provided for Level IV or the Executive Schedule Pay Rates (5 &.S.C.5315). Dl Stat. 633. Szo. 207. There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out tha Appropriation! provisions of this Act not to exceed $300,'aO for fiscal year 1970, $700,000 for fiscal year 1971, and $1,000,000 for each fiscal year thereafter. Approved January 1# 1970. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY; HOUSE REPORTS! No. 91-378, 91-373, pt. 2,aooo=?5ryins H. P.. 12549 (Corcn. on Heroharrt Marine a Fis.-.s.-isa) and 91-765 (Co.rci, of Cor.feranoe). SBTATE REPORT No. 91-295 (Cotan. on Interior 4 I=sular Affalra). CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 115 (1969) j July 10: Conoidersd and paas9d 5ariat9. Sapt,23i Considered and passed House, a-~?-:3i, In lieu of H. R. 12549. Oot. 8» Senate disagreed to House aaendsKtsj agreed to oonfe)-ano9. Deo, 20j Senate agreed to conference repzr:. Deo. 22» House agread to oonferanoe repo.-:. : 8U23 ifLS'SICLSxi LlCLi jl>o^ uu^i'o'io. L>o Title 3— -The President executive ordkr 11593 Protection and Enhancement of ihc Cullur.il Environment P.y virtue of ihc authority' vested in mc as President of the United Stares and in furtherance of the purposes and policies of the National Environmental Policy Act- of 1969 (03 Stat. 852,"!2 U.S.C. 4*321 cl scq.), the National Historic Preservation Act of I960 (NO Stat. 915, 1G U.S.C. 470 ct scq.), the Historic Sites Act of 193".' (-19 Stat. GG6, 1G U.S.C. -161 ct scq.), and the Antiquities Act of 1906 (3-i Stat. 225, 1G U.S.C. 431 ct scq.), it is ordered as follows: Suction 1. Policy. The Federal Government shall provide leadership in preserving, restoring and maintaining the historic, and cultural en- vironment of the Nation. Agencies of the executive, branch of the Govern- ment (hereinafter referred' to as "Federal agencies") shall ( 1 ) administer the cultural properties under their control in a spirit of stewardship and trusteeship for future generations, (2) initiate measures necessary to direct their policies, pLr.s and programs in such a way that federally owned sites, structures, and objects of historical, architectural or archaeo- logical sigiiirican.ee arc preserved, restored and maintained for the in- spiration and benefit of the people, and (3), in consultation with, the Advisor)' Council on Historic Preservation (16 U.S.C. 4701) , institute procedures to assure that Federal plans and programs contribute to tiic preservation and enhancement of non-federally owned sites, structures and objects of historical, .architectural or archaeological significance. Sr.c. 2. Responsibilities of Federal agencies. Consonant with the pro- visions of the acts cited in the first paragraph of this order, the heads of Federal agencies shall : • ... • • (a) no later' than July 1, 1973, with the advice of the Secretary of ihc Interior, and in cooperation with the liaison officer for historic preservation for the State or territory involved, locate, inventory, and nominate to the Secretary of the Interior all sites, buildings, districts, and objects under their jurisdiction or control that appear to qualify for listing on the National Register of J Iisloric Places. lb) exercise caution during the interim period until inventories and evaluations required by subsection (a) arc completed to assure that any federally owned properly that might qualify for nomination is not inadvertently transferred, sold, demolished or substantially altered. The agency head shall refer any questionable actions to the Secretary of the Interior for an opinion respecting the property's eligibility for inclusion on the National Regime; of Historic Pl.ue.. The Secretary shall consult with the liaison officer for historic prcscrv; lion for the Stale or territory End.* 2"1 involved in arriving at his opini«:i. Where, aficr :, reasonable, period in which to review r.ndcv.duatc the piopcrly, ihc Secretary determines thai I ■ piopcity is likely m meet the rritrria prescribed for listing cm the National Register of Historic Places, the rcder.il agency head shall reconsider the proposal in light of national envhonmcUal and proerva- lion policy. Where, after such reconsideration, the Federal agency head .proposes to transfer, m II, demolish or substantially alter the properly • he shall not act with re-spec, to the property until the Advisor)' Council on Hislonc Preservation shall have been provided an opportunity to comment on the proposal. (c) initiate measures to assure that wljcre ;cs a result of Federal action or distance a property listed on the National Register of Historic Places is to be substantially altered or demolished, timely steps be taken to make or have made records, including measured drawings, photo- graphs and maps, of tliP. properly, and that copy of .such records then be deposited in the Library of Congress as part of the ] listoric American Buddings Survey or Historic American Kngincaing Record for future use and reference. Agencies may call c-a the Department of the Interior for advice and technical assignee in the completion of the above records. (d) initiate measures and procedures to provide for the maintenance through. preservation, rehabilitation, or. restoration, of federally owned and registered sites at professional standards prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior. (c) submit procedures required pursuant to subsection (d) to the Secretary of the Interior and to the Advisory Council on Historic. Pres- ervation no later than January i, 1972, and annually thereafter, for review and comment. (f ) cooperate with purchasers and transferees of a property listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the development of viable plans .to use such property in a manner compatible with preservation Objectives and wliich docs not result in an unreasonable economic burden to public or private interests. Sec. 3. Responsibilities of the Secretary of the Interior. The Secre- tary Of the Interior shall: (a) encourage State and local historic preservation officials to evaluate and survey federally owned historic .properties and, where appropriate, to nominate such properties for listing on the National Register of His- toric Places. (b) develop criteria and procedures lo be applied by Federal agencies in the reviews and nominations required by .section 2(a). Such criteria and procedures shall be developed in consultation with the afTected agencies. (c) expedite action upon nominations to the National Register of Historic Places concerning federally owned properties proposed for sale, Iramfcr, demolition or substantial alteration. (d) encourage State and Territorial liaison officers for historic m en- ervation to furnish information upon request (o Federal agencies regard- ing their properties which have been evaluated with respect to historic, End. 2-2 frDERAl RCCISIC3, VOL 35, NO. 95 — SATURDAY, MAY 15, 1V71 THE PRCSIOENT archilCv lural or archaeological significance ,un! wluth as a result of such evaluations have not hccn found suitable for lisfuw on ilic National }\cgKu*r of Historic PI. ires. (c) develop .11 id make available to IVdcral agencies :md State and local governments information concerning professional methods and lei h- niqnc.s fur preserving, improving, restoring and niaintaining historic properties. (f) advise rcder.il agencies in the evaluation, identification, preserva- tion, improvement/ restoration and maintenance of historic properties. (g) review and evaluate the plan's of transferees of surplus Federal properties transferred for historic monument purposes to assure that the historic character of such properties is preserved in rehabilitation, restora- tion, improvement, mainter.ar.ee and repair of such properties. (h) review and comment upon Federal agency prpcedurcs submitted pursuant to section 2(c) of this order. m: The White Housn, (^/ZljL^^J^^ May 13, 1971. • {FR Doc.71-6951 Filed 5-M-7l;12: JO pm] Korn: For-thc levlaf a Presidential statement issued in connection wiili E.O. 1 1503 above, tec Weekly Coinp. oi ?ra. Docs., Vol. 7, issue, of May 17, 11/71. Encl. i-3 (UTAH STATE ANTIQUITIES) 1973 GENERAL SESSION Substitute ' . , n T . h . b . no . 34 °y __JAiiiiL--lijan^ - John P. Redd 1 AN ACT CREATING HITKIM THE DIVISION OF STATE HISTORY A STATE ANTIQUITIES 2 SECTION TO ESTABLISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, FOR THE COLLECTION AND 3 PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS AMD RECORDS AND FOR THE EDITING AND 4 . PUBLICATION OF ANTIQUITIES RECORDS; PROVIDING FOR THE CREATION AND 5 COMPOSITION OF AN ANTIQUITIES COMMITTEE TO ADVISE THE STATE BOARD 6 OF HISTORY IN POLICY MATTERS RELATED TO ANTIQUITIES; AND PROVIDING 7 PENALTIES. Be. it enacted by the Legislature of the Stat: of Utah: 1 Section 1. The legislature declares *.nat the public has an interes 2 in the preservation and protection of the state's archaeological end an- 3 throoological resources and a right to the knowledge derived and gained 4 from scientific study of those resources. J i is the purpose of this act 5 to provide that activities for the preservation, excavation, study and 6 exhibition of the state's archaeological and anthropological resources 7 be undzrtz'r.en in a coordinated and organized manner for the general 8 v/elfare of the public. 9 Section 2. As used in this act: . TO (1) "Specimens" means all man-made relics, artifacts, and regains 11 of a prehfstorical , archaeological, or anthropological nature found en 12 or below the surface of the earth. 13 (2) "site" Beans any aboriginal mound, fort, building, earth work 14 village location, burial ground, prehistoric ruin, cave, petroglyphs, 15 pictographs, or other location which is the source of specimens. 1 Section 3. There is created, wi ! vision cf scate history a 2 s:^'.^ tf.tiquiziei :■_: aic.u. :..:■ it-to c^:i::\;;:;ei scccion is ti".o au-.-.crity 3 of the state for the protection and orderly development of archaeological 4 and anthropological resources. 5 Section 4. The state ar. tiqu-i ties section is responsible for the 5 stimulation cf research, study, and activities in the field of antiquities; 7 the markirc, protection, end preservation of sites; the collection, S preservation, and administration of specimens and records; end the editing 9 end publication of antiquities records. The section shall cooperate with 10 local, state, and fedaral agencies and all interested persons to 11 achieve the purposes of this act. 12 Section 5. An antiquities committee consisting of the chairman and 13 vice chairman of the board of state history, director of the division of 14 state history, director of the division of parks and recreation, director 15 of the museum of natural history, two professional archaeologists and three 15 ether persons from various geographical areas of the state with der\onstratec 17 interest in antiquities, one of whom shall be e.n Indian, is created to IS acvise the scare c^^rz cf history in re'tarc related to antiquities. The 19 professional archaeologists &n-J three interested persons shall be appointed 20 by the governor. 21 The gubernatorial appointee members sh. 11 serve four years. Members 22 shall serve without compensation but are entitled to reimbursement for 23 their necessary zr.d actual expenses. The antiquities committee may make 24 rules for its own government with the concurrence of the state board of 25 history and advise the board on matters of policy for the antiquities 25 section. 27 Section 6. The governor shall extend an invitation to participate 23 on the antiquities committee to the regional forester of the United 29 States Department cf Agriculture for the intermeuntain region, the 30 state director of the bureau of land management, and the state director 31 cf national park service areas for Utah. c recommendation of -..- acci qui ties c- . ^ea, sw-ii so :■_--. :..-j ^.„:.- 3 archaeologist who may create a staff to carry cut the policies assigned 4 him by the board of state history. 5 Section 8. It is unlawful fcr ~ny person to enter a site located G on state land or lends owned or controlled by the state cr its sub- 7 divisions, cr which have been designated as landmarks pursuant to this 8 act, for the purpose of appropriating, injuring, or destroying a speci- 9 men without a permit frcm the divis":sn of state history. Application fcr 10 a permit shall be made en a form furnished by the antiquities section and 11 accompanied by the payment of a fee ■:.- posting of a bond to be determined 12 by the state board of history. All archaeological work shall be carried 13 out under the supervision of the state archaeologist and in accordance 14 with rules adopted by the state antiquities section, in such a manner that 15 the maximum amount of historic, scier.aific, archaeological, anthropological, 15 and educational information may be recovered and preserved in addition 17 to the physical recovery of items. 7: a stare archpe^lrgist ray revoke IS or ; .-spend a permit cr declare the : : ~.z to be forfeited if the permieee 19 ' fails to conduct the excavation in a -anner consistent with rules promulgated 20 by the- state antiquities section. All items recovered by permitees shall 21 be the property of the state; provided, that the state board of history 22 with the advice of the antiquities committee may allot a fair share of the 23 items recovered. to iha permitee. A rermitee may be required to submit 24 duplicates of any written or photographic data obtained in the course of 25 field investigations to the division of state history. 26 Section 9. Sites of significance may be recommended to the governor's 27 historic and cultural sites review c:mm,i ttee by the antiquities committee 28 with the approval cf the state boa.': of history as "state archaeological 29 or anthropological landmarks," provided that no privately owned site 30 shall be so designated without the wit ten consent of the owner. It is 31 unlawful to excavate upon a private:./ owned designated site without a pennit 1 ;':-■.: ; the division of il ite history. tt'.fcro any alteration is ccr~.zr.cod 2 en a designated landmark, three months notice of his intent :c alter 3 the site shall be given tha division of state history. 4 Section 10. Any parson who discovers. any site or specimen on lane's 5 owned by the state shall promptly report discovery to the division of 6 state history and prior to further alteration cooperate with the 7 division of state history in any salvage or preservation operations. It 3 is the intention of the legislature that discovery en privately owned S lands of sites or specimens should be immediately reported to the 10 division of state history and that field investigations should be discouraged 11 .except in accordance with this act. 12 Section 11. The museum of natural history is the depository for 13 copies of archaeological field notes, photographs, publications, or other 14 records obtained by whatever agency or person, pursuant to any permit. 15 All specimens which the antiquities section retains shall be deposited at 15 the nuseum of natural history; provided, that items may be loaned to 17 appropriate institutions upon request. Data collected by the antiquities 13 section shall be made available to qualified individual's consistent with 19 this act. The museum of natural history shall provide for display of 20 selected items as appropriate. 21 Section 12. It is unlawful to appropriate, injure, or destroy any 22 site or specimen situated on lands owned or controlled by the state or 23 its subdivisions, or which have been designated as landmarks pursuant to 24 this act. f.'o specimen shall be removed from the state without permission 25 of the division of state history. Any parson seeking to remove specimens 25 from the state shall forfeit to the state all articles and materials 27 discovered, collected, excavated, or offered for sale or exchange, together 23 with all photographs end records relating to such objects. 29 Section 13. It is unlawful to reproduce, rework, or fcrge any speci- 30 men or make s.c.y object, whether copied or not, or falsely label, des- 31 criha, identify, or offer for sale or exchange any object, with intent to 32 rcor j%e:-;t the same as an original zrA genuine specimen, r-o^ shall any 1 person of for for sale o 2 was collected or excava 3 Section 14. Any person who v 4 deii-.eanor. n violation of this act. iolates this act is guilty of a m. APPENDIX V Vitae of Responsible Investigator, Coauthors, -and Consultant Vita: David B. Madsen Birth Date; January 31, 1946 Forinal Education: U.S. Citizen: ye: FID 529-54-9620 School University of Utah University of Utah University of Missouri Major Anthropology Anthropology Anthropology Dates 1964-1969 1969-1971 1971-1973 Degree and Date B.A. - 1969 M.A. ~ 1971 Ph.D.- 1973 Professional Employment History: Institution Title Dates Antiquities Section, Division of State History University of Missouri University of Utah Desert Research Institute State Archeologist Research Associate Teaching Assistant Field Supervisor 1973 - Present 1971 - 1973 1969 - 1971 1969 - 1971 (Summers) University of Utah - Rank/Title Adjunct Assistant Professor of Anthropology 1974 Present Professional and Honorary Organizations: American Anthropological Association Society of American Archeology Great Basin Anthropology Conference Plains Anthropological Conference Pecos Conference Publications: (see attached pages) Grants and Contracts: Paleoecological Research in Southeastern Nevada, National Science Foundation, $4600.00, 1972-73 Archeological Survey of Oil Shale Lands U-a and U-b, Uintah County, Utah, M' VTN Consolidated Corporation of Colorado, $49,680.00, 1974-75 Archeological Survey of Arches National Park, National Peirk Service, $16,300.00, 1974-75 Publications and Paper: A Reassessment of Hogup Cave and the Implications for Northeastern Great Basin Prehistory. Delivered at the 1974 Great Basin Anthropological Conference. Carson City, Nevada. (with M. S. Berry). 1974 Kolocene Fluctuations of Great Salt Lake. Delivered at the 1974 American Quaternary Association Meetings. Madison, Wisconsin, (with D.R. Currey) . 1973 Pluvial - Post-Pluvial Vegetation Changes in the Southeastern Great Basin. Delivered at the XXXVIII Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archeology. San Francisco. 1972 Paleoecological Investigations in Meadow Valley Wash, Nevada. Delivered at the 1972 Great Basin Anthropological Conference* Salt Lake City. 1970 O'Malley Shelter Interim Report. Delivered at the 1970 Great Basin Anthropological Conference. Eugene, Oregon, (with D.D. Fowler) . 1970 Excavations and Survey in Clover Valley Wash. Delivered at the 3970 Pecos Conference. Santa Fe. 1970 Fremont Ceramic Areal Distributions. Delivered at the XXXV Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archeology. Mexico City. 1969 Test Excavations in Clover Valley Wash. Delivered at the 1969 Pecos Conference. Prescott, Arizona. 1969 Ultraviolet Light: the Primary Basis for Variation of Skin Pigmentation. Delivered at the 1969 Southwestern Students Conference in Anthropology. Portales, New Mexico. (abstract published in The Student Anthropologist, University of Colorado Press, Boulder) . Publications 1975 A Reassessment of Northeastern Great Basin Prehistory. American Antiquity, Vol. 40, No. 4, (in press). Washington. (With Michael S. Berry.) 1975 Dating Paiute-Shoshoni Expansion in the Great Basin. American Antiquity, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 82-86. Washington. 1974 Holocene Stratigraphy and Archeology in the Middle Missouri River Trench South Dakota. Science, vol. 184, pp. 905-903. (with S. Ahler, D and C. Falk) . Davie: 1973 Prehistory of Southeastern Nevada. Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences, No. 6. (with D.D. Fowler and E.M. Hattori) . 1973 Late Quarternary Paleoecology in the Southeastern Great Basin, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri. Columbia. 1973 Northern Fremont Ceramics. In G.F. Fry and G.F. Dalley, the Levee and Knoll Sites, University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No, 98, Salt Lake City.. 1973 The Pollen Analysis of O'Malley and Conv/ay Shelters. Appendix II, In, D.D. Fowler, D.3. Madsen, and E.M. Hattori , Prehistory of Southeastern Nevada. Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences, No. 6. Rene 1972 Paleoecological Investigations in Meadow Valley Wash, Nevada. In, D.D. Fowler (Ed»), Great Basin Cultural Ecology: A Symposium, Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences, No. 8. Reno. 1971 O'Malley Shelter. M.A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah. Salt Lake City. 1970 Median Village Ceramics and the Distribution of Fremont Plain Gray Wares. In, J. P. Marwitt, Median Village and Fremont Culture Regional Variation. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 94. Salt Lake City. ^ Papers Accepted for Publication Great Basin Ceramics. Article for the Smithsonian Institution: Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. X: Great Basin. Southeastern Great Basin Archeology (with D.D. Fowler) . Article for the Smithsonian Institution: Handbook of North American Indians, vol . X : Great Basin. Pluvial - Post-Pluvial Vegetation Changes in the Southeastern Great Basin. Article for the Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers. ( I VITA Name. Born. F.I.D. Marital status Michael S. Berry July 31, 1942, Sacramento, California 547-66-3484 Married Education . B.A. Anthropology, 1970, Fort Lewis ColJ.ege; Durango, Colorado . M.A. Anthropology, 1974, University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah. Field Experience. 1969 - Student, archeological field school at Fort Lewis College; Durango, Colorado. 1971 - Student, archeological field school at University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah. Supervisor of excavations at Surprize Village ( 4 25a213 9 ) ; Blending , Utah . 1972 - Teaching Assistant at the University of Utah archaeological field school. Supervisor of excavations at Remnant Cave (42Bo365) ; Grouse Creek, Utah. Supervisor of excavations at Beatty Springs (42Eo200) ; Grouse Creek, Utah. Supervisor of Strawberry Reservoir Survey; Environ- mental impact study for the Central Utah Project. 1973 - Supervisor of Highway U~95 archaeological project; Blanding, Utah. Supervisor of excavations at No-Name Springs (26Ek910) ; Montello, Nevada. Supervisor of test excavations at Cowboy Cave (42Wh420) ; Hanksville, Utah. 1974 - Supervisor, Uintah Basin oil-shale archaeological survey; Bonanza, Utah. Supervisor, archaeological survey of Arches National Monument; Moab, Utah. In addition, I have done numerous short-term surveys in various parts of Utah. | • Other Experience. 1970-73. Archaeological draftsman, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah 1S71-73. Research assistant involved in artifact f analysis and archaological report writing; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah. 1973-74, Archeologist 15, Antiquities Section, Division of State History; Salt Lake City, Utah. 1974-75. Archeologist 19, Antiquities Section, Division of State History; Salt Lake City, Utah. Papers and Publications. 1971a. "Excavations . at the Evans Mound: An Interim Report." Ms. on file at the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah. 1971b. "The Evans Mound: A Progress Report." Paper delivered at the Great Basin Anthropological Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah. 1972a. "Surprize Village." In Highway U- 9 5 Archaeology; Comb Wash to Grand Flat. Gardiner F. Dal ley (ed.) . Special Report of the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah; Salt Lake City* Utah 1972b. "The Evans Site." Special Report of the Depart- ment of Anthropology, University of Utah; Salt Lake City-, Utah. 1974a. "The Evans Mound: Cultural Adaptation in South- western Utah." M.A. Thesis, on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah. 1974b. "A Reassessment of Hogup Cave and the Implications for Northeastern Great Basin Prehistory" (with D. B. Madsen) . Paper delivered at the Great Basin Anthropological Conference, Carson City, Nevada . 1975a. "A Reassessment of Northeastern Great Basin Prehistory" (with D. B. Madsen). In press, American Antiquity; Washington D. C. 1975b. Review of "The Classic Southwest: Readings in Archaeology, Ethnohistory and Ethnology," B. C. Hedrick, J. C. Kelley and C. L. Kelley (Eds.), . 1973 Southern Illinois University Press. In press, Utah Historical Quarterly; Salt Lake City Utah. 1975c. "A Sketch of Utah Prehistory." In press. Utah Historical Preservation Plan. Published by the Utah Historical Society Press; Salt Lake City, Utah. n.d. "Remnant Cave." In G. F. Dal ley, Archeology of Northwestern Utah and Northeastern Nevada. Ms. in press, University of Utah Press; Salt Lake City, Utah. n.d. "No-Name Valley." In G. F. Daliey, Archeology of Northwestern Utah and Northeastern Nevada. Ms. in press, University of Utah Press; Salt Lake City, Utah. Research Interests. Culture History of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau Cultural Ecology, Paleoecology VITA Name Claudia J. Fromberg Berry Born December 20, 1942, Braddock, Pennsylvania F.I.D. 535-40-8294 Marital Status Married, no children Education B.A„ History, 1970, Portland State University; Portland Oregon. M.A. Anthropology, 1972, Waived, University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah. Field Experience 1971 - Student participant in excavations of Coastal Shell middens near Seaside/ Oregon; Portland State University. Student, archaeological field school at Evans Mound (42In40) , University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah. Participant/ excavations at Suprize Village (42Sa2139); Blanding, Utah. 1972 - Supervisor of excavations at Gnat Knoll (42Sa2140) , Rattler's Midden (42Sa2151) , and the Kiln Site (423a2160) , Highway U-95 Archaeological Project; Blanding, Utah. Crew member, archaeological survey of Strawberry Reservoir, Central Utah Project. 1973 - Teaching assistant at University of Utah Archaeological Field School, Evans Mound (42ln40) ; Summit, Utah. Supervisor, archaeological survey in eastern Utah (Ivie Creak, Ferron Creek and Bull Creek drainages) . 1974 - Supervisor of an archaeological survey in Sevier, Emery and Garfield counties; eastern Utah. In addition, I have done numerous short-term survey: in various parts of Utah. Other Experience 1971-1974 Research assistant involved in artifact analysis and archaeological report writing, University of Utah. Lithic analysis of material from Eastern Utah, University of Utah. -2- 1971-1972 Teaching Assistant Department of Anthropology, Portland State University (position declined) . 1972-1974 Teaching Fellow, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah. 1972-1973 Instructor, correspondence courses. Department of Anthropology ( Cultur ai Anthropology, Civilization of the Aztecs, Civilization of the Maya, Peoples and Cultures of Africa, Southwestern Archaeology, North American Archaeology, North American Indians) . 1974 NDSA Title IV Scholarship (March 15 to August 31. Instructor, Prehistoric Man in Western North America, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah. Papers and Publications 1973 "Gnat Knoll." In Highway U-95 Archaeology: Comb Wash to Grand Flat. Gardiner F. Dal ley, ed. Special Report of the Department o University of Utah,- Salt Lake City f Anthropology , , Utah. 1973 "Rattler's Midden." In Highway U-95 Archaeology: Comb Wash to Grand Flat. Gardiner F. Dalley, ed. Special Report of the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah. 1973 "The Kiln Site." In Highway U-95 Archaeology: Comb Wash to Grand Flat. Gardiner F. Dalley, ed. Special Report of the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah. 1973 Preliminary Report of an archaeological survey in Eastern Utah. Report submitted to the U. S. National Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. Ms. on file at the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. 1974 An Archaeological survey in the Ivie Ferron and Bull Creek drainages, Eastern Utah. Paper presented at departmental colloquiums , Department of Anthropology, University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah 1974 An Archaeological survey in Emery, Sevier and Garfield counties, Eastern Utah. Preliminary report submitted to the National Science Foundation, U.S. National Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. Ms. of file, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. Research Interest: North American Archeology, Quatern; technology, cultural ecology ■y paleoecology, lithic STATEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING, PUBLICATIONS, EXPERIENCE AND EMPLOYMENT for FLOYD A. O'NEIL Personal Data Name: Floyd A. O'Neil Address: 318 Second Avenue, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103 Telephone: University of Utah, 531-7611; Home, 363-7491 BIrthdate: July 14, 1927 Birthplace: Roosevelt, Utah Marital Status: Married Wife's Name: Shauna5 Holland O'Neil Training and Professional Positions 1957; 1973: 1957- •61 1966: 1964- -G6 1967- •71 1972-74: 1974- B.S., University of Utah; History and Education Ph.D. in History, University of Utah. Dissertation Title: "A History of the Ute Indians of Utah until 1890." Teacher; Carbon County School District, Utah Lecturer in History, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado Research Fellow in History, University of Utah Assistant Director, Center for Studies of the American West. Specific duties: Research, oral history collect- ion and documentation of American Indian History as part of the Duke Oral Indian History Project. Associate Director for Documentation and Oral History Programs,. American West Center, University of Utah Associate Director for American West Center, University of Utah. Publications "An Anguished Odyssey: The. Flight of the Utes 1906-1908." Utah Histori- cal Quarterly, 1968, "Fort Lewis Military Records/' Colorado Magazine , 1969. Historical Survey of the Upper Colorado River Basin. National Park Service. 1968. Ute People: An Historical Study. University of Utah Press, 1969. (edited) "Using Oral History as the Basis for Classroom Materials," English for American Indians. Spring, 1971. "The Reluctant Suzerainty: The Uintah-Ouray Reservation." Utah Histori- cal Quarterly, 1971. The Southern Utes: A Tribal History. (edited). Southern Ute Tribe, Salt Lake City, Utah. "" 1972, The Zunis: Self-Portrayals. By the Zuni People. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1972. (Coordinator of the project which produced this work). ( APPENDIX VI References Cited and A Partially Annotated Bibliography of the Archeolcgical Research in the Uinta Basin. Aikens, C. Melvin 1366 Fremont-Promontory-Plains Relationships in Northern Utah. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. S2. Salt Lake City. 1967 Excavations at Snake Rock Village and the Bear River No. 2 Site. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 87, Salt Lake City. 1970 Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City. Anderson, Duane C. 1967 Stone Balls of the Fremont Culture: An Interpretation. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 79-81. Boulder. Rejects interpretation held by many that the balls may have been part of a game used in connection with matching holes in rocks. Uses ethnographic date of reports of a juggling game played by the Utes, Paiutes, and Shoshoni to suggest that the stone Fremont balls may have been used in a similar type of juggling. "In view of the fact that similar balls were in widespread use in Historic time, it seems likely that the game was known to the Fremont people." Good example of misuse of ethnographic data. A Photo of stone balls found in Dinosaur National Monument. Anderson, Kathryn 1964 Dripping Rocks Cave Site, Southwestern Lore, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 26-35. Boulder. Brief report on Elmer Smith's excavation of Cave, located just north of Rangeley. Nine levels evidently reported in Smith's notes, but is confusion over depths, correlations between trenches . No pottery found, chipped stone includes 6 projectile points (triangular corner/side notched), 2 manos, 3 metates, "paint grinder," 10 bones (deer identified), red ochre. Site is considered to be pre-Fremont (i.e., pre A.D. 400). "Comparative material might be sought from Hells Midden and from the Unccmpahgre Plateau." Annand, Richard E. 1967 A Description and Analysis of Surface Collected Pottery from the Collbran Region, Colorado. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 47-60. Boulder. Report on a large surface collection collected over several years by amateurs in the Plateau Valley region near Grand Junction, comprising 996 sherds and 6 partially restorable vessels. Real * problem placing this material in context since lithics were separated out, exact locations unknown, and archeology of area poorly known. Three groups of sherds recognized and traits well-described for each. General comparative discussion; bulk of pottery considered to be Southern Paiute, and/or Ute. Discusses problems of identification. Ambler, J. Richard 1966a Caldwell Village and Fremont Prehistory. Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado. Boulder. 1966b Caldwell Village. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 84. Salt Lake City. 118 pages, including appendices. Largely a descriptive report on excavations at Caldwell Village including data on: pithouses: 22 found, circular, typically with 4 major roof supports, 12-27 ft. dia.,2 isolated hearths, 9 isolated pits, 7 borrow pits, 9 human burials, irrigation (?) ditch, 2 dog burials. Long descriptive section on artifacts recovered with reasonable number of pictures and charts. No distinction made between floor contact and fill material. Almost all pottery was Uinta Gray, a few sherds of Emery Gray, Anasazi types, uses latter to date occupation of village: A.D. 1050 to 1200. Projectile points appear to be almost all side notched. All metates are troughed with one open end, with one exception. Also recovered pipe frag, (limestone), stone balls, net sinker (?), 9 bird bone whistles, gaming pieces, wide variety of worked bone, olivella shell beads, basketry. C-14 date of 1430+70 B.P. rejected as too early. (Charred roof timber on floor of pithouse GX0357) Appendices: Human Skeletons, ABO Antigen Tests on Skeletons, Dog Skeletons, Faunal Remains (antelope considered the most important food source), Tree-ring Material, Maize. 1967 The Temporal Span of the Fremont. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 107-117. Boulder. ABSTRACT: Examination of the tree-ring, carbon-14, and ceramic data indicates that the entire Fremont development in Utah may be confined to the period between A.D. 1050 and 1200. Such dates for the Fremont are consistent with the hypothesis that Pueblo II traits reached the Virgin area about A.D. 1000, overlaying a basically Basketmaker III level of development, and thus both Pueblo - and Basketmaker-like traits could have spread farther north at the same time, providing the basis for the distinctive Fremont pattern. Extremely biased and dogmatic position, with faulty interpretation of much data, misunderstanding of many dating methods. Believes that the most reliable data concern- ing the dating of Fremont culture is derived from the associat- ion of Anasazi pottery in Fremont sites. Baldwin, Gordon C. 1947 An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Yampa and Green Rivers. The Kiva, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 31-36. A brief report on a survey done in 1942 for the Park Service along a section of the Yarapa and Green Rivers in Dinosaur National Park, concentrating in 3 areas: 1) Juniper Springs section of upper Yarnpa River, 2) Yampa River canyon from Lily Park to junc- tion with Green River, 3) Green River canyon to Split Mt. 33 sites were found, but only a few are described in any detail and exact locations are not given. Important finds included camp- sites without pottery, eroding out of old river terraces in Juniper Springs area; Moss Shelter in Yampa Canyon with evidence of circular house floors; Castle Park sites v/ith brief discussions of Cliff Canyon Cave (excavated in 1939-1940 by the Park Service); Marigold Shelter; Ruins in Poole Creek Canyon, Jones Creek, and Rainbow Park. More complete data is available on many if not all of these sites in other reports. Baumhoff, Martin A., and J. S. Byrne 1959 Desert Side-notched Points as a Time Marker in California. Papers on California Archeology, No. 72, Reports of the Univsrsity of California Archeological Survey, No. 48. Berkeley. Beckwith, Frank 1931 Seme Interesting Pictographs from Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. El Palacio, Vol. 31, No. 14, pp. 216-222. Santa Fe. 1932 Serpent Petroglyph in Nine Mile Canyon. El Palacio, Vol. 33. Nos. 15-16, pp. 147-149. Santa Fe. 1935 Ancient Indian Petroglyphs of Utah. El Palacio, Vol. 38, Nos. 6, 7, 8, pp. 33-40. Santa Fe. n.d. The Head-Hunt er Group of Petroglyphs near Vernal. A description and personal interpretation of petroglyph panels at the McConkie Ranch in Dry Fork Valley. See various works by. Schaaf sua . Berry, Michael S. 1972 The Evans Site. Special Report of the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. 1974 The Evans Mound: Cultural Adaptation in Southwestern Utah. Unpublished M.A. thesis, on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah. Salt Lake City. Binford, Lewis R. , and George I. Quimby 1963 Indian Sites and Chipped Stone Materials in the Northern Lake Michigan Area. Fieldiana: Anthropology, Anthropological Series of the Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago. Bolton, Herbert E. 1950 Pageant in the V/ilderness. Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. 18. Salt Lake Citv. Breternitz, David A. 1965 Archaeological Survey in Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado- Utah, 1963-64. Ms. on file, Headquarters, Dinosaur National Monument . Report on 1963-64 survey which recorded 405 sites. Majority of sites are "basically aligned with the Desert Culture," a few are identified as Ute or Shoshoni, others, especially in western part of Monument are Uinta Fremont. The 9 sites excavated in 1964 are not reported here, but data from them are used "to give substance to the various statements included" in report. Section listing all sites recorded (location, description, materials collected, remarks), descriptive section on materials collected with drawings (a little too brief). Good base map showing areas covered during survey. Only 16 of the sites recorded had Fremont pottery, and then only a few sherds (37 at most), 5 sites had Shoshonean pottery. All Fremont pottery was Uinta Gray. Only 2 sites with Ana^sazi pot- tery, 1 sherd at each. Pottery very scarce east of Castle Park. One page of conclusions. Brief addendum on 8 sites found in 1965. 1970a Archeological Excavations in Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado-Utah, 1964-1965. University of Colorado Studies, Series in Anthropology, No. 17. Boulder. Compilation of the 22 sites excavated in 1964-65, with site re- ports written by individual students. These are reported by types of sites (Open Dwelling Sites Fremont, Dwelling Sites Wholly or Partially Fremont, Open Campsites, Rock Shelters). Are a few problems: 1) many sites called Fremont have no pot- tery, 2) categories set up for lithic material, especially pro- jectile points, are not consistently followed, creating seme confusion. Swelter Shelter is reported to have had no natural stratigraphy. Circular argument used: there is a Fremont comp- onent, even though there is no ceramic material, since there is a rock art panel of a type "normally attributed to the Fremont people." No C-14 dates from shelters. Short summary and con- clusions by Breternitz: important statement of what Breternitz believes to be the prehistoric culture history of area, with summary of C-14 dates from excavations — rejects early Fremont dates, discussion of Cub Creek Phase of Fremont Culture. 1970b "The Eastern Uinta Fremont" Paper presented at the Fremont Culture Symposium, 35th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archeology, April 30-May 2, 1970. Mexico City, D.F. , Mexico . 1971 The Eastern Uinta Fremont. Utah Archaeology, A Newsletter, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1-20. (Paper presented earlier at the "Fremont Symposium, Society for American Archaeology Meetings, Mexico City, D.F. , April 30-May 2, 1970) Mexico. Includes table of sites excavated by University of Colorado in Dinosaur National Monument including type of site and presumed cultural affiliation. Discussion of Cub Creek Phase (traits, diagnostic artifacts, etc.)- Discussion of the "2 distinct Fremont occupation levels at Deluge Shelter" i.e., specific traits found in each. Section on radiocarbon dates. Rejects dates from Deluge Shelter as 200-300 years too old, discussion of C-14 dates from Uinta Basin, and the "old wood" hypothesis. More detailed discussion of same can be found in 1970 publication edited by Breternitz. Brew, John 0. 1946 Archaeology of Alkali Ridge, Southeastern Utah. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University , Vol. 21. Cambridge. Brown, F. Martin 1937 The Prehistoric Ruins of Castle Park. Southwestern Ijore, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 22-28. Boulder. Report of a survey of Yampa Canyon during 1933 by the Colorado Biol. Survey and the Fountain Valley School, specifically, Castle Park. Description of 5 cave sites — probably important as an index of what was still present in these caves. One, Mantle's Cave was later excavated by Burgh and Scoggin. Author discusses storage room construction and material found by Mrs. Mantle in these structures. Author evidently excavated part of the cave also, uncovering "five successive ceiling falls." Conclusions: Park inhabited by agriculturalists who raised squash, 2 types of corn, no beans; wove excellent baskets and mattings; made poor pottery; were excellent workers in flint; built circular granaries and rectangular houses. Burgh, Robert F. 1950 A Fremont Basketmaker in Dinosaur National Monument. Tree- Ring Bulletin, 16 (3): 19-20. Tucson. Brief note on archaeological context of beam dated by Schulman (1950). Collected in 1948 from house floor in Marigold Cave — 1 of 4 dwellings excavated later by Dick in 1949, The cave features 1st mentioned in 1937 by Brown were found by Dick to be associated with the house floors. Gives floor features and artifacts. Burgh, Robert F. and Charles R. Scoggin 1948 The Archaeology of Castle Park, Dinosaur National Monument. University of Colorado Studies, Series in Anthropology, No. 2. Boulder . One of the major scientific works on excavations in NE Utah, especially for the Dinosaur National Monument. Has a good sum- mary of other investigations in Castle Park. "This study is concerned in detail with the antiquities of Castle Park in the • Yampa Canyon, and more particularly with the excavation of Mantle's Cave. Our presentation is primarily descriptive and analytical, but we have attempted to relate local antiquities to those in neighboring areas." Mantles Cave: 2 periods of occupation separated by extensive layer of rock fall. Reports early test of Hells Midden (see Lister 1951 for complete report). Ch IV Aboriginal Culture: important for description of structures and artifacts found in Castle Park, including Mantle's Cave (feather and ermine headdresses) with good illus- trations. Notes plain gray ware from Mantle's .Marigold and Barn Caves, Ch V: Comparison of material with that from Great Basin, Plains, Colorado Plateau. Conclusion: culture of Castle Park identical to Fremont of east-central Utah, basically Basketmaker in content. 7th century given as terminal date of occupation Byers, Douglas S. (ed.) 1967 The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, Volume 2: Non-Ceramic Artifacts. Austin: University of Texas Press. Clewlow, C. William Jr. 1967 Time and Space Relations of Some Great Basin Projectile Point Types. Reports of the University of California Archaeological Survey, No. 70. Berkeley. Crabtree, Don E. and B. Robert Butler 1964 Notes on Experiments in Flintknapping : 1. Heat Treatment of Silica Minerals. Tebiwa, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-6. Crane, H. R. and J. B. Griffin 1958 University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates III. Science, Vol. 128, pp. 1117-1123. Site A: 10:1, Moffat Co., Colorado. Uncharred corn cobs of predcm. Mexican pyramidal type associated with beehive-shaped masonry granaries. No Pueblo artifacts, pottery, or architecture. Lithics resemble Shoshonean types M-285, 400±150 B.P. Crouse, Hubert Y. 1954 A Folsom Point from the Uinta Basin, Utah. The Master key, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 50-51. Los Angeles. Curry, Donald R. and David B. Madsen 1974 Holocene Fluctuations of Great Salt Lake. Paper delivered at the 1974 American Quaternary Association Meeting. Madison, Wisconsin . Davis, Emma Lou and Richard A. Shutler, Jr. 1969 Recent Discoveries of Fluted Points in California and Nevada. The Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 14. Carson City. Day, Kent C. 1963 Preliminary Report of the Flaming Gorge Survey. Utah Archeology: A Newsletter, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 3-7. Salt Lake City. Brief but good surrrnary of survey conducted from 1958 to 1962 of the Flaming Gorge Reservoir. 121 sites recorded in reservoir area; 65 within pool area. Limited investigation of adjoining areas indicated significant aboriginal occupation. See UUAP's for complete reports. 1964 Thorne Cave, Northeastern Utah: Archaeology. American Antiquity, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 50-59. Salt Lake City. Thorne Cave is a site in Cliff Creek Canyon, northeastern Utah. Between 5000 and 2000 B.C. alluvial fill in the canyon reached the level of Thome Cave and formed its floor. At this time, and intermittently for perhaps the next 200 years, peoples with a Desert Archaic cultural tradition camped on a dune near the cave mouth while the canyon and the cave continued to fill. Stratified camp debris was washed into the cave, and alluvium accumulated well above the cave brow, leaving a dead space in the dome area of the cave roof. Dissection of canyon alluvium later re- exposed Thorne Cave and washed away much of the evidence of human occupation. Radiocarbon dated charcoal indicates that the site was occupied as early as 4230±250 years B.P. Materials recovered from Thorne Cave include redeposited charcoal and food- bone scrap; projectile points, snail choppers and scrapers, manos, and grinding slabs; bone awls, needles, a pendant, a flaking tool, and a scapula seed-header; and impressions of twined basketry . Article by H. Malde and A. Schick follows. 1965 Archaeological Survey of the Uintah Basin, Northeastern Utah. Special Report prepared in connection with NSF Grant GS-652 (dittoed). Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Day, Kent C. and David S. Dibble 1963 Archeological Survey of the Flaming Gorge Reservoir Area, Wyoming-Utah. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 65, Upper Colorado Series, No. 9. Salt Lake City. Dick, Herbert W. 1949 Report on Archaeological Research in the Yampa and Green River Canyons, Dinosaur National Monument, 1949. MS on file at Dinosaur National Monument Headquarters. Jensen. 1950 Report of Archaeological Research in the Yampa and Green River Canyons, Dinosaur National Monument and Adjacent Areas, 1950. !>B on file at University of Colorado Museum. Boulder. n.d. The Archaeology of Marigold's Cave, Castle Park, Dinosaur National Monument. Unpublished MS on file, University of Colorado Museum. Boulder. Ferguson, C. W., Jr. 1949 Additional Bates for Nine Mile Canyon, Northeastern Utah. Tree- Ring Bulletin, Vol. 16, No, 2, pp. 10-11. Tucson. New dates on archaeological material from J. Gillin's excavation of Sky House in Nine Mile Canyon, in 1936. Fewkes, J. Y/alter 1917a Archaeological Investigations in New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 1-38. Washington . 1917b Prehistoric Remains in Near Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. Smithson- ian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 66, No. 17, pp. 76-92. Washington . Flint, Richard F. and Edward S. Deevey, Jr. (eds.) 1959 American Journal of Science, Radiocarbon Supplement, Vol. 1. New Haven, (p. 189 for Ivie Creek dates) Fowler, Don D. 1968 Archeological Survey in Eastern Nevada, 1966. Desert Research Institute Social Sciences and Humanities Publications, No. 2. Reno. Fowler, Don D. , D. B. Madsen and E. M. Hattori 1973 Prehistory of Southeastern Nevada. Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences, No. 6. Reno. Frison, George C. 1968 Site 48SH312: An Early Middle Period bison kill in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming. Plains Anthropologist. Vol. 13, No. 39, pp. 31-39. Lincoln. Gaumer, Alfred E. 1937 Basketmaker Caves in Desolation Canon, Green River, Utah. The Masterkey, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 160-165. Los Angeles. Excavated 3 caves and a single room of a slab-house ruin — exact location unclear; may actually be in side canyons. Salvaged rabbit snares and clay figurines from one cave. Major cave in side canyon 500 ft. from spring, in pinyon juniper zone. Cave contained slab-lined circular cist with following material in it: basket, black bean, atlatl points, flaking tools, other lithic materials. Also in cave: metates, manos, corn, baskets, child burial with small dog. Cver 2000 beads with burial, some slate. No pottery except a few sherds of plain gray ware at spring. Numerous sherds of plain gray ware, black on white found at slab-house, wherever thai is. Gillin, John 1938 Archaeological Investigations in Nine Mile Can5'on, Utah. University of Utah Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 11. Salt Lake City. Recognized as an important contribution to Basin and Southwestern archeology. Describes excavations undertaken in 1936; 3 types of sites, differentiated on the basis of situation and house con- struction. Well known sites excavated include Valley Village, Sky House, Lookout House. Valuable descriptions of artifacts associated with the different sites is included. Author believes structures noted by the 1936 expedition are the work of Pueblo peoples, who preserved seme Basketmaker traits. Area was occupied earlier by Basketmaker peoples who were respon- sible for distinctive pictographs found in the canyon. Beams from Sky House yielded outer ring date of 768 A.D. and inner ring date of 397 (reported by Schulman in 1948), providing a link to beams from the 5th and 6th centuries in Arizona. 1941 Archeological Investigations in Central Utah. Paper of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 17, No. 2. Cambridge. (50 pages plus plates) Report on 1937 excavations in Utah by University of Utah and Peabody Museum/ An extremely important contribution to the archeology of Utah and for understanding (at that time) the Northern Periphery. Marysvale : Description of excavation of only sites left near Marysvale with good plans of pit structures. Comparison with structures excavated earlier by Steward very valuable. Ephrairn: valuable description of 3 sites excavated, previously examined by Elmer Smith. Tooele : excavation of one site near Tooele. Valuable and significant section on "House Types of the Northern Periphery in Utah" — classic early statement. Useful trait list of Utah sites with references. Good section on artifacts recov- ered in excavations with lengthy section on pottery. Appendix: analysis of animal bones There is also brief mention of pictographs in Clear Creek Canyon. Guernsey, Samual J. and Alfred V. Kidder 1921 Basketmaker Caves of Northeastern Arizona. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Harvard University, Vol. 8, No. 2. Cambridge. Gunnerson, James H. 1956 A Fluted Point Site in Utah. American Antiquity, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 412-14. Salt Lake City. 1957a An Archeological Survey of the Fremont Area. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 28. Salt Lake City. Report of important survey work done in Eastern Utah north of the Anasazi area from 1954 through 1956, and excavations and tests made at 4 sites in the Fremont Junction-Emery area (excavations more fully reported in Taylor, 1957 and Aikens, 1967). Site descriptions grouped by area: Uinta Foothills, White River, Eigh East Tavaputs, Hill, Willow and Florence Creeks, Nine Mile Canyon, Range Creek Canyon, Thompson Wash, Robbers' Roost, Hanks- ville, Boulder -Escalante , Sandy Ranch, Tantalus and Pleasant Creeks, Fremont River, Last Chance Creek, Ivie Creek, Oak Spring Ranch, Quitchupah Creek, Muddy River, Ferron Creek. Separate chapter on artifacts collected from all sites. Because of his preoccupation with "Fremont," almost all sites are considered as Fremont with a few exceptions, the ascription of many sites must be open to question because of his assumptions (see Gunner son 1969). Nevertheless, this is a valuable inventory of sites. 1957b Uinta Basin Archeology. In Seal, Otto G. (ed.), Guidebook to the Geology of the Uinta Basin, Eight Annual Field Conference, Intermountain Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 15-16. 1969 The Fremont Culture: A Study in Culture Dynamics on the Northern Anasazi Frontier. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 59, No. 2. Cambridge. An important work mainly because it is the only complete report on the archaeological reconnaissance and test excavations made by the Claflin-Emerson expedition of the Peabody Museum from 1927 through 1931. Sites and data are presented by area: Kaiparowits Plateau, Escalante Drainage, Glen Canyon, Trachite Creek-North Wash, Ruin Park-Salt Creek-Fort Bottom, Dirty Devil River -Water hole Flat, Barrier Canyon, Fremont River Drainage, Muddy River Drainage, Desolation Canyon, Range Creek Canyon, Nine Mile Canyon, Florence and Chancier Creeks, Hill and Willow Creeks, Uinta Mountain Foothills. This early (unpublished, largely) work provides extremely valuable data in the form of artifact distri- bution, plans of sites with masonry structures, excavation of caves, etc. Other sections on Fremont Culture (equated with what is now called Uinta and San Rafael variants of the Fremont culture) comprised of trait lists and authors personal interpretations of the Fremont Culture submitted as his dissertation. Ignores all work after 1963. Many of his ideas not acceptable now. Haynes, C. Vance 1971 Developments in Early Man Studies in Western North America, 1960- 1970. Arctic Anthropology, Vol. 8, No. 2. Univesity of Wis- consin Press. Madison Heizer, Robert F. , and Martin A. Baumhoff 3.961 The Archaeology of Wagon Jack Shelter. University of California Anthropological Records, Vol. 20, No. 4. Berkeley. Hester, Thomas R. 1973 Chronological Ordering of Great Basin Prehistory. University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Contributions 17. Berkeley. Howard, Edgar B. 1943 The Finley Site: Discovery of Yuma Points, in situ, Near Eden, Wyoming. .American Antiquity, Vol. VIII, No. 3. Menasha. Hurst, C. T. 1942 Completion of Work in Tabeguache Cave. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 8, No. 1. Boulder. 1943 Preliminary Work in Ta.beguache Cave II. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 9, No. 1. Boulder. 1945 Completion of Excavations of Tabeguache Cave II. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 2, No. 1. Boulder. 1947 Eight Years in the Tabeguache Country. University of New Mexico Press, Alburquerque . Hurst, Blanch H. 1957 A Comparative Study of the Peripheral Excavation of C. T. Hurst. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 1-31. Hunt, Alice P. 1953 Archaeological Survey of the LaSal Mountain Area, Utah. Univer- sity of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 14. Salt Lake City. Hunt, Alice P. and Dallas Tanner 1960 Early Man Sites Near Moab,Utah. American Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 110-112. Salt Lake City. Huscher, Harold 1939 Influence of the drainage pattern of the Unccmpahgre Plateau of the Movements of primitive People. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 5, pp. 22-41. Boulder. Husted, Wilfred M. 1969 Bighorn Canyon Archeology. Smithsonian Institution River Basin Surveys, Publication in Salvage Archeology, No. 12. 'Washington. Irwin, Henry T. 1971 Developments in Early Man Studies in Western North America, 1960-1970. Arctic Anthropology, Vol. 8, No. 2. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison. Irwin, H. J. and C. C. Irwin 1959 Excavation at the LoDaisKa Site in the Denver, Colorado Area. Proceedings of the Denver Museum of Natural History, No. 8. Denver . ™ Jeancon, Jean Allard 1927 Antiquities of Moffat County, Colorado. The Colorado Magazine Vol. 4, pp. 19-27. A brief, rather vague, account of an expedition undertaken by the author in 1924 to check out reports he had read about so- called cliff dwellings and ruins reported in Dinosaur Natl Monument after reading an account published in 1921 in Steam- boat Pilot. The full text of that article is given in this article. Only area explored and reported by Jeancon is Lizard Canyon — 2 caves with masonry storage structures in form of truncated cones. Only material reported is corn, no pottery. Interesting account of hardships involved in archaeological work in the 1920s. Jennings, Calvin H. 1968 The Paleo-Indian and Archaic Stages in Western Colorado. Southwestern Lore, Vol 34, No. 1, pp. 11-20. Topic of paper is occupation of West Colorado prior to Fremont and Basketmakers . Places the beginning of the known cultural sequence in West Colorado after 9000 B.C. Lists FoLscm surface finds with biblio references; reasonable discussion of other , early finds in West Colorado and adjacent areas with refer- ences. Under Desert Archaic section — discussion of Thome Cave, Hells Midden, Lowell Spring Site, Taylor Site, other sites in the Uncompahgre area. Uses a C14 date of A.D. 850 (1100 ± 250 B.P.) (Rubin & Seuss 1955) taken by C. Hunt from "a hearth in alluvium along East Creek, Unaweep Canyon... the hearth is 6 ft. below the top of the alluvium..." to date Uncompahgre Complex as before this date. Discussion and references for Hurst's excavations in the Dol- ores drainage. Jennings, Jesse D. 1957 Danger Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 27. Salt Lake City. 1966 Glen Canyon: A Summary. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 81. Salt Lake City. ~i Johnson, Alfred E. 1974 Settlement Pattern Variability in Brush Creek Valley, Platte County, Missouri. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 19, No. 64. Topeka. Kehoe, T.F. 1966 The Small Side - Notched Point System of the Northern Plains. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, No. 6. Salt Lake City. Kidder, Alfred V. and Samual J. Guernsey 19.19 Archaeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 65. Washington. Lamb, Sidney M. 1958 Linguistic Prehistory in the Great Basin. Intermountain Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 95-100. Lanning, Edward P. 1963 Archaeology of the Rose Springs Site, UKY-372. University of California Publications in American Archaeology'' and Ethnology, Vol. 49, No. 3. Berkeley. Leach, Larry L. 1966a Excavations at Willowbrook: A Stratified Site Near Morrison. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 25-46. 1966b The Archeology of Boundary Village, University of Utah Anthro- pological Papers, No. 83, Miscellaneous Collected Papers, No. 13. Salt Lake City. pp. 85-129. Descriptive report of 1964 excavations at Boundary Village, located on Cub Creek 9 house units excavated; 2 basic types of structures were distinguished based on differences in typle and stratigraphic relationships (note that the stratigraphic relationships of superimposed structures were reversed in draw- inss when compared to description) . Section on lithic mater- ials poor, drawings are not good — projectile points evidently stemmed, corner notched and side notched. All ceramics (37S) sherds) are Uintah Gray, 2 surface sherds apparently Shoshone. No provenience charts. Site considered to be aligned with "the mature period of the Fremont culture, A.D. 1000 to 1150", but no C-14 or dendro dates were run. Three cultural levels were postulated, 2 Fremont differentiated by architectural style and stratigraphy, the third (rock filled fire pits) considered to be Ute. 1970 Archeological Investigations at Deluge Shelter (42Unl). Ph.D. dissertation, on file, University of Colorado. Boulder. Leh, L.L. 1936. Prehistoric Ruins in Range Creek Canyon, Utah. University of Colorado Studies, Vol. 23, pp. 159-168. Boulder. An important work on archaeological remains in Range Cr. as of 1934. All the sites reported are found along a 15 mile stretch of Range Creek or back from the main canyon a few hundred yds. in side canyons (Bear Canyon, Nelson Canyon). No sites noted in the lower end of Range Cr. Canyon or along the Green River from Range Creek to Price River. Nine sites (seme represent adjacent groups of structures) reported, all similar masonry and adobe storage structures built in ledges above the canyon. Good description of con- struction met beds. Corn only reported material. Seme of the structures totally inaccessible. Almost all the pottery recovered (40 fragments) found near one site, evidently carried there by water. Description does not make clear what types were present — sounds like Sevier Gray, a black on gray, Emery Gray?, also a corrugated ware, and incised ware. Lindsay, Alexander J. Jr., J. Richard Ambler, Mary Anne Stein, and Philip Habler 1968 Survey-Excavations North and East of Navajo Mountain, Utah, 1959-1952. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, No. 45, Glen Canyon Series, No. 8. Flagstaff. Lipe, William D. and R.G. Mat son 1973 Archaeology & Alluvium in the Grand Gulch and Cedar Mesa Area, Southeastern Utah. Manuscript on file, Utah State Historical Society. Lister, Robert H. 1951 Excavations at Hells Midden, Dinosaur National Monument. University of Colorado Studies, Series in Anbhrolopolgy, #3. Boulder. Important report on excavations at a stratified open site in Castle Park. ,TThe culture of the upper portion of Hells Midden is identified with the Fremont River culture, but stratigraph- ically earlier deposits indicate the presence of pre-horticul- tural, pre-pottery horizons represented by aeries of stone and bone artifacts extending to a depth of 4.55 meters below the surface of the midden." No dates available for the site. Fremont levels yielded corn, small corner notched points, cal- cite tempered pottery (only 40 sherds ) . Levels below Fremont levels interspersed with non-occupational levels and have been divided arbitrarily into a sequence of 3 hunting/gathering stages. Upper stage characterized by stem- med, indented base points. Much less material available below Fremont levels, and nothing diagnostic in lower levels. Lister, Robert H. , and Herbert W. Dick 1952 Archaeology of the Glade Park Area: A Progress Report. South- western Lore, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 69~92. Lohr, Edison P. 1948 Winter Dig in Yampa Canyon. Desert Magazine April. Popular account of Scoggin and Lohr's excavations and survey in Castle Park, concern on Mantles Cave. Lots of information on hardship conditions, etc. See Mantle's Cave Report, MacLeod, R. Bruce 1S59 Supplemental Report of Robert D. Stir land's Reconnaissance in the Jones Hole Area. Manuscript on file, Dinosaur National Monument Headquar* ers . MeCandless, L. S. 1921 Explorations in Castle Park, Colorado. Steamboat Pilot. Article is published in entirety in Jeancon (1927). Madsen, David B. 1975 Dating Paiute-Shoshoni Expansion in the Great Basin. American Antiquity, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 82-86. Washington. Madsen, David B. and Michael S. Berry 1975 A Reassessment of Northeastern Great Basin Prehistory. American Antiquity, in press. Washington. Marwitt, J. P. 1970 Median Village and Fremont Culture Regional Variation. Univer- sity of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 95. Salt Lake City. Marwitt, John P., Gary F. Fry and James M. Adovasio 1971 Sandwich Shelter. Great Basin Anthropological Conference, 1970, Selected Papers, C. Melvin Aikens (ed.), University of Oregon Anthropological Papers, No. 1. Eugene. Meighan, Clement W. and C. Vance Haynes 1968 New Studies on the Age of the Borax Lake Site. The Masterkey, Vol. 42, No. *1. Los Angeles. 1970 The Borax Lake Site Revisited. Science, Vol. 167. Washington. Miller, Wick R. , James Tanner and Lawrence Foley 1969 A Lexicostatistic Study of Shoshoni Dialects. Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 142-164. Montgomery, Henry 1894 Prehistoric Man in Utah. The Archaeologist, Vol. II, pp. 227- 343. Waterloo, Indiana. Morris, Earl H. 1939 Archaeological Studies in the La Plata district, southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico - with an appendix, "Technology of La Plata Pottery," by A. O. Shepard. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 519. Washington. Morris, Earl H. and Robert F. Burgh 1954 Basketmaker II Sites Near Durango, Colorado. Carnegie In- stitution of Washington, Publication 604. Washington. Morris, Richard, Ellen Glazier, Robert Thallon, and Marie Vformington 1937 The Canyon of Lodore-Yampa River Reconnaissance of 1936. Trail and Timberline, Vol, 219, pp. 3-14. Morss, Noel 1931 The Ancient Culture of the Fremont River in Utah. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology , Harvard University, Vol. 12. Cambridge. 1954 Clay Figurines of the American Southwest. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 49, No. 1. Cambridge. Mulloy, William 1954 The McKean Site in Northeastern Wyoming. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 10, pp. 432-460. 1958 A Preliminary Historical Outline for the Northwest Plains. University of Wyoming Publications, Vol. 22, Nos. 1 and 2. Laramie. Olson, Edwin A. and W.S. Broecker 1959 Lament Natural Radiocarbon Measurements. American Journal of Science Radiocarbon Supplement, Vol. 1, pp. 21-22. New Haven. Pendergast, David M. 1963 Addendum I: Lithic Materials from Southwestern Wyoming and Northeastern Utah. In Archeo logical Survey of the Flaming Gorge Reservoir Area, Wyoming-Utah, by Kent C. Day and David S . Dibble . University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No . 65 , Upper Colorado Series, No. 9. Salt Lake City. Brief description of 2 surveys undertaken in 1960 and 1961. The first was to accompany Jose Cruxent to the southwest Wyoming area to examine and collect artifacts believed to represent the Pre-Projectile Point Stage. The second was a survey of the proposed Ouray Wildlife Refuge, especially areas along the Green River to be flooded or altered. Only 1 site found, plus 4 areas where scattered artifacts were found. Artifacts all lithic j none especially diagnostic. Pradt, A.G. 1972 Rock Art of the Uintah Basin. Uintah Basin Standard Publi- cations Company. Roosevelt, Utah. Purdy, William M. 1959 An Outline History of the Flaming Gorge Area. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 37, Upper Colorado Series, No. 1. Salt Lake City. Appendix of report shows results of initial survey conducted in 1958 of the portion of the proposed Flaming Gorge Reservoir lying in Daggett County. Published in full in Day and Dibble, 1963. Ranere, Anthony J. 1971 Birch Creek Paper No. 4: Stratigraphy and Stone Tools from Meadow Canyon, East; era Idaho. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, No. 27. Pocatello. Reagan, Albert B. 1931 a Ancient Writings North of the Rio Grande. Roger Williams Naturalist , Vol. 3, No. 4. pp. 1-6. 1931 b Ruins of Dawning Age Found in Northeastern Utah. Science Service, December 8, 1930. Science Newsletter, January 3 1931. 1931 c Archaeological Finds in the Uintah Basin, 1931. Reports, Archaeological Field Work in North America During 1931. CornDittee on State Archaeological Surveys, p. 41. Ann Arbor. 1931 d Some notes on the Picture Writing North of Mexico. Bulletin, Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia, Penn., Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 38-54. 1931 e Early House Builders of the Brush Creek Region in Northeastern Utah. American Anthropologist, Vol. 33, No. 4. pp. 660-61. Very brief description of squarish houses from Brush Creek country - location not given. Undressed river cobbles, chinked with mud mortar 15-25 r on a side. Resemble Class A houses of-Piedra district. Around them - small circular structure, stones, stone-edged circles. Gray ware found around them - numerous lithic material. 1931 f The Pictographs in Ashley and Dry Fork Valleys, in Northeastern Utah. Transactions, Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 34, pp. 168-216. Topeka. Description and bizarre interpretation of over * 100 rock art panels in Vernal area. Although directions are sketchy, most of the panels can probably be located. Many of the panels are on the McConkie Ranch in Dry Fork Valley. The panel numbers are still visible today. A few interesting photographs. This is probably a good basic list of the rock art in the area, but the meanings ascribed to the art and their presumed cul- tural affiliations shouldn't be taken too seriously. See Schaafsma's work for discussion of Vernal rock art. 1931 g Ruins and Pictographs in Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. Transactions, Illinois State Academv of Science, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 369-70. Brief, rather vague discussion, mainly concerned with "forts" and "towers" in vicinity of Nutter Ranch, as well as "rock writings." Of little use, 1931 h Some Archeological Notes on Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. El Palacio, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 45-71, Santa Fe. 1931 i Collections of Ancient Artifacts from the Ashley-Dry Fork Dis- trict of the Uintah Basin, With some Notes on the Dwellings and Mortuary Customs of the Ute Indians of the Ouray (Utah) Region. El Palacio, Vol. 31, No. 26, pp. 407-13. Santa Fe. 1931 j Some Archeological Notes on Hill Canyon in Northwestern Utah. El Palacio, Vol. 31, No. 15, pp. 223-^4. Santa Fe. 1931k Sore Notes on the Ancient Earth-Lodge Peoples of the Willard Stage of Pueblo Culture in the Uintah Basin, Utah. El Palacio, Vol. 30, Nos. 19-20. Santa Fe. 19311 Addition Archeological Notes on Ashley and Dry Fork Canyons in Northwestern Utah. El Palacio, Vol. 31, No. 8, pp. 122-31. Santa Fe. 1931m Nine Mile Canyon, A Review. Discoveries, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 8. 1931 n Rock Writings in Utah. Discoveries, Vol 2, No. 3, p. 6. 1931 o Archeological Notes on the Brush Creek Region, Northeastern Utah. The Wisconsin Archeologist , Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 132-3S. 1931 p Caves of the Vernal District of Northeastern Utah (Abstract). Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, Vol. 10, pp. 13-18. Salt Lake City. 1931a Indian Pictures in Ashley and Dry Fork Valleys, in Northeastern * Utah. Art and Archaeology, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 200-5, 210. 1932 a The Ancient House People of the Brush Creek Region in North- eastern Utah. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science for 1931, pp. 183-4. 1932b Arcliaeological Finds in the Uintah Basin in Utah. The Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 11, pp. 162-171. 1932c Ruins and Pictographs in Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 369-70, Very brief general paper on the forts, caches, cliff -houses, square-houses, and towers (all considered Puebloan) in Nine Mile Canyon, as well as the numerous pictographs (considered Puebloan and Basket Maker). Not of much use. 1932 d Archaeological Finds in Northeastern Utah. Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 40, pp. 131-132. Very brief paper in which Reagan states some of his stranger ideas concerning the Basket Makers, Pueblo peoples, Head Hunters, etc. 1932 e The Ancient Agriculturalists of Brush Creek Valley, in North- eastern Utah. Frontiers, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 174-6. 1932 f Finds in the Uintah Basin, in Utah, in 1931. American Anthro- pologist . Vol. 34, No. 3, p. 505. One paragraph stating that work is being done and 4 successive peoples occupied basin. 1933 a Anciently Inhabited Caves of the Vernal, Utah District with Some Additional Notes on Nine Mile Canyon, Northeast Utah. Transactions, Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 36, pp. 41-70. Topeka. This brief article, even though it is written by Reagan (who has to throw in all his strange ideas about prehistoric cul- tures), is extremely important in that it lists 40 caves or cave groups in the Ashley /Dry Fork region that are evidently not mentioned elswhere. The descriptions and locations, are scanty, but most could probably be located. Almost all had already been vandalized, but Reagan lists the material in pri- vate collections from each. Corncobs, large pumpkin storage vessels, pumpkin seeds. Large quantities of baskests, woven jugs, other perishable material were recovered. He mentions no pottery. A large number of caves had cists or some kind of structures. The entire occupation of these caves (exclud- ing the possibility that some have very early deposits) seems to have been by populations at a Basketmaker II level of tech- nology . Notes on Nine Mile: apparently describing the same sites found by the Claflin- Emerson Expedition (see Gunnerson 1969). A rather lengthy section on rock art adjacent to Rasmussen Cave and in Cottonvvood Wash. Probably are also described by Gunnerson (1957, 1959) and Schaafsma. 1933 b The Basket Makers and the People of the Ancient Culture of the Fremont River in Utah. Northwest Science, Vol. 8, No. 3. Appears to be a very general discussion for laymen with no specific data. Not very useful. 1933c Some Notes on the Snake Pictographs of Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. American Anthropologist, Vol. 35, No. 3. One-page brief description with drawing of snake pictographs in Nine Mile, and comparisons with Plumed Serpent of Yucatan. See various works by Schaafsma. 1933d Evidence of Migration in Ancient Pueblo Times. American Anthropologist;, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 206-7. 1933 e Report of Archaeological Field Work During 1932. American Anthropologist , Vol. 35, No. 3, p. 508. 1933 f Summary of Archeological Finds in the Uintah Basin, in Utah, to date. Utah Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Vol. 10 pp. 3-18. Salt Lake City. General, but vague, discussion of sites in Ashley /Dry Fork Valleys, Brush Creek/Greendale region, Nine Mile Canyon rock shelters south of Myton, village site on Rock Creek — north of Myton, Hill Creek Canyon. Discusses successive occupation of areas by Basketmakers , Pueblo and Fremont groups and what the author considers to be distinctive of each. Fremont groups are called "Head Hunters," associated with head hunter pictographs. Reagan examined 11 small villages with wattle and daub houses in Vernal, La Point e and Brush Creek areas — no details given. Men- tions extensive irrigation and storage reservoirs. Discusses masonry houses, forts, towers, buildings on eminences in follow- ing areas with very brief descriptions: Nine Mile Canyon, Hill Creek Canyon. Notes scantiness of pottery at Hill Creek sites. Interesting, but not very helpful. 1934 a Evidence of Possible Migration in the Very Dawning Period of Pueblo Culture. Primitive Man, Vol. 7, pp. 12-14. 1934 b Seme Ancient Indian Granaries. Utah Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, Vol. 11, pp. 39-42. Salt Lake City. Very brief discussion of granaries in Florence Creek (23) and Chandler Creek (28). Built in niches or small caves, described as "most all as near a truncated-oval-cone as the space would permit." Similar to those described by Kidder and Guernsey in Monument Valley, No description of material found in garnaries, or any details on location. Two pictures — one of granary (in Monument Valley?), one of material from several granaries — can't see too much. Interesting, but not very helpful. 1934 c Some Notes on the History of the Uinta Basin in Northeastern Utah, to 1850. Utah Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, Vol. 11, pp. 55-64. Salt Lake City. Mainly quotes from journals and diaries of early white traders, explorers who visited Uinta Basin in 1830' s to 1840' s. Concen- trates on activities of Robidoux at Ft. Uintah at White Rocks. Seme mention of Indians in area, mainly in relation to trade items . Does not appear to be too useful for archeological purposes, although original sources may provide information on location of settlements. 1934 d Additional Archaeological Notes on the Uintah Basin, in North- eastern Utah. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37, pp. 39-54. Description of work done in 1933: principally in Florence and Chandler Canyons bat also in Hill Creek Canyon and seme of its larger tributaries. Maps and description are adequate enough so that the sites could probably be located approximately, and some fairly precisely. Discusses large "cliff house residences" in Florence Canyon in shelters and caves, yielding pottery, corn, and numerous granaries. A total of 15 cliff house groups. Also briefly describes rock art. Finds in Chandler Canyon con- . sisted of granaries, nothing he classified as residences. Briefly describes granaries and masonry structures in Hill Creek Canyon, especially near confluence with Horsecorn Canyon. All of these are probably the sites located earlier by the Claflin -Emerson Expedition and reported by Gunnerson (1957, 1969). 1934 e Archaeological Field Work in Utah. Archaeological Field Work in North America in 1933. Circular Series 18, pp. 40-41. 1935a Archeological Report of Field Work Done in Utah in 1934-35. Utah Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, Vol. 12, pp. 50-88. Salt Lake City. n.d. Survey Report of the Rock Art of Utah. MS on file, Utah State Historical Society. Salt Lake City. Schroeder, A. H. 1955 Pottery frcra the Collbran, Colorado Area. In A Reappraisal of the Fremont Culture. Proceedings of the Denver Museum of Natural History, No. 1, pp. 133-135. H. M. Wormington. Denver. Brief report of small surface collections from Collbran, Sunny- side, and Westwater, Color-ado, all of which is identified as Ute. Some are whole pots. Schulman, Edmund 1948 Dendrochronology in Northeastern Utah. Tree-Ring Bulletin, Vol. 15, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 2-14. Tucson. An important work for understanding tree-ring dating in north- eastern Utah. Discussion of species available for dating, their relationship to specific climatic conditions in the area, and the trees used to establish a dendro sequence in northeastern Utah (both living trees and archeological specimens). Discuss- ion of the archeological collections available for dating — provenience, problems, etc.— f ran Nine Mile Canyon, Hill Creek Cany in, Dinosaur National Monument, Peabody Museum Collection. Important table of all dated specimens in northeastern Utah. Material from Nine Mile provided key link in setting up the sequence from archeological to living trees. 1950 A Dated Beam from Dinosaur National Monument. Tree-Ring Bulletin. Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 18-19. Pinyon pine from Marigold Cave gave ring history from A.D. 426 to 690+ . Cutting date somewhat conditionally est. at 750±50. Farthest north extension of the southwestern ring chronology. 1951 Miscellaneous Ring Records III. Tree-Ring Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 28-29. Table of dates f rem specimens excavated in Nine Mile and Hill Creek Canyons. Scoggin, Charles R. 1941 Report of Reconnaissance in Dinosaur National Monument, Season 1941. Ms on file, Dinosaur National Monument Headquarters. Scott, Donald 1932 Report on Peabody Museum Activities in Northeastern Utah in 1931. American Anthropologist , Vol. 34, pp. 505-806. Menasha Short report stating where Claflin-Bnerson expedition had been working and general statements on what found (see Gunnerson 1969) . Includes a lengthy discussion of the numerous mounds that were in the process of being destroyed in the Provo. A reasonably good discussion (considering that it is Reagan) of their locat- ion within the valley and some of the material recovered from them. Brief discussion of ruins and pictographs visited in Nine Mile Canyon. Also visited Desolation Canyon, Curay area, and Hill Creek but no discussion except to mention one ruin on Hill Creek, 18 mi. south of Ouray. Rather lengthy discussion plus figures, of pictographs in Nine Mile Canyon. Includes some of his strange interpretation of rock art. Discussion and figures of pictographs at Lincoln Beach (Utah Lake), Goshen, Santaquin, Cedar Fort, Fairfield. Field work in mounds near Utah Lake — -Hinkley Farm and adjacent areas. Discussion of associated artifacts Discussion of field work at Nephi, Buckhorn Draw, Bull Hollow- Wash (Cleveland). Interesting, but difficult to know what to make of all this. 1935 b Petroglyphs Show that the Ancients of the Southwest Wore Masks. American Anthropologist, Vol. 37, pp. 707-708. 1935 c Two Rock Pictures and their Probably Connection with the "Pied Piper" Myth of the Indians. The Colorado Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 55-59. 1937 a Ancient Utah People Seem to Have Believed that Snakes Evolved from an Animal. Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 15, No. 2, p. 44. 1937 b Investigations of the Uintah Basin and Pueblo II Type Culture in the Uintah Basin, Mentioned. Summary of Archaeological Work • in the Two Americas. Archaeological Series, No. 7, p. 59. 1937 c Discoveries of Brighara Young University Archaeological Party Regarding Ancient Fremont Peoples. Science Service, (Science Newsletter), July 13, 1937. Roberts, F. H. H. , Jr. 1935 A Folscm Complex. Preliminary Report on Investigations at the Lindenmeier Site in Northern Colorado. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 94, No. 4. Washington. 1936 Additional Information on the Folsom Complex: Report on the Second Season's Investigations at the Lindenmeier Site in Northern Colorado. Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Col- lections, Vol. 95, No. 10. Washington. Rudy, Jack R. 1953 Archeological Sirvey of Western Utah. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 12, Salt Lake City. Schaafsma, Polly 1971 The Rock Art of Utah. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 65. Cambridge, Sharrock, Floyd W. 1966a Prehistoric Occupation Patterns in Southwest Wyoming and Cultural Relationships with the Great Basin and Plains Culture Areas. University _of_ Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 77. Salt Lake City. 1965b An Archaeological Survey of Canyonlands National Park. Miscel- laneous Paper, No. 12, University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 83. Salt Lake City . Sheets, Payson D. 1969 The Archaeology of the Ely Caves, Dinosaur National Monument. Clearing House for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Department of Commerce. Springfield, Virginia. Shields, Wayne F. 1967 1966 Excavations: Uinta Basin. University of Utah Anthropologi- cal Papers, No. 89, Miscellaneous Papers, No. 15, pp. 1-30. Salt Lake City. Descriptive report of excavation of five Fremont sites: 3 ridge top sites believed to have been only briefly or intermittently occupied (Goodrich, Flattop Butte, and Felter Hill); Gilbert, a ridge top site with wetlaid masonry architecture and an abundance of charred corncobs — implying occupation of a more permanent nature; Whiterocks Village, the most extensive site, with one of the largest ceramic collections from the Basin. The latter was only partially excavated before crews were asked to leave by owners, so knowledge of this important site is scanty. Several types of structures found at the sites. C-14 dates from 3 of the sites are as follows: Gilbert Site: A.D. 670, 1630 Goodrich Site: A.D. 680, 710 Whiterocks Village: A.D. 820, 860 Discussion of C-14 dates for Uinta Basin useful Appendix: Human Skeleton from Whiterocks 1968 "Prehistoric Cultural Resources of the Upper Colorado River Basin." In The Historic and Prehistoric Cultural Resources of the Upper Colorado River Region, by Wayne F. Shields, C. Gregory Crampton, Floyd A. O'Neil, and Gregory C. Thompson. A Special Report to the National Park Service (Contract #14- 10-7:931-16) by the University of Utah, pp. 1-93. Salt Lake City. Brief but good discussion of 1) inventory of prehistoric cultu- ral resources with respect to the history of research in region, areas of Concentrated occupations, chronological and cultural sequence of various sites (uses Stages to organize data) tribal distribution at time of contact. Most C-14 dates, if not all, are included. Includes section on recommendations — extensive and intensive survey plus excavation of specific cites. Good bibliography. 1970 "The Fremont Culture in the Uinta Basin." Paper presented at the Fremont Culture Symposium, 35th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archeology. April 30-May 2, 1970. Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Smiley, Terah L. 1951 A Summary of Tree Ring Dates from Some Southwestern Archaeological S i t es . University of Arizona Laboratory Bulletin of Tree-Ring Research, No. 5. Tucson. Steward, Julian H. 1933 a Archaeological Problems of the Northern Periphery of the South- west. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin, No. 5. Flagstaff. 1933 b Early Inhabitants of Western Utah, Part I-Mounds and House Types. University of Utah Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 4-34. Salt Lake City. Important record of finds made in the 1930' s dealing with mounds and house types in following locations: Willard : 4 mounds examined (3 previously excavated by Judd in 1915). Found "caches." Grant sville and Kanosh type houses found. Discusses "Willard Type." Plain City: Numerous mounds noted mainly along Weber River, but none evidently excavated. Grantsville: Believes 200 pit house sites once existed along N and S Willow Creeks for several miles. Important description and drawings of numerous houses, definition of Grantsville House Type. Provo Mounds: Investigation of several mounds along old Provo road, 1 mi. from Utah Lake. Brief description of pit structures. Kanosh: Good description, maps and drawings of mounds along Corn Creek. Excavation of several mounds with description of structures. Important work on 2-room surface adobe structures. Definition of Kanosh House. Sevier Lake: Report on several sites around lake, seme in dunes, several with pottery. Filmore: brief mention Uinta Basin: Excavated mounds on east bank of Uinta River, 7 mi. north of Fort Duchesne. Remains of apparently rectangular shallow pit dwellings. Rock wall house also found. 1936 Pueblo Material Culture in Western Utah. University of New Mexico Bulletin, 287, Anthropological Series, Vol. 1, No. 3. Albuquerque . 1940 Native cultures of the Intermontane (Great Basin) area. In "Essays in Historical Anthropology." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 100, pp. 445-502. Washington. Stewart, Qner C. 1958 Shoshoni History and Social Organization. 33rd International Congress of Americanists, pp. 134-142. San Jose, Costa Rica. Stixland, Robert D. 1947 Report on Reconnaissance in Dinosaur National Monument, Jones Hole Area., Ms, on file, Dinosaur National Monument Headquarters. Strong, William Duncan 1935 An Introduction to Nebraska Archeology. Smithsonian Miscellane- ous Collections, Vol. 92, No. 10. Washington . Suhm, Dee Ann 1959 A Report of Investigations at Two Archeological Sites in the Flaming Gorge Reservoir Area, Daggett County, Utah. MS on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah. Salt Lake City. Swanson, Earl H. , Jr. and Alan Lyle Bryan 1964 Birch Creek Papers No. 1: An Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Birch Creek Valley of Eastern Idaho. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, No. 13. Pocatello. Swanson, Earl H. , Jr., B. Robert Butler and Robson Bonnichsen 1964 Birch Creek Papers No. 2: Natural and Cultural Stratigraphy in the Birch Creek Valley of Eastern Idaho. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, No. 14. Pocatello. Swanson, Earl H. , Jr. and Paul G. Sneed 1966 Birch Creek Papers No. 3: The Archaeology of the Shoup Rockshelters in East Central Idaho. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, No. 17. Picatello. Thome, Leo C. 1966 The Last Arrow: The Disappearance of the Pit House Dwellers from Northeastern Utah. Privately printed. Vernal, lit an. "The story of a primitive people in the Vernal, Utah area some three thousand years ago. The Pit House People, a peace-loving farmer folk, were exterminated by a nomadic Egyptian type of man." Wedel, Waldo R. , Wilfred M. Husted and John H. Moss 1968 Mummy Cave: Prehistoric Record from Rocky Mountains of Wyoming. Science . Vol. 160, pp. 184-186. Washington. Wenger, Gilbert R. 1955 A Brief Summary of the Archeology of Southern Blue Mountain and Douglas Creek in Northwestern Colorado. I_n A Reappraisal of the Fremont Culture, by H. M. Wormington. Proceedings of the Denver ?.?useum of Natural History, No. 1, pp. 140-142. Denver. Brief report of an archeological survey done in Colorado, immed- iately east of the Utah state line. Numerous masonry granaries were recorded, concentrated on the southern slopes of Blue Mountain (description indicates that they are just like those described for Range, Florence and Chandler Creeks.) Pottery recovered at only ten sites — Ute or Uinta Gray, one Tusay ■ Corrugated. Larger more detailed report of surveys, MS, MA thesis by Wenger. Wenger, Gilbert R. 1956 An Archaeological Survey of Southern Blue Mountain and Douglas Creek in Northeastern Colorado. Masters thesis, University of Denver . Denver . Winter, Joseph C. and Henry G. Wylie 1974 Paleoecology and Diet at Clyde's Cavern. American Antiquity, Vol. 39, No. 2, Part 1, pp. 303-315. Washington. Worrnington, H. Marie 1955 A Reappraisal of the Fremont Culture with a Summary of the Archeology of the Northern Periphery. Proceedings of the Denver Museum of Natural History, No. 1. Denver. 1957 Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History Popular Series, No, 4. Denver. Worrnington, H. Marie and Robert H. Lister 1956 Archaeological Investigations of the Unccmpahgre Plateau. Proceedings of the Denver Museum of Natural History, No. 2. Denver . PALEONTOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT THE FOLLOWING SITE LOCATION DATA AND MAPS ARE TO BE OMITTE. FROM PUBLIC COPIES OF THE U-A AND U-B ANTIQUITIES REPORTS TO PREVENT UNAUTHORIZED COLLECTING AND VANDALISM "Paleontological Survey Report of Federal Oil Shale Lease Tracts U-a and U-b, Uintah County, Utah." Title Page Appendix D Description of Fossil Sites 34 Appendix F Topographic Map Showing Fossil Localities in Relationship to Baseline Monitoring Sites 39 -Both maps have been combined by VTN Appendix G Topographic Map Showing Fossil Localities in Tracts U-a § U-b, and vicinity 40 References to site locations in text 20 Note: Reference has been made in QR4 as to location and availability of the site location data. • ♦ PALEONTOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT OF FEDERAL OIL SHALE LEASE TRACTS U-a AND U-b, UINTAH COUNTY, UTAH Dr. Wade E. Miller Department of Zoology Brigham Young University Provo, Utah 84602 PSSMflWIkiRta** :&v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Synopsis 1 Identification of Responsible Parties 3 Disposition of Collected Data and Specimens 4 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 5 Research Objectives and Goals of Paleontology 5 Environmental Planning Study Objectives 6 DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8 General Statement 8 Literature Search and Map Study 8 Field Study 9 EXISTING RESOURCES 11 General Geology and Paleontology of the Uinta Basin 11 Previous Investigations . 15 Discussion of Formations Occurring in Northeast Uinta Basin . . 16 Locations, Concentrations and Types of Fossils 20 Significance of Fossils 22 IMPACTS . . 25 MITIGATION MEASURES 26 Recommended Resource Conservation Methods 26 Applicable Laws and Regulations 27 APPENDICES 29 Appendix A, Collecting Permit 29 Appendix B, Index Maps of the Uinta Basin 31 Appendix C, Locality Map of Tracts U-a and U-b, Uintah County, Utah 33 Appendix D, Description of Fossil Sites 34 Appendix E, Fossils Occurring on Federal Oil Shale Lease Tracts U-a, U-b, Uintah County, Utah 38 Appendix F, Topographic Map Showing Fossil Localities in Relationship to Baseline Monitoring Sites 39 Appendix G, Topographic Map Showing Fossil Localities in Tracts U-a, U-b, and Vicinity 40 Appendix H, Consultant's Report on Fossil Insects 41 Appendix I, Copies of Legislation Affecting Paleontology ... 43 Appendix J, Identification of Specimens 61 Appendix K, Procedure for Recording Field Notes 62 Appendix L, Resume 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 67 INTRODUCTION Synopsis The purpose of the paleontological survey was to determine the kinds, locations, accessibility and abundances of fossils in and adjacent to Tracts U-a and U-b, Uintah County, Utah (see Locality Map, Appendix C) . This was done in order to assess the scientific value of the fossils. Both beneficial and adverse potential impacts were identified. In addition, impact areas associated with the Baseline Monitoring Sites (BMS) and auxiliary facilities were inspected prior to construction in order to identify possible adverse impacts. Most sections comprising Tracts U-a and U-b were found to contain at least some fossils. Significant fossil sites are plotted on a topographic map (Appendix G) , along with their descriptions (Appendix D) . Identified fossils include leaf imprints and compressions, petrified wood, insects in larval and adult forms, fish scales and bones, turtle shells, crocodile teeth and bones, and mammal teeth and bones. Leaf material, some petrified wood, insects, and fish were found in the Green River Formation, and additional petrified wood, turtle, crocodile, and mammal specimens were found in the Uintah Formation. With the exception of algae, plant fossils consist of angiosperms (flowering plants), including such types as reeds, laurel, willow, poplar, and sycamore. The fossil insects consist mostly of flies, the bulk of which are in larval form. All identified fish remains are of a fresh- water gar pike. The identified mammal specimens belong to several types of brontothere (an extinct relative of the rhinoceros). The flora (plant 1 assemblage), and fauna (animal assemblage) indicate warm humid climatic conditions when they inhabited the region. The presence of some of these fossils is considered scientifically important. As just indicated, they enable interpretations to be made of past climatological conditions. In addition important information can be obtained on environment, chronology (time of past events), and past distri- butions of the organisms involved. In some instances it is possible to determine the place of origin for types of plants and animals. The most significant fossils found during the survey were the insects and brontotheres. The former are significant because abundant, well-preserved specimens are relatively rare in the fossil record and the latter because of their usefulness in dating and for evolutionary studies. Construction of existing Baseline Monitoring Sites and access roads has not disturbed significant fossil deposits. However, a few of these monitoring sites are in close proximity to fossil localities (see Appendix F) • It is recommended that the sections containing abundant insects or remains of brontotberes not be disturbed. If it becomes imperative to do some excavating in them, then sufficient time should first be given to recover significant fossil specimens. The possibility of additional important fossils being uncovered during future excavations in the entire area makes it necessary that a qualified paleontologist do periodic inspecting. Also, the impact of an increasing population in the region necessitates continual checking of fossil locations, especially easily accessible ones, for vandalism and unauthorized collecting (as defined by Federal Antiquities Laws and Regulations) . • Identification of Responsible Parties VTN Colorado, Inc. of Denver, Colorado, is the consultant for environ- mental baseline monitoring and collection studies on Tracts U-a and U-b, Uintah County, Utah. These federal oil shale tracts are being leased by the White River Shale Project. Dr. Wade E. Miller, of Brigham Young University (resume in Appendix) , is the principal investigator of the paleontological survey. He has been assisted by graduate students James Barton, Steven Barker, and Helen Klopp, and by one senior, Kathryn Pearson. Tracts U-a and U-b are located about three miles south of the mining town of Bonanza, Utah. Their positions can be determined from the vicinity (Appendix A) and the topographic map (Appendix G) . Permission to do paleontological work on these federal tracts was granted by the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation under the Department of the Interior. The permit number is 75-UT-014. A copy of this permit and the accompanying cover letter can also be found in Appendix A. Tracts U-a and U-b include the following areas: Tract U-a T10S, R24E (Salt Lake Meridian) Sec. 19, E 1/2; Sec. 20, all; Sec. 21, all; Sec. 22, all; Sec. 27, all; Sec. 28, all; Sec. 29, all; Sec. 30, E 1/2; Sec. 33, N 1/2; Sec. 34, N 1/2. Tract U-b T10S, R24E (Salt Lake Meridian) Sec. 12, S 1/2, S 1/2, N 1/2: Sec. 13, all; Sec. 14, all; Sec. 23, all; Sec. 24, all; Sec. 25, W 1/2, W 1/2; Sec. 26, all. T10S, R25E (Salt Lake Meridian) Sec. 18, all; Sec. 19, all. Disposition of Collected Data and Specimens Field notes and locality maps pertaining to the paleontological survey of Tracts U-a, U-b, and vicinity are on file in the Brigham Young University Museum. The fossil specimens which were collected during this survey have been curated and are stored in specimen cabinets as part of the museum collection. Additional information relating to collected data and specimens can be found in this report in the section titled, "Description of Methodological Considerations . " THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS Research Objectives and Goals of Paleontology A major goal of paleontology is to determine as many phylogenies (lineages) of various life forms as possible and the interrelationships of ancient organisms. Another goal is to determine how each organism functioned in life, insofar as the fossil evidence will allow, and how it affected its environment. This knowledge not only indicates the vast array of life forms in the past, most of which are now extinct, but helps modern biologists better understand living plants and animals. Many existing morphologic structures on present-day life can be properly understood only by a knowledge of prehistoric life forms (e.g., the wing structure of birds from their reptilian ancestors, the one-toed and two-toed condition of most living ungulates from five-toed ancestors, the origin of amphibians from fish ancestors, etc.). Fossils constitute the only documented record for the concept of evolution. It is assumed that life first began on earth at least three and one-half billion years ago. The first evidence of life consists of very simple bacterial, fungal and algal plant types from South Africa. These have been dated slightly in excess of three billion years. From these simple beginnings life is thought to have evolved into the complex array that now inhabits the earth. The evolution of life forms has been very slow, however, and has usually followed an orderly development, with less adaptable organisms becoming extinct while more adaptable ones survive. The principle of uniformitarianism (past events can usually be interpreted on the basis of present physical and biological laws) is constantly used in interpreting succession of life. Although probably less than one percent of the organisms that ever lived became fossilized, enough have been preserved to gain a good general understanding of the history of life on earth. Interpretation of past environmental conditions is largely made through a study of fossils. Fossils are extremely important in dating past events on earth; more so generally than any other method, including radiometric dating (see Eicher, 1968; Stirton, 1959 and others). Using fossils for correlating strata has also been an important tool in locating economic deposits. Fossils have also offered much information regarding the very important concept of Continental Drift. Even the presence of valuable hydrocarbons in the current area of study is the result of past life. In order to better understand all the uses put forth in the preceding paragraph, it is necessary to have as many fossils to study as possible. They are needed from as many different stratigraphic levels (in some cases just inches apart) and localities as possible. It is thought by many people that one fossil of a kind should be enough. In reality there is rarely ever enough. Important studies in variabilities of organisms necessitates as many fossil specimens as can be obtained. This is especially true of the vertebrates which are generally more rare as fossils than plants or inverte- brates. Environmental Planning Study Considerations Any environmental planning should take fossils into consideration. They constitute an important national resource which is not renewable. Unfortunately, the significance of fossils has not been considered in most past projects}and the fossils have been lost to science. One of many examples is the building of the Glen Canyon Dam and the formation of Lake Powell. A number of important fossil sites which had not been adequately collected are now inaccessible. It is extremely important that fossils, like archeological artifacts, be considered before major construction projects commence. In most instances, fossils, where their presence impedes construction, can be collected so they will not prevent development of lands. DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS General Statement The paleontological survey was divided into four steps or phases which were in part conducted simultaneously. How many of these phases that were carried on at one time was dependent on weather conditions and the number of people participating. The four phases were literature search and map study, field survey, identification of specimens and report writing. Persons assisting in the paleontological survey are three selected graduate students and one senior majoring in paleontology. All have had field course work as well as academic studies in paleontology and have shown proficiency. The number of students selected to assist was dependent on the area to be surveyed and time limits involved. On one occasion it was necessary to confer with a specialist in entomology in order to determine the scientific value of insect fossils. Dr. Stephen Wood, the entomologist consulted, prepared an evaluation which is contained in this report (Appendix H) . Literature Search and Hap Study It was necessary to conduct a preliminary literature search before commencing field work. Information thus gained alerted the field party to some of the previous fossil finds that had been made in the survey area. Data gained from prior study of topographic and geologic maps was also of value in the field work. This data helped in determining which areas were likely to be f ossilif erous and those which were not. A significant amount of time in the actual field survey was saved by this knowledge. 8 Many articles have been written about the geology and paleontology, especially the former, of the Uinta Basin. Those that contained paleontological data were consulted but only the articles which had significant information are included in the bibliography (a number of the articles only restated the paleontological work of others) . A geologic map of Utah (Stokes et al., 1961-1962) was used in conjunction with geologic maps and stratigraphic columns contained in several articles which were consulted and which appear in the bibliography of this report. Field Study A preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed was made by Dr. Wade Miller at the beginning of the literature search and map study. This was done to determine access roads and what type of field equipment would be necessary. The field party, with Dr. Miller as supervisor, began the actual survey as soon as the preliminary literature search and map study was made. When Dr. Miller was not able to be in the field, a qualified assistant was in charge. The manner in which the area was surveyed depended somewhat on the special conditions of the project. The Baseline Monitoring Sites and auxiliary facilities, including new or regraded access roads, were checked for fossils first. A systematic coverage of the entire area was made, section by section. The field party set up camp in the study area (Section 2, T10S, R24E) . Permission was first obtained from the owner, Mr. Case of Vernal, Utah. The surveyed areas were reached by field vehicle or, when that was not possible, on foot. Generally, the work week was Monday through Friday or Saturday. Each day's work began shortly after sun-up and continued until shortly before sun-down. During the survey extensive notes were taken by each party member concerning the area covered (a separate copy of the procedures for field notes is included as Appendix K) . Sites from which fossils were found have been plotted as accurately as possible on a topographic map and marked with a field number (see Appendix G) . Relevant data about the fossils have been recorded in field notes. Polaroid pictures were taken of significant sites (distant and close up) to allow quick identification of the site at a later date. Recovered fossils were given a field identification, wrapped and numbered (the method of specimen identification is included in Appendix J). A more accurate identification was later made in the laboratory. No extensive collecting was done during the survey, only representative samples were taken. 10 EXISTING RESOURCES General Geology and Paleontology of the Uinta Basin The Uinta Basin is a topographic and a structural basin, both of which roughly coincide, according to most interpretations; however, the areal extent of this basin has been defined differently by some workers, even to the present day. Two differing interpretations are included as maps (see Appendix B) . Boundaries of the Uinta Basin are most commonly recognized as the Uinta Mountains to the north, Wasatch Mountains to the west, Roan and Book Cliffs to the south, Uncompahgre Uplift (Plateau) to the southeast, and the Douglas Creek Arch to the east. While these bounding structures contain rocks which range in age from Precambrian through Early Tertiray, the Uinta Basin itself is largely covered with Tertiary strata, mostly of Eocene age. Quaternary deposits, mostly sands and gravels, are confined to stream courses, and to unconsolidated deposits at the base of uplifted areas. The exposed rocks by older Tertiary deposits, and rocks of Mesozoic age. Formation of the Uinta Basin first took place in Early Tertiary time during the closing stages of the Laramide orogeny. This can be determined by the deformation of Paleocene and early Eocene beds in the surrounding region. Soon after the formation, the basin began filling with water to produce Eocene Lake Uinta. It was in this lake that the Green River Formation sediments were in deposited in large measure. As the lake began to wane, fluviatile (sediments deposited by a stream within the stream channel) and flood plain deposits covered the older lake sediments; these deposits constitute the Uinta Formation (Bradley, 1931). Underlying earlier Tertiary 11 and Mesozoic rocks are not generally seen in the basin, but are exposed in the uplifted bordering structures such as the Uinta and Wasatch Mountains. Their presence beneath the Uinta Basin can be inferred by the regional stratigraphy and has been verified by deep drilling operations. Much of the above information was obtained through guidebooks produced by the Inter- mountain Association of Petroleum Geologists (1957, 1964) and by personal observations. One of the most famous Mesozoic formations in the region is the Morrison. It is well exposed at the southern base of the Uinta Mountains, especially along their eastern extent, and probably underlies the Uinta Basin. Most of the dinosaurs from North America have been recovered from the Jurassic Morrison Formation. Fossil dinosaurs from this formation can be seen at Dinosaur National Monument. Abundant Cretaceous rocks overlie the Morrison Formation. These are extensively exposed in surrounding uplifted structures and also underlie the Basin. During the Cretaceous time the sea invaded much of the eastern part of Utah, as determined by fossils of this period. These fossils are extremely abundant in some of the Cretaceous strata and include a variety of molluscs, trace fossils, f oraminif era, bony fish, sharks and marine reptiles. Some of the Cretaceous rocks represent terrestrial conditions. They have yielded fossils of land plants, some invertebrates and a variety of reptiles including dinosaurs. Even fossilized dinosaur egg shells have been found. The earliest Tertiary rocks that underlie the exposed Eocene deposits in the Uinta Basin also contain fossils where they outcrop in surrounding structures. They represent nonmarine conditions. Recovered fossils include 12 < various plants, several types of invertebrates (especially molluscs and ostracodes) , fish, aquatic reptiles (turtles, champsosaurs and crocodiles), terrestrial reptiles (mostly tortoises and lizards), birds and mammals. Most of the exposed strata in the Uinta Basin consists of alluvial (stream related) and lacustrine (lake) deposits. The primary formations involved in ascending age are the Green River, the Uinta and Duchesne River. These formations have yielded abundant fossils in many areas within the Uinta Basin. Excellent specimens representing plants, invertebrates and vertebrates have been collected over the past 100 years. Plant fossils are mostly pollen, petrified wood and leaf imprints of angiosperms (flowering plants) but significant specimens of lower plant types, including algae, have been recovered. Invertebrates are mostly represented by freshwater molluscs, ostracodes and insects. The vertebrate fossils are especially numerous and varied. Included are freshwater fish, reptiles (especially turtles, tortoises and crocodiles), birds and a host of mammals. The types of mammals found in the Uinta Basin are all extinct but some have left living descendents belonging to the same taxonomic family. Identified fossil mammals from the basin include marsupials, insectivores , primates, tillodonts, taeniodonts, rabbits, rodents, credonts, carnivores (one type was larger than the African lion), condylarths, Uintatheres, a wide variety of bronototheres (=titanotheres) , ancestral horses (lamb-sized animals), rhinoceroses, oreodonts, ancestral camels and other artiodactyls . Several types of Eocene mammals are best known in the Uinta Basin. Camels for example occur earlier here than in any other place, indicating they originated in the Uinta Basin area (Scott, 1898, and others). The mammalian deposits of the Uinta Basin are considered classic for the latter 13 half of the Eocene in North America. Their importance is recognized by paleontologists all over the world. 14 Previous Investigations Over 100 years ago F. V. Hayden, a chief geologist for the first United States Geological Survey, studied the Uinta Mountains and Basin. Although he was not primarily a paleontologist, he understood the value of fossils and had more important ones shipped to the leading paleontologists who, incidentally, did much of the early detailed geology. Some work on fossil plants was done in the late 1800' s, but perhaps the most significant studies on them were made by Knowlton in 1923 and MacGinitie in 1969. Fossil insects of the area were also studied in the latter part of the last century, mostly by Scudder. Although some research has been done on these insects in relatively recent time (Carpenter, 1955) much more remains to be done. Most of the important fossils from the Uinta Basin are vertebrates. These were first studied in the 1880 's by the most eminent vertebrate paleontologists of North America, if not the world. Included were 0. C. Marsh, E. D. Cope, W. B. Scott and H. F. Osborn. According to reports, these men came by rail and wagon. Another generation of paleontologists worked the area in the early 1900' s. Since that time to the present only a few paleontologists have worked in the Uinta Basin. My own work in various locations of the Uinta Basin shows that much more work still needs to be done. Early workers commonly were not careful in recording exact topographic and stratigraphic positions of the recovered fossils. Therefore, more recovery of fossils is needed to gain this infor- mation. This is necessary for precise chronologic relationships of the enclosing strata as well as the animals themselves. Also, more complete specimens are needed for a number of the animal types so that they can be better understood. For example uintatheres are known only from Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Mongolia. Only a few specimens are known from Utah and these are from the Uinta Basin. 15 Discussion of Formations Occurring in Northeast Uinta Basin Quaternary Lacustrine and Alluvial Deposits: Sediments of Pleistocene or Recent age in the Uinta Basin are mostly- lacustrine or alluvial, but some talus deposits exist at the base of escarpments. The lacustrine and alluvial materials consist of lake sediments, floodplain deposits and channel sands and gravels (Stokes et at., 1961). Although not many Pleistocene (Ice Age) fossils have been reported from these deposits in Utah, they probably occur in significant numbers as based on finds from surrounding states. Until recently they have not been seriously investigated in Utah, however, some important finds have been made and reported (e.g., Bissell, 1968; Hansen, 1928; Miller, 1973; Stokes, 1966 and others) . A partial mammoth (not yet reported in the literature) was discovered last fall less than one foot beneath the land surface in lake sediments near Sandy, Utah. This could happen in Pleistocene lacustrine and alluvial deposits anywhere in the state. Tertiary Uinta Formation: The Uinta Formation represents the youngest strata in the study area (the Quaternary deposits here are not extensive enough to be conventionally considered as strata) . Aside from the younger Duchesne River Formation which is present in the Basin to the west of the study area and is also Eocene in age, there are no Tertiary strata of more recent age. These were either not deposited or else were previously completely eroded away. Evidently Comstock first used the term "Uinta" in 1875 for some of the exposed Eocene beds in the Uinta Basin. King and Emmons clarified this name later in the same year. However, some confusion arose thereafter, as Powell used the term "Uinta Group" to represent sandstones he thought were 16 of Devonian age in the Uinta Mountains. Although the name Uinta Group or Formation has had a rather complex nomenclatural history, it generally applied to late Eocene strata in the Uinta Basin. Peterson (in Osborn, 1895, p. 72-74) divided the Uinta Formation into three horizons or members (A, B and C) on the basis of fossil vertebrates. These members have been used to the present day by many investigators as they also have lithostratigraphic validity. There is still, however, some confusion as to their boundaries, which will take further study to resolve. As indicated previously, many of the earlier paleontologists were not specific in their designation of fossil localities. Many of them simply listed the Uinta Basin generally as the site of fossil recovery. Some of their work may have been on what is now known as Tracts U-a and U-b or close to them, but exactly where will never be ascertained. Riggs (1912), however, was fairly specific and reported many important vertebrate finds, especially brontotheres, from the Uinta A (and possibly lower B) in the cliffs along the north side of the White River below the mouth of Evacuation Creek. The present paleontological survey has relocated some, but not all, of his fossil sites. Many vertebrates new to science, especially mammals, were discovered in the Uinta Formation of the Uinta Basin; and as can best be determined, mostly from the eastern part of the basin. The types of animals discovered are listed on page 13 of this final report. Some of the articles reporting these vertebrates are Black, 1968 and 1970; Black and Dawson, 1966; Burke, 1934 and 1935; Dawson 1968; Douglass, 1909 and 1914; Gazin, 1955 and 1968; Gilmore, 1946; Gregory, 1912; Kay, 1957; Matthew, 1921; Osborn and Scott, 1890a and 1890b; Peterson, 1918 and 1919; Riggs, 1912; Scott, 1895, 1898 and 1899; Wortmann, 1898. 17 Prior to my field work for the present survey I investigated the paleontology of the Uinta Formation in the eastern part of the Uinta Basin. This work has shown that many significant fossils still exist in much of the area. These fossils must be collected by professionals representing recognized scientific institutions and should be properly preserved, described, and stored. Tertiary Green River Formation: The oldest and most extensively exposed strata in the study area belong to the Eocene Green River Formation, which conformably underlies the Uinta Formation. Although not exposed in the study area, the Wasatch, or Colton, Formation underlies the Green River Formation. In 1869 Hayden named these deposits the Green River shales, which later became the Green River Formation. The lithology of this formation was first described in detail by Bradley (1931) who designated four members; Douglas Creek, Garden Gulch, Parachute Creek and Evacuation Creek. Because these members are not always clearly defined wherever the Green River Formation exists, later workers in some cases have not always used them or have designated others (e.g., Dane, 1954; Hintze, 1973; Picard et at., 1973; Winchester, 1918 and others) . This formation has long been known for its richness in hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons are the remains of the mostly microscopic life that lived in the Eocene lakes. In addition to this microscopic life, abundant megascopic fossils attest to the richness of life forms that lived in and adjacent to the ancient Green River Lakes. The Green River Formation is world renowned for the fossil fish it contains, largely from southwestern Wyoming; however, some important fish fossils have been taken 18 from the Uinta Basin. Although only scales of fish have thus far been discovered in Tracts U-a and U-b during the present survey, significant fish material could be contained here. Most of the organic matter in the Green River Formation was derived from microorganisms, many of which have not yet been properly identified. Numerous macrofossils have also been reported. Included among the micro- fossils are various kinds of algae, pollen, spores, protozoans and ostracodes (Abbott, 1957; Bradley, 1931; Dane, 1954; Davis, 1916; Winchester, 1918 and others) . Many references in the literature on the Green River Formation have also been made concerning macrofossils. These include varieties of plant leaves and wood (mostly of angiosperms) , fresh-water molluscs, varied adult and larval insect remains, fish, turtles, crocodile teeth and bones, various birds, and mammals such as insectivores, rodents, primates, condylarths and brontotheres (Baer, 1969; Burke, 1935; Carpenter, 1955; Cashion, 1967; Curry, 1957; Gazin, 1955; MacGinitie, 1969; Moussa, 1968; Parker, 1970; Picard, 1955; Scudder, 1890 and others). These references pertain to the Uinta Basin or areas adjacent to it. Because of the vagueness of some locality descriptions, it was not possible to know what specific areas in the basin were included; however, some were in and by Tracts U-a and U-b. The Green River Formation is especially important because its fine- grained sediments and quiet-water deposition have enabled fine details of fossils, usually lost, to be preserved. Veination in leaves, insect wings, and even insect tracts can be seen clearly. Scientifically, this is very important. Bird tracks are abundant in some western parts of the Uinta Basin. My own previous work has turned up the imprint of a feather, a rare type of fossil. 19 Locations, Concentrations and Types of Fossils Fossils were discovered in most of the sections surveyed. Their locations can be found by consulting the U. S. G. S. Topographic Map (Appendices F and G) . Site numbers, site descriptions, identified taxa and abundances are located in Appendix D. Concentration of fossils varied from dense to sparse. The most significant were insects (sections 5, 8, 9 and 28, T10S, R25E; section 36, T10S, R24E; sections 4, 5 and 6, T11S, R25E) and brontotheres (sections 2, 3 and 10, T10S, R24E; sections 3 and 4, T11S, R24E) . The hydrocarbons in the study area were not analyzed for their microscopic fossil content; however, past studies have been made on them (see accompanying section, "Previous Investigations of Paleontological Resources") This also applies to ostracodes which are microscopic, bivalved arthropods (the animal phylum that includes insects, crabs, etc.) that have been reported in the literature from the Green River Formation in locations near Tracts U-a and U-b. Various algal structures are present in the limy deposits of the Green River Formation, but they were not considered sufficiently important to spend time in microscopic analysis. The more easily identified plant fossils consisted of leaves of angiosperms (flowering plants) such as laurel (JJmbellularia) , poplar (Populus) , willow (Salix) , and sycamore (Platanus) . Most leaves occur as carbonized compressions but a few leaf imprints are also present. Fossilized wood of angiosperms is fairly common in some locations within the study area; however, generic identifications are not usually possible based on this type of fossil. Four orders of insects — Diptera (true flies) , Odonata (dragonf lies and damself lies) , Coleoptera (beetles), and Hemiptera (true bugs) — have been identified in and adjacent to Tracts U-a and U-b. The first order is much 20 better represented than the other three. Six families of Diptera have been recognized in the sample collections made. These include Bibionidae, Syraphidae, Muscidae, Stratiomyidae, Oestridae, and Tipulidae. In the first two named families, Bibionidae (march flies), and Syraphidae (flower flies), the fossils were not distinct enough for generic identification. The other families include the genera Musca (common fly) , Hypoderma and Lithohypoderma (bot flies) , Lithophysa (soldier fly) , and Tipula (crane fly). The order Odonata is represented by one genus, Syrrrpetvum (dragonfly). The order Coleoptera is represented by an unidentified beetle and the specimens representing the order Hemiptera are also not diagnostic enough for even a familial identification. Fish remains were surprisingly scarce. Only scales and occasional fragmental bones were found. Although more than one type of fish is represented, only the gar pike, Lepidosteus3 could be identified. Collected turtle specimens have not yet been sufficiently prepared to allow identification. Probably more than one genus is represented, though. Several teeth of a crocodilian evidently belong to the genus Allognathosuchus. Although some unidentified bone fragments may belong to a uintathere (a large mammal of the order Dinocerata) , the only identified type of mammal is a brontothere (=titanothere) . Apparently five genera of this animal (order, Perissodactyla) are present in sandstone exposures of the Uinta Formation, immediately north of the White River. Other mammals will probably be discovered in this area with continued searching. The identified genera of brontotheres (thunder beasts) include Faleosyops 3 lEotitanops , TelmatherivJri, DolichorhinuSj and Metavhinus . 21 The type of preservation is varied among these fossils. As previously mentioned, the leaves occurred either as imprints or as carbonized compressions (the latter were much more common in the study area). The fossilized wood fragments were petrified (replaced with silica mostly). Most of the adult insects were preserved as imprints, while the far more abundant larval forms occurred as carbonized compressions or imprints. The fish scales were somewhat leached, but otherwise contained their original materials. The fragmental bones were variably replaced with mineral matter as were the shell fragment of the turtles and the bones of the mammals. Both the crocodilian and brontothere teeth were stained dark brown but otherwise probably contained the original enamel and dentine. Significance of Fossils All fossils have significance. However, the degree can range from slight to great. Plant fossils are only useful as geologic time indicators in a general way. Their significance as past climatic indicators is commonly very important, though. This holds true for plant fossils from the Uinta Basin, especially in the Green River Formation. Invertebrate fossils are usually better time indicators than plants and are also useful in interpreting paleoenvironments. Ostracodes, and to a lesser degree, molluscs, have been used in geologic correlations in and around the Uinta Basin as well as elsewhere. The vertebrates, especially the mammals, are very important as time indicators. Although most of these fossils from the Uinta Basin are from the Uinta and Duchesne River Formations, some significant finds have been made in the Green River Formation. Vertebrate fossils are also useful in determining past 22 climatic and environmental conditions for a given time and place. They have been important in the determination of the interpretation of the Green River Formation as a series of lake beds and the Uinta Formation as primarily stream deposits. Aside from radiometric dating, which is very limited in sedimentary rocks, fossil mammals* permit the greatest dating precisions in Cenozoic age strata. A set of mammal ages has been worked out for the Cenozoic of North America (similar sets based on different mammals has or is being worked out for other continents) . These are subdivisions of time which are chronologically more refined than those based on other means. The North American Mammal Ages for the latter half of the Eocene are based on mammalian fossils from the Uinta Basin. The first camels in the world are known from the Uinta Basin. Much of what is known of bronotheres also comes from this area. A number of other mammal types are also best known from here. Therefore, the fossils from the Uinta Basin are quite significant for many reasons. The fossils that have been identified from Tracts U-a and U-b clearly show environmental changes that occurred from the deposition of the Green River Formation to that of the Uinta Formation. High concentrations of insect larvae and numerous reed imprints are highly suggestive of lake deposits that are typical of the first-named formation. The overlying Uinta Formation includes stream-dwelling brontotheres, which reflect an environ- mental change from the underlying lake deposits. Lithology also bears this out. In general, fossil insects have not been studied nearly as extensively £s other groups in paleontology. Information concerning them is *a system jointly employing fossil mammals and magnetic reversals in sedimentary rocks in now being developed for later Cenozoic strata. 23 potentially very important because they can offer much in studies of paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and evolutionary studies. Dr. Stephen Wood, of Brigham Young University, a nationally recognized entomologist, assessed the fossil insects on Tracts U-a and U-b. A copy of his evaluation is included as Appendix H. Most of the known good fossil plant localities in the Green River Formation lie outside the study area. One of these is about three miles to the north, southeast of Bonanza. The potential for an excellent deposit of fossil plants in Tracts U-a and U-b does exist, however. The presence of several types of brontotheres is considered very important. Their abundance and good state of preservation make them scientifically valuable. They range through a few hundred feet of strata, so evolutionary changes can possibly be detected. Previous work on them in this area was incomplete, and additional studies are needed. Other mammals are probably present in the Uinta Formation here also. The present paleontological survey has provided additional fossil specimens of scientific value that otherwise might not have been found for some time. Future collecting of the important fossil sites will provide valuable specimens to the scientific community. A capability exists here to provide several research problems for students in different disciplines of paleontology. A possibility exists that the insect and brontothere fossils might be significant enough for inclusion in an historic inventory such as a national or state landmark. Additional field work would be necessary to determine this, though. 24 IMPACTS None of the existing monitoring stations, new roads, or newly graded roads in or adjacent to Tracts U-a and U-b have caused damage to significant fossil sites. Important fossil deposits mentioned in the preceding section exist in this area, though, and excavation or construction should be avoided at critical locations. In general, development of the tracts will not cause direct damage to significant fossil sites, but another threat to discovered fossils does exist. Once a discovery is made, word of this find usually spreads and many people are soon aware of it. The danger exists, then, in unauthorized persons collecting these fossils on their own or vandalizing them. This threat greatly increases if many more people move into the region with oil shale development. Future roads, cable lines and pipelines, etc., also add to the threat of fossil destruction. As previously indicated, the Green River Formation is noted for its abundant fossils. There is always a good possibility that they will be encountered when excavations are made in the formation. A qualified paleontologist should be present when any major excavation begins, to avoid disturbance of important fossils. Their discovery need not stop or even seriously delay excavation or building plans if a salvage operation can quickly be effected. There have been beneficial impacts connected with the development of Tracts U-a and U-b. The palenotological survey necessary for this development enabled discoveries of fossil sites that otherwise might not have been found for some time. 25 MITIGATION MEASURES Recommended Resource Conservation Methods As development continues in and around Tracts U-a and U-b, periodic paleontological field checks should be performed by qualified personnel. This is necessary to determine what effect an increasing population in the area will have on existing fossils. These field checks should be made monthly or bimonthly for at least the next five years. Any excava- tions that threaten existing significant fossil sites as defined in this report (see Appendix D) , or newly discovered ones, should be delayed until sufficient salvage of fossils can be made. Such delays should be as brief as possible. Because of their present exposure, the brontothere fossils in the Uinta Formation immediately north of the White River should be collected as soon as possible. Their general presence is now known to people working on the existing projects and even to townspeople in Vernal. It is only a matter of time before people discover the exact fossil sites. Although most of the brontothere specimens are enclosed in hardened sandstone, past experience has shown that individuals will smash a jaw or skull just to obtain fragments. These fossils are too valuable scientifically to allow this to happen. No agency at the present time has accepted the responsibility to finance their proper removal. It is recommended that the Bureau of Land Management provide an educational program to enlighten the public on the need to preserve 26 fossils and their scientific value. This could be done by employing paleontologists on their staff (as they have archaeologists) and/or bringing in qualified consultants. A local paleontological exhibit, possibly in situ, would help in this educational program. Applicable Laws and Regulations Historically, the Antiquities Act of 1906 was to provide for protec- tion of fossils as well as archaeological and historical artifacts. However, the wording of this act was not considered sufficiently explicit or encompassing to adequately protect these concerns. Therefore, the Archaeological and Historical Preservation Act (P. L. 93-291) was enacted in 1974. As stated in sections 7A and 7B of this act, Federal agencies are authorized to utilize construction project funds for archaeological salvage. According to governmental interpretations (see Appendix I) , fossils are to be included. Eligibility for funding is explained in section 6. Dr. Wade E. Miller is currently involved as a committee member of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, a nationally recognized professional group, in trying to have the present act slightly modified to include fossils and paleontology in its direct wording. He is also involved in having the State of Utah legislation adequately protect fossils, along with other professional paleontologists. There is no national or state registration for fossil sites as there is for archaeological ones. The United States National Museum, however, is requesting data concerning fossils from each institution that has them -co that a central file can be made. The purpose of this file is to make 27 paleontological data more easily accessible to researchers and interested parties. Although this central data file has not been used to establish paleontological landmarks or monuments, it could be in the future. Separate legislative acts, usually instigated by paleontologists and interested parties, have, been responsible for establishing present paleontological landmarks and monuments. 28 APPENDIX A 29 United States Department of the interior In Reply Refer To: A9015-PI OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240 jvdjj 3 tSIB Dr. Wade E. Miller Department of Zoology 575 V7IDB Brigham Young University Provo, Utah 84601 Dear Dr. Miller: Enclosed is a Federal Antiquities Act permit which authorizes Brigham Young University to conduct paleontological investigations on certain lands owned and controlled by the Department of the Interior and administered by the Bureau of Land Management in the State of Utah (Federal Oil Shale Lease Tracts UA and UB) . Please note this permit is numbered 75-UT-014, and should you have any reason to contact us regarding the permit, it will help if you refer to this number. Address all correspondence to: Departmental Consulting Archeologist Department of the Interior Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation Interagency Archeological Services Division Washington, D.C. 20240 Also, we will appreciate your using this number for reference purposes when submitting the preliminary report at the completion of the fieldwork, or termination of the permit, as required by Item 9 of the permit. Sincerely yours, Rex L. Wilson Departmental Consulting Archeologist Enclosure .^ji0* Let's Clean Up America For Our 200th Birthday UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ANTIQUITIES ACT PERMIT Please use this number wh*n telerring lu thin jltrmit. NO. 7,5-UT-olA To Conduct Vi'ork Upon Lends Owned or Controlled by the United States Under the Act For The Preservation of American Antiquities (Approved June 8, 1906 (34 Stat. 225, 16 U.S.C. 432, 433) and the Regulations Thereunder) ISSUED TO: Brigham Young University/Provo, Utah April 2, 1975 ,AME. ADDRESS AND OFFICIAL STATUS OF PERSON: a. In general charge: b, In actual direct charge: UNDER APPLICATION DATED: March 10, 1975 Dr. Wade E. Miller Associate Professor, Department of Zoology 575 WIDB, Brigham Young University Provo, Utah S4601 and . Mr. Jim Barton - graduate student in vertebrate 'i. ' paleontology. (address same as above) ITMOhl ZES: Pal eonto logical Investigations 0»» LANDS DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS: Department of the Interior lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management in the State of Utah (Federal Oil Shale Lease Tracts UA and UB) °ApriT°:2, 1975 through April 1, 1976 (One year) COLLECTED UNDER THIS PERMIT A I L L BE DEPOSITED FOR PERMANENT P R ES ER V A T IO !• Brigham Young University Museum Provo, Utah !THER ACCREDITED INSTITUTIONS UNDER SUITABLE LOAr iEEMENTS. '"IClAL CONDITIONS 'lis permit is subject to the provisions of the Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities approved June i-JO, and the interdepartmental regulations including 25 CFR 132, as to Indian lands, promulgated thereunder 'co?ies attached), as well as the special conditions on the reverse of this form. ■"■"-Binary repusi tfhin approximately 6 weeks of the conclusion of rield work, a preliminary report oi work penormeu under this • •--rait, illustrated with representative photographs and listing new and significant collected materials should be "•'Dished the Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, and 5 copy(s) thereof should be forwarded to this apartment. '-TING ARC MOUMMT- <*,»..**> J<^_£ (_ l/V UU^ Rex L. Wilson. APPENDIX B WINCHESTER, D. E., 1916 - Oil shale in Northwestern Colorado and adjacent areas 31 CASHION, W. B. - GREEN RIVER FORMATION, UTAH AND COLORADO: U2- 1967 u- S. GEOL. SURV. PROFESSIONAL PAPER 548 )2 3$ E -> = -co = 5> = -H - -O - ! 1 i j @;SALT LAKE = CITY \ ' 73 = S / ( / J>^ £ 1 K Allah's 5. \ \ — 1 i (/ Lake^-^ / V, vWinuiinii £ UINTA MOUNTAINS i Vernal ^M4\^ l O Escalant« ARIZONA I NEW MEXICO 2.5 5,° 100 MILES Figure l.-Area of this report and some adjacent structural and physiographic feat, APPENDIX C 33 Locality Map of Tracts U-a and U-b , Uintah County, Utah APPENDIX D NOT FOR PUBLIC USE OR FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION d CO cfl 03 o CJ O •rl •H •H IH IW <4H •H •H •H a CJ a oo 00 U 00 •H •H o •H 03 to d co d d •H (— 1 HH s d QJ a) ai rH H a o o H •H H 4-1 to n a C\ o CN ,Q CO •H CO •H >-i • H W rH CJ CH ,£> CO ^J •H QJ eg 4-J TJ d s a a) qj 4-4 £ 4J tj d 00 c •rl cO CO c d rH t-i tH != CX fe c- 0 CO CJ a o 4-1 CO CO d x) o a 4-1 cO co CO T3 d 00 cO d CO 0 o •H d ^J 10 H CO H CD QJ ai > rH 6 CO -a 0 CO cO rH co rH •H CO CH +J i3 QJ •H d ■U 4J CJ CO QJ a 6 4J rH a) o;: d CX T3 CO rj e •H u rH o a Pd P. 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W ». •> •> *"■» CO St CO «* CO CO CO W H u o CN O CM o o o St CJ rH p2 rH Pi rH H rH CM 1 CO EH H H H H Pi CO CO •N en „ 04 CO rH CO CM CO CO CO co •> O Pi n M n n • • -^ 0) "»s« ~-^> ~~^ QJ rH a co O rH CO H CO rH rH H CO CO cu CO H g c_> 2 o g W CO 1 S3 APPENDIX E APPENDIX E Fossils occurring on Federal Oil Shale Lease Tracts U-a and U-b, Uintah County, Utah. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME FORMATION OF OCCURRENCE Middle Eocene Late Eocene Green River Fm. Uinta Fm. PLANTS: Laurel Umbeltularia X Poplar Populus X Willow Salix X Sycamore PI at anus X INVERTEBRATES : March Flies Bibionidae X Flower Flies Syraphidae X Common Fly Musca X Bot Fly Li thohypc derma X Bot Fly Hypo derma X Soldier Fly Lithophysa X Crane Fly Tipula X Dragonfly Syrnpetrum X VERTEBRATES : Gar Pike Lepidosteus X Alligator A I lognathosuahus X Brontothere (large extinct mammal) Paleosyops X ii Eotitanops X it Telmatherivjn X M Bo li chorhinus X ii Metarhinus X 38 APPENDIX F Topographic Map Showing Fossil Localities in Relationship to Baseline Monitoring Sites 39 APPENDICES * m J WM PALEONTOLOGICAL SITE MAP OF OIL SHALE TRACTS U-a & U-b fHAMPION kJO. 90 V* l a s P ■ N-Brrjjr- APPENDIX G Topographic Map Showing Fossil Localities in Tracts U-a, U-b, and Vicinity 40 r APPENDIX H Consultant's Report on Fossil Insects Fossil records of North American insects have been reported in the literature mostly from (1) Miocene and Pleistocene deposits of Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Florida, (2) Miocene deposits of Florissant, Colorado, and (3) Eocene deposits in the Green River formation of Wyoming. Considerably more than half of these fossils come from the Florissant; less than 5 percent are from the Green River Formation in Wyoming. Apparently there are very few published records of fossil insects from Utah for any geological period. On 1 December 1974, Dr. Wade E. Miller and I examined the Green River Formation deposits at several points to determine the presence, extent, and scientific worth of insect fossils contained therein. While much of the shale was too soft or coarse to adequately preserve impressions of insects, some deposits contained excellent fossils of high quality. A beetle and a tipulid fly of scientific worth were found on the south side of a shallow road cut on Utah Highway 45 at about 5160 feet elevation (NE 1/4, Sec. 13, T10S, R24E) . Fossil larval tipulids and other dipterous larvae were found on the east slope where Hell's Hole Canyon meets the White River, at an elevation of about 5100-5500 feet (SW 1/4, Sec. 5, T10S, R25E) . Not all of the larval fossils were well-preserved, but many were in recognizable condition. In view of the paucity of information about the fossil record of American insects, and most particularly of Utah insects, I strongly urge r the collection and preservation of fossil insect material that may be encountered by any paleontological groups or projects in the area. As soon as sufficient material is available for study entomological specialists will be most anxious to study it. The ecology of an area rigidly selects those species that can survive in a given habitat. Since the overwhelming majority of mega organisms in most 41 r terrestrial and freshwater habitats are insects, and because various kinds of insects are further adapted to more restricted microhabitats, they provide one of the best indicators of the ecological conditions that existed in ancient habitats. For this reason, a knowledge of insect fossils contributes to other fields of science, as well as to that of entomology. Stephen L. Wood Professor of Entomology Brigham Young University 4 2 APPENDIX I f 43 ed States Depart) lent of the Interior UTAH STATE OFFICE 125 S. STATE STREET SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 84138 February 10, 1975 Dr. Ivayde Miller Department of Zoology Brigham Young University Prove, Utah 84601 Enclosed is material relating to the Archeoiogicai and. Historical Preservation Act (P.L. 93-291) , which you requested. . Sincerely yours. / W . / James L. Tsenogle f Assistant to the Regional Director , Utah / : v. - - •■ . ■ Save Energy and You Serve America! partrnerit of the 44 \ ■ ■. ' . . .1 Directors , \ id-i . spti c»-; ' .. ' £.'; •.-..;• west j Pacific K . ..,:,.':..•: I irectors, North Atlantic ; m& !-.;■■: r: L - ■ ions— information only ■■ Fro; : Acting Associate Director, Professional Sexy: ...'■■:.. : ' sol gic< 1 and Historical Preservation j >gical and Historical Preservation Act CP«L« S3-2S1'-, ."; which becare law on May\24i 1974., ties for coordination and'profesj '"..'■ eve: t :.- of she Interior. -The S rvis '.•.:'•. £: : • ■ - ng -r. ... procec »ra3 a; pj ofe; . . , ?.: •:h legal issues c: ,:. . ; :. 'new l .: : sco: . of work and report s: ■ aticz sta: : . . : and organ: z; al qui li: £ cat! oils'. i ; : • ■ e conduct, or. thi . ;■■.-' soc . '- :.::■ - .: '. . . " si '• of this . :. discuss . several ;• . new t it i : ."■" - -■ i ' .. :- : - - ey to ■ : ' ' ■ ' ■ . : h :'. ■ : re . - .: i .. 3 C£.: : . . . pro] aticn l :.:. the Sec * i " y c£ i he rio: ". . .age in c . ■ of Federal lis supers its, . : , . etc. :.''■ •:.- ugh . ' tit . foi : . 56 ■ ' e in fiscal ycr f Section 7(c) su ■ -. I: £e: i ■. _ to s ; .-. for traditions] . . .'.:• l?= ■ ad ivii i .....':•.' ; t£ < ■ ■ : ..:' - •- ... until .'activities ci ■'■ and' 7(t) c . po': ai ed : ■ sor the :heolo| i s re; . j • ct : . . . .. i j ■,"■■■ • - agencies to as; ; isca! . : . i ' ■ ~ is ; ■•■ • ■ ■ i •■ : EI , ctivities hat *n should is list. lack of information on.snstir. not deter providing trie available 3at'a by A. R. Kortensen '. . ' V -'• ■' i 46 Historical Preserv \ :: "• •■-. ' - ' — ■ — — ■ — — Public Law 93-291 : ..-; Congress, S. 524 ;- ; May 24 s 1974 ; . ; l ACT id the Act of June 27,M960 (74 Stat . 220) , relating to preservation cf historical and archeological. data. .;,;.; . '.; I? 3 it enacted by the Senate and House o :\~ United States of Representatives in Congress assembled, That it it led "An- Act to provide for "the preservation of' istoriCa!;' and archeological' date (including relics and spec--', ---..■. which might otherwise be lost as the result of the construction of a dart", approved June 27, I960 (74 Stat. 220: I U.S.Cv.469),: is amended as follows: ■ • ?That it is. the pur- ,y: : of this Act to further the policy set' forth in the Act ■ ^ tied 'An Act to provide for the preservation of historic '• xah sites,- buildings, objects, and aptiquiti.es of ••-;;\ anal significance, and for other-purpose's', approved •„ ■ ,■/ sst 21, 1S35 (16 U.S.C. 461-467), by specifically 'provide,:: for the prcservaticn of historic::,]. .„r.r^, archeological,^ {'including irelics.-aird snecirWsj which/ might otherwise ; _ >ly lost or destroyed as* the result of (I) flood- i uilding of access roads, the erection of workmen's. nities, the relocation of railroads and highways, and :':•,:;, ," alterations of the terrain caused by the construction" .'• .. dan. by any agency or (2) any alteration of the terrain . • .: ■ -. I as a result of any Federal construction project or :<*&< rally licensed activity or program. ^ ' ' ' SeCi 2. -Before any agency of the United States shall- • ■;■ .• :;.;•■; -:.. construction of a can,- or issue a license to.; .. .. private. '.individual- or corporation -for the construction . /'. .:-. it shall give -written notice to the Secretary of; "rcr referred to as the "Secretary") set- ,. forth the site of the pre;— ;ed dam and '.the -approximate: ■ a to he flooded and otherwise changed if such construction,' That- with respect to any f loodwater '■ ;s than five thousand acre--- y unu with respect to any other ty] Zarn which creates* a reservoir of less than forty surface •' • ■ the previsions of this section, shall apply only when . ig agencv, in its preliminary surveys,, finds, \ ;ed with evidence that historical, ct archeolog- w exist or may be present in the proposed r« ii^area. ■ - -•;• ■'■■—. '■'■■" \ '-.... "•'••. : .. Hi : a: he data, v tiopc cal and ogical Lng dam which -previa cf detcntio. apacity and cxtens '; era! ly pn 16 USC ion to ■ 1 or i c ' - i ssi stcd ■ ;•• . : • : • . 47 r; Whenever any Federal agency finds, or is . ; , ', -/ an appropriate historical cr arche- ■ > . .' ' /: diidi its activities .in connection with '; -s ;:.■'•'• Va} construction project or federally licensed proj-'. ■,'.•••"-..•; •f.ty, or program may cause irreparable loss or uticn of significant scientific, prehistorical, histor- ■ '..' • . '. , .< h . r.cy shall notify tho , .'- 'Vary, in w . ' ); ;f"i;^ shall provide the Secretary with iate .' "orniation concerning the project, program, or '- „■ ■ ■ activity. r .: Such agency may request the Secretary to under™ .-.-., Da" /cry, \ '■ / e;.the recovery, protection, and preservation of such data ,■■-.,' .\;.. ic; .rding preliminary survey, or other investigation as. ■:-iA 'and analysis and publication of the reports' result- . "'it-' ■;.;'"' $5g from such- investigation) j,. or it nay; with funds ' appropri- . -' . ', for such project, program, or activity,- undertake such '.•.,.''.. " activities. Copies of reports of any -investigations, made ' Reports, copies; pursuant to this section shall be submitted to the Secretary,;.}*;;. '..avail ability; unp; shall make them available to the public for inspection.' '■ '., ■ and review. .-..-. • ' (b) Whenever any Federal agency provides financial r Survqy.-1 aasistance by loan, grant,' or -otherwise to any pri\rate per- a association, or public entity, the Secretary, if he ,.'/;■ r . . _ . acrtrmines that significant, scientific.;' pr2urisib^-cai /;■. ..'.'3 i-': '.'":*. y '""'..'. ■• toricai/'e^ ai^fessaiagd^a-i data might be irrevocably, lest or '* ' . , ' . destroyed, may with funds appropriated expressly for this ; .''■'.' /'...'. >ose conduct,' with the consent of all persons, associa- ._ ■ Lie entities having a legal ' interest in the • ' . ., ' ; .-rty involved, a survey of • the affected site end under- ■■.,--■ •;■ _■• \...: the recovery, protection, and preservation of such data-.f-,. "'•'. . "nniuding analysis and publication). .'The Secretary shall, ■' • ' ;' . Construction de- i ...t.ss otherwise mutually agreed to in writing, compensate ■ ' Iays« cempessa- z&y person, .association, or public entity damaged as a •.,•■'■ tion .-. . of delays in construction or as 'a '.result of the tern- '/■'■' ;.'■■.:;. ::y loss of the use of private -cr any non- federally. owned :.,,■■■ Sec. 4.-; (a) The Secretary, upon notification, in , ' , 16 USC 469a-2. . siting, by any Federal o; State agency or appropriate. fhis- ...... .,...•' .'.:.<./.,<.;- archeological^ai . . :■ ..; "that scientific, ^'pr-ei - " ' ' '■':'' {'': '/ cteq a survey and other investigation of 'the areas. which ,. .. or may be affected and recover and preserve such data ..'•■.. Lcation}' vjhichj in his opinion, ,,. but should be, recovered and preserved in the . ''■",• \j survey or recovery work shall be required pu ; " ' . this section which, in the determination of the head responsible r,^c::cyT would impede Federal or federally , 1 step or license jects or activities "undertaken in ..;.' ?tion with r«y emergency, including projects or activ- • .'..- .- ' - n.eruah, a je anticipation o;;, ^r oe a : ' • '..,- a •. .... ural disaster. , , Cc) The Secretary shell initiate the survey or recor- p. . ', Initiat on. '".' ■-•" • \ / '. :...: :■. :e:ep days after notification tc him : ' < - ;■ '.. tion (a) of this section or withizypsuch ' ■ '-•.;. : . - : -reed upon with the head rd the agency ' . ". -d-d.-' /. •■ .' '..-.- le or funding or licensing the project., activity,'''1' ■. ' : in all ether cases. . -..-. ,',:-. ;■"- . ; ■, \{d) The Secretary shall, unless otherwise mutually '-..'"/ p r Cons c: e a. ion _ agreed to in writing, compensate any person, association, or ' . •• delays* con- ' public cecity damaged as a result of delays in construction- ; .-' - pensat: s a result of the temporary loss of:. the use of private ; ■ ■- 02 : ...-federally owned lands. . ..• ■.••;-. • . • Sec. '5. (a) The Secretary shall keep the agency respon- ' 74 .'Stat.. 2\ - for funding -or licensing the project notified- at all '"'a,'. '" 16.USC,469a. s" of the progress of any survey made .under this Act, or-p ■ 16>LS' 469'a-3« p v:crh undertaken as a result of such survey, in order ' ■'■■'••./■ ' . there will he as little disruption or delay as possible -. ,'; carrying our of zhe functions of such agency and the ■','•::•-. • ' ■ ■■ :.• and recovery programs shall terminate at a time . ,)?'< ]' -'■ . '■..-•■ ' ly agreed upon by the Secretary and the head cf such \ ' \ ; ,' p . .'. 'unless-, extended by mutual agreement,. ,. - - ' ■' d '. • ' The Secretary shall consult with' any interested ; ' ' ;. - ' . -.- IS' a . ries, educational avid scientific ' " '■-''■ "a . , are private institutions cad qualified indi- '- . ■ ' . ' : '•' ■ viduals,Vwith a veer tc determining' the ownership of and ' '- ... :.'. appropriate repository for any relics .and specimens'/ - ■ '. : JwOVoved as a result cf any work performed as provided for . ■• ;• ' ■ .- :... • ' ' is . ecti on. •' . ' -'■'".-■ /: -. ' • ' ■•(a) The Secretary- shall coordinate all Federal/ Survey '.'■ /■■'■- Coordinal ion. ) ; ■-:■;■ activities authorized under this 'Act .and shall .'^ '. * J- Annual r . . a. ,:;.;•• report at the end cf each fiscal year to ; p- to congres- • ...; interior and Insular Affairs Committees of. the United/. .',e'' siona] com- SS indicating the scope and effectiveness of • '. . mitt' <"■ program, the specific projects surveyed and. the results . .:' uccd, and: "the costs incurred by the Federal Government ;'p p p . 6. ..'. ee administration cf this Act, thi Secre-.'pd- eh ■ 16 Id. contracts or make cooperative'.- agree- • ,.-;' d .'.:.-. or State ag< < iuc tional crd. ■;/.' •'•'••' :, 49 ... :-:-;-'.■■, or any institution, corporation,; if j -. dual; and . i 1 .. rvices of experts and consultants * '•; -;•■•• , : . . then in accordance with section ~ 39 of .■. . a t i ' • . ' ' • . ' . ■ . cept and utilite funds :. availabj . for s Ivagc >r ' ..' , e ] rson 01 c< p . ration ... ■ ■ . v :ral : ency. . . .. V. carry but tfu purposes of this Act, any Funds j agency responsible for a construction project may traia fer. . St the Secretary and/or it may transfer to him such 16 USD may be agreed upon, but not more than 1 per- centum . ehe total a:nouaa authorized to be. appropriated for such _ .• ■ >jcct:. except that the 1 per centum limitation. of this :ti.oa shall not apply in the event that the project- ' 5 :. $50,000 or .less: Provided, That the costs of such . ; '' ■; ■:.' r recovery, analysis, arid publication shall be con- '• ,;••'._ iored nonreimbursable project costs. • ' ' ■]■:'■/■ [b) For the purposes cf subsection 3(b), there are .". Appropriatioi i&prized to be appropriated such suns as' may be necessary,.'.:;, '■ . not more than $500,000 in fiscal year 1974; $1,000,000. fiscal year 2975;-. $1,500, 000 .'in fiscal year 1976; ,000 in. fiscal year 1977;. and £1,500,000 in fiscal ;'■ - ; ->■ , or the purposes of subsection '4(a) there are to be appropriated not more then 52. 000, GOO in 74; 1:2.000,000 in fiscal year 1975; $3,000,000.'! 376; 55,000,000 in fiscal year 1977; and in fiscal year 1073. p. ■ -. . ,■'•• • ■■'. V .,; :,y.,- ed May 24,- 1974 ■' '.' 17-55 •• ■. j •.; '.■:.■•■■ • / ? '. }^.;. TIVE KISTG ; l: ■■ . ••'; •■' ■ .•'■;':■ ■ '. iPOST No'. 53-052 accompanying H.R. 555 (Coma, ton Interior. and Insular Affairs). "'/;; n Ho. 91-165 (Comm. or. Interior era Insuisr Affairs)'. . .. SAL 555050:. ■'... 119 (1975);. May 22;, considered end passed. Senate, 120 ,'574): May 6, considered ana passed' Htouse, ■'• amended, in lieu'of HiR, 256. ■ May 9, Senate agrei ' to House;' amendi jnts.p F ( (' United States Department of .die Interior OFFICE OF Till:: SOLICITOR DENVER REGION P.O. BOX 25007 DENVER FEDERAL CENTER DENVER, COLORADO S0225 Jra-'ViJ ' '■ ■■■■■•' :d — 50 C,'-/ -.« n v*. 'iemorandU2 State Director „ Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming Regional Solicitor P Denver . bject: EIS Responsibility; National Historic Preservation Act and Executive Order 11593 Xn your memorandum of April 2, 1974, you ask /'in substance,. whether BLM can require a professional historical and ar- cheo3.ogical survey of the surface of lands to be strip mined by withholding approval of plans that do not provide for such • surveys. Your question is based on the assumption that a lease has been issued, without stipulations requiring such r. c " ar knowledge the question of whether the Bureau of Land gement can, by the above-described procedure,, require a coal lessee to make an intensive survey has not been previous!: decided by the Department or judicial proceedings* We are of opinion that the Bureau of Land Management should, take tin. a.tion that crofessicnal surveys must be a part of a mining We believe that mail's c esauaon snoma Da whether the surface be in private or public ownership, f further assistance in this matter- please . - ran b us know • Kiaucll L. Jaadsen Lor the Regional Solicito .■latent Solicitor, Landsf Energy & Resources ftbtn: ila Grave on ".. ..'.■'' r i c E \ V £ *' i'.-i J :-f 51 ■ United States Department of the BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT DENVER SERVICE CENTER DENVLR FEDERAL CENTF«*. BUILDING SO DENVER. COLORADO B0225 6230 (D-37< May 20, 1974 Keinorarxdum To: Richard Fike, . Archeologist, From: Cultura Subiect Fossils Utah State Office 1 Resource Specialist (Archeologist) Lloyd Pierson, DSC ttached opinion: and decisions, fossils are taken Act of 1906, we are responsible darn near any thin As vou can see from the care of and protected under the Antiquities fn-r-rhem and the Montana Decision says we can put Shinto lease stipulations wnethet we own the »r ace or no c ^ Environmental Policy/ot_Seotxon 101 00, W^J^ and Ka?nCain. wber cultura we National - and variety of to ail . three catsgories ever possible an environment which supports diversity irt individual choice". We interp above as they are certainly natural, they are p recent enough, part of man's history, and last, the} category in that they are educational and scxentxf ^Service, as the Department's administrator or t automatically declares any vertebrate fossils import ™M* reed some determination, if you know they are p t to see about their scientific importance. e the best way to accomplish this. pre'.- ontologi / Enclosure; As stated WO- 370 yi United Stnics Department of the Interior OFFICE OF THE SOLICITOR WASHINGTON, D.C. 20210 N REPLY REFER TO: Memorandiu To: Director, Bureau of Lund Management Through: Assistant Secretary, Public Laud Management Associate Solicitor; Division of Public Lands Applicability of the Antiquities Act to' Fossils Xou )iavc asked vhether fossils arc included "within the ope of the Antiquities Act of June 8, 1906, (3k Stat". 225, 16 Q.S.C. §§ 't-3'2, ^33)« This question must be answered in the affir- mative. Three memoranda have been vrittcn ±n the Solicitors office or. the general question of fossils and the Antiquities Act, SuM'Ci The latest of those r,.s from the Regional Solicitor at Salt Lake City x,o c;- - Jtate Director of the Bureau of Laid Man; ment dated July 10, I9S3 (copy attached). T:;e Regional Solicitor held that fossils are covered by the Antiquities Act but such coverage extends only to sue]', fossils v.'hlch are of an actual aid reel, historic or scientific interest and of some unusual significant Those same tuo principles vere first enunciated in an opinion of the Solicitor of January 19, 3.909 (copy attached), deal- ing solely A\itb petrified wood aid in vhicb it v/as held that most dex>osits of petrified vood vere not of sufficient historic or scientific interest to qualify under the Antiquities Act. The earliest of these three memoranda was from the Assistant. Solicitor for hatioral Parts to the Chief Clerk, dated October 12, I956 (copy attached) and expressly held that fossils vere covered by the Antiquities Act. This opinion recited the long history of this Department in interpreting the Antiquities Act to includehfossils. Long continued interpretation should he ■\ given great weight, see Unitrd stater; v. Midwest O.il Co., 236 U.S. k[0} k"(2 (1915), ;a:d S:'ouVs;s T'oi Indians v.~ IJjii tea States', 33.6 U.S. 317-j 325, (19)12). 53 . The Congress "of the United Spates on August 15, 19^9, in 63 Stat. 6c6 (20 U.S.C. §0 73, 73a), expressly ratified this, interpretation. This act expressly states that, cooperative work to preserve fossils on lands of the United States shall be done under the previsions of sections hjl} J432, and )|33 of title l6 (the Antiqiiities Act). It provides in part; "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is authorized to cooperate vith any State, educational institution or scientific organization in the United States for continuing paleontological in- vestigations, and the excavation and preservation of fossil remains, in areas which will be flooded by the construction of Government dams or. otherwise be mode unavailable for 'such investigations because of such construction: Provided, That such investi- gation and activities sha.i.l not duplicate nor affect • .adversely similar operations being conducted by the Department of the Interior in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution. " c r .Provided further, That where lands arc involved which are controlled by the Government of the United " .States, cooperative work thereon shall be under the provisions of sections k^l, '132, and lj-33 of Title 3.6, and rules and regulations pertaining thereto. " . ! Though the' particular act just cited is limited in its specific application, it is evident that Congress knew and approved this Department's long standing interpretation of the meaning of "antiquity1' to include fossils. Section 3. of the Antiquities Act supra imposes certain penal sanetiors^for appropriating, excavating historic or prehistoric ruin or monument or any object of uit; >y any person not holding a permit from the head of the agency having jurisdiction over the lands on which such ruins ; Lments or antiquities aTo situated. Section 2 provides the these permits may be issucd\>nly to certain institutions for very ljuring, or destro; rdted nu :t c! •l-r.1 >its the nre~ti 54 . the commercial collection of fossils for resale. ' Furthermore, it does not authorize even the collection of common or unimporl fossils by amateur collectors. This does not mean that the Department should bring criminal prosecution against such amateur collectors , because conviction on such a charge is- a serious blot en an individual's record. Commercial collectors and sellers of fossils may try to ■ defend their actions by claiming that they are taking valuable mineral deposits } but this contention v^ expressly overruled by this Department in Earl Doiv-lnss, hk L.D. 325 (3-915). In this case Dinosaur fossils, or any other fossils, were held not to be subject to mining location.. The non -applicability of the mining lavs to such iec:':s as meteorites, fossils, stalactites, stalagmites, etc. , has been reitereated as recently as March .7, 19ol, in a letter from the Solicitor to Senator Mauri ne ITeuberger (copy attached). f) /rr.e. David]C, Lindgren v ,// Enclosures \ 55 >'!ay 16, 1975 Mr. Charles M. McKinney Straff Archeologist to the Departmental Consulting Archeologist Department of the Interior Office of Archeology & Historic Preservation Interagency Services Division Washington, B. C. 10240 Dear Mr. McKinney: I Tree interested to learn, in our telephone conversation yesterday, i the Department of Interior plans to propose changes in the scope of the Fedt . . Antiquities Act that nculd relate to vertebrate paleontology field work' on federal lands. As you are a;:are t professional vertebrate paleontologists throughout the ccuncry have a direct end vital interest in any such legislative chang-s. The protection of fossiliferous localities and the preservation of ontological materials have long been cur collective concerns. However, it is equally important to the future development of this science that rt; ' ■■ tory mechanisffis do not impede qualified professionals and institutions in pur- suing legitimate acientific activities. In response to your request, I en enclosing an abbreviated list of pre— Lonals (and institutions) to xfnc-zi you night send a copj of the prep": ■". . es. I understand that these proposals will appear in The Federal Register for the purpose of eliciting public review and consent, and your office c: ■ • welcomes correspondence on the natter frcn professional vertebrate pal tontologlsts. I earnestly hope that the schedule for these proposed changes xn.ll allow tine for careful s iered deliberation by all interested parties. Please Ln nine that nest vertebrate paleontologists participate in variot Id ties during the sussner months, and a full response to a ■ ing of the \ : net during this tine probablv cannot be accot until E ir helpfulness and concern in this matter Yours c in ce re iy , h A. Jenkins,, Jr. • - - •■ ': '■ °S'f Curator 9 Vert? ■ ■ ■ ■ - Page 56 x . Charles McKinney May 16. d, D. : ., C. C. , J. R. '■'".■ vj „ A Jr rt, E, K. Coombs, W. Dev son, M, Dorr, J. A. Jr. Eery, R. J. Gingerich, P. D.. Gregory5 J, T. Hot ton, S. Hunt, R. Jensen 3 J. A. L an g s t on s W - , Jr. Lillegr&ven, J. A KacDonald, J. R. McGrecr, P. 0. McKenna, M. Co Morris, W. J. Olson, E. C. Ostroa, J. H. Robinson, P. Savage, B. E. G. Schaeffer, B. Schultz, G. Seraken, IT. A. Jr Singer, R. S icons, E. L. Simpson, C. G. Slaughter, B. H. . ' an, R. E. Tumbull, W. D. Vauj: m, P. F. Webb, S. 7). West, R. 11. Wilson, J. A. sn, R. W. Woodbume, M. 0. Miller, W. E. Whistler, D. P. 1973 (UTAH STATE ANTIQUITIES) Engrossed Copy H. B. No. 34 By David R. Irvine John P. Redd AN ACT CREATING WITHIN THE DIVISON OF STATE HISTORY A STATE ANTIQUITIES SECTION TO ESTABLISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, FOR THE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS AMD RECORDS AND FOR THE EDITING AND PUBLICATION OF ANTIQUITIES RECORDS; PROVIDING FOR THE CREATION AND COMPOSITION OF AN ANTIQUITIES COMMITTEE TO ADVISE THE STATE EGARD OF HISTORY IN POLICY MATTERS RELATED TO ANTIQUITIES; AND PROVIDING PENALTIES. '••':.•' 1'3 it enacted by the Lsgislatiae of the State of Utah: Section 1. The legislature declares that the public has an interest in the preservation and protection of the state's archaeological and an- thropological resources and a right to the knowledge derived and gained from scientific study of those resources. It is the purpose of this act to provide that activities for the preservation, excavation, study and exhibition of the state's archaeological and anthropological resources be undertaken in a coordinated and organized manner, for the general welfare of the public. ":r-:;\. Section 2. As used in this act: • ' ', (1) "Specimens" means all man-made relics, artifacts, and remains of prehistorical, archaeological, or anthropological nature found on or belc.v ths surface of the earth. ;: (2) "Site" means any aboriginal mound, fort, building, earth work, '. village location, burial ground, prehistoric ruin, cave, petroglyphs > . Dictographs, or other location which is -the source of specimens. •' Section 3. There is created v.-itnin the division of state history a ; state antiquities section. The division of state history is the authority': or the state for the protection.-and orderly development of archaeolooical Engrossed Copy ' ■ .58 H. B. No. 34 and anthropological resources. Section 4. The state antiquities section is responsible for the stimulation of research, study, and activities in the field of antiquities; the marking, protection, and preservation of sites; the collection, preservation, and administration of specimens and records; and the editing and publication of antiquities records. The section shall cooperate with local, state, and federal agencies and all interested persons to achieve the purposes of this act. Section 5. An antiquities committee consisting of the chairman and vice-chairman of the board of state history, director of the division of state history, director of the division of parks and recreation, director .• of the museum of natural history, two professional archaeologists and three other persons from various geographical areas of the state with demonstrated interest in antiquities, one of whom shall be an Indian, is created to advise the board of state history in matters related to antiquities. The professional archaeologists and three interested persons shall be appointed by the governor. The gubernatorial appointee members shall serve four years. Members shall serve without compensation but are entitled to reimbursement for their necessary and actual expenses.' The antiquities committee may advise the board on matters of policy for the antiquities section. Section 6. The governor shall extend an. invitation to participate '• ■ ■ ■- "• =■'•'■ ■•■''■•■;' '-'-:'■'- - ■ '\'- ':' on the antiquities committee to the regional forester of the United States ";•. "Department of Agriculture for the intennountain region, the'state director -. of the bureau of land management, and the state director of national park' ". service areas for Utah. Section 7. The director of the -division of state history, upon reeemmendation of the antiquities committee, shall select the state archaeo- logist who may create a staff to carry out the policies assigned him by ' • the board of state history. Section S. It is unlawful for any person to enter a site located on state land or lands owned or controlled by the state or its subdivisions. Engrossed Copy 59 h. b. ;:o. 3-1 or which have b.=en designated as landmarks pursuant to this act, for the purpose of appropriating, injuring, or destroying a specimen without a permit from the division of state history. Application for a permit shall be made on a form furnished by the antiquities section and accompanied by the payment of a fee or posting of a bond to be determined by the board of state history. All archaeological work shall be carried out under the supervision of the state archaeologist under the direction of the division director and in accordance with rules adopted by the board of state history in such a manner that the maximum amount of historic, scientific; archaeological, anthropological, and educational information may be recovered and preserved in addition to the physical recovery of -items. The division - of state history may revoke or suspend a permit or declare the bond to be forfeited if the permitee fails to conduct the excavation in a mariner con- sistent with rules promulgated by the state antiquities section. All items recovered by permitees shall be the property of the state; provided, that the board of state history with the advice of the antiquities committee may allot a fair share of the items recovered to the permitee. A permitee may be required to submit duplicates of any written or photographic data obtained in the course of field investigations to the division of state history. . :." . -' '. .-.: Section 9. Sites of significance may be recommended to the governor's historic and cultural sites review committee by the antiquities committee '•..-..• with ;tha approval of the board of state history as "state archaeological' or •-'•.: anthropological landmarks," provided that no privately owned site shall be so- designated without the written consent of the owner. It is unlawful to excavat upon a privately owned designated site without a permit from the' division of - state history. Before any alteration is commenced on a designated landmark, three months' notice of his intent to alter the site shall be given the dfvisir of state history. : '. . ' Section 10. Any person who discovers any site or specimen on lands owned by the state shall promptly report such discovery to the division of. state history. It is the intention of the legislature that discovery on i APPENDIX J APPENDIX J Identification of Specimens As specimens were brought in from the field they were unwrapped and placed in trays. A label was placed with the specimens which was filled in to include all relevant data. A sample card is shown here. Identifications BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Vertebrate Paleontology Specimen No Locality No Sci. Name _ Formation _ _ Location _ _ Age _ _ Collected By _„ _ Date [identified By Date were made only to the taxonomic level possible in a reasonable length of time. More detailed identifications will be made some time after the survey project has been completed, either by myself or by students who wish to work on them as they relate to various studies. Identifications were made by comparing specimens to previously identified ones in the collection (or when necessary in the collection of another institution) and by using pictures and data found in the literature. Some preparation was needed in order to properly identify specimens. This meant the removal of part of all the matrix surrounding a fossil. This work was kept to a minimum for the survey. Complete preparation will be done later in conjunction with a detailed study of the fossils. All fossils collected during the survey are now contained in special storage cabinets as part of the Brigham Young University fossil collection. These specimens will always be available for inspection by interested persons either in or outside the institution. 61 APPENDIX K APPENDIX K Procedure for Recording Field Notes 1. Use three-hole looseleaf notebook for all field notes. Size of paper should be approximately 9 inches by 6 inches; lined paper with left-hand margin is preferred. 2. Write on one side of page only. 3. Use medium grade of pencil hardness: 2-3 or F. 4. Each new locality is to be given a separate field number which should consist of the author's full initials, the last two digits of the year and the consecutive number of the locality (e.g., The fifth locality discovered in 1972, would be recorded as WEM 725). 5. Consecutively number pages in notebook, top center of page. 6. Enter date. 7. Record locality. 8. Record information, and where possible the member, from which fossils were recovered. 9. Record name of topographic map which relates to area of fossil site. 10. Body of notes for each field number should include the following: a. Distance and direction from nearest well-established point (e.g., highway intersections, town, confluence of streams, etc.) b. Part of section, section, township, and range c. Sketch map relating fossil site to nearest reference point if helpful d. Briefly describe stratigraphy and lithology e. Identify fossils as to taxa and material represented (insofar) as possible) f. Relate condition of fossils and any other noteworthy data (try to keep data factual and speculations to a minimum) g. Identify people in field party 62 Sample Entry P. 3 WEM 74-3 S.E. Powder River Basin June 13, 1974 U.S.G.S. Map, OM-185 Vernon Chard Ranch 1957 Eastern Wyoming Brule FM. (M. Oligocene) Fossil Site, Center of Section 19, T34N, R 60 W From small school bldgs., NE 1/4, Sec. 12, T34N, R 61 W (See notes for WEM 73-19, p. 22), head east on dirt rd. 1.9 mi., turn south (right), go 1.3 mi. & stop. Site 25-75 yds. to west. White channel ss. just below rd. level. Some fossils here, difficult to remove intact, not collected at this time. Buff-colored mudstone (ms.) beneath ss. yielded many fossils which were collected. Ms. well sorted, horizontal bedding. Thin intersecting CaCo seams present. Gen'l area one of grasslands dissected by numberous ravines which produce a condition of badlands. Pine covered ridge to south at higher elevation. Numerous fossils weathering in place, buff-colored & usually well permineralized. Articulation & association of skeletal elements common. Field identifications include: oredont (numerous), rodents (common), leptomerycid (common), brontothere (scarce), horse (common), rhino (scarce), entelodont (scarce), carnivore (scarce) & numerous tortoises. Bones & teeth in very good condition, very little abrasion. No pattern was noted in arrangement of fossils. Field party - myslef & B.Y.U. spring field class in paleontology (See WEM 74-1, P. 1). Polaroid pictures taken. 63 APPENDIX L RESUME NAME: Wade E. Miller BIRTHDATE: October 20, 1932 TITLE: Associate Professor of Zoology and Geology BIRTHPLACE: Los Angeles, California ADDRESS: Department of Zoology Brigham Young University Provo, Utah 84602 (801-374-1211 Ext. 2467) 2871 Indian Hills Drive Provo, Utah 84601 (801-375-5058) ACADEMIC RECORD: Institution and Location Degree Dates Attended El Camino College, Torrance, CA AA Brigham Young University, Provo, UT BS Calif. State University, Long Beach, CA NA University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ MS University of California, Berkeley, CA 1955-1957 Geology 1958-1960 Summer, 1961 Geology 1960-1962 Paleontology Ph.D. Paleontology 1964-1968 EMPLOYMENT RECORD: U. S. Army Infantry, Instructor, 1953-1954 Parker Aircraft Co., part time, Lab Technician, 1955-1957 Santa Ana College, Instructor, 1961-1964 University of California (Berkeley), Teaching Assistant, 1964-1966 Fullerton Junior College, Instructor, 1968-1971 Brigham Young University, Assoc. Prof, of Zoology and Geology, 1971-present RESEARCH AND OTHER CREATIVE PRODUCTIVITY: Project Sponsor Dates Amount of Grant Preparation and curation of Osteological Specimens (for research and teaching) BYU and self 1971-present Unfunded Preparation and curation of Paleontological specimens (for research and teaching) BYU and self 1971-present Unfunded Development of a program in Vertebrate Paleontology BYU Research Division 1972-1973 64 $5,100 Project Sponsor Dates Amount of Grant Collection and study of Cenozoic Vertebrates BYU Research from Utah Division 1973-1974 $ 3,175 Collection and study of Pleistocene Vertebrates from Lake Bonneville National Geographic deposits Society 1974-present $ 4,555 Impact study on fossils from oil shales in the Uinta Basin, Tracts U-a and U-b VTN Corp. 1974-present $30,783 COURSE DEVELOPMENT: New course and lab in Vertebrate Paleontology, 1971 New course in Paleontological Field Methods, 1972 New course and lab in Comparative Osteology, 1973 ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL HONORS: Graduate Scholarship, University of Arizona, 1961 Teaching Assistantship, University of California (Berkeley), 1964-1966 National Science Foundation Fellowship, University of California (Berkeley, 1966- 1968 Research Associate, Los Angeles County Museum, 1968-present PROFESSIONAL EXPOSURE: I have visited many of the major museums in the United States to become familiar with their techniques and collections, and to obtain specimens and casts of important fossil vertebrates. I have participated with various professional groups in paleontological field work. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS AND MEETINGS: 1. Memberships Society of Vertebrate Paleontology American Society of Mammalogists Southern California Academy of Sciences The Paleontological Society 65 Meetings attended during past five years ^Society of Vertebrate Paleontology '^Southern California Academy of Sciences Utah Academy of Arts, Science and Letters Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists *Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America ^Meetings in which I presented papers. PUBLICATIONS: Miller, Wade E. 1966. Late Pleistocene Mammals from Palos Verdes, California. Geol. Soc. American, Special Papers, No. 101:323-324 . 1968. Occurence of a Giant Bison, Bison Latifrons, and a Slender-Limbed Camel, Tanupolama, at Rancho La Brea . Los Angeles Co. Mus . , Contrib. Sci. 147:1-9. • 1969. A new fossil vertebrate locality in southern California. Earth Science 22(4) :161-166. . 1971. Pleistocene Vertebrates of the Los Angeles Basin and Vicinity. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Bull., Sci. 10:1-124. and Theodore Downs. 1971. A Middle Pliocene Fauna from Hungry Valley, Southern California. Abstracts, Cordilleran Section, Geological Society of America, 3(2) :160-161. Miller, Wade E. 1973. A Pleistocene Mammalian Fauna from Utah. Geol. Soc. Amer., Abstracts with Programs, 5(1): 81. and Theodore Downs. 1974. A Hemphillian Local Fauna Containing a New Genus of Antilocaprid from Southern California. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 258:1-36. Miller, Wade E. Two sections in the forthcoming book, "Latter-Day Saint Scholars Speak." Chapter III, Applications of Dating, Section 4, Response of the Fauna; Chapter VII, Early Man in a Changing World, Section 1, Prehistory of Primates and Man. (In press) . A New Pronghorn from California. Terra. (In press) SPECIAL SERVICES: I have given many talks before school, church and other groups outside Brigham Young University classes, and have given workshops in paleontology. I am continually dealing with the public, dispensing information relating to paleontology. 66 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott, W.j 1957. Tertiary of the Uinta Basin; in Intermtn. Assoc. Petr. Geol. Guidebook, 8 ann. Fid. Conf . , 1957, p. 102-109. Baer, J. L., 1969. Paleoecology of cyclic sediments of the Lower Green River Formation, Central Utah; B.Y.U. Geol. Studies, V. 16 Pt. 1, p. 3-96. Baer, J. L. , 1969. Cyclic nature of the sedimentary features of the Lower Green River Formation of Central Utah [Abst.]; Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 121, p. 586-687. Bissell, H. J., 1968. Bonneville, an Ice Age Lake; B.Y.U. Geol. Studies Vol. 15, Pt. 4, pp. 1-66. Black, C. C, 1968. The Uintan rodent Mytonomys: Jour. Paleon. , V. 42 No. 3, p. 853-856. Black, C. C. 1970. A New Pareumys (Rodentia: Cylindrodontidae) from the Duchesne River Formation, Utah; Fieldiana, Geol., V. 16, No. 17, pp. 453-459. Black, C. C. and Dawson, M. R. , 1966. A Review of late Eocene Mammalian faunas from North America: Am. Jour. Sci., V. 264, p. 321-249. Bradley, W. H. , 1929. The occurrence and origin of analcite and meerschaum birds in the Green River Formation of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming; U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 158-A, p. 1-7. Bradley, W. H. , 1929 a. Algae reefs and oolites of the Green River Formation; U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 154, p. 203-223. Bradley, W. H., 1929 b. The varves and climate of the Green River Epoch; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 158-E, p. 87-110. Bradley, W. H. , 1931. Origin and microfossils of the oil shale of the Green River Formation of Colorado and Utah; U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper, V. 168, pp. 1-58. Bradley, W. H. , 1948. Limnology of the Eocene Lakes of the Rocky Mountain Region; Geol. Soc, Am. Bull., V. 59, No. 7, pp. 635-648. Bradley, W. H., 1964. Geology of Green River Formation and Associated Eocene rocks in Southwestern Wyoming and adjacent parts of Colorado and Utah; U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 496-A, pp. A1-A86. Burke, J, J., 1934. New Duchesne River Rodents and A Preliminary Survey of the Adjidaumidae; Ann., Carnegie Mus., V. 23, pp. 391-398. 67 ' Burke, J. J., 1934. Mytonolagus, a New Genus from the Uinta Eocene Series in Utah; Ann. Carnegie Mus., V. 23, pp. 399-420. Burke, J. J., 1935. Fossil Rodents from the Uinta Eocene Series; Ann. Carnegie, Mus., V. 25, p. 5-12. Burke, J. J., 1935. Preliminary report on fossil mammals from the Green River Formation in Utah; Ann. Carnegie Mus., V. 25, p. 13-14. Carpenter, F. M. , 1955. An Eocene Bittacus (Mecoptera) [Utah]; Psyche, V. 62, No. 1, p. 39-41. Cope, E. D. , 1885. The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West: U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Rpt., V. 3, 35, pp. 1-1009. Curry, H. D., 1964. Oil-content correlations of Green River oil shales, Uinta and Piceance Creek Basins; in Intermtn. Assoc. Petr. Geol. Guidebook, 13 Ann. Fid. Conf . , 1964, pp. 169-171. Cashion, W. B., 1967. Geology and fuel resources of the Green River Formation, southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 548, p. 1-48. Cashion, W. B. and J. H. Brown, 1956. Geology of the Bonanza-Oregon oil shale area, Uintah County, Utah and Rio Blanco County, Colorado; U. S. Geol. Surv. Oil and Gas Inv. Map OM-135. Chatfield, J., 1965. Petroleum goelogy of the greater Redwash Area, Uintah County; Utah; Mtn. Geologist, V. 2, No. 3, pp. 115-121. Curry, H. D. , 1957. Fossil tracks of Eocene vertebrates, Southwestern Uinta Basin, Utah; in Intermtn. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Guidebook, 8 Ann. Field Conf. 1957, p. 42-47. Dane, C. H. , 1954. Stratigraphic and facies relationships of Upper Part of Green River Formation and Lower Part of Uinta Formation in Duchesne, Uintah, and Wasatch Counties, Utah; Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol. Bull., V. 38, No. 3, pp. 405-425. Davis, C. H., 1916. Algae of Petroleum-yielding shales of Green River Formation; Nat. Acad. Sci., V. 2, pp. 114-119. Dawson, M. R. , 1968. Middle Eocene rodents (Mammalia) from Northeastern Utah; Carnegie Mus. Ann., V. 39, Art. 20, pp. 327-370. Desborough, G. A., 1973. Microprobe of analysis of Biotites — a method of correlating tuff beds in the Green River Formation, Colorado and Utah; U. S. Geol. Surv. Jour. Res., V. 1, No. 1, p. 39-44. Douglass, E., 1909. Preliminary descriptions of some new titanotheres from Uinta deposits; Carnegie Mus. Ann., V. 6, No. 1, pp. 304-313. 68 Douglass, E., 1914. Geology of the Uinta Formation; Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., V. 25, p. 417-420. Eicher, D. L., 1968. Geologic Time; Prentice-Hall, Inc., pp. 1-149. Gazin, C. L. , 1955. 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