CO TL TS OF 6 Pek ee te ka 2 Nel oe eee AL oe Ri cee peed See ERED ghar Ot Oe ei Dy yee es : ‘ st yh RR a nee wie teat AAO erg PS Eeyore, Pan, atone toes tp ee ees SF 3 ve ate ce p ae ee ye Se: UR Sled ‘ Cir P i - rs th é ay : 7. ‘ st a * “ “ i. ta we c bag , bet Re seo RRR Ar eres u eet * = BSR Aare Shee 5 ? ‘ + : Mare HU Spe “A ! Te ; 3 >: a ae a a iv ams el Tak ea vee QS z) ~ 1 "PliakaAns Xe a. Nae wa Ff , ray I ed. Mie fy . ‘i os 7 ere oy vy Lae A ey Q “ rs 1D) ecaeaeceinn eet ats: > a ~ ‘SS Ne ~ rg +e z sat JA md ar if: ) / £ yy : Noda Vatleta ¢ / rat Ie VE a CUleuwtdadante Ae —~/aGuUtue - See Ytoufe 6: vf THE ROSE GARDEN. IN TWO DIVISIONS. DIVISION I. EMBRACING THE HISTORY OF THE ROSE, THE FORMATION OF THE ROSARIUM, AND A DETAILED ACCOUNT OF THE VARIOUS PRACTICES ADOPTED IN THE SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATION OF THIS POPULAR FLOWER: ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD. DIVISION II. CONTAINING AN ARRANGEMENT, IN NATURAL GROUPS, OF THE MOST ESTEEMED VARIETIES OF ROSES (RECOGNISED AND CULTIVATED IN THE VARIOUS ROSE GARDENS, ENGLISH AND FOREIGN; WITH FULL DESCRIPTIONS AND REMARKS ON THEIR ORIGIN AND MODE OF CULTURE. PEN lan SEN \ «A ‘ > Af. 2 / ‘ ‘ n ‘H Lara tov pddou epg, kat oreparor avro aet Tie EyKwmle” Tas Kaas ToY / 2 7 c A map0evwy Ekelvy@ omoLtoved. Sappho was enamoured of the Rose, and bestows upon it always some distinguishe LILI BY WILLIAM PAUL, NURSERYMAN, CHESHUNT, HERTS. a LONDON: SHERWOOD, GILBERT, & PIPER, 23 PATERNOSTER ROW. EDINBURGH: MACLACHLAN AND CO. AND TO BE HAD OF ALL BOOKSELLERS. MDCCCXLVIII. LONDON: WILLIAM WATTS, CROWN COURT, TEMPLE BAR. TO THE ROSE AM AT EU Res OF GREAT BRITAIN THIS WORK IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY THEIR HUMBLE SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. & NEW YORK BOTARICAL CARDEN: PREFACE. eee Ix submitting the present work to the public, it is thought desirable to state that it contains an exposition of the principles followed in the Cheshunt Nurseries, where the Rose has been extensively and successfully cultivated for many years. A chief inducement to its publication was, the writer’s desire to improve the condition of a favourite flower. It had long appeared to him that a work entering into the detail of Rose-culture, elucidating the various practices by means of Wood-engravings, and furnishing Coloured Plates of some of the choicest kinds, was a desideratum; and that the non-existence of such a work proved a formidable barrier to the agreeable and satisfactory prosecution of this branch of Floriculture. Holding these views, it was his wish to publish in a form, and at a price, which would place the work within reach of the humblest cultivator; but the great expense attending the production of Coloured Plates in a highly-finished style, and the knowledge that the circulation of a class-work must necessarily be limited, pointed out the impracticability of pursuing such a course, and the idea was ultimately, though with reluctance, abandoned. The publication did not, however, appear unadvisable because it could not be made more generally accessible. On the contrary, it was evident, from conver- sation with numerous Amateurs and professional Florists, who from time to time visited the Nurseries, that it was greatly required. It was argued that there were more lovers of flowers seeking amusement in the culture of the Rose at the present time than at any previous period; that the most difficult and important branches of cultivation were nowhere fully and clearly treated of; and that although other favourites had figured liberally in the Floricultural Periodicals of the day, this had remained almost unnoticed, no series of Coloured Drawings having appeared later than 1820, since which period the Rose had undergone a thorough change. Into the causes of this it is needless to inquire. Suffice it to say, that the neglect could not have originated in an indifference to the merits, or a supposed unpopularity of the flower. We can scarcely enter any garden, however humble, which does not contain a Rose-tree; and many of the noted establishments in England have, like in Rome of old, places set apart expressly for their cultivation. And it is not a slavish obedience to fashion that has led to this. Although cherished alike by peer and peasant, the popularity of the Rose rests on a surer foundation—its intrinsic merit. What other genus of li PREFACE. plants embraces so great a variety of character, or gives forth such a number of delicious blossoms for so long a period? Moreover, it is easy of culture ; suited to a great variety of soils; lives and blooms even when neglected; yet yields an abundant return for whatever labour may be bestowed upon it. The Rost GarneEn is arranged in two Divisions. The First includes Chapters on The History of the Rose, the Formation of the Rosarium, and the various practices of Cultivation. The Chapters on Hybridizing and raising Seedlings are, it is believed, altogether new, and likely to prove interesting and useful at this particular era in Rose-culture. The Second Division embraces a natural arrange- ment of all the approved Roses known, with full descriptions of their colours, sizes, forms, degrees of fulness, habit, rates of growth, and purposes for which best suited. The descriptions are chiefly the result of close personal observation, having been taken from living specimens at a great cost of time and labour; which will be granted readily, when it is stated that above 2000 varieties are described. Nevertheless, it was judged desirable to pursue this course, in order to attain to that accuracy in the descriptive part of the work which should render it a safe and efficient guide in selecting varieties. The execution of the Coloured Drawings has been entrusted to eminent artists, whose design has been, not to fabricate a pleasing flower, but to produce exact representations of nature. This feature of the work presents the cultivator with Roses at all seasons ;—alike when the blasts of autumn scatter his favourites without doors to the winds of heaven, and the rigours of winter surround them with the garb of death. Before concluding, the writer would acknowledge his obligations to numerous Correspondents for suggestions received from time to time during the period of publication. Such Letters as contained hints on cultivation he has inserted in the Appendix as advertised ; and regrets that want of space should have compelled him to curtail some interesting communications. The “ Botanical Notes on the Rose” are particularly valuable, and should be read by all who feel inclined to enter upon the pleasing task of raising seedlings. NorseEries, CHESHUNT, HERTS, May \st, 1848. CONTENTS. DIVISION I. TABLE OF CHAPTERS. Page Cuar. 1. The History of the Rose : 2 Cuar, 2. On Locality and Soils; and the aaerceeenat or Adaptation of Soils for ae culture. . 23 Cuapr. 3. Remarks on the Poemnskion of the Bicoiums ahd on rae itieduction of Resear tothe Flower Garden. . . eS Cuapr. 4. On the Choice and Arrangement of Vanieuae with Bananas on Planting i ee D es eernnme 8 ee SS ea ee ee ee ee ee Cuar. 6. OnHybridizing . . 81 Cuap. 7. On Cleaning and Spi the Seed, HF the cibasateee Piestnont of Soedlingé: 94 Cuar. 8. On the Cultivation of Rosesin Pots . . - -- +--+ +++ +++ + 99 Cuar. 9. On Forcing. . . Ce Pak as bes so. Se ee Cuar. 10. Remarks on sundry Gpecaion in pane lige Garden Pry I Seenbe~ On Ptopedinan. 2. a Sin oS eS ys em oe be ee Cuar. 12. On Exhibiting . . jaw ee ese kaye ee tee Cuar. 13. Select Lists of kinds mated for various ee ee oace ts SoM ee DIVISION II. TABLE OF GROUPS. Crass 1—SUMMER ROSES. gues a; The Boarcilt Hose, 5 o Teo oe cS en ge i ee Gacuet 2. ‘The Double Yellow Bose.) © 5.0. ky Be a ee Se ee ee Pins os he Sentech Hose. 427 "fs Se 2858 ee ee me ee ee ee Group 4. The Damask Rose... OS RCO ew Meme See, ee LE Group 5. The Provence Rose, with its Hybrids. ee a's Se ie ty Oa te ee Grovr 6. The Miniature Provence or Pompon Rose. . - - - +--+ +--+: - + Sl Scere or Mines Tides ee ek we eS Me 5 1+ Cae eee eee Ga ies rence ese re we Se Se me Bh ee Peek ee nee Gaour 9: "The Hyper Bemeh- oe ee ee ee re Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group 10. hit. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. CONTENTS. The Hybrid Chinese The Hybrid Noisette The Hybrid Bourbon . The Alba Rose 58-5 Sy The Sweetbrier and its Hybrids The Austrian Brier . The Ayrshire Rose . The Evergreen Rose The Multiflora Rose. The Hybrid Musk Rose The Prairie Rose The Banksiz Rose . Crass I.—_AUTUMNAL ROSES. The Macartney Rose The Microphylla Rose . The Four Seasons Rose The Rose de Trianon The Damask Perpetual The Hybrid Perpetual . The Bourbon Perpetual The Rose de Rosoméne The Perpetual Scotch . The Perpetual Moss The Crimson Chinese . The Chinese or Monthly . The Lawrenceana or Fairy Rose The Tea-scented Rose . The Bourbon Rose . The Musk Rose . The Noisette Rose . 101 . 101 . 103 Page 72 85 87 91 95 96 97 98 99 - 105 . 106 . 107 - 107 - 109 . 114 ail . 124 . 125 - 125 . 126 . 128 ~ Sl . 132 . 140 . 150 . 151 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Allestree, Mr. Thomas, Florist, Draycott, near Derby. Arabin, Mrs., High Beech, near Waltham Abbey, Essex. Arbuthnot, the Misses, Willowbank, Peter- head, N. B. Awdry, A. Esq., Seend Cottage, Melksham, Wilts. Barnett, Robert, Blackheath Kent. Barton, J. Esq., Newton Road, Westbourne Grove, Bayswater. Bates, John, Esq., Biscott, near Luton, Beds. Batho, Mrs., Cheshunt, Herts. Beale, Mr. John, Gardener to Abel Smith, Esq., Woodhall Park, near Watton, Herts. Beck, E. Esq., Worton Cottage, Isleworth. Bell, J. Esq., M.P., Thirsk, Yorkshire. Bell, Mr. John, Rose Mount Nursery, York. Bell, Mr., Gardener to J. C. Whiteman, Esq., the Grove, Epping, Essex. Bentley, Mrs., Wood Green Park, Cheshunt, Herts. Bindloss, William, Esq., Manchester. Bircham, Mr. R. B., Nurseryman, Hedenham Rosary, Bungay, Suffolk. Blencowe, Robert, Esq., 33 Adelaide Road, Haverstock Hill, Hampstead. Bosanquet, Mrs., Broxbournebury, Herts. Boynton, Lady, Winterton Hall, Burton-on- Humber, Lincolnshire. Brand, Mrs, The Hoo, near Welwyn, Herts. Britten, —, Esq., The Rosary, Grove-End Road. | Brooks, Alfred, Esq., 2 Pall Mall, London. Brownjohn, John, Esq., Middle Wallop, near Andover, Hants. Buckingham, F. Esq., 37 Camden Road Vil- las, Camden Town. Bugg, W. H. Esq., Spalding, Lincolnshire. Busby, Mr. M., Gardener at Stockwood Park, Beds. Ksq., Park, Calvert, Colonel, Dover. Caunter, Mr. J. S., Bird Street, Lichfield. Chapman, J. F. Esq., Forty Hill, Enfield. Charnock, Charles, Esq., Stourton Lodge, near Leeds. Chauney, C. S. Esq., Dane End, Munden, Herts. Christie, Mr. A., Nurseryman, Maidenhead. Clarke, T. Esq., F.H.S., Highgate Hill. Corbett, Mrs., 54 Green Street, Grosvenor Square, London. Crane, H. Esq., Oakhampton, Rutland. Crawford, Mr., High Beech, Waltham Abbey. Crimble, Mrs., Fenton, Manchester. Curzon, Hon. and Rey. Frederick, F.H.S., Mickleover, Derby. Dandy, C. Esq., Shacklewell. Davis, Mr. T., Mr. Widnall’s Nursery, Grant- chester, near Cambridge. Dawson, Mr. T., Gardener to the Right Hon. Earl Cowper, Panshanger, near Hertford. Denyer, Mr. Edward, Nurseryman, Brixton. Downing, Mr., East-India House, London. Duncan, Mr., at Mr. Clarke’s, Seedsman, Bi- shopsgate Street. Dyneley, Charles, Esq., St. Leonard’s-on-Sea. Edwards, John, Esq., Wace Cottage, Holloway. Eld, —, Esq., Lordship Road, Stoke New- ington. Ellis, Rev. W., Rawdon House, Hoddesdon. Epps, Mr. W. J., F.H.S., Nurseryman, Maid- stone. Evans, Mr., Gardener at Thingwell Hall, near Liverpool. Farmer, W. F. G. Esq., Nonsuch Park, Cheam, Fells, Mr. J. Jun., Nurseryman, Hitchin. Forster, Mr. R., Gardener to the Rev. W. Wil- son, Worton House, Woodstock, Oxon. Frerich, John, Esq., Broughton, near Man- chester. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Fuller, Mr., Gardener to G. J. Bosanquet, Esq., Broxbournebury, Herts. Gall, Mrs. Ann, The Elms, Baldock. Gerrie, Mr., Gardener to Sir John Cathcart, Bart., Cooper’s Hill, Englefield Green, Eg- ham, Surrey. Gibson, Mrs., Grasmere, Ambleside. Grindrod, J. C. Esq., Manchester. Groom, J. F. Esq., West Green Lodge, Tot- tenham. Grylls, Mrs., Luxulyan Vicarage, near St. Aus- tell. Guest, John, Esq., Hockley Hill, Birmingham. Hall, Mrs., Scarborough, Beverley. Ham, Rev. J. P., Kingsdown, Bristol. Hancock, Thomas, Esq., Marlborough Cottage, Stoke Newington. Hards, R. R. Esq., Royal Victoria Mill, Dart- ford. Haslam, S. H. Esq., Greenside Cottage, Miln- thorpe. Helmes, Lady, Worsley, Newport, Isle of Wight. Henderson, Mr. A., Nurseryman, Pine-apple Place, Edgeware Road, London. Henry, Mrs., Bush Hill, Enfield. Hernaman, F. Esq., Paul Street, Exeter. Hole, Rey. Reynolds, Caunton Manor, Not- tinghamshire. Holmes, Mr., F.H.S., Nurseryman, Sudbury, Derbyshire. Hope, Mr. J., Gardener to T. Bridgman, Esq., The Lordship, Cheshunt, Herts. Hotham, Rey. C. Roos, Patrington, Hull. Howard, John, Esq., Burnham, Buckingham- shire. Hubbard, Mr. George, Gardener, South Pic- kenham, Norfolk. Hunt, Joseph, Esq., Addlethorpe, Spilsby, Lincolnshire. Hunt, Mr. J., Cressex Farm, High Wycombe, Bucks. Hutcheson, George, Esq., Town Clerk, Ren- frew, N. B. Ingram, Mr. W., Gardener to the Most Hon. the Marquess of Salisbury, Hatfield House, Herts. Irvine, Mr. J., Gardener at Capheaton, North- umberland. Jearrad, Abel, Esq., Exmouth, Devon. Jeffes, John, Esq., Harleston, Norfolk. Jenkyns, Mrs., The Deanery, Wells, Somer- setshire. Jones, Mrs., The Vicarage, Foye, near Ross, Herefordshire. Jones, Mr. Thomas, Woolwich, Kent. Kennard, R. W. Esq., Theobald’s Square, Cheshunt. Kirkmann, W. Esq., The Elms, Walthamstow. Laing, Mr. D., Villiers Street, Strand, Lon- don. 7 Laing, Mr. R., Nurseryman, Twickenham. Lavington, Samuel, Esq., Devizes, Wilts. Lawson and Son, Messrs., Nurserymen, Edin- burgh, N. B. Low, Mr. Hugh, Nurseryman, Upper Clapton, Middlesex. Ludbey, Rey. Thomas, Cranham Rectory, near Romford. M‘Intosh, Mr. Charles, C.M.C.H.S., Gardener to His Grace the Duke of Buccleugh, Dal- keith Palace, near Edinburgh. M‘Lear, Mr. James, Gardener at Rudding Park, near Knaresborough, Yorkshire. Mackensie, J. Esq., 9 Benlomond Place, Park Crescent, Stockwell. Marsland, John, Esq., Chester. Martin, William, Esq., Solicitor, Paisley, N.B. Merrick, Francis, Esq., High Street, Hereford. Meux, Lady, Theobald’s Park, Cheshunt. Miller, Mr. John, Printer, Forres, N. B. Milne, Mr., Upton. Moore, Miss E. H., Egham Hithe Cottage, near Staines. Moore, Mr. John, Nurseryman, Perry Bar, Birmingham. Moreton, 8S. Esq., Curator, Natural History Museum, Queen’s College, Birmingham. Morris, Mr. James, Gardener and Florist, Preston, near North Shields. Morrison, Mrs., Snaresbrook, Essex. Moses, Mr., Gardener to J. Bell, Esq., M.P., Thirsk. 1 Murray, J. Esq., Strathilsa Cottage, Bow Road, London. Neilson, Mr. James, Auctioneer and Florist, Falkirk, N. B. Newell, George William, Esq., Holyport Green, near Maidenhead. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Newman, R. W. Esq., Fortess Terrace, Kentish Town. Norman, H. S. Esq., Hull. Owen, John, Esq., Tue Brook Villa, West Derby, Liverpool. Padley, Rey. Charles, Littleham Rectory, near Bideford, North Devon. Parry, Henry, Esq., 3 Stanley Place, Leaming- ton, Warwickshire. Pearse, Mrs., Digswell House, near Welwyn, Herts. Perry, C. J. Esq., Hon. Sec. to the Handsworth and Lozells Horticultural Society, Bir- mingham. Peter, Mr. A., Gardener to T. Greg, Esq., Ballymenoch, near Belfast, Ireland. Petley, Lieut. Robert, Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Phelps, Rev. Robert, D.D., Sidney Lodge, Cambridge. Philips, Mrs., Heybridge, near Cheadle, Staf- fordshire. 2 copies. Phillipps, Mrs. William, Streatham Common, Surrey. Powell, J. E. Esq., 12 Mortimer Terrace, Kent- ish Town. Protheroe, Mr., Nurseryman, Chigwell, Essex. Rashleigh, Lady, Stanley Lodge, Exmouth, Devon. Ratcliffe, S. Esq., Burton-on-Trent. Rawson, Rey. A., Bromley, Kent. Rawson, F. E. Esq., Halifax. Reed, Mr. T., Gardener at Flaxley Abbey, near Gloucester. Richardson, J. Esq., Burton-on-Trent. Ricketts, G. R. G. Esq., North Stoneham, near Southampton. Rippon, J. B. Esq., Shacklewell. Rivers, Mr. T., Nurseryman, Sawbridgeworth, Herts. Robertson, Mr. R., Gardener to Ralph Sneyd, Esq., Keele Hall, near Newcastle, Stafford- shire. Robinson, Mr. John, Florist, Snenton Hill, near Nottingham. Robinson, Mr. James, Gardener to Miss Le- blanc, Northaw, Herts. Roebuck, Samuel, Esq., Manchester. Rogers, Mrs., Stagenhoe Park, near Whitwell, Herts. Rogers, Reginald, Esq., Truro, Cornwall. Rogers and Son, Messrs., Nurserymen, South- ampton. Roscow, Samuel, Esq., Edmonton. Rossetor, Mr. Charles, Gardener to Sir P. P. F. P. Acland, Bart., St. Audrie’s House. Rowland, A. Esq., Rosenthal, Lewisham, Kent. Ruffett, Mr. Richard, Gardener to the Right Hon. Viscount Melbourne, Brockett Hall, Herts. Rutt, H. Esq., Clapton, Middlesex. Scott, Mr. H., Gardener to Wynn Ellis, Esq., Ponsbourne Park, Herts. Shepstone, Mr. K., Gardener to T. Kington, Esq., Charlton, Wraxall, Bristol. Shepstone, Mr. Thomas, Bristol. Shippen, P. Esq., Tottenham. Short, J. Esq., Clay Hill, Enfield. Shuttleworth, G. Esq., Tottenham. Smith, Rey. Philip, B.A., Church Gate, Ches- hunt. > Sooby, Matthew, Jun. Esq., Morton Terrace, Gainsborough. Stapleton, Miss, Grey’s Court, near Henley- on-Thames. Stewart, Mr. J., at General Clitherow’s, Boston House, near Brentford, Middlesex. Streatham Gardeners’ Society, Streatham. Tait, James, Esq., Edenside, Kelso, N. B. Terry, Mr. George, Chorlton Place, near Man- chester. Thickins, Mrs., Keresley House, near Co- ventry. Thompson, Mr., Gardener to Mrs. Byng, Wrotham Park, near Barnet, Herts. Thomson, Rey. R., Wodrow, Ormiston, Had- dingtonshire. Thornwell, Robert, Esq., Burton-on-Trent. Tomkinson, “Mrs., Dorfold Hall, Nantwich, Cheshire. Tucker, Mr. G. W., Newport, Isle of Wight. Turner, J. Esq., Burton-on-Trent. Turner, —, Esq., Manchester. Turner, Mr., Florist, Chalvey, near Slough. Valentia, Lady, Arley Cottage, Bewdley. Villebois, Mrs., Benham Park, Newbury, Berks. Waide, F. C. Esq., Hessle, near Ackworth, Wakefield, Yorkshire. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Wakeling, Mr. J., Artist, Walworth. Walker, Thomas, Esq., How of Buchan, N.B. Watkinson, Thomas D. Esq., Manchester. Watts, Richard, Esq., Clifton House, Working- ton, Cumberland. Weatherley, Charles H. Esq., Brixton, Surrey. Wheeler, Mr. George, Nurseryman, Warmin- ster, Wilts. White, Rev. Glyd, Ewelme, Oxon. Wigram, Lieut.-Col., 56 Upper Harley Street, London. Willday, J. Esq., Atherstone, Warwickshire. Williams, Mr. Samuel, Marden, Kent. Wilson, Mr. D., Gardener to Mrs. Lahouchere, Chislehurst. Windsor, H. T. Esq., Muswell Hill. Wood, W. and Son, Messrs., Nurserymen, Maresfield, near Uckfield, Sussex. Worthington, Charles M. Esq., Caversham Priory, near Reading. Wright, R. Esq., East Place, Hackney. Yates, R. S. Esq., St. Ann’s Square, Man- chester. DIV ES FON “T. a aa aa a a eit TO EMBRACE THE HISTORY OF THE ROSE, THE FORMATION OF THE ROSARIUM, AND A DETAILED ACCOUNT OF THE VARIOUS PRACTICES ADOPTED IN THE SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATION OF THIS POPULAR FLOWER: THE SUBJECT ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD. CHA ThE. 1. THE HISTORY OF THE ROSE. Tue Rose, which is the leading flower of the day, the acknowledged favourite of the two greatest nations in the world, is to be found, in a wild state, very generally spread over the earth’s surface. As if too beautiful to be excluded from the natural Flora of any one of the ancient divisions of the world, it graces alike various countries of Asia, Africa, and North America, and extends over the whole of Europe, where, blooming in its native wildness and simplicity, it is universally prized and admired. But although the geographical distribution of the various species makes the Rose an inhabitant of nearly the whole of the Northern Hemisphere, some species are far less plentiful than others, or, if plentiful in certain localities, have a less extended range. Here is one, confined to some particular and favoured spots ; here another, not content with ranging one quarter of the globe ;—the Rosa Canina for instance, the one most commonly seen adorning our wilds and hedge-rows, is found also in Africa and Asia. It is a remarkable fact, that Australia has naturally no Roses; and none have yet been found wild very near to, or south of, the Equator. It is in the temperate regions of Asia, and throughout Europe generally, that those species abound, from which nearly the whole of the present garden varieties have sprung. But if we extend our view, we find some growing on the mountains of North America, whose tops are covered with eternal snow; and others in the dreary wilds of Greenland, Kamschatka, and Iceland; while in Siberia there are several interesting species. On the other hand, if we turn to warmer climates, we discover that Mexico, Abyssinia, China, Persia, India, and Egypt have their Roses ; and even on the outskirts of the mighty Sahara one species is found, gladdening the approaches to the desert with its clusters of white flowers, though doubtless often Born to blush unseen, And waste their sweetness on the desert air. Who were the first people to bring this flower from its natural habitats, to be a dweller in cultivated grounds, will ever remain a matter of conjecture. Doubt- less it attracted the notice of the virtuoso in plants at a very early date ; probably b2 THE ROSE GARDEN. 3 when they were merely valued as objects of natural history, or for their medicinal properties. We may follow in imagination the busy doings of the plant-collector in the earliest times; we may fancy him gathering, and fixing in one spot, the beautiful productions scattered around him ; and it is natural to suppose that the most beautiful, or most useful, would be the first collected. This surely would give an early date to the civilization of the Queen of Flowers. And doubtless the Rose has a claim to our regard as well for its antiquity, as for its beauty, variety, and fragrance. The famous gardens of Babylon, which are supposed to have existed 2000 years before the Christian ra, would probably number it among its treasures. This, of course, can be but conjecture; though the probability is increased when we consider that the neighbouring country, Persia, has ever been famous for the Roses it naturally produces. In the Sacred Scriptures we read of ‘“‘him who was to make the wilderness be glad, and the desert to blossom as the Rose”: we read also of “the Rose of Sharon,” and “the Rose of Jericho.” It has been questioned whether the flowers met with in translations of the ancient writers are identical with those known under like names in the present day. Indeed, what is commonly known as the Rose of Jericho, is a little cruci- ferous plant, with white flowers, very different from our Roses. I do not feel disposed to enter into this question; indeed it would be out of place to do so here: but I would remark, in passing, that the non-existence of the wild forms in those countries, at the present time, is not conclusive evidence to me that they never flourished there; or even were it so, the productions of other countries might have been introduced, to administer to the comforts and enjoyments of this people. In the Book of Wisdom (chap. ii. ver. 7,8) the following passage occurs :— “Tet us fill ourselves with costly wine and ointment, and let no flower of the spring pass by us. Let us crown ourselves with Rose-buds before they be withered.” Hence it is apparent that the practices so common with the Greeks and Romans of crowning themselves with flowers at their Bacchanalian feasts, and on various other occasions, were resorted to in these early times, and most probably were borrowed from the Jews. Again, in the Book of Ecclesiasticus (chap. xxxix. ver. 13) we find the following passage :—“ Hearken unto me, ye holy children, and bud forth as a Rose growing by the brook of the field.” Homer, the most ancient of all the profane writers, uses the Rose figuratively, both in the Iliad and Odyssey ; and above 2000 years have rolled away since Sappho christened it the “Queen of Flowers.” Philostratus (Epistle 73), writing of this lyric Poet, says, “Sappho was enamoured of the Rose, and bestows upon it always some distinguished praise: she likens it to the most beau- tiful of maidens.” Such was the Rose then, and it still maintains as distinguished a position. It were scarcely necessary to search the Greek authors for quotations to shew in what esteem that people held our flower. Ancient history, by which their customs are handed down to us, bears sufficient evidence of its popularity. The Rose, with other flowers, was used by them in times of public rejoicings, in their religious ceremonies, and the youth of both sexes wore them in the fétes. 4 THE ROSE GARDEN. They consecrated it to Venus, Cupid, Aurora, and also to Harpocrates, the God of Silence. If it was dedicated to Venus as an emblem of beauty, and to Cupid as an emblem of love, we may conjecture wherefore it was also dedicated to the goddess of the morning: it was the symbol of youth. But, beyond this, the Greeks doubtless were alive to the fact, that the Rose is most beautiful at sunrise: then, newly expanded by the breath of morn, there is visible all that freshness, in which consists so much of its peculiar beauty, and which soon vanishes before the radiance of a summer’s sun. From its being consecrated to Harpocrates, the God of Silence, probably arose that custom practised in the north of Europe, but now almost fallen into desuetude, of suspending a Rose from the ceiling at convivial or other meetings, to signify that what transpired was of a confidential nature. “The White Rose has long been considered as sacred to silence: over whatever com- pany it was suspended, no secrets were ever revealed, for it hung only above the festal board of sworn friendship. No matter how deep they might drink, or how long the wine-cup might circulate round the table, so long as the White Rose hung over their heads every secret was considered inviolable ;—no matter how trivial, or how important the trust, beneath that flower it was never betrayed ; for around it was written the sentence— He who doth secrets reveal Beneath my roof shall never live. What faith, and what confidence must there have been between man and man in the olden time, when only the presence of a flower was needed to prevent the maligning whisper—to freeze up slander’s hateful slime—and destroy that venom, which, when once circulated, proves so fatal to human happiness! Beyond the circle to which the expressive text was assigned that wound about the Rose, not a whisper wandered. The pleasure only was remembered; the painful word for- gotten ere it had gathered utterance; or, if remembered at all, it was only as having existed for a moment “under the Rose.” Truest test of friendship! inviolable bond of brotherhood! sacred altar, on which heart was sworn to heart! thon didst need no golden chains to bind thee to thy trust; no solemn vow sworn but to be broken. Nothing but a simple White Rose, to bind these men of true hearts and strong faith together!” — The Poetical Language of Flowers, by Thomas Miller. Bogue. London. Hence, in ordinary conversation, some people, when about to communicate any thing in confidence, announce their intention by the expression, “Sub Rosa.” Sappho having named the Rose the “ Queen of Flowers,” other of the Greek writers would naturally consider it a subject worthy of their attention. This was eminently the case. Theocritus, on account of its transitoriness, compares it to the course of human life. The gay Anacreon alludes to it in several of his Odes, calling it “the most beautiful of flowers,” “the delight of the gods,” “ the favourite of the muses”; and says its leaves are full of charms. He speaks of it still more definitively as useful in diseases. The Rose is made the particular THE ROSE GARDEN. 5 subject of his Fifty-third Ode, wherein the poet considers it sacred, and accounts for its origin in a marvellous manner. While Spring with lavish flow’rets glows, From the gay wreath I’ll pluck the Rose, The queen of fragrance will display.— Oh! pour, my friend, th’ accordant lay. Dear to earth, thy smiling bloom! Dear to heav’n thy rich perfume! Sacred to the sportive hour, When the loves, from flower to flower, Blithely trip; the Graces fair Bind thy treasures to their hair ; By the Paphian queen caress’d, Seated on her snowy breast. Nymphs, who haunt th’ embow’ring shades, Poesy’s enchanting maids, Woo thee, Rose ; thy charms inspire All the raptures of the lyre. Cull we straight th’ inviting Rose ; Shielded by the thorn it grows. Cull the Rose: what boots the smart ? Boundless sweets regale the heart. Pluck it not: the flow’ry gem Unwilling quits its parent stem. Round the feast of fragrance rove ; But gently touch the Rose of love. Mid the sons of Comus spread Blooms the Rose’s living red ; Chaplet for the thirsty soul, . Well it crowns the purple bowl. Hark, the bard! his numbers pour Incense to the sacred flower. The rosy-fingered beam of light Undraws the curtain of the night. Health’s blushing Rose the virgin streaks, And paints the down of Venus’ cheeks. Lovely Rose! thy genial power Sweetly soothes the sickly hour ; O’er the grave thy fragrance shed ; We sink in quiet to the dead. When the envious hand of Time Nips the honours of thy prime, Fresh in youth thy odours bear Richness to the ambient air. Say from whence the Rose divine Bids th’ unrivalled lustre shine ? From the liquid caves of night, When Cytherea waked to light— b3 6 THE ROSE GARDEN. Waked from her Neptunian birth, \ To fill with love the circling earth: From the forehead of her sire, When Pallas sprang with martial fire, Nature gave the Queen of Flowers, Coeyval sister of the Powers. When th’ immortals’ frolic souls Glow’d with Nectar’s copious bowls, By chance, upon a blooming thorn, Such as the heavenly seats adorn, Prolific fell the ethereal dew ;— Consecrated Roses grew. The topers hail’d the plant divine ; And gave it “ To the god of wine!” [Anacreon, Ode 53. Translated by GREEN. Moschus, in his Elegy on the Death of Bion, says, “ Blush mournfully ye Roses.” It appears that the Greeks cultivated this ower with the view of extracting the perfume from its petals. And Theophrastus, who lived about 300 years before the Christian era, tells us it was common to set fire to the Rose-trees in Greece; and that unless this practice was resorted to, they would not produce any flowers. Is the writer in earnest? If so, this does not say much for the knowledge they possessed of the art of culture in those days. But although flowers were so much used on special occasions, it is generally admitted that gar- dening, considered as an art, was neglected by the Greeks. If the Greeks considered the Rose worthy of adoration, the Romans were by no means less lavish in the praises they bestowed on it. They regarded it with that veneration and enthusiasm which the high encomiums passed on it by a people they so much admired might be supposed to give rise to. It has been said by some writers that the Romans acquired their taste for these flowers from the Egyptians, who, during the early ages of the Republic, sent quantities of them to Rome every year. But it appears to me more probable that the taste was acquired from the Greeks, although the Egyptians might have administered to, and further developed it. Virgil, “the prince of Latin poets,” makes frequent mention of the Rose in his writings. In the opening of the Fifth Pastoral he contrasts the pale sallow to the blushing Rose: Puniceis humilis quantum saluincea rosetis ; Judicio nostro tantum tibi cedit Amyntas. [ Ecloga 5. ver. 17, 18. In the Georgics he speaks of “ Pestum Roses with their double spring”’ : Forsitan et, pingues hortos que cura colendi Ornaret, canerem, biferique rosaria Pesti. [ Georg. lib. iv. ver. 118, 119. In reference to the latter quotation, Botanists who have visited Pestum have THE ROSE GARDEN, ; not been able to meet with Roses flowering in autumn; and some people have pronounced them creations of the poet’s fancy. Be this as it may, it might be accounted for, I think, by presuming the adoption of a particular mode of culture. The culture of Roses was a trade at Pestum; and might not the cultivators have forced the plants, to induce them to flower early in the sprmg? After this, they might rest them for a period; and then, by pruning and watering, backed by the influences of their climate, cause a new growth, and consequently a second deve- lopment of flowers. I can quite conceive of the practicability of this, although no one who cared for the ultimate weal of his plants might be disposed to practise it. Or, again, is it not probable that some of the Roses raised from seed were of this nature, though lost during the barbarous ages which succeeded the downfall of Rome? Cicero, Ovid, and Martial, speak of Roses; and Pliny, who wrote on Gar- dening towards the close of the first century, devotes some considerable space to them. He mentions those of Carthage, and others of Miletus (supposed to be R. Gatuica). He tells us they used to obtain Roses before the natural season, by watering the plants with warm water so soon as the buds were visible. Whether such was the plan pursued by the Roman gardeners we are at perfect liberty to doubt, although it is certain they had, under the reign of Domitian, abundance of Roses in winter. Martial, the famous epigrammatic poet, ridicules the Egyptians for sending them Roses when they had already plenty, and asks them to send corn instead. Dr. Deslongchamps relates, on the authority of Seneca, that the Roman gardeners had at this time found out the means of constructing hot-houses, which they heated with tubes filled with hot water, and thus induced Roses and Lilies to flower.in December. (La Rose, &c., par Dr. Deslongchamps.) On the authority of Horace, it appears that Roses were grown in beds; and Columella mentions a place being reserved expressly for the production of late Roses. With regard to the culture of this flower in those times, M. Boitard says, “The cultivation of flowers, and particularly of Roses, was carried on upon a grand scale, both at Pestum and in the environs of Rome. The sale of the flowers was ordinarily in the hands of the prettiest girls of the place; and the Latin Poets have immortalized the names of several of these charming flower-girls, and have even deified some of them. The divinity of Flora, the goddess of flowers, has no other origin.” (Manuel Complet de l’ Amateur des Roses, &c., par M. Boitard. Paris, 1836.) If there is any one period in the world’s history, when flowers engrossed too much the attention of a nation, it was under the reigns of Augustus and sub- sequent Emperors of Rome. The love of flowers was then carried to excess; and the Rose seemed to bear away the palm from all. It was customary for such of the inhabitants as could afford it, to take their meals resting on Rose-leaves,— a practice which Cicero loudly condemns. They were scattered upon the beds and floors of the chambers of their guests. At their festivals they put the flowers 8 THE ROSE GARDEN. in their cups of wine. In times of public rejoicing the streets were strewed with flowers, and the statues of their deities were adorned with crowns and garlands of Roses. Cleopatra, in a feast given to Mare Antony, is said to have expended a talent in their purchase; and the room of entertainment was strewed with them to a considerable depth. Suetonius, the Latin historian, relates of the Emperor Nero that he spent four millions of sesterces, amounting to more than 30,000/., in procuring Roses for one feast. Alas, that these gems of earth should have been so perverted from their just use! Here, instead of opening up a source of pure and intellectual enjoyment, we see them debased, and administering to the lust of a luxurious people. It was customary with both Greeks and Romans to bring in flowers, Roses especially, at their Bacchanalian feasts, placing them on the tables, and orna- menting their persons with them, believing they preserved them from the intoxi- cating influences of wine. It is said that the Esquimaux and the Georgians, in the present day, decorate their hair with the flowers of the wild kinds which adorn their respective countries. We have heard Anacreon’s tale of the origin of this flower; and writers subse- quent to him, struck probably by the beauty of his composition, or willing to keep up so agreeable a delusion, have also attributed to it a supernatural origin. They do not, however, agree as to the source from whence it sprung. Bion, in the Epitaph of Adonis, tells us it arose from the blood of this lovely youth, who was destroyed by a wild boar. Others of the ancient poets say it was changed from white to red by being stained with the blood of Venus, whose feet were lacerated by its thorns in her endeavours to save Adonis. Spencer makes a beautiful allu- sion to this latter fancy in the Daphnaida : White as the native Rose before the change Which Venus’ blood did in her leaves impress. But of the English Poets hereafter. From the fall of the Roman empire there exists a chasm in the history of gar- dening which cannot be filled up. The world, sunk in a state of barbarism, had neither inclination for, nor opportunity of, enjoying pursuits of this kind; and Roses share in the general oblivion. As, however, mankind emerged from this state—as wars became less frequent, and men felt the blessings of peace—they found time to attend to the comforts and enjoyments of life. Charlemagne, who flourished in the beginning of the ninth century, enumerates the Rose, among other flowers, and shews his fondness of it by desiring it to be grown in his garden. The Rose was the favourite flower with the Moors of Spain, and they paid considerable attention to its cultivation. They sowed the seeds; and it has been said they had blue Roses, which were obtained by watering the plants with indigo water. That they had such cannot for a moment be supposed ; and the means by which it has been said they obtained them are still more questionable. Nevertheless, a French writer (Marquis D’Orbessan, Essai sur les Roses) states = THE ROSE GARDEN. 9 that he saw them. I have heard persons, unacquainted with floriculture, main- tain that they have seen pure yellow Moss Roses! a deception probably prac- tised on them by a charlatan, or some witty friend. Is it impossible that the same thing might happen with the Marquis D’Orbessan ? Pierre de Crescent, an Italian, who wrote early in the fourteenth century, mentions the Rose. It has also, for some ages, been a custom of the Roman- Catholic Church for the Pope to consecrate a golden Rose, and send it to the monarch of some State, as a token of his particular esteem. Two of our kings received this mark of distinction—Henry the VIth and Henry the VIIIth. “ They made,” says M. Boitard, “the delicate and ephemeral Rose emblematic of the frailty of the body, and the short duration of human life; and the precious and unalterable metal in which it was modelled alluded to the immortality of the soul.” It is now customary throughout Italy, as it was in ancient Rome, to use flowers in times of feasting, and in the ceremonies of religion; and the Rose is an especial favourite. . But let us glance hastily to the land of the East—Persia. The Poets of that country idolize this flower, placing it, in song, in company with the nightingales. That it holds a high rank there may be gathered from the following fable :—“ One day,” says Saadi, “TI saw a tuft of grass which surrounded a Rose-tree. What! cried I, is this vile plant, born to be trodden under foot, come to dwell in company with Roses? I stooped to pluck it out, when it modestly said to me, Spare me, I pray thee: I am not a Rose it is true, yet by the perfume which I exhale you may perceive at least that I have dwelt with Roses.” (Manuel .Complet de UV Amateur des Roses, par M. Boitard. Paris, 1836.) In Persia, and throughout the East generally, Roses are grown in considerable quantities, for the manufacture of Rose-water, and the famed Attar of Roses, which has been sold for six times its weight in gold. The Musk Rose is, I believe, the variety cultivated. The Attar, or Otto, of Roses is manufactured chiefly at Gha- zeepore, in Bengal; but it is also prepared in Persia, in all parts of India, Upper Egypt, and in Tunis. In the Bengal Dispensatory there (Zhe Bengal Dispensa- tory, by W. B. O'Shaughnessy, M.D., Calcutta, 1842) is a paper, drawn up by Dr. Jackson, on the Cultivation of Roses, and the Manufacture of Rose-water and Attar of Roses. “ Around the station of Ghazeepore,” says this author, “there are about 300 beegahs, or about 150 acres, of ground laid out in small detached fields as Rose gardens, most carefully protected on all sides by high mud-walls and prickly- pear fences, to keep out the cattle. These lands, which belong to Zemindars, are planted with Rose-trees, and are annually let out at so much per beegah* for the ground, and so much additional for the Rose-plants ;— generally five rupees per beegah, and twenty-five rupees for the Rose-trees, of which there are 1000 in each * A beegah is half an acre. 5 10 THE ROSE GARDEN. beegah. The additional expense for cultivation would be about rupees 8.8; so that for rupees 38.8, you have, for the season, one beegah of 1000 Rose-trees. “Tf the season is good, this beegah of 1000 Rose-trees should yield one lac of Roses. Purchases of Roses are always made at so much per lac. The price of course varies according to the year, and will average from 40 to 70 rupees. “The Rose-trees come into flower at the beginning of March, and continue so through April. “Tn the morning early the flowers are plucked by numbers of men, women, and children, and are conveyed in large bags to the several contracting parties for distillation. The cultivators themselves very rarely manufacture. “There is such a variety of Rose-water manufactured, and so much that bears the name which is nothing more than a mixture of sandal-oil, that it is impossible to lay down the plan which is adopted. The best Rose-water, however, may be computed as bearing the proportion of 1000 Roses to a seer* of water: this, perhaps, may be considered as the best procurable. From 1000 Roses most generally a seer and a half of Rose-water is distilled ; and perhaps from this even the Attar has been removed. “‘ To procure the Attar, the Roses are put into the still, and the water passes over gradually, as in the Rose-water process. After the whole has come over, the Rose-water is placed in a large metal basin, which is covered with wetted muslin, tied over to prevent insects or dust getting into it: this vessel is let into the ground about two feet, which has been previously wetted with water, and it is allowed to remain quiet during the whole night. The Attar is always made at the beginning of the season, when the nights are cool: in the morning, early, the little film of Attar, which is formed upon the surface of the Rose-water during the night, is removed by means of a feather, and it is then carefully placed in a small phial; and day after day, as the collection is made, it is placed for a short period in the sun; and after a sufficient quantity has been procured, it is poured off clear, and of the colour of amber, into small phials. Pure Attar, when it has been removed only three or four days, has a pale greenish hue: by keeping, it soon loses this, and in a few weeks’ time becomes of a pale yellow. “ From one lac of Roses it is generally calculated that 180 grains, or one tolah,+ of Attar can be procured: more than this can be obtained if the Roses are full sized, and the nights cold to allow of the congelation. “The Attar purchased in the bazaar is generally adulterated, mixed with sandal-oil or sweet-oil. Not even the richest native will give the price at which the purest Attar alone can be obtained ; and the purest Attar that is made is sold to Europeans. During the past year it has been selling from 80 to 90 rupees the tolah: the year before it might have been purchased for 50 rupees. “ At the commencement of the Rose season, people from all parts come to * A seer is two pounds troy. + A tolah is seven pennyweights. THE ROSE GARDEN. 11 make their purchases; and very large quantities are prepared and sold. There are about thirty-six places in Ghazeepore where Rose-water is distilled. “ The chief use the natives appear to make of the Rose-water is at the period of their festivals and weddings. It is then distributed largely to the guests as they arrive, and sprinkled with profusion in the apartments. “ T should consider that the value of the Roses sold for the manufacture of Rose-water may be estimated at 15,000 rupees a year, and from this to 20,000 ; and from the usual price asked for the Rose-water, and for which it is sold, I should consider there is a profit of 40,000 rupees. The natives are very fond of using the Rose-water as medicine, or as a vehicle for other mixtures ; and they consume a good deal of the petals for the Conserve of Roses.” But Roses are grown for the purpose of manufacturing Rose-water in other countries beside Persia. At Provins, a town forty-seven miles S. E. of Paris, which has long been celebrated for its conserve of Roses, the French Rose has been cultivated; and in the environs of Paris, the Damask, and other kinds. In some parts of Surrey and Kent, in our own country, they are grown in consi- derable quantities—the Provence, Damask, and French kinds, indiscriminately. In the process of distillation, six pounds of Rose-leaves are said to be enough to make a gallon of Rose-water; but much depends on the stage in which the flowers are gathered, the best stage being just before full-blown. The Rose has been valued in Medicine from the remotest times: it was so in the time of Hippocrates; and the Romans believed the root to be efficacious in eases of hydrophobia: hence probably the term ‘poG-rosz.’ Many writers have attributed to it virtues which it does not possess; though it is still used in medi- cine, and valued for its tonic and astringent properties. The hips of the Dog-rose, when reduced to pulp, are also used in pharmacy, to give consistence to pills and electuaries. But to return more immediately to the history of the Rose.—This flower, having been considered as the emblem of innocence and purity from remote times, seems so far to have influenced the early Christian writers, as to induce them to place it in Paradise. It is well known, also, that the seal of the celebrated Luther was a Rose. In Hungary our flower is held in great esteem. I am informed by a friend who has resided in that country, that it is customary with ladies of rank and fashion to take bouquets of Roses and go into the woods to bud the wild kinds which they may encounter in their rambles. It must be an agreeable and exhi- larating task to go in search of Roses during the flowering season; for I am assured it is no uncommon thing to meet with the finest varieties blooming in the most unfrequented places. In Holland the Rose seems to have made but little way, although it was from that country the most beautiful of the tribe—the Moss Rose—was first introduced to England, from whence it found its way to France. The transactions which took place in Holland during the Florimania associate no unpleasant ideas with 72 THE ROSE GARDEN. our flower. The Rose was without the pale. The Tulip, the Hyacinth, the Ranunculus, the Anemone—these, with a few of minor importance, were the pride of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: these were the flowers of Holland ; and the enthusiasm with which they were cultivated there had rendered them popular in other European countries. Thus the Rose lay neglected. Its capabi- lities of improvement were not thought of, or unknown. The unlocking of its treasures was reserved for more recent times. The skilful and persevering indi- viduals, to whose labours we are indebted for the choicest ornaments of the Rose Garden, still live to admire the productions of their genius, and to witness their favourite flower reigning without a rival in the Floral world. Let us turn to France, a country naturally rich in Roses. According to Decandolle, she has no less than nineteen species growing spontaneously in her hedges, woods, and wilds. The chief among them is the Rosa Gatuica, or French Rose, which has produced some of the most brilliant and regularly-formed flowers of the genus. The country abounding in Roses, we should expect its poets would not fail to notice them; and perhaps in no other language have so many beautiful com- parisons been instituted, or so many verses written in their praise. Delille exclaims, “Mais qui peut refuser un hommage a la Rose?” (Who can refuse homage to the Rose?) And Bernard, Malherbe, Saint Victor, Roger, Leonard, and others too numerous to mention, have made it the subject of the most delightful strains. Rapin, a French writer of the seventeenth century, gives a pleasing and inge- nious tale, which I shall venture to insert. “ Rhodanthe, Queen of Corinth, having enamoured several princes with her beauty, and having disdained their proffers of homage, three of them, furious to see themselves despised, besieged her in the temple of Diana, where she had taken refuge, followed by all the people, who, dazzled by her extraordinary beauty, made her assume the place of the statue of the goddess. Apollo, enraged by the indignity offered to his sister, changed Rhodanthe into a tree which bore the Rose. Under this new form Rhodanthe is always queen, for she became the most beautiful of flowers. Her subjects pressed around her, seem still to defend her, metamorphosed, as they are, into prickly thorns. The three princes were changed ; the one into a butterfly, and the two others into winged insects, which, constant in their love, flutter without ceasing around their cherished flower.” (La Rose, &e., par Dr. Deslongschamps. ) , There exists at the present day, in the village of Salency in France, a custom which is of very ancient date. As early as the sixth century, the Bishop of Noyon offered a prize of a crown of Roses, to be given yearly to the maid of the village who should have earned the greatest reputation for modesty and virtue. The villagers have the power of appointing her who shall receive it; and it is awarded with much ceremony and rejoicing. It is the opinion of some of the French authors on this flower, that Roses were THE ROSE GARDEN. 13 cultivated far more extensively in France in former times than at present; which they arrive at from the statements made, by earlier authors, of the great quantities which were used on particular occasions. I have sometimes thought it a matter of surprise that the Rose should have taken the precedence of all other flowers in France at an earlier period than here, especially when we consider it is our national emblem, and that to the enterprise of English collectors Europe stands indebted for many species which were sent from this country to France and else- where. It was so with the Tea-scented, the Chinese Rose, the Banksiz, the Microphylla, the Macartney, the Multiflora, and others. But it was fashion paved the way for its general reception in France. At the commencement of the present century, the Empress Josephine acknowledged it as her favourite, and caused varieties to be collected throughout Europe, and brought to her garden at Malmaison. The late Mr. Kennedy was provided with a passport to go and come as he pleased during the war, in order that he might superintend the formation of that garden. The patronage of the Empress gave an impetus to Rose-culture. Establishments were soon formed, solely for the pur- pose, among the earliest of which were those of M. Descemet and M. Vibert, and the taste spread throughout Europe. It has been said that the collection of the former at St. Denis was destroyed by the English troops in 1815, but I believe they were removed to a distant part on the approach of the allied troops. Monsieur Vibert, of whom we have just spoken, is one of the most celebrated cultivators among the French. He founded his establishment in the vicinity of Paris in 1815, at which time the only Moss Rose known in France was the red, or common one. He removed, a few years since, to Angers, where the climate is more favourable for the pursuance of that science to which he is entirely devoted. To him we owe the existence of those old favourites, Fanny Bias, Célestine, Ipsi- lanti, Aimée Vibert, Cynthie, d’Aguesseau, Matthieu Molé, Julie d’Etangés, Nelly, Blanchefleur, Cleopatra, La Ville de Londres, and a host of striped and spotted Roses. It is worthy of remark, that the latter, though much admired and cultivated in France, have never gained any great popularity here. Among his more modern varieties, he enumerates Yolande d’ Aragon, Princesse Clémentine, Eugéne Duboys Dessauzais, Pluto, Feu Brillante, Columelle, Eliza Merceeur, Comtesse Murinais, Alice Leroi, Semiramis, la Négresse, and nume- rous others of which the merit is doubtful, or to which sufficient time has not been given to prove their various properties. M. Laffay, another distinguished cultivator, owns a list of names no less worthy. Who, even among modern Rose cultivators, is not familiar with Archduc Charles, Fabvier, Brennus, William Jesse, Coup D’Amour, Duke of Devonshire, Duke of Cambridge, Victor Hugo? In originating modern varieties, M. Laffay has not been less successful. Madame Laffay, Coup d’Hébé, La Reine, Great Western, Comtesse Duchatel, Dr. Marx, Lady Alice Peel, Comtesse Molé, Duchess of Sutherland, Le Commandant Fournier, Eugéne Sue, La Superbe, and others, of nearly equal merit, have been raised in his garden. His residence (Div. I) ad 14 THE ROSE GARDEN. at Bellevue, a few miles from Paris, is a most enviable one: he lives surrounded with Roses and Chestnut-trees ; and his garden, although not extensive, commands a wide and most agreeable prospect. The soil is a stiff—I had almost said rank— clay, and does not appear to have much labour bestowed on its amelioration. Both M. Vibert and M. Laffay—the former especially—have been engaged in the cultivation of Roses for many years; and their enterprise and industry have brought them a full reward. They now cultivate more for amusement than for profit, confining themselves chiefly to the raising of seedlings, and the propagating of them for distribution, Having realized a comfortable independency, and attained to the highest eminence in their profession, they seem content to recline beneath the laurels they have so peacefully won. In the Preface to his Catalogue, published towards the close of 1846, M. Vibert writes to this effect :—“ My establishment, which I founded in 1815, and where Roses only are cultivated for sale, is the first of the kind which had existence in France. Thirty-five years’ practice in this branch of Horticulture, with numerous and reiterated experiments made on every mode of cultivation; a long habit of seeing, studying, and of com- paring the productions of this beautiful genus ;—such are, at the least, the claims I have to public confidence. But I know all the obligations under which I remain, from the long and sustained kindness with which amateurs and the members of the profession have honoured me; and it is in reply to the honourable proofs of concern which have been so often addressed to me, that I am resolved not entirely to renounce my profession. To cover the expense of my garden, and to use my time sparingly, is the end which I propose to myself. Without seeking to extend my connections, I shall receive willingly orders from persons sufficiently reasonable to value what time and care it costs in the present day to obtain novel- ties really decided. I shall always continue the cultivation of my seedlings; I shall never renounce them; I shall rather increase them; and shall propagate but few others.” M. Laffay wrote to me last autumn: “ C’est mon intention de césser le com- merce. Mon projet était de quitter cet automne, et de m’installer dans le sud de la France, sous le climat des Orangers et Palmiers; mais mon Pére, qui est trés 4gé, ne veut pas que nous le quittions cet hiver. Ce qui dérange un peu nos projets d’émigration, qui ne sont que retardés. Aussi il est bien possible que je vous offre encore quelques bonnes Roses, sur-tout des Mousseuses Hybrides, car je me dispose a faire un semis de plusieurs milles graines de ces variétés. Ainsi je présume que ma Pépiniére sera encore bonne a visiter quelques anneés. Je suis persuadé qu’a Vavenir nous verrons de bien belles Roses, qui effaceront toutes celles que nous admirons maintenant. Les Mousseuses joueront bient6t un grand role dans l Horticulture.” “‘ It is my intention to cease cultivating the Rose, in a commercial sense. My project was to do so this autumn, and to instal myself in the south of France, in the land of orange and palm-trees ; but my father, who is very aged, wished that we should not quit Paris this winter. This deranges a little our plans of emigration, THE ROSE GARDEN. 15 although they are only retarded. But it is very possible that I may yet offer you some good Roses, especially of the Hybrid Moss, for I intend to make a sowing of several thousands of seeds of these varieties. Thus I presume that my seed- plot will be worth visiting for some years to come. Iam persuaded that in future we shall see many beautiful Roses, which will efface all those that we admire now. The Mosses will soon play a grand part in Horticulture.” It is somewhat remarkable, that while M. Vibert’s operations have produced chiefly French and Provence, and, of late years, a few varieties of Moss Roses, the results of M. Laffay’s labour have been chiefly visible among the Hybrid Chinese and Hybrid Perpetuals. We can only account for this by supposing each cultivator to have had his favourite group, which he strove to improve. I should think one half of the Hybrid Perpetual Roses at present grown have originated with M. Laffay. The trade of cultivating Roses in France is in the hands of many individuals ; and to visit that country with the view of forming a collection is (I speak from experience) a laborious undertaking. As far as my powers of observation serve me, I should think the establishments where they are grown for sale, in the neigh- bourhood of Paris, vary in extent from one to five acres; and there are others, situate in various parts of France, nearly all of like extent. It is thus that English amateurs, who may chance to visit any of them, are usually disappointed, owing to the contrast of their Rose Gardens with those of England, which are much more extensive. The most splendid collection in France is that in the Jardin du Luxembourg at Paris, which is under the superintendence of Monsieur Hardy. Most of the plants there are of some age, and flower most profusely in the season. It is true they look rather drawn; but when we consider their proximity to the heart of the city, it is surprising that they flourish so well.* M. Hardy is no stranger in the Rose world: one of his varieties alone (Madame Hardy) would have sufficed to render his name popular; but he has been fortunate enough to raise many others of first-rate properties, some bearing the after appellation of “ Du Luxembourg.” And how could it be otherwise, when he has devoted so many years to the cultivation of this flower, and raised so many thousands of seedlings? He has never practised selling his Roses, but exchanges with his friends for other plants. The Roses in the Gardens of the Luxembourg are seen from the public promenades; and M. Hardy is very courteous to foreigners. * Every one who has visited Paris will not fail to have remarked the clean appearance of the buildings, compared with those of London, which is due to the burning of wood instead of coal. It is the extensive use of the latter which exerts so injurious an influence on vegetation in or near London. I recollect, upon one occasion, seeing a Honeysuckle and a Rose growing up a house in a street in Paris, the name of which I do not remember, but it was not far from the Hotel de la Monnaie. Both looked flourishing ; and the Rose, which was of the Sempervirens kind, was in bloom. Independent of its appearing to thrive there, a second cause for surprise was, the fact of its remaining untouched, which it apparently had done for a length of time, and did, to my knowledge, for five or six days, although within reach of every passer by. d 2 16 THE ROSE GARDEN. It is necessary to visit him early in the morning during the Rose season. The Rose amateurs of France, who are exceedingly numerous, and among whom Monsieur Desprez at Yebles is highly distinguished, are enthusiastic in the culti- vation of their favourite. So soon as they hear of any new variety, possessed of merit, they cease not to importune the raiser till he places it within their reach. Thus, in a letter received from M. Duval (the raiser of Charles Duval, Richelieu, and others) last year, in alluding to one of his new Roses, he says, “‘ My stock of this beautiful Rose is very short ; but I have been compelled to yield to the soli- citations of my friends to offer it for sale this year.” While admitting France to have been more prolific than England in the pro- duction of new Roses, it is yet worthy of remark, that the Hinglish cultivators produce far handsomer plants than the French. Although I may be ranked among the former, I state this boldly; not from prejudice, nor from interest, but from a thorough conviction of its truth. If proof be needed, it may be found in the large exports of the French varieties, of English growth, to America and elsewhere. It may not be generally known, that some of the finest and most esteemed Roses in France do not succeed well in this country. On the other hand, many kinds are developed in far greater perfection here than there. The flowers of Roses generally cannot bear the scorching of a summer’s sun: it is during our cloudy days, or when refreshed with a soft shower or a fall of dew, that the buds expand in fullest beauty. I cannot help mentioning the jealousies which exist among some of the “ Culti- vateurs de Rosiers” in France. I once visited the gardens of a noted grower, in company with a grower of less celebrity. I was surprised to see so little in these grounds, and to find the owner careless as to shewing what he possessed. Although exceedingly polite and talkative on other subjects, he was disinclined to speak on Roses. The mystery was cleared up by a letter received soon afterwards. In it were words to this effect: “If you visit my establishment again, which I beg of you to do, pray do not bring any French Rose grower with you, for I cannot shew them my rarities and beauties.” This opened my eyes: I concluded I had not seen “the lions;” and an after visit proved this to be the case. It has been said that little dependence can be placed on the transactions of the French growers ; and I am sorry that my experience does not allow me to meet this assertion with a direct negative. Old Roses have been sent to this establish- ment under new names, and charged at high prices. This, however, might occur by mistake, and seldom happens with the respectable growers. But let us trace the history of the Rose in our own land. It is again matter of surprise to me that the Rose should not have been more extensively cultivated in England at an earlier date, when it is considered that it must have been brought prominently before the eyes of our forefathers in the wars of the Houses of York and Lancaster; or, as they are often termed, the wars of the Roses. But perhaps this was the very cause of its unpopularity. It might have been the remembrance of those sanguinary struggles, which, casting a halo around this THE ROSE GARDEN. 17 emblem of innocence and purity, made our forefathers shrink instinctively from cherishing a flower that recalled to mind scenes or tales of carnage and of woe— whose leaves were once saturated with the blood of England’s bravest sons. It may not be considered out of place to give an account here of the origin of the Red Rose in the arms of the House of Lancaster. About 1277, Guillaume Pentecéte, Mayor of Provins, was assassinated in a tumult; and the King of France sent Count Egmond, son of the King of England, and who had assumed the title of Comte De Champagne, to that city, to avenge his death. After staying some time there, he returned to England, and took for his device the Red Rose, which Thibaut, Comte De Brie, and De Champagne had brought from Syria some years before, on his return from the Crusades. This Count Egmond was the head of the House of Lancaster, and which preserved it in their arms. (L’ Ancien Provins, par Opoix.) The Damask Rose being the wild kind of Syria, it would hence appear that it was this gave rise to the Red Rose of the Lancastrians, and not the French Rose, as asserted by some. The White Rose was probably assumed by the Yorkists in contradistinction to the other. Chaucer, our first great English author, who wrote in the middle and toward the close of the fourteenth century, alludes in his early pieces to the poetical worship of the Rose and the Daisy. And others of our early poets were not unmindful of its charms. Harrington speaks of cheeks that shamed the Rose; Marlow, of beds of Roses, &c. Spenser, whose genius sheds a brilliancy over the age in which he lived, makes frequent mention of it. Every one is familiar with his fable of the Oak and the Brier, contained in the Shepherd’s Calendar. Of the latter he says— It was embellished with blossoms fair, And thereto aye wonted to repair The shepherd’s daughters, to gather flowers To paint their girlands with his colours. The poet makes the “ bragging Brere” vaunt his own praises, to the disparage- ment of his neighbour the “ goodly Oak.” See’st how fresh my flowers been spread, Dyed in lily white and crimson red ? The mouldy moss which thee accloyeth My cinnamon smell too much annoyeth. [Shephera’s Calendar, Eclogue 2. Notwithstanding the poet speaks elsewhere of the “ fragrant Eglantine,” I am disposed to think the Sweet Brier is the plant he has here in view, although the glow of his fancy tinges its flowers with a purer and a deeper dye. Again, in the Shepherd’s Calendar (Eclogue 4) we meet with the following: See where she sits upon the grassy green, (O seemly sight!) Yclad in scarlet, like a maiden queen, And ermines white ; (Div. 1.) d3 1s THE ROSE GARDEN. Upon her head a crimson coronet, With damask Roses and daffodillies set : Bay-leaves between, And primroses green, Embellish the sweet violet. In the next verse he speaks of The red Rose medled with the white yfere. In the “ Fairy Queen,” especially in the Second Book, he makes several allusions to it, and also in the Epithalamion. Shakspeare often introduces the Rose in his writings. In the following pas- sage he compares the extinction of life to the plucking of a Rose: When I have plucked thy Rose, I cannot give it vital growth again : It needs must wither : Ill smell it on the tree. [ Othello, Act 5. In one of his Sonnets, the comparisons of the greatest English poet are obvi- ously so much to the advantage of our favourite, that I cannot help imserting it. O how much more doth beauty beauteous seem By that sweet ornament which truth doth give! The Rose looks fair, but fairer we it deem For that sweet odour which doth in it live. The canker blooms have full as deep a dye As the perfumed tincture of the Roses ; Hang on such thorns, and play as wantonly, When summer’s breath their masked buds discloses : But, for their virtue only is their show, They live unwooed, and unrespected fade ;— Die to themselves. Sweet Roses do not so: ~ Of their sweet deaths are sweetest odours made. And so of you, beauteous and lovely youth, When that shall fade, my verse distils your truth. I have made the above quotations to shew that the Rose was not unregarded by the early English poets ; but were I to pursue this plan of quoting all the agreeable things which our poets have written of it, that matter would occupy the whole volume; for who among them has not heaped upon it the riches of his fancy ? In every love-song Roses bloom. From the allusion of Chaucer, it is evident the Rose was a favourite flower, at least among the poets in England, some centuries since; and this I should have thought a sufficient passport to public favour. That they did not owe their love and respect for this flower to the existence of superior garden varieties, or to an interest displayed in their cultivation by their countrymen, will, I think, soon be sufficiently evident. But the wild forms of Roses are beautiful; and they probably gave rise to these effusions. Or the poets might owe their veneration for THE ROSE GARDEN. 19 them to the writings of the ancients, with which they were familiar. But we must quit the land of poetry. Lobel, who had a garden at Hackney, and who was appointed Royal Botanist by James the First, published, towards the close of the sixteenth century, a work, entitled “Plantarum seu stirpium Icones.” In this work he describes ten species. “Tn 1622, Sir Henry Wotton sent from Venice, to the Earl of Holderness, a double yellow Rose of no ordinary nature, which was expected to flower every month from May till almost Christmas, unless change of climate should change its pro- perties.”—Johnson’s History of Gardening. This most probably was the old double yellow Rose, so notorious for refusing to unfold its blossoms in our less propitious climate. With regard to its flowering from May till Christmas !—this no doubt was an embellishment, to which an enthusiastic collector may be readily excused for giving ear. Parkinson, an early English writer on Gardening and Botany, in his “ Para- disus,” published in 1629, speaks of the “ white, the red, and the damask,” as the most ancient in England. He enumerates twenty-four varieties; and speaks of others, but does not specify their names. He treats, in a separate chapter, of the propagation of Roses by budding and by seed. The red Rose of which he here speaks was no doubt the Cabbage, or Damask; and the white one, an old variety of Rosa Arsa. In how many old English gardens do we find trees of the apple- bearing Rose still occupying a conspicuous position, and whose ancient appear- ance denotes them to have withstood the changes of many a by-gone year. Sometimes, indeed, the scathing hand of time has severely marked them, and they are hastening to decay.* There is now before me a work published on Gardening in 1654, entitled “The Countryman’s Recreation, or the Art of Planting, Graffing, and Gardening, in three Books.” In a work with such a title we might expect to find a variety of flowers treated of. But no: fruit-trees seem then to have been the chief ornament of country gardens: the utile was preferred to the dulce: in truth, the atten- tion of our forefathers seems to have been chiefly directed towards the “ making of good cyder,” and the “ keeping of plummes”’! In the above-mentioned work there is but one flower named, and that is the Rose! Here is the article as it appears in the original : “To Graffe a Rose on the Holly. “ For to graffe the Rose, that his leaves shall keep all the year green, some do take and cleave the holly, and do graffe in a red or white Rose-bud; and then put clay and mosse to him, and let him grow. And some put the Rose-bud into a slit of the bark, and so put clay and mosse, and bind him featly therein, and let him grow, and he shall carry his leaf all the year.” This is a recipe for obtaining evergreen Roses! Satis superque. Must we * I recollect meeting with two or three of this description in the gardens of Bruce Castle, Tottenham, in the summer of last year: they were of a prodigious height and size, resembling apple-trees more than Roses. 20 THE ROSE GARDEN.. infer that practical men in those days held tenets such as these, or that they were merely the effusions of the brain of some would-be savant in horticultural matters ? As gardening was then a practical art, we cannot suppose the former to have been the case, since the very first experiment would throw a doubt on such a propo- sition, which the failure of every subsequent attempt would confirm; and thus the most credulous would soon be undeceived. The latter would certainly seem the juster inference. Without wishing to say any thing derogatory to the capabilities of our forefathers in the art, we certainly were not aware that the sun of Horti- cultural science had reached the meridian so long since as 1654, and feel some concern, as well as humiliation, that nearly two centuries should elapse without our profiting by so wonderful a discovery! We cannot forbear quoting certain lines of Virgil, met with in our school days, and to which, perhaps, the above writer was indebted for his idea: Inseritur vero et foetu nucis arbutus horrida ; Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes : Castanee fagus ornusque incanuit albo Flore piri, glandemque sues fregere sub ulmis. [ Georg. lib. ii. ver. 69—72.* Such are the workings of the imagination, that the black Roses produced by grafting on black-currant bushes, the blue Roses of the Moors, and the oft-talked- of yellow Moss, are already before our eyes! Could we but retain them there! But, alas! this were impossible. Creatures of the imagination, a moment’s sober reflection dissipates you in thin air! But to be serious. As late as 1762, Linnzus appears to have acknowledged only fourteen species. In an edition of Miller’s Gardeners’ Dictionary, published in 1768, thirty-one species are described. It was only at the close of the last century, and the dawning of the present, that the garden varieties of Roses were really recognised and esteemed. In 1789 the Chinese Rose was introduced ; and in 1810 China furnished us with the Tea-scented also. At this period nearly all the varieties known bloomed in summer only: there were few autumnal Roses. In 1812 came forth that exquisite variety, still unsurpassed, the “ Rose du Roi,” or Crimson Perpetual, which was raised in the Royal Gardens of St. Cloud, then under the care of Le Comte Lelieur. In 1799 Miss Lawrence published “A Collection of Roses from Nature,” which contained ninety coloured plates, including many of the most beautiful species and varieties then known. In 1820 the “ Rosarum Monographia,” by J. Lindley, appeared; in which seventy-eight species, besides sub-species, are described, and thirteen of them figured. This work is of a scientific character, * The thin-leayed arbute hazel-graffs receives, And planes huge apples bear, that bore but leaves. Thus mastful beech the bristly chestnut bears, And the wild ash is white with blooming pears. And greedy swine from grafted elms are fed With falling acorns that on oaks are bred. [Dryden's Virgil. THE ROSE GARDEN. 21 and the system there adopted has been followed, more or less, by many subse- quent writers on the botany of the Rose. About this time the types of the Bourbon and Noisette Roses appeared, and in a very short period the varieties were increased and improved beyond what the most sanguine could have anti- cipated. Loudon, in the Encyclopedia of Gardening, published in 1822, says, “ The lists of the London and Paris Nurserymen contain upwards of 350 names.” ve “« New varieties are raised in France and Italy annually. L. Villas esii, Royal Gardener at Monza, has raised upwards of fifty varieties of Rosa Iypica, not one of which has, as far as we know, reached this country. Some of them are quite black! others shaped like a Ranunculus; and many of them are highly odoriferous.” With regard to those quite black, as none of them have yet reached this country, it may be presumed the writer made this statement on the authority of the continental growers, whose vivid imaginations often lead them to portray in too glowing colours any new production. It may be thought necessary that I should allude to the firm with which I stand connected. The Nursery at Cheshunt has long been famous for its Roses : it was so in the time of Mason. It gained considerable renown from the con- tinual flowering of a plant of the old double yellow Rose (R. Sutpuurea), which had become established on a west wall about the close of the last century. Flowers from which to draw were sought from various parts of the country. The plant produced them with such regularity, and in such gay profusion, that an amateur eventually purchased it to transplant to his seat in Yorkshire; and he did this with considerable success; for although of great size, it flourished, and continued to flower well. In Sweet’s Hortus Britannicus, published in 1827, there are 107 species given, and 1059 varieties; the greater portion of the latter being French or Gallica Roses. In 1829, M. Desportes and M. Prevost each published in France a Catalogue of Roses. In the Catalogue of the former cultivator above 2000 varieties are described. These Catalogues, with others which appeared in England and France, both before and after this time, were calculated to infuse fresh ardour into the minds of the improvers of this charming race of plants, and at the same time to spread a taste for its cultivation, The Rose amateurs of England are so numerous in the present day, that it were almost impossible to enumerate even those who possess collections of great merit. A few, however, occur to me, which have especial claims to notice as being the earliest of any extent. At Dane-end, near Munden, in Hertfordshire, the seat of Charles S. Chauncey, Esq., was formed one of the earliest and best collections; and to which this county is no doubt indebted, in some degree, for the celebrity she enjoys for Roses. Mr. Milne, who is gardener at the above place, has originated a Seedling Bourbon, which he calls Beauty of Munden. Mr. Sabine formed a collection of the species, some years back, at North 22 THE ROSE GARDEN. Mims, Herts; and a vast number of them were once growing in the Horticul- tural Gardens at Chiswick. About twenty-five years ago, Mrs. Gaussen had formed a Rosarium at Brookmans, in Hertfordshire, which contained many varieties. The form of the ground it occupied was an oblong square, walled in, the walls covered with climbing Roses and other plants. There was a variety of beds formed and planted with much taste: in the centre stood a temple covered with climbing Roses. The whole was blinded from distant view by a wide laurel bank ; and the surprise created on suddenly entering was most agreeable, and the effect magical. “ Here,” says an eminent cultivator with whom I was in conversation the other day, “I first saw the Rose Ruga, which was then recently introduced; and I remarked to Mr. Murdoch, who was gardener there, that it was a hybrid of the Tea-scented. It was beautifully in bloom, and struck me at the time as a gem of the first water. I had not at this time met with any of the Sempervirens Roses; the first of which, the Arza Piewna, I saw in flower soon afterwards, on a wall at Dropmore, the seat of Lady Grenville.” The next collection which demands our notice is that at Broxbournebury, the seat of George J. Bosanquet, Esq., where there are at the present time a great number of very fine specimens. In addition to all the old and esteemed varieties, there are in cultivation here most of the modern ones; such having been added as they were offered for sale by the raisers or their friends. I believe this to be the best private collection of Roses in England; at least, I know of none to surpass or equal it. But of this Rose-garden we shall have occasion to speak more at large hereafter. It might have been foretold, that the rare beauties the gardens above men- tioned contained—whether viewed on the plants, arrayed in the simple loveli- ness of nature, or when dressed for the tables of the Floral fétes—would cap- tivate all lovers of flowers, and spread a taste for their cultivation. And such was really the case. They became known and their worth appreciated. Florists and amateurs vied with each other in the cultivation of their favourite, each desirous of producing it in the most perfect state. Its characters were thus fairly developed; improvement followed on improvement; and it soon became universally popular. And why? Shall Anacreon answer? ‘Podov @ dépiorov avOwv, “ The Rose is the most beautiful of flowers.” CHAPTER II. aoe ON LOCALITY AND SOILS; AND THE IMPROVEMENT OR ADAPTATION OF SOILS FOR ROSE-CULTURE. Ir we were called upon to select a spot as best suited for the cultivation of Roses, we should seek one at a distance from large towns, that we might secure the advantages of a pure air. It should lie open to the south, and be so far removed from trees of every description, that their roots could not reach the soil of our Rose-beds, or their tops overpower us with shade, and prevent a free cir- culation of air. If, in addition to this, we could choose our soil, that preferred would be a strong loam; if rich, so much the better; if poor, we would enrich it by the addition of manures. It is generally known, that the Dog-rose delights in a stiff, holding soil; and it is on the Dog-Rose the choice garden varieties are usually budded. We do not intend by this to recommend soils commonly termed clayey, for in such there is often too great a deficiency of vegetable sub- stances; lighter soils, too, are found better suited for such kinds as thrive best erown on their own roots; but this may be managed by the addition of a little light turfy loam, peat, or leaf-mould, at the time of planting. An open, airy situation, and a stiff loamy soil, are, we say, what we should prefer, were our choice of locality and soil unlimited. With these at our command, we should expect to carry Rose-culture to perfection. “ But,” says the amateur, “all gardens must have Roses, and how few are there thus favourably circumstanced. Many are close to large towns, where the air is rendered impure by the clouds of smoke constantly streaming into it. Others are of small size, and are often hemmed in by trees on all sides; on this with a neighbour’s favourite chest- nuts; on that with a group of sombre-looking firs ; and on another with a row of towering elms. And although we may think it not right that our less majestic denizens should suffer at their hands, we have no help for it. They have their pets as we have ours. They find as much pleasure in the blossoms of their chestnuts, in the agreeable shade of their elms during the sultry months of summer, or by the privacy afforded them by the impenetrable darkness of their fir-trees, as we do in the perfect form and varied tints of our Roses. We cannot rid ourselves of their shade. We have no right, indeed, to wish todo so. But we might not hesitate to dock their roots, should they, in their peregrinations, 24 THE ROSE GARDEN. enter our domain, to gormandize on the provision made for our favourites. This, we think, would be justifiable. We are acting in self-defence. They are robbers, and deserve punishment, although it must not be such as to do them permanent injury. Then, again, as to soils: some are sandy ; others are clayey, wet, cold, and alto- gether uncongenial to vegetation. In a word, we cannot always suit our gardens to your Roses: your Roses must therefore be brought to suit our gardens.” Those who are free from all these annoyances may think themselves fortunate. The number of complaints of this kind received from amateurs possessing small gardens, which they make their chief source of relaxation and amusement, satisfy us they are great. It must be admitted, that localities are often unfavourable, and hardly capable of improvement. With this, then, we must endure, and seek the remedy in the choice of varieties; selecting such as our own experience, or that of our friends, point out as succeeding best under such circumstances. It is well known that some kinds will grow and flourish where others will scarcely exist. Were this fact taken advantage of by those who plant in unfavourable situations, or unkindly soils, doubtless less failures in Rose-culture would ensue. But it may be said, Some of the most delicate in habit are the most beautiful of Roses, and how can we dispense with such? That the varieties possessed of the most bewitching forms and tints are most difficult of culture, is, to a certain extent, true; but we opine, that a Rose, which will flourish and blossom in a doubtful situation, or in an unfriendly soil, is greatly to be preferred for such, to one which would only exist there as an unhealthy plant, though the latter were greatly its superior in point of beauty. I have known instances in which varieties of the most delicate growth have been selected, time after time, to occupy the most unfavourable situations; and this against all remonstrance, and the know- ledge of the cultivator, bought by experience, that they will not succeed. Varieties are often chosen and planted, without paying sufficient attention to their aptitude for the purpose or position they are wanted for. They are chosen because admired most—because they are the most beautiful. Now what are the conse- quences? That which should yield pleasure, produces, by constant failure, indifference or disgust ; and their culture is abandoned. This is to be lamented ; for if circumstances are unfavourable for the cultivation of particular varieties, others, that are likely to succeed, should be chosen. And the amateur need not be altogether without his favourite kinds. If unsuited for out-of-door culture in some places, they may be grown to perfection in pots, under glass. In this manner, with due care, they always succeed well; and, by the increased beauty of their foliage and flowers, fully compensate for the additional attention paid to them. I here allude only to such as are very susceptible of frost, or of weak and delicate growth, confining the suggestion to no one group in particular, nor excluding varieties of such character from any group. If an_ illustration be needed, we may instance Le Grand Capitaine and Coquette de Montmorency (Bourbon Perpetuals), Eliza Sauvage, and several others of the Tea-scented. These, and the like, will not thrive in unfavourable situations or unkindly soils. THE ROSE GARDEN. De And whatever the situation may be, they assume a decidedly improved appear- ance when grown in a frame or greenhouse. An unfavourable locality or soil should never deter the lover of Roses from entering on their cultivation; for such is the diversity of character of the varieties belonging to the genus, that some may be found suited to, or capable of flourishing in, the least desirable localities; and the soil may be improved, or dug out, and the beds re-filled with prepared soil. For the encouragement of those whose situation may be decidedly unfavourable, it may be stated, that a great part of the Roses erown at this establishment are sent into the neighbourhood of London and the large manufacturing towns in England and Scotland. And it is pleasing to see, in their perfect production there, how far the art of culture can be brought to triumph over circumstances. In such situations, the practice which seems to have been attended with the most marked success, is that of syringing the plants frequently with clean water, which frees the leaves of the impurities which settle on them. Thus, it will be seen, none need despair of securing a moderate share of success in, and of realizing the pleasures afforded by, the cultivation of this richly-varied flower. We have said that soils are capable of improvement, and may suppose that every one has his garden under his own controul, so far as improvement goes. To this point let us now direct attention. In the first place, if our soil be wet it should be drained. Roses will never flourish in a soil naturally wet. As few plants will, if a garden be of this nature, it would seem desirable, before attending to other improvements, to drain it wholly and thoroughly. Let us suppose we have a piece of clayey undrained land, which is the best our limits contain, and on which we are about to form a Rosarium. We defer planting the Roses till spring, availing ourselves of the autumn and winter for the amelioration of the soil; unless, indeed, there has been an opportunity of working it during the previous winter and summer, when autumn planting is thought preferable. There is not, however, always an opportunity of doing this ; and we will suppose it taken in hand in October, just after a crop has been removed from it. Our first object is to secure a perfect drainage. This may be done by digging trenches two and a half to three feet deep, at about five yards apart, and laying draining tiles in at the bottom. In digging the trenches, they may be cut sloping from eighteen inches at top to two inches at the bottom. We must find out the lowest ground, and secure a gentle fall from the higher ground, that the water may run away freely. If we do not choose to lay drain-tiles in the trenches, bushes may be put there, or stones, brick-bats, clinkers from the furnaces, broken into moderate-sized pieces, or any description of rubble. These will accomplish the same end, if laid suffi- ciently deep, though not so perfectly, as the soil will find its way amongst them in course of time, and choke up the passages through which the water should find egress. Having laid the soil dry, the next object should be to expose it, as much (Div. 1.) y 26 THE ROSE GARDEN. as possible, to the fertilizing influences of the sun and air. To accomplish this, the ground should be dug one spit deep, or more; but instead of laying it level at the surface, let it be thrown up in ridges in the roughest manner possible. In this state it may lie till the depth of winter, fully exposed to the action of sun, air, rain, and frost. The surface of the ridges will gradually crumble down, and the soil become pulverized. Now for the next step. What description of soils or manures can be brought to bear upon it with the greatest prospect of improvement? Chalk, lime, peat, sand, and burnt earth will improve it; and stable manure, with any decayed vegetable substances, the refuse of the garden, may be added to advan- tage. And now is the time to apply these. First level the soil, and lay on the top a good dressing of any of the above soils that may be accessible, or thought most suitable. Having done this, in the next place trench the ground two spit deep, well mixing these foreign matters with the staple in the operation. The ground is laid level this time, and when finished, the places where the Roses are to be planted should be marked out, and the holes dug, the earth taken out being laid up in ridges round their sides. The holes should remain open till the time of planting, that the soil, placed in immediate contact with the roots, may become further mellowed. From the end of February till the end of March is a good time for spring planting, choosing an opportunity when the ground works well. But some gardens are so situated that it is not easy to drain them. A make- shift system may be adopted in such cases. The soil may be thrown out of the walks in the immediate vicinity of the plants, to a good depth; and loose stones, or rubble of any description, be placed at the bottom, covering with bushes, over which the soil may be restored. Among the substances mentioned above as calculated to improve wet or clayey soils, is burnt earth. Of its value in the im- provement of such for Rose-culture I have been an eye-witness ; and in a Letter published in the Gardeners’ Chronicle in 1844 (p. 67), I gave an account of the results of its application to some Dwarf Roses. Subsequent experiments have increased my faith in it: and as the burning of earth is considered by many to be a difficult process, I shall give a succinct account of the plan pursued here. Earth may be burnt at any season of the year. It has been the custom here, for some years, on the decline of spring, when the operations of pruning, grafting, &c. are ended, instead of suffering the rough branches to lie about, presenting an untidy appearance, to collect them ina heap. A wall of turf, about three feet high, of a semi-circular form, is then built round them. The branches are set on fire, and when about half burnt down, seed-weeds, and such rubbish as collects in every garden and will not readily decompose, are thrown on the top, and earth is gradually cast up as the fire breaks through. During the first two or three days great care is requisite to keep the pile on fire. Here is the point where many fail. They allow the flame to break through and expend itself before the heap is thoroughly kindled. Constant watching is necessary at this juncture. As the fire breaks through, a layer of bushes and weeds should be added, and then a layer of earth. Follow up this plan, and the fire THE ROSE GARDEN. 27 will spread through the whole heap ; and any amount of earth may be burnt, by continually adding to those places where the fire appears the strongest. The soil burnt here is the stiffest loam that can be found within our limits, and which is of rather a clayey nature; also turf from the sides of ditches and ponds, in itself naturally sour and full of rank weeds. Burnt earth has been found beneficial in every instance where applied. In black garden mould, rather wet, in which peach-trees were disposed to sucker and canker, despite of the use of various manures, two or three annual dressings of it appear so to have altered the nature of the soil, that they now grow clean, vigorous, and healthy, are free from suckers, and produce roots completely matted with fibre. - The like success has attended its application to various other trees. But to our Roses. In the summer of 1842 six beds of Tea-scented Roses were manured with the following substances: 1. bone-dust; 2. burnt earth; 3. nitrate of soda; 4. guano; 5. pigeon-dung; and, 6. stable manure, thoroughly decom- posed. The soil in which they grew was an alluvial loam. The adjacent fields, which are of the same nature, grow large crops of wheat and potatoes. The par- ticles of the soil run together after rain, presenting a smooth cemented surface; the soil, in dry weather, becoming hard and harsh. But for the results. The guano produced the earliest visible effects, causing a vigorous growth, which continued till late in the season; the foliage was large, and of the darkest green, but the flowers on this bed were not very abundant; the shoots did not ripen well, and were consequently much injured by frost during the succeeding winter. The bed, manured with burnt earth, next forced itself into notice: the plants kept up a steadier rate of growth, producing an abundance of clean, well-formed blossoms ; the wood ripened well, and sustained little or no injury from the winter’s frost. The results attendant on the use of the other manures were not remarkable: they had acted as gentle stimulants; the nitrate of soda and bone-dust least visibly so, although they were applied in the quantities usually recommended by the vendors. The beds of Roses were all planted at the same date, and in the same soil; and there was no undue advantage given to any one kind of manure. The fertilizing influences of the burnt earth were no doubt due partly to its drying and opening the soil, thus rendering it more permeable to air; and partly to the power it is said to possess of fixing the ammonia conveyed to the soil by rain. But further, earth is reduced, by burning, to its inorganic constituents, and thus becomes a concentrated inorganic manure, from which many soils benefit largely; and the ashes of the wood, and other substances used in burning, although of small amount, would add to its value under this point of view. A portion of the earth comes from the heap red and hard, and a portion black or dark brown. The latter, which may be more correctly called charred earth, is highly beneficial to most soils. I think burnt and charred earth the best manure that can be applied to wet or adhesive soils, and would advise all who cultivate such to use it. Peat soils, although not of the best kind for Roses, are found to grow them tolerably well. For the improvement of such, if wet, the first effort should f2 28 THE ROSE GARDEN. be to drain them. After this, stiff loam, or pulverized clay and burnt earth, may be brought upon the surface, digging two spit deep, and well mixing the foreign substances with the natural soil, as advised in the improvement of clay soils. The worst soils for Roses are those of a sandy or gravelly nature. In such they often suffer fearfully from the drought of summer, scorching up and dying. Soils of this kind are sometimes bad beyond remedy. The best plan to pursue under such circumstances, is, to remove the soil to the depth of about twenty inches, as the beds are marked out, and fill up again with prepared soil. Two- thirds loam—the turf from a pasture, if attainable—and one-third decomposed stable manure will make a good mixture. If astrong loam is within reach, choose such in preference to others; and if thought too adhesive, a little burnt earth or sand may be mixed with it. A good kind of manure for mixing with the loam is the remains of a hot-bed, which have lain by for a year and become decomposed. Opoix, a French apothecary, whom we have previously quoted, attributes the superiority of the Roses grown for medicinal purposes, in the neighbourhood of Provins, to peculiar properties of the soil, which contains iron in considerable quantity. We are told that the selection of inorganic manures for plants may be fixed upon by an examination of the composition of their ashes.* We know, by the research of chemists, that the petals of the Rosa Gauuica contain oxide of iron; and I have long thought that the iron which abounds in the soil of one of the nurseries here is an ingredient of importance in the culture of Roses. I would not say that it is indispensable, but beneficial. On turning up the soil, its ferruginous nature is in places distinctly seen. In an undrained field adjoining the Nursery the water frequently collects on the surface in the form of a thick brown liquid, like so much rust, which is covered here and there with a film, on which the sky is distinctly mirrored. When the soil in this nursery is hoed or forked, the rapid increase of growth of vegetation is striking beyond measure. The practice is known to promote growth in all soils; but the extent to which it does so here, is, I think, due to the oxygen of the air changing the iron contained in the soil from a substance pernicious to vegetable life, into one favourable to its development. We have hitherto been speaking of the improvement of soils preparatory to the formation of the Rosarium, or beds of Roses. But it is often desirable to improve the soil in beds already formed, and which probably have existed as such for a number of years. This is usually done by the addition of animal or vegetable manures, which are very good so far as they go, but are not in every case all that is required. Roses increase in bulk every year, and draw inorganic as well as organic matter from the soil. Although a portion of this may be returned by the fall of the leafin autumn, and by the manures employed, yet a great deal is deposited in the branches and stem: and when we consider what a quantity of branches we cut from some Roses, and carry away every pruning-season, it will appear reasonable that we may, in the * Liebig. THE ROSE GARDEN. 29 course of years, impoverish the soil as regards its inorganic constituents, and yet leave it rich in vegetable matter. Thus, we think, every two or three years a dressing of chalk, lime, soot, or like substances, would prove highly beneficial to the beds of the Rosarium. But let it be remembered, that if the soil is wet manures are of little value : often, indeed, they sour in the soil, and are worse than useless. In all such cases, then, the’ first effort must be to lay the soil dry. After this, add such manures as the character of the soil may point out as likely to prove most beneficial. Animal and vegetable manures of all kinds may be used, but not in a fresh state; they should be well pulverised: for Roses, though delighting in a rich soil, dislike green manures more than most plants. In heavy soils a good dressing of chalk, peat, burnt earth, or sand may be used; not to the preclusion of, but in addition to, the animal or vegetable manures. In light soils, especially such as are of a gravelly or sandy nature, stiff loam may be applied to advantage. These substances may be thrown on the surface of the beds with the usual manures, and forked in at the same time. We would remark here that stable manure, which is excellent in most cases, and the kind in general use for Roses, is not of the best description for light soils. Its tendency is to render them still lighter; and if it can be dispensed with, we think it desirable to do so. Manures should be applied here in a more concen- trated form. Cow-dung is excellent, especially for the Tea-scented Roses; and pigeon-dung, rabbit-dung, and night-soil, are all great improvers of light soils. The unpleasantness attending the preparation and use of night-soil may in a great measure be done away with by pursuing the following plan. A basin, or reser- voir, should be formed on the ground, to hold a given quantity. In the bottom of this, loam may be thrown, heavy or light, turfy or not, as may be at our com- mand, or whichever is thought best suited to the character of the soil we intend to manure. Upon this the night-soil is lowered from the cart, and a sufficient quantity of loam thrown in to absorb the whole. The heap should then be covered over closely with a layer of earth, about a foot thick, and remain closed for about six months. It may then be broken up, more or less, according to its state, mixing dry soil, or ashes, or burnt earth with it in the operation, and: casting it up in ridges. About a month afterwards it may be turned over again, that the night-soil may be well mixed with the loam. In spring or autumn it may be carried to the places where required, and forked in as other manures; or it may be scattered over the beds immediately after they are forked in spring, when it will be washed down by the rains. We cannot conceive of any descrip- tion of manure to surpass this, applied in the latter manner, to Roses on light soils. By its use, we administer at the same time a cool and rich fertilizer, and a sub- stance calculated to be of permanent benefit to the soil. It may be thought that guano should be a good manure for Roses on cold and poor soils. It probably might prove so if used sparingly, and in conjunction with vegetable manures. I do not, however, think guano the best thing for Roses in (Div. 1.) f3 30 THE ROSE GARDEN. the generality of soils. It certainly increases the vigour of a plant, but seems to act more favourably on the foliage than on the flowers. it may be said this is due to the use of it in excess. But this I am not disposed to grant. In the spring of 1846 I scattered guano, in variable quantities, over some newly- forked beds of Roses, just as the buds were pushing forth. The soil where this experiment was made is a dry loam, rather stiff, of excellent staple, but poor. The subsoil, to the depth of twelve feet, is a yellow loam or brick earth. Below this is gravel. In every instance where the guano was applied the growth was more vigorous, and the foliage developed of extraordinary richness and beauty ; but, mark! it was at the expense of the flowers. Such were the consequences attending its use to plants in full health on one soil: on soils otherwise c6nstituted the results might be different. Roses should have manure applied to them at least once a year. It should be in awell pulverized state, and may be dug in, when the borders are dug, in spring; or laid on the surface afterwards, to be washed in by the rains. When manure is applied in such state as to be capable of yielding immediate nourishment to a plant, spring would seem the better season to apply it. The roots are then in full action, and eyery shower of rain places an abundant supply of food within their reach. If manure is applied in autumn, a great part of its nutritive properties must be carried beyond the reach of the roots by the frequent and heavy rains of winter. CHAPTER IIL. REMARKS ON THE FORMATION OF THE ROSARIUM, AND ON THE INTRODUCTION OF ROSES TO THE FLOWER GARDEN. In the formation of the Rosarium, it appears to us that the simpler the forms of the beds the better. The plants of which it is composed are for the most part budded on stems, and decidedly artificial objects ; and parallelograms, squares, circles, ovals, and other regular figures, are in perfect harmony with the character of the plants; admit of the most perfect arrangement; and display the Roses to greatest advantage. When the Rosarium is intended to be of large or even moderate size, there should be two compartments ; the one for the summer kinds exclusively, the other to contain the autumnals. The boundary of each may be defined by planting a single row of Pillar-Roses at intervals of a yard apart. When they reach*the height of five feet, each alternate plant may be removed, and small chains be fixed from pillar to pillar, hanging in graceful curves the entire length of the line. Over these some of the branches may be trained to form elegant festoons, two or three shoots being allowed to ascend the pillar until they reach such height as circum- stances or taste may point out as desirable. If Pillar-Roses are not approved of to form the line of demarcation, the same end may be accomplished by a rustic fence, which should be covered with some particular kind of Rose suited for the purpose. It should be a good, free flowering, hardy variety, whether a summer or autumn bloomer: if the latter is preferred, the Bourbon or Noisette offer the best kinds. Or again, this would seem a fitting opportunity of introducing the Sweet-briar, which should abound in every Rosarium ; for the delicious fragrance of its young leaves in the earliest of spring, the delicacy of its blossoms in summer, and the gay appearance of the scarlet hips it produces in the autumn, must recommend it to every observer. The walks of the Rosarium should be invariably of grass, which sets off the plants, when in flower, to much greater advantage than gravel. Grass walks are objected to by some because unpleasant to walk upon early in the morning, or after a shower of rain; but they give such a finish to the Rosa- rium, and lend such a freshness and brilliancy to the flowers, that it were a pity to forego these advantages solely on this account. And if the grass is kept closely mown, the force of this objection is greatly abated. 32 THE ROSE GARDEN. When the walks are of grass, it is perhaps not desirable to plant edgings to the beds. When they are of gravel, it is decidedly necessary to do so; and Box, slate, or fancy tiles may be used. In many instances, too, the Pompon and Fairy Roses may be introduced as edgings, with a very happy effect, to form a com- plete hedge, of less than a foot in height, covered with their miniature blossoms; the one variety blooming in summer only, the other throughout the autumn. It is desirable that the Rosarium should have a raised spot in its vicinity, from which a bird’s-eye view of the whole may be obtained during the season of flowering. A mound of earth thrown up is the simplest plan; and some burs and stones may be placed upon the surface. The sides of the mound may be planted with Ayrshire, Sempervirens, and other running Roses, or climbing plants of various kinds: on the top may be formed a Rose Temple, or a cluster of Pillar- Roses. From this spot we obtain, in the flowering season, a view of the Roses en masse, as they lie beneath us, the effect of which is agreeable and striking; and indeed every one can appreciate the beauty of the picture thus submitted to him. Tt needs neither the knowledge of the Florist nor the refined taste of the connois- seur; the beauty and effect of the coup d’wil thus obtained is acknowledged alike by the skilled and unskilled in these matters. This we regard as one important point gained in the formation of the Rosarium ; but there are others deserving of attention. When the Amateur forms a Rosarium, he does not usually plant for effect: he views his plants individually, rather than collectively. And we should suppose that, to meet his approbation, the Rosarium should be so formed that he may attend to, and examine, each plant, without risking an injury to the rest. He may be delighted with viewing his collection as a whole; and, in addition to this, the knowledge that his friends, who may be less skilled in floriculture than himself, would derive the highest gratification from such a sight, would induce him not to neglect this point. But he finds greater pleasure in looking at his favourites sepa- rately. What would be tedious and uninteresting to them, is to him highly amusing. ach of his plants has a name by which he distinguishes it. He regards them as so many friends or acquaintances, every one of which has a claim upon his attention, He therefore wishes them so disposed that he may attend to each in turn, without annoying the rest. How often have I seen, in large beds of Roses, the soil round a favourite tree trodden as hard as a gravel walk! I have also seen the adjoining trees, whose beauty was only dimmed by the presence of a brighter gem, seriously rubbed and broken, being altogether unheeded in the eager haste to inspect more inviting specimens.* It would seem desirable, * [have a vivid recollection of committing this error. I once stepped pat on a seedling in the garden ofa Rose-grower in France. A glimpse of La Reine, for the first time, was the cause of my misfortune. I was made acquainted with the real state of things by a very un-French- manlike roar, Fortunately the plant was uninjured, but the flower-bud was destroyed ; and the amount of mischief done was the keeping of the owner in a state of suspense for a month or two Jonger. Perhaps I was very near annihilating a very fine variety. THE ROSE GARDEN. as then, that the beds be so formed that each plant may be seen from the walks. No one who really loves Roses will be content with viewing a plant placed in the back of a bed some six or seven yards from a walk. To fully appreciate its beauties— to be satisfied—one must have it directly under the eye, or how can he mark the exact colour, form, and various characters, and last, but not least, inhale its per- fume? Ifthe plant is so placed that we cannot do this from the walks, the beds must be trampled on; the temptation is too great; we cannot resist it. When forming a Rosarium, it is at the option of the cultivator to set apart a spot for growing plants from which to save seed. If he desire to raise seedlings, this should be done; for the plants become impoverished by the ripening of the seeds, and therefore those from which he wishes to obtain large and perfect flowers should never be suffered to seed. He should select the sunniest spot inthe garden in which to plant the seed-bearers, in order to secure every possible advantage for accelerating the period of maturity. Autumn pruning should also be adopted, as a means to this end, by inducing an early development of flowers. Our climate is not the most favourable for this branch of Rose-culture: we therefore must not waive even the slightest advantage which may be obtained either naturally or artificially. In preference to giving new plans only, we shall present our readers with some which already exist, and which have obtained the approval of those who have witnessed the effect they produce. For the reasons above stated, we believe the simpler the form of the Rosarium the better. It is therefore thought not neces- sary to give many plans; but besides those given, we shall offer a description of several places noted for Roses, or where the plants appear arranged with taste. The most renowned Rosarium in Europe is that of the Jardin du Luxem- bourg at Paris, which is under the superintendence of Monsieur Hardy. The interest attached to these gardens arises principally from some of our finest varieties having been originated and nurtured there, and to its possessing some unusually large specimens. I remember seeing there, in the month of June, on my first visit to Paris, a Standard of the Tea Princesse Héléne du Luxembourg, of an immense size, with hundreds of its fine flowers in beautiful condition. The tree called to mind the large-headed Hybrid Roses occasionally met with in this country. We shall proceed at once to describe these Gardens. The wood-cut No. 1, on the annexed page, is a ground-plan of the Rosarium, in which the entire collection of the Luxembourg is planted. It is situated on the right of the public walk leading from the Palais du Luxembourg. It is below the level of the public promenades, as shewn by the section a, b. In summer, when the Roses are all in flower, they produce a splendid effect viewed from the public walks above, and over the little hedge c, d, and the parapet-wall c, e. If we descend to the walks ff we lose this effect, as the Roses are then brought on a level with the eye. The little round marks im our engraving shew a line of fruit-trees planted in the borders surrounding the Rose- beds, forming a sort of back-ground, which adds to the effect. 34 THE ROSE GARDEN. No.1. es ee > ail in Sk ees a 4 ag Sy + At) a Sy 0) 0 k) WS “a fo, a = ® f= Val ee Xe Ns th le 7 . ‘\ G “a 24 2 = Ar ff + = sees “ss SI >, Fe saa 227 2%, 3, = = "9 cre SSeS. Se ere es frets ‘2 fades cr = 2, es S322 2, 23525 ae aa > 5 J 2ier Bd 2 re iose-o domeromemenen i =i SSSI A IS TY: pA YT. Z Yi J|ju“l=jwyw Yy YY, y jy ypywwww($$$fTj UY He U7! VU YM WW@$@@— JJ YJuui THE ROSE GARDEN. 35 rr ONS 36 THE ROSE GARDEN. There are two other Rosariums, similar in design, situated on the same side, between rows or groves of trees, but they are on a level with the public promenades. In consequence of this, and being surrounded by trees, the effect they produce is very inferior to that of the one just mentioned. No. 2 is an isometrical view of — one of these: the other is so similar in design to No. 1, that we think it unne- cessary to introduce it. The double lines here are intended to shew the edgings of the beds, which are of Box. The vases in the centre are planted with Gera- niums, Verbenas, &c. during the summer months. It is wholly surrounded with trees; but they are shewn here on two sides only, in order that the plan of the Rosarium might not be interfered with. The presence of these trees could be dis- pensed with to advantage. By excluding sunlight and a free circulation of air they produce most pernicious consequences, which the drawn and weakly state of the plants sufficiently prove. The gardens of the Luxembourg are enclosed by a kind of fence, made of light sticks, which are much used in France for similar purposes. The manner of planting adopted is this:—The beds are about seven feet wide, and contain two rows. Two plants of each variety, a standard and a dwarf, are planted side by side, at distances of about three feet. They are so disposed that every standard has a dwarf behind it, and in consequence every dwarf is backed by a standard. The number of plants contained in the Rosarium of which No. 1 is a ground-plan is about 1800. The Roses in No.1 are apparently planted without any design of keeping the respective groups together. In the other gardens, however, one is planted solely with Autumnals, and the other with the various groups of Summer Roses. The extreme simplicity in their formation renders them not very brilliant objects on paper; but although the design be simple, the effect is good. Now, without holding these gardens up to view as perfection, I do think two principal points in the formation of the Rosarium have been perfectly wrought out. Here is a terrace, from which we can look down upon the plants; view them as a whole (which is indeed a grand sight); and they are so arranged, that we can look closely at each by descending to the walks. The greatest objection appears to me to exist in the non-arrangement of the varieties in separate groups, according to external characters; and which might have been done without lessening the effect produced as a whole. Hertfordshire, famed for its Rose Gardens, can boast of none to excel in variety and beauty that at Broxbournebury, the seat of George J. Bo- sanquet, Esq. On entering the Flower Garden from the front of the house, the first thing to engage attention in the way of Roses is a plant of the Noisette Lemarque, of considerable size, trained against a south-west wall. It is budded on the common Chinese, or Monthly, and thrives well, producing clusters of six or eight of its rich lemon-coloured blossoms on a single shoot. It receives no protection from frost during winter, yet suffers no injury, owing probably to the soil being dry, and the situation airy. THE ROSE GARDEN. i There is a terrace of considerable length leading to the Rosarium. To the left of the terrace is an aviary, on a lawn studded with ornamental trees, and groups of plants of various kinds arranged in fancy beds. On the right is a wall of moderate height, covered with Climbing Roses, in front of which are also beds filled with Geraniums, Verbenas, and other summer and autumn flowering plants. On the top of the wall arches have been built, and the Roses are trained up to partly cover them. At the drop of the arches narrow trellises are fixed at a dis- tance of about one foot from the wall, and are covered with the Sweet-scented Clematis (Clematis flammula), the effect of which is very good. The Climbing Roses, which are of various kinds, are chiefly budded on the old Noisette. One plant, which attracted particular attention, was the Fulgens (Hybrid Chinese), whose growth was extraordinary ; and there was also a plant of Franklin (Hybrid Bourbon), which Mr. Fuller, who is gardener there, informed me is budded on the White Banksia, and from which circumstance it appeared to lose none of its known character for robustness. Proceeding forwards, we pass, by a gently deviating path, through a Dahlia Garden and a Verbena Garden, and enter the Rosarium, of which it is more particularly our business to speak. Annexed (No. 3) is a view of the Rosarium, which, with the description we are N°. 3. about to offer, will, we trust, convey to our readers a clear idea of its construction. We admit that it is simple in the extreme, but think none will condemn it on that account. Its dimensions are, length, 85 yards; width, 27 yards. The number of plants contained in it is about 2200, 1000 of which are Autumnals. It lies open to the south-west. It is fenced in on the east by a wall, on which fruit-trees are planted ; and to the west is a laurel-hedge, which forms a capital shelter and back- ground, although not allowed to grow to a sufficient height to injure the Roses by shade or otherwise. The ground between the wall on the east and the laurel-hedge on the west is formed into‘five beds. The first three of which we shall make mention contain Summer Roses only, many of which are large and handsome specimens. At the back of the bed, nearest the wall marked 1, is a row of iron stakes, placed about six feet apart, and standing five or six feet out of the ground, at about three (Div. 1.) h 38 THE ROSE GARDEN. feet from the wall. Against these, Climbing Roses are placed; some on their own roots, which are trained up from the ground ; others, which are the kinds of rambling growth, are budded on tall stems. Some of the branches of the latter are trained on chains running from stake to stake, with a slight curve, forming festoons of Roses; while the chief portion are allowed to rise and form a head above the iron stake. About midway in the row, between each of these climbers, a dwarf is planted, and thus the back row is formed. In front of it are three rows, which gradually slope towards the path in front. The plants on stems are planted about four feet apart in the row, and dwarfs are freely interspersed, which does away with the disagreeable appearance that is often presented to view in beds of Standard Roses only, by the exposure of a broad surface of bare ground. As we look at the Roses from the walks in front, we discover that they are not planted in straight lines, but transversely, and the front row is formed with complete dwarfs. The next bed (No.2) is also a parallelogram, containing six rows of plants. There are two rows in the centre, on stems of about equal height; from either side of which there are two rows, the one under the other, sloping gradually towards the paths. The order of planting is the same here as in No.1; but this bed has two fronts, the one facing the east, the other the west. In No. 3 there are three rows of plants, sloping from the back to the walk, as before. Behind these is a light wire fence, covered with various climbing plants, which separates the Summer kinds from the Autumnals. No. 4 is planted entirely with Autumnals. It is supported behind with the wire fence just mentioned, which divides the gardens, and in front is a serpentine walk. In the narrowest part of this bed there are three rows of plants, in the deepest five, the whole sloping from the wire fence behind towards the walk in front. The order of planting here is the same as before. Let one feature, how- ever, be noted: the Autumnal Roses, being of smaller growth than the Summer kinds, they are planted at lesser distances. Here and there, too, a large Standard, or a Pillar Rose, is placed at the curves of the bed, which breaks the uniformity of appearance, which, when the Rosarium is on a grand scale, might otherwise become tiresome. No. 5, which is the last bed, is that in front of the laurel-hedge on the other side of the serpentine walk. There are six plants in the deepest part of this bed, and four in the narrowest. The order of planting is as before. At the north end of the Rosarium, opposite to bed No.2, is a rustic temple, raised considerably above the level of the ground, and covered with various creeping plants. The front of the raised ground on which it is built is planted with Kalmias and Rhododendrons, forming a bank sloping to the level of the Rose beds. From this temple a fine view of the garden is obtained, and it was from here our sketch was taken. Looking down upon the Roses, we see white, purple, crimson, yellow, with various intermediate tints, mingled together in gay THE ROSE GARDEN. 39 profusion; the trees, in some instances, of such size, that a single specimen presents the eye with a gorgeous mass of colour. In the extreme distance this indeed is all we can distinguish; but the trees and flowers immediately beneath the eye are individually seen to advantage. As we continue to gaze on the prospect before us, the whole melts into one broad sheet of colours, variously and inextricably commingled, the effect heightened by the tufts of rich green foliage rising here and there among the flowers. As the eye seeks relief by resting upon the walks, we see, at the further end, arches covered with Climbing Roses, under which we pass on our return to the terrace. The walks in this Rosarium are of gravel; and a double row of flints, with their white coats, are placed at the edges of the beds, a space of about six inches being left between the rows, in which Sedums and various rock plants are planted. Where the walks intersect, a Climbing Rose is planted at each corner of the beds, and trained over iron supports to form a floral archway. We shall now present our readers with two original plans, designed expressly for this work by Messrs. Major and Son, the eminent landscape gardeners of Knosthorpe, near Leeds, and on which they make the following remarks :— “We have arranged them in the formal style, which we decidedly prefer to any other. In grounds sufficiently extensive for the introduction of various scenes, the Rosarium is one calculated to produce considerable interest ; and being formal, and a separate scene, it is necessary that it should be masked out from the general pleasure-ground by shrubs and low ornamental trees, blending with the adjoining ground in the natural or English style. In situations where the ground is too limited for the introduction of a Rosarium, we prefer assembling the Dwarf Roses im groups or small masses in front of the shrubberies ; and arranging the Standards irregularly here and there just behind some of the lower shrubs, so that the stems for the most part may be covered. The heads appearing above the shrubs has a highly interesting effect. “In the designs for the Rosariums, we have arranged the whole of the beds and Standard Roses as near each other as they should be placed, even in the most limited grounds ; but in situations where a little more space of lawn can be allowed, it will be better to keep them more apart, the same character being kept. “If an extensive Rosarium is required, it is only necessary to increase the number of beds and Standards, and to preserve the same proportions in the beds and lawn as shewn in the plan No.4 and in No.5: it would only be required to throw the shrubbery farther back, and form another range of round beds between it and the Standards; and, if necessary, the shrubberies enclosing the Rosariums may be fronted both with Standards and Dwarf Roses. We adopted this plan, a few years ago, in arranging a Gentleman’s Rosarium, the area of which was nearly half an acre in extent; but his collection being very extensive, we found it necessary to front the whole of the shrubbery enclosing the compartment both with Standards and Dwarfs; and during the blooming season it presented a scene h2 40 THE ROSE GARDEN. -o— i o-9 2-a—— 2-8 — 5-5 —1- a — GY . Pa) DAREN. ree ym [ . ato. Arcade of trellis-work. Scale of Feet. cc. Covered seats. THE ROSE GARDEN. 41 truly splendid, surpassing the assemblage of any other family of plants we ever saw, even a splendid collection of Rhododendrons which composed another scene in the same grounds. “The arcades in both designs are for exhibiting Climbing Roses, which we need not say will produce a very imposing- effect. They should be formed of Scale of Feet. a a. Circular arcade of trellis-work. b. Aviary. e ec. Covered seats. dddd. Weeping Roses. (Div. I.) h3 42 THE ROSE GARDEN. latticed pilasters, twelve inches wide, and about six feet high to the spring of the arches, each pilaster having four uprights one and a quarter inch square, placed two and two, an inch apart, with balls between them at proper distances, and filled up in the middle with lattice-work, shewing five-eighths of an inch in front. The openings between the pilasters may be from four to five fect, according to the height. The arch over the walk must be of lattice-work. Some of the round beds may be of basket-work, twelve or fifteen inches deep, especially those shewn with a varied outline. “Tn order to make the Rosarium as interesting as possible, the beds might be planted with patches of early flowering bulbs to precede the general bloom of Roses; which bulbs, after flowering, might be lifted, and their places supplied by all the different kinds of Annuals, to succeed the general Rose bloom. So that there would first be a show of early bulbous flowers; then the grand display of Roses ; and, lastly, the show of Annuals.” But it may not suit every one’s inclination or convenience to form a Rosarium, however desirous he may be of cultivating a few choice specimens of Roses. In small gardens it often happens that there is little room, or the proprietor’s favourite may be another flower. He may wish not to exclude Roses altogether, although he has not space to cultivate many. It is therefore necessary that we should consider how they may be introduced, to form an agreeable feature in the Flower Garden. Various methods have been suggested, and many carried out with good effect. With regard to Standards, they have been grouped in beds on lawns; planted in continuous lines, running parallel with walks; in square beds, or parallelograms ; and they are also not unfrequently planted singly on lawns. Dwarfs are planted in single beds, or groups of beds; sometimes a single variety to each bed, to obtain masses of well-contrasted colours; sometimes the varieties are mixed, and the colours blended. Each of these plans is good under particular circumstances ; for we have not always the exact plot of ground at our disposal necessary to carry out certain forms, and besides which our tastes vary. Perhaps the best mode of introducing Roses to the Flower Garden is, by a group of beds thrown together on a lawn. In these, if the proprietor be a Rose Amateur, he would most likely be desirous of obtaining as great a variety as pos- sible ; and a bed should be set apart for each group, or for a certain number of his favourite groups, if he be confined for space. There is a very elegant arrange- ment of clumps on the lawn at Southgate House, the seat of Isaac Walker, Esq. The ground they occupy is a strip taken in from the park, about one hundred and thirty yards long, and eight yards wide: it lies open to the east. There are fif- teen clumps formed in a single row, some two, and some four yards apart, excepting the sixth and seventh clumps, between which there is a clear space of sixteen yards. Their forms are circles, segments of circles, ovals, parallelograms, octagons, and the like. In front of the lawn is a broad gravel walk, and at the THE ROSE GARDEN. 43 back a wire fence, separating the lawn from the park. The clumps are planted with the following groups, in the order in which we place them, commencing with that nearest the dwelling-house: 1. Bourbon; 2. French; 3. Provence; 4. Da- mask Perpetual; 5. French; 6. Moss; 7. Noisette; 8. Bourbon Perpetual ; 9. Hybrid Provence; 10. Hybrid Perpetual; 11. Hybrid Chinese; 12. Damask and Alba mixed; 13. Bourbon; 14. Sweet Brier, and its hybrids; 15. Hybrid Perpetual. This series of clumps is situate on the right-hand side of the gravel- walk when proceeding from the house. To the left are walks leading to the Flower Garden, some fine Horse-chesnut trees, and a few clumps to contain Geraniums, Verbenas, and various other plants. Behind these is a wall, on which fruit-trees are planted. At the further end of the Rose-clumps is a group of ornamental trees, opposite to which is a Summer-house. With regard to the arrangement, the plants intended for the centre, or centre rows, were selected on stems about three feet and a half high: the others gradually decrease in height as they approach the edges of the beds. The greatest distance from plant to plant is three feet ; and the smaller growers, which have place towards the circumference of the beds, are planted nearer to each other. The natural soil here is clay upon gravel. In preparing the ground to receive the Roses, the soil was removed from the beds to the depth of two feet, and replaced with good loam—the washings of the park and fields, which had been collected from the gutters there. The earth from the walk was removed to a greater depth than that of the beds ; and various substances were placed in the bottom to form a drain, in order that the latter might be laid quite dry. This was taking a great deal of pains with a soil not irremediably bad—with a soil which might have been rendered suitable for Rose-culture with less labour than that bestowed on it. But the additional pains- taking was more than repaid by the complete success attendant on the transplan- tation of the trees. Of 319 specimens transferred from the Nurseries here, not one died! The greater part, too, flowered beautifully the first season after trans- plantation, which is not generally the case. They were planted with great care, and no doubt received the strictest attention during the spring and summer. But although the success here must be chiefly ascribed to the above-mentioned cir- cumstances, this case must not be considered as one of common occurrence. We record it here because remarkable; for, with the most skilful management and utmost care, some instances of failure will almost invariably ensue. When Roses are planted in the manner of which we are now speaking, if the proprietor of the garden be a lover of flowers in general, without caring to enter into the detail of the matter, planting in masses of colour will probably suit his taste better than making upeach clump with mixed varieties. In this case the beds should be of smaller dimensions than when filled with various kinds, or there is an appearance of too much sameness. We here plant for effect ; and if the plants are Dwarfs, full scope may be allowed for the exercise of taste and ingenuity in 44 THE ROSE GARDEN. the. construction of the beds: the simple forms recommended to the Amateur for Roses on stems may be cast aside. The effect of planting masses of colour is truly splendid, and such as cannot be accomplished simply by a mixture of varieties. Let us suppose a group of beds formed on a lawn within sight of the drawing- room, and filled with the freest flowering Roses. Let Chinese Fabvier (scarlet) fill one bed; Bourbon Queen (salmon) another; Paul Joseph (purple and crim- son) a third; Le Pactole (yellow) a fourth; and, in continuation, selecting kinds to introduce as agreeable a contrast of colour as possible, and of as nearly equal growth, as the form of the series of beds may require. If we prefer Summer Roses, there are kinds among them quite as suitable for the purpose. Can we doubt the effect of this mode of planting? Could we introduce a more agreeable feature to the Flower Garden? If formed of the Autumnals, we have flowers springing forth in the earliest of Summer, and continuing to blossom till Novem- ber; bidding defiance to the slight frosts of Autumn, which check or destroy the less hardy races, that contribute so much to the beautifying of the garden. In small gardens, where variety is desirable, a bed of moderate, or large size, produces probably a more agreeable effect than numerous small beds: the latter are, however, better, if well-contrasted masses of colour are desired. Standard Roses, planted in lines running parallel with garden-walks, are shewn to great advantage, and this method is in many cases to be recommended ; the borders beneath being planted with herbaceous plants, or others of humble growth. There is one practice which has been too frequently adopted in planting Roses singly on lawns, that of placing the turf close up to and around the stems imme- diately after planting: this cannot be too highly deprecated. The starved and unhealthy appearance the plants usually present tells unmistakeably their dislike of such treatment. Why, then, should they be submitted to it? Were they allowed to become thoroughly established, the turf might then be laid on without producing such injurious consequences. But it is desirable to avoid even this. For of what avail, we ask, can the soft genial showers of spring be, or even the heavier rains of summer, to the roots of a tree, when they have first to pass through the thirsty turf, and give sustenance to the blades composing it. And again, the turfing of the ground prevents in some measure the air from permeating the soil, which practice proves so beneficial to the growth of plants. It may be said that an open space round a plant on a lawn is objectionable; but this may be overcome by placing a few white flints or burs on the soil; or sowing it with Annuals of small growth, which would diversify and add to the beauty of the garden. Some varieties of Roses, which form large heads when grown as Standards, look well planted in avenues. In small gardens, Standards of various kinds may be planted completely round the outside of the lawn, at equal or various distances. THE ROSE GARDEN. 45 Weeping Roses form beautiful objects when planted singly on lawns; and it is surprising that they are not more generally cultivated. Are they so rare that few have yet witnessed them in complete beauty? Itmay beso. There is a Letter now before me, from an Amateur in Devonshire, who purchased from here, three years since, a plant of the Ayrshire Ruga eight feet in the stem. It has been trained as a Weeper; and the tips of its branches now rest upon the grass below : an arbour is formed by it, and there is a seat within. The branches are, in the flowering season, covered with blossoms from the head to the ground, and the sight is described as magnificent. There are but few kinds naturally suited for this mode of growth; although many may, by a course of pruning and training, be brought to form handsome specimens. Of natural Weepers, the Ayrshire and Evergreen are the best. Of others, such of the Austrian, the Boursault, the Hybrid Chinese, the Hybrid Noisette, the Noisette, and Bourbon, as are of pendulous growth, should be chosen. The latter groups introduce a pleasing variety of character and colour, points well worth gaining, especially if many Weepers are wished for. We cannot conceive a more beautiful object on a lawn than a Standard Rose trained as a Weeper,* covered, in summer, with its thousands of blossoms, relieved and admirably set off by the careless grace of its growth, and the agreeable colour of the foliage. By a careful choice of varieties, and a judicious system of pruning (see article “ Pruning”), the long pendulous branches may be made to droop from any moderate height to the ground, producing flowers their whole length. We should fancy that Roses of pendulous growth, worked on short stems, and planted in vases, would have a pretty effect. Again, if the same kinds were planted as Dwarfs, in raised baskets, on lawns or elsewhere, and their shoots allowed to hang down on all sides, the effect of the masses of flower they produce, if equalled, could not be surpassed. We occasionally see varieties of vigorous and straggling growth formed as plain Standard or Bush Roses. We must confess we do not admire them as such; and think them better fitted to form Climbers, Pillars, or Weepers. And if the Rose is more beautiful under one form than another, it is perhaps when fashioned as a Pillar Rose. Every Rosarium, and indeed every Flower Garden, should possess some of them. We have previously stated that they may be introduced to the Rosarium, to form the boundary-line of the summer and autumn gardens. In the Flower Garden they may be planted to form temples, avenues, singly on lawns, or in groups of three, five, or more. If planted in a ring round a circular clump on a lawn, at some distance from its circumference, we should conceive the effect to be good. There is a collection here planted on both sides of a raised walk four feet wide, at distances of three feet in the row. They form a complete grove or * Where any particular mode of growing Roses is recommended, a list of a select few suited for the purpose will be given at the end of the work. 46 THE ROSE GARDEN. avenue, at either end of which is an arbour. The tallest plants are now about fourteen feet high ; and when the whole are in bloom, they attract more attention than any other feature in the garden. The kinds are, the Ayrshire, Sempervirens, Boursault, Hybrid Chinese, Noisette, and Bourbon, planted indiscriminately, some of which shew themselves better suited for the purpose than others, and which we shall point out when we come to speak of Pillar Roses. Climbing Roses may be introduced to the Flower Garden to advantage, as a cover for fences, or to hide any object disagreeable to the eye. When it is wished to cover a high fence or building quickly, some of the strongest growers should be chosen, budded on tall stems: the space left beneath may then be covered with kinds of less rampant growth. Climbing Roses may be planted to cover arbours, rustic seats, or to form arcades or arches over walks. I have seen them trained on arches by the sides of walks, a line of arches on either side running their entire length, not stretching over them. Such may be admitted, in certain positions in the Flower Garden, with charming effect, although they are not always in harmony with surrounding objects, or in good taste. When this arrangement may seem suitable, the arches should not be placed at too great a distance from each other ; and the effect may sometimes be heightened by running chains, in curved lines, from arch to arch, covering them with the spare branches of the Roses. For this purpose the Evergreen Roses are perhaps the best, as they are very hardy, and hold their leaves longer in winter than any other Climbers. The Evergreen and the Ayrshire may also be planted in rough places in parks, to trail over waste ground, hillocks, or the like: they may also be made to climb old trees; in which way they present a very rustic appearance, and produce a pleasing effect. It appears to us better taste to plant them in such situations than budded plants, as the latter are only in character in dressed grounds. A bank of Roses produces a very agreeable effect, especially when seen from the windows of the house. The Evergreen, owing to their vigour and density of growth, and the immense trusses of flowers they produce, are of the best kind for this purpose. They may be planted two or three yards apart, according to the quality of the soil. They will need only just so much training as to induce them to cover regularly and thickly the whole surface of ground. As to pruning, the less the better; but we must of course keep the form of the bank elegant, and the plants in health and vigour. If these same kinds were planted at the base of trees in the most open spots, near the confines, or within sight of the walks in shrubberies, we think they would introduce a pleasing feature there. In such places, how often does the gloomy and desolate triumph over the cheerful and beautiful! The trees are often bare, or dead branches only seen, for some distance from the ground; and the beauty of their tops is not appreciable as we walk beneath. Who has not sometimes rambled in such walks, where the wild Honeysuckles have presented the most pleasing feature, if not the only one, to tempt him to pursue his walk? And THE ROSE GARDEN. 47 beautiful indeed they are, creeping over the rugged branches of the trees, their tortuous stems shewing here and there, and their beautiful flowers and leaves glistening among the boughs above. And why should not Roses be brought to fill like positions. Let the Ayrshire be planted in spots where they obtain a litile light, and they will do. But it will be well to give them every encouragement at the outset. Remove the soil at the root of the tree to the depth of eighteen inches, and for two or three feet square, filling up the opening with two-thirds good turfy loam, well intermixed with one-third manure, rich, but not too fresh. In this they may be planted. Train them for the first year or two, until they get good hold of the trees; then manure them annually. Prune very little ; and there is no doubt they will flower well, and lend additional interest and beauty to the shrubbery-walks by the relief and variety they give. In some places, where the shrubbery-walks are extensive, we have seen groups of Roses introduced with good effect. It is probably the best plan here to have the arrangement as simple as possible, that it may be comprehended at a glance. It should be entirely concealed from distant view, to the end that some little surprise may be created, by finding our- selves unexpectedly greeted in our course with a mass of these lovely flowers. Planting simply in straight rows about four deep appears an excellent method; and the plants may be arranged to slope gradually from the back to the front. The entrance at each end might be arched over with wire-work ; or even two or three rustic poles fixed upright on either side the walk, and arched over, would be in perfect harmony with the design. Round and over these poles and arches Climbing Roses may be induced to grow, mingling the colours, or not, as taste may suggest, but taking care that the varieties be abundant bloomers, and of similar growth. If the arches are too long, the light is excluded from the inte- rior, and the flowers all draw to the top, in which position they are not seen. If it is wished to have an arched Rose-walk, the arches should not exceed two feet in length, and they should be placed about a yard apart. The effect produced in viewing the walk from either end is the same as if the arches covered the whole space of ground ; and when passing under them, the flowers hang drooping from the sides and top, and are then seen to advantage. But to return. From the situation (the Shrubbery), the rare and perfect kinds of Roses will not be looked for here: the beholder will very probably not stay long enough to examine them critically, and the aim should be to produce an impression at first sight. This may be done by choosing the showy free flowering kinds, such as are famed for the quantity of flowers they produce, for beauty en masse, and brilliancy of colour, in preference to those possessed of great symmetry of form, or exactitude of habit. Many of the Chinese, Hybrid Chinese, and Noi- sette Roses, are of this kind. Such a plantation as that just described exists at Ponsbourne Park, Herts, the seat of Wynn Ellis, Esq. M.P. The entrance on either side is arched over with rustic poles, for a distance of a few yards; the arch is so curved that the plantation 48 THE ROSE GARDEN. is entirely concealed from view till you are within it. The walk, which is simply a continuation of the shrubbery-walk, is of gravel; the beds edged with the pretty Lawrenciana Roses. We can imagine the effect of such an encounter upon the mind of a visitor, who may have chosen to spend his early hours in the shrubbery-walks. There is a very pretty arrangement of Roses introduced in the walks of the shrubbery in the gardens of John Warner, Esq., at Hoddesdon. No. 6. is a N° "6: ground-plan of the beds in which they are planted. The earth in the four beds which compose the inner circle is raised about four feet above the level of that which surrounds it ; and upon this is built a temple, the frame-work being formed with iron rods. It is covered with Climbing Roses of various kinds. There are eight plants planted in each bed. No. 7. is a sketch taken of this temple when Nive 7. THE ROSE GARDEN. 49 the Roses were pruned. Although they cover it entirely, we have thought it desirable to omit them, in order that the construction of the frame-work might be clearly seen. The temple, to which there are four entrances, has at its cireum- ference twelve gothic arches, the outer standards of which are seven feet three inches high, and six feet three inches apart. There are other iron supports be- tween the outer standards and the centre one: the latter, which is placed on the top of the mound, stands ten feet clear of the ground. In the outer ranges of beds are planted a Standard and Dwarf Rose alternately. The diameter of the first circle is twenty-six feet, that of the whole, forty-eight feet. When in the temple, looking down the walks, we see three rustic figures, modelled in lead, and mounted on pedestals, which vary and add to the beauty of the design. The fourth figure, which would seem required, to give grace and uniformity to the scene, is wanting, a brook running on one side of the circle occu- pying the ground where it should have place. A hedge of Scotch Roses is planted round the outside, over which we look upon an extensive lawn, with Pinuses and various plants shewing in the distance. Forming a part of the Shrubbery, we may suppose it is not entirely ‘free from trees, but it lies open on one side; and to this, united with skilful management, may be attributed the healthy and vigorous condition of the plants. The space allotted to this branch of the work is already filled, which we regret, as there are many other Rose Gardens well worthy of notice. One more we must just glance at, which is known as Rosenthal, and is the property of A. Rowland, Esq., situate at Lewisham, in Kent. The principal fea- tures in this garden are an arched Rose-walk, and a Temple of Roses. Water is introduced here, which, although not on an extensive scale, creates variety, and imparts freshness and animation to the scene. There is a garden of about two acres, planted with the French, Provence, and Perpetual Roses. (Div. I.) k CHAP lL Vee ON THE CHOICE AND ARRANGEMENT OF VARIETIES, AND REMARKS ON PLANTING. Havine formed the Rosarium, it may be well, before proceeding further, to ask ourselves this question—Are the soil and locality sufficiently favourable to admit of the successful cultivation of all kinds indiscriminately? If so, so much the better; for variation in character is certainly desiyable, and each group pos- sesses some particular feature to recommend it. There are the Damask Per- petual, and the Tea-scented, justly celebrated for their fragrance. The Hybrids of the Chinese have an equal claim, on account of their finely-shaped flowers and great variation in colour; besides which, they are the hardiest of Roses, thriving in less favourable situations than most others. Then there are the Chinese, re- markable for great regularity of growth, and whose flowers are produced in gay profusion in Spring, Summer, and Autumn, and which only cease to blow when the chill breath of winter strikes them, heralding the approach of the season of repose. In addition to these, there are the Provence, the Moss, the Damask, the Alba, the Hybrid Perpetual, and the Bourbon—the two latter blooming almost as con- stantly and as long as the Chinese—and many other groups as interesting, if not so extensive, or so generally known. Can we, in planting the Rosarium, wholly dispense with any group? We think not. To render the design complete, a few varieties from each should be chosen: the cultivator may have his favourite groups, and introduce them in greater quantity ; but if the soil and situation are good, he should not wholly exclude any. We now intend to note the number of varieties we should draw from each group, were we about to plant a Rosarium for ourselves: this, we believe, will prove useful to some of our readers. And in order to do justice to so difficult a task, I have carefully considered the varieties separately, and in many instances weighed them the one against the other. Let us suppose a Rosarium to require five hundred plants; and as all have not precisely the same objects in view in planting, it may be well to offer two arrangements. 1. Where the design is to introduce as great a variety as possible, without sacrificing desirable qualities or beauty : THE ROSE GARDEN. 5) Summer Rosss: *The Boursault, 3. The Double Yellow, 1. The Scotch, 12. The Damask, 12. The Provence, 10. The Pompon, 4. +The Moss, 30. The French, 80. The Hybrid French, 20. +The Hybrid Chinese, 50. +The Hybrid Bourbon, 20. The Hybrid Noisette, 5. The Alba, 10. The Sweet Brier, 3. The Austrian Brier, 3. *The Ayrshire, 6. *The Evergreen, 6. *The Multi- flora, 4. *The Hybrid Musk, 2. *The Prairie Rose,6. *The Banksia Rose, 3, AvutumnaLt Roses: *The Macartney, 3. The Microphylla, 2. The Four Seasons, 2. The Rose de Trianon, 4. The Damask Perpetual, 10. +The Hybrid Perpetual, 30. The Bourbon Perpetual, 8. *The Rose de Rosoméne, 6. The Perpetual Scotch, 2, The Perpetual Moss, 2. The Crimson Chinese, 15. The Chinese, 15. The Fairy Rose, 4. The Tea-scented, 46. +The Bourbon, 50. *The Musk, 3. *The Noisette, 12. From the groups marked thus f, the best Pillar or Pole Roses may be drawn: from those marked thus *, the best Climbing and Weeping Roses. 2. Where one view in the culture of Roses is to compete for prizes at the horticultural exhibitions : Summer Roses: Provence, 8. Moss, 10. Damask, 6. Alba, 6. Gallica, 75. Hybrid French, 20. Hybrid Chinese, 30. Hybrid Bourbon, 15. Aus- trian, 1. Avtumnat Rosts.— Damask Perpetual, 6. Hybrid Perpetual, 18. Bourbon, 20. Noisette,4. Crimson Chinese, 5. Chinese, 6. Tea-scented, 20. Under these circumstances, we think it advisable to reduce the number of va- rieties, and plant two specimens of each. It is not often that we can cut three fine trusses of flowers (which are required under the present mode of exhibiting round London) from a single plant at the same point of time; and, from a glance at the rules of several Provincial Socicties, I should say two plants of each, of a less number of varieties, offer advantages over double the number of which only single plants are grown. In addition to the reason given above, I would remark, that by reducing the number of varieties, we improve the quality of our Collec: tion; and although it may be difficult to cull the choicest where all are choice, yet he who has a thorough knowledge of the varieties, whose eye has been long practised among them, will discern slight differences, and know the true merit of each. But sometimes circumstances are adverse to the cultivation of all kinds, and what must be done then? This materially alters the aspect of affairs. The cul- tivator should then consider what proportion may be planted to advantage, and make up his plans with such. We have previously stated that it is unnecessary to plant delicate Roses in unfavourable situations or unkindly soils, as there are plenty of a nature and character adapted for all such circumstances. Let us, then, before we leave this part of the subject, offer a classification of the groups, with the view of aiding the tyro in selecting for himself. 1. The hardiest groups; the varieties thriving in localities and soils the least k 2 52 THE ROSE GARDEN. favourable to vegetation. Summer Roses: Boursault, Damask, Hybrid Chinese, Hybrid Bourbon, Ayrshire, Evergreen, Hybrid Musk, the Prairie Rose. Autumnal Roses: Some of the Hybrid Perpetual, some of the Bourbon, some of the Noisette. The plants here, whether dwarfs or standards, should be budded, and not on their own roots. 2. Hardy groups; the varieties thriving in ordinary soils and situations, under common treatment. In addition to all the groups mentioned in No. 1, the follow- ing may be classed here: Summer Roses: The Scotch Rose, the Provence, the Pompon, the Moss (budded), the French, the Hybrid French, the Hybrid Noisette, the Alba, the Sweet Brier, the Austrian Brier. Autumnal Roses: The Four Seasons, the Rose de Trianon, the Damask Perpetual, the Bourbon Perpetual, the Perpetual Scotch, the Perpetual Moss, the Crimson Chinese, the Chinese or Monthly, the Bourbon, the Musk. 3. Hardy groups, as regards soil, but requiring an airy locality and slight protection against frost, if the weather be severe in winter. Summer Roses: the Multiflora, the Banksiew. Autumnal Roses: the Macartney, the Micro- phylla, the Rose de Rosoméne, the Crimson Chinese, the Chinese or Monthly, the Fairy Rose, the Tea-scented, some varieties of the Noisette. 4. Groups not liable to injury from frost, but which require a pure air. Sum- mer Roses: the Double Yellow, the Austrian Brier. 5. Groups requiring a wall to develope their flowers in full beauty. Summer Roses: the Banksia. Antumnal Roses: the Macartney, the Microphylla; also varieties from various groups, whose flowers do not expand well under ordinary treatment. 6. Groups best adapted for the heaviest soils. Summer Roses: the Boursault, the Damask, the Hybrids of the Provence, the French, the Hybrid French, the Hybrid Chinese, the Hybrid Bourbon, the Sweet Brier, the Evergreen, the Multiflora, the Hybrid Musk. Autumnal Roses: the Hybrid Perpetual, the Chinese or Monthly, some of the Bourbons, the Musk, some of the Noisette. For such soils as these the plants should be budded, and not on their own roots. 7. Groups suited for the lightest soils. Swmmer Roses: the Scotch Rose, the Provence, the Pompon, the Moss, the French, the Hybrid Noisette, the Alba, the Ayrshire. Autumnal Roses: the Four Seasons, the Rose de Trianon, the Damask Perpetual, some of the Hybrid Perpetual, the Bourbon Perpetual, the Perpetual Scotch, the Crimson Chinese, the Fairy, the Tea-scented, some of the Bourbon, some of the Noisette. In soils of the above description the plants should, so far as attainable, be grown on their own roots: such as are not, should be budded on very short stems. 8. Groups best suited for Pot-culture, many kinds improving greatly in beauty when grown under giass. Swmmer Roses: some of the Hybrid Chinese, some of the Hybrid Bourbon. Autumnal Roses: some of the Damask Perpetual, the Hybrid Perpetual, the Bourbon Perpetual, the Crimson Chinese, the Chinese. THE ROSE GARDEN. 5S or Monthly, the Fairy Rose, the Tea-scented, some of the Bourbon, some of the Noisette. The plants may be budded, or on their own roots, at the option of the cultivator. 9. Groups best suited for forcing. 'The same as recommended for pot-culture in No. 8; and the plants should be budded on the Dog-Rose, the Manettii, or some free stock. 10. Groups which furnish the best Climbing Roses. Swmmer Roses: the Boursault, the Ayrshire, the Evergreen, the Multiflora, the Hybrid Musk, the Prairie Rose, the Banksian Rose. Autumnal Roses: the Macartney, the Rose de Rosoméne, the Musk, some of the Noisette. 11. Groups which furnish the best Pillar or Pole Roses. Summer Roses: the Damask, the *Moss, the Hybrid Chinese, the Hybrid Bourbon, the Hybrid Noisette, the *Alba Rose. Autumnal Roses: the Hybrid Perpetual, the Bourbon, the Noisette. The “vigorous” growers from these groups must be selected, and the plants usually preferred are dwarfs on their own roots. These remarks are applicable to No. 10 also. In selecting varieties to plant in the Rosarium, or to ornament the Flower Garden, if the individual have not a thorough knowledge of Roses, the better plan for him to pursue is, to make known his plans to a respectable Rose grower. Let him first name his soil and situation; then the particular object he has in view in cultivating Roses; whether he desires to compete for prizes at the horti- cultural exhibitions, or merely seeks, in Rose-culture, a quiet recreation; or whether, again, his object be to create a display, to obtain a grand mass of flowers, or to produce effect from some particular spot. He should state whether he would wish Summer or Autumn Roses to preponderate; and if he has some knowledge of the groups, let him name those which are most pleasing to his taste. In addition to this, he should state whether standards or dwarfs, &c. are most admired ; the colours preferred ; and give either the number of plants wanted, or the quality and the sum he wishes to expend. This is undoubtedly the most advantageous plan for the purchaser. If the tyro select his own varieties from the Catalogues, the chances are, that he will be taken with one or two points in a Rose, and fix upon it without giving other points their due weight, and thus disappointment not unfrequently ensues. For example: the Rose Le Grand Capitaine (Bourbon Perpetual) is exquisite in colour ; it is large, and very double. These qualities would recommend it; but it is a poor grower, and the arrangement of the petals is indescribably bad.—The flowers of Coquette de Montmorency (Bourbon Perpetual) are perfect in form ; the habit of the plant is also unique, but the flowers are small, and the variety a shy grower. The Rose amateur will usually discover these points, but not so the tyro; and no sale-catalogue can afford space to describe, in full, all the good and bad points of each variety. But if the purchaser give the information above stated, and apply to a respectable firm, his objects may be fully attained. Let it (Div. I.) k3 54 THE ROSE GARDEN. be further remarked, that this plan of dealing is also advantageous to the vendor ; and he compensates for the accommodation afforded him, by sending a number of plants free of charge, or prices the whole at a lower rate than he could have done had the amateur selected them individually. The efforts of the Rose- growers are directed towards obtaining the greatest possible quantity of the finest varieties ; and independent of feeling it a duty to serve, in the best manner, those who confide in them, it is their interest in two ways to supply only the choicest varieties. In the first place, they have usually the largest stock of such; and then, it is these which will do them the most credit, and recommend them to further transactions. It is no advantage to them to send bad growers, or second- rate kinds: it is the reverse. The bad growers are always most difficult to propa- gate and bring to a saleable condition, for which the trifling addition in price does not compensate: and it is easier to grow four or five thousand of a first-rate variety, than to grow alike number of plants divided into fifty different kinds. We need not speak of the disadvantage they reap from the sale of any but the best kinds; and I believe they do this, even though the purchaser select them himself. But beyond the advantages already mentioned as derived on both sides from this method of dealing, the purchaser obtains better plants. In a collection of one or two thousand varieties, there is a greater number of first-rate kinds than the most ardent cultivator of Roses would be likely to purchase at one time; and if the plants of any particular variety are small or weakly that season, they are excluded, and can be added to the collection at subsequent periods. Let us now proceed to make a few remarks on planting. We will suppose the beds ready formed and prepared, and the order of planting arranged. There is a sufficient number of plants at hand of the required heights and kinds to fill them. If it be a Rosarium or a series of beds we are about to plant, we may suppose that each group will have a bed to itself; or if our plans are not sufficiently extensive to admit of this, each bed should be planted with varieties of one group only, or at furthest with a combination of such as resemble each other in external cha- racters. We are speaking now of planting the Rosarium, or a series of beds: in a single bed or clump it is desirable to mix the groups. The disposing of the plants will vary so much, according to the plan of the Rosarium or the taste of the individual, and is withal so simple, that it does not appear necessary to enlarge on this particular point. One thing in planting should be borne in mind—Never suffer the roots to lie exposed to the sun and wind, not even for an hour. I fancy I hear, as I have heard some say, Nonsense! the Dog Rose is so hardy that you may expose it for a month to all weathers, wind, frost, or sunshine, without fear of injuring it. I have often heard this asserted, and have tried experiments, which it is not necessary to record here, to convince myself of a simple fact, which it may be said no one ought to have doubted. One experiment I will relate. In planting some French Roses, two plants of the same kind were left out of the ground for two days and two nights in December. They THE ROSE GARDEN. ao were budded on the Dog Rose. The days were sunny, the nights were frosty, the mercury falling to about 28° Fahrenheit. Numerous other plants, whose roots were kept covered, and which were planted at the same time, grew and flourished without one exception. And these two did not die; but for three years they have maintained a miserable existence, neither growing as the others grow, nor producing any creditable flowers ; and yet they were as robust and vigorous as any, if, indeed, not more so. If there are two employed in planting, the one may dig the holes at proper distances, mixing the soil taken out with some well-pulverized manure, and laying it on the sides of the holes ready for use in planting. If the soil be light, he may, notwithstanding the dressing it may have previously received, add a few spadesful of loam for any very choice kind: if the soil be heavy, he may add a few spadesful of leaf-mould. This latter substance is an excellent addition to heavy soils, and almost indispensable when the Tea-scented Roses are planted there: it tempts them to root vigorously, and strong well-flowered plants are the result. If Standards only are planted, three feet apart is a good distance ; and if there is an objection to planting Dwarfs among the Standards, and it is still thought desirable to cover the ground below during summer, this may be accomplished by planting Annuals, such as, Mignonette, Viscaria oculata, Campanula stricta, and any others of slender growth. These cannot injure the Roses: in hot dry sea- sons we believe they prove beneficial, by the partial shade they afford; but they should be planted very thinly, and those kinds chosen which are of the most slender growth. When Dwarf Roses only are planted, from one to three feet, according to the vigour of the kinds, is the distance usually chosen. A few words on arranging plants in single beds may not be misplaced here. We first take the centre of the bed, where we place the tallest plant, and which should be a robust grower, an abundant bloomer, and an attractive Rose. In reference to this plant, whatever may be the shape or size of the bed, the others are disposed. They should incline gently from it in any or every direction, till the plants at the edge be on very short stems or perfect dwarfs. An inclination of one foot and a half, from one row to another, admits of a very pretty arrange- ment, Supposing the centre plant to be five feet, the next row may be three feet and a half, the next two feet, and so on. Let it be borne in mind, that the strongest growers should be planted nearest to the centre; and in consequence of their more vigorous growth, greater space should be allowed from plant to plant there than at the circumference of the bed, where the smaller growers are planted. When the holes are opened for planting, throw a little manure in the bottom, and mix it with the soil there; then place the plant in the hole, filling in with the manure and soil laid ready above, treading them firmly about the roots. After planting, give each Standard a stake, to secure it from the action of the wind, and the operation is finished. Be it remarked, that planting deep causes Roses to throw suckers: if the roots are from three to six inches under the soil it is quite enough. 56 THE ROSE GARDEN. The Tea-scented, Chinese, tender varieties of Noisette, and Lawrenceana Roses, should never be planted in the autumn. Let the beds or places which they are intended to fill remain open till spring. The plants of these groups are some- times small and delicate, and if put into the ground in autumn they often suffer fearfully from the winter’s frost. But plant them in spring; if they are a year old, in March ; if younger, in May or June; and they have the growing season before them: they get a firm hold of the ground by winter, and are more gra- dually hardened to, and better capable of supporting, the changes and severities of that season. It is important that the ground be in good working order at the time of planting, for on this depends greatly the measure of success. If it be wet, it hangs to the spade and to the heels of the operator, and prevents him from doing the work well. But worse than this: the moving of ground when wet causes the particles to combine more intimately: it becomes close and dead, and, if thrown about the roots of a tree in this state, acts most prejudicially. Choose, then, a dry time, when the earth bounds clean and free from the spade; and if subsequent dry weather points out the necessity of using the watering pot, by all means do so: far better this, than to plant when the ground is in bad order. CHAPTER V. PRUNING. I BELIEVE pruning to be the most important practice in Rose culture, and, at the same time, the most difficult to obtain the mastery over, and to apply with success. The difficulty arises chiefly from the extensiveness of the genus, which is made up of varieties differing so much from each other in habit and character. What a striking contrast does the tiny Lawrenceana, which does not usually exceed eighteen inches in height, present to the other extreme of the genus, the Ayrshire and Sempervirens, which will form shoots fifteen feet long in a single year! And there are kinds of every intermediate degree of vigour and character, and hence the difficulty—the great variation required in the application of pruning. But, beyond this, the manner of pruning is partly determined by the object the operator has in view, or by the condition and health of the plant. A Rose in- tended to form a standard would require different pruning to one wanted to form a Pillar Rose, although the variety were the same. When flowers are desired of the largest size, as for exhibition, the plan should differ from that pursued to obtain masses of flowers. Again, a Rose in vigorous condition, when healthy and full of sap, requires less pruning than when, owing to soil, situation, or other causes, it is of moderate or weakly growth. The same degree of pruning applied to each condition would produce opposite results. Close pruning would be the means of improving the health and flowering of a weak tree: it would induce a vigorous one to form wood-shoots only, no flowers. From the above remarks it will be seen, that after the fullest and most careful examination of the subject, pruning depending so much on circumstances, a great deal must be left to the judgment of the operator: a certain degree of practice is necessary before any great attainment in this art can be arrived at, and I would not advise the uninitiated to trust himself too far, before he has well marked the manceuvres of some skilful friend or practitioner. T know many instances in which amateurs, who take delight in attending their own Roses, mar the beauty of their trees for want of considering the principles of Rose pruning. Many trees, from too much pruning, grow most luxuriantly, but shew little disposition to flower; others, from too little pruning, produce abundance of flowers, but they are poor in quality. These are known facts of 58 THE ROSE GARDEN. every day occurrence ; and what are the consequences? Probably the varieties are condemned as worthless, though of first-rate merit, and only requiring a skilful application of the knife to cause them to flower perfect, and in gorgeous abundance. But it is not a question of flowers only. On pruning depends the formation of the trees; whether they be handsome, or irregular and misshapen. Regarding this branch of cultivation, then, as one of primary importance, I shall give myself full scope in discussing and illustrating it. There are two seasons of the year at which pruning is usually performed ; November, which is termed Autumn-pruning; and March, or Spring-pruning. Winter-pruning cannot be recommended, as there is a risk of the trees being injured by the action of wet and frost upon the fresh wounds. Thinning in Summer is advocated by some; and of this we shall have occasion to speak by and bye. Which is the better season for pruning, Spring or Autumn, is a point concerning which Rose-cultivators are not altogether agreed. To enable our readers to judge for themselves, it may be well to state the condition of the trees at each season. In November, Roses may be said to be at rest; for although there is always a circulation of the sap, at this particular time it is less active than in spring or Summer. As a proof of this, if we remove a Rose in Autumn, the roots are then, to all appearance, inactive; but if we remove the same in March, or often, indeed, earlier, we shall find numerous white rootlets, which have been newly formed, and which, sponge-like, are continually sucking moisture from the earth, thereby favouring the circulation of the sap, and promoting growth. Hence the different state of a tree in Autumn and Spring is, that at the former period it is sinking into or at rest; and in the latter rising into lifeand action. Now, it is evident, that the greater quantity of nutritious matter that can be collected in the immediate vicinity of the buds intended to remain for bloom, the more vigorous will the growth be, and the finer the flowers. Autumn-pruning favours this storing of the juices of the plants; for by cutting away the superfluous shoots in Autumn, the buds on those left behind are placed in contact with a greater supply of food, by the lessening of the number of the channels through which the sap has to pass: they increase in size, become plump, and, when Spring arrives, vegetate with great vigour. An earlier bloom is also produced than when pruning is deferred till Spring; and the shoots and flowers are formed with more regularity, and in greater abundance. It may, however, appear, that many of the Summer kinds, being more disposed to produce growing than flowering-shoots, Autumn-pruning is calculated to favour this tendency. But, to counteract this, the operation should be performed with less rigour at that season than when deferred till Spring. But Autumn-pruning has its disadvantages, the greatest of which is this:—A few mild days in Winter often excite the buds of Autumn-pruned Roses, and they THE ROSE GARDEN. 59 push forth ; severe weather follows ; the young shoots are frosted ; and the bloom injured. This is more particularly the case with the Chinese, Noisette, Bourbon, Tea-scented, and the Hybrids of these kinds, which we shall term eacitable, because they are quickly excited to growth. The Provence, Moss, French, Alba, and others, rarely suffer from this cause, as they are not so readily affected by the state of the weather. Be it remarked, however, that the quickness with which buds are roused into action depends much upon how far the shoots were matured the previous Autumn: the less mature the more excitable. It will be perceived, then, that there is a difficulty in the way of Autumn-pruning, when applied to the excitable kinds, which can only be remedied by affording them protection from frost, should a mild December or January be succeeded by severe weather. But this would entail great additional trouble, and cannot always be done. Let us now turn to the other season. The chief advantage gained by deferring pruning till Spring is, that the flower- shoots are placed beyond the reach of injury by frost. If, during Winter, any buds push forth in unpruned Roses, it is those at the ends of the branches, and they will be removed by pruning. But there is an evil attendant on this appa- rent advantage. When pruning is put off till Spring, the buds placed at the extremities of the shoots are often found in leaf, and in the operation we cut off some inches from a shoot in this state. The tree is denuded of its leaves, and thereby receives a check; the sap, being in active motion, exudes from the fresh wounds. The lower buds find themselves suddenly in contact with a great supply of food, by the cutting away of the buds beyond them. There is a pause. Soon one or two buds at the extremity of the pruned shoots take up the work: they swell, and are developed apace, but all below remain dormant. Thus Spring- pruning is unfavourable to an abundant and regular development of branches and flowers, and, consequently, to the well forming of a tree. The flowers are also usually produced later in the season, and of less size. Thus it may be said that each season has its advantages and disadvantages ; but is it impossible to draw from both? We think not; and would strongly recommend that all but the excitable kinds be pruned in Autumn: thin out these at the same time, but leave the shortening of their shoots till Spring. For pruning Roses two instruments are necessary, a knife and a saw. The knife I use is one with a straight blade: the saw is a double-toothed one, small, with a handle about a foot long and a blade of rather less length: the point is narrow, to admit of its being easily worked among the close branches. Armed with these we are ready for action; and it is necessary to bear in mind that they should be kept very sharp, in order that the work may be well done. In France it was formerly the practice to clip the heads of the Standard Roses with shears; but I believe this practice is now abandoned there, and scissors used in their stead. I have tried the latter, but find, in my hands, the knife executes the work better, and more expeditiously ; although, as to the latter point, some- 60 THE ROSE GARDEN. thing may depend on use. The scissors are, however, very convenient for gathering flowers, and for cutting off the flower-stalks when they grow shabby, or begin to decay. There are three principal ends sought in Rose pruning, each of which carries with it a degree of weight, and should be kept distinctly in view; and let it be borne in mind, that on the judicious use of the pruning-knife their perfect accomplishment more or less depends: they are— 1. To maintain a plant or tree in full health and vigour. 2. To induce it to assume a form at once agreeable to the eye, and advantageous for the development of its blossoms. 3. To secure an abundance of fine flowers. 1. To maintain a tree in full health and vigour. We are told that the extraordinary vigour and beauty of some plants on which goats had been browzing first gave the ancients the idea of pruning. Certainly no one in the present day would dispute the advantages of it. Cultivators can only be at variance as to the mode of action, and the season at which the operation should be performed. If we leave a Rose-tree unpruned for one year, a great number of buds will burst forth, producing a vast quantity of blossoms, but both shoots and flowers will be comparatively thin and puny. Ifsuch tree be left unpruned for two or three successive years, it will become greatly enfeebled ; the ends of the yearling shoots will die back for want of nourishment, and thus are reduced the number of buds capable of development during the subsequent year. Here we see one end of pruning naturally accomplished. But it is not sufficiently so. The flowers continue to degenerate, till at length they can be searcely recognised : the tree dwindles, presents an unhealthy appearance, and pruning must be the first means applied for its restoration. 2. To induce a plant or tree to assume a form at once agreeable to the eye, and advantageous for the development of its flowers. The formation of a tree is a point deserving of the closest attention ; for if the form is inelegant it cannot but displease, however healthy and vigorous it may be, or what the degree of beauty the flowers it produces. Should the latter be forming small, their size may be increased by lessening their number, or by a timely application of manure-water; but for the improvement of the form of a tree there is no such ready remedy. The flowers, too, are but transitory: the shape of the tree is lasting; it remains to view after they are gone. To form a handsome tree, it is necessary to take it in hand when young: it is then easy to fashion, as taste, or a view to its permanent weal, may require. But if it has become straggling, from unskilful management or other causes, it is often difficult to re-model, some- times requiring the patience and skill of two, or even three seasons. Before we commence the pruning of a Rose, whether it be a bush or a tree, it, is therefore well to determine the shape it shall assume, and then frame all our operations with THE ROSE GARDEN. 61 a view to its accomplishment. Perhaps a form at the same time pleasing and advantageous is that of a half oval; for in such all the shoots and branches get a due portion of air and sunlight, and the under ones are not excluded from view, which they often are in round-headed trees. The varieties of spreading growth are most easily brought into this form, but the principle is applicable to all. The next aim in Rose pruning is 3. To secure an abundance of fine flowers. If the health and vigour of a tree are affected by pruning, the flowers, depending so much on these conditions, must also be affected by the same operation. When about to prune a Rose, I first look to the name, that I may know the habit and character of the variety I have to deal with. I must know whether it is a summer or perpetual bloomer; a strong or weakly grower; and whether the flowers are produced fine from low, middle, and top eyes indiscriminately, or not. It is only by knowing and considering these points that we can prune with accuracy, and ensure full success. It is an axiom in Rose pruning, that the more vigorous in habit a plant is, the more shoots should be thinned out, and the less should those which are left be shortened in. This has in view, in particular, the production of flowers in the most perfect condition. The eyes near the base of those kinds which form short shoots (especially the Autumnals), usually produce the best flowers; and in the vigorous erowers we prefer, for the same reason, the eyes about the middle of the shoot, or nearer its summit if the wood be well ripened. But there is a question arising here which it may be well to glance at before proceeding further. All Roses make two growths in the year; first in Spring, and again in Summer shortly after they haye flowered. Some of the Autumnals start afresh at short intervals throughout Summer and Autumn; but we wish at the present time to speak of the Spring and Summer’s growth only, and to ask which we should look to as caleu- lated to produce the finest flowers. When the shoots formed in Summer are well ripened we should prefer them, and for these reasons. The growth at that season is generally more rapid, and, in consequence, the shoots, although usually of less strength, are freer in the bark; the eyes are more plump and prominent, and well stored with the juices required to supply nourishment and promote growth. Nevertheless, it is only a question of flowers that would induce us to prefer the Summer wood; for when we look to the forming of the tree, we shall find it necessary, in most cases, to prune back to the growth of Spring, to keep the form elegant. Still it is well to bear in mind that the wood grown during Summer usually produces the finest flowers, that we may make the best of the materials beneath our hand; for it does sometimes happen that we may prune to the Summer’s growth with advantage to the tree, and it is often a matter of indifference whether we do so or not. With these remarks on pruning in general, we proceed to consider it in its special application, under the following heads, as applied to Standards and Dwarfs (Div. I.) m 62 THE ROSE GARDEN. indiscriminately : 1. Long Pruning, suited to varieties of vigorous growth. 2. Close Pruning, suited to kinds of small growth. 3. Pillar Roses. 4. Weeping Roses. 1. Long pruning.—This must be applied to the strongest growers: such are, the greater part of the Hybrid Chinese, the vigorous in the groups Moss, Damask, Noisette, and Bourbon, &c., which form large heads, of rather loose, but not always inelegant growth. If we remove many shoots from a strong growing Rose, or shorten the shoots in very closely, the result, as previously stated, will be a vigorous growth, but few or no flowers; and the shoots may be developed so gross, as to render the flowering for the subsequent year partial or void. This is more to be feared when dealing with Summer Roses and established plants, than with the Autumnals or newly-planted ones. To what endless disappointment have those fine old Roses, Beauty of Billard, Brennus, and Fulgens, given rise from not blooming freely. I have heard them branded as shy, bad bloomers, not worthy of place in any garden. “ Grow they do,” says the cultivator, “and that most vigorously, but refuse to shadow forth a single blossom.” Now we would ask, Should the blame, if blame there be, be attached to the varieties? Is it natural for them not to flower ? Or does this state of things arise from the system of cultivation? We sometimes see them produce abundance of flowers, and pronounce them perfect ; then surely the former is not the case. They, and numerous others of like habit—vigorous growers —vequire long pruning: that is, a sufficient portion of the shoots should be cut away at their base, which is called thinning out, to allow a free ad- mission of air and light into the heart of the tree; then the shoots which remain after thinning should be left long. If they are cut close, the eyes are developed as wood shoots, and not as flower-shoots; and this is the cause of their not blooming. The treatment of plants from the bud will be alluded to elsewhere (see Bud- ding); and as few comparatively have to deal with them in this rude state, I shall commence here with one-year budded plants, such as are usually purchased at the grounds of the Rose-growers. Of such No. 8 is a representation. Let us look closely at it, and, while doing so, bear in mind that it isa young plant. Now what is the object of paramount importance this year? Shall we look solely to the formation of the tree? Can we wait till Autumn for the flowers of the Au- tumnals, and till the next year for those of the Summer kinds? If we can, we shall receive a good return for doing so. Let us assume, then, the first effort to be to establish the plant, and to put it in a right course of formation. With this end in view, we prune more closely the first year after transplanting than at any subsequent period. Let us suppose the specimen before us required to take the shape of a half oval. What is the first step? It has been budded in two places, and has seven shoots. This is too many: we must therefore remove some. In this stage of a tree, pruning is not complicated: the number of shoots is few, and we see our way pretty clearly. Three shoots are thought sufficient to remain THE ROSE GARDEN. 63 No. 8. Long Pruning, Stage |. here, and let us select any three which may seem most advantageously situated, and imagine the others absent. We may try this experiment on different shoots, if we are not satisfied with our first choice. To us the shoots shewn by the dark shadowing seem best placed, and our first step is to thin out the others shewn by the single lines. This renders the object clear, and, if it be one of the exciteable kinds, finishes Autumn pruning. In Spring we shorten the shoots that remain at the termination of the dark shadowing (a). The plant is pruned, and it may be said with truth, its appearance is notimproved. But the question is not, Hom does it look when newly pruned? for when properly pruned it often presents a sorry appearance. The question is, How will it look when each of the shoots left triples or quadruples itself? Many cultivators spoil their trees by pruning in fear. It is well to be cautious, but it is seldom that the novice errs by pruning too much. But what considerations have guided us in our operations here? Seven shoots is the greatest number that should be suffered to remain on a young plant, and, in general, a less number is preferable. One or two should rise perpendicularly about the centre of the tree, and round this or these all others should be regularly disposed; and the more equal and greater distances that can be contrived from shoot to shoot the better. The shoots, wherever they arise, should have a tendency to grow from the centre; for if they grow towards it they will eventually cross each other, forming a confused and crowded head. In the above illustration it will be seen that every shoot has this tendency. m 2 64 THE ROSE GARDEN. The aim in thinning should be to leave those shoots which are firmest and healthiest, provided they are placed at nearly equal distances. Care should be taken to cut the shoots close to their base: the wounds then heal over in Spring and Summer, and the trees are grown clean and perfect. If the cut is not made quite close, an eye at the base may burst forth and grow with extraordinary vigour at a point where not wanted, and rob the other branches of their food, and produce an uneven plant. Or should it not be so, the wood will die back, some- times introducing decay into the heart of the tree. Sear snags and stumps, which are sometimes met with in old specimens, are due to the slovenly practice of leaving an inch or so on the bottom of shoots which should have been cut clean out. When shortening in, the lowest shoots should, where practicable, be left the longest ; and the others may be shortened in closer and closer as we rise towards the summit of the tree. The centre branch will, from its position, command a free supply of sap, and it is likely that it will maintain the ascendancy. Now the shoots shortened closest will, ceteris paribus, produce the strongest growth, with the greatest tendency to rise perpendicularly, and thus the head is formed as desired. In shortening the branches, we should insert the knife at b, on the oppo- site side of the shoot to that on which the bud next below is placed; and we should cut in a direction slanting upward, about the eighth of an inch above the bud. But let us turn to the next stage of the above plant, No.9. We left it pruned Long Pruning, Stage 2. Long-Pruning complete. THE ROSE GARDEN. 65 for growth, and the additional shoots now seen are the product of the past Summer. Pruning is now more complicated: there are more shoots to dispose of. The operator should examine the tree thoroughly before he commences. He should look not only at it, but through it, and this from two or three points of view. He should picture to himself this and that shoot removed, and what will be the com- parative advantages to the tree. He thus studies the position and relative bearing of the shoots, and will soon discover which should be thinned out. In No. 9 it is thought best to remove those shewn by the single lines, and the others are shortened in at the termination of the dark shadowing. It will be observed, the shoots are left of greater length than in the previous year’s pruning, for which we give two reasons: First, The plant being established, will have a greater command of food from the soil; its growth is therefore likely to be more vigorous: Secondly, Having been put in the right course of formation last year, in this pruning we have an eye to the production of flowers. It may appear to the looker-on that it would have been better to have removed the shoot between cc, and shortened in that shewn by the double line at d. This would have made the art appear more simple, and simplicity in Gardening opera- tions (and indeed where not?) is a desideratum. But there was a cause for not doing this which the tree before us serves well to explain. The shoot marked d had been produced late in the year, and, to use the technical phrase, was not well ripened—was little more than pith and bark. Such was not fitted to produce either shoots or flowers in good condition, and therefore it was removed. We also think it advisable to shorten in close at e the centre shoot left last year, to keep the plant at home, that is, to keep the head compact. The best shoots having in this instance arisen from the base of the head, we do this to decided ad- vantage. We follow on this system through subsequent seasons, continuing to thin and shorten the shoots; the tree, if properly managed, increasing in size for several years. No. 10 is a fair illustration of a full-grown tree to which long pruning has been applied. 2. Close Pruning.—We have been speaking of pruning hitherto in its applica- tion to the most vigorous growing Roses: let us now turn to another class, and consider pruning as applied to the small kinds. Such are, the Damask Perpetual, the Chinese, the Tea-scented, the moderate-growing French and Bourbon, &c., which make compact and neat, but rather formal heads. No. 11 represents a young plant of this description. Here we have a crowded head the first year: the shoots are of less length than in our former specimen, but more numerous. We proceed to thin as before, but often less severely. The shoots may stand closer to each other here, because those they give birth to will be less robust, and produce smaller foliage. The shoots shewn by the single lines are not in this instance all removed because disadvantageously situated ; many are (Div. I.) m ; 66 THE ROSE GARDEN. No. 11. No. 12: Close Pruning, Stage 1. Close Pruning, Stage 2. thin and weakly, wholly unfitted to remain. Even if they exist in a favourable position, it must be an extreme case to justify us in leaving them. Rather would we go a little out of the way to secure a good shoot, as such offers a better chance of perfecting our plan. Be it observed, the shoots left after thin- ning are shortened in closer here than in No.8. This tree looks a complete stump, and, as a Summer Rose, will probably not bloom the first year. But supposing it to be an Autumnal, i¢ will then assuredly bloom the first Autumn, and probably during Summer. No. 12 represents this tree taken from another point of view, as it appears the next year. Here, as in long pruning, we see the addition of branches has been great, and we thin out in Autumn the shoots shewn by the single lines, and shorten the others where shaded, in Spring, as before. This we do on the supposition that it is an excitable kind: if not so, we complete the operation at once, by shortening in Autumn. No. 13 shews a full-grown plant to which close pruning has been applied. Most persons prefer plants budded in two places: we have therefore given examples of such. For my own part, I like a plant with a single bud best. It is enough for every purpose, and the head is more easily fashioned. It is thought not necessary to give an example of such; for to know how to prune a plant pro- perly with two buds renders the dealing with a single bud extremely simple. It would seem well to mention here, that a modification of long and close pruning, which we call moderate pruning, is necessary for certain varieties. THE ROSE GARDEN. 67 No. 13. Close Pruning complete. Practice alone can inform us correctly which they are; and we give the result of our practice with some varieties in the Second Division of this work.* But it should be remembered that the plan of pruning must be regulated in some measure by the object sought. We have been treating of it with the view of forming handsome plants, and producing flowers in the greatest degree of beauty. But where the object is merely to enrich and ornament the garden by a great display ; where the aim is to have a mass of bloom, and the individual size and form of the flowers are not of first importance ; a less rigorous system should be adopted. Prune, then, only just so much as seems necessary to keep the trees in health and shape. But there are particular forms which Roses are capable of taking, and these are in a great measure brought about by pruning and training. Such are Pillar Roses and Weeping Roses. 3. Pillar or Pole Roses.—Most kinds may be formed into pillars, short or tall ; but the kinds usually understood by this term are such as will reach at least to six feet. There are many beautiful Roses which will do this; and some kinds, when established, grow as if there would be no end to them. It is in this instance thought unnecessary to show the plant in its first year’s growth. No. 14 is a representation of a young plant possessed of five shoots. It had * The terms “robust,” “vigorous,” “ moderate,” and “dwarf,” attached to the varieties in the descriptive part of this work, will be found almost invariably a correct guide in pruning. 68 THE ROSE GARDEN. No. 14. No. 15. he = be TNR Te > — —, BE SSM EN er meni MaNiiC indi Then the White Roses first show, and how inexpressibly pure they seem in the twilight. The deeper tints,—the blush, the pink, the rose,—follow in rapid suc- cession; and as darkness flies away the crimson and the blacker hues rise in rich effulgence to complete the picture. How beautiful the foliage appears glistening with dew! The flowers, too, are rife with freshness and beauty. Is there not life in every fold? And what a delicious odour is borne on the surrounding air ! As we gaze and admire there is little to disturb our meditations; the warblings of the feathered choristers alone break in upon the slumbering scene. Here is the consummation of our hopes in Rose-culture. And what a recompence for the toil we have sustained! Do we not feel as we admire, that “Nature never did betray The heart that lov’d her: ’tis her privilege, Through all the years of this our life, to lead From joy to joy.” Next to the morning’s walk in the Rosarium a ramble at eventide is, perhaps, THE ROSE GARDEN. 121 the most delightful. The colours of many kinds have the same fervid glow ; the same perfumes scent the air, but (alas that the life of our favourites should be so fleeting!) instead of the young and promising beauties of the morning, we gaze on Roses of mature age. But these are not all the sweets attendant on the cultivation of flowers. As the Amateur scans the beauties which surround him, when satiated—if indeed satiety can be experienced here—with the sight, the reflections awakened by association in floricultural nomenclature afford him new sources of enjoyment. What an amount of virtue, learning, wit, valour, often congregate on a small plot in the flower-garden ! How proud is the florist of his Catos, his Socrates’, his Butlers, his peaceful Alexanders and Cesars! There, kings and emperors are placed beside the subverters of dynasties and empires ; there, warriors who have indulged in deadly strife exist together in the strictest amity—a Charles beside a Cromwell, a Scipio in company with an Annibal. In “ rigid Cincinnatus, nobly poor,’ he reads a lesson on self-disinterestedness and magnanimity; in Buonaparte, how- ever much he may be dazzled by the splendid genius of the man, he cannot but recoil from one who drenched the earth with blood as he ponders over the futility of human ambition. Then let him contrast the consequences of the tyranny and licentiousness of an Antony with those arising from the virtues and philanthropy of a Howard: the one, through his vices, lost a kingdom ; the other, though an humble individual, conferred lasting benefits on thousands of his race, and earned in the work an honoured and imperishable name. And in admiring the objects bearing names like these, and indulging in the reflections awakened by association, does he not feel the mind expand, refine, aspire to imitate the good and shun the evil? But we have digressed very far, and must return to the practical part of our subject. With regard to the manner in which Roses should be grown, the habit of the variety may be taken as a guide. The vigorous growers would seem best adapted for Standard or Pillar Roses, unless of slovenly growth, when they are suited only for covermg banks or for climbers. The kinds of moderate growth look well on Half-Standards, of which the annexed engraving (No. 33.)is a repre- No. 33. sx, |[ BED dV arin aaite pe ay seas 4 J \ Nig Q) yy ns Ss TAN ; C : ~ “ . GasrieELtE pd’ Esrrees; flowers white, of a roseate tint towards their circum. ference ; of medium size, full. Introduced in 1845. Raised at Angers. : : tay . : . Grycire; flowers light vivid rose; of medium size, full. Granp Epovarp; see La Soyeuse. Hetverius; see Group VIII. The French Rose. 22 THE ROSE GARDEN. 34. ImpéRaTRIcE DE France; flowers pink, veined with deep rose, and shaded with blush; of medium size, very double; form, expanded. Habit, branching; growth, robust; shoots, very spinous; foliage, large and fine. 35. IsattnE; flowers soft lilac blush, beautifully shaded with salmon pink, some- times altogether of a rosy pink or rosy salmon colour; of medium size, full; form, cupped, perfect. Habit, branchmg; growth, moderate. 36. IsmineE; flowers delicate flesh-colour, large and full. Introduced in 1845. 37. La Curie; flowers flesh-colour, their centre salmon pink; form, cupped. 38. La Constance; flowers bright rose, their circumference blush; very large (Peoniflora) and full; form, expanded: resembles a Poeony; hence called by some, Rosa Peoniflora. Habit, branching; growth, robust. Very showy, but coarse. 39. La Dé£xicatesse; flowers white, tinted with rose; of medium size, full ; form, cupped. 40. La Feroce; flowers rose, very large and full; branches, close-set with (Ferox) spines. Habit, erect; growth, robust. 41, Lavy Campsett; flowers French white, large and very double; of globular form. 42. Lapy Firzeeratp; flowers rich rosy crimson; of medium size, full; form, cupped. A good seed-bearer. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. Showy. 43. La Gracieuse; flowers deep pink, inclining to blush soon after expanding ; of medium size, full; form, compact. UHabit, branching; growth, moderate. Blooms occasionally in the autumn ; wherefore some class it as a Damask Perpetual. 44. La Mere ve Famitre; flowers light rose; of medium size, full; form, compact. 45, La Nicresse; flowers dark clouded purple; of medium size, full; form, expanded. Habit, branching; growth, small. A neat dark Rose, and the darkest of the Damask. MRaised at Angers. Introduced in 1842. 46. La Soyveuse; flowers rosy lilac, very lively in colour in bud, large and full ; (Grand Edouard) form, cupped. Habit, branching ; growth, moderate. 47. La Tenpresse ; flowers rose colour. 48. LavaLetre; flowers rose; of medium size, full. 49, La VILLE pE Bruxe res; flowers light vivid rose, the colour gradually re- ceding from their centre, leaving the edges of a rosy blush; large and full; form, expanded. Habit, branching; growth, vigorous. A beautiful Rose. 50. Lena; flowers blush, tinged with flesh, the petals often margined with lake ; (Painted Damask) of medium size, full; form, expanded. Habit, branching; 60. 61. THE DAMASK ROSE. 23 erowth, robust; leaves, broad, short, and handsome. A beautiful Rose when the lake margin is perfect. . Lissrru ; flowers delicate blush, pretty ; of medium size, full; form, cupped. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. 2. Louis tHe SrxteentH; flowers purple and crimson intermixed, their centre vivid crimson; of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, erect; growth, small. Foliage of a beautiful light green. A showy Rose, but not a very free grower. . Mapame ve Marnrenon; flowers almost white, their centre rosy pink, of medium size, full. Closely resembles “ Déeseflore,” if not identical with it. . MapameE DesnovurtiEres ; flowers even rosy crimson; of medium size, full ; form, compact. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. A showy Rose, partaking somewhat of the characters of Group VIII., The French Rose. . Mapame pe Tressan; flowers pale rose; of medium size, full. . Mapame Fesurier; flowers rose, large and full; form, cupped. Flowers occasionally in the autumn, wherefore some class it as a Damask Per- petual. Habit, erect ; growth, robust. . Mapvame Harpy; flowers pure white, occasionally delicately tinged with flesh, large and full; form, cupped. Habit, erect; growth vigorous, frequently producing the flowers in large clusters. A beautiful Rose. Raised at the Jardin du Luxembourg in 1832. . Mavame Lamserr; flowers bright red, very large and full. 59. Mavame Zorrmans ; flowers delicate flesh, changing to white, glossy, large and full; form, cupped. Habit, branching; growth, vigorous. A beautiful Rose, well worthy of a place in the most limited collection. Mapame Srouz; flowers pale straw ; form, cupped. Matvina; see Group XIII., R. Alba. Marcus Avretius ; flowers rosy red, spotted, large and full; form compact. Introduced in 1845. Marquess or Loruran; see Group VIII., The French Rose. 2. Monexipa; flowers rosy pink bespattered with small white spots, small and double; form, globular. Habit, compact; growth, small. MonstrevseE; see Group XXVIII., Damask Perpetual, “ La Magnanime.” . Neréts; flowers of the most delicate rose colour, of medium size, full. In- troduced in 1844. . Nozmr; flowers of a dark rose colour, spotted in a slight degree, large and full. Introduced in 1845. . OvesKa ; flowers pale blush, large and double; form, cupped. . OtympeE; flowers purplish crimson; of medium size, full. Introduced in 1843. 73. 74. 80. 81. 2. TomEnTEUx ; flowers rose-colour, striped ; of medium size, double. Blooms 83. THE ROSE GARDEN. CEriieT PARFAIT; see Group VIII., The French Rose. Paintep Damask; see Leda. . Penexope; flowers purplish red, large and very double. Growth, robust. 68. 69. PuixtopamieE; flowers purplish rose, spotted, large and full. Puasvs ; flowers lilac blush, their centre rosy crimson, large and full; form, compact. Habit, erect; growth, moderate, producing short thick shoots. Foliage fine. Pracipige; flowers delicate rose, large and very double; form, compact. PaontiFiora ; see La Constance. . Pompon Tovssarnt ; flowers even rosy crimson, changing to rosy lilac before falling, small and full; form, compact. Habit, branching; growth, robust. . ™= N +H . ; Sy , : tn Wr — lo . geet eh Ebates Cann af TAS iit yy 4 y Rien ene a A ‘ _ ee, " pen ts ) taf . etter ie g an ae € of y ‘ <* 7“ 7 el € dd ij Od. WY if To MASE de MNoE2 Bo EE (PZZZ (yroup Z pet = 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 1: 20. 22. THE MOSS ROSE, 35 pact. Habit, erect; growth, robust. Foliage curious, thickly clothing the stems, forming a dense bush or tree. Raised at Brenchley, in Kent, A good seed-bearer. . Britiante; flowers light vivid crimson, slightly mottled with dark slate, large and semi-double; form, expanded. Habit, erect; growth, vigorous. A showy Rose. A good seed-bearer. CaTHERINE DE WuRTEMBERG ; flowers delicate rose, large and very double; form, compact, fine. Prune very little. Introduced in 1843. Cxxiina; flowers deep rosy crimson, shaded with dark purple, a streak of white occasionally tracing the centre of a petal; colour brilliant when newly opened; large and double; form, expanded. Growth, vi- gorous. A beautiful Rose; thrives well as a Standard. A good seed-bearer. Cuar.oTTE DE Sor; flowers rose, of medium size, full; curious foliage. Introduced in 1843. Cot.et; flowers delicate rose, paler at their circumference, of medium size, very double. Common, or Oxp; flowers pale rose, very large and full, well mossed ; form, globular. Growth, vigorous; foliage fine. One of the most beau- tiful. Thrives well as a Standard. ComrrssE DE Murinats; flowers pale flesh when newly opened, soon changing to white, large and very double; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. Raised from seed by M. Vibert in 1843, and is, according to his authority, the only White Moss Rose ever raised from seed. Forms a fine Standard. Comrsssz pE Nog; flowers brilliant crimson and purple, changing to deep lilac before shedding their petals, of medium size; form, perfect ; flowers produced in clusters, consisting of fifteen or twenty blossoms each. Growth, vigorous ; foliage of a dark green, shining. Raised at Gentilly. Introduced in 1846. . Conpvorcet; flowers of a beautiful clear rose, of medium size, very double; form, globular. Habit, branching; growth, vigorous. Crestep Moss; see Group V. Provence Rose, “ Cristata.”’ Crimson ; flowers rose, large and double; form expanded, well mossed. (Damask Moss) Growth, vigorous; foliage large and fine. Raised at Tinwell, in 23. Rutlandshire; and hence sometimes called the Tinwell Moss. Crimson Frencu; flowers rosy crimson, of medium size, full; form, (‘Ecarlate) expanded. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. The wood has a 24. reddish appearance from being densely covered with red spines. Crimson Pompon; flowers purplish red, small and full; form, compact. (Oscar Foulard) Habit, branching ; growth, moderate, or small. Damask Moss ; see Crimson. 36 THE ROSE GARDEN. 25. Dx xa FLEcHE; flowers purplish red, of medium size, double, well mossed ; (Scarlet) form, cupped. 26. Depuinte (hybrid); flowers bright rose, small; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. De Meavx; see Pompon. 27. Dr Merz; flowers even glossy rose, large and very double ; form, expanded. Growth, moderate; shoots very spinous. A beautiful Rose. 28. D’Ortéans; flowers even rose, of medium size, full; form, cupped. A neat (Hélene Mauget) and good Rose. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. De Viertarp ; see Vieillard. ‘Ecaruate; see Crimson French. 29. ‘Eciatante; flowers deep even pink, large and double, well mossed ; form, expanded. Growth, vigorous; foliage, large. Thrives well as a Standard. A fine showy Rose. 30. Emperor; flowers reddish crimson, of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, branching; growth, vigorous; shoots thickly covered with red spines. A very pretty Rose; not unsuitable for a short pillar. Raised at Brenchley, in Kent. 31. Erna; flowers brilliant crimson with a purplish tinge, of large size, and very double. A beautiful Rose. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1845. FerruGinevse; see Luxembourg. 32. FERRUGINEUSE PLENA NovA; flowers bright rose, of medium size, full. Habit, branching; growth, vigorous. 33. FLaGELitrETaLa; flowers flesh colour, of medium size, double. 34. Foncéx; flowers rosy pink, large and full; form, cupped. Habit, branch- (Rose Foneée) ing; growth, vigorous. A good Rose. 35. Giosuteuse; flowers light vivid crimson when first opening, changing paler before shedding their petals, of medium size, double; form, globular, fine. Habit, branching; growth, robust. Forms a good Standard. - Should be pruned moderately. 36. Gracruis; flowers deep pink, large, and full, well mossed ; form, globular. (Minor) An abundant blooming variety, with fine large foliage ; excellent for (Prolific) clumping. Growth, vigorous; forming a good Standard. 37. GranpiFLora; flowers deep rose, very large and double ; form, cupped. Hetene Maveer; see d’Orleans. 38. Hzinoise; flowers rosy crimson, of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, branching ; growth, vigorous. A good Rose. Introduced in 1845. 39. Horrensia; flowers red, large and double; form, cupped. 40. Inpiana; flowers rose, of medium size, very double. Introduced in 1845. 41. Joszpuine; flowers deep rose, of medium size, double ; form, globular. Larray’s SrEpLInG; see Pourpre (Laffay). THE MOSS ROSE. B * La Diapuane (hybrid); flowers blush rose, large and very double; form, globular. Habit, pendulous; growth, moderate. A free bloomer. This Rose is very pretty in bud; the colour of the flowers is re- markably clear, and the form superb. It was raised by M. Laffay of Bellevue, from whom we expect to receive it this autumn. It isa hybrid between the Moss and French. 42. Lanem (hybrid); flowers rosy crimson, occasionally tinged with purple, large and full; form, globular. Buds broad and bold, fine in form when first expanding, foliage very large. Raised by M. Laffay of Bellevue. Now in the hands of Messrs. Lane and Son. We have not had an opportunity of seeing this variety growing. The above description was taken from flowers exhibited at Chiswick in June last. Ifthe flowers there shewn had not been shaded, we think it will prove a first-rate variety. 43. Lancet; flowers rich rosy crimson, vivid, the outer petals reflexing shortly after the flower expands; large and full, well mossed ; form, expanded. Habit, branching ; growth, moderate or vigorous; leaves occasionally mossed. A beautiful Rose. 44, LansEzEuR; flowers purplish crimson, streaked with rosy lilac, of medium (Panaget) size, double ; form, cupped. 45. Le Vésuve; flowers crimson purple. 46. LoutsE Coter; flowers delicate glossy blush, shaded with rosy lilac, large and double; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. Introduced in 1840. 47. Luxempoure (hybrid); flowers deep crimson, often shaded with purple, of (Ferrugineuse) medium size, and double; form,expanded. Growth, vigorous. A beautiful Rose, not unsuitable for a short pillar, or a standard; re- quires but little pruning. A good seed-bearer. 48. Mauvina (hybrid); flowers rosy pink, produced in clusters, large and full, well mossed; form, cupped. Habit, branching; growth, vigorous. A fine Rose, well adapted for a Standard. Introduced in 1841. 49. Marsrte; flowers bright rose, well marbled, or spotted with blush, of medium size, double; form, cupped. Habit, erect ; growth, vigorous ; shoots, very spinous. Introduced in 1842. 50. Mauger; flowers purplish rose, of medium size, full ; form, cupped. 51. Mrytature; flowers light crimson, small and semi-double; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. Macutée; see Spotted. Minor; see Gracilis. Morten; see Prolifére. Mrs. Woop; see Renoncule Pourpre. Oscar Fovu.tarp; see Crimson Pompon. Panacu&E; see Striped. (Div. II.) i 38 THE ROSE GARDEN. 52. PanacHLE PLEINE; flowers white or flesh-colour, occasionally beautifully streaked with rose, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. Probably a sport from the White Bath Moss, which it resembles closely in some points. A beautiful Rose at -all times, especially when the stripes are regularly developed. To assist in this, plant it ina rather poor, but fresh soil (turfy loam, for in- stance), giving only sufficient manure to keep the plant moderately vigorous. Panacet; see Lansezeur. 53. Partout; flowers light rose, large and full; form, cupped. Habit, (Zoé) branching; growth, vigorous; shoots, very spinous; leaves, mossed and curled. A curious and beautiful Rose, but ashy bloomer. Plant it in a good rich soil, and good aspect, and prune moderately close. PerreTuaL Mavcet; see Group XXXI._ Perpetual Moss. PerpetuaL Wuite; see Ditto. 54. Picctoxa; flowers lively crimson, mottled with blush, of medium size, double ; (Scarlet Pompon) form, expanded. Growth, moderate or dwarf. A pretty Rose. 55. Pompon; flowers blush, their centre pale pink, small and full; form, (De Meaux) cupped. Habit, dwarf. A very pretty and interesting Rose, but of rather delicate growth in most situations. Prune closely. Decidedly not adapted for a Standard Rose. Found growing in a garden at Taunton, in Somersetshire, about thirty years ago. Probably a seedling of some Moss Rose, fertilized with the old Pompon. 56. Pompon p’Ancers; flowers reddish purple, small and double. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1846. Prune closely. 57. Pompon Fev; flowers light vivid crimson, of medium size, full; form, ex- panded. Habit, dwarf. A free bloomer, and a pretty and distinct Rose. 58. PoncTULE NOUVELLE; flowers rosy crimson, sometimes covered with large white spots, large and semi-double; form, cupped. Habit, erect; growth, vigorous. A distinct Rose. Introduced in 1842. 59. Poncrués (Laffay); flowers rose, spotted with white, large and very double. Raised at Bellevue. Introduced in 1846. 60. Pourpre (Laffay; hybrid); flowers rich crimson, shaded with purple, of (Laffay’s seedling) medium size, double; the colours of the buds most beautiful ; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. This variety requires but little pruning. Well adapted for a short pillar. 61. Pricocr; flowers rosy red, sometimes spotted at their circumference, of medium size, full. A very early blooming variety. Introduced in 1845. 62. Preseve Parrovut; flowers rose, of medium size, full; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. Probably a sport from M. Partout, which va- THE MOSS ROSE. 39 riety it resembles in some particulars, but is a freer bloomer and a better Rose. Forms a fine Standard. Prune moderately. 63. Princess Royat; flowers purple and crimson, beautifully mottled, large and double; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous; shoots, very spinous. A very showy Rose, forming a fine Standard or short Pillar Rose. 64. Princesse Royarz (Portemer); flowers rosy flesh, large and full; form, globular, beautiful, well mossed; flower stalks very erect. Raised at Gentilly. Introduced in 1846. 65. Princesse Apetarpe (hybrid); flowers pale glossy rose, blooming in large clusters, large and full; form, compact. Habit, erect; growth, vigorous. A fine Rose for a sunny wall or pillar. Does not flower well in a rich soil, nor when closely pruned. Evidently a hybrid, probably between the Moss and some Hybrid Bourbon Rose. Raised at Bellevue. Proutric; see Gracilis. 66. Protirrre; flowers deep rose, large and full, too full to open well at all (Motcled) times; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. A good forcing Rose. 67. Pyracantua; flowers rosy crimson, of medium size, double; form, ex- panded. Foliage, distinct and curious. 68. Resecca; flowers reddish pink, small and full; form, cupped. 69. RenoncuLE pouRPRE; flowers purplish crimson, of medium size, full; form, (Mrs. Wood) cupped. 70. Rosz PAte; flowers blush, their centre rose-colour, large and full; form, cupped. A first-rate Rose. Forms a good Standard. Ross Foncgke; see Foncée. 71. Rosiveitxia; flowers rosy pink, of medium size, double; form, expanded. Habit, erect; growth, vigorous ; the leaves of a reddish brown when young. 72. SaGE-LEAVED Moss; flowers bright rose changing to lilac rose, large and full; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. The leaves resemble those of Sage: hence its name. The veins and edges of the leaves appear quite red when in a young state. A curious and distinct variety. SANGUINEA; see Anémone. Scartet; see De la fléche. Scartet Pompon ; see Picciola. 73. Sremi-pouBLE; flowers violet purple, of medium size, semi-double. 74. Stncie Crimson; flowers brilliant crimson, changing to purplish crimson, large and single, sometimes semi-double ; form, expanded. Growth, vigorous ; foliage, of a fine dark green. 75. SeLENDENS; flowers pale glossy peach, large and double; form, expanded. Habit, branching; growth, moderate or vigorous; foliage, fine. A pretty and distinct variety. A good seed-bearer. 2 40 THE ROSE GARDEN. 76. Sporrep Moss; flowers deep even rose, very bright when newly expanded, (Maculée) spotted with a few whitish dots, of medium size, semi-double; form, cupped. 77. Stripep Moss; flowers delicate flesh, occasionally striped with rose, of (Panachée) medium size, and semi-double; the striped character inconstant, and the flowers but slightly mossed; form, cupped. Habit, branching ; growth, moderate. TINWELL; see Crimson. 78. Unique; flowers pure white, occasionally tinted with lake after expansion, large and full, well mossed; form, cupped. Habit, erect; growth, moderate; shoots, very spinous. Rather a poor grower. Said to be a sport from the Unique or White Provence. 79. Varacet; flowers crimson purple, spotted with rose, small and full. Habit, branching ; growth, vigorous. The leaves of the young shoots are of a reddish brown. 80. VeLours Pourpre; flowers light crimson, of medium size, full. 81. Virmorrn ; flowers rosy pink, large and double. 82. Vieriarp; flowers delicate rose, of medium size, full. Growth, vigorous ; (De Vieillard) the shoots and leaves mossed and thickly covered with mossy spines; foliage, large and drooping. An elegant Rose, but not a very free bloomer. 83. Wuirz Frencu; flowers French white, of medium size, full; form, cupped. Growth, delicate. Inferior to the White Bath Moss. 84. Wuirr Baru; flowers paper-white, occasionally producing striped or pink petals, well mossed, exquisite in bud, large and full; form, globular. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. A beautiful Rose, and still the best White Moss. Zoz; see Partout. ROSA GALLICA. Grove VIJI—THE FRENCH ROSE. The French, or Garden Roses, as they are often termed, form the most exten- sive group belonging to the genus “Rosa.” They have been long, very long, under cultivation, and many of the old varieties are prolific beyond mea- sure in producing seed, which vegetates freely. Hence is accounted for the number of French Roses which have been introduced to our gardens ; and being in general full and finely-formed flowers, many even of the oldest are still admired and cultivated. The French Roses are very hardy, thriving well in the commonest garden soil. It is true that, like all Roses, their beauty is greatly increased when cultivated in a good soil, and planted in a favourable site; but to those with whom Roses in general do not succeed well, it may be a source of THE FRENCH ROSE. 41 satisfaction to know, that if their choice should rest on this group, their efforts are not likely to end in failure. Undoubtedly, there are other groups equally hardy, and these we shall point out as they come before us. None can be more beautiful than the French Roses. All hues are here, and the flowers are remarkable for their brilliancy, fulness, perfect outline, and regularity in the disposition of the petals. Hence it will be inferred, that they are well adapted for growing for exhibition ; and such is the case. But is there no other quality desirable? Yes, one—sweet- ness—and it is added to the rest. In this group are to be found many interesting striped, marbled, and spotted Roses, singularly beautiful, and which, although highly popular in France, do not seem to suit the taste of English Rose cultivators. To see them in perfection, they should be viewed early in the morning before a summer’s sun has dimmed their beauty; for the colours of these Roses, in particular, fly at the Fire King’s approach, when the contrast often becomes too feeble to please. The French Roses approach nearer to the Provence than to any other group: they are distinguished from them by a more upright and compact growth; the prickles are also smaller and less numerous, and the flowers are more flat. The Hybrid Chinese are descended from these, but there is little fear of con- founding the two. French Roses form fine low Standards; in which manner they are displayed to great advantage. In pruning, the heads should be well thinned out, as they are disposed to produce an abundance of shoots, far more than can be suffered to remain, if fine flowers, combined with the ultimate good of the tree, are the chief ends in view. Thin out the heads well; then, when pruning, shorten the shoots left, back to four, five, or six eyes, or to where the wood is firm and well ripened, and the eyes full and plump. 1. A RAMEAUX SARMENTEUX; flowers rose striped with lilac, of medium size, semi-double. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1845. 2. A rieuRs DE Rosz-Trimirre pE LA Caine; flowers rosy crimson, petals (Trémiere dela Chine) edged and mottled with blush, large and double; form, cupped. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. A pretty Rose. 3. A FLEURS ET FEUILLES MARBREE; flowers blush, prettily marbled with rose, sometimes beautiful, of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, erect; growth, small; leaves occasionally spotted with yellowish green. 4. ApattiarD; flowers rose, marbled, of medium size, full. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1845. 5. Appt BerueEze; see Berléze. 6. Asst Roserrt; flowers purplish crimson, very large and full. ' (Amy Robsart) 7. AsBeEssE; flowers crimson, occasionally spotted with white, large and very double; form, compact. (Div. IT.) i3 42 ) THE ROSE GARDEN. 8. AprienNE Lecovyrier; flowers rosy crimson, thickly covered with small white spots, colours bright and pretty when first expanded, but quickly flying before the sun, of medium size, double; form, cupped. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. A distinct Rose. A good seed- bearer. 9. Aprte Hev; flowers fine rosy purple, covered with white dots, of medium size, double; form, expanded. WHabit, erect; growth, moderate. A showy Rose. 10. ApELE Prevost; flowers beautiful blush, their centre pink, the lower petals slightly reflexing soon after expansion, leaving the centre petals erect in the form of a cup, large and full; form, fine. Habit, erect; growth, vigorous. A very superior Rose. 11. ApELPHINE DE VotsanceE; flowers rose, of medium size, full. 12. ApvENTURER; flowers rose, their circumference rosy lilac, large and very double ; form, compact. 13. Arrican Brack; flowers dark rich brown crimson, with occasional tinges of scarlet, velvety, beautiful when first expanding, small and full; form, reflexed. Habit, erect; growth, small. 14. AcamipeE; flowers rose, sprinkled with small white spots, of medium size, full; form, reflexed. 15. Acar; flowers dark rose, spotted, of medium oi double. Raised at An- gers. Introduced in 1843. 16. Weer | Desrossss; flowers light blush, of medium size, full. 17. Acénor; flowers reddish purple, of medium size, full. 18. Acrat Apanson; flowers rose, spotted with white, very large and double; form, cupped. 19. Acnes Sorrex ;flowers blush, large and very double; form, compact. 20. AanonpicE; flowers rosy lilac, very large and full; form, compact. Habit, branching ; growth, moderate. A fine Rose. 21. Acrippa; flowers dark violet purple, of medium size, full. 22. ArmaBLe Henriette; flowers rosy crimson, spotted, of medium size, full. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1842. 23. Auatn Buancuarp; flowers dark violet, spotted, large and double. 24. ALBERTINE; flowers rose, lower petals changing to lilac blush, sometimes shaded with purple, pretty, of medium size, full; form, compact- Habit, pendulous ; growth, small. 25. Atcime; flowers very dark violet, of medium size, double. Raised at An- gers. Introduced in 1845. 26. Atcine; flowers deep rosy pink, spotted with white, their circumference inclining to lilac blush, large and double, glossy; form, cupped. Habit, erect ; growth, vigorous. 27. Axtcia; flowers reddish lilac. THE FRENCH ROSE. 43 28. ALpEBaRAN; flowers even red, large and very double; form, cupped. 29. AtruseR; flowers violet red, of medium size, full; form, globular. 30. Axtvares; flowers crimson purple, of medium size, full. 31. Amsrotse Pare; flowers deep purple, spotted, of medium size, full. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1846. 32. Amanpa; flowers light purplish rose, of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, erect ; growth, vigorous ; shoots, light green, spineless. 33. AmENAIDE; flowers light crimson, of medium size, very double; form, compact. 34, Am1aBLE QueEEN; flowers fine even crimson, changing to crimson purple soon after expanding, of medium size, full; form, expanded. Habit, erect; growth, vigorous. A neat and good Rose. Amy Roszsart; see Abbé Robert. 35. Anacrton; flowers violet purple, spotted with blush, large and double; form, expanded. Habit, branching; growth, vigorous. A distinct Rose. 36. ANARELLE; flowers deep rosy blush, large and very double ; form, expanded. ANCcELIN; see Group X. Hybrid Chinese. 37. AnprE Tuourn ; flowers marbled purple, of medium size, very double. 38. Anna Czartrorysxk1; flowers mottled pink, large and double; form, cupped. 39. AnriopE; flowers purplish red, spotted, of medium size, very double. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1842. 40. AntoninE p’Ormois; flowers blush, their centre rosy flesh, large and very double, beautiful; form, expanded. Growth, vigorous. 41. Apoxto ; flowers rich crimson, shaded with purple, large and semi-double ; Superb Crimson) form, cupped; colours fine. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. A very showy Rose. A good seed-bearer. 42. Aramis; flowers French white, striped with rose, of medium size, double ; form, cupped. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. A very pretty Rose. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1845. 43. Arpors&E ; flowers red, large and full. 44, ArfruusEe; flowers purplish rose, spotted, of medium size, full. Leaves, variegated. 45. Arex; flowers rose-colour, very large and double. 46. ArLequin; flowers clear red, marbled, of medium size, full. 47. ArtimiseE; flowers rich dark purple, the petals traced by streaks of scarlet, the centre petals often rosy scarlet, of medium size, full; form, com- pact, becoming reflexed before the flowers drop. Habit, erect ; growth, moderate. A beautiful Rose. 48. ArnatiE; flowers cherry red, occasionally shaded with purple, lively, very large and double; form, expanded. An abundant bloomer, very showy. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. A good seed-bearer. 44 THE ROSE GARDEN. 49. Asmopze; flowers rosy crimson, large and full. Aspasig; see Group IX. Hybrid French. 50. Ass—EMBLAGES DES Braures; flowers crimson scarlet, shaded with purplish (Rouge éblowissante) crimson, of medium size, double; form, expanded. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. A most abundant bloomer, a showy and beautiful Rose. A good seed-bearer. 51. Aurewie Lemarre; flowers rosy pink, very beautiful, of medium size, full ; form, globular. Habit, erect; growth, moderate; foliage, shining. 52. AvENnANT; flowers deep flesh pink when newly opened, changing paler after expansion, large and very double; form, expanded. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. An abundant bloomer, a pretty and desirable Rose. 53. Avocat Latovx; flowers bright cherry when newly opened, changing to violet, of medium size, full; form, globular. 04. BanpEeau Nuptiat; flowers blush, their centre rose, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. 09. BanEsTE pouRPRE flowers rich crimson purple, of medium size, full. 56. Baron Cuvier; flowers dark rose, changing paler after expansion, large and full; form, cupped. Habit, erect ; growth, moderate. 57. Baron Louis; flowers purple, sprinkled with white dots, their centre rosy (Le Baron Louis) crimson, of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, erect ; growth, moderate. 58. Baronne DE Start; flowers fresh salmon-pink, large and full; form, ex- panded. Habit, branching; growth, vigorous. A hybrid, partaking of the Damask in a small degree. 59. Baucis; flowers rosy crimson, densely covered with lilac blush dots, of medium size, full; form, cupped. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. 60. Brauts pu Jour; flowers rosy crimson, their circumference inclining to lilac, of medium size, full; form, expanded. Habit, branching ; growth, moderate. 61. Beaute parraire; flowers clear purplish red, of medium size, full; form, compact. 62. Beauté pourPre; flowers clear purple, of medium size, double. 63. Beauté sauvaGEe; flowers bright rose, very large and very double; form, cupped. 64. Beauté vive; flowers light vivid crimson, of medium size, full; form, compact, fine. Habit, branching; growth, small or moderate; a little hybridised with the Hybrid Chinese. 65. Brrtnoven ; flowers rose; form, cupped. 66. Bette Auzinpor; flowers bright rose when newly opened, soon changing paler, and becoming shaded with slate, of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. 67. 68. 69. 70. fale 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. rie 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84, 85. 86. THE FRENCH ROSE. 45 Bette Avauste; flowers blush shaded with flesh, large and very double; (Lee) form, expanded. Habit, pendulous; growth, moderate. An abundant and early bloomer, very showy. Betis Courtesan; see Group X. Hybrid Chinese. Bette Cramorste; flowers purplish slate, the base of thé petals bright crimson, of medium size, full; form, globular. Habit, erect; growth, vigorous. Bete pE Crécy; flowers red, shaded with velvety puce, changing to dark slate soon after opening, exhibiting flowers of different characters on the plant at the same time, of medium size, full; form, expanded. Habit, erect; growth, moderate, branches covered with small black spines. An abundant bloomer, and showy, but often faulty, from exhibiting a green eye in the centre. Bette Dessrosses; flowers rosy pink, their circumference inclining to blush lilac, of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, erect; growth, vigorous. A very lively Rose when newly opened. BEE DE Cuaronne; flowers violet purple, of medium size, full. BELLE DE FontEnay; flowers rose, shaded with purple, the petals occa- sionally edged with white, of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, branching; growth, small. A pretty Rose when the edging is perfect. BeE..E DE ZELBES; flowers blush, their circumference rose. Bette pE Marty; flowers bright rose, shaded with violet, large and full. Bette Dovasienne; flowers lilac and rose, of medium size, full; form, compact. Bette Esquermotse; flowers red shaded, large and full. Bette Herine; flowers rosy crimson, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. Bette Hermite; flowers purple spotted, of medium size, semi-double. Be.ie Herminiz, No. 2; flowers dark violet, spotted, very velvety, large and double. Bette Hermintie, No.3; flowers violet purple, spotted, large. Bette Herminie, No.4; flowers reddish rose, marbled, of medium size. Betis Herminiz, No.5; flowers brilliant rose, spotted, of medium size, semi-double. Bertie Herminiz, No.6; flowers purplish violet, spotted, large and semi- double. Bextre Hermrniz, No.7; flowers dark rose, very large, semi-double. Bette Rosine; flowers deep pink, their circumference of a paler hue, large and full; form, expanded. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. A free bloomer, showy, and a good Rose. BeE.xeE SatinéeE; flowers deep even rosy pink, petals placed erect, of medium 46 THE ROSE GARDEN. size, full; form, compact. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. A pretty and distinct Rose. 87. Bere Vioterte; flowers violet, of medium size, full. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1845. 88. BeranGEr ; flowers rose, spotted with white, small and full. 89. Birentice ; flowers rose and crimson, shaded with slate, very rich and beau- tiful, very large and full; form, globular. Habit, pendulous; growth, vigorous. 90. BreriEze; flowers slaty purple, shaded with chocolate, and sprinkled with small spots of the same colour, of medium size, double; form, ex- panded. Habit, erect; growth, vigorous. A curious and distinct va- riety. A good seed-bearer. 91. Berrua; flowers creamy white, large and double; the petals very large. 92. Bisovu pes Amateurs; flowers crimson spotted, their circumference in- clining to violet, of medium size, full. 93. Brsov p’ Encuren; flowers rose shaded, large and full; form, compact. (Brillant d’ Enghien) BizaRRE MARBREE; see Cecile Boireau. 94. Buancne Hocipe; flowers pale rose, mottled with white, cupped, large and full. 95. Boiiprev ; flowers bright light rose, large and full; form, compact. 96. Bova pr Nantevit; flowers crimson purple, their centre sometimes fiery (Comte de Nanteuil) crimson, the largest shaded dark rose, very large and fuil ; form, compact. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. A splendid Rose, which should be in every collection. 97. Bovaver cHarwantT; flowers rosy purple, brilliant, large, and full. 98. BrapanTE DE LA Fontarne; flowers cherry-colour, finely shaded, brilliant. 99. BraceLter D'Amour; flowers rosy lilac, of medium size, full. Britiant Dd’ EnGuIeEN ; see Bijou d’Enghien. 100. Brise1s; flowers brilliant rose, very large and full; form, cupped. 101. Brunerte; flowers scarlet, marbled with crimson purple, the tops of the petals reflexing, glowing, of medium size, full ; form, expanded. 102, Burron; flowers violet purple, large and full. 103. Buonapartre; flowers purplish rose, their outline perfectly circular, large and full; form, compact. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. A neat and good Rose. 104. Burarois GentiLHomME ; flowers lively cherry, spotted with lilac blush, the ground colour changing to lilac soon after expansion, displaying flowers of different colours on the plant at the same time, of medium size, double; form, expanded. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. An immense bloomer, and very showy. Cl atdaweté Atte OOF 24. 25. 43. THE ALBA ROSE. 93 Esmeratpa; flowers delicate flesh, their margin white, of medium size, full. Raised in the neighbourhood of Paris. Introduced in 1847, Erore pe ra Marmatson; flowers flesh, fading to French white, large and full; form, cupped. Habit, erect; growth, vigorous. A showy Rose, with fine dull green leaves. . Fanny; flowers salmon blush, large; form, expanded. . Fanny Sommerson; flowers rosy lilac blush, of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. . Fexicrrs Parmentier; flowers rosy flesh, their margin white, exquisite in bud, of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, erect; growth, robust. A very abundant bloomer, and indispensable even in a small collection. . Ferox; flowers white. Habit, curious. . Frotrne ; flowers white, tinged with flesh, of medium size, full; form, cupped. Habit, branching ; growth, moderate. . Francotse pz Forx; flowers bright rose ; form, cupped. 2. Gracizis; flowers flesh colour; small and full. . Henrierre Campa ; flowers dark purplish rose, of medium size, full ; form, expanded. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. A beautiful and distinct Rose. . Jeanne v’Arc; flowers delicate flesh, their margin blush, of medium size, full: form, cupped. Habit, branching; growth, robust. JosEPHINE Braunarnals; see Belle de Segur. 5. La Remarquasie; flowers white; form, cupped, sometimes do not open. Growth, robust. . La Séipursante; flowers rosy flesh, large and full; form, compact. Habit, erect; growth, robust. Shoots covered with small red spines. A superb Rose. . Lavy Firzceratp; see Group IV. The Damask Rose. . Lasruente; flowers flesh colour, of medium size, full; form, globular. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1844. ‘ . . Lucrece; flowers pale rose, their centre deep rose, very large and double ; form, globular. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1847. . Marpen’s Buusu; flowers soft blush, colour of the buds exquisite, of medium size, double; form, globular. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. . Mapame Avunor; flowers glossy flesh, edges creamy blush, large and full ; form, cupped. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. A beautiful Hybrid Rose. (See Plate V.) 2. Mapame Campan; flowers vivid rose, mottled with dove, of medium size, full; form, cupped. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. One of the best mottled Roses. Mapame Leeras; flowers pure white, their centre sometimes creamy, very 94 D3. 56. o7. 58. 59. 60. 61. THE ROSE GARDEN. large and full; form, expanded. Habit, branching; growth, mode- rate. A free bloomer, and superb White Rose. . Matryina; flowers blush, their centre rosy. . Marre pe Bourcoene; flowers rose, spotted with white, of medium size, very double. . Menace; flowers flesh colour, of medium size, full; form, cupped. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1847. NaAIssaNCE DE VENUS; see Queen of Denmark. . New Cexest14t; flowers bright pinkish rose, large and showy. . Nova cavestis; flowers pure white; form, cupped. . Petite Cuisse pE Nympue; flowers flesh colour, small and full. . PomMpon BLANC, OR BAZARD; flowers pink, their margin blush, small and full; form, compact. Habit, branching; growth, small. An abun- dant bloomer, and a pretty miniature. . Pompon carn£E; flowers flesh colour, of medium size, full. . Princesse Lampatxe; flowers pure white, sometimes delicately tinted with flesh, of medium size, full; form, compact. Habit, branching ; growth, vigorous in some places, in others shy and delicate. A lovely Rose. QvuEEN or Denmark; flowers rosy pink, their margin paler, of medium size, full; form, cupped. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. A beautiful Rose; a hybrid. . Royat; flowers pink, of medium size, full; form, cupped. . SopHie pE Baviere; flowers deep rosy pink, produced in clusters, of me- dium size, full ; form,compact. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. © An abundant bloomer; a lively and showy Rose. Sopuiz pE Marsitty ; flowers blush, their centre rose, large and full; form, globular. Habit, erect; growth, vigorous; more spinous than others of the group. A beautiful Rose when about half blown; but requires clear dry weather to produce its flowers in perfection. Venvs; flowers pure white ; form, cupped. Viripis; flowers creamy white, buds greenish before expanding, of medium size, full; form, cupped. Rarely opens its flowers well. ViscomTE DE ScuymacKkeER; flowers pale carmine, their margin lighter, large. Vix BIFERA; flowers rose, of medium size, double. ZénoBiE; flowers rose, of medium size, full. Raised at Angers. THE SWEET BRIER AND ITS HYBRIDS. 95 ROSA RUBIGINOSA. Grover XIV.—THE SWEET BRIER AND ITS HYBRIDS. The Sweet Brier! the Eglantine! the favourite Rose of the Poets! with whom we are content to leave it: it can need no praise at our ha: ds. Few, if any, of the Hybrids, have their leaves so highly scented as the native species, whose modest flowers delight us in summer, and whose bright scarlet hips enliven the hedges at the close of autumn. What school-boy, whose lot may have been cast amid its favourite haunts, is not familiar with the flavour of these latter. The varieties of this group ‘are very hardy, requiring no particular cultivation, thriving equally well as standards or dwarfs. They are distinguished by the fragrance of the leaves and a certain roughness of appearance. 1, Carmine; flowers brilliant carmine, distinct ; form, cupped. 2. Carnation ; flowers blush. 3. CrestiaL; flowers pale blush, semi-double; form, compact. Growth, vigorous. 4, Curvzsz ; flowers fine deep rose, of medium size, double; form, compact. Habit, erect, delicate ; growth, dwarf. 5. CLEMENTINE; Howers rosy blush, distinct. 6. Hxsr’s Lip; flowers creamy white, their margin pink, single ; form, cupped. (Margined Hip) i 7. Iver Corrace; flowers pale pink ; form, cupped. La Betis Distineu£e; see Scarlet. 8. Marpen’s Biusu; flowers pale rose, compact and double. Marainep Hip; see Hebe’s Lip. Marainep Hip, poustE; see Group XI. Hybrid Noisette, “ Maprrre.” 9. Monstrovs; flowers light rose, very large ; form, cupped. 10. Mossy; flowers light pink, the buds mossy. Rieco (Hybrid); see Group X. Hybrid Chinese. 11. Rose Anetx; flowers bright lilac rose; form, cupped. Raised by Mr. Martin, of Rose Angle, near Dundee. 12. Roya; flowers pale rose; form, cupped. 13. Scarier; flowers bright rosy crimson, small and very double; form, com- (La Belle distinguée) pact. Habit, erect; growth, moderate. Very pretty. 14. Sprenvip; flowers light crimson; form, cupped. 15. Supers; flowers bright rose, full; form, cupped. Growth, robust. 96 THE ROSE GARDEN. ROSA LUTEA. Group XV.—THE AUSTRIAN BRIER. This may be called a group of Yellow Roses, for the varieties which compose it are mostly of that colour. The Austrian Brier is a native of Germany and the south of France, and was introduced to England in 1596. It is distinguished by its small leaflets and solitary flowers, the bark of the wood being, for the most part, of a chocolate colour. The varieties are very hardy, but require a pure air and dry soil to flower them in perfection. Hence, they rarely succeed well near London; the Harrisonii is an exception, and the Persian Yellow may be the same; but of this we have as yet no proof. I have been told that the latter variety grows wild in the hedges of Persia. If so, strange it is that a Rose of such rare beauty should only just now have reached Europe. But probably it was the single kind which caught the eye of my informant. The Harrisonii is capable of being formed into a perfect Weeping Rose. Select a plant on a four-feet stem, grow it vigorously, thinning out, but not shortening the shoots. Thus it will droop beautifully, producing its golden blossoms in gorgeous abundance. Ifa Weeping Rose is wanted every year, two plants should be grown, that each may be cut in close every alternate year, otherwise the tree becomes weak and shabby. These Roses require very little pruning: the flowers are usually produced from the eyes at the middle or near the top of the shoots: the branches should, there- fore, be well thinned out in ordinary pruning, the shoots left having their mere tips taken off. 1. Bicotor, or FLAMED; flowers copper and yellow, single; form, cupped. Habit, branching ; growth, vigorous. 2. Copper; flowers rich reddish copper, single; form, cupped. Habit, branch- ing; growth, moderate. 3. Dovsre Bivusx; flowers light rosy pink, their centre buff; form, cupped. (Victoria) Very sweet. 4. Douste YeEttLow, (Williams’) ; flowers bright yellow, of medium size, dou- ble; form, cupped. Habit, branching; growth, moderate. An abun- dant and early bloomer; requiring but little pruning. A good seed- bearer. Raised by Mr Williams of Pitmaston. . Grose Yettow; flowers bright lemon ; form, globular. . Harrisoni1; flowers fine golden yellow, of medium size, double; form, cupped. Habit, pendulous; growth, moderate. An abundant and early bloomer, producing a splendid effect on the tree, but very trans- itory. Requires little pruning. Introduced from America about fourteen years since. o> nr ° P a ‘ - NGA Ete Attn éttl: LIL 3 Mhz A etd tame ttt Let DN ttt fe J). Waking, ae? ah Ith, Fronted by Mourdypar & lacey, Vi lad Fe THE AYRSHIRE ROSE. 97 . Harrisonn, No. 2; flowers buff, their centre reddish salmon ; form, cupped. . Ivarian YELLow; flowers pale straw colour. YJ. Persian Yettow; flowers of the deepest yellow, large and full; form, glo- bular. Habit, branching; growth varies, often vigorous. Requires but little pruning. Introduced from Persia by Sir H. Willock in 1837. Provence; see Rosa Sulphurea, Group II. “ Dousiz YELLow.” 10. Sinete Yettow; flowers bright primrose, large and single; form, cupped. Habit, branching; growth, vigorous. Victoria; see Double Blush. Gos ROSA ARVENSTIS. Group XVI.—THE AYRSHIRE ROSE. This is a native species, abounding also throughout Europe, trailing over waste lands, and climbing the hedges and thickets, often completely hiding the under- growth from view, producing its solitary blossoms in magnificent profusion in June and July. This is the hardiest of Climbing Roses, growing exceedingly rapid where others will scarcely exist. The shoots are slender, owing to which the varieties form admirable Weeping Roses when worked on tall stems: they are also of the best description for planting to cover banks, and rough places in parks or shrubberies, soon converting the dreary waste into a flowery plain. “ Ruga,” one of the best of the Group, is apparently a Hybrid between the Ayrshire and Tea-scented. It was raised in Italy, and is quite hardy, notwithstanding the proverbial delicacy of the one parent. As may be supposed from the names of these Roses, they are chiefly of British origin ; indeed, we scarcely find mention of them in foreign Catalogues. 1. Axice Gray; flowers creamy salmon blush. (Scandens) 2. AneLE; flesh tinged with rose, large and semi-double; form, expanded. (Jessica) 3. Bennetr’s Szepiine ; flowers white, of medium size, double; form, ex- (Thoresbyana) panded. A free bloomer. 4, Countess oF Lizven; flowers creamy white, of medium size, double; form, cupped. 5. DunprEEr Ramster ; flowers white, of medium size, double; form, compact. A plant of this is growing here completely underneath a large elm tree, where it thrives and flowers well every year. Jessica; see Angle. 6 Lovery Ramsuer; flowers pink, large and single; form, cupped. (Div. 11.) t 98 THE ROSE GARDEN. 7. Mituer’s Cuimser; flowers rosy pink, the buds cherry colour when young ; large and semi-double ; form, cupped. Myrru-scenTED ; see Splendens. QueEN; see Group XIX. “ Hysrip Musk,” &e. 8. QuEEN oF THE Beterans; flowers creamy white, thick petals, large and double ; form, expanded. 9. Ruea; flowers flesh-colour, changing to creamy white, large and double ; form, cupped; very sweet. A good seed-bearer. ScanpgEns; see Alice Gray. 10. SprenpeEns; flowers pale flesh, buds crimson when young, presenting a pretty effect on the tree, large and double; form, globular. One of the best of Weeping Roses. A good seed-bearer. TuHoreEspyana; see Bennett’s Seedling. ROSA SEMPERVIRENS. Group XVII.—THE EVERGREEN ROSE. The Sempervirens Rose abounds throughout the middle of Europe, and is sup- posed to have been introduced in 1629. It is suited for the same purposes as the Ayrshire, from which it differs by producing its flowers in corymbs, instead of singly, and by holding its beautiful dark green leaves till the depth of winter. On account of these properties, we think it more valuable than the last mentioned. It is not strictly evergreen, as its name would lead us to suppose. It is very hardy, of vigorous growth, and an abundant bloomer. As Pillar Roses some are very beautiful, rismg quickly to the height of ten or twelve fect, their pretty ranunculus-shaped flowers drooping in graceful corymbs of from ten to fifty blooms each. In pruning they require much thinning, and the shoots left should be merely tipped. 1. Apa PLENA; flowers pure white, full. 2. ADELAIDE D’OrRLEANS; flowers creamy white, of medium size, full; form, (Leopoldine d’Orleans) globular. Blooms in large handsome clusters. A superb Climbing or Weeping Rose. 3. Banksi@FLora; flowers cream with yellowish centre, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. A distinct and good Pillar or Climbing Rose ; the foliage of a fine light green; the flowers produced in handsome clusters. Requires very little pruning. 4. Brunonir; flowers rosy crimson, large and double ; form expanded; showy. 5. Carnes GRANDIFLORA; flowers flesh-colour, large and double; form, cupped. 6. Donna Maria; flowers pure white, of medium size, full; form, cupped, 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 . THE SEMPERVIRENS ROSE. 99 fine. A beautiful Rose, blooming in large handsome trusses; foliage, pale green; growth less vigorous than others. Raised by M. Vibert. . Féuicrré Prrrirun; flowers flesh-colour, changing to white, produced in graceful trusses, drooping with their own weight, of medium size, full; form, compact. A superb Pillar or Climbing Rose. Raised at the Chateau de Neuilly in 1828. Frorisunpa; see Group XVIII. “ Mutrirrora.” . JAuNATRE; flowers fawn-coloured rose. . Mapame Prantier; flowers rosy lilac, small and pretty. . Mirante pe Montsorr; flowers creamy white, of medium size, full; form compact. A fine Rose, but rather a shy grower. . Minor; flowers pale flesh, blooming occasionally in the autumn. . MyriantuEs REnoncurs; flowers pale peach, their centre white, hanging in graceful trusses, of medium size, full; form, cupped, fine. 7 4 V4 Ah thf ft LAm~ WM 4 T TS, 3 Lae ra Mgt = ay £50 Lith te Fu (Uee 4 Va OMVLUM § 2 4 fe Z7 7 7 ee ee , ay, Andrews, Ait Me, lf POU 7 / J THE CRIMSON CHINESE ROSE. 127 11. Bette pz Frorence; flowers pale cherry, produced in elegant clusters, of medium size, semi-double; form, cupped. A showy Rose. 12. Betis Emre; flowers blush, their centre flesh, large and double; form, (Theresia Stravius) expanded. Excellent for planting in masses. 13. Carmin pv’ YtsiEs; flowers deep carmine, of medium size, double; form, (Carmin Superbe) cupped. Raised by M. Desprez. A pretty Rose, unique in form. 14. Crroyen pEs peux Monpes; flowers deep blackish crimson, of medium size, full; form, expanded. 15. CraMoisiE EsrovissanTe ; flowers vivid crimson, small and full. (L’ Eblouissante) 16. Cramoiste SupéRievuRE; flowers velvety crimson, of medium size, very double; form, cupped; exquisite in bud. A good Pot-Rose. 17. Duc pe BorpeEavx; flowers deep purplish crimson. 18. Ducuess of Parma; flowers purplish crimson. 19. Ducuess or Kent; flowers creamy white, sometimes beautifully edged with rose, then very pretty and distinct, small and full; form, cupped. 20. Evecine Beavuarnats: flowers amaranth, the buds beautiful when first (Prince Eugene) unfolding, sometimes dying off blackish crimson, large and very double ; oan cupped. 21. Fasvier; flowers crimson scarlet, of medium size, semi- doubles form, expanded. One of the most brilliant of Roses, very showy, and a superb kind for planting in masses. 22. Gintrat Lawastine; flowers bright red, of medium size, full. 23. Gouvion Sr. Cyr; flowers rose, changing to crimson, of medium size, full ; form, globular. Very showy. 24. Henry tue Firrn; flowers crimson scarlet, often striped with white, large and very double; form, cupped. 25. Jacques Prantrer; flowers brownish red, of medium size, full. 26. Lapy or tHE Lake; flowers pure white. 27. La Récuiere; flowers clear reddish crimson, of medium size, full. L’ExsxovissantE; see Cramoisie Eblouissante. 28. L’Hospirarrére ; flowers bright amaranth. 29. Lronipas; flowers vivid rose, changing to dark crimson, of medium size, double; form, globular. 30. Louis Pnitippe; flowers dark crimson, the edges of the centre petals almost white, of medium size, full; form, globular. Raised at Angers. 31. Mapame pe Creequr; flowers blush, carmine, and crimson, variable, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. A lively and pretty Rose. 32. Mapexine; flowers bright cherry colour. 33. Marsoxin ; flowers rosy crimson to deep crimson, variable, large and fuil ; form, cupped. A fine Pot-Rose. Raised at the Jardin du Luxem- bourg. 128 THE ROSE GARDEN. Nemesis; see Group XXXIV. The Fairy Rose. 34. OrirLamMeE; flowers bright carmine. 35. Presipent p’OLBECQUE; flowers cherry red; form, cupped. 36. Priycz Cuartzs ; flowers brilliant crimson, often suffused with light purple, of medium size, full; form, cupped. Prince Eveene; see Eugéne Beauharnais. 37. Poupre Ecratante; flowers deep crimson. 38. Reine p’ ANGLETERRE; flowers crimson, tinged with purple, of medium size, very double ; form, cupped. 39. Ror pes Pourpres; flowers purplish crimson, the centre petals tinged with blush, large and full; form, cupped. 40. Romeo; flowers dark red. 41. St. Prix pz Brevze; flowers rich deep crimson, their centre rose, of medium size, full; form, globular. 42. Sancurnea; flowers crimson, small and very double. Tuerresta Srravius; see Belle Emilie. 43. Victoire p’Aumay; flowers dark crimson; form, cupped. ROSA INDICA. Grove XXXIII.—THE CHINESE, OR MONTHLY ROSE. The varieties of this and the preceding species are included in one group by many cultivators; and in some of the hybrids the balance is so nicely adjusted, that it is hard to say to which species they belong. But the majority are well marked in character. Compare, for instance, Alba, Cramoisie Supérieure, Fabvier, &e., of the former group, with Archduke Charles, Comble de Gloire, and Général Soyez, of the present. Archduke Charles, and many others classed here, are distinct and beautiful as variegated Roses: they expand rose and white, soon becoming mottled with, then changing wholly to, crimson, from the action of the sun’s rays. Strange that he who bids the colours of other roses fly at his approach should lend these a deeper and more brilliant tint! The varieties of this group are also of even growth, although more robust than the Crimson Chinese : they are suited for the same purposes, and, in addition, form fine Standards, thriving under common treatment. It has been said that the Bourbon Roses are hardier than the Chinese, which has led many to suppose that they are easier of culture ; but nothing could be more contrary to fact. The Bourbons are less susceptible of frost; but if we except the varieties hybridized with the Tea-scented, which are marked thus*, the Chinese are of the freest growth. The first Chinese Rose was introduced from China in 1789. The varieties which have sprung THE CHINESE, OR MONTHLY ROSE, 129 from it are too numerous to be described, and withal resemble each other so closely, that we content ourselves with making a selection of the best. I. 2. *ArExina; flowers creamy white, large and very double; form, compact. 3. 4. *Awreros; flowers white, with creamy centre, large and full; form, Or 18. eo . *Crxts Mutrirtora ; flowers white, their centre flesh, large and full; form * Armée Priantier; flowers fawn colour, shaded with blush. * Annette GyseExs; flowers white, tinged with sulphur; form, cupped. cupped. A capital Forcing Rose, but does not at all times open well out of doors. . ArcnpUKE Cuartes; flowers rose, their margin almost white when newly expanded, gradually changing to rich crimson, from which peculia- rity the plant bears flowers of various tints at the same time; very large and full; form, expanded. A fine Rose. . * Bete FerronniEre; flowers blush, with flesh centre, often tinged with pink, very large and double; form, cupped. Very showy, and a good Rose for planting in masses. . Berre Istpore; flowers crimson and blush variously shaded, sometimes opening nearly white and dying off crimson, large and full; form, compact. . Branc SarmMentevx; flowers white, large. . *Borsnarp; flowers sulphur, with yellowish centre, large ; form, cupped. - *Camexiia Branc ; flowers white, large and very double; form, globular. A free bloomer, but rather loose. . *Carotine DE Burri; flowers flesh colour, tinged with fawn; form, cupped. ? cupped. A good forcing Rose; flowers very freely. . *Crara; flowers white, with creamy centre, outer petals often a little rosy, very large and full; form, cupped. A good forcing Rose. . *Cuara Sytvain ; flowers pure white, large and full; form, cupped. A very (Lady Warrender) fine Rose, suitable either for the borders or the greenhouse. . Compiz pz Grorre; flowers lilac, shaded with reddish purple, variable, (Gros Charles) very large and full; form, expanded. . Desrontaines ; flowers pure white, large and double; form, cupped. . *Don Cartos; flowers white, with salmon-coloured centre, large and very (Jeannie Deans) double; form, cupped. Erna; flowers blush, often edged with crimson, variable, very large and full ; form, expanded. *Evcene Harpy; flowers white, their centre flesh-colour, of medium size, full; form, cupped. This variety, being of a drooping habit, does not shew its beautiful flowers to advantage unless grown as a Standard. . EvG@ene Prrowre; flowers delicate pink. 21. Fanny Duvatz; flowers white, their centre flesh, large and full; form, cupped. 130 THE ROSE GARDEN. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. ae? d . ~ . Fénéton pu Luxemsoure; flowers rose, changing to bright red, large and full. . Frorvus; flowers deep red, variable, double; form, cupped. . Ginérat Soyvez; flowers cherry crimson, very large and full; form, cupped ; A beautiful Rose in the autumn. . GranvipvieR; flowers rosy crimson, changing to pale rose, large and full; form, cupped. Gros Cuares; see Comble de Gloire. . Hannetoup; flowers rosy crimson, shaded with lilac blush, of medium size, full ; form, globular. . *Ioreros; flowers cream, their centre straw colour, large and full; form, cupped. InFIDELITE DE Liserre; see Madame Bureau. . JEuNE Arco.e; flowers rosy lilac, large and full. . Josepn Descurens; flowers dark crimson, their centre rosy purple, of medium size, full; form, cupped. An excellent Rose in fine weather. . Le Camét£on; flowers whitish pink, often changing to blackish crimson before decaying, of medium size, double; form, expanded. La SepuisantE; see Virginale. La Surerse; see Triomphante. . Le Camoens; flowers rose colour shaded. 2. Lorratni1; flowers French white; form, cupped. . Mapame Breton; flowers rich rose colour, sometimes a little tinged with salmon, very large and full; form, compact. A beautiful Rose, with handsome foliage. See Plate XIT. Mapame Bureau ; flowers white, their centre inclining to straw, large and (Infidélité de Lisette) very double; form, cupped. One of the finest White (Madame de Rohan) Autumnal Roses grown. * Mapame Cuavent; flowers blush, shaded with pink, very large and double; form, cupped. Showy- Mapame Desprez; flowers white tinged with lemon, large and very double ; form, cupped. Mapame pve Ronan; see Madame Bureau. Mapame Govsavtr; see Group XX XV. Tea-scented. Mapame Lacuna re; see Virginale. *Mreutez; flowers pale lemon, changing to white, of medium size, double ; form, cupped. A very desirable variety. Mrs. Bosanauet; see Group XXXVI. Bourbon. Napoteon; flowers blush, mottled with pink, large and double; form, cupped. Fine. Nemesis ; see Group XXXIV. The Fairy Rose. OtympeE; flowers rosy lilac. Pl. 12 bhined[; 7) : Hohiine +) 00H Jee Croup Jd ‘ Wakelory dd abl: th ing Ad ete eer, * « ite ot D> THE CHINESE, OR MONTHLY ROSE. 131 40. Pasox; flowers purplish rose, large. 41. Prince or Wates; flowers rosy purple, shaded. 42, Reine pE Lomsarnvte; flowers blush, changing to rosy crimson, large and full; form, expanded. 43. *Rivat ve Pastum; flowers yellowish white, large and full. 44. Romatn (Desprez); flowers clear red, of medium size, full. 45. Rusens; flowers blush, lilac, and crimson, changeable, very large and full; form, cupped. 46. Srevens’, or Ronaxps’; flowers pink shaded, large. 47. Suxty; flowers pale rose, shaded with fawn; form, cupped. 48. *Supuurea Supersa; flowers sulphur, large; form, cupped. 49. Tancrepr; flowers light purple, suffused with crimson, variable, large and full; form, cupped. A distinct and desirable variety, the tree well clothed with shining foliage. 50. Tete pe Necre; flowers rose, shaded with crimson, large and full. 51. TriompHante; flowers crimson, tinted with light purple, often dull in (La Superbe) colour from the purple predominating, large and very double; form, cupped. 52. TriompHe pE Ganp; flowers rose, mottled, large and double. 53. *Virernate; flowers flesh colour, of medium size, full; form, globular. A (La Séduisante) fine Forcing Rose, but seldom opens clean and good out (Madame Lacharme) aidonre 04. * Vireinie; flowers rose shaded, large and full; form, cupped. ROSA INDICA. Grove XXXIV.—THE LAWRENCEANA, OR FAIRY ROSE. The first of these interesting Roses was introduced from China in 1810. The varieties form pretty objects cultivated in pots, rarely exceeding a foot in height. Thousands of them are sold in our markets every year, and beautiful they are when covered with their tiny blossoms. In dry soils the Fairy Roses may be planted in masses, also as edgings for the beds in the Rosarium: for the latter purpose the hardiest kinds should be chosen. They require the same treatment as the varieties of the succeeding group. 1. Arsa,or Bianc; flowers white, delicate. Buiusg; see Fairy. 2. Caprice pes Dames; flowers vivid rose. 3. Dizv ponne; flowers pink. 4. Duc pre Cuartres ; flowers rose. ay THE ROSE GARDEN. 5. Farry; flowers pale pink. (Blush) 6. Giorre pes Lawrenceanas; flowers dark crimson. 7. Jenny; flowers bright crimson. (Rubra) 8. La Destr&e; flowers crimson. 9. La Laponne; flowers pink. 10. Mutttrirora ; flowers rose. 11. Nemesis; flowers crimson, changing blackish, larger and more robust in habit than the others. 12. Nigra; flowers very dark crimson. Petit Laponne; see La Laponne. 13. Pompon Bisov; flowers pale rose. 14, Pourpre Brun; flowers purplish crimson. 15. Retour pu Printemps; flowers bright rose. Rupra; see Jenny. ROSA INDICA. Group XXXV.—THE TEA-SCENTED ROSE. In 1810 the Blush Tea-scented Rose was introduced from China, and fourteen years later the Yellow variety was received from the same country. They have given birth to a very numerous family, some remarkable for their large thick petals; others for possessing a strong tea-like scent; and others for the delicacy and bewitching tints of the flowers. It has been said, both by French and English writers on this subject, that the Yellow, although a fertile seed-bearer, never produces varieties worthy of notice. As if to redeem its character from this aspersion, a few years ago it produced, in this country, the Devoniensis, one of the handsomest of the group, raised by Mr. Foster of Plymouth, with others from the same parent, one of which, a Noisette of a yellow cast, is now in the possession of Messrs. Lucombe and Pince of Exeter. It must be admitted that this beautiful group is somewhat difficult of culture. They require a rich well-drained soil, close pruning, and, if grown out of doors, a dry warm border and protection from frost. The practice of removing them from the ground for protection during winter, and again transferring them to their places in the Rosarium in spring, cannot be too highly deprecated. To remove a plant once endangers its growth and perfect flowering the first year, and to remove it twice more than doubles the risk of failure. Tea-Roses may be divided into two classes: “ Ligneous*,” represented by the Comte de Paris, * The words “ Ligneous” and ‘‘ Herbaceous” are not used here in their strict botanical sense, but to distinguish the two races. THE TEA-SCENTED ROSE. 133 and “ Herbaceous,” of which we may instance the Yellow. The former, which are marked t+, are far hardier than the others, and form good Standards. If the latter are grown as such, they must be thoroughly protected during winter. —See p. 126, Div. I. ; If trained to a wall with a south or east aspect the Tea-Roses grow vigorously, and flower in great beauty, much earlier and finer than in the open ground, pro- ducing a constant succession of flowers for one half of the year. They also flower well grown in pots and plunged in the open ground, if removed to a cold frame for protection during winter. But for Pot-culture under glass, for Forcing, and for planting out in the Conservatory, they are unsurpassed. There are some fine specimens in the border of the Conservatory at the Hor- ticultural Society’s Gardens at Chiswick, and there are others in the Conservatory at Orleans House, Twickenham. At the latter place, the vigorous growers are trained up wire pillars to the height of 12 feet; the flowers, drooping with their own weight, are displayed to great advantage. Their elegant and shining foliage is kept on during the greater part of winter, and nothing could be more appro- priate for the position—nothing more beautiful. 1. Ans& Bisarpon; flowers rose, large and semi-double. 2. Asricors; flowers apricot colour, their margin flesh, large and double ;_ (Fanny Dupuis) form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. A beautiful Rose. 3. Apam; flowers rich rosy salmon, very large and full; form, globular. Growth, vigorous. A superb Rose, and very sweet. 4, Améuie p’AsRaAncouRT; flowers creamy white; form, globular. AntTEROs; see Group XX XIII. Chinese. 5. Antoinette BovvaGe; flowers whitish flesh, large and full. 6. Arcupucuess THERESE; flowers white, their centre lemon, large and full ; form, cupped. 7. Araco; flowers rosy red, very large. 8. Arapatipa; flowers light rose, large. Arcuinto; see Belle Archinto. 9. Aurora; flowers cream colour, their centre yellowish, large and very double ; form, expanded. Growth, vigorous. There is a plant of this variety growing on the wall of the house of the Lady Elizabeth Palk, at En- field, extending 12 feet high and 8 feet wide. It flowers beautifully. 10. Barsot; flowers cream, suffused with rose and salmon, large and full; form, globular. A good Forcing Rose, but uncertain out of doors. 11. Bette Arcuinto; flowers blush, their centre flesh, sometimes tinged with rose, of medium size, full; form, cupped. 12. Bette AttemAnpe; flowers delicate pink, often tinged with fawn, variable, very large and double; form, expanded. A free bloomer, and very sweet. (Div. IT.) bb 134 : THE ROSE GARDEN. 13. tBetre Marcuerite; flowers rose, shaded with crimson, large and very double; form, expanded. Growth, robust. 14, Bertie Traversi1; flowers cream colour, of medium size, full. 15. BreLputcor ; flowers deep rose. 16. Bocacs; flowers yellowish white, large and double. 17. Boispron ; flowers white, tinged with rose, large and double. 18. Boucére; flowers deep salmon colour, very large and full; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. A superb Pot or Forcing Rose, with thick petals. 19. Bourson ; flowers white. Worthless. 20. BoeteLah: flowers clear rose, large and full. 21. tBripe or Asypos; flowers white, delicately tinged with ae very large and double; form, expanded. Blooms very freely. 22. tBuret; flowers een, tinged with light purple, of medium size, full; form, globular. A free bloomer. A good and distinct Rose, of vigorous growth. 23. Ca.iiopE; flowers yellowish white. 24, tCaro.ineE; flowers blush, suffused with deep pink, large and full; form, eupped. Grows and flowers freely. 25. Cuartes Reypaup; flowers pink, large and double; form, expanded. 26. Crxs; flowers pink. Worthless. 27. CuEevaLier pv’ Amour; flowers blush, their centre yellowish. 28. Curysocome; flowers rose, their centre yellow, large and full; form, cupped. Ciara Sytyvarn; see Group XX XIII. Chinese. 29. CrarissEe; flowers pinkish white, changing to creamy white, of medium size, full. Growth, vigorous. 30. Cieopatra; flowers yellow, large and full; form, cupped. 30a. tComrer pr Paris; flowers flesh colour, shaded with rose, very large and full; form, cupped. A noble Rose. Raised at the Jardin du Luxem- baure: 31. Comre v’Osmonp; flowers blush, sometimes cream, tinged with pink, large and very doubles form, cupped. Very sweet. 32. tCorinna; flowers delicate flesh, wax-like, their centre sometimes fawn, of medium size, double; form, expanded. 33. Détice pz Puanrrer; flowers salmon and rose, variable, large and full ; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. Very sweet. 34. Deipnine (Gavupdr); flowers pure white; form, cupped. 35. Dre Vatmonce; flowers delicate pink ; form, cupped. 36. DevontreEnsis ; ees creamy white, their centre sometimes buff, sometimes yellowish, very large and full; form, cupped. A splendid Rose, of robust growth. 37. Diana Vernon ; flowers lemon, large; form, globular. 38. 39. 4). Al. 42. THE TEA-SCENTED ROSE. 135 +Dremont ; flowers pale flesh, their centre inclining to fawn, of medium size, very double ; form, cupped. Ducuesse pE MecxLensures ; flowers straw colour, large; form, cupped. Uncertain. Euisa Merca:ur; flowers dark red; form, cupped. Exisa SauvaGe; flowers pale yellow, their centre sometimes inclining to buff, sometimes to “orange, large and full; form, globular. One of the most beautiful, but of a rather delicate habit. Eveénre Desaacues; flowers rose, large and full; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. 5 Evetnie Jovarn ; see Madame Roussell. Fanny Dupuis; see Abricoté, . Faxir; flowers deep pink, large. . Favarrt; flowers light rosy lilac, large. . Freur pe Cyprés; flowers flesh colour, large and full. . Fonp Jaune bE Partiet; flowers white, their centre lemon, large and very double; form, cupped. . tFracorerta; flowers rosy blush to crimson, variable, large and double; form, cupped. Foliage, fine. . TFracrans; flowers rosy to bright crimson; form, cupped. . Gama; flowers flesh colour, large and full. . GeRApInE ; flowers pale blush veined. . GicanTEsQuE; flowers flesh colour, shaded with rose, very large and full. Growth, vigorous. Coarse. Guorre DE Harpy; see Hardy. . Gonva; flowers white, their centre bronze ; form, globular. tGovusautt; flowers bright rose, very large and double; form expanded. The young buds of this Rose are of the most elegant form, shewing of a rich deep crimson as the sepals part. Very sweet. Hamon ; flowers flesh colour to crimson, variable, large and very double; form, cupped. Very sweet. Very delicate. . tHarpy; flowers pink to brilliant rosy crimson, variable, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. A free bloomer, and very sweet. . Hérérociite; flowers salmon rose, large. . Hortensia ; flowers deep blush. . Hymin&e; flowers white, their centre yellowish buff, large and very double. . Hippotyte; flowers salmon colour, large. . Irma; flowers rose, large and double; form, cupped. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1845. Icreros ; see Group XX XIII. Chinese. JauNE; see Yellow. . Jaune Axricote; flowers apricot yellow, large and very double; form, bb2 136 THE ROSE GARDEN. 62. 67. globular. The wood and young leaves of this Rose are chocolate colour. Jeannie Deans; see Group XX XIII. Chinese, “ Don Carlos.” JosepHINE Matton; flowers rich cream colour, their centre often inclining to buff, the tops of the petals sometimes tinged with lake, large and very double; form, cupped, exquisite. A beautiful Rose. Very susceptible of frost. . Jutes Desmont; flowers clear rose, changing to white, of medium size, full; form, globular. . Jutes Frrize; flowers clear rose, large and double. . Jurre Mansais; flowers straw colour, their margin almost white, large and full; form, cupped. Very sweet. The buds long, and very beauti- ful. Rather delicate. . tLapy Granvit_E; flowers blush, tinged with flesh, of medium size, very double ; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. A free bloomer. Lapy Warrenper; see Group XX XIII. Chinese, “ Clara Sylvain.” La Renomme£e; flowers white, their centre pale lemon, sometimes mingled with flesh colour, large and full; form, cupped. A lovely flower, of exquisite form. . La SyxipurpeE; flowers blush, very large and double. . Lavra; flowers white, large and double; form, cupped. . Lavinte Dariett; flowers blush. Worthless. Le Pacrore; see Group XX XVIII. Noisette. . Ltonre Cuarmante; flowers yellowish white. . Leon Fetize Bicot; flowers salmon-rose ; form, cupped. Leveson Gower; flowers pale yellow, distinct. . Lurescens GRANDIFLORA 3; flowers straw colour, very large. Lurescens MuTABILIs ; flowers pale yellow. . tLlyonnats; flowers rosy pink, changing to flesh-colour, very large and double; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. A noble Rose, but rather loose. . tMacarruay ; flowers rosy pink, large and semi-double. . Mapame Bravy; flowers cream, large and full; form, cupped. . tMapame ve St. Josepu; flowers pale pink, with deeper centre, sometimes dying off apricot colour, very large and double; form, expanded. Growth, vigorous. . Mapame Drovttiy; flowers crimson, large and double; form, cupped. . Mapvame Gazz; flowers creamy yellow. . Mapame Govsavtrt; flowers rosy blush, large and double. . Mapame Guertin; flowers white, tinged with lemon, large and very double ; form, cupped. . Mapame Jacqueminort; flowers white, their centre yellow, large and full; form, cupped. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. o7/. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. THE TEA-SCENTED ROSE. 137 Mapame Lacnarme; see Group X XXIII. Chinese “ Virginale.” +Manpame Rovsseti; flowers white, shaded and sometimes edged with rosy (Lugénie Jovain) flesh, large and full; form, compact. A free grower and free bloomer, but not very sweet. Mavpame Ronan; see Group XX XIII. Chinese, “ Madame Bureau.” Mapame Vitieran; flowers creamy blush, their centre red. MADEMOISELLE DE SALVANDY; closely resembles Safrano. Matmorrt ; flowers clear rose, large and very double. tMansars; flowers rose, shaded with buff, very large and full; form, cupped. Very sweet. tMarecuar Buceraup; flowers bright rose, large and very double; form, cupped. Very good. Marecuat Vase; flowers clear rose, their margin paler, large and full. Marte ve Mepicis ; flowers flesh colour, tinged with rose and carmine, large and full; form, globular. Growth, robust. Sometimes splen- did, but does not always open well. Marauise p’Evry; flowers clear rose, large and double. Metvitte; flowers rose shaded, large and double. Merete (Laboilais); flowers buff, often shaded with brown and crim- son, large and full; form, compact. tMirasixe ; flowers apricot yellow, edged and shaded with rose, variable, of medium size, full; form, cupped. A very pretty Rose when in true character. Mimi; flowers cream colour. Mrranpa ; flowers yellowish white, large and very double. Monnvor; flowers cream to fawn, sometimes beautifully tinged with lake, large and very double; form, cupped. +Morrer; flowers fawn, sometimes yellowish, exquisitely tinted with rose, variable, very large and full; form, cupped, fine. Growth vigorous. A superb Rose, and very sweet. NarcissE; see Group XX XVIII. Noisette, “ Le Pactole.” New Crimson; flowers crimson, not very sweet. Nip p’Amovur; flowers blush, their centre rose. + Nina; flowers white, delicately tinted with pink, large and very double; form, globular. A free grower, and blooms freely. +Nrpuetos ; flowers white, their centre pale lemon, magnolia-like, very large and full; form, globular. A distinct and beautiful Rose, of vigorous growth. tNisrpa; flowers rose and fawn, variously shaded, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. Habit and foliage fine; flowers deliciously sweet. Opvorarta; flowers blush, large and double, very sweet. (Div. I.) bb8 138 107. 108. 109. 110. PE 112. 113. 114. 115. 127. 128. 129. THE ROSE GARDEN. tOriainaL; flowers creamy white, their centre salmon buff, large and full ; form, expanded. Growth, vigorous. Pacro.us; see Group XX XVIII. Noisette, “ Le Pactole.” tPavutine PxantiEer; flowers white, tinged with lemon, of medium size, full; form, globular. Petronia; flowers pale yellow, their centre flesh, large and very double; icune globular. Very sweet. Paersorrom: flowers apricot, their ee buff, of medium size, double; form, cupped. Very sweet. Puaroon; flowers rosy carmine. Prince Esreruazy; flowers flesh colour, their centre rose, very large and very double; form, globular. Deliciously sweet. PRINCESSE ADELAIDE; flowers straw colour, their margin of a paler hue, large and full; form, cupped. Very sweet, and truly beautiful. t+ Princesse Héttne; flowers white, their centre yellowish, very large and full; form, cupped. Growth, robust. A fine Rose for the conser- vatory. Princesse Marte; flowers rosy pink, large and full; form, globular. Uncertain out of doors, but forces well. . Queen Victoria; flowers pale yellow, large and full; form, globular. Closely resembles Princesse Adelaide. ‘ . . Reine Cytuere; flowers light rose. . Rerve pE Bassano; flowers rose, their centre buff, very large and double ; form, cupped. Very sweet. . Rene pes Beiees; flowers creamy white, large and full; form, globular. Seldom opens well out of doors. . Reve pu Bonnevr; flowers yellowish, shaded with rose, of medium size, very double. . Rosert Bruce; flowers white, with buff centre, large. . Romatn ; flowers yellowish white, shaded with rose. . tRosz pu Luxemzoure; flowers rosy pink, large and very double; form, cupped. tSarrano; flowers saffron to apricot in the bud, changing to pale buff; large and very double; form, cupped. A pretty variety, worthy of place in every collection. See Plate XIII. . SEMELE; flowers pale flesh, their centre yellowish, of medium size. 126. Signe; flowers rose, changing to crimson, variable, very large and full; form, cupped. Growth, robust. Very sweet. Srr Watter Scort; flowers bright red, large and double. Srr Wiii1am Wattace; flowers bright rose, large and double; form, cupped. Suirn’s YeLttow; flowers pale straw colour, large and full; form, TW. 4 r ov aiding, REL OL ef Sta ee CHL ae Gm ae Sag a Vi2/ CAILO._ Saas Gicup ID). 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. THE TEA-SCENTED ROSE. 139 globular. A fine forcing Rose, but seldom opens well out of doors. Socrérr p’AGricuLTURE DE LA Marne; flowers dark velvety crimson, of medium size, full. Uncertain. SoxrirarreE; flowers rose. Worthless. Souvenir pu 30 Mar; flowers rose and yellow, their centre copper colour, large and full; form, cupped. Souvenir pun Amr; flowers salmon and rose, shaded, large and full; form, cupped. Very fine. Strompio; flowers creamy white, their centre apricot yellow, large and very double: form, cupped. Bie kaa wasend’ flowers fawn, tinged sh rose; form, cupped. +Taauion1; flowers creamy white, their centre tiated with flesh and lemon, large and full; form cupped. A free grower, flowering abundantly. Very beautiful in bud. TueEmIstToctEs ; flowers delicate flesh, glossy, large and full; form, cupped. A peculiar Rose, quite hollow in the centre. +TriompPHE D’OrtEANS; flowers white, large and full; form, globular. TRIOMPHE DE La GuritLoTIERE; flowers yellowish white, large and full; form, cupped. TriompHeE pu Luxemsoure; flowers flesh colour, tinged with fawn and rose, very large and full; form, globular. Growth, vigorous. A beautiful Rose, and very sweet. Raised at the Jardin du Luxembourg. Tureot; flowers reddish crimson, shaded, large and full. One of the darkest. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1846. Va entineE ; flowers pale pink, their centre deep pink, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. Venusta ; flowers pale lemon. VicomTEssE DE Cazes; flowers bright orange yellow, often tinged with copper colour, large and very double; form, cupped. One of the most beautiful. Victoria; see Queen Victoria. VireinaL; see Group XX XIII. Chinese. YeE.ttow; flowers sulphur coloured, large and double; form, globular. The (Flavescens) petals of this Rose are very large, the buds long and beautiful (Jaune) ina half-expanded state. 140 THE ROSE GARDEN. ROSA INDICA. Group XXXVI—THE BOURBON ROSE. The type of this group, which has furnished us with some of the most lovely gems of autumn, was discovered by M. Breon, in the Isle of Bourbon, in 1817. He noticed it growing among a lot of seedlings of a different cast, raised for forming a hedge. He took charge of and flowered it; and, in 1819, sent seeds to M. Jacques, gardener at the Chateau de Neuilly, near Paris. A little later it found its way to England. Its origin is unknown; but it is supposed to be a hybrid between the Chinese and Four-seasons. What a numerous progeny has it given birth to, and what a lovely assemblage they form, graduating from pure white to the darkest tints! The brilliancy and clearness of the colours, the large smooth petals of the flowers, their circular outline, and the beauty of the foliage, has rendered them especial favourites. The tardy growth of spring seldom pro- duces them in full beauty; but the more rapid growth of summer provides us with an ample supply of perfect flowers during the autumn months. There are certain kinds here partaking slightly of the Chinese; these are marked thus t: there are others, marked thus t, approaching to the Noisette: the flowers arguing in favour of the one group, and the foliage in favour of the other. The Bourbon Roses have been recommended for planting against walls; but they are hardy, and thrive well under ordinary culture. Surely, then, this extra care is unnecessary: we would rather choose the Chinese and Tea-scented for that purpose, for they need some protection. The kinds of vigorous growth form handsome umbrageous trees, with heads as large as Summer Roses; they also look chaste and elegant trained up pillars. The moderate growers are very pretty as Dwarf Standards: the Dwarf form striking and beautiful objects when grown on their own roots. A great many are excellent for Pot-culture, and are beautiful in the Forcing-house. All prefer and delight in a rich soil, requiring (with the exception of the vigorous kinds) close pruning. 1. Acrpa14; flowers pure white, their centre blush, large and full; form, glo- ' bular. Growth, vigorous. A beautiful Rose in fine weather. An excellent kind for forcing. Very sweet. ADELE PiantiER; flowers rosy crimson, large and full. . A FLEUR DE Nerium; flowers rosy carmine. AurreD; flowers rosy red. Of little worth. . AmaRAntTINE; flowers fresh rosy pink, large and double; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. The colour of this Rose is beautiful when the flowers are newly expanded. A good seed-bearer. 6. tAmEnaipE; flowers lilac rose, produced in clusters, large and full; form, cupped. Growth, robust. or BR oO 29 7 26. THE BOURBON ROSE. 141 AncGetina Bucetie; flowers rosy carmine, of medium size, double; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. Anne Betvuze; flowers pink when first opening, changing to flesh colour, of (Madame Beluze) medium size, full; form, compact. Growth, moderate. A very pretty Rose. Raised by M. Beluze of Lyons. A PETALES CRENELES; flowers rose colour, curious. . ARABELLA; flowers rosy lilac, of medium size, full. . tArmosa; flowers deep pink, of medium size, full. Growth, moderate. A most abundant bloomer, partaking somewhat of the Chinese. A good variety for planting in masses; good also for a Standard or Pot-Rose. . AstErop1e; flowers French white, tinted with pink, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. ] ] 3 oO Introduced in 1847. . Device pe LA GurILiorig£ReE; flowers deep pink. . Dewitie; flowers rosy lilac, large and very double ; form, compact. Growth, moderate. Uncertain. . De Lamartine; flowers red, changing to violet, of medium size, full. . De Tovurvitie; flowers deep purple, of medium size, full. . Descemet ; flowers flesh colour, of medium size, full. . t Descacues; flowers delicate pink, produced in clusters, of medium size, (Gantin) full; form, cupped, fine. Growth, robust. . Devi vu Duc v’OrteEans; flowers clouded purple, large and very double ; form, expanded. Growth, vigorous. Diapuane; flowers bright rose. Docreur Branprn ; flowers rosy lilac, produced in clusters, small and very double; form, globular. THE BOURBON ROSE. 143 51. Docreur Cuar.ior; flowers pale carmine, large. 52. t Docrrur Harpouin; flowers delicate peach, distinct and beautiful, of medium size, full; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. Introduced in 1846. Docteur Roques; see Crimson Globe. Don Atvar; see Group XXVIII. Bourbon Perpetual. Dvusoure; see Group XXVIII. Bourbon Perpetual. 53. Duc v’AumatsE; flowers rose, tinged with crimson, rarely open well. 54. Duc v’Estrée; flowers purplish red, of medium size. 55. tDvuc pr Broauie; flowers white, of medium size, full; form, cupped. 56. Duc pz Cuarrres; flowers brilliant rosy crimson, a little purplish towards the circumference, very large and full; form, expanded. Growth, robust. Not very constant, but sometimes splendid, especially as a Standard. A good seed-bearer. 57. Duc pe Grammont; flowers purplish rose. 57a. DucuEsneE; flowers crimson. 58. Ducurssr pe NormanpieE; flowers purplish rose, of medium size, full ; form, globular. Raised at Lisieux. Introduced in 1846. 59. DucuessE pE Tuurince; flowers white, delicately tinged with lilac, pro- duced in corymbs, of medium size, very double. Raised by M. Guillot of Lyons. Introduced in 1847. 60. Dumont pu Courser; flowers dark velvety crimson, sometimes beautifully shaded with light purple and tipped with blackish crimson, of medium size, full; form, compact. A free bloomer, of dwarf growth. 61. Duperit-THovars; flowers brilliant crimson, sometimes a little purplish, large and full; form, compact. Growth, vigorous. One of the brightest and best. Raised at Gentilly. Introduced in 1844. 62. Eart Grey; flowers lilac rose, rarely expand well. 63. Epouvarp Desrossis; flowers fresh pink, shaded with pale pink, very large and full; form, cupped, fine. Growth, vigorous. Sometimes the flower-buds do not expand: otherwise first-rate. 64. Exvire; flowers delicate rose, of medium size, very double. 65. tEmite Courrier; flowers rose, large and full; form, compact. Growth, moderate. A free flowerer, of fine habit, often splendid in the autumn. Excellent for a Standard. A good seed-bearer. 66. Eminre Varangor; flowers rose colour, large. Enrant p’Asaccio; see Group XXIX. Rose de Rosoméne. 67. {Eroitz pu Berger; flowers blush, with rosy centre, small and very double; form, cupped. A pretty little Rose, of moderate growth, the petals very regularly disposed. 68. Evcinre Breton; flowers salmon flesh, large and full. Raised by M. Belet. Introduced in 1847. 144 7A. 75. 88. 89. 90. OL 92. THE ROSE GARDEN, . Eveinte Guinoisseau ; flowers rosy carmine, of medium size, very double ; form, cupped. . EupueEmtie; flowers delicate rose, of medium size, full. . Faustine; flowers delicate blush, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. Growth, dwarf. . Frpvora; flowers purple, of medium size, full. Gantin ; see Desgaches. “4 ‘ . 1 eed . . . GeneraLt Hocus; flowers pale, sometimes vivid rose, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. Growth, small. GENERAL Taytor ; flowers rose, tinged with salmon colour. tGzorces Cuvier; flowers rosy cherry, beautifully tinted with light purple, large and full; form, compact. Growth, moderate. A splendid Autumn Rose. Habit and foliage fine. Raised in the vicinity of Paris. Introduced in 1843. . GLorrE DE LA GuiLioTiERE; flowers light rose, large and full; form, cupped. . Grorre dD’ ALGER; flowers crimson. Worthless. . Guorre ve Guerin; see Group XXVIII. Bourbon Perpetual. . Grorre ves Broreavx ; closely resembles Edouard Defosses. . GuorrE DE Paris; flowers crimson, shaded with light purple, very large and very double; form, expanded. Growth, moderate. A bold and showy Rose, but rather coarse. GuorrE DE RosomENE; see Group XXIX. Rose de Rosoméne. Granv Capitaine; see Group XXIX. Rose de Rosoméne. . GuiLtLauME LE Conqutérant; flowers bright rose, very large and full. Hennequin; see Splendens. . tHewri; flowers clear flesh colour, of medium size, full. . Henry Cray; flowers deep rose, slightly tinged with lilac, large and full. . Henri Lecog; flowers clear carmine, large and full; form, cupped. . Hersix1e; flowers bright rose. . Ina; flowers pale pink, of medium size, very double. Growth, dwarf. . Iva Percor; flowers deep pink, with paler margin, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. Very sweet. tImprrarrice JosEPHINE; flowers pink, their margin blush, produced in clusters, of medium size, very double; form, globular. Growth, robust. A pretty Rose. Irma; flowers flesh colour, of medium size, full; form, cupped. Jacquarp; flowers rose, of medium size, very double; form, compact. James Wart; flowers pink. Worthless. Juire pE Fonrene.ie; flowers rosy crimson, shaded with purple, of medium size, very double ; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. A very pret- tily-formed flower. Raised at Gentilly. Introduced in 1845. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. THE BOURBON ROSE. 145 tJuxrre Detoynes; flowers flesh colour, changing to French white, pro- (White Bourbon) duced in clusters ; sweet, small, and very double; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. JupitER; flowers deep lake, large; form, cupped. Justine; flowers clear rose, changing to rose pink ; of medium size, very double; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. A free bloomer, form- ing a handsome tree; the colour of the flowers exquisite when newly expanded. LasépoyEreE; see Group X XIX. Rose de Rosoméne. tLa Favorite; flowers deep rose, of medium size, full. Raised at Angers. Introduced in 1846. La Gracievuse; flowers lively red, large and full; form, compact. A beautiful Autumnal Rose, of dwarf growth. Lavy Cannina; flowers rose, margined with lilac, large and full; form, globular. Growth, robust. A splendid Rose, with fine dark foliage. A little uncertain. Lapy Monracvue; flowers bright rose, their centre rosy blush. Latiroii1a; flowers fresh pink, large and very double; form, cupped. Growth, robust. A pretty coloured Rose, with fine broad foliage. Lavinie D’Ost; flowers flesh colour, their centre pink, large and very doubie; form, expanded. Growth, vigorous. A good Pillar Rose, producing its flowers in clusters. Le Camée; flowers blush, their centre pink, of medium size, very double ; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. A very pretty Rose, producing a fine effect as a Standard. Raised by M. Beluze of Lyons. Le Froririre ; flowers rosy lilac, margined with crimson, very large and full; form, cupped. Growth, robust. Forms a large-headed and handsome tree, with fine foliage. Introduced in 1846. Le Grenapter ; flowers clear rosy purple, sometimes opening crimson- scarlet, of medium size, double; form, expanded. Growth, robust. The colours of this kind are extremely beautiful. Raised in the vici- nity of Paris. Introduced in 1843. Le Martcuat pu Patais; flowers delicate rosy blush, large; form, cupped. Lester ; flowers cherry red, large and double. Leveson Gower; flowers rose, shaded with salmon, very large and full; form, cupped. Growth, robust. Partakes of the nature of the Tea- scented. Raised by M. Beluze of Lyons. Introduced in 1846. Licuas; flowers light cherry, with a slight purplish tint, very large and full; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. An excellent kind, with handsome foliage. Lizacea GRANDIFLORA 3 flowers rosy lilac, very large and full, (Div. IT.) dd 146 THE ROSE GARDEN. 110. Mapame Ance.ina; flowers rich cream, their centre salmon and fawn, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. A beautiful and distinct Rose, with fine stiff petals. 111. Mavame Avpe; flowers rosy lilac, large and full; form, globular. Growth, vigorous. Mapame Avsis; see Madame Hobetz. Mavame Betuze; see Anne Beluze. 112. { Mavame Bercer; flowers rosy crimson, small and double. 113. Mapame Bieorrn1; flowers lilac rose, large and full; form, globular. 114. Mapame Descacues; flowers white, small and full. 115. Mapame Desprez; flowers rose and lilac shaded, produced in large clus- ters, large and full; form, cupped. Growth, vigorous. A fine Standard or Pillar Rose. Raised by M. Desprez of Yebles. 115a. Mavame Hoserz; flowers salmon rose; form, cupped. (Madame Aubis). 116. Mapame Lacuarme; flowers white, tinted with flesh, large and very double; form, cupped. Growth, robust. Forms a fine umbrageous Standard or Pillar Rose. Mavame Marear; see Theresia Margat. 117. Mapame Nerarp; flowers delicate pink, shaded with blush, large and very double, sweet; form, cupped, fine. A beautiful Rose, of moderate growth. A good seed-bearer. 118. Mapame Pepin; flowers pink, changing to blush delicately tinted with lake, large and double; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. 119. Mapame Soucuer; flowers blush, edged with lake, beautiful when in true character, large and very double; form, compact. Growth, mode- rate. Raised in the vicinity of Paris. Introduced in 1843. 120. tMapame Triper; flowers dark rose, their circumference whitish, large and very double; form, cupped, fine. An excellent variety, of mode- rate growth. 121. Mapame Vareneor; closely resembles, if not identical with, Lady Canning. 122. MapemotseLLe Cuenriez; flowers bright pink, double. 123. MapemorseLtLe Racuer; flowers blush, tinged with pink, of medium size, very double; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. 124. Matyina; flowers rosy pink, very large and double; form, cupped. Growth, moderate. A fine Rose late in the autumn, of a beautiful colour. 125. Manteau pe JEANNE D’ARc; flowers clear flesh colour, changing to white, of medium size, very double; form, cupped, camellia-like. A dis- tinct and beautiful Rose, of dwarf growth. Raised by M. Beluze of Lyons. Marecuat pu Panais; see Le Maréchal du Palais. aon Yet : ipsa” iy a : * g(t ~*~, r " vi we A LM eh 4G iv + Te i ere Bae Thy hanes * Fi) Ps ) Sout hort, if } é , Va littl” ftUdeL : y. SEE cA4Cttft POH Le ua Wie “ Yourilv: THUG te claptis Coo I DUD dase ° Perpetual, the Wellowy A0GDtaIM.< o6 2.0 ars 30216 - Boursault Rose, the AN UOC aleleisiotn sols Boxes for exhibition Brier, Sweet, the ......-..--.+.--+- 5 Austrian, the Brilliant Roses, list of ............0.. Broxbournebury Rosarium, arrangem. of Budded Stocks, treatment of.......... Budding season for illustration and practice of. ....... Burnt-earth, experiments with, value of eee ee te wees ee eee ee eee er oc os oe. ed oy oy 0,515 0 %e.e sw ele oN 6.66 ee ee) Pe ee Camphor-water, properties of ......... Charlemagne, his love of Roses Chinese Rose, the Crimson, the Chiswick Gardens, Roses at Cleft- grafting Climates of London and Paris compared Climbing Roses defined ee es ewenesserencet ses conse eee eer eee eee Pe ee ee ee positions Ompoooneocoedous. 65 aes pruning and training Close-pruning applicable to weakly plants. evils of in excess Colours of Roses Cross- breeding Crown of Roses, the reward of virtue . Cuttings MMANAG CMICUE Ol jsistesc aise =)<1% «10° = seasons for making ereereesecces Be © 6/6104: 6! a, 60)8 065 0 hs 0 6\9 eons ee a Cee ee ee Pe ee oe ee ey ee ee ee ee © eleis eieis ®e ofeis ATAS MER OSE, TALC sia ol a claret leyeoseleters ie ole Damask Perpetual Rose, the Decay of the pith Cr i i Drv. I. 59 3 104, 114 130 139 150 37—39 | 126 MOWEN-DUOSteiettoecnlele slvtavivisds eve 6% Div. II. 91—94 App. 96 App. 2 140—150 121—123 12 95 96 128—131 126—128 App. th! 19—25 ‘109—114 | App. | Grafting Green centres in Roses | Growth, rates of | Fumigating. Devoniensis Rose, origin of ....... Peete DIsDmGdine is aie- clei.c'slaleraletcioiete UScbe Dog- Rose, origin of the name Dog-Rose, as a stock............ cess ROMP ENICVNOL )ieloieisloiielelaielelolelsciats Double Yellow Rose, the...........-. at Cheshunt ........ dono code Gicir Dwarf Rose defined... Ce i D illustration of ..... le aaie,satatel state Earth, mode of burning.............. English Rose-trees, superiority of.... Evergreen Rose, the .......... asietes IDA Roe oaahaooeonNn Jochoannos Exhibition-plants, management of .... best kinds for Exhibition-boxes Ce oe ee ry Fairy Rose, the ...... sleivioiniel Slates afeaie Flora, origin of her divinity .......... Floriculture, moral reflections on. Sao0c Floricultural groups, origin of. . Flowering, remarks on ....... sralatelaicaa Flowers, large, to obtain ..........+.. choice of for exhibition........-. Forced Roses, management of ....«.. Horcing, ArtiOl Herts, Rose-Gardens of - Hungary budding in the wood ..... S36 Hybrid French Rose, the...........+ . Hybrid Moss, origin of........+....+. Perpetual Rose, the............- Perpetuals, Laffay’ 3, origin of striped, to obtain.,............ Bourbon ......... stavienetele etetets iss eeeee WIDKEIG batons gasacd0dusouDOC Hybridizing, Author’s plan of experiments in...... Spoor ocagec fixed ideas necessary in.......... ENOWIEA RE! Olsrcly.s/aieiisietelsVeforciers eles pleasures AULEN CIN eters tclatsteleve accaie the province of the Amateur...... Hydrophobia, the Rose a cure for...... CUCM ae ac) § eC) Insects, destruction of............... Tron, oxide of, favourable............. Jardin du Luxembourg............... description of Sees Josephine, Empress, her passion for ISWEER) cata ov ooogd ood Gbonaot aod ef ra elsiDestemvetere ier eloleleie ia ice mietwle ss) are Laffay, M., cultivates for amusement .. his seedlings. NENUEIGE so coo g0gnoccGondDeaGEE Late Roses, to obtain........... Aa ae Lawns, Roses on ..... aeettatats oreleietetarels Lawrenceana Rose, the.............. Laying, operation of, ... Layers, treatment of ...... sobpoadoad Lindley’s Rosarium ee es eeiehels Locality, best Long Pruning, Stage ine LADERA ANTS! ohetararalcrereretatafole. aleyole Luther’s Seal, a Rose........ . SO ec eo) ce Macartney Rose, the.............. on Malmaison, gardens at...........0..4. Manure-water Manuring, annual, necessary.......... Manures, application of .......... 505 Manettii Stock...... eleveheloreteR sere ebareyete Medicinal value of the Rose ehaleveheR fete Microphylla Rose, the ........ sseone Mildew, cure for ..... eialevefareteteters { Miniature Provence, the............. FROSESLISEFOR So 10)5/srerareleyerarerete neu Monthly Rose, the Moors of Spain, blue Roses of........ . MVIGHSUEROSGSNONE ars, c.zi0:s aie: excrete ars) otofeneyaay Perpetual, the OUIPUI Oly oe) ots: c1eiotoatemn ela Ries nT to increase Striped, to obtain......... Se one Vellowtorobtalnl <-..ccieness cers Mottled Roses, list of .. Multiflora Rose, the .......... aieverere(s Musk Hybrid.......... : Rose, the..... 5 Ce od Ce ee er a ed INDEX Div. Il. 11 67—71 114—121 87—91 72—84 131 105 31 128—131 32—40 125 101 150 Div. I. Naming Roses, plan of ........00+.0s 125, 140 Night soil, preparation and value of....| 29 Noisette Rose, the..... Sy sel avelara ast Wiehe Ae | North wall, Roses for ............... 122 Note book, extract from .......... 35 91 Ode to the Rose, by Anacreon........ 5 Origin of the Rose............. aiaisveln'l| Os Ogee Paris; ROsesiiny. «2 sjes0 0+ otis ARO CADP 8 ck Peestoms ROSES/Of site eee ele ani Seed-bearers, the best..............-. microscopic examination of pruning of situation for Rell feriNiZede cts je ie sic<'s ats wl oie NINIGER ONAN ge ces olan civ ise o.a/=\e/o! el wie Seed-pods, protection of............-- | ripening and storing of....... ach Seedlings, management of........... mildew among ........... AROS pruning Of....-..--...+---+-5 : raising i ee re ee ee ee | ec ae) | Div. I. INDEX. Div. II. App. 107 101 16—19 125 | Species, what constitutes a || Tea-scented Roses | Wied pe-mraltin tes as:s..2sine cite eh || Whip-grafting ............... Pt | Window-culture, Roses for........... | Spenser, lines on the Rose by || Seedlings, variation of ............... weeds; SOWING Of.ic.c6 cosas caeinc eek en CALEMIDYAOICES Coben's oes lee oie ce Sempervirens Rose, the.............. Shortenmneian 2a. 6 Seis ce ese ee ce elie Showy Roses, list of. APIA SONG Shrubbery, Roses for the............. the, planting in........ sis ioks apie Situation, best, for Roses............. Sizes of flowers, terms of, explained. . Soil; besteme see. css » piss aes stator POY AE GUMROSEBI: sisiete ss s.0/0 o!s\7 2/5015 Soils, MOP IOLA esc eee c se eee AIM PLOWE MIEN E Olio k i5'-/- -\s 101 <\5)> 0) )e\6 QUAUMIN GE (OMG at ote aoc seis eaig ss Sonnet to the Rose... 2. :..60ce+..05% capable of improvement.......... Spotted Roses, beauty of ............. est kantdag te jarrem oc.) e150 horaistarsiet Spring-planting for tender Roses ...... Spring-pruning, advantages of........ Standard Roses: ¢)..jc0.sece isi sce =e Sticks best for tying............ ms | Stocks elelete eslsisinia\« «sel olaislalt fitness for budding a FSOIID Selecting Ofc. seer aecuere treatment of ‘nae Striped Roses, best kinds............. UMigues tes seeemee i teele ereeel ac | Suckers, destruction of ........... An propagation by summer; crowih OL. .zcecss saeiec not Summer-pruning ....... nieieisi=ieeiehiore Summer-thinning. «2.5.26 seers Sweet Brier, the...... 2 Sweet Roses, the best ..............- Sweetness indispensable............ Se es Table of heights of groups............ as Standards .:.5i\.cnien ete oe 28 Tender Roses, protection for.......... FEU Tos Brie Cece pcr Bee eee Tobacco-smoke cure for aphis......... | Trailing-Roses, best kinds.... remarks on Varieties, adaptation of, to soils choice Oftne sss. ceer ee cee ere grouping of.... traced from the species Vibert, his seedlings ed er ed eT Warner, J. Esq., his Rosarium. | Wars of the Roses............ seo | Wash for Rose-stems ee Weeping Rose, the. . supports for....... Py PE OG OCC defined best kinds... eee ee One ee we wrens liNWPhitte Shose thes. ce arcjeyels is .oicleineieleeees Winter Roses, best kinds............. | Worms, remedy for RTCA ° | Wellow> Moss WROS. |, oae,21-1<: (o1s;010\ ere oe Yellow Roses the best.........-.+00% William Watts, Printer, Crown Court, Temple Bar. Diy. 1. 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