fi “ pet VALS a ary 4) awe Se atest: : 1 > wis a yA erect : a Sache sate: oe Hie: “4M AS Ottis Sth Fees oP eat, * MA am Aid vi in i ty Wt mn a i We sii \ hie eee me ¥ Ui : nares an : ime , _ iy BAA vs oh “ af PR Oa eat ) tie a & ee ae Lf ss a ae oe ae ‘Mines By ore Wren )* oy. Vet Ve Bite we & , 1 dite. . Rime AASs in F eae “or a as 1 | AE BPI Fb i > 'oe NG MN ROR PS WG tact | ees ee ee a) ~ - x £¢ \ THE ANNALS eg AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. ’) CONDUCTED BY PRIDEAUX JOHN SELBY, Esa., F.LS., CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Ese., M.A., F.B.S., F.LS., F.G.S., JOHN EDWARD GRAY, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.LS., V.P.ZS. &e., ARTHUR HENFREY,F.R.S.,F.L.S.,Prof. Bot. King’s Coll. Lond., AND RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S., F.G.S. VOL. I.—THIRD SERIES. LPPr— Eee LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; PIPER AND CO.; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH: HODGES AND SMITH, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN, 1858. ‘*Omnes res create sunt divine sapientiz et potentic testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibirelictis semper zstimata; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— LINNZUS. “ Quelque soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rapportent toutes ses opérations.”—BRUCKNER, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767. iele tele oa ie nay ails) eee sylvan powers Obey our summons ; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. TAytor, Norwich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. I. (THIRD SERIES. ] NUMBER I. Page I. On the Propagation of the Desmidiee and Diatomee. By W. IGM RISTER. (Witt. DIREC.) toncossandipedacsecncowsteaKepsacseatadsann on 1 II. Brief Diagnostic Characters of undescribed Madeiran Insects. By T. VerRNon Wo..astTon, M.A.,F.L.S. (With two Plates.) 18 I{I. Notice of two new species of Brownia, a genus of Oceanic Mollusca. By ARTHUR ADAMS, F.LAS. ....ccccsccsescccecscecsccececece 28 IV. On Specific Character, Fecundation, and Abnormal Develop- ment in Gidogonium. By H. J. Carrer, Esq., Assistant Surgeon H.C.S. Bombay. (With a Plate.)............ Saser akin dcbeersaaepodnseeaene 29 V. Gleanings in British Conchology. By J. Gwyn JEFFREys, Esq., F.R.S. (With a Plate.) ......... Sag sbeneciineeeneanaoente satan teen ecco VI. Descriptions of three new species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By MP Sa EG, ER os ooo enn areas ois elnlene nsdn nn alls oud nnaenecasanen>ns 48 VII. On a new species of Vaginula from Ceylon. By Roserr TemPpLeTon, Esq. (With a Plate.) .5.....0.6..cccccctecscccserecscnensess 49 VIII. On the Occurrence of Marine Animal Forms in Fresh Water. By Dr. E. von MARTENS.......00¢ Geivdsactodunienswesestdarercse ss'acseeanannde 50 New Books :—The Natural History of the Tinea, by H. T. Stainton, assisted by Prof. Zeller and J. W. Douglas.—The Entomologist’s Anuual for 1858.—The Handbook of British Ferns, by T. Moore, Back cal Gare ng noe dene ane nee dwncn s agate Re on ops ntena ee 63—66 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ........ccscsecscsccecssecceesercascess 66 On some Eggs of Insects employed as Human Food, and giving rise to the formation of Oolites in Lacustrine Limestones in Mexico, by M. Virlet d’Aoust; On a new Lagomys and a new Mustela lv CONTENTS. : Page inhabiting the north region of Sikhim and the proximate parts of Tibetyiby. 5... Hodgson, Esq.; BiC.8.0 .iccecs->-ndanedens? 79, 80 NUMBER II. IX. On the Natural History of the Cingalese Pearl Oyster, and on the Production of Pearls. By Dr. KeLAarT and Dr. Kart Mésius 81 X. On the Structure and Affinities of Myricacee, Platanee, Altin- giacee, and Chloranthacee. By B. Cuarke, Esq., F.L.S. &e. (With LURE) Namen ba ack se wiesak ancaeniexeh eis cubes fanena ease nbawcnc dapat anemone ane 100 XI. On the Anthers of Columelliacee and Cucurbitacee. By B. CLARKE, Esq., F.L:S., (Wath a Plate:) ...csovssecscssasstancsasesccaestsrn 109 XII. Brief Diagnostic Characters of undescribed Madeiran Insects. Bypl.| VERNON WOLLASTON, MAA. BUS csssccacacascmnsas=nsunvenaen 113 XIII. Notice of three new species of Sinusigera, a genus of Brachio- cephalous Mollusks. By ArTHuR ADAMS, F.L.S. &. ......scessseee 125 XIV. Description of a new species of Woodpecker discovered by Mr. Thomas Bridges in Northern California. By Puttie LurLey SCEAPER OMIA SRSA eee ioe wc tee eec ec ce beet oe tt ceniisens sueeeaaaeoes DF XV. List of Coleoptera received from Old Calabar, on the ee Coast of Africa. By ANDREW MuRRay, Edinburgh ...sc.ece...seeeee ab. New Book :—Elements of Entomology, by W. 8S. Dallas, F.L.S....... 135 Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Botanical Society of Edinburgh; Geological SOcieby, «is--n-c0.<0saesoanacuerueercupcemranss ree ae in List of Diatomacee, &c., found in Ceylon, by Dr. Kelaart ; On the Claws of the Spiders of the genus Mygale, by M. H. Lucas; Notice of a large species of Lineus? taken on the coast near Montrose, by Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P.Z.S., F.R.S. &e. ......++- 159, 160 NUMBER III. XVI. On the Nidification of Crustacea. By C. Spence Bare, F.L.S. &c. (With a Plate.) ......... diswinnddiaide dqwree aide wamrelta se ate ce saneammere 161 XVII. Description of a Lacustrine Bryozoon allied to Flustra. By H. J. Carter, Esq., H.C.S. Bombay. (With a Plate.) ............00. 169 XVIII. On the Chylaqueous Fluid in the Actinoida. By P. H. GOSS CHAR ISS feagectectios. seavenitdsdeeeommeenes als ata ols Atal crola See aisle tae wine Stites 172 XIX. On the Formation of the Egg and Fertilization in the Nema- toidea. By EDOUARD CLAPAREDE ccccscccecscsssececeenecseteserese ces 175 CONTENTS. Vv P XX. On the Investigation of Vegetable Tissue by the aid of Polarized Light. By H. von Mout ...... dant tye Vi ap@eddesacae 198 Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh ; Zoological Society ; NSOONOIOG! SOCICLY . .,000sccasccnentuipanse¥nns6naeoy Besaiedes veevee ZUI—233 Remarks on the Zoé of Eurynome aspera, and the Habits of the Ani- mal in Confinement, by Prof. Kinahan; On a new species of Barbet from the Upper Amazon, by P. L. Sclater, M.A., F.L.S. ; On the Petrified Forest of Radowenz near Adersbach, and upon the Process of Petrifaction, by Prof. Géppert; On the Structure and Development of the Flower and Fruit of the Pear, by J. Decaisne ; Description of a new genus and some new species of American Birds, by P. L. Sclater, M.A., F.L.S.; On a quan- tity of Crabs thrown up on the Beach in Payta Bay, by Dr. C. RCTS ibaa vdinth ck ind v 400060 oes sn mavgaee don aaecseesed Gos sasate eee 233—240 NUMBER IV. . XXI. Notes on the Paleozoic Bivalved Entomostraca. No. IV. Some North American Species. By T. Rupert Jonegs, F.G.S. SeMRPE ED THEEE) one ct docunsncaanasngcsasessSannaspese tears veces Seen ean nsanems « 241 XXII. Description of a new Ceylonese Nudibranch. By Dr. E. Paea ae (Wath a: Pinte) 'i.\sc.ccdesveatgonparaicescde Aa omen dees seme 257 XXIII. Note on the Red Colouring Matter of the Sea round the Shores of the Island of Bombay. By H. J. Carrer, Esq., H.C.S. BRS *. tyicten centvecoesacts djaes otWedddenabevlscevnds sui asveussskbenecs cuniecune 258 XXIV. On the Investigation of Vegetable Tissue by the aid of Polarized Licht. By H. von Moan ..,..:.......cccscsceoseess as eee 263 XXV. Onthe Nature and Origin of the External Coatings of Seeds. By Joun Miers, F.RS., F.L.S. &e. ... 0... ceeceseeeeee eee peesanedceweaee 276 XXVI. Some Observations on Professor Agassiz’s Criticisms on the “Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum.” By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., P. Ent. Soc. &e. . 285 New Book.—Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America, by Louis Agassiz .........ssssceseecesencee saenses 289 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Royal Society............. 295—313 Remarks on the Habits of the Common Mussel, by D. Robertson, Esq.; Notice of the Natural History of St. Kitts, by the late J. R. Elsey, jun., Esq. ; Ou the Nidification of Crustacea, by C. Spence Bate, F.L.S. &c.; Note on the Occurrence of Dasya venusta, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &e.; Prof. Owen’s Lectures on PRUE caches owe toon enks abasatuggurens ste Pisp ction sccdeene wntss 314—320 vi CONTENTS. NUMBER V. XXVII. On a new Fossil Cirripede. By James MacApay, Esq., HGS: andsProt. WyVinie THOMSON ccccseecouncccessuaceaeeasan sem ooo XXVIII. A List of the Orchidaceous Plants collected in the East of Cuba by Mr. C. Wright; with Characters of the new Species. By Profs INDE Ys" EUIS. cesses cncecchenas sacneases secede aeceucesetopmacaentoones 325 Page XXIX. Description of Camptonyx, a new Indian genus of Terres- trial Shells. By W. H. Benson, Esq. (With a Plate.) ........seces0s 336 XXX. On some additional Palzozoic Bivalved Entomostraca from Canada. By T. RUPERT JONES, F.G.S. .......ccscecnescsecccencnseeeecs 340 XXXI. On the Canellacee. By Joun Miers, F.RS., F.L.S. &e. 342 XXXII. Observations on Dr. Hallowell’s Paper on Urodele Batra- chians, and Trigonophrys, &e. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, Pipes ePrice PING, OR. CEs) _ ona cade nea canterencns-eaateeilenese aan 353 XXXIII. On the Relation of the Raphe to the Coats of the Vege- table Ovule. By ArTHUR HENFREY, F.R.S. &. .......seecceeesceees 356 XXXIV. Further Observations on the Nature and Origin of the External Coatings of Seeds. By Joun Miers, F.R.S., F.L.S. &c... 357 XXXV. On some new Genera and Species of Crustacea amphipoda. iyi. SPENCE BATE, FLLS. Ge. .ccc.. ocsscgniesssheccuarens cee aeneneeehee 361 New Books :—The Ground beneath us: its Geological Phases and Changes, by J. Prestwich, F.R.S. &e.—A Catalogue of the Lepi- dopterous Insects in the Museum of the Hon. East India Com- pany, by Thomas Horsfield, M. and Ph. D., F.R.S., and Frederic Moore.—General Report upon the Zoology of the several Pacific Railroad Routes. Part 1. Mammals; by Spencer F. Baird 362—373 ~ Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh; Zoological SEN Seep rey ec persece- Bac bigscs ae agoeccc cc cebcn ot Sencsocok 5 374, 375 Prof. Owen’s Lectures on Paleontology ; Note on Anemone nemorosa purpurea, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; Description of a new species of Woodpecker, by P. L. Sclater, Esq.; Some Observa- tions on the mode of life of a Fossorial Hymenopterous Insect, Cerceris arenarius, by M. H. Lucas; On a new species of Hematozoon of the genus Filaria, observed in the Heart of a Seal (Phoca vitulina, Linn.), by M. Joly; Osteological Museum in MGV GEM) Ss senbakanes satasscnsnceeansancaveee ees st awenees teMeeeereeeeee 388—400 NUMBER VI. XXXVI. Anatomical Observations on a new form of Compound Tunicata. By Joun Dents Macpona xp, Assist. Surgeon H.M.S. ‘inerud. (Wirth a Plate.) 2.;....ccapessoss uen pedibus fulvis ; alis hyalinis—Long. corp. 3, alar. 1 Inhabits Madeira proper; taken in the chestnut-woods of Santa Anna, during the summer of 1850, 26 Mr. T. V. Wollaston on undescribed Madeiran Insects. Telenomus flavicornis. T. niger, latus, subnitens, scite punctatus ; antennis flavis, basi nigris ; abdomine piceo, basi sulcato; pedibus flavis; alis subfuscis.— Long. corp. 3, alar. 1 lin. Inhabits Madeira proper ; captured in the same locality as the last species. Telenomus diversus. T. fem. piceus ; capite rufo; antennis luteis, capitatis, basi nigris, corporis dimidio brevioribus ; pedjbus fulvis ; alis albidis.—Long. corp. 4, alar. 4 lin. Inhabits Madeira proper ; taken in the same spot as the last two species. Genus Scexio, Latr. Scelio minor. PI. IV. fig. 7. S. mas et fem. niger (S. rugosulo multo minor ac gracilior); antennis corporis dimidio maris multo longioribus, foeminze multo breviori- bus ; abdomine maris basi pedibusque piceis ; tibiis basi apiceque tarsisque testaceis; alis maris subhyalinis, foeminze hyalinis.— Long. corp. 1, alar. 1} lin. Inhabits Madeira proper ; detected in the chestnut-woods of Santa Anna, during the summer of 1850,—beneath stones, and crawling at the roots of grass on the dry ground. Genus CeRAPHRON, Latr. Ceraphron parvulum. PI. IV. fig. 8. C. fem. nigrum, nitens, subgracile ; antennis corpore paulo breviori- bus; abdomine basi striato; pedibus fulvis; femoribus alisque fuscis.—Long. corp. 4, alar. 3 lin. Inhabits Madeira proper. Fam. CHALCIDIDZE. Genus PTrERoMALUs, Swed. Pteromalus discalis. P. fem. cupreo-viridis, robustus ; antennis nigris, basi testaceis ; abdomine zeneo-viridi, subfusiformi, thorace longiore, in disco nigro-purpureo ; pedibus flavis, tibiis tarsisque anticis fulvis, tibiis posterioribus apice fuscis; alis hyalinis, macula magna discali fusca ornatis.— Long. corp. 14, alar. 3 lin. Inhabits Madeira proper ; oceurring in the sylvan districts (Lombo dos Pecegueiros, &c.) of intermediate altitudes. Mr. T. V. Wollaston on undescribed Madeiran Insects. 27 Pteromalus biquadratus. P. fem. nigro-cupreus, brevis, latus; antennis nigris; abdomine breviter ovato, thoracis longitudine ; tibiis fuscis, tarsis fulvis ; alis subhyalinis, maculis quatuor magnis fuscis ornatis.—Long. corp. 1, alar. 1} lin. Inhabits Madeira proper; captured at the Lombo dos Pece- gueiros, with the last species. Genus Coccornacus, Westw. Coccophagus nigrifrons. C. fem. niger ; antennis piceis, clavatis, corporis dimidio brevioribus ; seutello flavo, apice nigro; abdomine nigro-zeneo; femoribus nigris, tarsis anticis fulvis; alis hyalinis.—Long. corp. 14, alar. $ lin. Inhabits Madeira proper; taken at Sao Vincente and Santa Anna, in the north of the island, and at Funchal, in the south. Genus Eviopuvus, Geoffr. Eulophus marginalis. E. foem. cupreus ; capite thoraceque antico viridibus ; antennis nigris, clavatis, basi flavis, thorace brevioribus ; abdomine elliptico, nigro- zeneo, basi testaceo, apice zeneo-viridi; pedibus testaceis; alis anticis subhyalinis, macula maxima subquadrata fusca ornatis.— Long. corp. 11-14, alar. 24-23 lin. Inhalits Madeira proper; occurring in the sylvan districts (Cruzinhas, Lombo de Vaca, &c.) of intermediate and lofty alti- tudes. (Sectio II. Aculeata.) Fam. BETHYLIDZ. Genus Betuyuvs, Latr. Bethylus linearis. B. mas niger ; capite punctatissimo, thorace multo latiore ; antennis pedibusque testaceis, illis capite haud duplo longioribus ; thorace capite duplicato multo breviore ; abdomine elliptico, thorace latiore et paulo longiore ; alis subfuscis—Long. corp. 14-14, alar. 2-2} Inhabits Madeira proper, occurring at intermediate and lofty elevations ;—Santa Anna, Lombo de Vaca, Fanal, &c. Bethylus latus. B. mas niger, precedenti latior ; capite punctatissimo, thorace multo 23. Mr. A. Adams on two new species of the genus Brownia. latiore ; antennis pedibusque testaceis, illis apice fuscis, capite paulo longioribus ; thorace capite paulo longiore ; abdomine ellip- tico, thorace latiore et paulo longiore; alis subfuscis.—Long. corp. 12, alar. 23 lin. Inhabits Madeira proper, principally at intermediate altitudes ; —Santa Anna, Ribeiro Frio, &c. Bethylus tenuis. B. mas niger; capite oblongo, parce punctato, thorace vix latiore sed multo breviore; antennis testaceis, apice fuscis, capite lon- gioribus ; abdomine longi-elliptico, thorace latiore et paulo lon- giore; pedibus testaceis, femoribus partim piceis ; alis anticis subrufescentibus.—Long. corp. 14-14, alar. 13-14 lin. Inhabits the Northern Dezerta, or Ilheo Chao, on which I captured it abundantly early in June 1850, and at the end of May 1855. [To be continued. | III.— Notice of two new species of Brownia, a genus of Oceante Mollusca. By Artuur Apams, F.L.S. Hong Kong, Oct. 1, 1857. On the 4th of July, steady breeze and fine weather, while cross- ing the China Sea, I was fortunate enough to take in the towing- net two new species of the genus Brownia of D’Orbigny. The typical species B. Candei is described as “lateraliter carimato- crenulata,” and is probably the same as the Hchinospira diaphana of Krohn, the Calcarella spinosa of Souleyet, and the Jasonilla M‘Leayiana of Macdonald, ail of which have the three salient angles of the whorls armed with short spines. In the species here described the whorls are unarmed, being carinated in one and angulated in the other. The forms described by Krohn, Souleyet, D’Orbigny, and Macdonald, may, however, be all distinct, forming a spmose section of the genus. Unfortunately the shells of my two species were found empty, with the excep- tion of a transparent fragment in one individual of B. carinata, an examination of which, in conjunction with the form of the shell of these new species, has led me to infer, with M. D’Orbigny, that the animal is a Heteropod belonging to the family Aélan- tide, and not to the Macgillivrayide, where my brother and myself have placed the genus Calcarelia of M. Souleyet. The shells are so perfectly diaphanous, that they are invisible in water, and were only detected by their adhering to the tongue of red bunting of the towing-net. D’Orbigny describes his Brownia as a section of the genus Helicophlegma, which is the same as the Oxygyrus of Benson and the Ladas of Cantraine. Mr. H. J. Carter on new species of Hdogonium. 29 When dried, one of my specimens shrivelled up and turned brown, in which state it certainly nearly resembled that genus. Krohn has fully described the animal of his Xchinospira diaphana in the ‘Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte’ for 1855, but I am unable to give any account of his communication. There is a genus of plants called Brownia, but I have no means of ascertaining the priority. Brownia carinata, A. Adams. B. testa compressa, discoidea, cartilaginosa, tenui, pellucida, anfrac- tibus vix 3, carinis tribus acutis prominentibus cingulatis ; spira plano-concava; apertura rhomboidea ; peristomate tenul, acuto, antice valde producto, lateraliter carinato. Hab. China Sea ; taken in the towing-net. Brownia angulata, A. Adams. B. testa discoidea, ventricosula, cartilaginosa, diaphana, tenui, anfracti- bus vix 3, angulis tribus subacutis cingulatis ; spira plano-convexa ; apertura rhomboidea ; peristomate tenui, acuto, antice producto, lateraliter angulato. Hab. China Sea; taken in the towing-net. IV.—On Specifie Character, Fecundation, and Abnormal Deve- lopment in Cdogonium. By H. J. Carrer, Esq., Assistant Surgeon H.C.S. Bombay. [With a Plate. ] Tue object of the following observations is to point out means by which it is hoped the species of Gdogonium may be better distinguished ; to confirm Prof. Pringsheim’s discovery of the mode of impregnation in this genus; and to figure and describe an abnormal growth which takes place from the ‘resting-spore.’ Having in vain tried to find out the species of Gédogonium which I have had under observation, among those which have been already published, whether from the meagreness of the descriptions and illustrations, or from their having actually been undescribed, while other characters than those already noticed have presented themselves to me, which are evidently more valuable for specific distinction, I have been induced not only to describe, but also to name, those which I have been studying ; for whether or not described before, those descriptions and names alone will hereafter be found useful which serve for their identification. The characters to which I allude are sexual, and therefore can 30 Mr. H. J. Carter on new species of @dogonium. only be seen when the Alga is sporing, just as those which are most valuable in plants can only be seen when they are under inflorescence, which is a corresponding state. They consist in the presence of annular cells situated singly or in plurality be- tween the ordinary cells, but with a constancy in their fixed or variable number which renders the species to which they belong always recognizable. Each annular cell developes one or more spermatozoids, and they may be on the same filaments as the spores, or on different ones. Thus the species may be mon- cecious or dicecious ; while the interesting feature pointed out by Prof. Pringsheim in Gidogonium ciliatum*, shows that one spe- cies at least propagates somewhat after the manner of some of the Cephalopoda, that is, by detaching a male organ or spore, which has to undergo a secondary development before the sper- matozoids are produced. As yet, I have only met with one dicecious species, which, with two other monoecious species, may be described as follows :— (Edogonium divicum, H.J.C., nov. sp. ? Pl. IT. figs. 1, 2. Filamentous, floating, of a greenish-yellow or yellow colour, ac- cording with the age and quantity of gonimic contents. Cells cylindrical, 24 to 34 times longer than broad; chlorophyll reticulated loosely, or in dense lines, more or less beaded with starch-cells; nucleus parietal. Male filaments a little less in width than the female ones; annular cells in groups of 10- 20 between each 2-4 ordinary cells, with one or two larger than the rest; each annular cell bearing 2-3 spermatozoids. Female filaments a little wider than the male ones; spore- cells between every 4—6 ordinary cells, sometimes with only one intervening, marked in the undeveloped state by annular strie at the upper end, part of which enters into the inflated portion ; inflation ovato-conic, truncate, partially separating or dehiscing at the margin of the striz for the protrusion of the internal layer or ‘protoplasmic sac,’ to form the micro- pyle, which is on the prominent portion. Resting-spore sphe- rical, composed of granular protoplasm charged with starch- cells (?), chlorophyll, and a few oil-globules ; surrounded first by a thin layer (the protoplasmic sac), and then a thick, cori- aceous layert. Width of female filament about 34,th inch ; * Ann. des Sc. nat. v. p. 253. pl. 15. Bot. 1856. + I have already used the term ‘ protoplasmic sac’ for the lining layer of the root-cell of Chara (Annals, xix. p. 15, 1857). All cells, when fully developed, have two proper coats, viz. the cell-wall and protoplasmic sac ; hence it will be observed, in fig. 7, that the resting-spore is within four coats; and if this underwent deduplication, the two smaller cells would each have their proper coats, as the spermatozoids in fig. 8, 6, and so on. Mr. H. J. Carter on new species of Edogonium. 31 ditto of male filament, 54,rd; diameter of resting-spore, sioth; length of spermatozoid, ;54;,th. Hab. Freshwater tanks in the island of Bombay ; floating at- tached to Ceratophyllum, Cladophora, &c. Sporing in August aud September. (EZ. diandronites*, H.J.C., nov. sp.? Pl. III. fig. 3. All the characters of the foregoing, but with the sexes on the same filament, and the filaments smaller; also without dehis- cence of the spore-cell. Male cells annular, in pairs, situated between every 1-2 ordinary cells, each bearing a single sper- matozoid. Strie on the spore-cells few, or altogether want- ing; micropyle on the prominent portion of the spore-cell, marginate. Width of filament about 54,rd inch; diameter of resting-spore, ;4,nd ; length of spermatozoid about ;,,,th. Hab. The same as that of the foregoing species. Sporing in August and September. C. triandronites, H.J.C., nov. sp.? PI. III. fig. 4. Filaments short, green, fixed; cells cylindrical, expanded at the upper part towards the free end of the filament. Sexes on the same filament. Male cells annular, in triplets, situated between every 2-4 ordinary cells, sometimes immediately under the spore-cells, each producing 2-3 spermatozoids. Spore-cell sphero-conic, truncate, with or without striz above; micropyle simple, on the prominent portion. Spore spherical, presenting a peculiar beaded appearance at the cir- cumference, apparently produced by corrugation of the outer or coriaceous coat (fig. 12). Width of filament +,,,th inch ; diameter of resting-spore, ;}z;nd; length of spermatozoid unknown. Hab. The same as that of the foregoing species, but parasitic on floating Cladophora. Sporing in August and September. Observations.—It will have thus been seen that these three species of Cidogonium present unequivocal signs of distinction ; The protoplasmic sac is the ‘ primordial utricle’ of Mohl, which is thus evidently misapplied. The terms ‘ nucleus’ and ‘ nucleolus,’ too, if changed to ‘capsule’ and ‘ nucleus’ respectively, would be much better understood ; for what is called the ‘nucleus’ is really the capsule of the ‘ nucleolus,’ or better, of the nucleus. I have used the term ‘resting-spore’ here in con- tradistinction to the spore formed by the contents of the ordinary cell of Gdogonium, which, from rupture at the joints, frequently leave their cavity en masse, and assuming an ovoid form, swim about for some time, and then germinate. * ‘Avdpov, a man’s apartment. 82 Mr. H. J. Carter on Fecundation in Edogonium. the first being dicecious and polyandronitic (to com more new terms for the occasion), the second moneecious and diandronitic, and the third moncecious and triandronitic ; while these features being only present at the time of sporing, shows that Gsdogonium can only be successfully studied for description durmg this period ; and therefore holds out the hope that many other spe- cies of this interesting genus—now, as M. Thuret has stated (Ann. des Se. nat. 1850), in almost inextricable confusion from their synonymy—may receive elucidation through similar means. FEcUNDATION. Very soon after seeing Prof. Pringsheim’s figure of the spo- rangium of Gidogonium tumidulum*, I met with some spore-cells of CE. dioicum, above described, in which the aperture pointed out by this talented observer was present; but it being late m the season (October), I could not obtain more for following up the process of impregnation, and so deferred it until this year. Meanwhile the first part of Pringsheim’s description and illus- trations of the act itself, im GH. cilatumt (the only part that I have been able to obtain), reached me, and I was thus well prepared to take advantage of the sporing of Gidogonium here, which, in consequence of the tanks having been fiiled by “the rains,” for some time past, is now again taking place (Sept. 1857). The first species obtained for observation was C&. dioicum, in which the formation of the resting-spore and micropyle takes place in the following way: viz. when the spore-cell has become fully inflated, and the green gonimic contents uniformly and densely spread over its internal surface (fig. 1, a), a small, roundish, semi-transparent area makes its appearance in some part of the upper or prominent portion ; the cell-wall now begins to open transversely opposite this point, in the direction of the margin of the striated portion, producing a short crevice, through the widest portion of which the internal layer or protoplasmic sac is projected in a thin globular form with a constricted base ; this globular portion then disappears, apparently by dissolution, which, leaving the constricted base open, thus forms the micro- pyle (fig. 1,4). Meanwhile the gonimic contents separate them- selves from the protoplasmic sac, and assuming a spherical figure, sink towards the lower part of the spore-cell, by which a vacuity is left in the upper part, for the reception of the spermatozoids previous to impregnation (fig. 5). Synchronous with these changes in the spore-cell are similar * Ann. des Sc. nat. ni. pl. 15. fig. 26. Bot. 1855. - 7 Ann. des Se. nat. 1856, loc. cit. Mr. H. J. Carter on Fecundation in (dogonium. 83 ones which take place in the male filament, the annular cells of which appear to be opened by geniculation or dehiscence, which separating them from each other on one side, thus ruptures the partition portion of the cell-wall, &c., and permits the sperma- tozoids to escape into the water (fig. 8). When here, they at first remain stationary for a few seconds, to recover themselves from the shock of delivery, and then bound away in search of the resting-spores. Having arrived at the micropyle, they now beat about it with the ciliated extremity for some time, occasionally causing the cell-wall to yield perceptibly before their pressure, until, by chance, they hit the right point, when they squeeze themselves through the aperture, and thus pass into the vacuity above the spore (fig. 5). Here, again, they repeat the beating movement, and evince various other motions indicative of their desire to enter or become incorporated with the resting-spore, which, if ineffectual, ends in their becoming stationarily fixed to its cir- cumference or some part of the spore-cell wall (fig. 6). In this way I have seen scores of instances in which there have been one to three spermatozoids in the spore-cell at the same time,—all in active movement, or one or two only moving or fixed, as the case might be; or one or more, more or less active; while in many instances they appeared to be half-incor- porated with the spore (fig. 6), and in one case I thought that I could see the end of a spermatozoid in the transparent portion of the spore, after it had passed into it. But in this species I have never seen the act of incorporation itself take place, although I have kept resting-spores with one or more spermatozoids in active movement on them, for several hours together, under observation. Hence I am inclined to infer that, for the completion of this process, it is necessary that the pellicles of both resting-spore and spermatozoid should be in a semi-fluid state; while that, when one or both become hardened, which appears to be a na- tural consequence, not under the control of either resting-spore or spermatozoid, the process must be checked. Again, as this is precisely the case with Spirogyra, which appears in all stages of arrest under sporing, so the separate globular form of the spermatozoid within the spore-cell, appearing in every degree from this up to its almost entire incorporation with the resting- spore in Gidogonium, seems to indicate that these are also arrests of incorporation from a similar cause, viz. the progressive hardening of the pellicle. Let us now turn our attention to the sporing of the next spe- cies, viz. Gi. diandronites, which I obtained from the same tank as the foregoimg one, separate and also in company with it. Ann, & Mag, N. Hist. Ser.3. Voli. 34 Mr. H. J. Carter on Fecundation in Edogonium. The formation of the spore here does not differ from that of CE. dioicum, saving that there is no dehiscence, apparently from the union of the protoplasmic sac with the cell-wall at the micro- pyle, which thus gives the latter a thickened marginate appear- ance; and the vacuity above the spore being much less in extent, which seems to prevent the spermatozoids from entering the spore-cell previous to impregnation. The dehiscence of the male cell for the escape of the spermatozoid is the same as that in CE. dioicum. After the spermatozoid has been liberated, it remains for a few moments, as in the former instance, to recover itself from the shock of delivery, and then bounds away im among the rest of the filaments; but, curious enough, when it can be followed, it is often found to return to the spore which has been developed nearest itself. Here, alone or with others, it may make succes- sive efforts at incorporation, until at last it becomes fixed by its ciliated extremity to that part of the resting-spore which is close to the micropyle (fig. 9). Its shape now becomes irregular, indicative of the semi-fluid condition of its pellicle, and the exer- tions it is making to squeeze itself through the micropyle, and become incorporated with the resting-spore (fig. 10). This stage only occupies a few moments, when it disappears, seem- ingly by passing into the spore after the manner of a stone falling to water ; but more probably the union is rather hke that of a drop of water with water; for in the instance to which T am alluding, no trace of it, or the opening caused by its entry, could be subsequently detected in the resting-spore (fig. 11). The rest of the spermatozoids (for there is frequently a plu- rality swarming round the micropyle) may continue their exer- tions for an hour afterwards without effect, as was the case in the instance under description (fig. 11), from which two infer- ences already deduced derive corroboration, viz. that the sper- matozoids in this species do not enter the spore-cell previous to impregnation, as in CH. dioicum; and that the pellicle of the resting-spore or of the remaining spermatozoids, or of both, had become too hardened to yield to incorporation; for the small- ness of the sperinatozoid compared with the resting-spore, and the fact of a plurality existmg round the latter, indicate that more than one spermatozoid is required to complete the process. Sometimes a filament of this species appears without any male cells, when the ordinary cells are longer and the resting- spore-cells without any micropyle, although their contents have assumed a spheroidal form. Observations.—1 have but little to add by way of remark on this mode of impregnation, further than that it seems to show that the sporing of Spiregyra, &c., is of the same kind, and Mr. H. J. Carter on Fecundation in Edogonium. 35 therefore equally impregnative. It is much more common to find one cell smaller than the other in the conjugations of Spiro- gyra than to find them of equal size. I have also alluded to this in the conjugations of the Diatomez which have come under my observation*, and am still inclined to think that this obtains frequently among many of these organisms, not altogether “as a mere accidental diversity and of no essential signification,” as Prof. W. Smith thinks+, but indicative of an approach to that kind of impregnation in which the two bodies are unequal in size. How the impregnated spore of Gidogonium germinates, has not yet, I think, been ascertained; that is to say, whether it developes a single filament, like the spore of Spirogyra, or a number of smaller spores, each of itself producing a new plant. A priori, I should be inclined to infer the latter ; for the peculiar lenticular form of the capsules with which the resting-spore is filled, although they evince amylaceous contents under the action of iodine, is so like that of the capsules of Euglena, and so unlike that of the starch-grains of other Algz, as to indicate a nature quite different from the latter. Moreover, some young plants of a large species of idogonium possessing just after germination a brown ring or collar round that point which divides the bud from the root, have frequently presented themselves to me in company with an organism which at first would be taken for a Thecamonadien, consisting of a lenticular, transparent capsule, with a peculiar, brown, corrugated rim, enclosing a green diplo- ciliated cell with eye-spot and contracting vesicle ; which pecu- har, brown, corrugated rim, being precisely like that embracing the young plant of Gidogonium in company with it, has led me to the inference that this is in fact the spore of this Gidogonium. The species to which this young plant of Gidogonium belongs, I have not been able to ascertain; but certainly there are many plants of Cédogonium to be seen at this period without the ring, and therefore it may be that these have come from unimpreg- nated spores, such as those which I have before stated to be formed from the contents of an ordinary cell, escaping by a rup- ture at the joint (foot-note, p. 31). Does this ring or collar, then, afford a distinguishing mark of the young plant of Gido- gomum produced by impregnation; and do the capsules con- tained within the resting-spore pass into zoospores like that just described before they germinate ? ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT. There is a growth which frequently takes place from the * Annals, xvii. p. 1, 1856. T Synopsis of British Diatomacez, vol, ii, Introduction, p, xiii. * 88 Mr. H.J. Carter on Abnormal Development in Hdogonium. resting-spores both of @. dioteum and C2. diandronites, so striking, that it would not be right to allow this opportunity to pass without figuring and describing it. It consists of a conical, transparent, colourless cell, attached by a constricted portion to a more or less globular sac, which is imbedded in the substance of the spore. It may be single or in plurality; grouped, or growing out separately through dif- ferent parts of the spore-cell; or protruding through the micro- pyle (fig. 13). Its development takes place in the following way: viz. begin- ning within the resting-spore as a soft sac (apparently formed from a division of the protoplasm), it projects through its coats, and arriving at the spore-cell-wall, becomes constricted into a narrow point, which, passing through this wall, again dilates and assumes a conical form outside (fig. 18, a). The conical part then grows to a considerable size, and becomes filled with a fine, colourless, granular matter, which subsequently passes into a number of small, equal-sized, round nuclei, composed of a semi-opake, yellowish, refractive substance (b) ; these become more and more distinct, the granular matter entirely disappears, the pointed extremity of the cone is lifted up on one side in the form of a lid (fig. 14), and the nuclei are liberated, when they are seen to belong, respectively, to little globular, transparent cells, like monads, each of which is provided with a single, long cilium (fig. 15, a). These then bound off, and some may after- wards be seen attached to the outside of spore-cells, or moving round the micropyle by the polymorphic power which they also possess, or even within the spore-cell. When the delivery of the litter 1s produced prematurely by pressure, they are preceded by a delicate sac, which bursting, is followed by a slow disintegration of the contents, arising from the difficulty with which the monads extricate the long cilium from the general mass. This development, though never present until the spore has begun to assume a brown colour, indicative of the death of the chlorophyll, begins so early, that occasionally it is difficult to appreciate this change of colour without the presence of another spore in a healthy state, even when the group of cone-cells is almost fully formed. Hence it may be assumed that this growth takes place very rapidly indeed after the spore has begun to lose its natural vitality. A similar change in colour takes place in Euglena, Spirogyra, Chara, and all the Algee, under similar cir- cumstances, followed by similar developments, as I shall pre- sently mention. This conical cell, or abnormal development, appears to me to be closely allied to, if not identical with, Prof. A. Braun’s Chy- Mr. H. J. Carter on Abnormal Development in Aidogonium. 37 tridium olla*, which also grows out of the sporanginm of Cido- gonium; and if so, the talented authors of the ‘ Micrographie Dictionary’ make a mistake in referring the latter to the spore of Cidogonium described by Pringsheim+, which contains chlo- rophyll previous to the subsequent developments that take place in it; unless, indeed, they allude to these developments, which, according to my idea of the origin of Chytridium, or the conical cell I have described, are of the same nature. Neither should Prof. Braun’s Chytridium be confounded with Prof. Pringsheim’s ‘androspore’ of Cdogonium ciliatumt. The latter, however, thinks that the former has described little plants of this kind among his new species of Unicellular Algz §. However, the growth I have described appears to me to be neither one nor the other, but an ultimate development of the protoplasm, which, though deprived of the part which bears the chlorophyll and the amount of formative power which is requisite to produce a new plant, nevertheless retains sufficient to form monads and polymorphic cells consecutively for a short time, until the whole is expended. It is true that the monad of this development may return to the cell-wall of another spore-cell, and tubulate through it to the healthy spore, or effect this directly by enterimg through the micropyle; for I have frequently seen one present with the spermatozoids; since what the parent-cell can do one way the offspring may do the other; but a similar development may be seen among the contents even of the adjoining ordinary cells where there is no opening; and although they do not grow out into conical cells, the ultimate products, viz. monads, are the same. The same thing takes place in Spirogyra||, where there is frequently a globular sac on the cell-wall that opens by a cir- cular lid, if the latter may be inferred from the circular form of the aperture ; while these sacs may be seen under polymorphism inside the Spirogyra-cell before they begin to tubulate through it. Besides, I shall soon have to show that a similar develop- ment takes place from the egg of the worm Nais when its deve- lopment has been arrested. Lastly, take the protoplasm of the cell of Nitella, which is made up of mucus-cells in the natural, rotatory state; which cells, under certain circumstances, sepa- rately, enclose portions of the starch-bearing green layer, and ultimately bring forth a group of monads respectively]. May * <« Rejuvenescence in Nature,” Eng. Trans. by A. Henfrey, p. 185. + Annals, vol. xi. p. 297, 1853. { Loc. cit. § Id. _ || Annals, vols. xvii. & xix. pp. 101 & 259, respectively. "| Idem, vol. xvii. loc. cit. See also similar transformatioas in Euglena, figured in the plates. 388 Mr.H.J. Carter on Abnormal Development in idogonium. we not infer, that, under certain circumstances, this is a common termination of all protoplasms, both animal and vegetable ? It remains for me only to add here, that there is no difficulty whatever in making the foregoing observations, if the months in which the sporing of Gidogonium takes place, and the places where it has previously grown, be ascertamed. One or two sporing filaments are not sufficient—the whole mass must be in this state; and then, if a portion be covered with a thin piece of glass, and supplied with water, the spermatozoids will after a short time leave their cells; and by choosing filaments with recently formed spores for observation, they will be seen to assemble round them. One filament will frequently afford a series of resting-spores in all stages of development, and may contain half a dozen with spermatozoids trying to enter them. The abnormal growth will be observed abundantly at the same time. P.S.—Since the above was written, I have been able to deter- mine the (Hdogonium which is accompanied by the Thecamona- dien, or rather, zoospore, whose brown rim (or a colour exactly like it) is found round the young plants of this species. It is monoecious, and having only one male or annular cell, affords another instance of the value of this specific character. Its description, so far as the scanty means left at my disposal, now the sporing has passed, admit of, may stand as follows :— Cidogonium monandronites, H. J.C. (nov. sp. ?) Filaments the same generally as those of Gi. diandronites, but a little less in size. Ordinary cells 8-5 times longer than broad. Spore-cell the same as in the species just mentioned, but a little more compressed laterally; indicated also, in the un- inflated state, by the presence of annular striz at the upper end; spore spherical at first, afterwards oblong. Male cell single, and situated here and there between every 1-5 ordi- nary cells. Width of filament about 53,rd of an inch; dia- meter of spore =1,; spermatozoid unseen. Hab. Floating with Spirogyra in the freshwater tanks of the Island of Bombay. Sporing in August and September. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. N.B.—Figures 1-4 inclusive are drawn on a scale of 1-24th to 1-5600th of an inch, and the rest very near this; fig. 16 only is much more magni- fied, to show the cilia of the spermatozoid. Fig. 1. Gidogonium dioicum, H. J. C. (nov. sp.?) Female filament : a, spore-cell previous to the formation cf the micropyle and resting-spore ; 5, ditto after their formation ; ¢, ¢, c, various forms Mr. J. G. Jeffreys on British Mollusca. 39 assumed by the cell-contents (the rest of the cells in this as well as in the other filaments are not filled up, because the disposition of the contents in all is much alike); d, annular striz indicative of a spore-cell before inflation. Fig. 2. Cidogonium dioicum. Male filament: a, a, a, antheridia, or groups of annular cells producing spermatozoids. Vide fig. 8. Fig. 3. CE. diandronites, H. J.C. (nov. sp.?): a, spore-cell previous to the formation of the micropyle and resting-spore ; 4, ditto, after their formation; ¢,¢, c, annular cells, two in each group, bearing each a single spermatozoid. Fig. 4. (2. triandronites, H. J.C. (nov. sp.?): a, spore-cell before the formation of the micropyle and resting-spore; 5, ditto, after their formation; c¢,c,c, annular cells, three in each group, producing spermatozoids. Fig. 5. Resting-spore of G2. dioicum, with the spermatozoids trying to eifect incorporation. Fig. 6. Ditto, with three spermatozoids fixed, apparently in three different degrees of arrested incorporation. Fig. 7. Diagram of resting-spore, &c., of Ci. dioicum, to show—a, cell- wall of filament and spore-cell; J, protoplasmic sac or internal layer; c, outer coriaceous or thick covering of resting-spore ; d, inner or thin layer of ditto; e, contents, consisting of starch- cells (?), protoplasm, chlorophyll, and a few oil-globules. Fig. 8. Male filament of ditto, in dehiscence, showmg—a, a, annular cells bearing spermatozoids; b, protoplasmic sac or inner cell-layer of prematurely opened annular cell containing two spermatozoids, each of which is again enclosed in its proper cell; ¢, ditto, with the latter ruptured; d, d, spermatozoids escaping from their cells direct. Fig. 9. Resting-spore of Gi. diandronites, with three spermatozoids round the micropyle. and one entering. Fig. 10. Ditto, representing the spermatozoid in the act of incorporation. Fig. 11. Ditto, after the incorporation, with the three remaining sperma- tozoids still swarming round the micropyle. Fig. 12. Resting-spore of @. iriandronites, to show the beaded appearance round its circumference. Fig. 13. Ditto of G2. dioicum, showing abnormal development of conical cells: a, conical cell, contaming fine muco-granular matter ; b, ditto with ditto having passed into monads; ec, ditto, empty, with the lid attached ; d, ditto, growing out from the opposite side. Fig. 14. Conical ceil separate, with the lid opened, and the contents issuing enclosed im a delicate sac. Fig. 15. Ditto, with the sac burst, and the contents issuing in the form of monociliated monads. Fig. 16. Spermatozoid more magnified, to show its cilia. V.—Gleanings in British Conchology. By J. Gwyn Jerrreys, Esq., F.R.S. [With a Plate.] Berne informed by Mr. Hanley, the surviving author of ‘A History of British Mollusca and their Shells, that it is not his intention to publish a supplement to that excellent work, I will 40 Mr. J. G. Jeffreys on British Mollusca. now present to your readers a notice of a few new species and some additional localities which have occurred to me during this year. Probably no department of the British fauna has “been more assiduously and successfully explored than that of our native testaceous Mollusca; and, as some proof of this, I may observe, that since the publication of Messrs. Forbes and Han- ley’s work (now nearly five years ago), scarcely any addition has been made to the list of established species, notwithstanding the increase in the number of collectors, and the assistance given by the British Association to dredging operations on various parts of our coasts.. The recent discovery of Mangelia Holbéllui m the north of Ireland is almost a solitary exception. For all the present additions to the British Testacea T am more or less indebted to my kind friend Mr. Barlee, who has again, with his usual liberality, placed at my disposal the results of his indefatigable and valuable labours. One of the new species (viz. Diodonta Barleei) was dredged by him off the west of Ireland. Two others (Poromya subtrigona and Eulimella obeliscus) I procured from shell-sand dredged by him off the Zetland coast. Another species (Odostomia minima) was origin- ally discovered by him in the last-named locality; although it has been noticed (but not described or figured) by Forbes and Hanley im the Appendix to their work. Three others (Arca nodulosa of Miller, Rissoa glabrata of Philippi, and Amphi- sphyra globosa of Lovén) I now propose to add to the list; the first two having been found by me in Shetland and Skye shell- sand dredged by Mr. Barlee, and the last taken by him at Skye. For some of the additional localities I have also to thank Edward Waller, Ksq., of Lissenderry, near Aughnacloy, and Mr. Samuel W right, jun., of Cork. Reference will, be. given, in every instance, to the volume and page of the ‘ British Mollusca, for the convenience of those who are especially mterested in the subject, and may wish to judge for themselves as to the hitherto ascertained limits of distribution of any of the species here noticed. I have again on this occasion adopted the Plinian use of the word ‘ uncia’ to signify ‘ one-twelfth ;’ the integer being a foot, English measure. I am in hopes of being followed and supported by other British conchologists im this endeavour to improve our know- ledge of the native Testacea, so as gradually to form materials for a new edition of Forbes and Hanley’s work. Every new locality (well authenticated, of course, in respect of accuracy and discrimination of species) will be most useful for this purpose. Some have been already recorded in previous pages of the Annuals.’ Mr. J. G. Jeffreys on British Mollusca. 4] Some of the species now noticed are “ very rare,” as far as specimens have been hitherto discovered ; but it must be borne in mind that a few baskets of shell-stuff, or handfuls of sand, obtained by dredging, are but a very insignificant sample of those vast and various patches of sea-bottom which are dispersed over so many thousands of square miles within the line of sound- ings on our coasts. Further discoveries, therefore, both of species and specimens, may be confidently expected. It is true that all the species which I here propose to describe or notice as new to this country, are small, and most of them even minute; but, far from adopting the maxim “de minimis non curat Lex,” science regards with as much interest the tiniest productions of nature as the mammoth or the leviathan of the deep ; and the revelations of the microscope are not less wonderful and important than those far-distant worlds which the telescope discloses to mortal eyes. The recent separation by M. Milne-Edwards (and which has been adopted by M. de Quatrefages and other eminent zoolo- gists) of the Tunicata from the true Mollusca has further nar- rowed the limits of this large and heterogeneous division of the Invertebrata, and might almost tempt Naturalists to revert to the use of the term (Vermes) Testacza, which the great systematist Linnzus proposed for the reception of what are now considered as Mollusca proper. “ Multa renascentur, que jam cecidere, cadentque Quz nune sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus, Quem penes arbitrium est, et jus et norma loquendi.” All the Mollusca, as at present defined, are more or less in- vested by, or secrete, shells ; although the latter are occasionally in a rudimentary or imperfectly developed state, or are only found during the earliest period of their growth, as is the case with the Cephalopoda, Limacidz, and Nudibranchiata. There are unquestionably some exceptions to this proposition, especially in some of the Cuttles and Slugs; but an exception proves the rule, and it cannot be said with less justice, that the true Mol- lusea are not testaceous, than that certain species of Odostomia which are destitute of teeth therefore do not belong to that genus. Similar instances in other branches of natural history will doubtless occur to many of your readers. The discovery on the east coast of Zetland of Rissoa glabrata, which has been hitherto regarded as exclusively Mediterranean (to which must be added, among the Foraminifera, Peneroplis planatus), and also, in the same locality, of Arca nodulosa, an Arctic species, as well as, in the north of Ireland, of Mangelia Holbéllii, an inhabitant of the North Seas, makes 42 Mr. J. G. Jeffreys on British Mollusca. one distrust more than ever the limits of definite provinces as laid down by theorists on geographical distribution. It is pretty evident that the once popular theory of the transmission of marine animals (not being pelagic) by means of the Gulf Stream, will not satisfactorily account for the above facts, be- cause that current sets on the west of Zetland, and does not impinge on any part of our eastern coasts. As far, too, as the icy current is concerned, it does not flow at all between Iceland and the British Isles. The great and startling changes in Geology, arising from the discoveries which have been recently published by Sir Charles Lyell in the Supplement to his ‘ Manual,’ show the necessity of continual and extended observation in every branch of science where the materials are not patent or msufficient. While touching on this subject, | cannot admit the inference which has been drawn by Sir Charles Lyell from one of those disco- veries, that, because at certain remote eras distinct natural- history provinces existed on various parts of the earth’s surface (evidenced by the remains of animals which had lived during some part of those periods being found imbedded in strata which are supposed to be of contemporaneous formation), therefore there never was a uniform fauna. His own proposition, that present causes were formerly in operation, and which might have effected a disruption of any such uniformity, seems scarcely to warrant the above inference. Whether there ever was a uni- form, or more properly speaking, a universal fauna, it is almost unpossible, in the present state of geological knowledge, satis- factorily to determine. Acephala Lamellibranchiata. Pholas candida, Forb. §& Hanl. Brit. Moll.i. 117. Barmouth. Pholadidea papyracea, 1. 123. Ballycotton, with Pholas candida, crispata, and dactylus (Mr. 8. Wright, jun.). Gastrochzena modiolina, i. 132. Barmouth; in limestone, pro- bably imported from Anglesea. Spheenia Binghami, i. 190. Cork Harbour (Wright). ; Neera cuspidata, 1.195. Arran Isle, county Galway (Barlee). N. abbreviata, i. 201. Skye (Barlee). Poromya subtrigona, n. s. Pl. II. fig. 1. Testa oblique triangularis, ventricosa, ineequilatera, antice rotundata, postice latior et subtruncata, solidula, alba, nitida, strigibus trans- versis minutissimis confertis et striis remotis perpaucis versus marginem ventralem notata, intus radiatim striatula; margine antico: subrecto; margine postico deciso ; umbonibus prominulis, minime incurvis; lunula vix distincta; cardine, dentibus, fossa Mr. J. G. Jeffreys on British Mollusca. 43 cardinali et fovea ligamentali fere ut in P. granulata; long. 3;, lat. st unciz. Only a single valve of this remarkable shell has occurred to me, in Shetland sand. It differs from the young of Poromya granulata in form, texture, and the absence of the scabrous markings which distinguish that species. I searched in vain the collections at the British Museum and of Mr, Cuming for its counterpart. I may be, perhaps, considered very rash in proposing to found a new species on a single valve; but I, of course, do so only quantum valeat, and would observe, that science has often benefited by the publication of any fact, however incomplete, the hiatus being afterwards filled up by further researches and discoveries. Thracia villosiuscula, i. 224. Arran I., Galway (Barlee); Cork (Wright). Diodonta Barleei, n. s. Pl. II. fig. 2. Testa triangularis, subinzequilatera, compressa, antice productior, postice subtruncata, hyalina, nitida, fere glabra; marginibus late- ralibus utrinque declivibus; margine ventrali rotundato; umbo- nibus prominentibus, rectis, nucleatis; lunula nulla; ligamento, cardine, et dentibus ut in D. fragili; long. 34, lat. . une. About a dozen specimens of different sizes were taken by Mr. Barlee in dredging off Arran Isle, on the west coast of Ireland. At first I suspected them to be the fry of Diodonta fragilis, which is not uncom- mon in the same locality ; but, on comparing them with an umbonal segment of the same size, taken from a specimen of the latter species, I perceived that they would differ from the young of D. fragilis in being more compressed and obtusely triangular, and in the ventral or front margin being more rounded, besides being quite destitute of the transverse ribs and longitudinal grooves of that species. It should also be observed, that the fry of Lucina Borealis show most distinctly the transverse and irregular striz or wrinkles, and are of the same relative shape as adult individuals. The present species bears some resemblance in form and size, but not in markings or dentition, to Montacuta substriata. Scrobicularia piperata, i. 326. Barmouth. Astarte triangularis, i. 467. Arran Isle, Galway (Barlee). Cardium nodosum, il. 22 (C. papillosum of Philippi being the older name). Barmouth. C. Suecicum, ii. 33 (C. minimum of Philippi being prior in date, and more appropriate). Arran Isle, Galway (Barlee). Lucina Borealis, ii. 46. Barmouth. Montacuta ferruginosa, ii. 72. Barmouth. M. bidentata, ii. 75. Barmouth; Shetland sand. Kellia (Poronia) rubra, ii. 94. Barmouth. Lepton nitidum, ii. 92, and var. convexum, ii. 102. Arran Isle, Galway (Barlee). L. Clarkiz, iv. 255. Arran Isle, Galway, and Fowey (Barlee) ; A Mr. J. G. Jeffreys on British Mollusca. Barmouth, where single valves are not uncommon; Skye sand. It has somewhat the appearance of Montacuta bidentata, and may have been overlooked for that species; but it essentially differs in form and dentition. Pisidium nitidum, ii. 126. Barmouth. Nucula nitida, ii. 218. Barmouth. Leda pygmeea, ii. 230. Shetland sand. Arca nodulosa, Mill. Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 247; Lovén, Ind. Moll. Scand. Occid. p. 33. I found a single valve of a young individual in Shetland sand ; and it differs in no respect from Norwegian specimens of Arca nodulosa in the British Museum, or from a single valve which Mr. M‘Andrew obligingly sent me for comparison, and which he obtained by dredging last year in the North Sea. Loven refers this species, with doubt, to the 4. scabra of Poli, and he supposes a variety of it to be iden- tical with 4. aspera of Philippi: but the number of hind teeth in the latter species is described by Philippi to be half as many again (viz. fifteen) as those in 4. nodulosa. They may not, however, be specifically distinct. The present species may ‘readily be distinguished from A. lactea (which is very variable in form and ‘sculpture) by the position of the beaks, and having comparatively few and differently arranged teeth. Lima subauriculata, ii. 263. Arran Isle, Galway (Baziee). Pecten furtivus, Lov. (F. & H. 1. 284). Skye (Barlee), with P. striatus. This species differs, in form and sculpture, from all the varieties which I have seen of P. s¢2atus, many hundred specimens of which, and about a score of P. furtivus, have passed through my hands. It is also a Mediterranean species; and M. Costa’s col- lection, in the British Museum, from the coast of Naples, contains many specimens of this beautiful shell. Anomia ephippium, ii. 325. Lagree with Mr. Clark in considering A. aculeata to be merely a variety ‘of this species ; and I would also unite 4. striata of Loven with A. patelliformis. Acephala Palliobranchiata, or Brachiopoda. Terebratula caput-serpentis, ii. 353. Arran Isle, Galway (Barlec). Gasteropoda Prosobranchiata. Adeorbis subcarinata, ii. 541. Barmouth. Lacuna crassior, iii. 67. Not uncommon in Swansea and the adjacent bays (omitted by Forbes and Hanley) ; Cleethorpe, Lin- colnshire. Rissoa rufilabrum, iii. 106. Barmouth; Shetland sand. R. labiosa, ii. 109. Barmouth. R. semistriata, iti. 117. Barmouth; Shetland sand. R. rubra, ii. 120. Shetland and Skye sand. R. glabrata, Pil. (and 2. punctulum of same author). I found one adult and two or three immature specimens in the Shetland and Mr. J, G. Jeffreys on British Mollusca. 45 Skye sand, as well as characteristic examples of Peneroplis planatus, a Mediterranean Foraminifer, which Mr. Barlee had previously found in the same locality. Its nearest ally, as I remarked in my paper on Piedmontese Testacea (Annals, vol. xvii. p. 183), is &. vitrea. Under the microscope are discernible some faint but regular trans- verse striee, which 2. vitrea and probably every other apparently smooth species of Rissoa also exhibit with the same optical aid. The contour, substance, and colour, however, sufficiently distinguish this from any other species of Rissoa. Mr. Alder has pointed out to me that the upper whorls of this species, when examined under a micro- scope, appear punctured like the top of a thimble. R. soluta, ii. 131. Shetland and Skye sand. Jeffreysia diaphana, iii. 152. Barmouth; Skye sand. J. globularis, iv. 268. Adult specimens from Skye sand have four whorls, and exhibit, under an ordinary magnifying power, coarse spiral strize. The size is half as large again as that given by Forbes and Hanley. Operculum as in J. opalina. The fry are most abun- dant in Skye at the roots of sea-weed. Skenea planorbis, iii. 156; var. hyalina. Skye sand. S. nitidissima, iii. 158. Tenby and Gower Coast, South Wales (omitted in Brit. Moll.). Skye sand. Id. var. hyalina. Skye sand; very rare. S. rota, iii. 160. Tenby (omitted in Brit. Moll.) ; Skye sand. Czecum trachea, iii. 178. Barmouth. C. glabrum, iii. 181. Barmouth; Skye sand. Sealaria communis, iii. 206. Barmouth. S. clathratula, ii. 209. Barmouth; Shetland sand. Aclis ascaris, iii, 219. Arran Isle, Galway (Barlee) ; Barmouth. A. supranitida, i. 221. Barmouth. Eulima bilineata, ili. 239. Skye sand. Chemnitzia? (Aclis) unica, ii. 222. Barmouth. Odostomia acuta, var. alba, iii. 269. Cork Harbour (Wright) ; Shetland sand. O. plicata, iii. 271; var. spira breviore, anfractibusque versus basem angulatioribus ; Skye sand. This form is almost intermediate between O. plicata and unidentata; and it must be admitted that many of the species are subject to considerable variation. O. dubia, iii. 276. Barmouth; Shetland sand. O. cylindrica, iii. 287. Groomsport, Belfast Bay (Waller); Skye sand. My specimen from the last-named locality has all the charac- ters of this species, except in being a trifle broader, and possessing a small, but distinct, umbilical crevice, which is wanting in the typical form. O. minima, n.s. PI. II. fig. 3. Testa oblongo-conica, hyalina, nitida, strigibus longitudinalibus re- motis flexuosis leviter notata; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, primo subheterostropho, ultimo reliquos superante ; sutura profunda; apertura ovali, versus basin subeffusa, tertiam spire partem requante ; columella arcuata, dente exiguo, vix conspicuo, munita ; 46 Mr. J. G. Jeffreys on British Mollusca. labro in adultis exemplis continuo, ad columellam subreflexo ; umbilico parvo, angusto; operculo membranaceo, pauci-spirali ; 1 1 long. 5, lat. 45 unc. This exquisite little shell, which is by far the smallest of the true Odostomie, was noticed by Forbes and Hanley at p. 282 of the Appendix to the ‘ British Mollusca,’ as allied to the Chemnitzia Gul- sone of Clark ; but it is widely different from that species in its size, form, markings, and other respects. Its nearest ally, perhaps, is Odostomia cylindrica; but it may be distinguished from that and other species of Odostomia by its contour and the complete con- tinuity of the lip in adult specimens. The first discoverer of this species was Mr. Barlee, who found it alive on the fronds and roots of Laminaria digitata in the littoral zone at Lerwick; and I have also found it, but sparingly, in shelly sand dredged by him in the same locality. I have had the operculum of O. truncatula figured in juxtaposition (Pl. II. fig. 4), as no representation of an Odostomian operculum is given in the ‘ British Mollusca.’ O. insculpta, iii. 289. Barmouth. O. obliqua, iii. 291. Barmouth ; Shetland and Skye sand. O. dolioliformis, ui. 301. Barmouth. O. decussata, iti. 303. Barmouth. Eulimella affinis, ii. 313. Arran Isle, Galway (Barlce), with EL. acicula. This appears to be its southernmost limit. E. (Aclis) nitidissima, ii. 223, Arran Isle, Galway (Barlee) ; Shetland and Skye sand. E. obeliscus, n. s. Pl. II. fig. 5. Testa elongato-conica, solidula, nitida, alba, strigibus longitudinalibus vix conspicuis impressa ; anfractibus 6, sensim increscentibus, com- planatis ; sutura parum profunda, obliqua; apertura trapeziformi, versus basin subeffusa, vix tertiam spire partem equante; colu- mella subrecta, incrassata, edentula; labro simplici, interrupto, superne inverso ; umbilico nullo; long. =3,, lat. 75 une. Of this distinct species I have only taken two or three specimens in Shetland and Skye sand. It has somewhat the aspect of a minia- ture Lulimella Scille, but is more nearly allied to L. nitidissima. Cerithiopsis tuberculare, ii. 365. Barmouth. Id. var. alba. Arran Isle, Galway (Barlee). Nassa pygmeea, ii. 394, Barmouth. Buccinum Holbollii. Mangelia Holbollii, (Beek) Moller, Ind. Moll. Groenl. p. 12. Triton Holbollii, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. Oceid. p. 12. Columbella (Astyris) Holbolli, Mérch, Prod. Faun. Moll. Gronl. (1857) p. 14. This species was announced at the last meeting of the British Association as having been taken in the north of Ireland. Mr. Waller (who obligingly presented me with a specimen) informs me that he Mr, J. G. Jeffreys on British Mollusca. 47 was one of the captors of this prize, in company with Dr. Dickie and Mr. Hyndman, and that all the specimens (about a dozen in number, of different sizes) were taken, in one haul of the dredge, from the Turbot-bank, a little north of the mouth of Belfast Bay, at a depth of about 20 fathoms. All the specimens appear to have been much water-worn, and deprived by friction of nearly every trace of those basal grooves and apical ribs which are observable in fresh specimens. The spire is rather shorter, and the whorls consequently are more swollen than in Norwegian specimens which are to be seen in the British Museum; Mr. M‘Andrew having also kindly sent me some from the North Sea. The typical form appears to be allied to the Buccinum minus of Philippi. Fusus antiquus, iii. 423. Barmouth. This appears to be the southernmost known limit for this species, as well as the northern- most for Venus chione. Mangelia septangularis, iii. 458. Barmouth. M. scabra (M. linearis, var.), iii. 470. Shetland sand. (See Ann. vol. xvii. p. 187.) M. attenuata, i. 488. Barmouth. Gasteropoda Opisthobranchiata. Cylichna strigella, iii. 518. Arran Isle, Galway (Barlee). Amphisphyra globosa, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. Occid. p. 11. A single specimen only was discovered by Mr. Barlee in dredging off Skye last year. It agrees fairly with Lovén’s description; but he has not noticed the delicate, flexuous, longitudinal grooves which are discernible under a high magnifying power. The colour of the shell, when covered with the epidermis, is rufous brown. Owing to its expanded aperture, it has somewhat the appearance of a Velutina. As it has not yet been figured, I thought a drawing (PI. II. fig. 6) by that excellent and accurate artist, Mr. J. de C. Sowerby, would be acceptable. Philine quadrata, iii. 541. Arran Isle, Galway (Barlee). P. punctata, iii. 547. Barmouth. Gasteropoda Pulmonifera. Zonites purus, iv. 37. Barmouth. Z. radiatulus, iv. 38. Barmouth. Z. excavatus, iv. 40. Gellygron, near Swansea; Llanberris, Tany- bwleh, and Barmouth, North Wales. Id. var. hyalina. Trosserch Wood, Carmarthenshire. Helix Cantiana, iv. 50. Swansea (omitted in ‘ British Mollusca’). H. lamellata, iv. 73. Inverary (Barlee). Pupa substriata, iv. 108. Barmouth. P. antivertigo, iv. 109. Barmouth. Cephalopoda Dibranchiata. Spirula Peronii, iv. 242. Swansea Bay, with part of the animal — 2265 ee RS LE 8 es oe Ee 48 Mr. F. Moore on new species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. attached (omitted in ‘ British Mollusca’); but of course it can only be regarded, as well as the Zantiine, us occasional visitants of our coasts, having been probably brought hither by the Gulf Stream. 1 Montagu Square, London. Dec. 1857. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Fig. 1. Poromya subtrigona. Fig. 2. Diodonta Barleei. ‘ig. 3. Odostomia minima. Fig. 4. Operculum of O. truncatula. ‘ig. 5. Eulimella obeliscus. ‘ig. 6. Amphisphyra globosa. VI.—Descriptions of three new species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Freprric Moors. Genus Limenttts, Fabr. 1. Limenitis Mata, Moore. Distinguished from Lim. Procris by the black colour of the upper side, and deep red of the transverse band from apex of fore-wing to abdominal angle, and a short, transverse band near the bases of the fore-wing ; alse in the white spots of the fore- wing being widely separated, and the broad white band on the Tae wing “being short and extending to the middle of the abdo- minal margin. Expanse, 23 inches. Hab. Manilla. In Coll. Brit. Mus. and W. W. Saunders, Esq. 2. Limenitis Calidosa, Moore. Differs on the upper side from Lim. Zulema, Doubleday, in having the hind-wings more rounded ; the transverse maculated band being narrower, and its outer margin on hind-wing much scalloped; also the spots on the fere-wimg are widely sepa- rated, especially those obliquely from the costal margin; and the two small subapical spots are absent. Expanse 2 inches. Hab, Ceylon. In Coll. Brit. Mus. and EK. L. Layard, Esq. Genus Hesvtna, Westwood. Diadema (Hestina), Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 281 (1850). 3. Hestina Mena, Moore. Male. Upper-side pale greenish-white ; fore-wing with all the Mr. R. Templeton on a new species of Vaginula. 49 veins broadly black ; exterior margin black, with a marginal row of small spots, submargiual and third row of large and less distinct spots; hind-wing with all the veins black, also a mar- ginal row of ill-detined, black, lunular spots. Under side paler greenish-white ; all the veins of both wings less black than the upper side, with an indistinct marginal row of spots. Body longitudinally striped black and white. Expanse 34 inches. Hab. N. India. In British Museum Collection. Allied to H. consimilis, but may be distinguished by its larger size, and by the absence of the broad, transverse, spotted bands. VIL.—On a new species of Vaginula from Ceylon. By Rozert Tempxeton, Esq. [With a Plate. ] Tue genus Vaginula was formed by Férussac for the reception of small, flattish Limaces which he had received in spirits from Brazil: it formed the first genus of his second section Tetratera, which included the Slugs with four horns, as contradistinguished from the first section, made up of the single genus Oncidium, which had only the ocular pair. Shortly after the institution of the genus, Mr. Guilding added another species from the island of St. Vincent*, and subsequently other species were added by Lesson from Lima, by Van Hasselt from Batavia, and by Férussae himself from specimens forwarded to him from various parts of India. These species are described in the ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques,’ p. 90 (1819). I believe, in respect to species, the genus remains much in the same state as when left by its distinguished author. The species now added has most affinity to Hasselt’s Batavian species, but is perfectly distinct from all: it is very common in moist places during the prevalence of the 8.W. monsoon in the - lower country about Colombo in Ceylon. There is another species (Pl. II. B. fig. 6), somewhat larger and ferruginous in colour, with less obvious markings, in the district about Ratnapoora; but I have not had an opportunity of carefully examining it. VAGINULA, Férussac. V. maculata, Temp. Plate II. B. fig. 1. Body ovate-oblong, depressed, rounded behind; the dorsum * Linn. Trans. vol. xiy. p. 323, Ann, & Mag. N, Hist, Ser, 3, Vol.i, 4 50 Dr. E. von Martens on the Occurrence of dark or brownish-grey, densely studded with minute papille ; speckled with black, angular or irregular maculz ; a yellow me- sial line down the back; margins edged with a yellowish or pale band; superior pair of horns hyaline, the buccal pair yellowish- rey. The body never makes any approach to linear even when most extended; it is always rather broad, and fully rounded posteriorly, less so at the anterior extremity. There is no de- fined margin separating the central part from the edges; the latter are merely a little flatter: there is not the least trace of solid material in the covering or in the substance of the body. The superior pair of horns are cylindrical, somewhat longish, and terminate in a little rounded bulb, on the upper surface of which the minute black eye is imbedded ; the buccal pair is bi- lobed, but not deeply sulcated, appearing exactly as if two short cylinders were under a skin. The foot terminates a little before the end of the mantle; it occupies in breadth about one-fifth or rather more of the under surface, and is separated by a deep groove from the mantle, so that it appears as if winged: it has about 200 transverse ruge in the inch, which, in the ad- vancing movement of the animal, present precisely the same appearance as the legs of Julus, a wave running from behind forward, about six rugee forming each wave, with an interval of fourteen to eighteen between them. The under surface of the body of the animal on each side of the foot is covered with minute papille or tubercles, about 180 in an inch. The habits of the animal, as far as I had an opportunity of examining them, appear to differ in no respect from those of Limaz. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. B. Fig. 1. Vaginula maculata. Fig. 2. Ocular tentacle. Fig. 3. Section of buccal tentacle. Fig. 4. Transverse sections of body. Fig. 5. Lower surface of body and foot. Fig. 6. Vaginula ? VIIL.—On the Occurrence of Marine Animal Forms in Fresh Water. By Dr. E. von Marrens*. Tue genera Spheroma and Palemon, Gobius and Blennius occur plentifully in the North Sea, but are entirely unknown in the [* Translated by W.S. Dallas, F.L.S., from Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1857, p. 188, This paper forms the third section of a long memoir “ On some Marine Animal Forms in Fresh Water. 51 fresh waters of Northern and Central Europe. That, on the contrary, several species of Blennius occur in the fresh waters of Southern Europe, has been already observed; the family of the Gobioidei includes numerous. Kast Indian freshwater fishes, se- veral belonging to the genus Gobius itself. As regards Pale- mon, a freshwater crustacean (‘Camaron de agua dolce,’ Pale- mon Jamaicensis, A.) of Jamaica and Cuba has been known since the time of Sloane and Parra; and, according to an oral state- ment of Dr. Engelmann,a species of this genus (still undescribed?) lives near St. Louis in N. America. To the same family belong the Sicilian Symethus fluviatilis of Rafinesque, which, although so imperfectly described and again denied, rests upon some observation, and also the Hippolyte Desmarestii of Millet, dis- covered some time since in the Mayenne, the Sarthe and other rivers of the north-west of France *; Dana’s Chilian freshwater erustacean, Cryphiops spinulosomanus ; and lastly, the pale, eye-less Cavern Shrimp (Zroglocaris) of the Adelsberg caves. Associated with the latter is the recently-discovered Monolistra; this has hitherto been the sole known freshwater representative of the Isopodes nageurs of Milne-Edwards (Cymothoidea, Dana), to which Spheroma belongs. Several families also, which, even in the region of the Mediter- ranean as in the North Sea, are purely marine,—of which the most remarkable examples are the Scomberoidea, and Sharks and Rays, —are represented in tropical regions by freshwater forms (Mono- cirrhus polyacanthus, Heckel, in the Rio Negro; Carcharias gangeticus, Mill. & Henle, sixty leagues above the sea; Pristis Perroteti, Mill. & Henle, in the Senegal ; Raia fluviatilis, Ham.- Buch., near Kampur, 1000 English miles above the influence of the tide; and the Jrygon discovered by Schomburgk in the River Magdalena). The entire section of the Brachyurous Fishes and Crustacea of the Italian Fresh Waters,’ the occurrence of a Blenny in which was pointed out by Pollini as long ago as 1816. The most important species observed by the author were— Atherina lacustris, Bonap. Blennius vulgaris, Pollini. Gobius fluviatilis, Bonelli. Leuciscus alburnellus, Filippi. Leuciscus Savignyi, Val. Alosa finta, Troschel. Palemon lacustris, n. sp., in the Lake of Albano. Spheroma fossarum, n. sp., in the Pontine Marshes. These species are all described in the second part of his memoir, and both this and the first part contain remarks upon other animals inhabiting the fresh waters of the South of Europe, which belong to what are generally regarded as marine groups.—TRANSL. | * Ann, Sci. Nat, xxv, pl. 10, fig. B. 1832, 4 52 Dr. E. von Martens on the Occurrence of Crabs, existing in the sea as far as Greenland and Spitzbergen, is only represented in the fresh water in the subtropical climates by one Thelphusa, and rises in the West Indies by the Gecarcinus to a permanent dwelling on land. Amongst the bivalve Mol- lusea, Arca scaphula, Benson, lives in the Jumna near Humer- poor, at a distance of 1000 English miles from the sea, and Pholas rivicola, Sow., in the fresh water of the river Pantai, twelve English miles above its mouth, in floating wood. Thus our usual notion of the distribution of marine and freshwater ani- mals in different families, derived from the circumstances of our native country, is more and more modified with the advance of knowledge, and it becomes a question which of the numerous families of aquatic animals are exclusively proper to one of the two media, and how far the dwelling-place is in accordance with the systematic position, that is to say, with the modifications of organization,—a question which is of peculiar geological interest. To arrive at a result which shall not be entirely negative, it will be advisable to pay no regard at all to the multifarious mixtures and points of transition between the two elements, such as are presented on a small scale by the mouths of rivers and saline lakes, and on a large scale hy the Baltic and Caspian Seas, and to confine ourselves solely to the contrast of rivers and inland lakes with the open sea. We must also dis- regard the distinction of the families whose species all live in the sea, and of which some only ascend temporarily into the fresh water (such as Alosa), from those which possess a few con- stant representatives in the latter medium (e. g. Lota), as with regard to many, and some of these the most interesting of the exotic river-fish, we do not know whether they are migratory or stationary. With these limitations, and the still more im- portant ones of our present knowledge, the following Table furnishes a summary of the freshwater animals amongst the Fishes, Crustacea and Mollusca, according to families and cli- matic zones, especially for the Old World, in which, however, those occurring only in the other hemisphere are inserted, with the corresponding indication, N. Am., S. Am., or Austr. (North America, South America, Australia). With regard to its fresh- water animals, Iceland is related to the countries of the high northern latitudes; Central Europe is considered to extend southwards to the principal range of the Alps; Egypt and Syria (on account of Mastacemblus) are referred to the torrid zone. o. Indicates that the family does not occur in this zone. m. Indicates that the family only occurs in the sea in this zone. —. Indicates that the family occurs both in the sea and in fresh water in this zone. Marine Animal Forms in Fresh Water. 53 +. Indicates that the family only occurs in fresh water in this zone. The parentheses indicate rare, or rather occasional occurrence. The families printed in italics are exclusively inhabitants of fresh water. }u|ou | UI. | Lae Bai | #3 | | as Scandina-| Central | Southern | Torrid Se vias | Europe. Europe. | zone. | eo ice | | Pisces. DEPNOT ooeedecscccessess SUPENOIEE...080...| 0 7) 0 0 T f Percoidei......... 0 — _ — = Cataphracti...... — _ — mi Scieenoidei ...... 0 (m) m m _ (N. Am. Austr.) ‘ Labyrinthici ...| 0 7) 0 0 AcANTHOPTERT......4 Mugiloidei ...... me ii m2 Pe Atherinoidei 0 7) m — m Notacanthini3...| m 7) 0 0) —? Scomberoidei ...| m m m m —* Blennioidei ...... m m m — m? Gobioidei......... m m m — = : 1 Gadini...c8..2< m + — — 0: BRACANTHINE ...... Pleuronectidi®...| m _ — —- es Chromides ...... 0 0 0 i) PHARYNGOGNATHI . Scomberesoces ..| 0 m m m —é Siluroides ...... 0 0 0 —6 (N. Am.) |(N. Am.) Loricari@ ...... 0 0 0 0) + Cyprinoidet ...... 0 f i Gf i; Characini......... 7) i) 7) 0 T Cyprinodontes ...| 0 ) 0 0 2d Mormyri ......... 0 0 0 0 1 ECHOICE RG ane ones ones 7) ti 5 ii + 0 PHYSOSTOMI ......0454 Galavie@ ......... o \S.Am. T| Austr. + 0 0 Salmones......... — | = — iF 7) Clupeoidei ...... m m? a - _ Hyodontes, Val...| 0 0 N.Am.f|N.Am. FT| fF Elopes, Val....... 0 7) 0 0 = Heteropygii ...... 7) 0 N. Am 7) 0 Murenoidei...., Si. _— = Gymnotini ......| 0 7) 0 0 T Symbranchii | Ae caper 7) 0 —_— PLecToGNarat.........Gymnodontes ...) 0 | (m) (m) m _—i Loruosrancuit ......Lophobranchii...) 0 | m m m 3 Polypterini ...... 0 0 o 0 tT Lepidosteini...... o | 7) 0 N.Am.t| Am. f SEMIGIDEY veeccusevecoe AMID .ccceccsecs 0 7) 0 Am.fT| 0 Acipenserini m _ — a o? Spatularia ......\ 0 a) 7) Am.f| 0 SQHAU eaccesxaysss m m m m _ PLAGIOSTOME se... Rive Lecnese =e ae m m m —1 25 = or ? CycLosromi ............Petromyzones | m ? ir eee 54: Dr. E. von Martens on the Occurrence of I, Il. III. IV. Vv. Green- | Scandi- | Central | Southern | Torrid land and) nayia. |Europe.| Europe. | zone. Iceland. Crustacea*, Brachyura in general.| m m m _ a= Thelphusined we... 0 0 0 T 7 PQUORHTHALMA -- IASTACIDEA.. «2 oscecdnc~ n= 0° — — — = Oaridea .-.cdesee 5? 26 5 1:63? Mollusca: ccssccseoa08 6 40 6 hs Gis We see, consequently, that from the cold to the torrid zone there is an increase of the common families; the exception of the Crustacea in the torrid zone may only be apparent, and due to our imperfect knowledge of the tropical freshwater animals. This increase is not only an absolute one, such as is shown also by the exclusively marine and freshwater families, and such as was to have been expected, but a relative one, at the expense of [* The term Mollusca here and in the following Tables is used for brevity to signify the Gasteropoda and Conchifera alone, these being the only classes of Mollusca represented in both salt and fresh water. ] Marine Animal Forms in Fresh Water. 57 the exclusive families. The common families form a greater por- tion of the total number of families represented in that zone. B. But even the number of the exclusively freshwater families increases in proportion tc those which occur also in the sea, or only in salt water, from the cold to the torrid zone ; this is very decidedly the case with the Fishes (I. 1: o; IJ. 1:13}; ID. 1: 93; IV.1: 42; V. 1:38,%), but also distinctly with the Mol- lusca (I. 1:9; Il. 1: 6%; Ill. 1: 62; TV. 1: 72) and with the Crustacea (I. 1 : 20; II].1:12; 1V.1:83; V. 1: 62). C. In the same way also the number of families occurring in the fresh water generally, increases in proportion to that of those occurring generally in the sea; thus in I. if jiiilig IV. ve Fishes......... 6 1:35 1:2 | ae 1: Crustacea ... 1: 5 1: 3% 1:35 1:21? 1:34 Mollusca...... 1:9 1: 6} 1:5 1: 58 1: 38 Here again also the tropical freshwater Crustacea constitute the sole exception, probably in consequence of deficient informa- tion. ‘This increase, like that under B, is the confirmation of a general law, which has already been expressed as follows :— Towards the poles, organic life retreats from the severe climate of the land to the more temperate climate of the ocean: where, as in Greenland *, the entire interior of the country is a perma- nent mass of ice, and the alternation of thaw and frost only occurs on the coasts and bays, the freshwater fauna will not be very rich. D. Of the freshwater families those which are exclusively peculiar to this medium, are in proportion to those common to it and the sea in )# II. Ill. IV. \'¢ Fishes......20- Ps co ee E23 ae E Le Crustacea .... 1: 3 (les 7) bee oe L.: 2 | pated Hi Mollusca ... 1: 0 LSA, 1 ad. ee | ae ap | Here, therefore, there is a remarkable contrast between Fishes and Mollusca; in the former the common families everywhere predominate over the exclusive ones (although not in number of species), but this preponderance diminishes constantly and considerably from the cold zone, where it finds no balance, to the equator; in the Mollusca the common families never pre- dominate over the exclusive ones, but their proportion to the latter increases in the same direction from 0 to equality; in both classes, therefore, a progressive equalization takes place towards the equator, but towards the poles a divergence in am Rink, Grénland geographisk og statistisk beskrevet. Kjébnhavn, 57. 58 Dr. E. von Martens on the Occurrence of opposite directions, as here, amongst the Fishes the common Salmones, and amongst the Mollusca the exclusively freshwater Limnee and Pisidia prevail, the former protected from the frost by their migrations, and the latter by their hybernation. E. There are families which are common to both media in one zone and peculiar to one of them in another; of the four cases possible here, we have in the Fishes. Crustacea. Mollusca. a. Exclusively marine in a colder zone than that in which uney | 17 6 5 ARG COMMGR. hoees css eee b. Exclusively freshwater in the Cold Zones .saes ccveeersceerese es e. Exclusively marine in oa 5 9 WALMET ZONE 2.000. - ++ eeeeee d. Exclusively in fresh water aa 1 the warmer ZONE ...+.....+4- Of these the deficiency of the Blennioidei, Plewronectidec and Apodoidei, and perhaps also that of the Atherine, Idoteidea and Cymothoidea in the fresh waters of the tropical zones, as well as that of the Scienoideain the subtropical, and of the Lerneoidea and Cyclopoidea in the cold zone, may be due solely to the defi- ciency of our information, by which in a 2, and in ¢ and d all the examples would be cancelled. For 6, the Silure in the Old World furnishes a striking instanee ; but in America there is in the same zone a marine Silure (Galeichthys marinus, Mitch.). The Siluroidei, and perhaps also Petromyzon, present the only examples of families living especially in fresh water with idi- vidual representatives in the sea; the other common families generally exhibit the opposite relation. Of the families included under a, the following first make their appearance in the particular zones in II. il. LY: Le Ofathesbishesscoceessaeeeee 4 2 2 8 Of the Crustacea ......... 3 2 it Of the Mollusca ......... 1 2 3 This phenomenon is therefore most remarkable and regular amongst the Fishes (Gadini, Clupeoidei, Blennioidei, Lophobran- chi) ; amongst Crustacea, according to our present knowledge, it makes its appearance distinctly even in the temperate zone (Caridea, Idoteidea, Cymothoidea), but amongst the Mollusca only in the tropical zone: that it exhibits the greatest number of examples in Zones If. and V., is probably because II. to IV. are merely subdivisions of the one temperate zone, so that only II. and V. mark the occurrence of a new principal zone. From this we may formulate the following propositions for the above-mentioned four classes :— Marine Animal Forms in Fresh Water. 59 1. The majority of the family-forms, both generally and in each zone, belong exclusively to one of the two media (A). 2. The inhabitants of the fresh water generally and in each: zone are more uniform (and less numerous) than the inhabitants of the sea (C). 8. The inhabitants of fresh water increase from the pole towards the equator, not only absolutely, but also relatively in proportion to the inhabitants of the sea, in multiplicity of forms (and in number) (C). 4. This increase depends not only upon the development of new peculiar forms, but also upon participation in the marine forms (D). 5. The similarity of the individual freshwater animals to individual marine animals decreases from the pole towards the equator (B). 6. The similarity of the total freshwater fauna to the total marine fauna increases from the pole towards the equator (A). The apparent contradiction of the two preceding propositions is explained by the fact that in the fifth the exclusively marine families are not taken into consideration at all, but that in the sixth they, as well as the exclusively freshwater forms, form the negative factor. 7. Numerous family-forms are exclusively marine in colder regions ; in warmer regions (still principally marine, but) also represented (by imdividual species) in the fresh water (EK). Here especially belong those animals which led to the pre- paration of the present memoir. The above propositions of course only apply so far as the families adopted as the foundation for the calculation within each class may be regarded as equivalent with respect to the similarity of their structure. Advances in systematic zoology, therefore, as well as in the knowledge of faunas, which is still so very deficient, especially for the tropical regions, may modify them. A comparison of the three classes amongst themselves, according to which the similarity between the Molluscous fauna of the sea and of the fresh water in each zone is less than that of the Crustacea, and this less than that of the Fishes, would also at the same time presuppose the equivalence of the divisions adopted in all the four classes, which however will remain a matter of individual opinion. Thus, had I adopted as a founda- tion for the Crustacea, the numerous subdivisions which Dana ealls families, the numbers for the freshwater species would have proved but little greater, whilst those for the marine forms would have been considerably higher, because amongst these sub- divisions also the marine animals again predominate ; within each separate zone, therefore, the relative number of the inhabitants 60 Dr. E. von Martens on the Occurrence of of fresh water to those of the sea would have become smaller, but the increase or decrease according to the zones would not have changed, or only unessentially. If we advance to the higher steps of classification, the numerical agreement between the two media constantly becomes greater, but the differences which still remain are of a more essential nature. This is the case even in the consideration of the orders:—Of the fourteen which J. Miiller has adopted for the class of Fishes, only five, and these very poor in species (with 1—38 genera, and not many more species), are limited to one of the two media, —the Sire- noidet and Ganoidei holoste: to fresh water, and the Flolocephali (Chimera), Hyperotreti (Mywine), and Leptocardii (Amphioaus) to the sea*, B Amongst Dana’s larger sections of the Crustacea, one-half (seven) in number are certainly peculiar to the sea :—Anomura, Stomapoda, Schizopoda, Aploopoda, Anisopoda, Merostoma, Cir- ripedia, but these are all poor in species ; not one is peculiar to the fresh water; and of the three principal sections, Podophthalma, Edriophthalma and Cirripedia, two are common. In the Anne- lida, on the contrary, we find not only that the majority of the orders (three to two, according to Grube) are exclusively marine, but also that these are by far the most developed and most numerous. In the Gasteropoda also, the exclusively marine orders predominate, and hold the balance against the common and freshwater orders together; thus, according to Troschel’s classification, there are five orders, Heteropoda, Cyclobranchiata, Notobranchiata, Monopleurobranchiata, and Hypobranchiata, against the two common orders, Ctenobranchiata and Rhipido- glossata, together with the entirely non-marine Pulmonata and Pulmonata operculata (Troschel, however, excludes the Hetero- poda) ; in the more recent English systems, especially in Wood- ward’s, we have the two marine orders, Nucleobranchiata and Opisthobranchiata, against the common Prosobranchiata and the non-marine Pulmonifera, but still of the two most numerous orders, the one always includes the common, and the other the non-marine forms (disregarding the Auricule, Onchidie and Am- phibola, which dwell upon the borders). An essential difference for the orders, according to the zones only, occurs with the Fishes, the two exclusively belonging to the freshwater (Sirenoidei, Ganoidei holoster), being those which are wanting in the colder regions ; amongst the Gasteropoda the colder zones are destitute both of the marine Heteropoda (Nucleobranchiata) and of the non-marine Operculated Pulmonata, and amongst the Crustacea * The Berlin Museum has received an Amphioxus from Ceylon, from M. Nietner. It is unfortunately not well preserved. Marine Animal Forms in Fresh Water. 61 only the scanty division of the Merostoma (Limulus), the most northern of which occurs near Boston. Of the essentially aquatic classes (or subclasses, according to the differences of system) of animals, we find that eleven, namely the Polycystinez, Anthozoa, Acalephze, Ctenophora, Siphono- phora, Echinodermata, Tunicata, Brachiopoda, Pteropoda, Hete- ropoda* and Cephalopoda are exclusively marine, and the same number, namely, besides the forms already referred to, the Infu- soria and Rhizopoda, the Hydroid polypes, Rotatoria, Bryozoa, Turbellaria, and Annelida, are common to both media, amongst which, however, the very numerous sections are purely marine (Sertularina, Bryozoa Stelmatopodat, and the numerous, very highly developed order of the Annelida), whilst the sections proper to the fresh water are less rich in species, like the freshwater Polypes and Bryozoa (Hydrina and Bryozoa Lopho- poda) and the Planarie in the most restricted sense. The Batrachia furnish the only example of a class of animals which is entirely wanting in the sea, and yet they are water- breathers, at all events temporarily : we are acquainted with ma- rine Tortoises, marie Lizards (Darwin’s Amblyrhynchus cristatus upon the Galapagos Islands), and marme Snakes (Hydrophis), besides the notorious Norwegio-American one, but, in spite of Seba and Schiller’s ‘‘Taucher’, not a single Sea Toad or Sea Newt. Of the strictly air-breathing classes, lastly, certain representatives live constantly in the sea; of the Birds and Insects only a few venture temporarily into and under the water, both fresh and salt, but live essentially above its surface} ; amongst Insects, we have here especially the small, apterous, Carabideous Beetle [* The author has previously regarded the Heteropoda as forming a portion of the class Gasteropoda.—TRANSL. |] + According to Dumortier and Van Beneden, however, the freshwater nus Paludicella belongs to this group.—{ According to Professor Allman Monograph of the Freshwater Polyzoa,’ Ray Society, 1856), both Palu- dicella and Urnatella, although freshwater genera, belong to the group above mentioned ; whilst on the other hand, the marine genus Pedicellina appears to have a bilateral lophophore, which would cause its location amongst the freshwater forms. Fredericella also, a freshwater genus, pos- sesses a funnel-shaped lophophore. Professor Allman’s classification, in which the two orders of Polyzoa are distinguished by the presence or absence of an epistome, or lobe in the vicinity of the mouth, does not get rid of this appearance of marine forms in fresh water and vice versd,— TRANSL. | {{ The author here seems to have forgotten the existence of whole fami- lies of Beetles and Bugs, which live habitually beneath the surface of the fresh water, whilst the larvee of many of the former are even adapted to aquatic respiration. The larvee of a great proportion of the Neuroptera also are strictly aquatic, and those of many Diptera live in water, although most of them breathe air.—TRAnsL.] a ee eee EEE 62 On the Occurrence of Marine Animal Forms in Fresh Water. (Blemus fulvescens*), observed by Audouin, which remains con- cealed under stones during the flood-tide, and lives in places which are not left bare by every ebb; the other so-called marine Insects generally live only in brackish water, or roam about upon its surface, like Halobates, which is analogous to our Hydrometray. As regards the Arachnida, the answer to the inquiry concerning marine forms, depends upon whether the Pyenogonide be included with them; the most recent and im- portant authorities answer this in the affirmative. Amongst the Myriapoda, the occurrence of Glomeris ovalis in the sea is very problematical; at any rate, it does not live in Oceano Hu- rop@o, as Linneeus stated, nor are we acquainted with any fresh- water Myriapoda. For the classes, therefore, the number of the exclusive and common ones would be nearly equivalent. Of the seven primary types of the animal kingdom, on the contrary, only one, that of the Echinodermata, is exclusively marine; the others are com- mon to the sea and fresh water, and the majority (4) also to the land: none of them are wanting in the sea. We may therefore establish the general proposition, that from the agreement in family of an animal of unknown origin, with another, of which the origin is known, we may in most cases (in the Crustacea in three-fourths, in the Mollusca in nearly nine-tenths) arrive at a probable (inductive) conclusion with regard to the derivation of the unknown form; and that the same applies for a fraction of the orders and classes, which often rises to the half of the pri- mary type to which they belong, and for the Echinodermatat even to unity. On the other hand, descending in the systematic scale, only an inconsiderable number of genera (in the modern sense= eroups of species) are common to both media, even in the Fishes probably not more than 1 per cent.; and with regard to species the number falls to 0 in the Mollusca and Crustacea, except some cases which are still doubtful (Paludinella thermalis or acuta, Gammarus locusta) ; amongst Fishes, not only is the oe- currence of Gasterosteus trachurus in the North Sea asserted by all the ichthyologists of that region, from Gronovius to Nilsson, {* This Insect forms the type of Leach’s genus Aépus, of which a second species, the Aépus Robinii, has lately been discovered on the coasts both of France and England. Besides these, a considerable number of Beetles, principally belongmg to the extensive group of the Brachelytra, so many of which are singular in their habits, are found upon our shores in very similar positions.—TRANSL.] [+ Or rather, Gerris—TRANSL. ] [{ This can only hold, with regard to the Echinodermata, if we regard them, with the author, as representing a distinct primary type of animal structure; this, however, is by no means generally admitted.—TRansu. | Bibliographical Notices. 63 but we also find, as a peculiar phenomenon, the migration of marine Fishes up the streams, in order to spawn, and, more rarely, that of river Fishes into the sea for the same purpose (the Kel; see Spallanzani’s observations in Commachio, G. von Martens’ Italien, ii. p. 334). Here therefore they are even the same individuals which alternately inhabit the two media; and perhaps this is not all, for it is said of several lakes that fishes which have immigrated into them from the sea are unable to find their way back, in consequence of the deficiency of current, and that they remain, as well as their posterity, in the fresh water; and on the other hand, Nilsson in his Scandinavian Fauna, in referring to our Shad (Alosa), does not say a word about its ascending into the fresh water, but, on the contrary, states that, according to the observations of Malm, it spawns between the rocky shelves of Gothenburg (Gétheborg’s skirgard). Marine Mammalia also sometimes ascend the rivers, but with less regularity, and principally followmg the migratory Fishes, as was observed by Simpson* to be the case with Seals in the Oregon river as far as the rapids of Les Petites Dalles. Whether the common Seal which, according to EK. Bollt, was killed in the Elbe near Dessau, is to be referred to this category, or whether it was one that had escaped from human custody, remains doubtful as a single case at such a distance from the sea. The great richness of the sea is explained not only by its greater extent, but also by its more uniform temperature. The fresh waters stand in the same relation to it, as a continental to an insular climate; their alternation of temperature is the prin- cipal hindrance to their becoming populous, and this attains its maximum by freezing in the colder zones; with the increase of temperature the populousness of the fresh waters increases, but is still limited in the subtropical zone by partial desiccation. In the tropical zone, the conditions of temperature of the fresh waters approach most nearly to those of the sea, and with them their populousness. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. The Natural History of the Tineina. By H. T. Stainton, assisted by Prof. Zeller and J. W. Douglas. Vol. II. 8vo. London: Van Voorst, 1857. Arter an interval of nearly two years, we have to call the attention of our readers to the appearance of a second volume of this highly * Narrative of a Journey round the World, 1841-42. en des Vereins fir Naturkunde in Mecklenburg, 10 Heft, 1856, p: 73. 64 Bibliographical Notices, interesting entomological work, of the first volume of which we gave a notice in our Number for March 1856. As the present volume agrees exactly in all essential particulars of plan and arrangement —in its curious polyglot nature, the arrangement of its four languages in parallel columns, and the division of the subjects into sections—with its predecessor, there is no necessity for our referring to these pecu- liarities in detail;—in their excellences, as in their defects, the two volumes are identical. In accordance with the general plan of the work, the present volume again contains the natural history of twenty-four species of Tineina, with full descriptions of the insects in all their stages, and a detailed account of their synonymy, illustrated by numerous figures upon eight beautiful plates. The latter are perhaps hardly so spirited in execution as those from the pencil of the late William Wing, which were published in the first volume; but in other respects they are highly satisfactory, and reflect the highest credit upon the artist and engraver, Mr. G. W. Robinson. The twenty-four Moths which Mr. Stainton has selected for in- vestigation on the present occasion all belong to the genus Lithocol- letis, the species of which were for the most part arranged under the genus Argyromiges by Curtis and Stephens and the older British entomologists. The genus is a very extensive one, including, ac- cording to Mr. Stainton’s summary in the commencement of this volume, no less than seventy-six known species. ‘They are all of minute size, some of them amongst the smallest of Lepidopterous in- sects, but at the same time many of the species exhibit a most brilliant appearance from the presence of metallic silvery cr golden markings upon the anterior wings. Their larvee, like those of Nepéicula and Cemiostoma described in the first volume, are leaf-miners ; but they would seem to disfigure the leaves in which they take up their abode far more than those of the genera just mentioned, for their mines usually form broad blotches, and Mr. Stainton tells us that, “owing to the exertions of the larva, or to the natural shrinkage of the silken carpet which it spreads over the cuticle, this latter gets drawn into several folds, causing the opposite side of the leaf to assuine a curved form, and by the pucker in the leaf thus produced, the larvze obtain a convenient and capacious habitation.” When full-grown the larvee undergo their change to the pupa state in the interior of their mines, rarely spinning a firm cocoon, although some of them, “‘apparently aware of the weakness of the defences provided by their own silk, carefully cover the cocoon over with the grains of excrement, so that hardly any of the silk is left exposed.” The species are for the most part confined to particular plants, a few only being less nice about their diet; but trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants are alike liable to their attacks, although the majority seem to prefer plants of a wocdy nature. In his general observations on the genus, Mr. Stainton, as before, gives a summary of all the species belonging to it, but this does not contain short characters, such as were given in the first volume ; and he also carries out his ideas of an Entomological Botany, by furnishing Bibliographical Notices. 65 his readers with a systematic analysis of the plants on which the dif- ferent larvee feed, the name of each plant being accompanied by a list of the species which have been found on it. The Entomologist’s Annual for 1858. London. John Van Voorst. 12mo. The Entomologist’s Annual is another book for which the British entomologist is indebted to the energetic exertions of Mr. Stainton. It is now in the fourth year of its existence, and seems to us to have acquired more vigour since the appearance of the first of the series ; that is to say, the editor appears to have given up somewhat of his original notion, that in order to obtain success, an Entomological Annual must contain a certain amount of light matter, which, un- fortunately, has too general a tendency to degenerate into trash. In the ‘ Annual’ for 1858 we meet with scarcely an indication of this, the greater part of its contents being of a nature to be really interesting to the student of British Entomology. Besides the usual lists of new British species of Coleoptera, Lepi- doptera and Aculeate Hymenoptera, discovered in the course of the year just elapsed, contributed by Mr. Janson, the Editor, and Mr. F. Smith, we have a series of notes on British Geodephagous Beetles by the Rev. J. F. Dawson, and on the caterpillars of the Saw-flies by Mr. Westwood (the latter intended especially for the use of young collectors of Lepidoptera, to save them the trouble and mortification of rearing a number of supposed caterpillars and getting nothing but Saw-flies for their pains),—questions and enigmas upon points connected with the natural history of the Tineina, and other Lepidopterological questions,—and a most warlike paper, entitled ** Notes on Ants’-Nest Beetles,” by Mr. Janson (in continuation of an interesting memoir on the same subject in the ‘ Annual’ for last year), in which some offending Coleopterists are attacked in a style worthy of the rival Eatanswill editors immortalized in the ‘ Pick- wick Papers.’ But perhaps the most important paper in the volume is the *‘ Synopsis of the British Planipennes,” by Dr. Hagen, which contains short characters of all the known British genera and species of the true Neuroptera with a perfect metamorphosis, and also of a few European forms, which Dr. Hagen considers will probably be found in this country. The most important of these are the Ant-lions (Myrmeleon), one of which, it appears, was described by Barbut as a British insect ; and the author thinks it by no means impossible “that Southern Ireland may possess the extraordinary Nemoptera Lusi- taniea.”’ The last year’s ‘Annual’ contained a “Synopsis of the British Dragon-flies,’ also from the pen of Dr. Hagen; and there can be no doubt that the publication of such papers as these must add greatly both to the usefulness and prosperity of this little book. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 3. Vol. i. 5 66 Zoological Society :-— The Handbook of British Ferns. By T. Moors, F.L.S. Third Edition. London, 1857. Four years since we noticed at some length the second edition of this excellent book, and it is therefore unnecessary to occupy much space in announcing the publication of this fourth edition, which possesses all the valuable qualities of its predecessor and has been carefully revised throughout. There is very little change in its author’s opinion concerning the limits of species or nomenclature. The Athyrium rheticum is again joined to A. filix-feemina. Lastrea Fenisecii takes the name of L. emula, from the discovery that it is certainly the Polypodium emulum of Aiton: thus the long contro- versy concerning the proper name of the plant is set at rest in a satisfactory manner. But the most marked characteristic of this edition consists in the immense number of forms which are described in it. Most of these have very little interest for the botanist, although collected with avidity by the cultivator. Mr. Moore has usually pomted out with care which of the forms are deserving of botanical attention ; never- theless it seems to us that he might well have divided the several species into their true varieties (if we may so call them) and arranged under each the less definite forms. Thus the botanist would have benefited, without any injury to the cultivator. As in the former editions, much attention is paid to the mode best adapted for the culture of the plants. The book is our best work upon British Ferns, and will be useful to all those who take an interest in them. * PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. July 14, 1857.—Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. On StToastoMip# AS A FAMILY, AND ON SEVEN PROPOSED New GeEnerRA, Sixty-oNE New Species, anp Two New VARIETIES FROM JAMAICA. By THE Hon. Epwarp Cuaitrty. Stoastomide! When I first open my cabinet of this Family to the spectator, two observations are generally made. The one, “ How minute! how could you trouble yourself with such specks! they are not worth seeing, for we cannot see them.’ Then follows, ‘‘ Well, they are very wonderful ; but how did you collect them?” To the first observation I answer, ‘‘ True, they are but specks, and have very much injured my eyesight ; but they are worth seeing under the microscope ; for they are worthy to rank, and must rank, in point of sculpture, with the most wonderful and beautiful shells known to conchologists, and most of them are most worthy of a sculptor’s or designer’s study.”” Among the Helices, Pupe, Acha- tine, Cylindrelle, Bulimi, &e. there are plenty of minute species almost microscopic, and interesting enough; but, under the micro- scope, these only improve in size, and no further beauties are un- folded, and little further interest is given to them by its use. The The Hon. E, Chitty on the Stoastomide. 67 Stoastomide, however, are not only wonderful for their minuteness, and from the knowledge that, however minute, they are part of an animal, perfect in its anatomy as that of the largest shell; but the form 4 sculpture of each species are so marked, that the microscope brings out in each, new beauties and new wonders, entitling them to rank among the most wonderful works in animal creation. And to say the least of these Stoastomida, ‘‘They are shells, and beautiful ones too, and are not only worthy, but must,—being known to exist, —be in every cabinet that pretends to the smallest degree of perfec- tion or completion.” To the second I shall reply by practical information which I think will be valued. ** Rasily attained, little valued,’ may be taken as a good general maxim. But my love for this family arose from a difficulty ; and as it involves the history of Stoastoma, I may be permitted to relate it. In the winter of 1848-49 the late Prof. C. B. Adams paid me a visit in Jamaica ; and looking over a limited collection, he ob- served that which is now known as Stoastoma pisum. The singu- larity of its semicircular mouth was noticed by him, as it had been by me; but it then stood alone, and he put it on one side to be de- scribed as Helicina pisum, hesitating to give it generic importance. He next visited Manchester parish, the principal habitat of St. pisum ; and meanwhile I, in my own garden in St. Thomas in the East parish, close to Yallahs Hill, found a minute shell with a some- what similar mouth, about which I corresponded with him. This turned out to be that wonderful and beautiful speck St. Wilkinson- @anum. He again in Manchester collected more specimens of S. pisum and other species of the family, and, first under the proposed generic name of “‘ Hemicyclostoma,” the species were finally placed under the generic name of “ Stoastoma”’ at the suggestion of Dr. A. A. Gould. While Adams was still away from me, as I was exa- mining my only specimen of S. Wilkinsoneanum, it dropped from my hand—fortunately on to the floor-cloth,—and I did not recover it till after a full hour’s careful search. This showed me the folly of being satisfied with the possession of one specimen only, where others might be obtained; and I determined to make a vigorous search for more. I ransacked my garden and all round, in vain ; for, as I now conclude, it had been brought there accidentally, per- haps by a bird; till at last I crossed a deep ravine, a streamlet at the bottom of it, and got to one side of what we call “ Little Yallahs’ Hill,” which stands a good half-mile crow-fly distance from my garden ; there I found a spot, a slope on the hill-side, with crumbling fine dirt running, or sifting as it were, down it. There I frst found Geomelania Greyanu (described as Cylindrella Greyana, Contrib. Conch. p. 82, till I made out the operculum of that genus). These were so numerous, and many so broken, that I put handfuls of the fine dirt into a small bag for home examination. The result was, plenty of St. Wilkinsoneanum, and other new species at the same time. The plan of collecting all minute shells, beyond this “bagging ” of dirt, is, to have a small zine or tin tray about 9 inches long and 3 wide, with sides turning up all round half an inch high. I put 5* a eS a 68 Zoological Society :— about half a teaspoonful of dirt, such as I have alluded to, into it, Holding the tray at each end, and tilting it the furthest side down- wards, shaking it lightly backwards and forwards, right and left, end to end, causes the dirt to fall and spead somewhat evenly along the outer edge; then, levelling the tray, a slight jerk from side to side of the tray causes the whole of the dirt to spread pretty evenly over the tray’s surface, and exposes every minute object to view, with the aid of strong spectacles or a lens. A pointed wetted camel’s-hair brush takes up and may deposit the minute subjects into a pill-box, or other receptacle, for future examination. The formation of Jamaica being mostly tertiary limestone, out of about a quart of such dirt as this, I have taken dozens and dozeus of minute specimens of no less than thirty-one species, besides larger ones, which the naked eye could well see—probakly upwards of fifty species from one quart of dirt altogether ! I am about to describe sixty-one new species, which, added to those described by Adams, make the total of eighty belonging te Jamaica. Yet let it not be imagined for one moment that I consider these are all that inhabit the island: on the contrary, I incline to think that that number might be doubled or trebled were the whole land explored. I consider that the range of each species is very limited, and that each spot of land suitable to them will contain distinct species which are not to be found elsewhere. S. piswm is a remarkable exception. That shell occurs in the Back Woods or highest mountains in the north of Manchester; at Porus, say ten miles ‘“‘crow-fly”’ distance on the east border of Manchester; at Moreland and “ Bull dead ”’ in Manchester, say about the same distance south, near the western border: and again it is found at Accompong Town in St. Elizabeth’s parish, at (say) twenty-five or thirty miles to the west. And it is curious to observe, that, taking Manchester back woods as the focus, I have collected and received shells from many intermediate spots between it and Perus and Moreland, and Bull dead and Accompong town, without getting one Sz. piswm, although many shells equal or smaller in size of other genera and species. But take any other of the Stoastomide, and probably you will search for it in vain outside of a circumference of three-fourths of a mile from the spot where it was first found. Each such spot will contain probably as many as four or six or seven species; but to that spot all those species are con- fined. In the following descriptions it will be seen that the habitat of six species is certainly ‘“‘ Peace River:”’ and that of eight species as certainly Yallahs Hill. The latter I have personally explored ; one of my residences was near by, and I repeatedly visited it; and I have no hesitation in saying that none of those eight species are to be found at half a mile either way. There are hundreds of spots of this kind in the island never trodden by human foot, and there- fore there is no knowing how many Stoastomide and other minute shells might yet be found, or how many of other genera, from large to small, may yet be added to the terrestrial conchology of Jamaica. The number of unique specimens in my cabinet tells us this truth, The Hon. BE. Chitty on the Stoastomide. 69 I having been a collector in situ for years by myself or my black deputies, who are rarely to be bribed into a repetition of a visit to a strange and unwelcome spot. I must here record my great thanks to my friend Dr. 8. Livesay for the personal assistance he has afforded me with some of these troublesome shells ; but more especially, not only for the loan of his microscope throughout the labour, but for his most ingenious con- trivances, which have been of the greatest help in the examination and measurement of shells, enabling me, by aid of one, to examine all parts by a rotatory motion, and at the same time to readily compare one shell with another ; and by aid of another, on the sliding-scale principle, to measure by the thousandth part of an inch with the nicest accuracy and with the greatest facility. Future describing conchologists would do well to make inquiries of that gentleman. In order to give a clearer understanding of my descriptions, it is well to state how I have proceeded to examine the shell. Dr. Live- say’s apparatus consists of a plate on which a battery (as it were) of large pins may be placed in grooves, and kept firm by an upper plate, moveable at one end, so as to admit of removing them when required, and fixed at the other by a hinge. These pins are revolved in their grooves by the fingers, there being a small piece of rounded cork stuck on the point of the pin to lay hold of. The shell is gummed on to the pin’s head, so that the plane of aperture is parallel to the length of the pin, and the axis of the shell at right angles with it. In this position the operculum, if there, or if not, the inside of the aperture, and also the apex and umbilicus, and indeed all parts of the shell, except the point of attachment, can be brought under the microscope by revolving the pin. Next, let me explain any new terms I may have used. In speak- ing of ‘‘above”’ or “ below,’’ I always consider the apex the upper- most, and the umbilicus the lowermost part. In speaking of “right” or “left,” the outer edge of the aperture is considered to be on the right hand. _ In pursuing the examination, we give in succession Form and Co- lour. Those two are manifest. Sculpture: we commence by describing the sculpture of the last whorl, and calculate from below the suture downwards towards the umbilical region at about a quarter from the aperture, or the last quarter or third of the last whorl. Spiral carine are sculptured raised lines, transverse to the axis or column ofa shell. The spire and its outlines are self-evident. Whor/s are counted from the aperture upwards ; from that part to where it is opposite or attached to, what is termed, the body-whorl, forms one whorl, and so on upwards, the whole, half, third, or quarter being determined by the exact termination of the appearance of a suture at the nuclear apex. The aperture, or mouth, though not audibly, speaks its own shape, &c. Labrum in Stoastoma is the edge of the right-hand portion of the aperture, extending from the suture, as it were, above, round on the right, till it finishes its curve below ; the labium being the almost straight part on the left. Labral and labial, coined words, refer to those parts of the edge of the aperture, &c. 70 Zoological Society :— Labrum “ double”? denotes a more or less fine, sharp groove close behind the very verge of the labral side of the aperture ; and it shows that some at least of Stoastomide have peristome and peritreme, though never prominent or expanded as in Choanopoma fimbriatulum, C. Chittyi, and the like. The ‘‘labral lamella” is a term we adopt, equivalent to Adams’s “spiral lamella,” “lamellar spiral keel,” “‘ spiral carina continued into the lower extremity of the labrum,” &c. ; or the “lamelliform keel,” “basal margin continued,” &c., ‘small lamella,” “raised la- mella,’ &c. of Pfeiffer, Cat. Phan. I call it “‘dabral’’ lamella, be- cause it appears to me to grow out of the labral side of the shell, one specimen of Lewisia Agassiziana in progress of development clearly denoting the fact. It answers to the “ umbilical keel” of some of the Cycloti. In “measurement” of height the axis is placed at right angles to the base, so that “height” signifies distance between two parallel lines, the apex touching one, and the extreme lower edge of the aperture touching the other, the axis being at right angles. ‘“‘ Greatest breadth” measures from the edge of the aperture about the periphery to its extreme opposite at the other side of the last whorl, the axis being still at right angles. ** Least breadth ”’ is when three parts of the last whorl touch two parallel lines, that is, the plane or edge of the aperture, the back of the last whorl, and narrowest part of it close to the aperture, or the penultimate whorl. With, then, the one species from Polynesia, Electrina succinea, the total of Stoastomide amount to 81 species known ; and I proceed to propose an entirely new arrangement of them. Professor Adams foresaw the necessity and propriety of it. In his ‘ Monograph of Stoastoma,’ p. 4, occur the following passages :—‘“ The value of this genus is equal to that of the Lamarckian genera of Cyclostoma and Hlelicina. If these should be generally received as families, sub- divided into several genera according to the plan of Dr. L. Pfeiffer, it will be entitled to constitute a distinct family, Sroastom1ipz. Some of the characters rarely, if ever, occur in other genera, while the specific differences consist partly in slight modifications of these characters. Such are the blunt but not reflected edge of the labrum and the spiral lamella issuing from the umbilicus. The genus has thus a very obvious type, quite distinct from any hitherto discovered. An affinity with the Cyclostomide is established between Apero- stoma (Troschel) and the depressed and discoidal species of Stoa- stoma.” “Its affinity with the Helicinide is established between Iucidella (Swainson) (??), and some of the conical species, as S. Redfieldianum and S. Leanum, by their general form and sculpture, and by the form of the base. But observations on the animals will be of more value on this subject. We were not so fortunate as to obtain living specimens. While preparing this Monograph, a cor- respondent informs us that S. piswm when alive is sea-green.” In raising Stoastoma into a family, I am thus justified by Pro- fessor Adams, and only carry out his views in calling it, ee Stoastomide, Adams. The Hon. E. Chitty on the Stoastomide. 71 Fortunately I happen to be “the correspondent ” who found the shell §. pisum in “a living state ;’’ when it is, and continues after, if so taken, of a ‘‘sea-green”’ colour externally. I have also exa- mined the outward form of the animal. The following are my rough original notes made long ago upon it :— ‘* STOASTOMA PISUM. ‘The animal seems to have but one pair of horns, and is thus shaped. [The drawing supposes the animal to be in motion.] “ Horns short, thick at base, and pointed. Mbollusk black, or of the darkest bottle-green. Seems to aid its progress by its snout.” So different, then, is the animal and shell from either Cyclosto- mide or Helicinida, that with propriety we may take it out of either family and place it as a distinct family, Sroasromip™, Adams, which I divide into the following genera ; adding, however, to Adams’ description, ‘‘ all the species ’—“ are sculptured with spiral lines ;”’ this, “except very rarely, as in the instance of S. Philippianum ;”’ and it is right also to mention, that this family possesses the habit of absorbing part of the internal structure of their shells, as pointed out by Mr. Bland in a paper read before the Lyceum of Nat. Hist. N. Y. (see Annals), Feb. 27th, 1854. The genera will stand thus :— First, those most singular shells having, as it were, two mouths, such as the only two hitherto known, St. Ayassizianum, Ad., and St. Philippianum, Ad., demand a section to themselves. These and two others I shall call Genus Lewrsta, in compliment to Prof. L. Agassiz. Secondly, those beautiful ones, like St. Gouldianum, with long projecting termination of the last whorl, and such decided sculpture of a few (four or six) strong transverse strie, with fine ones intervening —hbeing all of subdiscoidal form (‘‘ Gouldia” being preoccupied among marine shells), I shall call Genus ‘*W1 LKINSON ZA,” in honour to the memory of the lady whose name it bears, as well as to that of Adams, it being the second shell of the kind he described: with a subdivision for those devoid of the lengthened last whorl, but with similar sculpture. Thirdly, those singular shells with somewhat depressed spire, sub- 72 Zoological Society :— angulated on the upper part of the last whorl, then quasi straight or flat at the periphery, and then subangulated again at the base, Genus “ Fapyrenra,”’ in memory of the lamented author of the ‘Flora of Jamaica.’ Fourthly, those shelis which represent the S. pisum, the first type, and are subglobose, SroasroMa. Fifthly, depressed conic shells, like 8. Chittyanum, Genus Metcaureia; S. Chittyanum being the only one described by Adams. Sixthly, the globose, discoidal forms, such as Stoastoma Cumingi- anum (that name being elsewhere preoccupied), I call Genus “ Px- TITIA,”’ as the second named by Adams, and in compliment to M. Petit de la Saussaye. Seventhly, globose conic shells, like S. Lindsleyanum, I call Genus “ LINDSLEYA.” And, eighthly, the subdiscoidal, like S. Blandianum, I nominate Genus ‘‘ Buanpra.” STOASTOMIDA, Adams. Genus I. Lewrsta, Chitty. Quasi double-mouthed. Lewisia AGassiz1aNna, Chitty. See Stoastoma Agassizianum, Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 158; Cat. Phan. p. 234. The habitat of this shell is near Ackendown, Westmoreland. The “ deposit,”’ of which Adams speaks, is still remaining in one of my specimens (the original type), and beyond a doubt is the operculum, like many others I shall describe. It is so fixed in the aperture, that I will not risk its breakage in removal, and so I cannot fully describe it. It is excessively concave in its centre, continued on the labial side in a long, broad, smooth, shining convex plate, shaped like a tongue, and extending almost and sinking into the opposite extreme of “ the spiral lamella excessively developed and soldered,” &c., as described by Adams. LewisiA Puixtrpprana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Philippianum, Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 158; Cat. Phan. p. 235. Operculum, still ? Hab. Burnt Hill, near Ackendown, Westmoreland, non Acken- down. Lewisita WoopwarpiAna, Chitty. Hab. ? Hanover (unique). Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, 14 spiral carinee, widely apart, rather blunt ; about 4 visible on the penult whorl, lines of growth well defined. Spzre, very slightly elevated, with concave outlines. Whorls, 4, very slightly rounded, with a lightly impressed suture ; last whorl well rounded. Aperture, well detached from the body-whorl, slightly depressed and slightly con- stricted, semielliptical. Labrum, double, slightly thickened, reflected The Hon. E. Chitty on the Stoastomide. 73 and rounded off, smooth, plain, not scolloped. Ladium, straight, edge produced angularly in its centre, and much rounded and re- flected towards the umbilicus. Ladral lamella (see ante), Tises somewhat abruptly from the labrum, forming a cavity longer in its interior than the aperture, and joins the last whorl below, beyond the umbilicus, by rather a sharp inflection upwards; so that from its junction to outside the labium is not wider than the lesser dia- meter of the aperture; exteriorly very convex, with a deep suture between it and the last whorl beneath. Umdilicus, concealed. Oper- culum, ? Height 0°057, greatest breadth 0°083, least breadth 0°07. Named in compliment to S. P. Woodward, Esq., British Museum, author of ‘ Manual of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ &c. Lewista MacAnprewiana, Chitty (unique). Hab. Near the Botanic Garden, St. Andrew’s. The smallest Stoastoma ! Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pearl white, semitransparent, most likely therefore a young shell. Scu/pture, 25 equidistant fine spiral carinee. Spire, much depressed, with convex outlines. Whor!s, 34, well rounded, with rather a deep suture ; last whorl well rounded. Aperture, well rounded, more than a semicircle, very slightly ex- panded below ; a little detached from penult whorl and very slightly depressed. Labrum, slightly double, thin, reflected very shortly, white, shining, smooth, planular. Labium, well detached from penult whorl, rather lower than plane of labrum, very slightly curved to the right below. Umbilicus, N.B.! apparently very shallow, but covered by an externally convex white callosity, which proceeds from behind the upper end of the labium and covers the umbilicus, and is attached to the body-whorl all but at its extreme left ; whereunto it may, in older specimens, be entirely soldered. This, though in- complete at the aperture, bears the characters of a complete shell. The labral lamella is very slightly produced, rounded at its edge, quite separate from the above callosity on the right, but apparently joining the exterior of it on the left, round the umbilical region. Height 0:024, greatest breadth 0-046, least breadth 0°036. I have some doubts as to placing this unique specimen in this subgenus, but think that, from the callosity over the umbilicus and its seeming immaturity, and the appearance that the labral lamella is not complete, it will, from older or other specimens, be found to be properly classed. Named in compliment to Robert MacAndrew, Esq., so well known from his valuable dredging operations. Genus IJ. Wrik1nson a, Chitty. § 1. Shell subdiscoidal ; last whorl extraordinarily produced. Sculp- ture, a few strong and many fine caring. Wirxinson2s WILKINSON ANA, Chitty. Hab. Yallahs Hill, East face. The symmetrical form and beautiful sculpture induce me to rank 74 Zoological Society :— it first. It was also the second Stoastoma found, though not.de- scribed till long after S. Gouldianum, the latter in Sept. 1849 and the former in Oct. 1850; for Adams at that time was inclined to treat it as a mere variety ! Stoastoma Wilkinsoneanum, Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 148 ; Cat. Phan. p. 233. Witxinsonma Goutpiana, Chitty. Hab. The backwoods in Manchester’s highest mountains, north- ern region. Stoastoma Gouldianum, Ad. See Mon. Stoast. Adams, 1849, p. 5; Cat. Phan. p. 232. Var. a. Ad. Same habitat. Labrum not so much produced above. Aperture more cupped and expanded in proportion. (See, as above.) Var. 6. Chitty. Hab. Trelawny, still further north. Is much smaller than var. a., and labrum and aperture are mini- ature of S. Gouldianum proper. Height 0:035, greatest breadth 0-073, least breadth 0-058. WILKINSON&ZA SCHOMBURGKIANA, Chitty. Hab. Moreland, Manchester. Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, semitransparent very pale horn. Seulp- ture, lines of growth very apparent ; counting from the suture, there are five less prominent and then one very prominent rounded spiral ca- rine, three less and one very prominent, two less and one very pro- minent, two less and one prominent, three less and one very promi- nent, and eight less, gradually becoming finer round the umbilicus : visible on the upper whorls, three less, one prominent and two less. Spire, much depressed, with considerably convex outlines. Whorls, 32rds, well rounded but flattened at the lower part; suture ver lightly impressed. Aperture, constricted at more than the width of the last whorl from the labrum, about 0°015, and then convexly rounded externally and concavely internally ; widely expanded, de- flected below, subsemielliptical. Labrum, leaves the body at about 50°, very much thickened and reflected ; pure white; deeply scol- loped by the strong spiral carine, which form five blunted points. Labium*, nearly straight above, curved below abruptly to the right and then to the left back again ; much below the plane of the labrum, joining it at about the constriction of the aperture above, but rising to the plane below. Umdbilicus, narrow and deep. Labral lamella, very slightly rounded, and projecting at its junction with the labrum, narrow and slightly produced below. Operculum, very broadly margined all round by a wide convex fold and a raised lamella on the labral side like the capital italic D ; very deeply concave, with, in the hollow, three or four rounded raised ridges crossing diagonally from right above to left below, which are finely decussated diagonally * It is. singular, that out of only ten specimens, every one should have the operculum which partially hides the labium, The Hon. E. Chitty on the Stoastomidee. 75 from left to right, the labral side finely plaited, the lower left end expanding broadly, and folding over the lower part of the Jabium in thin plaits or laminze; which plaits are continued on the lower side of the operculum. A very interesting shell. Height 0°039, greatest breadth 0°074, least breadth 0-053. Named in honour of Sir Robert Schomburgk, the celebrated traveller in Guiana, and great naturalist, &c. WILkrnson#A Apportriana, Chitty. Hab. ? Hanover. Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, white, subtransparent, shining. Sculpture, five very strong spiral carinze, with, at the periphery, two highly microscopic, scarcely visible, intervening between the strong lines ; three rather stronger, below the lowest strong carina round the umbilicus ; one strong on the upper whorls. Spire, much depressed, with convex outlines. Whorls, 4, very slightly rounded, with alight suture. dperture, extraordinarily produced from the body-whorl, rather constricted far away from the labrum, and rather cupped inwards to the labrum; flattened above, expanded and depressed below, semielliptical. Labrum, extraordinarily produced and de- pressed at the uppermost strong spiral carina, slightly scolloped and pectinated at and by the other strong carinz, reflected and thickened slightly. Labium, widely detached from the body-whorl, very little curved to the right below, very much below the plane of the labrum. Umbilicus, shallow and broad. Labral lamella, slightly and angu- larly spread out close to the labrum, then thin and narrow and not concealing the umbilicus. Operculum, most extraordinary, and who can describe it?! Very deeply concave in the middle, with a broad raised margin all round, very broad and much rounded on the labial side, which has a largely developed tooth-like horizontal plait or fold half-way down it descending into the hollow, and a much larger one proceeding from the lowest labial side, flowing, as it were, to the left well over the labial side, and also over the labium, not concealing the lowest part of the operculum, but showing the lowest part of the labial side to be broad and spreading,—trumpet-shaped. Un- fortunately I possess but two specimens, ouly one having the oper- culum, which is so firmly fixed in the shell that I dare not further attempt its extraction, and therefore I cannot further examine its extraordinary structure. Height 0°034, greatest breadth 0°066, least breadth 0°049. Named in compliment to Captain George Abbott, of the R.W.I. Steam Mail Company’s Service (at present commanding the ‘ Mag- dalena’), for his great care and attention in procuring and pre- Bering specimens of natural history for the Zoological Society of ondon. WILKINSONZA JARDINEIANA, Chitty. Hab. Swift River Head, St. George’s. Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, lines of growth visible; seven strong spiral carinze, without intervening fine ones ; three strong, on upper whorls. Spire, slightly elevated, with 76 Zoological Society :— concave outlines. Whorls, 4, moderately convex, with a lightly im- pressed suture ; last whorl wholly detached from the penult, extend- ing about one- third the widest breadth of the shell beyond it, and an- cularly and pointedly produced above. Aperture, slightly constricted about the point of attachment to the penult whorl, then bulging or swelling out and becoming slightly constricted at nee labrum ; semi- elliptic, but modified by the below-mentioned depression of the labrum, and production of the last whorl, and also, in a correspond- ing degree, on the lower side. Labrum, produced above to an extra- ordinary degree at the second carina, and there very much depressed or bent inwar ds, thickened and reflected ; very slightly scolloped by the spiral carinee. Labium, much detashed from the penult whorl ; upon a plane with the lower part of the labrum, but much below it above; slightly sinuate above, and very much so to the right at its junction =a the labrum below. Uidilicus, moderately deep, only partially concealed by the labial lamella, which is narrow and shortly incurved towards the umbilicus. Operculum, ? Height 0-024, greatest breadth 0°059, least breadth 0°042. Named j in compliment to my friend Sir William Jardine, Bart., of Applegarth. WILKINsoN#ZA GREENWOODIANA, Chitty. Hab. ? Hanover. Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, lines of growth visible ; three fine spiral carinze and one strong, and so on until the fifth strong carina, below which, round the umbilicus, are six fine carinze ; on the upper whorls one strong in the centre of six fine carinz. Spire, depressed with convex outlines. Whorls, 52, slightly convex, with lightly impressed suture. Aperture, separated from penult whorl in an elegant curved line, more than semicircular, rather flattened above and very slightly expanded. Labrum, spread- ing not very prominently above, white and smooth, slightly reflected and expanded about its centre, pectinated very slightly by four of the stronger carine. Labium, slightly detached from penult whorl ; sinuous, thin, and slightly reflected; on the plane of the labram below, much below it ohare: Tee moderately deep and nar- row, well circumscribed by the labial lamella, which is sharply and slightly produced. Operculum, ———? Height 0°032, greatest breadth 0°054, least breadth 0-044. Named in compliment to Major Greenwood, whose collection of shells from New Zealand was sent by him to the British Museum. Wiixinson#A LarpiawiAna, Chitty. Hab. Pool’s Rock, Hanover. Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale green. Sculpture, 1st, 2nd and 3rd spiral carine, strong; 4th strongest ; 5th, 6th and 7th strong ; 8th strongest ; 9th, 10th. and 11th strong ; ]2th strongest ; 13th, 14th and 1 5th strong; 16th strongest; 17th, 18th and ‘19th strong; 20th strongest ; 2ist and 22nd stronger ; 23rd, 24th, 25th and 26th, round umbilicus, fine; the strong “limes are all obsolete behind the aperture ; on the upper whorls are 5 strong, | strongest, The Hon. E. Chitty on the Stoastomide. 77 and 2 stronger carinee. Spire, slightly elevated, with convex out- lines. Whorls, 34, well rounded, with deep suture. Aperture, very slightly constricted at a distance from the labrum, and the strong carinee become obsolete ; thence, aperture well expanded; rather depressed above and expanded below; more than a semicircle. La- brum, very double, more so above than below ; joins the body-whorl at the constriction by an angle of about 70°; rather strongly pro- duced at the first strongest carina; deeply and broadly pectinated and scolloped between the strongest carinze, namely the 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th, and 20th, making five points; slightly thickened and reflected ; white. Ladbium, slightly reflected, rather thin, slightly curved to the right above and below ; well detached from the body- whorl; below the plane of the labrum. Umdbilicus, moderately deep, broad ; little affected by the /abral lamella, though it is equally aud strongly produced all round. Opercu/um, shallow in the centre and very flatly concave, with two sharp diagonal carinz across it, from right above to left below: labral side with a broad border and raised lamella: upper end, diagonally plaited from left above to right below, and lower end the same, only from right above to left below. Height 0-036, greatest breadth 0-064, least breadth 0-048. Named in kind remembrance of my bosom friend, Henry Laid- law, Esq., Stipendiary Justice, Manchester, Jamaica. § 2. Last whorl not strongly produced. Sculpture a few strong, and many fine carine. WiLkinson#A Tarraniana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Teppania- num, Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 149; Cat. Phan. p. 233. Hab. Peace River, Manchester. Wixixinson#®A Houianprana, Chitty. See Stoasfoma Hol- landianum, Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 149; Cat. Phan. p. 234. Hab. The back woods of Manchester. Wivkinson2A Dysontana, Chitty. Hab. John Crow Hill, Portland. Form, subdiscoidal or very depressed conic. Co/our, very pale yellow. Sculpture, beautiful,—6 very highly raised sharp spiral carinze, with about 11 very fine highly microscopic carinz inter- vening in the first space below the suture, 9 on the second space, 7 on the third, fewer on the fourth and fifth, and very numerous beyond the sixth strong carina round the umbilicus. On the upper whorls, one strong carina in the middle, and one close above the suture, with a proportionate number of very fine intervening. Spire, slightly elevated, with very convex outlines. Apex, sharp. Whorls, ?, scarcely rounded, with very light suture; last whorl scarcely produced from the body-whorl. Aperture, very slightly constricted at the fauces, not expanded, except very slightly below. Ladrum, pectinated and very slightly scolloped by the six strong carine, thin and sharp. Labium, detached from the penult whorl; on a plane with the labrum, very slightly rounded above, much below to the 78 Zoological Society. right. Umbilicus, very deep and suddenly narrowed. Labral lamella, very strongly produced close to the labrum above, less prominent round the umbilicus. Operculum, slightly concave in the middle, with a deep broad margin all round, very fine granulations in the hollow, with (?) four very fine distant carinz crossing diagonally from right above to left below. Height 0:04, greatest breadth 0°066, least breadth 0°053. Named in compliment to the memory of the late Mr. David Dyson of Salford, so well known for his zoological researches in Central America, Venezuela, Xe. Wiikinson%A Haneyana, Chitty. Hab. Pool’s Rock, Hanover. Form, subdiscoidal, or very depressed conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, lmes of growth, wide apart: 3 strong spiral care ; 4th, stronger; 3 strong; 8th, stronger; 3 strong; 12th, stronger ; 3 strong; 16th, stronger; 2 strong; 19th, stronger; and 4 strong round the umbilicus. On the upper whorls, 3 strong; 1 stronger ; and 3 strong. Spire, slightly elevated, with straight or very slightly concave outlines. Whorls, 33, well rounded with light suture. Aperture, much constricted behind the labrum, and then much di- lated ; depressed above and expanding below ; subsemicireular. La- brum, double, slightly produced above ; pectinated and slightly scol- loped by the five stronger carinz ; attached to the body-whorl and produced at an angle of about 70°; slightly thickened and reflected. Labium, much lower than the plane of the labrum above ; less so, below, moderately detached from the body-whorl ; rather curved at both extremities. Umbilicus, shallow and broad, not affected by the labral lamella, which is fine and narrow throughout. Operculum ? Height 0°041, greatest breadth 0-061, least breadth 0°047. Named in compliment to Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., author of ‘ Bri- tish Shells,’ &c. WiLkinson#A BensontrAna, Chitty. Hab. Roaring River, Westmoreland. Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, rather dark brown. Sculpture, six prominent sharp spiral carinze intermingled with eighteen less strong : on the upper whorls, one strong between about six less strong. Spire, very little elevated, with slightly concave outlines. Whorls, 34, slightly rounded with a very light suture. Aperture, semicir- cular, depressed above in the uppermost third, much expanded below. Labrum, much and pointedly produced above, at an angle of about 75° from the body-whorl, white, slightly thickened and re- flected, angulated, not pectinated, by all five pomts of the sharper carine. Labium, rather curved below, much detached from body- whorl, on a plane with the labrum at the lower end, much below it above. Umdbilicus, rather deep and broad. Labral lamella, regu- larly produced, strong but narrow, subangularly pointed close at the labrum. Operculum, moderately concave, serpentine on the labial side, with a groove on the labral side. Height 0:027, greatest breadth 0-049, least breadth 0-038. Miscellaneous. 79 Named in compliment to W. H. Benson, Esq., who has contri- buted so much to our knowledge of Indian land-shells. Wirkinson®A Movussoniana, Chitty. Hab. Yallahs Hill. Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, white, semitransparent. Sculpture, 22 lines, four of which are very slightly stronger than the rest, lowest most strong and prominent ; on the upper whorls, 7. Spire, slightly elevated, with convex outlines. Whorls, 34, slightly rounded, with a light suture. dperture, slightly expanded and depressed below, more than a semicircle. Labrum, thickened and reflected, double above, very slightly scolloped by the four stronger carinze, or rather the labrum is produced in straight lines to meet each stronger carina, forming three straight lines scarcely pectinated, in octagonal shape, moderately and roundly produced above from the body-whorl. Labium, rather curved, below the plane of the labrum above, mode- rately detached from the body-whorl. Umbilicus, deep. Labral lametla, sharply, finely and uniformly produced. Operculum, slightly concave, smooth, with ? two strong rounded carinze vertically cross- ing the hollow. Height 0-035, greatest breadth 0°058, least breadth 0-042. Named in complimentto Prof. A. H. Mousson of Zurich, Switzerland. [To be continued. } MISCELLANEOUS. On some Eggs of Insects employed as Human Food, and giving rise to the formation of Oolites in Lacustrine Limestones in Mexico. By M. Virvet p’Aovust. Tue author states that the bottom of the lakes of Chalco and Tezcuco, which border the city of Mexico, consists of a calcareous mud, of a whitish-grey colour, the formation of which is still in pro- gress, as indicated by the remains of human industry which occur in it. Whenever he observed these calcareous deposits uncovered by water, he was struck with finding that they constituted oolites exactly identical in appearance, and in the form and size of the grains, with those of the Jurassic system. On mentioning this circumstance to Mr. J. C. Bowring, director of the salt-works of Tezcuco, in whose trenches the oolitic structure was clearly exhibited, he stated that these oolites were formed by the eggs of insects, which are subse- quently incrusted by the calcareous concretions constantly deposited by the waters of the lake. It appears, from the further statements of the author, that, espe- cially in October, the lake is haunted by millions of small flies, which after dancing in the air, plunge down into the shallower parts of the water to a depth of several feet, and deposit their eggs at the bottom. The eggs of these insects are called Hautle (Haoutle) by the Mexican Indians, who collect them in great numbers, and with whom they appear to be a favourite article of food. They are prepared in various : ways, but are usually made into cakes, which are eaten with a sauce flavoured with chillies. 80 Miscellaneous. To collect the eggs, the Indians prepare bundles of rusbes, which they place vertically in the lake, at some distance from the shore. In about a fortnight, every rush in these bundles is completely covered with eggs; the bundles are then drawn out and dried in the sun, upon a cloth, for not more than an hour, when the eggs are’ easily detached. The bundles of rushes are then placed in the water again for another crop.— Comptes Rendus, Nov. 23, 1857, p. 865. On a new Lagomys and a new Mustela inhabiting the North Region of Sikhim and the proximate parts of Tibet. By B. H. Hopeson, Fsq., B.C.S Mustre.a Témon, nob. Teémon of the Tibetans. This species is 95 inches long from snout to vent, and the tail is 64 more. Its fur is short, aye and straight, being scarcely longer -on the tail than on the body. The colour is, nee and laterally, with the entire tail, brunnescent fawn; below, entirely pale pure yellow, save the head and margin of the upper lip, which, as well as the limbs, are canescent ; the feet: however, with more or less of a brownish tint to the front or exter nally y- The tail is 2rds the length of the animal. The fur is 2ths of an inch long and very fine. The dimensions are as follows :— inches. Snout to vent ...... Sik 2s Bee ERNE L ead «a2 ag oi cae oan ee 2 Pail and halt, .6ce..46 gaeeios atte 64 Tail, less hair (334 2A eee 54 Fara. 50 isenoo tee dabiie me ee 02 Palma vand nails os 888) wei ate 1} Planta and nails ... 14 Lacomys Curzonta, nob. . Female.—Similar to the male in colour, but all the hues much paler, and the markings much less strongly defined. Young.—In this state the whole of the head, all the upper sur- face, wing-coverts, throat, and breast are of a pale glaucous green ; the rump and upper tail-coverts and the tail similar to the same parts in the male, but not so bright ; and the lower part of the ab- domen is greyish white, with faint stains of scarlet. In the notes accompanying the specimens, Mr. Elsey states that they were procured on the 14th of Sept., 1856, in lat. 18° S. and long. 141° 30’ E., that their crops contained some monocotyledonous seeds, and that the os furcatorium was small, but well-developed ; of this he was certain, as he had a discussion with Mr. Gregory on the subject, and dissected on the same day Platycercus palliceps and Aprosmictus erythropterus, and noticed that while the former was entirely destitute of that bone, and had only a weak ligamentous band in its place, the latter had a distinct os furcatorium closely re- sembling that of Psephotus. Ue remarked, too, that the flight of the Psephotus was swift and decided; and adds, that he never saw it on the ground, although the contents of its crop would indicate that it obtained its food there. The Malurus Mr. Gould designated MALURUS CORONATUS, Male.—Crown of the head rich lilac purple, with a triangular spot of black in the centre, and bounded below by a band af velvety black, which commencing at the nostrils passes backwards through the eve, dilates upon the ear-coverts, and meets at the back of the neck ; back and wings light brown ; tail bluish green, becoming of a deeper hue towards the extremity; lateral feathers margined ex- ternally and tipped with white; under surface buffy white, becoming gradually deeper on the flanks and vent ; irides brown; bill black ; feet fleshy brown. Total length, 63 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 21; tail, 32; tarsi, 11. Female.—All the upper surface light brown; lores and. space behind the eye white ; ear-coverts chestnut ; in other respects similar to the male. Hab. Victoria River, North-Western Australia. The Petroica he proposed to call PEeTROICA? CERVINIVENTRIS, _« All the upper surface, wings and tail chocolate-brown ; line over the-eye, throat, tips of the greater wing-coverts, base of the pritna> 152 Zoological Society :—. ries, base and tips of the secondaries, and tips of the tail, white ; breast grey; abdomen deep fawn colour, becoming almost white in the centre ; bill black; feet blackish brown ; irides dark brown. Total length, 6} inches; bill, 3; wing, 3}; tail, 32; tarsi, 3. Hab. Victoria River, North-western Australia, The three birds above described are in the British Museum. The next species to which Mr. Gould directed attention was a new Hawk belonging to the genus Spilornis, and which differs remarkably from the 8S. undulatus or Bacha of the continent of India, and the S. holospilus of Manilla. For this bird he proposed the appellation of SPILORNIS RUFIPECTUS. Crown of the head and the lengthened feathers of the occiput deep black, the occipital plumes margined at the tip with rufous ; feathers at the nape black, margined with rufous, showing conspicu- ously ; all the upper surface and wings dark chocolate-brown, with paler edges ; chin and sides of the neck greyish black ; chest deep cinnamon-brown ; primaries and secondaries blotched with white at intervals on their internal web; under wing-coverts, abdomen, vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts cinnamon-brown, crossed by bands composed of two large spots of white bounded above and below with a narrow line of black ; tail dark brown, crossed near the base by a narrow and not very distinct band of greyish, and near the apex by broad bands of a lighter hue passing into whitish on the edges of the internal webs and narrowly edged at the tip with pale reddish- brown and white ; bill blackish-brown ; the cere, naked orbits, and feet appear to have been yellow. Total length, 194 inches ; bill, 13; wing, 133; tail, 9; tarsi, 23. Hab. Celebes, vicinity of Macassar. From the collection of Mr. Wallace. The next was a highly interesting species of Bullfinch, which he designated PyRRHULA AURANTIACA. Male. Bill, face, wings, and tail deep purplish-black ; rump, upper and under tail-coverts white ; the remainder of the upper and under surfaces rich reddish-orange, deepest above ; the lesser wing- coverts are also reddish-orange, as is the apical half of the inner- most of the greater wing-coverts, while the outer ones are slightly tipped with buffy-white ; irides black ; feet pinky-flesh colour. Total length, 5} inches; wing, 31; tail, 23; tarsi, $. Female. Has the black circle round the bill; head and neck ash- coloured ; back ash colour, tinged with orange-red ; lower parts like those of the male, but much less brilliant and approaching to olive. For his knowledge of this pretty species Mr. Gould was indebted to the researches of Dr. A. Leith Adams of the 22nd Regiment, who killed it on the Western Himalayas, and who states that he Mr. J. Gould on new species of Birds. 153 first met with it in the month of March 1852, on one of the wooded slopes of the Pir Pinjal Mountains, westward of the valley of Cash- mere; its habits closely resemble those of P. erythrocephala, fre- quenting as it does thick bushy places, and being usually seen in small societies. It is not uncommon in the valleys and jungles around Cashmere. Dr. Adams remarks that, although the two species are so similar in their habits and in the localities they fre- quent, he never met with them in company; but noticed that while the P. erythrocephala was tolerably abundant in the ranges around Simla, the present species was only seen on the hills in the neigh- bourhood and to the westward of Cashmere. Its call is not so loud as that of P. vulgaris, and somewhat resembles the chirp of the Greenfinch, Chlorospiza chloris. Fora new Motmot Mr. Gould proposed the name of Momotus £QUATORIALIS. Crown of the head deep black, surrounded by a zone of verditer green, to which succeeds a line of fine deep blue from the anterior portion of one eye round the occiput to the anterior portion of the other; to this succeeds a fringe of deep black from the nostrils round the back of the neck ; lores, space below the eye and ear- coverts black, with a very fine fringe of blue on the lower edge and a small tuft of verditer green at its hinder extremity ; all the upper surface green, washed with cinnamon on the shoulders; primaries green on their external webs, black on the inner ; tail dark bluish- green; under surface green, washed with cinnamon and with a tuft of broad round black feathers, margined at their base with verditer green, in the centre of the breast ; bill black ; feet blackish-brown. Total length, 16 inches; bill, 2}; wing, 64; tail, 8; tarsi, 12. Hab. Archidona, near the Equatorial line, on a branch of the Rio Napo. Remark — This is a large and robust species, and differs from all others in the broad spatulate feathers of the breast tuft. A very fine Odontophorus, remarkable for the rich chestnut-red colouring of its under surface, received the appellation of ODONTOPHORUS HYPERYTHRUS. Crown of the head, wings, and upper surface of the body dark brown, minutely freckled with black ; orbits naked, beset with minute white feathers continued in a stripe behind the eye; on the centre of the back and wing-coverts are large blotches of velvety-black ; and at the tip of the innermost secondaries a small oval spot of buff ; throat, sides of the chest, breast, and abdomen dark chestnut-red ; vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts blackish-brown, indistinctly banded with dark sandy red; tail nearly black ; bill and feet blackish- brown. Total length, 10 inches; bill, 3; wings, 5}; tail, 21; tarsi, 21, Hab. Santa Fé de Bogota. Remark.—For this bird Mr. Gould is indebted to the Messrs. 154 Botanical Society of Edinburgh. Verreaux of Paris, who obtained it in a collection from Santa Fé de Bogota. In size it fully equals, if it does not exceed, O. dentatus and O. speciosus, from which latter it differs in the total absence of any black on the throat. BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. November 12, 1857.—Professor Balfour, V.P., in the Chair. The Chairman gave an account of an excursion with some of his pupils to Arran. The party collected 500 species of plants, of which 1-25th consisted of true Ferns. The following papers were read :— 1, “ Notice of Abnormality in a Flower of Lilium,” by J.Christian, Esq. e this Lily there are ten sepals, eleven stamens, and two ovaries ; the petiole is slightly flattened, and appears to be formed of two petioles united. The monstrous flower is undoubtedly formed, not by the growth of additional parts, nor by the splitting of organs during their development, but by the fusion of two flowers into one. According to this view, the number of parts should be as follows :— sepals, twelve; stamens, twelve; ovaries, two. Two of the sepals seem to be lost by adhesion, as is indicated by two of them present- ing a slight cleft towards the apex, showing apparently that they are double. Add this number two to the number actually in the flower, ten, and we have the proper number, twelve. There were only eleven stamens. He is unable to account for the missing stamen further than by supposing that it may be due to adhesion or abortion, 2. “Short Notice of a peculiar form of Fungus,’ by James Young, M.D. It was found by Dr. Young while assisting Mr. Edwards in the operation of excision of the knee-jcint. The patient (an Irishman) was, after the operation, laid on a new and clean bed, with a hair- mattress, which had been previously covered with gutta-percha sheeting. The patient lay in considerable comfort for some days. The bed, however, became very soon damp, and it was found neces- sary to have him changed. On-the fourteenth day after the opera- tion, he was removed from the bed till the mattress was changed, and a new one substituted, when attention was directed to an ex- traordinary appearance on the under part of the bed, where the Fungus was produced in large quantity, growing both from the spar and from the mattress. The bed was thoroughly cleaned ; but in spite of this, at the expiry of nine or ten days, the same appear- ance was again presented, the Fungus being nearly in equal quantity as before. 3. ‘ Remarks on the above Fungus,” by the Rev, M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S; The Fungus is an imperfect state of some Coprinus, A similar fase is reported in some Italian Transactions, and I-resollect one Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 155 which occurred at St. George’s Hospital in 1825. The treatise to which I allude is entitled ‘Sopra aleuni Funghi ritrovati nell’ appa- rechio di una frattura, Modena, 4to, 1805. Targioni-Tozzetti.’ 4. “Notice of the discovery of a new station in Britain for Poly- gonatum verticillatum,” by the Rey. W. Herdman. The station is Drimmie Burn Den, near Glen Ericht Cottage, parish of Rattray. It was found at Strone of Cally, by Dr. Barty, some years ago, and has been long known at Craighall. The Drim- mie station is nearly intermediate in position between these two places, which are about four miles apart. December 10, 1857.—Dr. Seller, President, in the Chair. The office-bearers for the ensuing year were elected, viz. :— President, Dr. Seller; Vice-Presidents, Professor Gregory, Pro- fessor Balfour, Dr. W. H. Lowe, Andrew Murray, W.8.; Secretary, Dr. Greville; Assistant-Secretary, Dr. George Lawson. The following papers were read :— 1. “ Notice of Egyptian Plants,” by Dr. John Kirk. Dr. Kirk gave a short account of a tour in Egypt and Syria during the spring of 1857, and exhibited specimens of the more interesting plants. 2. “Notice of Plants found in the neighbourhood of Comrie, Perthshire,” by Mr. D. P. Maclagan. Mr. Maclagan called attention to the importance of a knowledge of local floras, as a means of extending our knowledge of the geographical distribution of plants. After a few remarks on the situation and climate, he described some of the more important parts of the di- strict, and laid a detailed list of the plants on the table; including varieties, 442 had been noted, consisting of Thalamiflore, 68; Ca- lycifloree, 98 ; Corollifloree, 120 ; Monochlamydee, 37; Florideze, 30; Glumiferz, 70; and Acrogene, 19. 3. ‘Contributions to Microscopical Analysis. No.1. Tobacco,” by Dr. George Lawson. Dr. Lawson called attention to the imperfect descriptions that existed of the histological characters of tobacco, and the consequent liability to error in microscopical analysis. It has been customary to characterize the tobacco as distinguished by its hairs being ‘ glan- dular,’ or having an ‘enlargement’ or ‘roundish swelling’ at the tips; but this very imperfectly indicates the peculiar structure of these hairs, which, although extremely variable in size and general form, present certain characters in their lower cells, and in the strue- ture of the glands at their tips, which are very constant and of great practical value. ‘The characteristic hair of the tobacco-leaf varies from 1-20th to 1-100th of an inch in length, and is generally thick and.gonty at the base, and tapering towards the extremity where the glandular structive is placed j that structure is of an‘ oval or 156 Geological Society :— rounded form, and consists of a few closely packed but well-defined cells, which are very much shorter than the other cells of the hair. The elongated cells of the body of the hair (of which the lower one is most characteristic on account of its very large size), contain fine colourless, granular matter, and generally nuclei; but the secreting cells are well furnished with colouring matter of a reddish-brown, but sometimes of a green colour. A one-inch object-glass, recom- mended for the examination of tobacco, is usually insufficient to show the structure of the gland, and the mere presence of ‘ glandular hairs’ proves nothing, these being common in plants. It is also necessary to keep in view that many small hairs occur on tobacco- leaves which are normally without glands. The glandular hairs are most abundant at the tips of the shoots, and especially on the calyx and flower-stalks of the tobacco. ‘To the fact that epidermal hairs are so frequently organs of secretion, Gasparrini has recently added the additional one, that they are also the organs of absorption. 4, “Notice of Galls found on the Leaves of the Beech,” by Mr. James Hardy. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. January 6, 1858.—Major-General Portlock, LI..D., President, in the Chair. The following communications were read :— 1. “On Cephalaspis and Pteraspis.” By Prof, Huxley, F.R.S., F.G.S. Of the four species originally included by Prof. Agassiz in the genus Cephalaspis, two, C. Lloydit and C. Lewisii, are so different from the others that the possibility of their proving generically distinct is hinted at in the ‘ Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles.’ Subsequently M. Kner endeavoured to prove that these two species are not fish-remains at all, but are the internal shells of a Cephalo- pod, for which he proposed the generic name of Péeraspis. Roemer has still more recently expressed the opinion that the Pteraspides are Crustacea. ‘These conflicting opinions clearly in- dicate the necessity of revising and comparing anew the characters of the different species of Cephalaspis and Pteraspis. And a still greater interest is lent to the inquiry into the true nature of Pte- raspis, from the fact that species of this genus are now known to occur in undoubtedly Upper Silurian rocks. As the evidence stands at present, they are, if fish, among the oldest (and nearly the very oldest) representatives of their class. In undertaking this inquiry, the author of the present paper con- sidered it desirable, in the first place, to determine with precision the microscopical characters of the shield of Cephalaspis. ‘This shield is exceedingly thin, nowhere exceeding {5th of an inch in thickness on the dorsal surface, and on the ventral suddenly thinning off a little way from the margin into a mere membrane. The subjacent cranium appears to have been wholly composed of cartilaginous or soft fibrous tissue; for the “layer of fibrous bone,” Prof. Huxley on Cephalaspis and Pteraspis. 157 which has been said to exist immediately beneath the shield, is in reality nothing more than the matrix, which in these fossils, as in others, is stained of a deep reddish-brown colour in the immediate neighbourhood of the animal substance ; the “ fibres ” of the-supposed bone are casts of the radiating semi-canals or grooves on the under surface of the shield. The shield consists of three principal layers; the outermost is distinctly laminated, and contains numerous osseous lacunz, whose long axes are disposed at a considerable angle to one another in the successive layers, as in Megalichthys. Vhe lamelle and lacune disappear in the middle and outer layers. ‘The latter is arranged in irregular tubercles, consisting of a substance very similar to the ‘* Kosmine ” of Prof. Williamson. ‘The inner openings of numerous vascular canals are seen as points scattered over the inner surface of the shield. These canals traverse the inner layer obliquely, and then ramify in the middle layer in a very peculiar manner, described at length in the paper. It is from the disposition of these vascular ramifications that the appearance of distinct ossicles or scales, interlocking by sutures, which has been described, arises. The entire absence of any such appearance of sutures on the inner surface of the shield is, indeed, alone sufficient to prove that it is not composed of distinct scales. In the shield of Pteraspis three principal layers are similarly discoverable: the inner is very distinctly laminated; the outer, almost wholly constituted by the characteristic ‘‘ enamel-ridges,” consists of Kosmine. Vascular canals pass from the inner surface, and ramify in the middle layer, terminating in czca in the outer layer, as in Cephalaspis. But there are no osseous lacune; and the vascular canals com- municate with large polygonal cells (which were either empty, or more or less occupied by membranous substance in the recent state) situated in the inner part of the middle layer. Specimens were exhibited in which these cellular cavities were empty; but ordinarily they are filled with the matrix, which then assumes the form of polygonal prisms separated by the thin walls of the cells. It is these prisms which have been mistaken for part of the bony structure itself. On examining a thin section of one of M. Kner’s specimens (for which the author is indebted to the liberality of Sir P. Egerton), the structure, though much altered, showed sufficient similarity to that of the specimens of C. Lloydii in the Museum of the Society to leave no doubt as to the generic identity of the two. The microscopic examination of Pteraspis demonstrates its un- questionably piscine nature ; and shows that, while in many respects similar to Cephalaspis, the species included under Pteraspis are rightly separated from the others. ‘The leading distinctive characters of the former are the absence of osseous lacunz,—the cellular character of the middle layer,—and the ridged and not tuberculated enamel. In conclusion, the author inquired into the evidence of the Ganoid nature of the Cephalaspide, and into the value of the relative and 158 . _ Geological Society. absolute development of the endo- and exo-skeletons in fishes, con- sidered as indications of the perfection of their general organization. 2. “On a New Species of Plesiosaurus; with Remarks on the Structure of the Atlas and Axis, and of the Cranium in that genus.” By Prof. Huxley, F.R.S., F.G.S. The specimen which is the subject of the present paper was pro- cured at Street, near Glastonbury. It is now in the Collection of the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, and will be de- scribed at length in the Decades of the Geological Survey. It approaches most nearly to P. Hawkinsii; but the head is smaller in proportion to the body and neck, and the number of the cervical and dorsal vertebre is different, there being altogether fifty-three cervico-dorsal vertebre, of which thirty are cervical ; while in P. Hawkinsii the cervical vertebre are thirty-one, and the dorsal at least twenty-three. For this species, characterized by fifty-three cervico-dorsal vertebree,—by a cranium at most not more than ;';th of the length of the body, and by having the anterior thirty sencure fully, or more than, equal to four lengths of the cranium, the name of P. Eiheridgii is proposed. Its dimensions are nearly the same as those of P. Hawkinsii, its length being between 7 and 8 feet. By a happy accident the only displacement in the whole length of the vertebral column of this specimen has taken place between the head and the atlas and axis, on the one hand, and between the latter and the third cervical vertebra on the other. By a little careful clearing away of the surrounding parts, it has thus been possible to expose the atlas and axis very easily. They are, as Prof. Owen has stated to be their character in this genus, anchy- losed; but their structure is totally different from what is seen in the Ichthyosaurus, and closely resembles that of the corresponding parts in the Crocodile. An os odontoideum, very similar to that in the Crocodile, represents, as Rathke long since demonstrated in other Repiilia, the central portion of the body of the atlas; while its cortical inferior portion and its neural arches form an anterior arti- cular cup for the occipital condyle, as in the Crocodile. The author next adverts to the many points of structural corre- spondence observable between Plesiosaurus and Teleosaurus, not only as regards the atlas and axis, but as respects the cranium. The existence of a distinct jugal and squamosal, and of a union between the latter and the post-frontal, and the consequent sub- division of the temporal fossa, as in the Crocodile, are indicated. The extension of the exoccipitals and of the pterygoids to the os quadratum is adverted to; and the very backward position of the posterior nares ascribed to Plesiosaurus is questioned. Teleologi- cally, such an arrangement appears not very comprehensible: and, on morphological grounds, it is unlikely ; for the posterior nares are more forward on the base of the skull in Gavialis than in Crocodilus, and far more forward in Teleosaurus than in Gavialis. It seems more probable that the so-called posterior nares of Plesiosaurus correspond with the deep fosse on either side of a prominent median ridge visible on the under surface of the basisphenoid of Te/eosaurus. Miscellaneous. 159 The petrosal bone, completely covered externally by the qua- dratum in Crocodilus, is partially exposed in Gavialis, and com- pletely so in Teleosaurus and in Plesiosaurus. Similar comparisons were pursued with respect to other parts ; and it is shown that in many respects the Te/eosauria bridge over the gap between the long-necked Hnaliosauria and the existing Croco- dilia,—-a conclusion not without interest, when the relations in time of the two orders are considered. MISCELLANEOUS. List of Diatomacee, §e., found in Ceylon. By Dr. Kevaarr. Amphora, sp. Gyrosigma tenuissimum. Eunotia amphioxys. lacustre. Himantidium gracile. Tryblionella, sp. arcus. Amphipleura, sp. Navicula firma. Atrikostoma faleatum. serians, —— leevissima. —— bifrons. rhomboides. Vorticella nebulifera. Stauroneis gracilis. Carchesium polypinum. Pinnularia acuminata. Arcella enchelys. mesolepta. Trachelocerca biceps. viridis. Euglenia, sp. viridula. Cheetophyta cinnamomea, sp. n. gibba. Difflugia liosoma. Surirella panduriformis. Lioptomum. Nitzschia curvula. Trachelomonas gigas. Melosira distans. leevis. Hanoptera semen. granulata. Three species of Nitzschia, nigra, probably new. On the Claws of the Spiders of the genus Mygale. By M. H. Lucas. M. Lucas has recently stated to the Academy of Sciences in Paris, that the claws of the tarsi of the Mygale Blondii and M. nigra, which are inserted above the tarsus, are very mobile, and that they are exserted or retracted by the animal at pleasure, somewhat in the same way as those of the carnivorous mammals of the genus Felis. He has also observed that in these species the hooks of the man- dibles are but slightly moveable, and that they are not developed to the same extent as in many other spiders, such as those of the genera Segestria, Epeira, Tegenaria, &c. During his stay in Algeria on two occasions, M. Lucas had the op- portunity of examining several species of the genus Mygale, amongst others M. barbara, gracilipes, and africana, and in these he observed that the claws were terminal and non-retractile. In these species also the hooks of the mandibles are greatly developed, and serve 160 Miscellaneous. either for digging out galleries in the earth, or for wounding the insects which constitute their prey. From this observation the author proposes to form two divisions in the genus Mygale. These are,— Division A. Claws not terminal, inserted above the tarsus, retrac- tile; hooks of the mandibles but slightly moveable and not much developed. Mygale Blondii, nigra. Division B. Claws of the tarsi terminal, not retractile; hooks of the mandibles much developed. Mygale barbara, gracilipes, afri- cana. The species of the genus Mygale in which the tarsi are clothed beneath with short, close hairs, forming a sort of brush, have the claws retractile and not terminal. Those on the contrary which have elongated hairs instead of a brush on the lower surface of the tarsi, have the claws terminal and not retractile-—Comptes Rendus, 28th December, 1857, p. 1103. Notice of a Large Species of Lineus? taken on the Coast near Mon- trose. By Dr. Joun E. Gray, V.P.Z.S. F.R.S. &e. Mr. Beattie, the Secretary of the Museum of the Natural History Society of Montrose, has kindly presented to the Museum a frag- ment including the head of a large marine worm which was taken off the coast near Montrose on the 18th July, 1857. Mr. Beattie has accompanied the specimen with a figure, and the following note respecting it :— ‘Length varies from 18 to 20 inches. After having been taken a few hours, it divided itself into two pieces of nearly equal length, the posterior of which divided itself into 32 different pieces, all of which seemed to me to move for a whole day ; the head part, con- tinuing to live for two days, moved about, changing its shape con- tinually, and now and then throwing off an additional joint,” The head portion which is in the British Museum resembles the fragment of a very large Lineus, with a large longitudinal mouth opening into a longitudinal cavity, which extends the whole of its length, having a central, broad, longitudinal rounded ridge extending the whole length of the dorsal surface. The sides of the body are irregularly torn. The specimen is in far too imperfect a condition to describe, but T think that it may be provisionally named Inneus Beattici, after its discoverer ; and I hope that we may be favoured with a more perfect description of the animal made from a living specimen. I may observe, that there is a large round hole in the centre of the lower part of the body, about one-fourth the entire length from the mouth, which has been mistaken by some persons for the vent ; but it is evidently an artificial perforation extending entirely through the substance of the body, and piercing both surfaces of the central cavity.—Proc, Zool. Soc, July 28, 1857, THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. (THIRD SERIES.] No. 3. MARCH 1858. XVI.—On the Nidification of Crustacea. By C. Spence Bate, F.L.S., Corr. Memb. of the Dublin University Zoological and Botanical Association *. {With a Plate. ] Tuar animals build nests, some for temporary and others for permanent occupation, is well known; but that any which dwell beneath the sea should do so, was not formerly supposed possible ; and I believe that it is among the more recent of dis- covered facts that some species of Crustacea habitually dwell in abodes of their own construction. The American naturalist, Sayt, was the first who discovered one of the Amphipoda in a small tube which he believed it to occupy as a tenant, in the same way as the Pagurus Bernhardus takes possession of the shell of the Whelk, &. The tube, which was cylindrical, membranaceous, diaphanous, and open at each end, Say thought to have been constructed by an Annelid which had either vacated or been driven from its home; the tube was then taken possession of by the Amphipod. For this animal Say established the genus Cerapus, and named the species ¢ubudaris. He describes the animal as being very active, running with great facility amongst the branches of Fucus, Sertularia, &c., although encumbered by its tube, and, what he thought to be very extraordinary, made use of its four antennz only as feet, the proper feet being all included within the tube, with the exception of the two anterior pairs (gnatho- * Communicated by the author, having been read at the Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society, on Feb. Ist, 1858. + Trans. Philad. Soe. vol. i. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 3. Vol. i. 11 162 Mr. C. Spence Bate on the Nidification of Crustacea. poda), which are used only to seize prey and convey it to the mouth. “The tube is always proportioned to the size of the animal, and appears to invest it closely ; nevertheless, when the animal is prevented from proceeding onwards, it turns its body immediately, protrudes its head from the opposite extremity, and thus makes use of either end indifferently as the anterior part. “When swimming about, one-half of the body is projected from the tube, and is suddenly and repeatedly inflected, so as to pro- ceed forwards by jerks.” We thus perceive that Say was on the verge of a very inter- esting discovery in the habits of the small Crustacea, but, yield- ing to analogous facts, fell short of arriving at the truth. Mr. Templeton, in the 1st volume of the Transactions of the Entomological Society, describes a Crustacean of the same genus which he “observed likewise to dwell within a tube, and which he named Cerapus abditus. Alluding to another species of this genus, Mr. Stimpson says, in his ‘ Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan,’ “ The Cerapus rubricornis inhabits flexible tubes, of sizes corresponding to those of the individuals, composed of fine mud and some animal cement by which it is agglutinated. These tubes are generally adherent for about one-half their length, and closed below. They are usually found in large groups, attached to submarine objects and to each other. The animals are very active, protruding and retracting the anterior portion of their bodies, while their an- tennz are in continual motion, lashing about im search of some object which might serve for food. It is very amusing to watch a colony of these animals, with their comical gestures in their disputes with each other, and their awkward celerity in regain- ing their respective tubes after having left them on temporary excursions. I have in no instance met with an individual trans- porting a free tube, as is said by Mr. Say to be the case with his C. tubularis. There can be no doubt but that the tube is fabri- cated by the animal; and this is not without precedent in the Crustacea, for I have often met with examples of Pagurus which had enlarged their borrowed shells by additions to their aper- tures*. From what I have seen in such species of Corophiide as have fallen under my observation, I am inclined to think that most of the members of that family form more or less permanent tubes under certain circumstances. The Unciola, when kept in captivity, will frequently retire to some corner, and collect the sand around it by some glutinous substance so as to form a cavity, in which it will often remain for some time; but it may * These additions are the result of a sponge growing upon the shell, and not built by the Crab.—C. S. B. Mr. C. Spence Bate on the Nidification of Crustacea. 163 be easily made to leave it, and will make another if it be de- stroyed. On the other hand, some of the other individuals in the same jar will make no tubes; and often, at low water, they may be seen swimming about, perfectly free. The same is true of some of the other species of the family here mentioned, and of many species whose habits I had opportunities of observing in the harbour of Charleston, S.C., in the winter of 1851-52.” Kroyer, in his great work on ‘Scandinavia,’ &c., figures a previously undescribed Crustacean of the same order under the name of Siphonocetus typicus (Pl. VIII. fig. 1), which he found to inhabit small cases (not unlike those made by the Caddis-worm), built of small pebbles, sand, &e. Beyond these facts, Iam not aware of any observations being published upon this curious subject. Some years since, before I gave much attention to the sub- ject, I had in a glass case a few Amphipoda in sea-water, with a little weed. After a short time, an hour or two, I was surprised to find that one of these small creatures had managed to bend round a portion of a leaf of green Ulva upon itself, and cement the same into a tube-like case, in which it lived, putting out its head and antennz only ; upon being disturbed at one extremity, it would quickly turn within its abode, and protrude its head at the other. 1 thought it curious at the time, but pursued it no far- ther, until more recent and longer-extended opportunities showed me that these were by no means isolated instances among Crus- tacea, but that a large and well-marked group enjoy this power; and that this group is again capable of being divided,—one divi- sion being distinguished by the construction of tubes open (occasionally ?) at each end, the other by cases bearing a closer resemblance to nests, irregular in form, short, and open only at one extremity. The animals which construct these two kinds of abodes possess an external structure that distinctly separates them from one another, and both again are distinguishable from the burrowers, or those which dwell in abodes that they have made by exca- vating channels in clay, mud, or wood. Together these three groups form the family Domicola among the Amphipods, but separately they represent distinct sub- families, the value of which rests upon the structure of the ani- mal composing each. It is upon a clear appreciation of this structure that the genus Amphitoé has been removed from the position that has gene- rally been assigned to it by authors, viz. near to Gammarus, and placed among the Podocerides. When engaged in making observations for the “Report on the British Amphipoda” for the British Association, I kept in a glass iis 164 Mr. C. Spence Bate on the Nidification of Crustacea. case several specimens of Amphitoé rubricata which I dredged up at the east end of the Plymouth Breakwater. These varied in their ages, from the very young to the well-advanced adult. In the small tank they soon separated themselves, and remained at rest in the same place. In these places I found that they shortly constructed for themselves nests which appeared to have been formed partly of foreign materials and partly secreted by the animal. A small area around each lair was swept clean, as if, in building, the animal procured all the material within its reach. And it is highly probable that the quantity of secreted matter is regulated by the greater or less amount of building material at hand. We know, in the Spider, that after con- structing one or two webs, its power becomes exhausted. It is therefore desirable that they should economize this capability as much as possible. The Amphitoé generally seek out well- sheltered crevices at the roots of the great Laminaria (Pl. VIII. fig. 5), under stones and other objects that break the wash of the sea, and there construct abodes for themselves, by scratching together any available material within reach, and uniting it into a mass by a substance which they secrete. If we take one of these small nests, and place it under a microscope, we find that it consists, independently of the col- lected material, of a quantity of fine threads, closely woven and knit together, crossing each other in the utmost confusion ; and here and there are seen loops formed by a single thread bemg doubled and spirally twisted upon itself (Pl. VILI. fig. 5a). Mr. Thompson of Belfast has recorded having taken the com- mon shore dAmphitoé (A. litiorina) in a nest; this I have seen, but have had no opportunity of examining its minute structure. It appeared to be more membranous than that of A. rubricata, and to be constructed without any foreign materials*. The Podocerus is the next genus with which we are acquainted as possessing this power. A summer or two since, Mr. Howard Stewart brought me a small bunch of Laomedea, in the branches of which a colony of P. pulchellus had taken up their abode. The nests in this batch assumed a more decided form than those of any other species that I have seen. The form of the nest was narrow at the lower extremity and broad at the upper, at which end, moreover, was an opening into the nest. The top was covered, dome-shaped, except that it somewhat overhung on the side over the entrance to the nest, giving a curved appearance * Since the above was written, I have received, among other Crustacea, a specimen of Amphitoé littorina and its case from Professor Kinahan, of Dublin. This was constructed of bits of weed, sand, &c., bound together by fine threads, similar to that of A. rubricata. I could perceive no spiral loops as shown in PI. VIII. fig. 6 a. Mr. C. Spence Bate on the Nidification of Crustacea. 165 to the structure, somewhat resembling a pear. Many of the nests were in what appeared to be an unfinished state. If so, they were constructed bit by bit, commencing from the smaller extremities, which were attached to the stems of the zoophyte. One side appeared to be so closely built-in with that on which it rested, as to render them very secure and strongly fixed. Another species of this same genus* has been sent to me by Mr. Gosse from Ilfracombe and Tenby, together with the abodes constructed by it. Those found at Ilfracombe were attached to a leaf of green Ulva. They were chiefly gathered about the roots of the plant, but some few were constructed further up. The specimen from Tenby had the nests thickly clustered around the base, and were gradually progressing up the stem of an old Tubularia. These nests, when examined under the microscope, appear to be composed of grains of fine mud cemented by some glutinous material that the animal secretes. Mr. Alder kindly sent me a specimen that he had dredged ; it consisted of small mud-tubes, about a quarter (or little more) of an inch in length, four of which were slenderly attached, at one extremity only, to a bit of Antennularia, Examination proved them to contain a species of Siphonocetus (P|. VIII. fig. 2). Un-- like Kréyer’s species, the tubes of this were formed of mud, laid on, layer after layer, in successive rings, giving a somewhat annular appearance to the structure, We here perceive that it is a more or less permanent habit for the species of several well-marked genera to build by their own exertions abodes in which they dwell. It is only natural to suppose that, having a common instinct, however varied their general form may be, they must in some parts of their struc- ture possess some features common to the whole. It is upon the force of this argument that this group is separated from others to which in their general form they offer a striking resem- blance. Upon the importance of these characters respectively rests the strength of the subfamily Podocerides in a natural clas- sification, as distinct from Corophiides ; for no philosophic natu- ralist could allow a group to be made if the habit were the only resemblance between species, since an apparent eccentricity (of which this class affords abundant examples) must disturb the arrangement. Without examining the whole of the generic characters, we shall, I think, be able to exhibit certain well-marked resemblances * Tam inclined to think it is an undescribed species: it more nearly re- sembles Podocerus (Cerapus) fucicola of Stimpson than either of the other species. - ————————eeeavVOXnV3oVS— 166 Mr. C. Spence Bate on the Nidification of Crustacea. that fully warrant the classification of Amphitoé, Sunamphitoé, Podocerus, Cerapus, and Siphonocetus into a subfamily. The most important parts by which classification can be carried out are the appendages at each extremity,—the antenne and the posterior pleopoda. The gnathopoda also are important ; but they frequently differ in the sexes, and a great variety in their formation is compatible with the integrity of a genus. Amphitoé. Sunamphitoé, ene ‘ sae Cerapus. 4 yt ay € pe c ‘ 6 3 Sh) —— cara Siphonocetus. In Amphitoé the upper antenna has no complementary append- age; in the lower antenna, the flagellum (fig. 1 ¢) terminates simply ; the posterior pleopod (fig. 1 @) is double-branched, one branch being furnished with two or more short, stout spines planted in such a position as to be directed forwards and serve the purpose of hooks; the other is developed in the form of a scale or plate, more or less fringed with fine hairs. The telson (fig. 1b) isa simple plate narrowing posteriorly to an apex. The genus Sunamphitoé is very near to that of Amphitoé, the great difference being that the telson of Sunamphitoé is developed into a single well-formed and powerful hook (fig. 2 5). In Podocerus the upper antenna has a rudimentary secondary appendage (fig. 3d). The flagellum of the lower antenna (c) consists of only a few articulations, and the last two are fur- nished with two or more short, stout, curved, hook-like spines, and a few strong hairs. The posterior pleopod (fig. 3 a) is double- branched; the outer branch with two or more hook-like spines, Mr. C. Spence Bate on the Nidification of Crustacea. 167 the inner more styliform than in Amphitoé, and tipped with one or more short spines. The telson (fig. 3 4) is simple and pointed as in Amphitoé. In Cerapus the upper antenna has a very rudimentary second- ary appendage (fig.4d). The lower antenna has a simple flagellum (c). The posterior pleopod (a) is single-branched, and terminates in two imperfect hooks. The telson (4) is double- lobed, each lobe being covered with a number of short points directed anteriorly. In Siphonocetus the upper antenna is without any secondary appendage ; the lower has the flagellum reduced to two or three stout articulations (fig. 5 c).. The posterior pleopod (a) is single-branched, the terminal joint beimg very short, and fur- nished with two well-formed, powerful hooks. The telson (b) is single(?)-lobed, and furnished with a number of short points directed anteriorly. If we compare the relative parts, we find that the upper an- tenn of Amphitoé, Sunamphitoé, and Siphonocetus are without secondary appendages; while those of Podocerus and Cerapus have them in rudimentary (microscopic) forms. The lower an- tenne of Amphito’, Sunamphitoé, and Cerapus alike possess simple flagella; while those of Podocerus and Siphonocetus have the flagella reduced to two or three strong articulations furnished with stout hairs, some of which in Podocerus are reduced to short, curved spines. The posterior pleopod scarcely differs in Amphitoé, Sunamphitoé, and Podocerus; and in Cerapus it differs from Siphonocetus in the absence of the squamiform branch. The telson in Amphitoé resembles that of Podocerus, while the telson of Cerapus* differs from that of Siphonocetus in the former being double- and the latter bemg single-lobed; whereas the telson of Sunamphitoé is peculiar to itself. The hairs with which many of these Crustacea are furnished evidently constitute a peculiar feature in this small group. Losing their soft and pliant form, they assume that of short points, strong spinous processes, and curved hooks. These changes are brought about to serve some efficient purpose in the ceconomy of the animals. The hooks are placed on the posterior appendages of the several genera, and are so directed that the animals can pull themselves backwards; and when they are * There can be little doubt that Erichthoneus of Edwards is synony- mous with Cerapus of Say, and, according to Dana’s figures, the genus Pyctilus also. The female of Cerapus bears a much nearer resemblance to Podocerus than to its male,—a circumstance that had led me to describe a female Cerapus, in the ‘ Synopsis of the British Edriophthalma,’ as Podo- _cerus punctatus (having never seen the male); it agrees closely with Leach’s specimen of Jassa punctata in the British Museum. 168 Mr. C. Spence Bate on the Nidification of Crustacea. situated upon the antenne, they are so arranged that they can pull themselves forwards. The antenne in Podocerus and Ce- rapus are, from their structure, evidently used as organs of pre- hension; and useful they are, no doubt, in their excursions through the tangled maze of numerous zoophytes and forests of weed that hang around the floating masses where they mostly love to dwell. : There can be little doubt, I think, that the hooks at the posterior extremities of the animals enable them to retire into their cases, and to turn round when they are within, which they do with a celerity that is noticeable. Those Amphipoda that inhabit hollows which they make by burrowing into wood, clay, &c., such as Corophium and its near allies, exhibit a marked distinction in their formation: they penetrate by the aid of their anterior limbs. Thus we see the inferior antennz developed into powerful (sometimes mon- strous) organs, and used for breaking down the mud into which they excavate, for the purpose, it is supposed, of feeding upon the worms that dwell within it. In proportion to the power given to the anterior part, by so much does the posterior appear to be enfeebled. The posterior pleopoda in Corophium aud Un- ciola lose their importance, and in Cyrtophium become rudi- mentary. The distinct characters exhibited in the structure of this latter subfamily (Corophiides) are of such importance, that it is impossible to class the animals in the same group with Poducerus, although there are certain similar features in their habits which have in- duced authors to place them nearer to each other. Habit alone cannot be trusted to define the position of an animal in relation to its connexion with others of its class. Of this we have examples in Chelura and Phronima. The former, like Corophium, burrows for food, but instead of pene- trating into mud, eats its way into submarine wood; but its structure is so anomalous when compared with others of its class, that every naturalist has thought it desirable to place it in a family by itself. With regard to Phronima our knowledge is small: its habit is that of an inhabitant of the gill-cavities of some one or more species of Medusa; but in the Collection of the British Museum entrusted to my care for examination is a very curious case that was sent home from Naples by S. P. Pratt, Esq., as bemg the one in which the animal was taken (Pl. VIII. fig.6). The structure is thick, fleshy, semitransparent, and studded over the surface and round the two orifices—one of which is smaller than the other— with numerous white excrescences. Examination with the micro- scope (fig. 6a) shows the substance to be pervaded by bundles Mr. H. J. Carter on a Lacustrine Bryozoon allied to Flustra. 169 of fibres ; each fasciculus is twisted together near its centre; these, some of them being larger than others, star the structure thickly, and still more plentifully where the white excrescences appear. I am not prepared to state that this case was built by the animal, and some have suggested that it may be one of the Meduse ; but the microscopic structure appears to negative this latter idea. That it is the nest in which the animal dwelt appears certain, but how it was constructed we have no information to guide us ; still it is not at all improbable that there are many processes in the lower forms of life that have not yet been made known, some of which may be even more astonishing than the supposed fact, that an animal whose constant habit is to dwell within the protecting walls of another, can, upon being expelled by accident from its usual abode, secrete a substance that will protect it from external injury, and, as far as may be, fulfil the conditions of its normal position. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. Fig. 1. Case of Siphonocetus typicus, enlarged (after Kroyer). Fig. 2. Tubes of Siphonocetus crassicornis ou Antennularia, enlarged. Fig. 3. Nests of Podocerus pulchellus on Laomedea, enlarged. Fig. 4. Nests of Podocerus fucicola? on Ulva and Tubularia. Fig. 5. Nests of Amphitoé rubricata at the root of Laminaria. Fig. 5 a. Microscopic structure of the same. Fig. 6. Supposed nest of Phronima. Fig. 6 a. Microscopic structure of the same. XVII.— Description of a Lacustrine Bryozoon allied to Flustra. By H. J. Carrer, Esq., H.C.S. Bombay. {With a Plate. | Tue following is a description of a polypidom which was sent to me by the Rev. S. Hislop, who found it for the first time in April last, growing plentifully on Paludina Bengalensis and the stems of aquatic plants, in a freshwater tank and adjoining well at Nagpoor, in Central India. So far as I am aware, it will form the first on record of a freshwater species of this kind of Bryozoon ; and being encrusting and without calcareous matter in the skeleton, it will also afford the type of a new genus at least, for which I propose the name Hislopia, m honour of the reverend gentleman above mentioned, to whose acute observation and intelligence we are indebted not only for its discovery, but, in conjunction with his late colleague, the Rev. R. Hunter, for 170 Mr. H.J. Carter on a Lacustrine Bryozoon allied to Flustra. those of fossil remains’ as yet unparalleled in interest and num- ber in Indian geological research. It differs from Flustra in the form and arrangement of the cells, and in not being erect ; and from Membranipora and Le- pralia in not being calcareous ; but it agrees with Flustra in the latter character, and with Lepralia in being decumbent,—espe- cially with that subdivision which has oral spines without other external appendages. Fortunately the wet specimens that have reached me have arrived in a condition sufficiently preserved to admit of my describing, with the polypary or skeleton, the animal also, which, under the designation of /acustris, will stand as follows :— Hislopia lacustris, H.J.C.,n. sp. Pl. VII. figs. 1-3. Polypary kerato-membranous, without admixture of calcareous matter. Cells irregularly ovate, compressed, spreading in aggregation over smooth surfaces, sometimes linearly, but for the most part with no definite arrangement. Aperture sub- quadrangular, supported on a circular neck, closed by four triangular valves, of which the posterior is the largest, and partially overlaps the rest; surrounded by a horny raised border, from the angles of which respectively four spines project ; posterior border less promiment than the rest, which permits of an almost uninterrupted continuation between the larger valve or lip and the membranous portion of the cell. Margin of the cell horny, pierced by 2-4 stoloniferous holes. Average greatest length and breadth of the cell 1-29th and 1-38th of an inch respectively. Hab. Freshwater tanks which are never dry, on Paludina ben- galensis and the stems of aquatic plants. Loc. Nagpoor in Central India. ; Animal.—Contained in a membranous sac, which lines the cell, and communicates with 2—4 adjoining cells by stolons through the holes mentioned: viz. posteriorly with the mother-, and anteriorly and antero- laterally with 1-3 daughter-cells. Mouth triangular, bordered by the valves mentioned, leading into a delicate, transparent, buccal sheath, plaited anteriorly, at the bottom of which (when inverted) is the orifice of the throat surrounded by 16 (?) tentacula. Pharynx pyriform, presenting a layer of cells or follicles internally, extending to the commencement of the cesophagus, which is narrow, long, and bent upon itself. Cisophagus followed by a dilated, globular portion, called the ‘ gizzard,’ which is thick-coated, presenting two linear, horny bodies internally, and opening Mr. H. J. Carter on a Lacustrine Bryozoon allied to Flustra. 171 by a wide mouth into the pyloric half of a large irregularly ovoid stomach. Stomach lined or surrounded (?) throughout with a layer of hepatic (?) cells, and contracted towards its pyloric end, where it is in continuation with the small intes- tine. Small intestine short, followed by a globular, some- times elliptically dilated, portion (corresponding to the large intestine of higher animals (?)), also lined or surrounded with cells, but differing in appearance from those of the stomach ; terminating in a contracted, rectal portion, which opens into the buccal sheath (when inverted). Retractor muscle attached to the posterior extremity of the cell, and around the posterior part of the buccal sheath (when inverted). Obs.—Besides the retractor muscle, there are of course many others which pass from the lining membrane of the cell, and probably the cell itself, to the different visceral organs; but the torn state of these, from the contracting effect of the spirit in which the polypidom was preserved, prevents my describing and delineating them accurately. The peritoneal cavity, too, in most instances contained bunches of globular cells of different sizes, and some fusiform bodies, which might have been procreative elements ; but not having observed them in their living state, I am unable to add more respecting them. I could discover neither testicle nor ovary; nor have I been able to make out the exact number of the tentacula, for the same reason. The latter, however, with their delicate buccal sheath, bemg in dif- ferent degrees of extrusion in several of the cells respectively, it was easy to see that the plaited part preceded the extension of the tentacula, as in the other freshwater Bryozoa, and in Bower- bankia, to which latter the organology generally, as well as closely, corresponds. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Fig. |. Hislopia lacustris, polypary, proportionally magnified. Natural size of cells 1-29th of an inch long. Fig. 2. Ditto, ditto, with animal, ditto, showing a, a, a, a, margins cf cell; b, aperture closed by three valves, supported on a circular neck, surrounded by a horny border bearing four spines; c, lining membrane; d,d,d,d, stolons passing through their respective holes; e, buccal sheath enclosing tentacula; f, pharynx; g, ceso- phagus; h, gizzard; i, stomach; k, small intestine; k’, large intestine ; /, rectum; m, retractor muscle; n,n,n, other muscles; s, spherical and fusiform cells. Fig. 3. Ditto, ditto, ditto, with tentacula and buccal sheath partly extruded : a, buccal sheath, showing the plaited portion; 4, visceral organs drawn up towards the aperture; c, retractor muscle, also ex- tended. Bombay, 9th Jan. 1858. 172 Mr. P. H. Gosse on the Chylaqueous Fluid in the Actinoida. XVIII.—On the Chylaqueous Fluid in the Actinoida. By P. H. Gossz, F.R.S. To the Editors of the Annals of Natural History. Sandhurst, Torquay, Feb. 12, 1858. GENTLEMEN, In the ‘ Sea-side Studies’ of Mr. G. H. Lewes, the statement is made, as the result of careful experiments, that the Sea- Anemones are totally destitute of any organized fluid answering to blood. His declarations on this head are full and clear. “This animal is not only without ‘blood,’ in any proper sense of the term, but also without that simpler form of blood named ‘chylaqueous fluid’ by Dr. Williams and succeeding writers.” “No such fluid circulates in the Actiniz,—an assertion which can readily be tested. The water is easily forced out of the tentacles, or collected by cutting open the Actiniz in a glass. Eyaporate it, and you will find it to be sea-water holding some- times organic particles in solution. Test it with concentrated nitric acid, and instead of becoming turbid, as it would if it contained albumen in solution, it remains unaltered, except that when organic particles are present, they become distinct. Ex- amine the fluid with the microscope, and you will find animal- culz and various particles, but nothing like definite corpuscles, such as are visible in the true chylaqueous fluid. It is, im short, sea-water, and nothing more*.” Doubting his own correctness, Mr. Lewes had. recourse to Mr. R. Q. Couch, who undertook to repeat the investigation. The latter gentleman, with a power of 300 linear, examined, on repeated occasions, specimens of Actinta mesembryanthemum ; but could discover in their contained fluid “nothing organic ; and [except in one instance] it gave no cloudiness by nitric acid.” The exception is, that in one case the water from the tentacles, when treated with nitric acid, “ had a slight opalescent deposit, or rather, a diffused milky cloud of very slight charac- ter.” This occurrence did not prevent Mr. Couch from regard- ing “this fluid as merely sea-water, free from every admixture of secreted matter.” And a similar occurrence of the shght milky cloud, once, and only once, in Mr. Lewes’s observations, he notices, as ‘ showing that it arose from an accidental, not a constant element +.” Mr. Lewes rightly presumes that his physiological readers will receive this statement “ with surprise,” and that it will even “startle” them. It so far surprised me, that I at once set about * Sea-side Studies, p. 257. + Op. cit. pp. 257, 258. Mr. P. H. Gosse on the Chylaqueous Fluid in the Actinoida. 1738 testing its correctness ; and I now send you the following results of my experiments. I should premise, that in each of the following examples the fluid was taken from the animal out of water; either, as in the case of A. mesembryanthemum, one that had stationed itself at the surface, so that its body was partially exposed and dry ; or one that became so exposed by a slight tilting of the vessel ; or one that was taken out of the water. In all cases, the surface was carefully wiped with a soft linen cloth, to remove the ex- ternal sea-water. The fluid was then obtained by making with a lancet an incision through the integuments, and by taking up the flowing liquid by means of a pipette, which, in some cases, needed to be inserted into the wound, before capillary attraction would induce the liquor vitalis to flow up. The drop thus obtained was then deposited in an aquatic stage-cell, and flattened by means of the thin-glass cover. It was then submitted to a power of 600 linear under one of Powell’s microscopes, the measurements being made with one of Jackson’s eye-piece micrometers. Afterwards its albuminous character was tested by the addition of a minute quantity of nitric acid. The pipette was scrupulously cleansed, between the experiments, by repeated injections of fresh water, and all the instruments used were similarly washed and wiped. Actinia mesembryanthemum.—The fluid was rather thinly studded with organic corpuscles ; nearly circular in form, smooth and well defined in outline, delicately granulose in texture, and pale yellow in colour. They varied in dimensions from ‘0002 inch to ‘0007 in diameter; but the great majority averaged about ‘0003. A drop of the same fluid spread on a slip of glass was perfectly hyaline; but, on nitric acid being added to it, it became distinctly milky. Anthea cereus.—Corpuscles moderately numerous; mostly circular, rarely oblong, and drop-shaped ; of a clear pale yellow hue; granulose; dimensions from ‘0001 to ‘0003, average ‘0002 inch. With nitric acid, milkiness barely perceptible. Sagartia parasitica.—Similar corpuscles, but far fewer and smaller; dimensions varying from ‘0001 to ‘0003, the majority about ‘00015. With nitric acid, the milkiness was very slight, but perceptible. Sag. nivea.—Corpuscles abundant, clear pale yellow; not apparently granular ; more highly refractive than the surround- ing fluid*; irregular in shape and size, but for the most part ovate or elliptical, averaging about -0008 inch in longer dia- * This character is not intended to be distinctive of this species; I believe it marked the corpuscles in all cases; but it was in this example that I first tested it by focusing. 174 Mr. P.H. Gosse on the Chylaqueous Fluid in the Actinoida. meter by 0003 in shorter. Treated with nitric acid, the drop immediately and strongly coagulated. Sag. beilis—Corpuscles moderately few ; remarkable in general for the perfect circularity of their figure ; from ‘0001 to :00038 inch, but for the most part attaining the latter measurement. Under nitric acid, a milkiness very slight, but perceptible, was produced, much as in S. parasitica, Bunodes clavata.—Corpuscles rather sparsely scattered ; vary- ing much in size, from ‘0001 to ‘0008 inch, but averaging 00025 ; their form roundish; their appearance (as usual) pale yellow, granulose; and the larger ones contained oil-globules. Bunodes crassicornis.—Corpuscles very few and remote ; nearly round; clear pale yellow; not evidently granulose; averaging from ‘00015 to -00025 inch. With the addition of nitric acid, no milkiness was produced that I could with confidence pro- nounce as such. This specimen of B. crassicornis, after having been wiped dry with a cloth, I allowed to lhe in a saucer without water for half an hour, and then tapped it a second time. I wished to ascer- tain whether the fluid contained within the body at any given moment, would or would not become more organized, if allowed to remain without communication with the sea-water. The fluid was now, as I had anticipated, very rich in morphotic elements, being densely crowded with corpuscles having the same character and average dimensions as those I had found at first. There was, moreover, a very marked coagulation, under treat- ment with nitric acid. Yet again; having taken this Anemone from the saucer, I found about a quarter of a teaspoonful of fluid where it had lain, which had drained from it during the forty minutes that had elapsed since I had taken it from the tank. I examined a drop of this fluid. Though not quite so full of morphotie matter as that last taken from the animal, it was still richly corpusculated ; and, on the addition of nitric acid, coagulated strongly. But were not these exceptional cases? Have I not selected for record a few samples in which I succeeded in finding or- ganized elements, cushioning the many in which I failed? No: I have given the results of every case that I examined. The specimens were taken at random, and yielded the same un- deviating result. There was not a single exception. Having thus found corpuscular elements in the chylaqueous fluid of the above seven species, of four genera, I next set my- self to examine the water of the different vessels in which the animals had lived. These tanks and vases were five in num- ber. A drop of water, taken from each of these in succession, M. E. Claparéde on the Egg of the Nematoidea. 175 and separately examined, proved absolutely free from the cor- puscles that I had found in all the Anemones, with this doubtful exception: I found in one drop a single solitary corpuscle. But the presence of that one might safely be attributed to the fact, that I had previously returned one of the wounded animals to the vessel in question, and from this individual it had probably escaped. Mr. Lewes suggests that possibly his predecessors in research had mistaken for blood-elements ‘ the yellow spherical cells (?) which fill the tentacles of the adult Daisy, and make solid the tentacles of the Anthea.” Of the function of these yellow spheres he confesses himself ignorant. The supposition is un- tenable. These spherules are pigment-cells, and they do not fill, far less make solid, the tentacles, but merely line their interior. These pigment-cells occurred in several of the experiments re- corded above, and especially in the fluid obtained by incising the body of Sagartia bellis; but there is no possibility of confound- ing these with the morphotic corpuscles of the chylaqueous fluid : they differ notably in size, colour and structure. The corpuscles (in Anthea) average ‘0002 inch in diameter; the pigment-cells are fully double this size: the corpuscles have a very faint yel- low tinge, seemingly disks rather than spheres, with no definite walls, and composed of granulose substance; the pigment-cells are of a full but translucent golden-brown hue, very regularly globular in form, evidently spheres, and with a distinct wall. It is not with any feeling of disrespect to either of the gen- tlemen named, that I forward these results for publication in the ‘Annals.’ The subject in question is one of considerable physiological importance ; and as diametrically opposite conclu- sions have been arrived at by independent observers, and as it must be settled by the weight of testimony, I have thought it well to add my mite of evidence in favour of the affirmative side. I am, Gentlemen, Yours faithfully, P. H. Gossz. XIX.—On the Formation of the Egg and Fertilization in the Nematoidea. By Epovarp CriarareEpe*, Tue dispute between Nelson, Bischoff and Meissner with regard to the formation and fertilization of the eggs in Ascaris mystaz, has not yet attained any satisfactory solution. Not one of these three observers has retracted anything of his previous statements, * Translated from Siebold and Kolliker’s Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, vol. ix. p. 106, by W. S. Dallas, F.L.S. 176 M. E. Claparéde on the Formation of the Egg and each seems rather to assert positively that the right is on his side. It is to be regretted that the strife has not always been kept within scientific limits, and that passion has too often been allowed free play. By this means errors have certainly been produced, which otherwise might never have arisen. A communication upon the subject in question has recently been published by Allan Thompson*, in which the author quietly considers the disputed points, and explains them with great accuracy. We regard this memoir as the best that has appeared upon the fecundation of Ascaris mystaz. Thompson, a friend of Nelson’s, has borne himself as impartially as possible in the discussion ; nevertheless, a confirmation of statements by an- other likewise impartial observer might not appear to be un- desirable, especially as Thompson was not acquainted with Schneider’s observations upon the movements of the sperma- tozoa in the Nematoidea, and consequently has not referred to them. But if these observations be generalized, and if we assume that the Ameba-like movements of the zoosperms occur in all Nematoidea, it might seem improbable that the thimble-shaped corpuscles, which have been described as the seminal corpuscles of Ascaris mystax by Nelson, Meissner and Thompson, are the true zoosperms. These corpuscles have such a constant form, that we cannot well understand how they should move lke Amebe, unless the extension and retraction of processes be limited to the flocculent end of the corpuscle. 1. Histology of the Sexual Tube. It is above all things necessary to investigate the tissues occurring in the sexual ‘tube of the ‘Nematoidea 1 more accurately, to enable us to decide the question whether epithelial structures occur, which do or do not agree with Bischoff’s epithelial conules. In the female the sexual tube consists of a membrane which is, at all events apparently, perfectly structureless. That its blind extremity consists of a series of cells fused together, as has been represented by Kolliker+, is certainly an error, the origin of which Reichert{ has rightly sought for in phenomena of diffusion. The blind extremity is not unfrequently much thick- ened. A thickening of this kind occurs almost constantly in Cucullanus elegans, in an undetermined Ascaris from the small * Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool. vol. vii. part 3. + Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser Thiere. Miiller’s Archiv, 1847. + Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgesch. der Samenkorperchen bei den Ne- matoden. Miiller’s Archiv, 1847. ~ and Fertilization in the Nematoidea. 177 intestine of Triton teniatus, &e. Sometimes we have found the posterior extremity of the germ-stock very considerably thickened also in Ascaris mystax. This structureless ¢unica propria is clothed upon the surface turned towards the lumen with an epithelium, as has already been described by Licberkiihn, Schneider, and Meissner in various Nematoidea. In most species this epithelium is very distinct in the vagina and uterus ; its detection is more difficult in the oviduct and vitellogene. In the upper part of the latter and in the germ-stock we have been unable to discover an epi- thelial coat in any single Nematoid worm. Lieberkiihn, also, who has accurately described the distribution of the epithelium im a worm from the proventriculus of Fulica atra and Angs Boschas domestica*, has never been able to trace it to the upper- most part of the sexual tube. In one species of Ascaris we have met with a form of epithe- lium, which, at the first glance, appeared to be in favour of Bischoff, in his dispute with Nelson and Meissner. This is the Ascaris suilla, from the intestine of the Pig. In this Ascaris the uteri as well as the oviducts are lined with large epithelial cells, 0°10 to 0°18 millim. in breadth, each of which is furnished with a process of 0-018 to 0:027 millim. in length, which pro- jects into the lumen of the tube. The process is about as broad as long. It cannot be denied that there is a considerable re- semblance between these processes and Bischoff’s epithelial conules, except that the former are a good deal larger. But the Ascaris of the Pig is considerably larger than that of the Cat. The processes and conules, however, differ from each other in many respects. The latter only adhere very loosely to the wall of the genital tube, whilst the former are firmly attached to the epithelial cells ; they are formed by a prolongation of the cell- membrane, and cannot be stripped off in any way. Most of Bischoff’s epithelial conules are found free in the tube of Ascaris mystax, mM consequence, we are told, of the weakness of the original union. But we could not succeed in separating the processes of Ascaris suil/la from their foundation. Lastly, we have to mention one circumstance which sufficiently proves that the processes and conules have nothing to do with each other. In certain female individuals of Ascaris sui/la,—and indeed, as we shall see hereafter, in the unfecundated individuals,—not only the processes of the epithelial cells, but also Bischoff’s epithelial conules occur. The latter are considerably smaller than the processes, and it was impossible to detect any relation between them and the epithelium. Meissner has already mentioned a villous epithelium in rene is * Beitrige zur Anatomie der Nematoden. Miiller’s Archiv, 1855. Ann. § Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 3. Vol. 1. 12 178 =M.E.Claparéde on the Formation of the Egg megalocephala, which is probably very similar to the above- described epithelial coat in Ascaris sulla. In Ascaris mystax the epithelium presents nothing of the kind; it is rather perfectly smooth, and Nelson* has described and figured it very accurately. Notwithstanding the opposite statements of Bischoff and Leuckart, we have been unable, any more than Nelson, Meissner, and Thompson, to convince our- selves that the so-called epithelial conules ever adhere to the wall. The outer surface of the tunica propria is clothed with a con- tractile layer in the lower part of the genital tube. In many species (Ascaris suilla, A. mystax, Oxyuris vermicularis, &c.) this layer consists of readily perceptible muscular fibres. In other species it appears to be perfectly structureless or simply granular, as Meissner has already remarked with reference to the uterus of Mermis nigrescens and various species of Gordius. Sometimes, however, as, for example, in Cucullanus elegans, an indefinite arrangement of the granules in transverse rows may be detected, from which we may very easily be led to suppose that these rows of granules represent difficultly visible muscular fibres. It was nevertheless impossible to prove the existence of these supposed muscular fibres by means of reagents. Lastly, we should mention the granular longitudinal folds of the vitellogene in Ascaris mystax, which also occur in A. suilla. But as Nelson has connected these folds with the yelk-formation, we shall pay attention to them when we come to speak of the formation of the yelk. The male genital tube is exactly of the same histological nature as that of the female, except that in the male Ascaris suilla the processes of the epithelial cells are wanting. In an Ascaris from the intestine of Lota vulgaris, which we regard as A. mucronata, the muscular layer consists of fusiform cells, which resemble the smooth muscular cells of the higher animals. Each cell is furnished with a nucleus of as much as 0-016 millim. in diameter, containing numerous nucleolar corpuscles. The portion of the male genital tube of Ascaris suilla which corre- sponds with the vitellogene of the female, is, like the latter, provided with granular longitudinal folds. We will also mention that from three to four large oval cells occur at the base of the spicula in certain Nematoidea. Their signification is still perfectly problematical. Perhaps they must be regarded as simple glands. Such cells were found, for ex- ample, in Ascaris suilla, in which they even attain a length of 0:23 millim. In Ascaris mucronata they are about 0°18 millim. in length, but slender. According to an oral communication * Repreduction of Ascaris mystax. Phil. Trans. part 11. 1855. and Fertilization in the Nematoidea. 179 from Dr. Guido Wagener, he has also detected similar structures in various Nematoid worms. 2. Formation of the Eggs. The Nematoidea may be divided into two sections as regards the mode of formation of the eggs. One of these sections in- cludes those species whose eggs are arranged round a central rhachis in the vitellogene ; the other is formed by those species which possess no rhachis. As a general rule, it may be asserted, that all the Nematoidea in which the vitellogene exhibits several eggs in the same transverse section, belong to the first category ; whilst those in which each transverse section only hits upon a single egg, are to be referred to the second. We shall occupy ourselves especially with the species of the first section. Here we again meet with the Ascaris mystax, at once so celebrated and notorious, and with it the Ascaris suilla. We shall select the latter in preference as the subject of our investigation, as it is better adapted for this purpose than the former. The rhachis is much thicker in it than in 4. mystaxv, and shines through the walls of the organ in the axis of the vitellogene, in the form of a dark column. Like Bischoff and Thompson, we have been unable to find Meissner’s female germ-cells. The germ-stock is full of vesicular elements, which subsequently become the germinal vesicles of the eggs in course of formation. But no appearances which might have been in any way favourable to Meissner’s view, were ever observed. It is true that the mode in which the germinal vesicles are first produced could not be ascertained, and we only consider it probable that they increase by division. We think we must contradict Nelson’s statement, according to which the germinal spots are first produced, and subsequently surround themselves with a membrane to form the germinal vesicles. As the germinal vesicles descend in the genital tube, they surround themselves with a granular substance, the first rudi- ment of the yelk. At the point where this deposit first takes place, the vitellogene properly begins. There is, however, no true boundary between the germ-stock and vitellogene. Even in the so-called germ-stock the germinal vesicles are united to each other by a tenacious transparent substance, which is no- thing but the first commencement of the yelk-deposit. Within this tenacious fundamental substance, small granules gradually make their appearance,—these are the first yelk-granules, which soon become so extremely numerous that it 1s no longer possible to recognize the germinal vesicle. The contents of the ovarian tube then appear uniformly granular. When the tube is cut 12* 180 M. E. Claparéde on the Formation of the Egg through, the contents flow forth in the form of a coherent mass. If we now examine a portion of the tube situated rather lower down, we find larger granules arranged in the axis of the organ. These form the first commencement of the rhachis, which gra- dually becomes broader and darker, whilst the periphery of the contained mass appears mamillated. When the genital tube is torn up with needles, this contained mass is observed to consist of pyramidal eggs, of which the apices adhere to the rhachis, whilst their bases form hemispherical elevations at the periphery. The question now is, whether this rhachis be a true one, or only apparent, as Meissner asserts. The rhachis is a true ene; upon this point there can be no doubt. In Ascaris suilla, in which the rhachis is very thick, it is easy, by means of needles, to strip off most of the eggs from the rhachis, and obtain long pieces of the latter in a free state. We may then convince ourselves that the rhachis really forms a continuous column, and that it does not consist of a series of germinal cells. In Ascaris mystax, m which the rhachis is much thinner, this preparation does not certainly succeed so easily; but here also the conditions are exactly the same. Both in Ascaris mystax and in A. suilla, but especially in the latter, it is easy to obtain the stellate groups of eges which Meissner has figured and described as germ-cells with eggs adhering tothem. These, however, are mere artificial productions, which may be prepared at pleasure by tearmg away small pieces of the rhachis. It is very remarkable that Meissner, although he discerned this circumstance very accurately in Strongylus armatus, nevertheless still maintains his perfectly false theory. Bischoff and- Meissner have disputed gallantly as to whether the eggs are or are not furnished with a vitelline membrane within the vitellogene. In our opinion, however, this is a trifling dispute, which has already cost far too many words, but has thriven to such an extent, that it must cost a few more. It might have been desirable that the combatants, before arming themselves for the battle, had first ascertained clearly what they understood by membrane. This is a notion that forces itself upon us involuntarily when we read Thompson’s memoir. This observer denies* the existence of the membrane, because the sur- face of the eggs appears exactly hke that of a Proteus (Ameba). But the difficulty is by no means got rid of in this way, for there is no question so unsettled at present, as that of the pre- sence or absence of an enveloping membrane in the dmebe. It is only recently that Auerbach+ has brought forward reasons in * Loc. cit. p. 435. + Ueber die Einzelligkeit der Ameeben. Zeitschrift fiir wiss. Zool. Ba. vii. Heft 4. and Fertilization in the Nematoidea. 181 favour of its presence. Supposing, therefore, that Auerbach’s opinion be correct, Thompson’s observation would no longer tend to support Nelson, but would rather speak unexpectedly in favour of Meissner. A membrane is a thin layer of a substance, the chemical or physical properties of which (tenacity, firmness, density, &c.) are sharply distinguished from those of the media in contact with it on both sides. The periphery of an Ameba is undoubt- edly formed by a layer of greater density than the rest of the parenchyma of the body. But it seems not improbable that the parenchyma increases gradually in density from within out- wards, and that the external denser layer is not clearly defined towards the inner, softer parenchyma. In this case no true membrane is present. We can only speak of a denser layer or region, Mohl has already noticed this condition in plants, and distinguished every dense outer layer, which cannot be clearly separated from the inner substance, by the name of pellicula, in opposition to the idea of a membrane. The term pellicula is perhaps not very happily chosen. In our opinion, the eggs of Ascaris mystax and A. suilla are in this respect in the same condition as the Amwbe. We have to distinguish two different things in the yelk,—in the first place the vitellme granules, and then a transparent, colourless, uniting, intermediate substance. The outer layer of the eggs is formed only of the latter; no vitelline granules are contained in it. Of this layer Meissner has made his vitelline membrane. It is, however, as already stated, not a membrane, but only the intermediate substance, becoming more and more dense exter- nally. It is just because this intermediate substance has a greater density at the periphery, that the vitelline granules do not penetrate into the outer layer. All observers agree that the eggs are surrounded by a mem- brane in the lower part of the tube. This membrane is produced by the outer granule-less layer of the yelk becoming sharply defined in opposition to the mterior of the egg. But where the differentiation commences, it is difficult to say. For this reason Bischoff may, to a certain extent, be right in asserting, that the eggs in the vitellogene are not surrounded by a membrane, as the membrane is not yet perceptibly differentiated from the yelk. On the other hand, Meissner is not quite in the wrong in main- taining the presence of the membrane, as it is already in course of formation. Whilst, according to Meissner, the vitelline granules are formed in his supposed germ-cells, Nelsun and Bischoff, on the contrary, see the place of formation of these granules in the granular longitudinal processes of the vitello- gene. Thompson, who supposes that the deposition of the vitel- 182 M. E. Claparéde on the Formation of the Egg line substance takes place from without, proceeds more cau- tiously, and does not venture to decide in any way as to the place of formation of the vitellime granules. We do not believe that the vitelline granules can be formed by the longitudinal processes, because free vitellme granules never occur between the wall of the genital tube and the column of ova. Moreover, the granules would have to penetrate first of all into the outer granule-less layer of the yelk, if the deposition took place from without ; but nothing of the kind is observed. It is not to be doubted that in the upper part of the genital tube the granules are formed all round the germinal vesicle; but as soon as the rhachis makes its appearance, it seems to us that this must be considered as the place of formation of the vitelline granules. It is (n Ascaris suilla) comparatively very broad and densely filled with vitellie granules; more densely, in fact, than the eggs themselves. In the lower part of the vitellogene, at the pot where the eggs separate by constriction, the rhachis disappears. What, then, has become of its contents? They have passed into the corresponding ova; and we believe that every new vitelline granule that appears in an egg has come over from the rhachis. This view does not differ much from that of Meissner. In either case, the vitellie granules are pro- duced in the rhachis; but in the one case the rhachis is real, in the other apparent. The question of the micropyle in the ova of the Ascarides is one of great importance, as Meissner’s theory of fecundation entirely depends upon it. A micropyle, such as is described by Meissner—that is to say, an aperture in a membrane—certainly does not exist, as we cannot detect any true membrane. Meiss- ner’s theory is not, indeed, compromised by this, as a fissure in the external, denser, vitelline layer might very well perform the function of a true micropyle. But we cannot admit the micro- pyle even in this limited sense. The ovum gradually separates itself from the rhachis by constriction, so that the bridge of connexion between the two becomes thinner by degrees, and at last disappears. There then remains no fissure in the outer layer, but the place of the pretended micropyle is clothed, hke the rest of the egg, with this layer. The changes which the egg undergoes in the lower part of the oviduct will be referred to hereafter, at the same time with the fecundation. Amongst the Nematoidea in the vitellogene of which a rhachis is to be met with, we shall also mention Cucullanus elegans. Siebold, even in his ‘Comparative Anatomy,’ places this worm amongst those which have a rhachis in the vitellogene, but says nothing further upon it. It must therefore appear strange that and Fertilization in the Nematoidea. 183 the two authors who have studied the eggs of Cucullanus elegans most in detail, namely Kélliker* and Gabriel}, do not say a word about a rhachis. The blind extremity of the tube of the ovary in Cucullanus is filled with clear vesicles,—the germinal vesicles with their germinal spots. Between these vesicles there is even there a transparent substance, by which they are enve- loped. This is the first commencement of yelk-formation, and, with a little attention, we may already distinguish delicate lines, which bound the ovules. A distinction of germ-stock and vitel- logene is therefore here practically quite impossible. That the germinal vesicles are destitute of germinal spots in the upper half of the ovary, as is asserted by Gabriel, is certainly not the ease. This naturalist has even accused Bagge of error, because he stated that he observed the germinal spots in the germ-stock of Strongylus auricularis and Ascaris acuminata. But any one may easily convince himself of the correctness of Bagge’s statement. On the other hand, we have not been able to confirm KG6lliker’s observation, according to which the germinal spots are produced before the germinal vesicles themselves. As the eggs progress downwards in the genital tube, they increase quickly in diameter in consequence of the rapid forma- tion of the colourless transparent yelk: they then form a co- herent mass. When an egg is torn away from this mass, it is found to have a pyriform shape and a short thin stalk. By the careful treatment of the mass of eggs with needles, or by gentle pressure with the thin glass cover, the eggs may not unfre- quently be separated, so that we may perceive how they form an elegant bunch. The bunch consists, as it were, of extremely thin, delicate branches, and thick berries. In the axis of the genital tube the little branches come together, and form a main stem, the rhachis, which is here very thin. As this rhachis and its branches are not only very delicate, but also, like the vitel- line substance in Cucullanus elegans, colourless, they are not always easily perceptible. They become so immediately, how- ever, when the bunches of eggs are coloured by solution of iodine. We shall not speak here of those Nematoid worms in which the vitellogene always contains only a single series of eggs, as the egg-formation in these has already been sufficiently explained by Siebold and Bagge. 3. Formation of the Seminal Corpuscles. With regard to the formation of the seminal corpuscles, we * Loe. cit. Miiller’s Archiv, 1843. + De Cucullani elegantis vivipari evolutione. Auctore Benno Gabriel. Berolini, 1853. 184 M. E. Claparéde on the Formation of the Egg come at once upon a dispute, the counterpart of that which we have already referred to in connexion with the formation of the ovum. Some assert that the seminal corpuscles are from the first surrounded by a membrane; others will not admit the existence of this membrane. The principal supporters of the latter opinion are Siebold, Nelson, Bischoff, and Thompson. Reichert and Meissner hold the former. Here, again, the truth appears to lie in the middle, or, if it be preferred, on both sides. The turning-point of the whole discussion is formed again im this case by Ascaris mystax. Unfortunately, we have had but few cats at our disposal, and in these we only found female Asca- rides. As, however, we have obtained male individuals of Ascaris suilla, this deficiency is easily got over. The mature seminal corpuscles of the two species are so much alike, that it is per- fectly impossible to distinguish them; we may therefore well suppose that the course of development will be essentially the same in both cases. The blind extremity of the genital tube is full of small colour- less vesicles. There can be no question about Meissner’s male germ-cells, It was as impossible for us as for Nelson, Bischoff, and Thompson to find them, and it is not probable that they could have escaped so many observers. As the colourless vesi- cles progress downwards in the genital tube, they surround themselves with a granular mass, which consists of strongly refractive granules and a colourless connecting substance. The contents of the male genital tube are then perfectly similar to those of the vitellogene, and the more so as the seminal corpus- cles in formation are of a pyriform shape, with their apices directed towards the axis of the organ. The apices adhere more or less to each other, but a true rhachis is not produced by this means. Each corpuscle now appears like an egg; the clear vesicle shines through, like a germinal vesicle through the yelk. This deposition of granules was first described by Siebold in Ascaris paucipara. It was, however, controverted, evidently incorrectly, by Reichert; but the latter observed Strongylus auricularis and Ascaris acuminata, in which the seminal elements are comparatively small. In