STAT£ February 1947 E"713 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Administration Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine A REVIEW OF THE INS ECU CI DAL USES OF THE ROTENONE-BEARING PLANTS, 1938-1944 By N. E. Mclndoo Division of Insecticide Investigations CONTENTS Page Lepidoptera • 4 Aegeriidae ••••••••••• ••••• 4 Arctiidae • • 5 Bombycidae ••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 Coleophoridae • •••• •••••••• 7 Cosmopterygidae ••• ••••••••••• 7 Crambidae ••••• 7 Gelechiidae 8 Geometridae •••••••••••• •••• 9 Hepialidae 9 Hesperiidae • •••••••••••• •• 10 Hyponomeutidae ••••••••••••••••••••• 10 Lpsiocampidae ••• 11 Lycaenidae ••••• • 11 Lymantriidae • • • . • • 11 Nymphalidae • • • 12 Olethreutidae 12 Papilionidae •• • 16 Phalaenidae 16 Phycitidae 21 Pieridae • • 22 Pterophoridae •• 26 Pyraustidae •••••••.. •••••• 26 Saturniidae ••• ••••••• 32 Sphingidae •••••••••• • • 32 Tineidee 33 Tortricidae • • 33 Zygaenidae •••••••••• 34 Unidentified Lepidoptera ••• . 34 Coleoptera • • 35 Anobiidae 35 Bostrichidae • 35 Bruchidae 35 Buprestidae •••• 37 Byturidae 38 APR 9 - 1947 -2- Page Coleoptera, contd. Cantharioae 38 Cerambycidae •• •••• • 39 Chrysoixelidae •• 39 Coccinellidae •• 50 Cucujidae 53 Curculionidae •• 53 Dermestidae •• • •••••••••••••• 57 Eleteridae 57 Meloidae 57 Nitidulidae 58 Ostomidae ••••• 9 59 Scarabaeidae ••••••• , 59 Silphidae 61 Homoptera 61 Aleyrodidae 61 Aphidae • 61 Cercopidee •• , 77 Cherroidae • •••• 77 Cicadellidae 77 Coccidae • 80 Delphacidae •••• 83 Derbidae 83 Psyllidae 83 Heteroptera • • 83 Cimicidae • 83 Coreidae •••• 84 Lygaeidae •• 84 Miridae • • 85 Pentatonidae • 87 Pyrrhocorldae 89 Tingitidae 89 Dipt era 89 Agromyzidae 89 Blbionidae 89 Calliphorldae 90 Culicldae 90 Gasterophilidae ••• 91 Hlppobo8cldae ••••• . • 92 Hypodermatidae ••• • • 93 Itonididae 98 Muscidae . • • . « 99 Otitidaa 102 Pag* Diptera, contd* Pallida© « 103 Syrphidae 103 Tephritldae 103 Anoplura • 106 Haematoplnidae • • 106 Pedioulldae 108 Mallophaga • • • 112 Phllopterldae 112 Trlchodectldae • 112 Siphonaptera • . . • 113 Hectopsyllidae 113 Pulioidae , 113 Thysanoptera 114 Thripidae 114 Orthoptera •••••••••••• • • 118 Blattidae ................ 118 Gryllidae 119 Locustidae • 119 Hyaenoptera • •• • 119 Apidaa • 119 Argidaa 120 Diprionldae • . 123 Formicidae . 121 Tenthredinldaa •••• •«••••• 121 Collembola ••• • . 124 Entomobryidaa • . • » 124 Dernaptara • ••• 124 Forfloulidae 124 Triehoptera . . . . 124 Thysanura ...... 124 Leplsmatldae •• •• ••••••• 124 Acarina •••••••• • • 125 Acaridae •••••••••••••• 125 Argesidae ••••••••• . . . • 125 Demodicidae ••••• ••.••....• 125 Eriophyldae • 126 Ixodidae •• ••••• 126 Penthaleidae • . • • • 129 Psoroptldae • • 129 Sarcoptidae •• •••••••• 130 Tarsonemidae ••• • •••• 132 Tetranychldae ••••• •••••••••••• 132 Trombiculidae • 136 -4- This is a continuation of the series of papers begun by R. C. Roark, which reviewed all the available information on the ir.secti- cidal uses' of rotenone and the rotenoids up to 1938. Twelve parts of his review have been published in E-579; E-581; E-593; E-594; E- 598; E-603; E-625; E-630; E-652; E-654; E-655; and E-656. The pres- ent paper reviews the publications dated 1938 through 1943, and several dated 1944. Species belonging to Derris, Loncho carpus, Te- phrosia, Mandulea, Millettia, Pachyrhizus, and Calopogoniuro are "dis- cussed. The continued interest in these plants as sources of insecti- cides is shown by the publication, during the last 6 years, of more than 80G articles describing tests upon insects witii preparations containing rotenone or its congeners* Information on the cultivation and marketing of derris, cube, and timbo has been assembled by the writer and will be published separately. Of the authors cited in this compilation Fallon (175) gives the most information on the economic aspects of the rotenone plant 8. LEPIDOPTERA Aegeriidae Melittia cucurbitae (Harr.) (ssatyriniformis (Hbn.)), the squash borer. In Connecticut the 1940 tests indicated that a 1-percent roten- one dust was equal, if not superior, to lead arsenate and fish oil. In 1941 the 1-percent rotenone-treated plots had a significantly lower infestation than plots treated with a proprietary dust (walnut- shell flour impregnated with rotenone) but were not significantly lower than plots treated with lead arsenate, A year later a 1-per- cent rotenone dust gave effective control, particularly on early plant- ings when the borer population was high. The use of a pyrophyllite diluent instead of the one used (Bancroft clay) might increase its effectiveness still xriC-re. — Beard (40, 41) * In Massachusetts sprays were consistently superior to dusts in 1938. The percentage reduotion of injury to squash vines was 88.5 for a spray of 1 percent of summer oil with 0.5 percent of nicotine sulfate, 81.5 for a wettable cube spray (4 lb. in 100 gal. of water), and 77.8 for a cube-clay dust (0.6 percent of rotenone) .—Bourne and YEhitcomb (73) . -5- Applied four times in 1940, nicotine sulfate (l:250), nicotine sulfate (1:500) with 1 percent of summer-oil emulsion, an d wettable derris spray (4 lb. per 100 gal.) with a resin adhesive reduced the infestation by 74, 77, and 35 percent, respectively. Applied four times in 1941, dusts of rotenone and talc and sprays of nicotine sul- fate reduced the number of larvae by at least 79 percent. The most effective treatments in 1942 were a dust containing 0,75 percent of rotenone and "copper oxychloride sulfate", and sprays of nicotine sulfate (1:250) and of white-oil emulsion containing nicotine sulfate (1:500). Dusts containing 0.75 percent of rotenone in talc or 20 percent of cryolite with 5 percent of metallio copper were moderately effective. In 1943 a dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone and "copper oxychloride sulfate" was effective.-- Whitcomb (676, p.57; 677, p. 62j 678, 681, p. 35). In tests conducted from 1937 to 1941 in New York, satisfactory commercial control was given by a 1-percent rotenone dust, and by a spray of 2 quarts of nicotine sulfate or 4 lb. of powdered derris (5 percent of rotenone) in 100 gal. of water. TThen the proportion of derris was reduced to 1 or 0.5 pound, there were marked reductions in control. Commercial rotenone extracts in sprays were of little value.— Hervey (279). Of the rotenone sprays, only those containing 4 lb. of derris powder in 100 gal. of water gave commercial control. Sprays contain- ing nicotine sulfate (1:400) were about as effective as the best rotenone sprays. Dusts containing 1 percent of rotenone also gave very good control. — Parrott (457) . Dust mixtures containing derris or cube were recommended for the control of this insect in 1941. — United States Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine (621) . Arctiidae (*pantesis) Callorctia phyllira ( Drury) All rotenone insecticides tried in Alabama were ineffective.— Arant (22, 26). Diacrisia purpurata (L.) A cube dust containing 6 percent of rotenone appeared to be in- effective against this pest on lavender in Basses-Alpes, Franoe. — Pussard (478) • -6- Estigmene acrea (Drury), the salt-marsh caterpillar If this insect becomes numerous in Arizona before fruit harvest, derris is recommended.— Tfehrle (668) • Bombycidae Bombyx mori (L«), the silkworm Chemical proof was obtained that dinitro-o-cresol, nicotine, rotenone, arsenic trioxide, potassium arsenate, and arsenic pent- oxide pass unchanged through the cuticula from the dorsum of the silk- worm. Stain reactions demonstrated the presence of permeable areas in the cuticula, including that of a living silkworm. ' They occurred chiefly in the membranes of the pores of the setae but were also dis- tributed over the whole skin« It is highly probable that permeability is a purely mechanical process.— Bredenkamp (86) • In the laboratory pulverized seeds of Millettia pachycarpa were fed to silkworms. It was estimated that the seeds were about one-ninth as toxic as rotenone, and about three times as toxic as lead arsenate.— Chiu and coworkers (114) • Insects have been subjected to rotenone toxicity determinations more extensively than any other group of animals. The fourth-instar silkworm larva appears to be the most susceptible animal tested, as far as oral toxicity of rotenone is concerned. The median lethal dose is 0.003 mg. per gram. The silkworm appears to be nearly 20 times as susceptible as the guinea pig, the mammal most easily affected by rote- none. There is no evidence of any definite correlation between the position of an animal in classification and its susceptibility to rote- none. The comparative toxicities by oral administration appear to be similar for derris and cube samples •--Cutkomp (132). Seeds of the yam bean, Pachyrhizus erosus Urban, [contains 0.1 percent of rotenone and 25 percent of fatty oil] used as a dust killed 100 percent of silkworms, and various extracts of this dust killed 100 percent or slightly less. An alcoholic extract of the roots of Millettia paohyoarpa killed only 32 percent, the stems used as a dust killed 48 percent, while the seeds used as a dust killed 100 percent. An alco- holic extract of cube (4 percent of rotenone) killed only 56 percent of the silkworms tested, — Hansberry and Lee (258) ; Lee and Hansberry (360) . The 4, 6-dinitro-o-alkyl phenols and cycloalkyl phenols were nore toxio to silkworms than acid lead arsenate, but less toxic than rote- none.—Kagy (333). -7- Coleophoridae Coleophora malivorella Riley, the pistol casebearer In Pennsylvania two early applications of cube powder in usual spray mixture killed more than 95 percent of the larvae. It was rec- ommended that a spray containing liquid lime-sulfur for disease con- trol, 3 pounds of cube powder (5 percent of rotenone), and 3 gallons of lubricating oil, emulsified with £ pound of sulfite lye per 100 gal- lon* of spray be applied at the delayed dormant stage, followed at the pink stage by one of 6 pounds of wet table sulfur, 3 pounds of cube and % ounce of Antifoam per 100 gallons. —St einer and Worthley (567) > Cube powder (5 percent of rotenone) used at the rate of 3 pounds per 100 gallons gave good results in the delayed dormant spray.— Steiner (565). In Maryland control can be obtained during the preblossom period with one application of 4 pounds of derris powder and 8 pounds of wettable sulfur to 100 gallons of water. — McConnell (375) . Cosmopterygidae Batrachedra perobtusa Meyr. Larvae of this pest in Brazil feed on pollen of the coconut pelm. As arsenicals scorch the palm flowers, it is preferable to use sprays of nicotine or rotenone.— Bondar (64). Crambidae Cranbua bonifatellus (Hulst), a sod webworm Cranbus topiarius Zell. (n hortvellus Hbn.), the cranberry girdler Crambu8 sperryellus Klots, another sod webworm Temporary control of the first and third species, which damage lawns in California, was obtained by the use of sprays containing derris extract, but as the treatments did not prevent reinfestation after 3 or 4 weeks, it was necessary to repeat them one to three times during the summer*— Bohart (62) • -8- In Massachusetts nearly all the adults of the cranberry girdler were killed with derris dust (4 percent of rotenone), applied at 50 pounds per acre, but it was less effective than pyreth rum. --Franklin (196). Diatraea saccharalis (F.), the sugarcane borer Cryolite killed 90 percent or more of the first generation in Louisiana. Other dusts tried included derris.— Ingram and Dugas (309). Gelechiidae Gnorimoschema operculella (Zell.), the potato tuber moth After potatoes are harvested in New South Wales, the tubers should be stored in moth-proof containers or buildings and, if they become in- fested, they should be dusted with a mixture of derris and kaolin (l:4) or fumigated with carbon bisulfide .—New South Wales Department of Agriculture (444) • In preliminary tests in eastern Australia, in which potatoes were exposed to larvae for a few days, derris afforded complete protection. — Helson (276). Derris mixture (1 percent of rotenone) at the rate of 6 ounces per hundred weight, protected stored potatoes from reinfestation in Queens- land for at least 2 months after fumigation with carbon bisulfide.— Veitch (637). Since derris was difficult to obtain in New South Wales in 1943, it was recommended that the 25-percent derris dust, usually applied to protect seed potatoes from this moth during storage, should be re- placed by one of 5 percent pyridine in kaolin, which is effective and much cheaper.— Lloyd (369) • Keiferia lycopersicella (Busok), the tomato pinworm Derris powder containing 2 percent of rotenone and 11.8 percent of ether extractives, cube powder containing 5 percent of rotenone and 26.4 percent of total extractives, and an extract containing 2 percent of rotenone were tested in California and found inferior to cryolite, which was recommended for the control of this pest.— Elmore and Rowland (164) • Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), the pink bollworm In laboratory tests at Presidio, Tex. in 1933, derris dust caused 72 to 100 percent mortality of larvae that came in contact with it. Poor control was obtained in the field. In 1941 derris, after exposure to direct sunlight, did not cause significant reduction, and even after -9- exposure in the shade, lost some of its effectiveness.— Chapman and Lowry (111) • Phthorimaea sp. Sprays of Coposil (copper ammonium silicate), alone and with 5 percent of rotenone concentrate, or Coposil plus commercial derris, gave significant reductions in infested tomatoes in Hawaii in 1937. —Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station (270) . Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.), the Angoumois grain moth In laboratory tests rotenone and derris resin were toxio to the eggs of this insect and at all stages of development.— Potter and Tattersfield (471). The pyrethrins at a concentration of 0.007 percent were much more toxic to the eggs than nicotine or nicotine sulfate at 0.07 per- cent or derris extract containing 0.001 percent of rotenone, when the eggs were in early incubation, but all these were highly effec- tive against older eggs .—Richardson ( 503) . Geometridae Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), the fall cankerworm In laboratory tests with sprays of derris, nicotine, and pyre- thrum (0.8 percent of pyrethrins), the last was the most effective, and the only one of the three that gave 100 percent mortality.- Balch (33). In comparative tests in Connecticut with lead arsenate, cryolite, and derris-rosin residue emulsion applied to large deciduous trees, rain washed off the cryolite and derris, but the arsenate stuck for several months. A good initial kill was obtained with all three ma- terials against the young cankerworms, but lead arsenate gave the most lasting protection.— Felt and Bromley (177) . Cheimatobia brumata (L.), the winter moth In Germany control was accomplished by spraying the moth eggs with preparations of dinitrocresol and nicotine, and the larvae with derris and pyrethrum preparations.— Thiem (589) . Hepialidae Oxycanus, probably cervinatus (Wlk.), subterranean grass caterpillar Sprays of arsenicals and derris were inefficient in New Zealand. -10- Derris may merit further attention. — Dumbleton and Dick (150). Hesperiidae IJrbanus proteus (i.), the bean leaf roller In Florida rotenone is recommended against this pest on beans in home gardens, after the pods form.— Watson (657) . Hyponom eut i dae Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), the diamondback moth Field tests near Norfolk, Va., with rotenone-nicotine dust com- binations indicated that these materials could be safely combined to control both aphids and diamondback moth larvae on collards. These dusts were more effective for the control of the moth than rotenone alone.—Walker and Anderson (648, 650) . Sprays or dusts containing Derris or Loncho carpus were recommend- ed in England in 1942.— Walton (655) . Derris resin was toxic to the eggs in England. — Potter and Tattersfield (471). Derrisol may be used for the control of this moth on cole crops in South Africa. — Schultz (527) . This pest on cabbages in Queensland can probably be controlled by the -use of lead arsenate dust before the cabbages head, and a spray of summer oil afterwards in place of dusts or sprays of derris which, in 1942, was difficult to obtain.— Veitch (637). Derris dust or spray can be used against the larvae which attack turnip tops in New Zealand.--Pritchard (476) . A 0.1-percent nicotine spray, applied at 4-day intervals in Malaya, gave better control on cabbage than did derris or pyrethrum sprays.— Corbet t and Pagden (121) . In New South Wales cabbages should be dusted every 7 to 10 days, with equal quantities of lead arsenate and kaolin during early growth, and with derris and kaolin (1:8) when the plants are heading. — New South Wales Department of Agriculture (443) . This snecies is further discussed under "Cabbage Caterpillars" on page823 to 26. -11- Prays cltri (Mill.) A spray of 120 grams of derris powder and 300 grams of soap in 5 gallons of water gave promising results against this moth on cit- rus fruits in the Philippines. It killed both the egrs and pupae with which it came in contact.— Garcia (216) • Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus pini (L»), a pine moth caterpillar In tests against the larvae in Germany chemical proof was obtained that rotenone can pass through the cuticula.— Bredenkamp (86). Malacosoma neustria (L«), the lackey moth For a given insecticide there is no fixed relation between the quantities necessary to oontrol larvae of insects in different instars. Even the order of classification, according to insecticidal efficiency, does not remain the same for larvae of a given species during develop- ment, as shown in a table giving the minimum lethal doses of pyrethrins and rotenone per gram of body weight for larvae of M# neustria, Nygmia phaeorrhoea, and Porthetria dispar (q.v.) .— Fransen"*(198) . A derris dust (l percent of rotenone) killed over 80 percent of the larvae on elms in Amsterdam.— van Poeteren (469, p. 51). Lycaenidae Zizera labradus Godt., the bean butterfly The larvae feed on the flowers and pods of bean plants in New South Wales, and can be controlled by dusts of derris powder (1:8), or pyre- thrum powder (l:3) in kaolin or talc; or by a spray of 2 ounces of derris powder and 2 ounces of soap in 4 gallons of water.— New South Wales De- partment of Agrioultuie (444) • Lymantriidae Lymantria monacha (L.) , the nun moth In tests against the larvae chemical proof was obtained that rote- none can pass through the cuticula.—Bredenkamp (86). Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Donov.), the brown-tail moth The most economical dust in Holland would be one containing 0.7 peroent of rotenone used at the rate of about 3 pounds per acre, but -12- for technical ressons it wps necessary to use 30 pounds «»t 0.117 per- cent of rotenone content. — Frw.sen N. Forthetria dispar (L.), the "ypsy moth Unfavorable results were obtained with derris released from an autogiro on woodlands* Derris extract mixtures were applied with oil in proportions that were 9 to 12 times as concentrated, in toxic in- gredients, as powdered derris root, — Potts (472, 473) • In Massachusetts dusting with derris, or mixtures of derris and pyrethrum failed to control the larger caterpillars. A spray contain- ing 15 pounds of derris (4 percent of rotenone) and 2 pounds of soap per 100 gallons of water, applied at 400 gallons per acre, was as ef- fective as pyrethrum dusts against maturing larvae, and was much cheap- er.—Franklin (193, 19 5) . Stilpnoti salici (L.) , the satin moth Full-fed larvae in Holland were very resistant to rotenone but not to pyrethrum. It would be necessary to apply 45 pounds per acre of powder containing 16 percent of rotenone.— Fransen (198). Nymphalidae Pareva vesta F. ("Acraea issoria Hbn.), the China-grass butterfly Aqueous extracts of the seeds of l/illettia pachycarpa were ef- fective against the larvae of this insect in China.— Chiu and coworkers (114). Vanessa cardui (L.), the painted lady The two dinitrocycloalk/lphenols tested were more toxic than acid lead arsenate to the larvae, and the two nitrated phenols were more toxic than rotenone. — Kagy (-333) . The median lethal dose of re- i. ir ».03 mg. per gram of body weight.— Cutkomp (132) • Olethreutidae Ancylis comptana fragariae (Walsh & Riley), the strawberry leaf roller Dusts were more effective thar somy? in ''issouri. Four dusts were recommended, one being derris (5 percent of rotenone) mixed with -13- pyrophyllite or cheap flour at the rate of 1 part of derris to 4 parts of diluent.— Smith (665), (Argyroploce) Badebecia urticana (Hbn.) Derris dust, if applied promptly, was effective against this in- sect on strawberries in England.-- Massee (398) . Carpooapsa poaonella (L.), the codling moth In laboratory tests a dust containing 0,1 percent of pyrethrins, applied to adult moths, killed 91 percent in 6 hours, while a cube dust containing 0.96 percent of rotenone and 4.3 percent of ether ex- tractive killed only 19 percent. When mature larvae were dusted with pyrethrum (0.2 percent of pyreth..'ins), 100 percent died in 24 hours, but the cube dust killed only 71 percent.— Gnadinger and coworkers (233). In Washington the substitution of 1 pound of 4-percent rotenone- bearing material for 1 pound of lead arsenate failed to show better control than lead arsenate at 3 pounds per 100 gallons,— Webster and 0»Neill (666). A lead arsenate schedule, in which nicotine bentonite was re- placed by a spray of rotenone powder and derris extract, gave excel- lent results on two varieties of apple, but was not effective on the third.— New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station (438) . An orchard of several thousand trees was sprayed with a mixture of lead arsenate and IV-X (a proprietary product containing rotenone and pyrethrum) • The crop was from 95 to 98 percent free of codling moth larvae. On the cheok block, where the straight lead arsenate schedule was followed, only 50 to 75 peroent of the fruit was clean. —Pratt (474) . Previous attempts to use rotenone against the codling moth wore unsuccessful, bat in tests begun in 1938 in New York sprays made with rotenone-bearing roots gave promising results and, with the ad- dition of a spreader and adhesive, were more effective than sprays of nicotine or lead arsenate. Rotenone extracts were inferior to the powdered root. In 1958 cube (4 percent of rotenone), applied to apple trees at 4 pounds per 100 gallons, gave only 54 percent control. A rotenone extract gave 76 peroent control, but powdered derris (5 peroent of rotenone) used at 5 pounds per 100 gallons in 1 quart of summer oil gave 82.5 percent. In 1941 2.5 pounds of powdered derris (4.8 percent of rotenone) plus 1 quart of oil gave 95#5 percent, Black Leaf 40 in oil 98#5 percent, and lead arsenate 97.4 percent control. A combination spray of derris with a small amount of lead arsenate and oil provided effective control. In 1942 both nicotine and rotenone sprays again proved highly effective when applied every week or 10 days during the period of codling moth activity. The three most effective mixtures were 3 pounds of Black Leaf 155 plus 1 quart of oil, 2,5 pounds of derris (5 percent of rotenone) plus 1 quart of oil, and 3 pounds of lead arsenate plus 3 pounds of lime per 100 gallons of spray, each with a comroeroial spreader » — Harman (261-264) • Derris, cube, and pyrethrum in 1942 gave promise as substitutes for arsenicals.— Parrott (457) . In Delaware tests to determine the value of substitutes for ar- senicals against the second-brood codling moth included a spray con- taining 1.5 pounds of Black Leaf 155 and 1.5 pints of D-X (a rotenone and pyrethrum product) in 100 gallons of water. This spray gave 53.6 percent of clean fruit while a lead arsenate spray gave 55.1 per- cent.—Stearns (564) • Tests for substitutes for lead arsenate, conducted in Pennsylvania in 1941, included three treatments in which rotenone products replaced two-thirds of the lead arsenate. None of these treatments were so ef- fective as lead arsenate on the two varieties of apples sprayed.— Worthley (701). In Massachusetts a modified schedule, employing a commercial py- rethrum-rotenone combination containing lead arsenate at reduced strength, practically eliminated codling moth damage.—Bourne (72, p. 36). In Germany two poison baits were tested, one a derris prepara- tion at a concentration of 1 percent with 0.15 percent of soft soap and 4 percent of sugar, and the other containing 0,4 percent of lead arsenate with 4 percent of sugar. Moths confined with the poison died within 9 days in the laboratory and 11 days in the field. In an apple orchard sections of 83, 317, and 36 trees were sprayed 3 times, with the arsenical bait, the derris bait, and the normal arsenicel spray di- rected against the larvae. The percentages of uninfested apples from the three sections were 62, 67, and 49, respectively, while only 11 percent of the apples from an unsprayed orchard were uninfested. No danger is likely to accrue to honeybees from the use of derris bait sprays. — Bramstedt (83). (Notocelia) Epibletna uddroanniana (L.) (=Eucosma (N.)u. L.) , the bramble shoot-webber This moth damages berries in England. No control was obtained by -15- leftd arsenate spray or by two applications of a spray of derris ex- tract and soap. Atomized pyrethrum pave excellent results on a small scale.— Dicker (142), Grapholitha molest a (Busck), the oriental fruit moth In Connecticut when monthly applications of lead arsenate spray and dry line-sulfur were followed by six applications of a spray con- taining derris and skim-milk powder, 80 percent of -the fruits were uninjured by this pest,— Garman (218) • Grapholitha packardi Zell., the cherry fruitworm In western Washington, infestation was reduced for the second year by sprays containing lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, derris, or phenothiazine.— Breakey and Webster (84), Polychrosis botrana (Schiff,), a European vine moth In Germany complete mortality of the winter pupae was obtained with suitable 2-percent oil emulsions containing 0,5 percent of rote- none,— Stellwaag (568) , Polychrosis viteana (Clem,), the grape berry moth Since table grapes cannot be washed without severe era :ing, two typos of spray schedules were used in New York in 1T'S2- 1) the wsplit schedule" in which calcium ; senate was used in the r-rst two applications and plant-product insecticides, such as nicotine or rote- none, for the later treatments; anc ^ 2) the "full schedule" in which plant-product insecticides were used in all the applications, — Parrott (457). In a schedule of sprays that would avoid excessive arsenical residues, two formulas were used— one containing calcium arsenate and the other Black Leaf 155 Concentrate (fixed nicotine). The substi- tution of derris (4 percent of rotenone) at the rate of 4 pounds per 100 gallons for the nicotine gave 79.1 percent control,— Taschenberg and Hart z ell (581). Rhyacionla buoliana (Schiff.), the European pine shoot moth Two applications of a spray containing 4 pounds of derris or cube and 3 pounds of fish oil in 100 gallons of water gave good con- trol. This sprey was more effective than one containing 3 pounds of -16- lead arsenate and fish oil. — Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (120). Rhopobota naevnne (Hbn.), the black-headed fireworm In Washington rotenone preparations were tested from 1959 to 1942* A 1-percmt rotenone dust gave good control of the larvae but had little effect on the adults, whereas a pyrethrum dust (0.1 percent of pyrethrins) destroyed both stages. A proprietary spmy material (Visco) containing pyrethrum and rotenone was also satisfactory. In field experiments a higher kill was obtained when the rotenone was in solution than when it was in suspension. A combination of rotenone and pyrethrum gave better control of both the fireworm and cranberry fruitworm than either material alone. Cryolite and lead arsenate, both with oil, were more effective in combination with rotenone than when used alone. None of the materials tested were so effective as a spray of pyrethrum and rotenone combined .--Crowley (127-129) . The second generation was controlled with derris dust (4 percent of rotenone) without an activator, applied at 50 pounds per acre. Dusting with pyrethrum ©r rotenone material was very effective against this pest on cranberry plants in Massachusetts.— Franklin (193, 194) . Papilionidae Papilio ajax L., the black swallowtail Niootine is ineffective, whereas rotenone is effective against the larvae on vegetables.— Mc In doo (383) . Phalaenidae Triphaena pronuba (L.) (=Agrotis T. p. L.), yellow underwing moth The larvae on carnations in England were killed by derris powder. — Speyer (558) • Agrotis ypsllon (Rott.), the black cutworm Derris dusts were not very effective against this species and other Agrotinae on cabbage in the field in South Carolina.— Reid and coworkers (499) • Antioarsia gemmatilis (Hbn.) , the velvetbean caterpillar Rotenone-containing insecticides were almost entirely ineffective against half-grown larvae on vegetables in Alabama. — Arant (22, 26) . -17- Trichoplusia nl (Hbn.) ("Autographa brass icae (Riley)), the oabbage looper Rot en one dusts were less effective than pyrethrum dusts for checking infestations on Long Island* Powders of derris, cube, and timbo having nearly equal extractive content did not significantly differ in protective values. Dust mixtures of 0*5 to 1 percent rote- none content were of nearly equal value for control purposes.— Huckett (296). Rotenone dusts were much less efficient than lead arsenate spray. Syntone (2.8 percent of rotenone), NNOR (l percent of rotenone), and Special Agicide Conoentrate (a derris suspension) were decreasingly effective in the order named. Derris powder (4 pounds to 100 gallons) was superior to all the other treatments because it contained four times as much rotenone. The imported cabbage worm was much more sus- ceptible to rotenone than was the cabbage looper. There was little or no difference between derris and cube; small but consistent differences in control between 1, 0.5, and 0.25 percent rotenone dusts at 20 to 25 pounds per acre} and none between dusts of 1 and 0.5 percent rote- none content when the rate was higher. In 1939, four, three, and two applications of a 0.75-percent rotenone dust increased the yield by 22*9, 16.5, and 12.6 percent, respectively. It was concluded that a 0.5-percent rotenone dust is as effective as a more concentrated one if it is applied at 35 to 40 pounds per acre, and that the best dust for use on cabbage consists of a mixture of rotenone- bearing root and a carrier auoh as talc— Hervey (278, 280, 281). A dust containing 0*6 percent of rotenone and 3 percent of Lethane 384, and also dust containing 0.4 percent of rotenone and 2 percent of Lethane gave very promising results near Norfolk, Va., as compared with the other derris dusts.— Walker and Anderson (647) . (Autographa) Anagrapha falcifera (Kby.), the celery looper In 1942 it was recommended that a 0.75-percent rotenone dust be substituted for the 1-percent dust formerly used against celery and lettuoe loopers.— United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine (626). Rotenone was recommended against loopers (•greenworms*) on lettuoe in North Carolina in 1943.— Eaxwell (407). Brotolomia metriculosa (L.), the angle-shades moth Derris dust prevented the feeding of larvae on roses in England up to 4 days but did not kill them.— Speyer (558, p. 73). -18- Busseola fusca (Puller) , a maize stalkborer Under the intensive system of farming in South Africa two of the control measures consist in top dressing of the plants with Derrisol and cutting of the infested plants.— Union of South Africa Department of Agriculture (609) . Callopistria floridensis (Guenee), the Florida fern caterpillar An outbreak on ferns occurred in nursery greenhouses in Los Angeles. Treatment with a 2-percent Rhotonon ( ? rotenone) solution, 1 ounce to 4 gallons of water, and use of light traps for several months re- sulted in complete control.— Comstock (119) . Nicotine is ineffective, whereas, rotenone is effective against this pest on vegetables .--Mclndoo (385) • Ceramloa pi eta (Harr»), the zebra caterpillar Rotenone dusts were not effeotive on Long Island.— Huckett (296). Charaeas graminis (L«), the "antler" in England In Germany when mature larvae dusted with pyrethrum or derris preparations were transferred to untreated grass sod, 50 peroeat died in 9 days; but when larvae on the sods were dusted with a derris prepa- ration or calcium cyanajnide, 74 and 78 percent died.— Maerck (387) . Feltia subterranea (F«), the granulate*cutworn Derris dusts were not very effective in Soutn Carolina.— Reid and coworkers (499) • In Alabama all rotenone inseoticides tried were ineffective.— Arant (26). Heliothis armigera (Hbn.), the bollworm, corn earworm, tomato fruitworm On Cotton: Calcium arsenate alone gave a yield of 673 pounds of seed cotton per acre while a mixture of this arsenate and cube (80 to 20) gave only 635 pounds.— Moreland (425) . In tests made in Texas calcium-zinc arsenate gave a little better control than either calcium arsenate alone or a calcium arsenate-rote- none mixture, but the difference was not significant.— Gaines (210) . -19- On sweet corn: The use of mineral oil plus 3 percent of dichoro- etnyl ether appeared to be a praotioal method of controlling this pest on sweet corn for market in Maryland* The addition of 0*1 percent of pyrethrlns to the oil imoreaaed its effectiveness, but the addition of derris extract or nicotine.-^uL'OBan and coworkers (147) • The mineral-oil injeotion method was tried in Hawaii. Oil was applied alone, and with the addition of a derris extract (5 percent of rotenone in a total of 20 percent of extractives dissolved in camphor oil) whioh was used at the rate of 36 cc. per gallon of oil, giving 0.05 percent of rotenone in the mixture* 0*8 cc* of oil was ejected at a time on silks as near the tip as possible* Two weeks later the percent- age of tips damaged by larvae was 10*6 when oil was used alone, 6.2 when derris extract was added, and 60*8 on untreated plants* A single treat- ment of the field may be sufficient .—Schmidt (522)* A dust of derris and talo (1:3) was effeotive in some oases in Puerto Rico.— App (20)* On Tomatoes: In Hawaii sprays of oopper ammonium silicate used alone, or with a 5-percent rotenone concentrate, or witn a commercial derris added, gave significant reductions in percentage of infested fruit*— Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station (270)* Of 30 cnemioals tested against third- ins tar larvae, derris (5 per- cent of rotenone) and basic copper arsenate had the most delayed effect but killed at least 90 peroent*— Sherman and ooworkers (637) . Cube (5 peroent of rotenone), mixed with 4 percent of cottonseed oil and kaolin, and used as a dust, gave no oontrol in South Carolina*— Watts (660)* Rotenone and oopper-rotenone were called poor for this pest in victory gardens in Indiana in 1943*— Reed (496)* On Otner Plants: Rotenone was of little value against this insect on lima beans in Tennessee*— Marcovitch (394)* Rotenone dusts were ineffective on snap and lima beans in Maryland* — Ditman (143); Graham and Ditman (240). Derris dust apparently did not affect it on brocooli*— Walker and Anderson (646) . Derris dusts were ineffective on cabbage.— Reid and coworkers (499) . -20- The corn earworm and cutworms are not satisfactorily controlled by either rut en one or pyrethrua, but must be combatod witn arsenical and fluorxne compounds. — Eeid (497, p. 3). (namostraj ~giratnra braayfq— (L.), a cabbage noth In Scotland the larvae can bo controlled by dusting tne plants with nicotine, pyrethrum, or derri*.— Cameron (99). Sprays or dusts containing Perria or Lonohocarpusrwere suggest- ed for control in England.— Walton (6&3) » A derris mixture (0.75 percent of rotenome) was applied success- fully in Holland against tko larvae af Manestra (probably M. brassicae) on tomatoes*— van Poeteren (470, p. 75). Papaipeaa purpurif«*oia (G. k R»), ooluabine borer Dusts of derris aixed with talc were effective if applied, during tne hatcning period, to cultivated aquilegia plants and soil around them.— Matthewman (404) • Plusia 8ignata (?•) In New Guinea the larvae on tobacco can be controlled with derris dust*— Froggatt (204) • Polia oleracea (L«), tomato moth Young larvae on tomatoes in England were killed by the addition of derris extract (0.002 percent of rotenone) to a 1-percent petroleum emulsion, and all except some mature larvae by a spray containing 0.0045 percent of rotenone; but 0.007 percent was necessary to give a complete kill.— Read (495) . Prodenla erldanla (Cram.), the southern armyworm The ingestion of rotenone was followed by no changes in the epi- thelium or muscle fibres, but the ingestion of arsenicals was follow- ed by disintegration of the midgut epithelial cells and damage to the midgut muscle fibres. Silkworms died within 2 hours after ingesting minute quantities of rotenone, whereas southern armyworm s readily ingested 59 to 10 mg. in sandwiches without showing any ill effects.— Woke (699). Feeding rotenone, niootine, pyrethrum, and phenotftiarine in sand- wionee caused little or no onange in tne blood cells and no significant difference in the glycogen index between the fore and hind ends of the larvae* The arsenicals caused marked changes in the blood cells.— -Yeager and Minson (705) . Prodenla lltura (F.), the grey-streaked moth In New Guinea the larvae on tobacco can be controlled witn derris dust.— Froggatt (204). Phycitidae Acrobasis juglandis (LeB), the pecan leaf casebearer A pyrethrum-rotenone spray, applied in early spring when 95 per- cent of the larvae nad become active, gave good control in Florida.-- Fhillips and Bratley (466, p. 72). Ephestia kuehniella Zell., the Mediterranean flour moth In one instance the pyrethrins were 2.66 + 0.26 tiroes as toxic as a Derris elliptlca resin (rotenone content 37 to 40 percent) to the eggs.— Potter and Tattersfield (471). Etiella zinckenella (Treit.), lima bean pod borer Dusts and sprays containing rotenone gave inferior results, py- rethrum gave moderately effective results, and cryolite reduoed the population by over 90 percent in Puerto Rico.— Scott (633). Mineola vaocinli (Riley) , the cranberry f ruitworm In field experiments in Washington a higher kill was obtained when the rotenone was in solution than in suspension. A combination of rotenone and pyrethrum gave better oontrol than either material alone. Cryolite and lead arsenate, both with oil, were each more ef- fective in combination with rotenone than when used alone.— Crowley (128, 129). Good control in Massachusetts was obtained with sprays contain- ing 8 pounds of derris or 10 pounds of cube (both 4 percent of rote- none) and 2 pounds of soap in 100 gallons of water. A 2-percent rote- none dust with an activator and wetter, applied twice at tne rate of 100 pounds per acre, was highly effective. A derris dust (4 percent of rotenone) without an activator was satisfactory at 50 pounds per acre. A spr?y of lead arsenate g-ave good control on experimental plots when applied at 400 fallons per acre, *-hough it was less effective than derris or cryolite. — Franklin (192, 193, 196). -22- In New Brunswick a derris spray gave significant control, but a derris dust and a spray of nicotine sulfate did not.— Vaxwell ( 406 ) « Pieridae Pleris bra8slcae (L.), tne cabbage white butterfly In England a 0.1-peroent rotenone dust gav« satisfactory control of this pest on Brassloa orops under field conditions. The follow- ing formula was used: Lonohooarpus nicou (4 peroent ef rotenone) 2.5 pounds, gypsum seoonds mineral 92«5 poinds, and amorphous silica dust 5 pounds. About 70 pounds of the dust per acre were required to dust a orop in autumn*— Kearns (338) • Derris resin and rotenone were toxic to the eggs in laboratory tests.— Potter and Tattersfield (471) . Sprays or dusts containing Derris or Lonohooarpus were suggest- ed in 1942 for control of the caterpillars on garden orops in England. —Walton (653) . Derri6, in either dust or spray form, can be used in New Zealand to protect the tops of turnips.— Pritohard (476) . Pieris canidia (Sparrm.) Derris sprays gave promising results against this species on cabbage in China. — Chan ( 110) • Pieris napi (L.) Rotenone sprays and dusts were suggested in 1942 for control of this species on garden crops in England.— Walton (653). Pieris rapae (L.), the imported cabbage worm Rotenone dusts were very effective in most cases in New York. Syntone, NNOR, and Special Agioide Concentrate were decreasingly ef- fective in the order named. Derris (4 pounds to 100 gallons) was superior because it contained four times as much rotenone. The addition of 3 peroent of Lethane 60, crude soybean oil, and sodium oleyl sul- fate did not increase the toxioity of the retenone dusts.— Hervey (278, 280, 281), An analysis was made of derris residues on marketable heads of cabbage which had been dusted at 7-day intervels with 5 applications of -23- fl derris-clay mixture containing 1 percent of rotenone. Stoti sMcal calculations showed that, among 11,600 heads from a single acre, one U. 3. No. 1 head might be encountered that would contain 73 parts per million of derris (0.525 grain per pound) .— Cassil (107) . In 1941 one recommendation for the control of the imported cab- bage worm in New York was the use of 4 pounds of derris (4 percent of rotenone) to 100 gallons of water plus a suitable spreader and stick- er. Experiments 3howed that derris sprays of one-fourtn tnis strength compared favorably with the derris and pyrethrum dusts which are also recommended.— Pyenson and Roth (481) • Because of difference in toxicity between the yam boan and cube (4 percent of rotenone) in tests with the imported cabbage worm and coaling moth, it is probable that the toxicity of the yp.m been is not primarily rotenone.— Hans berry and Lee (258) • In 1941 the safest and one of the most effective methods of con- trol for this pest was the use of derris or cube dust mixture contain- ing 0.75 to 1 percent of rotenone.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine ^620). Sprays or dusts containing Derris or Lonchocarpus were suggested for control of P. rapae in England. Dusts containing 0.1 percent of -otenoDe were eTfective.— Walton (655) . This species caused no damage in market gardens in Victoria where dusts containing derris or arsenates were employed.— Anonymous (3). In TTest Australia, nicotine sulfate, lead arsenete, and derris were recommended against this pest.— Jenkins (322) • An alcoholic extract of the seeds of Millet tla pachycarpa was ef- fective in China.— Chiu and coworkers (114) . Cabbage Caterpillars All three species of oaterpillars commonly found on cabbage in the United States, namely, the cabbage looper (Trlchoplusia ni), the imported cabbage worm (Pieris rapae), and the diamondbaok moth"*"'(Plutella maculipennis), are either inferred or named in the following abstracts: In tests in Ohio with dusts applied to cabbage, the percentages of heads free from injury at harvest were 67 for paris green, 64 for lead arsenate, and 23 for derris.- Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (448) . -24- In 3-year trials in Wisconsin it was possible to control both the cabbage worm and the cabbage aphid with a mixture containing rotenone (0.76 percent) nicotine (2.5 percent), and sulfur (20 per- cent). Derris was superior to lead arsenate for oontrol of the im- ported cabbage worm and diamondback moth, but the arsanicals were better for control of the cabbage looper.— [All«i] (15); Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station (695) • In Alabama Derris and Tephrosia were more effective than Lonchocarpua of the same guaranteed rotenone content against a mixed infestation of cabbage worms in the field.— Arant (26). A survey of various commercial cabbage fields in South Carolina, in which several insecticides, inoluding derris and cube dusts, were used, showed that there was need for more adequate control measures. — Bare (34) • A derris-nicotine dust with sulfur and hydrated lime added as diluents gave excellent control of cabbage worms, as well as fair re- sults against the pea aphid.— Brooks and Allen (91). In Ohio in 1938 the greatest yield of cabbage was obtained by treatment with a mixture of 1 pound of derris dust (4 percent of rote- none) and 7 pounds of talc— Gui (246) . The more important uses of rotenone include the control of cab- bage caterpillars.— Howard and coworkers (294). Rotenone dusts in 1939 on Long Island were almost replaced on a commercial scale by pyrethrum dusts. The former were not effective against the older larvae of the cabbage looper on cruciferous crops. — Huckett (295). In Michigan cabbage worms are controlled with arsenical sprays and dusts, and by rotenone (derris), or with pyrethrum dusts and sprays. The diamondback moth is controlled with derris or pyrethrum. — Hutson (303). The standard recommendations in New York in 1942 for cabbage insects— cabbage aphid and the three speoies of cabbage caterpillars- included a 0.75 to 1-percent rotenone dust or a spray containing 4 pounds of derris or cube powder (4 to 6 percent of rotenone) •— Parrott (457) . A 0.5-percent rotenone dust was recommended in North Carolina in 1943 against cabbage worms on cabbage after the head is half gr own • — Uaxwe 1 1 (407) • -25- Rotenona and copper-rotenone were called good for cabbage worms in viotory gardens in Indiana in 1943 •— Reed (496) • The only satisfactory substitute for rotenone inseotioides for use on cabbage after the heads begin to form is pyrethrum.— Reid (497) . As arsenioals cannot be safely used on cabbages after the head begins to forn, dusts of derris and pyrethrum were tested in South Carolina in 1939 and found effective against larvae of some of the three species, but derris was more effective against the population as a whole and could be used at greater dilutions.— Reid and Bare (498) • Of the materials tested derris dust gave the most uniform re- sults in 1941* From field experiments it was concluded that a derris dust containing 1 percent of rotenone should be most effective against the cabbage looper and diamondback moth, and a 0*6 peroent dust should be sufficient where the imported cabbage worm predominates. In 1942 investigations were conducted on the number and schedule of applica- tions of derris-China clay dust containing 0.5 percent of rotenone to proteot cabbage from damage by these three species* The following treatments resulted in a considerable Increase in marketable cabbage* three applications of this dust between the time the first heads be- gin to form and the beginning of harvest; or three applications of paris green and lime before formation of the first heads, followed by two of derris dust during the heading period.— Reid and coworkers (499, 600). In Louisiana in 1938 three applications of a derris dust (0.6 percent of rotenone) failed to give satisfactory protection.— Smith and Brubaker (547) . In field tests in Connecticut in 1945 against a light infesta- tion of the imported cabbage worm and diamondback moth, and a severe infestation of the cabbage looper, 1 part of derris suitably diluted with pyrophyllite was as effeotive as 2.6 to 6 parts of derris diluted with clay. If the control obtained by 1 percent of rotenone and clay is accepted as the desirable standard, not more than 0.4 percent of rotenone with pyrophyllite produced the same degree of control. Not more than 0.3 percent of rotenone with pyrophyllite would be required to equal the control following use of 0.75 percent of rotenone with clay.— Turner (602) • In order to conserve rotenone, pyrethrum can be substituted for it. It is better to apply an insecticide at reduced concentration to the entire crop rather than the full concentration to only part of it.— Turner and Horsfall (606) • -26- Either a 1-percent rotenone dust or a 0.3-percent pyrethrins dust, applied at the rate of 15 ■*> 25 pounds per acre, was formerly recommended for the control of mixed populations of these three speoies of cabbage caterpillars. In order to conserve rotenone it was reoommended in February 1942 (l) to use a 0.75-percent rote- none dust at the same rate, with the provision that if one applica- tion is not effective a second application be given, or (2) when- ever possible to use a 0.3 percent pyrethrins mixture. Other substitutes, such as paris green, cryolite, and calcium arsenate, can be used on cabbage only prior to the heading of the plants, but for other cole crops they are not recommended at any time after thinning or transplanting.-- U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (626), Nicotine is ineffective against cabbage caterpillars, A dust containing 0.375 percent of rotenone, 1.7 percent of nicotine, and 10 percent of sulfur was also ineffective.— TJ. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (j528> P» 135) • Rotenone was reoommended against cabbage caterpillars in victory gardens.— Watson (667) ; White and Doolittle (683). Pterophoridae Platyptllla antlrrhina Lange, the snapdragon plume aoth Rotenone did not give adequate control in California.— Lange (552) • Platyptllia carduldactyla (Riley), the artichoke plume moih Cube powder, nicotine sulfate, and fixed nicotines, applied as sprays, gave limited degrees of control.— Lange (351). Tlascala finitella (Wlk.), hill fireworm Heavy spraying and dusting with materials containing rotenone controlled this pest on cranberry plants in Massachusetts.— Franklin (196). Pyrau8tidae Diaphania hyalinata (L.), the melon worm Derris dusts containing 0.5 percent of rotenone were less effective than 1-percent dusts in Alabama. Cube appeared to be less effective than derris and timbo. A derris dust containing 25 percent of sulfur -27- was effective but severely burned cantaloupe foliage.— Arant (21, 26). Hiootine is ineffective, whereas rotenone is effective.— Mclndoo (585). Rotenone was recommended for use in hone and victory gardens.— Watson (657) J White and Doolittle (685) * Pyrethrum is inferior to rotenone but can be used with clay or talo and sulfur to protect fall-grown squash.— U. 5. Department of Agriculture (655, p. 15). Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll), the pickleworm In Alabama cube appeared to be less effective than derris and tinbo in 1940 and 1942* Nine applications of a derris-talc-flour dust* containing 1 percent of rotenone, were effective in controlling this pest on late cantaloupes in 1941* Applications at the rate of 54*2 pounds per acre were not significantly more effective than those at 14.7 pounds per acre. A mixture of derris, talc, flour, and Cuprocide (25; 64: 5: 6) was no more effective than the preceding mix- ture. On an average of 5,200 edible melons per acre were produced on 5 plots dusted with derris and talc, as compared with 96 edible melons per acre on the 5 check plots. In 1942 derris and cube dusts contain- ing 1 percent of rotenone did not materially reduce infestation of the pickleworm until the dosage was increased to 20 pounds per acre per application. Twelve dustings at 17.5 pounds per acre did not give practical control, although worm-free melons were matured at the rate of 750 to 2,080 per aore on the dusted plots as compared with none on -the checks. Ten applications of 1-percent rotenone dust, applied at 6-day intervals at 12.5 pounds per acre, gave satisfactory control on cucumbers during a period of favorable weather. Derris gave 95 per- cent control and cube 79 percent.— Arant (21, 25-26) . In Louisiana rotenone did not give as efficient control of the piekleworm as did cryolite.— Floyd and coworkers (189). In Mississippi derris dust reduced infestations of the pickle- worm on cucumbers in 1940, but it was not determined whether the con- trol obtained justified the expense.— Lyle (372). Nicotine is ineffective while rotenone is effective against the pickleworm.— Mclndoo (383). -28- In South Carolina some control was given in 1939 on field plots by three applications of a cube dust (1.25 percent of rotenone), but in oage tests with insecticides, including cube, the only one to give any mortality of the larvae was a dust of 10 percent lead arse- nate which killed only 61 pero ent •— Watts (658) . Rotenone has been recommended against the pickleworm on cucum- bers, squashes, and cantaloupes in home and victory gardens.— *7at son (657) | White and Doolittle (683). Evergestis rimosalis (Guen.), cross-striped cabbage worm Derris and Tephrosia were more effective than Lonchocarpus of the same guaranteed rotenone content.— Arant (26). " Hymenia (recurve! is (F.) (■fascialis (Cram.)), the Hawaiian beet webworm Derris and other rotenone-bearing dusts were of no value in con- trol of this pest on spinach in Virginia.— Walker and Anderson (642). In New South Wales, laboratory tests indicated that weekly ap- plications of a dust of 1 pound of derris and 7 pounds of kaolin or talo at 50 pounds per acre would be effective against larvae on the silver beet.— New South Wales Department of Agriculture (440) . Loxostege stictioalis (L.) , the beet webworm In laboratory tests there was no significant difference in ef- fectiveness between dusts containing 0*75 percent of rotenone and 1*5 percent of resins from cube root. Paris green is the standard con- trol in Montana. Small webworms, however, may be killed by pyrethrum, rotenone, or nicotine sprays*— Pepper and Hastings (462, 463) • Maruca testulalls (Geyer), bean pod borer Dusts and sprays containing rotenone gave inferior results in Puerto Rico in 1940.— Scott (655). Phlyctaenia rubigalis (Guen.), the celery leaf tier, greenhouse leaf tier Rotenone was recommended against this pest on oelery in Florida. —Watson (657) • Pionea for fi calls (L.) , garden pebble moth In England sprays or dusts containing Derris or Lonchocarpus were suggested for the control of this insect on garden crops in 1942. —Walton (S53). -29- Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn*), the European corn borer In field plots in Massachusetts treated, respectively, with a dual-fixed nicotine dust and a derris spray, 6 and 5 percent of the plants showed stalk infestation as compared with 36 and 12 percent in the controls* In plots sprayed with dual- fixed nicotine, nico- tine tannate, and derris, uninfes ted ears formed 92.8, 97.6, and 98.3 peroent of the total yield, respectively, compared with 70, 94.4, and 94.7 percent in control plots*— Bourne (68). In Connecticut dahlias were treated with sprays of nicotine, and cube* Both treatments were satisfactory but the cube spray was the least effective* On early and late corn, however, cube and derris sprays were slightly more effective than the nicotine dust*— Brit ton and coworkers (89) • Sufficient control to enable dahlias to blossom normally was given by a dual-fixed nicotine dust, a derris or cube dust, and a spray of 1 pound of derris or cube (4 percent of rotenone) in 25 gallons of water with a suitable spreader* The rotenone dust was not effec- tive against this insect on sweet corn*— Turner (596) * In New York powdered derris root (5 percent of rotenone), used at the rate of 4 pounds to 100 gallons of water with a suitable spread- er, gave good control, 4 or 5 treatments having been necessary to proteot the rapidly growing corn plants during the egg-laying seasons. — Hervey and Carruth (282). In Massachusetts in 1940 percentages of uninfested ears were 81 and 84 for sprays of derris and cube (both 4 percent of rotenone), re- spectively; 72 and 65 for commercial sprays (4 and 2*5 percent of rotenone) ; 77, 71, and 76 for a dust of dual-fixed nicotine and two commercial rotenone dusts; and 40 percent for no treatment*— Bourne (69, p* 59). In 1941 sprays and dusts of derris or dual-fixed nicotine proved of considerable value against the first generation of -the corn borer.— Bourne and Hhitcorab (74). Sprays of a proprietary derris preparation did not prevent ovi- position of the European corn borer in Japan*— Koo (344) • A mixture of 4 pounds of derris or cube (4 percent of rotenone), 100 gallons of water, and a spreader provided protection for sweet corn* — Caffrey and Baker (98, p* 36) • -30- TThile four of the many organic compounds tested in 1941 gave the highest reductions in corn borer populations, none of them provided such satisfactory protection to the corn plants as did derris. — Questel and coworkers (485) • Derris (4 percent of rotenone) and synthetic cryolite, each used with a spreader, increased the percentage of uninfested ears in Ontario, The cryolite sprays considerably reduced the number of ears, and caused foliage injury, while derris did not* Five applications of derris were the most profitable of all, and two applications of derris were more profitable than five of cryolite.— Stirrett (572) ; Stirrett and Thompson (573). In Connecticut a 1-percent rotenone dust produced about 50 per- cent of borer- free ears, and dual-fixed nicotine (3.75 percent of nico- tine) 66 to 75 percent. The use of derris, cube, or timbo (4 peroent of rotenone) in sprays provided control as satisfactory as that of dual-fixed nicotine dust. The cost of spraying was somewhat less than that of dust- ing. A knapsack bellows duster was better than machine treatment of sweet corn. Encouraging results were given by spraying the ears alone with 1 pound of derris (4.7 peroent of rotenone) and 2 ounces of Ultra- wet spreader in 25 gallons of water when young shoots had formed just prior to silking, and later when the ears were in full silk. In spite of the lower cost per acre for rotenone dust, the dual-fixed nicotine dust was distinctly preferable.— Turner (598, 600) • Good control of the corn borer can be obtained with 0.5 percent rotenone dusts, if carefully and thoroughly mixed and applied at the rate of 45 to 50 pounds per aore per application.— Baker and coworkers (32). Comparisons of pure ground derris and cube roots suspended in water and applied with and without spreading agents showed no consistent dif- ferences. Dual-fixed nicotine dust (4 percent of nicotine) was con- sistently more effective than 1 percent rotenone dusts. Dusts made by impregnating inert materials with extracts of derris were not significant- ly less effective than dusts made by diluting ground derris root.— Beard and Turner (42) ; Turner (601) • In Massachusetts the percentages of uninjured ears in untreated plots, and in plots treated with sprays of derris or fixed nicotine and dusts of derris or dual-fixed nicotine, were 92.9, 99.4, 97.1, 99.4, and 98.8, re- spectively.- Bourne and Miitcomb (76) • In New York the most satisfactory control measure available for the European corn borer in 1942 was four applications, at 5-day intervals, of -31- a dual-fixed niootine dust or a 1-percent rotenone dust, which yield- ed 86.5 and 81.6 percent uninfested ears, respectively, when applied with a wheelbarrow duster, and 90.3 and 89.2 percent respectively, when applied with a traotor duster.--Carruth (104) . Because it appeared probable that rotenone would not be avail- able for use on sweet oorn, and the manufacture of dual-fixed nico- tine dust was discontinued. A spray of derris (5 percent of rote- none) with Grasselli spreader-sticker was superior to Black Leaf 155, but the latter could be used during the war emergency in situ- ations where spraying was a practioal means of borer control.— Carruth (105). Of the various dust materials tested, dual-fixed nicotine dust (4 percent of nicotine) and 1-percent rotenone dust were the most consistently effective and did not differ greatly in titieir perform- ances under New York conditions.— Parrott (457) . Nicotine was not entirely satisfactory. Rotenone was more ef- fective against the European oorn borer on sweet corn.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (628) ♦ In 1943 the most satisfactory insecticide for use against this pest in dahlias contained derris, cube, or niootine •— Batch elder and coworkers (37). Spray treatments of market sweet corn with high- clearance boom equipment provided greater numbers of borer-free ears, with 40 per- oent less derris per acre, than did the dust treatments.— Quest el and Irons (486) . Differences in tenacity determined in the laboratory indicated that derris dust resisted about six times as much washing as did dual-fixed nicotine dust and it should therefore perform relative- ly better in seasons of a high amount of rainfall .—Turner (605) . In commercial-scale trials of a derris spray at Toledo, Ohio, and of a derris spray pnd dual-fixed nicotine dust at New Haven, Conn., at costs of $19 to $24 per acre, these treatments showed a new profit of about $400 per acre from increased yield and reduc- tion in corn borer infestation of early sweet corn.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (628, p. 133). In 1944 the conclusions drawn from commercial insecticide tests follow: (l) Derris spray was considerably more effective in corn -32- borer control than any. of the dusts used; (2) derris dusts were more effective than nicotine dusts; (3) none of the dusts tested were satisfactory when dealing with high borer populations; and (4) very heavy infestations can be controlled satisfactorily and profitably in early market sweet core with derris*— Quest el (484) • Rotenone was recommended in 1944 against the corn borer on sweet corn in victory gardens.— White and Doolittle (683) . Rotenone-bearing materials, during the emergency, were permitted to be used against this pest only on sweet corn in home gardens, or for marketing, green. The substitutes were sprays of nicotine ben- tonite and nicotine tannate, and dual-fixed nicotine dust.— U. S. Department of Agriculture (633, p. 14). Saturnii dae Kudaurelia oytherea capensis (Stoll), pine tree emperor moth Pyrethrum, derris, and dinitro-o-oresol were very promising a- gainst larvae of the third, fourth, and fifth instars in South Africa. — Naude (437). Derris and pyrethrum dusts in South Africa were effective against larvae in the third instar but were considerably less toxic against later instars.— Tooke and Hubbard (594) . Sphingidae Celerlo lineata (F.), the white-lined sphinx In Arizona this pest can be controlled by hand collection and by derris sprays .-Wehrle (668). Ceratomia catalpae (Bvd.), the catalpa sphinx The median lethal doses of various insecticides fed in leaf sand- wiohes to last-instar larvae were expressed as milligrams of a 1-per- cent rotenone powder as follow: Derris 0.07, Tephrosia 0.07, timbo 0.11, and cube 0.17; and expressed as milligrams of principal toxins (Goodhue rotenone-deguelin values), the doses were 0.0016, 0.0015, 0.0018, and 0.0019, respectively. The data indicated the inadequacy of rotenone content alone to express the insecticidal value of a rota- none-bearing product and emphasised the importance of the Goodhue rote- none-deguelin value as a supplementary expression.— Aran t (22, _26) • -33- Pholus acheraon (Drury), the achemom sphinx It can be controlled by hand collection and by derris sprays.— TTehrle (668). Protoparce guingueroaculata (Haw.) , the tomato hornworm Protoparce sexta (Johan.), the tobacco hornworm A sweetened liquid bait containing 0.04 percent of rotenone (from aqueous extract of derris or cube) or 5 percent of tartar emetic was taken readily by the moths and was moderately toxic to them. Moths attracted by isoamyl salicylate may be poisoned or trapped in large numbers. Rotenone bait is preferable to one containing tartar emetic because the former is less toxic to humans and livestock.— Scott and Milam (534) . Tineidae Tinea secalella Zacher A pyrethrum powder (Pyretin) of high quality was by far the best insecticide tested in Sweden. Derris powder was inferior.— Mat hi ein (403). Tineola bisselllella (Hum.), webbing clotnes moth Wollen fabric treated with derris resin was eaten only slight- ly by the larvae .—Ileal ( 275) . Tortri ci dae Argyrotoxa seitiipurpurana (Kearf.), pin oak leaf roller A derris-rosin residue emulsion gave little control .--Felt and Bromley (177). Platynota stultana (Wilsm.) In California pyrethrua-rotenone spray for the control of tnis insect destroyed the natural bloom of field-grown carnations.— Bohart (63). Sparganothis pilleriana (Schiff .) In Germany a spray containing 3 percent of Selinon caused a re- duction of 74 percent while one containing 5 percent of Abolin and 1 percent of derris reduoed tne population only 51 per cent .-nJanoke (315). oV -34- Spargsnothis sulfureana (Clem.), sulfur leaf roller An airplane application of 15 pounds of derris dust (4 percent of rotenone) to the aore was not effective in killing the larvae in New Jersey. — Beckwith (44) « Tortrix pronubana Hbn., carnation tortrix moth In Scotland the larvae should be sprayed with derris as one of the control measures.— Cameron (99) • Zygaenidae Artona catoxantha (Hmps.), coconut zygaenid In oentral Java damage in a number of outbreak centers was pre- vented by a single application of derris, but two treatments were necessary to suppress some of the outbreaks. Spraying was regularly practiced, and a suspension containing 0.3 peroent of rotenone and 1.5 percent of talc was usually satisfactory. In laboratory tests 100 percent mortality of fourth-instar larvae was obtained with a derris spray containing 0.005 percent of rotenone, and of full grown larvae, with one of twice the strength.— Van der Vecht (636) • Harrisina brillians B. & MoD., the western grape skeletoniter If fruit is present, derris dusts or sprays should be used.— TCehrle (668) . Unidentified Lepidoptera Derride is a normal constituent of derris root. It has a de- cided killing effeot on caterpillars oonparable to that of rotenone. A dusting experiment, conducted by Van der Veoht against oaterpillars, with derris powder from which the derride had been extracted, indi- cated that tne powder had about the same toxic value as an ordinary sample of derris root with 3 peroent of rotenone and 8.1 peroent of ether extract.— Meijer and Koolhaas (410) . Due to wartime conditions in Java talc beoame unavailable for use as a diluent in rotenone insecticides. Three looal commercial powders, mixed with sufficient derris to yield mixtures containing 0.75 percent of rotenone, were found to be adequate substitutes for talc in laboratory tests against cabbage caterpillars. "Beta" (a fine powder similar to pumice) and "Te Be Bee* (a olay powder) were more efficient than talo and sufficiently inexpensive.— Verbeek (638). -35- COLEOPTERA Anobiidae Lasioderma s err i come (F.), the cigarette beetle Derris powder (3.6 percent of rotenone) was highly toxio to the adults in Mauritius.— J epson (323) . Bostrichidae Dinoderus bifoveolatus (Woll.) Three samples of cube root which had been attacked by this beetle were analyzed. The average rotenone content of the whole root was 3.9 percent, while that of the portion of the root changed into powder by the insects was only 1*6 percent*— Jones (326) . Rhyzopertha dominioa (F.), the lesser grain borer or Australian wheat weevil In India lime and cresosote mixed with stored grain gave better results than pyrethrum or derris.— Anonymous (4). Bruchidae Bruchus brachialis Fahraeus, the vetch bruchid Good control of this insect in western Oregon and southwestern Washington was given in field tests by a dust containing rotenone and sulfur. — U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (624, p. 27; 628, p. 131). Bruchus pisorum (L„), the pea weevil In Oregon a 0.76-percent rotenone dust, applied before the pea weevil oviposited, killed nearly 100 percent of the weevils. This led to the construction of large, hooded dusters mounted on trucks which made possible nearly complete control ••-Mote and Thompson (432) . Dusts containing 1 percent of rotenone were more effective than those containing 0.75 and 0.5 percent, but the difference in toxicity between the first and second was less than that between the second and third. A cube dust gave lower mortalities with diatomaceous earth as a carrier than with talc. The toxicity of a cube dust (0.5 percent of rotenone) was inoreased by the addition of 0.225 peroent of pyrethrins, — U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (524, P» 62). -36- This pest can be controlled in green peas and dried peas by use of derris dust mixtures (0.5 to 1 percent of rotenone) • Large-scale field tests in 1940 showed that dust mixtures of derris, cube, or timbo (0.75 to 1 percent of rotenone) applied at rates ranging from 25 to 40 pounds per acre gave satisfactory control. A hood or a short trailing canves on the dusting machine increased the efficiency of the treatment by preventing excessive wind drift.— Br indley and coworkers (88). Satisfactory oontrol in 1941 was obtained by dusts of derris, cube, or timbo mixed with talc or diatomaceous earth to contain 1 percent of rotenone, and applied at the rate of 20 pounds per aore. As many as three applications nay be necessary.— Br indley (87)» and Knowlton (343) t The pea weevil can be readily controlled by the application of a 0.75- to 1-peroant rotenone dust*-- Glasgow (£28, 229) . Rotenone dusts were effective, but their successful use requires mechanized dusters and effioient operation. Observations on 13 dust- ing machines were taken near Moscow, Idaho. In the Falouse area 200,000 pounds of dust were applied, and the weevil deokage on the treated fields was less than 5 percent while on the untreated fields it was 15 percent.— Humphrey (301) . Precautions taken in one district in Utah to prevent infestation by the pea weevil of peas intended for canning included careful exam- ination of the fields by sweeping, dusting with a 1-percent mixture of rotenone and talo at 20 pounds per acre, and removal of chance infested plants just before harvest.— Moss (430) » Tests of different materials as substitutes for derris, cube, or timbo against the pea weevil were unsuccessful although pyrethrum, as well as certain dinitro oompounds, might be useful.- U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (62£» p. 35) • Rotenone dusts applied to peas, for drying, when they came into flower, did not give complete oontrol of the pea bruohid in Washington, and fumigation of the harvested crop was therefore necessary. The use of rotenone on Austrian peas grown for seed was prohibited in 1942 in order to conserve the Supplies of rotenone for crops used as human food, and fumigation was compulsory*— Webster and Riohmann (663) ♦ In 1942 rotenone was the standard insecticide for the pea weevil. Nicotine was ineffective.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine (628; j Mclndoo (383). -37- Instruotions in 1943 to victory gardeners stated that rote- none was scarce, and restricted to use on peas for the pea weevil, and for a few other insects. A spray of sodium fluosilicate and sugar might supplement rotenone dust to control the pea weevil on Austrian peas.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (630; 623, ?. 135). One of the most important uses for rotenone is to control the pea weevil .--Howard and coworkers (294, p. 30) • In 1944 rotenmo was still recommended against the pea weevil in victory gardens •--'White and Dooiittle (683) . There is no comparable substitute for rotenone for control of the pea weevil.— CT. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (633). Callosobruchus naoulatas (F»), the oowpea weevil Rotenone was recommended against this pest on oowpeas in Florida in 1943.— Watson (667). Buprestidae Agrilus r&bloola Abeille, the bronze cane borer Agrilus rufioollis (P.), tno red-necked cane borer In New York in 1941 derris dusts gave promise of satisfactory oontrol, and in 1942 a derris spray was eff eotire.— Iftindinger (434, 436). In New York State the following sprays are recommended* (l) lead arsenate 5 pounds, and \ pound of soybean meal or skimmilk powder to serve as a spreader and sticker; (2) powdered derrid or cube (4 to 5 percent of rotenone) 6 pounds, with the preceding spreader and stick- er, per 100 gallons.— Slate and coworkers (544, p. 54). Sometimes a single, well-timed application of rotenone will give good repression, bat usually two spray applications of lead arsenate or of derrio (6 pounds per 100 gallons) are necessary for -the best results*— Parrott (467) in 1942. -38- Byturidae Byturus tomentosua (Deg*), a raspberry and loganberry beetle Byturus rubl Barber or bakeri Barber ("unicolor Say), a raspberry Truitwora Three applications of derris, cube, or timbo, either as a dust or spray, were recommended as a control of the raspberry or logan- berry fruitworm (B. unleolor) in Washington* The dust should con- tain not less than 0.5 percent of rotenone mixed with talo or diatomaoeous earth as a carrier* If a spray was to be used, 34 ounces of derris, cube, or timbo (4 peroent of rotenone) were required for eaoh 100 gallons* Rotenone was the only remedy recommended*— Hanson and Webster (260) • Rotenone is the standard or preferred insecticide for the rasp- berry fruitworm* Niootine is ineffective* — U* S* Bureau of Bitomology and Plant Quarantine (638) • Derris is particularly suitable for the control of the rasp- berry beetle*-- Freak (199)* Powdered derris or cube (4 to 5 peroent of rotenone) used at the rate of 3 to 5 pounds in 100 gallons of water wilii -J- to 1 pound of soybean meal or other neutral spreader, may be substituted for lead arsenate spray* A 1-percent rotenone dust was also effective against raspberry beetles in New York.— Slate and coworkers (644, p. 49). The raspberry fruit worm has been controlled fairly well by the use of rotenone*— U* S. Bureau of Batomology and Plant Quarantine (625, p. 802). There is no comparable substitute for rotenone. Lead arsenate is of some value for early treatments but should not be used after the berry blossoms open.— U. S. Department of Agriculture (633, p. 16) « Cantharidae Cantharis obscure L* In France tests against this insect on fruit trees with sprays of niootine, rotenone, or pyrethrua, and dusts of talo containing 0*76 peroent of rotenone from Derris elliptioa, and of a mixture of sulfur and lime, demonstrated that the best results were given by the rote- none dust*— Feytaud and Chaboussou (183) * -39- Cerambycidae Oberea blmaculata (Oliv.), the raspberry eane borer In New York best results were obtained with a spray contain- ing 5 pounds of derris (4.8 peroent of rotenone) and \ pound of soy- bean meal per 100 gallons of water, 1 application of -which gave 90.8 percent control. One or 2 applications of a 1-percent rotenone dust, and 2 applications of a spray containing 1 pint of a commercial rote- none extract (2.5 percent of rotenone) in 100 gallons of water were less effective.— Ifcindinger (436) ; Slate and coworkers (544, p. 54) • This borer was controlled best by rotenone sprays, and moderate- ly well by rotenone dust.— Parrot t (457) . Saperda Candida F., the reuadheaded apple tree borer In New York insecticides were injected into larval tunnels in apple trees. One and five-tenths peroent of rotenone extract with ethyl alcohol (1*4), caused 71 peroent mortality, while 5 percent rotenone extract in aoetone, caused 100 percent mortality of the larvae*— Hess (283, p. 81)* Unidentified oerambyoids Longioeras are important pests of fig trees in Japan* In tests lead arsenate, pyrethrum, and derris were injected into the mines of these insects in the stems and branches of fig trees. The best re- sults were given by the arsenate and pyrethrum, which killed 96 and 83 peroent of the larvae, respectively.— Kusunome and Umetsu (346) • Chry8omelidae Agelastloa alni (L.), an elder beetle This insect, attacking fruit trees in France in 1939, was con- trolled by arsenical sprays. Preparations containing rotenone and py- rethrum also gave good results.— Feytaud (181). (Ceratla) Aulacophora hilaris (Boisd.) In New South Wales cucurbit plants can be dusted with derris, or a mixture of pyrethrum and flour (l:4), both of which destroy many of these beetles and prevent reinfestation for 1 or 2 days.— New South Wales Department of Agriculture (441). In South Wales plants may be dusted with a mixture of pyrethrum and kaolin or flour (1x4), Derris dust may also be used.— New South Wales Department of Agriculture (444). -40- .--- 3rsntiepa lis bats WateAi •Lxterisents showed tr.at ierris 3.6 percent of rctsncne' grswr in Mauritius was nigsly tale re tr.e adults .— Jersen (52?; . Casslia a ex 1 o s a 1. Eerris dust wa= sere effective than lead arsenate against this beetle on be-eta ir 3Trir2erlaii.--r-.cts 514 • ~ as s i ia rlri ii ■ I . >.;: result* la jraaft'ia were obtained by staying cultivated nint witr. lead arser-are, or i-sring with calcius arsenate, but since arsenioale should n:t -e applied re jsedicinal pla-rs, dusting with Ferris preparation* is pref erabie.-- jianelache and coworkers (352). Cerotoca rrifircat* 'Jorst.,, the bean leaf beetle rot enone is the standard rereby. Ficotire is ineff e-ctive.— 7. S. ruree- of ^r. t r— ^ ' -. gy and riant V-i5.ranrine ff"23N- . Rctencne wes r e c ocn en d e d against this beetle en bean*, and on field peas if the toda ere to be eaten green. --Maxwell (407) ; White and loolittle (633, • Chrysoohus auratus ?• Derris and Icphrosla were aore effective than Lonchocarpui of the saae guarantees rotenone con-tent • — Arant (26). Col fpc el lus bowringi (Bely), a large cabbage leaf beetle In cage tests in China insecticides, prepared from the root bark and leaves of Mlllettla reticulata, "rilled 100 pereent of the adult beetle* as a stoaaeh "pciaon, but were unsatisfactory as a contact poison egainst aature larvae.— Chin* Agricultural Research Bureau (112) . Crioceris asperagl (L«)i the asparagus beetle In South Carolina cage tests with duata indicated that undiluted calcic arsenate w&s alignt^y superior to a 0.75-percent rotenone dust agaliMTt t.-.e larvae, bot me rotenone was superior for the adulta. — Watts '6 59; , -41- In Washington commercial rotenone dusts (0.5 to 1 percent of rotenone) and pyrethrum dusts (0.1 to 0.2 percent of pyrethrins) gave practically complete mortality of this pest on asparagus 3 days after treatment. A dust of 10-peroent calcium arsenate in pyrophyllite was cheap and effective, but comparable results were given by dusts containing 0.5, 0.75, or 1 percent of rotenone.— Webster and Eiohraann (662). In Wisconsin a 0.1-percent rotenone dust was effective.-- Wilson and Janes (689). In order to conserve the supply of rotenone it was recommend- ed that a 0.75-percent rotenone dust be substituted for the 1-percent dust used for the control of asparagus beetles.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (62o). One of the more important uses of rotenone is to control the asparagus beetle.— Howard and coworkers (294, p. 31) • There is no adequate substitute for rotenone in the control of the asparagus beetle. Arsenicals are unsatisfactory on edible shoots because of the residue hazard.— U. S. Department of Agriculture (633) . Diabrotlca duodecimpunctata (F.), the spotted cucumber beetle, southern corn rootworra Rotenone was recommended against this species in North Carolina in 1943.— Maxwell (407). Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mann, ("soror Lee), the western spotted cucumber beetle In California a dust containing 0.5 percent of rotenone and 2 percent of Lethane in talo gave inconclusive results, chiefly because many of the beetles flew from the fruit trees as soon as the dust was applied.— Miohelbacher and ooworkers (417) • The western spotted cucumber beetle can be destroyed with a 1- percent rotenone dust.— Rockwood and Chamberlin (510). Diabrotioa spp., cucumber beetles In Louisiana a 1-percent rotenone dust did not give so effioient control as did cryolite.— Floyd and ooworkers (189) • In California derris was applied by airplane xo curcurbit plants, with considerable success.— Lookwood (370). -42- One of the more important uses of rotenone is to control cu- cumber beetles*— Howard and coworkers (294, p. 31), Rotenone and copper-rot enone are considered fair for cuoumber beetles in victory gardens.— Reed \_£96) • Pyrerthrum can be substituted for rotenone to control cucumber beetles*— Turner and Horsfall (606) . Rotenone was recommended against cucumber beetles an beans, cantaloupes, cucumbers, and squashes in victory gardens in 1944«— White and Doolittle (683)* Diabrotioa vittata (F«), the striped cucumber beet]$ A derris dust containing 0#6 percent of rotenone is recommend- ed over other treatments, for it serves not only as a repellent but as a stomach and contact poison as well*— Beard (39). In Massachusetts a spray of 4 pounds of wettable cube powder (3.65 percent of rotenone) in 100 gallons of water reduced the beetles 90 percent, 8nd a cube-clay dust (0.6 percent of rotenone) reduced them 85 percent.— Bourne and Whitcomb (73). In Wisconsin a derris dust (0.6 percent of rotenone) was the most effective insecticide in controlling the striped cucumber beetle. Fluosilicates, arsenicals, and nicotine dusts were less effective in -the order named.— Brooks and Allen (92). A combination of insoluble copper, lAieat flour, and pyrophyllite, in which rotenone was the active ingredient, gave some promise. The use of a fungicidal and insecticidal combination dust is desirable in Maine.— Hawkins (272) • Rotenone dusts and derris sprays were effective in New York.— Hervey (279). When calcium arsenate and rotenone were used separately, each brought about a marked increase in yield of cucumbers.— Parrot t (457) . Derris dusts (0.5 to 0.75 percent of rotenone) were the most effective insecticide tested against this pest in Mississippi .--Lyle (372). In all tests the mortality following use of 0.25 percent of rote- none with pyrophyllite was higher than from 2 percent of rotenone with fibrous talc or day. In regard to flaky talc and slate dust, -43- 1 percent of rotenone was required to equal 0.25 percent of rotenone with pyrophyllite. The dosage for equal control of the striped cu- cumber beetle was approximately 4 to 1 in favor of pyrophyllite.— Turner (602). mmmmim Sprays and dusts of rotenone materials and of calcium arsenate were recommended in 1941. In February 1942 a dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone was recommended in plaoe of the 1 percent rote- none dust.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (622; 626» p. 6). ■mm" In Massachusetts dusts were applied eleven times in 1940. Cal- cium arsenate was the most effective. Cube with talc (0*75 percent of rotenone) and rotenone dust (0.8 percent) gave at least 80 per- cent reduction of the beetle population on cucumbers, and 90 percent on cantaloupes. In 1941 most of the insecticides applied eight times gave at least 90 percent control. The most effective ones contained rotenone or calcium arsenate. In 1943 rotenone-" copper oxychloride sulfate" dusts containing 0.75 and 0.5 percent of rotenone were about equally effective against the striped cucumber beetle; the 0.75-per- cent rotenone dust gave slightly better protection on cucumbers, and the 0.5-peroent dust on melons. The 0.5-percent dust, if available, will be satisfactory.— whitcomb (676, p. 48; 677, p. 61; 681, p. 35). A mixture of 12 pounds of d err is and 88 pounds of dusting sul- fur gave consistently better results than any other combination test- ed, but burned melon plants. A mixture of 12 pounds of dorr is and 88 pounds of talc ranked second in control •— Wi sconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. (694) . Disonycha xanthomelaena (Dalman), the spinach flea beetle Rotenone is effective; nicotine is ineffective.— Mclndoo (383). Rotenone is recommended against this pest.— Maxwell (407), and Unite and Doolittle (683) . Bpitrix oueumeris (Harr.), the potato flea beetle In Massachusetts Cubor and derris mixed with bordeaux mixture gave the greatest reduction in leaf punctures on potatoes.— Bourne (68). In Connecticut a cube dust (0.75 percent of rotenone) was more effective than a spray of 1 pound of cube (4 percent of rotenone) in 25 gallons of water, or a dust of barium fluosilioate and hydrated lime (lt4). The addition of a petroleum sulfonate (Ultrawet) to the cube dust (1:1000) increased its effectiveness and reduced the feed- ing of ttie beetles.— Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (120, p. 299). All dusts tested against this species on shade-grown tobacco were more effective than the sprays, and gave significant reductions. On the sun-grown tobacco, pyrethruiB dust was more effective than the cube dust, which was more effective when it contained no wetting agent. —Morrill and Lacroix (427). Newly set tomato and eggplants may be protected from flea beetle damage by dusting them three times weekly with cube dust (0.75 per- cent of rotenone) .—Turner (597) . In Connecticut in 1941 the most satisfactory control of this pest was obtained with a cube-tobacco dust mixture containing 1 per- cent of rotenone, and with an impregnated pyrethrura powder. Prior to 1936 commercial damage caused by E. cucumeris to shade-grown, cigar- wrapper tobacco was estimated at 20 To 50 percent. In 1940 the growers estimated this damage to have been reduced to 1 to 2 percent by the use of a dust mixture containing 1 peroent of rotenone.— Morrill (425) j Morrill and Lacroix (428) ♦ NNGR, consisting of technical mannitan monolaurate, rotenone (l percent), and other derris extractives (1.8 to 2.6 peroent) was tested against the potato flea beetle on eggplant. Dilutions (it 1200) gave 86 percent mortality.— Roth and Pyenson (517) • A *3-way* dust of pyrethrum, rotenone, and sulfur gave increases in yield of potatoes from 70 to 90 bushels per acre. The rotenone caused a significant reduction in flea beetles and aphids.— Skaptason and Blodgett (542). Derris and Syntone in combination with bordeaux mixture gave a high initial kill, and the potato foliage treated with these materials was relatively free from flea beetle injury.— Anderson and Walker (18). To control this pest on tomato plants, in seedbeds or on newly set plants, it was recommended in 1942 to use a derris or cube-talc dust mixture containing 1 percent of rotenone.— Beattie and ooworkers (43). Flea beetles on tobacco in plant beds in Florida and Georgia can be controlled by a cube or derris dust (l percent of rotenone). A mixture of this dust and sterilised tobacco dust containing 1 percent of rotenone should be applied soon after the plants are set in the field and thereafter at weekly int erva Is •— Chamber lin and Madden (109) . -45- The general use of pyrethrum-sulfur or rotenone- sulfur combina- tions against flea beetles and aphicis on potatoes may be limited by their failure to prevent late blight, and by their higher costs. — Daines and coworkers (134) • The control of flea beetles on tomatoes by derris increased the control rf the early blight fungus by reducing the dissemination of the spores and the number of feeding punctures. Effective control of the blight where beetles are present early should be achieved by applications of copper and derris while the beetles are present, followed by copper alone after they have disappear od.--Heuberger (284) • In Connecticut there was no significant difference in effective- ness between the three treatments tried— pyrethrum dust alone, pyre- thrum followed by cube, and a 1-percent rotenone dust.— Morrill and Lacroix (429). In New York the addition of pyrethrum and rot enone-be* ring powders to bordeaux mixture increased both the control of E. cucuroeris and the yields. Cube dust (0.75 percent of rotenone) was effective. —Rawlins and Staples (492); Rawlins and coworkers (493) . Calcium arsenate dust was the most effective of the re .terials tested against the potato flea beetle in field tests ir. the Facific Northwest. Dusts containing zinc rsenite and certain fluorine and rotenone compounds gave fairly good control after eight applications. — U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (624, p. 35). In Washington control of larvae on potato tubers was given by four to six applications of calcium ar&enate or cryolite dust. A mixed dust of rotenone and cryolite was more rapid in action, but the cost was high*— Webster and C i workers ( 6 6 4 ) . One part of derris suitably diluted with pyrophyllite was as ef- fective as 2»5 to 5 parts of derris diluted with clay.— Turner (602) • In experiments in which counts were taken 3 days after setting out tomato plants, both derris dust and derris spray gave satisfactory results against the potatoe flea beetle.— Wat kins and Logan (656) • Epitrix parvula (F.), the tobacco flea beetle Note: Two species Epitrix hertipennis (Meesh) and E. fasciata Blatchler have been confused in our literature under the name E. par- vula. -46- In South Carolina effective control was obtained by a thorough application of 10 pounds per acre of cube dust (l percent of rote- none) • Dust mixtures containing rotenone and cryolite gave good plant protection, but the cryolite gave the best protection over a period of days* Results obtained over a 5-year period showed that this pest can be controlled in tobacco plant beds, or in the field by cube or derris dust mixtures (l percent of rotenone) which re- main effective for 2 or 3 days. A thorough application of a spray of 2 pounds of cube (4 percent of rotenone) in 50 gallons of water controlled it. Some late-season tests on individual tobacco plants indicated that a cube dust mixture (1 percent of rotenone) gave good control, although a cryolite dust mixture (80 percent of sodium fluoaluminate) gave better plant protection over a period of 6 days. —Allen and coworkers (12, 13) j Allen (10); Allen and Shands (14). Mixtures of cube or derris and sterilized tobacco dust con- taining 1 percent of rotenone controlled the tobacco flea beetle. They should be applied soon after the tobacco plants are set in the field and thereafter at weekly intervals. One application per week or a total of eleven for the season gave the most economical control under conditions of heavy infestation on cigar-wrapper to- bacco, while one application every 10 days, or a total of three per season was sufficient for a very light infestation*— Chamberlin and Madden (108, 109) . No substitute for rotenone has been found for the control of flea beetles on shade-grown tobacco in Florida.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (628, p. 136). A derris compound used in the laboratory was much more effec- tive against the tobacco flea beetle than Dutox or cryolite.— Wene and Dominick (674) • Fidia vitioida Walsh, the grape rootworm In Arkansas the adults jmay be destroyed during the preovi- position period of about 2 weeks with one or two grape sprays of 1.5 pounds of derris (4 percent of rotenone) in 50 gallons of water* — Isely (312). Galerucella xanthomelaena (Schr.), the elm leaf beetle In New York derris powder, 2 pounds with a wetting agent, gave good control. This was a standard with which various rotenone ex- tracts and cube were oompared.— Parrott (457) • -47- Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) , the Colorado potato beetle A 10-percent yam bean dust killed 100 percent of the larvae in less than a day, but sprays containing up to 8 pounds of ground yam bean per 100 gallons of water were less effective than 1 pound of 5 peroent cube in spray,— Anonymous (7) • In laboratory tests, derris, cube, timbo, and Tephrosia Virgini- ans, mixed with talc or sulfur to give 0.5 percent of rot en one, were very effect ive.~ Arant (22, 26) . In laboratory tests using 10 fourth-instar larvae in each ex- periment, records were made of the exact time at which the different symptons of the p'oisoning and paralysis of the larvae took place. When dusts containing 0.5 percent of rotenone, used as contact poi- sons, were compared by this method, derris proved superior to cube, and cube to timbo, but preparations of derris, cube, or timbo differ- ed among themselves. The toxicity of cube dust wes affected by the carrier used with it. The time required for larvae *o become com- pletely ppralyzed varied with the temperature. In tests with cube dust (6 percent of rotenone) alone, or diluted with talc to contain 0.9 percent of rotenone, there was no great difference in rate of action of the two dusts at any one temperature, but the talc appear- ed to exert a desicoating effect that assisted the lethal action of the rotenone. High temperatures accelerated the action. The applica- tion of rotenone dusts during the warmest part of the day is there- fore reoommended. The effectiveness of the cube-talc mixture was unaffected by darkness.— De Lapparent (355) ; Feytaud and De Lapparent (184). Tflhen use of arsenicals is undesirable in France, potatoes may be dusted with derris or cube, but the cost is higher. The necessity of common action is emphasized if the potato beetle is to be con- trolled.—Feytaud (182). The best preventive measure in Europe is to spray all potato fields with lead or calcium arsenate. In situations where the use of arsenicals is dangerous, dusts or sprays of nicotine or rotenone should be used.— Mayne (409) . Rotenone or rotenone plus Bordeaux mixture, is considered good for the potato beetle in victory gardens in Indiana.— Reed (496) • Derris-talc dusts were effective and acted quickly in Germany, but derris sprays were not so effective.— Sellke (535) • -48- A mixed spray, consisting of bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate, is recommended in Switzerland. Plaoes where potato beetles are actually found should be treated with derris powder to kill any larvae falling to the ground. The derris treatment is the only one possible where there is danger of poisoning from vegetables.— Vfohlen (641) . Loohmaea saturalis (Thorns.) This insect injures heather in Scotland. An outbreak may be pre- vented by dusting with derris or pyrethrum while the infested area is still small. — Morlson (424). Lup erodes brunneus (Crotch), corn silk beetle In Louisiana the beetles are easily killed by arsenicals or cryo- lite, but dusts of niootine, derris, or pyrethrum are only partially effective. — Eddy (158) . Phyllotreta atra F., a flea beetle A derris dust (Kumex) containing 0.8 percent of rotenone kill- ed almost all the beetles on rape in field tests when it was applied at 22.5 pounds per acre.— Kaufmann and Frey (337). Phyllotreta spp. Kumex was effeotive against cabbage flea beetles in Germany.— Frey (200). Repellent dusts containing naphthalene, and inseoticidal dusts containing nicotine or derris, have been used widely in recent years against turnip flea beetles on crucif ers in Britain. They have given satisfactory results but their effectiveness depends on proper tim- ing.—Miles (418). Phyllotreta undulata Kutsch. Kumex killed nearly 100 percent on rape in Germany.— Kaufmann and Frey (337) . Phyllotreta vittata disoedens Weise A oube-sulfur dust containing 0.4 percent of rotenone would ef- fectively control this flea beetle on the Texas Gulf Coast. A spray of cube powder and water was equally as effeotive as a cube dust. — Janes (316, 317). -49- Promecotheca papuana Csiki, the coconut leaf miner In tests with dusts in New Guinea lead arsenate gave the high- est mortality, while derris and pyrethrum gave very poor results.— Froggatt (203); Froggatt and O'Connor (205) . Psylliodes att enuata (Kooh), hop flea beetle in England This insect on hops can be controlled by derris dusts, applied in May.— Massee (400, 401). Psylliodes chrysocephala (L.), rape flea beetle in Europe In Holland results of tests on the adults with derris were in- conclusive.—Van Poeteren (469, p. 47) • In East Holstein experiments with proprietary dusts against the adults on rape showed that a derris preparation was most effective, followed by a mixture of pyrethrum and derris.— Meuche (412) . In Germany K&mex was effective.— Frey (200) ; Kaufmann and Frey (337). Rhapidopalpa foveicollis Lucas, red melon beetle In Palestine the adults on melons may be controlled by two or three applications of a derris dust (0.75 percent of rotenone).— Anonymous (2). Unidentified flea beetles Flax in France can be protected from flea-beetle attacks by the use of rotenone powder.— Martin and Verrie (596) . In England a farmer did not lose a crop from the ravages of flea beetles for 10 years. On the first appearance of "the pests on a crop he dressed it with 3 pounds per acre of the best derris powder (not derris dust). The machine used to spread this small amount per acre was devised from an old horse rake.— 'Will ett (684) . Pyrethrum can be substituted for rotenone to control flea beetles in Connecticut.— Turner and Horsfall (606) . Rotenone is preferred for flea beetles on miscellaneous crops. Nicotine is ineffective. To control flea beetles, a 0.75-percent rotenone dust was recommended to replace the 1-percent dust commonly used.—TJ. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (626, p. 5). -50- Sprays containing 0.1 percent of niootine were extensively and successively used in East Prussia, because derris and pyrethrum were scarce.— Janisch (319) ♦ Rotenone was considered fair, and rotenone with a copper fungi- cide good, for flea beetles in victory gardens in Indiana, — Reed (496) . One of the more important uses of rotenone is to control flea beetles on vegetables, flowers, and fruits. Substitutes are: bordeaux mixture, although much inferior; calcium arsenate, cryolite, and bari- um fluosilicate. — U. S. Department of Agrioulture (633, p. 14). Coccinellidae Bpilachna chrysomelina F«, 12-spotted ladybird beetle In Palestine the larvae on cucurbits were easily controlled by barium fluosilioate or sodium fluosilicate, and the adults by derris dusts .--Anonymous (2). Epllachna varivestis Muls., the Mexican bean beetle In Maine in 1940 rotenone was practically as effective as cal- cium arsenate, but did not remain effective as long as the arsenate. Rotenone dusts without wetting and spreading agents were effective and were safe to use on beans, both from the standpoint of injury to the beans, and human safety.— Hawkins (271, 272). In Louisiana the best insecticidal treatment leaving no residue on the bean plants was a derris or cube dust (1 percent of rotenone), applied at the rate of 15 to 25 pounds per acre at weekly intervals when the bean beetle was active. Cryolite at 10 to 15 pounds per acre can be used until the bean pods begin to form.— Eddy (159) . In laboratory tests with derris, cube, timbo, and Tephrosia virgin! ana, mixed with talc or sulfur to give a 0.5 percent rotenone content, cube gave 10 percent lower kill than the other dusts, kill- ing only 70 to 90 percent of bean beetles in 72 hours, compared with 100 percent for the other dusts. In other comparative tests with commercial samples of derris, timbo, and cube, and samples of powder- ed tephrosia roots, derris and tephrosia were more effective than lonchaoarpus of the same guaranteed rotenone content. — Arant (22, 26) • Certain new coal tar insecticide dusts were as effective as a 0.75 percent rotenone dust.— Ferguson ( 180 ) • -51- Under greenhouse conditions on Long Island a Urge percentage of the larvae and adults survived 5 days* exposure to the presence of derris powder sprayed on foliage and little feeding took place* The insect was able to distinguish between sprayed and unsprayed foliage, Derris sprays were lethal when larvae and adults were directly hit in spraying. Otherwise their effectiveness, when ap- plied for purposes of ingestion, was dependent on their repellent properties* The results of field experiments conducted in 1936 to 1941 on lima beans showed that dusts containing rot en one were more effective than those containing pyrethrum. The addition of rote- none to the dusts of oopper sulfate and lime improved foliage pro- tection, but had practically no effect on yield. In 1940 and 1941 pyrethrum tended to give better yield than rotenone.— Huckett (297, 299). A study of the compatibility of cube combined with bordeaux mixture was conducted in Ohio. The colorimetric analyses and tests with goldfish indicated a 20 percent reduction in rotenone content of the mixture after 30 days, 40 percent after 62 days, and 50 per- cent after 92 days, but no further change was detected even after 12 months. In the field, a bordeaux-cube combination, originally made up to contain 0,02 percent of rotenone, but which had deteriora- ted about 50 percent in rotenone content at the time of applica- tion, was tested against the bean beetle. It appeared equal in ef- fectiveness and residual effect to a cube spray containing 0,015 per- cent of rotenone,— Fulton and Nelson (207) . In New York a 0.75-percent rotenone dust, applied at the rate of 30 pounds per acre of beans, was the most effective of the in- secticides tested, and a spray containing rotenone and skimmilk powder was more effective than one of nicotine sulfate in suramer- oil emulsion. Significant increases in yield of field beans were obtained by dusting with Alorco cryolite, copper arsenate-lime (1:4), or with a 0,75 rotenone dust.— Schwardt and Ramsay (528, 529) . In February 1942 the use of a 0.5-percent rotenone dust, ap- plied at the rate of 20 to 25 pounds per acre per application, was recommended.~U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (626) • Pyrethrum was suggested as a substitute for rotenone. Instruc- tions to victory gardeners stated that rotenone was restricted in 1943 to use against the bean beetle and a few other insects .--J. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (626, 630) • A dust containing Cuprocide (G.A.) 6 percent, dusting sulfur 30 percent, derris (5 percent of rotenone) 15 percent, and pyro- phyllite 49 percent, was effective on Long Island •--Cunningham (151) » -52- In a study of diluents with derris, preliminary results indi- cated the following relative rating: Talc, sulfur, pyrophyllite, and redwood-bark flour.— Davis (135) • In Connecticut, Lethane inoreased the toxicity of derris and cube* In dust mixtures an improper diluent may decrease the toxi- city of the insecticide, as do certain clays when mixed with rote- none-bearing materials. Ground derris root (4 percent of rotenone) was diluted with pyrophyllite and then tested against larvae of the Mexican bean beetle. The reduction in number of larvae per plant with a 1-percent rotenone content dust was 99.7 percent; with a 0.5-percent dust, 99.3 percent; with a 0.25-percent dust, 98.9 per- cent; with a 0.125-percent dust, 88.6 percent; and with a 0.0625-per- cent dust, 69.9 percent.— Friend (202, p. 210). In Maryland the average yields of shelled lima beans were 89.6 pounds for a 0.75-percent rotenone dust which was effective against the bean beetle, and 83.5 pounds for a 0.4-percent rotenone dust with Lethane which gave fair control.— Graham and Ditman (240) . To prepare a spray for bean beetle control, use 3-J- pounds of rotenone roots (4 percent of rotenone), or 2^ pounds of rotenone roots (5 percent of rotenone) to 100 gallons of water. For smaller quantities use 1 ounce of 4-percent powder to 2 gallons of water or 1 ounce of 5-percent powder to 2-j^ gallons. This mixture will con- tain approximately 0.015 percent of rotenone.— Howard and coworkers (294, p. 31). The seeds of the yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus Urban), used as a dust, killed 100 percent of first-instar larvae within 48 hours. An examination of 12 samples from the Western Hemisphere, using 20 percent of ground beans in talc, showed consistently high kills of larvae in the laboratory.—Hansberry and Lee (258) • The stems and seeds of Mlllettla pachyoarpa Benth. and Pachyrhizus erosus Urban applied as dusts killed practically all the first-m- star bean beetle larvae tested.— Lee and Hansberry (360) . In Colorado calcium arsenate spray, rotenone dust, and 0.2 percent pyrethrin dust gave yields not significantly different from that of zinc arsenite. Rotenone appeared more effective as a spray than as a dust. — List (367). A home-made rotenone dust may be prepared with derris or cube powder (4 percent of rotenone) 1 pound, and talc, flour, tobacco dust, or dusting sulfur, 7 pounds. — Maxwell (407) . -53- Sprays and dusts containing rotenone or copper-rot enone were recommended for the Mexican bean beetle in victory gardens in Indiana*— Reed (496) . In tents of doaage for equal oontrol at the 90 percent level for larvae, 0#16 peroent of pyrethrins equalled 0.08 percent of rote- none in derris duet* In dosage studies to compare two diluents for d err is, the dosage-response curves for protection of bean foliage from injury were much flatter than the curves for actual control of "the bean beetle. One part of derris suitably diluted with pyro- phyllite is as effective as 2.5 to 5 parts of derris diluted with clay* Dusts or sprays of rotanone should be applied to the under surfaoe of -the bean leaves.— Turner (602, 604); Turner and Horsfall (607) . Dusts containing 2 percent of Lethane and 0.4 peroent of rote- none were as effective as dusts containing 0.75 to 1 percent of rotenone.— Anonymous (8, 9). In 1944 rotenone was still recommended against the Mexican bean beetle in viotory gardens, although as partial substitutes cryo- lite, pyrethrum, calcium arsenate, magnesium arsenate, zinc arsenite, barium fluosilicate, pnd sodium fluosilicate could be used under certain conditions .-^Thite and Doolittle (683) j U. S. Department of Agriculture (632, p. 15). Cucujidae Orytaephilus Surinam ens is (L.), the saw-toothed grain beetle Adults are susceptible to the rotenone class of insecticides. — Tatters field and Potter (683). Curoulionidae Anthononus eugenii Cano, the pepper weevil A cryolite-tale-cube dust mixture was used at the rate of 15 to 25 pounds per acre per application in California. The treated fields produced more than three times as many pods as the untreated fields. It was estimated that 3,570 acres of peppers were treated, bringing the total net profit to $594,370. The use of calcium arse- nate to control the pepper weevil caused increases in aphid popula- tions.—Campbell and Elmore (102); Elmore and Campbell (163). -54- Anth glomus gran die Boh,, the boll weevil Various combinations of insecticides were tested against the boll wee-ril and ootton aphid in Louisiana. In one test calcium arsenate plus 10 percent of sulfur, and 0.5 peroent of rotenone was used, but it is not stated what effect the rotenone had on the weevil •— Beonel and Pleyd (45)* Caloium arsenate-sulfur mixtures with derris effectively ooa- trolled the ootton aphid and boll weevil in Mississippi*— MoGerr (381)* Barium fluosilicate plus derris (to give a 0*5-percent rote- none content) was significantly better than two of the three cryo- lites tested with or without the addition of derris for boll weevil control* In a second report, Hxe materials tested were cal- cium arsenate, with and without derris, and equal parts of calcium arsenate and sulfur, with and without derris* No significant differ- ence in the degree of boll weevil control was observed between any two insecticides in South Carolina .--Rainwater and Bondy (490, 491) * Anthonomus mus cuius Say, the cranberry weevil In Massachusetts a single application of a spray containing 15 pounds of derris powder (4 percent of rotenone) and ■§■ pound of Areskap per 100 gallons of water, at the rate of 400 gallons per acre of cranberries, failed to give a good kill.— Franklin (192). Anthonomus pomorum (L.), an apple blossom weevil In Germany dusts containing dinitro-o-cresol were superior to a dust containing derris and pyrethrum.— Thiem (587) • Anthonomus pyri Koll. (cinotus Redt.), a pear blossom weevil In Germany a preparation of pyrethrum and derris gave good control at a high concentration, but one of derris alone was in- effective.—J ancke (313) ; Thiem (588). Anthonomus rubi (Hbst.), a strawberry blossom weevil In Germany this pest on strawberry plants is best controlled by a derris dust, or a mixture of derris and pyrethrum at the rate of 27 pounds per acre during time of maturation feeding in late spring.— Reimann (501) . -55- Anthonomus signatus Say, the strawberry weevil In Delaware a derris dust (0,5 percent of rotenone) had only a slight effect on the adults •—Amos and Beacher (16) • Apion spp., clover seed weevils In England applications of derris dust destroyed many weevils on clover.— -St aniland and Beaumont (563) • Brachyrhlnus ligustioi (L.), the alfalfa snout beetle In New York a 1-percent rotenone dust was tried, but the most satisfactory control material was a raisin bait containg shorts and sodium f luosilicate.— Palm and coworkers (454) • Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Payk.), the cabbage seedpod weevil In western Washington infestation of cabbage by this insect, in experimental plots was reduced about 20 percent by two applications of a dust containing derris, wheat flour, talc, and a wetting agent. — Breakey and Webster (85) • Conotraehelus crataegi Walsh, the quinoe curoulio In Connecticut when monthly applications of lead arsenate and dry lime sulfur were followed by six applications of a spray contain- ing derris and skisnilk powder, 80 percent of the fruits on quince trees were uninjured by the oriental fruit moth and this curculio. —German (218) . Conotraehelus nenuphar (Hbsi; *, the plum curculio In experiments with this pest on peach trees in Pennsylvania acid lead arsenate was only slightly more effective than basio lead arsenate or cube, but three sprays did not greatly reduce the num- ber of larvae that matured when compared with unsprayed checks.— Steiner and Worthley (566). Cosroobaris americana Casey"(Baris scotopacea Germ., a snout beetle In Massachusetts preliminary trials with rotenone dust indi- cated that this treatment will reduce the abundance and destructive- ness of this pest on Swiss chard.— Whit comb (679, p. 39). Diaprepes spp.., citrus weevils The use of Tephrosla Candida in Trinidad and St. Lucia as a -56- cover crop was recommended because this plant was definitely un- attractive to the weevils and poisoned those that fed on it. It was found that this plant contains a toxic principle which is pre- sent in decreasing quantities in the seeds, stems, root-cortex, and leaves.— Fennah (179) j St. Lucia Department of Agriculture (518) . Listroderes obliquus Klug, the vegetable weevil A vegetable weevil, probably this species, attacks carrots in New Zealand. Derris as a dust or spray will be an efficient destroying agent.— Pritchard (476) ♦ Listronotus oregonensis (Lee), the carrot weevil Listronotus latiusculus (authors, not Boh.) Derris and pyrethrum were tried against this pest on celery in New Jersey but they were not promising.— Pepper and Hagroann (461) . Pantomorus godmani (Crotch), the Puller rose beetle A derris-talo dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone killed only 26 percent of the weevils on a field of kale near Norfolk, Va.— Walker and Anderson (644). Rhynchites auratus Scop. Rhynchites aequatus (L.)# an apple fruit weevil Repeated applications of dust or liquid preparations of derris- pyrethrum were suitable in dry weather.— Thi em (586) • Rhynchites germanicus Hbst., a strawberry stem borer Outbreaks of this weevil on strawberry in Big land can be oheck- ed by a prompt application of a derris dust, but where an infesta- tion is severe a second application may be necessary. --Mas see (399) . Several proprietary dusts of derris were more effective in Germany than mixtures of derris and pyrethrum. In laboratory tests the percentage of mortalities given by dusts containing derris, nic- otine, and pyrethrum were respectively 100, 60, and 0.— Jancke (514) . Derris and derris-pyrethrum preparations applied as dusts gave best results in the upper Rhine district.— Hanf (257) . -57- In Germany 430 acres of strawberry plants were severely attacked in 1941 by R. germanicus and Anthonomus rubi. These weevils were best contr dTl ed" by dust'ing with derris, or a mixture of derris and pyrethrura, at the rate of 27 pounds per acre, — Reimann (501) • Sitophilus oryza (L,), the rice weevil In South Australia derris was ineffective, — Andrewartha (19) • In India stored grain was ineffectively protected by mixing py- rethrum or derris with it,— Anonymous (4), Sternechus paludatus (Casey), a beanstalk weevil In New Mexico a commercial cube dust and derris dusts contain- ing 3 and 5 percent of rotenone, respectively, used as contact in- secticides, were not effective,— Shaw and Douglass (536), Derm est ida* Attagenus pioeus (01iv»),, the black carpet beetle Woolen fabric treated with derris resin was eaten only slight- ly by the larvae,— Heal (275), •Elateridae Agrlotes spp. In tests on the control of wirewom** on lettuoe in England, derris and Lonohocarpus failed to give protection against the larvae,— Speyer and Parr 15^9; » Meloidae Epioauta vittata (F), the striped blister beetle A dust containing 2 percent of rotenone, made by combining equal parts of talc and derris (4 percent of rotenone) was effective in destroying the striped blister beetle on garden crops in Arkansas, — Horsfall (289, 290) . Unidentified or other blister beetles Rotenone is the standard insecticide for blister beetles. Nico- tine is ineff ective,— U, S, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (628)« -68- Rotenone and copper-rotenone were considered poor for blister beetles in victory gardens in Indiana.— Reed (496) • A talc-rotenone dust containing 2 percent of rotenone was tried against 7 species of blister beetles in Arkansas • -• -Horsf all (290) . Nitidulidae Meligethes aeneus (F*), a rape beetle In England two applications of derris dust failed to protect seed crops of swedes and kale, and four applications increased the crop only slightly* In tests under insectary conditions, mortality caused by derris after 6 days was 85*0, 62*5, and 82*5 percent* The general effect was that of a repellent*— J ary and Austin (320) » Derris dusts were effective and some were inexpensive against rape in Germany* In dry weather their toxic effect oontinues for 3 days but a 0*2 ^noh of rain washes off the dust* In one test, 10 applications of Kumex (0»8 peroent of rotenone) were necessary owing to bad weather but even so, the measure was profitable*— Blunok and Meyer (59) • In Germany the best results were given by Kumex which gave com- plete mortality in 24 hours in the laboratory, and reduced the in- festation on rape in the field by 90 to 96 peroent in the same period* In one field the dust was still effective 6 days after application* —Prey (200). In view of the good results given by Kumex, -tills material and another proprietary derris dust (L) with the same rotenone content were applied in East Holstein. Kumex was satisfactory when applied to 200 aores of rape at the rate of 22*5 pounds per acre* Infes- tation was decreased by 90 peroent 1 day after treatment* Kumex al- ways gave good results, but the other derris dust was completely in- efficient*—Gof fart and coworkers (234) • Kumex is widely used in Germany for control of the rape beetle, but it is not usually applied after the plants begin to bloom for fear of poisoning honeybees* Experiments were therefore carried out to test the necessity for this precaution* The dust was applied at unusually high rates and the bees suffered no harmful effect*- Kaufmann (336). An attempt was made to find a substitute for Kumex which had been found effective against the rape beetle in Germany* In the laboratory Kumex gave 100 peroent mortality in 2 days when undi- -59- luted, and 100 and 92 percent in 4 days -when diluted with talc at the rates of 1:1 and 1:3, respectively. In infested rape fields, the percentage mortalities given by 2 applications were 81 and 80 • 5 for undiluted Kumex, 88.5 and 92 for another derris dust, and 76 and 66 for a dust of derris and nicotine. In laboratory and field test 8 of four synthetic stomach poisons, none were as effective as Kua ex .—Meyer (413). Ostomidae Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.), the cadelle The larvae were the most efficient in penetrating packages of foodstuffs, but when the packages were impregnated with 3 percent of rotenone, pentration was prevented for 27 days.-- Essig and coworkers (169). "—" Scarabaeidae Phyllopertha horticola (L.) ("Anoroala (P,)H. L.), a cockchafer The adults seriously injured the leaves and fruits in orchards in the Lower Elbe district, Germany. In laboratory tests, pyrethrum did not give satisfactory control but derris sprays were fully ef- fective.--Speyer (560) • Maorodaotylus subspinosus (F.), the rose chafer Peach trees in a Connecticut orchard, where the young fruits were being attacked by large numbers of this pest, were treated with sprays containing lead arsenate, or 10 pounds of cube powder with skijnmilk spreader in 100 gallons of water. A week later there were no adults on the 50 trees treated with lead arsenate, 8 on 22 trees treated with cube, au I 70 on 50 unsprayed trees. In a pri- vate garden only partial control was given by 2 pounds of cube and 1 pound of pyrethrum in 100 gallons of water.— Garman (219) . Popillia japonica Newn., the Japanese beetle One of the four most usefil sprays tested contained derris. — U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (615) . Derris is an effective repellent for this beetle.— Chisholm and Goodhue (113) • Tests of the protective value of seven sprays were made on apple and shade trees in Maryland in 1939. A spray consisting of 10 pounds of derris (l percent of rotenone), 3 pounds of rosin -60- residue emulsion, and 100 gallons of water, was sixth in value. In 1941, 18 spray mixtures were tested. Lead arsenate with an appropri- ate sticker was the best spray material used, Derris or rotenone dust with a good sticker was the most efficient of the non-poisonous materials tested*— Langford and coworkers (353, 354) , A spray of 6 pounds of ground derris root (4 percent of rotenone) and 1 quart of rosin residue emulsion per 100 gallons of water gave protection to ornamental trees and shrubs in Connecticut, provided the plants were treated every 5 or 6 days*-- Johnson (329). Lead arsenate gave better control of the Japanese beetle and retained' its effectiveness longer than did rotenone, — McKenna and Hart z ell (584). Derris, mixed with soil in which beetle larvae were confined in earthen pots, was so slightly toxic as to be of little practical value. The slight insecticidal value of derris was destroyed by adding lime to the soil,— Fleming (188). To control the adult beetles the use of various sprays, includ- ing lead arsenate and ro ten one-bearing materials, is recommended, — U, S, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (625, p, 769). Derris powder (4 percent of rotenone) with a spreader-sticker, sprayed on elms and other plants, afforded temporary relief from in- tensive Japanese beetle feeding, but bordeaux mixture with lead arse- nate was the best of several sprays used,— Collins and Nardy (117) . Dusts and sprays containing derris or cube powder and their ac- tive principles are repellent to the Japanese beetle,— Hamilton (253, p. 11). One of the more important uses of rotenone is to control the Japanese beetle.— Howard and coworkers (294, p. 31), Rotenone is effective, but nicotine is ineffective against this fruit pest,— Mclndoo (383), Rotenone was recommended against this beetle on many plants in victory gardens.— White and Doolittle (683, p. 22), For use against the Japanese beetle the substitute for rotenone is lead arsenate,— U, S, Department of Agriculture (633, p. 14). -61- Silphidae Silpha (Blithophaga) opaca L« Kumex (a proprietary product containing rotenone) was a quick and effective means of control of the larvae on beets in Germany. — Kaufmann (335) • HOMOPTERA Aleyrodidae Dialeurodes citri (Ashm.), the citrus whitefly Derris is toxic to the larvae.— English ( 165) • Aphidae Anur aphis roseus Baker, the rosy apple aphid Satisfactory control resulted when cube was used in oil in de- layed dormant spray.—- Steiner and Worthley (567) . When cube was combined with 1 pint of manniten monolaurate, fair control was obtained. An effective and economical combination in- cludes 3 pounds ©f cube in a 3-percent Goulac stock emulsion or tank- mixture.— Steiner (565) • Aphis possypii Glov., the cotton aphid, melon aphid On the basis of the medisl lethal dose, cube-talc dust (0.25 percent of rotenone) was significantly more toxic to this aphid on okra in laboratory tests when combined with 1 percent of grppefruit- seed oil or soybean oil than when used alone. Likewise, the addition of% 1 percent of peanut or olive oil increased the effectiveness of the dust, but the differences were not significant,— Howard and Apple (293) » The cotton aphid and boll weevil infestations were lowest on plots treated with calcium arsenate plus 1 percent of nicotine. Dusts containing 1 percent of rotenone gave excellent aphid control in 1S41, but failed to control aphids in 1940. Yields of seed cotton per acre treated with calcium arsenate, 10 percent of sulfur, and ^r percent of rotenone were 1,384 pounds; with calcium arsenate alone, 1,258 pounds; with calcium arsenate and 1 percent of nicotine, 1,674 pounds; and with calcium arsenate, 10 percent of sulfur, and 2 percent of pyre- thrins*i 1,368 pounds. The untreated check yielded 1,2 69 pounds.— Becnel and Floyd (45); Floyd and coworkers (189, 190). -62- Serious cotton-aphid infestation in Peru can be prevented by- dusting with a mixture containing cube (0.75 to 1.5 percent of rote- none) and finely ground dusting sulfur*— Bibby (50). A dust containing equal parts of tobacco dust and sulfur with enough derris or cube added to give a 1-percent rotenone content gave satisfactory control if the plants were wet at the time of ap- plication. The addition of \ percent of rotenone to cryolite and barium fluosilicate reduced aphids by 88 and 76 percent, respective- ly, as compared with the calcium arsenate plots* Derris, cube, or nicotine sulfate, added to calcium arsenate dusts, in all cases pre- vented the development of damaging aphid infestation* Rotenone was superior to nicotine* Experiments in which 0*5 percent of rotenone was added to calcium arsenate were conducted at seven locations in six states* The data showed that this mixture was effective in keep- ing the aphid population at or below that in untreated check: plots and caused a significent increase in yield over plots treated with calcium arsenate alone* Derris, cube, and timbo were equally ef- fective as sources of rotenone* There were nighly significant dif- ferences in aphid control favoring the insecticides which contain- ed derris over those which did not*— Bondy and Rainwater (65-67); Rainwater (489); Rainwater and Bondy (491). Following eight effective dust applications, there were 3.6 times as many ephids on cotton dusted with calcium arsenate plus 0.5 percent of rotenone as on cotton treated with calcium arsenate plus 1 percent of nicotine.— Ewing and Moreland (173, 174) . Caloium ar senate-rot en one prevented aphid increases better than calcium-zinc arsenate, but for yields the two mixtures were equally effective and better than calcium arsenate alone* In 1934 and 1935 derris used alone or with sulfur seemed not to have in- creased the yield of cotton* In 1940-1942, however, when cube, derris, rotenone, or timbo was combined with calcium arsenate, or with arsenate and sulfur, the increase in yield was usually con- siderably over that for calcium arsenate, or arsenate plus sulfur* The special mixture of calcium arsenate, sulfur, and rotenone sig- nificantly controlled cotton aphids and increased the yield of cotton at Tallulah.— Gaines (210, 212) ; Gaines and Dean (211) . Before the war good results had been obtained in controlling the cotton aphid by the addition of derris or cube to calcium arsenate, used for boll weevil control. The mixture contained 0.5 percent of rotenone which was recommended for 1 year when war restrictions prohibited its use on cotton.— [Harned] (266). -63- Calcium arsenate-sulfur mixtures, with derris added, effec- tively controlled the cotton aphid and boll weevil. Treatments of calcium arsenate plus nicotine, the arsenete-sulfur mixture plus nicotine, and Lethane 60, all gave significantly better aphid control than calcium arsenate plus 0.5 percent of rotenone. — licGarr (381); MoGarr and Henry (382). Serious infestations of the cotton aphid may be prevented by using a mixture of calcium arsenate and derris or cube so that the finished product contains 0.5 percent of rotenone.— Little and Martin (368, p. 108). Dusts made by nixing 20 pounds of derris or cube (5 percent of rotenone) with 80 pounds of calcium arsenate have been used on cotton plants to prevent the increase of aphids that often follows dusting with calcium arsenate. Since commercial calcium arsenate may contain up to 10 percent of free hydrated lime, and since the insecticidal value of the derris or cube is destroyed in an alkaline environment, such mixtures should not be used after they have stood several months. It is estimated that 50,000 pounds of derris and cube were used in 1941 for dusting cotton.-- Roark (505). The effect of insecticidal drift in small plots was tested upon the cotton aphid. The number of aphids found in each plot after the treatments started averaged 12.5 per square inch in the four check plots, 22.7 in the two plots dusted with standard calcium arsenate, 7.6 in the two plots dusted with a mixture of this arse- nate and derris, and 25.8 in two plots dusted with a special cal- cium arsenate.--Saith and coworkers (551) . Calcium arsenate and derris, cube, or tirbo mixtures were equally effective against the cotton aphid, and gave highly significant de- creases in aphid infestation and increases in yield when compared with calcium arsenate alone. Mixtures of calcium arsenate and nico- tine gave better aphid control and a greater yield than a mixture of the arsenate and rotenone. Late-afternoon applicptions of cal- cium arsenate and cube containing 0.5 percent of rotenone were more effective against aphids, and were followed by a slightly higher yield than early-morning applications, but the difference in yield, however, was too small for pignifiennce.— Young and coworkers (707-709) Aphis mai dis Fit oh, the corn leaf aphid This species is an insect vector of mosaic of sugar cane. Dust insecticides reduced the spread of mosaio in seed cane in some, but not in all experiments. Significant decreases were given by derris and pyrethrum but not by niootine sulfate.— Ingram and coworkers (310) . -64- This insect on sugar cane in the Philippine Islands can be con- trolled with derris powder.— Otanes and Karganilla (453) . Aphis pomi Deg., the apple aphid A laboratory-prepared sample of pure rotenone gave 100 percent mortality at a concentration of 3 ounces in 100 gallons of water with a wetter, and an approximately complete kill at 2 ounces with sodium cleate. Nicotine and anabasine sulfates with accessory agents gave almost complete mortalities down to concentrations of 1:3,200, — Yothers and Griffin (706) . NNOR, (technical mannitan monolaurate, 97.2 to 96.4 percent, rotenone 1 percent, and other derris extractives 1.8 to 2.6 percent) at 1:800 gave excellent control.— Roth and Pyenson (617) ■ Acetone extracts of the roots of the Texas Tephrosia virginiana, grown in New Jersey, were highly toxic to this aphid.— Ginsburg and coworkers (227) . Aphis rharoni Boyer de Fonscolombe Derris resin tested in England against the eggs of this aphid was more toxic, weight for weight, than 4,6-dinitro-o-oresol which is recognized as one of the most potent ovioides»— Potter and Tattersfield (471). Aphis fabae Scop, ("rumlcis L.), the bean aphid Potassium oleate soap was definitely a better spreader for derris than either potassium soap of FF wood rosin or that of rosin residue. When used alone the order of effectiveness (from most effective to least effective) for the three toxic agents under test was as follows: Acetone extraot of derris, Black Leaf 40, and 20 to 1 alooholio ex- tract of pyrethrum.— Fassig and Pierpont (176) . Yam bean (1.5 g. to 100 oo. of water) killed 99 percent, while cube (^- g. to 100) killed 100 percent of the aphids. Water suspen- sion of ground yam beans and various extracts of them each killed 100 percent, or nearly so, of the aphids tested, while water suspension of cube powder and various extracts of it each killed 100 percent. Also, the water suspensions of the powdered root and seed of Millettia pachycarpa killed 100 peroent of the aphids, but the vari- ous extracts of the seed were not so generally off ective.— Hans berry and Lee (268); Lee and Hansberry (360) . -65- The most interesting fish-poison plant from an insecticidal viewpoint was a vine from the British Solomon Islands, which was indistinguishable from Derris trifoliata. Its leaves were some- what more toxic than the roots to the bean aphid, but they were less toxic than the roots of J), elliptica. — Tattersfield and co- workers (582) • Samples of Mundulea serica from Union of South Africa con- tained no rotenone, but tests with the bean aphid showed that the roots have definite insecticidal action though not sufficient to be of much economic value. Samples of leaves of Tephrosia vogelii from Uganda gave positive biological tests, having paralyzed 166 percent of the aphids.— Imperial Institute of London (308) . Aphis spireacola Patch, the spirea aphid Potassium oleate soap was a better spreader for derris than potassium soap of FF wood rosin.— Fassig and Pierpont (176) . Aphis tavaresi Del G., an orange aphid Suspension of ground root of Derris elliptica, cultivated in Mauritius, successfully controlled this aphid on citrus when ap- plied at the rate of 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water.— Jepson (323). Brevicoryne brassioae (L.), the cabbage aphid A dust containing derris, sulfur, hydrated lime, and nicotine sulfate (25:37.5:37.5:5) by weight was much more effective than one of derris and talc with the same rotenone content, but little or no more effective than one of derris, talc and nicotine sulfate (25: 75:5) in a field experiment. Derris and Tephrosia were more effective than Loncho carpus of the same guaranteed rotenone content. — Arant (22, 23, 26). — ' ™~— A derris-nicotine dust, with sulfur and hydrated lime as di- luents, was approximately ps effective as a lime-nicotine sulfate dust. A common derris dust appeared to be ineffective in controlling the cabbage aphid, In 3-year trials it was possible to control both cabbage worms and aphids with a single dust containing free nicotine 2.5 percent, dusting sulfur 20 peroent, derris (5 percent of rotenone) 15 percent, and talc or hydrated lime 62.5 percent.— Brooks and Allen (91) j [Allen] (15) ; Wisconsin Agricultural Ex- periment Station (T§6, p. 65). -66- Acetone extracts of the roots of the Texas Tephros ia virginiana were highly toxic to this aphid.— Ginsburg and coworkers (227) . The control of aphids on cabbage includes the use of derris and cube with summer oil, and pyrethrum and rotenone sprays and dusts. —Hut son (303) • The standard recommendations in New York include a dust con- taining 0.75 to 1 percent of rotenone, or a spray containing 4 pounds of derris or cube powder (4 to 5 percent of rotenone) .—Parrot t (457). In Crimea the toxicity of the introduced species of Tephros la was greater when they were dispersed in mineral oils. Extracts ob- tained by the hot method were more effective than those by cold ex- traction.—Blyumberg (60) • In Russia various extracts of Tephros ia were tested against the cabbage aphid* Extracts obtained with chloroform, carbon tetra- chloride, trichloroethylene, and ethylene dichloride were more toxic than those obtained with benzene and benzine. Ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol extracts were the least effective. The toxicity of the extracts increased when they were redissolved in kerosene or trans- former oil. "When chloroform extracts of T. Candida were dissolved in acetone, the percentages of mortality were 6.6, 9.6, and 81.2 for the leaves, roots, and stems, respectively, and these results were superior to those given by T. species and JT. vogelii.— Bogatova (61) • Capitophorus braggii Gill. A cube dust (l percent of rotenone) with Vatsol-OS (1 percent) and a spray of 4 pounds of cube powder (4 percent of rotenone) with 1 gallon of light-medium oil emulsion and 100 gallons of water gave good control of this aphid on artichoke in California.— Lang e (351) . Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.), -the woolly apple aphid Sprays of white oil and derris used against a red spider in England caused attacks by the woolly aphid to be less severe than usual*— Hey (286) • Cream of Agicide (a rot enone-b earing compound) 1:200, 1 quart per tree, gave poor control of the root form of the woolly aphid.— Smith (549). -67- Pure roteinone was ineffective at concentrations as high as 8 ounces in 100 gallons of water even when used with wetters. When the same concentration was used with 4 pounds of soap, a kill of only 93.5 percent of the aphids was obtained.-— Yothers and Griffin (706). Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gill.), the chrysanthemum aphid None of the four species of Annona tested in the laboratory in England are superior to the leaf, root, pnd baric of Mundulep s erica, and all were much less toxic than the richer specimens of Derris elliptica root.— Tattersfi eld and Potter (583) . Three toxicity tests of mixtures of rotenone with deguelin concentrate, elliptone, and 1-alpha-toxioarol, respectively, were examined statistically* In each case, an hypothesis of independent action of the constituents would underestimate the toxicity of the mixture, but similar action satisfactorily predicts the observed percentage of kill.— Finney (185) • 1-Elliptone was one-fifth as toxic as rotenone to this aphid when tested in an alcohol-saponin medium. "When the observed toxicities of mixtures of rotenone with a deguelin ooncentrate, 1- elliptone, and 1-alpha-toxi carol were compared with those predicted from the potencies of the constituent poisons, no significant syner- gistic or antagonistic effect was found, and it is therefore con- sidered that the use of the rotenone- equivalent method for assess- ing the toxicities of derris roots or resins is justified.--Kartin (397). Macro8iphum pisi (Kalt.), the pea aphid This aphid in Wisconsin was effectively controlled by dusting thoroughly with a 1-percent rotenone dust at the rate of 25 to 30 pounds per acre, but under warm, wet conditions as little as 20 pounds was effective.— Delwi eke and coworkers (128); Wisconsin Agri- cultural Experiment Station (692) • In Quebec the use of a bamboo pole drag enhanoed the value of rotenone dust.— Kaltais (389). The addition of a small amount of crude peanut oil to a derris dust mixture appreciably increased the effectiveness of the dust.— Bronson and Dudley (90). -68- A derris-nicotine dust with sulfur and hydrated lime gave fair results .--Brooks and Allen (91). Comparative results, obtained by applying dusts and sprays of derris and cube including Black Arrow 88 (4.6 percent of rotenone), Black Arrow 77 (3.7 percent of rotenone), and Black Arrow 444 (1.05 percent of rotenone), showed that derris appeared to be superior to ordinary cube in effectiveness. Good kill obtained with micronized cube indicated that fine grinding might increase the toxicity. Dusts appeared to be slightly better than sprays. Dusts applied at high humidity when the dew was on the plants gave slightly better results than dusts applied later in the day when the temperature was higher, humidity lower, and plants dry.— Ditman and coworkers (145). Rotenone dusts were slightly erratic in their effect but normally gave satisfactory control.— Glasgow (228) . A rotenone-talo dust containing 4 percent of vegetable or animal oil appeared to have possibilities in Oregon. Rotenone dust with a wetting agent did not give as good control as did rotenone and oil. Nicotine-lime dust and pyrethrum-talo dust were inferior to the rotenone-oil dusts« Loro-talo-rotenone dusts gave good kills but produced a slight burning.-- Gray and Schuh (241) . The determination that derris and cube powders could be used to control the pea aphid is one of the high lights of the last 5 years. An industry which meant a great deal to the prosperity of the Pacific Northwest was relieved of a production hazard whioh threatened marked curtailment, if not abandonment.— Rohwer (513, p. 61). Vaporized niootine gave higher initial kill than did derris- talo dusts but the latter had more residual effect. Derris-talc dusts plus Vatsol OS were more effective than a similar dust with- out a wetting agent. An atomized oil containing rotenone or nico- tine gave high kills of the pea aphid, but owing to poor coverage failed to give entirely satisfactory results near Norfolk, Va. — Walker and Anderson (645) • In Maryland derris was superior to cube, and derris dusts were superior to derris sprays. Moisture on the plants at time of appli- cation of derris dusts wes more important to the success of the treatment than high temperature. Fine grinding increased the ef- fectiveness of both cube and derris. The nicotine vaporizer gave the highest kill of all the treatments used. — Ditman and coworkers (146)/ -69- In Oregon use was made of a power duster that was attached to the front of a motor car and provided with a new type of hood to prevent the escape of the aphids. A 0.75-percent rotenone dust plus 3 percent soybean oil, applied at 35 pounds per aore, was the most effective. This dust can also be used to control aphids on trellis peas. Based on 4 years' investigations a spray that can be recommended for trellis peas contains 1.66 pounds of cube, derris, or timbo (4 percent of rotenone), 100 gallons of water and a wetting agent.— Gray and Schuh (242). An acetone extract of derris, used as a spray, was the most ef- fective insecticide used against the pea aphid in Maine .--Hawkins (272). With adequate equipment and proper insecticides the pea aphid can be controlled, and serious commercial losses prevented. Derris or cube dusts (not less than 1 percent of rotenone) applied at the rate of 35 to 40 pounds per aore were recommended in Utah.— Knowlton (342). Niootine applied by a vaporizer gave excellent control and was more widely used commercially in 1940 than any other treatment in Virginia. Derris or cube dusts with talc gave variable results. The duster boon should be completely enclosed and a 25-foot trail- er should be attached. Derris sprays with a suitable wetting agent gave adequate control of apliids.— Walker and Anderson (646) . Pyrophyllite (Pyrax ABB), flaky talcs, calcium carbonate, and gypsum produced high electrostatic charges which were reduced with the addition of rotenone, but when oil was added to the mixture the charge was greater than that produced by the diluent alone. Pyro- phyllite produced the highest charge while ground cube and derris roots produced a charge opposite to that of the diluents. The per- centage of kill usually inoreased in proportion to a general increase in the eleotrostatic charge produced by a mixed dust. These charges develop best on warm, dry days and this may explain in part why rote- none dusts give the best kill of pea aphids when applied in warm weather.— Wilson and coworkers (688) ; Wisconsin Agricultural Experi- ment Station (693, p. 48) • Dust mixtures containing niootine were recommended as a substi- tute for rotenone in combating the pea aphid, although rotenone is more effective. The recommendation, issued February 1942, specified (1) the use of a 1-percent rotenone dust applied at the rate of 35 to 40 pounds per acre, or (2) the use of a 4-percent nicotine dust ap- plied at the came rate. The revised recommendation for the emergenoy -70- was (1) to use a 0.75-percent rotenone dust, applied early and thoroughly at the same rate with the tdd of a boom on the duster en- closed completely and wiih a 25-foot trailer, and (2) to use a 4-per- cent nicotine dust whenever possible.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (626) • When SAE 10 lubrioating oil and certain adjuvants were added to rotenone dusts, consistent increased control with low concentra- tions of rotenone was obtained* In one field test with four repli- cated plots, a dust mixture containing 0.1 percent of rotenone, 2 percent of this oil, and 2 percent of propylene laurate showed a con- trol of 90 percent in 24 hours .--Campau and coworkers (101) ■ Early application of rotenone dusts effectively controlled the pea aphid in Wisconsin.— Carroll (103) . Rotenone dust and spray was considerably less effective than nicotine applied as a spray or by a vepofumer in a 20-acre field of peas in New York. For a 6-year period the population was reduced 94 percent by a concentrated spray of free nicotine and 2.5 percent of rotenone, 92.7 by free nicotine vaporized, 86.5 by a concentrated spray of nicotine sulfate, 79.8 by a 2.5 percent rotenone spray, and 79.3 by a 1-percent rotenone dust with 2 percent soybean oil and pyro- phyl lite.— Glasgow (230, 231). One or two applications of a 1-percent rotenone dust or a spray containing 4 pounds of derris (4 to 6 peroent of rotenone) in 100 gallons of water with a spreader, made 2 to 4 weeks before pea har- vest, often resulted in increased yield of peas.— Huckett (298). Good commercial control is possible with dusts containing as little as 0.5 percent of rotenone when the temperature is as low as 60°F., and with a maohine and a properly weighted apron satisfactory control can be secured at wind velocities up to 15 miles per hour. —Janes and Wilson (318) • Certain combination dusts containing reduced concentrations of rotenone and free nicotine gave consistently good control of the pea aphid in the field for 2 years.— Lilly (363). In California 1,614 acres were dusted with rotenone oompounds by using the airplane.— Jiackie (385, p. 351). Rotenone dusting, although occasionally ineffective in New York, is considerably cheaper than either nicotine vaporfuming or nicotine dusting.— Parrott (457) • -71- A 0.6-percent rotenone dust with 3 percent of Lethane 384 and a 0.4-percent rotenone dust with 2 percent of Lethane gave promising results near Norfolk, Va.— Walker and Anderson (647) . Many factors contribute to the effectiveness of rotenone, three of which include the diluent selected, the equipment used in apply- ing dusts, and the care employed when dusting. As a class, talcs appear to be the best diluents although none of them equalled Pyrax. Adding 2 percent of lubricating oil increases the electrostatic charge of talcs but reduces the charge of some materials. When 22 samples of talc and 3 of pyrophyllite were examined only 5 of the former and 1 of the latter were compatible with rotenone. The failure in the past to secure consistent control of insects with derris and cube dusts was mainly due to the use of unsuitable diluents and methods of application. When a compatible diluent was used as a carrier and oil was added the dust was highly toxic to the pea aphid. With com- patible diluents and optimum application methods significant re- ductions in rotenone content can safely be made with no loss in kill. A 1- or 0.75-percent rotenone content in these diluents are not sig- nificantly better than 0.5- or 0.25-peroent rotenone duets. Pyro- phyllite was better than clay as a diluent for cube dust. All dusts with a rotenone content of 0.6 to 1 percent to be used for control of the pea aphid should be conditioned with 1 or 2 percent of oil, such as soybean oil.— Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station (696, p. 53) j Wilson and Bender (685); Wilson and Janes (689-691). In 1943 it was concluded that 5 years* work in Maryland with derris sprays had provided a satisfactory monetary return. A 1-per- cent rotenone dust gave as good results as a derris spray but cube sprays did not give adequate control. The effectiveness of rotenone inseoticides varied from year to year. There was a strong relation- ship between toxic action of the rotenone and adequate rainfall both preceding and following the treatments. Nicotine sprays were better than derris sprays, and the nicotine vapor-fumer gave the highest kill.— Ditman and coworkers (144). The most satisfactory treatment for the pea aphid on peas in Wisconsin was the use of a dust containing at least 0.5 percent of rotenone mixed with pyrophyllite or talc, applied at the rate of 35 to 40 pounds per acre. Directions were given for increasing the effectiveness of this mixture by adding nicotine or light lubricat- ing oil. Derris or cube sprays containing 3 pounds of powder, 4 to 8 ounces of a suitable wetting agent, in 100 gallons of water were also effective when applied at the rate of 125 gallons per acre under a pressure of at least 300 pounds.— Dudley and Bronson (149) . -72- Qne of the more import* ^ uses of rotenone is to control the pea aphid.— Howard and coworkers (294, p. 31). Mixtures of pyrophyliite, cube powder, and Black Leaf Dust Base exhibited a true synergistic relationship between the two toxi- cants. Host of the blends gave superior pea aphid control in exten- sive field tests. About 10 percent of dusting sulfur should be add- ed to the combination to reduce nicotine loss if the dusts are to be stored before use. Similar combinations with the addition of an aliphatic thiocyanate were also effective and showed still rreat- er economy of rot en one-bearing materials and nicotine. — Lilly (364). Suggestions for pea aphid control were published by the Eastern Pea Aphid Conference in March 1S43. Among the methods suggested were the following: (1) Use 3 pounds of derris or cube powder (4 percent of rotenone) and 4 to 8 ounces of a wetting agent per 100 gallons of water, applied at 125 gallons per acre; (2) Use a 0.5-per- cent rotenone dust mixture containing pyrophyliite or talc anri 1 per- cent of minerel oil, applied at 35 to 40 pounds per acre under a 25- foot apron; (3) Use a dust mixture containing 0.5 percent of rote- none, 2 percent of nicotine, and 10 to 25 percent of sulfur dilut- ed with pyrophyliite or talc; and (4) use a 0.5-percent rotenone dust mixture to which is added 2 percent of Lethane 60.— Pepper and co- workers (460) • The American Association of Economic Entomologists, at its 1941 annual meeting, appointed a special committee on the insecticide supply situation, J. L. Horsfall, chairman. The committee reported that since rotenone materials were limited in 1943 one approach to the problem would be the use of mixtures of rotenone with thiocya- nates or nicotine added.— Horsfall and coworkers (288) • A dust mixture containing 0.375 percent of rotenone, 1.7 per- cent of nicotine, and 10 percent of sulfur was as useful as a mixt- ure containing 0.75 percent of rotenone.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (628) . Black Leaf 10 dusts containing 2 or 3 percent of nicotine in combination with 0.25 or 0.5 percent of rotenone foave about the same initial kill but had more residual effect than the 4-percent nico- tine dusts. Cube-pyrophyllite dusts containing 0.75 or 1 percent of rotenone were significantly better than those containing 0.2 or 0.4 percent of rotenone. A 0.2- or 0.4-percent rotmone dust plus 3 percent of Lethane 60 was as effective in controlling the pea aphid as any of the other dusts tested in Virginia. — 'Talker and Anderson (649). -73- Tests in Wisconsin indicated that dust mixtures containing 0,1 to 0.25 percent of rotenone, and 2 percent of Lethane 60 or 1 to 2 percent of Loro were comparable with dust mixtures containing 0.75 percent of rotenone and 1 percent of SAE 10 lubricating oil. Oil added to rotenone dusts, when stored for some time, may cause a re- duction in toxicity, but such dusts can be reconditioned with the addition of 1 percent of oil. A summary of greenhouse tests with rotenone dusts showed that the aphid control was significantly im- proved by increasing the oil content of the dust mixture from 2 per- cent to 4 percent.— Wilson and Campau (686, 687) . A rotenone-nicotine blend recommended for the pea aphid con- tains: Rotenone 0.375 percent, nicotine alkaloid 1.7 percent, sul- fur 10 percent, hygroscopic agent 1 to 2 percent, and the remainder pyrophyllite or a satisfactory talc. Both field and laboratory trials showed that 0.5 percent of rotenone will gi"ve almost as good control as the 0.75-percent product which formerly was the standard, when both are used with oil and a suitable diluent.— Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station (697, p. 47). Macrosiphum solanifolii (Ashm.), the potato aphid Rotenone is more effective than nicotine against this aphid on potatoes. It was recommended in February 1942 that a 0.75-percent rotenone dust be substituted for the 1-percent rotenone dust former- ly used.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (626) . The general use of pyrethrum-sulfur or rotenone-sulfur com- binations on potatoes may be limited by their failure to prevent late blight and by their higher costs.— Daines and coworkers (134) . Cube dusts (0.75 percent of rotenone) were effective, but py- rethrum dust gave erratic results and were definitely less efficient. The use of pyrethrum and rotenone dusts instead of bordeaux mixture for control of potato insect pests has been recommended because bordeaux, in many years, has decreased yields.— Rawlins and ooworkers (493). Myzus persicae (Sule.), the green peach aphid, spinach aphid, or to- bacco aphid" Calcium arsenate undiluted was used alone and in combination with derris (0.5 percent of rotenone in mixture) • The derris had some effect in retarding aphid increase on peppers in California, but not enough to prevent serious aphid infestations.— Blmore and Campbell (163). -74- In tests with this aphid on turnips the medium lethal dose of cube-talo dust appeared to be decreased by the addition of con- ditioning agents.— Howard and Apple (293) . A derris suspension containing 0,02 percent of rotenone used as a spray or dip gave good control of this aphid on tobacco in seed beds in Java. The seedlings were immersed up to the roots in bundles of 50 to 100 when they were transplanted.— Schweizer (531, p. 41; 532, p. 25). In New South Yfeles this aphid on cabbage may be controlled by the use of derris dust throughout the sea son .--New South Wales De- partmait of Agriculture (443) • Rotenone is more effective than nicotine for the green peach aphid on potatoes, peppers, and spinach. — U. S« Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (628) . A spray containing 0.2 percent of derris powder (10 percent of rotenone) and 0.1 percent of soap gave the best control in Sumatra and freed from infestation 97 percent of 3,510 tobacco leases in one series, and 99 percent of 2,898 leaves in another «--Laan (349) . In preliminary tests in Virginia a derris-L ethane 384 dust was not effective in controlling the spinach aphid. Black Leaf 155 was not so effective as derris dust in controlling larvae of the dia- mond-back moth but was more effective in controlling Myzus persicae on collards. A combination of the nicotine and derris tended to be more effective than the niootine alone in controlling the aphids, and more effective than the derris alone in controlling the larvae of the moth. Also the hydrated lime tended to be a better diluent for the derris-Black Leaf 155 mixture than pyrophyllite when used within 8 days after being mixed. Derris-pyrethrum dust gave good control of the moth, but did not give satisfactory oontrol of the aphids. Several growers used Black Leaf 10-derris dusts and Black Leaf 165-derris dusts for "the oontrol of aphids and the larvae of the diamondback moth on their kale and oollards with very satisfac- tory results .--.Talker and Anderson (647, 650) . (Myzus) Capitophorus rosarum (Kalt.) Acetone extracts of the roots of Tephrosia virginiana from Texas were highly toxic to this aphid.— Ginsburg and coworkers (227) • Pemphigus sp., a poinsettia root aphid Cube powder did not kill more than half of those treated. The -75- earth balls were bumped out of pots and the roots bearing the aphids were dusted.— Bieberdorf and Fenton (61) • Fhorodon humuli (Schr.), the hop aphid In Bavaria it was recommended that nicotine be used until blos- som time of hops, and derris alone or with pyrethrum from then onward. — Hampp and Jehl (256) • In England some hop growers prefer to use a derris preparation instead of nicotine.— Mas see (4023 . Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae (Davis), the turnip aphid Under field conditions a derris mixture containing 1 percent of rotenone with equal parts of finely ground tobacco dust and M300- mesh" dusting sulfur as a diluent proved superior to a dust mixture containing 3 percent of nicotine. Good results were obtained with a spray containing 2 pounds of finely ground derris or cube root (4 to 6 percent of rotenone) per 50 gallons of water, at the rate of 100 to 125 gallons per acre, at intervals of 7 to 14 days .--Allen and Harrison (ll); Harrison and Allen (267). Pyrethrum and 1-percent nicotine dusts were more rapid in their aotion than 0.2-percent rotenone-talc dusts, but derris and cube were as effective at the end of 30 hours as were pyrethrum and niootine. Timbo appeared less effective. Derris and Tephrosia were more ef- fective than Lonchocarpus of the same guaranteed. rotenone content* — Arant (22, 26;. It was recommended that dust mixtures containing nicotine be substituted for rotenone in combating the turnip aphid, although rotenone was preferred for this aphid on turnips. The revised recom- mendation for the war emergency was (l) the use of a 0.75-peroent rotenone dust, applied early and thoroughly at the rate of 35 to 40 pounds per aore, and (2) whenever possible substitute a 3-percent niootine dust for the rotenone dust»— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (626) • Rotenone was recommended for aphids on turnips in viotory gardens.— flfhite and Doolittle (683). Rhopalosiphum rufomaculata (Wils.) Acetone extracts of the roots of Tephrosia vlrginiana from Texas were highly toxic to this aphid. — Ginsburg and coworkers (227) • -76- Toxoptera aurantii (Fonsc), the black citrus aphid For the combined control of aphids, red mite, and black soale a spray consisting of light-medium oil, 0.5 to 0.75 percent, with rotenone may be used.—Quayle (482, p. 26). Toxoptera graminum (Rond.), the green bug Valuable seed crops in Argentina can be protected with dusts of nicotine sulfate, pyrethrum, or rotenone.— Lopez Cristobal (371). Toxoptera piricola Mats. In Japan sprays of pyrethrum, nicotine sulfate, or derris with soap, applied when the eggs on pear trees hatch in the spring, are recommended for control.— Yago and Furuichi (702) . Unidentified Aphids Sprays containing pyrethrum or derris, or extracts from these materials, are sometimes used for the control of aphids on grapes. — Pemaree and Runner (139, p. 27), Plant sprays containing 1 percent of rotenone and 4 percent of total acetone extractives of derris root will give a good kill of many species of aphids at dilutions of 1:800.— Hamilton (253, p. 10). A spray mixture consisting of derris powder, pyrethrum extraot, and sulfonated castor oil with water is effective against aphids and many other insects.— Howard and coworkers ( 294, p. 31). Derris sprays are commonly used to oontrol aphids in China.— Chan (110). Tests with derris and rotenone dusts as a substitute for a spray of niootine sulfate and soft soap, for the oontrol of aphids in Cyprus, were unsuccessful except at oonoent rations that were more costly than the nicotine spray.— McDonald (380) • Rotenone and copper-rotenone were considered fair for aphids in viotory gardens in Indiana.— Reed (496) . For control of aphids on rape, kale, turnips, and swedes in South Africa either dusts or sprays of Pyrocide and Derrisol may be used. — Schulta (527). -77- A spray of 1 pound of derris or cube (4 percent of rotenone) in 25 gallons of water with a suitable spreader was effective against aphids and thrips .— Turner (596) * Worlc on aphids in Maine showed that aphid infestations can be greatly reduced by applications of rotenone-soybean oil and nico- tine-rotenone sprays.— TJ. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (628, p. 136). Cercopidae Clastoptera saint-cyri Prov., a cranberry spittle insect A considerable infestation of the adults in Massachusetts was completely wiped out by dusting with 100 pounds of derris (4 percent of rotenone) per acre without an activator or wetter.— Franklin (193) . Philaenus leucophthalmus (L.) ("apumarius L.), a spittle bug on straw- berry The use of a 0.5-percent rotenone dust proved satisfactory in Washington. A 3-percent nicotine dust gave good control but was less satisfactory.— Hanson and Webster (260, p. 37). One of the important use of rotenone is to control spittle bugs on strawberries.— Howard and ooworkers (294, p. 31). Ch ermidae Pineus pineoides Cholodk, ( Chermes (P) p. Cholodk.) A derris dust gave unsatisfactory control of this aphid on spruce in Switzerland. — Schneider-Orelli (523). Cicadellidae Aoeratagallia sanguinolenta (Prov.), a clover leafhopper The greatest kill obtained with derris was 52 percent at a con- centration equivalent to 16 pounds of 5-percent rotenone per 100 gallons, whereas 100 percent kill with pyrethrum was obtained at a concentration equivalent to 4 pounds of ground flowers containing 0.5-percent of pyrethrins per 100 gallons.— Watkins (655). Bythoscopus cedaranus Naude, a wattle jassia Laboratory experiments showed that pyrethrum dust was superior to derris in the Union of South Africa. — Evans (170). -78- Empoasca fsbae (Harr.), the potato leafhopper In tests against the Mexican bean beetle on lima beans, the following was recommended if this leafhopper was also present: 4 pounds of djrris, cube, or timbo (5 percent or rotenone) in 100 gallons of spray, or 40 pounds of dust with the addition of sulfur or a copper compound.— Euolcett (299) ■ Derris-talc dust was not consistent in its reduction of leaf- hopper populations; damage was relatively high, but the yield was also high.— Manis and Leffert (390) . In laboratory tests with bordeaux mixture and aqueous suspen- sions of pyrethrum and derris, only the pyrethrum had an appreciable toxicity as a contact poison on adult potato leafhoppers.--.Vatkins (654). Rotenone did not repel this leafhopper on citrus.— VToglum and Lewis (698). Brnpoasca filament a DeL. A pyrethrum-cube-talc dust was effective in controlling this leafhopper on potatoes, but a cube-talc dust did not control it. The former consisted of 5 pounds of Dry Pyrocide (2 percent of py- rethrins) and 95 pounds of cube-talc dust containing 1 percent of rotenone. The latter also contained 1 percent of rotenone by weight.— Manis and Turner (391). Etapoasoa maligna (Walsh), the apple leafhopper In an orchard which had been treated yearly for 4 years wi-th 0.5-percent rotenone dusts, leafhoppers did not develop, possibly because of the killing action of the rotenone on the adults.— Garman (222). Bnpoasca Typhlocyba rosae (L.), a rose leafhopper Dust roses with copper-rot en one dust.— Mc Daniel (379) . Bnpoasoa terra e-reginae Paoli In Queensland some control of this species on cotton was given by nicotine dusts and by two proprietary dusts containing 3.2 per- cent of "tubatoxins as derris," but the frequent applications that would be neoessai*y malce their use economically impracticable.— Sloan (545). -79- Erythroneura spp., grape leafhopper3 Sprays containing pyrethrum or derris, or their extracts, are sometimes used for control.— Demaree and Runner (159) • For control of grape leafhoppers use pyrethrum extracts in con- centrated form applied in vaporized oil; rotenone extracts applied as spraysj or caloium cyanide, as dust.— U. S. Department of Agri- culture (653, p. 12). Evacanthus interruptus (L.), a hop leafhopper Populations of this pest on hops in England were greatly re- duoed following two applications of a derris dust.— Massee (399) . Macrosteles divisus (Uhl.), the six-spotted leafhopper This inseot transmits the virus of eastern aster yellows to endive and lettuce. Dusting with a mixture of pyrethrum and sul- fur containing at least 0.15 percent of pyrethrins, or with derris and sulfur (l percent of rotenone) at weekly intervals from trans- planting time to harvest gave significant decreases of diseased lettuce plants.— Linn (366) » Ophiola sp., the blunt-nosed leafhopper Derris dusts (l and 1.5 percent of rotenone) with camphor oil and peanut oil, respectively, as the activator and wetter, applied once at 95 and 100 pounds per acre, both gave at least 94 percent mortality. Results of commercial control of this jassid have in- dicated that treatment should be carried out thoroughly when more than 5 leafhoppers ar« taken by 50 sweeps of an insect net.— Franklin (193). Typhlooyba rosae (L.), the rose leafhopper The controls recommended in Germany against this pest on apples were a dormant spray of tar distillate, a lime-sulfur spray, or mixed dusts of derris and pyrethrum.— Voboril (640) . Unidentified 7.eafhoppers Rotenone was considered fair, while copper-rotenone was good for leafhoppers in victory gardens in Indiana.— Reed (496) . Pyrethrum can be substituted for rotenone for the control of leafhoppers.— Turner and Horsfall (606). -80- Coccida© Aonidlella aurantii (Mask.), the California red scale Promising results, obtained with spray3 of petroleum oil and cube and derris resins, led to a study of the relative susceptibility of the resistant and nonresistant strains of this scale. YYhen the two strains were sprayed with the oil-cube resin the resistant strain showed a greater survival in every case. A light -medium oil with cube was just as effective as a heavy oil with it; however, mortal- ity when light oil alone was used on heavily infested old wood was 51.6 percent while heavy oil aone caused a mortality of 58.1 percent. Mortality was increased to 92.9 and 91.2 percent by the addition of cube resins. Both nicotine and cube in oil gave marked increases in mortality of scales on all parts of a lemon tree as compared with oil alone. In heavy infestations on old wood the addition of cube resins increased the mortality from 12.8, 58 >1, and 58.6 percent to 43.9, 91.2, and 94.5 percent for the applications of 1, 1.5, and 2 percent of oil, respectively. Experiments with a tank-mix oil show- ed that the addition of derris resins increased the mortality of the red scale, but that 1.14 percent of resins in oil was no more ef- fective than 0.57 percent. In regard, to one type of emulsive oil, scale mortality was proportionate to the amount of cube or derris resins in the oil over a wider range of resin concentrationSe~Cressman (123-125) ; Cressman and Broadbent (126) - In recent years the addition of derris resin (25 percent of rocenone) in suitable mutual solvents showed promise. Oil-toxicant sprays, in which 10 percent of derris resin in dibutyl phthalate was added to the oil, resulted in a greater mortality of the red scale. The effectiveness of derris and cube extracts was best demonstrated by the great increase in the toxicity of a kerosene spray made possi- ble by the addition of a stock solution with 39 parts of kerosene (resulting in 0.031 percent of rotenone in the kerosene). Used at a 10-peroent dosage with 4 ounces of calcium caseinate spreader per 100 gallons, the toxic kerosene often killed practically all red scales hit by the spray. Promising results were also had by soak- ing finely ground derris or cube root in unheated kerosene for 30 minutes. In 1942 the kerosene-rot enone 6pray was not yet recommend- ed for it had killed a considerable number of trees. In 1943 finely ground cube root (5 percent of rotenone), at 1 pound to 100 gallons of spray, was used effectively as a supplement to spray oil. A properly prepared oil-toxicant solution will result in more improved red scale condition, than oil alone, even at long periods after treatment. Few, if any, of the scales succumb to the treatment if oil alone is used, but if derris or cube extractives are added to tne oil, a large percentage of scales not receiving enough oil for suffocation are nevertheless killed by the treatment.— Eb el ing (153- 156); Ebeling and LaDue (157). -79- Erythroneurfi spp., grape leafhopper3 Sprays containing pyrethrum or derris, or their extracts, are sometimes used for control.— Deraaree and Runner (139) . For control of grape leafhoppers use pyrethrum extracts in con- centrated form applied in vaporized oil; rotenone extracts applied as sprays j or calcium cyanide, as dust.--U. S. Department of Agri- culture (633, p. 12). Evacanthus interruptus (L»), a hop leafhopper Populations of this pest on hops in England were greatly re- duced following two applications of a derris dust.— Massee (399). Macrostelos divisus (Uhl.), the six-spotted leafhopper This inseot transmits the virus of eastern aster yellows to endive and lettuce. Dusting with a mixture of pyrethrum and sul- fur containing at least 0.15 percent of pyrethrins, or with derris and sulfur (l percent of rotenone) at weekly intervals from trans- planting time to harvest gave significant decreases of diseased lettuoe plants.— Linn (365). Ophiola sp., the blunt-nosed leafhopper Derris dusts (l and 1.5 percent of rotenone) with camphor oil and peanut oil, respectively, as the activator and wetter, applied once at 95 and 100 pounds per acre, both gave at least 94 percent mortality. Results of commercial control of this jassid have in- dicated that treatment should be carried out thoroughly when more than 3 leafhoppers ar# taken by 50 sweeps of an insect net.— Franklin (193). Typhlooyba roaae (L.), the rose leafhopper The controls recommended in Germany against this pest on apples were a dormant spray of tar distillate, a lime-sulfur spray, or mixed dusts of derris and pyrethrum.— Voboril (640). Unidentified ?.eafhoppers Rotenone was considered fair, while copper-rot en one was good for leafhoppers in victory gardens in Indiana.— Reed (496) . Pyrethrum can be substituted for rotenone for the control of leafhoppers.— Turner and Horsfall (606) . -80- Coccidae Aonidiella aurantii (Mask,), the California red scale Promising results, obtained with sprey3 of petroleum oil and cube and derris resins, led to a study of the relative susceptibility of the resistant and nonresistant strains of this scale* When the two strains were sprayed with the oil-cube resin the resistant strain showed a greater survival in every case* A light-medium oil with cube was just as effective as a heavy oil with it; however, mortal- ity when light oil alone was used on heavily infested old wood was 51.6 percent "while heavy oil aone caused a mortality of 58.1 percent. Mortality was increased to 92*9 and 91 #2 percent by the addition of cube resins* Both nicotine and cube in oil gave marked increases in mortality of scales on all parts of a lemon tree as compared with oil alone* In heavy infestations on old wood the addition of cube resins increased the mortality from 12*8, 58 »1, and 58*6 percent to 43*9, 91*2, and 94*5 percent for the applications of 1, 1*5, and 2 percent of oil, respectively* Experiments with a tank-mix oil show- ed that the addition of derris resins increased the mortality of the red scale, but that 1*14 percent of resins in oil was no more ef- fective than 0*57 percent* In regard to one type of emulsive oil, scale mortality was proportionate to the amount of cube or derris resins in the oil over a wider range of resin concentrations*~Cre8sman (123-125) j Cressman and Broadbent (126) - In recent years the addition of derris resin (25 percent of rocenone) in suitable mutual solvents showed promise* Oil-toxicant sprays, in which 10 percent of derris resin in dibutyl phthalate was added to the oil, resulted in a greater mortality of the red scale* The effectiveness of derris and cube extracts was best demonstrated by the great increase in the toxicity of a kerosene spray made possi- ble by the addition of a stock solution with 39 parts of kerosene (resulting in 0*031 percent of rotenone in the kerosene)* Used at a 10-peroent dosage with 4 ounces of calcium caseinate spreader per 100 gallons, the toxic kerosene often killed practically all red scales hit by the spray* Promising results were also had by soak- ing finely ground derris or cube root in unheated kerosene for 30 minutes* In 1942 the kerosene-rot enone spray was not yet recommend- ed for it had killed a considerable number of trees* In 1943 finely ground cube root (5 percent of rotenone), at 1 pound to 100 gallons of spray, was used effectively as a supplement to spray oil* A properly prepared oil-toxicant solution will result in more improved red scale condition, than oil alone, even at long periods after treatment* Few, if any, of the scales succumb to the treatment if oil alone is used, but if derris or cube extractives are added to tne oil, a large percentage of scales not receiving enough oil for suffocation are nevertheless killed by the treatment*— Eb el ing (153- 156); Ebeling and LaDue (157)* -81- It was shown ohemioally and by use of the red scale that rote- none and derris- containing preparations decompose when incorporated into spray materials. All these spray materials should be protected against the adverse effects of atmospheric oxidation, sunlight, and high temperatures. The toxioants used are drastically short-lived under field conditions*— Gunther (249) • In a chemical study of solubilizers for petroleum oils and ex- tracts of rot enone-b earing roots it was remarked that toxicologioal evidence points to the fact that certain heterogenous compositions are effective for control of the red scale and black scale, possibly because the active constituents of the extract are in solution*— Kagy and Boyce (334) • Extensive tests in several southern California citrus districts showed that rotenone materials added to oil sprays gave a high kill* In a 5-year spraying program on a large commercial orchard, applica- tions of rotenone and light medium oil in the spring and again in the fall kept the trees comparatively free of the red scale, and e- liminated all other pest control problems except thrips* Kerosene or light oil which give 70 to 87 percent mortality will, upon the addition of derris or cube products, cause 96 percent mortality* Heavier oils which are more efficient than light oils may also be increased in effectiveness by rotenone* Rotenone is equally effec- tive whether in complete solution or in suspension in the spray* A minimum of 25 grams of derris or cube resins per 100 gallons of finished spray material appears to be necess8ry*~McBeth and Allison (373. 374). Rotenone incorporated in oil may make possible the more effec- tive use of oils of even lighter grades than those used in 1941* The need for improvements in control of the red scale where the re- sistant strain oocurs has been urgent, and up to 1941 there was con- siderable promise in the kerosene-rotenone spray*— Quayle (482, p* 9; 483). In field tests against the California red scale, the addition of oube extract or niootine to mineral-oil emulsions increased their effectiveness to a marked extent, particularly against scales on wood where oil alone was less effective. Extracts of rotenone-contain- ing plants were more toxic in oil sprays than nicotine, the most ef- fective combination having been cube resins in a soluble oil. In field trials the percentage mortalities of adults on grey wood and on fruit were increased from 36 to 76 and from 82 to 96, respectively, by the addition of cube resins to the spray* An increasing pro- portion of the total spray mixture deposited on the wood became in- secticidally active as the deposits increased*— U* S* Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine (613, p. 7j 619, p. 9; 623, p. 9). -82- Aspidlotua pernloiosus Comst., the San Jose scale The percentage of scale-infested apples wes 0.2 and 1.4 on trees that received lead arsenate in the first two oover sprays, followed with nicotine in summer oil in the other six sprays; 10 percent on trees treated with lead arsenate in the first two sprays, followed with rotenone in the remaining six sprays; and 21.8 per- cent on trees untreated.— Herman (265) » Eriococcus azaleae Comst., the azalea bark scale, azalea mealybug Sprays containing 1*5 gallons of white-oil emulsion with the addition of either 1.5 pounds of derris or 1 pint of nicotine sul- fate in 100 gallons of water gave excellent control*— English and Turnip8eed (168) • Lepid08aphes beckii (Newm.), the purple scale In tests on small potted trees, derris was more effective as a toxic supplement when used with Mineral Seal oil and diglycol oleate than when used with either component of the emulsion.— English (167). Parlatoria chinensis Marlatt The addition of oube resin to low concentrations of oil in dor- mant applications inoreased the efficiency markedly. In summer ap- plications rotenone markedly improved the efficiency of low concen- trations of light-medium summer oils; 1 peroent oil containing 0.01 to 0.02 peroent of cube resins (16.4 percent of rotenone) was near- ly equal in efficiency to 3 peroent of the same oil without the add- ed toxioant. Also, 1 peroent concentration of the same oil which contained 0*05 percent of rotenone in stook emulsion gave a high de- gree of control.— Baker and coworkers (31). P8eudoooocus comstooki (Kuw.), the Comstook mealybug Oil combined with rotenone-bearing insecticides showed promis- ing results against the young crawling mealybugs •■•— Cox (122; . Pseudococous cuspidatae Rau, taxus mealybug IN-2018 killed 90 to 96 peroent of the mealybugs; Righto about 95 percent; and EX plus 0.4 peroent of soap, about 95 peroent. Each was diluted 1x400. The first proprietary mixture was a rotenone spray containing a special wetting agent; the second one was a rote- -83- none and oil spray; end the third was a rotenone-pyrethrum-oil spray. A nicotine and soap spray was distinctly better than these materials.-- Hamilton (252). Saissetia oleae (Bern.), the black scale tow concentrations of oil with rotenone were more effeotive against the larger adults than oil at the full concentration.— Boyce and coworkers (80, 81) • For the oembined oontrol of this scale, aphids, and the red mite, a spray consisting of light-medium oil (i to 3/4 peroent) with rotenone may be used.— Quayle (462, p. 26) • Delphaoidae Sogata furoifera (Horv.) , rioe hopper The control measures recommended in Fiji were draining the rioe fields, spraying the plants from a watering can with a suspension of 1 pound of derris in 10 gallons of water, or scattering rice bran impregnated with kerosene on the water in the fields.— Lever (362) . Derbidae Proutlsta moesta (Westw.) This insect on sugar cane in the Philippine Islands can be con- trolled by spraying with soap solution and nicotine sulfate or derris powder.— Otanes and Karganilla (453) . Psyllidae Paratrloea cockerelli (Sulo), the potato payllid, tomato psyllid A derris dust (0.6 percent of rotenone) and pyrethrum powder (0.17 percent of pyrethrins) were ineffective against -the nymphs on tomatoes.— List (366) . HBTEROPTERA Cimioidae •Cimex lectularlus L., the bedbug Household sprays containing pyrethrum and lerris are usually applied in Southern Rhodesia to combat minor infestations or as a rou- tine precaution against infestation, but they may in time considerably reduce even major infestations.— Mossop (431) . -84- Coreidae Aconthocoris sordidus (Thnb.) The control measures recommended against this bug on vegetables in Japan are hand collection, spraying with derris in soap solutions, and dusting with a mixture of pyrethrum and ash.— Yamazaki (70S, 704) . Lygaeidae Blissus hirtus Montd., the hairy chinch bug Experiments with 1- and 0.5-peroent rotenone dusts and tobacco dust (l percent of nicotine), applied at the rate of 25 pounds to 1,000 square feet, were conducted on a very heavy, dense turf. The three dusts were about equal in effectiveness and excellent kills were obtained by all three.-- Johnson (330, 331). A machine was designed which uses new principles in the appli- cation of dusts to turf 8. Economic control may be obtained with one- third the amount of 1-percent rotenone dust formerly recommended. Rotenone is highly toxic to all stages.— Py ens on (479) . NNOR (1:800) applied to turf gave 89 percent mortality of the hairy chinch bug, while derris (4 percent of rotenone) gave 92.5 percent.—Roth and Pyenson (517) . Blissus leucopterus Var. insularis Barber ("insularis Barber), a chinch bug Emulsions of lubricating and fuel oils, strong soap solution, diluted pyrethrum extract, and local proprietary dusts of nicotine or derris were ineffective against this species infesting lawns in Trinidad.— Pi Okies (468). Geocoris moderatus Montd. Nysius natalansis Evans These insects were found in great numbers in South Africa, where their presence was associated with poor turf which was improved by treatment with derris.— Omer-Cooker and coworkers (450) . Ny8ius turner! Evans Liberal applications of derris dust to food plants in Tasmania drive away the bugs and protect the plants for 2 to 4 days .--Evans (172). -66- Phaenacantha marcida Horv. Excellent control of the adults on sugar csnein Formosa was given by a spray of nicotine sulfate, while one containing a proprietary preparfition of derris and soap was slightly less ef- fective.—Takahashi (578). Miridae Caloooris fulvomaculatus (Deg.), shy bug The active stages of this bug on hops in England are controlled by niootine or derris sprays applied to the vines.- Ha86ee (400). Campy lomma verba sci (Meyer), mullein leafbug Nicotine, pyrethrum, and derris sprays in combination with wetting agents gave good control.— Cameron (100). Following a serious outbreak on apple in Nova Scotia, a pro- prietary rotenone spray (Berako) was applied. A marked reduction in infestation was observed, but not complete control.— Pickett and ooworkers (467) • Bngytatus tenuis Reut. A considerable reduction in the numbers of this insect was brought about in Sumatra by the application of a spray containing 0.2 percent of derris powder (10 percent of rotenone) and 0.1 per- cent of 8oap.~Laan (350, p. 56). Helopeltis antonii Sign. A mixture of derris and talc considerably reduced the number of both nymphs and adults on cacao in Java in 1938. In large-scale field experiments in 1940 the preceding result was confirmed, and it was shown that even on full-grown trees this pest could be con- trolled satisfactorily by applications of a derris dust containing 0.76 percent or rotenone (l part of derris powder of 10-peroent rotenone content mixed with 13 parts of talc), with a resulting in- crease of orop yield. In 1941 it was confirmed that thorough ap- plications at fortnightly intervals of a sufficiently fine derris dust were very effective.— Betrem (46, 47, 48). aelopelt3s can normally be controlled on tea in Java by a derris dust (0.75 percent of rotenone). The rate of application for dust- ing ranges from 2.7 to 7.2 pounds per aore, but if a heavy infesta- tion spreads to the whole plantation, up to 27 pounds per acre must be used, whioh is usually unremunerative.— Verbeek (639) . -86- Lygidolon laevigaturo Reut. In laboratory tests in South Africa pyrethrum dust -was superior to derris against this insect -which attacks wattle, — Evens (170) . Lygus atriflavus Knight In laboratory test a dust containing 0.125 percent of pyrethrins and 0.5 percent of rotenone gave good kills of the nymphs and adults. Kills approaching 90 peroent were obtained in the field with this dust but the fields were soon heavily reinfested.— Fisher and Shull (187). Lygus campestris (L.) Spraying with powdered derris and a wetting agent is helpful and will give satisfactory control if the applications are started while the infestation is light.— Whitoorob (679, p. 39). Lygus elisus Van D. Lygus hesperus Knight The information given for L. atriflavus also pertains to these two species .--Fisher and Shull Tl87) * This species can be reduced by the use of a derris dust or a pyrethrum extract.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (622, p. 70). Lygus oblineatu8 (Say), the tarnished plant bug A spray mixture consisting of derris powder, pyrethrum extract, and sulfonated castor oil with water was effective.— Howard and co- workers (294, p. 31). Dust roses bearing this bug with copper-rotenone dust.— McDaniel (379). Against adults there was no significant difference in effective- ness between derris and pyrethrum, but both were more effective than a calcivun-arsenate-sulfur mixture.— Smith and coworkers (552) . A proprietary dust containing sulfur, derris, and nicotine was superior to others containing mainly derris, or derris and nicotine, but its action was probably repellent to this species on chrysanthemums in England.— Orohard (451) • -87- The tarnished plant bug can be reduced by the use of mixtures containing either a dust impregnated with a derris dust or a pyre- thrum extract •-■ -U* S* Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (623, P- 70), Poeoilocapsus lineatus (P») , the four-lined plant bug Roses infested with this bug should be treated with copper-rote- none dust»— Mc Daniel (379) • Pentatomidae Aelia sp* In laboratory and field experiments in Germany dusting with derris caused no mortality of adults •--Tischler (593) * Antes ti a lineaticollis (Stal) The use of a strong water extract of Tephrosia vogelii as a contact or stomach poison, and in baits, proved completely inade- quate as a control of this bug on coffee in Uganda*— Taylor ( 584) • In experiments conducted in the Belgian Congo a pyrethrum dust acted more quickly than did a 5*3-percent rotenone dust, and much more quickly than a dust prepared from the leaves of T* vogelii*— Lefevre (361) » Poly cor is sp. Burygaster sp* No mortality of adults of these bugs was given by dusting with derris in Germany.— Tisohler (593)* Eusohlstis tristlgmus (Say) Eusohistls variolarius P* de B* Derris dust (1 percent of rotenone) did not control these penta- toraids on tomatoes*— Mundinger (433) • Ifcirgantia histrionioa (Hahn), the harlequin bug Because of the adhesiveness of talo, derris-talo mixtures were more effective in laboratory tests than derris-sulfur mixtures or derris alone* Dusts of derris, timbo, or Tephrosia containing talc -88- and 0.2 percent of rotenone gave 100 percent mortality in 48 hours, whereas cube with talc gave only 88.6 percent. In field experiments two applications of dusts of derris and talc containing 1 percent of rotenone and 10 percent of flour gave 96 percent control of this pest on cabbage and collar ds.— Arant (22, 23). In laboratory tests oertain natural and sulfonated vegetable oils combined with derris or cube increased significantly the toxici- ty of the rotenone material.— Pulton and Howard (206). Rotenone is relatively more effective than nicotine against the harlequin bug.— Isely (311, p. 25). Spray or dust with derris or oube. This is the only insecti- cide recommended.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (61?). There is no comparable substitute for rotenone.— U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture (633, p. 14). Nezara viridula (L.), the southern green stinkbug Dusts of derris and talc were effective against small nymphs, but all the rotenone insecticides tried were ineffective against the large nymphs and adults.— Arant (22, 26). This species and Cuspicona simplex TEllc. are both called the green vegetable bug in Queensland. A derris spray containing .02 percent of ether extractives, prepared from powdered derris-soap or liquid derris proprietary products, was of some value against the nymphs on tomatoes •—Sloan (546) . Rhoecoooris sulciventris (St&l), a brome orange bug High concentrations of derris sprays gave good mortalities in Queensland. The fourth-instar nymphs were more resistant than the adults.— Smith (553). Rhynchocorls humeral is (Thnb.) In Formosa control measures comprise hand collection of all stages and spraying with derris against the nymphs.— Takahashi (579) , Other pentatomids On cotton in Arizona 53 species of Hemiptera were found, the more important injurious ones being 3 species of pentatomids and 4 -89- species of mirids. Sodium fluosilicate gnve an increpse in yield of 517 pounds of seed cotton per sere, and derris (4 percent of rotenone), 151 pounds. A year later lead arsenate gave 523 pounds and derris-sulfur, 206 pounds.— Cassidy and Barber (106). Pyrrhocoridae Pysdercus fasciatus Sign., a cotton stainer In Africa a bait including 5 percent of derris powder (5 percent of rotenone) was almost as toxic as sodium arsenite and much more attractive.— Rainey (488, p. 48). Tingitidae Stephanitis pyrioldes Scott, the azalea lacebug A spray containing 0.83 percent of oil and 1.5 pounds of derris (5 percent of rotenone) per 100 gallons of water was effective in control. For the eradication of infestations in nurseries, applica- tions should be made every 3 weeks. A 3-percent nicotine dust and a dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone were ineffective.— English (166) j English and Turnipseed (168) . Teleonemia nigrina Champ. Derris dust was unsuccessfully tried to control this tingitid on snapdragon plants.— H'ixs on (287) . DIPTERA Agromyzidae Agromyza oryzella Mats* Sprays of nicotine sulfate (1:800 and 1:1000) were tested in Japan* The stronger one killed all the eggs and more than 90 per- cent of the larvae, while the weaker one and a derris spray each killed more than 90 percent of the adults and larvae.— Oka zaki (449) . Bibionidae (Dilophus) Philia febrilis (L.), fever fly The larvae damage roots of grass in lawns. Field experiments were carried out in three heavily infested areas in Wales. The -90- mortalities were 91.9 to 94.9 percent when a derris suspension con- taining 0,0054 peroent of rotenone was applied to the turf at the rate of 1 gallon per square yard; 97.9 to 98.9 percent when pyre- thrum extract was added to this to give a content of 0.001 percent of pyrethrin I; and 99#6 to 99.7 percent when lead arsenate was uni- formly distributed over the turf at the rate of 1*5 ounces per square yard and watered into the soil with 1 gallon of water per square yard. — Edwards (160) • Calliphoridae Calliphora erythrocephala Mg., the blue-bottle blowfly The results obtained are in agreement with the work of Morozov and Alexandrov, acting singly, on the permeability of the insect cuticula to various substances, while Fulton and Howard have shown that the toxicity of derris inside the insect may vary with the nature of the oil carrier used.— Hurst (302) • Calliphora stygia (F»), a blue-bottle blowfly (Lucilia) Phaenicla cuprina (7/ied.), a green-bottle blowfly (Lucilia) Phaenicla sericata (Mg.), the green-bottle blowfly None of the substances tested, including derris (19 percent of ether extract), showed promise as a substitute for sodium arsenite or calcium arsenite in the mixtures used for the control of blowflies on sheep in Australia.— McCulloch (376) • Culicidae Aedes cinereus Mg» In a glass chamber derris dust was more effective than pyrethrum powder.— liironov and coworkers (420) . Aedes concolor (Tayl.) Ground derris root was equally as toxic to larvae of this species in see water as to larvae of Culex (fatigans) quinquefasciatus in fresh water. — Pasfield and Woodhill U58j. it Aedes spp. In India complete mortality of mosquito larvae of this genus and of Anopheles and Culex was obtained in 24 hours with an acetone ex- tract of Tephrosia vogelii.— Chopra and coworkers (115) • -91- Chaoborus astictopus D. & S., the Clear Lake gnat Derris powder (5 percent of rotenone), tested as a larvicide against this nonbiting midge, was less effective than pyrethrum.-- Deonier and Lindquist ( 140) . Culex pipiens L., the northern house mosquito In a glass chamber derris dust was more effective than pyre- thrum powder.— Mir onov and coworkers (420) ♦ Culex quinquefasciatu3 Say, the southern house mosquito Ground derris root was toxic to all instars of the larvae. The minimum concentration necessary for 100 percent mortality rose with each succeeding instar, and the concentration necessary to kill the early third instar in 48 hours was 0.01 gm. per 1000 cc. When no food material was available the minimum concentration necessary for 100 percent mortality was lowered, as was also the time taken for this mortality. — Pasfield and Woodhill (458) . Unidentified mosquito larvae An extract of the fruit of the Amur cork tree (Phellodendron sp.) was more toxic to mosquito larvae than was a derris extract' (5.2 per- cent of rotenone) .—Ha Her (250) . Thanite was reported to be an effective substitute for pyre- thrum or rotenone in household sprays against mosquitoes, cockroaches, and other pests.— [Hercules Powder Company] (277) . Acetone extracts of the seeds of Tephrosia vogelii were lethal to both anopheline and culicine larvae in India up to 1 in 2,000. This action was due to deguelin, an isomer of rotenone.— Mans on (393). Xanthone was more toxic than rotenone to mosquito larvae, hav- ing been effective at a concentration of 1:1,000,000.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (524, p. 53) • Gasterophilidae Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis (L.), the nose botfly Gasterophilus intestinalis (Deg.) , the horse botfly Gasterophilus nasalis (L«), the throat botfly Derris powder and rotenone crystals were given with feed to -92- animals, but the results obtained were not conclusive, '.'/hen derris powder was tested on botfly larvae, under laboratory conditions, it killed slowly and, in some cases, required retreatment to secure a kill. — Haseman and Roland (269) . Hippoboscidae Melophagus ovinus (L.), the sheep tick, sheep ked When pupae of mixed ages were immersed in a solution of rotenone the percentage of emergence was not materially affected.— Commonwealth of Australia (118, p. 30). Derris is particularly suitable for the control of the sheep ked.— Freak (199). There are three kinds of dips used for eradicating sheep ticks at one dipping, namely, fused-bentonite-sulfur-cube, arsenic-sulfur-rote- none, and home-made derris or cube dip. When used according to the instructions furnished, they are eff ective.~Imes and Babcock (307) ; Thorns sen and Doner (591) . All the preparations containing arsenites, phenols, and rotenone were effective in New Zealand against the adult keds on sheep, and trials indicated that derris gave the necessary delayed action so that the keds emerging from pupae were also killed.— New Zealand De- partment of Science and Industry (445) • A rotenone-sulfur dip was tested in New York on about 2,000 sheep, representing a number of farm flocks and all the common breeds. In addition, three county rings used this formula on approximately 10,000 head. The result was the ert lication of the sheep tick in all flocks dipped. Only one dipping was necessary, and this usually occured short- ly after shearing. "While this dip does not kill the pupae it remains effeotive long enough to kill all young ticks emerging from the pupae which were present at the time of dipping. The formula follows: Cube (5 percent of rotenone) 10 pounds, wettable sulfur 100 pounds, and water 1,000 gallons. Wettable sulfur alone will usually eradicate this pest but it is too slow, and a fixed nicotine-sulfur dip was also good but was not uniformly eff icient*— Schwardt and Matthysse (530) • In 1942, 700 sheep infested with this pest in Colorado were dipped once in a suspension of 4 ounces of derris powder (5 percent of rote- none) per 100 gallons of water. None became reinfested during frequent inspections in the course of the following 92 days, during which time they mingled with infested sheep.— U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry (613) . -93- An improved and inexpensive dip that con be prepared on the farm or range was made in 1943 by adding 4 to 6 ounces of cube powder to each 100 gallons of water. With nearly 10,000 farm and range sheep that were dipped in Colorado and New Mexico during 1944, a single dipping destroyed all ticks in a relatively short time. The dip ma- terial apparently remained in the fleeces of dipped sheep long enough to destroy any young ticks that developed from the live pupae re- maining in the wool after dipping. The cost of this home-made dip is only 10 to 20 percent of that charged for commercially prepared dips. The use of this dip was one of the high lights of the year's scientific work,— U. S, Bureau of Animal Industry (614), Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macq,), the pigeon fly One of the most easily applied and effective treatments for squabs is fresh pyrethrum powder. From 1 to 3 pinches dusted in the feather tufts will kill all flies present, Derris or cube powder (3 to 5 percent of rotenone) is nearly as effective as pyrethrum and should be used in the same way, but these powders are less effective on grown pigeons,— Bishopp (53), and U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (627, p.24)T~ Hypodermatidae Hypoderma aeratum Aust, In Cyprus dressing the warbles on goats with derris preparations gave satisfactory results,~Roe (511) , Hypoderma bovis (Deg,), the northern cattle grub Hypoderma lineatum (De Vil,)„ the common cattle grub In Cyprus dressing the warbles with a derris preparation was found to be a cheap and effective means of destroying the larvae of both species. Arrangements were made in 1937 to treat large numbers of cattle in different parts of the colony. In 1938 investigations indicated the advisability of treating all cattle in an endeavor to eradicate theso flies from the island. The government approved a 3- year scheme that entailed the examination of all bovines once a month from December to April and the application of a derris prepa- ration to every warble that could be seen or felt. — Roe (511, 512) . In Germany the best insecticide for both species was a suspen- sion of derris in soap solution which kills the larvae at any stage -94- of development of the warbles. The derris root should yield 8 per- cent of rotenone and 25 percent of residual extract, and two appli- cations with a 2 percent suspension, with a 2-day interval, were more effective than a single application of a 4 percent suspension. — Bartels (35). In experiments with derris in Germany the most effective reme- dies for these flies contained rotenone or other extractives in the ratio of 1:2. Several proprietary extracts containing 8 percent of rotenone and 16 percent of other extractives were marketed. Two thorough applications of a wash containing 2 to 4 fluid ounces in 5 pints of water killed 95 to 100 percent of thes larvae under the skin. — Gotze (238). In Great Britain the use of derris as a dressing for cattle grubs was suspended. Owing to lack of supplies nicotine was used in place of derris.-- Great Britain Ministry of Agriculture (243). It was reported in 1940 that work on the control of cattle grubs with the derris treatment in 10 districts of British Columbia had progressed satisfactorily for 6 years. In one district alone 15,000 cattle were treated. — Gunn (248) . Experiments were carried out in 1938 with weshes of 4 ounces of white flaked soap in 1 gallon of water to which was added 1 pound of derris powder (5 percent of rotenone) or 1 ounce of rotenone. When applied to warbles with a bristle brush or with a soft brush, the derris wash killed 96.7 and 75.8 percent of the larvae, respec- tively, and the rotenone wash killed 83.2 and 61.6 percent.~U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry ( 610) • The formula recommended in 1940 for the control of both species of cattle grubs was: Water 1 gallon, cube or derris powder 12 ounces, and soap 2 ounces. One gallon of this was sufficient to treat the backs of 12 to 16 adult cattle, the cost of materials being about 2 cents per head per treatment.— Wells (671) • A single dipping in title sulfur-cube dip killed a very small per- centage of cattle grubs, but two dippings at intervals of 17 to 19 days killed 67.3 percent, in 1940.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (619) • In experiments in 1941 to control both species of cattle grubs, derris was combined with soap and water as a wash, then rubbed vigorously with a stiff brush; or derris combined with a light oil, was injected into the warbles with an oil can; or derris, combined -95- with heavy paraffin oil, was pressed into the warble openings with the fingers, or injected with a large hypodermio syringe with the needle removed. In all herds so treated the derris preparations gave practically 100 percent kill of ihe grubs.— Has eman and Roland (269) . There was little difference in effectiveness in 1941 between washes of derris and cube powders mixed at the time of treatment, and washes containing derris and soap powders, or 12 ounces of derris and 4, 6, and 8 ounces of fused bentonite sulfur* The percent ef- fectiveness of single treatments ranged from 60 to 100, with an average of about 90* The washes reached maximum effectiveness in 10 to 15 days and ceased to be effective 25 to 30 days after applica- tion.—U« S* Bureau of Animal Industry (612) * Derris and cube washes in 1941 were more effective than chemical- ly pure rotenone or a preparation containing 90 percent of rotenone* Derris and cube powder (4 percent of rotenone) were as effective as those containing 5 peroent of rotenone, and washes made with 12 ounces of powder to 1 gallon of water were as effective as those made with 16 ounces and were safe and effioient, but washes containing only 8 ounces of powder were not fully effective. Single treatments of in- fested cattle with washes made of 12 ounces of derris or cube, 4 ounces of soap flakes, and 1 gallon of water gave 90 to 100 percent kill* The washes were applied to the back and upper parts of the sides of cattle with stiff brushes at the rate of about 1 pint per animal*— Smith, Livengood, and Roberts (548) » Cattle growers reported that the louse powder controlled war- bles even though it contained only 1 percent of rotenone* An abun- dance of rotenone at 2*5 percent strength was made available for warbles in large herds, but under the "WPB regulations none was a- vailable for lice.— Clemson Agricultural College (116)* Cattle grubs are best controlled by applications of powdered derris or cube root to the baoks of the infested animals* These powders may be applied in the form of a wash, dust, or spray, and full directions for applying each are given*— Smith and coworkers (664); U. S. Extension S«rviet> (634) In experiments in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas, in which a commercial hymolosalt was substituted for soap in derris and cube washes for the control of ox warbles, about 91 to 97, 75 to 80, and 37 to 52 percent control, respectively, was effeoted*— U* S* Bureau of Animal Industry (613)* STATE. *£&**> -96- The application of rotenone suspensions on the tacks of cattle was greatly expedited and simplified by use of a power sprayer and a regular orchard gun, the spray having been directed -vertically downward on the baoks of the cattle in an ordinary cattle chute. The spray recommended consisted of cube or derris powder (5 percent of rotenone) 5 pounds, wettable sulfur 10 pounds, and water 100 gallons. This method would appeal especially to owners of large ranch herds.— Wells (672). Cube-sulfur wash may be applied to the baoks of the cattle with a brush.— Laake and coworkers (348) • Cube and derris powders applied dry in combination with wettable sulfur were fully as effective as when they were applied as washes or sprays. The dust mixture was not so effective as the wash on cattle with dense coats of hair, but it can be applied more rapidly than the wash and it had found favor with the owners of small farm herds and dairy herds.— Laake (347) ; Wells and Laake (673)„ Ox warbles might be satisfactorily controlled by placing range cattle in chutes and spraying them with 10 pounds of wettable sulfur, 10 pounds of derris (5 percent of rotenone) to 100 gallons of water to which a detergent should be added. This spray was not effective in controlling these grubs in dairy cattle when applied as a wash with a stiff brush.— Stewart (569). In Idaho both species of cattle grubs are common and the control methods are fully described, including the hand wash method, hand dust method, and power sprayer method.— Shu 11 and Fisher (640) i U. S. De- partment of Agriculture (632). The oft-recommended procedure of extracting the grubs by hand and the chemical methods of oontrol are effective only after the grubs perforate the hide for their oxygen supply. For large herds a rote- none preparation consisting of 12 ounoes of cube or derris powder and 6 ounces of wettable sulfur per gallon of water make a very effec- tive wash for application to the backs of oattle.— Thorns sen and Doner (691). There is no known substitute for rotenone in the treatment of large numbers of animals infested with cattle grubs. Extracts of derris or ground derris root diluted with pyrophyllite or tripoli earth to a rotenone concentration of 1.25 percent was reoomBended.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (628) . -97- In September 1943 the rotenone was reduced in dusts for cattle grub treatments. The rotenone dusts mixed with tripoli earth or with pyrophyllite are more efficient than those made with talc or sulfur, because the former penetrate the hair better and also be- cause twice as many animals or more can be treated with the same amount of derris. Two dust formulas were recommended: (l) Ground cube or derris (5 percent of rotenone) 1 part by weight, and tripoli earth (No, 200 sieve fineness) 3 parts by weight; and (2) cube or derris, the same as in (l), and pyrophyllite (No. 325 sieve fine- ness) 4 parts by weight.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine (629) ♦ Nearly 800 cattle were treated in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas in 1943 for cattle grubs. Indications are that dipping cattle in a suspension prepared by adding cube powder (5 percent of rote- none) at the rate of 10 pounds per 100 gallons of water is as ef- fective, in many cases, as the use of washes and dusts containing cube or other rotenone-containing substances. In some instances dip- ping is more effective than the latter methods.— U. S. Bureau of Ani- mal Industry (614, p. 86). Rotenone to treat cattle for cattle grubs costs less than 10 cents per animal per season. It would be possible to kill every cattle grub in Idaho during one season if all cattle producers and feed- ers would cooperate in the control program.-- Shull (539) . In Kansas a State campaign was conducted against cattle grubs in 1944. In 1943, 116,000 cattle were treated, and in 1944 it was planned to treat 1,000,000. In a demonstration for county agents and farmers, four methods were shown: (l) The old method of squeez- ing the grubs from the backs of animals, (2) the wash method of ap- plying the cube-wettable sulfur, (3) the dust method of applying the cube-tripoli earth, and (4) the spray method of applying the rotenone preparation with a sprayer»~Kelly (340). The effectiveness of the following dusts was found to be in the order in which they are given below: Parts by weight Ground cube or derris (5 percent of rotenone)— 1 Double-ground or earn tripoli earth ————«-— 2 or Ground cube or derris (5 percent of rotenone)— 1 Volcanic ash (micronized)— — — — — — — — 2 or -98- Parts by weight Ground cube or derris (5 percent of rotenone)— — 1 Pyrophyllite (90 percent to pass through a No. 32 5 soreen) — — 2 The following spray formula at 400 pounds1 pressure was found satisfactory: Cube or derris powder (6 percent of rotenone)—— 7«5 pounds The following wash formula is recommended: Ground cube or derris (5 percent of rotenone)— 12 «0 ounces Granular laundry soap———————————— 4.0 ounoes The following formula is used for dips: Ground cube or derris (5 percent of rotenone)—— 10,0 pounds "Wetting agent (sodium lauryl sulfate)- — — — — — 2,0 ounces Water 100.0 gallons — U. S* Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (631) . Itonididae Contarinia hurouli T$lg», hop strig maggot Satisfactory control was given in tests in which derris and nico- tine dusts were applied against the adults on hops in England in late July. A derris dust was later applied to the soil just before the larvae left the cones.— Masse 9 (400, 402) . Contarinia pyrivora (Riley) , the pear midge In Denmark the measures adopted against the adults included fou applications of a niootine spray, and dusting thd pear trees and soi". with derris •--Bovi en (77). Dasyneura mall Kieffer, the apple leaf-curling midge Good control was secured with sprays containing 3 pounds of fixed nicotine or 5 pounds of ground derris.— Parrot t (457) • -99- Spraying during the height of the oviposition period of the second generation caused a measurable reduction in the number of infested tips where a rotenone or a EN spray was used, but no re- duction where a pyrethrum spray was used.— Tflhit comb (680, p. 38) • Dasyneura vaccinii Smith, a cranberry tipworm Preliminary tests indicated that this pest oan be controlled by rotenone sprays •—Crowley (128) • Diarthronomyia hypogea (Loew) , the chrysanthemum gall midge The time of day at which nicotine or rotenone-pyrethrum sprays were applied appeared to have little significant difference on the degree of control secured, although sprays applied after 2 were slightly more effective than earlier applications*— Hasten (152) . Mycodiplosis alternate Felt, dogwood club gall midge Four applications of sprays containing 4 pounds of rosin resi- due emulsion and 4 pounds of cube powder per 100 gallons of water appeared to be effective*— Felt and Bromley (178). Huscidae Hylemya brass icae (Bouohe) , the cabbage maggot Powdered derris root had no influence on the amount of maggot - injury.— Glasgow (232). (Haematobia) Siphona irritans (L.), the horafly Rotenone, administered by mouth to stock, was the most effec- tive material tested; when given to cettle daily at the rate of 0.4 gram per 100 pounds of body weight of the animal, it killed all the fly larvae in the droppings. It had no apparent harmful effeot on the cattle.— Bruce (93, 94) It is possible to administer certain chemicals orally to cattle which render the droppings unsuitable for th© development of horn- fly larvae* but this method has not reached the practical stage. Ef- fective materials include rotenone (0.4 gm. per 100 lb. of body weight), zinc oxide, and phenothiasine.— Thomssen and Doner (591) . "When pyrethrum or rotenone sprays were applied to animals to control the hornfly, the toxic action persisted almost undiminished for at least 7 hours.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine (623, p. 94). -100- Musca domestics L., the housefly In a study of the toxioity of poisons applied jointly, the nu- merical relations are illustrated by a test on the toxioity to the housefly of solutions containing pyrethrin and rotenone. A Mixt- ure with a little less than four equitoxic units of pyrethrin to one of rotenone agreed closely with the definition, but one in which the ingredients were about equally balanced showed a significantly great- er toxicity than expected on the hypothesis of independent action, indicating the presence of synergism.— Bliss (58) • The terms "synergism" and "antagonism" have been used to des- cribe modes of action of mixtures in which the toxicities are respec- tively greater or less than those predicted from the separate con- stituents • This definition is illustrated by an analysis of data obtained by Le Pelley and Sullivan in tests on the toxicity of rote- none and pyrethrins and mixtures of these poisons to M. domestics, in which tests synergistic action was demonstrated.— Finney (186). In a study on the effect of using reduced dosage and reduced time exposure in the Peet-drady test, experiments were carried out with two finished sprays, one containing 150 mg./lOO ml. pyrethrins (equivalent to 7.5 percent ef pyrethrum 20il conoentrate), and the other 55 mg./lOO ml. pyrethrins plus 50 mg./lOO ml. of c. p. rote- none, both in a deodorized kerosene base. The reduction of exposure from 10 to 5 minutes did not cause any substantial changes in the knockdown and kill of houseflies when the standard 12 ml. dosage was used. The reduction of exposure time, caused a notioeable decrease in knockdown and kill when the 6 ml. dosage was used. The reduction of the dosage from 12 ml. to 6 ml. caused a decrease in both knock- down and kill. The reduction of exposure time did not appear to have any adverse effect upon the accuracy of the results.— Ford (191). The roots of Tephrosia virginiana used in a study contained 1.2 percent of rotenone and 6.7 percent of total extractives. Three fractions of the noncrystalline portion were prepared, end the toxioity of each to the housefly was compared with that of rotenone. The neutral-resin fraction whioh oomprised approximately 50 percent of the total extractives had considerable toxicity, but the alkali- solution portion (9 percent) and the oil (23 percent) were nontoxic. The two crystalline compounds which were isolated from the neutral resin were nontoxic to the housefly. In recent tests comparing the toxicity of smoke from burning derris and burning pyrethrum, derris was much more toxic to the housefly while the cockroach v.as more susceptible to pyrethrum. Fumigation with rotenone and pyrethrum in the form of a smoke or aerosol is discussed, and methods of -101- stabilizing and increasing the inaectioidal action of these smokes are described.-- -Goodhue and Sullivan (235, 236)* An extract of the fruit of the Amur cork tree was about as toxio as derris extract to the housefly •— Haller (260). In a study on the effeot of sesamin and related compounds on the insecticidal aotion of pyrethrum on houseflies, it appears that the nature of the substituents on the benzSne ring is the determing factor in the synergistic action of this class of compounds, and that their spatial configuration is of little or no importance* In the case of nicotine, rotenone, deguelin, and toxicarol, the optical ac- tivity plays an important role in insecticidal action.— Haller and coworkers (251) • Tests demonstrated that Tephrosia virginiana may be success- fully substituted for derris and cube roots in housefly sprays. No added solvent was necessary to obtain kerosene extracts of rotenone- bearing roots with a high degree of toxicity. The insecticidal im- portance of constituents other than rotenone was again emphasized. —Jones and Sullivan (327) • In Russia derris dust at the rate of 0.1 gram per cubic meter was as effective in killing houseflies enclosed in a glass chamber as pyrethrum powder at the rate of 2 grams per cubic meter. Pyre- thrum acted more quickly because it paralyzed the flight muscles, but a small proportion of the paralyzed muscles reoovered. With derris, death always followed the initial paralysis of the first pair of legs.— Mir onov and ooworkers (420) . Acetone extracts of the roots of bushy, small-leaved Lonchocarpus plants in Puerto Rico were more toxic to house flies than those of the tall, large-leaved plants.— [Moore] (422) ♦ Against housefly eggs 1*5 to 6 hours old, suspensions of derris powder, derris extract, or rotenone (all used as dips) were the most effective of the materials tested. Derris powder apparently contain- ed water-soluble materials toxic to the eggs in addition to the small quantities of soluble rotenone. The marc remaining after one water extraction was still toxic Water suspensions of derris extractives or powder appeared to be fairly stable. Extraots from Tephrosia piscatoria and JT. virgin! ena were also toxic .—Richards' on ( 503T~ According to the literature, mixtures of rotenone with oertain organic thiocyanates display synergistic action against houseflies. — Roark (506). -102- Ihe seeds and roots of Mlllettia paohycarpa have long bee* used a, a fi»h poison and inseotioide in China. Against adult houseflies various extraots of ths seeds were tested, acetone extract having been the most effective in laboratory experiments.— Chiu and cowork- ers (114). Extraots of Tephrosla virginlana were tested on houseflies to determine whether their toxioixy would be reduoed by extraction on a hot plate and removal of the solvent by heating to determine the total extraot. A comparison of the results with those obtained with extraots made by simply shaking the root powder in aoetone or chloro- form showed no significant differences.— Sievera and Sullivan (541) . Rapidly boiling solutions of derris and pyrethrum produced some vapors toxic to flies, but sprinkling pure rotsnone on a hot surface was more effective, and slowly dropping solutions of rotenone and pyrethrum oleoresin in different solvents on a hot surface gave still better results. For this purpose the best solvent used was safrol, with whioh a copious fog or aerosol was produced on aocount of its high boiling point. In another paper it was reported that rotenone, levo-dihydro-rotenone, levo-bete-dihydrprotenone, levo-dihydrodeguelin, levodeguelln oonoentrate, racemio deguelin, and racemic dihydrodeguelin had been tested against the housefly. In aoetone solution, the two optioally Inactive (raoemlc) compounds were much less toxic than were the optioally active ones, but when tested in highly refined kerosene containing cyelohexanone the toxicity of the racemic compounds was approximately the same, or only slightly less, than tho optically ac- tive oompomnds.— Sullivan and coworkers (576, 577) » 8tomoxys caloi trans (L.), the stablefly Sprays are undoubtedly the best secondary means of control. Rot ea one-oil or pyrethrum-oil sprays properly made not only kill all the flies en an animal at the time of spraying but also leave a resi- due on the oostt whioh for several hours will kill flies attacking the animal.— Bishepp and Laake (56). Pyrothrino and rotenone were the most offootive of the materials tested in controlling the stablefly. flhen sprays of those wars ap- plied to animals, the toxio action persisted almost undiminished for at least 7 hours. — U. 8. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (62?, p. »•). Otitidae luxoata stigma tias Loew, a oorn-silk fly Hhen pyrethrum extraot in mineral oil (ls25) was injected into oora silks infested with the larvae of this fly only 15.8 percent of -103- them were killed, but when derris powder was added to the pyrethrum- oil mixture, the mortality was 77.2 peroent.— Bailey (30). Psilidae Psila rosae (F.), the carrot rust fly Only 26.1 percent control of the second-generation larvae re- sulted from five applications of a derris dust containing 0.75 per- cent of rotenone. Oil-cube and derris gave unsatisfactory control. —Hanson and Webster (259) . Experiments in England to control the adult fly on early carrots with derris dust (l percent of rotenone) were unsuccessful.— Petherbridge and coworkers (465) ♦ Syrphidae (Merodon) Lampetia equestris (F.), the narcissus bulb fly Extended tests with hydrated lime and ground cube root indicated that these materials probably have no practical effectiveness against the larvae.— Schopp and coworkers (525) • Tephritidae Rhagoletis cerasi (L.), the cherry fruitfly of Europe In Italy the adult f?ies can be controlled by bait-sprays, or by suspending in trees pans containing a bait of 3 percent of mo- lasses solution poisoned with 0.4 percent of sodium fluoride or derris extract.— Martelli (395). Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew), the cherry fruitfly of North America Best results were given by three applications of a spray contain- ing 2 pounds of derris or cube (5 percent of rotenone), 4 pounds of mioronlted wettable sulfur (as a fungicide), and ^- pound of soybean flour in 100 gallons of water.— Hamilton (254). Field tests showed that rotenone-bearing materials and phenothia- aine were the only inseoticides tested that could be substituted for lead arsenate to control cherry fruitflies. The most satisfactory mixture consisted of derris or cube (5 peroent of rotenone) 2 pounds, micronized wettable sulfur 4 pounds, and soybean flour -£ pound. — Parrot t (457). -104- When nonarsenical sprays are used on sweet cherries, use derris or cube powder (4 to 6 percent of rotenone) 2 pounds, wettable sul- fur (at manufacturer's directions), and water to make 100 gallons. Three applications are required.— Mills and Evans (419, p.23). The most effective chemicals tested were rotenone, calcium antimony tartrate, and basic oopper arsenate in spray form. The best contact dusts were 4,6-dinitro-o-cyclohexylphenol and rotenone. Com- mercial rot en one-bearing roots were more effective as a oontact spray than as a contact dust* The effectiveness of rotenone-molasses spray was decreased by the addition of a spreader*— Rosensti el (516). One of the more important uses of rot anon e-containing roots is to oontrol the cherry fruit fly .—Howard and ooworkers (294, p. 30) Rotenone is effeotive against cherry fruitfliesj niootine is Ineffective. — Mclndoo (383) . Rhagoletls oompleta Cress., & walnut husk fly Derris or cube dust (l per o ant of rotenone) was very effeotive under laboratory conditions, but under field conditions three treat- ments at 15-day intervals were unsatisfactory. A mixture of cryo- lite and derris or cube was not measurably better than cryolite a- lone.— Boyoe and Bartlett (79) • Rhogoletls fausta (O.S.), the black cherry fruitfly See information on R. cingulata Rhagoletls pomonella (Walsh), the apple maggot, blueberry maggot Host of the papers on this species deal with it on apple trees where it is called the apple maggot. In the following three ab- stracts it is called the blueberry maggot for it was treated on blue- berries. Experiments on the control of this pest on blueberries were con- ducted in 1939 with dusts of caloium arsenate, and a mixture of derris and pulverised olay containing 2 peroent of rotenone. Counts at pick- ing time on the 10-aore plots showed 7 larvae per 20 ounoes of berries for the arsenate and 17 for the derris mixture although the plants treated with the latter retained the foliage more completely. In 1940 studies were designed to test the value of an application of the derris mixture following two applications of calcium arsenate, since a third -105- arssnate treatment was injurious to the plants. Examination of the berries at harvest time showed no reduotion in infestation attribut- able to the derris.— Lathrop (366, 367) . Rotenone is effective against blueberry and huckleberry inseotsj nicotine is ineffective.— liolndoo (383) • Effective control was observed on apple trees that had receiv- ed three applications of 0.6-percent rotenone dust.— German and Towns end (223) • In 1942 a dust of derris or cube powder (4 percent of rotenone), white lubricating oil, and pyrophyllite (13»4:8S)>, applied to apple trees five times at 10-day intervals, and a spray of -J pound of lead arsenate, 2.5 pounds of cube (6 percent of rotenone), and 1 quart of summer oil per 100 gallons of spray, applied four times at 10 to 12- day intervals, reduced the percent infestation to 0.16 to 0.27 and 4.2 to 24.3, respectively, as compared with 20 to 30, and 90 to 100 in 1941, when no treatment was given. It appears that both treatments gave considerable reduotion in the apple maggot infestation, with the dust treatment probably exceeding the spray in effectiveness.— Dean (137) . Promising results on apple trees were given by rotenone dusts in 1937. High temperature and high humidity had very little effect in reducing the mortality of oil-impregnated rotenone dusts in the laboratory, but exposure ,to strong sunlight destroyed the aotive prin- ciples of the dust in a few days. A dust containing 4 percent of white lubricating oil and enough derris to give 0.5 percent rotenone with aluminum silicate retained its effectiveness for 3 hours in bright sunlight in midsummer. When applied to trees it rapidly destroyed the flies at first but they reappeared in 4 to 5 days. When adult flies and artificial sunlight were used there were no significant differences in favor of stabilized derris or the dusts containing oil. Chemioal analyses showed, that rotenone was less rapidly destroyed when the carrier was red clay than when it was pyrophyllite. Field experiments with oil- impregnated derris dusts (0.6 percent of rotenone) showed that they were of value for late-season work. Five applications of an oil-impregnated dust of derris and pyrophyllite reduced the infes- tation of picked and dropped fruit to 7.2 and 25.9 percent, respec- tively, as compared with 87.5 percent for both together in untreat- ed plots. Rotenone dust, such as used in 1939 to 1941, enable one to extend the season of apple maggot oontrol much nearer harvest and to kill much more rapidly than with lead arsenate. Oil- impregnated rotenone dusts may have a place in late season control in order to avoid arsenical residues. Five applications of a 0.5 percent roto- none dust in an orchard in 1942 produced a fairly clean crop of fruit, -106- although lead arsenate was not applied after the calyx spray of May 16 •— German (217, 220-222) j German and Towns end (224) . ANOPLURA Haematopinidae Haematoplnus aslnl (L.), the horse sucking louse Derris, cube, or pyrethrum powders are reasonably effeotive.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (627, p. 5). Haeoatoplnus eurysternus (Nits*)* the short-nosed cattle louse There are four species of cattle lice in the United States. This speoies, also Linognathus vltuli, and Solenopotes oapillatus belong to Anoplura, and Bovioola bovis, to Mallophaga* Demonstrations were conducted in Texas in 1938 to show that dip- ping in a mixture of 100 pounds of wettable sulfur, 10 pounds of cube (5 percent of rotenone), and 1,000 gallons of water would eliminate this pest* In 1939, 11,000 cattle were dipped, in 1940 more than 55,000, and by 1941 the praotice had spread to 48 counties. —Texas A. and M. College (585). Tests involving about 7,000 cattle showed that a sulfur -cube dip gave satisfactory oontrol of this louse in 1940. The maximum dura- tion of the egg stage was found to be much longer than the minimum duration of the nymphal stage, so that this louse cannot be eradicated by two treatments with the sulfur-cube dip no matter how they are spaced. In field tests in Texas all stages of this louse, except the eggs, were killed by dipping heavily infested cattle in the wettable sulfur-cube dip that had been used 21 days previously. This discovery that the tank need not be recharged for the second dipping will effect a considerable saving of labor as well as reduce by half the amount of insecticide formerly used.— U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine (619, p. 93; 623, p. 95j 624, p. 48). Spraying or dusting with sulfur-cube mixtures is recommended against oattle lice, including the short-nosed louse, but dipping is the better method. The following dip has so far proved efficient and safe as well as practical: No. 325 sieve wettable sulfur 100 pounds, cube or derris (5 percent of rotenone) 10 pounds, and water 1,000 gallons. If only a few animals are to be treated they may be sprayed or dusted with the sulfur-cube mixture.— Baboock and Cushing (27) . -107- The War Production Board restricted the use of rotenone for most cattle lice, but it could be used to control the short-nosed cattle louse. An effective mixture was made by using 1 part of rotenone- dust containing 5 percent of rotenone to 5 parts of wettable sulfur, this dust to be applied thoroughly to all parts of the body, and re- peated in from 2 to 3 weeks.— Maxwell (408). Dusting is the common method of controlling lioe on dairy cattle in the Northern States. A dust composed of 1 part of cube or derris (5 percent of rotenone) to 10 parts of wettable sulfur gives very good oontrol of this louse. During the war rotenone substitutes were tried. The best one was composed of 1 part of sabadilla seed to 10 parts of wettable sulfur. Ground yam bean seed [This contains 0.1 percent of rotenone] with sulfur (is 10) was also very effective.— Matthysse and Sohwardt (405) ♦ Linognathus africanus K. and P.), a blue louse on goats Five species of lioe infest goats in the United States, viz., L. stenopsls (Burn.), L. africanus, Bovicola orassipes (Rud.) ( penicilTata Rud.j, fulvicornis (Panz.)), the continental plum eawfly A 3-percent quassia solution gave far better results in eradicating -122- thia peat in Denmark than apraying with a derri8 suspension.— Bovien and Stapel (78) • Derri8 spraya were effective .--Ananymou a (1). Hoplocaropa testudinea (Klug.), the European apple fruit aawfly In England if lead araenate or derri8 ia included in the epray to control thia peat it must be applied not later than 8 daya after four-fifths of the petals have fallen. On varieties eusceptible to sulfur injury, a carefully timed spray of derris extract in white oil should be applied at petal-fall. Trees on which appreciable numbers of red mites are present 10 days later should receive a fourth spray of lime-sulfur and a wetter, 1 percent of white oil or, preferably, derris in white oil,— Hey (285). Laboratory testa with derri8 (4 percent of rotenone), at 4 pounds per 100 gallons of water, against the young larvae were very promising as most of the larvae died on coming in contact with the sprayed apples without attempting to enter the fruit*-— Py ens on (480) • (Monophadnoides) Blennooampa rubi (Harr#), a raspberry aawfly If infe8tations of the larvae appear early in the season on leaves of strawberry, a spray of 3 pounds of lead arsenate in 100 gallons of water 8hould be applied. Pyrethrum or derris spraya should be applied again8t those that develop after the fruit is set*— Slate and coworkera (544, p. 51). Nematus sp. Since neither pyrethrum nor derris scorches the ahoota of oonifera in May in Germany, these can be used to control sawflie8.— Gabler (208) . Priophorus rubivorus Rohw., a raspberry sawfly Three applications of derris, cube, or timbo root, either as dust or spray, are recommended.— Hanson and Webster (260, p. 10). Pristiphora abletinus (Christ), the lesser spruce sawfly In Germany a proprietary dust of pyrethrum and derris pave good results in the laboratory, but it was unsatisfactory in the field owing -123- to unfavorable weather.— Gabler ( 209) . Pristiphora erichsonli (Htg.), a larch sawfly A dust containing 0.075 percent of rotenone acted slowly but killed a number of the larvae.— McDani el (377) . Profenusa canadensis (Marl.) ( P. oollaris McG.), a sawfly-cherry leaf miner A spray containing 1 pint of aliphatic thiocyan*te (24 percent) in an oil base, 4 quarts of summer oil, 2 ounces of blood albumin, and 4 pounds of cube root (5 percent of rotenone) per 100 gallons, applied on May 16, gave 84 percent kill of the young larvae in their mines. Sprays containing pyrethrum extract, alone or with rotenon were ineffective, and nicotine sulfate and oil, or aliphatic thio- cyanate and oil with cube gave very poor results.— Hamilton (255) . (Pteronidea) Nematus ribesii (Soop.), the imported currantworm Sprays of derris gave better results than those of lead arsenate in laboratory and field tests in Holland.— H out en (292) . One of the more important uses of rotenone is to control the currantworm.— Howard and coworkers (294, p. 31). Rotenone is effective; nicotine is ineffective.— Molndoo (383) • Diprionidae Diprion pini (L»), a pine wasp, or pine sawfly In control work on this insect in Holland, a dust consisting of an inert carrier, derris, and pyrethrum was used against the larvae.— Fran s en (197). Diprion simile (Htg.), the introduced pine sawfly Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch), the red-headed pine sawfly Neodiprion pinetum (Nort.), the white-pine sawfly Lead arsenate and cryolite were the best controls. A dust con- taining 0.75 percent of rotenone acted slowly, but killed a number of the larvae and would probably be useful where infestation occurs on conifers near vegetables.— Mo Daniel (377) . -124- COLLKluBOLA Entomobryidae Seirp pletoni (Nicolet) (p Sira nigromaculata Lubbocl: ), a sprinj-tail Springtails were found breeding in the cork insulation arpur 1 the brine pipes extending from a central refrigerating plant to in- dividual refrigerators in a 132-tenant apartment. The insects eLtered the refrigerators where they were seen on various foodstuffs, A 5- percent solution of rotenone in methyl forraate was injected into ch' cork every 6 feet in the risers of the refrigerating pipes. Not a. single tenant complained of the odor from the formate and not a single springtail was reported in the apartment during 8 years after the treatment.-- Sanders (519) • DERMAPTERA Forficulidae Forflcula auricularia L., the European earwig Of the 54 poisons tested in baits, rotenone was twentieth in the list in descending order of effectiveness •--Crumb and coworkers (130, p. 55) • Sprays and dusts containing lead arsenate or derris were not satis- factory for this pest on hops in England.— Lias see (402 ) . TRICHOPTERA Lironephilus lunf tus Curt., a caddis fly Larvae on watercress in England were killed by derris (0.00] Per- cent cf rotenone in the water.) • This treatment proved satisfactory, and later reports confirmed that the beds were free of pests. — '"- " (652). THYSANURA Lepismatidae Therm obi a doroestica (Pack.), the firebrat Baits containing derris (l and 4 percent of rotenone) killed t": brats within 24 hours, probably by contact, for no feeding w«s obsor- -125- At 0.5 percent rotenone content, mortality from the derris bait was still considerable, yet no feeding was indicated.— Richardson and Seiferle (502). ACARTNA Acaridae (Tyroglyphus) Tyrophagus putresoentiae (Schr.)"(T. longior Gerv.) In tests on oontrol of this mite in mushroom beds in England dusts containing pyrethrum, derris, and nicotine were ineffective.— Read (494). Argasidae (Orolthodoros) Otobius megnini (Duges), the spinose ear tiok Derris or cube powder (6 percent of rotenone) mixed with medicinal mineral oil (1:10 parts of the oil) and dropped into the ears of dogs will kill these ticks.— Bishopp and Smith (57). Ornlthodoros moubata (Murray), the Afrioan relapsing fever tick Medium petroleum oil was superior to peanut oil as a carrier of rotenone in xylenol tested against this tick. The solutions of rote- none in xylenol and oil showed no deterioration after storage in the darknesb at room temperature for 6 weeks. These solutions proved far less toxic than an equal weight of pyrethrin I in medium petroleum oil. —Robinson (509) • Demodicidae Demode x can is Leydig, the dog follicle mite In Brazil severe mange, such as oaused on dogs by this mite, is best treated by the following lotiont 2 parts of timbo root powder are mixed with 10 parts of benzene or carbon tetrachloride, and kept for 2 days in a tightly corked bottle. The mixture is then incorporated with 100 to 200 parts of dies el oil, cottonseed oil, or even kero- sene .—Meyer (414) • The most promising remedy for demodeotic or red mange appears to be a 1-peroent solution of rotenone in alcohol or oil. The derris wash recommended for sarcoptio mange has effected cures in a number of in- stances.—Price and Bishopp (475) | U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (627, p. 20). -126- Briophyidae (Bpitrlmerua) Abaoarus hystrix (Nal.), the grain rust mite Rotenone duat was not effeotive against this mite on timothy. —-Pepper (459) • Epitrimerus vitis (Nal.), a gall mite Three peroent of Selinon was more effective against this mite on grape vines in Germany than light oil in combination respectively with nicotine, pyrethrum. or derris .--Jancke (315) . (Eriophyes) Cecidophyes rlbis (Nal.), the currant bud mite A post-blossom spray of derris and soap did not injure the black currant in England and was less effective against this mite than a preblo8som application of 2 peroent of lime sulfur*— Montgomery and coworkers (421) • (Eriophyes) Aceria sheldoni (Ewing), the citrus bud mite The most effective combinations of powdered rotenone-bearing roots with light-medium oil (3/4 to 1 percent) were two-thirds as effective as the same oil (1-2/3 percent) used alone.- Boyoe and coworkers (81, 82). Ixodidae Amblyomma maculatum Koch, the Gulf Coast tick Studies of this tick were made to find a substitute for rotenone. — U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (628, p. 144). Dermacentor albiplctus (Pack.) , the winter tick Mopping the infested horses with a mixture of 2 ounces of finely ground derris (5 percent of rotenone), 2 ounces of neutral soap, and 1 gallon of water will probably kill all the ticks with whioh the wash is brought in contact.— Bishopp (52). The standardized derris powder method was effective in controlling the winter tick. — Gunn (247, 248). Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick, a wood tick For treatment use the derris dip reoommended for the American dog tick (D. variabilis) .— Bishopp and Smith (57) . -127- Treatment with derris dust gave promising results against this tiok on sheep and cattle, although its complicated life history ren- ders control more difficult. The warble-fly wash, which contains standardized derris, was applied over the shoulders and around the backs of the heads of oattle, and in every instance the animals re- mained free of ticks* Good results with this method were reported by stookmen, but the dry derris powder method would be safer, par- ticularly in cold weather.-- Gunn (247, 248) • Arsenical dips are still the best means of ridding stock of ticks, particularly D* andersonl, but their effectiveness in giving pro- tection from "reinfestation remains in doubt* Derris and pyrethrum are highly lethal to ticks and relatively nontoxic to mammals, but their cost is high and their lasting quality poor* It was found that tioks would readily infest lambs treated heavily with derris powder, and although many were killed, a few suooeeded in attacking and en- gorging*—Mail (388)* Derma cent or nigrolineatus (Pack*), the brown winter tick A wash of 7 ounces of derris (5 percent of rotenone), 1*5 ounces of neutral soap, and water to make 1 gallon was very effective, kill- ing even the most resistant adults and protecting the animals from reinfestation to a considerable degree*— Bishopp (52); U* S# Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (624, p# 48)* Dermacentor sp* In the Philippine Islands a dust containing 1 to 2 percent of rotenone with cassava starch killed ticks on dogs in 24 to 72 hours* -De Jesus and Gapuj (324) • Dexmoentor variabilis (Say)# the American dog tick* the common wood tick The most effeotive way to prevent injury to dogs by ticks is to wash or immerse the dogs twice a week in derris dip, which is prepared by dissolving an ounce of mild soap in a gallon of warm water and stirring 2 ounoes of fine derris or cube (3 percent of rotenone) into the solution* If a dip cannot be used conveniently, derris or cube powder may be applied as a dust, care being taken that it penetrates the hair and reaches the skin*— Bishopp and Smith (57); Harwood (268) * If dogs that have access to the house are not kept free of ticks by dusting with a mixture of derris root and talc (3:1) or by some other means, elimination of the young ticks may be extremely difficult* — Headlee (274). -128- Systematic dipping in derris of all dogs in one area twice each week for four seasons, combined with control of meadow mioe for one season, was followed by almost complete absence of the American dog tick. — U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (624, p* 47), Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris Pack., the rabbit tiok If dogs become infested with this species, treat them with derris-talo mixture.— Headlee (274) * Ixodes holocyolus Newnu, the bottle tick, scrub tiok In. Queensland it was reoommended that foals and calves should be sprayed every 7 days during the tiok season with the wash of derrls and soap used for dogs* Dust dogs with derrls powder, or wash then in an infusion of derris in water* The infusion is made by soaking 1*5 to 2 ounces of derris powder in 1 gallon of water overnight or for about 12 hours, using sufficient soap to produce a good lather*— Roberts (508)* Ixodes ricinus (L*), the castor-bean tiok, sheep tick In England much loss can be prevented by dipping the entire flock 4 to 8 days prior to lambing (this treatment will give comparative freedom from ticks for 3 weeks), and by the application of derris dust to newlyborn lambs at 2 to 3 weeks intervals, until the end of the spring season of tiok a otivity*— Stewart and Ponsford (671) ; Stewart (570)* Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latr*), the brown dog tick Probably the best method of killing ticks on dogs is to apply a wash of 2 ounces of derris or cube powder (3 percent of rot en one) , 1 ounce of neutral soap or soap flakes, and 1 gallon of tepid water* Ticks may also be killed by dusting with derris or cube powder (3 to 6 percent of rotenone) or with fresh pyrethrum* During the war the use of rotenone on dogs was not permitted, but an 0*18-peroent arsenio trioxide dip oould be used in place of derris or pyrethrum dust for infested dogs*— Bishopp (55); Bishopp and Smith (67) * Same treatment as for Derma cent or sp*— Da Jesus and Gapur (324); for D* variabilis*— Harwood 1268) * Dogs that are infested should be dusted with the derris-talo mixture* Thorough spraying of the infested places with oil contain- ing pyrethrins or rotenoids should result in killing all ticks with which the spray comes in contact*— Headlee (274)* -129- ■ To help eradicate ticks from a veterinary hospital, a mixture of derris and pyrethrum powder in equal parts was sprinkled in the cracks and crevices, and the dogs in the ward were dusted daily with derris powder (4 percent of rotenone) . The derris caused the ticks to re- lease their hold on the host in addition to killing them. The ward was thus freed of ticks.-— Koutz (345) . Extracts of timbo roots were very toxic to ticks in Brazil, and a treatment for infested dogs gave 99.4 percent mortality in 24 hours* —Meyer (415)* In Queensland arsenical and phenolio dips kill ticks on dogs but do not prevent larvae, nymphs, and young adults in the dogs* sleeping quarters from attaching themselves shortly after treatment. The use of derris was found to be the only way of preventing immediate reinfestation. —Roberts (507). Penthaleidae Halotydeus destructor (Tucker), the red-legged earth mite Penthaleus major (Dug.), pea mite or another red-legged earth mite Derris or pyrethrum dusts are recommended for these mites on garden plants in Tasmania.— Evans (171) . Recommendations for control in Victoria include dusting young plants with a mixture of derris powder and 2-percent nicotine dust (1x8) • Applications should be made every 3 or 4 days as long as the mites are present.—Pescott (464). In New South Wales excellent oontrol of Penthaleus major on beets was obtained with a spray of nicotine sulfate in white oil emulsion, and with a mixture of 1 pound of powdered derris and 8 pounds of a proprietary nicotine dust. Adequate control was obtained with a spray containing 4 fluid ounces of a 10-percent rotenone solution in benzyl alcohol, and 6 fluid ounces of emulsified white oil, in 5 gallons of water.--Wallace (651) • In Japan all the mites (P. major) on wheat were killed by sprays of soap solution containing pyrethrum, derris, nicotine sulfate, or fish oil.— Tamura (580). Psoroptidae Otodectes cynotis (Hering), the ear mange mite An ointment consisting of 1 part of derris powder (5 percent of rotenone) in 10 parts of petrolatum or olive oil has been found effec- tive against this mite on dogs.— Price and Bishopp ( 47 5) . -130- Psoroptes spp. Infusions of crushed fresh or dried derris roots were effec- tive against psoroptic scabies on horses end carabaos in the Philippine Islands. Dried root infusion cured carabao scabies when applied twice. — Gapuz (214). Sarcoptidae Sarcoptes scebiei (Deg.), the human itch mite In Bigland the time taken to cure 20 cases (as a group) of scabies by each of five different treatments was as follows: Sulfur ointment, 46 days; sulfur ointment and confection of sulfur, 59 days; benzyl benzoate, 30 days; rotenone, 38 days; and derris root, 41 days. The derris root method is the most satisfactory. It is very cheap, clean and effective. Benzyl benzoate is the quickest, but may occasionally cause dermatitis. Rotenone is very expensive and caused dermatitis in 3 of the 20 cases. Sulfur ointment is cheap and efficient but is a very messy, annoying method.— Buchan (95). Rotenone has been used successfully in an ointment for the treat- ment of scabies.— Dunn and coworkers (151) . The substances in popular use for the control of scabies contain sulfur, rotenone, or benzyl benzoate. In a study in which rodents were used, rotenone was discarded at an early stage because of the severe scrotal dermatitis that is occasionally provoked.— Gordon and Seaton (237). Experiments with scabies on infested soldiers in two Canadian military camps showed that aliphatic thiocyanates, derris, cube, or pyre- thrum extracts incorporated with carrier materials in the form of lotions and ointments, were very effective.— McLaine (386, p. 11). One application of a 2-percent emulsion of rotenone, called nSarevan,n was much less effective than sulfur ointment for scabies. A number of patients were treated with four applications of it, and a satisfactory cure was obtained but some of them developed an intractable scrotal dermatitis. — Mellanby and coworkers (411) • In England in 1941 applications of a derris lotion were made morning, noon, and night for 2 days; 52 patients who wore only pyjamas, and 38 others who wore their usual clothing, were all cured of scabies; 35 of the men treated complained of a burning sensation in the scrotum and penis. The treatment was recommended for civilians in shelters and -131- in the army. In 1942 nearly 500 cases of scabies were treated with the derris lotion consisting of 4 ounces of derris powder, 1 gallon of water, and 16 teaspoonfuls of soap flakes. Six applications to the body three times a day for 2 consecutive days cured practically every case. It was the most effective method,— Saunders (520, 521), For the treatment of scabies in clinics and hospitals of Great Britain the following rotenone formulas were used in 1942 t (1) Derris root powder —————————— l/2 oz. Soap flakes — — — — — — 2 drs. Water, q,s, to make ———————— 1 pt» (2) Derris root powder ——————— 1/2 to 1 oz. Sulfonated Lorol T, A, — — — — — — 1 fl, oz. Water, q, s, to make ———————— 1 pt, (3) Rotenone — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,0 parts Chloroform — — — — — — 6,0 parts Lanette wax S, X, ——————— 1,25 parts Water, to make ———————— 100,0 parts (4) Rotenone — — ——————— — ........ 2 parts Solvent — — — — — .... — — — q,s, Cellofas medium viscosity W,L»D, — — 0,5 parts Sodium lauryl sulfate - — — — — — — — — 2,5 parts Water, q,s, to make — — — — — — - — 100,0 parts — Skinner (543) • All but 3 of 50 cases of soabies were cured by one application daily of a lotion containing 4 ounces of derris powder to 1 gallon of water and 18 drachms of soft soap. No dermatitis or other un- favorable sequelae were reported,— Stuart (675), Rotenone in the form of 1 or 2 percent lotions, with a base similar to that of many hand lotions (quince seed, Irish moss), pro- duced prompt cure of scabies in 24 unselected cases encountered in clinio and institutional practice,— Thomas and Miller (590) , Ninety percent of the cases of scabies on soldiers were effec- tively treated by one application of an ointment containing 10 to 50 percent of Lethane or pyrethrum, or derris extract at concentrations ranging from 0,6 to 1,8 percent of pyrethrins, and 0,5 to 2.5 percent of rotenone. The remaining cases were cured by a second application, — Twinn and MacNay (608), -132- Sarcoptes scebiei cenis Crerl., mance or ssrcoptic rite of dop;s Derris ointment similar to that recommended for the treatment of ear mange, and a wash consisting of 4 ounces of derris powder (5 peroent of rotenone), 1 ounce of neutral soap, and 1 gallon of warm water have been found highly effective in curing sarcoptic mange. This mixture should be rubbed in well with a brush, two or three treatments being necessary to cure a dog.— Price and Eishopp (475); U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (627, p. 17) • S--.rcopte8 spp. Dipping of foxes, on fox farms in Germany, was not completely ef- fective. Infested foxes, immersed in a 2-peroent derris dip, died of poisoning, even though washed with water afterwards.— Schoop (524) . Sarcoptes suis Gerl. An emulsion of neats-foot oil containing 1 percent of derris powder effected considerable improvement in 20 pigs, but not a com- plete cure of the mange.— Pullar (477) . Tarsonemidae Tarsonemus pallidus Banks, the cyclamen mite A spray mixture consisting of derris powder, pyrethrum extract, and sulfonated castor oil with water was effective against this mite on chrysanthemums .--Howard and coworkers (294, p. 31). Tetranychidae Paratetranychus citri (McG.), the oitrus red mite Low dosage oil sprays (0.75 percent of light-medium oil) in com- bination with powdered rotenone-bearing roots were fairly effective. — Boyce and Korsmeier (81). A spray consisting of light-medium oil (0.5 to 0.75 percent) with rotenone may be used for control • — Quayle (482, p. 26) • Paratetranychus pilosus (C. & F.), the Buropean red mite A spray containing rotenone (l percent in mannitan monolaurate, 1 pint per 100 gallons) killed a majority of the mites within 3 days, and later was considered effective, but did not eradicate the pest.—Baten and Hut son (38) • -133- Five tests of spray materials containing rotenone gave a control of 88*5 peroent, while pyrethruiD spray containing an excellent spread- ing agent gave a 97 percent control.— Bourne and Whitcomb (76). If an infestation develops during the summer, fair control may be obtained by thorough spraying with 0.5-percent summer oil plus 2.5 pounds of derris powder (5 percent of rotenone) per 100 gallons, or other rotenone compounds at the directions of the manufacturers*— Outright (133). Attempts to oontrol the European red mite on apple with sprays at the pink bud stage failed* The most effective were summer oil e- mulsions, and a spray of 4 pounds of derris powder (5 percent of rote- noiB ) per 100 gallons of water with a spreader* Rotenone did not affeot the eggs, so two applications of derris 10 days apart were re- quired for control equivalent to that given by one application of summer oil* Rotenone was inferior to the ground root*— Dean (136) • Field tests were conducted with Syntone, a whitish emulsion con- taining 2*8 percent of rotenone, an oil, and a spreader. No deterior- ation occurred in the commercial concentrate* A spray containing 1*5 pints of Syntone, 1*5 pints of Q oil, and water to make 100 gallons killed 99 percent of these mites*— Garman and Townsend (225, 226) * In England a block of apples was sprayed with lime sulfur at petal-fall* Adjoining trees were similarly sprayed with lime sulfur, and then given an application of derris in white oil* Observations showed a severe attack on the first block but only a few mites on the second*-* °Hey (286) * The best treatment against the European red mite on apple and plum in Ohio is to apply a dormant oil if the overwintering eggs are numerous, and a rotenone spray (Botano R) in summer if the oil has been omitted and if the mites increase to dangerous numbers by mid- summer*—Houser and Outright (291)* In its aotive stages this mite in England is readily killed by lime sulfur, rotenone materials, and petroleum-oil oontaot sprays* The summer eggs and molting nymphs are not killed by lime sulfur and rotenone materials*— K earns and Martin (339) ♦ Some promise was shown by rotenone against the European red mite. — Parrott (457) . When cube powder was combined with 1 pint of mannitan monolaurate, fair control was obtained*— St einer (565) • -134- Satisfactory control resulted when cube was used in oil in de- layed dormant spray.— St einer and Worthley (567) • Tetranychu8 paclficus McG., the Pacific mite The most effeetive summer spray in 1939 was Selocide* Rotenone oompounds and various combinations of sulfur were somewhat less ef- fective, but gave satisfactory oontrol when applied before infesta- tion became severe* Of sprays applied in the summer of 1940, those containing rotenone materials were effective against the mites but not against the eggs*— Webster and Moore ( 665) j Webster and coworkers (667)* Tetranychu8 spp*, the oomnon red spiders The dust, made of Cuprooide (G. A*) 6 percent, dusting sulfur 30 peroent, derris (5 percent of rotenone) 15 percent, and pyrophyllite 49 peroent, was effective in oontrol of downy mildew, and red spider* —Cunningham (131) • A spray consisting of derris powder, pyrethrum extract, and sul- fonated castor oil with water was effective against red spiders*— Howard and coworkers (294, p* 31) • To control the Mexican bean beetle and red spiders, if the latter are present, the following was recommended: 4 pounds of derris, cube, or timbo (5 percent of rotenone) in 100 gallons of spray, or 40 pounds of dust, with the addition of sulfur, or a copper compound if fungus diseases are to be controlled* Sprays containing 12 pounds of wettable sulfur per 100 gallons alone or with 4 pounds of cube powder, and dusts of 50 peroent of sulfur, alone or with 10 percent of cube, ap- plied four times at intervals of 10 to 12 days, were extremely effec- tive.—Huckett (299, 500) . Rotenone is relatively more effeotive than nicotine against the common red spider*— Isely (311, p* 25)* To oontrol the red spider on roses apply oopper-rotenone dust* — MoDaniel (379). RS-380, a vegetable and petroleum oil solution of rotenone and other derris extractives, tested against the red spider, gave effeo- tive control of the mites and their eggs within 4 days*— Parker (456) • Control measures for this pest comprise two or more applications of a sulfur dust, or of sprays containing wettable sulfur, derris, or -135- niootine. A spj*ay of derris powder (4 percent of rotenone) and 1 pint of sulfonated castor oil in 50 gallons of water, is very effec- tive.—Weiss and Baumhofer (669). The toxioity of rotenone sprays to red spiders on carnations inoreased with increased temperature. Effectiveness of suspensions of derris, cube, or pyrethrum powder in water was less than their extracts. Under normal greenhouse conditions* derris or cube powder (4 percent of rotenone), mixed with sulfonated castor oil (lt300) and diluted at the rate of 2 and 3 pounds per 100 gallons, gave only moderate oontrol of red spiders on roses after three applications, but good oontrol after four applications.-- Whitcomb (675, 676). In tests with eight commercial rotenone preparations against the red spider on roses in greenhouses, the addition of a neutral copper fungicide decreased the efficiency of rotenone sprays. Satisfactory control was obtained, after four applications at weekly intervals, only with those materials which contained sonie insecticidal ingred- ient in addition to rotenone, and an emulsifier. The most effective material was technical mannitan monolaurate to which 1 percent of rotenone and 2.6 percent of other derris extractives was added. "When diluted ( 1:400) this was the only spray material which consistently killed 90 percent or more of red spiders without injury to the plants. Several of the rotenone sprays, which gave unsatisfactory control of the red spider on roses, gave excellent control of it on potted car- nations. A commercial spray containing mannitan laurate and rote- none (1:400) killed 89 percent of red spiders in four applications; at 1:600 strength, 73 percent. Two other rotenone materials gave fair control of this pest on greenhouse plants. — Whit comb and coworkers (682, p. 39, 62-3, 67) • Tetranychus telarius (L»), the red spider in Europe la England infested tomato plants should be sprayed with derris extract until the and »f May.— Bewley (49). Established infestations of this pest on plants in greenhouses in England are very difficult to eradicate, but a simple means of pre- venting its establishment has been evolved. Derris powder and soft soap are added to the water used for the routine "damping- down" of the plants, at the rate of 1.5 and 2 pounds respectively, per 100 gallons. The plants are thoroughly sprayed each morning, noon, and night, and consequently a thin deposit of derris accumulates on the leaves.— Mas see lenriy (401). -136- Tromticulidae Butrombicula alfreddugesi (Oud.), the common chig) 1943. The cabbage butterfly. West Austral. Dept. Agr. Jour. 20:35-40. -166- (323) JEPSON, W. F. 1939, Entomological Division, Mauritius Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. (I938)t40-51. (324) JESUS, Z. De, and GAPUZ, R. B. 1940. Rotenone in low concentration as a tickicide and in- secticide for house pests. Philippine Jour. Anim. Indus. 7:391-395. (325) JONES, G. D. 1940. November- December insect control suggestions. Mo. Agr. Col. Ext. Cir., Nov. 6, 4 pp. (326) JONES, H. A, 1938* Effect of insect attack on the rotenone content of stored cube root. Jour. Econ. Ent. 31:127. (327) and SULLIVAN, W. N. 1942. Tephro3la extract against house flies. Soap and Sanit. Chem. 18 (9): 94-95. (326) JOHNSON, G. V., and SMITH, F. F. 1940. Field control of the gladiolus thrips. Jour. Econ. Ent. 33 x 490-493. (329) JOHNSON, J. P. 1941. Seasonal development of the Japanese beetle and spray- ing for the adult insect. Conn. (State) Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 445:363-367. (330) JOHNSON, J. P. 1941. Control of the hairy chinch bug, Blissus hlrtus Montandon. Conn. (State) Agr. Iilxpt. Sta. Bui. 445:372-373. (331) 1942. The chinch bug, Blissus hirtus Montandon. Conn. (State) Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 461:544. (332) and FRIEND, R. B. 1941. Notes on the control of mound-building ants. Conn. (State) Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 446:370-372. (333) KAGY, J. F. 1941. The relative toxicity of some 2,4-dinitro-6-R-phenols. Jour. Econ. Ent. 34:660-669. -167- (334) KAGY, J. P., and BOYCE, A. M. 1941. Solubilizers for petroleum oils and extracts of rote- none-bearing roots* Jour. Sbon. Ent. 34:804-811. (335) KAUFMANN, 0, 1942 • Die Bekampfung des Rubenaaskafers (Blithophaga opaca L.) mit Derris. Anz. f. Schadlingsk. 18 (5):53-56. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 32:70. 1944.] (336) 1943. Keine Gefahrdung der Bienen bei Bestaubung der Rapsfelder it mit Derris- und Pyrethrum-mitteln gegen Rapsglanzkaf er und Kohls chotenrussler. Ztschr. f. Pflanzenkrank 53 (1-3): 125-129. (337) and FREY, W. „ n 1941. Ueber die Bekampfung von Kohlerdf lohen auf der Oelfrucht- winterung. Mitt. Biol. Reichsanst. 65:74. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 31:373. 1943.] (338) KEARNS, H. G. H. 1941. A note on a Lonchocarpus nlcou dust for the control of the cabbage white butterfly. Bristol Univ., Agr. and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1940:80. (339) and MARTIN, H. 1940. The control of fruit tree red spider mite. Bristol Univ. Agr. and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1939) :60-65. (340) KELLY, E. G. 1944. It's tough on the cattle grubs in Kansas. Agr. Leaders* Digest 25 (l):20. (341) KISSILEFF, A. 1938* The dog flea as a causative agent in summer eczema. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. Jour. 93:21-27. (342) KN0WLT0N, G. F. 1941. Solving Utah canning crop problems. Pea aphid control in Utah. Utah Agr. Col. Ext. Serv. Pub. h. S. 109, pp. 17-18. (343) 1941. Control measures planned to prevent losses from pea weevil. Utah Agr. Expt. Sta., Farm & Home Sci. 2 (2):3. -168- (344) KOO, M. n 1940. Studies on Pyrau3ta nubilalis Hubner attacking the cotton plent. Kofu# Yamanashi Agr. Expt. Sta., 82 pp. [in Japanese. Abstract in Rev, Appl. Ent. (A) 30*15-16. 1942.] (345) KOUTZ, F. R. 1941* Ticks and their importance in small animal practice. Vet. Med. 36:470-473. (346) KUSUNOME, M. and UMETSU, R. 1940. A new control method of fig borers. Agr. and Hort. (Tokyo] 15 (l):168-170. [In Japanese. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 28:267. 1940.] (347) LAAKE, E. IN. 1942. Dry application of cube or derris in combination with wettable sulfur for the control of cattle grubs. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35:112. (348) EISHOPP, F. C, and WELLS, R. W. 1942. Cattle grubs, or heel flies. TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Year- book, pp. 612-619. (349) LAAN, P. A. Tan der 1939. Dierkundige afdeeling. Deli Proefsta. te Medan, Meded. (3), No. 3, pp. 22-28. (350) 1940. Dierkundige afdeeling. Deli Proefsta. te Medan, Meded. (3), No. 7, pp. 52-59. (351) LANGE, W. H., Jr. 1941. The artichoke plume moth and other pests injurious to the globe artichoke. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 653, 71 pp. (352) 1942. Certain plume moths of economic importance in California. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35:718-724. (353) LANGFORD, G. S., CROSTHWAIT, S. L., and WHITTINGTON, F. B. 1939. A review of cooperative Japanese beetle retardation work in Maryland. Jour. Econ. Ent. 32:255-259. -169- (554) LANGFORD, G. S., WHTTTINGTON, F. B., VINCENT, R. H., and CORY, E. N. 1941* Cooperative Japanese beetle work in Maryland. Jour* Econ* Ent. 34:416-418. (355) LAPPARENT, P. de 1939* Lfemploi du doryphore comme teat dans les essais biologi- ques d* insecticides* Rev. de Zool* Agr. et Appl. 38: 40-45* (366) LATHROP, F. H. 1939* Blueberry insects. Maine Agr* Expt* Sta. Bui. 397:825- 827* (357) 1940* Blueberry insects* Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 400: 276- 277. (358) 1942* The blueberry thrips* Jour* Econ* Ent* 35:198-201. (359) LATJDINI, H.t and SWEETMAN, H. L. 1941. Roflch control. A study of the relative efficiency of various commonly used insecticide dusts against roaches. Soap and Sanit. Chen* 17 (6): 129, 131, 133, 135* (360) LEB, C. STJ-SIN, and HANSBERRY, R* 1943* Toxicity studies of some Chinese plants* Jour* Econ. Ent. 36:915-921. (361) LEFEVRE, P. C. 1942* L'insecticide de plus employe' au Kivu: la poudre de pyre^tfare* Inst* Natl* pour 1* Etude Agron* Congo Beige Pub§>tt Ser. Soi. 26:55-65. L Abstract in Rev* Appl. Ent* (A) 31:521* 1943*] (362) LEVER, R. J. A* W. 1939* Entomological notes* Fiji Dept* Agr., Agr* Jour* 10: 83-87. (363) LILLY, J* H. 1942* Combination rotenone-niootine dusts for pea aphid con- trol* [Abstract] Jour* Econ* Ent. 35:960. (364) 1943* Combination rotenone-niootine "blends" for pea aphid control* Jour. Bcon. Ent* 36:85-97. -170- (365) LINN, M. B. ■ 1940. The yellows disease of lettuce and endive* Ha Y. (Cornell) Agr* Expt. Sta. Bui. 742, 33 pp. (366) LIST, G. M. 1939* The potato and tomato psyllid and its control on tomatoes. Colo* Expt. Sta. Bui. 454, 33 pp. (367) 1943. Results of 1942 experiments for control of the Mexican bean beetle at Fort Collins, Colo. Jour. Econ. Ent. 36:624-625. (368) LITTLE, V. A., and MARTIN, D. F. 1942. Cotton insects of the United States. 130 pp. Minneapolis. (369) LLOYfl, N. C. 1943. Protection of seed potatoes from moth damage. Agr* Gas* N* S* Wales 54:103* (370) LOCKVTOOD, S. 1938. Field entomology. Calif* Dept. Agr* Bui* 26 (4):427- 433. (371) LOPEZ CRISTOBAL, ,U. 1941* El pulgon verde de los cereal es (Toxoptera gramlnum Rondani) • Argentina Min. de Agr*, Div* Zool* Agr* Dir* Sanid. Veg*. 7 pp. [Abstract in Rev* Appl* Ent. (A) 30:277. 1942.] (372) LYLE, C. 1940. Derris dust for control of cucumber insects. Miss. Farm Res. 3 (4): 8. (373) MoBETH, I. G., and ALLISON, J. R. 1941. Observations on rotenone and oil sprays for red scale. Citrus Leaves 21 (8):7, 8, 26. (374) and ALLISON, J. R. 1941. Rotenone and oil sprays. Some observations on use of toxic materials in control of scale pests. Calif. Citrog. 26:282, 310-11. (375) McCONNELL, H. S. 1942. The pistol oasebearer in Maryland. Md. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. A7: 173-187. -171- (376) Mcculloch, r. n. 1940. Observations on the toxicity of some insecticides as stomach poisons to blowfly maggots. Austral. Inst. Agr. Sci. Jour. 6:105-108. (377) Mc DANIEL, E. I. 1939. Suggestions for the control of sawflies on conifers. Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta. Quart. Bui. 21 (3):161-164. 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