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THE

RURAL ECONOMY

O F

NORFOLK:

COMPRISING THE

Management of Landed Eftates,

AND THE

PRESENT PRACTICE of HUSBANDRY
IN THAT COUNTY.

By Mr. MARSHALL,

(Author of Minutes ofAgriculture, &c.)
Resident upwards of Two Years in Norfolk.

THE SECOND EDITION,

VOL. II.

LONDON:

Printed for G. Ni co l , Bookfeller to his Majefty, Pall-mall ;

G. G. and J. Robinson, Paternofter-row ;

and J. Debrett, Piccadilly.

M,DCC,XCV,

ADDRESS

TO THE

READER.

IN registering the practice of this Dif-
trict, I purfued a two-fold method.
Such eftablifhed rules of management as are
generally obferved in common practice, I
committed to a SYSTEMATIZED REGISTER,
as they occurred to my obfervation. But
fuch particular operations, and peculiarities
of management, as required an accurate
detail of circumftances ; — alfo fuch com-
plex obfervations, as included a plurality of
fubjects;-- -alfo fuch initances of practice
arid opinion, as I found peculiar to indivi-
duals;— I reduced to Minutes, in feries
with thofe on my own practice.

A 2 In

IV

ADDRESS

In preparing thefe materials for publi-
cation, I was deiirous, on the principle of
fimplicity, to have united the two regifters :
that is, to have incorporated the Minutes
with the fvilematized matter. But this I
found entirelv incompatible with the fim-
plicity I wac feeking. Many of the indi-
vidual Minutes pertaining to a variety o£'
difKnct. fubjects, would not afTimilate with
any one of them ; while others were, in

tne£s, foreign to the fyftem of practice
prevalent in the Diftrict ; being upon inci-
dents in my own practice, and upon obfcr-.
vations and reflections on ilibjects not efpe-

fly connected with the rural affairs of

-rclk, but equally relative to the furaj
economy of the Ifland at large.

Thus, feeing the necefTity cf keeping the
two regiders diitinct, in ionic degree, I
thought it right to let them remain (with a
few exceptions) in the manner in which
they were written : but, in order to conned;
them as int ." a* the nature of th<

would admit of, I digefted the fubjects of

TO THE READER. r

the Minutes, and fufpended them to their
correfponding fubjects in the system;
through which means the two regifters may
be read together, or feparately, at the option
of the reader.

I was induced to adopt this method, with
lefs hefitation, as I am ftill more and mere
convinced that practical knowledge
is never conveyed more forcibly than in
Minutes, made while the minutiae of
practice are frefh in the memory, and the
attendant circumstances are frill prefent
to the imagination. Nor am I fingular in
this opinion. A mafterly writer conveys
the fame fentiment, in more elegant lan-
guage. « ft mufr," fays he, « be ac-
knowledged, that the methods of difquifi-
tion and teaching may be fometimes diffe-
rent, and on very good reafon undoubtedly;
but, for my part, I am convinced that the
method of teaching which approaches mod
nearly to the method of invefligation, is in-
comparably the beft 5 fince, not content
with ferving up a few barren and lifdefs
A 3 truths,

ADDRESS

trut' . to the ftock on which they

to fet the reader himfelf in

the track of invention, and to direct him in-

e paths in which the author has made

difcovery, if he mould be fo happy

made any that are valuable.''

bis fubject in a light compa-

ic learned profemons.

rural economy, are as cases

in phyfic and :d as reports in

. equally, if equally
authentic, practice in its best form.

. regifter an inci-
-.---. . — nor a lawyer,

deciiion of a court,
accuracy and perfpi-
enc :ained, an<i

before I "-.'id attendant circum-

:\ng it j — and has revolved in
>:e operation, and the
In d'_ i , .he not only rinds it

:y to aicertain minutial facts and cir-
-ices, which, otherwife, he would
have overlooked \ led on, by reflec-

tion,

TO THE READER. vii

tion, to inferences which, otherwife, would
not have occurred to hini : and, if he regif-
ter fully and faithfully, he knows no more
of the given fubject when he has finimed
his regiiler, than the perfon who may,
afterwards, have read it. Confequently,
he not only thereby renders his practice
more valuable to himfelf ; but, by reading
his report, his minute, or his cafe, the flu-
dent gains full pofleffion of the practice of a
practitioner.— Hence, principally, a bar-
riiler is enabled to flep into court, and a
phyfician into a fick room, without the
afTillance of felf-practice.,

I will place thefe fubjects in another
point of view. The attorney, the apothe-
cary, and the common farmer, are enabled
to carry on their refpective profeiTions, or
Callings, without thofe fcientiiic helps.—
The former depend upon the practice of
their mailers, and their own practice, durino-
their clerkfhip, or apprenticeship -y as the
farmer does upon that of his father, and the
country he happens to be bred in. But
A 4 whv

ADDRESS

why do we, in difficulties, fly from the apo-
thecary to the phyfician, and from the
attorney to the counfellor ? Becaule they
have ftudied their profeiiions fcientincally,
have obtained a general knowledge, and
taken comprehenfive views, of their re-
fpective fubjeds ; — as well as of the
fciences and fubjects which are allied to
them ; and, r.dded to thefe fcientific aids,
have made themfelves maimers of the prac-
tice, and the opinions, of the able practi-
tioners who have gone before them ; as well

as of COTEMPORARY PRACTITIONERS.

h refpecr. to the following Minutes,
it only remains neceilary to fay, that they

e written in an active fcene, and that
more attention was paid to circumflances

i to lan^ua^e. Thofe on hufbandrv
were written, as I conceive all minutes on
the fubject. ought to be written, in the

MILIAR LANGUAGE OF FARMING ;

and, manv of them, in the provincial phra-
feology of the Diftrict they were written in.
I confefs, howeve • ., in reviling them

for

TO THE READER.

IK

for publication, I thought it prudent to do
away fome of the familiarisms of the
original Minutes. If, in the prefent form,
they furnifh fuch practical data and
natural facts as may, in the end, be
ferviceable to the main delign, and, in the
inftant, be acceptable to practitioners,
and ufeful to the student, the intention of
publishing them will be fully obtained.

London, Feb. i, 1787.

CONTENTS

OF THE

SECOND VOLUME.

MINUTES.

1780.
No.

1. rTT^ HE meafurement of — a jheepfold.

■2. JL The Norfolk method of under draining.

3. Steeping the feed, and refswing turncps.

4. The Norfolk method of exchanging lands,

I781.

£. 'Oft tenants pruning hedgerow timber .

•6. An inftance of burning ant-hills.

7. On the practice and profit of mowing pajiures.

$. Incidents on ■ mixing cattle and Jheep.

9. On planting ivy againft Jea-Jlone fence-walls.

10, Effe^s of jhovclings of ' a jheepfold ongrafland.

August.

12. Obfervations on the turnep-ceterpilkr .

13. On the evil effects of the — — berbery plant.

14. An

C 0 N T E N T S.

14. An inttance of ***ri*£ n

j 5. The method of laying 1 amber-j.

1 6. Experiments and obfervations on n

.j-. on ' jms.

2?. 00 ."..: :\ f&r U

I l r.ode of

Obf. on :: . r — enemies if lur.

11. Infhnce of fheepfold checking the turm: -

September.

22. Obfenrations on the caufe of the A-.'.

_3- The rife and practice of dii

October.
• ■ mn.

25. Obfenrations on the :

26. Further obfenrations on

27. ObC . :n the

28. Further ( as on . beat.

29. Sun. .

^.

.. _ n /■

71. on E ' a fair-

icthodor .

ol .

34. Obferv-tions on the — I

35. On the t_: it ol

36. Obfenrations a —

37. Inftance of fuccefs in 1

38. Observations on die pxoj or foil, Sic. • — l

39. 1 1 of i -

Jn the . . the

De e

CONTENTS.

December.

41. On laying up wheat-lands among pbeafants.

42. A regulation for the frefervation of hi

43. Incident on /::

44. The Norfolk method of opening d

45. Obfervations on making . ditches m hid-fdes.

i;S2.

46. Mr. Bayfield's obfervation on rearing cat:'..-.

47. Reflections on the time of receiving

48. Observations on ^}i"g pantiles,

49. On the Norfolk farmers partirJitv for — arable land,
52. The method of "gelding" ant-

51. General obfervations on Norfolk mead. _ .

52. A fmgular inftance of fattx

53. Inftance of practice in rearing cahes.

54. An account of the peat-grounds of the fens.

55. Obf. on marling on South-Walfham bun..

50. Obfervations on — bullocks at turneps in the yard.

57- in thtfida\ &?r.

— . Obfervations on >;.•' ;•■..'.

— . a Singular . . .-. .

58. Reflexions on the prefent poverty of farmers*

February.

59. Inftance of an ;.

— . the abibrbency of the A".

60. Obfervations on luttrejfes.

6 1 . Inftance of preferring turneps.

62. a fiourifliing though dijlarked c.jh.

63. Obfervations on ivied ft

64. Ob~

CONTENTS.

64. Obfervations C •

: of meadows.

onson

? method of

68. Ob:1-r vat ions en the •

General obfervations on . ; turnefs,

— . Pr_£tice of individuals in bull::

:Ya£lice of individu-'f in

71. Particular . -

72. Norfolk treatment of .

— . C nfoa between bsmc:

73. Gtr.. obi. on farm-yard mtnugrmenl ofj: .

. - - - - : . -

75. :>ns on different . ~eePm

76. - f inconvenienev of :.g-'iui>tltdJtecpM

. -• . :he Norfolk ■ ■

: ■':.:- — fi

79. Inftanceof convert, arable land to — -. -ren.

1 of the bufinefs of a —

.I—pic

ARCH.

A remarkable effect in :~:J

S3. feed for .

£4. -.;■}

on thi:.:. ig hc&ge-rni

86. Inllance of the pre'

era! obfervations on ■ —

/"•'-

thod of —

96. Gc bC on ha - ^ 1 mY pollards.

91.

CONTENTS.

qi. Inftance of damage to roofs by a high wind.

92. Observations on the re/idence of workmen.

93. Theeffect of fevere weather on — bullocks at tumeps.

94. Obfervationson Aylcjhamfair,

95. Incident and obfervations on — weeding plantations •

April.

96. On Mr. Horfley's management of his — meadows.

97. Obfervations on two lots of — bullocks at tumeps.

98. Inftance of fmall expence of — farming in Norfolk.

99. Inftance of ■ ■ ■ ■ cutting ridgils.

100. On the alertnefs of the Norfolk farm — workmen.

May.

1 01. Obfervations on Norwich clover feed market.

102. Inftance of bullocks fold at Smithf eld.

— — . Calculation of profit of bullocks at tumeps.

103. Inftance of the bad conftru&ion of — Norf. ditches.

104. On furze fkreens and method of — fowing furze-feed.

105. Obfervations on Waljhamfair.

106. Obfervations in the Fleg hundreds.

107. Obfervationson • ■ TVorjleadfair.

108. Experience in «— cheefe-making.

109. Experience in ■ making butter.

1 10. Obfervations on two lots of — bullocks at tumeps.

. Obfervations on — — buying bullocks.

ill. Obf. on felling bullocks and on — Smithf eld-market.
4 12. Obf. on the Eajlern coaji and Ingham fair.

June.
113. Obf. on two lots of bullocks fent to — Smithf eld.

. General obfervations on — ■■ buying bullocks.

— . Obfervations on < bullocks at grafs.

114. Inftance

CONTENTS.

1 14. Inttance of imprc — -mtnt of a wet fail.

J 1 5. Obf. on the height of /.. -rn-yard fence-walls.

116. Obf. on carrying up fea-Jhne walls*

117. on the payday of a Srr.itbfield dr

. on the uncertainty of Smitb/uld market.

1 18. die

1 19. the (ale and profit of bm

12c. Inilance of burning the furface of a

. of wet weather injuring .

August.
122. Observations on the turnrf-eaUrj

; 1 3. — — — < — — Cawflon ft

124. Fort I ^ns on the — tu

September.

125. Infiance of a — — — — — backward Jt

. R - ifter cf the advancement offpring.

Incident of a depopulated hive of — — — bees.
i:~. } :perimenton the time of — ma

128. Incident relative to another dt/barked

129. Further obfervations on the

j 50. Reflections on the .

131. Defcription of a cheap >

132. Final observations on the

October.

133. Experiment on wheat with a berbery /

1 34. Obfervations on the bullock-fair of St. F.

135. Defcription of a furze-fa:

136. The expence of marling ly water-car: .

137. Particulars relative to I .

Proving ialii:.;: ptfp 3-3

MI NIJT £

MINUTES

I N

NORFOLK.

I.

1780. Septem-ZTAHIS morning, meafured manure.

ber 22d. X a fheepfold, fet out for

600 fheep, confifting of ewes, wedders, and
grown lambs.

It mealures eight by five-and-a-half rods, sheep,
or forty-four fquare ftatute rods •, which is
fbmewhat more than (even rods to a hundred,
or two yards to a fheep.

2.

October 27th. A few weeks ago a tenant ckaih-kg
afked for foine topwood to under-drain
part of a clofe of arable land j which part
being cold and fpringy, fcarcely ever pro-
duced a crop ; and, this morning, I have been
to fee the pro eels si under draining in this coun-
try.

Having from feveral years obfervation mark-
ed the fpringy parts, he began by circumfcrib-

Vol. II. B ing

D. H. HILL LIBRARY
North Carolina Stale College

BRAIN

MINUTES. Oct.

-:.em with a drain, made as hereafter de-
fcribed, and then drew others within it iri fuch
rions as he I >m obfcrvation (not

met:. ) would co s fuperfluous

moifture from the wc :o a 1/.

end out] *.

were formed by two men, each
of them having a tapering fpade, and a hook-
ed fcoop. The firft man l

I ng, feven
..ttlie
: •, and, to make a :. igfor r^e

: man to ft

. '.loop.
The other man funk it about :hes

er with a round -pointed (j .ches

inches near the point ; cle :• bottom

with a narrow-mouthed fcoop ; , two

s and a h.alf to three inches wide : the
, when . being a foot to fourteen

inches wide at the t?p; from eighteen to twenty
s deep ; and about thrc
ttom.
Thefe drains were rilled with oak and alder
:hs in this manner :

ie fpray being ftript oft", the woody paita
' dia-

meter)

DRAINING.

1780. NORFOLK.

meter) were laid in the bottom of the drain, 2.

If crooked, they had a chop given them in
the elbow, and then preiTed down to the bot-
tom with the foot. If Urge, one, if fmall,
two or three of thefe (licks were laid a: the
bottom ■, upon thcfe the Ipra.) with the k
on ; and upon this a covering of heath. The
whole, when trodden down, appeared to fill the
drain within a few inches of the top.

The m as then laid on and ridged up

c er the drain.

A roller palled along and fihimed the opera-
tion.

The land was immediately plowed for
wheat

The quantity of land drained is about "Srute
acres :

The cxpence about five pounds, or one
pound thirteen millings and four pence an acre,
viz.

Opt nd filling in 184 rods at

fid. - - £260

Three loads ofboughs (given him by
his landlord) luopofe - - 1 10 o

Two loads ofheath 1 ±s. carriage 10/. 1 40

IS cc
B 2 He

2.

DRAINING.

M I K U T f S

Noy.

He has repeatedly experienced this method

of draining, aiv:. .nd it aniwer his ex-

rions. He is a cautious judicious hufband-

man, and would not lay out 3/. 10s. v.'ithout

.1 moral c gain.

Tiaua November 3. An experienced farmer in

this neighbourhood lays he has frequently
found that ftceping eld turnep feed in "•
and letting it lie a few hours in the fun before
lowing, has brought it up much fooner than

Pie add?, that this year, having neglected
to deep it, he had turnep feed lay three weeks
in the p -fore it came up. He was

advifed to r ng plants

whichappearecfoon after fowing, under an

had eaten off the remainder : but
he j Erofn experience that the principal

part of the feed was ftill in the ground ■, he

fell, and has now,
I fee, a very fine crop of turne:

This is a valuable incident ; for it is hi_
-able, that in the be. jf the fcafon,

d old ked is obliged to be fown, manv
crops of turr.eps have been prevented by
p! ly.

Novem-

1780. NORFOLK.

November ii. A. and B. having feve- exchange
ral fmall pieces of land lying intermixed
with each other's eflates, agreed upon an ex-
change by arbitration.

The particular lands to be exchanged, and
the general outline of the agreement having
been previoufly determined upon ; and each
party having made choice of a referee j arti-
cles of agreement for exchange were figned.

The matters left to reference were thefe :

i ft. The rental value of the refpective lands
in exchange.

2d. To determine which of the timber-trees
growing on the premifes fhould be taken down
by the then prefent owners (andremoved off the
premifes before July next enfuing) and which
ihould be left {landing.

3d. The valueof the timber, Rands, pollards,
and ftubwood, which the arbitrators fhould
judge proper to be left {landing on the premifes.

4th. A principal part of B. 's land lying at a
diflance from any of sl.'s farms, except one
which is let on a leafe that has fix years to
run, during which time it remains at the
option of the tenant whether or not he will
B 3 1'ent

6 MINUTES. N .-.

£, rent greed th2t each party

mall, it" required, -ind (or find

a proper tenant) during of fix

years, at luch rent, and under fuchc-
as the arbitrators mould nx on.

On M
met; and I :re,

or third perlbn, in f ihould difagre^

their award, cm pon the bufmefs ; whi

•
H . - ken a eurfbry view of tin

veral pieces to be exchanged ; 2nd having ;
tied between tbemfclves the mode ana rate of
valuing the I ~>k the whole before

them in d mac

The arbitrators. tri-

or abilities in the hufinefs they had undc
v h of the t:

n : the
latter were marV

the bark, with an zdze. The pollards and

.ilued
and minuted by die arl -

.fured by ~pen-

^one chofc: , an ac :

nil
fe the .'lumber o;

The

OF LANDS.

1780. NORFOLK.

The arbitrators, as they parTed along, can:
their eyes upon the land, and feparately put exohamgk
their private valuations upon it.

The lands having been previoufly furveyed
by two furveyors (one for each party), and the
rate of valuation of the timber and other
woods to be left {landing on the premiies hav-
ing been previoufly fixed upon by the referees,
— it now remained to afcertain the value of
thefeveral parcels of land; for which purpofe
a fpecial meeting was appointed and held,
yefterday.

To Amplify this important part of the b
nefs, and to render it as little liable to unne-
ceflary cavil as poilible, it was agreed that the
difference of rental value, whatever it might
happen to be, lhould be calculated at twenty-
five years purchaie.

The rental value of the refpective pieces
therefore now remained the almoft only thing
in fufpence. But in this they had differed
widely in their valuations : in fome pieces ib
much as four millings an acre.

?ument having been tried without effect
to reconcile the differences, it was propofed
by one of the referees to leave die matter to
■ • umpire.

B 4 Finding

M INUTU Nov.

fing things in Aii fans, 1 vmtuiul to

propofe 2 rr.ode of fctdement -red

te not or.'/ cable. This i

to lay afide intircly the particularized efti-

; ; and, after letting 2 part which

jr qua-
:o exchange acre for acre. — 7 eed

to by all parties.

7 .ere being a balance of

land under exchange of about four acres and
a half, the bufi ne £> was DC

3. After ; line convcr-
fation it .: rifteen ihillings an acre.

E rent of the land for the next ::.
the fame rate .

rered into were, : cve-

ral pieces fhould be left, 25 to crops, cVc. in
the :

Laftly, the value of the wood to be left upon
the prer. .g afcertained b

had put I :r eili-

■
lh:' acre*.

• The lered

1780. NORFOLK.

The oak timber the;; valued at eighteen 4.

pence, and the ajb timber at one milling a foot, timber.
meafuring all above fix inches timber-girt*.

Thcjli-aas, one with another, at a milling
apiece (iefs than fix inches a ftand, more than
tnber tree).

ncipally from one to three firewood.
fliiliings apiece — ibme few at four failings.
. . . .portion to the pollards.

t. , _ T . . , _ HEDGEROW

]-••!. ivIav 8. It is imprudent to truft, timber.
• degree, to tenants, in the pruning of
timber-trees.

This feafon I took unufual pains to inftruft a
» man, whofe farm is unmercifully loaded
with wood, in what manner he mould fet up
ibme trees which were particularly injurious to
his crops (namely, to take or? the fmail
boughs clofe to the ftem, and to leave live
growing rw igs upon the large ones, to draw the
lap, and thereby keep the (lumps alive) ; ne-
vrrthelefs the havock committed on his farm
is fhameful.

It is true, he blames his men ; but this is
nc i . he promised to attend minutely to

* T . in general coarfe.

10

M

X U T E S.

May

'•

■

2A.

the bufinefs himfelf. I pointed out the boughs
roper to be taken off: but for one
I pointed out, he his taken off three*.

X:t is he the only one
fame wilful mi-lake , and it is a want of com-
mon prudence to leave to a tenant a bufinefs of
fo much nee to an eftate as die pre

of timber-trees 3 for he has a double intereft in
abufing his truit. : — he difencumbe rs his farm,
and fills his wood-yard.

In future, when I fee i: neceiTary that I
ber- trees fliould be lightened of their low-
hanging boughs, whether for the preftrvation
of the hedge, cr the relief of the crops, I wiil
fend a woodman to do it in a proper manner j
and charge the faggots at a fair price to die
farmer*.

rvG

6.

M -. Some time ago, gave a tenant
[ to cut and burn ant-hills off a dole be-
longing to his farm, upon a common.

• This rale I

I [to the eftate, but agreeable to the tenant;

for un Irrtrm regulation he found more of thi> neceiTary

-.ake place upo. tn ^e had theretofore

been able

Ills

1781.

NORFOLK.

11

His motive is the improvement of his farm 6,

by the afhes ; and his pretext the improve- manure.
ment of the common : both of which good
purpofes will probably be obtained. He is
to level the ground, and rake in grafs-feeds.

His prccefs is to cut them up with a heart- crassland.
fhaped fharp fpade or fhovel, in irregular lumps
of ten to fifteen inches diameter, and two to
five or fix inches thick. Thefe are turned
grafs-downward, until the mould-fide be tho-
roughly dry, and then Cet up grafs-outward
until they are dry enough to burn.

The fire is kindled with bruln-wood, and
kept fmothering, by laying the fods or lumps
on gradually as the fire breaks out, until ten
to Hfte^n or twenty loads of afnes are railed in
one heap. The workmen have agreed to com-
plete the procefs for a milling each load of
afhes.

This is a cheap way of raifing manure ; be-
fides, at the fame time, removing a nuifmce :
and no man having fuch an opportunity in his
power ought to neglect making at leaft an ex-
periment. On fome foils allies are found in
themfelves an excel^r.t manure ; and, perhaps
generally, allies railed in this way woul 1 be
found highly advantageous as bottoming for
farm-yards and dunghills.

June

i: :.'. : N V T 1 -

7«

• : :

: -
:" - ' "

- '
'. r.ii .: . ::.
-

a much uacumi
_ - - -

I •

B -
■

_ ^r>d will next

-

...

-

4 14. o

ID

1781.

NORFOLK.

»3

befides the fightlinefs ; the improvement of 7.

the feed ; and the prevention of thiflks and grassland.
other weeds from feeding on the ground, and
being blown about the neighbourhood.

8.

July 10. Perhaps cattle and fneep ILould stocking
be kept ieparate.

While the dairy paftures were fwept (fee laft
Mi.v.) the cows were Ihifted into a grazing cattle.
ground ; but, notwidiftandi ng there was a good
bite, and the grafs apparently of a defirable
quality, they did not fill themieives, nor milk
lb well as they did before they were pot in, and
after they were taken out ; though their paf-
ture afterwards was apparently of a wcrfe qua-
lity. But in the grazing ground were a flock
of fhecp j whilft the dairy paftures had nothing sheep
in them except the cows and a few hcrfes.

Mr. Thomas Baldwin, of North Waifham,
fays, that having iheepfolded a piece of ground;
which, a drought letting in, he could not,' as
intended, break up ; a good bite of grafs came
up where the fheepfold had ftood. He put
his cows in to feed it off: they would not
touch it: he turned his horfes to it, and they
eat it into the very ground.

Jl'LV

»*

MINUTES.

July

FENCE-
WALLS.

J u l Y 2 1 . Pe rhaps plant hy agalnft fcaftcne
ivalls to prevent their burfling.

Part of a wall before a cottage at Thorp is
overgrown with ivy, part of it naked : the for-
mer is firm and upright — the latter burft in
many places j fo as not to be made ftrong
again without a confiderable part of it being
taken down and rebuilt.

MANURE.

CRASSLAND.

10.

July 21. In December lad:, fume fhovel-
lings of a fheepfold were k-z experimentally
upon a piece of gra&land : this haytime I ob-

ferve the fwath there is nearly double to that
in any other part of the piece. — The foil a
good fandy loam.

i r.

-KEtr-cLD JULY 29' ^i7' Samuel Barber has, upon

his Staninghail farm, a piece ofolland* barley,

• Ollcrd-bzxhr ; that is barley fown after
contraction ot

t? lays, or fv.-r. 1, product Grasses.

a fmall

1781.

NORFOLK.

«i

a fmall part of which was fheepfolded once in
a place ; the reft undrefied.

Where the fold flood the barley is, I appre-
hend, double the crop. The veftiges of the
fold are diicriminable to an inch. The crop
is thicker upon the ground, the ftraw ftronger
and taller, and the ears fuller and much larger.
There cannot be lei's than three coombs an
acre gained to the firft crop, by one night's
fheepfold; befides an advantage to enluing
crops. The foil a light fccrching loam.

12.

BARLEY.

12.

August 3. The turnep crops cf this
neighbourhood have fufFered confidierably this
year from a ipecies cf caterpillars — provin-
cially " black cankers" — which prey upon the
plants after they are in rough leaf ; eating them
down to the ground; and totally deflroying
the crop wherever it happens to be attacked
by thefe voracious reptiles.

It is obfervable, however, that die deftruc-
tion is partial; many pieces being left un-
touched ; and thole which are affected are only

partially

TURNEP
CATERP.

16 : I N U T E S.

12.
-XT.

f more i I i

hi

the ps
oc

fa-

fe,

rd.

...

Of t2LT

to be ai:
c ng the grey

c. . ^d isbk

-Uo-.v. F.
he fact Id d ftion of that {.

BORiq

henfk

tc:

CATERP.

1781s NORFOLK. 17

totally eaten up by them. What he adds is 12.

remarkable -, he fays that thefe flies were brought turnip

long-continued north-eaft wind, and that
the wind getting round to the fouth, there
was not, in a few hours, a fingle fly to be
found in the piece.

It is highly probable that thefe infects tra-
vel in flights, and that they are led about from
place to place by the winds, or by other cir-
cumflances.

To prevent or check the devaluation com-
mitted by the caterpillars, various devices
have been pra&ifed by farmers whofe crops
were affailed by them. Some rolled with
a heavy roller. Some fowed lime over the
pl.mts. Others employed ducks • and others
women and children to pick them off the
plants.

Mr. Arthur Bayfield found ducks the mod
efficacious ; he collected feventy or eighty,
and fayed feveral acres of turneps through their
means. He fed them twice a-day with corn,
under an idea that ■ " cankers/' alone, would
kill them.

Mr. William Barnard found handpicking
pnfwer his purpofe. Five women and boys
picked over ten or eleven acres of hoed plants
in one werk ; about eighteen pence an acre.

Vol. 11. C Mr.

CATERP.

,8 MINUTE S. Aug,

i 2. Mr. James Carrey having one fide of a clofe

tirnfp entirely eaten up, and the other fide, which

had been (own later, entirely free from ca-
terpillars, dug a trench between the two
parts, and put ibme lime in the bottom of it,
bv which artful expedient he laved his turneps :
for the caterpillars, in attempting to crofs the
trench in fearch of freih pafturage, fell among
the lime, and were frnothered. Mr. Bayfield
fays, that if the weather be dry, digging a
trench without the lime will flop them : for
the fide of die trench being dufty they cannot
1 up. but roll back to the bottom ; and
by repe." .ome exhaufted.

The farmers who hoed their plants while the
rpilkrs were upon them, and widiout
ufing any precaution, inevitably loft their
crops, befides lofing the expence of hoing ;
for after the operation the whole of the cater-
pillars fell of courfe upon the comparatively
Jew plants which then remained, and prefently
eat them down to the clods.

In this cafe, the orw S.y is to plow up

the ground and low afrefh ■, an expedient
which has been obliged to be praclifed on,
perhaps, ibme hundred acres of turnep ground
this year.

About

j;Sr» Norfolk:. i5

About twenty years ago, it feems, the whole i 5 .

country was ftripped by this means ; the firft turnip

lb wings being deftroyed throughout the county. CAT£RP-

T 9
1 3'

August 3. It has long been ccnfidered ErRBErv
as one of the firft of vulgar errors among
hufbandmen, that the berbery plant has a per-
nicio. .- (cr rather a myfterious power)

of blighting the wheat which grows near it. wheat.

This idea, whether it be erroneous or found-
ed on fact, is no where more ftrongly rooted
than among the Norfolk farmers ; one of
whom mentioning, with a ferious countenance,
an inftance of th: -, I very fafhionabiv

laughed at him. He, however, flood firm,
and perilled in his being in the right ; — inti-
mating, that 10 far from being led from the
caufe to the effect, he was, in the reverfe, icct
from the effect to the caufe : for obferving a
ftripe of blafted wheat acrofs his clofe, he
traced it back to rhe hedge, thinking there to
have found the enemy ; but being difappoint-
ed, he crofTed the lane into a garden on the
oppofite fide of it, where he found a large ber-
bery bufh in the direction in which he had
locked for it. The mifchief, according to his
C 2 defen'p-

-3 M I N U T E S. Au«.

defcription, ftrtlched away from this point
acrofa the field of wheat, growing broader and
fainter (like the tail of a comet) the farther it
proceeded from its fource. The effect was
i?d to a greater diftance than he had ever
obferved it before; owing, as he believed, to an
"ing in the orchard behind it to the fouth-
weft, forming a gut or channel for the wind.

Hearing him thus particular in his defcrip-
tion, and knowing him to be accurate in every
to fituation, I afked him how
ccounted for the mifchief. He anfwered
to t; ■ bcibcjyand wheat blow at the

c time, and the dud, or farina, of the ber-
bery being blown over the wheat when in
m, is poiibnous to it, and caufes the blight.
This, I confefs, ftaggered my incredulity ;
for'::' rabies be carried to a

confiderable diftance, and at that diftance
have a quail: their own

fpeciei-; — and if fome vegetables are falubri-
ous, others poiibnous, to the animal err

: the farina of one vegetable be
cr.rried to a confiderable diftance, and there be-
come poiibnous to the fi :s of another
of a diflimilar genus * ?

* This, however, i etude ; frr I have

17S1. NORFOLK. 2r

Being defirous of afcertaining the fact, be it j *

what it may, I have enquired further among berberv.
intelligent farmers concerning this fubject.—
They are, to a man, decided in their opinion as
to the fact ; which appears to have been fo
long eflabiifhed in the minds of principal
farmers, that it is now difficult to aicertain it
from obfervarions ; berbery plants having (of
late years more particularly) been extirpated
from farm-hedges with the utmoft care and
afliduity : one inftance, however, of mifchief,
this year, I had related to me, and another I was
myfelf eye-witneis to. Mr. William Barnard,
of Bradfleld, fays, that this year feeing a patch
of his wheat very much blighted, he looked
round for a berbery bufh ; but feeing none
confpicuQiis in the hedge, which was thick,
he with fome difficulty got into it, and there
found die enemy. He is clearly decided as to
the fact. Mr. William Gibbs, of Rowton,
telling me that a patch of his wheat was blight-
ed in die fame manner, and diat he believed it
to proceed from fome lprigs of berbery which
remained in the neighbouring hedge (which a,
few years ago was weeded from it) I went to

fince ohferved, that the berbery blows feversl weeks be-
fore wheat Ihoot: into ear.

C 3 infpect

32

MINUTES.

Auo.

*3-

BERBERY.

HARVEST-
ING WHEAT.

irifpecl: the place ; and true it is, that near it we
found three fmall plants of berbery ; one of
which was particularly full of berries. The
ftraw of the wheat is black ; and the grain, if
it may be fo called, a mere hulk of bran j
while the reft of the piece is of a much fupe-
rior quality.

Thefe circumftances are undoubtedly ftrong
evidence s but do not by any means amount to
proof.

1 4.

August 9. Laft night in riding from Nor-
wich, I faw a farmer, at Hainford, mowing
fome wheat, which was dead ripe, and free
from weeds. The gatherers immediately fol-
lowed the fithe, and the waggon the gatherers ;
lb that it was harvefted at a trifling expence
(at a time when all the corn in the country is
ripe, and hands of courfe unufually fcarce) and
was fecured in the barn, without any rifque from
the weather. This, at a pinch, may be worth
imitation.

HAY-OHA.V*
BER FLOOR.

*5-

August 11. An excellent and cheap hay-
chamber floor is made in this country with
and ro^ds.

Fini fried

1781.

NORFOLK.

-1

Finifhed one today upon a farm at Suf-
field.

It meafures fix yards by eight, or forty-
eight fquare yards.

It took three hundred fplints (alder and
willow rods, about the thicknefs of a man's
wrift down to that of his thumb) at
is. 6d. - - £.046

Three loads of clay (cafting and

carriage near) - 046

A waggon-body-full of ftraw 020

Five days of a bricklayer and la-
bourer, at is. 6d. - 0126

One ditto to plaifter it when it is

dry on the under-fide^ 026

IS-

£.160
or fixpence halfpenny a yard fquare.

N. B. The price, by meafurement, for labour
alone, is fourpence halfpenny a yardj which
is a great deal too much.

This floor was made in the following man-
ner :

The rods being trimmed (namely, the twigs
and tops taken off), they were laid acrofs the
joifts as clofe to each other is pofTible, If
crooked they were " crippled"( nad a c \~>p in the
crooked part with a hook or hatchet) fo as to
C 4 make

HAY- CHAM-
BER FLOOR.

..-4- MINUTE S. Auo.

:)•

make them touch every joift, as well as each
cham- other. No nails or other confinement.
BhR FLOOR. yj^ fay being weii ibakcd with water, the

principal part of it was mixed with long who -
ftraw i which was well worked into it by the
means of a horle, or man, treading it, and by
raking it about with a turnep hook ; the reft
made mortar-wife, with a final! quantity of
fhort ft raw.

The rods being bedded, and the clay pre-
pared, the "dauber" laid a plank acrols the
rods to prevent his mifplacing them with his
feetj and, fttnding on this, laid on a thick
coat of the flrawy clay, lb a* to cover :
thickeft of the fplints about an inch thick,
with a dung fork ; working it well in be-
tween the crevices of the rods, and making it
as level on the top as that rough tool would
malic it. This done, he went over it a,gain
v/ith the mortar-clay, (ftill (landing on his
plank) and gave it a thin finifhing coat, with a
trowel. The thicknefs of the rods and the
two coats of clay is about three inches : — the
thinner they are the fooner they dry, and the
lighter they are for the joifts and timbers..

Where, from the uncouthnefs of die rods, the
clay forced through between them, the dauber

with

i78i. NORFOLK. a5

with a hoc cut it off level with the rods on the i r.

under-fide, and for this purpofe drew his hoe hay-cham.

r • • i i j HER FLOOR,

over every part or it — a job preiently done.

In die ipring, when the floor is thoroughly
dry, it is intended to be plaiftered on the un-
der-fide, to cover the rods, and give it a par-
lourable appearance. This will take about a
day's work,

A clay floor is preferable in two refpecls to
a boarded one : it is cheaper and tighter. —
Boards, except they be well ieaibned, and with-
out they be plowed-and-tongued, and laid
down at a greater expence than can be bellow-
ed on a farmer's hay chamber, will let the dull
and feeds through upon the horfes and harnefsj
whereas clay renders it as tight as lead.

Mentioning my doubts to the workman as to
its duration, obftrving that the rods, I was
afraid, would foon rot; — he anfwered, that did
not iignify, for if the ftraw be well worked
into the clay, the floor will remain firm, though
the rods be rotten.

Mr. John Baker, of Southreps, whole opinion
in this cafe is decifive. corroborates the idea
of clay floors being preferable to boarded onesj
and of their lafiing a great number of years.

J\vgust

:6 M I N U T E S. Ave.

TO. l6.

WTIp Ac q. I-aft year, to try whether

: 's weed) be an ob-
the Norfolk culture, I \ ne acre

and three eighths with two pints of turnep feed,
and two pints and a half of weld kedy the :
of Auguft.

The foil, a lightifh fandy loam, had been
plowed three times as a fallow for wheat :
gave a fourth plowing ; harrowed ; — lowed the
turnep-feed; harrowed j — (owed the weld feed*
harrowed, the horfes trotting.
It v.'as hoed at a coniiderable expence with
fin ithoesj it neverthelefs got full of

-spies and other weeds.
On one end of the piece, where the turneps
were a bad crop, the weld was very good j but,
ppon the whofe, only indifferent.

I am certain that in this experiment the
neps were t ■: licial to the weld;

rom them worth tumi
the (heep to, until the • 11 to run, in

i and then, in a few days, they ftamd
: . . p with

I am

. and been twice hoed,
p would have been much beta
I

I ippre-

1781.

NORFOLK.

27

I apprehend there is no occafion to leave the
plants fo thick upon the ground as is ufually
done. I am perfuaded that fix or eight inch
hoes might be ufed with propriety in fetting
out the plants. If fo, the expence of hoing
would be little more than that of hoing turneps.

I am of opinion, from this experiment, as
well as from others that I find have been tried
in the county, that weld may be raifed with
confiderable profit in Norfolk ; efpechlly at
prefent (during the war), when weld is dear ;
but I am at the fame time clearly of opinion,
that it is not the intereft of landlords to encou-
rage the culture of it, without fome ri^id n>
frrictions in their leafes to prevent their tenants
from carrying off their eftates fuch a quantity
of vegetable matter, without replacing it with
an equivalency of manure, agreeably to the uiual
covenant relative to hay and draw : for it is
not the corn only, but the fir aw likewife, that
is carried off the premifes in the fhape of weld :
perhaps to the amount of a ton or upwards an
acre.

*7-

August 29. Lad autumn, in order to af-
certain the proper time of putting ewes to the
, I made the following experiment:

The

16.

WELOJ

SHEEP,

28 MINUTE S. Aug.

i

SHIEP

The 20th September put a fcore of long-
wooied ewes of different ages to a Leiccfter-
fhire ram, and a fcore of Norfolk ewes to a
Norfolk ram. Being in rather low condition,
few of them took the ram till the beginning of
October.

The 1 9th of October put twenty-three Iong-
wooled and forty Norfolk ewes to the fame
, keeping the two breeds fcparate.

The 20th of November put the fame rams
core of each fort referved for the purpofe.

The early lambs were much the flouted and
befc for ftoresj and grafs lamb was out of
feafon before the late ones were tit for the

1 : fm

it the crones* which took the ram early
not able to fupport their lambs in winter:
for grafs was, fcarce, and they could not break
furl". 1

Therefore, tin's year, all the young ewes

been put to the rams a week ago, and all

the old ones are intended for the butcher before

this year's grafs be gone : for in a country

where turneps are the principal fpring food,

ppcar to be unprofitable ll;ock.

teir fort, t

A I GUST

1781. NORFOLK. 29

18. 18.

August 19. Lalt autumn, made an accu- manures
rate experiment on a large fcale, with different wheat.
manures for wheat, on a iandy loam, fummer
fallowed.

Part of an eighteen acre piece was manured
with fifteen or fixteen loads of tolerably good
farm-yard dung an acre ; part with three chal-
drons of lime an acre j the reft folded upon
witli lheep, twice } the firft time at the rate of
fix hundred lheep to a quarter of an acre (fee
Miw 1.); the fecond time thinner.

In winter and ipring the dung kept the lead ;
and now, at harveft, it has produced the great-
eft burden of ftraw.

The fheepfold kept a fteady pace from Seed-
time to harveft, and is now evidently the heft
corned, and the cleaned crop.

The lime, in winter and. fpring, made a poor
appearance, but after fome fhowers in fummer
it flourifhed much, and is now a tolerable crop;
not lefs, I apprehend, than three quarters an
acre : and in this country, where dung is io.
fingularly valuable for the turnep crop, it is a
fatisfaclion to know that fummer fallowing and.
lime alone will iniure a tolerable crop of wheat.

From

30 MINUTE S. Aug.

i 8. From thefe data, the value cf iheepfold, in

shiepfold. tl is csftt may be calculated.

By Mi v. i. it appears that one hundred
ep manured feven fquare rods daily. But
thinner; fuppofe nine
rods, this is, on a par of the two foldings, e:^
rods a day each folding.

The dung could not be worth fcfi than half
a i i oad ; and the carriage and {p.

i fhiilings an acre s together, fifty milHj
an acre ; which quantity of land the hundred
fheep teathed twice over in forty days.

Suppofing them to be folded the year ro
~.:y would, at this rate, fold nine acres
finally; which, at fifty fhiilir.gs an acre, is
• 3 pounds ten fhiilings a hundred — or
four fhiilings and fixpence a head.

In fome parts of the lfiand the fame qua.-.
of dung would be worth five pounds an acre,
would raife the value of the tcathe bo
nine fhiilings a head ; which, at twopence a
head a week, is more than di
kc-p of the fheep.

It does not fellow, however, that all lands
would have received equal benefit with the
piece in confideration ; which, perhaps, had not
been folded upon for many year*; pci

never

1781. NORFOLK. 31

never before; and Iheepfold, like ether ma- 18.

mires, may become lefs efficacious the longer sheepfold.
it is ufed on a given piece of land.

19.

August 29. In the above-mentioned piece sowing
of wheat, I made a comparative experiment on
the mode of lowing.

Part was plowed-in, agreeably to the com-
mon practice of the Diftrict, laying up the foil
in narrow ridges : part (own on the la ft plow-
ing, and harrowed in : part put in with Mr.
Ducketfs drill-plow ; which, from fome prac-
tical knowledge of it, I had confidered to be
well adapted to the Norfolk foil.

The fowings being made acrofs the manur-
ings, the two experiments became diftmct; and
the refults clear and deciiive. The time of
lowing the 31ft of OcTober.

The refuit of this experiment was not io
finking as that of the lad. The part lown
over the furrow of the plow, and harrowed in,
is however, very perceptibly, the worftj bur
on comparing the part plowed in with the part
drilled, no obvious difference is to be perceiv-
ed. Had the drills been nine inches initead of
twelve inches apart, I am of opinion :
would have gained a preference ; but, from

3*

M I N U T E S.

Aug.

so v.
m

I 9- this experiment, there does nor appear ro me to

be ■ Rtage to be t n the drill

th changing the cuftom of the country Mr.
I^aft Ipring I made fimilar experiments on the
>f this implement wiri i and barley. —

During the firmmer the drills feemed

ce j but, at naivefc, it is a moor point
whether the drill or the common plow has the
: and although theft feveral expe-
riments were fcen and attended to bv fome

»od farmers of the neighbourhood, I do
find that any of them are Co much ftruck with
the refult as to be inclined to give up their pre-
fent practice : neverthelels I am of opinion that
implement, this ingenious implement merits further l

Barley appears to be the crop for which it is
mod efpecially adapted in this country.

X. B. Li November laft, I attempted to try
the fix-rowed, or winter barley, agamft the
c immbn barley, as a winter crop ; lowing
fome of each fort above ; fome under ; and
lbmc in drills : but the pheafants, rooks, hares,
and other vermin, fubverted the t ent,

and nearly deitroyed the crop: tfi , to

lave it from difgrace, the fcatfertd remains
were plowed up in the ipring, and the land
fown with common bark y.

Aug*;- t

tj$t. NORFOLK.

20. 20.

August 31. What a variety of enemies turnip.5.
have turneps in this country ! The <c fly," the
" canker," die " maggot" (at the root) and
the " anbury," have this year already deftroyed
myriads.

The fiy took them in their infant ftate ; —
the grub and caterpillar whilft their tops were
yet imall ; and, now, when their tops have al-
moft got their full fize, they are hourly dwind-
ling with the anbury.

The grub in itfeif would not perhaps be fa-
tal ; but the rooks, in order to come at it, pull
Up not only the plants which are attacked, but
thofe alio which are free from it j and by this
means clear them as they go.

The anbury is a large excrefcence, which
forms itfeif below the apple; It grows, it
feems, to the fize of both the hands ; and, as
foon as the hard weather fets in, or it is, by its
own nature, brought to maturity, it becomes
putrid, and fmells very offenfively.

At prefent,the (late of three fpecimens winch I
have taken up, and examined attentively, is this:
— The apples of the turneps are jufr forming
(about the fize of walnuts in the hufk) while
rhe anburies are already as big as the egg of a

Vol. II. D goofe.

33

it

20.

TURNEPS.

MINUTES. Au<s,

g -ofe. — They arc irregular and uncouth in their
form, with inferior excrefcences (refembling
the races of ginger) hanging to them. On cut-
ting them, their general appearance is that of
a hard turnep ; but on examining them through
a magnifier, there are veins, or ftring-like vef-
fels, difperfed among the pulp. The fmell and
tafte fomewhat refemble thofe of turneps; but
without their mildnefs ; having an auftere
and fomewhat difagreeable flavor, refembling
that of an old ftringy turnep. The tops of
thofe which are much affecTed turn yellow, and
flag with the heat of the fun ; fo that, in the day-
time, they are obvioufly diftinguimable from
thofe which are healthy.

It feems to be an idea among farmers, that
the caufe of the anbury is the foil's being tired
of turneps ; owing to their having been too often
fown on the fame land. This, however, is pofi-
tively erroneous j for the piece from which I
drew thefe fpecimens was an old orchard, and
never before bore turneps in the memory of
man.

Qurere — Is it not caufed by the above-men-
tioned or fome other grub, that, wounding
the vtflcls of the tap root, diverts the courfe
of the fap ; which, inftead of forming the
r.pple, forms this excrcfccnce ?

August

2781.

NORFOLK.

35

21.

21

August 3 1 . One fide of an eighteen acre turneps,
piece of turneps was folded upon -, the reft of
the piece manured with dung.

The part (heepfolded efcaped the devafta- sheepfol
tion of the " fly" clvioufly better than the part
dunged. —

Qusere — VvTere the flies increafed by the
dung, or were they trodden to death, or fhut
up and fuftocated in their burrows, by the feet
of the Iheep ?

22.

September 8. Mr. Thomas Drurey, of Er- turneps.
pingham, a man whofe opinion is valuable in
matters of hufbandry, fays, that marl is a cer-
tain preventative of the anbury. — He is alfo of
opinion with other judicious hufbandmen, that
teathing the barley-ftubble which is intended
for turneps, will caufe the anbury : his land,
he fays, although it be old-marled land, is, by
avoiding the teathe, generally free from anbu-
ried turneps,

23.

September ia. Mr. William Barnard, of raMLwa

WHEAT

field, who was bom (and refided until

D z

about

55 MINUTE S. Sept.

2^. about three years ago) at Great Ellingham,

dibbling near Attleborough, gives the following ac-
whea t. count of the rife and practice of the dibbling of

wheat.

The dibbling of peas, he fays, has been a
cuftom of that part of Norfolk time immemo-
rial ; but the practice has not been extended
to wheat above eighteen or twenty years ; nor
has it been in any degree general for more
than ten years.

The practice of dibbling wheat probably
arofe in this manner. — AtDeepham,an adjoin-
ing parifh to Ellingham, lived one James
Stone, a labouring man, who was, in that
neighbourhood, a noted dibbler of peas, and
who cultivated for himfelf a few acres which
he rented with his cottage. — He had three chil-
dren who were as expert at u dropping" as the
father was at " dabbing ;" and having fome
acre or two of clover lay, which came in courfe
for wheat, he conceived the idea of dibbling
in the feed; probably thinking that he fhould
thereby keep his children from idlenefs, and
fitte them, at the fame time, an unexpected
fupply of bread.

He accordingly fet about putting bisjebme
in execution, and prefently brought his neigh-
bours

1781. NORFOLK. 37

bours about him. Some of themfmiled, and 2t.

others laughed at his experiment j he never- DIBBLINC
theleis proceeded with his little corps, and wheat.
finifhed his patch.

The land being in good condition, and the
work being done in a mafterly manner, the
plants came up fo ftrong and beautiful as to
draw the eyes, not only of his fellow parifhion-
crs, but of the whole neighbourhood.

Mr. Barnard well recollects the circum-
ftance ; for he parted the clofe (which lay by
the fide of a public road) every day in his way
to and from fchool: and fays, that he has
frequently feen the neighbouring farmers, in
their way to market, light at the gate, and go
into the piece, to view the crop, which was now
become popular.

At harveft the crop proved extraordinarily
good ; and the dibbling of wheat has, from
that time, been more or lefs praflifed in this
circle of the county : the only one in which
the practice is, even yet, become general
among farmers.

Enquiring of Mr. B. the proportion which

dibbled wheat in that country bears to the

wheat fown broadcaflj he fays, there is as

much dibbled as there can be hands got to

V 3 put

EAT,

Jf MINUTES. Sept.

2 3 . p\it it in ; and apprehends that one half of the

dibbling wheat about Wyndham and Attleborough is
dibbled in -, adding, that when wheat is dear
the work-people are engaged fome months
beforehand ; and frequently, when they are
paid off for dibbling peas in March, they are
engaged for the wheat feed-time.

Succeffion. A clover by once plowed is what
is generally made ufe of for dibbling ; it has
however been tried, with a confiderable lhare
of fuccefs, on fallow ground.

Manure. The common practice is to fpread
the dung, or other manure, prefently before the
ground be plowed, Some lay it on after the
feed is in by way of top-drefllng. But Mr.
B. is of opinion, that fetting on the manure in
July, and letting it wafh into the foil before
plowing, is the molt eligible wuy of manuring
for dibbled wheat.

Soilprocefs. If the foil be light and the wi-
ther dry, the plowman keeps pace with the
dibblers : — the holes will not othcrwile ftand ;
the fand running in and filling them up. The
furrow — provincially " flags" — mould be cut
about ten inches wide, and be turned over flat
and even ; and, to make them lay frill fmooth-
er and firmer, they are rolled pretty hard be-
!- ic dibbling.

1781. NORFOLK. 3?

The dibbles made life of in this operation are 23.

of iron. The acting part is an egg-maped DIRBLING
knob of iron or fteel fomewhat larger than a wheat.
pigeon's egg. The fmaller end forms the
point; of the dibble -, and from the larger rifes
a firing of iron, about half an inch fquare, and
two feet and a half long. The head of it is
received into a crofs piece of wood (refem-
bling the crutch of a fpade or fhovel) which
forms the handle.

The dibbler makes ufe of two of thefe tools ;
one in each hand j and, bending over them,
walks backward upon the flags j making two
rows of holes in each. The rows are ufually
made about four inches apart, and the diftance
in the rows from two and a half to three inches;
namely, four holes in each length of the foot
of the dibbler.

The great art in making the holes lies in
leaving them fmootn and firm on the fides ;
fo that the loofe mould do not run in to fill
them up before the feeds are depofited. This
is done by a circular motion of the hand and
wrift; which make a femi-revolution every
ftroke : the circular motion begins as the
bit enters, and continues until it is clearly dif-
engaged from the mould. The dibbles mull
D 4 come

4*

MINUTES. Sept.

2*. come out clean, and wear bright, or the ope-

PIBBL1NG l"ati°n is n0t Perf"e&-

wptAi. Another difficulty in dibbling is to make the

holes at equal diftances; more efpecially to
keep the two rows ftraight and parallel with
each other : for the dibbles being two diftinct
inftruments, it requires fome practice to guide
them with precifion ; fo as to pierce the flag
in the exact point required. To remedy this,
couples have been invented to keep the dibbles
at a given diflance -, but this renders the im~
plement complex, and prevents the learner
from ever being able to ufe them fingly. A
man muft be aukward indeed if he does not
in a few days without this incumbrance make
himfclf a tolerable mafter of dibbling.

A middling workman will make two mo-
tions, or four holes, in a fecond.

One dibbler employs three droppers j there-
fore one man and three children arc called a
fet. Each dibbler takes three flags, which he
performs upon by ftages thus : He firft takes
an outfide flag, and having gone fome yards
upon that, he returns ; not upon the next flag,
but upon the other outfide flag of the three ;
and then finifhes his ftage by taking the middle
one, This is done to keep his three droppers

fully

1781. NORFOLK. 41

fully employed, and at the fame time to pre- 23.

vent his filling up the holes with his feet be- dibbling
fore the feeds are depofited. Were he to WHSAT*
carry but one flag with him, the droppers
would have to pals each other repeatedly, and
have three times the ground to walk over ;
whereas by the above contrivance they are
always uniformly progrefiive, and each child
finifhes its own flag.

The drcppers keep up with their dibbler,
putting two or three grains of wheat in each
hole (but of peas only one) j the girls carry the
feed in their aprons, the boys in their hats or
other contrivance. Out of thofe they take
about half a handful, and deliver the feed into
the holes through an aperture made between
the firft and fecond fingers. Much time and
patience is neceffary to teach a child to per-
form this petty bufinefs with propriety and
difpatch.

The prefent price of dibbling a free light foil
is nine millings an acre and beer. It former-
ly was half a guinea. If the fsil be ftifF or
ftony, it is now worth more than that money.
The dibbler is a fort of mailer of his fet ; for
if-he has not children of his own, he hire: his
droppers, giving them fixpence a day each if

expert

+ z M I N U T E S. Sept,

C". mds, or threepence a day if learners ;

two of them being employed on one flag, each
taking one row of holes: Co that he pays fof
dropping, threepence a day for each row of
holes. An expert dibbler will " hole'' half an
acre a day, which at nine (hillings is four and
fixpence, out of which he pays one milling and
nee to his droppers: but one third of an
acre is reckoned a fair day's work ; which at
nine (hillings an acre is three (hillings ; out of
which paying one lhiliing and fixpence, he has
one lhiliing and fixpence left for his own day's
work.

Quantity rffied. One bnfhcl to fix pecks an
acre j and, if the flags crack much in plowing,
ibme throw on half a peck or a peck an acre,
broad-cafe, before roiling.

Covering This is ufually done by

g ing twice in a place with 3 buih>-»harrow,
made by drawing thorns into a gate or a large
turd . itherpfthefe however Mr. B. (ays,
andwithreafi . s too large an Implement;

for in fo large a (pace as this covers at once,
there will be protuberances which it will lay
hold of too much, and probably pull up, and
it will wholly mil's. 1 le has
ufually ' , which

WHEAT.

1781. NORFOLK* 43

;iot cover more than four or five flags at once j 23.

and to finilri this bulinels more completely, he dibkling
always carries a fort of broom in his own hand,
when overlooking the work-people ; in order
to cover more effectually any part which may
be partially miffed.

The advantages held cut. There is a faving
of about a bufliel and a half of feed ; which,
when wheat is fix millings or upwards, is alone
an equivalent to the extra expence of dibbling.

The rolling and treading is efteemed highly
ferviceable to the light lands of this country.

The edges of the flags being intimately
united by the rolling and the trampling, and
the remaining fiffures being filled up by the
harrow, the graffes are thereby thought to be
kept under ; and mould feed weeds appear in
the fpring, the hoe has free admifllon between
double row and double row, to extirpate them j
aii operation, however, which I underftand fel-
dom takes place.

The feed being wholly buried in the body of
the flag, there is no iC under corn ;" the plants
are uniformly vigorous; the ft'raw, collectively,
is confequently ftouter, and the grain more
even, than that which is ufually produced from
Rowing the feed broadcaft over the rough flag.

For

44

MINUTE S. Sept.

For in this cafe, part of the feed falls through
between the flags, and being there too deeply
wheat. buried by the harrows, the young plants are

longer in reaching the furface than are thofe
from the feed which happens to fail in a more
favourable fi:uation ; and which thereby gain
an afcendancy they never lofe : hence a num-
ber of underling plants, and hence the fmafl
fhrivelled grains, which render the fample un-
fightly and unfaleable.

Another good effect remains to be noticed,
the employment of the poor i and whether we
view thi:> in a moral, a political, or a private
point of view, it h equally defirable. For the
poor'* rates of a country village fall principally
on the farmer ; and if he does not employ the
poor, he muil fupport them in idlcnefs; more
cfpecially children. — Mr. B. fays, that in the
c". dc above-mentioned wheat feed-time is con-
• ed, by the poor man, as a fecond harveit,

. Smith, of Heavingham, gives a

fomewhat different account refpeciing the ad-
vantages of dibbling wheat. He fays, that he
has frequently had eight or ten acres of dibbled
.it tn a year ■, that he Ills ufually made the
holes as thick as they could Hand, fo as not to
disiigure or interfere with one another ; and has

dropped

8i. NORFOLK. 4S

dropped two bufhels, at the expence of twelve 23.

or fourteen millings an acre. dibbling

WHEAT.

He is clearly of opinion, that dibbling wheat
makes the land foul; efpecially if it is not
dibbled thick; and gives a very good reafon
for this opinion ; namely, where corn is thin
weeds will be thick. He is pofitive that the
grais gets up more among wheat which is
dibbled than among that which is fown broad-
caft over the rough flag of one plowing : add-
ing, that after dibbled wheat he has ufually
been obliged to fow turneps the next year,
inftead of firft taking a crop of barley j the
common practice of this part of the country.
He however acknowledges fully, that the ftraw
of dibbled wheat is ftouter, and the grain even-
cr, and of a better quality, than that from wheat
fown broadcaft after any procels whatever.

Mr. John Baker, of Southreps, ipirlted and
judicious as he is in matters of hufbandry, has
never had a fufficiently good opinion of dib-
bling wheat to give it a trial ; not even by way
of experiment. His chief objection to it is,
that in this country, where the foil is ihallow,
and the lays generally grafTy, wheat cannot be
fown in any manner with propriety on one
plowing.

has

46 MINUTES. Srpf,

-'■

. his tried it two or tl

d: Ties: tl. ms on a piece of

good bird, wi: of ked I -

crop good, and flood when mof:
the county were lodged. — The
v. as on a li^ht fnillow foil : i: pro.
too thin : not hair a crop,
m the fum of this u .lib-

ted
to lis; on which three or four pecks

an 2C: ciendy

r a full - I :>w

or three .nd

.

lently an addidon
not able to
of cour:"-.
t - .

r model. . rt of the

:":vuil and
i learner

". i • • reas the ft i f
■

nd boor
>p one or ..
-

It

i-Sr. NORFOLK, 47

It further Teems ineligible to fend children j>im

into the field, in a , until they have prac- DIBBI 1XG

tiled, at home, in the art of fepararing the feed s ; whe»
by which precaution a wafte of \ccd} and a
figurement .e crop, may be pre-

vented. For the fame reafon it feems proper,
that a young dibbler mould be exercifed on
fallow or other frefh-plowed ground no: in-
tended to be dibbled, before he b :
into the field of rraitice.

24.

October ic. Lair, year Mr. John Joy, of cC--
Northv/alfham, having a piece of turnep ground CL°1 ER*
which milled, he fowed it with wheat ; an
keep : h clo-

ver, the feed of v, , ore-

fendv after (owing the

I faw t ling plants early in

when they looked remarkably healthy. To-
wards fpring I . : , m .. .0 ; but ibme fe-
vere frofbs had cut them entirely down, fo
make it doubtful whether they would
or not.

I defired Mr. Joy to a: . ; .-

:
the 61 .. -o of clover t . E

•

48

MINUTES.

Ocf<

24.

SOWING
CLOVER.

having been yet fed, the heads of the p!ant9
now (land above the Hubble ; but for which a
fine fwath of clover-hay might be mown.

This is the firft inflance I have met with of
fowing clover feed over wheat in autumn.

25.

IUIldincs. October 10. Formerly, a ridiculous prac-

tice his prevailed in this country of running up
xht peaks of galles above the roof of the houfe.
In many old houfes the coping of the gable
(lands eighteen inches, perhaps two feet above
the thatch or tiling. The effect of it is, the
water of driving rains is collected by this un-
necessary elevation of the wall, and either
drains through between the gable and the roof,
or, if an offset be made to prevent this, foaks
into the wall itfclf.

An old-fafhioned " flue" rotted by this
means, v/as the orhcr day, upon this eflate,
thrown down by a guft of wind.

I mention the circumilance the rather, as this
abfurd cuftom is not yet altogether laid afide ;
though the flues are now made much lower
than formerly. In Uriel propriety, the coping
of the gable ought to be level with the cover-

Far

ijf8i.

N O R F O L k.

49

For common buildings, when the covering

O-

is of tile orflate ; more efpecially for a lean-to blildings.
liable to the drip of the main roof ; the belt,
wav is to continue the covering over the gable
or end-wall ; which is thereby effectually pre-
ferved at an eafy expence.

26.

October 18. This morning rode to Wit-
ton to fee fome labourers from the Attleborough
fide of the county dibble wheat. They had
finilned.

Mr. Elmer fhewed me what they had clone
for him : — the plants come up very ftrong, and
look healthy. The quantity of feed, fix pecks
an acre j dropping four or five grains in a hole.

Mr. E. mentioned one advantage which did
not occur to me before : the feedage of the
lays from July to October.

dibbling
wheat.

27.

October 25. On Wednefday 17th inflanr mark -
went to the nrft day of the Fair of St. Faith's ;
a village near Norwich, where one of the largeft
furs in the kingdom is held annually on that
clay for cheefe, butter, and a variety of wares ;
but moil efpecially the full ; which is brought
in great quantities out of Suffolk to fupply this

Vol. II. F. covntrv

p

M I H IT T E S.

Oct.

27.

"

country durir when a

Norf not to be pur chafed in

part of the coil.'

a good mow of cacde j principal me-

ftore, or fc r g on

mter : for which

a fhow of Scotch bu

upon ground . .11 dhtance from

otch cattle continues for a
form t time, 1

of thecc fupplied wirh that fpeci

(lock. (See Bullock:, Vol. I.)

fair.
There are fewer cattle this v:
bctn known r^afl (about four

..redupo: '

contract
j a thing not practifed befc
Scotland j and then

ber of buyer . the ma :et than

_ farme:
county) ; lb that the Scotchmen had the g
':eir own har..

be principal drov Tare, "Wigg lei -

Eth (Lord Galkr.
;iJ, Stewart.

It

27-

FAIR OF

1781. NORFOLK. jt

It is aftonifhingto fee the Hate and condition
of the cattle : they look as frelh and as fleek
as if they had not travelled a mile from home : ST- FAITH'S?
fome of them tolerable beef. Even fo high as
eleven pounds a piece was afked for fome bul-
locks •, it was however to choofe four cut of a
large drove ; but ten pounds was afked to draw
fifteen or twenty.

Mr. John Eaker bought fix fpayed heifers,
which he drew, out of a lot of thirty, at 7/. 15J.
a head ; and another neighbour drew twenty-
one of the remainder of the lot at 7/. a piece :
he afterwards bought {tvtn. of an inferior qua-
lity at 61.

There were half a fcore in the fair fo low as
4/. but the price in general ran from 61. to 9/.
a head, for cattle which will fat to from forty
to fixty ftone j but high as thefe prices are,
Mr. Tate (the oldeft drover) fays, he has
known them, fome years ago, twenty or thirty
millings a head dearer than they are, even this
year.

Each drover hires meadows or grazing-
grounds in proportion to his quantity of cattle ;
—the farmers in the neighbourhood preferring
For the purpefe a full bite of grafs j for which
the Scotchmen pay very amply. The charges
On fale muft run high. The number of at-
E : tendants,

: : : :> 0 T E s.

Oct.

Df

!

:e of grais, ar»d t.
perhaps
couple of g".. ' mull lower the neat

j

.m feparately ■

1 -s do not bring t 3ck

upon the " Bullock Hiil" at once ; but let

pafbures until they are

nor do . t droves

ator

or perhaps in Scotland, until
. demand is likely to prove.
I did not learn the annual demand, on a par
.5 told that Tate ~ings

fome thoufands, p ar, into this :

It principally o:'
Gali led brer very

old -,
lack, fome brindled, i^me dun, and

i.l.)

DIBBLING

28.

O. - This morning rode again

fortunal I them 2: 1

• 1 ■ ? I orfolk are,

hilangs to fifteen fluHings

WHEAT.

1781. NORFOLK. 53

One man and one young woman dibbled, 28.

while three women and three girL dropped. dibbling

They proceeded thus : the man carried three
flags, the women two. The man was followed
by one woman, taking the firfl flag, and three
girls taking among them the remaining two.
The woman was followed by the other two
women, each of them taking one flag. When
the weather holds fair, the fet do about three
quarters of an acre a day, at ten millings and
fixpence an acre.

The man, the woman dibbler, and the two
women " head droppers," come from the Suf-
folk fide of the county : the other woman and
the girls are of this country j this being
their firfl feafon. One of them drops very
badly ; lbmetimes putting fix or {even " ker-
nels" in a hole ; befides fcattering a great
many upon the furface. This fhews the im-
propriety of fufFering children to come untu-
tored into the field. The head droppers do it
very quick and very neatly ; dropping two,
three or four kernels in each hole ; and ar^out
five pecks an acre.

The diftance of the holes, and the method
of dibbling and dropping (except- the arrange-
ment of the droppers), exactly the fame asde-
E 3 fcrjbed

-:T

M I N U T E S.

28. fcribed by Mr. Barnard; whofc account is, I

DrBBLiNC am now fully convinced, a very faithful
T- The i'eed was brined and limed.

The droppers carried their feeds in b
hats fewed up about half 1 loving

an opening fufHcient for the hand, with a firing
by way of a bow or handle. A bufhel, with
the feed in it, flood in the middle of the cic.
out of this they replenimed their hats, eve
time they palled it.

The foil lightifh loam (too light I am afraid
to be dibbled with wheat), but had been marled
laft year. It is a fecond year's la)', and 1
p allured this fummer.

It is plowed fleet, and very badly, the f.
being much broken^ a: . .neven: wer: |

plowed a little deeper, which I apprrhend it
might be with fafety, the flags would not brr
fo much, and there would be a better bed for
the feed. The dibblers are obliged to keep a
light hand, and make their holes fhallow, left

otherwile they fhould frrike ; 5 quite

-:>ugh the fb-

The flags are rolled before
after dibbling ; the latter with a made

of a Ibong large hurdle, covering fc .
half a rod at once.

The

1781.

NORFOLK.

55

The plow and roller keep time with the dib-
bles -, for if much rain fall upon the flags they
daub, and are difficult to dibble ; if the wea-
ther prove dry, the find runs in, and fills up
{he holes as faft as they are made.

28.

DIBBLING
WHEAT,

29.

October 28. In May lad, I made an ex-
periment with lime for turneps, by fpreading a
chaldron of lime (at the rate of three chaldrons
an acre) acrofs each of two pieces of turnep
fallow, and marked the fcripes with Humps.

No apparent benefit arofe from the lime, un-
til the late heavy rains fell j fince which the
plants have flouriihed, and the good effect, of
the lime is become evident.

In March lafl I alfo made a fimilar experi-
ment with lime for larky -, but the crop did
not, in any ftage, receive apparent benefit from
it. The furnmer, until after the barley had
finifhed its growth, was dry.

In the experiment with lime for wheat (fee
Mint. 18.) the crop received no apparent be-
nefit from the lime until the foil had been
moiflened with fu mm er rains.

From thefe and other obfervations I am of

oninion, that lime does not ail as a manure

£ 4 until

MANURE.

TURN'EPS,

BARLEY.

WHEAT.

LIME.

Ǥ MINUTE S. Oct,

2q. until it has been thoroughly flaked in the

foil ; and, from the laft mentioned incident, it
feems as if the rains of Jiimmer were n?c
to promote its operation.

furze- Novimder 6. In a furze gsound, in which

food. a large plot was cut down lad winter, there is

now a crop of youpg moots from two to two
and a half feet high : if thefe were now mown
(which if the flubs be cut tolerably level they
might be with great eafe), there would be I
apprehend two load of tender fucculent herb-
age an acre.

If furze tops be that hearty and wholefome
food they are reprefented to be, how eafily and
with what advantage they might be in this
manner collected : Cut the flubs low and level ;
mow j and bruife the herbage with a bred
v/ooden wheel in the cyder-mill manner.

1 ...nds which will afford no other crop will
produce furze $ and although poor lands would
not throw up moots like thofe alluded to,
.z crop might, no doubt, be mown, and
the moots, if very fhort, be collected in a re-
ceptacle at the heel of the fithe.

I me::-

!7$r. NORFOLK. 57.

I mention this incident, and communicate my 3°*

reflections upon it, the rather, os I have not met, furze-

. FOOD.

either in theory or practice, with the idea of
collecting furze-food with the fithe ; the only
thing wanted, perhaps, to bring it into com-
mon ufc.

Si-

November 10. The Bullock Hill at St. maijurj.
Faith's is laid to receive no benefit from the
teathe of the bullocks, which every year are
fhewn upon it daily, during a fortnight or three
weeks.

This year it was wheat j and if one may
judge from the ftubble ( notwithstanding the
wheat was dunged for), the crop was a very
indifferent one. — The foil alightiihfandyloam.

This is an interefling fact. It is faid to be
owing to the worthlefmefs of the teathe of
1 drove bullocks." This I much doubt, how-
ever ; for n\t bullocks being many of them in-
high cafe, and kept in grazing-grounds about
St. Faith's, fome of them perhaps within a
quarter of a mile of the Hill, the driving is
little more than the driving of fheep to a fold.
Some of them may, no doubt, come onto the
Hill immediately from Scotland; and they are
ail of them of courfe driven more or lefs; and
mei£ may be Jome truth in this opinion.

That

M I N U T t 5.

Nov.

3 I . That the teathe of lean fcock, and more : ir-

ticularly of coats, is much inferior to that of
fatting bullocks, is a fact univerfally acknow-
ledged throughout this county ; and this may
in fome meafure be accounted for from the
vinous matter carried off by the milk of
cows, and imbibed by the vafcul. es of

lean flock in general. On the fame principle,
if (lock be hard drivr ...ufted by

perfpiration, and want of regular nouriiliment,
r teathe may become infipid and of little
ufetolandj con: this reafoning rr.

be applicable to the Bullock Kill at St.
i lith's : but, as before has been obferved, t]

ambers that come in good condition, and
from good paftures, a: a very fmall diilance
from .--hill, and there is no obvious rea-

fon v :-;athe of thofe fhould not be nearly

■ : fatting cattle : therefore,
upon the whole, i: feems probable that driving
tie does not produce this intereftdng fact.
Wt not venture to think it poflible, that
mav be fatiated, or tired, even of the dun»
1 in queftion has been the
f a Urge fair for can ring time im-

memorial : perhaps, were the fair removed and
jil man.. ..e, marl, Qr fuch other

ijSi.

NORFOLK.

S*

MANURE.

new manure as experience would point out, it
might continue to throw out great crops for
many years.

This is a Subject worth investigating ; for grassland.
upon old grazing-grounds, which have been
fed and teathed with cattle during a length of
time, the dung which falls from them cannot,
pn this hypothefis, be of any ufe to the land ;
confequently the ftock may, without injury to
the pafture, be driven off in the night-time to
teathe fome arable land j or the dung may,
with advantage, be collected and carried oft;
whilft by mould, afhes, foot, &c. the gra£-
|and may receive improvement.

32.

November 17, To-day, compleated the
Cf roofing" of a reeded barn.

I have attended particularly to the method of
laying the reed, and of fetting on the " roof-
ing" of this building.

The method of laying reed is this :

No laths being made ufe of, a little of the
iongeft and ftouteft of the reed is Scattered irre-
gularly acrois the naked (pars, as a foundation
to lay the main coat upon : this partial gauze^
like covering is called the " fleaking."

On

THATCHING
WITH REIDo

r U'T'E-S.

C - 2 the m:

-. fpars bv means oflong

- . _ — bid the

middle of the reed, and tied to the fpars n
rope yarn ; or with <f bramble bone: :h,

re much in ufe ; bur which are
nc nearly laid afide, efpecially for new

ro:

Reed is not laid on in longitudinal courfes,
thatch is ufually put
on, nor is the whole eaves fet at once. The
workman begins at the lower corner of the
roof, r n -.and for inftance, and keeps

an irregular diagonal line, or iict, until he
reach the upper corner to .
Anarr

.:- fkaking fcatttred

-;£," by

I :nick,

. and

He I

on his {way (a rod about the Hzc of a

edc- -es from the lower

.:: his afilflant, on the

• -
in this cafe, clofc to
-i. The

REED.

1781. NORFOLK. 61

thatcher draws it through on one fide of the 2>l*

fway, and enters it again on the contrary fide, laying
both of the fway and of the fpar : the afilftant
draws it through ; unthreads it ; and, with the
two ends of the yarn, makes a knot round the
fpar; thereby drawing the fway, and confe-
quently the reed, tight down to the roof:
whilft the thatcher above, beating the fway
and preffing it down, afiifts in making the
work the firmer. The afilfrant having made
good the knot bdow, he proceeds with another
length of thread to the next fpar -, and fo on
till the fway be bound down die whole length ;
namely, eight or ten feet.

Another ftratum of reed is now laid on, up-
on the firft, fo as to make the entire coat eigh-
teen or twenty inches thick at the butts ; and
another fway laid along, and bound down,
about twelve inches above the firft.

The eaves being thus completely fet, they
are adjufled and formed ; not fquare with the
fpars, but nearly horizontal: nor are they
formed by cutting ; but by "driving" them
with a " legget ;" a tool made of a board
eight or nine inches fquare, with a handle two
feet long, fixed upon the back of it, obliquely,
in the manner of the tool ufed by gardeners in

beating

MINUTES. Nov.

beating turf. The face of the leggct is kt
with large-headed nails to render it rough, and
make it lay hold of the butts of the reed.

Another layer of reed is laid on, and bound
down by another fway, fomewhat fhorter than
the laft i and placed eighteen or twenty inches
above it; and above this another and another,
continuing to fhorten the (ways until they be
brought off to nothing, and a triangular corner
of thatching formed.

After this, the fways are ufed their whole
length, whatever it happens to be, until the
workman arrives at the rimming; corner.

By proceeding in this irregular manner teams
between the courfes are prevented i and unne-
c diary Shifting of ladders avoided.

The face of the roof is formed and adjufted,
like the eaves, by driving the reed with the
legget j which operation; if performed by a
good workman^ not only gives the roof a beau-
tiful polifhed furfacc, but at the fame time
fallens the reed ; which, being thickeft to-
wards the butts, becomes, like a tapering pin,
the tighter the farther it is driven.

Reed running from four to fix or eight feci
long, the heads meet at the ridge of the roof,
whilil the butts are drill at a diftance from each

other

1781.

NORFOLK.

«*

other. For this reafon, as well as for that of
the wear being lefs toward the ridge, the
Ihorteft (which is generally the word) reed is
laved for the upper part of the roof. But even
iuppofing the uppermoft courfes to be only
four feet long, and that the heads (belonging
to the two fides) be interwoven in fome degree
with each other, the butts will frill remain fix
or {even feet afunder; and the ridge of the
roof confequently be left in a great meafure
cxpofed to the weather.

To remedy this inconveniency, and to give
a finifh to the ridge, a cap — provincially, a
" roof" — of ftraw is fet on in a mafterly, but
in an expenfive manner.

In this operation, the workman begins by
bringing the roof to an angle, with ftraw laid
long-way upon the ridge, in the manner in
which a rick is top: up ; and to render it firm,
to keep it in its place, and to prevent the wind
from blowing it off, or ruffling it, he pegs it
down (lightly with "double broaches/' name-
ly, cleft twigs, two feet long, and as thick as
the finger, fharpened at both ends, bent dou-
ble ; perhaps with a twift in the crown ; and
perhaps barbed, by partial chops on the fides,
to make them hold in the better.

This

LAYIN'C
REED.

SETTING OS

ROOFEETS.

6* * E £

:2. Tii . Ac workman layi a coat of

v •; .v, fix or eight inches thick, acrols

L.r ridge ; beginning, on cither fide, at the up-
permoit butts of the reed, and finishing t

-light hal venly acrols the top of

the ridge.

Having laid a length of about fou- feet iri
this manner, he proceeds to fallen it rir:
dc as to render it proofs :nd and

ra:.".. This is done by laying a1*' broach
;2;er" (a" quarter-cleft rod as thick as the
foor feet in length) along the
<^r of the ridge j pegging it down at every feuf
•r. ; jbic broach, which is firft

: i with the hands, and afterwa:

■ c r with a mallet Med
. The middle ligger b

-r frrrooths down the

..is, about eight or

i d : :ies on one f: dc : :hes from

:her ligger, and pegs it :

I a fimilar number of double broaches :

thus [mooch the draw, and to

: inches, until he

. h the bottom of : One fide rinilh-

in the fame manner ;

length being coi ", another

and another len6 .;:i;hed as the

firft j

x;8i.

NORFOLK.

65

firft ; until the other end of the ridge be .32.
reached. setting gn

He then cuts off the tails of the ftraw, fquare R00FLETS-
and neatly with a pair of fhears, level with the
upper moft butts of the reed ■, above which the
Cap (or moft properly the rooflet) fhews an
eaves, of about fix inches thick.

Laftly, he fweeps the fides of the main roof
with a bough of holly ; and the work is com-
pleted.— (For the expence, fee Buildings
and Repairs, Vol. I.)

33-

November 17. A very fecure way of laying buildings.
pan-tiles is fometimes practifed in this country.

Having nailed on the pantile laths, the tiler
diftributes reeds, fo as juft to touch each other,
between the pantile-laths ; and, to keep them
in their place, inferts one end of a piece of old
plaftering lath, or other fplinter, under the
tyling lath •> prefTes it down upon the reed ;
and inferts the other end under the next lath ;
weaving, as it were, thefe fplinters between the
pantile laths and the reed.

Upon the reed he fpreads a coat of mortar,
and on this lays the tiles.

For dairy or other leanto's, and for common
garrets, the reed is covered on the infide with

Vol. II, F a coat

06

M I N U T E S.

Nov.

JO*

LAY!

PAN-TJ1.H.

a coat of" plaflering ; v. ith the fpars,

&c. being white-warned, gives a neat appear-
ance at a very trifling expence ; and keeps the
room as free from dud as if it were lathed and
ceiled.

This is not a common practice ; but it is a
very good one ; and is much cheaper than the
ordinary practice of " interlacing" with
plaftering laths.

34-

HEDGES. November 19. It is not the earlieft-done

hedging which makes the flrongeft ihoots from
the (tubs. A piece of hedging was done en the

lands late Mr. 's in the month of April.

The face of the ditch {lands remarkably
well i and the (hoots of hav/diorn, cut down
clofe to the face, are uncommonly numerous,
and large -, fome of them being near five feet
high.

Perhaps there is an advantage in cutting
thorns at that time of the y< lien they

haye been cut off in winter, the fpring air has
no furface to act upon ; except the flump,
which barely fhews its head above ground :
whereas thofe which fland till the nip begins
to flir,have, by their quantity of furface, rouled

the

INC

NORFOLK. 6-

the fap in the root, without having yet ex-
haufted any of it -, confequently when the top is tiMB of
taken off", the llub throws out many and
ftrong ihoots.

Therefore, i - be £ocd, there

is a judicious moment : .: cutting hedges and
underwoods : namely, when the fap has begun
to rife, out before any part of i: has been ex*
led : and perhaps this time is when v..t
tree or fhrub is beginning to bud : the your. 3;
quick againft Sufneid Common was cut i
ftatCj and the fhoots arc r - . W ftrong *.

rt -

or

BUILDING.

November 23. Ha ndyfeer

mifchiefs done to the ieanto porches of barns j
by loads of com be n furiouily againft

them in harveft ; I have long wiihed to try
fome method of prevention.

In building a new barn a: Anrhngham, I nocCTMM
threv; the en 0 old beam . jambs

of the fide-walls ; lb as to reach acrofs the
f. . _ r, at the entrance of :. \ ; low enough

* Ti-
ded for hedging mater,
ar: Le : iaralde thar. ben ... -
the fap is d .

F 2 to

•

fi| M I N I7 T E S. Nor.

: : to tike the top of the load, and high enough : 1

beout of tt ::ing a man 1

his flail to give the wo

I find, however, that either the thrafher, or
the bricklaye r I miftake j for yc

day the thr: i me, that he frequently

r, I oine

-ore, he fays, would be high
enoughs he ~-ing a middle-fized

. a foot may be necefiary : and ter.
:en as a ger.tr.2l hejgj
The mi ufually done by large lc;

cdaXtf if the bam floor

i) the horfes are

oed to ex rrength ; but the

led upon the floor, no ."_.--

r erthelefs the

pirited, or not a

command, nifh furioufly on till to c to a

check the roof f the porch*

■~all loau 5 no extraordinary exer-

hor-
^ppedatpleafure. Theheight
of a pair of full-fized barn-doors is foo
feet, znd

There -

1781.

NORFOLK.

fore, in every refpecl, ten feet high is a pro-
per height for a Check-Beam.

69
35-

CHECKBEAM

36.

November 25. Oaks are obferved to grow planting.
beft, and make the fined plants and the moil
beautiful trees, when they are railed undifturb-
ed from the acorn. The oak having naturally
a ftrong tap root, it is almoft certain death to
remove a large plant, which has not been
tranfplanted, or tapped, whilft young : never-
thelefs if the tap root has been properly taken
off from the feedling plant, it may afterwards
be removed at pleafure with fafety.

Oaks may be tapped by taking up the
plants and taking off the tap root with a knife,
or they may be tapped as they ftand, with a
tapping iron, or even a common fpade ground
to an edge. This, being introduced at a pro-
per depth beneath the furface of the ground,
cuts off the tap root ; leaving the principal part
of the lateral horizontal fibres undifturbed.—
When the plants have got Urge (four or five
years old for inftance), this is perhaps the fafeft
way of treating them j for the lateral moots, in
this cafe, receive no check whatever, but con-
tinue to throw up a regular fupply of fap to the
F3 plant;

7o MINUTES. Nov.

56. plant; whereas by taking them up, and remov-

tappixg g them into afrelh fituation, they are fever.:!

• y begin to work -, in which time
the plant may receive irrecoverable injury.

A feed-bed of oaklings, five years old, I
treated in this manner. In March- April, tap-
ped diem all with common fpades, gro
(harp j pruned fuch as were in any dep-
(rraightj and headed down the reft near the
ground, to throw out ftraight fhoots to be
trained.

t a plant I fee is dead.
Had there been more of them cutd
effect would have been ftill better.

37-

jrriNG. :ber 25. A ftriking inftance of : -

cefs in / \ng large oaks for ftanJards oc-

on Gunton Common. Scarcely a -
of fome thoufands, has miiearried, and very
few which do not :

A perfon, who had fome 0
nefs of this plantation, tells ;.
cmpl i a couple of hor-

..lmoiL all the firft fummer after they were
to water them; not by II, but

This

i;Si. NORFOLK. 71

This was a rational method; a pailfullonly 37*

tantalizes and balks the plant ; whereas a hogf- planting.
head depofited at its root affords a natural and
regular fupply, to be drawn upleifurely by the
fun, during the courfe of the fummer.

38.

November 25. The afh delights in a moift THE ASH
fituation, and will thrive even in an undrained
moory foil. How healthy and luxuriant are
thole on Gunton Common, which grow upon a
low moor)'- fwampy part ; almoft upon a level
with the water : and even thofe en the ozier-
beds vie with the aquatics.

The afh is a thirfty pi it. The road under
an afh is obferved to be always comparatively
dry; and it is probably from this abforbent
nature, that it is lb great an enemy to the her-
baceous tribe. Turneps, a fucculent plant,
ftarves under the afh ; and corn never thrives
in its neighbourhood. — Clover, haviever,feems
to be an exception to this theory.

It is, neverthelefs, an undoubted fact, that
the afh is a deflruflive enemy on arable land j
and it is highly improper to plant it in hedges.
It ought to be planted in wafte nooks and cor-
ners; or perhaps, for two reafons, on unim-
F 4 provable

■

7i MINUTE S.

?S. provable fwamps, and on the fpringy fides of

•.sh. hills : it would be rendering them ufeful as
fites of plantations ; and, perhaps, by its ab-
forbent nature, woidd render them firm.
~ul The alder, on the contrary, is obierved to
make the ground it grows on frill more rotten
and b it ought therefore, for two rea-

;" cr to be planted ; namely, the injury

to the land, and its own worthleflhefs.

39-

: : 16. This morning took a : -

•

:breds," or Norfolk
y ; no Scotch drovers frequenting it.
A neighbour bought nine three -ycar-
(corr • m flrcrs, four fpayed hei-

fer;. " , at 4/. -j. 6./. apiece.

A farmer in the neighbourhood bough: two
c fame age, I , though la:

not out of condition, for - .

Somekind-grov r-olds (coming)

were alked : eccfor.

Cows and calves fell very low in Norfolk.
They were fold today from about rmynve
to three pounds te: igs a couple.

It is alfo obferv.. lock — " itraw-

" — fell very

•

1781.

NORFOLK-

73

time of the year; while fuch as are forward 39*

enough to be finifhed with turneps, or with the holt fair.
addition of a little fpring grafs. fo as to be got
early to market, fetch aflonifhing prices. —
Witnefs the forward cattle today, and the bul-
locks at St. Faith's.

The reafon is this : — A farmer has fo many
more acres of turneps than he wants for his
prefent flock ; — he mud therefore either run
the rifque of felling his turneps, or buy (lock
which he can finifh in the fpring, otherwife he
will be overflocked the next year.

It is obfervable that the heifers (of the nine cattle.
abovementioned) are forwarder than the fleers;
infomuch that the purchafer hopes to finifh
them with turneps ; but the fleers, he expects,
will require fome grafs at the lpring of the year.
It was an obfervation made, and agreed to, that
the grazing grounds, about Foulfham, (where grassland.
thcic came from) fatten heifers faflerthan they
do fleers. In corroboration, a byflander faid,
that he this year lent a parcel of young frock
to thefe grounds; the heifers came home almoll
meat, the fleers little better than when they
went.

This, if a fail, is highly interefling.

November

74

4--

If I N U T E S.

4.O.

How profitable arc the lit
Tattle to the

who has re; : for them to n

— D bough

green fair (juft tweh three

ftraw 2nd ruH which nothing clfc would

hav- until the month o:

ry were turned into fomc ws,

(wo : they

remained until September: fince when they
have been at good lattermath. They are now
fome of 1 te fat, and the reft ne.

. the) are worth about fix
poi iecc.

Suppofing each occupied an acre of meadow,
wl ges) reckon at 0120

>ver and ab dung 050

Ten v. ; ttcrmath, at two kil-

lings (the price for iuch cattle) 1 c o

£1 "17 o

A neighbouring farmer bought a parcel at
;.mc, and at the fame price; alfo
fen nes fo low as fivc-and-l

lines

i78i. NORFOLK. 7$

(hillings a piece] two of which he fold a few 40.

days ago for eleven pounds four ihillings, fatting

Thefe, how rre followers at turneps

the firit winter. In !* they were fent to

a grazing ground: fince harve.\ ive been

in the _ I " rowens," at good keep.

His ether bullocks '..lag but flrawin

winter; were lliifted in the meadows

.glummer; fince hanreft . ve been

in the flubblesj and are now at turneps. —
They have grown much, and are now getting
on very .

It is obfervable, however, that all thefe cat-
tle were bought in very che.

41.

December i. A prudent farmer, in this wheat.
Diftriit, makes a very proper diilinction be-
tween laying up " wheat-riggs" where there
are pheafants, and where there are none. A GAl 'z.
part of his farm, tolerably free from game, he
lays up in fix-furrow work ; but towards the
covers, in wide fiat b. ing found by ex-

perience that pheafants always begin to fcrape
on the fides of the furrows, where they can ea-
fily come at the grain ; the mould being there
loofe, and eafiiy falls back into the furrows :

therefore,

7*

4i

PLOWING

for
PHEASANTS.

MINUTES.

Dec.

therefore the fewer inter-furrows the lefs mif-
chicfthey are capable of doing: for while they
fcrape upon a flat furfacc, l< they bury two
grains by fcraping up one;" befides its being
a work of much greater labour to come at them.
He fays lie always " lays" to lofe the two
outfide furrows or drills : if, therefore, he laid
his land in fix-furrow ridges, one third of his
crop muft be inevitably loft, at feedtime ; be-
fides the depredations he is liable to, during
the winter, and at the approach of harveft.

42.
p£DCES. December 6. The mal-treatment of hedges

in this country is painful to look upon : and
there appears to be only one way of prevent-
ing a Norfolk farmer from deft-roving them.

Unneceffary reftrictions, I confefs, are hate-
f.il; but to fuffcr unneceflary deftrucHon of
tilings fo eficntial to an incloicd eftate as are
live hedges, would be equally unpardonable;
and I am determined henceforward to (tern, if
(Jiblcy th Milices, lb prevalent in this

country, of cc 011. I "cutting kid*:"

• '•Outholling" — fcouringouttheditch — provincial!/.
the " holl"— for manure, without returning any part of

e mould to the root] 1 quick.— " Cutting kid :"
— tucking OjT the lower boughs of tail hedge: ; leaving

v.idc-

t;8i. NORFOLK. ;;

A regulation of this kind will not be taking a2.

from the farmers the privilege of cutting kids hedges.
for their <f paryards," nor of collecting mould
for their yards and dunghills ; but it will be
obliging them, while they furnifh themfelves
with thefe two necerTary articles, to do juftice
to their fences.

Under this regulation the farmer will not
calculate how few rods of ditching he can make
fhift with; but how many loads of mould and
hundreds of kid he mall be in want of. Thus
the intereft of the tenant and that of the land-
lord will become intimately connected.

43-

December 14. This autumn, I met with a sowing
fmgular inflance of /owing wheat after turneps
by two-furrowing. (See Soil Process.)

The firft plow fkimmed the flirface, and
threw it into the laft-made trench ; on this fur-
row the feed was fown, and covered with the
bottom furrow brought up by the fecondplow;

wide-fpreading tops, to over-hang the young fhoots, and
{"mother the underling plants; rendering, of courfe, the
bottom open and fcncelefs ; while the roots of the for-
viving tree like plants, being left naked of mould, thefe,
in length of time, dwindled away for want of a proper
fupply of nourishment. See art. Hedges, vol. I.

the

M I N U T E

Dec.

43'

WHEAT.

thefeedfmar. eeping between thep

^gthefeedbv r.veen the furrows,

n off very thin, the two
ed only a mei
. .

an fini fried from
an acre t The harrow

ling plant

.
This method is fbmewhat tedious j but
:s come up h "

face, of ; e from rubbifh.

Thr i do not come up in drills, but

promifcuoufly ; occupying :

::> think pre-
ferable to their (landing in rows: and, no

efoilinthi; temoftu

occupied by the plants.

44.

Dkcimbeb 17. 7

N k have a very expeditious way of fcour-
ing-out old drains, which are g:

They rirft mark out the edges of the drain,

rnment, cut-
tins

1781.

NORFOLK.

79

ting thro' the whole depth of the mud. If the
drain be wide, they make another cut along the
middle, and then crofs it, fo as to feparate the
whole into large fquare pieces of three or four
fpits each.

The workman then takes a large hook, with
three flat prongs, and a flout long wooden han-
dle— provincially, a " mud-croom," — and,
franding by the fide of the drain, draws out the
"tiuTucks;" placing them regularly on either
fide -, and, laflly, with a fnarp fhovel, forms the
bottom of the drain, and fhovels out the loofe
mould.

44.

SCOURING
DRAINS.

45-

December 18. In my ride, this morning,
I obferved two or three inftances of youn°-
hedges which are ruined, through the bank's
being fet injudicioufly on the upper fide of the
ditch.

Ditches on hill fides fhould be made to face
up-hiil j efpecially where the fubfoil is fpringy.
For if the fprings work through, under the
bank, they foon undermine and let down the
face, together with the layer, into the ditch. —
The outfide of the ditch mooting in is of much
lefs confequence.

HEDGES.

1782. Ja-

So It 1 N tt t t Jan.

46. 46.

7 v~» t782. Takuary g. C - .1 good

andmar. -olds were ra-

ther finaH; he £ud, Yes, :.. .: ding-,

I his rurneps were but
and that he was too c

he now wifbed he had done better by his flore
beafrs : for fa : found : J befl

— 1 is, for good 1.
T te obfervaticn of. Ic, elder-

ndicious, capital farmer ;
erience.

47*

RENT-DAYS. JaNWA** }. .

:s fhouf
produce of the country, and

— He ought not to be oh
to d produce to a difadvantage, nor

rice. Nor ought he,

r his money is received or due, to have too

preat in. left he may be tempted to

ich, in zh^ end, mi
both himfc-lf and his landlord.
In a c

farmer t :

1782. NORFOLK. 81

his rent at: he has jtlft time enough to do 4-7.

bimfelf all the injury poffible. Stimulated rent-days.
by an honed pride of carrying the whole ba-
lance ; or fearful cf the frowns of his landlord ;
he hurries out his corn, unmindful of the low-
nefs of the price, or the wafte he is commit-
ting on his " ftover."

Were he called upon at Michaelmas, he
could not commit this unpardonable wafte :
if at Ladyday, he could have no temptation to
do it. Befiaes, at Chriftmas, tithe, tradefmen's
bills, the landtax, and other quarterly r:.tes,
come upon him : and it is no: the lcfs of the
Hover only, but the mealmen and maltfters,
knowing his fituation, take their advantages.

This year furnifhes a ftriking inftance of the
impropriety of receiving at Chriftmas, in Nor-
folk,

We have not, yet, had fcarcely fo much as a
hoar froft, nor one flake cf fnow ; cattle, in
many places, are even ftill abroad, at grafs; yet
the major part of the tenants of this neighbour-
hood have already thrafhed out three-fourths of
their corn. Many of their yards are covered
feveral feet thick with ftraw, with fcarcely any
intermixture of tearhe ; and fome of them
without being fo much as trodden.

Vol. II. G There

MINUTES. Jai*.

4"- There is another evil confequence, in Nor-

rent- days. f0ij.:j 0f j-eceiving rents at Chriftmas : it is full
as much as the poor farmer can do, with all his
mifchief, to raife money for his landlord : he
dares not lay out a milling on bullocks to feed
o!r nis turneps ; which he is of courfe obliged
to fell at fuch a price as he can get, and have
them eaten off" when, and in what manner, belt
fuirs the purchafer ; whereas, had he time to
thrafh out his corn deliberately, he would find
money to buy bullocks, and to pay his landlord.
Suppofing the farmer to have paid his lad
(hilling to his harveftmen (which God knows
is at prefent the cafe with farmers in general),
his only refource ft confequently his crop. He
firft begins upon his wheat, in order to raife
money for his flrvants wages, and the parifli-
rates, at Michaelmas. His f at mull

next be thrafbed out, or purchased : a few bul-
locks are probably wanted;and the next quarter's
rates, tithe, and tradefmen's bills, mull be paid
at Chriftmas. Thus without opening one fheaf
R>r his landlord, he muft do confiderable in-
jury to his (lover. What then muft be the con-
fequence, if, in the fame time, he thraih out,
in addition thereto, more than his half-year's
rent ?

How

*78i. NORFOLK. Sj

How differently this matter would ftancl, aj,

were tenants indulged, until the latter end of rent-days.
February, or the beginning of March.

The bufinefs of the barn would then take its
natural and regular courfe : the fervants wages
and Michaelmas ratesbeing discharged, and the
feed-wheat and fome bullocks being provided,
the farmer would, about the beginning or mid-
dle of December, get his flock into his yards,
and begin in earneft upon his barley.

By Chriftmas he would find no difficulty in
difcharging his tithe, tradeimen's bills, and pa-
rim-rates ; and would have the two principal
months for thrafhing before him (befidesper^
haps a furplus in hand) to raife money for hi*
landlord.

His rent being cleared up to Michaelmas,
and his flails dill being of courfe kept going,
hisEafter and Ladyday rates would be regularly
paid i befides a furrlcient overplus for the pur-
chafe of fuch clover, or other feeds, as might
be wanted during the fpring feed-time.

In April and May, his bullocks travel to
market, and, by the beginning of June, his
purfe begins again to overflow ; but after this
his receipts are trifling.

The beginning of June, therefore, is the

time when he ought to pay to his landlord as

G i much

84 MINUTES. Jan.

47 # much money on account of the current year's

rent da rent, as would leave him a fufficiency (with his
dairy and other fmall receipts) to pay his Mid-
fummer rates, and get in his harveft.

The fiiit of March and the firft of June
have one peculiar advantage as rent-days ; not
only in Norfolk, but in every other country ;
they do not interfere with quarter-days ; and,
in Norfolk particularly, they are leifure times
of the year.

48.

lUXUXNC. January 10. It is economical to lay tiles

en mortar 3 or ceil the room they cover ; they are
otherwile iubjecr to every guft of wind ; not
from its action upon the outfide, but from
finding, when pent up on the infide, an eafy
pafiage through the covering.

An inftance occurred, the other day : afarm-
houfe had two or three yards lquare of tiling
blown off by the late winds -, not on the wind-
ward, but on the leeward fide of the houfe ;
and from over the only room about it which
is not ceiled.

49.

January 10. How ftrong and lading is
the current of cuitom ! The Norfolk farmers,

while

1782.

NORFOLK.

«£

while corn fold high, were afliduous to culti- 49.

vate every inch the plow could reach : old gen. man.
marl-pits were levelled: nooks and corneis
grubbed, and broken up : and even bogs were
converted into arable land. Grafsland, of
courfe, became wholly out of fafhion, and to-
tally neglected : and now when corn is low,
the fame practice Hill prevails : fcraps of ara-
ble land are dill purchafed at more labour than
they are fometimes worth ; while the meadows
are fuffered to remain a difgrace to the coun-
try; notwithftanding they would pay trebly
for improvement.

5°-

January i i. The other day, I obferved meadows.
in the practice of a fyperior hufbandman the
following method of defir 'eying anthills. With
a common fpade, ground fomewhat fharp, he
divided the hill into four quarters. "With the
fame inftrument he then pared off the fward of
the quarters, an inch to two inches thick;
leaving the triangular turves pared off faft at
their bafes, folding them back upon the ad-
joining fward. This done, he dug out the
core of the hill; chopping and fpreading the
mould abroad; and leaving a hollow bafon
G 3 where

36

MINUTES.

Jan.

50.

ANT-HILLS.

- the hill flood, in order to collect the
winter's rains, and thereby effect a radical cure.
Laftly, the folds of fward were returned as a
cover to the excavation, leaving the furface
graffy, nearly level, and fcarcely diicernibie
from the furrcunding fward.

This operation is aptly called " gelding j"
and, though not univerfal, is a moll excellent
practice.

Between Michaelmas and Chriftmas is the
proper time for performing it; for, then, the
excavated mould becomes tempered by the
winter's rains and frofls ; and the folds of
fward have time to unite with the foil, before
the fummer's drought fet in.

meadows.

GEN. MAN.
FARMERS.

5*-

January 13. What a difgrace, and whata
field for improvement, are the meadows of this
county ! The farmers hire marfhes and grazing-
grounds at the diftance of twenty or thirty
miles, and give high prices, when at the fame
time many farmers might, with a common
mare of attention and management, have them,
at a much cheaper rate, within the limits of
their own farms,

But

J?82.

NORFOLK.

*7

But cuftorrt and prejudice are doughty
champions to deal with: whilft a Norfolk
farmer is beftowing more " coft" upon his
arable land than, at the prefent prices of corn,
he can ever regain from it, he is u doing rare-v
ly well by his land;" but the moment the foot
of improvement fteps onto his grasslands, be
it even to open a few gripes to let off the fur-
face water, the eyes of the country are upon
him ; for he is " buying his meadows." —
Were he to carry a load of muck from his par-
yard to his meadow land, a ftatute of lunacy
would be the probable confequence.

Prejudice, however, is not the only thing
againft the improvement of the Norfolk mea-
dows. A want of knowledge in the art of
draining is a filler caufe ■, for of the few who
attempt to drain their meadows fcarcely any
are acquainted with the method of performing
it properly. They make their drains much
too fmall, too numerous, and cut them in im-
proper directions ; nor do they ever go to a
proper depth to do the work effectually ; for
mould they chance to dip to a bed of gravel
they have done wonders, and there they flop ;
for their fpades and " mud-crooms" can go no
farther.

G4 Nor

5*«

CENT MAN.
OF FARMi.

MEADOWS.

88

MINUTES.

Jav.

51-

MEADOWS.

>LMR.

Nor is the method of drainbrglhi only part
of the mifmanagement of the Norfolk farmers
in regard to t'reii meadows,— they do not fcem
to be awirr tl at jrtffurt is a main improve-
ment of boggy moory hnd, I have never
fcen nor heard of a roller being drawn over a
meadow fince I came into Norfolk !

There are, however, feme few exceptions
to this general maltreatment of mratfcwn to
be met with.

The Rev. Mr. Horfley of Swayneld has
drained his meadows in a caritai ftyle, and Mr.
Samuel Barber of Stanr.inghall is manuring his
•with foot, &c. and clearing mem from ant-
hills, frrze, alders, and other incumbrances.

Tiis laft is a great nuifance in meadows ; an
alder not only encumbers the \yoi it Hands on,
but is allowed, on ail hands, t Bender moory
foil flill more rotten. It is a viie inhabitant of,
or in the neighbor; nood of, a meadow -, for the
feeds being blown about by the wind, they are
trodden by cattk intti Ac foil over the area of
the meadow j where fpringjng up among the
herbage, the y >ung plants embitter the grafs,
an : render it altogether unpalatable to flock.

In impr >ving meadows, the main object u> to
difer.^age the mould from collected inpiiture :

for

2782. NORFOLK. 89

£br while any part of the black mocry pc.it- 5 1 .

bog foil lies in contact with water, the whole meadows,
will, like a fponge, be filled with moiilure :
and i: is in vain to attempt to render the fur-
face dry, while the bottom remains in water,
Therefore, drains deeper than the bed of moor
are eflentially necefiary.

Meadows have generally a rivulet running
through them: this, although it may have
worn itillf down to the gravel, mould never-
thelefs (as it in general may) be confiderably
deepened i enough to lower tht fur/ace of the
water below the mcor; and ftili enough more
to allow for a defcent in {he drains to be laid
into it.

The rivulet mould be deepened (as mould
all c? water-work" be performed) in autumn i
when the foil is in its firmed ftate : not in the
(pring [as is die almofr univerfal practice ),
when the moor is fopped with water, and the
guickfands all alive.

The rivulet, or other common fnore, being
lowered j and the fand or grave] (if any)
fpread over the adjoining moor (or, if a bad
mould, ufed to level the inequality), and the
f.u face-water (if any) let off into the fnore;
fhe meadows ought to remain, in this fcate until

the

MINUTE*

die en:::'r:p; a ywet

-ds the main dr:. 7 ac-

quired a degree c4 \, perhaps, iurncient

Tiitofth tins being cu:

full dep:

Very rotten rr.£ ■' nn a blowing

however, with
propriety, b" r.nifhed the r
in thefe, the upper moory ftrarum alone mould
be raifec ] the edge off the

h.
I - the courie of : r the

mould c. ::rned over to fof

lion; and to bur ::h never

fail to grow upon it in gj
which b I "fap,

. ;
of the whole mafs.

3 —
the ir ties done in

J oyer the furface ; :.n be

Bu: mould the '.: foftro;

- the fides o{ the d j no

• the third

.ng the nnifhing fpit until an

I the fub-

1782. NORFOLK. }l

foil firm, and the fprings are effectually killed. 5 1 •

This is dividing the expence ; doing the bufi- meadows.
nefs effectually ; and treading lure ground.

The drains fhould not be cut, as is generally
the cafe, perpendicular to the rivulet j but
either parallel with it, or, if their mouths be laid
into it, in an oblique direction ; in order that
thev may aft more effectually upon the iub-
foil ; as well as to clear their mouths the better
at the rivulet.

Nor mould the open drains be too numerous:
by that means the roller and carnages are
prevented from being turned between them,

Above all, the drains ought to be made of a
Sufficient fize : their depth mould be regulated
by the depth of the moor and its fubftratum of
quickfand, and confequently by the rivulet,
which ou?ht to follow the workman a confider-
able way up the new-made drains. Their width
ouojit to be fufficient to deter ftock from at-
tempting to crofs them ; otherwife the fides are
fbon trodden in, and the ftock endangered.

Nothing is more common than to he.tr o{
ftock being fmothered in the meadow-drains :
laft iummer, a horfe was fmothered in a fuite of
meadows, which for a trifling expence might
be made firm enough to bear any ftock, ai j
Jay feveral weeks before he was found.

The

9* MINUTES. Jav.

5 1 . The utility of large wide drains is obvious in

vs. a meadow adjoining to the fuite abovemention-

ed ; a drain fix or eight feet wide, and five or

fix deep, lays dry a meadow of eight or ten

res: a carriage might, even pour, pafs with

fifety by the fide of ir.

If the beds be made Iels than D -rds

wide, there is not, as has been obferved, room
to turn a roller or waggon with fife cy upon
them ; if, therefore, the open drains, at :.
mee* be not fufficient to make beds of that
wry and firm, under-dr-
ruld be laid into them.
If the beds be made wider than thirty yards,
a carriage will be wanted to let about the mould,
which rifes out of the new-made drains, and
ill after.'

:s of the bottoms.
But if they be made within that . man

re the whole without that
rial expence j e mould be

in the firft inilance, as far as may be from
is, and be afb gitovrr,

removed ftill farther from diem, the farther!
fhovel-fuil will not require to be caft mo: •
ten yards.

It is obvious that, in draining a meado .

paltry gripes and water- furrow

.

i;S2.

NORFOLK.

9y

with which meadows in general abound, would 5 1 .

become ufdefs ; and would require to be filled meadows,
up with alders, other rubbifh, and dead mould,
dug out of the new drains. The furface mould
however ought, as above intimated, to be re-
ferved for a better purpofe ; namely, to be
fpread over the finifhed beds as a manure. —
Its effects on a meadow which, lait year, I
had frequent opportunities of obferving, were
ilriking; it appeared to kill me rufhes
other aquatics ; and brought up a thick matt
of white clove/, and other luxuriant graiTes,

52-

January 19. A fingular inftance of fat-
ting fwine now occurs in this neighbourhood.

The other day, Mr. S. CiC. had thirty or
fcrty bacon hogs at peas j put into long open
Troughs, in the middle of the yard. Now, he
has fifry or fixty porkers at barley and oats.

The pigs look healthy and well, and, Mr. S.
fays, fat apace. He keeps the yard well-litter-
ed, and ihcy have water to go to.

He fold fifty laft week at the Kill a: Nor-
wich at nineteen millings and fixpence, and
.-"•-- more this week a: home at feventeen fhil-
iings.

SWINE.

$4 Minutes. Jaw*

C2 ■ lings. He bought them a few weeks ago at

fatting about half a guinea a head.
swink. pje fuewe j me one which he had killed for

Walfham market : trie meat was peculiarly de-
licate, and quite fat enough ; it weighed four
done, valued at four (hillings to four (hillings
and fixpence a (lone.

Mr. S. (ays, he not only finds that they fat
very fad ; but riiat the drovers are particularly
fond of pigs fatted in tliis manner j they travel
better than fty-fed hogs; and do not (hrink Co
much with their journey.

They are making him a valuable yard of
dung, with very little attendance, and without
the expence of houieroom. There is a cart-
(hed in the yard, under which they may run in
bad weather.

Mr. S. argues in favor of his plan, that pigs
never do bctte r than when they help them-
felves, as in ftubbles, or at a barley-rick : give
a pig acorns, he fays, in a fly, and they are
wafted upon him ; but let him pick them up
himfelf under the oak, and he will get fat.

Mr. S. mixes one bufhcl of oats to a coomb
of barley ; in order that the pigs may grind the
barky, and thereby prevent its paffing through

them

1782.

NORFOLK

9i

them whole. It has the defired and, indeed, i
ftriking effect. — Mr. S. broke feveral parcels
of dung, but not the trace of a whole grain of
barley in the yard. The oats not being a fa-
vorite food, prevent the pigs from eating the
barley too greedily ; as well as being hufky,
they require a longer time to be chewed. Mr.
S. treats buck in the fame manner, with the
fame effect : peas I find are net unfrequently
put among buck for the fame purpofe.

This is to me a new idea. Mixing chaff
with oats for horfes, to promote the maftica-
tion of the latter, is an old, and now almoft
universal, cuftom ; and mixing different forts
of food for hogs, in order to obtain the fame
valuable effect, is felf-evidently judicious.

S3-

January 24. Mr. S. of W. a Heady mo-
ney-getting farmer, rears his calves in this man-
ner. (See rearing Cattle, Vol. I.)

He begins about Michaelmas, and continues
till about Candlemas.

Their food is fkim-milk with a little wheat-
flour. They have alfo chopped turneps in a
trough and hay in a rack.

As foon as they learn to eat turneps freely,
the pail is entirely left off ; the turneps afford-
ing

52-

FATTING
SWINE.

REARING
CALVES.

CALVLS.

tf> || I N U T E S. Jak.

53. ing them both mert and drink; thefl

rearing li::.c h?y being their only fufterance. Some
fern* thenioatsai ■; but Mi

Ing.

The time of their Caking to turneps i- 1
certain : where there have

learnt tD ear turneps plentifully, t'
ones readily learn, I : - crumbs

made by the old ones *.

About March, die firfr-reared are turned
among I .3 bullocks, in Lhe day:

and in a few days, if the weather permit, are
turned out altogether.

During fummer, they are kept in the clo-
vers, or at other high keep ; and, by -
tumn, are flout enough to ftand the paryard.
This is efleemed a main advantage of rearing
calves early in the feafon ; for thole reared late
in the fpring want two years nurfing.

The price of calves, about ten days old, is
eight or ten lhillings ; and of buds or yearling?,
from twenty to thirty (hillings ; fo th
millings is an out-f;de produce of a reared
calf; fifteen millings, perhaps, is nearer the par.

• Breaking the turneps -with a naDet has been found
to induce calves to take to them fooner than « hi
arecut with a {harp-edged tool. Pel .them,

and mixing the pulp with milk, would be f:ii] better.

This

i?3i. NORFOLK.

This cannot be adequate to twelve months ex- <- , b

traordinary care, expence, and hazard j efpe- CEN man.
cially to a large farmer, who has, di prefent, UF cattle.
more material objecls to attend to.

Mr. B. of the fame place, convinced of
this, rears no calves : he finds that he can at pre-
fent buy young home breds and Scots cheaper
than he can rear his own (lock. But Mr. B. is
a good judge of Hock. For a fmall farmer, or
for any one not thoroughly converfant in the
bullnefs of buying and felling, it may be more
prudent, and certain, to bring up his own calves:
fpr, having learned from experience, how much
ftock his farm will carry, he goes on mechani-
cally \ fo many cows — fo many three-year-olds
— an equal number of two-year-olds— and the
fame number of buds — with every year nearly
the fame quantity of turneps and clover to feed
and fat them on. If his turneps prove under
par, he f.-lh part of his three-year-olds ; if
above, fells part of his turneps ; and this fcems
to be the ncdirral hnfis of the Norfolk huf-
bandrv.

11 H 54.

05 MINUTES. Jmm.

54- 54-

[as'uarv 24. The following is an accu-

ratc account of the peat grounds of the fens.

The " turfman" pays for rent £.040

i cutting from 11. 6d. to is. 019

For " chimneying" (that is, piling

m lattice-wife to dry) 006

For boating to the ftaith 6d< to is. o o 9

£*> 7

Profit and hazard (great quantities
are fometimes (wept jrway by the fioods)o 1

The felling price, per tb:i>J.:».l £.0 8 6
The peatSi when cut, are about four inc
iquare (but dry to about three inches and a
quarter) -, and from two to three feet long, or
cf a length equal to die depth of the moor ; —
. foot of which, therefore, affords nine
: each yard 81 : each rod 2,450^ : and
acre 392,040 : which, at 4s. per thou-
find,amountsto the fum of £.7 S. 8s. 2d. an acre :
bcfides the additional advantage of having un-
covered a ftratum of earth, which, in many
parts, produces reed, fpontaneoufly ; and on
which, it is highly probable, that valuable
aquatic might, on every parr, be propagated.

J

tjf8i

NORFOLK.

9?

55-

January 25. The farmers of Woodbaft-
wickj in the fouthern part of this Difrri£r,, have
their marl chiefly from Norwich, in boats
round by Yarmouth, forty or fifty miles. Some-
times they bring it, by way of back-carriage,
from Thorp-next-Norwich, about fix miles;
at other times from Horftead, and other neigh-
bouring pits, convenient for back-carriage :
none within five or fix miles,

The ufuaj quantity fet on is eight or ten
middling loads an acre. At Norwich they pay
one milling— at Horftead eighteen pence a
load, uncallowed.

The carriage (as back carriage) is reckoned
worth about three fhillings or three fhillings
and fixpence ; fo that it cofts them about four
to five fhillings a load ; or fifty fhillings to
three pound an acre.

The marl brought by the wherries is worth,
at the f/taith, about four millings the middling
load.

55'

MARL.

56.

January 25. Mr. ofWoodbaftwick

has eleven large Scotch bullocks (from fifty to
H 2 feventy

FATTING'
CATTLF,

103

MINUTES.

56.

OCKS
ARDS.

we) at turner's ;>/ the yard. They c if
nearly two load a day — fix would eat about a
load. — Thfcy are given to them whole (except
the tails, which are cut off in the field) with
tops on ; in double bins ; with fl
■red about :' ; fencing them I

as fodder and litter.

Thefe bullocks coft [ .: of October

one with another about 7/. ioj. a head. Sup-
pofe they weigh I Latter end cf Apr:',

ty ftone on a par, and fell for four {hillings a
(lone; the produce, dcdu tfie expenceof

wiil be about 4/. — ..:
. ::. — at jr. aftc. -. -.".
If fix bullocks eat a load of turne;
one bullock would eat thirty loads in fix
months. Twenty loads an acre is efteemed a
fair crop. Therefore, at for. -
bullocks will p
. 1 ftone, 3/. 1 3 j. 4./. ; and "rone,

atter. - : \ .c fr.t

■'.em to fix ty ftone
a head ; which, I ppi nd, is near the :.

-

57-

January 25. — Mr. Samuel Barb-
~acy may be depended on, fays, d

acres

i;S2. NORFOLK.

ic*

acres of turneps upon his Stanninghall farm, $-j.

have carried thirtyflve fatting bullocks, fol- efllocks
lowed by forty five cows, highland catde, and abroad.
other lean Hock, together with fourfcore fat-
ting fheep, five weeks and three days ; that is,
reckoning eight fheep to one bullock, forty five
fatting, and fortyfive lean bullocks -, from
forty to fifty (lone each.

In fix months thefe bullocks would not eat,
at this rate, quite fixty acres : but the turneps
are very " thight" and very good.

Mr. Barber attributes the good proof of his turneps.
turneps this year, on his Stanninghall farm,
chijfiy to their cc thightnefs." He lays he
never minds how clofe the hoers leave the
plants, fo that they draw their hoes between
them. He fays he has fuffered fome pounds
this year on his Baftwick farm, through the

rs, in his abfence, being fufiered to hack
them out too thin*.

The fame judicious hufoandman fays, he soil
treats his Stanninghall farm (a light dry foil)
for turneps, and for olland barley, in this man-
ner: the firft plowings, whether they be two or

■ M r. 3 .!;er of Southreps, whofe opinion, in this cafe,
is equally valuable, holds out the fame ideas; faying, that
e to his hoers, to fee that they do not
nts too thin.

H 3 thr.

1-2

M I N U T ]

SOIL
PROCESS.

TUR1

BARLEY.

FAR'

three, he gives very fleet, and fetches the foil up
the lait plowing a full pitch ; by which means
he lows his . ngft a mould which has

never been expofed to the drought ; and, con-
fequcntly, contains a degree of moifture
favor, hie to the feedling plants.

To this ma it he attributes, in fome

mealurc, his gicat fuccefs in turneps this vear.
They are indeed the bell in the t and

on a foil whereon rurneps have not grown
any degree of fuccefs, for rrj" ny years.

For olland barley, he endcvcvjrs to break

the flag as little as poffible, fo that the grafs be

d : he therefore would chufe not to break

up his olland till after Chriftmas. With this

procefs he fows the barley abovefurrow.

58.

January 29. In a conv to-day,

with two of the firft farmers in the county, a
comparifon between the prefent times and thofe
of fifteen to : .:go, became the lub-

ject.

The price of barley was, then, from five
(hillings to feven millings a coomb ■, of v.
from ten millings to fourteen millings ; and
c fliillings and fixpence a ltone. Now,

barley

1782. NORFOLK. 103

barley is eight {hillings, wheat twentytwo fhil- 58.

lings, and beef four ihillings to four fhiilings farmers.
and fixpence -, yet, in thofe days, farmers had
plenty of money, and actually increail'd in
riches ; whereas, now, they are moneyless, and
are every year finking in poverty.

To explain this paradox feemed difficult :
the price of day labour is fomewhat decreafed j
fervants wages the fame, now, as then; houfe-
keeping fomewhat more expenfive, as to the
price of its particular articles ; but, upon the
whole, it is not more fo j for farmers, principal
farmers, now keep lefs company than they did
in thofe times. One of them obferved, that he
pays the fame price for a coat, and the fame
for a fhirt, he did formerly •> and as to market
and other peribnal expences, he is clear that
among capital farmers they are lefs now than
they were then. The poor's rate, it is true,
falls heavy at prefent ; but he fays that he pays
only fourteen pounds now for what he then
paid ten pounds : this therefore is not of mate-
rial confequencej and this excellent hufband-
man, fennble and well informed as he is, feem-
ed willing to affign the caufe to fome inexpli-
cable hidden myftery.

H4 At

: I X U T E S. [a*

■

the

: of former, and di enl

fcverty of the

^.re mc:
formerly i. :he

bourhood th- — h

common c rr.er ev

-:ed to take :
a want of | : and nv

and ftill more d
jh rare of intereft to be mide on
nt fecurity, the mod ere

difperfed in the cour:
tradefmen v ill called

Thi fully the

of - ! and thr

preient : but it does not explain why farmers
former/ rich, b

The late rife of rents at cm vte-

It myftcn,'. F< :he

^ht afTift the farmer in p
c 6cc. to 2n ad\*

by
tcreft which he had annual;

from the cc
■

■

: — . NORFOLK. i —

i,

)pdfing (anna to be railed thirty $2.

per c : .in the laft fifteen or :

and fuppofing that, . ; farmers,

. iic ia the poor's rates, and the extra ex-
pence of houfekteping, is adequate to the ad-
vance of produce ; i :r who nov.
makes ends meet on a farm of one hundred

••• pounds a year3 had formerly afurplus of
thirty pounds left in his pocket to buy'ftock,
&c. at the beft market *.

This, even the fecond year c: his leale, he
found of greal itagc ; bet the third year,

the thirty became fixty ; the fourth, ninety, or
perhaps one hi the inO

or a proper rr. it of the money, had

creafed his flock -, fo that by intereit upon in-
tereit, or by at he of the mo-
ney, a carefal, induftrious.. c man found
himfelf, at the tr.d of 1 ic
leafe, to be worth eight hundred or one thou-
.: conlequentiy got, very de-
fervedly, the name of being a rich farmer.

* A itriking inftance oft tot of

money to bfl the markers are lc :

-

I have been

■ .

[f-a-goinea - '.

i:6 I N D T E S. Jam.

Bui fe.of the man who now takes a

of farm of a hundred and rhirty pounds a year, is

i- fr-
ill rent.

Let us fuppofe him to have a capital juft

fufneient to fto

. ipences

His crops turn rably, and, having

common good luck with live ftock, the :.

produce of his farm juft c :pences,

buys him a new coat, and pays his landlord :

but this done, he finds himfclf without a G

left in his pock'. .:iurc, or to go

-er is not all. In the courfe of
r, he lofes a cow, perhaps a horfc. —
:o be done ? He is pennylefs, and
./met borrow a milling in the whole count-
er do v.:

irm, or fell fomc other |

bis ftock to replace them with.
The next year, his wheat or his turnep crop
-

he confequenrly
his
if. ., land :

or he is

FARilZJtS.

J782. NORFOLK. 207

keep his landlord in temper: the confequence 58.

need not be traced.

Thus it appears that the poverty of prefer.t
farmers, more particularly of middling and
fmall farmers, refults in fome meaiure from an
advance in the expences of houfekecoing and
an advance in the parifh rares ; but principally
from the prefent fcarcity of money, and from
the late rile of rents.

59-

February 5. In (inking a well near Gun- the oak.
ton-Home, the workmen, it feems, traced the
tap-root of an oak, through an uniformly white
fund, to the depth, I think, of twenty feet. —
The tree was neverthelefs uncommonly healthy
and beautiful.

This fhews that a ftrong foil is not necefTary
to the production of fine oaks.

There might, however, be one circumftance
favorable to this oak. The ftratum which it
grew in might be impregnated with the drain-
age of the houfe and offices ; for of fo abf ;r-
bent a nature is this bottemlefs bed of fand,
that it drinks up the whole drip of the houfe,
together with the overflowings, and wafte wa-
and filt of every denomination.

Nor

SUBSOIL.

■ - .
>il. nflarna*

nt i'ubfoil of the cou:

• - ■

]

-

bi five,

:red
from the

ills loft their ur

-■'.-ever, . fc>e

•-dickering the foundarion, and

fc.rrr.ing an arc :x>t or underpinning to

— 2 tall fer.

Vfalj :: N ; and a .at

n: of k
good houfe, v.

Th . at the I

x in propor: gree

ed.
whole wall has

a tall fa may be ne-

- cafe, fupp
•

I/S2.

NORFOLK.

I0&

foundation is generally more prudent: — a large 60.

buttrefs fwallows up a great quantity of brick buttresses
aj%d mortar ; and, when raifed, is but a tempo-
rary relief.

A large blue flate forms an admirable rcof
for a buttrefs : — an infcance occurs upon An-

tingham-hall farm.

6r.

February 5. A neighbouring farmer hav-
ing one fide of a clofe of turneps, which he
could not confume fail enough to be fown
with wheat, he cut off their tops with a fpade,
gave the tops to his cows, carted the bottoms
into a new-made adjoining ditch, (backing the
c:j.r:: and (hooting them in) and covered them
over with a little ftraw 3 and, over this, with
bramble kids, to keep the frock from them.

Here they lay until wanted in a froftj when
the cart was a?ain backed to the ditch, and
the turneps loaded with a fork.

He fays, that his beace eat them as well, or
better, than frefh-drawn turneps ; and that, in
general, they came out as found as when they
went in. Had the tops been depofited with
the roots, they would probably have brought

on

PRESERVING
TURNfPS.

IKj

M I N U T E S.

on a fermentation, and ha\ : whole

EPS- - not this practice be extended tc

p: :eps in the fpring ?

Turneps, this year, began to run the begin-
ning of Januar ingenei
got fpring moots five or fix inches long ; ai
if the prefent open weather cor
muft be confiderably exhaulled, and the land
very much drawn; loi cks in
general are fmifhed, or graft begins to grow.
But if they were now (when labour is cheap
and plentiful) topped and carted into dry
ditches, or formed into (lacks with draw*,
their goodnefs might be preferred, and I
I be got into for for barley.
they were flacked in or near the yard;
there would not, for fried or flraw-yard bul-
locks, be any labour loft.

"Whether, after this remarkably mild winter,
the fpring prove very mild, or very fevere,
they would, by this means, be removed out of
harm's -

62.
Tin ■ February 7. There is, in a grove a; Gun-

ton, a large afh, (at lead a load of timber

• Perhspi hurdles, fet chequcr-wife, would be I
renient receptacle?.

THE ASH.

ECONOMY.

1782. NORFOLK. in

it) which is dijbarked entirely round the item, £2

about a foot from the ground. On one fide

the upper and lower barks are feparated about

a foot from each other ; on the other fide not

more than three or four inches : they feem to

be drawing towards each o&er, and may in a

few years unite.

This tree was probably diubarked by deer, vegetable
from five to ten years ago j yet it is not only
alive, but apparendy as growing and healthy as
any tree in the grove.

63-

February 7. I have frequently cbferved
that the face of a ditch over which ivy has
ipread itfelf, ftands invariably.

Perhaps, on a fandy foil, where the face of
the bank is perpetually running down like an
hour-glafs, plant or fow a drill of ivy near the
feet of new-made ditches.

64.

February 7. The roof out of repair, the
v/hole fabric is in danger. — Not only the fpars,
but the " planmer," nay, even the ground-
Boor, I have feen rotten through a bad roof.

Perhaps,

mix

REPAIRS-

: I N U T E S.

round :o c Uy: if nothing be

• j upon ir, there : bt be half a

rloftj butifthei

in a courle of years, pro-
jonfider.

the roofs and
— the ten for ir

•'..-•- y, t - "■ .. ly en h to n nind h

65.

February 7. A ance of

::cnt of meadowland in Kor-

: a.rs upon the church-f .

T!

has loft ieveral cat-
— &c '.]. ?ron of a horfr
.

I :t ins :
-- ableexpec

... — ro him

n it for only one year certain) I

could not '. than five fhillings

_

die

i?82. NORFOLK. tIj

trifling expence of twenty millings an acre, pro- £ ? i

perly laid out in the courfe of next rummer, it

r ' . MEADOWS.

would, in two or three years time, be worth
from twelve to fifteen millings an acre.

I will give an eftimate of the expence, to
fhew the real improvement which the mea-
dow lands of Norfolk are capable of.

This meadow is a parallelogram lying on a
fiat, and contains five acres, two roods, kven
perches.

A rivulet runs on one fide of it, upon a bed
of gravel, and five or fix feet below the furface
of the meadow. Acrofs the meadow, perpen-
dicular to the rivulet, are two drains, grown up'
with haffocks, and trod in by cattle ; and round
it is a w:atery ditch, alfo full of grais and mud.

There are about eighty flatute rods cf
ditching, and about forty flatute rods of drain-
ing.— The ditches might be fcoured for a
milling, the drains be opened for fixpence,
the long rod.

80 flatute is about fixty three long

rods, at. Ts. - - £-33°

4.0 ditto, about thirtyone, at 6d. o 15 6

£j 18 6

£ut the drains could not be opened level

with the rivulet for that money ; nor could

Vol, IL I they.

MEADOWS.

J14 MINUTES. Feb.

65. they, for that, be made fences: for one mil-

ling a rod they might, I apprehend, be done
effectually, which is an addition of 0156"

I 4 H o
Nor could the ditches, perhaps, be
carried round level with the rivulet
(which they ought to be, the workmen
leading a dead water all round) for one
milling a rod : for fourteen pence I be-
lieve they might : this is a further ad-
dition of - - - - 0106

£5 4 6
Befides this, three trunks, or arches, would
be wanted as an entrance, and for communica-
tions between the beds ; the ftufr, too, would
require to be fet about : thefe, however, come
under the idea of annual and ordinary expences;
we may therefore fay, that for the inconfider-
able purchafe of five guineas an improvement
worth fifty or fixty pounds might be obtained.
Perhaps, when a meadow is fo fituated that
the rivulet cannot be funk below the moor, lay
the main drains into wells, dug at a convenient
a\C(z from the rivulet, and ptimp the ?r-
ning water into it. One length of tree would
.'id a man would pump out a great quan-
tity of water in a day •, x. are a few days

works

tj%2.

NORFOLK,

"5

works compared with the difference between a 65.

drained and an un drained meadow ? draining.

Perhaps, a ftubborn quickfand might be <^"ICKSAND-
overcome by digging a well near it,

66.

Februarv 8. It is an excellent, cuftom of cattle.
the Norfolk firmer to erect rubbing pojis in die
different parts of the incbfure he is feeding or
teathing ; they keep the flock from the fences, "
and fumifh them, no doubt, with an agreeable,
and perhaps a falutary, amufement.

Some, I fee, draw the crown of a tree, with rubbing
the lower part of the boughs left on, into the
middle of the clofe : this is lei's trouble than
putting down a port, is eafily rolled out of
the way of the plow, and feems to be (till
more agreeable to the cafde.

POSTS.

67.

Fz b r d a r v 9. Mr. Arthur Bayfield (whole
good knfe and judicious management have re-
peatedly engaged my attention) lows the prin-
cipal part of his wheat in four-furrow work,
with this peculiarity : — He lows only half the
feed before the plows. (See Wheat, Vol. I.)

The firft plowman fets out a very wide

" back ;" fo that the tops of the firft two fur-

I 2 rows

sowing

WHEAT.

*s6

MINUTES.

Feb.

67.

SOWING
WHEAT.

rows do but barely touch each other. The
feedfman follows, and fows the remaining half
of the feed in the trenches made by the firft
plow. — Another plowman follows, and, with a
neat narrow furrow, covers the feed and makes
up the ridges.

It was on my obferving to him, the other
day, the evennefs with which his wheat comes
up, that he told me his method of putting in
the feed.

Farmers in general, he thinks, fow too much
•of their feed on the warps, by which mear
tops, of the ridges have more : por-

tion of feed ; unlefs the ridges be made very
narrow, which occafions a lots of labour.

Mr. B.'s four-furrow work is nearly as wide
as the fix- furrow ridges of fome farmers ; and
it is impofiible for wheat to come up more
beautifully than his doc-5 this year.

68.

ti rneps. February 9. Laft year, there were tur:

fafcl as high as 5/. an acre -, a price fcldom, if
ever, before known in Norfolk. At the begin-
ning of this feafen, four pounds ten (hillings,
fome fay four guineas and a half, an acre was

re

TURNEPS.

1782. NORFOLK. 117

refilled forturneps — The fame turneps are now 68.

worth about three pounds. — Good turneps are price of
fold for fifty fhillings, tolerable ones for forty
Jh Mings.

The reafon for this rapid fall of turneps is
twofold : the opennefs of the winter, and
the fcarcity of bullocks, this year ■, owing
to their high price at Michaelmas, and to the
poverty of the farmers.

A. gives forty millings for tolerable ones,
and is allowed to bring fome home j but he
pulls and tends the reft himfelf {A. fays pull-
ing and draw is worth twenty millings).

B. took in lean three -year-olds at two mil-
lings a week, but their owner would not con-
tinue : B. therefore fold him the turneps at
fifty millings an acre (middling) ; B. to pull
2nd tend; but the purchafer to find ftraw
(B. reckons pulling, &c. worth ten millings an
acre\

4

C. agreed (early in the feafon) with P. at
three pounds; P. to pull, tend, and find ftraw j
which C. reckons at fifteen fhillings, viz. five
(Killings the ftraw, and ten fhillings the attend-
ance.

I 3 £?,

US

MINUTES.

Fib.

69.

BULLOCKS
TUR!

69.

February 9. It is a general obfervation,
that in this remarkably warraopen winter, fhed-
bullockshave Lyj while bullocks

abroad have done extremely well. ---A perlon,
who is a competent judge in this matter, in-
ftances fomc bullocks, which he law the other
:hat have fcarcc any thing, during

al weeks they have been at turneps : —
his remark was, that they lv.cat out as much
as they lay on ; that their coats are continually

their backs being covered with dro:
fwc a : .

In cold winters, bullocks are obferved to
do bell in fheds ; but they do not travel fo
well to marker, as bullocks fatted abroad or in
the open yar .

This being an interefting fubject, and of
great importance to this and every other light
land Diftrict, I have collected die particular
practice of fuch individuals as bufinefs, or
other circumftance, has -

Mr. Ea:b; r, at Barb* ick, (a fomewhat tt nder

cs his bullocks turneps in bins in the

it Stanninghall,(a dry firm foil) he

keeps them wholly abroad, fhifting them every

two or three days, giving then

flrav ick,

Mr.

AT
TURNEPS.

1782. NORFOLK. .119

Mr. Thomas Seago, of Hanworth, throws 69.

the beginning of the feafon, and afterwards bullocks.
chops the turneps, and gives them in bins in
the ftrawyard.

Mr. John Hylton, of Felmingham, fats them
abroad.

Mr.ArthurBayfield,ofAntingham — Abroad
in the day j and, if near home, puts them into
the ftrawyard at night -, but rather than drive
them any diftance, backward and forward,
keeps them abroad altogether, with very little
ftraw. Says, that his land being light requires
to be trodden. Thinks that bullocks kept wholly
in the yard mould have their turneps in cover-
ed bins,^— a kind of double narrow fhed acrofs
the yard j for in cafe of froft and fnowy weather,
the turneps given them, overnight, in open
bins, are frequently left untouched, and are
obliged to be taken out, and replaced with frefh
ones, the next morning.

Mr.Robins Cook, of Felmingham — Abroad
In the day 3 in the ftrawyard at night ■, no
turneps in the yard, nor ftraw in the field.—
Says, they eat the ftraw greedily on their
coming into the yard in the evening:— ufed to
give them ftraw upon the headlands ; not feat-
I 4 tered

ito • MINUTES. Fkb.

69. tered about thin, but all in one place, fo as to

ei'li.ocks be able to make a little manure ; but this W2S
TfRNErs. cnh" becaufe he had not a fpare yard to
" flow" them in.

At Albro' (a more tender foil) he ufed gene-
rally to graze half a dozen bullocks in the
houfe : he attended them himfelf, chopping
all their turneps. They eat, he fays, (contrary
to common opinion) as many turneps in the
houfe as they do abroad : fix of them more
than a load a day. Four o'clock in the after-
noon, he fays, is their principal hour of eating :
— ufed to rack them up with the tops : the
offal thrown to the buds.

Mrs. Swan, of SufEeld, fats them abroad.

Mr. Fofter, of Brad field— Abroad s with
ftraw fcattered under the hedges.

Mr. Jonathan Bond, of Wallham— Four-
teen abroad.

Mr. Henry Helfden, of Antingham, fats
them at twe years old : — has no meadows, and
cannot keep them till three years old. Has
them always at "high keep :" being from the
time they are dropt either at turneps, clover,
or in the flubbles : — fats them abroad.

Mr. James Hellden, of Sufficld— Sixteea
abroad.

M

i}8a.

NORFOLK.

J2T

Mr. F. Le Neve, of Bradfleld, has ten
abroad, and two cows " by the head." — Why
keep the cows in the houfe and the reft abroad ?
M Becaufe the cows are backwarder than the
" other, and I fhall be able to bring them fcr-
(i ward by good tending in the fried."

Mr. John Joy, of Walfham, has five
Scotch •, one four-year old Norfolk ; eight
three-year-old ditto ; one two-year-old ditto j
and two cows with their calves by their fides.

The four-year-old Norfolk is a beautiful
bullock, and very forward : — the three-year-
olds, being more given to growing, do not fat
fo faft. Mr. Joy is clearly of opinion, that
four-year-old Norfolks will beat any Scotch.

The cows and calves are quite new to me ;
though Mr. Joy fays, that "running calves"
are, and have been, very common things in
this country. They are fent up to London
with the cows, and have been known to fetch
as high as fix or feven pounds a piece*. The
cows are very old; yet notwithftanding the

* I was afterwards told that a gentleman near Norwich
fold a year-and-half-old calf for ten pounds ! It was
offered to the butcher at nine pounds, or at five fhillings
a ftcce : he accepted the latter. On weighing it, the
four quarters weighed forty ftone! But it feems to be
y/ell underftood that ''running calves weigh like lead."

calves

69.

BULLOCKS

AT
TURNIPS.

EREED OF
CATTLE.

RUNNING
CALVES.

MINUTE S.

Feb.

69. calves draw them, the wonderful effect: of tur-

neps is fuch, that they are getting fat apace :
one oft :. (a heifer) is as deck as a il-

y dropt a dug of confiderable
fize : the other is not fo forward ; its mother be-
litxk milk.. The calvcf
as freely as : : of the cattle. —

"NY ha: an admirable end is this for old cows!
Some cf the three -year-clds, and the two-
i heifers; but, through the
gence of the cutter, fome of them have not
en clean fpayed, and are frequendy running
to bull ; a circumilance which is of great hin-
drance to d:cir fat:::

Mr. Joy ke mullocks entirely abroad;

l :n draw fcattered over the clofe ; or,

in hard weather, under the hedges : he never
puts them into the yard at night j thinking that
driving them backward and forward is preju-
dicial to their fatting,

Mr J' B id, of Southreps, has

t :_..:.: I mepsrj generally graz-

r-olds: this year they are rather

backward; but expects they w ill reach about

cc, v. ith about fix weeks grafs.

not finifh fo early

• be ke] I

1782.

NORFOLK.

I23

from the time they are dropt, they pay very
well. It is obiervable that the heifers are not
only forwarder but larger than the fleers, though
dropt at the fame time : they are open, and had
the bull about Chriflmas.

Mr. William Mann, ci'Bradneld, has fix/ zvo~
year-clds at turneps ; they are doing very well ;
and, with a little grafs, will be very good meat.
They were early calves (between Michaelmas
and Chriftmas) and have a mixture of the Suf-
folk breed in them. One of them (a dun, but
horned) will weigh upwards of forty- ftone : this
is one inftance in favor of the Suffolk breed.

Mr. Baker, of Southreps, keeps his beauti-
ful heifers bought at St. Faith's (See Mix. 27.)
entirely abroad ; giving ftraw under the hedges;
and {Lifting them every day: they have thus
far done well indeed.

70.

Februarv 9. In riding over the eftate, I
have alio made a point of collecting informa-
tion refpecting the rearing of calves, a fubject
of confiderable importance in every county.

Mr. Barber rears none : he fits his calves,
and kills them for the Ped market at Norwich,
(See Cattle, Vol. I.)

Mr. Thomas Shepherd, of Northreps, rears
none : but fhrewdly obferves, that he cares not

how

69.

FATTING
CATTLE.

BREED OF
CATTLE.

BULLOCKS

AT
TURNEPS.

REARING
CALVES.

MINUTE S Tim

to, many boors mi Mr. S. (2s

e of

-

■
can rear th

-. — , of — . gives m2k oooc :x>k

'.iand
red together in a trough, and hzy
rack (the hay bad): — begins about Chriftff
— -

ward one: .
CXJX ■ nee.

— Milk twice a
aril only (look well): — gives neither

I .rneps nor tops, all :

'he
" — s feafon in Au-

ft .
(bur i • •

-p-tops,
• jr as much I
k be fc:.-
^e.

•. —

I tur-

17S2. NORFOLK. tij

tended: much, he fays, der .1- 70.

ance. rearino

i C.1L

Mr. Robins Cook rears about fovelve j keeps
them at the teat twice a day, till three or four
weeks old ■, and once a day, till three or four
-weeks older : then offers them the pail ; out,
if they refufe, or are difficult to learn to drink
at that age, he leaves them to take their chance
at turneps, hay, and water.

Generally lofcs three or four a year in the

Kir. Arthur Bayfield rears twelve to fifteen:
ufed to rear eighteen or twenty. — Takes them
off the cow at a fortnight or three weeks old :
finds no difficulty in learning them to drink at
that age : — keeps them at milk twice a day,
until ten or twelve weeks old ; with turneps,
rurnep-tcps and hay; but no bran, &c. Cuts
the turnep-tops, to prevent their being littered
about.

r. Jonathan Bond, of North- \Yalmam,
keeps eight cows •, rears ten calves : buys
them chiefly of the drovers -.—drove calves
very dear this year ; from twelve to fifteen

* " Gargut," or "murrain :" taken fuddenly: prt-
fently becoa :; with the 2sln parched mmA

{hillings

o

nS

MINUTES.

Fes.

READING
CALVES.

OF
CATTLE.

(hillings at a fortnight old. Gives them tur-
nips, luv, an c pints of milk, once
a day. .v it too much milk, makes them
neglect the turneps ; but keep them fhort of
miik, and them : turns :. n

\pril ; by which

rime he reckons they coft him about twenty

a head ; and fays, that a bud of a

• be bou ive fhil-

|ng them up

If, he does not mils the charge of

them.

G loics two or thr by

the "

Mr. James Helfden, of Sumeld — !_':.
cows : rc^rs about ten calves ; fats nxteen t3

n of the mid/
gives his calves hay, turneps, and milk,

; after ten weeks or three
months, once a day : begins about die mi
of March to put his oldeft out into a piece o'f
turneps, three or

..bout and eat the turncp-r

Mr. keeps eight co v

: calves ; but turneps being fcarce, he rears
none this year, meaning to buy eight 01
bud: ..: ;... iales.

Mr.

1782.

NORFOLK.

iij

Mr. John Waller brings up fix : takes them
off at two or three days or a week old : milk
twice a day, as long as' he can give it ; and then
once a day, as long as he has it -y gives alio hay,
turneps, and bran ; but no oats.

Mr. John Joy takes them offat about a fort-
night old: milk twice a day, for about a month,
and once a day, for a month or fix weeks lon-
ger •, until they can be turned out in the fpring
into a pightle of turneps : alio gives them tur-
neps, hay, and barley draw, which, by way of
a change, they eat as well as hay. Mr. Joy
generally lofes ibme every year in the gargut.
He fays, as fooh as they are dead there is a jel-
ly formed between the fkin and the fiefh : they
are taken fuddenly, and die presently after be-
ing taken : lbme bleed and rowel them with
<f gargut- root" (hellebcrus ) in their tail

or dewlap : feldom recover.

Mr. , of Southreps, begins between

Michaelmas and Chriftmas. — Takes them from
the cow about three weeks or a month old, and
endeavours to make them "lufty;" — 2-ives
them about half a pint of milk once a day,
with hay, cats, and bran ; but no turneps. I
afked him why ? Ke gave me for anfwer, that
his father, mother, himfi I y of tlit fa-

mily;

70.

REARING
CALVES.

GARGUT.

MINUTE Fe*.

mlly, had res turneps: — he

added however, that oats and bran are hear.
->d; and that the rr.: ugh for them

r.o doubt, look

- Us. —

A B and bran

I -atthef: h he has

Sout three bulhels of c

f bran, in abou:

rri from the co
. about ten weeks old. Th
cxpence; not being above three-
pence a he ":f he be occur . He
raks in r

rhetum .en

':, hasalrr

I
■

\ ence a day until they do well u;
i or until he can I
l few hours m the day into a turnep clofe.
. is of lirtie uie to
after they begin to eat turneps well:
s whole; only tail:..

.

1782.

NORFOLK,

::;•

Oats nor bran : he is remarkable for fine young 70.

(lock : he is very affiduous in keeping his REARING

calves,
calves well-littered.

Mr. Henry Helfd^n, of Antingham, begins
before Chriltmas : takes them off at a fortnight
eld j fometimes at three weeks ; by which
time they get " rar Ay ftrong," but do not take
to the pail fo well : gives them new milk twice
a day for about a fortnight ; and Ikimmed
twice a day for a fortnight longer -t and about
three pints or two quarts once a day afterward ;
until the weather be warm enough to turn them
out entirely to turneps : gives them the ttirneps
id the houfe, whole, thrown upon the litter :
learns them by cutting off the crown, breaking
up the furface, and pouring milk into the ine-
qualities. If hay be fcarce or bad, gives a
few oats and bran : look very well,

7*-

February 10. Young Swann, of Suffield.
had, the winter before this, fome of the beft
turneps in the country. Seeing him, laft fum-
mer, fowing fome in what appeared to me a
flovenly manner, the furface being covered with
chick-weed, groundfcl, charlock, and other
rubbifh pulled up by the harrows, I aiked him

Vol. II. K why

so w:\-o

TURNEPS,

D T E S. i£E,

.is Ian J another earth be-
be lowed it. He antv/ered, that the land
not foul ; and that he, purpofcly, let the
feed "rom

the experience of two or th rs back,

eded bed when the (ctd
ing, that he be-
lieved the " wreck" fhaded the young plants,
and kept the fly from them. I afked him if
not in the v.-ay of the hoe : he
. for being ; and ten-

:o little or nothing, be-
: for the hoe.
Two or three days ago, I examined this clofe
:ps ; the riants are . than one

would wifh, (perhaps owing to their tx

Ded) but there is not a patch, deficit)
the " .ce.

Thei may be r.vo advantages arifing from
ng the foil lie fome time before the laft
plowing : it acquires a degree of texture.

-orable to the infant pi..
is prevented, by the dead weeds, from being,
afterwards, run together by heavy rains.

72.

:t . . Afkinj Mr. A. E

his . . . ..rtimes chcaked

turneps -}

17 8?..

NORFOLK,

i3i

turneps ; he faid no j he never loft but one in
his life. I afked him if he ufed a rope : he
laid he had one ■, but never ufed it, except at
the time he loft his cow. If fait and water will
net cure them, he pours down a hornful of
Jalt and melted greaje : fuch as hogslard or any
kind of common greafe. This he never (ex-
cept the once) found fail.

This is an idea worth preferving : warm oil
and fait would perhaps have the fame effect.

Mr. Bayfield, who may be called one of the
mod orthodox farmers in Eaft Norfolk^ is clear
in that a three-year -eld " homebred" will fat
as kindly as •&. four -year-old " marfhlander" or
" Scot."

He inftanced it, to-day, in a three -year- old
of his own bringing up, which he bought, when
a calf, of the calf-drovers ; and which evidently
difcoversa near relationfhip to the fhort-horned
breed. He is now at turneps with the reft of
the three-year-old Norfolk ftock; bur, notwith-
ftanding he was at head keep all laft fum-
mer, he is nevefthelefs ftill a rawboned grow-
ing fteer; while the Norrolks are as foft
as moles, and feveral of them begin to drop
their points. The Norfolks will fat to from
forty co fortyfour ftone ; the Line olnih ire, if
K 2 he

72.

CATTLE AT
TURNEPS.

BREED OF
CATTLE.

*3*

M I N U T E S. Fib.

72. he were to be kept another year, would reach

cf || loft fc verity.

Bjt this peculiar q\:-.!;:y of the Norfolk

flock dees not depend on fize ■, for Mr. B. fays,

l three-year-old Scot (dill frnaller perhaps)

b as difficult ■ :d marlh-

Jander. He fays, :: is bad managem-

;:; bu: b d on ur.:il they be four

years old, and th make famous " over-

year" bullocks : ad :: at that age

■9 generally pay for k

/ 0

FiniVAAT ic. I: feems to be a received
idea among the Norfolk farmers, that the ftraw
which b eaten by cattle is in a manner wa;
as to manure. Mr. S. I remember, as an argu-
■M rot of his pfa

in the ope what a rare parcel of

nock d ey make, compared with what ■ neat
beace" would hive rr.ade from I K ftraw.

" A parcel of lean hungry ftock, fays he, come
" tt up -11 the draw : fee there

" Hes a bundle of draw as big as a r.
': carry."

Mr. B. the fame

I ; howcv .rflion, h.

1782.

NORFOLK.

233

knowledged that a little dung and a little trod-
den draw do well together.

In the north of England, the farmers make
their cattle eat almoft every blade of their
itraw, fo that they have fcarcely any left to lit-
ter their flails with. Give a Yorkf.iire and a
Norfolk farmer equal quantities of draw, the
Yorklhireman would keep more cattle, and
carry out his dung at a lefs expence ; whjlft
the Norfolkman would make more muck.
But quaere, Whether is the manure better or
worfe ? and qusere, Which of the two, upon the
whole, is the better management ?

Much, perhaps, may depend on the quality of
the foil to be manured. A large quantity of
long dung would, perhaps, for ftiff cold land,
be better than a fmaller quantity of fhort. But
perhaps, for a loamy foil, ihort dung is the bell.

73-

FARM-YARJD
MaNAGEM.

74-

February 12. In my rides, this winter, I cattxs,
have endeavoured to inform myfelf refpecting
the ivinter -management of ftcre-cattle..

Mr. A. Bayfield's yearlings and milch-cows

follow his bullocks, and lie in the paryard at

night: his two-year-olds, and dry cows, go

abroad in the meadows, ice. in the day, and are

K 3 put

•■><■

MINUTE F.

the )

.all
them fonie . ' . jng

.re ftarved in the fpring, they are flint

.iif, healfojultiy
ob :eep than any other

liv-
ing.

-. JoJinHykon. — H. ■, he

I thefc he b
: for i and brings home fomc for
cows. Neither his : -;• .-ar-olds, nor even
bu i - >'ct broken a turnep th:. he

g the pri pan of the few turneps

he poq the gro.. .r>gy that he

mould be diftn .-' he had not a plenty of

feed in thi fo as to be able to fev

rhey got a te, and

ound coy
fta ■• .: hi Si -.-:.

. ' ■ makes

: -

fomc peor

1

he his loft three, t!.

i;?2.

NORFOLK.

Mr. James Hehcen, of 5ufEeld,ftows his bi
in a battened flack-- the end of a barn, y

• ... IAN. Of

He always takes car- to place inch c

ang-place, <2su ill require to be"
the beginning or* the feafbn ; fo that he has
every year, free in time. enoi ... Ives
par" (a good plan).
Mr. John Joy, oFV

■
folic

is his wi

' KEF

-year-old; .: ..:

(hilling 5,

bud .i

fh :::.--

II c g

. i

K 4

»3*

MINUTES.

Fib.

75'

CEK.

OF i

BREED OF

75-

February i:. Every foil fcems to have its
own flock.

In Lincolnfhire the foil is rich; the grafs long
and foft; and the fheep there are large and
inactive : h Norfolk the foil is lefs proJufHve ;
the grafs fhort and hard i and the fheep light
and active.

A fheep- walk, in this neighbourhood, (locked
jointly with thefe two varieties of fheep, con-
tains alfo a "variety of foil : one pan lying low
is a rich, moift foil ; bearing a foft rich
grafs : another lies high, and is a drier lighter
foil ; bearing a hard benty grafs.

The prefent (lock were principally bred in
this ground; and, whether Norfolk or Lincoln-
fhire, were many of them perhaps dropt
the fame fpot on the fame day; nevert'.
turn them mifcellaneoufly into this groun.l ~ni
they v. ill, in a ihort ti:ne, fcpantc themselves,
even to a fheep ; tne Lincolnlhires * dr.
off to the Lincolnfhire foil ; and the Norfolks
to their own dry fandy loam : and, whilft there
Continues a plenty of grafs in both parrs, the
two breeds will keep themiclvcs as diitinct and
feparate, as rooks and pigeons.

• ling a mixture of the Huntingdon ar.d Lei-

-rfhire breads.

76.

1 7 8a.

NORFOLK

'37

76.

February T2, The long-wooied ewes
(fee lad Mix.) have lambed with great diffi-
culty, this year. The fhepherd has been
obliged to afiift the major part of them.

Theft ewes were therefore kept at grafs until
after they had dropt their lambs ; the fhep-
herd having being taught by experience that
ewes at turneps are liable to mortify, on receiv-
ing the fmalleil injury in lambing j much more
liable than at graft.

77-

February ii. There feems to be fome-
thing peculiar either to the air or the foil of this
county. The face of a ditch, though formed
of a dead ill-coloured fubftratum of mould,
becomes, in a few years, black and rich in a
high degree ; fo as to be coveted by the farmer
almoft as much as dung. When he re- makes
his fence he carefully faves this rich, or rather
enriched, mould (for according to the cuflom
of ditchers the face is always made of the worft
mould) : or, if he throw down a fence, he as
afiiduoufiy preferves both the face and the back
for the bottoms of his farmyard or dunghills.

Does not this incident afford us an idea ap-
plicable to the enrichment of the foil in gene-
ral?

76.

BREED OF
SHEEP.

MAN. OF
SHEEP.

SOIL.

13$ I I N U T £ Fsb.

• y*\ ral ? Is it lig '..probable, th ig-

f dlow lb as to Referable i a of

ditches, or as nearly as cc. . im-

.....
meliorated ?

.
a common p'.

v or fix -furrow rid|

.: i plow i

g team, force u.

ngular ridges i which, in due
fed in a fimilar DO

*-

8.

Lafl ---m-

id froft and (now, I i

■
■
d .-

oil ; and

SHEEP.

1782. NORFOLK. 139

qf April ! — not one pitiful tone, nor a crooked 78.

back, among near a hundred and fifty. man. of

The ewes have been well kept all winter;
and have now plenty of turneps, and a rough
hay-ftack to run to. This {hews the effect of
good keep : the fhepherd very properly ob-
ierved, that let lambs have plenty of milk, and
they neither fear nor care for any weather.

What a pleafure, and how profitable, to do
well by (lock ! Had thefe ewes been ill kept,
numbers of lambs murt have been loft during
the laft fortnight of fevere weather; whereas,
with their prefent Mum of milk, fcarcely one,
of feven or eight fcore, has fuffered by it.

79-

February 23. A confiderable part of a rabbit
rm which lies toward the coaft, being hilly
and very badly foiled — more especially the
tops and fides of the hills, which have always
been full of rabbits in lpite of all endeavours
to deftroy them — the tenants laft year applied
for leave to convert this part, about ninety
acres, into a rabbit warren. Leave was given,
and an allowance made them of half the efti-
mated expence cf railing a fodwall fence round
thefc ninety acres.

The

WARIILN.

,40 N U T E S. F£B.

Th "nifhed, ?.nd die warren

ar, turned out beyond expectation :

it j lued, by or. light to be the bed

rth, at forty pounds a years

is nine fl m cere.

m, tncfe ninety aces are
an acre : at the |
| rice of not worth more

four ftiiljings an acre.

Thus, for ten pound, a real improvement of
twenty pound a year has been made and ie-
cured ; for the warrener v. ill, through ne:
:cr keep the fence in rej
The fence is made about ct high, and

three feet thick ; faced with greenfward ; and
capped with furze, i'o as to project eight or ten
inches over the face. Some of it was done for
a (billing a rod; but the fpring putting in,
fourteen or fifteen pence a rod of (even va:
i obliged to be giv

ing warrener* this winter, gives

nine-pence for die wall, without the capping;

I mean to put on till the wail

be thoroughly fettled. This i.s dicious:

ral rods of that abovementioned ihot c
in d

There arc i and

: the I psofthehil hhareinually

been

iySi.

NORFOLK.

14'

been tilled. Some of thefe were laft year, and
fome of them ought to be every year, cultiva-
ted for the rabbits : thus, when the grafs
gets foul or mofly, plow it up ; fallow ; fow
turnep-feed for prefent feed (they will not let
rape get up), and to prepare the foil for barley
and grafs-feed the enluing year. Thus a regu-
lar fucceflion of feedage might be kept up.

The way the Norfolk warreners take to de-
ftroy eagles, kites, and other birds of prey, is
natural and fimple. Thele birds are ihy and
fufpicious : they like to fettle where they can
have a clear view round them for ibme dis-
tance : a naked ftump or a hillock is their favo-
rite refling-place. The warreners, therefore,
raife mounds of earth of a conical form in
different parts of the warren, and pJ
traps upon the points of thole artificial hillc

79-

RABBIT
WARREN.

80. , -

February 28. About two months ago, I markets.
took a fample of wheat to Nofth-WaUham
market ; with an intent to make myicif ac •
quainted with the bufinefs of the corn-markets
of this country.

North Walfham is an afternoon market (fee
Markets, Vol. I.) -t cor: J by fimple j

feme

242

MINUTES.

80.

1

MA--UCET.

fome in die r. 'ace ; but

Inns.

of a miller, and
g that he cf quartered" at the Pear, I
went to his room (he was not in till .

-
: in a piece of b:

the cot
tered up in the hand, :h a

ftrin

He afked die price ■, I told him the beft he

I the

gum .

t % I . coombs.

i the
..per, and the
r.e.
His room was

the c
to the I

e the cc 1 and econ. •

— .tre-

t;§2.

NORFOLK.

m

Not having received for the two former par- 80.

eels, he defired I would give him a week's no- n.walshai*

. CORN-

tice before I called upon him for the money, market.
— Laft week I gave him notice, and this even-
ing I have been to receive it.

His room was full of farmers, fmoaking their
pipes, and drinking punch; excepting one, with
whom he was doing bufinefs at a fide-table^

My turn prefently fucceeded; and we agreed
the account thus :

1782.
Jan. 10. 15 Co. 3 B's." bare;" or 15
Co. fullmeafure,at2ix.a
coomb, or 21/. a laft of
21 Co. - - 15 15 o

26. 16 Co. 3. at 21/. 1 or. 17 211
Feb. 9. 15 Co. 3. at 22/. 10s. 16 17 6
16. 14 Co. 3. at ditto 15 16 1

63 Coombs bare £.65 11

From which he deducted u. a laft
(of 2 1 Co.) for what he called "car-
riage," being a perquifite to his fer-
vants, - - 07

£.6S 8 6
Having received the amount, figned a re-
ceipl, and thrown down a milling towards the
liquor, the bufintfs was finally concluded,

81.

N4

MINUTES

Fft.

81.

it.

: : Mr. A. B

::" I ■■
■

rjon,

s and

.own
-
" pc

a valua.

:'aat an old
bean : an orchard a .

is wheat antr 1 b -. ,
facr whea: 3 c: wbc .

$2.

M m 1. In drawing o5*.

i is ob&rable, dot rhofe
I
arc Kan

£
a L
ewe: *ai inlainb.

ifa,

NORFOLK.

'4>

83.

March 2. Afking a fenfible intelligent far-
mer, who rears a large proportion of calves to
the number of cows he keeps, how he gets
milk for his calves, he anfwered, " turneps
give the cows fuch a flufh of milk the calves
feldom want."

Turneps, he fays, are fine things for cows :
they fcour and cleanfe them, and fet them for-
ward in the fpring, when they come to be
turned out to grafs ; adding, that cows kept at
dry meat, not only lofe their milk in winter,
but the beft part of the fpring grafs is gone,
before they get to the full of their milk.

This may be one reafon why cows which
have no turneps do fo badly in this country ;
whofe hay is dry and ftrawy ; and the grafs far
from being of a fucculent quality.

TURNEPS.

COWS.

84.

March 3. This morning I flood a confi-
derable time to fee fome fatting heifers "break"
their turneps. Being all at feed, they let me
ftand among them unnoticed j and having
been about four months at the employment,
they performed it with a dexterity, which af-
forded me confiderable entertainment.

Vol. II. L k

BULLOCKS
BREAKING

TURNIPS.

l4* - I N U T E S. Mar.

8 a , In theory, it Teems difficult for an animal, de-

bullocks ftitute of paws, and with teeth only in one jaw,

RREAK.1NG • i'ii

jr'Kszrs. to §et t0 P^ces a turnep, which he cannot con-
tain in his mouth ; more efpecially when it is
thrown loofe upon hard ground : one is led to
imagine, that it would roll or Aide away from
him, as he attempted to bite it ; but no fuch
thing happens. I faw fcveral turneps begun
and rimmed without being moved an inch from
the place they fell in from the cart. Had the
bullocks been furnifhed with paws, or even
hands, to hold them with, they could not have
done it more dexteroufly.

Having fmelled out a turnep they like, they
prefs it hard againft the ground with the gums
of the upper jaw, applied upon the top of the
turnep, toward the fide which lies farthefl: from
them, Readying it with the upper lip : then
inferring tht-ir teeth on the oppofite fide and
biting fomewhat upward, they take off a fmall
piece, proportioned, in fome meafure, to -the
fize of the turnep. Having tafced the firft
bite, and fmek at the broken part, they take
another (lice ; perhaps not thicker or larger
than a crown-piece : and thus continue to take
off, or rather fcoop out, flice after flice until
nothing is left but die tail of tiie turnep, and

a (hell

1782. NORFOLK. 147

a fhell of rind, in the fhape of a fleeting difli, 84,

and of a fimilar thicknefs ; carefully fmelling, bullocks
between the bites, at the part they intend next ^xiineps.
to take off.

The crown and upper part of the rind they
eat, but feem ftudioufly to leave the tail, and
the under part of the rind, which had flood in
contact with the foil.

If a bullock break off a larger piece than he
can gather up with his tongue as his head hangs
downwards, he lifts up his head, and fhoots out
his nofe and neck horizontally, until he gets it
between his grinders. Crowns, and very
fmall turneps, he treats in the fame way.

This part of the bufinefs, however, he per-
forms fomewhat clumfily ; and it is, probably,
in this act that a fmall turnep, or a piece of a
large one, glancing from between the teeth,
gets into the throat and caufes fufflation, or
tc choaking."

The tongue of a bullock is lefs flexible, and
worfe adapted to the purpofe of turning over
and adjufting a morfel of folid aliment, than are
the tongues of carnivorous animals, or thole of
the human fpecies. The natural food of
graminivorous animals is foft, and no way
liable to flip from between the teeth in grind-
L 2 . ingi

14S

BULLOCKS
BREAKING

TURNEPS.

MINUTE &

Mar.

84. ing ; their tongues being adapted to the pur-

pofe of gathering up their aliment, rather than

to that of afTiitins; them in chewing it.

85.

timber. March 3. In thinning timber trees, whe-

ther in hedges, or in open grounds, it is gene-
rally adviftable, when two trees grow amicably
together, their branches intermixing, and their
tops of equal height, forming as it were one
top, to leave them both (landing : for, if one of
them be taken away, the beauty of the other is
fpoilt, and its atmofphere changed : the evil
effect of this treatment I have frequently ob-
ferved.

But wher. one of them has got the fuperiority
fo far as to overhang the other, it is generally
right to take the underling away, and thereby
add beauty and ftrength to the mafter-plant.

Twin timbers, however, — more particularly
double Hems growing from the fame flub, — are
dangerous to horned cattle. I have lately
heard of more than one accident by trees grow-
ing fo near together, that cattle could juft get
their horns through between them ; and having
got them there could not find the fame way to

ex-

17S2. NORFOLK. 149

extricate them ; but falling down in the ftmg- 85.

gle, were ftrangled. I have fince heard of a hedge row
horfe being loft in a fimilar manner*.

TIMBER.

SHEEP.

86.

March 5. Mr. John Waller, of Antingham, breed op
fhewed me today, feven ewes with fourteen
lambs by their fides : and a fifteenth, which he
gave to his boy, is alfo alive.

Laft year he had nine lambs from three
ewes ; eight of which he actually reared, and
are now alive ; namely, fix with the ewes, and
two C( cotts or " cotties" (a name for lambs
reared by hand j a common practice here).

His fheep are, in appearance, of the true
Norfolk breed. He fays he has had the breed
eight or nine years, and they have feldom had
lels than two lambs a piece. He keeps them
well.

The Norfolk ewes, in general, bring but
one lamb.

* A flil] more Angular accident occurred to my own
knowledge. A mare, probably in fighting with the flies,
ftruck her hind foot into a cleft between two items of
white-thorn, open at the bottom but narrowing upward ;
and being a high-bred, fpir;ted mare, ftruggled until (he
tore her foot off j leaving it behind her in the cleft !

L 3 87-

I I N U T E S.

87. 87.

en the hawthorn is dead thro*
roper tr. ^r from being ov

or flubwood, it is din get

.e" in the old bi
D things againfr. it ; the of the

ba: g been already crepptd.

r in a great meafure
th little inconven

about 1

rhe new ditch the latter
and putting in
-raining the fe:

:h : for, by mould _

and recc
cxpofure to the froft and liio

rally roots and ftubs ir.
itchbankJ pay (inthiscour.:

-bour of throwing it down j and the
difference be: jid

rhe old t ore thar.

":-
ous tc is loaded m

od of forty or - . ; and

:ch

JJBl.

NORFOLK.

*5*

which has fo totally deftroyed the quick, that
frefh layer would be wanted from end to end.

On examining the bank I found that, from
the cover of the pollards and flubwood, it is,
even now, as dry as chalk; and entirely occu-
pied by roots and fibres of various forts. I
therefore advifed him to let it remain until
Michaelmas, and treat it in the manner above
defciibed.

He acceded to this the rather, as it is a plan
which is far from being theoretical in Norfolk,
being, I find, frequently pracrifed.

87.

RENEWING
HEDGES.

88.

March 5. Riding acrofs Felmingham
Heath, today, I obfcrved a piece of new
ditch-bank, ant of the face of which young
furzes were [hooting, in the place where quick-
kts are ufually put in j but without any being
amongft them.

Looking round, I perceived that this was not
a mere experiment j for the neighbouring
hedges (of a fort of an encroachment) were of
the fame (hnib ; and many of them invulner-
able fences; even againft the heath (lock.
One which had been recently cut in the face
.ft on the top as a blind) was as
L 4 thight

FURZI-

»52 M I N U T E 5. M,

SS. tr.'.y-' M a wall. In general, he

were getting much too old ; fome of them dy-
ing j and others thin a: the boa

I am nevertheless fully convinced that a
It -hedge, ■ ; r ??r treatment, is, upon a
ligh: unproductive foil, a fumcient and
. fcr.ct.

89.

tj.-.-.tck. March 7. This at to tec

rm.

The rime c : ; 'eeddoes not commence

id continues till the young

:£ begin DO appear • the fap is now begin-

r.s, below the water, being

• green.

The cutters hive 1 boat BO carry them from

the banks to the <c reed-rond 5" which, in this

cafe, lies a: a final! diflance from the ihore.

Sc^ cu: tending in the boat ; fome

funding on a plank, laLi partially, or wholly,
upon the mud and roots of reed, m-:
mately together.

The workmen cut it upwards, gatht
reed in the left hand and arm, undcrha:
with fickles (reaping hooks are too liippc.
ccd) as much below j cr, confe-

quentty

*/8?.

NORFOLK.

*3

quently as near the root, as may be ; it being
an idea, even unto a proverb, that one inch
below the water is worth two above it ; for the
part which now appears green changes to a
blackilh brown, and becomes as hard as horn ;
whereas that which grows above the water is
brittle, and of a more perifhable nature.

Having encumbered their boat, they pufh it
to the fhore, and make up the reed into {heaves,
(with thumbands made of draw) of fuch a
fizc that five of them will make a fathom of
fix feet in circumference (fometimes the
[heaves are made fix to a fathom) : fixty of thole
fathoms are a load ; and a hundred and twenty
are termed a hundred of reec} ; worth about
three pounds.

The mates of roots frequently feparate in
cutting the reed, and float about the water,
ftill propagating reeds in fmail clumps ; not
larger, perhaps, at fiift than the top of a
bufhel.

This feems to be the fpeedieft way of pro-
pagating reed ; namely, feparate the beds of
roots j drag them to different parts of the
water j and fallen them with flakes, until the
roots get hold of the bottom.

The {ladings have done confulerabie da-
mage to this patch of reed : the outfides look

fair ;

89.

CUTTINQ
ftEED.

PROPACAT.
OF REED.

. TES. Mar.

£9 les of the c". re very

?.ong

: MS

r them,

long it.

In th .es to

proj : S'jfneli

pond) v

90.

Hxx: :i 8. 1 have at length nearly fmifhed

r*s wood and ditching.
Ir. : .< courfe of the feafon, I have made the
following obfervations, and have endeavoured
- e following rules, refpecting
bcr trees and pollards in hedges.
In regard to Timber trees, however, I
: been able to purfuc entirely the line
of c .- laid down, from this and laft

r*s experience: it in 1 erthelefs, be

t is full and frefh in my
5 on this im-
e conor

are no .:h as

ying, but

-

crowd

M5ER.

TIMBER.

x;Sa. NORFOLK. 355

crowd the neighbouring {lands or timberlings, 90.

or the young timber trees which are in a more hedgerow
youthful and growing Hate -, aljt Inch part of
the growing timbers themfelv< ;, ?.s, by Hand-
ing too clofe, crowd and check each other,
mould be marked, and fold at tl fent mar-

ket prices ; though thefe prices m; j be ibme-
what below par.

For, if to the intereft of the money, which
would ariie from fuch fale, be added the de-
creafe of value, or the injury incurred by fuf-
fering timber of the above defcription to re-
main (landing, the proprietor of fuch timber
is lofing annually from five to ten per cent, of
its prefent value, by fuch improper conduct.
Thus fuppofe an eftate has five thoufana
pounds worth of timber upon it, bearing the
above defenptioh ■, its proprietor is lofing
from three to five hundred pounds a year by

'ring it to remain {landing.

Whenever the price fhall hereafter rife to
what may be (.deemed a fair felling price,
then, but not till then, falls ought to be made
of all full-gtcnvn timbers ; aljo of fuch grow-
trees as, from their fituation, are, or may
foon become, injurious to each other. Much,
no doubt, depends on embracing the lucky
■.cntoffakj neverthelefs, perhaps, more

money

jj6 MINUTE S. Mai..

oo. money has been loft than gained, by fpecu-

hedce row lating nicely in this delicate matter.
71MBER. yjic ^ea<^ wooc} ancj hanging boughs of ill

timber trees left fcmdinc ought to be removed ;
and the younger timberings trained in luch
manner as will induce tliem to take the defircd
outline, and rife in the moft profitable form.
Oaks, in hedges, naturally grow low and
fpreading, doing more injury to the hedge and
the adjoining inclofures than their own value,
in that form, can ever repay ; where: I
well headed oaks are at once ornamental and
valuable to an eftate f — without being, in any
confiderable degree, injurious to the occupier.
Being fully convinced of this, from almoft
daily obfervation, I am clearly of opinion, that
ever) opportunity ought to be taken to propa-
gate oaks in hedges ; not by putting in young
plants where old trees have been taken down ;
but by fearching for, and prefcrv ing, young
feedling plants (more efpecially where a hedge
is cut down), and carefully training them up
wherever a vacancy will admit diem : — Or, if
fuch do not rife naturally., by putting in tranf-
planted plants in vacant hedgebanks and watte
corners ; at the lame time dibbling acorns
round diem, in ciucr that, in the courie of 4

few

1782.

NORFOLK

»#

few years/ the woodman may have his election
of the propereft plant to be trained.

This however is not the bufmefs of a day,-
nor of one year, but requires an annual atten-
tion ; embracing convenient times, and favor-
able opportunities, as the bufmefs of the eftate
is proiecuted ; confide ring this as one of the
mod material objects belonging to its manage-
ment.

With refpecl to the Pollards, I have fol-
lowed thefc rules : —

Such as were not likely to throw out, in
twenty or twentyfive years, a top equal to the
prefent value of their Items, I valued to the
tenants as fire-wood.

Thus fuppofing the body of an old pollard
to be worth, as firewood, two millings ; but
from the appearance of the prefent top, when
compared with thole of the neighbouring pol-
lards, it was not likely to throw out, in twenty
or twentyfive years time, another top of two
(hillings value, I marked it to come down, and
charged the tenant two (hillings for it, over and
above the value of its prefent top : for the in-
tercft of the money will, at the end of that
time, be more than the topwood would have
been had it been left " (landing j befide the

mould-

90.

TIMBER.

HEDGE ROVF
POLLARDS.

I53 • M I N U T E S. M

qo% mouldering and wafte of its own body, and the

hedgerow incumbrance it would have been to the eflate.
pollards. Such, alfo, as flood particularly in the te-

nant's way, or which crowded a young (land
or timber, or where they flood too thick, I
took down, valuing them to the tenant as fire-
wood ■, but with this invariable provifo, that
if, on cutting oft their butts, they proved found,
they were to be taken for die life of the land-
lord ; the tenant having a deduftory allowance
made for the quantity of firing blocks fo taken.
Alfo, if a pollard, of a proper fize, appeared
to be at prefer.t found enough for a gatepcfl
(more particul -atcpofls were wanting

upon the farm they flood on), but Which from
its prefent appearance it would not be at the
time the ditch would want to be made the next
time, I marked it to come down : — for a good
hanging-pofl is worth five fhillings ; whereas a
firing pollard of the fame fize • or:h

more than one fhil!':

But Rich thriving pollards as did not fhnd
particularly in the way of the fence or the te-
nant, and fuch as were not wanted for any
particular ufe; alfo foch as were likely to throw
out another top, and flood v. ell upon the bank,
not to injure mater: Tenant

or

1782. NORFOLK. 159

or the fence, I invariably lefc ftanding: for, al- no,

though coals may a: prefent be plentiful, and hedge row

coafting-vefiels li: nerous, and have P0LLA-

an unobstructed parage from X e to

Cromer j yet who can fc

tions in nature and nations which r

place r and who will be hardy en;
to lay that Eait Norfolk' cannot c - ;e a

-;als for firing ? The face of the
country is no doubt at prdcnt too much en-
cumbered with p to the great incon-
venicncy of its prefent occupiers: bu: ::
be well to leiTen their number with a prudent
hand ■, leir, by (weeping them away indiscri-
minately, we may entail on pofteriry a frill
greater inconvc.

9r

March 14. • On Monday evening laft, kepaoz*
about eight o'clo_ ... wind rofe very high;
: ■, continued bio win 2: all
day on Tuel". ." in the evening bfa

violent g

There

tio

MINUTE S.

Mar..

91.

THATCH.

RIID.

There has fcarcely one thatched roof upon
this eflate efcaped, entirely, its fury. Many of
them however are only rurfted ; but great
numbers (an hundred a: lead) are broken,
more or lcis ; lbme of the breaches confidera-
ble : while the tiled roofs have efcaped with-
out any confide rablc injury.

Had the practice, propofed in Min\ 63.
been adopted a few years ago, perhaps not a
breach would have happened ,- for where the
roofs have been overlooked in the courfe of the
lad year, even the thatched ones are hardly
ruffled ; whereas, in the date in which feveral
of them (till remained, there is three or four
months work of a thatcher to repair them.

Reed in particular ought to be driven or re-
laid whenever it begins to Hip, or the bindings
begin to decay : — it is the reed roofs in general
which have differed.

There is one advantage in reed, however;
it may mod of it be gathered up and rckid.

92.

repairs. March 14. The bricklayer and thatcher

employed upon thisedatc live at a difrance. —

This

i;S2.

NORFOLK.

161

This inconveniency I have frequently expe- 92,

rienced, but never fo much as now, when RIPAW&
fach a number of petty, but exigent, jobs have
been created by the late high winds: — the
:s are folicitous to have their furniture
and their corn fecured from the wer, and I
cannot give orders to the thatcher or brick-
layer without riding or fending two or three
miles to them, or their coming as far out of
way to me.
Upon a large eftate, a matter or foreman gen. man.
carpenter, matter bricklayer, thatcher, and
black imith, ought to live in the immediate
neighbourhood of the manager.

93-

March 16. Since the late feve re weather
fet in, it has been remarked that bullocks
abroad have done unuJlially ill ; while thofe in
fheds have done well. (See Mm. 69.)

Are not thefe fufficient hints to farmers, to
keep their bullocks abroad in warm weather,
and take them up, or at leaft par them, in fevere
weather ? While they are buds and two-year-
olds, they are nurfed in a warm well- kidded
:r J ; but, at a time when they are en-

Vol. II. M tided

BULLOCKS

AT
TURNIPS.

i6a I N U T E S. Ma*.

93. till r can give

them, they are : to die weadier, be it

ly a hedge to
Iter them : tfu ihelter being, too

frequc 'iian a ro

*c buck-ftalled n bulls." — NoWond

.ably mild weather
inning of winter, the I
fhould ■ heck to fuch as

en exposed abro: itute of fhelter,

, destitute of that tempera-
ture O: 11 as of bw px,
thriving.
Mr. Cook, of Felnringh )le opinion
in this c .vduable, corroborates theie»ob-
at leaft, as they relate to
temperature of the body. A good lodging,
a great thing to a bullock : — his
e>: , " in keeps them in ;
" and when they get up they ftp :n-
" felves, (hooting out their I if
•'• they meant: hem behind in the par-
" yard." — • ... on *
the cold ground, r.
" they bee .
" rifing, Hick their four

. .'lTjcbrcds arc here fpeken of.

2782. N O R F O L K. ,63

" feet drawn together, as if to n-}.

tf move them from the place they (land in." wu ■

Cold weathe r, he fays, no doubt checks bullocks turnew

which go abroad very much ; more efpecially

I:" it be ding, that " if f

" they do not 10 much :. -."

94.

-. Avlsham Fair. This feems Aiarkxt*,

to be a fair appropriated tD dealings between

farmer and farmer, rather than to drovers and

profciTional dealers. It is chiefly noted for

.. vies ; which, at this fcafan of the year,

become valuable to the Norfolk firmer ■, every

hand and hoof becoming bufily employed

inft barley kedtime. It is, however, upon

hole, a fmall fair j and the fairftead un-

ly fmall and incommodious.

Today the number of cattle were very f

not more than one hundred head in the I

and thofc, in general, of a refufe kind.

It kerns to be a fait, univerially underilood,
of flock in has,

ot late years, very much declined. There have,
y allowed, been fewer young cat-
tle reared of late, thin there were formerly :
ov.ing, it is thought, to the lownef* of price ;
M 2 arifing

CATTXl

M 1 N U T L S.

Mar.

FAIR

1X1.

RORSIS.

rig probably frorr icy of money, and

from the failure of the rumep crops, for fome
rs back.

Tiv- • in the fair today, feemed

principally to co fuch as had been at

turneps ; and had got a little flefhy ; but ftill
required a confiderable time, and good keep,
to finiih them. There were alio a few cows and
calves, and a little young flock. The number
of horles was confiderable (perhaps a hundred)
fee up ag unit rails, placed on a rifmg ground,
to mew their forehands to advantage. Ten to
twelve pounds the highefl prices ■> even for
young horles.

95-

I ]NG# March 26. This morning marked out the

wecdling plants of a plantation, made by the
late Sir William Harbord, twentyfive to thirty
years ago *.

It confifts of the following fpecies of trees: —
O^ Scotch Fir,

Afh, Larch,

Beech, Icr,

Chefnut, Hornbeam.

• On counting the rings of different fpecies, I f :
the number to be thirty or uir.yone.

The

t782. NORFOLK.

The Scotch f.r has outgrown every other 95*

fpecies ; and the phnts, tho , are be- PLANTJNGi

come a burden to the grove. The wood b.
of quick growth, the plants h ivc d : : . :-

topped the reft, but have, in general] had rime
enough to furnifh themielves with boughs on
everv fide ; fo as to cripple the b. :aks

and beeches v rre-

fore, Scotch £rs be i.i a grove,

way of variegation, they ought to I rim-

med below ;

and in fome meafure prevent their doing
mifchief: but, even v. s refraction, t

: to be admitted into fociety with a fpar-
ing hand.

The larches j too3 .-errom

the Scotch e of a confiderabfe fize; but

are not equal h thofe ;

their boughs being lefs t - and more

rotted off below : they are, neverthelefs, inju-
rious - lere they
{land thick, among the firs, they are drawn up

or are lb much over-
hung as to be crippled, or entirely fmothered.
— Marked great numbers that were dead or

ag.

The e many of them beautiful plants ;

ttrely cripple

M j larch

i65 M I N U T F S. I '..*.

9-. lair re there is :n, are

.inc. too tell an:l flcr

The fame may b„- f i ! oftli
is cirioM*-, - - how they

fir

• . -
fir

or are ler. In

a 1 alone, without any ad-

r i t 1

I
The

..ice, ib to:
grove. There is

(l portion of fur

f them no:

It rouft be

:i di-

T'- .

; nrs, too,

ne off upon the moon'

NORFOLK. 167

there being fome, but very few, left upon it; q -

and thofe coarfe and Hunted. The afhes do re- flantixc.

::s. Inonep...
:e s no: t re is a parcel

of perhaps the mod beautiful planrs that ever
grew- their (kin as fmooth and clean asdiatof
the beech i and, though not more :
one inches in circumference, I not leis

s gun-
The oaks, beeches,

rever they have been plant-
ed, and can get th Is ou:. They do not,
•.'e beer. . on :„e
■ 1

•jreft of : meafbre in circu

-

. h

Larches,

3*

Che Gluts,

28

..s,

-

32

hes,

21

O.

-

—

Th* fthe planta^

j out for

Thi i.nce

d the want of a

proper afi

4

k

i68

MINUTE S.

Mar.

95

^TIDING

PLA'

110SS.

In this cafe, judicious thinnings would,
lently, have been highly advantageous.
Great numbers of plants have perifhed, and
come entirely to wade ; and, of the two hun-
dred and eighty which I have now marked,
one nundrcd are dead, or neariy fo.

This, however, is the fmalleft fhare of
lofsj for thofe ftiil remaining are drawn up
too tall and flender •, and with tops too fmall
and infignificant, to make due progrefs to-
wards large timber-trees.

In point ■ F profit) the befl method now to
proceed by would be, to take down ail, or the
greateft pirr of the Scotch firs -, trimming up
feWjj which perhaps might be left with
propriety ; and thinning very considerably, but
gwes, the larches, and fuch of the other
ipecits as might require

But, in point of ornament, this, for a few
years, might be injurious : however, in the end,
both ornament and utiiity would, beyond a
doubt, be increafed by it ; and the immediate
acquisition of materials for repairs would be
Vtry confide rable.

Plow many entire roofs of cottage?, leanto's,

■ ther out-buiidings ; and what n iiipply of

rails, common ladders, and rough fcanrling

might

I7S2.

NORFOLK.

«*§

might be drawn from this imall plantation:
enough to keep the common buildings of the

95-

W1ED1NG

eitate m repair ror iome years : and this, too, plant a.

with a trifling expence of lawing compared T10NS'
with that which is necefiary to the reduction
of grown timbers into fmail fcanding *.

96.

April 3. Spent the afternoon with the
Rev. Mr. Horftley, of Swayfield ; and walked
with him over his improved meadov.;.

They are the only meadows in the county
(at leaft that have fallen under my obfervation)
which have been J with any degree of

fpirit or judgment.

Mr. Horfcicy (ays, that when he purchafed
them (lbme eight or ten years ago) they were
a mere m . fo very rotten that it was dif-

eyen fur a man to walk acroA them;
producing very little herbage fupericr to rufhes
and mofs. They are now (even after this un-
commonly wet feafon) firm enough to bear the
largeft cattle ; and are covered with a turf
equal in appearance to the richeft grafUand.

• I flatter myfelf no apology is ne c . . or the]

important branch of nu
. rather :..

. of the art.

Mr.

MEADOWS,

170 ' U T E

96. Mr. H.'$ plan of Impn : —

jws. Having lo»
em, foa> 1
four feet below the - he

cut drains, c deep,

t

mould, fill ich had

formerly been cut j the other in-

ec Qnooth

:. even.

Thcfe "re at firfl made at about

twenty or r' ce from each other;

but ? j now filling the major part of

-m Up ; t ing per" he office of

; and he is of opinion,

that the r; lins, alone,

•.

'.teen acres;

by the

ich

"even feet w: fome-

ti • -fay half

. nce-drains

, the

1 on,
in

1782. N O R F O L K. «V«

in the faring. Neither the harrow, nor the 96.

roller, has yet been introduced. GRASSgemD

Mr. H.'s method of treating his meadows,
now in their improved date, is to pafture them
every year, and to lhift his flock repeatedly;
beginning at one end, and proceeding regu-
larly, fo as to make two or three revolutions in
the courfe of the fummer: and, whenever he

:es his (lock out of one of his pieces, he
makes a point of fweeping down the weeds
and rough grafs. An admirable practice -, by
which a frefti rowen-like hire is prepared
againft the return of the ftock ; befides the
weeds being thereby effectually kept under.

Mr. H. fays, that he has fatted both flieep
and bullocks on this improved morafs ; and
that they fat very kindly. He further fays,

tt it gives cows a great flow of milk ; and
Mrs. H. that the butter from it is perfectly
pood.

Enquiring of Mr. : ;, if he had kept

an account of his ( . fince his firft pur-

chafe ; he (aid, no ■, but was clear in the main

k; namely, that the ii nprovement greatly ex-
ceeds the expence of improving : adding, that
he could have fold the land, in its improved
ftate, for twice the amount of the purchaie-

money.

172

96.

MEADOW*

M I N U T E S.

Apr.

AT

>zrs.

money. It has every appearance of being r.ow
worrh from twenr to twenty-five fniliings an
acre,

97-

April 14. I have given particular atten-
tion to the management an:3. .. of the
two lots of bullocks, which I was prefent at the
buying of, at St. Faith's fair. (See Mt>:. 27.)
It is a fit iking and intcrcfting tket, that, not-
withfta&ding there was only fifteen (hillings a
head difference, in the purchafe-money of thefe
lots, there is not lefe than forty (hillings a
piece difference in their prefent value.

A great advantage, no doubt, arifes, to a

judge of cattle> from having the choice of a

Lwing out only a few of the head

>cks. But in this cafe the drove was

tir.cll j and I remember Mr. B. was dubious

;a his choice of the lad two or three of his lot:

the difparity, therefore, at the time of pur-

not very great ; being, in fome indU

vi lualSj lcarcely perceptible to the eye of a

From thefe and other cii-cumflancesx I am

convinced that much depends upon the ma-

■ (if huUocks at tuj well as

upon

1/82.

NORFOLK.

i73

97-

BULLOCKS

AT
TURNEPS.

upon judgment in purchafing them : for, of
feveral parcels of fatting bullocks, which I have
had an opportunity of making my obferva-
tions upon, this winter, none have dene equally
to Mr. B.'s lot of heifers.

His turneps, no doubt, are good ; and lb
are thofe of many of his neighbours ; and the
fuperiority of management appears to lie in
letting them have plenty of frefh turneps ;
with plenty of followers : and in their being
regularly fhifted every day.

98.

April 14. What a trifling expence of la- gen. man.

bour has been incurred by farm, from

Michaelmas 1780, to Michaelmas 178 1.

It contains near four hundred acres of arable
land; with about fifty acres of meadow.

The whole expence of workman's wages,
the harveft month included, is no more
than - - - £. 186 2 71

To which mult be added, the

bailiff's falary - 35 ° °

£,.121 1 71

Thus the whole expence of labour andhoufe-
keeping (for the bailiff and ail the men boarded
themfclves and drank their own beer) is not

nearly

174
98.

REN*T.

M I N u t :

iUR.

SOIL

SHiir.

to the rent of tl
farm, & from game, is wortl

1 of the fame magnitude in S
Kent could not have been :\vice

the mon. .

land bears I

:s here for fifteen (hillings .
>r Kent
diftance from London) let for m

S of wag
of bulim , moil el

Log two

h

16. The mepherd telling me
- neighbour'
I

morning he has cut three . t \o\e number,

.r. Th

NORFOLK.

nd of die bag, . 99.

proceeded ;

to : ether out of

;!i the pa.
:.b was I

. by
at

.Tie time to the

r.o liber.

h of wool,
it the fizt
belo. nt h:-li v .een

art ribs.
He then m

. his for. i he

I

out ; and . ufly

from the fill out the

He

-
■

- ■-
c

It

• 5

!-, :: : x u t l a?*.

99>

CUTTING

; remarkable that the CO)
all Uy on the fa , namely, the :

fide ^ the con:. ch fe-

males are cut i ms m :r.er

awkward to his h

formed the buiincfs fo fkii fo

much .at he extracted the :

in a few i: But the bfl

ably difficult cafe; the telticle b rry

i braced up clofc to
and it is obfervable, he c
the palpable telticle of I 1 out of i

the puniihment to the animal . full u

h in one operation as the other.
The price of cutting, a (hilling a piece.

The wind being cold, kept
the cutter,
pinching,
m to go out in tht
of eiercifi : :'.-.■ y got

..

A:. One i , is

id: — wing, ] ppi

I782. NORFOLK* 177

100. 100.

April 20. There is an alertnefs in the fer- workmen.
vants and labourers of Norfolk* which I have
not obferved in any other DiftricV.

That "ciiftom is fecond' nature" is verified
every hour; How quick arid alert are the
tradelpeople and handicraftmen in London 1
They will difpatch as much bufinefs in a giveri
time, as the very fame people, had they been
bred in fome parts of the country, would have
done in twice that time. The cafe is fimilar
with the Norfolk hufbandman. While a boy,
He is accuftomed to run by the fide of the
horfes while they trot with the harrows.-—
When he becomes a plowman, he is accuftom-
ed to ftep out at the rate of three or four miles
an hour: and, if he drive an empty team, he
either does it {landing upright in his carriage,
with a fprightlinefs of air, and with a feeming
pride and fatisfaction, or runs by the fide of his
horfes while they are bowling away at full trot.

Thus, both his body and his mind become
active : and if he go to mow, reap, or other
employment, his habit of activity accompanies
him ; — and is obvious even in his air, his mari-
ner, and his gait.

Vol. XL it On

T78

MINUTES.

May

ioo.

WOR:

On the Contrary, a Kentilli plowman, accuf-
tomed from his infancy to walk, whether at
harrow, plow, or cart, about a mile-and-a-half
or two miks an hour, preferves the fame flug-
gifn ilep, even in his '.. .. , and is the fame
flow, dull, heavy animal in everything he does.

That the Norfolk farm-labourers difpatch
more work than thofe of other countries is an
ubted fret; and in tins way5 I think, it
may be fully accounted for.

MARKETS.

101.

May 4. Went this morning to fee the
ciover-Jeed market at Norwich.

i he feeds are brought chiefly from Suffi
and the Suffolk fide of Norfolk. Many of
tlum arc in the hands of the growers them-
selves; fome in thole of jobbers, who collect
them of the farmers. They are principally
contained in coomb lacks, containing four
bufhcls, of fixtyfix pounds each, together with
. bufhel for over- weight ; lo that
a bulhcl is only a term uied for fixtycight
pound of clover feed, at Norwich market: or
for fixtyfix pound, in other parts of the county.

The feeds are principally brought into mar-
ket in thefe coomb lacks ; in which k

hu:.

in%i. NORFOLK. 179

hundred bufhels maybe iceii Handing : and loi.

in the middle of the market are a pair oflaree clov. seed

"TAP K.ET

fcales, adapted to the weighing of a whole lack,
or a lefs quantity ; the farmers paying lb much
a draft for the ul'e of them.

Befide what are thus brought into market,
the dealers have quantities at their refpective
warehoufes * ; and great quantities are alio
fold by corn, merchants, and even bankers, by
Simple. Indeed, at this feafon of the year,
almoft every man of bufinefs, who has got a
little loofe money, is a dealer in clover-feed.

The market, however, does not confill
wholly of red clover-feed : — there are propor-
tional quantities of" ruckling" (white clover) ;
alio of « hulled Nonfuch" (trefoil) 5 alio of
" black Nonfuch" (trefoil in the hufk) -, alfd
of " white Nonfuch" (darnel or ray-grafs) ;
and of <c black and white Nonfuch ;" namely,
a mixture of the two 'aft forts.

■* One Cunningham is by much the largcfl dealer : he
lives near Harleilone : and buys up his feed in that neigh-
bourhood, and in Suffolk; En juiring ab to the quantity
!b!d, I was told (in the afternoon) that he had ibid, in the
courfe of this day, a hundred coomb of clover-feed !—
thirty or forty coomb of it, however, were to country
dealers*

N 1 The

i:

MINUTE S.

May

[OIi

CLOVTR-
SEiD MARK.

ILlLOCKS

AT
TURNEPS.

The prices, more particularly of " clover,"
(that is, red clover) are very fluctuating : laft
year, prime feed was bought from eighteen to
twenty fhillings a bufhel. It has been known
fo iow as fifteen fhillings ; and three pounds ten
(hillings a bufhd has been given in this market.

Today, the prices were as follow :

Clover, twenty fhillings to thirty fhillings a

'■.el.

Suckling, fixpence to eightpence a pound.

Darnel, twelve to fifteen fhillings a coomb.

102.
May 4. A fortnight ago, Mr. ■

lent twelve of his Scotch heifers, bought at St.
Mix. 27. and 97.) to Smithrield.

Today, he Chewed me die falefman's ac-
count.

They fold from eight pounds five fhillings
to eleven pounds a piece — the neat proceeds a
hundred and ten pounds, or nine pounds five
(billings a head. They coft fix pounds fifteen
fhillings j lo that they left a profit of about
fifty fhillings a head.

They were at turneps about twentyfive
weeks ■, and confequently paid no more than
two fhillings a week for their keep, notwith-
ftanding the pre lent high markets.

They

1782.

NORFOLK.

181

102.

BULLOCKS
AT

TURNEPS,

They were not highly finifhed ; but tiirneps
being almoft done, and grafs backward, the
proprietor of them judged wifely in felling off
the beft of them now, that he may be able to
finifn trie remainder the more highly with
grais.

103.

May 5. The late beating rains have warn- RAISiNO
ed down the face of many hundred rods of hedges.
ditching. New-raifed ditches have fuftered
moil i but where the face looked to the north-
eaft, ditches which have been made even two
or three years, have fuffered confiderably.

Where new ditches have been railed this
jpring, in the Norfolk manner $ namely, very
upright, with the layer planted almoft at the
top of the bank j much mifchief is done ; for
not only the face, but the layer alib, lies by the
heels in the "holl," for many rods in a place :
and this, it feems, is a misfortune not uncom-
mon in Norfolk ; yet Hill the farmers perfift
in raifing their live fences in this mod injudir
cious manner.

I have the fatisfaftion to fee thofe ditches

which I raifed laft year, with an offset, and

with the layer planted on the firft fpit, all

N 3 (landing ;

M i N I T F. May

I,- g: indeed, ditches 1 this man-

ner, cannot re a it d 1 : " neat-

ihould cither the too: or the

>f the feeing (hoot, the layer is (till

the cufl *he ditchers

to make good the breaches of the fitft ye

This, howewri it' the was pro-

I >nc, is this y ird upon them.

But be this as it lere needs not a ftronger

•of of the fre qu- i f Norfolk.

.

1 OX.

v 5. It leems to be a grow' ;io\

• . . .

. er, one g s it,

. upon the top i for growing quicker

. ' furze, in a few years,

ke young hedgclingi

[ally if it be ; . to be cut down, or

rk which
ij al mod univerfully
ted.
B\ • [si . k of

.:e pre-
yent

1782.

NORFOLK.

183

vented -, and the furze being principally in-
tended as a defence of the back of the bank
from cattle, it is extraordinary that the cuftom
of lowing it upon the top mould continue.

Laft vear, I fowed upwards of a hundred
rods, and this year about two hundred : my
method has been this.

Two men, with a fpade, a broom, and a
common glals bottle, furnifhed with a perfo-
rated ftopper*, proceeded thus: the firftman
chops a drill with his fpade, from two to three
inches deep, and at about two-thirds of the
height of the bank. In this fifTure the other
man fcatters the feed through the hole in die
cork, at the rate of thirty long rods to a pound
of feed. This done; one of them, in order to
repair the cracks and partial breaches made
on the bank by chopping the drill, pats ir
with the back of his fpade above and below
the mouth of the ckiil, which is purpofely left
open ; while the othe^ with the broom, fweep-
ing upwards over the mouth of the drill, covers
the feed with loofe mould j yet leaves the

* A wooden cork, pierced with a gimblet, about the fize
of a fwan's quill ; the iniice burnt fmooth with a wire,
and the outfide bound with thread to make it ftick fecurely
in the mouth of the bottle.

IO4.

RAISING
HEDGES.

.SOWING
FURZE-

SEED.

N +

mouth

^4

MINUTE S.

IQ4-

I ISO

SEED.

REE ' E

WOODS.

th furnciently open to permit the young
:s to make their way eafily out of it; and

to catch the rains which trickle d i the up-

per part of: *.

Two men v o 2 4

Four pounds of feed, at i

:

£-° 7 4
what more than on^ halfpenny eaci.
tute rod, for feed and fowing.

On light fcndy foils, in which the furze ge-
nerally thrives abundantly, but where white-
thorn, if the foil be barren as well as light, is
an age in coming to a hedge adequate
fence, the furze is the moil eligible fhpjb to be

igated fingly ■, and i
the plants will thrive, it is an excellent guard
to the back of the ditch, forming a m

mcr fhelter for cattle than white-thorn, or
any other deciduous fhrub, owing to its nu-

jus branches and leaves ; more efpecially

• The f-.ootirg of tic bank Is the or.! to be

feared in this ca -efore to be made too

ftccp; and ought at the time of miking, to be lowed wild
grafs-.ce.if. (See Hedges, Vol. I.)

if

KEDCE
WOOD.

i;ga. NORFOLK. 18$

if thefe be increafed by timely cutting ; or, 1 04.

which is much preferable, by trimming oil* specie of
the ends of the branches.

The almoft only inconveniency of a furze
hedge, is its becoming liable to be killed by
fcvere froft. It is probable, however, that a
hogged hedge would {land the froft better than
one which is iuftered to overgrow itfelf, and
expofe its roots and ftems ;o the inclemency of
the weather : even mould a hogged hedge be
killed to the root, it feems probable that thro*
the numerouihefs and compactneis of its (terns
and branches, it would remain a fufficient dead
hedge, until another live one might be railed
from frefh feed.

Another inconveniency of a mrze hedge is,
in theory at leaft, its fhedding its feed, and
over-fpreading the adjoining land. This in-
conveniency, however, I have not feenjn Nor-
folk: and I believe is not to be apprehended,
if " French feed" (which may be had of any
ieedfman in London) be Iowa.

105.

L .

ic 5

iR. — This *
is held the \ : before
is a cc ]c fair for fat bul-
r.d young

ven,
\ nine or ten -, the
I the markets of Norfolk being
I L?te in

• hundred head of cattle
:-

|

• butchers j alio

bull . who

had : of thole

and

7 about "rone the two, fold for

gs, *hich is more

.

1782.

NORFOLK,

187

Aifo two large, but no: (at, fleers, weighing
together about one hundred {tone, fold for
twenty pounds ten {hillings, which is only four
{hillings and a penny a (tone.

Alio fix two-year-olds, good meat, bu: not
finished, and weighing about thirty {lone each,
for fix pounds twelve (hillings a head ; about
four fhillings and five-pence a ftone.

Cows and calves, in good demand ; fold
from three to fix pound.

Lean two-year-olds worth, from fifty fhil-
lings to four pound.

Yearlings (now near eighteen months old)
from forty to forty-five (hillings.

It is notorious, that there are very few fat
bullocks in Norfolk this fitting; owing, it is
fuppofed, to the unkindlinefs of the weather,
and to the bad quality of turneps, which, it is
laid, are this year thicker-fkinned, and of a
weaker quality, than uiual.

There were not twenty u right fat" bullocks
in the fair : the few that have been finifhed
this fpring have been knz to London; the
markets there having been very good.

Bullocks ibid, lad Monday in Smkhfield, for

upwards of five (hillings a (tone, and they

• not fetched kfs than that price for feve-

ral

105.

OF

BULLOCKS

AT
TURNEPS.

m

1C5.

SMITH FIELD
JiAJUvET.

MINUTE S.

Mat

ral market-days laft paft. But SmithSeld
market is a lottery j and, I apprehend, four
millings and fixpence at Walfnam is a better
price (charges and rifque of road and market
considered) than the chance of five (hillings in
London.

106.

district. May 12. On Friday morning fet ou: m

company with Mr. John Baker, of South-Reps,
to fee the country, and the celebrated hufban^.
dry, of the Flec Hundreds.

We went by the fea coaft, and returned by
the " broads" and more inland parts of the
country.

We paMcd through the following hundreds
and pariihes.

Parish.

1782.

NORFOLK.

idj

Parish.

I ,- Thorp Market light

"Sj j South-Reps ditto

•§. 1 Gimmingham ditto

w t Trunch deeper

Soil.

Husbandry.
pa (Table
good
pafTable
good

I06.

DIST&ICT.

n

<~ rKnapton

= < Parton

* (.Backton
•3

good
ditto
ditto

dittfe
ditto
ditttf

fWalcoc
j Hafbro*
£P ; Lellingham
*g.-< Hempftead
.5 f Palling
** Waxham
LHorfey

very good

ditto

ditto, with marines

ditto

ditto

ditto, and very flat

ditto

ditto

ditto

ditto

ditto

ditto

Mr. B-

ditto

j> Winterton

light, but rich

pafl*3ble

£1

Hemfby

OrmefDy

Kaifter

Yarmouth

Maltby
CFiiby

fiurrow
Roilefby
Repps

•ditto

") a rich loam, with com-
/ mon fields

ditto ditto ditto

ditto, with marines ditto

1 furrounded by low 1 . . „
J grounds and water } almoft all common

rich loam, with commons nothing extraordinary

d:tto, and broads paflable

rich loam ditto

ditto ditto

ditto, with common fields ditto

f Potter Hayham do. with marfhes Sc broads ditto

. I Caifield
.c J Sutton

et 1 Stalham
H I Braniled
LEalt Rurton

ditto, with low grounds
ftill flartifh
good ftrong land
ftill ftrong \
yet friable J

^ /-Redlington

2 J Wiuon

c j Edentftorp

£ ^Backton

ftrong good bam
ditto, fome lighter
ditto

a cijarminr foil
Knapton to Thorp, fee above.

ditto
ditto
good

very good
excellent

ditto
good

ditto
ditto

From

io6»

DISTRICT.

MINUTES.

May

£lec.

THE FLF.G
HUNDREDS.

h.eg

Hi SBAN-

DRY.

From a general view of this detail, the hun-
dred of Happing (and not the hundreds of
Fteg) (lands higheft on the ilale of hufbandry :
and, as I fet out without prejudice, I could
have no other bias to my opinion than that
which I received from the •. hicfi (truck

me.

The/:// of the Fleg Hundreds is rich ;
fome parts of it being naturally fertile, in a
very high degree ; and the reit rendered fo by
clay, marl, and tl Yarmouth muck." The
arable p.irts are here fpoken of.

But there are in theie hundreds large tracts
which are covered with water, or occupied I
reed and other aquatics ; and others which are
frequently overflowed in winter, but afford in
fumrher extenfive ft marfhes," or grazing
grounds, fof lean Scorch and young cattle.

Thofe are another fource of riches to the
arable lands; on which the marfh (lock i^
kept, and generally fatted on turnrps, during
the winter months ; befides great quantities of
manure being alio railed from fedge and other
litter cut out of theie fens and marines.

We called upon Mr. Ferrier, of Hemfliy,
who occupies his own eltatc, and is univerfally
acknowledged as one of the belt farmers in

"Fleg."

JSAM5HY.

1782. NORFOLK* 191

<c Fleg." He very obligingly fliewed me his 106.

(inn, and favored me with a recital of his fleg his-
practice.

The Fleg farmers, it is true, get amazing
crops j they reckon from ten to twelve coomb
of wheat, and fifteen to twenty coomb of cats,
an acre, no very extraordinary produce : bur
when we learn that crops like thefe are pro-
duced from the fucceffion, or from any ma-
nagement nearly refembling the fuccclTion, of
wheat, barley, clover, wheat, oats, wheat ;
every perfon converfant in farming mult < ■»
claim, that the foil which will bear fuch treat-
ment is extraordinary indeed ; more efpecially
when he is told, that the crop of wheat which.
follows the oats is generally better than that
which preceded them -, the oat-crop being
thrown in as a damper of the raging fertility
oi the foil.

Mr. Ferrier, who is a very fenfible, judicious*
plain farmer ( though formerly a failor), having
obkrved that wheat after clover, or a fumrner
fallow, became too rank to ltand, and ran too
much to ftraw to yield a large produce of grain,
ingenioufly contrived this intervening crop of
oats, in order to correct the over-abundant fer-
tility or ranknefs of die foil ; and in this his

i\ ipe-

tf)2

:.: i n u t e s.

Mxf

ic6.

SUMMER
FALLOW.

?LIC SOIL.

fuperioriry of management Teems principally to*
cbnfift. He feems to confider a fummer fal-
low as the moft dangerous proccfs that can
occur upon a firm ; for the wheat crop which
fucceeds it he has found invariably fpoilt
through an over-ranknefs ; and what appears
much more extraordinary, the barky crop
which follows the wheat is in this cafe generally
too fmall ; owing, as Mr. F. fuppofcs, t
Wheat having too much impoverished the .
this, however, does not accord with the practice
of wheat, oats, wheat. I have no doubt of Mr.
F.'s veracity, or of the factj but apprehend it
is produced by fume other caufe than the po-
rerty or exhauftion of the foil.

Mr. Ftrrier's foil is principally a rich d.
coloured loam, except one piece or two, which
are of a more fandy nature. A piece near his
houfe is peculiarly fertile : he never knew it to
fail producing a valuable crop. A recently-
made ditch gave me an opportunity- of examin-
ing it. It is one uniform mafs of rich black
loam, for more than two feet deep ; and under
this lies a brick earth : a foil, this, capable of
producing madder, woad, hemp, or any other
vegetable of our climate, which requires a rich
deep foil. The principal part of his eftate,

1782. NORFOLK. 193

however, is of a much fhallower foil, not deeper 106.
than the plow goes ; and its prefent very fleg clay,
amazing fertility he afcribeSj in a great meafure,
to his having clayed it. Indeed to this fpecies
of improvement the fertility of the Fleg Hun-
dred is allowed to be principally owing.

Mr. F. gave me an opportunity of examin-
ing his clay pit -, which is very commodious ;
the uncallow is trifling, and the depth of the
bed or jam he has not been able to afcertain. —
It is worked, at prefent, about ten or twelve
feet deep.

The colour of the fofhl, when moift, is dark-
brown, interfperfed with lpecks of white j and
dries to a colour lighter than that of fuller's
earth ; on being expofed to the air, it breaks
into fmall die-like pieces.

From Mr. F.'s account of the manner of its
acting, and more particularly from its appear-
ance, I judged it to be a brown marl, rather
than a clay j and, on trying it in acid, it proves
to be ftrongly calcareous; effervefcing, and
hiffmg, more violendy than moll of the while
: of this neighbourhood : and what is Mill
more interefling, the Hemjby day is equally
turbulent in acid, as the Norwich marl ; which

Vol. II. O is

i g4

MINUTES.

J)m ought, b this coiui-

ilegclay. : ve expenceof four :.

load upon the ftaith j befides thi ..rriage.

(But ice Marl, Vol. I.)

Itisfo:^ Mr. F. fen-

fible and intelligent as he is, fhouL ely

unacquainted with this qu bis clay ; a

circumftance, however, the leis to be wondered
a:, as the »re

equally uninformed of" the . proper*

tics of marl.

The quantity :• .s about

forty middling loa nty

g to wear out;
.and lie is of

AC.

For want of mo uk". obliged

to ufe fome clay for . dung-

hills; but he does not . of it,

preferring good mo it.

~leg The Fleg farmers are :

difpatch of b at quan-

. riber

" :

. ■

lerly of 1

he !... . ^g}'

nuck

vjt%. NORFOLK. 195

muck filled, daily, by a common day la- 1O0.

bourer ! FL£G S0IL-

Mr. Fe: .? a frriking' inflance of the

fertility of the I I::niby foil. He has known a
farm driven by a beggarly tenant, who has
been fucceeded by another, who has dill con-
tinued to drive it ; yet, after all, it has retained
its prolific qualities ; and has flill continued to
throw on: abundant crops ; efpecially if a full
crop o: cloz-er can be obtained j a thing which \ CL0V£R
Mr. F. fpeaks of as an improvement almoft
equal to that of a coat of muck.

Mr. F.'s management of his tiirfieps is verv turnips
judicious.-- He begins with thole which lie
fartheft from home ; throwing them abroad in
the adjoining ftubbles and lays ; but in winter
he brings his cattle into the yard ■, which is a
very c : one ; and is, I believe, efteem-

efl the firft in the country.

It confuls of a large fquare : on one fide of
it ftand zlv^ barns ; and, on the oppofite fide,
a long ranee of trousrhs or manners ; behind

ich is a gangway for the feeder j and behind
this (out of the yard) the turnep-houfe.

The turneps are tailed, and freed from the

A part of the dirt, and put into the

troughs enti i .:,ch Mr. F. efteems, upon

O 2 the

196 ' I N U T E S. May

a chopp:

- troughs (hind on the highefl fide of ths
yard, upon a riling . thai the bul-

let -

:.rd.
ic pofts which 1 the manger I

up fcr.v-c -height, and h

r, tD £7; .e bul-

: the troughs (A

ihed u. .

lie j comfortable in Did

E r, would be a great improvement to this

va:

Tin :jbloiTom — I

• ows off the :

:o his tatting bulkx lie his cows

nd lean ftock have the boctoi
entire. This judicious managemc :wo

good effect : the bullock;
a check, as th apt to do, when turneps

re in this ftate, ai '. on, perhaps, nil

I ms are in full p
the floe'.
of the tops, eat up the bottoms the cleaner.

1/82.

NORFOLK.

197

How much preferable is this management

to that of his neighbour 'Squire , who

having turned twenty fine bullocks into a clofe
of charming turneps, (fuch as would have been
worth in this part of the country three or four
pounds an acre) they have licked off the biof-
foms, and the better parts of the tops, and are
now pining over the ftalks and bottoms.

This piece of turneps, as well as the remains
of Mr. Ferrier's, and the other remaining
pieces in the neighbourhood, fhew what noble
crops of this valuable root are grown in the
Fleg Hundreds.

Thele and a thoufknd other circumftances
are undeniable proofs of the richnefs of the
Fleg foil : while the univerfal foulnefs which
overruns the crops of wheat and clover is a
proof equally evident of the uucleanlinejs of
Fleg farmers : from our leaving Happifbro',
Hempftead, &rc. until our return to Stalham
and Brunftead, we faw very few pieces, either
of wheat or of clover, which did the owners
any degree of credit.

Fences. In this neceflary piece of hufbandry

the Fleg hudbandmen excel ; while the hedges

of Happing and Tunftead, either from the na-

Q 7 ture

106.

TURNEPS
IX FLEG.

FLEG SOIL.

FLEG HUS-
BANDRY.

HEDGES
IN FLEG.

: ' - : • 1 : ' ,y

, or fro:

rn. N::r I :

. —

fubjecr of '..- 1

and arc

-or
old; facim

■
•in af, :he

: i

.
ti : of trimming off th ots

t

_-, or
ofrimb

-

17S2.

NORFOLK.

199

many of them frequently buried in it, fo as to
be totally deftroyed: whereas, in Fleg, the
flubs, univerfally, whether young or old, fland
fix or eight inches out of the face of the ditch ;
by which means a number of (hoots is pro-
duced. The lately railed fences have mod of
them furze growing on the backs of the banks.

Fee Throughout the journey,

the wheat appeared to be almoft univerfally
paftured, by flock of every denomination;
fheep excepted : of which ftock we did not
fee a fcore either in the Happing or the Fleg
Hundreds ! but calves, young (lock, cows, and
even fat bullocks, and horfes, were ftiii to be
ieen in almoft every clofe of wheat we pafTed.
The fpringofthis year, however, is remarka-
bly late ■, the turneps are gone, and the graft
not yet come to a bite ; ib that wheats, this
year, are more univerfally fed, and fed '.
than perhaps was ever known. Mr. Ferrier
feems almcfl the only exception to the prac-
tice : he never feeds his wheat, from a general
idea that "the firft fruits are the bed."

It is obfervable, that let the Norfolk foil be

fo ilrong, it is not ftubborn ; and let ic be

b foddened by heavy rains, and rendered

O 4 cold

106.

HEDGES

; :>:g

WHEAT.

SKEIP.

THE SOIL OP
NORFOLK.

i:o

MINUTES.

May

106.

NORFOLK.
SOIL.

cold and liven.- by hying fiat, it is no focner ex-.

pofed to the air than it becomes mellow and

friable. This peculiar quality is faid to be

principally owing to marl (or clay) j by the

fertilizing qu. which, land that is luffi-

ciently ftroog for wheat, is rendered iufncier.t-

lv tender for turr.eps and barley. Before the

r.le of marl and clay the Fleg farmers could

not grow tui neps j whereas now they excel in

that valuable crop. Mr. Ferrier, in one of the

fiiffeft of his pieces, put his toe upon a ciod to

{hew me this excellent property 5 and with a

flight prelTure of Ids foot burft it to a

impalpable powder. This friability of itrong

land is, peril of the belt cri:erions of a

good foil.
Mr. B-

-e. The charade r of this man

is fo very extraordinary, that I cannot re
from lketching fome of its principal features.
He was, I believe, bred in die army ; ft 1
fume time in the militia ; has fought two or
three duels ; quarrelled with moil or

len of the county -, and, com;: _-ood

:ged his tenants and com-
menced farmer.

I Ie is now an occupier of 1 - z _.. a year — ye:
he has neither llewaid nor even bailiff to afiift

him :

J782. NORFOLK. 201

him: no wonder, then, he abuf.s and receives 106.
abufe from his work-people ; or that he fbme- farmers
times frightens them away; his harveft, perhaps,
Handing (till, until his neighbours have finished.
He attends fairs and markets — fells his own
corn and his own bullocks; and even finds time
to attend to the taking in gift ftock upon a
very extenfive marfh — and this without any
afiifcance ; fave that of his lady, who keeps
his accounts.

My fellow traveller being acquainted with
him, we rode through his farm yard, and found
him looking over lbme young cattle which had
been brought up for his infpecTion. His perfon
is grofs, and his appearance bacchanalian— his
drefs that of a floveniy gentleman. — There is a
poiitenefs in his manner ; and his converlation
befpeaks a fenfible intelligent mind ; borne
away, however, by a wiidnefs and ferocity
which is obvious in his countenance, and dif-
covers itfclf in every word and action. Never-
thelefs, it is fai J, that, in a polite circle, Mr. B.
can excel in poiitenefs.

The parilh of Waxham is principally in hh
own hands ; and the adjoining little pariib of
Horfcy is entirely in his occupation.

The country round him is exceedingly fiat
and lew, being nearly on a level with the fea at

high-

. N 0 T E S. Ma?

1 06. d from it only by the

Marram Banks, which are broken into gaps at
, o or three hundred yards ; (o tli

1, andfre-
by overflow-
ing the com] ;, that he had
acres of lwcpt down

her.
, which lies out of the
:h and fertile in a high degree ;
and Mr. B. gets exc

crops from it -, to that it is probable, nor

are t rntion to

minutiae which muft neceirarily occur in fuch

cene of buf . B. does not

rtune I it feems

• farmer

. B.

maulaii . The con. ards the!

►' to\\ i.urrton, about ten
a dead flat ; and, to the eve.

iter. By

:n five t ; •. cntv

■ ■

• imp jfed

BA.N^S.

BANKS.

1782. NORFOLK. zoj

entirely of Tea fand ,• which, in fome places, is 106.

ell overgrown, and bound together by marram
a ruin-like plant, called, in that neighbourhood,
(< marram" (the arundo urinaria cf Lrv-
njeus) which the poor people cut and fell for
:h.
Thefe hillocks, however, do not ferve the
jfe of a fecure embankment againft the
they being, in many places, divided down
to their bales, by fluices of different widths j
namely, from five to fifteen or perhaps tw
yards wide. Through thefe inlets, in boi iterous
ther, and with an eafterly wind, the fea
5, and overflows the country.
The hills have a piiturefque, though dreary
appearance, and afford a romantic ride : — the
traveller may in general pafs either on the
beach or the land fide : winding through the
openings at pleafure.

The manner in which thefe banks have

been originally formed appears at firft fight

mytierious : how (and fhould be blown up

ps, and n red flat over the face

ms inexplicable.

The a, it is true, may have afilfted j

.iual to the talk.
marines,
ay open to the fo that the

flock

204 M I N U T E S. May

1 06. Hock have free cgrefs to the Tea; on the edge

marr.- m of which they delight to lie in the heat of the

r*-,KS- fomttier •, when they lie cool and free from

the fiies, with which the marines are greatly

pcltered. But, having patted Mr. B 's

grounds, the proprietors of the next marfhes
are under the rtcccflity of fencing againft the
beach ; left their cattle fhould flray into Mr.
B — 's liberty, who is lord of the manor.

Tiiis is done by placing rows of faggots in
the gaps, between the fand- hills; which, being
deep on the fide towards the lea, are of them-
felves a fence.

The effect of thefe faggot-fences is ftriking ;

for the fand being blown upon the beach in

a fimilar manner to lhow, it drifts in the fame

i and, in feme places, the tops of the

rats are only to be fe^n ; the land having

-d on both fides ; more particularly on the

fide towards the country ; fo that the cattle

.'.: now almoft walk over them : and it

. rcibly, that from fences, to

keep tttk from flraying away

. 'nave originated die Marram

.

: - " nor, I am

.c other

1782. NORFOLK. 2C-

more fubftantial fencing, Marram Banks might, j 05^

at a trifling expence, be converted into a barrier mabjmm
not to be broken by the fea : for, notwith- banks*
Handing the long and violent eafterly winds
which have lately blown, fuch as to violence
and continuance has fcarcely been known be-
fore, there is only one place in which the lea
has been able to move even thefe bramble-
faggots ; and this has happened in a gap which
is wider than ordinary: the faggots, here, being
forced out and fcattered over the marihes.

From the curfbry view I have had, the
mod eligible way of joining the hillocks, fo
as to form a regular embankment, ieems to be
this : — Make a double fence in each gap ;
placing the two fences at, perhaps, twenty or
thirty yards diftance from each other -, or,
more generally ipeaking, at five to ten yards
within the fkirts erf the prefent bank. As
foon as the hollow fpace, between the firft pair
of fences, be filled up with find, raife another
pair, a few yards within the firft; and, above
thefe, another and another, until the gap be
filled up, or be raifed to a fufEcient height j
and then, on the top, propagate the marram
plant.

Two rows of faggots might be fuificient for
the narrow gaps ; and for the larger ones fhip-

wrcck,

9to6 M r N U T E S. May

i 06. "ecfc, or other old (hip-timber, be

ufed ; mere efpe< for the foundation

CO'

If the fea the

of time ,
the whole, : on the Ian

fomedifh; banks, (

land blown over them ; and thus ffofrl
ck of one embankment ano:'

countr)' kept in' ]

r. B c has attempted to m:

r ; but has not fuc-
ceeded. Ic . ne, however, that

n
ice : but he (ay9, cc It
not for me the Germ.

u fmgle-h.-.

hit off a very great impi
m< r . mouth.

• the
•mouth,

.

and let on
it the

. . '■ .. :

1782. NORFOLK. Stof

Such a ftroke as this is a real improvement io5.

of an eftate ; and there are few extenlive gen. man.

n. i ■ i -n ■ • i i j OF ESTATES.

elhtcs which will net, tt properly attended to,
admit of being advanced, without fending die
farmer to jail, or the cottager to the poor-
houfe.

IO7.

May 12. \Vorstead Fair. — This fair markets.
is held on Old Mayday, and is called
(C May Fair." It has for many years been
noted for fat bullocks. This year, however,
there were not more than a hundred bullocks
in the fair, and no: twenty of thofe which
were fat. 1 . re about three hundred

head of cattle ; chiefly two-year-olds, and
cows and calves, withfom

The Norwich butch . ... :":e principal
chapmen for bull ...

icS.

M-.vi-. Laft yea — render my refi- cows.
dence more commodious, as well as to r
fome information en . . bjedl of cheefe-
making — s then a r to — I

I a final] dairy o: c k them

the r.

. c

MINUTES.

1 c 9 .

hopes, might be able to make ibme improve-
ment on the Norfolk method of making
cheefe;whi beengi

was execrable.

■
is being allied to experi; ilofophy,

is much
to the different procefies as an active
fcene of exnplojino Id permit a —

have been able to do is only an c

:nlei-

atpx-efcr ious, but

ortant ft
ciples.

[ een
rft it

I. it.

3. The rr..

:e curd

1782. NORFOLK. 209

dairy-women oithis country to coagulate their I Oo«
milk : hence, probably, the rancid flavor of cheese*
the Norfolk cheefe ; perfectly refembling in
fcent the parent curd ; and th:s3 as nearly as
may be, its more matured Jelf.

The rennet which I made life of was pre-
pared in the following manner.

Take a calf s bagj maw, or ftomach -, and,
having taken out the curd contained therein,
warn it clean, and fait it thoroughly, infide and
out, leaving a white coat of fait over every
part of it. Put it into an earthen jar, or other
veffel, and let it (land three or four days ; in
which time it will have formed the fait and its
own natural juices into a pickle. Take it out
of the jar, and hang it up for two or three days,
to let the pickle drain from it ; refak it; place
it again in ajar ; cover it tight down with a
paper pierced with a large pins and in this ftate
let it remain until it be wanted for ufe. In this
ftate it ought to be kept twelve months : it
may however, in cafe of neceffity, be ufed a
few days after it has received the fecond fak-
ing ; but it will not be lb ftrOng as if kept a
longer time.

To prepare the rennet for ufe ; take a hand-
ful of the leaves of fweet-briar, — the frme
Vol. II. P quantity

JIO

MINUTE S. Mat

I c 9 . quantity of the leaves of the dog rofe, and the

chiese. u^e quantity of bramble leaves j boil them in

a gallon of water, with three or four handfulls
of fait, about a quarter of an hour j (train off
the liquor, and, having let it Hand until per-
fectly cool, pu: it into an earthen refit!, and
add to it the maw, prepared as above. To this
is added a found good lemon, (hick round with
about a quarter of an ounce of cloves ; which
give the rennet an agreeable flavor.

The longer the bag remains in the liquor,
the flronger of courle will be the rennet : the
quantity, therefore, requifite to turn a given
quantity of miik, can only be afecruined
daily ufe and obfervation.

When the ren.. . ftrong take

out the bag ; hang i: up two or three days for
jhc rennet to drain from it ; — rcialt it ■, — put ic
down again into the jar ; and thus continue to
treat it, until its virtues are exhaufted; which
will not be until it has been uied fevtral ti

By fullering one or more bags to remain in
the liquor, the rennet thus prepared may be
i to a very high degree of Itreng*
.'.1 appear in the following observations.
The leaves and the fpice, it is probable,
c no other effect th f doing

17S2. NORFOLK. an

the ill flavor of the maw ; which, if ever fo 108.
well cleaned, retr.ins a faint difagreeable lmell ; cheese.
whereas the rennet prepared as above, is per-
fectly well flavored.

It is, however, I find, art idea among the
Wilcfhire dairywomen, that the leaves correct
any ranknefs or evil quality in the milk, arifing
from a ranknefs ofpafture : they being further
of opinion, that different paftures require dif«
ferent forts of herbs to correct them ; and
fome of them, it feems, are, or pretend to be>
fo deeply verfed in this art, that they will un-
dertake to correct any milk, fo as to prevent
the rifing " heaving" " or blowing" of the
cheefes made from it -, and, confequently, the
rancidnefs which ufually accompanies a porous
cheefe.

This is, no doubt, a grand object of cheefe -
makers ; but it is not, I apprehend, to be ob-
tained by fo fmall a proportion of vegetable
juices as pais with the rennet into fo large a
proportion of milk. Neverthelefs, it appears
to me highly probable, that this grand defide-
ratum lies within the reach of the chemical art;
and that, by a courfe of judicious experiments,
fome vegetable or mineral preparation, ade-
quate to this valuable purpofe, may be dis-
covered.

P 2 2. Coagulation,

212

MINUTE S. May

1 08. li regulation. Next to the art of correct-

ckiise. ing the milk (an art as yet in its infancy) this

feems to claim the attention of the experimen-
talift.

It is known, from daily experience, that
the warmer the milk is, when the rennet is
put to it, the fooner it will coagulate, with
a given quantity of rennet of a given
flrength.

It is equally well known that the cooler the
milk, and the longer it is in coagulating, the
more tender and delicate the curd becomes :
on the contrary, if the milk be too hot, and
the coagulation take place too rapidly, the
curd proves tough and harm.

But it feems to be a fait, equally well efta-
blifhed, that a cheefe made from milk, which
has been cooly and flowly coagulated, is longer
before it become marketable, than one made
from milk which has undergone a lefs delibe-
rate coagulation ; and which, being drier,
and of a hariher texture, fooner becomes
" cheefey," and fit for the tafier.

Therefore, the great art in this ftage of the
procels lies in —

The degree of warmth of the milk when
fit ; that is, when the rennet is put to it ; cr,
in —

The

1782. NORFOLK. 213

The degree of heat retained by the curd 108.
when it comes ; that is, when the coagulation cheise
has fufficiently taken place ; or, in —

The length of time between the Jetting and
the coning. Which length of time may be re-
gulated either —

By the degree of the warmth of the milk
when fet j or —

By the ftate of warmth in which it is kept
during the time of coagulation ; or —

By the quantity and ftrength (takenjointly)
of the rennet. —

To endeavour to gain fome information on
this fubjecl, I made the following obfervations.

1 7 8 1 . June 5 . T wentythree gallons of milk,
heated to ninetyfix degrees of Fahrenheit's
fcale, with two tea-cup-fulls ofweakifh rennet,
came in one hour -, the curd delicate and good.

June 6. The fame quantity of milk, of the
fame heat, with the fame quantity of rennet,
came in nearly the fame time ; the curd fome-
what tough j owing, probably, to the milk
having been " burnt to the kettle" in which
it was heated.

June 7. Twentyfeven gallons of milk,
heated to ninetyfour degrees, with the fame
quantity of rennet, came in about two hours ;
the surd very good.

P 3 June,

ai4 MINUTES. May

1 08. J'otfS. Twentyfix gallons of milk, heated

CHEESE, to one hundred and two degrees, with one tea-

cup-full of rennet, came in two ho; I

half •, curd very good.

Jv.rn 9. Twculyfive gallons of milk, heated
to one hundred degree*, with a tea-cup-fuU
and a half of rer.nct, came in about one hour
and a half; the curd good, but form
tough ; owing perhaps to the milk being kept
too warm in the cheefe tub, by being covered
up clofe with a thick cloth.

Note, On the feventh and eighth, the whey
retained a fail out eighty-eight degrees,

. .eas the whey this morning was ninetytwo
degrees : fo that, perhaps, it is not the heat
when it is/ft, but the heat when it eomes, which
gives the quality of the curd.

June 10. Twenty five gallons : ninety fix
degrees : two cups : uncovered : came in two
hours and a quarter : whey eightyleven de-
grees : curd very tender.

J.'.r.e 1 1. Tv.entythree gallons : one hun-
dred degrees: more than a tea-cup: uncovered:
did not come in two hours j owing to the ren-
net being lower in ftrtngth thin be:
therefore, added a litde more rennet j which
brought it in about three hours, from flrfl

178a. NORFOLK.

2IS

ting : the whey eightyfeven degrees : the curd 108
uncommonly delicate. cheese

June 12. Twentyfour gallons of milk :
one hundred degrees : two cups of rennet :
uncovered : came in two hours : whey eighty-
nine degrees : curd uncommonly tender,

June 13. Twentyeight gallons of milk:
ninetytwo degrees : three cups (fay ftrongly
renneted) : covered up with a coarfe linen
cloth : came in one hour and a half: whey
eightyfix degrees : curd very good, and of a
very fine colour ; though perhaps would have
handled tenderer, if it had not ftood fome time
ajter it came before it was broke up.

Perhaps much depends on its being broke
up in the critical minute.

June 14. Twentyeight gallons : one hun-
dred degrees : two cup-fulls : uncovered : came
in one hour and a quarter : whey ninetyfour
degrees : curd lbmewhat harm, but of a good^
colour.

The change of colour is therefore owing to
the change of pafture.

Notey The milk fnould be covered to make
it come together : — this came and grew hard at
the bottom, half an hour before it was fet at
the top.

£ \ ?unt

*x6 MINUTE 5. May

108. -lS- T _rht gallons: milk heated

rHii^i. t0 ninetyfive degrees : with two cups of ren-

net : and covered after it had flood three quar-
ters of an hour : came in one hour and a half:
DC degrees (the morning warm) :
curd very good and tender.

June 1 6. Thirty gallons of rr
to one hundred and three degrees ; but lowered
by two pail-fulls of cold water to ninetyfix
degrees ; with two cups and a half of rennet ;
and kept dole covered : came in one hour :
whe 'bur degrees: curd pretry goodj

but not fufficiently tender.

- . T • E nty ight gallons : nine :yfe ven
degrees: two an J one-half cups: covered ■, but
HM clofe : came in one hour and a half:
not tried : curd fomewhat tough.

ing, perhaps, to
fome milk of a new calven cow being among
it.

~.'.e cljo, To try the exact heat of milk im-
me.. the cow, immerged a diin in

lc milking. After i: long

enough to receive a degree of heat equal to that
of the milk in the pail, emptied it, and imme-
diately milked into it from the teat (the cow

bein^

i;82. NORFOLK. aij

being at this time about half milked) ; the heat I oS,

Tiimiyfrje degrees. cheese,

Kitealfo>Tht cheefes of yefterday (the 16th.
of June) pre Is remarkably elaftic, and fpungy
(like a fungus) : perhaps owing to the milk's
coming too hot; or perhaps to two or three of
the cows being then a-bulling * ; or perhaps,
being made thicker than ufual, the prefs was
avy enough for them; Gr perhaps this ill
quality is owing to the cold water being put
into the milk.

June 18. Thirty gallons: ninetyfive de-
grees : covered : came in one hour and a half:
whey ninetytwo degrees : curd pretty good.

June 1 9. Thirty gallons : ninetytwo de-
grees : two cups covered : curd very good.

June 1\. Thirty gallons : ninetyeight de-
grees ; lowered by half a pail of cold water to
ninetyfive degrees : the curd good ; but the
cheefes, like thofe of the 16th prefs, hollow
and fpungy.

» I afterwards found that the milk of a cow, on the day
of amour, retained, after having flood fome time in the
pail after milking, ninetyeight degrees of heat. This
ftiews that the itate if not the quality of the milk is altered
by the btmt of the cow ; and a cautious dairywoman al-?
>vavs endeavours to keep fuch milk out of her cheefe tub.

There*

2i8 MINUTE S. May

Io3. Therefore, it is probable, from thefe two inci-

^Ul_ dents, that lowering the heat of the milk, with

cold water, has an evil effect.

June 2 3. (Evening) Fifteen gallons of new
milk warm from the cow, retaining a heat of
ninety two degrees, with two cups and a half of
new weak rennet, and clolcly covered, came
in three quarters of an hour : whey eighty-eight
degrees : curd very delicate and good.

June 25. Forty gallons of Lkilf-fiim rniik,
heated to eightyfeven degrees, with three cups
of rennet, flightly covered, came in three quar-

-s of an hour : whey feventynine degrees:
curd remarkably good of this fort.

Sept. 8. In obferving the effect of lbme re-
markably ftrong rennet, I found that an ordi-
nary tea-cup-full coagulated fufficiendy up-
wards of forty gallons of milkx heated to only
ti. " degrees, in thirty five minutes.

From thefe obkrrvations it appears, that curd
of a good quality may be obtained from milk.
heated from 87 to 103 degrees of Fahrenheit's

ermometcr ; provided the rennet be i'o pro-
portioned, that the time of coagulation be

up three quarters of an hour to two hours
and a half; and provided the milk be kept

perly covered during the proceis of coagu-

And

1782. NORFOLK. 219

And from thefe as well as from a variety of 1 08,
other obkrvations, which I made in the courfe cheese.
of the fummer, but which are not minuted, it
appears to me, at prefent, that from 85 to 90
are the proper degrees of heat ; that from one
to two hours is the proper time of coagulation;
and that the milk ought to be covered fo as to
lofe in the procefs about 5 degrees of its origi-
nal heat.

But climature, feafons, the weather, and the
pafture, may require that thefe bounds fhoulcl
fometimes be broken. A few obfervations,
made in one feafon, and in one place, how ac-
curately foever they may have been taken, are
by no means adequate to the entire illuftration
of this very abftrufe fubjecl:.

3. The curd. — In Norfolk, this flage of the
procefs is very fhort. Part of the* whey being
laded off, the remainder, with the curd, is
poured into a cloth: — the whey drains through $
the curd is fhook in the cloth ; kneaded down
into a vat ; put under a light prefs,.or perhaps
under a ftone ; the cloth once changed j the
curd once turned j and lo ! a Norfolk cheefe
appears. The cows are milked and the cheeie
compleated in ten or twelve hours.

The

no M JNUTES. Ma*

j 08. actice, in my dairy, has been unt-

. — As foon as the curd is come at the
1 * . enough to difchlrge its whey, the

dairy woman tucks up her fleeves, plunges her
hands toti. im of the veiled, and, with a

tfh, ftirs the curd and whey brifkly
about. icn lets iih, and, by a

rctdar motion of her hands and arms, vio-
lently the whole ; carefully breaking"
ev : of the curd ; and, at intervals, ftirs
it hard to the bottom with the difh j fo that
not a piece of curd remains unbroken, larger
than a ha. is done to prevent
what; is called " flip -curd" (that is, lumps of
c^ird which have Hipped unbroken through
the dairywoman's hands), which, by retaining
its whey, does not prefi uniformly with the
1 .J, but in a few days (if it happen to
be Qtuated toward the rind; turns livid and
jelly-like, and foon becomes faulty and rotten,
about five or ten minutes;
or, if the quantity of curd be large, a qu
• . .1 hour.

In a few minutes the curd fubfides, leaving
in the top. The d
i (h, and lades off the
pailj which the empties into a

1782. NORFOLK. 221

milk-lead to (land for cream, to be churned for 1 oS.
whey butter*. c::iZi£,

Having laded off all the v/hey me can, wi:h-
out gathering up the imall pieces of loole
curd floating near the bottom of the vefiel,
fhe fpreads a draining cloth over her cheefe -
tongs, and {trains the v/hey through it j return-
ing the curd, retained in the cloth, into die
cheefe tub. When me has got all the whey
fhe can, by prefling the curd with her hand
and the lading diili, fhe takes a knife and cuts
it into fquare pieces, about two or three inches
fquare. This lets out more of the whey, and
makes the curd handy to be taken up, in order
to be broken into the vats f.

* This is a practice peculiar to the cheefe coir. I
and forms no inconnderable par: of the profit or" a d ... -
thofe counties. In Norfolk, the whey, ev^n from r.ew
milk, partes from the cheefe .im:d:_;^!y :^ :he

hog tub.

f A Jairy mould be pier. • :h v kts,

and fome of them of different lizes ; for when three or
four cheefes are m:ideat each meal, a number cf vats be-
come actually in ufe ; and if there are no: itili a number
emp:y, the d.... . becomes confined in her choice,

and cannot proportion exactly her vats I ruity of

curd ihe happens to find in her cheefe tub ; and keeping a
little overplus card from meal to r tentry Ipoils 2

!e cheefe.

Having

122 MINUTES. May

108. Having made choice of a vat or vats pro-

Ckiese. portioned -o the quantity of curd, fo that the

cheefe, when fully prefied, (hall neither over"
nor under fill the vat, flie fpreads a cheefe-
cloth loofely over die vat ; into which fhe re-
breaks the curd ; carefully fqueezing every
part of it in her hands; and, having filled the
vat heaped up and rounded above its top, folds
over the cloth, and places it in the prefc \

In autumn, when the weather got cool and
moilt, the curd was Jcalded, " to make the
" cheefe come quicker to hand," (that is,
fooner fileabie) and to prevent a white woolley
coat from rifing. It is done thus : If from

• Much depend* on the conitrufticn and power of the
press. The excellency of construction depends upon its
preffing levd : if it has toe much play, fo as to incline and
become tottering or leaning one way or another, and do
not fall perpendicular upon the cheefe board, one fide of a
cheefe will frequently be thicker than another; and, what
is ftill worfe, one f:de will be thoroughly prefTed while the
other is left foftand fpongy. Its power may be given by
a fcrew, by a lever, or by a dead weight, and ought to be
proportioned to the thicknefs of the cheefe.

I had one conltrucled on the above principles ; the
power, a dead weight of ilones, contained in a cubical
box, moving in grooves fo as to keep its bottom horizon-
tal; the medium weight, 1 cwt. 2 qrs. but regulated, by
the flones, agreeably to the thickr.eL of the cheefe or
cheefes to be pre. led.

new

1782. NORFOLK. 223

new milk, fcalding water (boiling water with a. 1 cS.

fmall quantity of cold whey mixed with it) is che£Se>
poured over the whole furface of the curd as it
lies at the bottom of the cheefe tub : If from
fkimmed or other inferior milk, the outfides
only are fcalded, after the curd is in the vat,
by firft pouring the fcalding water on one fide,
and then, turning the cheefling, pouring it on
the other. For if in this cafe the curd were to
be fcalded, it would render it hard, and fpoil
the tafte and texture of the cheefe. In fcald-
ing the checjlingy the curd is firft put into the
bare naked vat, and the upper part fcalded :
the cheefe cloth is then fpread over it, and the
vat being turned, the curd falls into the cloth :
the curd, with the cloth under it, is then put
into the vat; the outer edges pared off; the
parings broke, and rounded up in the middle ;
and the fcalding water poured upon it as be-
fore ; the folds of the cloth laid over, and the
vat fet in the prefs.

The whey, being pretty well preiTed out,
and the cheefling (whether it has been fcalded
or not) having got firm enough to handle,
which it will be in about half an hour, the
dairywotnan takes it out of the vat ; wafhes
the cloth in a pail of clean cold water ; fpreads

it

*H

M I N U T E Ma*

Io3. It ov^r tpon it;

cheese, i^ucrzcs i. :he

clot . j "ith a woo.

che?:l- :he
p:

Sir g to be made in

m ch*

c -; : . is uken out,

Irfi 11

. — The fait
being wcil bruikrd, an * nps thoroughly,

b: oo each fide of

itj about
one-tenth of ai "rfs,

in pr: to the cheefe.

If l .p-

p hes and up • : )me fait

pu: into lv
. . - ■

and, on this, putting die remainder of the
'.

has
been c : I

anc: and left

s curd be
n poor milk, or j ...

i7S2. NORFOLK. afej

fetting, had acquired any degree of fournefs, 10S.

or if it has been run hot and quick, the cheef- cheest.
ling fhould, in the morning, be "bare-vatted;"
that is, be put into the vat without a cloth
round it, and be put again into the prefs until
evening.

The ufe of bare-vatting is to take out the
marks of the cloth, and thereby evade a wafte
of l.ibour in bringing the cheefe to a fmooth
glofly coat. The realbn for the above diftinc-
rion is, therefore, obvious ; for the harder the
curd, the longer the marks of the cloth are in
pre (Ting out.

In the evening, that which Was turned into
the dry cloth in the morning, is now bare-
vatted 3 and that which was bare-vatted in the
morning; is now turned in the vat; and, having
flood in the prefs until morning, the procefs is
finifhed. The cbeefes are taken out of the
vats, and placed upon the fhelf.

Thus, lbppofing the cheefling to be made
en Monday morning, feven o'clock, it is, be-
tween eight and nine, taken out of the vat;
the cloth wafhed; and immediately placed, ill
the prefs again. On Monday evening, it is
faked and, if wanted, pared *j put into a dry

* A cheefling: fhould never, in Ibid propriety, be
pared after it has been bare-vatted.

Vol. II. Q^ cloth;

22? I N 0 T F. t Mat

cloth ; and replace. . On Tuef

morningitisbare-vatted, (M
the cheefling, u

again put into I . 0~T

i: i ;rned j and on Wedneflby morr. g

nout o:~
4. — . -

labor:: ::mentc :j

preierve t\\€ cheeiV

an appearand n will re :
purchafer.

Circiri nc : quire a

.-.ire fcurfy coat; which, bef
not caufing the defects of the cheefe, is at leaft
unfigh* is a certain mark, of the fiov

line is of it: ] 1 morep!

on a poor, than on a rich cheefe. Cold
.:her encourages i: : but, in warm
weather, the c :ion of a rich and well*

made cheefe goes near, of itfeif, to endiatt
the white, and bring on that defirable blue coar,
..ich is at once a criterion of the goodnefs of
the cheefe and of the fkiifulneis of the
woman.

Norfolk dairywornan, however, payr

-
b equal :.ous :o pleafe the eve

■ad

1782. NORFOLK. n-

and the palate. Her method is this: — the 108.
cheefe (or rather as yet a bundle of curd) being ckiise,
taken out of the prefs, is faked upon a large
earthen platter, in the fame manner a piece of
beef or pork is faked -, and, having lain fome
time in fait, it is put upon a fhelf to dry and
ftifien.

Being in a manner unprefied ; never cleaned;
and but feldom turned ; it is no wonder, that
in a fhort time the white fcurfy coat gets full
poiTefiion of it ; or that its lurface fhould ap-
pear bloated and wrinkled ; or that its rind
fhould be divided by innumerable fiflures j or
that its appearance, all together, fhould be
that of a plumb cake, rather than of a"
cheefe.

However with refpecr, to appearances, the
Norfolk dairywoman may plead, in excufe,
that her cuftomers are familiarized to the fights
which me prepares for them : but when me
follows a practice which fubjecls her produce,
if not fold off" while yet in an unripe date, to
almoft inevitable deftruction, fhe is highly cul-
pable.

Cheefes made in this country are attacked

by an enemy little dreaded, or wholly unknown,

in the cheefe counties -, namely, a fpecies of

Q__ 2 maggot,

323 I N 0 7 E S.

I" Kjfe unlimited mifchievoufnefs

fleems ro b; confio f the king-

dom.

T:. . is the caufc of this ferious

mifchief, is of a fpecies (broewhat fmall, fl
dtr, black, an.. . refembling

the fmall winged ant. V - it finds a

3: in the f - fo

:, it turns Is the apertu

Qcnder fl
og of a b-.e, there de;

I ; head in fight,
its* pth.

I ftill

e } and,

be porous, foon pervade every

:ingks total de-

nmedi-

fc becomes

b": .iible jc by lbme

of the good people of the country, to whom

trfoL
I

s, there Jibour-

1782. NORFOLK. 229

hood, many dairywomen who had not, even I0°«
in September, one thoroughly found new-milk cheese.
cheefe in their dairies.

A remedy for this evil would be a valuable
difcovery to the Eaft Norfolk farmer : for al-
though Eaft Norfolk is not properly {peaking
a dairy country, there are a great number of
cows kept in it ; not only for its home con-
fumption of butter and cheefe, but for the
purpofe of rearing bullocks for the London
market.

The only remedy practifed here, in com-
mon, is to place in the cheefe-chamber large
boughs,, on which the flies fettle. The boughs
being loaded with flies, are taken into another
room, and beaten upon the floor j by which
means numbers may be deftroyed ; numbers,
however, are ftill left behind -, and while there
is one fly in the room, a defective cheefe is not
fafe.

This mifchievous animal, whether in its fly
or maggot ftate, is very difficult to be de-
ftroyed, without actually crufhing it. By way
of experiment , fhut up the cheefe-chamber a3
clofe as poflible -, and burnt in it not lefs than
four or five ounces of fulphnr -, caufing a fume
powerful enough to have ftifled an elephant ;
CL3 but

230 MINUTES. May

Io3. but not a fly fuflfered by it. — Agam, put a

CHti^E. (lice of checfe affected by the maggot into

fome boiling water, immediately from the
tea-kettle : let it lie a few minutes in the
water : took it out and broke it : the maggots
were, to every appearance, as much alive as if
thev had not been in the water ! — It is in
vain, therefore, to think of deftroying the
animal j for although the fly may be eafily
killed by hand or otherwife, and, with a little
pains, the dairy and cheefe-chamber might
for a moment be cleared j yet, from the
numbers which are bred in the neighbour-
hood, the very air is filled with them ; and
the room, of courfe, prefently replenifhcd :
therefore, the only way left of avoiding
the lofs is to endeavour to find out fome
means of defending the cheefes themftlvcs
againft the attacks of thefe deftructive enemies.
Thefe means, I flatter myfelf, are fully
pointed out in the practice I am now regitter-
ing.

The firft week or ten days, the new-made

- efes are carefully turned once a day ; great

care being had not to break the yet tender rind

in turning ; nor to fuffer it to be cracked by

too free an admifllon of a dry parching air.

As

1782. NORFOLK. 231

As foonas they are become firm enough to 108.
be handled with fafety, they are cleaned in cheese.
this manner : fome fkimmed whey being put
into a milklead, or other broad, Ihallovv
veffel, fo as to cover the bottom of it half an
inch or an inch deep, the cheefes to be cleaned
are taken from the fhelf and placed in the
whey. One fide being thoroughly moiftened,
the other fide is placed downward : the edges
too are wetted with a cloth, fo as to make the
whole coat of the cheefe foaking wet. The dai-
ry woman then takes a hard brum, and brumes
every part of the cheefe; frequently dipping
her bruih in the whey, to eradicate the white
coat? more readily and more effectually. This
done, fhe places them again on the {helves; but
before they be quite dry, while their coats are
yet moift, fhe rubs them over with a cloth, on
which a piece of whey, or other common, but-
ter has been fpread. This keeps the rind fup-
ple, and free from cracks ; checks the fcurfy
coat from rifing ; and, by Hopping the pores
arid filiiires of the coat, prevents the fly from
dcpofiting her eggs. If the rind be rough,
from the marks of the cloth or other caule, fhe
ic rapes them with a knife, or odier inftrument :

0^4 this.

;52 MINUTE S. May

I o 3 . is laft operation, however, is as yet performed

chil witn great care and delicac

Having thus warned and fcraped them I
or three times (in the courfe of about a week,
from the firftcleanfing) me removes them from
the dairy Twelves into fome fpacious airy ro
with a firm even floor, which fhe firft rubs plen-
tiful-y with green fucculent nettles, lb 2s to
give it a temporary greennefe, and then pi
her cheefrs in rows upon the prepared floor*
She nov. rhcm no more; but, i:

coc: . -!iJ the fcurf continue to

rife, ifac \cr:. f than before ;

, as the rind gets harm, foftcns it with
:r ; th'as continuing to treat them, and (till
continuing to turn them once a day, until they
acquire a rich golden polifh, and the
in to fhe .

Thiscrifis, namely, the appearance of die
blue coat, is not altogether regulated by the
age of the cheefe, but depends on itb q
and the ftate of :. the& Pern. |

appear before the cheefe be one, perhaps not
until it be more than two, ore c, months

therefore, no certain number of cleanings
can be f.xtd ; thefe rules, however, may be
obf- -b them, until they be

per-

1.782. NORFOLK. 133

perfectly fmooth ; mellow the rind with butter, 1 oS .

whenever, for want of natural exudation, their cheesEj
coats get dry and harih ; thus continuing to
keep them fmooth, yellow, and glofly, until
the blue coat begin to make its appearance,
voluntarily ; and then, but not before, begin
to encourage the blue coat.

This ingenious procefs is thus conducted :
1 laving rubbed the floor thoroughly with freili
nettles, the dairywoman places inch of the
cheefes upon it as fhe judges to be ready for
" coating ;" and upon the top of each cheefe.
puts three or four vine leaves 5 .or, for want of
thefe, a cabbage leaf. This, if the cheefe be
good, will in a day or two bring up the defired
veftment : but an inferior cheefe will take a
longer time in coating ; and as the leaves lofe
their greennefs and fucculence, fhe replaces
them with frefli ones; and as fhe turns the
cheefes, which is now done every fecond or
third day, fhe re-covers the upper fides with
leaves; but wipes their edges hard with a
clammy cloth ; lb that the edge, and a narrow
ring round each fide, ever retain the polilhed
yellow hue.

When the cheefes were properly coated, and
their edges had got lulliciently firm, they were

placed

0 T E S, Mat

*, and, without

once 2

■.itn wiping
: 1 the time they

were : : —

k
•

ral.
-afs (h

/.ire
ng principally
— -

r, — collect ■

:" vermin.

^. • Th* pkte rack, w ith

. ". ; bell

^ one flae, the rack fhou!4

I

|Ji-. -rughttobemr rat

- - - rent

as as . -ices for

:iaU

a; "

a comir.on rocm, in that

.:>cn: twa
over the
m climb.

The

1782. NORFOLK. 235

The corns of the Lancafhire breed *, and of 108.
different ages, cheese.

The cheefe, in quality and appearance, re-
fembles very much that of inferior Warwick-*
i"hire, or the two-meal cheefe of Gloucefler-
ftiire •, being lean and dry, confidering the fpe-
cies of milk ; which was neat, or nearly neat,
from the cow.

This inferior quality is probably owing, in
a great meafure, to the quality of the foil ; and
perhaps, in ibme degree, to the method made
life of in feparating the whey.

With refpect to the fly, not one cheefe in a
hundred (after the mifchief was firfl difcover-
ed) fuffered from it. There cannot be a great-
er proof of the eligibility of the method in this
cafe practifed, than that of my being able to
preferve the principal part of the dairy to a
time when there is not, generally fpeaking,
another Norfolk cheefe in ibis part of the
county +. i

* That fomething confiderable depends on the breed or
variety of cow is evident, from an experiment I made
\viih the milk of the Alderney cow ; the produce from
which was of a texture almoft as clofe and firm as bees-
wax, and nearly as high-coloured ; as different, in quality
and appearance, from the produce of the long-horned
ows, as if they wer* two diStinCt Jpecies of animals.
■{■ On the Suffolk fide of the county, about Harleflon

and

: x a t i

IC>3. If from one year's c •?n-

c ' J chccfi

dc in r:..
i. To makeuie of .•
net.

2. Toj
rating the curd froi

die method at el gible

oji rich land (and is pra

Wiltfnire, Gloucefter(hire,andV hire),

ye:, oq a | : may be pru re-

ferve as n. tides as

pofiible in the
to efcaj

into butter* j ;
.

the
-.. _ . '.Ik.

j. To lrt the d in in the prefs

u."- ^ree of

g cheefe pa
b afib •: predict ; « hie

• It j ,t, in point

•
from the butter would more iL_n ov .

I ;
[

7S2. NORFOLK. 257

firmnefs, and their rind fuch a degree of tough- 1 0S.

nefs, that they may, on being taken out of the cheese-
prefs, be fafcly handled, without danger of
cracking.

4. To keep their coats fupple and clean ;
the firft, to prevent, as much as pofiible, their
cracking afterwards in turning ; and the latter,
to difcover with greater readinefs, and to re-
medy with greater eafe when difcovered, any
flaw which, through accidents or" overfight,
may happen.

c. If through accident or neglect the fiv
fhould be differed to make an impreffion
(which is eafily difcoverable by a dimple in
the rind and its foftnels to the touch), cut cut
the part affected (perhaps not yet larger tl
a walnut), dull the v. LcH pepper, fill it

up with butter, and cloie it with a piece of
foft paper : thus forming an artificial rind,
which will fecure it from further injury, until
it has acquired an age fufficient to recommend
it to a purchafer.

By thele rules, I c . t cheefe

of a middle quality as to richnefs, and fecure
againft the fiy, might be produced in Eaft
Norfolk ; the prejent metlMd of [epa-

turetc be *.

Ic . n :r. more

from

i;5 MINUTE May

•j

1 :Q. If not, I c.v.

am-. throughout :ice cbove rr I, t

' me goo d
general, and /ri?:/.-
m Eaf: Norfolk, with a -r
■-

. . -
.

hood, u-bo
v ties

ic ■

. eefe of z.

- and vber out
eetiog did (before
I

dir - ; upon v . broedboop;

i i able 10 | • ".efficient qoan-

_ to £13 the \ at via prHTrd.
'.
ve

: te cur3, ..
bf —

•e drawn off quite

- aind

cheeie, I .be bas made

caudltr.g a ibetjiimg

17S2. NORFOLK. (239

109. 109.

May 17. In the courfe of laic rummer I butter,
likcwiie paid confidcrable attention to the art
of making butter ; regiitering, at the time of
obfervation, the minutias of die different pro-
ceffes.

In the production of good butter, much, no
doubt, depends on foil and herbage -, and ibme-
thing, perhaps, on the fpecies of cow : — much,
neverthelefs, depends upon management.

The different ftages of die art are,

1. Milking the cow.

2. Setting; the milk.

3. Preferving the cream.

4. Churning.

5. Making up the butter, for prefentufe.

6. Putting it down, for future ufe.

1. Milking. — Cleanlinefs is the bafis of the
whole art. — A dairymaid mould not be iuffer-
ed to fit down under a cow, with a pail, which.
a fine lady would icruple to cool her tea in j
nor until lhe has warned the teat of the cow and
her own hands : and, for this purpofe, clean
water and a cloth fhould always be at hand.

A co v.-

Mt

If I X U T E S.

log. A cow mould be milked at regular and

butter. ftated hours; and, ifpoflible, always by the

fame | for cows, in general, :

£•'" : > a ftrar^

as to one The

confcqiK net is, the richeft ft part of

• and the
which is not e^ .ked becomes dry pre-

matura

a. Setting i
clean nefs
mi.

In fummer it is dimcult to fet milk too cool:
— r no time fnould be loft in getting

it as foon as pofiible into the p

in fummer, "the
does not rife fo lmooth and rich, nor
large a qu \tn it has been fet of a

due c;

frctbji ar.d does net, in this l
in the churn."

Judicious dairywomen, therefc I
mer, pou -

jar, or other veffel, there lea
half an hour; or u iy cool, and the

be funk | d or

1782. NORFOLK. 241

pan, in which cold water has, until that time, I0^%

flood. butter.

If it be fet too cool in winter, the cream will
not rife lb thick as when fet immediately from
the teat, or has had a little hot water put into
the milk ; viz. about a pint of water to a gal-
lon of milk, or as much as will make it new-
milk warm : that is, ninety to ninetyfive de-
grees.

The depth of the milk mould not. exceed
two inches : from one to two is a proper depth.
If the milk be fet too thick, the cre;im does not
life fo freely ; nor, confequently, in fo large a
quantity, in "a given time. If fet too fhallow,
it is difficult to feparare the cream from it.

3. Preferring the cream. — The great art here
lies in keeping the cream free from ranknefs,
to a proper age.

Frefh cream affords a well-flavored butter ;
but yields a lefs quantity than ftale cream; it
being a received opinion among dairy- women,
that age, and a flight degree of acejeency in
the cream, increafes the quantity, without in-
juring, fenfibly, the quality of the butter ; but
that the fmalleft degree of rancidity in the
cream fpoils the flavour of the butter.

In winter, cream may be eafily kept free from
any degree of acidity ; but, in fummer, it re-

Vol. II. R quires

2+2

M N U T E S. Mav

ioq. quires fome care to keep it entirely free even

butter.

from ranknefs.

A quantity of cream, though ever Co judi-
cioufly taken off the milk, will, when put in-
to a vefTel, and fullered to (land fome time, let
fall a greater or fmaller quantity of milk.

It has been difcovered, that this milk, or
dregs of the cream, which fubfides at the
bottom of the vefTel, becomes rancid much
fooner than the cream itfelf i and that, being
fullered to remain at the bottom of the vefTel,
it prcfently communicates its rancidity to the
cream : and further, that if it be permitted to
mix again with the cream in the churn, the
butter takes that marbled, half-cheefe-like
appcrrance, under which we tco frequently
fce it.

Therefore, a judicious dairywoman never
rs theie dregs to remain any length of
time under the cream. She has two means
of preventing it 3 namely, repeatedly ftirring
them together to prevent them from liibfi-
djmg too frequently j and, when a proper
quantity is fubfided, pouring off the cream
into a frefh vefiel, leaving the dregs behind.
In fummer, a good dairywoman ilirs her
cream-jar every time (generally (peaking) fhe

goes

*7$2. NORFOLK. 243

goes into the dairy ; and fhifts it every morn- 109.

in j; (and in clofe muggy weather every even- butter.
ing) into a frefh, clean, well-fcalded jar, or
other vefTsl.

To take off the ranknefs of cream produced
from turneps, the Norfolk dairywomen fome-
times fcald their cream : diis, however, is al-
lowed to lefTen its productivenefs of butter ,
and I was told by a lady, whofe attention to
her dairy entitles her to credit in this cafe,
that putting a quart of boiling water into each
pail of milk before it be let, is a more effectual
and lefs wafteful remedy.

4. Churning. — The principal art in churn*
ing lies in keeping the cream of a due degree
of warmth in the churn 3 and in giving it a
due and regular agitation. Warmth and a
rapid motion make it come quick : coolnefs,
and a gentle motion, bring it flowly. If
butter come too quickly, it is foft and frothy >
and foon turns rancid ; nor does it part from
the buttermilk fo freely, nor yields {o large a
quantity, as when it has been a proper time in
churning. If it come too flowly, there is
labor loft ; befides the butter lofing its fla-
vor and texture. From one to two hours is a
proper length of time in churning.

R 2 If

MINUTES. Ma*

If the weather be hot, the churn ought to be
chilled with cold water, before the cream be put
into it, and mould be placed in a cool fituation ;
if cold, fcald the churn with boiling water, and
endeavour to churn in a warm room. If, in
either cafe, thefe be not iufficient, add hot or
cold water to the cream, during the time of

churning.

If the cream be inclined to get frothy in the
churn, open its mouth for a few minutes, to let
in the air, and give the froth time to difTipate ;
and the butter will generally come fooner, than
it would have done, had the agitation been con-
tinued : for, while the cream is in a date of
frotbinefsj die butter will not feparate. Rever-
ting the motion has fometimes a good effect *.

• It is this (late of frifbtnefs, (fermentation it cannot
be called) which fometimes gives inexperienced dairy -
u-omen much fatigue of body, and anxiety of mind. In
thedays of witchcraft the caufe was .readily afcribed ; and
the witch was often fuccefsifully burnt out, with a red-
hot poker. The devil, to this day, is now and then fub-
jefted toa fimilar treatment; and with equal fuccefs: for
while the poker is heating the froth fubfides ; and, in cold
weather, the warmth communicated to the cream renders
this llroke of heroinifm doubly eflicacious. There may
be other caufes (than the frothinefs of the cream) of that
oMUnatc delay whieh not ur, frequently happens in this
important operation ; which well deferves a philoibphi-
c;d investigation.

If

:--:. NORFOLK. 245

If the butter come in fmall particles which IOgm

are flow in unkingf ftrain oft part of the but- BUTTER
termiJk ; and the butter, in general, will fooner
gather. Reverfing the motion generally gathers
the butter quicken; *.

;. Making up the butter. — When the butter
is fufficiently gathered in the churn, which is
known by the largenefs of the lumps,- and
the cleannefs of die dajhers, it is taken out ;
kneaded in a bowl, or other fhallow vefiel, to
let out the buttermilk ; fpread thin over
infide of the bowl, and clean cold water poured
over it ; kneaded, broken, and re-fpread in
the water ; the water poured off; the butter
beaten, in large lumps or handfulls, of three or
four pounds, againft the fide of the bowl ;
re-fpread ; faked ; the fait worked in j re-
warned ; and re-beaten, until the water come
off unfuliied ; which it will do after two or
three warnings. It is then broken into pound-
lumps ; re-beaten againft the bowl; and
printed, or otlienvife made up.

But before the dairywoman begins to take
the butter out of the churn, fhe firft fcaids,
and then plunges immediately into cold water,
i very veffel and thing which me is about to
make ufe of; in order to prevent the butter
• A horizontal or barrel churn is here to be underitood.

R 3 from

MINUTE S. May

from {licking to them. In fummer, when the
butter U very loft, it is fometimes neceffary to
rub : r fcalding with fait, which greatly

: the wood in retaining the moitlure.

She alio puts her own hands into the hotteft

water (he can bear them in ; rubs them with

:'_!: . "ediately plunges them into cold

warer : — this Cat repeats a$ often as Ihe finds

j utter flick to them.
There isajm/bing operation, which is fome-
times given in the neighbourhood of the me-

:'.::, and perhaps in iome few provincial

ids : in general however this excellent

f.nifn is omitted -} — cither through want of

knowledge, or want of induftry, or through

: for its ufe being to give, not only firm-

-nd a wax-like cvennefs of texture to the
butter, but to e::';.:c: from it, entirely, the but-
termilk and tne water in which it has been
waihed, the quantity is thereby leflcned j for
fo many ounces of milk and water extracted,
fo many ounces fewer of butter go to market:
this however is the beft proof of ks utility ;
and butter cannot ftricUy be laid to be market-
able, until it has undergone this operation :
which is thus performed.

The bowl or tray being wetted, to prevent
the butter from flicking to it, and a cheefe-

cloth

1732. NORFOLK. 747

cloth (trainer or other cloth being wafhed in 109,
clean cold water and wrung as dry as poffible ; butter.
a pound lump of butter is placed in the bowl ;
and, with a ftroke of the hand proportioned to
the ftifthefs of the butter, is beaten with the
cloth. As the pat of butter becomes flat and
thin, it is rolled up with the cloth, (by a kind
of dexterity which can only be acquired by
practice and again beaten flat ; the dairy-
woman, every three or four ftrokes, rolling up
either one fide or the other of the pat, and
moving it about in the bowl to prevent its (tick-
ing. As die cloth fills with moifture (which
it extracts from the butter and imbibes in the
manner of a fpunge) it is wrung and re-wafhed
in clean cold water. Each pound of butter
requires, in cool weather, four or five minutes
to be beaten thoroughly, but two minutes are
at any time of efTential fervice.

In warm weather it is well to beat it two or
three times over j as the coolnefs of the cloth
aflilts in giving firmnefs to the butter %

* 1781, July 23. Weighed a lump of butter before
and after being beaten with a cloth. Before beating it
weighed fixteen ounces and a quarter ; after beating fifteen
ounces and three quarters ; jufl half an ounce of butter-
milk and water being abfurbed by the cloth, during
about three minutes beating. The cloth was wrung equally
hard before and after the operation : a conudcrable
quantity of milk and water was wrung out of it.

R 4 6, Putting

243 MINUTES. May

i c 9. 6. Putting d: wn\ — The more pure the butter

but: is when put down, and the more perfectly it is

afterwards kept from a communication with

the outward air, the longer it will retain a ftate

of perfect fweetnefs.

The purity of butter eonfifts in its being
free from internal air, moifture, filth, and a
ranknefs of flavor.

The prcfcrvation of butter therefore depends
principally on the pqfinre and the method of
making. If the pafture be rank, whether through
, orherbage,\i\s generally injudicious
to put down butter from it. But if the pafture
be fweet j and the cows be properly milked,
the milk judicioufly fet, the cream carefully
kept and properly churned ; and the butter
well worked up, with an additional quantity of
' fait i there is little art neceflary in putting it
do"j;n fo as to preferve it fweet for feveral
months : neverthelefs the more judicioufly it is
put down, the longer it will retain its fweetnefs.
There are various vefiels ufed for putting
down butter. When a length of carriage is
necefTarv, wooden firkins are the fafeft : gla-
zed earthenware, however, is preferable when
. be made ufe of with tfety and conveni-
ency : for, out of this, th* may be

entirely fecluded.

The

1782. NORFOLK. 249

The figure or fhape of a butter jar fliould be 1 on.

that of die lower fruflum of a cone ; namelv, butter.
wider at the bottom than the top : refembling
the (landing or upright churn : the top of it
being made fufficiently wide to admit of its be-
ing tilled conveniently; but not wider.

This form prevents the butter from riling in
the jar, and effectually prevents the air from in-
fill uating itfclf between the jar and the butter;
whole natural elasticity prefTes it in this cafe,
ftill clofer to the fides of the containing veiled ;
but, were the form of this reverfed, the lame
propenfity of expanfion in the butter would
feparate it from the fides of the jar, fo that
towards the top a knife might (as it frequendy
may) be drawn round between them, and the
sir of courfe have free admiffion.

The method of putting it down is this : — .
The butter having lain in pound lumps twenty-
four hours, the dairywoman takes two or diree
of the lumps, joins them together, and kneads
diem in the manner in which pafte is kneaded.
This brings cut a considerable quantity of wa-
ter)' brine ; which being poured out of the
bowl, the butter is beaten with a cloth as be-
fore ; and the jar having been previoufly boil-
ed, or otherwise thoroughly icalded, and

having

25©

MINUTES. May

109. having flood to be perfectly cool ar.d dry, the

butter butter is thrown into it, and kneaded down as

ciofe and firm as poffible, with the knuckles
and the cloth alternately ; being careful not to
leave any hollow cell or vacuity for the air to
lodge in ; more particularly round the out-
fides, between :he butter and the jar — and for
this purpofc (he repeatedly draws her finger
round by die fides of the jar; prefling the
butter hard, and thereby uniting intimately the
jar and butter.

It is fortunate when the jar can be filled at
one churning j but when this cannot be done
conveniendy, the top is left level ; and, when
the next churning of butter is added, die fur-
face is raifed into inequalities, and the two
churnings united into one mafs.

The jar being filled with butter, to within
two or three inches of the top; it is I "'.!■ d up
with brine i made by boiling fait and water (in
the proportion of a handful to a pint) ten mi-
nutes or a quarter of an hour; draining it into
a cooling veflel ; and, when perfectly cool,
putting it upon the butter, about one and a half
or two inches thick. If a wooden bung be put
upon this, and a bladder tied over the mouth
of the jar, butter thus pueferved, from a good

paflure,

1782.

NORFOLK.

251

pafturc, will remain perfectly fweet for almoft *°9»
any length of time; provided the jars be £'jtter.
placed in a dry and cool fi tuation.

1IO.

May 18. (See Min. 97). There is not
now left than four pounds a head difference
between thefe two parcels of bullocks ! yet
Mr. — — — is defervedly reckoned a good
farmer ; and has treated his heifers in the com-
mon way of throw; ng turneps to them ; ririt
on his wheat flubbles, and afterwards en his
ollands.

There was one thing, it is true, very much

againft Mr. : his beft piece of turneps

lay detached from his farm ; except from a part
which was too wet to be thrown upon ; and
although he got a neighbour to let him throw
upon an adjoining piece of young clover (giv-
ing him the teathe for the conveniency), yet
he had no other " fhift" than that of his tur-
nep-clofe itfelf » drawing from one part and
throwing upon the part already bared; and
this fpring being unmercifully wet and cold,
the bullocks flood to their dew-claws in dirt ;
and, what was worfe, had no other place to lay
down on. This was undoubtedly againft them.

Never

bullocks

AT
TURNEPS.

"UTES.

Mat

i id.

Bur.i i

AT
TURNIPS.

NevertHefe'ft it is obfeivable, that bullocks
in general, this year, have not done better t
thefe. Mr. '• — — *s have not clerfe better : tt
had three under-done ones "turned out" of

Smithficld laft Monday : and Mr. is

not an inferior grazier.

Yet notwithstanding the badnefs of the fci-
fon, and the much-complained-of badne ■'
turnep;, this year, Mr. Baker's heifers
done extremely well. • For, although they
were bought-in on v> terms, they will,

if they meet with a fair market, nearly double
their firft coft,

I have dill continued to attend particularly
to the f.iiring of C iefe heifers ; which was thus
cone. They have had plenty of turneps

and a " clean trencher" every oy ; with plen-
ty of followers to lick up the crumbs ; fo chat
the fatting bullocks only picked and chofe the
prime of the turneps : and in this feems to con-
fift the excellency of the management. For
thefe heifers were fatted abroad, where they
.ined night and day ■ w ith flraw fcattered
r the hedge. Toward the fpi'ing, how*-
ever, when the tun. m to lofe I

good nek, they had hay inllead of lira w.

This pradti h is not peculiar to I

B. ii very judicious : for die bullocks arc

the

i;Sz.

NORFOLK.

253

thereby led on from turneps to grafs, without
receiving a check between them.

The above is not the only inflance of Mr.
B.'s fkill in grazing. Laft year, he fold two
Galloway bullocks for near fifty pounds.—
Thefe, however, he had kept " over-year "—
that is, from October 1779b to May or June
i - ; 1 ; eighteen or nineteen mor.:

But a few years ago, he fold in May-Ju
five Scotch cattle (which he h
St. Faith's fair, the prec
twenty pour.is a piece. The tot confiil.
ten :— the other rnteen, eigh-

teen, and nineteen, pounds each. This half
fcore did not coil : - ten

CbilHncs a head; (o that, in about feven mc
doubled his money.

But what is ftill more, about four or five
years ago, he bought nine I ullocks at St.
Faith's ; namely, feven at fc
and two at fix pounds :. each.

Thefe he finifhed by the beginning of
June, and fold (in Smithfield) four of the
imalleft at fixteen pc \ piece, the

remainder a: eighteen pounds or up.
This is probably the greateft grazing

occurrc d

. ich,

IOI.

BULLOCKS

A*
TURNIPS,

L~^CKLS.

254 / 7 I !. M v

110. .':--•

*urr\*G of 2 bullock f:- : rrs

know, or pretf nd to ki ether a bu

trill - r of his

Ir is : - '

1 moft prof. : : . : - r
graz: ne may judge :'. Mr. I —

fllCCr

ticular. Fc: : "

and

'5. c . 1

were

rr.
A : itinM

' •: ;:

>

x>d graa -*lg-

n in-

I " -

......

1

rGnm rr.

I I [.
r 25. Yeftci '

1

1782.

Norfolk:.

25$

heifers, which happened to go up to a good
market kft week. They neated 104/. i~js.
I, or 9/. 1 1 j. a head. They coll about
61. 15s. and therefore left a profit of il. 16s. a
piece, only ; but, confidering the high price at
which they were bought in, and the untoward-
nefs of the feafon, they have not done amifs.
He may thank, however, the fluctuation of
Smithtield market.

The preceding week, there was an uncom-
monly full market. Smith, alone, drove {tven
fcore. The demand was glutted and the prices
low. (A farmer in the neighbourhood fent up
three, which were fold for what he had expect-
ed for two of them !). This frightened the
grazier ■, fo that, lad week, the market was
thin, and they fold well.

A week or two at the fmifhing of the tur-
neps feems to be an injudicious time to fend
bullocks to Smithfield and St. Ive's :— there is
generally a glut about that time. If, there-
fore, bullocks are fit, they ought to be fent off
a week or two before j if not, they ought, if
pcfTible, to be kept two or three weeks longer.

III.

BULLOCKS

AT
TURNZPS.

SMITHFrELD
MARJLZ7.

112.

t&

.MINUTES.

May

112.

II

DISTRICT.

SIA.CLIFFS.

May 28. Yefterday morning, fct out,
early, for Ingham fair — by way of the feacoaft.

Made the coaft at Munfley, and kept it to
Halbro* j ibmetimes riding above, fometimes
below cliff.

There being a large fleet of fhips, clofe in
land, fleering to the northward, with a gentle
breeze upon the quarter, and the morning mild
and pleaftnt, the ride became delightful ;
though fomerimes rendered awful by the
height of the cliff, and the narrownefs of the
path immediately upon the brink of it ; more
efpeciaily as the cliff itfelf is of an earthy crumb-
ling texture, and liable to " fhoots," whereby
many acres are every year {wallowed up by the
fea.

Mr. Baker (who rode with me) fhewed me
the remains of a field, which men, now living,
remember to have been twelve acres ; of
which there is now only a corner of two or
three acres remaining. Had this piece lain
parallel with the line of the cliff, every rod of
it muft have long fince difappeared.

The lofs is the greater, as the foil is rich

and prolific In a luperior degree.

Noble crops
rife

1782.

NORFOLK.

257

rife clofe to the edge of the cliff; except in ti2,
fome places where the fea fand is blown up in sea-cuffs,
too great quantities ; which it is, moft parti-
cularly toward Munfley, where the cliff is not
lefs than one hundred feet high ; more than at
Hafbro', where it does not rife ten feet from
the beach.

In going above-cliff we faw two large heaps marl.
of marl, which have been get out of the face
of the cliff.

This, it feems, is a common practice of the
farmers whofe lands lie next the coaft. It is
fometimes drawn up by a wince, which they
call " davying" it up ; or elfe run up in
wheelbarrows, in oblique paths, made in the
face of the cliff; in which manner thefe heaps ,
appear to have been got up : but neither the
place where it has been dug from, nor even
the path or gangway, except juft at the very
top, are now to be i'een ; the whole having, in
a few weeks, crumbled into the ocean.

Further along the coaft towards Hafbro',
the farmers throw up a clay, out of the face
of the cliff, which is here very low : and near
the village of Hafbro' is found a white brick-
earth efteemed the beft in the county.

Vol. II. S I have

2^8

MINUTES.

May

COAST-
MARL.

-

I

- J AST.

I fcoyt rd the three different earths,

and tried them in acid,

- " mari" is a white gritty chalky Nor-
folk marl ; effervefcing very ftrongly.

:> of a browner darker colour,
bun interfperfed with fpecks of a white chalky
fubftance : this effervefces very confiderably,
but not fo violently as the marl.

e " brickcarth" is of a dufky-white, or
ftone colour. It is lefs harm than the other
two fpecimens ; eafily burfling between die
• rs to a fmooth impalpable powder ; and
i efces fljongry in acid. This did not fur-
prife me, as I had enquired particularly into
whether it was " good for the land ;M for I
t found a clay which has been fet
on as a manure with fuccefs, which has not
been ftrongly calcareous. I had, however, con-
.at bricks could not be made from a
-.reous earth. But the fact is, that this
earth is calcareous, and that the Walmam
biickmakers give 3/. a load for it upon the
fpot, and carry it fix or feven miles, to make-
re bricks and pavemtnL

g with a degree of mo-

.md ntxt the ic-a v. ill

moot d<- ] it, why does he not, at once,

cart

N O R F O L K.

'59

cart away the rich top-mould for bottoms of 1 1 2 .
dunghills, &c. and caft, at his eale, the marl c

lay which lies behea:'.: i: : I few no 0
of a regular plan of this kind, ci rhis

■ be journey - ' inn .::"-..
Going below- c I marra i i

le nature of the marram"

o *

". The leaves proceed from a imall crown,
from whence, down roceeds alone fimple

hollow root, \ :icils of fibres at different

ceSj according to the depth ; the upper
ones being only two or three, but the lower
ones eight or ten inches, afunder. I meafured
one root eight feet k .; the

length is generally equal to the depth of

-jank. In mowing marram "
the workmen keep their fithes an inch or
more under the furface of the land. Marram
upon a cultivated foil (a ditch bonk) grows
with a broad flat blade, and does not take that
rufhlike farm which it appears in upon the

-banks.
fiik Hm hand y. — In a large inclofure near
Ingham were thirty fine Scotch bullocks (be-
longing to a capital grazier in that neighbour-
hood) ; fome fat, orhers fatring; weighing from
fifty to Gxty ftone a bullock ; confequendy

S 2

NORFOLK
HUSBAND^

2do

MINUTE

112.
^ETS.

'ISC

h from three to four .—

- a ii°:hi is t

— . - were thl four

than there were at V

jointly ; and .ed in a fuperior

The farmers .
their foil, rich ; and bad as :

i a to be g
ere were a: ttfae

ere unr: in thcii 1c .nds.

did not afc Ids than five {hillings a 6
tolerable meat. T
to one
Vt young flock I ap: . -_

rd very li dc in
and, now, the farmers..
wetnefs of the feafon, a prof;

; to fell, except at .-._;_
prices.

A firmer ofSouth-Rep: . i--

olds, forward in fiefh, and very* pr. I
for d. ios. a head. This i: _

1, though they
fince they were dropt.

It may be laid that
old is nipping bull

1^52.

NORFOLK.

261

but if this farmer, for inftance, were to keep
his bullocks till three years old, he would
bring up calves in proportion -, fo that from a
g.vtn quantity of land the community has the
fame or a fimilar quantity of beef.

Ingham fair reaches four or five miles
round on every fide. We breakfafted it
Halbro', baited at Ingham, and dined at Brun-
ftead j a circuit which Mr. B. and his friends
take every year, among their relations and ac-
quaintances. This fpecies of fociability and
hofpiiality is not peculiar to Ingham : Wal-
fham, Worilead, South-Reps, Alboro', St.
Faith's, Sec. &c. have their fairs, more famed
for their hofpitality than the bulmefs tranfacled
at them -, except the laft, which is one of the
largeft fairs in the kingdom.

Yorkfhire has its feafts •, other countries
their wakes j and Norfolk its fairs.

1 12.

FATTING
CATTLE,

NORFOLK,
FAIRS.

IT

J'

June i. This morning went to fee Mr.
Baker's fix heifers go ofi* for Smithfield mar-
ket with five underdone (leers of Mr. D.
The heifers are beautiful ; one of them
efpecially : (lie is " full even-where" — no
point higher nnifhed than another j and is, to
the grazier's phrafe, as firm as wax, and
S 3 ap-

SELLING
BULLOCKS.

-C .

MINUTE

'

1 1

■

L XK.S.

b comp'. that fbe

feerns to -c is another

; but
(he bandits k: v. ill prob i

■ ..veiling OP doubt

thai the
■'

,w ; adding, that a
** right-fat bullock does not ihrink in tri -
" ling nearly (o much as one which is only

:f the drover. .ohasfer

eft bullocks this yearj he iaid, that

R , cf R Hall, had fent the be

B — ,
" i'c . good builo.

" don't buy a g^ never e>

" to have any :il ; he does not mind

jddingj
:g of a difference, at this time
"of r four pounds a bul--

but look as
" I '. pounds

roufiy from Mr. B.
~o doubt, the pr. .: ban's of

>rhealv beft

bullocks he can :

1782.

NORFOLK.

263

and has been for fome years, efteemed very
jmlly the bell grazier in this neighbourhood.

It is obfervable that bullocks have got on
very faft at grals this lpring. Mr. B. gives
for a reafon, that the weather is cool; and akho'
it,has been wet, rainy weather does not hurt
bullocks fo much as it does fheep. Hot
weather, he fays, is the worit for bullocks ; " it
" lets them a-gadding ; — makes them cock
" their tails and run about the doles ; and
a nothing: checks them more."

11;.

BULLOCKS
ATGR

114.

Tune 1 . How helplefs are the Norfolk far- Norfolk.

. ... £. , , HUSBAND.

mers on a wet loil ! Ir the wa.er do not run
through it like a lieve, they are at a (land : if
it lodge on the iurface, they are loft.

i a uncommonly wet ipring has embarrafTed

them. Mr. , one of the oldeft and beft

arable farmers in the neighbourhood, came to
me the other morning to defire I would let him
have a little wood to " bum-drain" a piece of
land, which he wanted to fow with barley ; but
which he could not get upon ; it being under
water !

I reafoned with him on the impropriety of

underdrawing a piece of land while it lies

S 4 lopped

MINUTES.

T U N E

114. Topped in wet, and which was to be immediate-
ly trodden with the plow and harrow horfes. I
could not, however, convince him of his en or ;
and hoping that it might hereafter be of ibme
ufe, as well as to prevent a clamour, I this
morning went and let him out Ibme alders
(juft broken into leaf!), and went to fee his
operations j which are in fome forwardnefs.

The clofo is nearly a fquarc of ten acres ; — -
lying with a mofl defirable gentle defcent;
and the little quantity of water, which flood
upon it, was towards the bottom of the piece ;
in the place where the waterfurrow is ufually
made ; but where he is making a trench fjr a
fub- drain ! ,

The foil is a ftrongim fandy loam ; lying on
a perfectly found abforbent brie hearth ; but
which, from three or four months continual
rain, had become fatiated : and all that could
be poffibiy wanted, at prefent, was a furface-
drain to carry off the fuperfluous wai

His fon, who I found was a principal in the
bufinefs, though delervedly efteemed one of
\.- beft hufbandmen, of his years, in the coun-
tv, went with us. He fcemed to think that
fee water might have been got off, but then
Tt they to have plowed and harrowed

without

lyfe, NORFOLK. .

without filling up the drain ? I told .him, that i j

I pu: one horfe in 2 pic-. - -^

(the Toil lying in :'.
and afterwards had : a deep

crofs furrow; then fet on one man to fhovel
out the crumbs, and another to ope) ;-s

of the interrurrows with a hoe, eve
the - water mi°;ht i:: h -e

been got rid of: and, — :h .

:;ate until a day or twq of fiiK W< ithej
- . he had then began to plow on :
upptr fide of the clofe, — and worked towards
oudet, at the lower end of the crofs furrow,
— he could have had no more trouble, with I
. ce. water.

115.

Jv.ve 7. Fence walls, carried to a proper farm, yard
height, are warmer and more durable than ~" """ '

:ons\ the cuftomary farm nee of tnis

country (Sec Build, and Repair., Vol. I. .
:re not railed to a proper
•, and are con-
ally liable to be uncoped by the cattle. — -
The yard of Antingham-Hall farm is a furfi-
cient ind "the former, and various in-

fiances

166

M I N U T £ S.

Just

"5

TARO-

ftances of the latter occur on different parts of
this eftare.

A fence-wall to a farm yard mould not be
lefs than fix feet high ; the coping is then out
of the reach of the frock. \Y here dung is laid
againlt it, the height ought to be itill greater.

Battoning is very expcnfive, and irequendy
out of repair.

Pofts, rails, and kids are, in many points of
, preferable.

1 1 6.

BnLTIKGS.

Jusz 3. It is very dangerous to run up

Je.t-ftcm zvalls too quick. Mr. had one

fhot down the other day at Antingham, and
nearly killed one of the workmen. The wea-
ther was wet, and the bricklayer run up the

. at once, without (lopping, at intervals,' to
let it fettle. The ftones being already faru-
rzctd with wet, could not abforb the mr i
of the mortar; — the air being alio moiit, the

:zr, of courfc, remained pappy ; and fea-
ftones, bein^- globular, have no other bond of
fray than the mortar ; which being unable to
hold them together, the ftipcr-incumbent

down the whole.

i..$i. NORFOLK. ;57

Had the bricklayer proceeds res, let- t ) 6.

ting the lower parts get fufficiently firm before SEA^i pm
the upper parts had freer: bid en, tht mortal '■"•LLS'
would have had time to ii:5cn, ana the wall
would have ftood.

If the Hones and air be dry, one halt, when
the wail is a few feet above the foundation, is
generally found fufficient.

* 117.

JVxe 1 -;. This afternoon, went to fee the sellivg
Smithfkld drover pay off his " matters," at his BLLU>C^
chamber, a: the AngeJj at Wahham (Market-
. — Thurkiay_\

The room was full of "graziers," who had
fent up bullocks laft week, and were come, to-
day, to receive their accounts and money.

What a trufi ! A irr^ perhaps, not worth a
hundred pou.\ gs down twelve or rirteen

hundred, or, perhaps, two thoufand pounds,
to be ciflributed among twenty or thirty per-
fens, who have no other fecuriry than his honeftv
for their money : — nay, even the fervant of this
man is entrufted with the fame charge j the
mailer going one week, the man the other :

■ ) it has been for a century pall ■> and I do
pot learn that one breach has been committed.

The

263 "I NUT E Jttki

j j ~ The bufincft was conducted with great ea*fe,

.... ..,„ req-uhritv, and difbatch. He had each man's

St ul o - * I

•ULLOCfcS. account, and 'a pair of faddle-bsgs with the
money and bills, lying upon the table : and
the farmers, in their turns, took their feat at his
elbow. Having examined the falefman's ac-
count ; received their money ; drank a glafs or
of liquor; and thrown down fixpence n-
is the reckoning, they fcverally return I
into the market.

Lafl Monday's market being what is cal
a u whipping market," the room was filled
with chearfulnefs and fatisfaftion : there was
only one long face in the company. This was
a firmer who had fent up three bullocks, for
which he had twentyfour pounds bade at
"ham fair ; whereas the falefman's account
from SmithfieJd, notwirhftanding the goodnefs
k's market, was c: AtytwQ

pounds.

Such is the uncertainty of Smithfu

; and fuch the misjudgment or partiality

of the Smithfield falefmen. If thefe bullocks

rth twentyfour pounds at Walfham

fair, they ought, after three weeks or a month's

■ , and con,': ' he market and the ex-

• [even,

i782. N O R F O L K. 269

twentyeight, or thirty pounds, in Smithfield; j j«

but they will not neat twentvons pounds.—
From twentytwo pound, the grofs fale, deduct market.
the expences, feven fhillings and one-penny
half-penny a head ; there remains only twenty
pounds eighteen millings and fevenpence half-
penny: little more than two thirds of :
value.

Laft week, it is true, this farmer had the
bell: end of the flair : four bullocks, belc ..
to four feparate graziers, were ibid in one lot;
and the falefman divided the lot equally ;
thoug] .. I that this farmer's bullock

pounds as fbme
oft..

r. Baker receii id fbi his fix heifers.—
They fold uncommoi rj far exceeding

what we had laid them at ; for, inftead of five
tigs, they fetched nearly 62 (hillings ^
. One of them which we had laid at forty-
eight flone ibid for fourteen pounds*.

• A.T.c-g thefe heifers was afeventh — a " foal-dag
one: namely, a- open heifer which had dropt her c
in corning from Scotland ; ai : B." by

:: make bun ird bar-

gain of laft year : an::. -
er.

This heifer was treated the {am : rherii.x; a-.

whicl waa fette 1; and wa - 1

with the reft; was £

ic - - : . "

tjO

MINUTE S.

JUNH

1I7.

SMITHriELD
MARKET.

DISTRICT.

The underdone fleers, which went up with
thefe heifers, (fee Mtn. 113.) fold for nothing.
They did riot fetch above eleven pounds
apiece, one with another, notwithstanding they
weighed corifiderably more than the heifers.

This fhewsthcabfurdity of fending bullocks
to Smithfield before they be fat: Mr. B.'s
were " right-fat," and fetched fix (billings ;— s-
Mr. D.'s only c< meaty ;" and did not fetch
four ihillings and fixpence, notwithftanding the
extraordinary market.

i j3.

June 17. On Saturday Lift fet out for the
Blowfield Hundred, and the Yarmouth
Marshes, in company with Mr. John Hylton,
of Felmingham, who formerly refided in that
diftrict.

We pafTed through the following Hundreds
and Pariihcs.

ing thedifadvantageous predicament fheAood in, did not
Jay her at more than ten pound. But following theft hei-
fers to London, and falling in company (on the eve of the
market) with a butcher, to whom he related thefe cir-
cumrtances, he got twelve pound ten ihillings for her: a
linking inftance, this, of the advantage of following bul-
locks to Smithfield : and, in fimilar crofs cafes, or when
the lo is extraordinarily large, it may fometimes

be p\' lefit ' r a Norfolk grazier to attend the market in
perlon; but, in general, perhaps, it is three or four gui-
neas, and three or four days, unprofitabty (pent; provided
the grazier can depend upon the upvigkincfs of Iris falef-
man.

1782.

NORFOLK.

271

-a J
£ —

o o o 15 o -e o 000 2"co o

.s .•; .t; t .t: o .^ .^ .^ .-^ •? o .^ .^
— — — c -c -, — — -» -o to., -o -c

Il8,
DISTRICT*

o o j o c

> — —

_ ; O j; £

1

_ !«

5 ■ ^

— .— o

to 11 o

^r -c so

~ B

<^ O u 2 -c — =

■g, 5 "& Je 2 — 2

o c 2 .S c ? <e "*>
■^ *i t: _^ c ^. > c

> 5 .=2

■s * *

5 s ^

oX«nwS«S vjoic; X 3C h

5 S *

° £ •

O > -~

CO c/: U»

J£ J

*3

E- d

3 .5 E

o ci. 2

to - —

W

2 € "5 fc»l 2 j| S

s * 8 Fl -;

o —

o .2 o 3E o ° °

— 222

c -a -q

c I

o q o ^ w ~ ^
— :> -^ Ck. ica £ 3,

e g -c s * _ .r ~

C - -! > - -- ** -

2 ° 2
S =3 =3 'S

_ c

c S
'c c

- ■"..•■!

U. CO tO -T-

K =J

a g 1 1 c f a a

«c,£f I 2-feS g>J

_o 2 i_ e 5 •■ ° 5 «•

— - >"^ k ca 5 2 <

o -

c — bo ■

* 5 -i s

^: to .

- c ^

1 1 §

1 3-3 a

i, -- c:

HI

>« > 3

272

M - T E S.

1 1

8.

SOIL

■

OF
BLOV. :

RCF
ELOWFIILD.

die Blowfibld

■. d.ieo is 1 rich d irk-< red J

good de; tl plowir

to fcven or '. deep; a . ;

I

me:
Tl.

on abcur ten loads Dung

I

"led upon a - f

Blov. j or

:

quar' ips grov

ire than

are no:

I

-
two or l

1)82, NORFOLK. 273

The principal crops of the Blowfield Hun- 1 18.
dred are wheat, barley, peas, and rirft-year's arable

' MAN. OF

clover. BLOWFIELD.

The Wheats are in general very promifing,
and mark the goodnefs of the foil, and the
plentifulnefs of the manure of Norwich and
Yarmouth.

Saw feveral pieces of dibbled wheat, which
made an uncommonly beautiful appearance :
but the practice is by no means general.

The Barleys have alfo a promifing appear-
ance ; and

The Peas, which it feems are ten fold more
numerous this year than ufual (owing to the
prefent low price of barley), are luxuriant and
very forward, confidering the feafon. A large
proportion of them "fetj" that is, dibbled in.

The Clovers, where they have taken, are
fine ; but the Raygrafs, in general, hides the
fmall quantity of clover, even of the firft year :
and as to two-years lays, there is fcarcely a piece
to be leen in the whole Hundred : the foil is
faid to be " quite tired" of this crop. The
feedling-plants are, in general, fufficiently nu-
merous, and look very promifing the firft au-
tumn } but go off in the courfe of the winter.

Their Turnep crops, too, have failed them
of late. Mr. Batchelor, of Bradftone, (a fen-

Vol. II, T fible

274

MINUTES.

JUNI

118.

ARABLE
MAN. OF
RI.OWFIEI.D.

BLOWFIELD

nrhl.OCK.

SHED.

fibk intelligent farmer, at whofe houfe I Qept)
(ays, that twenty or thirty years ago, he never
could get flock enough for his turnc ps : he has
finiflied forty or fifty bullocks in a year: now,
he does not know how to buy few enough ; and
does not finifh more than twenty or thirty :
the roots do not come to any fize ; and have no
<c tack" or proof in them.

The Blowfield farmers in general fat their
bullocks in fheds, or in bins in the yard.

Some of their bullock Jheds are large expen-
five buildings. Mr. Batchelor has a very good
one : it confifbs of a center building, thirtyfix
feet long, nineteen feet wide, and about eleven
feet high to the eaves; with a pair of wide
folding doors at each end ; and with a leanto
on each fide, the whole length of the building,
and eleven feet wide.

The center building is the turnep houfe ;
the leantos, llieds for the bullocks ; which ftand
with their heads toward, or rather in, the turnep
houfe ; from which they are parted by a ran^e
of mangers only , having the full freedom of
breathing in its fpacious area. By opening the
doors at each end, a fufficicnt degree of air and
coolnefs may be given in the clofcft weather;
while, behind, the eaves of the fheds are

brought

i;8au

NORFOLK.

*75

brought down to within five feet of the ground,
and are boarded with rough boards (excepting
an opening at each end for the bullocks to creep
in at) to prevent too great a coldnefs in fevere
weather; thus preferving a due temperature.

This fhed holds twenty bullocks, ten on each
fide, faftened by the neck, with chains, fwivels
and rings, playing freely upon pods, feven feet
high. At each corner of the turnep houfe is a
triangular bin for the topped-and-tailed tur-
neps.

In autumn, the entire building is fometimes
ufed as a temporary barn, for buck, peas, &c.
and in.lummer, die center part is an excellent
waggon fhed : had the doors been made a foot
and a half higher, it would have been an ad-
mirable refuge for loads of corn or hay, in a
lhowery harveft.

The main building is covered with reed, the
leantos with tiles.

At Ranwcrm I fiw a (till more expenfive
bullock fhed than Mr. B.'s; it being all dole
boarded and painted : the entrance for the bul-
locks are folding doors, which fhut clofe like
the back doors of a barn. The doors to the
turnep houfe, however, are I think ftill fmaller
than Mr. Batchelor's. The conftrucYion is
T 2 nearly

18.

BLOWFIELD

BULLOCK

SHED.

276

MINUTES.

June

Il8.

BULLOCKS

AT
Tl'RNEFS IN
BLOWnELD.

YARMOUTH
MARSHES.

nearly die fame as that of Mr. B.'s, which is a
mDre iubltantial though rougher building.

The turneps are drawn into the houfe in carts,
and mot down in the area \ where they arc
topped and tailed. — The roots are given to the
fatting bullocks whole j and the tops given to
the cows and lean flock.

The man who tends the bullocks, tops and
tails the turneps i in doing which he ufes a
very large knife and fork, made for the pur-
pofe j it having been found from experience
that a man, who Hands perhaps fifteen or fix-
teen hours in a turnep houfe, cannot handle
them in cold weather without injury to his hands.
It is confidered as a much more fevere employ-
ment than that of drawing them in the field.

The Marshes were a new world to me.—
They form a vaft level, containing many thou-
fand acres, of a black and fomewhat moory
foil j formed, perhaps, originally of iea mud :
it being highly probable that the whole level
has once been an eftuary of the German Ocean.

Until about twenty years ago, this valuable
tract lay principally under water j except in a
diy fummer. But during that lpace of time a
number of windmills have been creeled, which
throw the water into main drains, formed for

the

MARSHES.

1782. NORFOLK, 2T7

the purpofe. By this means the principal part 118.
of the marfhes are freed from furface-water Yarmouth
early in the fpring ; fo that cattle may now be
turned into them about the beginning of May,
and are kept free long enough to permit them,
in general, to remain there until nearChriflmas.

The Marfhes, taken collectively, are, though
nearly level, not ^ttftd\y fmooth ; being furrow-
ed into inequalities by lwamps j which, in their
natural ftate, feem to have been the main drains
of the mud-banks.

Thefe fwamps, or " reed-ronds," in fome
places of confiderable width, are now the main
drains to the Marines; from the grafly drier
parts of which they are detached by banks of
foil ; which at once ferve the purpofes of
roads, fences, and embankments.

In the beginning of fpring, the water is
thrown from the grazable parts into thefe reed-
ronds ; — which, in their turn, are alio drained ;
and mown for thatch, hay, &c. fo that, by the
afiiftance of the mills, every part of the
Marfhes now becomes productive.

The grazing parts are divided into inclofures,
of various fizes and gures, by means of water-
ditches, of different widths, from five or fix, to
eight or ten, feet wide. '

T 3 Thefe

2;8 MINUTES. J&h«

i i 8. Thefe water fences, running in all directions,

YARMOUTH an^ b^g of various widths, makes it proba-

maRSHES. l»jc t\riXt t\rc principal part of them Mere the

fmaller furrows, or partial drains, which carried

off the rains, backwater, &c. in a ftate of nature.

The inclofures, or " marfhes," run from ten
or fifteen to forty or fifty acres each ■, belong
to a variety of owners ; and are rented by a ftill
greater number of occupiers; almoft every
farmer, within fifteen or even twenty miles,
having his marfh.

The herbage of thefe marfhes is various, even
in the fame inclofure: for the individual marflies
are far from being level ; they being more or
Ids fcooped out into hollows ; where the water
lodges a confiderable time after the higher parts
are dry. On thefe grows a rich luxuriant herb-
age, competed of the choiceft meadow-grafics ;
while on the moifter parts grows a long wiry
kind of grafs, which I think the marfh men call
" flat;" and which the cattle are very fond of.
But none of the grafies being yet in blow (the
poa annua excepted), and the aquatic grafs not
having yet formed its fruit-flaik (the feafon
being unufually backward), I could not afcer-
tain the fpecies.

Marfhworms. — The Marfhes are infefted by
a grub, which laft year deftroyed many acres of

grafs,

1782. NORFOLK. 279

grafs, by eating off the roots, about an inch 1 18.

below the furface. This year, the damage is Yarmouth
trifling; there are, however, ftripes to be ieen
in almoft every marfh, which look nearly as
brown as the foil itfelf. The grafs is totally
dead -, and by ftriking off the furface, with the
heel of the boot, the grubs may readily be
found. They are from an inch to an inch and
a half long, and about the thicknefs of a goofe-
quill. Their colour is a dark dufky brown,
with a black head, and two whitifh lines wav-
ing irregularly from the head, along the back,
to near the tail. They are generally believed
to be the grub of the cockchafer; but I can-
not learn that any one has accurately traced the
metamorphoie.

The flock of the Marines are principally
young cattle, lean " Scots," and old and young
horfes. There are, neverthelefs, a confiderable
number of fatting bullocks ; and fome (heep.

I do not learn, however, that the Yarmouth
marfhes are equal, in their fatting quality, to
thofe on the Thames, or to Romney marfhes.
Bullocks, neverthelefs, which have been at tur-
neps, and have had the fpring bite of clover,
receive no check on being put into thefe
marfnes ; but, on the contrary, get, in a few
months, a very confiderable improvement.

T4 If

MARSHES.

280 MINUTES. Jayi

118. If they were properly drained from the

Yarmouth puddles of furface water v.-hich frand on them
till late in the fpring -, their faces fmoothed by
levelling ; and kept fo, by the harrow and rol-
ler i their quality might be much improved.

But, as to improvement, they are totally
neglected : the cattle are permitted to poach
them in winter i and the tufibcks which they
tread up remain Humbling blocks to them all
the fummer : while the dung, collected by the
marfhmen, is fold to the upland farmers.

The landlord finds mills, opens the fence-
drains, and hangs the gates j the tenant, who
generally rents them from year to year, and
frequendy for only one year, turns in his (lock
as foon 2s the furface is freed from water, and
keeps them in until the water, or the feveriry
of the weather, obliges him to draw them off.

The flock are under the care of mtr/hmni,
who live in cottages fcattcred over the Marines;
—each having his diflricr, or " level o{
" marfhes," to look after. His perquifite is a
(hilling upon the pound-rent, which is feme-
times paid by the landlord ; but more gene-
rally by the tenant.

1 be marfhmen alfo keep cows, which pick
about in the fwamps, roads, and uninclofed parts,

in

1782. NORFOLK. 281

in fummerj and for which they mow winter 118.
fodder from the reed-ronds, &c. They carry Yarmouth
their butter to Yarmouth, and in winter gene- Marsh~s-
rally fell their hay butter above the market-
price of ' turnep butter; — the univerfal produce
of the county, in that fcafon of the year.

We entered the Marines at Havergat.e, which
Hands on a bold fwell, from whence there is a
very extenfive view of this great level ; which,
to the left, is terminated by Yarmouth (diflant
about nine miles) j to which in fummer there
is a tolerable road, acrofs the Marines.

At the foot of the fwell, the Marines com-
mence. For nearly the firfl mile, we rode to
our horfes knees in water. This watery part is
common to Havergate, and there are two rea-
fons for its being overflowed : It is no perfon's
bufinefs to drain it ; and, what is remarkable,
it lies lower than the middle of the Marfhes ;
which, it feems, is the highelr, and the bell,
land.

The firft marih we entered was Mr. Batche-
lor's (who went with us). It contains about
thirty acres ; — his (lock are fixteen fine bul-
locks ; but it would carry three or four more j
the grafs being now foodock deep. Thefe
bullocks were at turneps lafr. winter , at clover

in

2Si MINUTES. June

! 1 8. in the fpring; and arc now doing very well.

IOTTH Part of them are already Ibid to the butcher,

KAftSHU and the reft will be ready by harvcft. This is

a fair fpecimen of the prefent qualify of thefe

marfhes.

We then went over Mr. Hylton's : his
flock chiefly two-year-olds, and colts ; with
three or four three- year- olds, which he expects
will be finifhed by harveft.

We afterwards rode through a variety of
marines, belonging to their acquaintances and
relations; and having feen a marfrt mill, we
made a fweep towards the middle of the level,
and came up at Wickhampton, where the. en-
trance is almoft free from water.

tarjb mills. — The proprietor of a level of
marfhes either builds a mill himfcif, or pays
Co much an acre to a neighbouring mill ; which
engages to draw off the fuperfluous water.

The conftruction of thefe mills, and the
principle they act upon, are beautifully fimple.
The body of the mill is buik of brick, about
twenty feet high, with fails fimilar to thole of
a corn-miil, but fomewhat frnaller. Upon
the axis of the fails is fixed a cogged wheel, of
about five feet diameter. This turns a hori-
.1 wh< el of the fame, or nearly the fame

fire;

1782. NORFOLK. 28J

fize ; fixed upon the mill-poft, or upright beam : 1 1 8 .

which readies from the top to the bottom of marsh
the mill. Near the bottom of this beam is
fixed a fimilar horizontal wheel ; which turns a
vertical one, fixed to the axis of the efficient
wheel. This, as to conftrucHon, is a fmall un-
derihot watermill wheel ; but, in its manner of
acting, is directly the reverfe ; for inftead of
being forced round by a weight of water lying
above it, it gathers up, by the means of its floats,
the dead water among which they work, and
forces it up into a drain resembling a milldam.
This wheel works in a cafe of wood or f:one,
nicely formed to the floats ; and at the head of
the drain is a valve gate, to prevent the water
from receding when the mill (tops ; it there-
fore, in every refpect, refembies a watermill
reverfed.

The mill which I examined raifed the water
about three feet ; which is fully adequate to
the draining of the adjacent marmes.

119.

June 22. (See MiN.39.). Yeflerday Mr. fatting
Robert Bayfield told me, that he has finiflied
the fale of thofe nine bullocks.

One of them fold for ten pounds, and the
reft for about nine pounds a piece; fo that in

lei's

CATTJUE.

.taking the ; It .me,
ive more than doubled their coft.

FAT •

Suppofe that he kept them, one withano:
twenty-eig he cleared four

pounds ten millings a hea i , thej .im

nyaweek;
v;:.:,, - high r

this year, . of le£»

D of than forty (rone i : s, in a (fa in-

ner, die value of the Norfolk breed of C2ttle.

I2C.

JuNi.30. Obferving, the ot

judicious hufbandman was letting

: . : turneps, covered with afhes, — I alk-

i . (on of it. He f)id, that the

ting pretty long when i: was turned

:r lir.ee having been dry,

re was much long ftrawy muck at the top,

and on the outf: | have been in

•, and would have kept his

o hollow j he therefore fct it on

- . .ice, well

T2S.

ft?8* NORFOLK. *3$

121. 121.

June 30. It is very obfervable, that after subsoil.
the late cold wet fpring, wheats on Jcalds are
affected in a manner fimilarto what they differ
by a dry hot furnmer ! boking and

puny.

But it has been faid, it feems, by an old
man, who was the oracle of his neighbourhood,
that " nothing is fo cold as find wet."

If this be a fait, it may account for this very
remarkable incident.

122.

August 8. This year, the fpring being itr?.xi?
moiil and the weather fine, the young turnep-
piants got out of the way cf the " fly," v.
uiualiy attacks them id their feed-leaf ftate,
with very little injury •, and a fairer prolpecl of
a general and full crop of turneps has not been
leen for feveral years.

Many farmers had begun to fet ou: :'
plants with the hoe; little fulpecring they
were throwing away their labor, and putting
their crops in the way cf inn deftruc-

tion.

The alarm, in this neighbourhood, was given
about a month ago at South-Rep

early-

CATER-
I ILLAR

*£6

M I N U T Z S.

Aug.

122.

TlRNtP
t . Eft,-

early-fown puce of turneps, through which a
, was obferved, by pafiengers, to
be covered with the fufpectcd flies.

The report of this circumftance was carried
immediately, by a farmer's (entrant, tj the
, about Backton and Walcot; where, the
turneps being (till forwarder, the farmers (who
on thai part of the coaft either did not obferve
the flies, or, if they did, were not aware of their
evil effects) were bufy hoeing, and received
die intelligence with a (mile ; congratulating
themfrlves on their better fortune ; for not a
fly was to be feen in their fields : but, on
turning up the under- fur faces of their plants,
they found them fwarming with young cater-
pillars j and immediately flopped the hoe. —
In the courier often days or a fortnight the en-
tire ka-coait was dripped ; and the country in
general, if reports may be credited, has already
fuftained an injury which may be felt for many
years.

Notwithstanding, however, the flies had
tfcaped notice on die part of the coaft above-
mentioned, they were too numerous and too
confpicuous to pais unobferved on other parts
of i: i more tfpccially about Cromer ; where
they were obferved, feveral days, before they

were

ir?i. NORFOLK. 287

were feen in this neighbourhood ; and wh 122.

the obfervations made, this year, ftrongly cor- TVK^
roborate the idea of their being brought acrois pillass.
the fea, during a continuance of north-eaft
wind.

Mr. Howie, of Overflrand, (who lives near
the beach, and who is a man of good credit)
declares, he faw them arrive " in clouds, fa as
" to darken the air ;" and the nihermen of
Beckhithe have made the fame afferrion: while,
from the reports of feverai perfons who live
upon the coafl, they were fcen in fuch numbers
upon the cliffs, and in the adjoining grounds,
that, being apparently fpent with their Might,
they might have been " taken up by fhovel-
fC fulls *." Even in the abovemenuoned foot-
path piece at South-Reps, three miles from the
lea, they were deicribed as refembling u flights
" of bees."

The iSth July, I walked over this piece
with Mr. John Baker, its proprietor. In about

• .Afterward, hearing a peribn (unknown) relating this
circamfu.nce, I alked him particularly as to the thickaefi
the flies might lie upon the ground ; he laid, is iboie
places he believed they lay two inches thick ; adding, that
th-"" might have been rakeJ up into heaps of almoir. any
lize. Perhaps, had fire been put to them in this critical
ltaie (which perhaps was not altogether a ftate of reft but
of copulation), nomben might have been deftrojred.

ten

CATER

;

agg M I N U T E S. Ai

122. ten days after the appearance of the fiies, t!.t
tprnep young caterpillars began to appear on the un-

der fides of the leaves of the plants ; and at
time I law them, which was about ten days
more, die plants were entirely eaten up ; no-
thing but the fkeleton or ftronger fibres of the
leaves being left; exc 1 a fmall patch

or two of the clofe •, and

except on a bor , under

the hedges, of I to the

height of the hedge or trer

On the well fide of as a

:e of this circumftance. One
end of 1 e is free from trees ; the white-

th r 12 feet high :

under this part, the I I as fomething more

t : of the hedge. The other end

of: Is, wi:h tops from

1 3 to ^ j and there the width of the

border was in due- proportion. The firft \k>U
ie difference . ':e greateft

( ftnefs !

moftevei fare has a Hm der 5

.<■- fmall let round with high

almoft entirely e leaped.

L-: ■ , and (mailer inclolures

v.. to tiie fca-ward, have luffered

moil.

1782. NORFOLK. 289

moft. — The hangs of hills dipping from the 122.
fea have fuffered lefs ;— owing, perhaps, to turnep
the flies overfhooting them in their flight. SwT*?c

The ihade of the trees, or the inftinct of the
animal, may likewife account for the borders
round the inclofures ; but why one patch of
a field fhould be lefs affected than another,
feems fomewhat myfterious. Perhaps, the in-
fects, being naturally gregarious, may hang
together in bodies, even while they are depo-
fiting their eggs.

O DO

The fe patches and borders, however, though
they efcape the fly, do not long efcape the ca-
terpillars j for no fooner have they devoured
their fofter-plant, than they begin to travel in
queft of a frefh fupply of food j and one fide
of the piece being finiihed, they, with a wonder-
ful inftinct, travel in bodies towards the other/
The whole field being finished, the gateway
and the adjoining roads have, it is faid with
great confidence, been i'cen black with them.

They feem to neglect entirely the grafTes
and every other plant, turneps and charlock
(fvtapis arvenfis) only excepted. The lad they
are laid to devour with greater avidity than
they do the turneps themfelves.

Mr. Baker inftances a corner patch, which,
for want of hoing, had got up almoft knee*

Vol. U. U high ;

2$0

MINUTES. Ace.

CATER-
PILLARS

122. high: the tiirneps were much eaten, but the
TtRNEP charlocks were {tripped to the top.

Various experiments have been tried for
their deftruction.

. Baker tried lime, lowing it in the mid-
dle of the night, when the plants were moiit
with dews, but without •.:"

He alio tried rolling. Tins checked them,
efpecialiy if two or three times repeated, but
id not lave the plants. It is obfervable, how-
ever, that the plants under the hedges, though
they had been run over two or three times with
a heavy roller, did not appear to be injured by
the operation.

Mr. Chandler, of Munfley, is faid to have
tried Jcot without effect

Ducks have been tried by fcveral, and wiih
tiniverfal luccels.

Poultry are faid to be equally beneficial; and,
if one may judge by a ftngle circumflance,

Rooks are highly ferviceable. A large
piece of tumeps lying in an open field has efca-
ped in a remarkable manner j it lies near a
rookery, which is a general rendezvous for
thefe birds ; and I recollect to have i'cen this
piece, more than once, covered with diem.

Where

1782. NORFOLK. 29*

Where the plants have been hoed out, many 122.
perions have handpkked them j but this is TURNEp
tedious and expenfive, where the numbers are cater.
great. I have myfcif counted twenty cater*
pillars on a plant, not much larger than my
hand. Mr. John Joy declares, that he has
reckoned " fixteen icore" upon one turnep ;
but it was a large plant, which had been hoed
ibme time.

It has been almoft a univerfal practice among
farmers, when one part of a clofe was cut off,
and the caterpillars were marching to attack
another part which was lefs infefted, to draw a
furrGw between them, deepening it with a fpade
into a kind of a trench , making the fide towards
the plants to be defended as upright as pofii-
ble; or, if the foil would Hand, fomewhat over-
hanging, in order to prevent the caterpillars
from fcaling it. This, if well done, had gene-
rally a good effect ; and it was not uncommon
to fee the bottom of the trench entirely covered
with them.

I have feen a trench acrofs a gateway between
two turnep-pieces for the fame purpofe.
, Another expedient practifed by many for
checking the caterpillars was, to draw a cart-
rope over the plants, in order to make them
U 2 off,

*9*

M I N U T E 5.
in. °fi> but I cinno: learn that it ever pro

cffcfhal.

!J" A laborer I 1 the " car.

"\ .the beft contri-

vance, that was due . ■ ..> a kind of

the branches to
a long pole cr

end, of fuch a height. K furze bruihed

out pulling them up by the
roots. This not only brufhed the caterpi.!
or ^e-

: furze. This, in
eoiy, is ■ id might be goo^

: - . . : it, nor heard of

its b

The :ght

po] that of brut"'

:ied upon a waggon
rope.

Yc " nd much of :

cefs of this expedient, I called upon :

* who had gained the moll err
to learn from hi larsj and to fee

plants.
The brufh isjudicio .:e of the ftn:: :

luxuriant (hoots of thi- . boor Lhe Chic

neis

I782. NORFOLK. *93

nefs of the finger, and from two to three feet 122-
long. Thefe are tied upon the cart-rope with turnep
rope-yarn, about four to fix inches apart, and pillars.
about eighteen or twenty feet long upon the
rope. It is drawn by two men, and takes
half a ten-pace warp (about a ftatute rod) at
once. The men lay hold near the twigs :
— the two loofe ends of the rope being tied
together, and drag at a diftance behind the
elder.

The circumftances attending the piece of
turneps faid to be faved by this contrivance,
were thefe : part of the clofe had been fown
early, and the plants were in rough leaf when
the yellow flies firft made their appearance :
— the other fide of it was not fown until after
that time. The forward part being entirely
cut oft, the ground was plowed and fown a
fecond time ; but the plowing and harrowings
did not kill all the caterpillars: — thoufands
were feen on the lurface of the ground tra-
velling towards the backward-fown part ; the
plants of which had then got to a confiderable
fize.

The farmer perceiving this, drew a furrow

I made a trench between the two parts: and

he and his man three times a day (viz. in the

MINUTE S.

Aire.

122. morning before they went ro their day's work,
H noon when they came home to dinner, and at
night, when they returned from work) drew the
elder brufh over the plants. The piece is about
three acres, and it generally employed them
about an hour and a half ; efpecially in the
morning, when the dew made the elder drag
heavy. H: has ufed the brufh about ten days,
in which time he has renewed the elder three
times ; and it is now nearly worn out.

After looking attentively for fome time
among the plants, I faw only two caterpillars ;
and fo heakhy a piece of turyps 1 do not re-
collect to have fcen : they have been fown only
three weeks, yet they are now fit for the hoe.

In riding to • orth-Reps, Ifawafimilar

machine; but this is made of the rough boughs,
I '•■'. the twigs. It is a large aukward unmanage-
able thing: — the woody crooked houghs, fome
of them almoft as thick as the wriitj drag up
or lacerate the plants ; whereas the itraight
twigs, lying flat and evenly upon the ground,
fhake them in a moil effectual manner, with-
out doing them the fmalleft injury ; every plant
I in a quivering motion from the time
rhe rope touches it until it be pafTed by the lad
.'.f: and, perhaps, in this con. .neritof

the invention.

The

17S2. NORFOLK. 2<yS

The received idea, however, is, that the elder 122.

is in its nature noxious to the animal. But turnep

C 'ITER-

this I much doubt : indeed, the experiments pilars.
which I have made convince me that the idea
is erroneous.

The evening before laft, I took fome frefh
elder-leaves, bruifed them between the hands,
broke them in the middle, and put them with
a caterpillar into a fmall tin box : fhutting it »

up clofe with the cover. Yefterday morning,
it was as brifk as when it was put in.

Yefterday, I took a turnep leaf and whipped
it with a twig of elder, and afterwards preffed
them together between the hands for fome fe-
conds, and dien put the turnep leaf into a box
of frefh -gathered caterpillars. This morning
nothing but the fibres were left.

Among another parcel of caterpillars I put a
fre'h-gathered turnep leaf untouched — another
whipped, &c. with elder; and a charlock leaf
alfo fre Hi -gathered. This morning the eldered
kaf was not only considerably eaten, but one of
the animals was repofing itfclf upon it.

The leaf of charlock had only one perfora-
tion :— »the untainted turnep leaf had feveral.

It teems therefore evident that elder, fo far

from being fatal to thefe animals, is not in any

U 4 degree

2g6 M I N U T E S. Aug.

i 22. degree difagreeable to them. The merit there -
TUKNEP fere of the elder brum (if it has any) lies in its

TATFR

pillars. effectually making off the caterpillars with-
out injuring the plants.

But it appears to me highly probable, that ir.
was the trench, and not the elder, which faved
the plants abovementioned. For if Mr. Tho-
mas Shephard, of North-Reps, be accurate in
the relation of an experiment which he maJe
twenty years ago (and I have no reafon to doubt
his accuracy), bruming off the caterpillars is of
little ufe. He relates, that he had a two-acre
pightle run over with a cart rope, day and night,
uninterruptedly, for fome days, without any de-
gree of fuccefs : for, fmall as the piece was, the
plants on one fide of it would be covered 1
caterpillars before the men reached the other
fide. Indeed, if we obferve how foon they
begin to crawl after being thrown down, and
how fid they travel when upon their legs, it
feems very probable, that being fhook from
..its diey may regain the leaves, lo as to
begin feeding again, in five minutes. It kerns
.refore in vain to expect any effential benefit
from brufhing them off the plants : for while
they have life, they will encounter many difH-
to prefcrve it.

But

1782. NORFOLK. 297

But whether the plants above fpoken of 122.
were cr were nor preferred from the caterpil- turnep
lars by the elder brum, I am very much of p^X^.*s,
opinion, that in regard to their growth and
healthfuinefs, they received fome benefit from
it. The exercife of the wind, it is well known,
greatly accelerates the growth of turneps ; and
it feems not unreasonable to ftippofe, that the
: elder brum produced a fimilar
:. The plants in queftion are peculiarly
ppears to me to be worth
preferving.

Tc t fea, where the vermin were

very numerous, the plants were ftripped in a few
; lb that if die farmer had had (kill, he
had not time, to lave them. His only refource
was, to plow up the ground and fow it a fecond
time : and it is probable, that two thirds of the
turnep grounds, in Eaft Norfolk, have been
fubjected to this treatment.

But what is (till more unfortunate, fome of
the farmers, who plowed up and refowed, have
loft their fecond crop ; for, being willing to
e the borders and patches which had fared
better than the main body of the clofe, they
left diem Handing : but the plow and harrow
not being equal to the deftrudion of the whole

of

253 MINUTES. Aug.

I zz. of the caterpillars, : - A furvived crawled

to the plant i were ie::; which fupport-

^ the young plants got up, they
CCtumed and preil np thefecond crop.

Some few men are hardy enough to let the
Balks and fibres remain ftanriing; hoping that
they will {hoot again ; and that they may by
this means iavc their crops, as well as the trou-
ble and expence of reibwir.g.

August 15. — In my rides to "\Vroxham,
Balhvick, Staninghall, and Norwich, this week,
I find that fome hundred acres of" turneps have
been laved by Ducks.

Mr. Samuel Barber had, at one time, upon
his Boms, at Staninghall and Woodbaflwick,
near tour hundred ducks at work : and, thro'
their induftry, has laved a principal part of his

crop :- — I l.t: begun to employ them foor.er,

. . . [hoold have laved the whole.

The different detachments (lbme of them

ftrong) were kept by a boy

or girl. They were regularly driven to water*,

r times a day : but had

;rn nor any other food given them. /

they would difgorgc the cater-

foon

i-fii. NORFOLK. 29)

Half or three-quarter-grown ducks are pre- 122.

ferable to old ones, which are lazy, and will turnef
. , . r , CATER-

iooner eat the turneptops, than run after the pillars,.

caterpillars.

It is very amufing to fee the young ones dart
at their prey : thefe, however, when the cater-
pillars grow fcarce, take to the turneptops, and
after they have reduced the vermin to a certain
ebb, do the turneps more harm than the cater-
pillars themfelves do.

This has been ufcd as an argument againft
employing ducks j and, in refpect to old ducks,
it may have its weight : but if the caterpillars
are fo few as to tire the young ducks in look,
ing for them, the plants cannot fuftain any ma-
terial injury from them.

The fact feems clearly to be, that where one
acre of turneps has been faved by any other
means whatever (handpicking eycepted) an
Jiundred have been faved by Ducks.

Poultry may be equally good (and perhaps
without the evil attendant of eating the plants) ;
but their ufe does not feem to have been dif-
covered, or attende.l to, until too late.

Alfo, when a piece of turneps has been in
danger from the enemy in the neighbourhood;
but not already infefted ; cutting a trench has

perhaps

V

Ti'.-.

[IKUTE'S, Ai-c.

1 --■ I: filling the bot-

. die caterpil-

Elt- . in

in iufficient numbers among the ftraw,
ns to be a late, thoug

•^o . :h I ga-

: or ten of the yellow flics
ofed to produce the turnep caterpillars,
alfo a parcel of pillars themfelves.

ic flies were t ght by beating them

from the leaf to the ground, where they lie,
apparently lifelefs, rime enough to be picked
iip. Brought diem home in a fmall box, and
them into a drinking glals, covered with
:ed paper.
fore I could get a thi ro the glafs,

the two firft, happening to be a male and fe-
, were in the act of copulation ; and be-
fore I could get in the whole, two more were
c fame amorous fituation. The parry con-
gofne: :ber of males and

- ft incefiant ardour prevailed,
:ind, letting diem
t morning, their amours were

therrj to be of the genus Tcn-

: rwo
fcr-

17.8a.

NORFOLK.

Pl

ferrared laminae mentioned as the diftinguifh- 122.

ins character of that ^enus, I put one of the texthredo

/ -OF THE

females to a flight degree of torture, expecting xuRiqQp.
me would have uniheathed them as a weapon i
but I was difappointed : I therefore (that her
pain might be as momentary as poffible) fe-
vered her head from her body j thinking that
in the agony of death fhe might difclofe them ;
but I was frill left in the dark : for, to my
aitonilhment, inftead of death enuring imme-
diately die decapitation, her body feemed to
experience no great degree of inconveniency
from it. She ran upon the table. I turned
her upon her back : flic recovered her legs as
nimbly as ever ; fpread out her wings, and ac-
tually made an attempt to fly. Three hours
after her head was levered, her body was to
appearance perfectly alive ; and how long fhe
lived afterwards I know nut ; for, conceiving

.: without the head the body could not be
lenfible of \ :.:: , I did notprefcrve or it.

My curiofity, however, was afterwards gra-
tified in a manner I had not expected ; :
putting a frefn turnep leaf into the gl_.
foe ne caterpillars which were

it, I p I one of the

• ■

ja |i I N U T E S. Afc*

122. . leaf; and obfervi.ng her to be partial fo a

t vthredo par: which was fortunately on the outer fide

\lp. of the leaf towards the eye, I took a magnifier,

.1 placing it againfc the outfide of the glalb,

~ ::crly urifheath her inftru-

"innate them ir.to the edrre of the

f, to a fullefl length ;

and, having i- . diem fo as to form a

channel or pi] m, placed her

: ;re : remained in that pof-

ture a few fecooda : rately drew out the

inftruments ; meathed themj and immediately

went ': anient nid js. —

ch the fun fhone
] the
■: and to cvi-

t

e brown, re. 7 in

:%uch finer, ;.

they are or

ar_ rated, I cannot be pofitive. In the

courfe of: raoes I far her make

three or four depofits.

One of theft
two, : ' * or the reft, fevcn or eight

I .
Wl I am no: ccr:ain. — The

o: - • re green

1782. NORFOLK, |dg

turnep-leaves. I fancied more than once I 122.

could perceive them feeding on the finer hairs tixthridd
of the plant : but am not clear as to the fact*. °r THE

In die clofe of the evening they take their
Hand, hanging down their heads, and putting
their artennae down to whatever they ftand
upon; remaining in this poilure, and appa-
rently in a (late of fleep or itupefaction, until
they become enlivened by the fun the next
morning.

Their foeces are of the colour and confidence
of cream, but dry to a white powder.

The female is confiderably larger than the
male, and, when upon the wing, appears to be
of a brighter yellow colour. — On examination,
ho\vever, their colours are fimilar.

The following is a pretty accurate defcrip-
lion of each fex.

Female Fly. Antentue, or horn-like feel-
ers ; — confifls of nine j dints ; the third joint
from the head longer than the reft ; meailire
one hundred and twentyfive thcufandths of an
inch long; are clubbed ; ick.

* I have, fince, frequent!;,' feen them drink the Tap
cozing out at the end of a broken fibre of a turaep-le?.f ;
and I have, lately, I .-.-:: _ ". in i ogaru af%-

♦o.'it: food, j--.. : .

1<*

MINUTES.

Ave.

122. fe/j with the eyes, and en-

tinthredo d:iges, black.

turnip, uth feelers, — fourj amber-

coloured. — Mouth v.-hitifh. —

Wings — four; deflexj thirtynVe :.ths

of an inch long ; light- coloured membrane,
with black nerves. I

, clubbed g the c :s:

— under wings, 1< s; pi

twentieth of an inch behind the

Legs — fix j ami
bi:. jlations. I . of

an inch

the neck to die ape — d
five hi .s of an inch: — ;

l
on the moulders, bla

— the length of

the t

irdsofthebc ;
and rixed to the thorax
Its form is bt:

(' h)

composed of eight fegments on the up;
and fix on
perfect leg] \c —

laft perl
fegmeni . — the —

S782. NORFOLK, 305

Sting* — compofed of three -\ hanger-like 122.
inftruments, with a fpiral wrinkle winding tenthredo
from the point to the bafe ; making ten or 0F THE

* & TURNEP.

twelve revolutions:— length about one twen-
tieth of an inch. Inclofed in zjheatb ; opening
longitudinally j and reaching from the pubes
to near the point of the tail, where it ends in
a black fpeck. This fheath ftands edgeway to,
and projects fomewhat below, the body; but is
fituated principally in a recefs in the abdomen.

Male Fly. — The fame as the female ; ex-
cept that its antennae meafure only one tenth
of an inch in length,— -its legs twentyfivc
hundredth,— its body two hundred and feven-
tyfive thousandth, — and except that beneath
the two imperfect fegments lies a plain fcale,
covering the

Perns — which is inclofed in a cloven-hoof-
like capfule. which forms the point of the
tail. — In the aft of copulation the two claws
of the hoof expand, and, in fome meafure,
embrace the female.— The penis is cylindri-
cal, fhort, and of a transparent, cartilaginous*
fubflance.

* Improperly fo termed ; Its ufe not being that of a
weapon, but an inftrument wherewith the female forms
her nidufes.

f But fee forward.

Vol. II. X In

/-& MINUTES. Au<3.

122. In copulating, fometimes the male, fome-

TENTHREDO times the female invites. The male leaping

n RNEP. tnc fernalc i anc^ curling his tail beneath her's ;

they become united ; and, turning tail to taii,

remain about a minute in the act.

After reparation, the female walks off with
feeming unconcern ; but the male remains la-
tent for fome time. No fooner, however, has he
recovered himfelf, than he begins to drefs fur
another amour, by cleaning and burnifhing his
body, and antenna?, with his legs ; and, in
about five minutes, becomes engaged in an-
other embrace.

The Caterpillar, when fully grown, is
about half an inch long, and one tenth of an
inch in diameter near the head ; the body be-
ing fomewhat fmaller : twenty legs, fix of
them long (probably anfwering to the legs of
the fly), and fourteen very fhort ( perhaps, mere-
ly adapted to the caterpillar). The entire
animal of a jetty black ; (except a whitifh line
on each fide, juft above the fetting on of its
legs) with many wrinkles, but without hair.

Having arrived at fome certain period of

life, it fixes its hind parts to a turnep-leaf or

feme other fubftance, and, breaking its outer

le head, crawls out; leaving the

to the leaf.

It

t:Si. NORFOLK. 307'

It is now fomewhat diminiihed in fize, being 122.
tefs than half an inch in length, and thick in tenthredo
proportion ■, its colour, too, is altered from tlrnep.
black to a blueifh or lead colour j with a black
line waving along its back j and with two
fmall black eyes, which now are become con-
ipicuous. It is ftill covered with wrinkles, and
appears in every other refpect the fame animal
as before.

It is entertaining to fee (through a magnifier)
the caterpillars eat. The avidity and voracity
with which they feed are fimilar to thofe of a
hungry cow turned into a frefli pafture ; and
the motion of the head and mouth is not un-
like that of the quadruped. If a caterpillar
begins in the middle part of the leaf, it firff
takes ofr the furface, towards it ; and does
not, at once, break through the leaf; but,
hiving cleared a round par: half-way through,
a -ikes a perforation, and prefently difpatches
the other furface of the leaf: nor does it after-
wards eat the two (ides together, but grinds
them down fmgly • until having made a circu-
lar hole of from one tenth to two tenths of an
inch in diameter, it leaves this for another
perforation.

It feems probable that theft round holes

are not the e fix- ft of the caprice, but of the

X 2 inftincb,

*>8

M I N U T E S. Aucu

122. ftiaft> of the animal, and that they are in-

'hrido tended by nature for the conveniency of the
3k female in depofiting her eggs.

When the caterpillar is apprehenfivc of dan-
ger, he coils himfeif up in a circular form,
putting his head and hi, tail together. If the
plant on which he is feeding be fhook, he
immediately coils himfeif up and fills to the
ground j where he lies to appearance inani-
mate, until he thinks the danger over j when
he unfolds himfeif, and foon remounts the

plant.

August 21. Ycfterday morning, going into
a field, where fome plants which had been
ftri^ped by the caterpillars, had been left
IBg to wait the cfFeir (to obferve the pro-
grefc thefe plants had made), I perceived fome
of the yellow flies among them. Being
anxious to procure fome, I went eagerly to
and found them fo abundant, that
. .If an hour I caught near forty, notwith-
wc re remarkably wild. Their
aiertnefc ftruck me j they being now more dif-
ficult to take than I had found them three
^o. This led me to the idea that they
:- produce of the caterpillars which dc-

phijts aboYcmcnuoncd ; for the

ground

OF THE

TV?:

j;«2. NORFOLK. 3:9

ground being left umlirred, the chryfales met 122.
with no interruption, but were left to the bent tents
of their nature,

"Wifhing to trace this infect from the egg
to the caterpillar ftate, I this morning tool
2 final] turner-plant wjth a ball cf earth to it,
and put it ;r*to a garden pot, fct en a lancer of
water. Having a number of the flies b the re-
ceiver of an air-pump (f? : bell-fhaped,
about eight inches id liver, in diameter),
I put this over the plant -lung
to it : — they prefently quitted the infide of the
gfafs, on v.-hich they were refting, for the
plant -, and the fun being warm, they feemed
much delighted with the. zsn.

I looked with impatience to fee the females
begin to depofit their egg?, but couid :
perceive one which feemedar. tej inclined to
the operation, and this did not go deliberately
e edge of the leaf and unfheath her infl.ru-
ment in the manner I had before oblcrved,

August 22. — OnThurfday the i;thinftant,
I put fix blue caterpillars (bedewed with moi-
fture exuding from their bodies) into a box,
and (by way of drying them and placing them
in a ftate fomewhat refembling their ftate in
it) put fome common garden mould to
X 3 them ;

NIP.

iM I N U T E S. Al<«,

\%Zt Ujcmj covering two of thcrn up
::-.iro ' -.id leaving the other four unco vc

fome of them bting upon the bottom of
tin box j forr.e upon a turnep- leaf, alio purpoie-
1/ pot fa die box.

Friday the i6:h. — The whole had diiap-
peared.

S_" the 17th. — Moving die turnep-

leaf, found one under it, alive, but naked.

This morning, to fatisfy myfelf as to the
ftate of the other five, as well as to endeavour
to procure a chryfaiis, I fearched amor...
mould with the point of a botanic nee
turning up one, which {luck pretty hard to die
bottom of the box, found it crufled
mould c fide, except that which

next to the box ■> on which diere was a hole
larg h to fee the animal perfectly alive.

Being willing to collect ail the authentic
information I conld, refpefHng this intercfting
fubject., I went down this day to Ikck-Hithe,
to enquire of the fiihermen, there, whether they,
had ken the flies arrive in cloud-like Plights, as
had been reported they did.

Old Hcirdingham, and his partner, declared
to me, and old Gregory had before declared
to Mr Robert Bartram, who went down with

me,

*?S2. NORFOLK. 3"

me, that they have this year feen repeated 122.
flights fiy over their heads as they lay at a dif- tenthredo

OF THE

tance from the fhore : — that they have alio feen turnep.

theip upon the lea, as well as upon the beach

wafhed up by the tide : — and further, that they

have feen thofe which the tide had left, begin,

on the fun's Ihining upon them, to crawl ; and,

having recovered themfelves, afterwards take

wing and fly away : and, moreover, feem to be

of opinion that they fometimes light upon the

water to reft themfelves, and then renew their

flight.

This appearing to me improbable, I bars
tried the following experiments. — I took one of
the flies, and placed it gently on a bafon of wa-
ter. It lay upon it, with its legs regularly
ftretched out, as if lifelefs. Having remained
in this pofture fome time, I agitated the water
io the bafon : this roufed it : and, having got
its wings fomewhat wetted, it railed its tail,
and when the water had fubfided, very delibe-
rately dried them with its hind legs ; which
having done, and having otherwife properly
adjufted itfelf, it with the utmoit cafe took
wing, and flew to the edge of the bafon. This,
experiment I repeated with the fame refult.

I then took another betv/een my fingers, in

fuch a manner as not to injure it, and plunged

X4 it

%iz MINUTES. Aug.

122. it into the water ; wetting it t\ .!;-. Its

ftNTffREDO v-'^nos an^ body being by this means loaded
vith water, its utinofi efforts to dry thtm were
in vain : — it ftill however kept upon the fur-
face, and made regular efforts in fwimming j
by which means reaching : r's edge, it

Crawled out, dried its wing?, and took flight,
without having received any apparent injury
from the ducking.

Thus the fifhermen may be right: in z
fmooth fea the flies may reft themfelves upon
its furface, and renew tfyeir flight ; but, be:
once thoroughly wetted by the waves, di
either perifh, or are brought by the wind and
tide to the fhore :• where, if alive, they gain
foot-hold, dry themfelves, and fly to
land*.

* Being doubtful as to the genus to which this fpecies
of infect belongs ; and being, under tkeabzrse date, in pof-
feffion of fomj living ^.ies, abb of foir.e caterpillar
chryfales, I embraced the opportunity of : one,

of them in each ilate to Dr. Morton, (p ..jra-

rian of the Britilh Mufeum, from whom I had been
happy in receiving more than one mark of dmntereltei
friendfhip) in order that the fpecies and iti hi&ory might
be ascertained ; and, towards this intent, as fur as ir.y cb-
then enabled me, as well as to . | in the

importance of the fubjed for the liberty I was taking,
accomp . m with the fubfianee o( the /iregoimgmi-

nutc . fubjeft. Dr. M oi fed to (hew

them

J7^2.

NORFOLK.

August 24. — Being flruck with the before-
mentioned incident of the fly living feveral
hours without its head, I this morning, (Sat.) a
quarter before feven, cut off the head of a fe-
male fly, which appeared very brifk and flrong,
dividing the neck clofe to phe head, fo as ;o
leave the two black appendages fixed to the
body, without maiming the legs. The body
immediately recovered its legs, and flood as
firmly and to appearance as free from pain as if
its head had been (till joined to it. I turned it
on its back in order to view the different parts
pf it, and left it lying on its fide -, but it pre-
fently fprung upon its legs, and began to adjuft
and clean its wings with as much dexterity as if
nothing had happened to it •, continuing in that
act for feveral minutes ; and, when it left off,
placed its legs regularly, firm, and upright as
ufual.

Mr. John Baker law it at nine o'clock {land-
ing in this portion; and the R.ev. Mr. Parkin-
son favoring me with a call between twelve and
one, law the fame. It had, however, by this

them to Sir Jofeph Banks, (Prcftdent of the RcyalSociety}
rmd, through Sir jofeph's liberality and difintereftedaefs,
the letter has the honor of appearing in the Philoiophic.il
Tranlaftions, Vol. LXXilL Part I. for 1;^, page ^17.

time

sn

122.

TENTHREDQ
OF THE
TURNSP,

*!4 lil'NU r E s.

1 z "g-

: -

fa -

' I -
. A the microfcope on wh;ch it
nto a r
pac*rr. This it p: «C»

I
hi

ok

•re.

-on,

more inl I

I

I .-.-■.- _edk ur.

from i imme-

and not oj

: been c

of the c

1782.

NORFOLK.

3T5

the evening, I find that to be the very pofture
jn which they all repofe themfelves in the
fight !

Monday morning, lb: o'clock. — In the fame
pofture ; but had moved upon the paper in the
night. Jn the day, it flood pn its legs as ufual !
At two in the afternoon Mr. Samuel Barbey
faw it.; — About five, it cleaned its wings ; anc}
this afternoon leemed more alert than it had
been fince its head had been taken ofi.

Tuejday morning— As much alive as before.
About nine it cleaned its wings, and feemed
remarkably brifk. About two, I found it upon
its back j — endeavoured to place it upon its
legs ; but it could not expand them, though it
was ftill evidently alive. Nine in the evening,
it appears to be quite dead. But, aftonifhing
;o reflect on, this fly has lived upwards of three-
days without its head ! during which time
ieveral of its cotemporaries have died with
their heads on ; fo that it may be a moot point,
whether cutting off its head fhortened or
lengthened its days ! — Its life muft have been
merely vegetative; and the care of its wings
pure inftinct*.

* Wednefday morning, the whole dead, except five or
£.x. Thurfday morning, not one alive !

August

122.

ENTHREOQ
OF THE
Tt&NBP.

lit

MINUTES.

Ave?.

122.

TTNTHREDO
OV THE
* EP.

August 25. This morning, to my great
fatisfaction, I at laft few another female depo-
fit; and in a different direction to that in
which I had formerly fcen them. The fly had
her tail directed towards me j — the only di-
rection I could fee her in. In this point of
view I could not fee her draw her fling, its
edge being towards me ; but faw the end of
the cafe open, and, at ftrft, Hand expanded j
t>ut, as the inftrument entered the edge of the
turnep-leaf, (which (he ftrode) the meath be-
gan to dole i and, having reached her fuliefl;
depth, became entirely fhut. Having remain-
ed a while in this pofture, fhe, with great de-
liberation, drew out her inftrument ; and, hav-»
ing refhearhed it, flood motionlefs for fome,
time, as if overcome with fatigue.

She was not lefs than two minutes m the
operation, owing, I believe, to the age and
ftuntcdnefs of the tiirnep.

I law her withdraw her inftrument very evi-
dently ; but, in the direction of my eye, it
appeared fingle ; whereas, in a fide view, it
had appeared double.

August 26. On Thurfday the twentyfirft,
gathered ten or twelve caterpillars, one or two
pfthem remarkably longj namely, fix tenths or

more,

;}S2.

NORFOLK.

3*?

more. All eat till Sunday the twenty fifth. —
One left off about noon. — Placed it on apiece
of paper, and covered it up with a little dry
mould ; — it crawled out not apparently by de-
fign ; but it feemed to want more mould to
root in : covered it half an inch thick with
moifter mould, taken from the garden (the
weather moift) : it kept moving under the
mould for fome time, but in lefs than half an
hour the motion was not perceptible.

This morning the mould frill undifturbed.
About four o'clock in the afternoon, fearched
for it among the mould with the point of a
needle, and found it flicking to the paper:
blew away the loofe mould, which now was
become dry, and faw the coat perfectly form*
ed, and adhering firmly to die paper.

August 27. On Sunday afternoon, 25th of
Auguft, put three caterpillars to the live tur»-
nep in the garden pot ; two black, one blue.
— One of the black ones foon mounted the
turnep, but the other feemed neither to have
fight nor inftincl: towards it.

Perceiving the blue enc near the root of the
turnep, in an upright pofture, I apprehended
it was alio going to feed j but on obferving ic
more clolely, I found that inftead of the head

being

122.

TENTHREDO
OF THE
TURNEP.

it I N U T E S.

| : 2. rending, as I had thought, toward the

;rido plant, its head and part of its body was bu-
,£P> ki j and, by the motion i

par: in fight, I found that it was id the act of
burrowi' --" rithadcom-

pleatly buried i: doted up the1

mouth of the h it no trace

of i: remained or. the furface of the mot ,

Ycfterday morning, eight o'clock, placed
three more blue caterpillars on the mo;,
the garden-pot: — they had remained in a
fmall clcfe-ihutting tin box until they were aa
as moifture could make them, and feemed
to be ahnoft in a ft;.-, ttion ; fo that I

; touch d th the pi: rs.

' them, however, I ieft, immedi

I '. to the mould) and bui If in kfs

,
had got a eoni
\>Dut or.e,
. y Co be fcen : before four o'clock

urled

■: '.mining
■c of the I tore attend

K-v

NORFOLK,

r?

not only in a • I then differed fo: 1*22.

purpofe of further i Lion; but in the tenthred3

- , • rs r -x • 1 0F THE

very iubiect from v I wrote me aoove turnip.

defcription, and which I had p-cKrvtd 3 one
of the three bring double.

They are fo extremely thin and tterifpafeirf,
that without a good light and a ftrohg rbag-
nifier, it is difficult 10 diftinguifh between a
double and a fingle

I am now, however, fully fatisfed as to

their number and (filiation. By pur-

ting the point of a fine needle into the ori-
fice of the pubes, and drawing it towards
the point of the tail, I Separated the c
pound iriftrument into two extremely fine .
ceclated laminre, each of which are evidently
divifible into two fomewhat hanger-..
ftruments, making in the whole fourj one of
h is placed on each .' pubes, and

the other two on its lower margin towards the
tail : — when united, they take the form of a
lancet.

By cutting off the 1 ; -it of the abdo-

men juft above the pubes, and drawing the
_;pon the point of a very large nee.

rings out of the (heath, and is

Iv

320

MINUTE 5.

Au(?i

122.

TFNTHRXDO
OF THE
TV9NIP.

eafily feparated in the manner above men-
tioned.

The two fides of the fneath are not united
at the back, as I had imagined, but are two
diftinct valves, or pieces, until they incorpo-
rate with the coats of the abdomen.

N. B. I have repeatedly difiecled the fe-
male inftrument (by drawing the lower part of
the abdomen on to the point of a pair of c
parks) for my own fatisfaciion, as well a?
of my friends, and have always found r
exactly as above defcribed.

xuatolits. August 28. Cawstom Shi

.j laft ." • Inelday in I
fheep, folely; principal]

>rtolk b bought i

z cf graziers?" in order t-
among their furnmerlies, and tl
after harveft ; to follow their
ter ; and to be finifhed, t!:e .
clover, or, the eniuing winter, on 1 rneps.

The Weft Norfolk ewe-flock
bring their cronei to this fair ; which the
Norfolk men buy tp]
■ .

X?$2. NORFOLK:. 32»

lambs, are themfelves finifhed for " harveft 123.
beef." Today, there were, alfo, feveral pens cawston
of iheerling-wedders, brought by the Weft- sheepshow.
Norfolk farmers, who keep what are called
wedder flocks (that is, buy wedder lambs one
year, and fell them as fheerlings the next), to
be bought by the eafterrt or weftern farmers, to
finilh with turneps, the enfuing winter : alfo
confiderable quantities of flock-ewes, two and
three fheer ; brought by thofe who are over-
flocked, or are throwing up their ewe flock,
and bought by thofe who are increafing, or
cc fetting" a ewe flock.

Sheep of all forts were very dear j nearly dou-
ble the prices they were lafl year, at this fair.
Lafl year, good lambs were bought for five
(hillings and fixpence, or fix {hillings a head »
this year, ten to twelve pounds a fcore was
the current price. Mr. Durfgate, who is now,
ftnce Mr. Mallet's death, efteemed the richeft
farmer in the county (having, it is faid, made
thirty thoufand pounds by farming), was bade
twelve [hillings a piece for his whole pen (about
three or four hundred) : but he refufed the
offer. His and Mr. Martin's (alfo a capital
Weft Norfolk farmer) were the c< top of the
" fair ;" and they both of them afked four-

Vol. II. Y teen

>; UTES. AW

123.

teen pounds. S-. " —s were

aflced for the diminutive " heath lambs "
(from 1 "don fide of the county), not

:e, or t. - a half,— four I

.iing, however, the
ear, a principal part of the

■

There . ral reafons for the hie b price

of . lambs, thi the low price

.rne, for fome years back,

y2i g: nd number of

-:e'

for long wool, while : wool bears a

the Lincolnfhire kmo :-

the fhort-wooled breed cpj

bought up confiderable

:mbers of Norfolk lambs, and es,

filft
the
terpillar, t- g wiB p

od for : for bulk

mil'. : fourteen

or fifteen . * °f

ere fold fo high £
but they -ene-

ralj

J782.

NORFOLK,

3*2

ral, about fcven to nine pounds a fcore ; laft
year they were bought for four to five
pounds.

Sheerling v/edders were the cheapeft, and
lambs the deareft flock. How a farmer could
bid twelve millings for lambs, when he might
have bough: wedders, of almoft twice the fize,
for fourteen millings, is fomcwhat remark-
able *.

This is entirely a fair of bufinefs : fcarceiy
a woman or a townfman to be feen in it. Ma-
ny of the firft farmers in Norfolk were there
today; this being, I believe, the greateft
" fheep-fhow" in the county.

123,

CAWSTON"
SHEIPSHO-^.

124.

August 30. On Sunday the 4th inftant
put one black and one blue caterpillar into a
box with a turnep leaf: the black one died j
the blue one laid itfelf up in a fold of the
leaf, which it fixed to the bottom of the box.
Laft Sunday, the 25th, I fancied I could fee
the antennse of the fly playing at one end of
the chryfalis ; and not being able to fee it af-

T'EN'THRIDO
OF THE
TURNEP.

* My reafons for giving tie minuti.T of the bufmefs of
jairs appear at the clofc of the article Markets, Vol. I.

Y 2

terwards,

3H

M I N U T £ S. Awe,,

124. terwards, or to difcover any progrefs which
tfnthredo w*s made, I began to fear that the leaf was
of the t00 t0Ugh for the fly to difengage itfelf : I

therefore, yefterday morning, wetted it with
dew, and fet it in the fun j but in the evening,
perceiving no appearance of life, I cut the
chryfalis from the box, and found the animal
perfectly alive 3 not in the ftate of a fly, but
to all appearance in the very (late in which it
laid itfelf up. The part of the leaf which
lay between its body and the bottom of the
box was converted into a fine tranfparent la-
mina, and ib (aft glued to the box that I was
obliged to feparate them with the edge of a
knife i or rather, to cut off the chryfalis coat
clofe to the box (with which the chryfaline
matter feems to *be incorporated), making a
hole in the bottom of the coat. Replaced it
as nearly as I could in the pofition I had taken
it from.

This morning, I find, it has got its tail cut
of the coat, and has given me a full oppor-
tunity of examining it. It is ftill the fame
blue caterpillar with a black ftreak down its
back j appears quite healthy ; and indeed re^
markably plump and (leek. I am afraid,
"however, that by Laying open the cell prema-
turely,

1782,

NORFOLK.

32.

turcly, I have caufed an abortion : it is never-;
thelefs a fatisfaction to know the exact irate in
which they appear after having been laid up
near a month.

August 3 1. On Thurfday the 29th, pro-
cured a freih parcel of flies. Yefterday, put
a group of young turnep plants into a garden
pot. Today, put the flies under the glafs-
receiver.

Being nearly an equal number of males and
females, and having been fhut up in a dark
box for two days, they began, on being placed
in a hottifh fun, to copulate with a degree of
lafcivioufnefs I had not before obferved. The
males not only remained longer in the acT
(from one to two minutes), but neglecting to
drefs themfelves, in the manner I had before
noticed, flew from embrace to embrace, with
very little intermiflion. Three or four couple
were generally engaged at once, and the females
which did not happen to be in the act were
venting their fury on their more fortunate fif-
terhood j half a dozen of them, fome double;
fome (ingle, being frequently engaged at once
in battle-royal. Their furor lafled about an
hour.

J now put three of the females upon the
Y 3 young

I24.

TENTHREDO
OF THE
TURNEP.

326 MINUTES. Aug.

124. fOang turnep plants, and foon found my ex-
TENTHREro pe&atian gratified in the fulled extent ; for
turnip, plants being fucculent and tender (the

rough leaves about an inch in diameter, and
it feedling- leaves (till remaining), they imme-
diately begzn to depofit their eggs. I had put
the glafs over them, left they Ihould fly away ;
but mis was unneceffary 1 I therefore took it
off, and made my obfervations without re-
ftraint. The leaves were thin and tranfparer.c ;
the fun fhone full upon them ; and the fti«
were \o tame that I could obferve the opera-
tion in any point of view I pleafed : even
touching them gently while in the act did not
cirlurb them. I faw not lefs than twelve or
en depofus j and Mr. Robert Bartram
calling upon bufinefs, while I was obferving
them, alf j faw three or four.

I put them upon the plants between nine
and ten o'clock in the morning; and leaving
them between ten and eleven, did not return
until part one, when I found them ftill bufy
l& of depofiting. My refpected and
fenfible friend, Mr. Parkir.fon, calling at that
time, obferved two or three operations. They
foon afterwards, however, began to droop, an4
;;rcly left the plants.

J have now no longs r any doubt as to the

operation,

J782. NORFOLK. 327

operation. Having tried the texture of the 124.

leaf, and its fitnefs for her purpole (by piercing tenthredo
it repeatedly with the point of her inftrument), turner.
and having chofen fome convenient part on its
edge (the choice of which feems frequently to
puzzle her), the female adjufts herlelf for the
operation, by placing one, two, or three of her
feet on the upper, and the reft on the under,
fide of the leaf i but always claiping it with
her hindmoft legs, without which fhe cannot,
with any degree of conveniency, perform the
aft. — Having taken her ftand, fhe begins to
feel for the middle of the edge of the leaf,
which fhe finds by the help of her fheath,
placing one of its valves on one fide, and the
other on the oppofite fide, by which means
the point of her inftrument eafily hits the mid-
dle way. She then fplits the edge of the leaf,
and having made a fhallow fiifure about twice
the breadth of her inftrument, fhe begins to
infinuate this downwards, into the margin of
the leaf j not in a line perpendicular to the
edge, but obliquely backward} feldom making
an angle of more than 4-5° with the line of
the edge, and frequently of lefs than 20 °,
running it almoft parallel with it. Having got
$he inftrument ro near its fulleft depth, fhe
Y 4 begins

3^5 y I N U T E S. Aug.

1 24. beg;r; t0 defcribe a fcgment of a circle, bring*

tinthredo ing it round with a fweep until it almoft reaches

qv THE

tlknep. the margin of the leaf on the oppofite fide of

the orifice -, and thus, cleaving the leaf, forms
a purfe-like nidus within it.

This creates a work of confiderable labour,
in executing which fhe employs her four in-
itruments with a fkiil and dexterity which is
delightful to look on, but difficult to defcribe.
The two in front lhe makes ufe of as hand-
iaws i while the two hinder ones are employed
as fprings to impel them forward, and make
them lay hold of the work. What ieems to
make the operation go en fmoothly and plea-
.y to the eye, and with apparent ea;l- to
the animal, is, the manner in which die works
her frcn: inltruments j which are not drawn
up and pufhed down together, but alternately,
1 - topuudfa one of them riling while the
:. pre fled downward ; as is evidently ictn
by their wrinkles or fcrratures j especially if
viewed through a delicate tranfparentleaf, nek}
•een a good glafs and a ftrong light.

The nidus being formed, the fly lets her
inftruments recede towards its center, where
:r.t v - 3ti()niefs until the time of labour

comes on -, wh: : lerally many feconds,

OF THE
TURNIP,

17*2. NORFOLK, 329

of:en half a minute, after the nidus is finifhed: 1 24.

but the body having undergone a fpalm-like tinthrecOI
agitation, the orifices of the pubes and the
nidus, which are now intimately connected,
become fwelled out with a femi-tranfparent
whitifh matter, which is feen to glide flowly
down between t~M9 laminae (feparated and
formed into a funnel-like pipe), until having
got near to their points, it drops from between
them, and falls deliberately to the bottom of
the nidus i where it plainly (hews itfelf of an
oval form. The points of the inftruments be-
ing dill carried farther backwards, until they
are iafely freed from the ovum, they are care-
fully and leifurely withdrawn (nearly in the di-

. jn in which they were insinuated) ; flic
cd ; and the operation compleated.

September 1 . To make myfelf completely
mailer of this (object, I put a fly, this morn-
ing, upon the fame plants I had cbferved
from yefterday ; and finding her fo tame that
I could place her on any leaf I pleal'e d, arid
even turn it to die light while (he was in the
«icr, I cu: off one of the tendered leaves, took
it between the finger and thumb, placed the
py upon it, and holding them between the

glaf*

OF .

1 ': -■

JM It t n 0 T E S. ft**

-24. '-'i 2nd the light, faw five or fix compleat

■71' all and

•

■ - irt • the >af fhe has
did] iws her L
■ re commodious |
•e fcen her begin at an angle,
re fhe ha )n tt others,

leaf being curled, (he has found her inftru-
ment " g too ne2r one fide of lz, and again,
I have feen her begin fo near a former nidus that
it has bf either of

(he de fitted from :
I: :s very obiervable refufed entirely

tlie fmooth tender feedling- leaves, for thofe

rkuk
jrk up ::o doubt, and not

her in th4^ choice ; for the feed-
ire of :. . >, and would
re the caterpillar became

c art- fully to fee if I
made in an
: Sunday, in the
and whit h I
great fatisfaclion,
c under-

Gdc

J782. NORFOLK. 33*

fide of the leaf; and, on examining the edge, 1 24...

attentively, found a number of nides ; from tenthredo

* . of THE

three or four of which the animals had obvi- tdrnep.

oufly efcaped ; they being empty, with a hole

on their under fide, proportioned to the fize

of the young animal ; and looking diligently,

on the under furface of the other leaves, I

found four more infant caterpillars.

In the afternoon, I difcovered a fixth cater-
pillar, which, I apprehend, had efcaped in
the courfe of the day. The flies, I find, were
put upon the leaves the twenty-firfl of Auguft,
and it is probable that fome of the young
caterpillars were perfected, and left their ni-
dufes yefterday; fo that they remained ten
days in the egg-ftate.

Their form is that of the full-grown cater-
pillars : — their fize, one tenth of an inch in
length : — their thicknefs in proportion : — their
colour, a dirty white ; except the head, which
is of a jetty mining black.

They begin to feed on the under furface of
the leaf, as foon, I apprehend, as they efcape
from their confinement; and fome of them
were, this afternoon, ftout enough to accom-
pliih a perforation.

Being femi-tranfparent, their food may he
plainly ieen paffing through dieir bodies;

their

33* MINUTES. Set-

1 24. their vlicera appearing to confift of one ftraigk
hredo pafiage from the mouth to the anus.
*kp. They feem to have a perfect ufe of all di

limbs and faculties ; and cling fo clofe to the
leaf, that it is difficult to fhake them off.

Septemei?. 2. Yeiterday, to try whether it

be a univerlal faculty belonging to flies in

general to live in a ftate of difcamtation, or

whether it be peculiar to the Tenthredo of

the turnep, I feparated the head of a common

large blue houfe fly, about a quarter before

.. It immediately role upon its

?s, two or three inches high, and falling

upon its back, fpun round for fome time :

.1 it up by its legs, and letting it fall, it

made ufe of its wings, and lighted upon its

ieet, en which .ood motionlefs. About

feven it was ftill alive. Neglected to obferve

it Inter. This morning it is dead.

Thus it feems probable, that nil nies have a
faculty of living lbme length of time without
the head ; but that fome flit-s will iVrvive
the decapitation much longer than others.

September 2. Today, put a female fly upon
a fucculent leaf of rape {brajjicd . She

tried it over and over, both on the fide and
en r'. raid not attempt to

J782.

NORFOLK.

Ml

nuate her inftrument; and flew away from it. 124.

Put her immediately upon a young turnep TEnthridO

leaf: in three minutes fne made a depoflt.— turnip.

Replaced her on the rape-leaf : — fhe appeared

to be difgufted ; and would not offer to make a

nidus: — but lurrering her to walk on to the cur-

nep leaf again, (he leemed much pleafed ; and

there being a large perforation, fhe put one

foot through the hole, and made a depofi: ;

the flrfl I had f^n made on the margin of

a hole in the leaf. She feemed to (land auk-

wardly for the cperadon ; but, neverthelefs,

twilled her inftrumen: in foch a manner as to

hit the middle of the leaf very accural

Say/ the fame fly, afterwardsj make thi
feparate deposits in the zi~c of a fmooth feed-
ling leaf; bur, perhaps, the ef.grs of the rough
leaves were already occupied.

Placed a caterpillar 1 e rape leaf; bus

it immediately walked off :— put it on agair>;
and flint them up in a box -, it eat very
freely.

September 5. The caterpillar lived upon
this leaf until yefterday noon, when the leaf
was become dry.

Put it upon the live fumep to pail ie£ hun-
ger; and then (hut it up in a box with two

verv

33+

MINUTES.

Sr.PTt

124.

TENTH REDO
©i 1i>E
TURNEP.

very tender leaves of fowthiftle (Jcncbus

-)'

This morning untouched; except a flight

rafure on each leaf. — Returned it to the tur-
nep leaf: — it eat immediately.

September 6. Yeftcrday, put two leaves
of garden-muftard and two of garden-creis
(fmall faliading) into a box with a caterpillar,
covering it up with the crefs leaves, and Liv-
ing thofe of the muftard at a diftance. In
the evening it had left the crefs untouched,
and had got upon the muftard. This morn-
ing found it refting itfclf upon one of the muf-
tard leaves ; but it had not eaten any percep-
part of it. Put it on to the live turnep j
i: eat a little, but did not quite finifh one per-
i it having, I apprehend, almoft done
feed! lis experiment, therefore, is not

quite decifive.

September 6. This morning, obfervingthe
ftate of the nidus which I marked the twenty
fifth of Auguft, I percei/ed the young cater-
pillar had juft come forth ; its tail (till upon
the nidus. This, therefore, laid in the egg
ftate eleven day .

The nidus appears fmall, comparatively with
najlj which mud lie coiled up in a very-
corn-

1)82.

NORFOLK.

335

compact (late. The body nearly white, and 1 24,

the head, except the eyes, alio whitifh. tenthredo

September 7. This morning, I find two tcrnep.
of' the oldeft of the young caterpillars have
Hied their exuviae ; having left them fixed to
the leaf of the turnep. What furprized me
much was, to find them of a deeper black than
they were before they -caff, their firfl coat;
which had, within this day or two, become
blackiih ; but this fecond coat is almoft a jetty
black.

One of them feemed but juft difengaged
from its Hough ; yet was remarkably lively,
and appeared to be feeding ; but on touching
the leaf fomewhat roughly, it fell to the
ground. This fomewhat iurprifed me: becaufe,
before they fhed their coat, it was almoft im-
pofilble to make them off. Small as it yet is,
however, it had activity enough to regain the
plant in lefs than ten minutes.

They are now fix days old : one of them
three twentieths — the other four twentieths of
an inch long.

125.

September 7. The fcafons, during the laft season's,
nine months, have been much behind die fun.
Autumn lafted until the middle of January ;

Winter

336 MINUTES. fe

£PT-

125. Winter till the beginning of May ; Spring
seasons. until the month of July : and, now, we are in
the height of Summer ! I have been drolling
about the neighbourhood this morning, and
find the fanners in the throng of wheat-har-
veil ! They did not begin in general, until
about a week ago.

Stock remained in the Hubbies and paftures
until after Old Chriftmas ; fome until Febru-
ary : indeed the grafs continued growing until
December i and a frefli moot was, in ibme
places, oblervable in the middle of January.

Daifies began to appear about Chriftmas ;
honey-fuckles, in general, foliated the firft
week in January ; and the hazel catkin, hav-
ing received no check, began to blow about
the feventh of January ; and, what is extraor-
dinary, continued to blow, in intervals of fine
Weather, until the beginning of April ; until
which time the grades, and wheats, were
entirely at a itand, by a fucceffion of cold,
flormy, wet weather s but without much froft
or fnow.

The uncertainty of feafons in this country
will appear by the following regifterofthr ad-
vancement of the lail and Che three preceding

The

tjtu

N O R F O L £

337

The priir • i -

The hazel

The goofeberry foliated
The fallow blowed -
The elder foliated
The wild rofe foliated -
The hawthorn foliated
The floe blowed
Ther: beg. tofiog

The hazel .
The bird.
The elm foliated
The cuckow began to call
The maple

The cow flip blov.j - -
The fwallow returned -
The oak foliated
The afh foliated
The haw blowed
Wheat iho: inn ear - -
it harvelt in gen. beg.
Turneps in foil blow - -

'779-

Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.

Mar. 2c

■ J '78

-

.jar. 9 Mar.
Mar. io Feb.
Mar. 2

.Vlar. 2

12

Apr. 1 8 Apr.

r. 2$ Apr.

r. 24 Apr.

Apr. 2

Apr. 30 Apr.

y 1 Apr.

. 23 Apr.

4.

Mar.

Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.

May 8] Apr. 23 Apr.

Apr. 2c' May 2

Apr. 2

! 5 May
1 : J une

July 28* — •

T. I I

.v:o\'$,

r. 3 1
1

• -3
.'. 14

l : .
y 12

y 4

22

e 12
■. 20
y 26

Apr. 2r
June 4

:2 u

ie 15

f -

AUg. 29

In May, we had loud claps of thunder,
lightning, and a fuccefiion of rain and tempeft,
throughout the month ! The farmers were
diftrefiedj even upon the light lands of Nor-
folk, to get in their barley : many acres, pro-
bably many hundred acres, were fown in the
month of June ! In the wet land countries, it
is faid, a considerable fhare of the grounds in-
tended for fpring-corn could not be fowa -, and
much of that which was got in rotted in die
ground.

The fummer continued wet (except!
fhort intervals) until the twenty- firft .. .* .

Vol. IT, Z

[NUTES,

Sept.

j

when the weather took up \ the laft ten

or a fortnight have bee noely fine

and iummer-like : — foggy mornings and hot

parching days : — a : tcat-harveft r.

happened.

But the barlies are Rill backward, fome of

them quite greer — athcuti.

neighbourhood. — Neveitheleft, tr.t crops look
; efpecialiy the late-fown ones ! a fix:

proof, d : the farmer, in his time of fow-

ought to cc ..:her than die

\

* OJichir 10. A piece of b.-.: re par-

ly under my notice (fee ML 114.) was fown the
I *ifch of Jane; and was cat : . -firth

M ctod r.c ■:
enough upon the ground ; b_ " top-

rrains on a
. And wh -
dencr rroper

— • . piece of barley, though fown later

Bj was
re it had not been chilled by the ftanding wat-.

on it. Had this piece of
on the fame da; : than

probable that, irftead of brr

orft, upon tne farm. .
the length of the ears, . af the grain

(a fpecimen of fj that

it ws 1 : J ane.

For general 1
and C . 17:.

17S2. NORFOLK. 339

126. 126,

September 7. Laft year, I put a fwarm of bees.
bees into a wooden hive, of a particular con-
struction. They took it remarkably well, and,
in the courfe of the fummer, laid up an ample
ftore. But the mildnefs of the autumn, and the
length of the fpring, were fatal to a principal
part of the bees in the country ; and to thefe
among the reft. Neverthelefs, through inatten-
tion, I let the hive ftand in its place, with the
empty comb in it.

Pafflng by it on the twenty-fourth of July
(the height of fwarming-time this year !) I
faw feveral bees about the mouth of the hive :
but in the evening they difappeared. Next
morning they returned -, and, at noon, were fol-
lowed by a very large fwarm j which took pof-
fellion of the hive ; and, in a few hours, be-
gan throwing out the dead, and clearing their
new habitation : a work which employed them
that and the enfuing day.

Perhaps, this was a {tray flight, which had
fettled upon fome neighbouring tree, and the
firft were out-fcouts, fearching for a hollow
tree, or a filTure in a rock.

Or, perhaps, they came immediately from

fome hive in the neighbourhood. I have been

Z 2 fincc

MINUTES. Sept*

12

fince told that this circumftance frequently
; and that it is reckoned unneigh-
:f not unlawful, to let a M dead flock"
remain upon the (land. A labourer, it fcems,
followed one. . immediately from his

own to a farmer's garden in the neighbour-
hood.

Thefe are circumftances in the hiftory of
this petty but pleafing object of rural econo-
my, which, though they feem to be well un-
derftood, in this part of the kingdom, are not,
I believe, generally known.

127.

manuring '.!ber 7. Lafl year, I made two ac-

cur - 1 ' - nments oh the time or mani

.land. One of them was made the thirtieth
of July, prefently after the hay had been car-
ried off: the ether in QEltbcr.

The firft was very decisive : the benefit was

cntj though the whole crop was extremely

good; at leait tv.^, bad an acre : but, v

the dung had been fet, the grafs was lodged,

ifiy larger than it was on

rts.

But die benefit arifing from that fet on in

I r.eans obvious ; indeed, on

a clofe

1782.

NORFOLK.

341

a clofe inflection, I could not fee any fhade of 1 27,
difference ; although the crop was in this cafe manuring
very moderate j not a load an acre.

GRASSLAND.

128.

September 7. (See M. 62) Another exceed-
ingly fine afh, which flood in the neighbour-
hood of that before mentioned, and which had
alfo been difbarked, entirely round, by deer, was
blown down by the high winds of laft fpring.

The roots were entirely rotten, and the bot-
tom of the ftem appeared, as it lay with its
butt on, to be decayed 3 but die topwood and
the bark of the ftem had a healthy and found
appearance.

Neverthelefs, on cutting it up, the ftem
proves rotten at the heart, for twelve or fifteen
feet up ■, and is, at the bottom, a mere fhell.

Therefore, notwithstanding the afh may ap-
pear healthy and flourifliing, after it has been
barked ; it is, neverthelefs, decaying in the
moft effential part ; and ought not, in point of
profit, to be fuffered to ftand *.

* The rottennefs of this tree could not be owing to a
natural decay ; as it had every appearance of a healthy,
growing tree ; and ilood in a grove, which probably is
not more than fifty or fixty years old ; and whofe trees,
in general, are now in full vigour.

Z3 1:9.

WOOD-
LANDS.

3+2 MINUTES. Sept.

129. 129.

tinthredo September 7. The young caterp:
turnep. partial to the leaf they are bred in. Obferv-

ing one juft excluded from a leaf which is be-
come old, withered, and yellow, with only
here and there a green fpeck ; I cut of? the
part on which it was feeding (thinking that a
vonnger leaf would be more acceptable) and
laid it upon a frefh young plant, in fuch a man-
ner that the animal lay at its eafc between the
two leaves : neverthelefs, it ftill kept fee
on rhe old leaf, for many hours : and, when it
left it, did not begin upon the top of the ten-
der leaf, but went down to the leaf-ftalk. But
on reflection, this is in confonance with nature :
the animal had been nourifhed, while in the
nidus, with the juices of the old leaf; and
r its enlargement, the fame juices, and
thofe of a fimilar nature, were molt fuitible
to its acquired habit. InfHnct, therefore, led
it to feed upon its fofler plant; and to pre-
fer the rigid to the tender part of the young
leaf.

S&ri mbex 9. The eggs depofil
Saturday the thirty-firft of Auguft, are b-
ning to ccme forth today ; which is only the
ninth day from the time of their being de-
ported : the leaves young, healthy, and fuc-

CL.

ijfc, NORFOLK. 343

culent: there is, however, only one as yet ex- 129.

eluded (fix o'clock in the evening) and another t enthredq

i burft forth : — :he nidus, T, _ -N-EP.
or the under fide riled to

the ftretch; and fomewhat on one fide is a L.
black fpeck ; over which the leaf has a
ninge;lof ranee. Cut off the marg':

and fhut it up in a box.

Se: el 10. This morning i: is come

forth, and has eaten a pi: in the leaf large
enough to bury i tie If.

Examining the leaves in di a pot, I

find them fwarrr.:

which have been excluded laft night; fo that
ten days may be taken as a mean continuance
in the egg-flate.

Examining thefe lea U further, I per-

eeived one of the animals in the act of exclu-
fion. — Cu: off the part of the leaf it was in,
and faw it crawl out under the glafs. It began
feeding in Lis than two minutes.

Seeing more in, or near, the fame

ftate, cut them c iroffciflars, and

laid them on a microfcope fiiand, placed in a
n fan. One, whofe head was a) red,

prefently made its efc , or

appeared to feed, while it .t rema'

.

Z 4 Ha

-

I N U T E S. Sept,

I 29. Having not yet had an opportunity off- ,

them in the act of breaking the
fljejl of the nidus, I began to apprehend that
the perforr. tion was made by a fimple folution
of the J of the glutinous moi-

fture with which their heads appear to be co-
b, no doubt, gives the leaf its
glof. :y) ; for in the two ads of ex-

clufion which I had feen, the head appeared
ve, with :r part protuberant, and

ithin the nidus; until bring;:.
j{ its fore mo J thout the

to ftruggle, and ibon made
:. But, calling my eye or.
(aw a faint working

reed by a 1
pe of the mouth of the
e act of
- ■
I laving made a perforation large enough for
urpofe, it placed its head in the pofmon,
above deferibed, as if to reft itfelf after the
t had 'gone in making the door-

In a, ; i: began to ftruggle,

• mS Sot its fore legs without the ori-i
1 eafe.
I ... -d two more perform the

; 1 : :ier, and mi-

ni.

,:?a. NORFOLK. 345

jiuted them both: — one of them "'en 129.

and the other twenty minutes, from the nrft rHMDa

vifible act to the fin?.]

TURNEP

ten minuses in a: and

the reft of the time i; :, and in the la-

bour of t selves.

I am clearly of opinion, neverthele.r
the moifture, above . Vits them

materially in the operation, by re _ the

coat of then: matter, foft

and inviting to the infant tooth ; for one
which, on being placed in a hot fan, began to
make the perforation before the coat had ft
ciently received its femi-diflblution i that is,
before the livid patch was large enough ; could
not extricate i . forehead

out; its tentacula, and fore legs, were

bound in by a part of the coat, itiil green and
rigid ; and it died in this ftaye.

130.

Sept. ii. The M of the woe"1,

oak, this year, has been more obvious than I LAM '
recollect to have feen it. It ha:, however, I ap-
prehend, been made much . in uiual: it
• as not obvioufly genei - beginning
ofAuguft. M .rds of
ot in length.

The

3+6 M I N U T E S. Sept.

130. The Midfummer fhoot and the Midfum-

er nier barkin? time have a] tagsered my

r. • • .- ,. •

opinion reJ :o a uniform motion of the

fap, on Dr. Hales' principles : n

I believe, ever bcenf-iii1. ; but

remain an ur ?f a

? *•
Being (truck with this year's ample fhoot,
3 into a train of reflection upon this

. of the I ;. the fp-

re the acknowledged confequences of
the rife of the fap ; but how fimilar effecls
mould take place about Midfummer, when
an e of lap cannot eafily be

>ved, may kern difficult to explain.
If, however, we conceive a regularly af-
eending ftream to commence on the approach
of fj nd to continue rifing, uniformly,

the wane of autumn ; and trace, with

1 muft necef-
«■ be produced, upon the tree, by fuch a

them to be
i nature :
; run of the hark, fucce
(hoot, with lea\ . a Mid-

ler run, with a Cu (hoot,

' Cap, if it may be fo termed, which :

od.

X 0 R F O L E. . J47

130.
r or (mailer degree,

]

.en then :;nel of com

tion being rurnifhed \

quiring a degree of force to open i: : bur, be-
ing overcome by fuperior preflure, it
il entirely :
Suppofe this feries of elaftic

table (reprefenting the trr
covered with a board (reprel- rk).

would refemble [ : of the

tree, when the bark and tl

Suppofe further, a rcg
to be As the v

continued to flow, the
board be I flow degrees the table;

and in this (hte repreil the

The veffel being filled to the ftretch, :
flrft valve would begin to yield ; the buds of
the tree woul

the Jprir.g jhect be pr

345

MINUTES.

Sept.

SHOUT.

But the fpring moot being cornpleated;
every twig and every leaf having received its
limited fize ■, and the ftream (till continuing to
flow ; a fecond fur charge naturally takes place ;
and the bark becomes, &ftcom I feparatecj
from the tr

The ftream ftill flowing, the fecond valve
is opened : and a fecond, called th.
-, neceuarjly follows.
The autumj lg fine, and the current

of lap ftill continuing to rife, the fecond fhoot
arrives at maturity, and ' JaP

takes place ; the t live is burl! open, and

a third or ■ JJ.'Ojt is t\\t confequence.

But winter fetting in, the iupply of fap is
ftopt ; and that which ha been raifed,

•nt on the younger moots, carried off
erfpiration, or having in to

root, the ba: . be wood,

:ns again to its winter (late,

T n T

ji'ildixcs. Szptcmber zi. Hog cifrrrns, in tliis coun-

try, are pri: built with bricks and ter-

-. But this is cxpenfivc ; yet a hog ciltern
ng the firil conveniencies of a rarra-

houfe. Wooden v< IV. Is arc incommodious, and
leaden ones dangerous.

This

i;S2. NORFOLK. ftj

This fummer, a receptacle for water in a f 3 1 .
brick yard being wanted, I had one built of cisterns,
bricks, laid in clay, and furrounded with a coat
of the fame material : it holds water perfectly.

Afterwards, I built a hog cittern :~e

manner. This morning, on enquiry, I I
that not only the tenant, but I
maids, are f. Uy with it.

It was built in this manner — A pi: five lect
and a half long, by four feet wide, and five
deep, was funk in the puce moil convenient to
the dairy, kitchen, and hog-yard jointly.

The bottom of the pit was bedded v
fome extraordinarily fine cky, fetched :.
the fea-ccall for this purpofe j m
rammed down ; and its furface fmoothed over
with a trowel. On this flooring were laid
three courfcs of bricks, in clay-mortar
bell of the ciay being taken for this pi
and in liich a manner. le joints cf

courle fell in the middle of the bricks of
courie below ; t. le beino- laid Ions-

ways; not crofied, in the oft ner.

The fides were carried 1 '
(that is, a brick in width noitar of fine

day ; and, in a vacancy left between tiic b:
work and die fides of the pit, moift clay was

firmly

350 : I N U T E S. -t.

it i. .ed: fo as to ur.i:e as

ns. bricks, I id the fides of

into one (olid
and clay work up
fuch b:; I were forced for-

Th< vel with the

ace of the g

ide, and three and
a hi - furroun

□ four inches
I is about

Above

car-

I
I

A ?)

bein

. .y ro
1..: :ig

r co-
ver,

1782. NORFOLK. 3Si

132. 132,

September 21. Yefterday evening, be- tenthredq

' OF THE

tween five and fix o'clock, law a young cater- turnep.

pillar flip its flough. What ftruck me moft,

was its head being of a filvery white \

its eyes (very fmall), which are black, as

the body. Watched the head to fee it change
its colour. In, about or, it began

obvioufly to change to a lead-colour : at eight
o'clock (two hours and a half) it was bee.
quite dark : this morning i: is entirely
black.

September 22. — One of the caterpillars
(full feven tenths of an inch long) excluded
the firft of September (the only one living)
took ground today : exa ::." three weeks from
the firft exclunon (two hours and a half in
burrowing).

It fhed its coat about the feventh, and an-
other time, laft Friday, the twentieth ■, and
probably another intermediate time, about e
thirteenth : for thefe excluded the ninth fhed
theirs about the fifteenth, and are now flied-
ding them a fecond time : — four flipped yef-
terday j three today: — one of them I faw
flip its flough : — the head white as at
mentioned.

Sip-

352 Ki i N u t : .

1^2. September ;3. Thofi :d the r.:

ft nis:ht

TENTHREDO , . , . , - - \ .

OF TBI

•>bP. ',

;hut up id a
warm box, and rcc
Thefe* [am]

three rimeSj at about fix da; EC.

Put them upon a pot of mould: —
would not take it, nor would i but

fcemed defirous of being releafed from
confinement. :
liberty. They were rem.,
ing much fetter now :'
period c . e. Hitherto

bufincis of life ing; r.

are in a buftk l res c

nientlo

Octobix 1 6. — To tr thei* rain, or

■ ith the chry-
faline coat, . or, wfl

:, coat . /. pillar

.let it re i
about thii turbecL I then

, almoft cow
it with a £ t ol put a <

. it llood. This

1782. NORFOLK. 353

I have feveral times repeated; fo that if the i-?2.
coat be not water-proof, it mufl in this time be TENTHRED0
injured, and the animal drowned. 0F

J ... . THE TURNIP

Searched for it this morning (Mr. Parkinfon
prefent) ; found it intire, and the coat as firm
and as tough as parchment, notwithflandingthe
mould round it was in a ftate of mortar. Put
it into a glafs of water to warn off the loofe
mould j the chryfaline coat now (hewed icfelf
of a delicate filky texture, and of a cylindri-
cal form ; rounded at both ends, which were
perfectly doled and exactly alike. — With fomc
difficulty (occafioned by its toughnefs and
tightnefs) I made a breach at one end; and
found the animal perfectly alive, perfectly dry,
and of a healthy appearance.

The feafon being now far {pent, I deipair of
feeing any of thechryfales come to the fly-ftate
this autumn : their prefent ftate is this :

That laid up in the fold of a turnep-leaf the
fourth of Auguft, frill retains its plumpnefs
and curvature ; and ftill, I apprehend, retains
its chryfalis life.

Of the fix laid up the fifteenth of Auguft
among mould, four now remain fixed to the
bottom of the box. — On ieparating one of
them, I find the coat very tender and fomewhat

Vol. II. A a broken,

354

Mil . T E S. Ocr.

P2. broken, wim oj . the fkin of the animal re-

rHREPO mainingj not entire, but divided longitudi-
THETURNEP nallyj one of the divifions, or fides, being
very entire, the other broken. £h<ery — Has
the fly efcaped from this unnoticed (for during
the firft two or three weeks the box was fre-
quently left open to receive the rays of the
um) ; or has fome other animal entered the coat,
and devoured the entrails of the caterpillar ?
— Loofcning another, I rind it very perfect,
containing a plump, Heck, healthy-looking
chryfalis. — Separating a third, it proves a fine
large coat, curioufly lined on the infide, with
a imooth filvery lamina; but without any re-
mains whatever of the animal, which has ob-
vioufly efcaped through a perforation at one
end of the coat. Qusry — Did it cfcape in the
:erpillar or the fly flate ? I am of opinion
it made its eicape prefcntly after it had formed
its coat, and was than which I found under the
turnep-leaf (fee back) j for there were only
iix caterpillars put into the box, and there have
been fix coats formed : it is, therefore, pro-
bable, that each formed its reipective coat,
and that two of them made their eicape. The
other coat, feemingly perfect, and, I appre-
hend, containing a . Lis, Hill remains fixed
to : ■ om.

That

*1$2. NORFOLK. 355

That formed the twenty- fifth of Aiiguft, n2.

with mould upon a flip of paper, ftill remains tenthredo
a perfect coat, adhering clofely to the paper. theturnep

Thofe which burrowed in the garden-pot :
while warm weather continued, the pot was
placed in the fun : it has fince ftood near the
fire i fo as to receive a confiderable degree of
warmth j but nothing, I believe, has yet come
forth. Two or three of them being marked,
I have fearched for them, by digging up the
earth carefully, and breaking the lumps be-
tween the fingers : this I have found a nice
and difficult bufmefs, and the firft I unfortu-
nately crufhed between my fingers.

On feparating and adjufting the parts, how-
ever, I can clearly perceive the head with
its antennas folded back; its palpi, and
legs, perfectly formed ; its fcutuli (or black
fhields upon the moulders) of their full fize
and proper colour ; as is the head ; but the
antennas and legs and palpi are ftill white, and
appear limber, and not yet hardened. I can-
not, however, find any traces of wings : there
are fome fragments of a hardifh fubftance;
green within, and brown without 3 which may
be the wings ftuck to the fiough of the cater-
pillar -, but I am not certain,

A a 2 Being

35b

II I N U T E S.

Oct.

IBMIH&EDO

Of
-I HI TURNIP

Be in:? willing to facrifice another to mv
. I have fearched for and found an-
other coat; but only one-half of the flough of
the caterpillar remains ; divided longitudinally
as before.

The garden-pot now contains— one bur-
rowed on Sunday twenty-fifth of Auguft ;
one on Monday twenty-fixth of Auguft ; and
three or four which have burrowed fince that
time, not minuted. I now put the pot by, with
the glafs over it to prevent efcapes •«

From thefe circumftances, from the frem

flight of Pies which appear to fpring up in

the middle of fummer, as well as from the

afiertions of more than one farmer, who

that having fhut the caterpillars up in boxes

came to files (the particulars I have not

, it appear^ to me more than probable,

the early broods pafs through the lcveral

changes, and arrive at the fly-ftate, in the

courfc of the fummer : while, from the

chryfales above-

. I cd ftill remain, as well as from the fcat-

of flics \ - are ob-

make their appearance in die fpring,

• Leaving the cc- - arJs, I had

e

it

I7S2.

NORFOLK.

357

it appears to me equally probable that the
latter broods lie in the chryfalis (late through
the winter ; and that fuch as efcape deftruc-
tion from birds, infects, and the uncertainty
of feafons in this climate, rife in the fly-fta:e
the en firing fpring. Further, it feems probable,
that in the more northern climates, where the
fummer is ihort, the entire brood lie in the
chryfalis-ftate through winter; which being
rigid, and the fpring ufually fetting in ab-
ruptly, the chryfales are locked up free from
injury, and the flies at once rife upon the
wing ; forming thofe cloud-like flights, which,
when the wind happens to blow a fufncient
length of time invariably from the north-eaft,
have been ken to arrive, or which may with
every degree of probability be brought, upon
the eaftern coaft of this ifiand.

It is, I believe, known that Tenthredos in
general are gregarious ; hanging together in
flights : from repeated obiervations I know
that the fpecies under confideration will live
from five to ten days without food. — The
diftance from the fouthern cape of Norway
to the coaft of Norfolk is not five hundred
miles. — It has been calculated that a balloon
has been carried, by the wind dcr.e, at the rate,
A a 3 of

I22'

TENTHREDO

OF
THETURNEP

358 MINUTES. Oct.

t?2, of fifty miles an hour; confequently, a flight
Tenthredo of infects, even fuppofing them to make no

theturnep u^e °f lne^r wings to impel them forward,
might be brought from Norway to this coaft
in ten hours. In one week they might, pro-
vided their wings could bear them, be brought
to us from the mod eaftern confines of the
Ruffian empire.

If no exotic flights arrive, the few which
furvive the winter, here, efcape in a manner
unnoticed, and the plants receive no percep-
tible injury : but, when to thefe the foreign
fwarms are added, their progeny become too
powerful for the plants ; and the devaflation
becomes confpicuous and alarming ; produ-
cing that dreadful calamity to this country,

*c A CANKER YEAR *."

* Were an apology for the length of this and the fore-
going Minutes on this fubjeft to be required, I fhould
make the following: Finding, on the perufal of thefe Mi-
nutes, that I wa6 poffefled of a minutial detail of faifts,
relative to the hiftory of an infeft, which has been im-
perfectly attended to by naturalifte ; but which is of the
greatelt importance to the agriculture of this country ;
more cfpccially of the Diftrifl whofe practice I wiih to
defcribc with accuracy and minutenefs ; I did not hefitate
in my determination to publifh them entire. Idetcrmined
with greater reading as I have found, fince thofe obfer-
yations were made, that the deftruclion can fed by this
pfenning infeft, has, in fome well-cultivated diftri&s,

thrown.

fjSi. NORFOLK.

359

i3S« *33-

October 16. (See Mm. ij.) To endea- wheat.
vour to aicertain the truth of this opinion,
I had a iinall bufh of the berbery plant fet, in
February or March laft, in the middle of a
large piece of wheat.

I neglected to make any obfervations upon
it until a little before harvefr. •, when a neigh-
bour (Mr. John Baker, of South-Reps) came
to tell me of the effect it had produced.

The wheat was then changing, and the reft
of the piece (about twenty acres) had acquired
a conftderable degree of whirenels (whir?
wheat) i while about the berbery buih there
appeared a long but fomewhat oval-fhaped,
ftripe, of a dark livid colour, obvious to a
perfon riding on the road, at a confiderable
diftance.

The part affected refembled the tail of a
comet, the bufh itfelf reprefenting the nu-

thrown a damp upon the cultivation of a valuable object
of rural economy, which will not readily be removed.
And I flatter nyfelf that the expedient •:. here regiftered,
for checking or removing the evil, nil QOt be Ids ufeful
to the agricukor, than a fedulous adduction of fails, re-
lative to the migration and propagation of infects, will be
interefting to the admirers of the economy of nature.

A a 4 cle-

> MINUTES. Oct.

t -. 1 cleus ; on one fide of which the fenfible effecl:

reached about twelve yards ; but on the other,
not more than two yards ■, the tail pointing
towards the fouth-wefl: fo that probably the
erTctft took place during a north-eafl wind.

At harvefl, the ears near the bum flood
ered, handling foft and chaffy -, the grains
(lender, fhrivelled, and light.-— As the diflance
from the bum increafed, the effecl was lefs
difcernible, until it vanifhed imperceptibly.

The refl of the piece was a tolerable crop ;
and the flraw clean, except on a part which
was lodged •, where t\\e ftrazv nearly rcfembled
that round the berbery -, but the grain on that
part, though lodged, was much heavier than
it was on this, where the crop flood erect.

The grain of the crop, in general, was
thin-bodied j neverthelefs, ten grains, chofen
impartially out of the ordinary corn of the
piece, took twenty-four of the berberied grains,
chofen equally impartially to balance it ! fo
that, fuppofing the crop in general to be worth
five pounds an acre, the part injured by the
berbery would barely be worth forty fhil-
JingSi the quality, as well as the quantity, be-
ing much inferior.

To try whether the vegetating faculty of
thefe grains was ceflroyed or not by the

damage

x782. NORFOLK. 361

damage the farinaceous part of them had re- 133.

ceived; I fowed,\Vednefday fourth of Septem- berbery
ber, three grains of the heavy, and as many of
the light, in a garden-pot. Thurfday nine-
teenth of September, one of the light grains
came up 5 but none of the other until Thurf-
day the twenty-fixth, when one of the heavy
ones made its appearance : and on Tuefday fe-
cond of October, another of the heavy grains
broke ground.

To-day, turned the mould out of the pot:
found the other heavy grain, and one of the
light ones ; both of them fprouted.

It is, therefore, proved that, notwithftand-
ing the injury done to the farinaceous part of
thefe grains, their vegetative virtue is not wholly
deftroyed.

134.

October 16. Bullock-fair cf St. Faith's, market*
Bullocks, this year, have been dearer than
they were even lad year (fee Min. 27.). The
firft day of this fair (the 17th inftant), ten
to twelve pounds a head was afked for bul-
locks ; but good ones have fince been bought
for feven to nine pounds. Bullocks which will
fat to fifty ftone, may now be bought for feven
pounds,

This

362 . I N U T E S. Oct.

\%L* This rr _-. [j :n two-year-old Ifle-

fair of of-Sk m cut or" a lot of two hundred,

m-iaiths. at twQ .and a half a-head. Very fin all ;

not larger than the ordinary yearling -calves of

the larger breeds of :

135-

ngCfa October 20. This morning, I obferved

fome workmen fencing a rickyard with furze
faggots, alone : — a fpecies offence I have not
met with before.

In a trench about eighteen inches wide, and
fix inches deep, they let the faggots, as clofe
as pofiible, upon dieirends; fpreading the bot-
toms; and covering the fkirts with the loofe
mould dug out of the trench ; alio with that
of a narrow trench (a fpade's width), dug for
the purpofe, on each fide ; treading the mould
firm to the roots of die faggots; which being
fiifficiently loaded, the trenchlets were fhovei-
ed and the fc soothed.

One of the labourers fays, he has fet a furze-
fence in this manner aero fs Greiham field (an
expofed fituation) which has flood one or two
ters.

Calculate die expence thus: — One hundred
and twenty faggots let about eight rods ; ex-

:»ce

1782.

NORFOLK.

363

pence of cutting two millings and fixpence,
or about fourpence a rod. Expence of let-
ting about threepence a rod more : together
fevenpence a rod.

The value of the furze, after having ftood
a year, will be about fix millings a hundred s
or ninepence a rod.

Furze faggots, thus placed, are a fence
againfl every kind of flock ; even hogs and
hares ; and, in a country over-flocked with the
latter, might frequently be ufed as a temporary
fence with great advantage.

I351

FURZE-FAG.
GOT FENCE.

I36.

October 31. Yeflerday, procured the fol-
lowing particulars of the expences upon Nor-
wich marl, brought round by Yarmouth, and
landed at the flaiths, at Wood-Baflwick.

Cofl of a chaldron (weighing a chaldron of
coals) at Thorp, and putting it on board the
lighters eightpence ; lighterage to Wood-Bafl-
wick, round by Yarmouth, fifty miles, fix-
teenpence ; together, two millings a chaldron.
Two chaldrons make a middling cart-load ;
two chaldrons and a half a good load : feven
or eight large loads are efleemed fufficient for
an acre ; the expence upon which (hinds thus :

The

marlixo.

364

MINUTES.

Oct.

j 36. The marl, (fuppofe eighteen chal- £. s. d.

marling. drons) at two {hillings - - - 1 16 o

Filling it at the ftaith ; carting to
a medium diftance, and fpreading
about, fifteenpcnce a load, -126

Expence per acre,

- £.2 18 6

WATER
CARRIAGE.

With the marl ought to be, and frequently
is, laid on a quantity of Yarmouth muck,
equal, in expence, to the marl.

After this drefimg, for about ten years, the
foil (a fandy loam, but ftronger and deeper
than the Norfolk foil in general) throws out
very great crops j and, with the ufual teathe
and ordinary dungings, will feel the e freer, of
the marl for ten years longer.

Before the ufe of marl (which has not been
brought by water, I apprehend, above ten or
fifteen years) the farmers could grow no tur-
neps ; the land letting for ten or twelve fhil-
lings an acre : now the turneps upon it are re-
markably fine ; and the land lets at full twenty
ihillings an acre : a rent the occupiers could
not pay, were it not for marl.

The diftance between Wood-Baftwick and
the marlpits at Thorp next Norwich, is not,

by

1782.

NO R F O L K,

by land, more than fix or feven miles ; yet
the farmers find it cheaper to fetch their marl
fifty miles by water, and then carry it, per-
haps, half a mile from the ftaith to the
ground, than fetch it thefe fix or feven miles
by land. What an advantage, in Jome cafesy
is water carriage to a farmer; and, confe-
quently, to an eftate.

365

136.

WATER
CARRIAGE.

137-

October 31. I have lately obtained the
following particulars reipecting the recent
inclojure at Felbrigg.

Some feven or eight years ago, Mr. Wynd-
ham, who is Lord of the Manor, was alfo (in
effect.) the fole proprietor of this parifh ; ex-
cepting one fmall farm, of feventy pounds a
year, belonging to a young man, a yeoman,
juft come of age.

An extenfive heathy wafte, and fome com-
mon-field lands, were defirable objects of in-
clofures : confequently, the poiTeffion of this
young man's eftate became an objecT, of im-
portance to Mr. Wyndham.

Steps were accordingly taken * towards ob-
taining the de fired pofTcffion : not, however, by

* Through the mediation of Mr. Kent; whofe ability
as an eftate agent, is defervedly applauded in this Diftrift.

threats

1NCLOSURES

365 M I N U T E S. Oct,

i 37. threats and fubterfuges, too commonly but very
inclosl'Rzs in. . made ir.e of upon fuch oCcaGonsj

but by open ar. ropofab to the

young man, : : proprietor; who \

made fully acquainted with the intention ; and
frankly told, that nothing could be done with-
out his eftate. He was, therefore, offered, at
once, a fpecific and confiderable fum, over
and above its full value to any other perfon :
and, to enfure the object in view, he had, at
the fame time, an offer made him of a confi-
derable firm, on advantageous terms.

The young man, being enterprifmg, and his
little eftate being, I believe, fomewhat en-
cumbered, accepted the offer, fold his eftate,
and agreed for a farm; — confifting partly
of old inclofure ; — in part of common-field

J ; and. in a flill greater proportion, of t.
he3th to be inclofed.

Mr. Wyndham (whole virtues and abilities
are publicly known) having thus [in : to

this inclofure) gotthe entire pariiri into his pof-
ftfuon, and having fet out the leaft fertile part
of the heath, as a common, for the poor to
collect fitting from, — he parcelled out the re-
mainder to .t tenant . — 1 out roads
an. er

..rh

1782. NORFOLK. 3(7

heath or common Meld, into incloiures of ci tin

to twelve acres each; orasjeeablvto the defire, rx.^^f, ^r.f.
or conveniency, of the i occupiers.

A principal part of the heath land was laid
: farm of Mr. Prieft, ig man

above mentioned 3 and was i Mi the

following: terms.

Landlord agreed to raife fences, hang gat
build a new barn upon a lar_;e (bale, m
other alterations, and put the whole of the
buildings into thorough repair.

The tenant agreed to marl twe sevt 1 f

year, until the whole fhouid be mailed
:f twenty cart-loads an acre.

The rent agreed upon \
until it has been marled three ;
year, after marling, the rent to c e at

three (hillings an acre : at ... :h to continue
four years ; and then (nar.^v. the
after being marled) to rile to ieven
and fixpence an acre : and at this rent to remain
until the expiration of the term of: .-.?-. one
years.

It was alio further agreed
mould be paid for the
of the new barn ; but mould do that for
repairs and alteration

. frquent

368 U I N U T E S. Oct;

1 37. fubfequent repairs during the term. Alio that
tnclgsures tenant fhould pay half the expence of work-*
men's wages for the fubfcquent repairs ; pro-
vided that filch moiery do not exceed five
pounds in any one year.

s wis a liberal \ at on the part of

the landic: n a curfory view, may fcem

to give e int encouragement to the

tenant. The following calculation, however,
will ihew that, in the end, the plan will turn
out highlv geous t. ..Herd.

Suppofe, for the fake of calculation, the
quantity of he lot to this tenant, to

be exacily three hundred acres : and that thefe
three hundred acres an into thirty in-

ciofurcs often acres each; with a public road,
or a \ bvtwecn each line of incl^

This i- . • near, if not exactly, the

upon Felbrigg- Heath,
la this cafe, every inclofure required to be
fenced on three fides.

Ten acres contain one thoufand fix hun-
dred fta~::e rods. The fquare root of one thou-
fand fix hundred is forty ; coniequently each
inclofure, fuppofing them to be exactly fquare,
required one hundred and twenty ftatute rods
of fencing.

The

i;§2. NORFOLK. 369

The price given for ditching, planting the 1X7 *

quick, and hedging, was eighteen pence each ^^
long rod, of feven yards. An hundred and
twenty ftatute rods contain about
G)$ long rods, which, at iSa. is - 726
4,500 quickfets, at ?.r. 6 J. — 15J. gd.
— furze-ieed, 4J. 3*/. - - 100

£.826

For fencing 30 inclolurcs, at 8/. is. 6Jt

each, reckon - - 250 o o

« — 50 gates, with pods, irons and

hanging - - - 5000

— the barn (very fpacious) fuppofe 200 o o

*- additions, alterations and repairs 100 o o

£. 6cq o o

— compound intereft on this fum, in

2 1 yearly payments at 4 per cent. 700 o c

/. 1300 o o

The rents to be received, during the term,
fuppofing twenty acres to be marled yearly,
would be thefe ;

Vol. II. B b 1 year

• f N U T E S. Oct.

i fear - o o o o o

IKCXOSIRIS. 2 O O O I I - 49 .

3 o o o 13 5^ o o

4 3 00 1/ 64 ;

5 6 00 15 72 00

6 — — - 9 00 16 "9 10 o

7 12 00 17 87 00

8 ■ - 19 10 o 1 3 - 94 ic o

9 ■ - 27 00 19 99 o o

1 o : : o 20 103 1 o o

11 42 o o 21 - icS o o

153 00 96^ 1 :

As the compound intereft of:':
above receipts fee down - - 2; 1

£.1200 00

Thus it appears, from this calculation, :

?fition of the articles of agree-

being ltrictly adhered to, the landlord

will be paying at the expiration of the term

h undred pounds as the purchafe-money of

three hundred acres of i orth

ten to fifteen millings an acre ; the prin-

: of this allotment being a good loam,

lying on the denrable iublbil, an abfo: I

.earth.

But

i;$z. N O R F O L K, 371

E.:: the fact is, and was probably forefeen, ir*.

that the tenant, inftead of marl . orciost

annually, according to the letter of the agree-
ment, marled, I think he told me, upwards
of one hundred the firft year, and has now
nearly fmiihed the whole.

Therefore, fuppofing the original fix hun-
dred pounds, and the firft feven years mtereft,
to have been taken up, the landlord would,
at the end of the term, have cleared off the
incumbrance, and have found fome h

is in his pocket; befic'.e the {ctfv.:
of one hundred and fifty to two hundred
pounds a year, from this allotment only;
bcfide the advantages arifing from the remain-
der of die heath, and the incloiure of the
common field 3 and befides having done a *
a nuifance, and planted induitry and pi
upon an almoft ufelefs wafle : and this, t??,
without rendering hi mfe If odious, or his te.:
mifcrable. Improvements like tiiis are n
and bring a fcrwumaU increafe to the rentroll
of an eftate.

END OF THE MINUTES.

B b 2 PRO-

PROVINCIALISMS

PERTAINING TO THE

RURAL ECONOMY OF NORFOLK.

THE languages of Europe are not more
various, or fcarcely more different from each
other, than are the dialects of hulbandmen in
different diftricts of this Ifland.

The practice of a given Diftrict, therefore,
can only be ftudied in the dialect of that Dis-
trict. No converfation can be carried on
"without its afliftance. And although a man of
obfcrvation may, by obfervation alone, make
himfelf mafter of the outline and principal
features of practice, yet for the minutiae, he
'.ill find it convenient, and frequently necef-
iary, to have recourfe to ccnverjation.

"But a mere practitioner will not communi-
cate with a man who does not fpeak his Ian*
Bb 3 guaSe

j74 PROVIH CIALISMS

•
i
neral, as he happens to be of lis rr

. .1 terms. One w . i I
of i" con-

•..-■-".'

ion of the obferver, i

The firft ftep, the:

defirous of

-

in d

rrfaricn

To ac re-

I
gin I of the Ene - ; I

"tered the p:

-

L

NORFOLK. 375

But the major part of thofe provincialifms
do not relate efpecially to rural affairs ; but
belong to the ordinary dialect of the country ;
and cannot, with propriety, be introduced
here. I have therefore felecTed fuch, only,
as pertain to the iubject of thefe volumes.
I have, however, made the felection as ample
as this line of conduct would admit of — for
feveral realbns.

Such a feledion will, in the inftant, ferve
to throw additional light upon the prefent vo-
lumes ; and may, hereafter, be found ufeful
to thofe who may have oc canon to ftudy on the
lpot, the rural economy of the Diftrict.

Other more material benefits may arife from
a collection of Glofiaries of the provincial
terms of different and diftant Districts : fuch
GlofTaries may ferve to elucidate paffages in
the Early writers, on rural fubje&s, which,
without their afntlance, might remain inexpli-
cable. And, above all, they may be fervice-
#ble in afcertaining the particular Diftricts in
which they feverally wrote : a circumftance, at
prefent, little known j though mod effentially
neceflary in fixing die degree of credit which
.: f,-?e to their reipedive works,
B b 4

376 PROVINCIALISMS.

A

A.

-LADY. Ladyday (in common a
ANBURY. A cifeaic incident to tai

See vol. ii. p. 33.

3.
BARNLD. Hauled in the I impleprof

BATTONS. Strongbi - ..-fencing rails. Seeu
BARN-YARD. Straw-yard ; fold-yard (a gc
BECK* A rivulet (invariable).
BEGGARY. L vn, throu;'

.-.are and I to be** run .. ':

To BESTOW. Vo flow away.
BINS. Applied, provincial! v, to

ftraw in a farm-yard; cow-cribs.
BLUNK OF WEATHER. A fit of (qua

pefluous weather.
BOKE LOAD. A large top-heavy, btt)

mut (in common u
BRANDY. Smutty (a'.L .).

BRANK. Buck (ufed only in the Southern H
BRECK. A large new-made inclcfurc.
BROADS. Frefn-water lakes : (that is, broad waters ;

in diftinction to . itcrs^ or : . .

BUCK. See vcl. i. p. i;6.

CKSTALL1NG. Cutting hed-e-thor:

tie.

BUJ

i '

NORFOLK. 57;

BULLS. The ftems of hedge-thorns.
BL'RGOT, or BEERGOOD. Yeaft.

£1TSH-DRAINING. Underdrawing (being cor.c
with bullies).

C,

CANKERS, Caterpillars.

CANKERWEED. Senecin jac9htea\ common nw-i

wort.
CANSEY. Caufeway.

CANSH. A tmall mow.

CAST. Yield j applied to corn-crop?.

CAULK. Hard chalk ; or, perhap>, chalk in general,

CHE ARY. Careful ; fparing ; choice.

CHICKED. Sprouted; begun to vegetate, as feed in,

the ground, or corn in fwath or "fn::.!-:."
CjlIINGLE. Gravel, free from dirt.
CHOAKLD. Blown up, or fuffiated, with a turnep

in the throat.
CLOTE. Tufikgo fir/arm coltsfoot
COBS. Sea-i alls,
COCKEY. The grate over a common fewer. Hence,

orobably, Cockcy-lane, in Norwich.
COCKSHEADS. Plantag* Unceolata ■ plantain ;

rib- wort ; rib-grafs.
COLDER. See STOVER.
COOMB. Four bufhels ; half a quarter.
CC5H. The hufk or chaff of wheat and
COTTS. Lambs brought up by hand; c
COVEY. A cover of furs 1 gan^e.

378 FROViKCIALISMS.

COW- PAR. Si I ; fold-yard.

A CRINGLE. A with, or rope, for fattening a gale,
To CRINGLE UP. To feften with a cringl*.
CROFT, or CRAFT. A final! common field.

vol. i. p. 8.
CRONES. Old ewes. See vol. ii. p. 20.
CROOM, or CROA1E. Any thjng hoc

muck crooiTt, turncp crome.
To CROWD. To Y barrow.

CROWDING-BARROW, A wheelbarrow,

D.

I ■ BBING, Dibbling-.

KNOCKS. Fledging gloves
DAUBING. ing with clay.

rny, fticky: fpoken of land when
.
DICK. 1

DICK-HOLL. " ivation, oi

....

"CHING.

•an '
: vN. A fiuil.

G SEDLY. Badly j &am

\. A piece of Ian
common, . h only one pari

a right to cut f.
POLIi-STONL. A landmark, or bow tie.

NORFOLK. 379

To DOSS. To ftrike with the horn, or gore Hightly,

as cattle frequently do each other.
DOW, or DOO. A dove, or pigeon (common).
DOWLKR. A dumplin (common;.
DRAINS. Brewers' grains.
DRUG. A four-wheeled timber carnage.
DRY. Drought: « die crop was caught in the dry/'
DYDLE. A kind of mad drag-.

F.

FALL-GATE. Agate acrofs a public road.

FAT-HEN. See MUCKWEED.

To FEY, or FAY. To cleanfe, — whetner a wi-

pit, cr c
FICKLETO'vY. The fore-tackle, or carriage, wh

fupports .the plowbeam.
FLAG. The farrow turn.
FLAGS. Turves, or
FLIGHT — of BEES, the - term for a Jkuanq

of bees.
To FLITCH. To move from place to place ; as frorrj

farm to farm.
FLUE. The coping of a gable or end wall of a houfe.
FOLLOVvrERS. Lean ftofe cattle or flieep, v.

follow the fatting bullocks. See vol. i. p. 290.
FORCING. Fattening.
FOREIGNER. Aftrangor; one of another county j

not of the neighbourhood.
To FORGIVE. To thaw.

FOUR-

PROVINCIALISE*

An afternoon meal in harveft.
FULL-PITCH. Plowing the ■"

oCied *1 it up a full pitch.''

FURLOX^r. The line of direction of plowed U

L p. 131.
FURc.

C.

JN. ; convenient ; docile.

GARGUF, or GARGET. A di&afc incident to
..';.. p. 125.

G.'vaGIT-RGOT. Tne root cf HAUborus h

* J

; bear's- foot.

gathering. "Roiling 001 into cocks or

bur. '
GAY. Gauc ckled, light -coloured cattle.

:L Stufl

GILL. A pair i i Is.

:, or GLADDEN. 7-
I ..\.
GO

. r

i

. or oik
IS. Then

CB

N O R F O L K. jti

GRUB-FELLING. The common method of taking

down timber trees. See vcl. i. p. 123.
GULPH. A mow, or bay-full, in aba
GULPH - STEAD, GOAFSTEAD, or GO-
STEAD. A bay, or divifion cf a bank

H.

To HAIN. To raife, or height..". ; as, :; to bain riie

rent, the rick, or the ditch."
MAKES. The copfe or draught-irons of a plow.

Alio pot-hooks.
HARDS, or HURDS. Tow.
HARVEST-BEEF. A general term for butche t

meat eaten in harveft, whether it be beef or mutton
HAUGHTY WEATHER. Wii ther.

A HAY. A dipt hedge v common).
HEAD. Bullocks are laid to go at head, when they

have the firft bite ; in difHnciion to thcie which /;..
HEAD KEEP. The firft bite: the beft the farm

will afford.
HECK. A half door.
HECKFOR. Heifer.
HEL\ E. Applied to bandies in general
HIGHLANDERS. Scotch cattle of the Highland

breed.
HII.D. Lees or fediment of beer.
HILDER. E

HOBB1DY. A man-boy (ufed in common).
HOBBY. A hack monufe).

HOGWEED. I rg. knot-

~ HOLL,

F R O V I N C I A L I S M S.

HO. JL. T

- I litcn.

HOMEBREDS. C
To HORN. To
HORSE-
HORSE-TP.E
HULVER- Hoi

A HURRY. Ai";.

■

.;.

A JAM. A vein or bed of marl or .
To JAM. To render firr. e do

f are foddered on.
RS. Door-hinges (common
les.
To JOLL. ; as rooks y.

vrorms ; or for corn recen.
JC . Jay's wc

K.

KEEPING- ROOM. A xxn.

.
KiEo, or KID.
KILLER.

-

L.

LAID. Juft fror 7 frozen

over, it

LARD,

N O R F O L fc 3^1

LASH, or LASHY. Very wet ; as « cold lafhy wea-
ther."

LAYER. Plants of hedgewood; quick.

To LATCH. To catch as water, &c.

To LECK-ON. To add more liquor ; as in brewing.

LEG GET. A tool ufedby reed-thachers.

LIFT-GATE. A gate without hinges, being lifted
into notches in the potts.

LIFTING. (Corn in fvvath.) See vol. i. p. 242.

LOBSTER. A ftote.

LOKE. A dole narrow lane (common).

LOWER. A lever.

LUMPS. Barn-floor bricks.

M.

MANNER. Rich mould of any kind collected for mt
purpofe of mixing with dung.

MARRAM, or MA REAL Arunds arenaria; fea-
reed-graf-.

MARSHES. Fens and fwamps come under that de-
nomination in Norfolk. See vol. i. p. 320.

MARSHLANDERS. Cattle of the marfhland or
fhort-horned breed.

MAVISH, or MAVIS. The thrufli.

MAUL. A mallet.

MAUTHER. A little girl (in common ufe).

MEADOWS. Low, boggy, rotten grafsland.

MEATY. Fkflvy, but not " right fat."

MERGIN. The mortar or cement of old walls. See
vol. i. p. 30.

To

2*4 P R O V I N C I A I I c M S.

To MOV/. To thrive; fpok^n of crops ani fta k
alio in a general fenfe ; as, M he muddies on bu: docs
not moys."

MUCK. The provincial and proper name of what is
more commonly^ but lefs properly, called dung.

MUCKWEED, or FAT-HEN. Chetupduu* al-
bum \ common* goofe -foot.

MUDCROOM. A tool uied by water-workers. See
vol. ii. p. 79.

MURRAIN. See GARGUT.

N.

NEEDLEWEED. Scandix fetlen Veneris \ fo?p-

hcrd's needle.
A NIP. A near, fplit-farthing houfe-wife.
A NOCKLE, or KNOCKLE. A mallet or beetle.
NOGG. Strong beer (common).
NONSUCH, black, TrefoU-ft

1 white. Rye-grafs-feed. Sec vol. ii. p. 17a

NOONINGS. Workmen's dinner-tima

O.

OAMY. Light, porous, floury; lpokcn of plowed

land.
OLLAND. L ty-ground (old "...
OPEN. Not fpayed ; fpoken of a heifer, or a few.
OVER-YEAR. Bu re not rinifhed at

three pears old, if homeb . —or the firft winter alter

buying

NORFOLK. 385

buying;, if purchafed — but are kept through the enfu-
ing fummer, to be fatted the next winter, are (aid to
be kept over-year ; and are termed over-year bullocks.

OUTHOLLING. Shovelling out a ditch for the ma-
nure it contains. See vol. i. p. 76, and ioi. and
vol. ii. p. 76.

OWLS CROWN. Gnaphalium fy had cum ; wood
cudweed.

P.

PACK-WAY. A bridle read (common).

PADS. See P£DS.

PAN. The flooring on which the cultivated foil lies.
See vol. i. p. 11.

PAR-YARD. Straw-yard; fold-yard.

PAVEMENTS. Square paving-bricks ; flooring-
bricks ; paving-tiles.

P£DS,orPADS. Panniers.

PETMAN. The laft of the fare.

PETTY SESSIONS. See vol. i. p. 40.

PICKPURSE, or, SANDWEED. Spergula ar.
1-rnfi; ; common fpurrey.

PIGHTLE, or PYKLE. A fmall inclofure j a croft.

PLANSHER, or PLANCHER. The chamber-floor.

PLAT. The mould-board of a plow.

PLOWJOGGER. A plowman.

PLOWS. Plowed ground ; whether clofes, or pieces
in open fields.

POLLARDS. Trees headed down to the frem, and
cropped or polled, from time to time, for fire-wood,
A term general to the fouthern and eailern counties.

Vol. II. C c POLLER.

3$S PRO VINCI A LI 5 M

POLLER, crFOLL I" POLLEN. Jr.c

PULK. A p-d^e.

FVTT. A mole-hill (in common _

To PUT. To ftumble, as

Q,

QUARTERS. T: , &c.

is called hb a faid to qu.

at fucfa an inn.
QUICK .

R.
RAN NY. 7 --

RAF TV. Damp and mml
feafao.

REDWEED. P :;-:."- • .'h-headed

To RE AVE. T ; _ m oof or dift urb the roof.
RED-ROW. When the pain of opening bs
arc — . red, the crop i 5 faid to be

REED-RONDS. Plot?., or beds of reed : or, ti

fwamps which reed erows in.
RICEBALKING id of plow

See vol i. p. 14.2.

A RIDE. A common name for a faddit

R1GG. Ridge.

Brine.

RINGE5. Rows, o:

ROADING. Running r - upon the

road. See vol. L p. 44.

ROKE.

NORFOLK. 38;

ROKE. Mill, or fog.

ROOFING. The ridge-cap of thatched roofs,
To Rope. To tedder ; as a hone.
ROWEN. After-grafsi latter-math.

S.

SANDWEED. See PICKPURSE.

SCAITHFUL. Given to breaking pafture. Alfo,
liable to be over-run by ftock ; as open fields, &c.

SCALDS. Patches of land which are more liable to
be fcorchedy burned^ or fcalded in a hot feafon, than
the remainder of the piece they are fituated in.

To SCALE-IN. To plow in with a (hallow furrow*

SCORING ; or, SCOWRING. See vol. i. p. 139.

SCOTCHES. Scores, or notches.

SCOTS. Scotch cattle.

SEEL, or SEAL. Time or feafon ; as, « hay-feel,"
hay-time ; " barley-feel," barley feed-time ; " wheat-
feel," wheat feed-time : " bark-feel," the barking
feafon. Alfo, ufed fometimes in common converfa-
tion ; as, " what feel of day is it ?"

SEVERAL. See DOLE.

SHACK. Stock turned into the ftubbles after harveft
are faid to be at foack. Grounds lying open to
common fields are faid to " lie quite fhack."

SHACKING. A fhabby rambling fellow ('living at
fhack).

To SHEAR. To reap; as whe?*.

Ce 2 SHELLED-

3SS PROVINCIALISMS.

SHELLED. Pied; party-coloured.

SHIFTS. Parts of a farm allotted for the reception of

ftockor crops. See vol. i. p. 131.
SHOTS. Young ft ore fwine.
SHUD. Shed.

To S HUG. To (hake ; as hay, fee.
SHUGGINGS. That which is fhed or fcattered, as

c^rn at harveft.
SHY. Harebrained ; high-mettled ; head-ftrong ; as

wild colts, &c.
vjULAR. Lone or (ingle ; as a fingular houfe, or

farm.
SKEP. A coarfe round farm-bafket ; alfoa bee-hive.
SLADE. Sledge.
To SLADE DOWN. To draw b.ick part of the

mould into the interfurrow, with the plow d

or jla ding upon its fide.
SLAKE. Leisure : " to be at fake," to be at leifurc
SLOBBERERS. Slovenly tamers.
SLOB-FURROWING. ' A particular mctliod of

plowing. See vol. i. p. 142.
SLUSS. Mud ; mire.
SMART WE ED. P hydrcpiptr ii Pen

<c .;,:..(«; bitingand pale-flowered perficariasjaifiTur:.
SNAiL-HORNED. Having fhort down-hanging

horns, with blunt points, and fomewhat bent, in the

ufual form of the (hail ; fpoken of cattle.
To SOL. To pull by the ear, z- a dog pulls a fc

IRKLING. Cbying between the fpars to cover

the thatch of cottages (:rar-cla\i:

SPIRKLF,

NORFOLK. 3«9

SPIRKET. A hook to hano; things on.

SPOULT. Brittle, fpoken of wood, 6cc.

SPURWAY. Bridie-road.

SQUALLY. A crop of turneps, or of corn, whicfj
is broken by vacant unproductive patches, is faid to be
fqually.

To SQUINDER. To burn inwardly j as charcoal,
&c. are burnt.

STANDS. Young timber-trees under fix inches tim-
ber girt, or twenty-four inches in circumference.

STARK, or STUCK. Tight, or ftiff.

STATESMEN. Yeomen ; fmall owners.

STOCK. Speciesof a crop. See article Turneps, &c,

STONDLE. A bearing tub.

STOPS. Small well-buckets.

STOVER. A general term for the different fpecies of
fodder arifing from thrafhed corn, whether it be draw,
chaff, or " colder \" a provincial term for the fhort
ft raws, ears, and rough chaff, which are fenarated
from the corn-in-chaff, by the rake and the riddle,
after the ft raw is fhook off the floor j and which, ia
every country, has a provincial term afiigr.ed it j but
totally different in different Diftricts.

To STOW. To confine ; as cattle in a yard or
pound,

STUB WOOD. All wood which grows in hedgerows
and does not come under the denomination of " tim-
bers," " pol!ards,"or " thorns," is called " itubwocd."

STULP, A poll of an? kind.

SUCKLING.

sgo

PROVINCIALISMS.

SUCKLING. Trifolium rcpcns ; white clover.
SUMMERLY. A turnep-fallow. A backward /torn
merly \ an autumnal wheat-fallow : a rhht-out fum.-
i tit gear's fallow.
Shade.

Rods, ches.

INGLE. A ::-.;.

T.

ZK. Subfhnce, fohdity, proof, fpokenofthe foo3
of cattle and other flock.

TAR-ROPE. Rope-yarn; the thread of old cables, &c.

TALKER. A thrathcr.

TE AMER. A team of five horfes.

VMERMAN. A waggoner, carter, or driver of
a t^amer.
'.THE. The dung, &c. of cattle. See vol. i. p. 33. *

THAI Qoofeberries.

THIGHT. Applied to turneps or ether crops, — clofe,
thickfet : applied to roofs or veflels, — impervious—
oppofed to le;

THACK. Thatch . tfyackjier, thatcher.

THONE, or T^ONEY. Damp, limber, as under-
dried hay.

To TOP-UP. To imim highly , as fatting bullocks,

TRIP. Of flieep ;— a finall flock.

fijRF. Pea:.

TWO-FURROWING. Double plowing j trench-
plowing; fod-burying.

* 1 i'i . term is probably cf Scorch origin.

VALLEY,

NORFOLK. 3gt

V.

VALLEY. Any fmall hollow or channel ; as a gutter

in a roof.
VANCE-ROOF. The garret.
VARDLEv A common eye or thimble of a gate, v

a fpike only.

U.
UNCALLOW. The earth which covers a jam of

marl.
UNDER CORN. Short, weak, underling corn, o\ -

hung by the crop.

W.

WALLACE. The withers of a horfe.

WARBEETLES. The large maggots which arc
in the backs of cattle.

WARPS. Flat wide beds of plowed land.

WATER-WORKERS. Makers of meadow-drains
and wet ditches.

WELL* A chimney or vent-hole inn rick ormow.

WINTER-DAY. The winter feafon.

WINTER- WEED. VeronUa hedcrifolia > ivy-leaved
(peed well.

WISP. A rowel, or feton.

WOODBOUND. Land which is encumbered
tall woody hedgerows, fo as to hind- . admiffion

of fun and air, and thereby prevent it from exerting
its natural ftrength and fertility, is (aid to be wood-
bound.

WOOD LAYER. Young plants of oak, or other tim-
ber, laid into heuc- -ihcrn-lavcr."

WR

^ PROVINCIALISMS.

WRECK. Dead undigefted roots and ftems of grafies

and weeds in plowiand.
VvRETWEED. (That is, wart- weu). Bvfhmrti*

bcUofc&'jia ; fun fpurge.
\Y R.ONG5. Crooked arms, or large boughs, of :
I p the faggot wood is cut off.

GENERAL

GENERAL INDEX

TO THE

TWO VOLUMES.

'Note, M. 38. 51. refer to Minutes 38 and 51. i. 121
to Vol. I. Page 121.

A LEERS, M. 38. 51 .
**• Anbury of the turnep,

M. 10. 22
Ant-hills, M. 6. 50
Aft), i. 121. M. 38.62. 95. 12S
Afties, i. 31
Ayleftiamfair,M. g4

B.
Earns. See Buildings
Barn-raanagemer.c,i. 189
Barley, i. 121. M. 1 1. 29. 57
Battons, i. 85

Beads of labour. See Horfes
Bees, i. 383. M. 126
Berbery, M. 1 *, 133
Blowfield Hundred, M. i:3
Broking turneps, M. 84
Bricks, i. 86
Brick earth of the ccaft, M,

1 12

Buck, i. 253
Buds, i. 336

Buildings, i. 81. M. 15. 25.
3*- 33- 35- **■ 6:>- 64. 91.

92. Il6. I l3. 13 1

Vol. II.

Building-leafe, M. 106
Building-materials, i. 86
Bullocks, i. 337
Bullock-fheds, i. 83. M. 1 1 S
Buttrcfies, M. 6
C.
Calves, i. 332
Carts, i. j 1
Calling corn, i. 190
Caterpillar of the turnep, M.

12. 122
Cattle, i. 323
, breed of. i. 323. M.

40. 69. 69. 72. 110. 119
, general management,

M.39. 53. 66. 70. 74
, rearing, i. 332. M.

46. 53. 69. 7o
, buying, i. 344. M. 39.

1 10. 113. 134
— , method of fatting, i.

34?. M. 39. 40- 56. 57- 69.

72. 84. 93. 97. 102. 1.6,

1 io. 11 1. 113.11?

D d

Car

I N D E X.

■ ' .

III. iia.il). j 17 fcrvation;, Iff. J :i
-

13 -'■:'-

i -

10S
Far: I Buildings

Farm-yard man, i. 189.
146 M -

raffiu Fe :3"

94
arid

ft, "

- . If.
• . _:■ lff.lO<

: 90
84
: - : 1 :. :c6 i guide ta

D.

- ' . -. M. 1 _: j

F_: 0

X&7. M. • lOf

18 . M ?3

ie-fccd, to low, M. i'i
- : G.

118 M. t5

Iff. Game, i . 1 7 - . *• * 11
GUM . . ;::

warned dc> :-. Iff. 103 Gar. .-.

> 1 1 5 . 1 3 5
19 General anMeaeM (

Driaking-pits, i. t j ■ M. 4.47. j

Dung

' : 7

Iff. - . -5. 9*.

: • ■ . ■
E. management of tim-

F.zStem cci " • 90

, L 6 -incrs, i. 219

Grazi

H.
Fair 94 ' "■•

Fair l

Ha:- 143

I

Hay-chamber M 15

' . A\ of a Icafc, i. 70

. . .
-

I N D

X.

4:. G3. 85. S7. 88. 90. 103.
104. :o6. 130.
pcdge-row timber, i. 98
Hedge-woods, i. 112
Hcg-ciftern, M. 131
Hoing turneps, i, 26.6
Holt i'air, M. 39
Horncbreds, i. 339
Hops, M. 118
Horfes, i. 42. M. 94

I.
Ingham fair, 1 12
Implements, i. 50. M. 19
lnclofurcs, i. 116. M. 137
Inland navigation, i. 3. M.

136
Ivied ditch-banks, M. 63

L.
Labourers. Ste Workmen
Land-tax, i. 64
Laying-out farms, i. 130
Laylng-upplowland, i. 147
Leafe, heads of, i. 70
Lime, i. 30. 91. M. 29
Liming, i. 16 1

M.
Malt-coombs, i. 35
Malt-duft, to fow, i. 166
Manures, i. 15. M. 1.6. xo.
ii. 18. '29. 31. 106. 1 12.
118. 120
Manure-prccefs, i. 150. M.
• 55. 106. 127. 136
Manuring, bee Manurc-pro-

cefs
Maphrodite, i. 50
Markets, i. 195. M. 27. 39. Do.
94. 101. 10.5. 107. 112. 1 ia.
123. 134
Marl, i. 6. M. 112
Marling, 150. M. 55. 136
Marram, M. :o6. 1 12
Marines, i. 319. M. 118

mills, M. 118

Mcaclo%\s, i. 312. M. 44. 5c.

51.65 96
Midfuii.mer.-fhcGt, M. 130.
Mould, i. 27
Muck- Set Dung

N.
Natural grafted, i. 31C.M.6.7.

8. 10. 31.39.44- S°- S1- 54'

65. 96. 118. 127
North- Walfliam corn-market,

M.80
North- Walfham fair, M. 105
Norwich clovcr-lecd market,

M. 101

O.
Oaks, i. M. 36. 37. 59. 9;
Oak Timbers in hedge-row

i. 113. i2i
Oats, i. 245
Old Hedges, i. too

P.
Pan, i. it

Pantiles, to lay, M. 33
Par-yards, i. 84
Peas, i. 248

Pheafants, i. 172. M. 41
Planting, i. 119. M. 36. 37.

38.81.95
Planting oaks in hedges, i. 1 13
plows, i. 52
Plowing, i. 138
Pollards, i. 93. M. 90.
Poor's rate, i. 65
Poultry, j. 375 -
Progrefs of i'pring, M. 125
Pruning of timbers, M. 5

R.
Rabbits, i. 370. M. 79
Railing new hedges, i. 102
Rape-cake, i. 35
Rape -cake, to low, i. 165
Rearing cattle, i. 332
Receiving rents, i. 70. M. 47
Reed, i. 88. M. 32. 89. 91
Rent, i. CS. M. 58
Repairs. See Buildings
Replanting hedges, i. 111
Relidence of workmen, M. 92
Ridgils, to cut, M. 99
Rolling, i. 145
Roller, i. 58
Rooks, frightening, i. 171

RvbMr>£-p;fts, M. 66

Rye

I N D

X.

kje-gnfs. See C

S

St. F * . . : 34

ant, i. 353

.: 0

Seal" M. 1:5

:. 87
Sea-:"- . M. n6

■

She: p. 1. ]6i.M.Lt

•1. 86.
1 :4. 123

- - M
11. 18

M.

Set B_i-
M. iti.11

C - > 1 1. M. !'.,

IIC. Ill

-proceft, i. 137. MLs< ||

114*

e, i. fg

Sparrc

F.or.e-

• T-T

- .
it

r£S
Succeflic:

i. C2

T.

• 5, I. 64

' *• 36
r.31.

Tenancy, i. 67
Temhredoof the turnep, M.

: ::.
Term, i. 67

. Ltt. M. 3»
Thinning limber*, IV J . 55

M. 33.4S

£-..:;; . ja

ers and poil2rds in

•.5, i. 60
Til 1.1.1:5

-

Training Ledge-timber, i. 9?
ci.!.:, M.

;

• atedGrafle*

: .M. 3. ii. ic.

; 1 . iz. it). 36. 5 -.61. 68. 71.

74 ■

Tui : 111

Tenthredo, M. is»,

1^4. 129. 132

. -.35
V.

Veget-b'.e econcrr . I •' I ' -.

i . i. 1 51
U.
Uad< M. t.

114

v.".

:. 50
r-cirriage, M. 136
:. e, i. 1 -o

■ :. 16 '

\v M. i_j. i_;

»9. =3. ft. »8. 4!. 43-67.

:-:. 1:3

193
Woodlands, i. i:d
Y.'-'krncn, i. 40. M. 9?. 1 .
106

fair. M. 107
V.
Yarmouth marines, M. ii3

:

Year!

r^%^\es