Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Wellcome Library
https://archive.org/details/s5id13407010
J
A N D
OBSERVATIONS*
Revifed and Publifhed by
A Society in
VOLUME III.
%1qz ^cconiJ €Ution cojrected>
E © 1 N B V M G Ii
Printed by T» and W. R U D D I M A M jj
for W. Monk o and W. D k & m m o n dt. Sold by t hem and t tit other BookfcUcrs in Edinburgh ; by Mcrfi T. Longman W. Inn ys and R. Man by, A. Bette^worTh and C.H i tchjC. Riving ton, J. David son, [.Oswald; and E. Cave, London j and Meif. Bruce and Smith, Du¬ blin ; A. Stalker, Glafgow , and W e s t i I «• and $ &x i sd Atnjletdam* „ , _
MDCCXXXVifc'
an
CONTENTS.
Art. o ' Pag,
I. CTT^HE Meteorological Regifter , i
ff II. An Account of the Difeafes that were mod frequent laft Tear in E« burgh, 1 2,6
III. An Extra 61 from the pub lick Regift er of
Burials in Edinburgh, 3 1
IV. jin Account of the Effeffs of the Conefli
Bark, by - 32
V. A Gangrene flopped hy the Cortex Peruvia-
nus5 by Mr. Samuel Goolden Surgeon at f Bridgnorth in Shropfhire, - 35
VI. A Mortification cured by the Peruvian Bark, by Mr. John Paifley Surgeon in Glaf-
gow, ^ 43
VII. Remarks on chalybeat Waters , by Alex*.
Monro Profejfor of Anatomy in the Univer - fity of Edinburgh, and F. R. S. 47
VIII. An Enquiry into the mineral Principles
of Montrofe Water , by Alexander Thomfon M. D. Phyfician at Montrofe, 60
IX. The medical Vitalities of Montrofe Well9 with feme Inftances thereof by the fame, 96
a 2 X* An
•6
C 0 N T E N T 8.
X. An Ejfay on the Method of preparing and preserving the Parts of ' animal Bodies for anatomica} Ufe^ by Alexander Mon-
nimal Pleat , tf/zd the Divarications of the rjafcular Syjtem , by Dr. George Martin ''Fby- fician at St. Andrews, 13I
XI I. An Ejfay concerning the Motions of our *Eye s^ by William Porterfield, M. I). FeU low of the College of P by fie inns ^Edin¬ burgh, 1 6qj
2S.IH* Supplement to Art. ix. 0/ Vol. I. and to Art. ix. and xiij. of Vol. IJ. by Alexan¬ der Monro, P. X 263
XIV. Xtf Account o f a Child born with the U- rinary and genital Organs preternatural ? ly formed 3 by Air, James Mowat Surgeon
at Langholm, ‘ 2^83
XV. 4^ Ejfay on the Di/eafes of the lactymal
Canals , Ap Alexander Monro, P. A. 280
XVI. A fitmor of the Nofe unfuccefs fully ex¬ tirpated by — — 3011
XVII. 4# Account of a Procidentia Uteri,
by Alexander Monro, P. A. 3 o^i
XVIII. it he Defcription of a Peftary, inven¬ ted by Dr. Thomas Simfon, Profejfor of Me¬ dicine in the Univerfity of St. Andrews, 3i$y
XIX. An Account of the Sides of the Os uteri
grown together , by the fame * 3 1 ^
XX. if he Defcription of a Forceps for extra **
dfp
CONTENTS.
$re.
Pag.
der Butter Cbirttrgeon in Edinburgh,
XI. An Account of a malignant Lues Vene¬ rea communicated by Anti ion ; by Edward Barry, M. D. F. II. S, Phyficiau at Cork, 325 XXII. A remarkable Hydrocephajum, by Mr. James Mow at. Surgeon at Langholm 3 34 XXIII. A Hyd rocephajum, with remarkable Symptoms , by Mr. John Paifiey Surgeon at
Glafgow, 33|
XXIV. An uncommon Angina, by Alexander
Monro, P. A. 343
XXV. Ah Afthma with uncommon Symptoms ,
by the fame, ^ 349
XXVI. A large S tea tom pafjwg with the Oe- iophagu s,from the Thorax into the Abdo¬ men, by Mr. James Jamiefon, Surgeon in Kelfb,
XXVI 1. Of the Service of a warm Bath in a bilious Colick , by Robert Porter, M. D. Member of the College of Phyficians Lon¬
don.
XXVIII. The Water of a Jhropfy evacuated at the Navel , by Dr. Francis Pringle, late Prefident of the College of Phyficians at E-
3 58
dinburgh.
378
Xxix. The Menftrua regularly evacuated at an Ulcer of the Ankle , by Mr. James Calder jun. Surgeon in Glafgow, 38^
XXX. An Account of Medical Difioveries, Improvements and Books publijhed in the Tear 1^32, and onfitted in the fecond Vo-
38
XXXI
2
CONTENTS.
vi
Art. Pag.
XXXI. An Account of the rnofi remarkable Improvements and D i/cover ies in Phyfick , made or propofed fince the Beginning of the Tear 1733, 38 6
XXXII. A Lifi of Books publijhed fince the Beginning of 1 7 3 3 , 414
XXXI II. Books propofed , and other Medical , News , 420
papers defign3d for this CoUeffion are to be addref- fed to Mr. William Monro Bookfeller in Edin¬ burgh 1 and to be delivered to him, or to any other of the Bookfellers whofe Names are on the Title-Page, who will tranfmit them care¬ fully to the Society.
Medical
AND
observations:
Article I.
The Meteorological Regijleri
t
H E Inftrtiments defcribed in Ar^ tide II. of our fir ft Volume wer€ employed in making the follow* ing Obfervations,
2-
Medical EJfays
JVNE 1733.
D.* |
Hour, |
Baro. I11.D. |
Ther.j In, DJ |
Hyg- I.D. |
*3? • <1 N - < • HH S _iJ -a. 0 % • |
Weather. |
|||||
1 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
7P |
9 |
N. |
2 |
Fair |
|
8 p. |
in. |
29 |
8 |
*3 |
3 |
O |
9 |
W. |
AN |
fair |
|
z |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
13 |
7 |
I |
X |
W.b.N |
.2 |
fair |
8 p. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
14 |
.3 |
I |
5 |
W.b.N |
,1 |
fair |
|
, 3 |
9 a. |
m. |
3° |
0 |
[2 |
6 |
I |
0 3 |
E. |
I |
cloudy |
7 P* |
m. |
3° |
c |
13 |
4 |
I |
I |
E. |
I |
cloudy |
|
4 |
9 a. |
m. |
3° |
0 |
13 |
6ji |
I |
S. E. |
I |
cloudy |
|
8 p. |
in. |
^9 |
9 |
13 |
0 |
I |
5 |
E. |
0 |
cloudy |
|
4 |
8 a. |
in. |
29 |
8 8 |
13 |
3 |
I |
8 |
E. |
2 |
cloudy |
7?P- |
in. |
29 |
12 |
6 |
1 |
S |
E. |
2 |
cloudy |
||
6 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
13 |
4 |
I |
5 |
E. |
itair |
|
7 P- |
111. |
29 |
8 |
12 |
8 |
I |
S |
E. |
2 fair |
||
/ |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
13 |
4 |
I |
s |
E. |
1 |
fair |
r |
7 P- |
m. |
29 |
8 |
If |
0 |
X |
2 |
E. |
1 |
cloudy |
8 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
/ |
12 |
9 |
I |
s |
E. |
2 |
cloudy |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
13 |
0 |
I |
3 |
E. |
2 fair |
||
9 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
13 |
3 |
I |
2 |
E. |
1 fair |
|
7 P* |
m. |
29 |
6 |
13 |
2 |
I |
4 |
S. E. |
1 cloudy |
||
10 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
12 |
7 |
I |
2 |
N. E. |
i fair |
|
7 P- |
in. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
7 |
I |
2 |
E. |
2 |
cloudy |
|
1 1 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
13 |
8 |
I |
4 |
E |
1 fair |
|
7 P- |
111. |
29 |
9 |
13 |
7 |
I |
0 D |
E. |
0 |
cloudy |
|
12 |
9 a. |
ni. |
29 29 |
9 |
14 |
8 |
I |
S. E. |
0 |
cloudy |
|
8 p. |
in. |
7 |
*3 |
S |
I |
8 |
E. |
2 Rain |
|||
*3 |
9' a. |
m |
29 |
7 |
13 |
4 |
2 |
8 |
N. |
0 |
Rain |
?P- |
m. |
29 |
7 |
14 |
f\ 2 |
1 |
NT. |
1 |
cloudy |
||
14 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
14 |
42 |
1 |
N. |
1 |
fair |
|
8 p. |
in. |
29 |
7 |
1 y |
3 |
X |
4 |
W. |
1 |
lair |
|
15- |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
6 |
I |
4 |
s, w. |
1 |
cloudy |
|
8 p. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
1 s |
y |
I |
1 |
s. w. |
r |
cloudy |
|
16 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
1 6 |
0 |
I |
S |
s. |
0 |
cloudy |
8 p. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
3. |
I |
4 |
s. w. |
2 |
fair |
Ra
In.
0,c
o
o,u
and Obfervations, 3
JVNE 1733.
D |
Hour. |
Bar |
Ther. |
Hyg |
.1 Wind. |
Weather. |
Rain. |
|||||
In.D, |
In. |
D |
L |
D |
. Dir. For. |
|||||||
0^960 |
||||||||||||
17 |
9 a. |
*m. |
29 |
6 |
6 |
1 |
2 |
S; |
2 |
Gloudy |
Ojo8 y |
|
8 p. |
m. |
29 |
14 |
3 |
1 |
4 |
s. w. |
2 |
cloudy |
|||
18 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
5- |
14 |
6 |
1 |
6 |
w. |
2 |
cloudy |
0,0 ss |
8P. |
m. |
29 |
3 |
!3 |
S |
1 |
4 |
w. |
2 |
cloudy |
||
19 |
9 a. |
in. |
29 |
2 |
14 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
w. |
2 |
fair |
°P3f |
* |
9 P- |
in. |
29 |
1 |
13 |
s |
1 |
7 |
s. w. |
1 |
Rain |
0,316 |
20 |
9 a. |
m. |
28 |
9 |
14 |
I |
1 |
8 |
S. E, |
1 |
Rain |
|
fP* |
m. |
28 |
9 |
14 |
5- |
1 |
f |
W. |
2 |
fair |
||
21 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
3 |
13 |
9 |
1 |
7 |
W. |
3 |
fair |
°»J73 |
JP- |
m. |
29 |
6 |
13 |
7 |
1 |
3 |
w. |
3 |
fair |
||
22 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
14 |
2 |
1 |
4 |
s. w. |
1 |
fair |
r* O |
5* P* |
m. |
29 |
9 |
14 4 |
6 |
1 |
3 |
s. w. |
1 |
cloudy |
||
23 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
If |
0 |
1 |
S |
w, |
2i |
cloudy |
|
8 p. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
*s |
2 |
1 |
2 |
w. |
0 |
fair |
||
24 |
9 a. |
in. |
29 |
9 |
14 |
9 |
i |
3 |
E. |
1 |
fair |
|
8 p. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
IS |
4 |
i |
5* |
E. |
6 |
fair |
00 O 0 |
|
2f |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
1 6 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
S. W. |
0 |
cloudy |
|
9 P- |
m. |
29 |
9 |
1 6 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
W. |
0 |
fair |
||
2o'9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
1 5* |
3 |
1 |
7 |
E. |
0 |
Fog |
0,100 |
|
7 P- |
m. |
29 |
9 |
16 |
1 |
1 |
7 |
E, |
0 |
fair |
||
27 |
9 a* |
m. |
29 |
9 |
1 S |
2' |
1 |
8 |
E. |
1 |
Fog |
|
28 |
8 p. |
in. |
29 |
8 |
14 |
I |
2 |
5* |
E, |
2 |
Rain |
|
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
1 6 |
O |
1 |
6 |
S. W. |
2 |
cloudy |
Ojiyo |
|
7P* |
m. |
29 |
8 |
1S |
O |
1 |
2 |
s. w. |
1 |
cloudy |
||
29 |
9 a. |
nn |
29 |
8 |
14 |
8 |
i |
4 |
s.w. |
2 |
fair |
|
8 p. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
14 |
1 |
1 |
7 |
s, w. |
2 |
cloudy |
||
30 |
9 a. |
in. |
29 |
9 |
14 |
7 |
1 |
6 |
s. w. |
2 |
fair |
|
8 p. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
14 |
7 |
1 |
6 |
s. w. |
2 |
fair |
||
H.atamed, |
29 |
8 |
x4 |
2 |
1 3 |
Tota |
1 Depth |
2,1 38 |
||||
Gr |
Height |
3° |
0 |
16 |
1 |
2 |
8 |
|||||
L, |
Height |
28 |
9 |
12 |
6 |
0 |
9 |
A %
Medical Effays
A.
“T
y v l r 1 733.
D.
Hour.
io
.i i
12
9 a.
8 p.
2 9^. j8p.
3 9 a- I 7 P-
4 9 a.
7 P-
9 a.
5" P*
9 a.
7P-
8 a.
9 P- 9 a.
8 p.
9 a.
5* P*
9 a.
8 p.
9 a.
3" P*
9 a.
7P-
Baro.
in.D.
m. 29 111J29 111J29 m. 29
5
6
7
8
*3
14
9 a.
5* P- 9 a.
I7P.
i f Q a. |8P. 16 j 8 a.
1 rp.
m.
m.
m.
m.
in.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
in.
m.
m.
m.
ITS.
rn.
in.
in.
m.
m
m.
m.
29
30
3°
3°
29
29
3°
3°
3°
3°
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
2-9
29
29
29
29
m. 29 m.! 2 9 IT! .I29
ni.Up
m.i29
9
9
9
9
o
1
c
9
9
0
o
’ I 0
9
9
7
j
/
8
c
0
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
Ther.
I11.D.
if
iS
97
17
14
i7
14
17
17
17
17
17
14
17
17
14
14
13
13
14 14
13 17
14 17
1 2
13
14
13
13
12
7
o
Hyg.
I.D.
3 1
8!i
7 1
o
7.
1
7 6
o
7
7 6
1
2
3
3 »
7
2
9 9jx
°;i
7I1
i
O I T
Si1
2:2
2' 1 61
7,2
4
1
9
7
7
6
7
7
6
4
6
6
3
2
7
6
Wind. Dir. For.
N. W, W.
fE.
3 E.
" E.
fE.
E.
E
S. E. W. f S. E.
S. W,
f w. w
Weather. Rain,
iln.D,
Fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
lair
fair
fair
W
w w
w.
N. W.
N. W.
f W.
w. w.
6 W.
7 w. w.
N. E. N. E. N. E. N. E.
2; cloudy
2 pair 2!fair 2'cloudy o’fair
3 fair 2'cloudy 3 cloudy Ecloudy 3 fair
3’ cloudy 3 fair 3 cloudy 2 cloudy 1 cloudy
4 1
4 4 3
.8j N. E.
3 tair 2 cloudy 1 fair
rair
fair
Rain
cloudy
0,04 s
°P93
0,283
and Obfervations.
JVLT 1 733-
D, |
Hour. |
Baro. |
Ther. |
Hyg. |
Wind. |
Weather.1 Rain # |
|
In. D. |
In.D. |
1. 19. |
Dir. For. |
||||
8 a. m. |
N. E. 2 |
Cloudy |
0,283 |
||||
27 |
29 6 |
13 4 |
3 S |
||||
18 |
4 p. m. |
19 6 |
14 O |
I2 0 |
N. E. 1 |
cloudy |
|
9 a. m. |
29 7 |
14 I |
2 0 |
N. 1 |
fair |
<W4 |
|
9 p. m. |
i29 7 |
14 Cl 6 |
N. E. 0 |
lair |
|||
19 |
8 a. m. |
,29 7 |
13 6 |
1 6 |
N. W. 2 |
fair |
|
8 p. m„ |
29- 7 |
14 1 |
1 7 |
N. W. 2 |
fair |
||
20 |
9 a. m. |
19 8 |
14 0 |
1 6 |
W. 2 |
fair |
|
f p. m. |
29 8 |
^ 4 |
1 4 |
W. 2 |
fair |
||
21 |
8 a. m. *29 7 |
14 0 |
2 0 |
W. 2 |
fair |
||
7p. m. 29 7 |
17 6 |
1 2 |
N. W. I |
fair |
|||
22 |
9 a. m. 29 8 |
lS S |
1 f |
W. 2 |
fair |
||
6p. m. |
29 s |
lS S |
1 3 |
W. 2 |
fair |
||
23 |
9 a. m |
29 s |
'4 ■ ?, |
1 6 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
|
. |
fp. m. |
29 8 |
IS 8 |
[ 6 |
W. 3 |
cloudy |
|
24 |
9 a. m. |
29 8 |
If 1 |
2 0 |
W. 2 |
fair |
|
f p. m. |
19 8 |
If 3 |
1 4 |
W. a! fair |
|||
ar |
8 a. m. |
29 9 |
14 0 |
1 7 |
W. 2 fair |
0,1 if |
|
26 |
yp. m. |
29 9 |
14 8 |
1 3 |
W. 3 fair |
||
9 a. m. |
29 8 |
14 4 |
1 y |
w. 3ra'r |
|||
8 p. m. |
29 8 |
14 0 |
I 5' |
W. 2 Fair |
|||
- 27 |
8 a. m. |
29 8 |
13 3 |
1 6 |
W. 2 |
Fur |
|
28 |
5" p. m. 9 a. m. |
29 8 29 7 |
14 8 14 7 |
1 0 1 4 |
W. affair S. 1 Fog |
||
4 p. m. |
29 6 |
if 3 |
1 3 |
S. b. W.o |
cloudy |
o5i86 |
|
29 |
9 a. m. |
29 5 |
14 3 |
1 S |
E. 1 |
fair! |
|
7 p. in. |
29 4 |
H 3 |
1 9 |
W, 1 jcloudy |
|||
3° |
8 a. m. |
29 4 |
13 8 |
2 0 |
N.b. W. 1 lair |
||
5 p. m. |
29 4 |
14 s |
1 1 |
N. W. a‘fair |
V |
||
32 |
8 a. m. |
29 4 |
13 9 |
1 7 |
W. 2 'fair |
||
7 p. m. |
29 4 |
13 2 |
1 4 |
N. W. 2 'fair |
. „ . . |
||
H-atamed.29 7(14 6J |
1 6 |
Total Depth |
0,638 |
||||
Gr. |
Height 30 1 |
if 8)3 f |
Jv. Height 29 4U2, all o|
Medical Ejfays
JVGVST 1733.
3
4
f
Hour. Baro.
In. D.
8
9 a.
6 p.
9 a.
8 p.
L
9 a.
8 p.
9 a.
8 p.
9 a. i 8 p.
0 9 a.
8 p.
7 9 a.
7 P*
9 a.
8 p.
9:9 a. i:TP-
?°i9a.
1 7 P-
11 8 a.
6 p.
12 9 a.
i 6 p.
?3 8 a,
fP-
?4l9 a.
!4P-
?^,pa.
' IJ'P- 26 9 a.
4 P*
nn
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m
m.
m
in.
m
m
m.
ID.
ill
ill
111.
m.
111
m.
111
in
111
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
^9
29
2 9 29
29
29
29
2 9 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
7
6
6
6
6
Ther. In. Do
*3
L3
12
*3
13
13
J3 *3
13
E3 414
4:i3
4; 1 3
4 1 3
413
S
4
5 S $
*3 *3
14
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n
12
*4
17
J3 7 13
S
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
8
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414
7 12
6 12
713
*
9
7
8
6
5
3
6
8
5'
4
o
D
7
6
6
6
6
4
4
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o
5"
1
3
1
8
4 o
o
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Hyg.
I.D.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
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3
2
3
2
3
2
1 X X X
2 I I I I I £ I l I I I
Wind. Dir. For.
3W.
3 N. W. 5 W.
oe;
3^- 4E.
s"
s
8
o.
F
O
E. 8 E.
E.
4]E.
x
X 2
2
3
2
9
E.
E.
E.
E.
N.
N.
W.
N. W. 5* N. W.
8 S. W.
9 S. E.
ojW.
W.
So w. So W. 4jW.
2|W.
3 So w.
4W.
2
I
I
I
I
1
2 I I X I I
2
3
4 31
1
1
1
o
o
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4
Weather. Rain. In. D.
Cloudy fair fail- fair fair
V ♦
rair cloudy cloudy cloudy
o,°y0
o,093
Rain
Fog
7
4
W.
w
8 N. W. 7IN. W.
cloudy Fog cloudy cloudy cloudy fail-
cloudy cloudy fail- fair
cloudy 4 cloudy ‘fail- fair fair fair faii-
cloudy
2
1
3
3
x
1
x
o
o,°K
cloudy
0,03 s
0,188
0,210
0,490
and Obfervktions. j
AV G V S T 1733
Hour. |
Baro. |
Ther. |
'Hy?. |
Wind. |
Weather 7 Rain. |
|||||
In. D. |
In.D. |
I. |
D. |
Dir. For. |
||||||
M47 |
||||||||||
11 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
7 |
12 |
4 |
I |
6 |
S. W. 2 |
Fair |
|
5* p. m. |
29 |
4 |
*3 |
2 |
I |
6 |
s. W. 4 |
cloudy |
||
18 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
3 |
*3 |
6 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 3 |
cloudy |
|
yp. m. |
|29 |
2 |
l3 |
4 |
I |
8 |
s. w. 3 |
cloudy |
||
19 |
9 a. m. |
|29 |
7 |
1 2 |
J' |
I |
S |
N. W. 2 |
cloudy |
0,15*4 |
7p. m. |
29 |
8 |
*3 |
0 |
I |
3 |
N. W. 0 |
cloudy |
||
20 |
8 a. 111. |
*29 |
7 |
13 |
8 |
I |
7 |
8. W. 0 |
Rain |
|
yp. m. |
29 |
6 |
1 5* |
0 |
I |
9 |
S. W. I |
cloudy |
||
21 |
8 a. m. |
29 |
6 |
14 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
|
r7 p. m. |
29 |
6 |
12 |
9 |
I |
9 |
W. I |
cloudy |
||
22 |
8 a. m. |
29 |
7 |
12 |
6 |
I |
9 |
W. i |
fair |
|
7p. m. |
29 |
7 |
1 2 |
9 |
I |
5 |
W. 1 |
fair |
||
13 |
9 a. m |
29 |
8 |
12 |
*7 / |
I |
8 |
W. 1 |
fair |
°,i93 |
7 p. in. |
29 |
8 |
!3 |
2 |
I |
4 |
W. I |
fair |
||
H |
9 a. m. |
29 |
7 |
*3 |
2 |
I |
4 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
0,0/5- |
6 p. m. |
29 |
J3 |
9 |
I |
$ |
s- w. 3 |
fair |
|||
9 a. m. |
29 |
S |
12 |
3 |
I |
S |
W, 2 |
fair |
||
7p. m. |
29 |
6 |
1 2 |
3 |
I |
$ |
W. 2 |
fair |
||
26 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
6 |
12 |
9 |
I |
6 |
N. W. 2 |
fair |
|
6 p. m. |
29 |
'7 |
*3 |
2 |
I |
2 |
N. W. I |
fair |
||
2-7 |
9 a. 111, |
29 |
6 |
12 |
8 |
I |
9 |
S. VV. 1 |
cloudy |
0,100 |
7 p. m. |
29 |
6 |
12 |
8 |
I |
6 |
W. I |
fair |
||
28 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
J' |
II |
I |
6 |
W. I |
fair |
||
6 p. m. |
29 |
4 |
12 |
7 |
I |
6 |
S. 0 |
cloudy |
||
29 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
1 |
12 |
1 |
I |
9 |
S. W. 1 |
Rain |
0,286 |
5* P* m. |
29 |
1 |
12 |
6 |
I |
5 |
W. 1 |
fair |
||
30 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
4 |
12 |
5* |
I |
4 |
N. W. 2 |
fair |
o,37f |
y p. m. |
29 |
l3 |
0 |
I |
3 |
N. W. 1 |
fair |
|||
31 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
3 |
12 |
1 |
I |
9 |
S. 1 |
Rain |
|
6 p. m. |
29 |
2 |
12 |
4 |
I |
4 |
W. 2 fair |
|||
H.at amed. 29 |
6(13 |
2(1 |
7 |
Total Depth |
2,67/ |
|||||
Gr. |
Height 29 |
8|t 5- |
o| |
3 |
3 |
|||||
j*- |
Height 29 |
il |
12 |
ii |
1 |
Q |
Medical Ejfays
SEPTEMBER 1733.
D.
Hour.
Baro.
I11.D.
3
4
9 a. m 6 p. m. 9 a. m. 6 p. m.
8 a. m. 4 p. m
9 a. m 4 p. m.
5 9 a. in, yp. m 8 a. m. 6 p. m.
8 a
yp
9 u
6 p
9 a 8 a
6
1
8
10
11
12
?3
H
16
3 P
8 a
4P
8a
yp
8 a S P
m.
111.
m
in
m;
m.
m.
m.
m.
ill
m.
m.
in.
m.
9 a* m.
y p. m.
9 a,
jyp-
; 9 a. m. \$ P? 11L
m.
m.
29
29
28
29 29 29 29 29 29 29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
3°
30
3° 30 29 29 2 9 29 29
29
30 30 30 30
Ther.
in.D.
2 12
o
9
o
2
LI 12 1.2 12 4I2 5 12
11
12
2
O
6
6
*“7
/
6
7
8
9
o
1
1
1
1
8
9
o
o
c
Hyg.
I . JJ.
12
11
12
11
12
n
11
10
12 u
12
11 013
11
13 i3
8 14 9i3
r3
12
12
12
Oil 1
6
5'
7
6
o
8
o
5
2
4
3
3
4 1
o
o
5
1
3
3
3 S 9
4 3
3 o
4
y
3
2
o
D
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
2 I I I I I I
I
I
l
1
L
I
I
I
1
3
2
3
3
2
2
Wind. Dir. For.
S. W.
w.
y S. W.
E.
W.
Weather. ’Rain. In.D,
2
7
S
8
5
o
4
6
2
1
1
2
Fair
cloudy
cloudy
fair
cloudy
N. W. 2 fair
S. W. 3 S. W. 2
S. w* 3
W. 3 W. 2 S. W. 2 W. 2
5 W. 2 9 W. 2 y N. 2
6 N. 2 3 N.b. W. 1 y S. W. I 3 S. b. E. 1 y S. b. E. 2
S. b. E. 2 S. E. 2 S. E. 2 S. 1 S. i S. E. 1 S. E. 1 S. E. 1 E. 2
7 E. 2 E.
2
%
6
9
8
o
fair
Rain
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
cloudy
fair
fail*
fair
fail-
fair
fair
fair
Rain
Rain
cloudy
Milt
Mill Mill
Fog 1 [fair
0,084
o>o yy
0,230
0,067
o.
0,077
0,030
0,026
and Obfsrvations
SEPTEMBER 1733.
D. |
Hour. |
Baro.r |
Ther. |
Hyg.i |
Wind. |
Weather |
Rain, |
|||
In.D. |
In. D. |
I.D. |
Dir. For. |
. ■ ■ ' |
||||||
0,677 |
||||||||||
17 |
9 a. m. |
3° |
1 |
12 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
E. 1 |
Fog |
|
y p. m. |
3° |
1 |
I *s 1 3 |
O |
1 |
9 |
E. 1 |
Cloudy |
||
18 |
8 a. m. |
30 |
2 |
12 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
S. W. 1 |
cloudy |
Y |
) P'. |
30 |
2 |
J3 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
S. W. 1 |
cloudy . |
||
19 |
9 a. m, |
3° |
2 |
13 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
|
f p. m. |
3° |
1 |
*3 |
8 |
1 |
7 |
W. 2 |
fair |
||
20 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
913 |
6 |
1 |
9 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
||
4p. m. |
29 |
9 |
13 |
8 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 2 |
Rain |
||
21 |
9 a. rn. |
29 |
8 |
ii |
9 |
2 |
2 |
W.b.S. 2 |
fair |
©,3f6 |
6 p. in. |
29 |
9 |
11 |
.7 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
||
22 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
2 |
2 |
5* |
W. 2 |
fair |
|
£ p. m. |
79 |
9 |
12 |
8 |
1 |
9 |
W. I |
fair |
||
2-3 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
8 |
U |
5 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. I |
fair |
0,24® |
4p. rn. |
29 |
7 |
r-3 |
1. |
1 |
6 |
S. W. I |
fair |
||
24 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
4 |
12 |
S. |
2 |
2 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
|
5* p. m. |
29 |
3 |
i3 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
S. 2 |
lo wring |
||
25*19 a* m- |
29 |
1 |
11 |
0 |
1 |
9 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
||
15* P- m. |
28 |
O / |
n |
8 |
1 |
8 |
S.b. W.2 |
Rain |
||
26 |
9 a. m. |
28 |
4 |
10 |
8 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 4 |
cloudy |
9,395* |
5* p. m. |
28 |
6 |
IQ |
5* |
1 |
7 |
S. W. 3 |
cloudy |
||
27 |
9 a. m. |
28 |
9 |
II |
1 |
1 |
8 |
w. 3 |
fair |
°,°94 |
4p. m. |
29 |
2 |
II |
8 |
1 |
5* |
W. 3 |
fair |
||
28 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
1 |
I 2 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
|
5* p. m. |
29 |
1 |
12 |
3 |
1 |
7 |
S. W. 4 |
cloudy |
||
29 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
4 |
II |
7 |
1 |
8 |
W. 4 |
cloudy |
|
5*p. m. |
29 |
5* |
H |
6 |
1 |
7 |
W. 3 |
fair |
||
3° |
9 a. m. |
29 |
7 |
II |
4 |
1 |
9 |
W. 2 |
fair |
©>073 |
5* p. m. |
29 |
7 |
II |
_7 11 |
,7 |
W. I |
cloudy |
|||
H.atamed |
29 |
6 |
12 |
2|l |
9 |
Total Depth 5,83? |
||||
Gr. Height |
3° |
2 |
13 |
83 |
3 |
|||||
u |
Height 28 |
2 |
11 0 |
s\ 1 |
2 |
1 |
• |
ftfedical EJfays
C T O B E R 1733.
D.
Hour,
4
S
'8
19 a.
SP- 9 a.
SP- 9 a.
r p-
9 a.
SP- 9 a.
4P*
69 a.
f P*
9 a.
4 P*
9 a.
>P- 99 a.
>p-
9 a.
if P- 9 a.
TP-
9 a.
SP-
9 a.
5" P* 9 a.
$■ P* 9 a.
5* P*
16 9 a.
fP-
m.
m.
m-
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
Baro. In. D
10
11
12
13 *4 *S
29 29
29
29 2 9 29 29
29
30
3° 30
30 m. 30 111430 m.130 m. 30 m. [30
3° 29
in. 29 in. 29 m. 29 in, 29 m. 29 m. 29 m. m. m. m. m. m. in.
m.
m.
29
29
29
3°
30 30 30
S
S
4
1
1
5
7
1
2
3
4
4 2
o
o
o
o
9
8
.7
6
5 4
4
5
/
8
o
o
I
2:
Then In. D.
11
12
13
*3
12
12 11 1 1
IQ
II
9
10
10
11 11
ii
11
10
11 11 11 11
11
11
9
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
Hyg
l.D.
4 3 7 9i
5 I 2 I I I I I I I I
1
2 2 2
6 o
9 4
3
4 7 4
9
1
4 2 2
3
3
2
3
1
7
2
4 4 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
7
7
7
6
7
4
2
Wind. Dir. For.
8(r
5 S. W. 9S. w. b. w. s. w. s. w. s. w. w
5- N. W.
3 W.b.N. W.b.N.
7 N. W. N. W.
8 S. W. 7$. W.
s. w.
W. b. S. N. E.
E.
S. E- S. E.*
3 S. E. oE.
4 S. E.
3 £.
2N. W.
1 N. W.
9n. w.
j- N. W.
7N. w.
?N. W. oN. W. 7N. W.
Weather
Rain cloudy cloudy
3 cloudy
4 cloudy
4 fair
fair fair fair fair fair fair cloudy cloudy fair
cloudy Rain Fog cloudy cloudy cloudy cloudy lo wring cloudy fair
cloudy
faii-
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
2
1
2
1
2 1
1
2
3 2
2
2
2
1
1
Rain.
In.D.
0,045*
0,060
0,124
0,229
and Obfervations. tt
‘ /
OCTOBER 1733.
Weather. 1 Rain, 0,2,29
D. |
Hour. |
Baro. |
Ther.i |
|||
In.D. |
in. D. |
|||||
17 |
9 a. |
m. |
3° |
3 |
8 |
9 |
7 P* |
m. |
30 |
2 D |
9 |
4 |
|
x8 |
9 a. |
m. |
3° |
4 |
9 |
9 |
4P. |
m. |
3° |
4 |
11 |
0 |
|
19 |
9 a. |
m. |
3° |
4 |
10 |
8 |
4 P* |
m. |
30 |
4 |
11 |
5 |
|
20 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
3 |
10 |
0 |
4 P* |
m. |
30 |
3 |
11 |
0 |
|
21 |
9 a. |
in. |
30 |
3 |
10 |
6 |
4P. |
m. |
30 |
2 |
11 |
1 |
|
22 |
9 a, |
m. |
30 |
1 |
10 |
7 |
f P- |
m. |
30 |
1 |
10 |
8 |
|
23 |
9 a. |
m. |
3° |
0 |
10 |
6 |
4 P- |
in. |
29 |
9 |
11 |
0 |
|
24 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
10 |
1 |
4 P* |
m. |
29 |
S |
10 |
8 |
|
9 a. |
in. |
29 |
0 |
li |
S |
|
4 P* |
m. |
28 |
9 |
11 |
9 |
|
26 |
9 a. |
in. |
29 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
4 P- |
m. |
29 |
1 |
11 |
2 |
|
27 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
1 |
10 |
1 |
4 P- |
m. |
29 |
2 |
9 |
8 |
|
28 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
4 |
10 |
3 |
4 P- |
m. |
29 |
3 |
11 |
9 |
|
29 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
1 |
11 |
7 |
4P* |
m. |
29 |
1 |
10 |
6 |
|
30 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
9 |
0 |
4p. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
9 |
2 |
|
3i |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
2 |
9 |
3 |
7P* |
m. |
29 |
9 |
1 1 |
3 |
|
H.ata med |
29 |
8 |
10 |
9 |
||
Gr. |
Height 30 |
4 |
13 |
7 |
||
Lo . i * |
Height |
28 rd |
9 |
§ |
9 |
ID.
r
1
1
1
x
1
1
1
1
2 2 2 2 2
1
2 1
1
2 I
1
2 2 2 I I I I I
9
7
9
8
9
8
Wind. For,
W.b.N.i W.b.N.i S. W. I
s.
s. w. w.
8 W.
7 W.
7 W.
7 W.
o S. W. o W. o W. o W. o S. W. 7 S, W. 2 S. W.
7 S. W.
9 S. W. o S. W. 9 S. W.
8 S. W. o S. W. 4 S, W. 4 8. W.
9 W.
6 W.
N. W. S. W. S.'W.
4
5 9
9
7
a
Fair fair fair fair fair fair fair fair
cloudy cloudy fair fair cloudy cloudy fair cloudy cloudy cloudy fair ioudy ioudy 3 Rain ioudy iain Ioudy cloudy cloudy cloudy cloudy 3 cloudy
2
3
4
4
2
2
2
0,03®
0,2©6>
0,380
0,084
Total Depth 1,083
Ml
V
*
I
2
3
.4
S
6
7
2
9
10
ii
22
33
14
if
26
0 V E M B E R 1733
Baro. |
Ther. |
Hyg. |
Wind. |
Weather. |
|||
In. D |
In. D. |
I.D. |
Dir. For. |
||||
29 |
7 |
12 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
S. W. 3 |
Cloudy |
29 |
7 |
12 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
29 |
7 |
12 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
w. 3 |
fair |
29 |
7 |
II |
8 |
2 |
2 |
W7 3 |
cloudy |
29 |
8 |
10 |
6 |
I |
8 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
29 |
9 |
IO |
2 |
I |
/ |
W. 2 |
fair |
3° |
3 |
9 |
4 |
I |
8 |
N. 1 |
fair |
3° |
3 |
10 |
0 |
I |
7 |
N. 1 |
cloudy |
3° |
1 |
11 |
6 |
2 |
5 |
M. 3 |
cloudy |
3° |
1 |
12 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
3° |
2 |
II |
8 |
2 |
3 |
W. O |
cloudy |
3° |
3 |
ii |
9 |
2 |
2 |
W. I |
cloudy |
3° |
3 |
11 |
.5“ |
2 |
0 |
W. I |
cloudy |
3° |
2 |
ii |
8 |
I |
7 |
W. I |
cloudy |
30 |
0 |
11 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
S. 0 |
cloudy |
29 |
9 |
n |
.T |
2 |
0 |
S. 3 |
cloudy |
29 |
8 |
LO |
8 |
2 |
2 |
S. W. 2 |
£V * rair |
29 |
b, / |
IO |
3 |
I |
9 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
29 |
2 |
10 |
7 |
I |
8 |
S. W. 3 |
fair |
29 |
1 |
9 |
9 |
I |
9 |
S. W. 4 |
cloudy |
29 |
'2 |
9 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
W. 2 |
fair |
29 |
2 |
9 |
7 |
2 |
0 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
29 |
2 |
8 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
N. W. 2 |
fair |
29 |
9 |
4 |
I |
9 |
N. W. 2 |
fair |
|
29 |
7 |
9 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
29 |
6 |
10 |
8 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
29 |
4 |
12 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 3 |
cloudy |
29 |
6 |
11 |
* |
2 |
0 |
s. W. 2 |
cloudy |
29 |
6 |
12 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
29 |
5 |
12 |
7 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 4 |
cloudy |
29 |
8 |
9 |
8 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
29 |
8l |
9 |
8 |
1 |
9 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
Rain,
In.D.
0^43
o,o8j
0,066
0,19^
and Obfervationi
NOVEMBER 1733.
D.f Hour.
17
18
19
20
21
22
^3
24
IS
26
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
9 a.
4 P*
9 a.
4 P*
27 9 a. in. 4p. m. 9 a. m.
|4 P- m- 29J9 a. m. U p. m.
3° )9 a. m. *4 p. m.
28
29 5* 10 29 6 29 8 29 8 29 7 29 8
29 7 29 <5 10 29 y 10 29 6 29 8 29 8 29 8 29 7
29 7 29 6 29 7 29 7
29 7
29 5 29 8
29 9
29 8
29 7
29 8
29 7 29 S 29_ 6
H.at amed.29 7
9 a.
SP-
9 a.
4 P*
9 a.
4p.
9 a.
4p. m. 9 a. m. 4 p. m. 9 a. m. 4p. m. 9 a. m. 4p. m. 9 a. m. 4p. m. m. m. in. m.
Baro.
In.D.
Ther. Hyg. In.D.I.D.
Gr. Height 30 3
L. Height 29 1
9
9
10
9
10
11
1 1 11 11 11 11
1 1
12 10 10 10
9
9
10
11 11 11 1 1 11
9_
10
6
9
7
4
6
4
o
6
9
3 7 9 5* d 9
4
2
3 2
4
y
2
o
I
o
12
T
2
1
2
1
2 2 2
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
i
1
2 2 1
1
2
1
2 '2
8
5* 2
7
8
o
9
o
9
o
o
I
o
o
I
o
I
o
7
9
Wind. {Weather. Dir. For.
S.
W.
s. w. s. w. s. w. s. w.
s.
9 S.
S. E. S. E. <4.
S.
S. W. S. W.
s. w.
4 S. W.
w. w. w. w. w. w. w. w. w. w. s. w. s. w.
s
8
8
4
9
o
2
o
9
o
7
7
21 7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
4 Cloudy cloudy fair fair fair fair
cloudy cloudy fair Fair fair fair fair 3 cloudy cloudy loudy fair fair 3 fair Rain fair cloudy fair
cloudy cloudy
4
2
2
2
3
2
f: . ir
cloudy
Raifo
o,i94
0,03-7
0,09^
Total Depth 0,326
Medical Ejfajs
{ DECEMBER 1733.
D. |
Hour. |
Baro. |
||
In.D. |
||||
"I |
9a. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
4 P» |
m. |
29 |
6 |
|
2 |
9 a« |
m. |
29 |
4 |
4 P* |
m. |
29 |
3 |
|
3 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
4 P- |
in. |
29 |
9 |
|
49 a. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
|
4 P* |
m. |
30 |
1 |
|
S |
9 a* |
m. |
30 |
2 |
6 |
4 P* |
m. |
30 |
2 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
2 |
|
4 P- |
m. |
30 |
1 |
|
7 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
4P. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
|
9 a. |
m. |
3° |
0 |
|
4 P* |
m. |
29 |
9 |
|
9 93. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
|
4 P* |
m. |
29 |
6 |
|
10 |
9 a. |
in. |
29 |
1 |
4 P* |
ni. |
29 |
3 |
|
II |
9 a- |
m. |
29 |
0 |
4P* |
m. ✓ |
29 |
0 |
|
12 |
9 a- |
in. |
29 |
1 |
4P. |
m. |
29 |
0 |
|
13 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
1 |
4P* |
in. |
29 |
0 |
|
14 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
0 |
4 P* |
m. |
28 |
8 |
|
IS |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
2 |
16 |
4p. |
in. |
29 |
|
9 a. |
m. |
2-9 |
2 |
|
4 P* |
in. |
2-9 |
3 |
Ther.
In.D.
9
9
12
11
9
i°
11
11
11
11
10
11 10 10
9
10
9
9
10
10
11
12
10
11 10 10
10
11 11 10 io
9
Hyg- I, IX
Wind, Dir. For.
0 2, I 6
4
7
1
o
2
7
7
c
?
y
2
f
o
7
8
7
8
9
4
1
9
3 9
2 1
1
2 42
2 2 2
1
2
1
2 2 1
1
2 2
o
o
6
W.
W,
w.
w.
7W.
9W
w.
3W.
w.
s. w. s. w. w. w. w. w. w. s. w. s. w,
I
1
o
9 o
9 o o
9
2 o.
8.
s.
s.
S.
2
2
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2 2<
1
4
2
9
1
2
1 o
2
1
9
2
4
2
2
2
2
1
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
2
Weather. Rain.
In.D,
8. W. 8. W. S. W. 8,
S.
S.
s. w. s,
8.
S. W. 8. W. 8
3N. W.
2
2
2
3
4 2
J
Fair fair 4 cloudy fair fair fair
cloudy fair
cloudy cloady cloudy cloudy cloudy cloudy fair fair Fog cloudy cloudy cloudy Rain Rain fair fair Fog cloudy Fog cloudy cloudy cloudy Rain fair
0,205
0,146
0,072
0,248
0,124
0,176
0,198
o,3I4 1 366£
and Obfervations.
\ DECEMBER j73h
D,
Hour;
Baro.
In. D. |
In. |
D |
1. |
D. |
||||
17 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
4 |
10 |
0 |
2 |
4 |
4p. |
m. |
29 |
4 |
10 |
3 |
2 |
y |
|
18 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
4 |
12 |
6 |
2 |
3 |
4 p- |
m. |
29 |
4 |
12 |
y |
2 |
y |
|
i9 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
11 |
y |
2 |
2 |
4P- |
m. |
29 |
7 |
11 |
7r |
2 |
||
20 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
1 1 |
7 |
2 |
2 |
4 p- |
m. |
29 |
7 |
11 |
7 |
2 |
2 |
|
21 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
11 |
9 |
2 |
3 |
4 P* |
m. |
29 |
6 |
ii |
3 |
2 |
1 |
|
22 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
y |
10 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
4 P* |
in. |
29 |
1 |
10 |
7 |
2 |
2 |
|
^3 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
2 |
10 |
2 |
1 |
9 |
4 P- |
m. |
29 |
3 |
10 |
6 |
1 |
8 |
|
24 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
3 |
9 |
7 |
2 |
8 |
4 P* |
m. |
29 |
y |
9 |
7 |
2 |
0 |
|
2y |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
4 |
9 |
9 |
2 |
1 |
4P- |
m. |
29 |
4 |
9 |
y |
2 |
1 |
|
26 |
9 a. |
m. |
|i9 |
6 |
8 |
9 |
2 |
1 |
4 P- |
m. |
29 |
7 |
9 |
4 |
2 |
0- |
|
27 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
2 |
9 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
4 P* |
m. |
29 |
4 |
10 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
|
28 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
10 |
2 |
2, 1 |
3 |
4 P* |
m. |
29 |
9 |
10 |
6 |
2 |
1 |
|
29 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
11 |
7 |
2 |
1 |
4 P. |
m. 29 |
6 |
10 |
7 |
1 |
9 |
||
30 |
9 a. |
m. 29 |
y |
11 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
4 P- |
m. |
29 |
4 |
11 |
7 |
2 |
2 |
|
3i |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
2 |
11 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
4 P- |
m. 29 |
3 |
11 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
||
H.atamed |
.29 |
y |
10 |
7 |
2 |
1 |
||
Gr. Height 30 |
2 |
12 |
6 |
2 |
8 |
|||
L. |
Height 28 |
8 |
8 |
9 |
1 |
7 |
Ther.
Hyg
Dir. For.
W.
W.
s. w.
w.
S. E.
s. w s.
W-
s. w. s. w.
Wither .iRam
$. W;
S. W.
w,
w.
W. b. S. 2 W.b.S. 2 W-b. $. 2 W- i W*. i S. w. o S. w, I(
S. W. 3 cloudy
S. W.
s. w.
S. W. 3
s. w. w.
i:air
fair
fair
fair
fair
idy cloudy Fog fair fair cloudy fair fair fair fair cloud y clouay fa : v fail Fog fair Fog Cloudy
fair Rain fair
cloudy
cloudy
h,6(
0,223
0,274
0,074
0,155
A,i30
0,195
F
■•PSS
PM3
0^71
Total Depth 3,629
td
Medical EjfayS
J A NV A R r 1734,
T\ *, |
; Hour, j |
Rrro. in D. |
Ther. In.D. |
Hyg- L D. |
Wind. Dir. For. |
Weather. |
||||
1 |
! 911. m, |
29 |
4 |
8 |
6 |
2 |
3 |
s. w. |
3 |
Cloudy |
4p, m. |
29 |
6 |
9 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
w. |
3 |
cloudy |
|
.% |
9 at. m. |
2.9 |
6 |
9 |
6 |
2? |
0 |
s. |
3 |
cloudy |
4p. m. |
29 |
4 |
9 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
s. w. |
1 |
Rain |
|
3 |
9 si. in. |
29 |
3 |
8 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
w, |
2 |
fair |
4 P‘ m* |
29 |
3 |
8 |
5 |
2 |
1 |
w. |
2 |
fair |
|
4 |
9 a. m . |
29 |
2 |
8 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
s. w. |
2 |
fair |
4P- ro. |
2,9 |
2 |
8 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
s. w. |
2 |
fair |
|
5 |
9 a. m. |
^9 |
2 |
7 |
8 |
2 |
3 |
s, w. |
2 |
cloudy |
4 p\ m. |
19 |
3 |
7 |
«s |
2 |
5 |
s. w. |
2 |
cloudy |
|
6 |
9 a* m. |
19 |
6 |
7 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
w. |
2 |
fair |
|4 P • m- |
29 |
6 |
. **» t |
*7 / |
1 |
9 |
W- |
1 |
fair |
|
7 oa, ITS. |
29 |
—9 / |
y |
I |
1 |
9 |
w. |
2 |
fair |
|
4 p , m. |
29 |
8 |
7 |
7 |
2 |
<5 |
w. |
1 |
Fog |
|
8 |
9 a. m. |
3° |
0 |
8 |
c |
2 |
8 |
s. w. |
1 |
Fog |
4 p, in. |
30 |
0 |
8 |
8 |
2 |
6 |
s. w. |
1 |
Fog |
|
9 |
9 a., rn. |
30 |
0 |
9 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
S.b.W. |
1 |
cloudy |
4 p. m. |
30 |
0 |
9 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
cloudy |
|
to |
9 a.. m. |
30 |
2 |
8 |
7 |
2 |
5 |
1 |
cloudy |
|
4 p. m. |
30 |
3 |
9 |
1 |
2 |
f S. |
1 |
cloudy |
||
11 |
99 a. m. |
30 |
5' |
7 |
7 |
1 |
8 S. |
1 |
fair |
|
14 P- m- |
30 |
S |
7 |
J |
i |
7S. |
1 |
fair |
||
729 a. in. |
30 |
5 |
7 |
0 |
1 |
7 |
s. w. |
1 |
fair |
|
Up- m. |
30 |
6 |
'7 |
6 |
1 |
6 |
s. w. |
1 |
fair |
|
13 |
j 9 a. m. |
30 |
S |
6 |
2 |
1 |
f |
s. w. |
1 |
fair |
14 p. m. |
30 |
4 |
7 |
4 |
1 |
*7 / |
s. w. |
2 |
fair |
|
i 4 |
9 a. m. |
30 |
2 |
7 |
c |
2 |
0 |
s. w. |
1 |
fair |
4 P* |
30 |
1 |
7 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
s. w. |
1 |
fair |
|
*S |
9 a. -n. |
30 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
2 |
6 |
S.b. E. |
i |
Fog |
16 |
4P- m. |
29 |
9 |
7 |
3 |
2 |
5* |
S. b. E. |
1 |
Fog |
9 a. m. |
29 |
7 |
7 |
6 |
2 |
5* |
s. |
1 |
Fog |
|
4P. m. |
l9 |
7. |
8 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
s. |
1 |
lair |
Rain.
In.D«
0,085^
op$S
0,095*
V73
J A N't) A R T 1734.
D, |
Hour. |
Baro. |
Ther. |
Hyg. |
Wind, |
Weather |
Rain. |
|||
In. D„ |
In. |
D. |
L |
D. |
Dir. For. |
|||||
0,408 |
||||||||||
17 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
8 |
8 |
0 |
S. 1 |
Fog |
|||
4 p. m. |
3° |
0 |
8 |
5 |
2 |
4 |
S. W. I |
cloudy |
||
18 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
9 |
10 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
S.W. 3 |
cloudy |
|
4p. in. |
30 |
0 |
11 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
S- VV. I |
cloudy |
||
19 |
9 a. m„' |
30 |
0 |
10 |
7 |
2 |
3 |
S. W. 1 |
cloudy |
|
4 p. m. |
3° |
1 |
10 |
S |
2 |
1 |
s.’W; 2 |
fair |
* |
|
2'0 |
9 a. m. |
30 |
1 |
9 |
8 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. I |
fair |
|
4p. m. |
30 |
1 |
9 |
8 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. I |
fair |
||
21 |
9 a. m. |
3° |
0 |
8 |
9 |
2 |
0 |
S. w, I |
fair |
|
4 p. m. |
2 9 |
8 |
10 |
0 |
1 |
9 |
SI W. 1 |
fair |
||
22 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
41 |
9 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
|
4 p. m. |
29 |
4 |
9 |
7 |
2 |
1 |
W. 2 |
fair |
||
23 |
9 a. m. |
29 |
8 |
9 |
5 |
1 |
9 |
WV 2 |
fair |
|
4P. m. |
29 |
8 |
10 |
4 |
1 |
,•1 2 |
wv 2 |
fair |
||
M |
9 a. m. |
29 |
8 |
if |
1 |
2 |
5 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
|
4p. in. |
29 |
7 |
11 |
S |
2 |
4 |
W. i |
Rain |
||
*5* |
9 a. in. |
29 |
6 |
10 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
W. b. S. 3 |
cloudy |
op6f |
4P- m. |
29 |
3 |
9 |
9 |
2 |
1 |
W. b S 3 |
cloudy |
||
26 |
9 a. in. |
29' |
8 |
10 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
N. W. 2 |
fair |
|
4p. m. |
29 |
9 |
10 |
8 |
1 |
8 |
W. 3 |
fair |
||
9 a. m. |
3° |
2 |
11 |
0 |
2 |
6 |
W; 2 |
fair |
> |
|
4p. m. |
3° |
2 |
11 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
W. 3 |
cloudy |
. \ ,, |
|
28 |
9 a. m. |
3° |
2 |
10 |
7 |
2 |
5 |
S. W. i |
lair |
<¥*4 f |
4P» m. |
3° |
2 |
11 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
Wo 2 |
lair |
||
29 |
9 a. m. |
3° |
3 |
11 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
|
4p. m. |
30 |
3 |
10 |
8 |
2 |
W/b.’ Sa |
cloudy |
|||
30 |
9 a. m. |
30 |
3 |
11 |
2 |
2 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
0,077 |
|
4 p. m. |
3° |
2 |
if |
2 |
2 |
3: |
W/ 2 |
cloudy |
||
31 |
9 a. m. |
3° |
2 |
10 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
w; , , 2 |
fair |
|
4p. m. |
30 |
2 |
9 |
Jf |
1 |
N.W. 3 |
fair |
|||
H.atamed. |
29 |
9 |
8 |
8 |
2 |
2 |
Total Depth' |
0,5-9^' |
||
(dr. Height 30 |
6 |
11 |
2 |
8 |
||||||
L, Height |
29 |
2 |
6 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
1 8 Medical Ejfays
FEBRVART 1734.
D. |
Hour. |
Baro. |
Ther. |
Hyg. |
Wind. |
Weather. |
||||
In. D |
I11. D. |
I. |
in |
Dir. Jr or. |
||||||
1 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
2 |
9 |
0 |
1 |
9 |
W.b.S.2 |
Fair |
4 P- |
m. |
30 |
1 |
10 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
W, 3 |
cloudy |
|
2 |
9 a. |
in. |
3° |
0 |
10 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
W. 4 |
fair |
4P* |
m. |
30 |
0 |
11 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
W. 3 |
fair |
|
3 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
10 |
8 |
2 |
3 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
4p. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
11 |
2 T |
2 |
2 |
VV. 3 |
fair |
|
4 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
1 |
9 |
W. 3 |
fair |
5> |
m. |
29 |
8 |
10 |
3 |
2 |
p |
W. 3 |
cloudy |
|
S |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
10 |
8 |
2 |
3 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
4p. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
n |
4 |
2 |
1 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
|
6 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
10 |
9 |
2 |
2 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
4 P* |
m. |
29 |
6 |
11 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
b'.W. 3 |
cloudy |
|
7 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
10 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
W\b.N. 3 |
fair |
4 P |
m. |
29 |
8 |
10 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
N. W. 3 |
fair |
|
8 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
3 |
9 |
9 |
1 |
6 |
VV. 1 |
cloudy |
s\ ■ |
4 P* |
m. |
30 |
3 |
10 |
S |
2 |
O |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
9 |
9 a. |
m. |
3° |
2 |
11 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
S.b. W. 3 |
cloudy |
4 P- |
m. |
30 |
0 |
11 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
|
10 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
10 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
N. W. 3 |
faii- |
4p. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
10 |
6 |
1 |
8 |
N. W. 3 |
fair |
|
11 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
10 |
7 |
1 |
9 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
4 P- |
m. |
29 |
9 |
11 |
1 |
1 |
b |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
|
12 |
9 a. |
m, |
29 |
6 |
11 |
7 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
4 P- |
m. |
29 |
6 |
1 1 |
8 |
1 |
7 |
S. W. I |
cloudy |
|
13 |
9 a. |
in. |
29 |
4 |
11 |
8 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
W ■ |
4P* |
m. |
29 |
S |
ii |
1 |
6 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
|
. : 14 |
9 a. |
in. |
29 |
6 |
9 |
8 |
* 1 |
1 |
S. W. 2 |
Fair |
4p. |
m. |
29 |
S |
9 |
6 |
1 |
S |
S. W. 3 |
cloudy |
|
IS |
9 a. |
m. |
28 |
8 |
10 |
S |
2 |
0 |
S. b. W.4 |
Rain |
4 P* |
in. |
28 |
6 |
10 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
S. W. 4 |
cloudy |
|
16 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
0 |
9 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
b. W. 3 |
fair |
4P- |
in. |
29 |
0, |
9 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
Raim
In.D.
°,ii4
0,094
0,243
0,023
°>474
and Obfervatiohs*
l9
FEBRVART 1734,
D.
17
18
19
20
21
22
2-3
24
Hour,
9 a.
TP* 9 a,
TP*
9 a;
4P*
8 a.
TP*
9 a.
4 P* 9 a.
TP* 9 a.
TP* 9 a,
TP* 2y 8 a.
m.
m.
m,
m.
m.
m.
lllo
2TL
m.
in.
m.
m.
ni.
m.
Baro.
In.D.
29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
29
29 29 29 29 m.|28 m. 28
in. m. m. 4p. m. 9 a. m. 4p. nr. 9 a. m.
TP* 26 9 a.
27
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
o
1
o
S
7
T
5 7 9 9 7 T 3 '3 9 9
G
I
3
3
6
6
4
Ther.
In.D.
9
8
9
10
9
10
9
9
9
9
10
11
2
6
9
4
1
2
1
7
1
6
9
6
10 9
11 y
10
10
10
6
6
1
10 8 9 6
10 8
9 7
11 4
11 4
Hyg.i Wind.
L DJDir, For.
1
2 2 1 1
1
2 1
1
2 2 2 2
1
2
1
2 2 2 2 2 1 1
8
2
1
T
7
7
S.- W. 3 Cloudy cloudy
Weather, Rain, °)474
S. W,
N. W. 3 cloudy N.
N. W, 2 W, 2 Rain oN. Wi 3 cloudy N. W. 2 fair
4 fair fair
T
9
o
6
1
1
7
o
W.
w.
S. W/
s< w, s. w. s, w. s. w
7 W.
2 S.
s. s. oS.
o
6
8
S p. Bl. 29 S |
12 2 |
i T |
H.atamed.29 6 |
10 s |
2 9 |
Gr. Height 30 3 |
12 2 |
2 6 |
L, Height 28 6 |
8 6 |
1 4 |
S, W<
s. w. s.
s. w.
3 cloudy 2 Rain 2 fair 2 cloudy 2 cloudy 2 cloudy
2 cloudy fair
cloudy cloudy fair fair fair
cloudy cloudy
3 fair
1
1
1
1
1
G
2
0,0 6$
Total Depth Qrf9$
B 2,
40
Medical E frays
MARC El 1734.
D. Hour.
19 a. m.
5“ p. m. 2 9 a. m.
\SP- m 2 9 a. m
i S p. m 4 9 a. m 6 p. m y 9 a. in y p. m 6 9 a. m
4 p. m. 79 a. m.
5- p. m. 8 9 a. m.
yP- m
99 a. m.
yp. IB.
10 9 a. in. yp.
11 9 a. in. 6p. m.
129 a. in.
5 p. m.
13 9 a. m y p. m.
14 9 a. m.
| S P- m-
1 5*1 9 a. m.
s y p. m. 16 9 a. m.j 1 6 p. m,!
Baro.lTher. in.D. I11.D.
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
710 jii 6\ 10
6 1 1 6|ii 6 11
I.D.
7 7 7 42
2
5-
4
5"
12 11 11 4 11
4 7 7 6
6
7
8
8
6
6
7
5
3
6
y
12
12 11 11
9
10
11 10
9
10
9
11
10 10
9
10
9
11
4 10
9
1
f
2 6
3
o
D
6
3
1 1 1 1
1
2 1 1 1
61 1
5 1
6 1
8.t
9 >
1
6
7
1 1 11 11
7
9
7
8
6
S
s
4
o
D
3 fji
r
1
f
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
8
6
7 o
1
8
9 S.
o
Wind, Di . For.
S.
S. E.
S. b. E. S. E.
s. w. s. w.
Weather. Rain. I In.D,
Fair fair
cloudy fair cloudy fair cloudy cloudy Rain cloudy 3 cloudy r
8 IS.
8 S. W.
s. w.
oS. W.
7S. W.
W.
7 W.b.N. pair
8 W.b.N.2fair
6 W.b.N.2!cloudy
9 W. 2'cloudy W. 2 cloudy
o W.b.N.2 fair y N. W. 2 fair ' S. E, 2 'fair
8
9 S. 2 S. W. 3 W. 3 7S. E. 2 9 S. E. 1 S. b. E. o
7 S.‘ E. o W. 3
4 W.b.N. 2
8 S.b. W.
6
S, W. 4 cloudy
cloudy
Rain
fair
Fog
Rain
fair
cloudy
cloudy
fair
cloudy
0,I9£
P MS
0,025*
0,048
0,036
0,09.7
0,172
0,077
0,026
0,707
and Ob fer vat ions.
at
MARCH 1734.
D.
Hour.
17 9 a. m. yp. m.
18 9 a. m. 6 p. m.
19 9 a. m,
7p. m.
20 9 a. m. 6 p. m.
21
22
23
Baro.
Iii.D.
29
29
29
V)
29
29
29
29
9 a. m. 29
8
8
5
4
1
4
2
i
1
Ther. Hyg.
in. D.
9
10
10
11
10
11
11
12 11
yp. no. 29 4,n
9 a. m.!29 yp. in., 29 9 a. m. ! 29
6p. m. 29 24 9 a. m. 29 y p. m. 29 2y *9 a. m. 29 jy p. in. 29
26 9 a. m. 29 I4 p. m. 29
27 9 a. m. 29 6 p. m. 29
a. m. 29 1 6 p. in. 29 29 9 a. m. 29 !yp. no. 1 29 30:9 a. m. 29 7
6
.3
1
4 y
7
6
5 5"
11
12 1 1 IQ
10
1 1 10 II II II II II
9
11
11
11
11
jy p. m.:29 712
31 9. a. m y p. no.
29
29
812
9U2.
H.atama.1.29 y Gr. Height 29 9 L. Height 29 1
11
6 1 81 61 3
8 1
o
2
*
S o
2
Si
81
I.D.
8
7
8
4
6
3
4
3
4 61
01
21
4
2
3
4
41
1 1
12 y
9 7
Wind. Dir. For
S. W 3 Fair
3 w, b. S. 4 9 S.b.W. 1 9 S. b. W. 1 9 S. b. E. o 4 *S. W. 1
8 S. E .
9 S.b.W 8 S. W. 7:W. o S. W. 4'S. W.
7 s. w.
y S. W.
7 S. V/.
4 S. W.
7 S. W. 2 3 W. b. S. 1
7 S. W. 2
8 S. W. 1
Weather.
cloudy cloudy cloudy fair fair Rain cloudy fair fair fair loudy variable 4 Rain 3 fair cloudy fair fair cloudy Rain fair fair foir cloudy
6 N. W. 2 4 N. W. 2
6 N. W. 1 y W. 1 y W. bt N. 3 fair 4 W.b.M, 3 fair y W.b.N.ifair
7 S. W. 3 cloudy 1 1 W.b.N.3 cloudy 7 W.b.N.2fair
*7
Rain.
0,707
o,034
o,i9f
0,07^
0,113
0,093 0,204 0,265*
0,21©
0,034
0,044 0,08 y 0,063
3
Total Depth 2,12a
Medical EJfays
A eP R I L 1734.
D, |
Hour. |
Baro. ' I11.D, . |
Pher. I In/D. 1 |
|||
1 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
3 1 |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
8 i |
|
2 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
2 |
4p. |
m. |
3° |
0 |
13 |
2 |
|
0 0 |
9 a. |
m. |
3° |
0 |
12 |
4 |
SP- |
m. |
3° |
0 |
1 2 |
6 |
|
4 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
3 |
4p. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
*3 |
7 |
|
5 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
ii |
3 |
y p. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
12 |
4 |
|
6 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
13 |
3 |
m. |
29 |
6 |
?3 |
1 |
||
7 |
9a. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
10 |
9 |
8 |
6p. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
11 |
1 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
u |
S |
|
4 P? |
m. |
29 |
S |
11 |
7 |
|
9 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
s |
10 |
S |
4p. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
11 |
9 |
|
IP |
9 a, |
in. |
29 |
8 |
12 |
1 |
5> |
m. |
29 |
8 |
12 |
4 |
|
I! |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
11 |
4 |
6 p. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
11 |
6 |
|
12 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
11 |
8 |
S P, |
m. |
30 |
0 |
12 |
7 |
|
?3 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
1 |
x3 |
2 |
PP> |
m. |
3° |
2 |
*3 |
7 |
|
14 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
2 |
12 |
7 |
fPi |
m. |
3° |
1 |
x4 |
7 |
|
i.r |
9 a. |
m. |
3° |
Q |
12 |
S |
m. |
29 |
9 |
x4 |
0 |
||
|6 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
3 |
m. |
29 |
9 |
*3 |
4) |
Hyg.
I.D.
G
Wind, j Weather. Raifi
Dir. For
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
s. w.
7 W„
S. w.
8 W.
oW.
7 w. w. w. w.
3.N. E.
‘ S. E.
s. w. y vv. w.
s. w.
2 cloudy cloudy
o
5
7
5
6
6
2
o
2
2
2
2
o
2
2
2
loudy
cloudy
cloudy
lair
fair
fair
fair
cloudy
cloudy
fair
fair
cloudy
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
In.D.
0,125-
0,034
y W.b.Nf2 W.b.N. 3 fair N. W. 3 fair W.b. S,,i 3 cloudy
5 W. 3 cloudy
6 W. 2 fair W. 4 variable
5 W-b.lS. 2 cloudy 5" S. W. 3 cloudy 9 W. 2 ~ '
S W.b, S.2 9 W.b.S. I 4 5. b. E.
8S, E.
S. E.
8S. E.
3&
,0 SS
0,214
and Obfervations.
A T R I L 1734.
D. |
Hour. |
ifaro. |
Ther. Hyg |
,Wind. |
j Weather |
||||||
In. D. |
In. |
D. |
I. D. |
Dir. For. |
|||||||
17 |
9 a. |
m. |
±9 |
9 |
11 |
y |
1 |
9 |
£. b. N. |
2 |
Fair |
S P’ |
m. |
19 |
9 |
11 |
$ |
1 |
6 |
N. E. |
2 |
fair |
|
18 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
10 |
7 |
2 |
4 |
E. |
3 |
cloudy |
4 p- |
m. |
29 |
8 |
11 |
5 |
1 |
8 |
E. |
2 |
cloudy |
|
19 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
11 |
S |
i |
9 |
E. |
2 |
fair |
6 p. |
m. |
3° |
0 |
11 |
2 |
1 |
8 |
E. |
2 |
cloudy |
|
2-0 |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
0 |
11 |
s |
2 |
6 |
E, |
2 |
cloudy |
7 P- |
m. |
3° |
0 |
11 |
I |
2 |
0 |
E, |
2 |
fair |
|
21 |
9 a. |
m. |
3° |
0 |
11 |
5“ |
1 |
6 |
E. |
I |
fair |
6 p. |
ni. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
6 |
1 |
4 |
E. |
1 |
fair |
|
22 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
1 |
8 |
N. E. |
2 |
Cloudy |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
9 |
9 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
E. |
1 |
Rain |
|
23 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
11 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
E. |
1 |
cloudy |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
11 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
E. |
2 |
fair |
|
24 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
11 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
S. E. |
2 |
cloudy |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
11 |
6 |
2 |
1 |
S, E. |
2 |
cloudy |
|
2? |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
S |
12 |
7 |
2 |
3 |
S. E. |
1 |
lair |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
i3 |
0 |
1 |
6 |
w. |
1 |
cloudy |
|
26 |
# a. |
m. |
29 |
S |
13 |
S |
1 |
6 |
s. w. |
2 |
fair |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
s |
13 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
w. |
2 |
fair |
|
^7 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
s |
12 |
6 |
1 |
6 |
s. w. |
2 |
lair |
5* P* |
m. |
29 |
s |
13 |
0 |
1 |
6 |
w. |
1 |
cloudy |
|
28 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
f |
12 |
4 |
1 |
6 |
w. |
2 |
fair |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
s |
13 |
5- |
1 |
3 |
S. W. |
2 |
fair |
|
29 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
s |
13 |
S |
1 |
3 |
s. w. |
2 |
fair. |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
4 |
13 |
6 |
1 |
4 |
s. w. |
1 |
Rain |
|
3° |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
4 |
12 |
6 |
1 |
4 |
s. w. |
2 |
fair |
fP- |
m. |
I29 |
412 |
4 |
i |
4 |
s. w. |
2 |
cloudy |
||
H.atamed. |
29 |
8 |
12 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
Total Depth |
||||
Gr |
Heigpt 30 |
2 |
J4 |
7 |
2 |
6 |
> |
||||
L. |
Heig |
;ht |
29 |
4 |
9 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
0,214
°>r37
°,2°4
0,0 SS
0,045*
Medical E/ays
M A T 1734-
Hour.
Bar or
in. D.
Ther.
In.D.
1 |
9 a. |
m. |
19 |
4^ |
[2 |
yp. |
m. |
29 |
4: |
12 |
|
a |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
9 |
/, |
y p. |
ml: |
19 |
7 8 |
10 |
0 3 |
9 a. |
in. |
29 |
10 |
|
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
11 |
|
4 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
11 |
* |
y p* |
m. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
5" |
9 a. |
m. |
30 |
D |
11 |
5" P * |
m. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
|
6 |
9 a; |
m. |
29 |
7 |
11 |
7 pi |
m. |
29 |
8 |
11 |
|
7 |
9 a. |
m. |
2.9 |
7 |
11 |
S' P- |
m. |
29 |
6 |
10 |
|
8 'i |
9 a. |
m. |
*9 |
7 |
i2 |
j |
S' p* |
ip |
9 |
8 |
*3 |
9 |
9 a. |
in. |
30 |
0 |
11 |
yp» |
m. |
3° |
1 |
12 |
|
1° |
9 a. |
in. |
30 |
0 |
12 |
* |
S P- |
m. |
29 |
9 |
12 |
H |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
12 |
7 P- |
in. |
29 |
4 |
12 |
|
12 |
9 a. |
in. |
29 |
4 |
11 |
yp- |
m |
29 |
3 |
12 |
|
13 |
9 a; |
m. |
29 |
4 |
11 |
SP- |
in |
29 |
4 |
11 |
|
*4 |
9 a. |
m |
29 |
4in |
|
yp. |
m. |
29 |
4! 11 |
||
■fir |
9 a. |
m |
.29 |
y |
iIO |
7 P- |
m |
29 |
y |
11 |
|
|6 |
9 a. |
in |
29 |
6 |
11 |
» |
7 P- |
m; |
29 |
6 |
11 |
Wind. Wither. I. D.lDir, For.
2
o
B
8
4
6
o
3
2
6
9
2
I
I
I
I
1
i
x
i
i
f
i
X
i
4i 8
o i i i
i
8
7 o
8
%
9
o
3
6 I
7 9
91*
3 8. W. ys. w 7 N. E. 4N. E.
2
2 2 2
N.b.W.2 4jN . W. 2 ojN. W 2 6
W. W; y Wl yW;
7,N.
<5E. 3IE. 4'N. 6 N:
E.
E.
i
i
1
2 2 2 2
Cloudy
Rain
fair
air
cloudy
C • . * a
fair
fair
kir
air
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
fait
fair
fair A fair
yjW.b.N. 3 cloudy
4 1 5
ti
6 i o i
3!Nv W.
yW.
W.
4 N. W. o:N. IV.
3;No W. 2|S. ‘ * 4|E.
4 N. W.
y!E. b. S. y|E;
| Rain.
In. Do
3 fair cloudy cloudy _ fair 3 cloudy q fair Hail 2 fair 2 fair i fair
i cloudy i cloudy I Rain
0,066
°,o S7
0,127
i
ops $
°,iSf
0,205;
y
0113
0.808
9 > *
and Obfervations.
MAT 1734.
Do |
Hour. |
Baro. |
*— — • 5-1 CD .£2 |
Hyp:. |
Wind. |
Weather |
Rain. |
||||
Iu,D. |
In.D- |
I. |
D. |
Dir. For. |
* |
||||||
j *. |
0,808 |
||||||||||
17 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
ii |
2 |
I |
3 |
N. W. 1 |
Fair |
0,130 |
6p, |
m. |
29 |
6 |
12 |
6 |
I |
2 |
E. 1 |
fair |
||
18 |
9 a. |
in. |
29 |
5" |
12 |
6 |
I |
4 |
N. E. 1 |
fair |
|
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
S |
12 |
2 |
I |
4 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
||
19 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
s |
31 |
8 |
I |
3 |
S. W. 2 |
fair |
0,247 |
V |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
1 1 |
9 |
I |
2 |
S. W. 1 |
fair |
|
20 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
12 |
3 |
I |
7 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
0,070 |
"Jo |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
13 |
0 |
I |
4 |
W. 2 |
cloudy |
|
21 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
13 |
9 |
I |
4 |
S. i |
lair |
0,120 |
£ |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
12 |
6 |
I |
7 |
S. W. 2 |
cloudy |
|
22 |
9 a. |
m. |
2-9 |
4 |
!3 |
1 |
I |
7 |
S. W. 1 |
cloudy |
0,398 |
>. |
7 P- |
m. |
29 |
4 |
13 |
1 |
I |
4 |
S. w. I |
cloudy |
|
23 |
9 a. |
m. |
2-9 |
6 |
12 |
2 |
I |
S |
W. 2 |
fair |
0,127 |
7 P- |
m. |
29 |
7 |
12 |
S |
I |
3 |
W. 2 |
lair |
||
24 |
y a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
*3 |
2 |
I |
f |
W. 1 |
cloudy |
'0,088 |
6 p. |
m. |
2-9 |
8 |
13 |
7 |
I |
3 |
E. | |
fair |
||
25* |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
8 |
12 |
8 |
I |
Ej 2 |
fair |
0,034 |
|
8 p. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
II |
9 |
I |
6 |
E. 2 |
cloudy |
' ** f. |
|
26 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
1 1 |
7 |
2 |
0 |
N. E„ 2 |
cloudy |
|
7 P* |
m. |
29 |
7 |
II |
7 |
2 |
1 |
N. E. 2 |
cloudy |
||
27 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
12 |
0 |
I |
8 |
N. E. 1 |
fair |
|
* ‘ l |
6 p. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
13 |
0 |
I |
6 |
E. 1 |
fair |
|
28 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
7 |
13 |
6 |
2 |
0 |
N. E. 1 |
fair |
°ass |
7 P- |
m. |
2.9 |
7 |
13 |
3 |
I |
3 |
S. E. 1 |
cloudy |
||
29 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
12 |
7 |
I |
2 |
E. 1 |
cloudy |
0,087 |
6p. |
m. |
29 |
6 |
12 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
E. 1 |
cloudy |
||
3° |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
5 |
12 |
2 |
3 |
5* |
E. b.N. 2 |
cloudy |
0 00 0 |
J'P- |
m. |
29 |
X |
?3 |
c |
2 |
6 |
Eb. N. 2 |
cloudy |
||
31 |
9 a. |
m. |
29 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
JN. E, 2 |
Rain |
|||
5* P* |
m. |
29 |
6 |
II |
8 |
3 |
3 |
N. E. 3 |
|Rain |
H.atamcd.29 8|i2 i|i 7 Gr. Height 30 i[tj 9)3 7
L. Heigin 29 3I 9 8|i o
Total Depth 3,313
Medical EJfays
II. An Account of the DISEASES that were moji frequent lafl Tear in E- dinburgh.
IN June 1733, feveral Inhabitants of2£- dinburgh were feized with Tertian A- gues , and others laboured under flight Fe¬ vers, with Pain of the Head, and flying Pains through the Body, the Sick having fliort Remiflions of the Fever, and partial Sweatings. At the fame Time Scarlet Fe¬ vers and lore Throats were frequent in fe¬ veral Parts of the Country near the City.
In July many complained of Angina^ Coughs, Hoarfienefs, and other EfFedts of what they call Summer Colds , and Chil¬ dren were attacked with the Scarlet-fever and Angina , which became very epide- mick in the two lucceeding Months, was lefs frequent and milder in October ; but continued* all the Winter and Spring. This Ddeafe began commonly with a quick Pulfe, Heat, Thirft, Headach, and a Pain in the Throat, wh re frequently a Swelling of the Amygda1# was obierved. Many had a V omiting ; nd cDiarrh£a at the fir ft At¬ tack of this Difeafe, without any remark-
and Obfer vat tons . 2.7
eable Change on the other Symptomes. Af¬ ter a Day or two, the Face, or Extremities, and fbmetimes the whole Body fwelled, the Skin being red, with a watery Clearnels fliining through it. Frequently the Swel¬ ling and Rednefs proceeded gradually from one part to another. It was remarked, that Inch Patients who had undergone the Scar let -fever any Time of their Lives be¬ fore, took at this Time the Fever and An¬ gina, without the Scarlet Eruption, but all who laboured under the Scar let -fever had the Angina alfo.
Many who were negle&ed in the Begin¬ ning of thisDifeafe, were fuffocated by the Angina. Few died who were timely and plentifully blooded, which weakned the Fe¬ ver, relieved the Throat, and was the only Medicine that removed the Vomiting and 2 ^iarrhaa. After the Pulfe was brought down with the Lofs of Blood, Veficatories were of Ufe, and the Cure was afterwards haftned and compleated by purging the Pa¬ tients with aperient laxative Ptizans.
In the Account of epidemical Difeafes iu Vol. II. we meptioned the Small-fox ha* ving attacked fome Children through all the Spring of 1733, the Numbers increafing in Mayy which they continued to do in June July and August, but were then gene-
2,8
Medical Effays
rally of the diftind mild kind. As they became more frequent in September, there were more of them confluent, and the Number of Patients increaied all October,, after which they raged mod violently, few Families efcaping them, till February, when they decrealed, and gradually went off in M arch. The pocky Pimples gene¬ rally began to appear the third Day from the Sickning, and yet were not always ei¬ ther confluent or dangerous. Very few had any purple Spots with the Small-pox ; and of thole who recovered of the confluent kind, fewer had Tumors or Ulcers than at other Times.
The cool Regimen was generally follow¬ ed; and when the Fever was high in the Beginning, with the Head or Breathing much affeded, the Patients were common¬ ly blooded and vomited ; and, in the con¬ fluent kind, it was neceflary and proved ufefui to repeat the Blooding about the Height of the Difeafe, and fome time after. From the firft Attack of the Fever, till the Small-pox were all out, many order’d ePe- diluvia of warm Water once or twice a Day, which feemed in many Cafes to re¬ lieve the Head confiderably, and to bring a greater Number of Pimples to the lower Extremities. When the Patients were co-
ftive.
and Ohfervations, £9
ftive, diluent cooling Clyfters were inje- died. Syrup of white Poppies was ge¬ nerally given at Night to procure Sleep* In lome who had bloody Stools andUrine9 the Spirit of Vitriol, mixed in pretty large Quantities with the Drink of the Sick, did very remarkable Service, theie thr earning Symptoms dilappearing in a little Time af¬ ter they began to take inch acidulated Li¬ quors. Vejkatories affifted the Eruption when the Pulfe was low, and often were of Service in removing Raving, Startings of the Nerves, Convuiftons and difficult
f
laborious Breathing ; and fome who had a bad confluent Small-pox , lecm’d to have the dangerous Symptoms at the Blackening prevented, by applying Veficatories a Day before the Blackening began, and by keep¬ ing up a Suppuration in the blifter’d Parts for fome Days. Gentle Emeticks were al- fo advantagioufly given, when the Stomach or Lungs appeared to be overcharged with Mucus . When the Small-pox were em¬ pty, or had only a little watery Mat¬ ter in them, and the Swellings began to fall luddenly on the 9th or 10th Day, Pur¬ gatives were given to lome with good Sne¬ eds.
Though Blooding in the Beginning of the Small fox evidently gave Relief in a great • k many
30 Medical EJfays
many Cafes, yet it could not well be jud¬ ged whether the taking Blood before the variolous Fever began, or after the Sym¬ ptoms appeared, had any Effedt in deter¬ mining the Nature or Number of the Small- fox ; for many who had been prepared by Blooding, Purging, I flues, and low cool¬ ing Diet, had a very bad confluent Small- fox % and others who had alio been treated in that Manner, and a great Number who had ufed no liich Precautions, took the mild kind. Some who had undergone Courfes of Mercury , and who had been afterwards kept for a confiderabie Time to the conftant Uie of JEthiofs Mineral , were feized with the confluent Small-fox and died.
During the Harveft Months of 1733, cDyfenteries were frequent and mortal in Fife , efpecially on the Coaftof the Frith of Forth.
In March and April 1734, Tertian Jlgues became frequent in Edinburgh , and were very irregular ; but repeated Vomits either carried them off, or made them eafi* ly yield to the Bark. At the fame Time many Children in the neighbouring Villa¬ ges were feized with a very lharp Fever, and high laborious Breathing, which foon killed them, unlefs they were timely relieved by
and Obfervations. 31
frequent and plentiful Bleeding, and gentle Vomits,
«||&^§»^|8»<0il&'®§§9*»8§t8» ^§»€§l&€§l»«§|S*«tf8*
III. An Extract from the publick Regifer of Burials in Edinburgh,
1733- |
Men. |
Women. |
Child/; |
Still-born., |
Sum. ( |
June - - |
‘9 |
29 |
40 |
4 |
92 |
July - - |
17 |
19 |
4i |
2 |
79 |
% ( « |
20 |
26 |
.63 |
4 |
X13 |
September |
13 |
21 |
65 |
3 |
102 |
October - |
15 |
26 |
106 |
6 |
153 |
November |
19 |
27 |
144 |
8 |
198 |
December |
21 |
27 |
Il6 |
4 |
168 |
1734* |
|||||
January |
26 |
46 |
80 |
3 |
155 |
February |
22 |
23 |
57 |
4 |
106 |
March - |
28 |
27 |
66 |
4 |
12 s |
April - - |
25 |
3i |
50 |
3 |
109 |
May - - |
31 |
46 |
41 |
9 |
127 |
Total |
256 |
348 |
869 |
* 54 |
1527 |
IV. The
o
32* Medical EJfays
IV. The Effects of the Conefii Bark by — — Gentlemen,
\]Ot having Allowance from my Friend , ** who wrote me the inclofed Letter , to fublijh his Name , / cannot take upon me to communicate it ; but can ajfnre yon, his Integrity , ^00^ Senfe, and Knowledge are Juch as may give entire Credit to his In¬ formation ; and lately' I cured an obftinate Dyjentery of three Months Jlanding, which had yielded nothing to a great Variety of other Medicines, by giving the Conefii Bark in the Form prefcribed by him / I am
Your moll humble Servant, Ale xr. Monro.
THE Tree of which I gave you fome of the Bark as a Specifick in Diar¬ rhoeas, grows on the Cormandel Coaft in the Eajt-Indies, where it is called Coneffi, and is not unlike the Cadogapala of the Hortus Malabdricus . The Conejfi-feca , or Coneffi-bark of the fmall young Bran¬ ches of the Tree which has leall Mofs, 01
ex*
' and Obfervaiions . 33
External infipid Scurf on it, is to be chofenf and ail that Scurf is to be lcraped off.
The clean Bark being pounded into a very fine Powder, is made into an Eledtu- aryi with Syrup of Oranges, and taken to the Quantity of half a Drachm, or more, four Times a Day, for three or four Days,, The firft Day it increafes the Number and Quantity of the Stools, but without in*’ creafing the Gripes, The fecond Day the Bark is taken, the Colour of the Stools is mended; and on the third or fourth Day, their Confiftence generally comes near to a natural State, when it fucceeds at all.
In recent Diarrhoea, arifing frdm Irre¬ gularities in Diet, Without a Fever, this Medicine leldom fails to make a Cure, if a Vomit of Ipecacuanna is given immediately before the Patient begins the Ule of the Bark. The fame Management alfo is atten¬ ded commonly with Suceefs in Perfons of a lax Habit of Body, who are troubled with an habitual 'Diarrhoea in moift rainy Weather, a remarkable Itching in the Skin being felt on the third or fourth Day. To luch Patients elpecially, the Eledtuary ought to be given Morning and Evening, for lome Time alter they are feemingly cured. Their Drink fhould be Water wherein Rice hath been boiled* and forae-
C times
34 Medical Ejfays
v
times Emulfions of the cold Seeds, with Sal prunell. are neceftary.
If there is a Fever with the Loofenefs, that mud be removed* by Bloodings and cool Emulfions, or cDeco£l . alb. with Sal jprunell. before the Conejji Bark is given.
Sometimes when the Caule of a "Diar¬ rhoea , ftop’d by this Medicine, lies beyond the inteftinal Canal, the Patient, in a few Days after, complains of a Pain in the right Hyfiochonder , or in the right Shoulder, or over the Stomach towards the left Side, caufing often a dull Senfe of Pain, near or above the left Clavicle, with a feverilh Pulfe. As loon as theie Symptoms appear, the Patient mull be blooded, and his Blood will be fizy, or with a tough yeliowifh Cruft on the Top, when it has coagulated. The Quantity of Blood to be taken away, and the repeating the Vena: led: ion, mull be determined by the Patient’s Strength, the Degree of Fever, and Sharpnefs of his Pain. In inch Calcs however the Blooding leldom removes the Pain entirely ; but after the Fever is brought lufficientiy down by the Lofs of Blood, I have feldom miffed to com¬ plete the Cure, by giving Jweet Mercury or rather Calomel , for fome Days, in lmall Quantities, as an Alterative.
I ought to obferve* That the Bark Ihould
be
and Obfervations. 35
be frefh-powdered/ and the EleCluary new* made every Day or ieeond Day, othervvife the Bark iofes its auftere, but grateful Bit- ternefs on the Palate, and its proper Effects on. the Inteftines.
Sw* 5&S wx 5w* W& 5ms 5m5 7/W 5j5S 3&5
V. Gangrene flopped by the Cortex Pc- ruvianus; by Mr. Samuel Goolden Surgeon at Bridgnorth in Shropifaire*
I Cannot help not only exprefling my own Pleafure and Satisfaction, but muft alio congratulate every Profeffor of Phyfick and Surgery, upon the laudable Attempt of your Society, in their Endeavours to im¬ prove medical Knowledge, by their annual E flays and Obfervations: A Work which I have long defired, and thought wanting in our Dominions, and do think it a Duty incumbent on every ProfefTor of Phyfick, or any Branch of it (in thefe Countries e- fpecially) to communicate to them any re¬ markable Obiervation that may fall under their Cognizance, and may tend to pro* mote fo ufeful a Defign.
Since that valuable Medicine the Cortex Peruvianas has been fo luccefsfuily given in Mortifications from an internal Caufe,
C x by
3 6 Med leal E Jf ays
by Mr. Rufbworth , Mr. Aftiyand, Mr. Bradley , Mr. "Douglas and Mr. Ship ton ; a remarkable loftance of its Succels in a more than parallel Cafe, I bad lately the Fleafure of oblerving in a Patient of mine, I have not the Vanity to think that what I can fay will add any thing to its Credit ; but it may be a Means to make its Virtues in fuch direful Diforders more generally known, and help to confirm what the above Gentlemen, and efpecially Mr. Douglas and Mr. Shipton have lo ingenioully laid of it.
January 8. 1733-4.
Samuel Lewis , aged 76 . of a pale Com¬ plexion, and cholerick Conftitution 5 a hi¬ lly, and leemingly a very healthy Man, having but little Sicknefs from his Youth, lhewed me an Inflammation of his left Leg, extending from an Ififue he had below his Knee, down to his Ancle, and all round his Leg, partaking of an Eryfipelas and Oe¬ dema. I threw out the Pea from his If- fue, and endeavoured by difeutient Fomen¬ tations, Embrocations, and Cataplafms, with Bleeding and lenient Purges to mitigate the Inflammation ; but to no Purpole ; for I, found it tending very faft to a Gangrene. His Leu from an intenle red Colour, turn- cd livid, blaqk Blifters arofe, &c. I would
have
and Ob fer vat tons, 3 7
have fcarified it, but was not permitted.
On the 13. Day, the Tumor was funk, his Leg black and dry, his Pulfe quick, with frequent Intermiffions, his Countenance wild, his Tongue hard, parched and dry. He would not permit the neceffary Incifi- ons to be made. With the Confent of Dr. Anthony Weaver , a Gentleman of great Charity, Humanity and Learning, I pre«
. pared eight of the following Draughts, VfL.Cort JPeruv . opt . pulv.TOrach. fem.Aq* Cerafor. nigr , Unc. i. fern. Syrup. Croci T)nc .fem. M. One of which I gave him about Noon, and ordered thathefhould con¬ tinue to take one every four Hours.
14. About ten this Morning, by which Time he had taken three Drachms of the Bark, I found his Tongue moift, his Coun¬ tenance not fo wild ; and examining his Leg, found it impoftumated, from a little below the liiperior Tubercle of the Tibia down to the lmall of his Leg, a little above which I faw a linall Aperture, with a little Matter ouzing from it. I told him he flood a very fair Chance for his Life, if he would fubmit to the fuitable Means. With his Allowance, I immediately entred the Probe- Point of my Sciffars at the Aperture, and cut upwards as far as it was hollow ; then turned them, and cut downwards as far as
C 3 the
38 Medical Ejfays
the Cavity ran, and difcharged between three and four Ounces of a well digefted *Pus, and after fomenting very well with a Deception of the warm Plants in a ftrong Lixivium of Woodajhes , Sal Ammon, com. & Spiv . V in 'Camphor . (which I had ufed from the Time 1 iulpedted it would morti¬ fy)! dreffed the Incifion with 'Dng.Rafilic . Liniment Anctei a a. fart. aq. Ipread upon aDoffil dipt in hot 01. Terebinth . with a Cataplafm of Oat Meal , Flor. Centaur . Chamamel. a a. p. a. with the Fomentati¬ on ; and 01. Chamemel. over ail. He found an agreeable Warmth about his Leg after the Drefiings were applied.
iy. I found him very chearful) and dif- covered a large Sinus betwixt the Solteus and Gaftrocnemius intern , I laid it open, and difcharged about the fame Quantity of welLdigefted Matter as yefterday. There was a very large Slough in the former In¬ cifion, which I cut off, and dreffed as be¬ fore.
16. He had been very reftlefs all Night, his Pulie irregular, his Tongue rough and! dry, with Fluftiings in his Cheeks. In¬ quiring if he had taken his Draughts regu¬ larly, I was told he had not, through the Attendant’s Drowfinefs. After reprimand¬ ing them for that Negledt, and cautioning
and Obfervations . 39
him about it for the future, I opened his Leg, and found the Difcharge large, a fun¬ gous Flefh rifing in the firft Incifion, which I fprinkied with prsecipit. rubr. and drefled as before ; and by reafon he had not a Stool fmce the 14th, I ordered him a common Clyfter, which brought away fome hard- ned Excrements. At Night his Heat and Flulhings were not lb great, and his Tongue was moifler.
18. Being wearied of his Draughts, or¬ dered thus,
gL Cort. Reruv.opt.pulv . ^Vnc .fern. Confec . Alkerm.Unc . i. M . divid . in Bol. viiL cap . imam quarta quaque bora fuperbu bend. Cochlear, iii. jalap . fequentis .
JL Aq. Lacl. Cerafor. nigr. a.'Vnc, iv. Rut . Unc.fem, epidem. fc) nc . ii. Tinbl. croc, in aq. theriac ,fa£t . unc . i. Confebl .Alkerm. cl)ncA\.Jyrup. Cariophyll. rl)nc. ii. M.
I oblerved Matter lodged in the Gaftroc- nem . intern . almoft to the Back of the Leg ; I opened it in the mod depending Part, but had not the Difcharge I expe¬ cted.
21. Comprefles and Bandage were ap¬ plied to unite that Cavity, and prevent the Matter from lodging in it.
22. A Sinus running towards the Small of his Leg opened.
C 4
23. He
40 Medical E flays
z$. He complained of a Pain in his Side, and had a reftlefs Night : I drefled the Ul¬ cers only with dry Lint ; the,Cavity above*- mentipned inclined to unite.
24. He was very much dejedted, but I could not apprehend theReafon of it, every thing appeared in good Order.
25. Be Ihewed me a Swelling in his
Groin, with great Hardnefs and Inflamma¬ tion down the fore and infide of his left Thigh, extending to a pretty large and in- fenfibie Tumor, a little above his Knee, which he found gradually to increafe fince the 15th Inftant, but did not fpeak of it be¬ fore, left he ihould (as he exprefled it) be cut there. I applied an emollient Plaifter over it, was apprehenfive he would have a very large Abfcefs, which would exhauft him. There was very little Difcharge from his Leg. '
30. To this Day his Fever increafed with an irregular Pulfe, great Drought, dry Tongue, &c. notwithftanding he conti¬ nued the Uie of the Draught or Bolus as before; very little Diicharge from his Leg; tne Llcer appearing livid. I fomented well, gnd applied the warm Digeftive as abovp. due Swelling in his Groin very much in— creafed ; tne Inflammation decreafinp’, I felt Matter to fluctuate, but deep; the T timpr
not
and Obfervations . 41
not very painful. Not having a Stool for fe- veral Days paft, I gave him a lenient Purge, by which he had a very large Stool of black and very fetid Excrements.
31. The hard mienflble Tumor above his Knee of a livid Colour, and that in his Groin rifing towards a Point near the Inguen , in¬ clining to the Infide.
I, 2. February, Indead of Matter, there was a Difcharge of clotted Blood from his Leg; I drefled with the warm Digedive.
3. The SPus was laudable, the Tumor in his Groin confiderably railed; he took a lenient Purge, which gave him one Stool, not having one fince the 30th ult.
II. To thisDay his Fever continued, but
not in any great Degree, and his Pulle irre¬ gular; a white Pudule appeared upon the mod prominent Part of the large Tumor in the Inguen , which I cut, and then entring the Point of my Probe-Scidars, cut abont an Inch in length near his Groin; well di~ gelled Matter gullied out, as from a Cock, and in as full a Stream, fometimes dreaked with Blood. I took thence at lead lib. iii. His Leg begins to cicatrize.
12. A large Difcharge about the Bed from the lad Incifion, and a large Quantiry of Matter that fell below the Orifice, yet in the Cavity on the infide of the Thigh. I
42- Medical Ejfays
Applied a Cauftick on the loweft Part, and difcharged thence about lib . fern. I alfo o- pened that Tumor near his Knee, and dif» charged Unc. i. of well digefted Tus .
19. i opened another Sinus on the infide of his Leg, and difcharged thence only fe- veral Clots of Blood. From this Time the Di (charge from his Thigh gradually leften- ed; that very large Sinus united, by means of Comprefs and Bandage; his Fever left him, and he did not ufe his Medicine fince the 14th i nft ant, in which Time in Draughts and Bolides, he had taken between Vnc. x. and Vnc. xii. of the Cortex, which being continued fo long and regularly, I believe a (lifted Nature to expel her Enemy in that very large Abfcefs in his Thigh, which o> therwife might, notwithftanding the Mor¬ tification was ftopt in his Leg, have feized it again, or have fallen upon fome more noble Part, and occafioned his Death ; af¬ ter which I made him a Decodtion of the moft agreeable Bitters, by which Means he recovered' a good Appetite; and in a fliort Time was able, with a little Affiftance, toi walk down Stairs, and any where elfe ini the Houle with a Staff only ; and, on the: ayth of March, he walked to my Houfe: to be dreffed, which is near a Quarter ofi a Mile ; and about a Week afterwards wentt
and Obfervations . 43
to his Work as ufual (which is mending Shoes) his Leg giving him very little Di- fturbance: In the Day it fwells confider- ably, but when he riles in the Morning is of its natural Size, for which I ordered a laced Stocking. His Thigh is ftrong and firmly cicatrized, as alfo is his Leg; and the Man enjoys good Health, and is every way as fit for his Work as he was before his Illnefs.
% % % ® @ ® @ © ©©^ $©©©©©©©#
t
VI. A Mortification cured by the Peruvian Bark\ by Mr. John Paisley Surgeon in Glalgow.
Gentlemen ,
THE good Effects of your generous Concern for the Welfare of Mankind, are now confpicuous in the many ufefulOb- fervations and E flays that have been com¬ municated to the Publick in your Collecti¬ ons, which, without this Opportunity, would probably never have feen the Light. At the fame time I muft think we are alfo greatly indebted to you for the judicious Abridgement of the mo ft confiderable Im¬ provements and Dilcoveries iftPhyfick made through Europe, which moft private Per-
fons
44 Medical Ejfays
fons remain entirely ignorant of, or it is very late before they are informed of them. It is owing to your Second Volume that the Ipecifick Virtue of the Cortex Feruvianus , in curing Mortifications , was known early enough here to be put in Practice in the fol¬ lowing Cafe.
A Surgeon of this Place, of a very bad fcorbutick Habit ofBody , about forty Y ears of Age, had a little Pimple on the middle of the Under-lip, which his Barber cut the Top from, in {having him on Saturday the 9th of February laft. The following E- vening, upon going out to the cold Air, the Pimple {welled, and turned hard, with an Inflammation all round it; which increa- fmg the Monday following, he applied an Antiphlogiftic Fomentation with Spirit of Wine camphorated. Notwithftanding the frequent Uie of thefe for four or five Days folio wing,, and his being twice blooded, the Inflammation, Hardneis and Swelling in- creafed confiderably, extending itfelf to the Angles of his Mouth, and feme way along the Cheeks, and all round the Chin, with great Pain and with vaft Diforder through his whole Body.
On Friday the ifth, at Eleven at Night, a fmall black Spot, about the Bignels of a Herring Scale, appeared (not where the
Wound
and Qbfervations. 45
Wound was, but) on the middle of the red Part of the Lip, which fpread fo fail that by Eleven next Forenoon, it covered near one half of his Lip, that then began to ftand out very much ; when a Confultation of almoft all the Phyficians and Surgeons in Town was called, who adviled the Continuation of the Fomentation and Spirits as before, and a Decotftion of the Woods. For two or three Hours the Mortification continued to fpread, till it had covered almoft his whole Lip, reaching inwards and down¬ wards to the Gums, the Hardnefs and Swel¬ ling of the neighbouring Parti increafing* Upon this he was advifed to try the Pow¬ der of the Cortex ‘Peruvianas , half a Drachm fora Dole. He took the firft Dole betwixt Three and Four a-clock after Noon, and his Lip was dreffed at Ten at Night, when the Mortification did not appear to be increafing, at leaft the Increafe was ve¬ ry inconfiderabie: He then took another Dole of the Bark. Towards the Morning of the 1 7th, his Lip was again fomented, and he took a third Dofe of the Cortex . At Ten of the Forenoon I dreffed it, and found the Mortification had made no further Pro- grefs fince laft Night. At Night I drefled it again, , and then for the firft time obfer- ved iomething like an Appearance of Suppu¬ ration
46 Medical Ejjays
ration at the Place where the Wound or fa¬ ther Pimple was, but none at all on the mortified Part. That Night he took ano¬ ther Dole of the Cortex, and continued to take two Doles, one in the Morning, and another in the Evening for two Weeks.
The Fomentation and Spirits being ap¬ plied twice a Day, and a little Emulfion given him for Drink, without any other Medicine than the Cortex, the Suppuration flicceeded well in the mortified Parts on the third Day after he began to take that Medi¬ cine; upon which, proper Digeftives and o- ther Dreffings were applied. The Sloughs caft off very well, the Hardnefs and Swel¬ ling went away, and in nor 15 Days the Lip healed up, though with a confiderable Contraction by the great Loft of Subftance,
In very cold Air he (till feels a Pain in his Lip; This I am apt to believe does not io much proceed from the Callus, as from his Lip prefllng upon the Fore- teeth which are very rough and lode; and which it does more, especially when he attempts to Ipeak, by the Lip being io much contracted.
I have read this Account to the Patient, and had his Approbation of my Relation of the FaCts, which my Attendance on him- all the Time of this Diforder gave me fuffi- cieiit Opportunity to obferve.
VII. Re*
and Qbfervations.
47
VII. Remarks on Chalybeat Waters ; by Ale xr. Monro Rrofejfor of Anato¬ my in the cl)niverfty of Edinburgh, and
F. R. S.
✓
TH E ingenious Account of feveral Steel-Waters in feme of our North¬ ern Counties, given by my worthy Friend Dr. Thomfon Phyfician at Montrofe , [See Art. 6. of our id Volt] railed a Defire in me to be informed of the raoft remarkable Mineral Waters of that kind which are to be met with fo frequently all through Scot¬ land; and as my View was only to know fo much of them as was necefiary- in Pra¬ ctice, I propofed to dilcover, by my Friends and Correipondents, what their real or comparative Strength was, and how well they would carry and prefer ve without lo- fing their Vermes, whereby Phyficians might judge which of them was moil; proper in the various Dileaies and Circumftances of Patients, and which muft be drunk at the Fountain, or would ferve as well when kept.
It was neceffary in fuch an Enquiry that there Ihould be iome general Method by
which.
^.8 Medical EJfays
which all the Trials fhould be made, other wile there would be an inluperable Diffi¬ culty in making the Companion of them. The Writers on this Subject have content¬ ed themfelyes with telling; ns, that inch Wa- ter ftrike a red, purple* violet, or black Colour, when Gails or fuch other Aftrin- gents are mixed with them, and that this Change of Colour is a lure Mark of a Cha- lybeat Water; and lome have laid, that the deepeft Colour ihews the greater Proportion of Steel. Tofatisfy my lelf of the Truth of this, I diflblved artificial Sal Mai'tis in a fmall Quantity of Fountain Water, and then dropping more or fewer Gutts of this Solution into a given Quantity of common Water, I found that by the Mixture of the Tindture of Galls, I could form all the dif¬ ferent Colours mentioned, the larger Quan¬ tity of the Solution always requiring the greater Number of Drops of the Tincture to bring it to all the Colour it would take, and that being as conftantly deeper than the others, where fewer Drops of each had been employed. If Words could exprels the nu¬ merous Degrees of Colours between the pale-red and the black, the lighteft and deepeft of thele mentioned, the Pimple Ex¬ periment of bringing Steel-Waters up to the deepeft Colour they could ftrike with
Galls*
mid Obferxations \ ^ / 49
Galls, might be fufficient to determine the different Proportions of Steel in each;. but as that Variety of Colours cannot be ex~ prefled in Words, and I wiihed to come to the Knowledge of nearly the real Quantify of Steel contained in any given Quantity of each Water, there was a Necefiity of having fome general Standard to which all might be brought. To obtain this, I ob- ferved the Quantity of Steel employed in preparing Sal Mart is, law how much Salt was got, what the Refiduum of earthy Parts was, made a fmall Allowance for fome eva¬ porating during the Effervefcence of the Limatura Mart is with the Oil of Vitriol, and concluded that the Proportion of Steel in the artificial Salt ox Vitriol of Iron, was very* little more than a third Part. Next, I diffolved a certain Quantity of this Sal Mart is in Fountain Water, weighed the Powder that precipitated from it, weighed the whole Solution, and then putting lome of it into a fmall Glafs, I dropped it gutta - tim , into another Glafs counterpoiied exa<3> ly in a Scale, till I law how many Drops of this Liquor weighed two Drachms ; after which, by common Arithmetick, it is ea* fy to know how much Salt, and confequenfc* ly very near how much Steel is contained in any given Number of fuch Gutts. To
D faYO
fo Medical Ejfays
fave my Friends the Trouble of making fuck a Solution, I prepared 20 Ounces, which contained an Ounce of the Vitriolum Mar- t Is , except a Scruple which wTas precipita¬ ted, and 141 Gutts of this Solution weigh¬ ed two Drachms ; therefore every fuchGutt contained fT of a Grain of Salt, or h of a Grain of Steel. The Difference of the Bulk of the Drops let fall from different Glaffes Should not, you lee, at this rate make a ve¬ ry confiderable Error; but to prevent this as much as I could, 1 chofe all the Glaffes as near to the Shape, Size and Thicknefs of the Lips of the one I ffrft ufed as I could get them.
To make a Comparifon then of any Chalyheat Water with this Solution, in¬ to a determined Quantity of fuch Water, pour Drop after Drop of a Strong clear Tim Cture of Gails, allowing a fufftcient Time between each Drop for its having its full Ef¬ fect, till it is oblerved that the Addition of more TmCture makes no Change on the Co¬ lour of the Water ; and to make lure of the Number of Gutts of the TinCture that are xeejuifite, let the Experiment be repeated ieverai Times. Then having the fame Quan¬ tity of common Water as was .employed of the Mineral Water, in a Glafs of the fame Dimenfions, Lhicknefs and Transparency,
with
and Observations , 31
With that made life of in the preceding Trials , pour into it the Number of Drops, diicovefed by them, of the fame Tincture of Galls, and mix them well * after which in the lame cautious Manner, drop ill the Solution gut* tatim , till their Colour is the fame with that of the Mineral Water. When once the Quantity of Solution equal to the Contents of the Sfaw is known, pour a due Propor¬ tion of it into common Water, and let leve- ral People examine whether the Tafte of it is not the fame with what the Mineral Wa¬ ter has. I have thus made Fountain Water fo like to feveral Chalybeat Waters, that none could diftinguiffa them;
I prefer Tindtufe of Gaits to their Sub- fiance for making the foregoing Experi¬ ments, becaule it produces its Effedl* much fooner and more equally than the Powder^ and a lefs Proportion of the Virtue of the Galls can be added at once,, which from an Obfervation communicated to me by Dr; John Taylor Phy fician here, and verified by me afterwards in feveral Steel Waters, and irf common Water impregnated With Sal Mar ~ tis, would feem very neceffary to be regard^ ed ; for if too large a Proportion of Galls is at once poured into fuch Waters, for Ex¬ ample, if 60 or loo Drops of a Tiii6turtf of Galls is thrown into a Water that re-
yi Medical EJfays
requires only 8 or 9 to bring it to its deep- eft Colour, it will be fo far from making it ftrike the Colour ftronger or fooner, that, for feverai Hours after, no Change will be obferved on the Water; and at Taft it gra¬ dually becomes of a deep Sea-green Colour, infteadofthe Purple or Violet it would o- therwife have turned into. It is not impel- flble that good Chalybeat Waters have been iometimes condemned as containing no fuch Mineral, or of being impregnated with Copper by a Mixture of too much Galls at random.
Recent Tindhire of Galls is certainly pre¬ ferable to that which is long kept; but I can allure you, that after I had kept luch Tin¬ cture till it was covered with a thick Mois, or was mouldy, as we call it, a Top, and had a vifeous thick Sediment, it ftill pro¬ duced the common Effects on Steel- Waters.
I would propole that the Companion a- bove defer ibed Ihould be made with frelh W ater at the Steel-Springs in different Sea- fbns, and Ihould be repeated once a Week with W ater that is right put up in Bottles well corked and fealed in thele different Seafons, till it becomes vapid by keeping; by which the proper Seafons for bottling the Mineral Waters, and the Time each will preferve, can be much more exacftly
known
and Observations . yj
known than it is poffible to determine by the Smell and Tafte of them.
It will be alfo requifite to obferve what time it is before the Galls ftrike the Colour fully afrer they are put in, and to remark how long this Colour remains in an open Glafs; for it appears realbnable enough to think with the, French Academift Mr. Geof- froy (a) that more Time will be neceftary to ftrike the Colour fully, but that it will remain longer in inch Mineral Waters where the Steel is moft intimately diffolved in and and blended with the other Principles.
To make the Account of the S paws corn* pleat, their other Contents ought to be iought after, hy mixing different Subftances with them, remarking the Changes they undergo in Smell, Colour, &c. by keeping, and by extracting their Salts and Earths af¬ ter Evaporation.
By thele means it is that I was in Hope to have furnilhed you with a pretty com* pleat Lift of the moft remarkable Sfaws in this Country, with the comparative Strength of each, and the Time they kept; but be¬ ing difappointed of feveral I expected, while Informations of others, I had not heard of, are often brought me, I fhall referve what
D 3 I
{&) Memoires del* Acad, des Sciences, 1714.
I
Medical EJfays
I have received till I can prefent you % more full Account, which your Publicati¬ on of this Invitation will probably foon en¬ large, by acquainting the Gentlemen who have the Opportunity of examining Inch Waters, of the common Method they lliould all take in their Enquiries, and to whom they may addrefs their Difcoveries, In the mean time allow me here to an»ex lome Experiments, which Thinking on this Sub¬ ject led me to make.
1 had obferved, as above, a ftrongRefem- blance between our Steel Waters and com¬ mon Water in which a final 1 Quantity of Sal Martis had been dilfoived ; but the natural Sgaw Waters, when expofed to the open Air, very foon loft their Chalybeat Tafte, and would not ftrike a purple Co¬ lour with Galls: When expofed to Pleat, their Virtues were much iooner loft, and in the cloleft Ve dels they, in no long Time, became vapid f whereas Sal Martis bears Heat, and being expofed to the Air, with- put perceptibly lofing 3;ny thing. I iufpe- cted' this Difference might ip part depend upon the imalier Proportion of the vitrio- ftek Principles in the Chalybeat Waters, and iome Change they might thereby undergo^ ip tiie Water, and therefore having added to feme Bottles of Water as much Sal Mar¬ tis
5 4 )
and Obfervations, 55*
its as had been found to make it of the fame Tafte, and to {trike the fame Colour with Chalybeat Waters, I corked lome careful¬ ly up, others I put bad Corks into, and a third lort I left open. The Water in thefe laft loft its Tafte and Virtues in about a Fortnight, with little other Change than becoming a little muddy, and having a Saf¬ fron-coloured Powder at Bottom. The fe- cond kind kept fbme time longer, but had £ little of a {linking Smell before it became vapid. The Water chat was carefully cork¬ ed and rofined, kept well, but acquired a pretty ftrong Smell of rotten Eggs exactly like to what feveral Spaws had when kept; and when the Bottle was left open, the {linking Smell wentfoon off, and foon af¬ ter the Chalybeat Virtues were not to be obferved, and the Bottom of the Bottle, was covered with the Saffron-coloured Powder, which is generally to be feen alfo in Bottles where natural Chalybeat Waters have been kept any Time. So far therefore the Dif¬ ference between the natural and artificial Steel W aters feem’d only to be in the grea¬ ter Volatility of the natural ones.
Several of our own Chalybeat Waters, and the two foreign ones of greateft Repu¬ tation, Spaw and cPiermont , feem’d to me W Exception to the Relemblance I had
D 4 found
0* Medical Ejfays
found between the diluted Solution of Sa} Mart is and the natural Steel Waters, for the Colour they fir ike with Galls is very faint, while their Tafle and other Effects are remarkably ftrong. This put me on trying to find fome artificial way of imita¬ ting them: For this End I mixed Filings of Iron, Oil of Vitriol, and Water in a Flo¬ rence Bottle, which I laid on its Side, and immediately fitted another to it, in which i had put fome Fountain-Water. The Fumes that rote upon the EfFcrvefcence of the Oil of Vitriol with the Steel, came over into the other Glafs. After the violent Effer- vefcence was over, I took away the Glafs with the Water, which was quite limpid, but had a flrong empyreumatic Smell ; its Take was pungent at firftupon the Tongue, and then the acidulous Tafte prevailed. When Tindture of Galis was mixed with it, it became of a red-purple but faint Colour, which held a great many Days without a- ny obfervable Precipitation, Next Morn¬ ing the Empyreuma of the remaining Wa¬ ter was gone, and it had a very agreeable brisk Spaw Tafle: In lefs than a Day af¬ ter, this alfo went off'; a fmall Quantity of the Saffron-powder was fallen to the Bot¬ tom of the Glafs, and the Galls had no Ef¬ fect on the Water.
On
and Obfervatiom . 57
On a Sufpicion that this artificial Water would give evident Signs of Acidity ; whereas the Solution of Sal Martis, and feme of the Spaws that ftrike a black Co* lour, rather appear alcaline, by changing Syrup of Violets and Clove-july-flowers into a green Colour; I mixed it with thefe Syrups, without changing the one into red or heightning the Colour of the other. It is true it. did not make them green, neither do the more ipirituous Spaws.
The Succefs of this Experiment, which was beyond my Expectation, led me to try if I could not diicover what it was that e- vaporated, and what was precipitated in thefe Waters. I fuipedled the Menflruum to fly off, and the Steel to be left behind. To know then if this Safron-coloured Re* fidunm was Steel, I poured Oil of Vitriol on it, which made no remarkable Efferve* fcence; I then added Water, and let them Hand two Days, when feme of the Pow* der leem’d to be diffolved : Upon mixing Tind:ure of Galls with it, the Colour did not change ; but upon further Addition of Spirit of Hartshorn, a great Effervefcence followed, and a hidden Coagulum of a deep red-purple Subftance was made. This Change of Colour I at firft imagined to de* pend on the Rejidmm , but upon mixing
fg Medical Ejfays
the other Ingredients without any Refidu - mm, the fame Coagulum was formed; and therefore, if the Powder precipitated from the Mineral Water, is the Particles that compofed Iron, they are greatly changed. The Refemblance of the Ruft of Iron to this Powder, made me try how thefe Ex¬ periments would hold with it, and they came out in the very fame manner: Nor would Ruft, or the Powder, when fufpen- ded in Water, ftrike any Colour with Galls, though the crocus mart is of the Shops did.
What flies off in the Evaporation is evh dently the Menjiruum , in which the irony Particles were diftblved, which carries a- way fome of the Principles of the Iron with It. From feeing the Effects of Acids on Iron, obferving the EfTecfts of that almoft univer- fai Menjiruum of the Air upon this Metal, and finding Vitriol of Iron naturally for¬ med, we have Realon to judge that the Men¬ jiruum of the irony Particles in ehalybeat Waters, is alio an Acid. And confidering how much Sulphur enters into the Compo- fition of Iron, what a ftrong ftinking Smell, (which can only depend on Sulphur) Mine¬ ral Waters have before they turn vapid, and how much the Sulphur of Iron is dcftroy- ed, before the Iron turns into Ruft, which $gain refemblcs the Powder precipitated in
• ' . ' . v thefe
and Obfervations .
thefe Waters; all this would perfwade us* That the Menftruum carries the Sulphur along with it, and leaves only the earthy Parts, with a fmall Proportion of Sulphur.
May not Steel-Waters be impregnated with common grofs Vitriol, or with the more fuhtile Fumes of Iron dilTolved in the natural Menftruum ; or with both in diffe* rent Proportions?
Will not the lefs Volatility of fome cha- Ivbeat Waters, and the quicker Precipitate on of their irony Particles, after the Mix¬ ture qf Galls, (hew the Sulphur not to be fo much freed from the earthy Particles, as in others that precipitate more ilowly, and * are more volatile ?
Will not the common Obfervation of Air generated in all EfFervefcencies, Fermenta^ tions, Putrefactions, and wherever a con- fiderable Change is produced in the Com- pofition of Bodies, account for the Quan¬ tity of elaftick Air, obferved in chalybeat Waters, in the morelpirituous when recent, in others when the putrid Smell Ihews the Sulphur to be more difingaged?
Are not the different Kinds of Steel-Wa¬ ters to be prefcribed, according as there is Occafion for a liibtile penetrating fulphure- ous Spirit to pervade the fmaHeft Veflels, or according to the Quantity of an abfor-
bene
to
Medical EJfays
bent aftringent Earth, that is required to be joined with this Spirit ?
Where different Spaws are not to be had, may not the fame Water be made to anfwer each of thefe Intentions, according to its being more or lefs kept, or expofed to the Air or Heat ?
«»§§«*• •<>§&€»• «0i§0 •Oi'aC*
VIII. An Enquiry into the Mineral Prin¬ ciples of Montrofe Wt ater ; by Alexan¬ der Thomson M. D. Phyfician at Montrofe.
Fter all the Enquiries made into the
n Contents and natural Appearances of Mineral Springs in Germany , France and England , by Men moft accompliilfd, and Means promifing the bed Succeis, the Sub¬ ject leems yet much in the dark, when all Appearances are juftly weighed.
Of the lateft Enquirers into the Englijb Waters \$Dx. Short, and after him Dr. Shaw has examined the Scarborough Water par¬ ticularly. They have entred more into the Subject than moft others before them, and offered fairer at a Difcovery of their Vir¬ tues from their real Principles ; yet all the Learning of the firft, and Accuracy of the other, have ftill left the Subject involv’d •
and Obfervations . 61
in Variety of Doubts, of which I lhall on¬ ly mention a few.
That Spaws {trained through Mineral Bodies, diiTolvable in Water, may not, and at Times actually do not partake of all, but only of lome them, as Dr. Short hath obferved of the Alum Stone, in the Clifts of the Rock through which the Scarbo¬ rough Water {trains ; and that yet the Wa¬ ter gives no Veltige of Alum, upon all his Trials.
From the famelnftance oiAlum.hQ hath, 1 think, obferved fomething more myfteri- ous in the Compofition of mineral Waters, to wit, That in the Congeries of Mineral Bodies through which they flow, two of different Natures, as Alum and Sulphur , may be lo involv’d, that the one apparent as Alum , gives, upon Trial, a Demonftra- tion of the Prefence of the other, whereof nothing appeared before; as in the Soluti¬ on of the above named Alum-Stone , both the Sludge, or undiflolved Dreg of the Stone, and alio the Sediment of its Soluti¬ on, give an intolerable Foetor , as flrong as that of the Harrigate fulphurous Well , and, in a red hot Iron-Spoon, throws out a blue Flame, whereby Sulphur is known to be diftinguilhed.
That the purple Tindture of SteeUSpaws
with
gi Medical Ejfays
With Galls and fucfi like, fhould be ovHng to the Vitriol of Chalybeat Waters, and notwithftanding, what gives fuch Tindure fhould inevitably fly offlefs or more, oral- together, an Hour or two after drawing; or iooner by feveral Degrees of Heat, the higheft within the boiling Degree; when nothing in Vitriol that gives fuch Tindure, hath been obferved- to fly off' in that Man¬ ner,
That the medical Effeds of mineral Wa¬ ters in general, in Cafes of the Spirits or animal Faculties affeded, fhould be gene^ rally obferved, and particularly by Dr. Short , to be beft when drunk at the Foun¬ tain; and yet that Dr. Shaw fhould find, that the Salt of Scarborough^ ater , got by Evaporation, cheared the Spirits, and ill general gives Life and’fjefh Powers to Na¬ ture, as much as the Water when drunk frefh at the Fountain.
That a Mineral Water fhould be 17 or 18 Grains a Pint heavier when carried to a finall Diftance, than When immediately drawn, as Dr. Short hath obferved of Scar¬ borough Water, and this fhould be owing to a more dilated Air, or a very fubtile Mi¬ neral Spirit; and yet no Air for being more dilated is lefs a Body, neither does any Mineral Spirit, for being fubtile, become no
and Obfervafhns. 6')
Body, and therefore not ponderous. Bodies differ from Bodies in their Ipecifick Gravi¬ ties; but no Subtilty nor Dilatation hinders every Body from gravitating : And there¬ fore, whatever it be that evaporates from the Water, itfhould, by all that is known of Bodies univerlaily, rather dimmilh than augment their Weight by its Abfence. Nor would there be Ids Difficulty to conceive aRealon why the Weight of the Water thus increaled in io iliort a Time, fhould increafe no more a Day, a Month, a Year after. All this notwithftanding, the Dodtor hath like- wile oblerved, that the Chalybeat Scarbo¬ rough Water weighs {till heavier, the more it is freighted with this Mineral Spirit.
The general Uncertainty wherein the greateft Naturalifts, as Mr. Boyle and Mr. Hoffman , have put or left us, on the Subjedt of Mineral Springs; and the more particular Difficulties I have now chofe out from among feveral others, which, for Brevity I omit, wherein the two learned Fhyficians I have named, after their more accurate Difcoveries,have left us yet invol¬ ved ; and the Laws of Enquiry, propoled by the lateft of them, requiring an Age, or it may be Ages, rather than the Endeavours of any one, or of a few Men : Theie Confi- derations, I fay, are a fufficient Caution to
me
V
Medical Effays
me, not to be too decifive inaa Matter ftill fo oblcure.
The Montrose- Well is fituate in the richer Sort of our Soil; the upper Lay be¬ ing of a blatkifli or Mofs Colour ; the low* er, to about three Feet depth from the Sur¬ face, Lays interchanged perpendicular, one offbftClay, the other of Sand, loft, and as it were fattifh to the Touch; through which iaft, at about the above depth, the Springs drill out horizontal to the Surface in feveral Parts.
The Water, when new taken up, is of a whiilfh Colour, above that of ordinary Spring- Water; the Tafte loft, and faintly difcovering the Mineral Quality, i com¬ pared the Weight of this Water with two of the in oft noted of our Steel Springs, and one of line ordinary Spring-water, in a Bal- lance that was turned by one Grain, and couid obl'erve fcarce any Difference of Weight in any of them. This Difficulty 1 cannot well account for.
I began my T rials on this W ater with thole commonly made with Steel Springs, but they did not aniwer ; and 1 liilpecfed its pur¬ gative Quality on the Drinkers might be owing to its being generally drunk very muddy, by People’s thronging on it, till it was built about. A few Days after, by an Ac¬ cident
. j and Obfervathns.
i : '
dent I began to conceive it to be of a diffe- rent Nature from the Steel Springs,* A. Phial Giafs into which feveral Parcels- of the Water had been thrown at random, with feveral Things, as Galls* Role-buds, and green Tea, being broken by Accident at Night ; in the Morning I perceived a white milky Subftance covering the Floor where the Giafs was, and about it a Scurf variega¬ ted green and other Colours, much like thefe of a Peacock's Tail. Thefe led me into a Sulpidon of fomething iulphureous in the Water.. ,
I drop’d feme Gutts of 01. Tart, pet dellq. into a Giafs of the Water* and there prefently form’d at the Bottom of the Glals a white light equable Cloud, fitch perfedlly as appeareth ordinarily in the Urine of People in Fevers, at the Time when they have a favourable Crijis , or immediately after it, the one and other waving with plain equable Surface, by inclining the Giafs to and again, only that of our Water was of the pur eft white. As this Appear¬ ance in iuch Urine, gives, as 1 imagine/ plain Notice of the morbid lurphureous Parts of the Blood now perfectly conco died, and; fo wafhed offby the Urine, as by the other Strainers of the Body y the Analogy ieenv* ®df to me natural betwixt the two Appear^
E , anie#
Medical Effdys
ances in the Urine, and in our Water,
To try this further, I made Sulphur fo - labile cum Alkali fixo after Boerhaave's Way, four Parts Sulphur to a fifth Sal Tart. This diflolv’d in Water, and 01. Tart . drop’d on it, gave a Cioud, but lefs diicer- nible than what appeared in our Water* which I imputed to the yellow Tincture of the Solution not reflecting the Rays fully : And accordingly a Day after the Sulphur Solubile having become moifter by the Air it imbib’d, and turning whiter, 1 dilTolved it again, pouring on Water till the Solution became ofthe Colour of our Water when new-drawn, and the 01. Tart, affufed gave confpicuoufly. the -fame manner of Cloud with that in the mineral Water, fo that the one could fcarce or not at all be diftinguilh- cd from the other.
The S ucce(s ofthefe Experiments, com¬ par'd with the above Accident, made me incline to believe that theie Clouds were Lac of Sulphur. To make Trial of this further, I would fee what a ftrong aftrin- gent Salt would do with the Water of our Well; I chofe Alum, and weighing a fmall Piece of it, I put it whole among a Glafs of the Water, and by conftri&ing its Pores (as 1 imagined from the Alum's having loft none of its Weight when taken out of the
Water,
mid Obfervations . 6j
Water) it quickly form'd a white Coagu¬ lant, which, by mixing lome Drops of OP Tart, prefently falling to the Bottom, 1 poured off the Water, and evaporated what remained by the Heat of the Sun, into a concrete Mafs, of a foft Tafte, and with nothing faltifh therein.
For Trial whether the Effects of the Al¬ kali Salt might be the fame, or near fo, on Sulphurs univerfally, whether volatile or fixed, I drop'd fome Gutts of 01. Tart, on common Spirit of Wine, and prefently had a«n equable Cloud form'd towards the Bot¬ tom of the Glafs, and of higher Colour than the liquid above. Juft fo when it was affm* led on 01. Oliv. it formed a Cloud or Lac of an equable Surface to the Bottom ; for the Gil above poured eafily off, the conipi- coufiy white Lae remained. The fame fuc* ceeded with the Solution of Sal Tart, a- mong Water poured on theie Liquors.
As I here only confider the Analogy of Things, I have not to do with what is caL led the Rationale of them, or to account how the Alkali , which diflblves Sulphur , or renders it foluble, fllould in fuch man¬ ner appear to precipitate it, by Separation of Parts, an Effebt rather belonging to Acids* as in making the Lac Sulphuric : Neither will the narrow Bounds I am confined to
E % . al*
68 Medical Ejfays
allow me to enter on lticli Enquiry ; and the rather that it will further appear that Chymifts are yet much in the Dark concer** ning the ‘Phenomena of thefe famed Salts, or what are generally reputed iuch.
I went on next to try what Appearances Spirits, both the alkaline and acid* could make on our Water.
By Spirit of Hartshorn there quickly role a-top of the Glais an equable Cloud all over the Water, refembling much the Co¬ lour of old Brandy, which, in about an half Hour, vanilhing, left the Water more mil- killi, and as it were troubled. This feem- ed to anfwer well enough to the former Ex¬ periments.
Spirit of Nitre turned its native milky Colour into a fine light-blew, from the Top to below the middle of the Glafs, and as it Hood longer, the Colour advanced further downwards.
Spirit of Vitriol changed the whole Bo- dy of the Water into a faint Purple, or di¬ lute Pink Colour.
As I could make nothing of the two laft Trials, I try'd next Solution of fiibli - mate Corrofive ; and, by fome Drops there¬ of on our Water, the lame Manner of Cloud began to form immediately, but form’d out more gradually.
The
(
i
and Observations.
The fame Solution, on Solution of Sul¬ phur cum Alkali fixo , made prefently a Co- agulum , but no equable Cloud. %
By thefe, with the two former, it appears that the Alkali prevails in the Salt of our Water: But this can determine nothing con¬ cerning the Species of the Salt; as it will appear, that even the moft reputed Acids of tlie Fpffil Salts prove no lefs Alkaline up¬ on Trials.
But what comes moft to my prefent Pur- pofe, is. That the Analogy hereby appears of the Eff ects of the ftrongeft Alkalies and ftrongeft Acids, both agreeing in forming an equable Cloud in our Water. And I con¬ ceive the Co agulum formed in the Soluti¬ on of Sulphur cum Alkali fixo , to have a- rifen from the Cloud being confided by the Mercury being more difmgaged of its add Menfiruum , by a ftronger Alkali than is the Salt of our Well, and thereby precipi¬ tating in greater Quantity.
1 found by the above Trials on Scarbo- rough Water, the Analogy and Differences following betwixt it and our Water.
01. Tart, affus’d on it, form’d immediate¬ ly a thick milky Cloud Handing equable in a Minute or thereabout.
Solution of Sublimate Corrofive on the fame Water form’d immediately a thin
E 3 white
Medical Effiays
white Cloud, rifing to the middle of the Glafs.
* Solution of Sublimate Corro/ive on our Water gives juft inch a Cloud as OL Tart . on Scarborough Water ; and when it begins to diffufe itfelf, the Affufion of a little more of the Solution makes it become again more confpleuous.
Solution of Sal Tart, forms the Cloud $ii Scarborough and our Water alike; with this Difference, that in the Scarborough it formed more immediately, in our Water more gradually, but Handing longer with¬ out diffufing/
I made a Lac of the Scarborough Water |n the lame Manner, and anfweriiig to the fame Iciifiblc Qualities as that made of our Water. *
The Lac may be made of both alfo, by
Piece of a Gall entire, or any Inch like iUiringent, and Sal Tart, but not fo pure.
Powder of Galls mixed with both, gra¬ dually turned both into a dusky green, with Foliages fufpended through the Waters, in irregular Plains.
Thefe, I think, are as near Refemblances is are readily to be found betwixt one Wa¬ fer of the Mineral Kind, and another; and any Variety that appears, may be owing to Come Variety in the Salts of the one, not (o
mtich
and Obfervations . yt
much, or at all, in their Nature, as in their Combination, or in feme Difference of Pro- portion. To know what Account to make of thefe, and whether any Salt by it felf, or in Combination with others, could come up to the above Appearances, I made the fol¬ lowing Trials.
I made the Experiments as above on each of the Toffil Salts, and alfo on Sea- Salt diffolved in common Fountain Water, firfl: feparately , then on their various Com¬ binations, as I could conjecture they might mofl probably prove, or be the Contents of our Water, but found none except the fol¬ lowing come up to Inch Purpofe.
01. Tart, on Solution of Nitre makes no Change of Confequence; but on Solutions of Nitre and of Sea-Salt mixed, formed a Cloud to the Bottom; but Solution of Sub¬ limate Corrojive on the above Solutions mixed, made no Change, though remaining a confiderable Time in the Glafs.
Solution of Sublimate Corrojive on Solu¬ tion of Nitre , made at firft no Change; but feme Minutes after, form'd a Cloud, as by 01. Tartar, on Solution of Sulphur with the fixed Alkali, and on our Water.
Mixture of Solutions of Alum , Nitre and Sea Salt , made a troubled white.
0/. Tartar . affufed gave feme Appea-
E 4 ranee
i
g% Medical Effays
jranee of a Cloud, not equable, but intey- fperled as in Precipitations, and fwimming above the Bottom.
V *
Solution of Sublimate Corroflve on the above Solutions, does nothing further than change the fame into biewilh.
01. Tart, on Solution of Sea Salt , for a jconfiderahle Time made no Change; but then falling down troubled, and making it as it were muddy to the Bottom, it gave ibme faint Appearance of a Cloud, but not io equable,
v i f “ * * on Sea Water made immedi¬ ately a white Precipitate, then quickly formed a thick Cloud, which fome Time after precipitated an equable Cloud.
Spirit of tlart shorn on Sea Water for¬ med quicKiy an equable Cloud or Suipenfi- pn a, -top pf the Glafs, about the'Jkeadtlq of a Ini all Straw, much rcfemSHng that pade by the fame Spirit alfuied in our War ter p But f could obierve nothing of that Whitenefs nor Curdling that Dr. Short ob- ferved to be made by this Spirit and 01. Tart on Sea Water. I at fir ft fufpe&e4 fhis Suipenfion a-top of the (dials by Aft
pn ol tne Spirit, to be only the Spirit a -tie ringd, getting a-top, and tincfturing both qur Water and the Sea Water. To jpake lure whether it was fo, I affus’d 4
little
and Ob fer vat ions. 73
little of the Spirit on good Spring-water? and waiting fome time, 1 found no Change* and thereby perceived a further Improve’ ment of the above Analogy, which I lhaU now ft ate.
By the Trials above, it appears that no Salts come up to any Analogy with our Wa¬ ter and that of Scarborough, except Nitre and Sea Salt ; but elpecially that of rhe Sea without Evaporation comes neareft. Yet none of them, either by themfelves, or in their Combinations, come up to them in the Trials both with Acids and Alkalies ; whereby it appears that the fpecifick Qua¬ lities of theft Waters are not confined to either or both thefe Salts, or the Earths
/ , ; j * \ t j t *
they lodge in. As on the other hand, theft Salts being both fulphureous, thereby they the better correfpond to a further fulphu¬ reous Principle in theft Waters, anfwering more perfectly in the Analogy aboye-ftated with Sulphur itftlf. The Inflammability of Nitre proves its fulphureous kind ; and the Difference of the Salt of Sea-water before the Evaporation from prepared Salt, ap¬ pears plainly above, from the different Ef¬ fects of the fix’d Alkali on Sea Water, and on Solution of Sea Salt . This Difference is owing to the Sulphur of the Salt in the ^Vatej: before Exhalation, as may appear
from
Medical EJfays
from the volatile Alkali calling up the Suf- penfion or Cloud above mentioned, which it doth not in the Solution of Sea Salt more than in common Spring Water ; at leaft the one was confpicuous, the other fcarce or not difcernible.
This agrees with, and is confirmed by Dr. Short' s Account of this Matter : For he kept Sea-water clofe cork'd and pitch’d, with a Bladder tied over the Neck of the Bottle a Month ; then opening the Bottle, expofed it a few Days, then {hut it up clofe again: On opening the Bottle again after feme time, he ohferved that it flank infuf- ferably, not much Abort of the Earrigate Sulphur-well. The Dodtor imputes this Foetor to a high Alkali in the Salt of the Sea; which I do not well under ftand, fmce no Alkali, as a pure Alkali , efpecialiy of the fix’d Sort, hath been obferv’d to be foe¬ tid without being liilphureous, as I believe Sulphur hath hitherto been obferved to be the Subject or Subjiratum of all Foetor ; and the Smell agreeing with that of the Harrigate-well , Ihould rather have deter¬ mined its Quality to be of this kind : There¬ fore I rather would agree with theDo&or’s Conclufion, that it contains Nitre , and a- fcribe accordingly the Foetor from its Cor¬ ruption to the known Sulphur of that Salt ;
but
and Qhfefvations .
but It is not my JJufinefs at prefent to judge in inch Things.
.Thclaft Thing 1 have here to obferve on this Part of the Analogy is, That as 01. Tart, on Solution of Nitre and Sea Salt , gives a Cloud, and Solution of Sublimate Cor ro five on Solution of Nitre alone, gives alto a Cloud, 1 tried to make a Lac of both, in the Manner I did by our Well; but I had nothing of either but a Coagulum Iwim- niing through each, without any Lac fal¬ ling equably to the Bottom: So that hi¬ therto I have found nothing but of the ihl- phureous kind, which gives a Cloud; nei¬ ther can any thing but Sulphur itfelf, it fcems, give a Lac. By a pure Accident I favv this further confirmed ; One of the Mixtures I made of the Solutions of Salts as above, particularly of Alum , Nitre , and Sea Salt with 01. Tart, affus’d, thrown at random into Soap- water, an equable Lac fell to the Bottom, leaving the Water clear above.
So far Analogy hath led me, and I have kept the Laws thereof the beft I could, without {training beyond what Nature can eaflly bear. Other Ways have been thought on to get into the intimate Principles of Mineral Waters, but Succefs hath not well anfwered theDefign ; nothing hath yet been
found
V
jS Medical Ejfays
found to come over the Still, whereby we could have learned more for any real Ufe, than we could have attained to without that Labour. Chymical Mixtures to dis¬ cover contraries by contraries. Alkalies by Acids , and Acids by Alkalies, have as little reached the Composition of natural Bodies, the Mineral efpecially. All the foffil Salts, which Authors have contended for, as the Contents of Mineral Waters are fuppofed Acids , and appear fo more or Ids to the Tafte; yet they have been all of them, the moft acid not excepted, as Vitriol and A-* lum , found, by the Trials of the learned and ingenious Monf, Tournefort in his Pre¬ face to the Hijlory ofElants , to go Ids or more on the Alkaline Nature ; as of the moft Alkaline of Earths, burnt Lime - Jlone wants not its own Acid. So that upon the ‘whole, thele retries teach us lefs in Nature or Medicine than is commonly thought, whereas the Way of Analogy be^ twixt things known and things fought for, if right purfued, feems the moft univerfal way, chalked out by Nature for us, in our Enquiries of Nature ; and if it come not up to Demonftration, it (till comes neareft to Truth of all the other -Methods of Mens Contrivance. The learned have content¬ ed themfelves with this Method in theiy
Enqui-
and Observations. 7/
. *
Enquiries into Steel Springs. Galls with In- full on of Iron or its Vitriol, gives a highdr or lower Purple: Therefore whatever with Galls {trikes fuch a Colour, is concluded to be of Iron-Mineral ; Why may not the fame way of reafoning on all Mineral Springs be allowed?
To know the more adequately to what Species of Salt Or Salts that of our Well and of Scarborough might be reduced by further Trials On them; I was at the Pains to compare and mark down the Agreement or Disagreement in every one of the foffil Salts, alio in Sea Salt, as they were tried by the learned and ingenious Author above named ; and from his Trials, compared with thofe above, and others to be yet na¬ med, on the Decodtions of thefe Waters, I found the Agreement of their Salts with Nitre and Sea Salt much nearer than with any other; though there is none of thefe Salts but what (by Ionic Trial of the fame Author) falls in more or lefs into the Qua¬ lity of the other. The Particulars I would have marked here, but that they would have exceeded the juft Bounds I ought to confine my felfto: And if any have the Curiofity he may fatisfy himfelf, by com¬ paring the Trials with Mr. Tourneforfs Book.
By
Medical EJfajs
By the Experiments alio of the faitCe ac* curate Gentleman on the Mat rum of the Levant , compared with thefe on Nitre and Sea Salt, and all three compared with his chief Enquiry concerning the natural Salt of thq Earth, it appears that the Nat rum . and Natural Salt anfwer almoft the lame Trials, and that the Nitre and Sea Salt anfwer to both more than any other Salt 5 that is, Nitre and Sea Salt appear to make up the greateft Part of this univerfal Salt. ' And if to this we add his Difcoveries concerning the Natural Sulphur of the Earth, we may hence probably have the more natural Ac¬ count of fuch Mineral Springs formed by the Spring falling in its way through the Crannies of the Earth, into a Congeries or Beds of fuch Mineral Sub (lances gathered together, as certainly it is from a greater Congeries of Mineral Particles under or a- hove the Surface of the Earth, ferving as Embryo’s of concrete Minerals, that fuch Minerals are formed. I am glad that Dr, Short leerns to account for the comparative Strength or Weaknefs of one and the fame Mineral Water at different times, as well as of two Springs of the fame kind, from . feme fuch Thought as this. It would alio hence feem that we need not be over- an¬ xious in finding out or fearching after this
ot
and Obfervations . 7^
or that concrete Mineral in the Neighbour* hood of any Mineral Springs, for determi¬ ning its Nature or Contents ; though ftill the Prefumption may be flrong in fuch Cafe, that the one qualifies ojc afiifts the other. But after all, this Preiiimption does not come up to Certainty ; for the fame learn- ned Author hath obferved, that notwith- Handing the Alum-flone in the Clefts of the Rock through which the Scarborough Wa¬ ter flows, yet it hath nothing of Alum in it.
I thought it belt to finilh this Analogical Enquiry into our Water, and to give it en¬ tire, and in its native Condition, before I fhould enter on Examination of the Con¬ tents got by Evaporation of the Water.
I caufed to dig as deep as could be well reached, with a fmall Shovel, along the Bottom of the Sand-lays, through which the fmall Springs of the Water run, fepara- ting forne Pounds of the Sand from the ad¬ jacent Clay: This I boiled leifurely in a- bout four Enghjh Quarts of the Water to a half; then pouring off the Water, I (train’d it through gray Paper. This I put to allow Evaporation on the Fire, obferving if any ! Tellicule appeared, but I (aw none. After drawing off the remaining Water with Bits of gray Paper, and evaporating the Moi- fture at the Sun, the Refiduum came to a-
bout
go Medical Ejjfayt
bout five Grains of a black Subfiance, fcin- tillant in thin Foliages , and of a factiihf Tafte, I put this in two Drachms of Spirit of Wine rectified, and had gradually al'ul- phureous greenifh yellow Tindture. I dropt a little of this into a Glafe of Water, which (lie wed irfelf * quickly a-top, of an- equal Surface ; and after feme Hours advancing downwards* its Colour became more dilute to the Bottom. Then I dropt on it feme Gutts of Ol. Tartar, which formed a Cloud to the Bottom, equable and waving by the Motion of the Glafs,. as above-narrated.
Having poured off this Tindture, I put on the Rejiduum about the fame Quantity of Spirit of Hartshorn, which drew a black Tindture refembling a Bitumen by its Thickriels of Confidence. I poured Water on it, and it fell to the Bottom without mixing with the Water: After {landing a while, it rofie up again gradually, but did not incorporate, with the Water. Some Gutts of the Solution of fublimateCorrofive precipitated it, and let fall a black Powder. This, after drying, I caft into a red-hot Iron-fpoon, and it fpatkled all over; but caft after on a Live-coal, it fenfibly flam’d blue. I threw the remaining Rejiduum three feveral times after into the red-hot Iron- Ipoon, it (till fparkled as before* remained
blacky
/
atld Ob fervat tofts . 8 if
■f *
black, and its fcintillant Particles (hewed themlelves as at firft. To try further what the Heat of a Furnace could do, I put it in* to a Crucible placed about five Minutes in the mod intend Heat of a Goldfmith’s Fur¬ nace, and got returned ipe near one halfy after it had ftain’d the Bottom of the fmall Crucible with an indelible black Colour.
I tried next whethtr the Lac I had made as above would prove inflammable, by put¬ ting it on a Fire in an Iron-fpoon, but I had no Fufion nor Flame by the Heat increa- fing; on the contrary, when the Spoon be¬ came red, my Lac turned into a black Cin¬ der % but having thrown fome of the Lac into the Spoon firft made red-hot, it pre- fently took Flame, and continued fo till it burnt into black Allies.
I would next try what a Heat increafitfgj leifurely would do with lome Lac fulphtt- ris I had lately made with the Calx viva? it did not flame in the red-hot Spoon, but burnt to Afhes. I tried the fame with the officinal Lac fulphuris, but neither did it give any Flame till the Fire was too hafti- ly increafed : But then the Spoon being ta¬ ken from the Fire, the Flame ceafed; and the Spoon being put on the Fire again, the Lac burnt alfo into Allies without Flame; I tried alfo fome Sulphur of Aix in the lam®
P Marnier/
/
2% Medical Ejfays
Manner, and the Succefs was the fame, it being reduced into a red Cinder, which gave no manner of Flame when thrown in¬ to the red-hot Spoon.
Thefe Things it may be are Paradoxes concerning Sulphur , the whole whereof is believed to be inflammable, in whatever manner it is treated on the Fire.
Some Time after I® tried in the red-hot Spoon a Lac I had made of Scarborough Water ; but it flam’d not openly, though put on the Fire; only in about a Minute it Alined above the Brightnefs of a Live-coal, and refembled a Rho/p horns. Having at the lame time by me a Lac I had formerly made of our Water, I treated it in the fame Manner, and the Appearance was juft like to the other, both continuing in that bright State a pretty good Time before they wTere reduced to a black Cinder ; whereas when the Lac of our W ell broke out into open Flame, it quickly changed into a Cinder. I tried in the lame manner a little of the Refiduum of Scarborough Water after Eva¬ poration, much relembiing in Colour the
Lac or both, and the Succefs was juft the fame.
T hough I think this Appearance on the Fire demonftrated a Sulphur in the Con¬ tents oi both Waters. I had various Con¬ jectures
and Obfiervattons . 83
jechires why the Lac of our Weil had not anfwered to open Flame as formerly; 1 af¬ terwards thought on yet a hirer Way to try the Inflammability of the Contents of both, I cauied a Crucible to be made red-hot in a Goldlmith’s Furnace, then having removed all flaming Coals from the Neighbourhood of the Crucible, that any Flame without might not confound the Appearance within the Crucible, I caft fome of the Refiduum of our Well into it; and ordering to pulh the Fire by blowing the Bellows, I faw the Flame within the Crucible gleaming, then filling the Crucible, and continuing fo a confiderable Time, the Bellows ftill going. Then having emptied the Crucible of the Refiduum , I tried in the fame manner the Refiduum of Scarborough Water , and the Succefs was the fame.
In thefe Trials it was not poffible to ap¬ proach lo near as to feel whether the Flame Imeiled of Sulphur or not, only it was more white, and going more on the Colour of the Flame of Nitre in Detonation. For underftanding what Reafon there might be for fuch Appearance, I reflected on what I had formerly obferved, on a Parcel of the Refiduum of Scarborough Water, that in two or three Days, by Attraction of a moiffc Air it had augmented confiderably, bo h in
F z Bulb
g^ Medical Ejjays
Bulk and Weight: Alfo eonfidering a vuf- oar Expedient to make fmoaking Goals burn clear., by throwing Salt upon them, I thought that the Salt’s impregnating tbe Waters as above, might in great meafure procure the Difference. To determine this,
I caff; equal Parts of Sulphur and Sea Salt in Powder into a red-hot Crucible, whence immediately aroie a white Flame, going on the blue towards the End ; but at the near- eft Diftance I could approach my Nole, I could perceive little or nothing of the ful- pbureous Steam ; neither were others who ftood by lenfible of it. The Flame ending, what remained was a grey acrid Concrete. Nitre and Sulphur, mix’d alfo in equal Quan¬ tities, and thrown into the Crucible, gave much the fame Flame with a Sihilus , but no lulphureous Steam perceptible by me, nor others {landing by. After fome Time flaming, the Mals went into Fufion as a Ro- fin at the Bottom of the Crucible.
Hereby appears that the Salts attradl the Smoak of the Sulphur, imbibing it by the lame Meclxinifm as one of them attracts that oi Coal, and both of them the Moifture of the Air ; and io I think the Difference of Flames, as above ffcated, may be underftood.
For finding whether there might be any thing Reguliu or Metal lick in either of
thefc
and Obfervations. 8y
fhele Waters, I mixed both Refiduums with one half Tartar and as much Nitre. I tried firft that of Scarborough Water , the Quan¬ tity being about two Drachms, which was kept ten Minutes on the ftrongeft Furnace- fire in a Crucible, with a Cover of its own Kind. After cooling it was eaftly fhak’d out, retaining the Form of the Bottom of the Crucible, and being white as before expo- fed to the Fire, only interlperfed with fome blackifh Particles, and on the upper Surface appearing porous, and the whole refembling a fpongy Concrete of fait and chalky Earth, the Tafte acrid, the Weight exceeding but very little the Weight of the Tartar mixed with it.
Before trying the Refiduum of our Wa¬ ter in the iame Manner, it came into my Thought what Appearance it might make when thrown into a red-hot Crucible be¬ fore being put into the Fire. When this was done, it began to boil immediately with fparkling, and then caft up a thick Cloud of Smoak with a high bituminous Smell. I re- greted I had not thought on doing fo by the Scarborough Rejiduum , and the rather that I had no more of it for Trial, yet what is laid may in great mealure fupply this Omiftion. The Rejiduum of our Water appearing in Fufion on the Fire, and after
F 3 ft
8 6 Medical Eff %y$
it cooled, adhering fo dole to the Crucible, that it could not be got out but in Parcels by an Iron-bodkin, it looked like a hard- iied dark Rofin, and had an acrid Tafte : Which Appearances compared with that a- bove of the Fufion of Sulphur and Nitre in¬ to the fame manner of Sub fiance, is, I think a good Addition to the Proof of our Well’s Sulphur going more on the nitrous Kind, as the Appearance of the Scarborough Reji- duum compared with what remained after flaming of Sulphur and Sea Salt, may prove that its Sulphur goes more on this Sait, and that both are lodged in a calcarious Earth as a Subfir at um , wherewith, as by after Trials may appear, they are both io com¬ bin'd, eipecially the fulphureous Part, that the Violence of Fire cannot difengage them, fo that the Sulphur does not always diico- ver itfelf.
The Deceptions of both Waters, when farther carried on, may. give further Light into the above Companion. I boiled an Englijh Quart of each to about two Oun¬ ces, and obferving the Progrefs, I found our Water become (till of a deeper Colour, till about fix Eighths being boiled in, it be¬ came like to a ftrong Deception of Guajac Wood, in the Smell, Tafte and Colour; that of Scarborough , when boiled that far,
reiem-
and Obfervations . 87
refembling rather the Colour of Whey, and having the Tafte more briny, in refped of the refmous and mellowy Tafte of the o- ther.
I attempted next to find if any of the Subftances ufually employed in trying Mi¬ neral Waters, when mixed with the Deco- dions of thefe Waters, and by comparing their Effects with thole obferved upon their Mixture with the frefh Waters as above, would, by the Difference, difcover any thing further concerning the Nature of the Salts in the Waters, particularly, whether and how far they might be accounted volatile or fix’d, whereat I could difcover nothing that could be relied on in our Water kept, fome of it a Month, feme two Months, in Cask or in Bottles,- fliut or open, fimply corked, or with the Corks laid over with Pitch ; as neither could I perceive any Dif¬ ference of Smell but what was common to any Spring-water when kept a confiderable Time.
To extend this comparative Trial a little farther, I took in two other Subftances than were formerly employed, to wit, Sy¬ rup of Violets and Tindure of Turnfole, for which laft, after Monf. Tourneforfs Way, I made ufe of blue Paper.
SB Medical Ejfays
x. Syr. Viol . turned both our Water and that of Scarborough into green.
z. Blue Paper dipt in our Water chan¬ ged! not, only the blue appears more in- tenfe in our Water. No Change at all when dipt in Scarborough Water. '
3* A DecodHon of our Water changeth not by Syr. Viol, neither does the blue Pa¬ per change its Colour thereby. But,
4. Scarborough Water evaporated to one Jialf, becomes by Syr. Viol, confpicuoufly green. Blue Paper dipt in the Decodtion changeth not Colour. v
y. Solution of Sublimate Corrofive on JDecodiion of our Water, at firft makes no Change, but home time after troubles it in¬ to a whiter Colour, then precipitates a dui- ky Rejiduum.
6. Solution of Sal . Tart, on the fame Decodtion, gives prelently a Precipitate e-
liable as a Cloud.
7. Solution of Sublimate Corrofive chan¬ geth the DecodHon of Scarborough Water gradually into a troubled dusky grey.
0 • Solution of Sal. Tart, on the fame Decodtion, makes no notable Change.
9* Infufion of Galls changeth not the De- coftipn of our Water, but prelently makes ^Uagulum in Decodtion of Scarborough W ater falling downwards from the Top.
and Obfervations .
By the fir ft of thefe Trials it appears that the Salt of both Waters in their native Con¬ dition goes moil on the Jllkalin , as it ap¬ pears, by Monfi Tourneforfs Trials, th$ natural Salt of the Earth alfo does, what¬ ever may be generally (aid of its acid Nature. It leems by the third and fourth compared, that the Salt in our Water is more of the vo¬ latile Sort, agreeing hereby more with Nitre. The fifth alio may feein to confirm the fame ; but the feventh makes this more am¬ biguous, and the fixth renders it yet more doubtful ; and the fixth , compared with the eighth , might rather leem to give the Volatility to the Salt of Scarborough Wa¬ ter ; but the ninth to reftore the lame Hill to our Water. In fuch counter Appearances I tried if any thing more certain could be made out, by affufing a little common Wa¬ ter on the Remains of the Refidua of both Waters left in the Crucibles, after trying their Inflammability, as above. On thefe Infufions I made over again the fame Trials ; but Appearances were To little confident to thefe above, or to one another compared, that I found little elfe but the Folly of thinking by liich chemical Attempts to reach Nature further than Conjecture reach- eth ; and that, as I laid before, all we can pretend to, by fuch Trials, is to find out by
Ana?
tjo Medical Effays
Analogy, the Congruity or Incongruity oi one thing we know, with another we leek after, without pretending hereby to come at the intimate Principles of things, which wee have hitherto in vain been hunting afterr by inch Means. All that we may accountt certain is. That Nature affords nothing pure Alkali or pure Acid : Or, in othen Terms, whatever it be of any Produd oft Nature/ which is proved of the one or the? other Nature by one Trial, may be pro¬ ved alio of the contrary Nature by fome other different Trial. This Monf. Tourne ~ fort hath proved by Multiplicity of Expe¬ riments on the natural Sait of the Earth,, on the Nat rum of the Levant , on Seal and all foiiil Salts. In fine, the Violence? of the Fire cannot quite break this Make; of natural Bodies, fo as to deprive it quite; of its native Texture, as he hath alio pro¬ ved by his Trials on Lime-water, that the Acid hath Hill a Being in burnt Lime - /rone. And I had been tempted to fufped, that all my Trials of Analogy failed of proving the iixlphureous Quality of ourWa- ter} by ieveral of the Attempts to burn the Refldua failing when they were expofed to the greateff Violence of Fire in a Cru¬ cible, had I not feen the Flame of the fame Refldua in the Furnace before. But what
more
and Obfervations . 9X
more My liter y is in this, than in Steel Wa¬ ters failing in the Trials by being expofed to the leaft Evaporation, either when open to the Sun, or even in the common Air, without any fenfible Influence of the Sun’s Heat, and yet nothing properly volatile is to be found in Iron, or its Vitriol ? Such Things put the Minds of Men to a fort of Nonplus . Yet ftili we muft take them as we find them, and be determined by Na¬ ture, and not by our Reafonings.
I refolved next to have a greater Quanti¬ ty of our Water, for Evaporation to a Re- JiduiiM, and to prepare it better for Diffo- lution of its compounding Parts by Putre¬ faction. For this Purpofe, I put twelve Eng- lijh Quarts into a fmall Cask, which I flmt up dole, with the Mouth pitch’d round, and placed it in a Cellar during five Weeks; and put about fix Quarts more in Glafs Bottles, fome fimply cork’d, others alio pitch’d, others open, fome expofed to the Morning Sun, others in a Cellar. I told before, that by my Smell, Tafte or Trials, I could find very little Alteration in our Water, other than the Tafte and Smell the Pimple Element has in fuch Cafe. Thefe eighteen Quarts I put on the Fire to boil, and evaporate in two Brafs Pans, one (mailer, the other larger ; the fmaller was open for
moft
Medical Eff'ays
1110ft part during the Boiling, the larger was; covered from Beginning to End. The Quantities in each I did not mark. I had of Sediment of the leffer, Gr. xxxiv. of a grey dusky Powder, as in Evaporations former¬ ly. The Refidence of the larger I obferved coming to the Confidence of Bitumen, and of a black Colour, the Decodtion accordi¬ ngly finelling and tailing high of the iame Kind. I poured off a little remaining War ter of the Decodtion, and dropping on it fome Gutts of 01. Tart. 1 found (till the Cloud form’d, and (landing all the Day without any curdling Precipitate. I found the Bitumen, after the Water was evapo¬ rated before a Fire in a Tea-plate, weighed Gr. 1 70; and expofing it again to the Fire till it became a Rofin, I had cDrach. ii. Gr. xi. Of this I threw feveral Parcels into a red hot Crucible, placed in an ordinary Fire of no intenle Heat, and every Parcel quick¬ ly flamed about two Minutes, then almoft vanifhed. I next tried the Powder I had as Rejiduum of the fmaller Decodtion ; but it did not flame, but jetted out Sparkles of Flame, huzzing as wet Gun-powder does, when touched with Fire. I can attribute this Variety to nothing el(e but the larger Pan’s being covered during the Decodtion, whence I had the Bitumen ; and upon Sight
of
1
o
and Obfervatiorls .
df it, compared with its Tafte and Stnell t concluded that I Ihould have my Refiduum more inflammable, or eafier to take Flamed than formerly. Of fuch Conlequence it may be, more than we ordinarily think on, to have our Decodtions, whatever they be, more or Ids circulated.
Upon the whole it may appear, that Ana* logy right ftated, and juftly regarded, is the fureft W ay by which our Reaion is capable to lead us into the Nature of Things; and that Experiment juftly ftated and managed will always anfwer to fuch Analogy. And here¬ by is confirmed the Likeneis of our Water to that of Scarborough , as to their fpeci- fick Contents, though in Proportions dif¬ ferent from each other ; the Saks abound¬ ing more in that of Scarborough , the Sul¬ phur appearing to abound more in ours, the different Bulk or Weight of the whole confidered, which is much greater in Scar¬ borough Water than in ours. And yet it will next appear, that equal Quantities drunk, the phyfical Operation of ours hath proved not inferior. Analogy hath taught me the Prelence of thele Salts; Dr. Short and Dr. Shaw have found them by dired; Trial. Thus does the Fad: confirm the A- nalogy, as I ftated it betwixt the Experi¬ ments on different Subftances, and thefe
on
54 Medical Ejfays
on our Well, and of Confequence betwixt our Well and that of Scarborough. The Evidence appears equally concerning the Nitre and Sea Salt in both. Concerning the relpedtive Quantities whereof in each Water, I had Occafion to make an Obier- vation pretty remarkable, but whereon at fir ft I was little thinking.
Having remark’d, That a Parcel of, the Scarborough Rejiduum , two or three Days after evaporating its Moifture, appeared confiderably more bulky, I weighed and found it Sbrach. ii. very near, then put it in a Tea-plate, before a warm Fire two Hours, and found the Weight diminilh near one Third, which anfwered to my Sufpici- on, that its comparative Bulk was from the moil! Air it had attracted, the W eather ha¬ ving been io me what foggy. I had obfer- ved no inch Appearance in any Rejiduum I had got of our Well : But to be more Hire,
I tried in the very lame Manner, while the Weather was moift, Gr. xviii. 1 had re¬ maining of the Rejiduum of laft Decoction, When the Plate was taken hot from the Fire, I found the Weight diminifhed not a- bove Gr. i. fem. This with the compara¬ tive Colours I always obferved of the Re* Jidua of each, that of Scarborough Water going conftantly on the grey white, and
that
and Obfervations . 95*
that of our Well on the dusky brown, lels or more intenfe, proves ftill the Prevalence of the Salts in Scarborough Water, if not of the calcarious Earth, and of the Sul¬ phur in ours. To which, finally , maybe added, that having brought my lafl; Deco¬ ition of our Water to about a Gill, I drop¬ ped thereon fome 0l9 Tart . and it form’d a thick Cloud of an equable Surface and Confiftence all over, and ftanding firm fe- veral Days, without feparating till broken on Defign, which had not occurred to me before in any former Trials; and it appears above, that Decoition of Scarborough to one half, gave no fuch Appearance.
*P.S. As I could not, by Evaporation, bring our Water at any Time to call; out a- ny Cryftals, I defigned, at iaft Decoition, to have tried the Salts adhering to the Sides of the Pan ; but not finding how to deter¬ mine any thing thereby, and fearing to tranfgreis my Bounds, I caufed them to be walhed down into the Decoition.
IX. Me*
Medical EJJayf
IX. Medical Qualities of Montrofe W ell? with fome infances thereof ; by the fame.
THE Water of this Weli is of an ob« fcure Mineral Tafle, which cannot well be defcribed. It is lighter on the Sto= mach, and eafier to digeft than the fineft ordinary Spring Water, or any other of ©ur Mineral Springs; fo that delicate Con¬ futations bear it eafily, and are improved by it in their Appetite and Digeftion. A Man about feventy Y ears of Age, and of a decrepit Habit, bore eafily, even when he began firft to drink it, two Engltjh Quarts in the Morning, and near as much after Noon, with Alleviation of a Cough he la¬ boured under, and told me, though he was of a low Station of Life, he could never formerly bear a Draught of any manner of Water.
It clears the Spirits of Heavinefs, and gives Life to the inward Powers, even of tiiefe of the more fober and low Diet. The fimple Element, whether cold, or hot in¬ filled on Tea, by diluting, and in either
Way
and Obfervatio7U , £7
Way, by its Stimulus , walhing off the I11”* digeftion, which clogs the natural Facul¬ ties, in thofe of high or full Diet, ferves fo far well to this Purpofe. But thofe of fkn- der Conftitutions, and who live on low Diet, have found this Effedt by a few Cups of this Water. Some of the more fober and delicate Females have alfo experienced this. And a Gentleman ufing the vege- table Diet, and of the animal, nothing a- bove Milk or Eggs, and the fimple Ele¬ ment for Drink, of a thin Habit of Body, and with lively Spirits, found himfelf ge¬ nerally yet more chearful, and his Appetite and Digeftion improved, by drinking only about an Englijh Pint.
It is universally diuretick, People ac¬ counting generally that they pafsmore that Way than they drink.
Being drank from two to three Pints Englijh , it generally purgeth by Stool three or four Times, the half of that Quantity fucceeding in fome. By this Quantity a Gentleman, from beginning to drink of ir^ was fet a purging three or four Days toge¬ ther, during which he was obliged to re¬ frain its Ufe, and afterwards to diminifh the Quantity, till he was more accuftomed to it. The more plentifully one feeds it ge¬ nerally operates more, as hath been obler-
G ved
Medical Ejfays
ved concerning other purgative Spaws. fdi iome the fame Degree of Operation hathi continued during the Ufe ol the Water : But generally as People are more accuftom- ed to it, they are obliged to intermit at Times its Uie, or to augment the Quan-
ticy-
Soon after its medical Virtues were nrit obierved, it performed a Cure, icafce inferi¬ or, I believe, to moft, or any recorded in Ob- fervations of Medicine. A Girl during nine Years, almoft from a Child, affiidted with Strangury, Stoppage of Urine, and, for moft: Part, of the Evacuations of her Belly alio ; her Urine being conftantiy as a thick Gleet, and reiembiing the Mucilage of Oat-meal ; ihe having, during moft of the above Time, icarce any Intermiilion of Symptoms', whereby her Flcih became wafted, and her Strength io much impair’d, that fhe went on Crutches, or other wife fupported. At length the Paroxyfms taking her conftant¬ iy io foon as afleep, ihe became as one in- fenfrble, talking, and anfwering Things fpoken to her out of Pnrpoie. She being then iupported to the Well, began imme¬ diately, being under no Diretftion, to drink freely, and it paffed by Stool and Urine as freely, with immediate Eaie. This encou¬ raged her to too much Freedom, till over¬ charging
mid Obfervatlons .
Charging Nature, file was threatnCd with' a Suffocation, and hereby was taught to ufe it more moderately. I gave her ionic Di¬ rections for drinking it afterwards; and, the Evacuations ft ill fucceeding, file not only was cured of all Difeafe in, a few Weeks, but alfo became of a clean and natural full Ha¬ bit of Body; when file declared, that for nine Years bygone file had not enjoyed fa much Freedom from Trouble, taking all in one, as file had fmce file began to drink the Water,
In general, as a good many in various Symptoms of Gravel and Nephritick Pains*' have come to it for Relief, io I have found none who have not been more or lefs; and Xno ft of them remarkably relieved by it;
A Gentleman during a good many Years afflicted with Paroxyfms of the Stones rarely under twice a Year, and foni'etinies they feized him more frequently, each Pa- 1‘oxyfm only going oft" after palling Stones of various Bignefs, by drinking in the Mor¬ ning the above Quantity, or a little more of this Water, it going oft" plentifully by Urine, and by moving the Belly a little; became freflier in all his natural and animal Faculties, and has continued almoft a Year free of all Nephritick PaTOxyfes, except tome fmall Threatnings. He then left this
G % Mate#
$£>0 Medical E flays
*
Place, and I know not how he has been fince. One Gircumftance in his Cafe was moft remarkable, that during the Ufe of the Water he palled Urine always without any Stimulus or Inclination to pals any more, which had conftantly affedted him before, fince the firft Attack of the Dileale.
Another Gentleman, during lev eral Y ears under grievous Symptoms of Strangu¬ ry, and iometimes palling Gravel, feve- ral Means of Relief, and particularly the Aberbrothock Water being ufed to no Pur- pole; at laft there was ftrong Sufpicion of an Ulcer in the Neck of the Bladder where he ailed moft, from a purulent Matter pal¬ led with his Urine. After all Hopes of Life were almoft gone, he began infenfibly to become eafter of the Symptoms; but the Difeafe ftill remained, and particularly his Urine palled with Difficulty, and he had vio¬ lent Pain from the Strangury always after palling it. From beginningto drink a Pint or little more of the Montrofe Water in a Morning, and drinking it warm infilled on Tea after Noon, f his Belly being opened a little after his Morning Draught, he began to pals his Urine every Day with more Freedom; The Pain diminiihed alio daily y which good EfFedts he had not found before
from
and Ob fer vat ions. iox
from any Water Ample or medical, neither from any other Liquor he drank.
As it generally relieves in all fcorbutick Symptoms, and Foulnefs of the Blood, fo hath it perfectly cured feveral inveterate Scurvies in the Younger and Older, above any Effects of medical Waters I have hi¬ therto oblerved.
A Gentleman, otherwife of a ftrong Conftitution of Bowels, and of a vigorous Body, but labouring a good many Years under the fouleft Eruptions on his Skin, almoft coming to a Degree of Leprofy,by drinking from three to four Engl'ijh Quarts a Day, which gave him three or four Stools, and dipping his Shirt among the Water for a Bath over Night, was, from the work Degree of Eruption he had been liable to, brought, almoft incredibly, to a perfect Cure, in leis than three Weeks. The Eruptions that were thick, inflammatory, and lending out a fanips , as I oblerved them in the Be¬ ginning, going all away, and his Skin be¬ coming all over loft and Imooth, as I alio law ; and he has continued found and in per- fed: Health now above a Year, fometimes drinking the Water at about fix Miles Di- fiance.
A Woman of about fixty Years of Age, pf a valetudinary State of Health, and par*
G‘3 tie tv*
*02, Medical EJfayj
tjcularly much afflidtcd, during feveral Years, with feorbutick Runnings over (e- yeral Parts of her Body, her Head aiio be¬ ing greatly affedted in the fame Way ; Diet- drinks of leveral iorts given and repeated proving of no Uie, by about a Month’s Die qf about three Englijh Pints of this Water a Day, whereby ihe purged three or four Times daily, was entirely cured, and remains fp now more than a Year.
A Girl ieven or eight Years of Age, la¬ bouring, almoft from her Birth, under a dry itching Scurf over her Ski n, and leveral Meafures being taken for her pure in vain, by drinking three Weeks daily, about two thirds of a Pint of W atcr a-Day , whereby fh^ had the ordinary Stools, and bathing therer | a twice a Week, was made entirely clean. And the Dileafe having threatned lorne- tinies to return by unguarded Treatment, Ihe hath been always cured by the lame Means, and is now perfectly found.
By other Inftances of Cures made, or Re¬ lief given by theUfe pf pur Water, it would |eem to be of pretty good Service in moft chronical Difeafe?, and to reach from the firft Organs of Digeftion, to all tjiat affedt the Blood. In Winds and Flatulency Rifled ja the BoweR, it hath proved of good ule, ?!}§ Wind vyflli fuel] Fctpe that
people
and Obfervations. 103
People, the Females especially, have been afraid to drink it in publick ; and home who have been long afflicted this way, have been perfeddy cured by it. Others have found Benefit by this Water, who could not bear drinking the fimple Element cold, So hath it alio made complete Cures by Stool and Urine in Ipafmodick Colicks, called by the Vulgar windy Gravel. To this Clals we may even like wile bring the Cale of a Wo¬ man labouring under racking Pains of her Breaft and Head, who, having palled turbid Urine in large Quantity, by drinking it, was cured without any purging.
It has alfo been beneficial in difordered Secretions from the Blood, and where the Liquors have been in a ftagnating Way. A- mong the reft, the Cafe of a young Man was remarkable, who after a Tertian Ague of three Months Continuance, having iwelled all over the Belly, Arms and Head, was cur¬ ed, by drinking without Allowance what he could of the Water, from Sun-rifing in the Beginning of Augufl , to about nineca-Clock every Day of two Weeks. But the Cafe following is more Singular .
A Woman falling into Blood-fpitting, (fuppofed to have been occafioned by a Strain fome Time before) which continued about a Year and a half, recurring lets or
G 4 more
IC4 Medical EJdys
more every three, or at moft four Days, and frequently iooner, notwithstanding her menftruating regularly, from the Time Hie began to drink this Water, which jhe conti¬ nued for two Weeks or more, ihe ipit none, neither did any bad Symptom appear, al¬ though the Water operated every Day, both by Vomiting and Stool. She began by drinking two Quarts. On hearing which, to prevent fuch Operation, I ordered her to take not above the Half; notwithftand- ing this, it continued to have the fame Ef¬ fect; and I am juft now told, that ihe con- tinueth well.
In Rheums and Strains alfb I have found it of good Ufe, by way of cold Pump, where the Perfons could not bear ilich ufe pf ordinary cold Water.
A Gentlewoman of a thin Habit, and adr ?anced Age, being afflided with a Rheum of a pretty long Continuance in her Arm, had the Pain allayed, and the Rheum as good as quite cured, by the Water ufed in that Way; But theRheum feme Time after at¬ tacking the other Arm, file was afraid to admit of the Cure.
A Gentlewoman having drained her Foot, whereby , not withftanding V ^riety of Cures, |he was confined during mod of a Year, pcmld riot move her Toes, nor put her
Sole
and Obfervations .
<
Sole flat and even to the Ground, the Fldli of her Leg being alio remarkably wafted, her Skin became difcoloured, rough, and as it were dried; not having been able to bear the Application of ordinary cold W ater to the recent Strain, by bathing and pumping this Water on her Foot and Leg, about two Weeks fhe bewail to move her Toes, then all her Foot freely, and refted it level to the Ground; her Leg alfo recovering its native Colour and Softnels, and becoming plumper; fo that fhe began to walk about a little, fupported by a Crutch, and fometimes only by a Staff, when by an unhappy Ac* cident falling on the lame Leg again, and her Foot folding as it were under her, all her Ills returned to almoft a worfc Conditi¬ on than in the Beginning: And Are, after not finding the immediate Benefit of the Water, was impatient to lay it afide, that flie might try other Cures, which hitherto have had no Succeis.
A poor Man at once paralytick of his Limbs, and wrong in his Judgment for fe- veral Years, as I am well informed, co¬ rning to our Well on Crutches, without which he could not ftir; in a few Weeks, by drinking what he could get of the Wa¬ ter, and bathing his Limbs in it when he found none to hinder him, was lb well cured,
not-*
io 6 Medical Ej'ays
iiotwithftanding his being feen drunk at Times, that I law him walking about found, carrying his Crutches.
I could have given other Jnftances of Cures done by this Water, had not my Ad¬ vocation in the Country, and Bufmefs when in Town, detained me from fc clolely at¬ tending the Well in this as in the former Seafon. But perhaps thele are enough for the Bounds of this Paper.
The Disadvantages of our Well are its being a little too much expofed, being clole on an open Road, without convenient Co¬ vering for walking about; This could not be well helped without lb me Apartment e~ rebted for the better fort, Females elpeciafo ly. Then the Spring is but fmall, giving only two Englijh Quarts in a Minute, too little,' for affording fufficient Water for the Demands of bathing the Body, but more Specially for the Drinking of any Conflu¬ ence of People. To remove both Defeats, I will endeavour, next Spring, to have a Stone-Bafon with a Cover, made as a Re¬ fer voir for the Water in the Ground below the Well
X. An
and Observations.
X. An Ejfay on the Method of preparing and preferying the Barts of animal Bo¬ dies for Anatomical rU/es ; by Ale- xander Monro Trofeffor of Anato* wry in the cQniyerJity of Edinburgh, and F. R. S
rT’n FI E m oft artful Management of the X Knife alone cannot difcover the Tex¬ ture of Animals fufficiently ; Anatomiils are therefore obliged to employ feveral o~ ther Arts, which often require a confide- rable Time in their Execution, and fre¬ quently fail through feme Unfitnefs in the Subject, or by a very Imall Omiffion or Ac¬ cident : And when they fucceed in any At¬ tempt of this Kind, they endeavour to pre- ferve the Parts thus prepared, that they may always be in Readinefs to fupply what cannot be demonftrated on the recent Sub¬ ject. While each Anatomift is obliged to his own Ipduftry only for the Difcovery of thefe Arts of preparing and preferving , it is probable that frequent Diiappoint- pients, apd the Defpondency theie will create, may difeourage many from purfuing the Study of Anatomy, who might become
joS Medical Effdys
the greateft Improvers in it, if thefe Diffr culties did not ly in their Way. With a View to remove them in feme mealure, I fhall lay before you in this Paper fuch Arts of preparing and preferving the Parts of a- nimal Bodies as I have found iuccelsful, which may ferve as a Foundation on which others more induftrious or ingenious may build.
The principal Preparation that Bones require is to make them white ; for which JDiredtions are given at confiderable length by Eaulli ( a ) and Ly/erus (£), who alio teaches the Method of putting the Bones of Adults together. What I have found rnoft fuccefsfui for whitening the Bones of young Creatures, is macerating them long in cold Water, which ought to be changed frequently ; the Bones being laid out each Time to dry a little in the Sun. If they ly too long in the Water, even thofe of A * dults will difToive in their more Ipongy Parts, and the younger ones lole all their Eftiphyfes. If they are allowed to dry be¬ fore the Blood in their VefTels is melted down by the Maceration, it fcarce can af¬ terwards be feparated from them, or they will never become white. The Marrow of
' young
( a ) Aft. Hafn. Vol. a. §
(b) Cult. anat. lib. y.
and Obfervdtions ’ f co¬
yoting Bones being much lefs oily than in Adults, they generally can be made much whiter, and do not fo readily turn yellow by keeping. The Bones of Feet life s require to be taken frequently out of the Water; and the ‘Periojieum muft not be leparated where the Eftifihyfes are joined, otherwife it is fcarce poilible to prevent the Lofs of thefe additional Pieces.
The Method of burning and expofing the Bones of Adults long to the Weather, for unravelling their Texture, is fo gene¬ rally known, I need fcarce mention it.
Cartilages are made pellucid in the fame way that Bones are whitened, ,and they muft afterwards be brought to their natural Shape and Situation, in which they are to be kept by Strings, Weights, Pins, andfuch other Contrivances, if they are to be prelerved dry.
The Muscles that have no large Ca¬ vity are to be laid and lecured in thePofture they are defigned to be preferved in, and they are prefted with the Fingers into a na¬ tural Shape while they are drying.
You have already publiihed all I know of the Method of injecting the Vessels. [See Art . IX. of Vol. I.] That they may appear better, it is neceffary to macerate in cold Water all injedted Parts that are co¬ loured
s io Medical Rjj'ayS
loured with Blood, till the Blood is ex¬ tracted ; after which the Water is to be prefled well out, and, even when the Pre¬ paration is to be prelerved wet, it is of Ser¬ vice to let it dry a little in the Air, before it is put into the embalming Liquor. But be¬ fore the very minute Extremities of inject¬ ed VefTels can be demonftrated, there is a farther Art requisite, which is the fame that has been employed by feveral of late for unravelling the Texture of Leaves and Fruits, of which Severinus (aj near a Century ago, fays, Vetum me inept urn ^ quid prtfterieram Opontii Folii rej'olutio- nem artificiofam: parabitur hxc porro Jim - plici tabefaiJu per affufam uberem aquam tamdiu complexuram , dum jibris iignea duritie rejlibilibus , omnis exfolvatiir ear¬ ned portio. And Rinfch ( b ) at laft ac¬ knowledged his Method of preparing the fuccous VefTels of Fruits, and of the Brain, &c. to be the fame. Put therefore the in¬ jected Brain, Lungs, Liver, Spleen, or any other Part of a tender Texture into1 Water, allow it to remain there till its in¬ volving Membrane is railed by the Water infinuated into the cellular Membrane, which connects it to the Parts below ; then
ieparate
(a) Th. Bartholin. Epift. Med, Cent. I, Epift, 6 $.
(< b ) Adverf. Anat. Dec. 3. § 2.
(
and Obfervations. in
feparate the Membrane, and afterwards keep the Part among the Water till the Fibres connecting the fxnall Veffels are difi- folved : This is known by fhaking fre¬ quently the Part among the Water* which wadies off the corrupted Particles, and at lalt the face o us Veffels are keen diftind: and floating in the Water ; then the Preparation is taken out, and, by gently prefling, the Water is fqueezed from it, the Remainder of it being walked away with fame of the preferving Liquor into which it is imme¬ diately put, and, by a little Twirle of the Thread or Hair by which it is fafpended, the Preparation is expanded, and the Lnall V die Is are leparated.
I never could divide Nerves into their very fmall Filaments after they had got their firm Coat from the T)ura Mater , but before they are involved in that Membrane they are eafily divided. Thofe that con- ftitute the Cauda Equina are fitteft for this Purpole ; for they are long, and their Fibres adhere by very weak fine Mem¬ branes. One of thefe Chords being cue through, where it comes off from the Me¬ dulla Spinalis , and where it is about to enter the Ehira Mater , one End is fecured with a Hair, by which it is fafpended in a Bafon of Water, and after macerating fame
T ime
jit Medical E fays
r*- '-V t >
Time there* it is railed to the Side of the Bafon, upon which it is laid, while one Hand holding the Hair, with the other a very ftnall Needle fix’d in a Handle/ is Hightly ftrip’d along the Nerve. Let this Operation be continued, till upon twirling the Nerve among the Water, it is expand¬ ed into a fine Web of very fmall Fibres, wb n it is put into the embalming Liquor, If the Blood VefTels were previoully inject¬ ed, the Hair muft be tied on the End of the Nerve neareft to the ‘D ur a Mater , that the Trunk of the Nerve and Artery may appear together : When a Piece of the Cau* da Equina is thus prepared, it fhews very prettily; for each Filament almoft of the Nerve appears with injected VefTels upon it.
When a fine fingle Membrane, Inch as the Pleura or Peritoneum, are to be pre- icrvcd for demonftrating their Arteries af¬ ter an InjeClion, as much of the cellular Membrane, by which they are connected to the neighbouring Parts, is to be laved in difleCting them off as can be done, without fpoiling the Tranfparency of the Mem¬ brane ; for when the cellular Subftance is wholly feparated, very few continued Ramifications of VefTels can be ieen, a great Number of exceeding fliort Extre¬ mities only appearing, which require a
Micro-
and Obfervati&ns, 113
Microfcope to view them diftindly. When there is little Fat lodged in the Ceils, the Membranes of the cellular Subftance may be left without a Poffibility of obferving them : When they are filled with Fat, it mull be prefTed out as much as poffible, af¬ ter being well macerated. Even when Mem¬ branes are to be preierved in a Liquor, they are more eafily kept extended in it, and their VefTels are better feen, if they are previouily dried. In doing this, they mu ft be extended with Pins or Threads on a finely polilhed clean Board, or it is rather better to keep them on the Stretch while they are railed up from it, that they may bear no Print of the Board. After Mem¬ branes are dried, their doubled Edges or o- ther Inequalities are to be cut off with a Pair of Sgiflars.
Ruyfch ( a ) defcribes the Manner of fepa- rating the Cutieula and Corpus reticulare from the Skin, by ftretching thele com¬ mon Teguments, well freed from the Fat, on a Board, with the Cutieula outmoft; and then dipping ail into boiling Water, which loofens the Cutieula and Corpus re - ticulare fo from the Skin, that they are ea¬ fily feparated with a blunt Knife, or the
H thia
(a) Adv. Amu Dec. 3. § 8*
214 Medical Effays
thin Ivory Handle of a Scalpel; then witfs the iame Inftrument he feparates the Or- pus reticulare from the Cuticula , leaving them connected to each other, and to the Skin in lome part. After this they may be either dried or put into the embalming Liquor. When either the Corptis reticu¬ lare is not made firm enough by the hot Water, or happens to be very thin, it is difficult to feparate any confiderable Piece of it entire from the Cuticula .
- A Cbirotheca or Eodotheca , a Glove or a Shoe of the Scarf-skin, with the Nails ad¬ hering to it, is brought off with very little Trouble after the Cuticula loofens from the Pans below by the Putrefaction, which keeping a Subject long brings on. This Method anlwers the Defign better than for¬ cing off the Scarf-skin with boiljng W7aterr which makes the Cuticula tender.
1 he cellular Membrane under the Skin •cannot be preierved diftended with Air, ex¬ cept where there is little or no Fat contain¬ ed in it. One of the befl Parts for making a Preparation of this Kind is the Scrotum , where what is commonly called Mu/culus 6Dartosy may, by blowing into it, be changed entirely into fine membranous Cei- luicS ; and Carolus Stephanas ( a ) very _____ well
(aj De dilkft. part, corp, hua^n. lib. z. cap. a.
a%d Qkfervations.
Well obferved, that the cellular Subftance any where elfe under the Skin purs on a mufcular Appearance when the Fat is wa¬ fted. Will not thefe Obfervations ferve as fome Apology for former Anatomifts who reckoned a Tunica car no fa among the com¬ mon Teguments of the Body ? May not we hence lee one Reafon of old emaciated People having fo many Wrinkles in their Skin ?
That the Dura Mater with all its Proceffes may be prefer ved in a natural Si¬ tuation, it is neceffary to law the Cranium from near the Root of the Nofe to the Mid¬ dle of the Os occipitis , by a perpendicular
Section at half an Inch diftanee from the
»
fagittal Suture, and then by a horizontal Section terminating at the Extremities of the former perpendicular Seftion, to taka off a confiderable Share of the Side of the Cranium . After which the bar'd Part of the TDura Mater being cut by an Incifion in Form of a T, the Brain and Cerebellum are taken out, and the Head is put among!! a Liquor to preierve it ; or the Bones are made clean and expoled to the Air to dry, taking care to keep the cut Parts of the TO ura Mater ft retched out with Pins, Hooks or Threads, If the Head of g Foe¬ tus, or of a very young Child* is thus- to
H i M
u6 Medical Ejjays
*
be dried, the ligamentous Membranes be¬ tween the Bones muft be kept extended by Sticks cut of fach a Length, as when put into the Cavity of the Cranium , their Ex¬ tremities may reft on the Bones, and pufh them outwards.
TheProceflesofthe Pia Mater whichi are placed in the Interftices of the Convo¬ lutions of the Brain, may be eafily fepara- ted entire with the *Pia Mater , when that Membrane is preternaturally thickned by Difeafes, as it frequently is : And even in a found State, large Pieces of it may be got with its Procefies, after macerating the Brain in Water. As loon as it is feparated, and the Water preffed from it, it ought to be immerfed in the embalming Liquor, where it is to be kept extended by Threads or fmall Branches of Plants.
The Brain requires no Preparation, ex¬ cept either for demonftratingitsfuccous Vet ieis, the Method of doing which I have al¬ ready mentioned ; or for hardning it, which I ihail afterwards fpeak of.
Before the Coats, Humors and VefTels of the Eye can be rightly prepared for pre¬ serving, fo as to demonftrate all of them, it is neceflary to coagulate the cryflailine and vitreous Humors, by immerfing the Eye for lome Time in a proper Liquor; of
which
and Ob fer vat ions. 1 1 7
which hereafter. After this they will bear Maceration in Water, for the Separation of the choroid and Ruyfch? s Coat.
The febaceous Glands and Duds of the Eye-lids appear much better after a fubtile Injedion of the Arteries, and the Coagu¬ lation of their Liquors, than in the recent Body.
Dr. Trew ( a ) has very juflly obferved, that by macerating the Ear in Water, the Membrane which is continued from the E- pidermis of the Ear to line the Meatus au¬ dit or ins externus , and to form the outer Lamella of the Membrana Tympani, may be brought off entire in Adults, as well as it is eafily feparated in Foetufes, or very young Children. And indeed the Mem¬ brana Tympani appears to be no other than this Cuticula , and the Membrane that lines the Tympanum , conneded by a thin cellu¬ lar Subftance, in which, as in all other fuch Parts of the Body, the larger Branches of the VefTeis run.
The Epithelia of the Lips, as Ruyfeh calls the Cuticula covering the Papilla there, is to be taken off by macerating 41 Water, which makes the Surface appear better in the villous Way, when the Lips
H 3 are
(4) A&. Ph| ^co-medic. Acad. N. C. Vol. 2,. Obf. $0.
|.r8_ Medical E flays
are afterwards put into a Glafs with the cm" jjfjping Liquor.
The viftous Subftance of the ToNoup js very ealiiy ixiade quite red, with Inje¬ ction thrown in by the Arteries, and a Membrane analogous tp a Cuticula fepa- fates by ioaking in Water ; and upon com¬ paring the Lips, Tongue, Qefophagus , Sto¬ mach and Inteftines, the Structure Teems to be fo far alike in all, as they are covered with this fort of .Cuticula, which is con-
* l r' '» 1 »■ y
nebted to the mufcular Part by a cellular Subftance, in which the numerous Nerves, Veffels and Glands are lodged. This cel¬ lular Subftance either is formed into Rid¬ ge? and Valves where it is thick and loofe, pr appears like a fine Membrane where it
IS thin and ftretched.
There are po Organs in the Body, of which I find a greater Difficulty to give the Students of Anatomy a good Idea, than Shpfb employed in ^Deglutition. In the re¬ cent Body they cannot fee them all at once in the natural Situation: They can fcarce be held in a wet Preparation, io as to iliew them well enough. What has the beft Ef- febj: is tq demonftrate the grofler Parts firft 14 a dry Preparation, which requires Fa- t0 execute right; for all the Mufcles gqionging to thele Organs, that are fixed tq
any
i. i 4
and Obfervations . ngt
any of the furrounding Parts, mud be all clean differed, and then cut off from thefe furrounding Parts; after which the Tongue, Os Hyoides , Fauces , Velum pendulum Fa- lati , with the Uvula , the Larynx , yV;<z- rynx, Afpera Arteria and Oefophagus , are taken out with the differed Mufcles .hang¬ ing at them, to be all fecured in their natu¬ ral Situation with fmall Pieces of thin Boards, and Threads faftned to Hooks. A Cork is then put into the lower Part of the Trachea , round which and the Oefojphagus a ftrong Thread is tied firmly, and Quick- filver is poured by the Fauces , or by the Paffage which formerly led to the Noftrils, till the Oefophagus, Trachea , Larynx and Fharynx are filled ; in which Condition it is allowed to hang till the Parts are pretty firm, but not near fully dry, when the Quick-filver is poured out, and the Parts overftretched by its Weight, iuch as the Glottis and Space between the Tongue and Larynx , are, by preffing and fqueezing with the Fingers, to be brought near to the natural Situation ; and others that fhrivel too much, as for Inftance the Uvula and Epiglottis , are kept near to the natural Form, by drawing and preffing them from Time to Time till they are fully dried.
The hollow Viscera of the Thorax
H 4 and
it® Medical Ej/ayv
and Abdomen are not only to have their VefTels demonftrated in the Ways mention* ed formerly, when fpeaking of the Blood* yeiTels; but when they are to be kept dry, they require a particular Preparation for preferving their Form, and for fhewing their interior Structure, which is to fill them with fom@ proper Subftance. The Properties I think this fliould have, are to be able to refill: the fhriveling Contraction of their Fibres, to fill them all equally, and to leave them clean if it fhould be taken out. For thefe Reafons, Cotton, Wool, Sand, or fuch like, are improper ; all that I ufe is Air, Quick-filver, or melted Wax,
Wax is only to be employed where there is no farther Defign than to view the ex¬ terior Surface, for which purpofe it may be thrown into any of the hollow Bowels; but in all other Cafes, Air or Quick-filver mult be tiled.
Where Air will anfwer the Defign, iris preferable to the Quick-filver, for it ftret- ches every where equally; whereas Mer¬ cury preffes mod on the depending Parts. Air dries the Bowels in the twentieth Part of the Time that Quick-filver does, and it leaves no colouring or gilding on them ; which the Mercury always does. On the Othet Hand 9 Air does not ftretch fo me
Parts
and Obfervations , ' tzt
Parts fufficiently, cannot be retained, and infenfibly efcapes fo from others, as to al¬ low them to collapfe in drying; which In- conveniencies the Quick-filver is not fo fubjedl to.
From what has been faid, it is evident that Air is required, or is much preferable to Quick-ftlver, for making dry Preparations of the Qefophagus , Stomach , Guts , Vefica fellea with the bilary UuEls , and Bladder of ‘Urine with the Ureters. And it is as plain on the other Side, that the Bericar ~ dittm and Uterus can only be kept diftend- ed in their natural Form with Mercury.— The Heart with its Blood-vefTels, and the Belvis of the Kidney with the Ureter , generally have fome finall Paflages for the Air to eicape at, and it fcarce can refill the fhriveling Contra&ion of their Fibres ; wherefore Mercury is preferable in drying them. The Corpora cavernofa ofth tBenis and the VeficuLe feminales retain both Air and Mercury ; but this laft leaves a Gild¬ ing in the Corpora cavernofa , which hin¬ ders luch a clear View, as could be wilhed, of their Veflels and Texture ; and there is a Difficulty to fill the Veficula feminales with it, for the Orifices at the Caput Ga+ linaginis will not admit it from the Ure¬ thra, and when it is poured in at the Vas
deferens
I %% Medical E frays
deferens , the Moifture of this narrow Pipe is liable to flop it ; and after you have got it to run in this Canal, its Weight forces open the Orifice into the Urethra of the fmall Dud: common to the Vas deferens and Vejicula feminalis , fo that it will not mount into the Vefictila till the Urethra is filled ; Whereas the Contradion of that Orifice refills a imall blaft of Air, which readily regurgitates into the Veficula . For which Reafons Air is preferable for the Corf ora cavernofa and Veftcul# feminales , -—It is feldom we meet withSubjeds whofe JLungs or Spleen will retain Air, and the Clans of the Uenis is very liable to allow it to efcape; Wherefore generally we are obliged to make ufe of Quick-filver for thele Parts : Which however does confide- rabie Prejudice in all of them, but elpecial- ly in the Lungs and Gians, whofe Celiules are f mailer than thole of the Spleen.
Being determined by the foregoing Rules which of the two Liquors to uie, we prefs out all the Blood or other Liquors con¬ tained in the Bowels we dcfign to fill, and then tie all the Pafiages from them, except the one by which we are to introduce the diftending Liquor ; and in cafe we difcover any others in the Time of filling them, at
which
and Obfervations . tH
Which the Air or Quick-filver efcapes, we tie it likewise.
ThePafTage by which the Liquors fhould be introduced, is to be ehofen inch as loom eft allows them to pais every where into the Cavity to be filled, and that is moft ea- fily fecured afterwards. What was faid of the Organs of Deglutition will readily lead one to know how to diftend the ‘Pericar¬ dium and ‘Uterus . The Place for blowing up the alimentary Tube, Vefica fellea and urinaria , is known to every body. Li¬ quors are poured into the Heart and large Arteries through the fuperior Vena cavay and any Branch of the pulmonary Veins. The Trachea Arteria receives what the Lungs are to be diftended with. The Kid¬ ney is to be filled by the ^Ureter . The Veins of the Spleen, Capfula atrabilaris and Corpora cavernofa Penis , are to con¬ vey the Subftance with which they are di¬ ftended,,
W e muft always make ufe of a Pipe, when we are to blow up any Part. The beft fort pf Pipe for this Ufe, is what has a fmall Ex¬ tremity, with a Notch round it, and a Stop- cock a littje higher in it. We introduce the fmall Extremity into the proper Canal >vhich is tied upon it with a waxed Thread, fhat is made to fink into the Notch ; and
affooa
Medical EJfays
aflbon as the Bowel is fufficiently diftend- ed, the Stop-cock is turned, to prevent the Air to get out. If any of it fliould efcape, it is eafily fupplied by a new Blaft at the Pipe, which is fupported by feme String or Board to hinder it to prefs or draw the Pre¬ paration while it is drying. - If the A-
natomift is provided with no other than a common Blow-pipe, the Canal by which the Air is introduced, mull be tied tight upon it with a thread, which is drawn with a firm Knot by an Afiiftant, while the Air is blown in. As loon as the Bowel is fuffi- ciently diftended, a Signal is given to the Afiiftant for pulling the Ends of the Thread, while the Pipe is drawn out of the Canal, and immediately another Knot being made, the Preparation is fulpended by this Thread.
When Quick-filver is employed, the Paf- fage by which it is poured, irnift be higher than any other Part of the Preparation ; and when that Pafiage is narrow, a lmall Glafs Funnel or Pipe muft be put into it. This Pipe muft be long, where the Weight of a high Column of Mercury is wanted to make it run through fmall Veffels. If the Preparation will allow, the Pafiage by which the Mercury entred is to be tied firmly, otherwife, before any Mercury is poured in, that Pafiage muft be fecured,fo
and Obfervations. 1x5*
as to remain uppermoft, all the Time the Preparation is drying.— When a confide- rable Quantity of Mercury is poured into any Part whole Texture is tender, it is ne- ceflary not only to fulpend it with Threads and Hooks in the fuperior Part, but to fup- portit alfoby a iinall Net extended below it, upon a proper VefTel for receiving the Quick- filver, if by any Accident it lliould run out.
The Diretftions now given will ferve for preparing the moft Part of the Bowels ; but the Lungs and Spleen, whofe Mem¬ branes very difficultly retain either Quick- filver or Air, efpecially this laft, require . more Care. Thefe Bowels muft not be taken indifferently from any Subject ; but fuch muft be cholen as have the exterior Membrane thick and ftrong. After they have been diftended as above directed, they fliould be expofed to the warm Sun, or near a Fire to dry them (bon, returning fre¬ quently to lupply by a new Blaft what they lofe in very little Time. As foon as their outer Surface is dry, immerle them into ftrong Turpentine Varni/h , fo as their whole Surface may be covered, after which they will retain the Air much better; con¬ tinue to place them fo that they may loon- eft dry, taking care to rub on Varnilh with
a
t%6 Medical Bjfays
a Feather, wherever it is wanting, and to blow in new Air whenever they iubfide.
After the human Spleen has been kept diftended with Quick-filver or Air till it is dried ; it feems to be wholly compofed of Cells communicating with each other, upon the Sides of which the fmall Branches of the Artery are oblerved to fpread in great Numbers, if they have been previoufly in¬ jected, as you may lee when you pleafe in feveral fuch Preparations now in my Pof- feffiom
3 « r f
Upon cutting the Lungs thus prepared* their Veficles appear far from being Spheres, or any other Figure whole tranlverfe Se¬ ction is circular, for they evidently are Po¬ lygons, generally irregular Squares* and Pentagons. And indeed one might con¬ clude d priori , that they are rather more fo in a living Creature 5 for feeing the exte¬ rior Membrane is of a firmer Texture than the Veficles, and will not ftretch out fo far as they could be extended* they mult pufb violently on each other, and therefore be prefled from a fpherical Form, into as ma¬ ny Sides and Angles as there are contiguous Veficles; and the Thorax of a living Crea¬ ture does not allow the Lungs to be exten¬ ded fo far as their exterior Membrane can be ftretched, as is evident from their flatt¬ ing
and Obfervatlons. itf
ing out at Wounds of the Thorax, or by blowing into the Trachea Arteria, after the Sternum of a Creature is taken away ; and therefore their Vefieles imtft be more compreffed, and confequently their Sides be ftraighter in Relpiration, than when they are diltended, after being taken out of the Body. Theie Confiderations, and the obvious Polygon Form of the Cells in the fimple Lungs of Serpents, Frogs, makes me lurprifed that ever the Vefieles of more complicated Lungs Ihould have been imagined to be Spheres, or any other Figure, whole tranfverfe Se&ion is cir* cular.
I come now to confider the Manner of preferving Preparations, which is either by expofing them to thex\ir till all their Moi- flure is evaporated, and they become dry, rigid, and out of Hazard of corrupting; or by immerfing them in a proper Liquor. Be- fides what has been already laid concerning the Manner of drying Preparations, it is alfo necefTary, efpecialiy when the Parts are thick and bulky, and the Weather is warm, to guard further againft Putrefa£U- on, to hinder Flies to lay their Eggs upon them, which foon growing into Maggots would deltroy them, and to prevent In-
lx g Medical EJfays
feds, Mice or Rats to feed on them. All this may be done by foaking the Preparati¬ on, fomeTime before it is expofed to dry, in a Solution of corrofive Mercury in Spi¬ rit of Wine. The Proportions I uie, are two Drachms of the Corrofive to a Pound of the Spirit ; and while it is drying, it is to be moifteifd frequently with the fame Liquor. By this Method one can, with¬ out any of the Dangers above-mentioned, dry the difTeded Bodies of pretty large Children in the midft of Summer, which fooner anlwers the Defign, than the cold Moifture of Winter can. — After the Pre¬ paration is dry, it is ftill liable to moulder away, become brittle, crack, and have an unequal Surface ; wherefore it is necef- fary to defend all its Surface with a thick Varnilh, with which it is to be co¬ vered over as often as the Luftre of the for¬ mer Application wears off, and it muft al¬ ways be kept well from all Dull and Moi- flure.
Dry Preparations are very ufeful in feve- ral Gales, but there are a great many where it is necefiary the Parts ihould be flexible, and nearer a natural State, than the Shri¬ veling and Rigidity in this way of prepar¬ ing can allow; theDifficulty has hitherto been to find a Liquor that would preferve
them
and O bjervatibns . izy
them fo near to a natural Condition. Wa¬ tery Liquors do not prevent the Putrefacti¬ on, and diffolve the hardeft Parts of the Body. Acids prevent Putrefaction, but diffolve the Parts into a Mucilage. Ardent Spirits harden the Parts, change their Co¬ lour, and deftroy the red Colour of the injeCted VelTels. Oil of Turpentine, be- fides the Faults of the ardent Spirits, be¬ comes thick and vifcous. But without dwelling longer on the faulty Liquors, I fhall inform you, That what I have always found to anlwer belt, is a rectified ardent Spirit, no Matter whether from Wine or Malt, that is {till limpid, without having any yellow TinCtnre, to which a fmaii Quantity of a foffii acid Spirit, ftich as that of Vitriol or Nitre, is added; both of them refill Putrefaction, and what might be looked on as Faults, if each was' confider- ed fingle, is mended by the other. When thefe are mixed in a right Proportion, the compound Liquor changes neither the Co¬ lour nor Confiftency of the Parts, except where there are ferous or mucous Liquors, which it hardens much in the Way that boiling ^ater does. The Brain even of a new born Child is madefo firm by it, as it can be handled with great Freedom. The cry- Italline and vitreous Humours of the Eye
I become
130 Medical EJfays
become firm, but white and opack, by foaking in it. The Liquor of lebaceous Glands, of mucous Folliculi , the Seed, &c. are coagulated by it. The lymphatick, or watery Liquors, Inch as the aqueous Hu¬ mour of the Eye, Water of the ‘Pericar¬ dium and Amnios are not changed by it. It heightens the red Colour of injected Li¬ quors fo much, that VefTels, which did not at firft appear, are plainly leen, after the Part has been in it lome Time. If you’ll compare thefe ElTcdts with what Ruyfch has laid here and there of his Preparations, you’ll find that the Liquor defcribed comes pretty much up to the Properties of his Bal- lam, as he calls the Liquor in which he prelerved his wet Preparations.
The Proportion of the Acid to be mixed with the ardent Spirit, is to be varied ac¬ cording to the Part to be immerfed in it, and the Defign the Anatomift has. When the Brain, Humours of the Eye, &c. are to be coagulated, a larger Proportion of Acid is neceffary, fuch is, two Drachms of Spirit of Nitre to a Pound of Alcohol . When the Parts are only to be preferved,e- fpecialiy if there are any Bones ig the Pre¬ paration, forty, thirty or fewer Drops of the Acid will be kifficient. If too large a Pro¬ portion of the Acid is mixed, the Bones
become
and Qbfervdtlons . 131
become firft flexible, and then diffolve.
After any Part is embalmed, particular Care mud be taken to keep it always co¬ vered with the Liquor, otherwise its Co¬ lour fpoils, and fome Parts harden, others diffolve. To prevent therefore the Eva¬ poration as much as poffible, and to ex¬ clude the Air, which makes the Spirits ex- trad: a Tindure, the Mouth of the Glafs is to be carefully (lopped with a Glafs or a waxed Cork, Cover or Stopper ; over which Leaf-tin, a Bladder, or injeded Mem¬ brane is tied, in which Way it will keep a confiderable time without any great Wafte0 Whenever the Spirits fink near to the Top of the Preparation, more of the Spirit of Wine muff be added, without the Acid, which flies little off. If at any Time the Spirits acquire too high a Tindure, they* muff: be poured of, and new Spirits, with a leis Proportion of the Acid than at firft, muft be put in their Place, the old ones being kept in a well corked Bottle, for walking away the natural Liquors of any new Preparation, which ought always to be carefully done before any Part is em¬ balmed, and the old tindured Spirits are likewife to be walked off, with a imall Quantity of limpid Spirits, every Time the old ones are renewed* or a new Preparati-
I % OH
1 3 z M edit'd l EJfays
on is to be preferved. The Spirits unfit to be longer fhewn in Glades, may alfo be ftill employed in preferving Parts in earthen VelTels or Glafs ones, out of which the Preparation muft be taken when it is to be viewed.
It may not be amifs to remark here, That the Glades in which Preparations are to be demonftrated, ought to be ofthefineffc mod tranfparent thick Kind, for thefe al¬ low the Parts to be feen moft diftincftly, without changing their Colour, and at the fame Time magnify the Objects, difcover- ing Parts, which, when they are out of the Glafs, could not be feen with the na¬ ked Eye. Since then the Glafs with the Liquor has a certain Focus , where Objects are ieen moft diftindtly, it will be necefta- ry to uie fome Contrivance for keeping the Preparation at the proper Diftance from the Side of the Glafs; which may be done by putting in a imall Branch of fome Plant, or a little Stick, or by faftning the Thread or Hair by which the Preparation is luipcnded, towards one Side of the Glals. Such little Arts for keeping the Parts expanded, or } lack g them io as to be leen to the beft Ad- vant ge, win eafily occur to any who pra- dile $ A n a to my .
I mail finilh this Eft ay with a Caution to
A n a-
mid Obfervations. t 3 3
Anatomifts to Ihun as much as poffibleput' ting their Fingers into this acidulated Spi¬ rits, or handling the Preparations that are very wet with them ; for they bring fuch a Numnefs on the Skin for fome Time, that makes the Fingers unfit for any nice Difi* feCtion. The bell Cure I have uled for this Numnefs, is wafhing the Hands with Wa¬ ter, into which a few Gutts of 01. Tartar . Ter deliquium have been dropped.
XI. Some Thoughts concerning the Tro- dudtion of animal Heat, and the "Diva¬ rications of the Vafcular Syfem, being an AbJiraTt from a Latin Treat ije , of the Heat of Animals; In a Letter to Dr . John Stevenson Dhyfician in Edinburgh, from Dr. George Mar¬ tin Thyfician in St. Andrew’s.
SIR,
I Cannot but acknowledge the Pieafure I had from the good Opinion you con¬ ceived of my Treatife, de calore animalium . The Objections you was pleafed to propoie againft it, gave me full Proof you had con- delcended to read and confider it carefully ;
I 3 ' and
134 Medical E fays
and at the fame time gave me an Opportu¬ nity, if not to obviate them entirely ? at leaft to render the Scheme fomewhat lefs exceptionable. You think it would be of Ufe to the World, and will) it were made pubiick : But I do not yet think it finiflied ; and I know not if any W orks of mine fhall ever arrive at that Degree of Perfection, as to be able to bear the Light, and face thp Pubiick by themfelves. In the meantime, in Compliance with your Defire, which I lliali always very much regard, I will make a ihort Ex trad: of feme of the moil mate¬ rial Things of it, which, after reviling, you may djfpofe of in any way you think proper.
I need not fay much concerning the Uni- yerlality of this Property of Heat, where¬ of ail Animals, while in Life, have acorn fiderable Share. Nor is it neceflary to re- count the Sentiments or Miftakes of others about it : It may luffice to declare my A L lent in general to the Opinion now moft oommonly received. That the Heat of ' Anu mals is produced by the Motion of the Hflood in the Vafcular Syftem ,
f • Nor does it leem to owe its Origin to p.ny inteftine Motion of the Particles of the flawing Blood, When I view the circula*
ma
I .
end Obfervations. 13 f
tion in the fmall pellucid Veflels of Ani¬ mals, I fee no inteftine Confufion of Par¬ ticles; nor can I perceive any Motion fit for the Production of animal Heat, except the progreflive Courfe of the Blood prefling and rubbing upon the Sides of the Veflels.
3. Nay I am afraid that even this Motion of the Blood, however rapid in the great Trunks, will in the minute Veflels be deemed too fmall and inconfiderable to pro¬ duce an Attrition fufficient for the generat¬ ing any fenfible Heat: So that it may be thought neceflary to have Recourfe to che¬ mical Principles; and to iuppofe Heat to be a fort of animal Procels producing a certain Change in the Aliments, fome way analo¬ gous to the LuEtas and Effervefiencies we obferve many other Bodies, in certain Cafes* to undergo.
4. But it was juft now remarked, that we could not perceive any violent inteftine Motion of the Particles of the Blood, vi« Able in the ordinary heating Effervefcen- cies. And befide, in direCt Confirmation of the mechanical Force of the Attrition of the Fluids on the Sides of the containing Veflels, from medical Obfervations we find, in the various Circumftances of the human
I 4 Body,
13$ Medical EJfays
Body, the Heat generally in fome fort to correlpond to the Degree of Motion of the Blood. And above all, I hope I fliall be able to make it appear, that the vafcularSy<- fiem is io admirably contrived, and the va¬ rious Motions of the Blood fo skilfully ad^ jufted by the great and wife Author of Na¬ ture, that, bating external Influences or Di- fturbances, the Heat of the circulating Fluids generated by Attrition, is every where prelerved nearly uniform, with how¬ ever differing Celerities they be propelled in different Parts of the animal Machine.
5*. In order to the clearing and fettling of this, I muft premife a general Suppofi- tion, That the Intenflty of Heat generated by Attrition is , exteris paribus, in ‘Pro¬ portion to the relative Celerity , where¬ with the Bodies rub againft one another ,
C. And therefore if a Liquor be forcibly propelled through a Canal, the Quantity of Attrition of the Liquor upon the Sides of the Canal generating Heat , is in a com * pound ratio of the Celerity of the Liquor IC), an 4 of the Circumference ( or ‘Diame • ?fr P) of a Section of the Canal ; that ist always as CxD. ‘ . '
f, Whej|
9
and Obfervaiions . *3 7
7. When a Liquor moves through a Ca¬ nal, its Particles, tho* they have no brisk inteftine Motion, are frequently, however flowly , Ihifting Places. Whence we are to conceive the Quantity of Attrition around the Circumference of a Section, as equably diffufed through the whole Section, lo as to render the Heat in every Point of it from the Circumference to the Center per¬ fectly uniform: And therefore the real In- tenfity of Heat in fach a Sell ion is found to be as the Quantity of Attrition (CxD) applied to (Z) the Area of the SeUion , or
(is ^-~~D ; that is as r^) the Velocity of
the Liquor , and the Diameter of the Ca¬ nal direElly , and the Square of that Dia¬ meter reciprocally . Which comes out as
(g ) the Velocity of the Liquor applied to
the Diameter of the Canal .
8. And from this it eafily follows, that if Liquors be propelled with Celerities pro¬ portional to the Diameters of their con¬ taining Canals , the Heat ofthefe Liquors generated by Attrition Jhall be equal . For D, d being the Diameters of the Canals proportional to C, c the Celerities of the propelled Liquors ; in this Cale C . . c : : D . , 3nd therefore C . , D : : c , . d ; and
corn
138 , Medical Ejjays
eonfequently £ ~ ; that is, the refpe*
iftive Intenfities of Heat are equal.
9 . If a Canal carrying a Liquor be ra - m'tfied into Branches , the Heat of the Li¬ quor generated by the lateral Attrition may be confiantly equal ; or may be increa - fed or diminijhed in its Progrefs through this ramified Syftem ofVejfels , according to the Method of its Divaricationy or the Proportion that the Widenefs of the Branches bears to the Widenefs of the Trunks from whence they arife .
For the Heat of the propelled Liquor ge¬ nerated by Attrition, is every where as its Celerity applied to the Diameter of the Ca¬ nal through which it is carried ; fo that, if, in the Divarication of a Canal, the Branch¬ es have always fuch a Situation and Large- 11 efs with reipedt to the Trunk from whence they arife, that the Velocities of the Li¬ quor moving through them ihall always correlpond to their Diameters, then the Heat generated by Attrition ihall be con« ftantly equal.
But if the Largenefs of the Branches be lo adapted to the Capacity of the Trunks, that the Velocity of the Liquor flowing in them ihall be greater, equal, or even but nearly equal to that in the Trunks, then
mid Obfervathons. I39
the Heat of the Liquor generated by Attri¬ tion, would be conftantly increafmg in its Progrefs through this fuppofed ramified Sy- Item, and that, cater is paribus, in a reci¬ procal Proportion of the Diameters of the Canals.
And on the other hand, if the Capacities of all the Branches put together fhould be yaftly greater than the Largenefs of the Trunk from whence they arife, fo as to dl- minilh the Velocities of the Liquor in a greater Proportion than the Diameters of the Canals; then indeed the Heat in fuch a Syftem would be "conftantly on the Decay*
?o. It feems to be the firft of thefe Cafes which actually obtains in the animal Ma¬ chine. For though the Ancients made a great Ado about the various Degrees of Heat of the different Parts of the humaq. Body ; yet ibme of the beft and moffc careful Obfervers amongft the Moderns, by Methods more certain and regular, than what the others were Mafters of, have been allured that they are all nearly of the fame Degree of Heat, when left to themfelves in a found State, and fufficiently defended from the Injuries of the Air, or external Cold; which I have confirmed by a thou, fand Experiments : And therefore it be-.
1 4© Medic &l Ejfays
. hoves us to enquire more narrowly into the Nature of mch a Divarication, which may render the Velocity of the Blood al¬ ways in Proportion to the Diameters of its containing Canals, and coniequently give it a Heat conftantly equal.
ii. Suppofeany Artery A to be di«
vided into what— - — J L~__
number of Branch- A &
es b , /3, ft, you pleafe, equal, or however unequal, whole Diameters we call d , '<f , the Dia¬
meter of the Trunk A being D : So that their refpe&ive Orifices lhall be propor¬ tional to D2, d\ £'z,~bz ; while the Cele¬ rities C, c, n, k, wherewith the Blood is fuppofed to flow through thele Veflels, are required to be proportional to the forefaid Diameters D, d, 7) refpedively.
Now in the Divarication of any Arte¬ ry, the Blood would flow into the feveral Branches with the fame, or nearly the fame Celerity, if they all rofe with the fame Ob¬ liquity to the Trunk from whence they fpring. Therefore it leems necefTary, for the due ballancing of the Velocity, to con¬ trive the Divarication in fuch a manner,
that
and Obfervations. 141
that the larger Branches fhall always ly in a direcfter Courle, and the imaller ones in a more inclined one to the Current in the Trunk, that the Quantities of the Blood flowing into them may be in a greater Ra¬ tio than their Orifices would otherwife re¬ ceive ; fo too that it may flow through them with the requifite Velocities propor¬ tional to their Diameters,
ix, Thus tfien the Pofition of the Branch¬ es being iettled, we come next to enquire what Proportion the Amplitude or Orifice of the Trunk muft have to the conjunct Amplitudes of the Branches, fo likewife as to prderve the above-mentioned Ballance of Celerity, fn which Enquiry, in the firfl place, we are to obferve that, univerxally, the Quantities of Liquor palling equably in a given Time through any Canals, are in a compound Ratio of the Amplitudes of the Canals, and of the Velocities of the Liquor conjuncily. Hence then the Quan¬ tities of Blood paffing in a given Time through the Branches b, /3, ft, are as dl x c, y x 56, d x k refpecftively ; to all which Quantities, the Quantity furnifhed them by the Trunk A, or palling through the Trunk in the iame Time muft be equal, and as D x C. That is then D“ x C = d x c
Medical Ejjfays
+ £* x % +l)z x k» And therefore in the prefent Cafe (the Celerities C, c, x, k be¬ ing fiippofed proportional to the Diameters D, d , *f) D3 x D ftiall be equal to dx x d + x £ + iz xD; or D3 == ds 4- + l)3.
That is, the Cube of the diameter of the 3T hunk is equal to the Cubes of the 'Diame¬ ters of all its Branches added together .
And fo D is equal to ^dl + ^ +^3 ; that is, the Diameter of the Trunk is equal to the Cube-root of the conjunct* Cubes of the Diameters of all the Branches .
From whence, if once we know what
Proportion the Branches have to one ano¬ ther, we can for certain determine what Ratio they, when put together, muft have to the Trunk from whence they arife. Which was the Thing propoled to be found out concerning the Nature of that Divari¬ cation, where the Celerities of the flowing Liquor are fiippofed always proportional to the Diameters of the containing Canals.
To illuftrate this Doftrine of the Proportions of the Trunks and Branches of a Syftem of Veflels ramified according to the propofed Law of Divarication, for pre- ferving the Velocities of the contained Li¬ quor in a conftant Ratio to the Diameters of its containing Canals, and fo to maintain
a
and Obfervations. S43
a conftant uniform Degree of Heat, let us try the Refult of it in two or three familiar Examples.
If a Trunk Ihould divide itfelf into two e- qual Branches, whole Orifices lhall be to one another, as 1 to 1, and their Diameters in like manner to V 1 and V 1, or 1 and 1 ; then, by the general Propofition § iz, the Diameter of the Trunk is proportional to y i! 4 i!=: V z =3 T ; and conle- quently its Orifice mull be — i’5874.
So that the Amplitude of the Trunk is to the conjunct Amplitudes of the Branches as i’*8 74 to 1 -f 1 = z ; or as 100 to 12,5 ■”99.
Suppofe a Trunk divided into two, how¬ ever unequal Branches, tyhicb, for Example, ihould be to one another as 2 to 1 ; fo that the Diameter of the greater Branch lhall be proportional to 2 = T 4141, that of the lefler as y 1 = Then the Diameter of the Trunk is proportional y 4i4i3 1 = i’5«44; and its real Largenefs, compared to the Branches 2 and 1, lhall be Tf<*44* — z’ 4475 . So that this Amplitude of the Trunk, being to the joint Amplitudes of the Branch¬ es as z' 447j to 2 + 1 a= 3 , lhall be to them likewife in the Ratio of 100 to 122’ 5^
But Ihould the Divarication be more com¬ plex, fo that there be three, and thefe ve-
/
*4.4 Medical EJfays
ry unequal Branches, in the Ratio perhaps of 3, a, i ; whofe Diameters therefore inuft be proportional to V 3 = i’7szo?,
4141 9 and y 1 = 1 : Then the Diame¬ ter of the Trunk comes out proportional too V i’T jaoj3 4- i544i3 +T3 = V 9’ oaw
a’o8^,the Square whereof is 4*3344. Whence: we find the Trunk to be to the Sum of the: Branches put together as 4’ 3344 to 3 + x +
1 = 6; that is as 100 to 13 8’ 4*.
14. I obferved before, § 10, that the: Heat in different Parts of the Body, in ai natural and found State, was every where: nearly equal. And now having determi¬ ned the Laws of the Divarication of a ra¬ mified Syftem of Canals wherein the Heat generated by Attrition ihould be conftant- iy uniform ; let us in the next place en¬ quire ifthefe Laws obtain in Fad: ; and if Anatomy and a true Menfuration of the VefTels of the human Body do in reality correfpond to our Theory. !
It is obvious at firft Sight, and every body may have obferved, that the Pofition of the VefTels entirely favours our Scheme. Is it not manifeft, as it has been fometimes very juftly remarked, that the greateft Vef- fels ly more dire&ly m the Way of the
Trunks
and Obfervations.
I45'
Trunks from whence they arife, while the final! ones rife at very great Inclinations according to their various Sizes? (the like whereof may in feme mealure be obftrved even in the Ramifications of Trees and o¬
ther Vegetables.) From whence the Blood, flowing more freely into the greater Branch¬ es, mull iikewife pais through them with a proportionably greater Velocity^ than through the minuter Veflels, which give not fueh an advantageous Ingrefs to the pro¬ truded Fluid.
if. The next Thing we are to eonfidef is the Size of the Veflels, or the Proper td £>ns of the’ Branches to their furnifhing Trunks. It is very difficult, if not impoft fible,; to furvey the Veflels of Animals With a mathematical Exadf nefs, fo as to find them always obferving the fame Rule. In mea« •luring an Artery, for Example, a Lind broad, who will undertake never to err Part of an Inch ? And yet an Error io feeta* ingly little, will lead us into aMiflake neat i of the Amplitude of the VefFel: So that the final left unavoidable Errors iii meafti- ring fhall occafion Ibme feeming Deviations from the Rules that really Nature tiliy have followed. And therefore I hope efeii the moft (crapulous will be fadsfied,- if fip
Ife
14 6 Medical Ejfays
on the ftridteft Examination it fliall be found that Experience and our Theory, though not always jumping exactly in the fame Numbers, are however, for the moft part, very little wide of one another. Phy- fical Experiments and practical Mechanicks allow only of an Approximation to Geo¬ metrical Demonftrations.
Now it has been obferved in general by others, that the conjunct Amplitude of the Branches of Arteries are always larger than the Trunks from whence they ar ife ; and confequently that the Blood, on this Ac¬ count chiefly, Buffers a vafi Retardation in its Progrefs from the Heart to the extreme Parts of the Body: But we do not flop in this general Obfervation. From innumer¬ able Meafures and Experiments we more¬ over pretend to find a determined Propor¬ tion, and a very elegant Harmony in the Dilatation of the arterial Syftcm, and in the Retardation of the Blood moving through it; to wit, That the ‘Diameter of every Artery is equal to the Cube-root of the con¬ junct' Cubes of the Diameters of all its Branches : And the Velocity of the Blood in the Arteries always in proportion to their fever al Diameters ; for the Preler- vation of an equable Degree of Heat through all this far extended Syltemu
16 . This
and Obfervations 4 147
16. This, I fay.; we find from the niceft Examination of the Veffels that poffibly can be made ; the feveral Meaiures fome- times exceeding, fometimes not coming en¬ tirely up to the Rule; but by fo little Dif¬ ferences, and thefe as often on the one Side as the other, that we cannot doubt of fuch finall Variations having flowed from fome overlooked Circumftance, or fome inevi¬ table Errors of Menfuration. Which is plain from the following very ample Colle¬ ction of Experiments, wherein at one View we have the Proportions of the Trunks to the Branches, both according to the Theo¬ ry, and according to the adual Meaiures that were taken of them, with the DifFe- rences in thefe two Circumftances. Which Differences are truly leis than we could well have expected; and which would ftiil have been but a half of what we have here fet down, if we had made our Calculations of the Diameters, and not of the Amplitudes of the Veffels. And they are the Diame^ ters which are primarly meafored,
17. No body will blame me that 1 have* in Confirmation of this Dodtrine, chofen to give other Folks Experiments rather than my own. Thofe are liable to no Qbjedlff
K % o ns s
148 Medical Ejfays
ons : The Authors of them could have nO PrepofTe (lions in favour of a Scheme they were not apprifedof ; which I acknowledge would be much more exceptionable, had l founded it only on my own Obfervations.
In the firft place I have fet down fome Meafures, taken with all the Care imagi¬ nable from the Anatomical Tables of Eu~ Jlachio ; who of all the Anatomifts feems to have ftudied,with the greateft Accuracy, the Symmetry of the human Body, and the juft Proportions of all its Parts. However that I may not conceal any the leaft mate¬ rial Circumftance from you, I nmft ac¬ knowledge, that, in comparing the Aorta with the Iliacks, I took it where it appears fmaileft in his Figures, which is a little be¬ low the Emulgents: Which Trunk, befide the Iliacks., gives off other Arteries, as fome of the Lumbars, the inferior Mefen- terick, andth Q/acra. Butthefe, when ta¬ ken in too, are not really of inch Confide- ration as much to difturb or alter our Cal¬ culations.
1 8. Then follow fome Meafures taken from ProfejfTor Ruyfclfs Figures. His fin- gular Art in injecting the VefTels, and the great Pains he took to have them accurate¬ ly delineated, every body knows.
But
and Qbfervations'. 149
Bat fince whatever Care Eujlachio and Ruyfch took, it mud have been imp.offible to Dion forae final! Deviations from Nature, both in painting and graving their Tables, (as we find fome Variations in the fame Fi¬ gures repeated in different Tables of Eu - Jiachio ) and that we iikeways may not have meafured them with abfolute and perfedfc Exadhiefs, you will not wonder that they do not precilely coincide with the Numbers of the Theory. However this dill comes out as a Medium between them.
19. The Experiments we have borrow¬ ed from the ingenious Dr. Keill are liable to none of the Inconveniencies of painting. He mealured the Veffels themselves ; and therefore I have adopted all his Mealures: Only iome few I have omitted, which, ior their being taken from too minute Veffels, could not be much relied on ; and two or three more, which, by tranfgreffing the ne- ceffary Laws of Ramifications, as omitting a Branch or two, or exhibiting a Branch greater than its furnifhing Trunk, difeover iome Miftake to have crept into thele Ob- fervations. On which Account, and for other like Realons, I have negledted mod of the ordinary Anatomical Figures. How¬ ever even lome of thele I have now like-
K 3 wife
i j-o Medical Ejjfays
,wiie added under the Title of Mifcellanyr Obfervations \ though 1 do not pretend to* lay fo much Strefs on them, as upon the o- ther Experiments 1 had firft taken in, eipe- iially thofe of Keill and Eufiachio .
%o . That I might not fccm to have ne¬ glected fuchMeaiures my felf, for the great-, er Confirmation of the reft, if any thing off mine could add to their Authority, I have; added ionic of my Observations too. Audi being unwilling to omit any thing of this; kind, in . tranfcribing this Paper, I have in¬ ferred two or three that the induftrious Dr* Nichols has now furnifhed us ; who, I find,, has been at more than ordinary Pains ini Purveying the Yefiels both of Animals and!
2.1, And now follows the Collection II promifcd of the Experiments themfelves, iliewing the Proportions of the Trunks to, their Branches in the Arterial Syftem of) fbe human Body, ^
send Observations*
.*> "* >'T, * , •'
♦
The divaricated ARTERIES.
From EVSTACHIO.
The right Subclavian Artery, divided into the Axillary Y and Carotid. Tab. XVI. Fig. i. - - X
A Meienterick Artery, the exadteltWay I could take ?
theMeafures, Tab. XI. Fig. i. - - J
A Meienterick Artery in another Subjedt, Tab. XXVII.)
-Figj. 4. - - J
The defcending Aorta Iplit into the f Tab. XII. Fig. i. . I. Fig. i.
$Tab. XII. Fig. 3. \Tab. I. 1.
two Iliacks
V
The fame in another Subjedfc
The lame in another
* I
The fame in another
» * ) ■ **
*
The fame in another
• - - , _ V -
The fame in another
C Tab. XII. Fig. 4.
I Tab. IV. Fig. 7. f Tab. XII. Fig. 7. xTab. I. Fig. 3.
C Tab. XII. Fig. 9. l Tab . III. Fig. 1. c Tab. XII. Fig. 10. 1 Tab. III. Fig. 3.
J Tab. XII. Fig. 1 2,.
(. III. Fig. x.
The lame in another
The fame in another. Tab. II. Fig. 1.
The lame in another, Tab. II. Fig. x.
The fame in another. Tab. II. Fig. 3.
The fame in another, Tab. XXV.
The fame in a Woman, Tab. XIII.
From RVTSCH.
The Right Subclavian branched into the Axillary and 7
Carotid. Ej>. Trobl . HI. Tab. III. f 2. * 7 S
Proportions of the Branches.
it . 11
8 . s
1 . 1
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i
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cen, Ep. Frobl. IV. Tab. IV. Fir. z.
Its inferior Branch, ibid. ,
The uppermoft Artery from this inferior Branch, The lower one, .
A Mefenterick Artery, Muf. Anat. p. 76. Fit,
Its right Branch, ibid. - Its left Branch, ibid. -
5%
From KEILL.
The fuperior Mefenterick Artery, (pending itfelf in twen¬ ty one Branches, Tent. IV./. 88.
The 5th Branch of the Mefenterick, ibid. p. 90. 1. 15. ' The larger Branch of this yth Mefenterick, ibid. 1. 15. The 3d Twig of this larger Branch, /. 91. /. 4.
The 1 ft Branch of the 8th Mefenterick, ibid. L ix The xd Branch of the 8th Melenterick, ibid. 1. 16. -
The 10th Melenterick Artery, ibid. /. xo.
The lirfl Branch of the 10th Melenterick, ibid. 1. X4. -
The xd Twig of this ill Branch, p. 9X. /. 3.
The 14th Melenterick, ibid. I. 7.
The 15 th Mefenterick, ibid. 1. ix.
The xd Branch of this 15 th Melenterick, ibid. 1. 16. - One of the Twigs ofthislecond Branch, ibid. 1. zi. -
tarn. II. p. 45 \ /. x.
Its xd Branch, ibid. I, 3. ?
The xd Branch in /. 3. ibid. 1. 4. The ill Branch in /. 4. ibid. 1. 5. The xd Branch in /, 5. ibid. 1. 6.
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The divaricated ARTERIES,
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The firft Branch in /. 6. 1. 7.
The ift Branch in /. 7. /. 8.
The ift Branch in l. 1. l. 9.
A Branch of the Femoral Artery in its Progrefs,
The 3d Branch in /. 10. ibid, l.n, *
The ift Branch in l. 13. ibid. 1. 14,
The ift Branch in 1. 14. ibid. 1. 15 . *
The xd Branch in l. 9. ibid. 1. 16.
The id Branch in l. 16. ibid. /. 17.
The 3d Branch in l. 17. ibid. /. 18.
The id Branch in /. 5. ibid. 1. 19. - *
*
From my own Difledtions.
The right Subclarian branched into the Axillary and 7 •*' Carotid, in a Man, - - - - - 3
The fame in a Woman, - The fame in a young Girl,
The Right Carotid, divided into the Internal and Exter-7 nal in a Man, - 3
The fame in a Girl* ....
The Aorta ending in the Iliacks in a Boy,
The Iliack Artery branched into the External and Inter-7 nal in a Man, - - 3
The fame in a young Man, - The fame in a Boy, *
The fame in another Boy, - • *
The fame in another Boy, *
The fame in a Woman, - *
The fame in a young Girl, - - *
The fame in another young Girl, ♦ ; ?
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*5*4
Medical EJfays
The divaricated ARTERIES#
- From NIC HO fS.
An Artery A (which I take to be oneof theMefentericks)) ramified into the BranchesB, C .Comp. ^inat. Tab. ll.p.i.y The Branch C, divided into D, E. r
The Branch E divided into the Imaller Branch 36, 3i>d a- 7 nother (Z.) which I find to be about 11, : - 3
The Branch (£.) ramified into thg Twigs 1 6 and 9, -
Mifcellany Obfervations.
A Branch A of the External Carqtid, divided into the an-> terior and pofterior Branches C, B, T)u Verney Org:> de I'Quie, Tab, II. Fig. 1. - S
The fame, ibid. Fig. - - -
The anterior Branch, after throwing off D,fubdivided in-7 to two Branches, ibid. Fig. 1. - - 3
The defending ^<9^#,ending in the inferior Mefenterick,-* Lumbars and liiacks, Verheyen. Anat. Tab. XVI. F/g. i.J The Aorta ending in the liiacks, the inferior Melenterick,
4 Lumbars and 3 Sacra, Confer Anat. hum. Bod. App. Tab. III. - - - - • - - -
The right Iliack into tfie External and Internal, ibid. - The left Iliack divided in the fame Way, ibid.
The Cmliac into i\l>xiLathks,Chefelden Anat .Tab. YNW.x. The larger Branch of the Catliac into leffer Branches; ibid. The iuperior Mefenterick into three Branches, ibid. 3. The inferior Mefenterick divided into threeBranches, ib.±. The defeending Aorta ending in rhe liiacks, ibid:Tak. XV. The Caeliac Artery branching into tfie right and left,' \ Stukeley of the Spleen, Tab. I. - r - > “3
A Capillary Artery of the Inteftines fending off eight e-7 Qual Branches, Hales Hgrpajlat . IX. 14./. * J
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In
and Ob fer vat ions. %$$
In this Colle&ion there are indeed but few Obfervations which perfectly jump with the exadt Proportions of the Theory : But many come very near them ; and the Numbers of thofe coming Ihort of it, and of thofe that exceed it, are nearly equal. And the common or middle Excefs or Defeat (reckoning one with another) is only a- bout Part. Nay, in about ninety Ob¬ fervations, from the ExcefTes and Defeats ballancing ‘one another, the Sizes of the Branches determined by our Rules, and thofe found out by the moft carefully made Experiments, come out almoft exactly the fame. The Odds being about rh or j*? Part ; a Quantity in fuch a Cafe to be e- fteemed as nothing. A furprifing Coinci¬ dence! and which, before Trial, we durft not in iuch difficult and precarious Mea- fiires have expected or prorailed upon.
X3. Seeing then thefe Obfervations qua¬ drate fo nicely to Theory, even more ex¬ actly than the moft Icrupulous would have required, I muft acknowledge the very fenfible Pleafure I had in perceiving this beautiful Harmony ; and that I was ex¬ ceedingly delighted to find (as I wifned and expedted) the Arteries of the human Body
& 4 to
2 5* 6 Med lea l E flays
to be diftributed and divaricated in fitch a manner, both in their Pofition and Wide- pels, £^4# the Celerity of the Blood flow¬ ing through them may be preferved in a given 'Proportion to their ^Diameters ; and the fame , or nearly the fame degree of Heat generated by Attrition, continued along the whole arterial Syftem,
M- To obviate feme Difficulties that might be flatted againft us, we muft cb~ ferve. That, for the eafier Reception of the Blood, the Artery is always a little wider in its Rile from the Trunk, from whence
|t converges in a conical Form : And that Arteries, confidered as Trunks,’ juft before they fplit into Branches, muft be widened a little for the more convenient Divarica- tion. So that if an Artery, from the be~ ginning of its Rile to its Ramification in¬ to Branches, happen to be very ihort, it will commonly be found wider, and have a greater Proportion to its Branches than our Theory would require.
Tnu$, tor Example, the great Trunk of Iffie right Subclavian, before it divides into |he Carotid and Axillary, is fometimes longer, and iometimes fhorter, Ip the firfl One, as in Euftacbioh Tab . XVI. Fk. i.
or fr°n. in. tar. in,
and Obfervationsl tff
pig. %. it almoft coincides with the Theo¬ ry. In the iecondCale, as in Ruyfctis ibid \ Fig. 3. and Cowper's Anat . hum. Bod . Append. Tab. III. it differs fo far from our Rules, as even to be much larger than the conjoined Branches which arife from it. Thus too the great Trunk of the Aorta being very fhort, and alfc curvated, is found to have a greater Ratio to its primary Branches, than otherwife we fhouid have had Reafon to expe<3t; And fo it fee ms Valfalva ( a ) reckoned it as a fort of Sinus „ In which, and other like Cafes, though we allow" the Blood to have a flow Courfe through the Trunks, we need not be ap- prehenfive of any Lofs or Decay of Heat in inch fhort Intervals; Which too may foonbe fuificiently compenfated by the fubfequent more regularly adjufted Arteries ; efpeciak ly that the fmaller Vefleis do frequently , by Inofculations, communicate one with ano¬ ther; and fo, befide other Ufes, help to maintain a due and regular Balance of the Velocity of the circulating Fluids.
ay. And, on the other Hand, for the like Reafons, we need not be afraid of the Heat being too much increafed, though it fliould
move
(a) See Comment. Acad. Bonon. p. 37^.
l\f§ Medical Effays
move fomething fafter in the End, than in the Beginning of the long converging ar¬ terial Trunks, as in the Carotids or Iliacks; which run a good Space before their Diva¬ rication, without emitting any confider- able Branches.
Contrary to what I alledged of the lar¬ ger Branches rifing more directly, and the fmall ones obliquely to the Courfe of the Blood, it will be (aid that feme, even pret¬ ty large Veffels rile at an acute Angle from their Trunks in a retrograde Way ; fitch as the umbilical Arteries in a Foetus , or the Epigaftricks from the external Iliacks. This I acknowledge one will be ready to think from infpeding the Figures in the common anatomical Tables. But every Body that is acquainted with DiiTedtions, mufi have obferved, that thefe Tables, ei¬ ther for the Convenience of Dideding or Painting, or even fometimes by the Care- lefnefs of the Authors, do very often ex- hibite Things far out of their natural Situ- ation. And in this particular Cafe before us, if we will look into the Book of Na¬ ture itfelf, and examine Things as the great Author thereof has deligned them, we ihall find, that though fitch Veffels do carry the Blood in a Courfe diredly contrary to its
mid Qbferv&tions . 15^
Flux in the Trunks, yet their Rife is much in the fame Angle with others of the like Size. Thus the Epigaftrick Artery, iu- ftead of rifing at an acute Angle, from the outer Side of the external liiack, as V fa litis and the ordinary Tables reprefent it, does really fpring from the inner Side of that Artery (as in Cowper' s Delineation ibidl) at an Angle nearly a right one, but fomewhat obtuie; and then forming an Arch, climbs upwards, carrying the Blood in a Courfe retro^ade to what it was in be- fore; which Eujtachio ( a ) alone has taken care juftly to reprefent, as he is the Ana- tomift in the World who has moft carefully ftudied to exhibite all the Parts undiftur- bed, and in their due and regular Poflure.
It remains now to apply our Rule of the Ramification ofVeffelsto fome other Pur- poles in the animal O econo my ; and to con- fider this Dodirine with refpedt to different Animals; and to enquire what Alterations of Heat, if any, their Difference of Mag¬ nitude will produce: How it may be influ¬ enced by any other Changes, whether in the Solids or Fluids, as by the Non-natu- jals, Age, Sex, &c. Buf all this would be
diffi-
00 Tab. Anaj.Tab.XIii.XLV. Fig. 1. Tab. XXV. XXVU* fig. 12.
s.6o
Medical Ejfays
difficult to abridge; and to tranfcribe all, would carry me far beyond the Bounds I bad fixed to my feif at this Time.
XII. An Ejfay concern fag the Motions of our Eyes ; by William Porterfield, M. D. Fellow of the College of Fhyfi dans at Edinburgh.
Part I.
&>t tWt SPotfott^
H E Motions of the Eye are either
JL external or internal. I call external , thofe Motions performed by its four ftraight and two oblique Mufcles, whereby thq whole Globe of the Eye changes its Situ¬ ation or Direction. And by its internal Motions, I underftand thofe Motions which only happen to lome of its internal Parts, fiich as the Cryjlalline and Iris , or to the whole Eye, when it changes its fpherical Figure, and becomes oblong or flat.
In this Paper I ihall only treat of its ex¬ ternal Mot ions , refer ving the internal Mo¬ tions for the far more fertile Subject ofa-
nother
*
and Obfervations. 161
mother EfTay, which I intend to fend you hereafter. If I find that your Readers have any Reliih for fuch Enquiries, ThefphericalFigure of our Eyes, and their ioole Connection to the Edge of the Orbit by the Tunica conjunctiva, which is loft* flexible and yielding, does excellently dii- pofe them to be moved this or the other Way, according to the Situation of the Ob¬ ject we would view. This Membrane is from its Situation alfo called Adnata. It takes its Origin from the Teriofleum ail round the Edge of the Orbit, and is extend¬ ed over the whole fore Part of the Globe* till its Termination in the Edge of th e Scle¬ rotic, where it joins the Cornea . It is called Conjunctiva, from its Office, quia oculum cum capite conjungit .
This Membrane is covered externally with another Membrane: For, as is known to Anatomifts, the internal Membrane of the Eye-lids, at the Edge of the Orbit, is turned forwards upon the outward Face of the Eye, and is co* extended over it with the Tunica conjunctiva , to which it is ad¬ herent.
Thefe two Membranes, becaufe of their clofe Union, appear to be only one, and are generally defcribed as fuch under the Name of Membrana albuginea , lb called, becaule
they
t6t Medical Ejfays
they form the White of the Eye, though in fa<5t they are diftind Membranes, call- |y to be feparated ; the one a Continuation of the ^Feriojleum , lining the Orbits inter¬ nally, and the other of the inner Mem¬ brane of the Eye-lids. Thefe Membranes, efpecially the external* are lo full of Blood- veffels, and fo laxly extended* that in vio¬ lent Ophthalmia? s, the White of the Eye is fometimes fwelled fo cxceffively, as to cover all the Cornea , which I here take Notice of, becaufe it is ready not only to furprife, but to impofe upon the unwary or unexperienced Oculift, as if it were an in¬ curable Excrefcence of the Cornea itlelf.
Befides thefe two Membranes, the fore Part of the Globe is covered all over ex¬ ternally with a very thin tranfparent Apo* neurofe or Surpeau, which not only co¬ vers the Membrane which it has from the Eye-lids, but likewife is extended beyond it over the Cornea itlelf. The EhlyeEitcnse which are imail tranfparent Veficles full of dear Water, and which are frequently oblerved upon the Surface of the Cornea it- fell, as well as upon the White of the Eye, and even fometimes have their Center in feme Part of that Circle of the Cornea, where it joins the Sclerotis , and by that means occupy at the fame time both a Part
of
md Obfervations . 163
of the White of the Eye, and a Part of the Cornea , are, amongft other Things that might be advanced, a convincing Proof of the Exiftence of this Surpeau , and of its Extenfion over the whole Cornea .
It is by thefe Membranes that the Eye is connected to the Edge of the Orbit, which, being (oft and 'flexible, they do in Inch a manner, as not in the leafl to impede its neceffary Motions. And befides there is a great deal of Fat placed all round the Globe, betwixt it and the Orbit, which lubricates and foftens the Eye* and renders its Moti¬ ons more eafy.
Now the external Motions of the Eye, are, as we before hinted, performed by means of fix Mufcles, whereof four are flraight, and two oblique. Gabriel Fallo¬ pius (in his Obfervationes anatomic <e) is among the firft that has given us a genuine Defcription of the Mufcles of the Eye: For before him not only Galen but Vefalius himlelf has grofly erred in the Delcription of the oblique Mufcles, and in affigning (even Mufcles to the human Eye; on which Account Realdus Columbus {de re anatom . lib. c . 8.) does indeed juftly reprehend them, tho\ at the fame Time, he commits no lets an Error himlelf, not only in fuppo- fing that the obliquus inferior begins and
ends
. u • t • 3
Medical Ejfays
. »
ends in the Cornea of the Eye, but alio iti imagining, contrary to what Galen and Ve- faints teach, that the ob limits fuperior be¬ longs to the Eye-lids.
The Firft of the four ftraight Mufcles is fimated upon the fuperior Part of the Globe upon which it lyes. It pulleth up the Eye when we look up, and is therefore called j&ttollens or Superbus, it being one of the chief Marks of a haughty Difpofition to look high; wherefore its oppofite Mufcleis called Humilis . But Cafferius Tlacentu nus thinks the Motion of the upper Eye¬ lids denotes thefe Dilpofitions more fignifi* candy; for, fays he, {lib. y. cap. 18.) Qui enim banc elatam habent ((peaking of the upper Eye-lids) fuperbi & feroces funt , qui vero deprejfam ac dimidium fere oculuni elaudentem , it a ut t err am adfpicere vide an - tar, humiles & mites funt. For which Rea- ion IVillisix n his anima brutorum , cap . ry ^ chufes rather to cail them Eii aut Hevoti. §hfia in precatione intenja , lays he, ocu- lum valde , attollunt ; quare Hypo cr it is, qui fanSlitatis fpcciem affe Slant, in more eJi,oculum it a evolvere,ut albo fere tantuni confpeSto papilla occultetur.
The Second , as before hinted, is dired:- ly oppofite to the Attollens , and is fitua- ted upon the under Parc of the Eye which
and Qbfervatidns. x$y
it pulls down, and is therefore called *De~ Trimens or Humilis .
The Third and Fourth are towards the Sides of the Eye, and draw it towards the Nofe, or from it towards the little Angle, That which draws it towards the Noie is called Addubtor or Bibitorius , becauie, in drinking, the Eyes are turned inwards to the great Angle for viewing the Drink0 That which pulls it from the Nofe towards the little Angle, is called Abductor or In* dignabundus , becauie it is made ufe of in thofe lateral or fquint Views that denote a fcornfui Refentment.
All thele four M nicies arife from the Cir¬ cumference of the Hole in the Bottom of the Orbit, through which the Optick Nerves pals; and advancing by the four Cardinal Parts of the Eye, terminate by four broad thin Tendons in the Sclerotts .
Thefe Tendons form a large Aponeu- role, which isfpread over the outward Face of the Eye under the Conjunctiva, to which it^alfo adheres and terminates at the Edge of the Sclerotis , where it forms the Cornea . Columbus pretends to be the fir ft Difcoverer of this Tunicle, to which he has given no Name. Hence it is frequent¬ ly named Tunica innominata Columbia tho* unjuftly, becauie it was known to Galen ,
L as
\6S Medical Ejfays
as appears from the id and 8 th Chapters of his 10th Book de uju partium . Others therefore with better Reafon call it Tunica Tendinea , becaufe formed of the Tendons of the four ftraight Muicles. Aquapendent is of Opinion, that the White of the Eye has its Colour from this Membrane : But the Conjunctiva, and the Tunicle which comes from the inner Membrane of the Eye-lids, do likewife concur, as has been demonftrated by Tlempius ( Ophthalmo - graphia lib. i.eap. 8.)
When the four ftraight Mufcles of the Eye ad feparately, they pull the Globe up or down, to or from the Nofe, according to the different Situation of Objeds we would view. But when the Superbus and Adductor or AbduCtor ad: together, or when the Humilis and AdduCtor or Ab du¬ ff or ad together, they perform the oblique Motions, which have been attributed to the oblique Mufcles ; and when all four ad to¬ gether, they draw the Eye inwards to¬ wards the Bottom of the Orbit, a^nd keep it fixed in an equal Situation, which is therefore by Phyficians called its Tonick Motion .
Some arc likewife of Opinion, that when all thefe four Mufcles ad together, the Bulb of the Eye is comprefled, and its Axis
and Qbferijdtions. i6y
* '
is lengthned, when Objects are too near us ; while others give them a quite contra¬ ry Action. But this we only mention by the Way, relerying it to be further confix dered when we come to examine the in* ‘Ward Mot ion s of this Organ.
The oblique Muieles of the Eye are two in Number, whereof one is called obliquus major or fuperior,i he other obliqltus minor or inferior ; they receive their Denomina* tion from their oblique PofitionandCourfe.
The obliquus major, becaule of its length, is iordetimes called longijjimus oculi ; it a- riles from the Edge of the Hole in the Bot~ tom of the Orbit, that tranfmits the Gptick Nerve, between the Elevator and Addu~ if or, from whence it runs obliquely to the great Cant bus : In the upper Part of which* near the Brink, there is a cartilaginous Ring or Trochlea affixed to the Os frontis, through which it paffes its Tendon; from whence turning backwards* it is inferted into the Tunica fclerotica , towards the back Part of the Bulb of the Eye, id the middle of the Diftance between the Terini* nation of the Attollens and the Opticfe Nerve.
This Trochlea through which this Mufcld pafles its Tendon, was firft difeovered by the great Fallopius, who therefore juftly
3L % t6*
<t68 Medical Ejfays
receives the Honour due to ftich a Diictf- very; though Riolanus does likewiie aicribe it to his Cotemporary Rondeletitis . From it fometimes the Muicle receives its Name, and is called Trochle&ris : When it aits, it rolls the Eye about its Axis towards the Note, and at the lame time draws it for- wards, and turns its Pupil downwards.
The fecond of thefe oblique Mufcles,be- caufe of its being the Ihorteft Mufcle of the Eye, is frequently defcribed under the Name of brevijjimus oculi . It takes its O- rigin from the lower Part of the Orbit in its Infide near its Edge; and afcending ob¬ liquely by the outer Corner of the Eye, it is interred into the Sclerotis near the Im¬ plantation of the former, diredly betwixt the Abducens and Optick Nerve.
The Adion of this Mufcle is to roll the Eye about its Axis from the Nole, and at the lame time to draw it forwards, and di- red its Pupil upwards.
Thefe two oblique Mufcles are by fome called Qircumagentes and Amatorii {Amou- reux) from their Addons in winding and rolling the Eye about, which Motions we call Ogling . But the French Academift Mx.Terrauti ( du mouvement desyeux ) will not allow that the Eyes have ever any Mo¬ tion round their Axis s becaule he could ne¬ ver
and Qbfervations . 1 6$
ver obfervc it in the Eyes of Tortoifes , which havefome fixed Spots that may ferve for rendring fuch Motions obvious, but chiefly becaufe he does not fee what Ad¬ vantage we could reap therefrom. But were Nature to be confined and limited in her O- perations by our imperfed Views of the Advantages of her Adions, we fliould fre¬ quently deny the moft evident Fads in the World"
But that *Perraulfs Authority may not mi fie ad fuch as have not accurately obfer- ved the Origin, Progrefs and Infertion of thefeMufcles, it may be proper to obferve that the learned Mr. Mariotte (in his non- velle deconverte touchant la vue) has de- monftrated beyond Difpute, that that Part of the Bottom of our Eyes, where the Op- tick Nerves enter them, is infenfible; and that the Rays of Light, which fall thereon, are entirely loft, without giving us any I- dea of the Objed from whence they came. Now our Optick Nerves enter the Eye, not in the Middle oppoftte to the Pupil, but a little on the Infide towards the Nolc\ Hence Objeds placed a little on the Out- fide of the Optick Axis, if not over large, would be altogether invifible, becauie the Rays which come from them fall upon that inlenfible Part of the Bottom of our Eyes,
L 3 at
170 Medical Ejfays
at which the Optick Nerves enter ; but, by theCircumrotation of our Eyes round their Axis, this infenfible Part may be turned a fide, and the Rays of Light which would have been loft, in falling upon it, may now, at leaft in Part, fall upon the fenfible Part of our Retina ; and therefore the Ob¬ ject, which otherwife would have been en¬ tirely invifibie to that Eye, may at leaft: in part become vifibie, which is a cpnfider- able’ Advantage, as every one umft lee.
I am not ignorant that there ate many who have denied this oblique Infertion of 0ur Optick Nerves. Willis and Briggs tell us, that not only in Man, but alio in Dogs, Cats, and all
the
more fagacious fcreatures, they enter the Globe at its Axis diredtly oppofite to the cPupilla: But the Labour and Induftry of later and more ac¬ curate Anatomifts have long ago freed us from this Miftake; and though this Obli¬ quity is confiderably lefs in Man than in Oxen, Sheep, Sw7ine, and the greateft Part of Birds and Fifties, yet no one who lliall take the Pains to examine a human Eye, can mils obferving it.
There are indeed feme Creatures, fuel} idle 'Porcupine and Sea-Calf, that have fhe optick Nerves inferred into the Axis of i Heir Eyes : (Which fingle Fadt more effe-
‘ ; ^ually
and Ob fer vat ions, 171
dually overturns Mariotte' s Hypothefis of the Choroides being the principal and im¬ mediate Organ of Sight, than all the fubtile Reafoning of Mejjrs. ‘Pecquet and Per* vault- , his greateft Oppofers. Neither is it poffible that this Defect in our Sight, where the optick Nerves enter, can arile from the Want of the Choroides in this Place, which according to de la Hire's Reafoning againfl Mariottei See his Differ tauon, Stir les dif¬ fer ens Ac ci dens de la Uiie) ought to re¬ ceive the Imprellion from the Rays of Light (which, according to him, pafe thro* the tranfparent Retina , without producing Yifion) and communicate it to the Retina , with that Difpofition and Modification which is proper for Sight, juft as thefpiral Lamella of the Ear receives the Impreffi- ons of the Air, to be communicated to the auditory Nerve, for exciting in the Mind the Idea of Sound. For were this true, then in thele juft now named Animals, all Objecfts would become invifible, to which their Eyes are direcftly turned, becaufe the Choroides is wanting in that Place where their Image falls ; which being contrary to Experience, it remains that fome other Caufe be aftigned for that Defect of our Sight, than the Want of the Choroides. But to return.
3L 4 Though
Medical EJfays
Though the Action of cheie two oblique Mulcles ieerns pretty evident, yet there is fearce any Part of the human Body about ivhich Anatomifts have differed more, than in aligning them their proper Offices. The famous Mr, Cowper is .among the firlt I know who began to reaion juftly about them. But it would take up too much Time to enumerate and confute the leve- ral Opinions of different Authors; and therefore I thaii content my lelf, after what lias been already laid of each Muicle adfing •apart, to confider what happens, when both adt at the fame Time.
Mr. Cowper, in his Myotomia reforma - fa, has well obferved, That when any of the ftraight Mulcles adt, they will rather draw the Eye inwards, within the Orbit, than turn it either Tideways, or upwards, or downwards, were it not at the lame Time drawn outwards by fame equal Force* Now the above deicribed Situation of theie oblique Mulcles, excellently qualifies them for keeping the Globe from being retradfed, wfien any of its ftraight Mulcles adt ; For by their joint Contraction they muff pull the Eye outward from the Bottom of the Qrbit, and keep it fufpended as upon an
ing the Moti- : 4\nd this js
Jixtj, tor the better receiv pps of the ftraight Mulcles
md Obfervations . tj$
what wc think the principal Ufe of its ob* lique Mufcles, when a£Hng together, fee¬ ing they combine both in this, while they are Antagonifts to one another in their p- ther Actions.
Aquapendent (in his Treatife, de ocuio , cap. xi.) oblerves, That in the Tike, the oblique Mufcles decollate one another in form of a Crofs ; and Terrault ( du motive - ment des Teux) tells us, That they are both in the under Part pf the*Eye ; and that becauie in fuch rapacious Animals, who frequently dive in puriiiit of their Prey, they have Occafion more than others to turn their Eyes downwards. But this we chiefly take notice of, becaufe it may after¬ wards be of fome Ufe for determining how the Eye changes its Conformation, and a- dapts itfelf to the different Difhances of Obje&s, which fome have alcribed to the
Adtion of thole Mufcles.
* *
Cowper (in his Myotomia reformat a) quotes Mullinete , for defcribing a feventfi Mulcle, which he calls the fifth right Mu- fcle, whole Office he confines to the Mo¬ tion of the Trochlea. But, upon Exami¬ nation, no fuch Mufcle is to be found in the human Eye ; and it is poffible that Mullinete might be led into this Miftake, by that J^rt of the Orbicularis palpebrat -
rumn
174 • Medical Ejfays
rum , which adheres to the Trochlea , or rather by what he might have oblerved in Dogs, who have a (mall Mufcle arifmg near the Origin of the Qbliquus major , and in¬ ferring icfelf by a very flender Tendon into the Trochlea , to whole Motions it is liib- iervient, as Douglas obferves ( Myographia comparata^ cap. vi.)
Befides thele Muicles already defcrjbed, Quadrupeds £re provided with another, commonly called Sufpenjorius , from its afligned Ule in fuipending the Eyes of luch Animals, as go much with their Head hang¬ ing down towards the Ground. This Mufcle, among other Thjngs, cHfcovers that Vejalius has not been altogether free from a Fault, which he condemns very fe- verely in Galen, to wit, the obtruding on ns the Organs of Brutes, inftead of thole of the human Body, which he pretends to defcribe ; for he has both ddcribed and painted it as belonging to Man, in whom it is never found.
This Mufcle arifes from the Circumfe¬ rence of the Hole in the Bottom of the Or- bite through which the optick Nerve paf- fes, and goes directly along the optick Nerve, which it embraces and furrounds On all Hands, and is inferted into the back Part of the Sclerotis , all round the optick
Nerve,
and Obfervatiom. ’Vj$
Nerve, betwixt it and the Termination of the ftraight Mufcles. Filhes and Fowls com? monly want this Mufcle, as well as Man; bat Oxen, Horfe, Sheep, Hogs, and Co far as has been obferved, all Quadrupeds are pror vided therewith, tho, in all, it i$ not of the fame Structure, being fometimes compofed of two, three or four diftindt Mufcles, as Aquapendent (de oculo, cap. xi.) obferves.
Aquapendent, Willis and Briggs , with the greateft part of our modern Anatomifts, are of Opinion, that the only Ufe of this Mufcle, is to draw the Eye inwards, to¬ wards the Bottom of the Orbit, and to keep it fufpended, that when the Eye hangs down, as often happens in Quadrupeds, who gather their Food from the Ground, it may not fall too much out of the Orbit, or by its Weight ftretch and fatigue the optick Nerve, to which it is attached. Hence they call it Stifpenforius, as has been before ob¬ ferved. But this Action may in part be fup- plied by the ftraight Mufcles acting toge¬ ther ; and befides, a Ligament would have been fufficient for fufpending the Eye; and therefore it is prpbable that this Mufcle has feme other Ufe.
Dr. Tyfon finding this Mufcle in the Tor- pefs , as well as in Quadrupeds, thinks its Ufe is nor to fufpend the Bulb of the Eye,
but
I yS Medical EJfays
but rather by its equal Contraction of the Sclerotis, to which it is affixed, to render die Ball of the Eye more or lefs fpherical, according to the different Diftances of Ob¬ jects, concerning which you may conlult his Anatomy of the Torpefs, (j>. 39.) But it is not abfolutely certain that the Figure of the Eye can be changed by the Action of this Mufcle, and that for Reafons after¬ wards to be mentioned, when we come to confider its internal Motions ; and befides, the necefTary Change of our Eyes is well provided for by another Mechanifm, as will alfb appear in its proper Place.
I think therefore that the Ufe of this Mulcle is not only to fuipend the Eye, and preferve the optick Nerve from being too much ftretched, but principally to affift the ftraight Mufcles in moving the Eye, according as its different Fibres act, e. g . when its fuperior Fibres act, they affifl the Att aliens in pulling the Eye up; when its internal Fibres next the Note act, they affift the Adducens ; and when both together, or thofe betwixt them act, they pull the Eye obliquely upwards towards the Nofe, and consequently affift the Attollens and Adducens in their joint Action of moving the Eye obliquely. Comparative Anatomy inakes this Opinion very probable ; for, ia
feveral
and Qbfervations. S77
feveral Animals, as we have before hinted, it is divided into feveral diftind Mufcles, whereof Aquapendent has obferved fomc- times three, and fometimes four in the Eyes of Sheep ; and 'Douglas tells us. That in a Dog it is divided fometimes into four, and fometimes into five, which have as ma¬ ny diftind Infertions into the Sclerotis . Mr. Perraulf s Obfervation on this Mufcle does likewife very much confirm this Opi¬ nion. (SeehisTreatife, Du mouvement des Teux .) His Words tranflated are, “ In ef- “ fed we may fay, (fpeaking of this Mu- 6i fcle) that it contributes to the Adion of “ the ftraight Mufcles, according as its 64 Fibres ad differently, there being feve- ‘4 ral Creatures, fuch as the Bear, Pole-cat, “ ( l' Ours , la Fouine ) and many others, “ where this Mulcle is feparated into four, “ having as many different Infertions, “ which being betwixt the Infertions of “ the four ftraight Mufcles, may ferve for “ the oblique Motions of the Eye; which 4 6 in Man are chiefly performed by the 44 Combination, or fuccefllve Adion of the 46 four ftraight Mufcles/'
Having examined what belongs to the Mechaniim of the External Motions of our Eyes, I fhall now beg Leave to add lome
Re-
tjZ Medical Ejfafs
Reflexions thereon, which I flatter my felf will not be altogether unacceptable to fome of your Readers. And
I. When Nature has denied the Head or Eyes any Motion, it is to be obferved that file has with great Care and Induftry provided for this DefeX. Dr. ‘Power" s rhi- crofcopical Obiervations furnifh us with a beautiful Example of this t His Words are, (Qhfervat. 8.) 44 The firft eminent Thing «4 we found in the Houfe-ipiders were their «4 Eyes, which in feme were four, in fome 44 fix, and in feme eight, according to the *c Proportion of their Bulk and the LOhgi- ** ty of their Legs. Thele Eyes are placed 44 all in the Forefront of their Head (which 44 is round and without any Neck) all dia- «• phanous and tranfparent like a Locket of 44 Diamonds, or a Set of round Cryftal •4 Beads, &c. Neither wonder why Pro- 44 vidence fliould be fo anomalous in this 44 Animal more than in any other We know 44 of, (Argus's Head being fixed to 44 rachne's Shoulders :) For i ft. Since they, 44 wanting a Neck, cannot move their 44 Head, it is requifite that DefeX fliould 54 be lupplied by the Multiplicity of Eyes^ 44 idly. Since they were to live by catch- 44 ing fo nimble a Prey as a Fly is, they 44 ought to fee her every Way, and to take
44 hef
and OhfervationL
«« her per fait um (as they do) without any “ Motion of their Head to dilcover her ; “ which Motion would have fcarred away 66 fo timorous an Infedt.
It is therefore with good Reafon that Mujfet , fpeaking of this Lydian Spinflreis, that proud Madam, whom for her Rival- fllip the Fable makes 7 alias transform into a Spider, fays of thole Philofophers that held them blind. Sane cwcutiant illi fum - mo meridie , qui videre ipfas non vident neque intelligunt : Which he might have faid with far better Reafon, if his Eyes had been but alfifted with one of our common Microfcopes.
To this Purpofe alfo belongs the furpri- fmgly beautiful and curious Mechanilin ob~ fervable in the immoveable Eyes of Flies, Wafps, &c. they nearly refemble two pro¬ tuberant Hemilpheres, each confifting of a prodigious Number of other little Seg¬ ments of a Sphere; all which Segments are perforated by a Hole which may be called their Fupil, in which this is remarkable, that every Foramen or Pupil is of a lenti¬ cular Nature, fo that we lee Obje&s through them topfy turvy, as through fo many con¬ vex GlaHes ; yea they become a Imall Te- lefcope, when there is a due focal Diftance between them and the Lens of the Micro-
icope.
*So
Medical Effdys
(cope* Leuwenhoek’ s Obfervations make it probable that every Lens of the Cornea fupplies the Place of the cryjialline Hu¬ mour, which fecrus to be wanting in thofe Creatures, and that each has a diftindt Branch of the optick Nerve anhvering to it, upon which the Images are painted 5 lo that as moft Animals are binocular, and Spiders for the moft part ocftonocular, fo Flies, &e, are multocular, having, in effedt, as many Eyes as there are Perforations in the Cor¬ nea. By which means, as other Creatures but with two Eyes are obliged, by the Con¬ traction of the Mufcles above detcribed, to turn their Eyes to Objedts, theie have iome or other of their Pupils always ready pla¬ ced towards Objedts nearly all round them; whence they are lb far from being denied any Benefit of this noble and moft neccffa- ry Scale of Sight, that they have probably more of it than other Creatures, anfwering to their Neceftities and Way of living: And thus provident Nature has with great Indu- ftry and Art provided for the Immobility of the Head and Eyes.
II. As in Man and moft other Creatures the Eyes are fituatedin the Head, becaufe, amongft other Realons, it is the moft con¬ venient Place for their Defence and Secu¬ rity, being cgmpofed of hard Bones, where¬ in
dud Obfervat-zons. i $i
> # ,
ill ate formed two large ftrong Sinufes or Sockets, commonly called Orbits , for the' convenient lodging of thefe tender Organs,’ and lecuring them againft external Injuries; fo in thoie Creatures, whole Head, like; their Eyes and the reft of their Body, is foft and without Bones, Nature hath provided for this neeeflary and tender Organ, a won¬ derful kind of Guard, by enduing the Creature With a Faculty of withdrawing its Eyes into its Head, and lodging them iit the fame Safety with its Body. We have a very beautiful Example of this in Snails, whofe Eyes are lodged in their four Horns,, like atramentous Spots, one at the End of each Horn, Which they can retraCt at plea- fure when in any Danger. I know the learned Berrault (in his mechanique des UnimaUx) feems to doubt of Snails having Eyes : And Dr, Brown ranks this Conceit of the Eyes of Snails amongft the Vulgar Errors Of the Multitude; but a good Mb Crofcope would loon have fhewn him his own Errof. *Thofe that defire further Sa¬ tisfaction in this Particular, may. confult Dr. Bower’s Obfervations, and v Lifter de Cochleis & Limacibus,
If it fhould be here asked, Whence if fe that Fillies, whofe Eyes are not guarded and defended by Eye-lids, fhould riot alio MaVi
M f
Medical Effays
a Power of retrading their Eyes for theitf Defence and Security? To this I anfwer, That if we refled on the Hardnefs of the Cornea, which., in all Animals that want Eye-lids, exadly relembles the Horn of a Lanthorn, and therefore is not to be hurt by fuch Particles as their Eyes are com¬ monly expofed to, we muft fee that inch a Mechanifm would have been uielefs: And befides, in lb me cruftaceous Animals, whole Occafions and manner of living perhaps ex* poles their Eyes to greater Dangers and In- conveniencies, their Eyes are well fecured by deep Sinufes, into which, as into a fafe Chamber, they can retrad their Eyes up¬ on the Approach of any Danger, as has been well obferved by Fabricius ab Aquapen- dente (in his Treatife de oculo , cap. 14.)
Something of a Mechanifm fmiilar to this has alio been thought to obtain in the Eyes of Moles, which are not blind, as Ari - fiotle , 'Pliny, Severinus , &c. would per- fwade us; but being provided with little black Eyes about the Bignefs of a fmail Pin¬ head, in which not only the aqueous , vi¬ treous and cryftalline Humours, but alio the Ligament um ciliare, copped or conical Cornea , with the round Pupil and optick Nerve, have been manifeftiy difcerned, they muft neceffarily ferye to guide and fe-
cur®
mid Obfervations ; 183
cure it, when it chances to he above Ground. But becaufe this Animal lives molt under Ground, which it digs and pe¬ netrates, it was neceffary their Eyes fliould be well guarded and defended againft the many Dangers and Inconveniencies to which their manner of living expofes them* and this is the Reafon why their Eyes are fo finall, and that they are fimated lo far in the Head, and covered fo ftrongly with Hair, that they can be of no Service to them, unlefs they be poffefTed of a Power of protruding and retracing them at Plea-* hire, more or lefs as they have more or left Occafion to ufe or guard their Eyes, as has been obferved by Borrichius , Epift. Bar¬ tholin. yz. cent . tv. Mr. cDerham> s *Phy* Jico-Theology , Book iv. Chap. 2. &c.
III. The third and lafi Reflection we fhall make upon the Motion of out Eyes, is, what regards a Problem which has very much perplexed both Phyficians and Philo- fophers, viz. What is the Caufe of the u- niforrn Motion of both Eyes?
In fome Creatures, fuch as Fifties, Birds % and among Quadrupeds, the Hare, Came- lion, &c. the Eyes are moved differently,,, the one towards one ObjeCt, and the other towards another: But in Man, Sheep, Oxen and Dogs, the Motions are fo uniform that
M % they
184 Medical EJfays
they never fail to turn both towards tfe lame Place. Hence in Operations upon the Eye, that require it to be kept immoveable for feme Time, it is neceffary to tie up the found Eye with Compreis and Bandage, by which means the other is eafier kept fixed and immoveable.
The final Caufe of this uniform Motion of our Eyes is,
1 . That the Sight may be thence ren~ dred more ftrong and perfed ; for fined each Eye apart imprefles the Mind with an Idea of the fame Objed, the Imprefilon muft be more ftrong and lively when both Eyes concur, than when only one; and confequently the Mind mud receive a more ftrong, lively and perfed Idea of the Qb- jed in View, as is agreeable to Experience t *And that both may concur, it is necelTary they move uniformly; for though the Re- tina or immediate Organ of Vifion, be ex¬ panded upon the whole Bottom of the Eye as far as the Ligament um ciliare , yet no¬ thing is diftindly and clearly feenbut what the Eye is direded to. Thus in viewing any Word, fuch as Medicine, iftheE^e be direded to the firft Letter M, and keep itielt fixed thereon for obforving it accu¬ rately, the other Letters will not then ap¬ pear clear or diftind, becatife the leveral
Pencils
and Qb formations, xSj*
Pencils of Rays that come therefrom, fall too obliquely on the Cryftalline and ocher Humours of the Eye, to be accurately col¬ lected in fo many diftinct Points of the Re¬ tina ; and chiefly becaufe of a certain De¬ gree of Hardnefs, Callofity or Infenfibility that obtains in all Parts of the Retina , ex¬ cepting towards the Axis of the Eye, di¬ rectly oppofite to the Pupil. Hence it is that to view any Object, and thence to re¬ ceive the ftrongefl and mofl lively Imprefc fions, it is always necelTary we turn our Eyes directly towards it, that its Picture may fall precifely upon this mofl delicate and lenfiple Part of the Organ, which is naturally in the Axis of the Eye. IJut if this mofl lenfible and delicate Part happen, from a Fault in the firfl Conformation, or from any othe^Caufe, not to be in the op- tick Axis , but a little off at a Side ; then to fee an Object clearly, the Eye mufl not be directed towards it, but a little to a Side, that its Picture may fall on this mofl fenfible Part of the Organ : And this may be one Caufe of Squinting, which, as is eafy to fee, mufl be altogether incure- able.
Now though it is certain that only a ve¬ ry fmall Part of any Object can at once be glearly and diflinctly feen, namely, that
M 3 ' whofq
t%G 'ffledic&l EJfays
whofe Image on the Retina is in the of the Eye ; and that the other Parts of the Objed, which have their Images painted at iorue Diftance from this fame Axis, are but faintly and obfcurely perceived, yet we are feldom ienfible of this Defed; and, in viewing any large Body, we are ready to imagine that we lee at the fame Time all its Parts equally didind and clear: But this is a vulgar Error, and we are led into it from the quick and almoft continual Mo¬ tion of the Eye, whereby it is fticceffively direded towards all the Parts of the Ob¬ jed in an Jnftant of Time ; for it is certain that the Ideas ofObjeds, which we receive by Sight, do not prelent] y perilh, but are of a lading Nature, as appears from what hap¬ pens when a Coal of Fire is nimbly moved
about in the Circumference of a Circle.
s • z ' *
which makes the whole Circumference ap¬ pear like a Circle of Fire, becaule the Idea pi the Coal, excited in the Mind by the Hays of Light, are of a lading Nature and continue, till the Coal of Fire in going round return to its former Place ; and therefore if our Eye takes no longer Time to dired itfelf fticceffively to all the fmall Parts of an Objed, than what the Coal of Fire takes to go round, the Mind will di- icrceiye al| tJiofe Parts, without
fjeing
and Obfervation*.
feeing fenfible of any Defeat or Infenfibili* ty in any Part of the Retina , becaufe the Idea of one Part continues, till, by the Mo¬ tion of the Eye, the Image of the other Parts be fucceffively received upon the fame moft fenfible Part of the Retina : And this is the Reafon why the Globe of the Eye moves lb quickly, and that its Mufcles have f'uch a Quantity ot Nerves to perform their Motions, But I go on.
A fecond Advantage we reap from the uniform Motion of our Eyes, which is yet more confiderable than the former, con- fills in our being thereby enabled to judge with more Certainty of the Diftance of Ob¬ jeds.
There are fix Means which concur for our judging of the Diftance of Objeds, of all which the mod univerfal and, frequent¬ ly, the moft lure, is the Angie which the Rays of Light make at the Objed in co¬ ming thence to our Eyes: When this Angle is very great, we fee the Objed very near ; and, on the contrary, when it is very fmall, we fee it at a great Diftance ; and the Change which happens in the Situation of our Eyes, according to the Change of this Angle, is a Mean which our Mind makes life of for judging of the Diftance and Pro¬ ximity of Objeds. To be perfwaded of
M 4 the
Medical Ejfays
the Truth of this, fufpend by a Thread a Ring, ib as its Side may be towards you. and its Hole iook right and left, and taking a fmall Rod, crooked at the End, in your Hand, retire from the Ring two or three Paces, and having with one Hand covered one of your Eyes, endeavour with the o- ther to pafs the crooked End of your Rod through the Ring. This appears very ea- fy, and yet, upon Trial, perhaps once in a Hundred times’ you fliall not fucceed, Spe¬ cially if you move the Rod a little quickly. This furprifing Difficulty, which is found in puffing theRod,arifes, becaufe when one Eye is ffiut, the Angle which the Rays of Light make at the Object, incoming thence to both Eyes, is not known ; for in any Triangle to know the Bignefs of an Angleh it is not lufficient to know the Length of the Bale iubtending that Angie, and the Magnitude of the Angle which one of its Sides makes with thatRafe, as is known to Mathematicians, but iths alfo neqeflary to know the other Angle which the other Side makes with the Bale*.' But this can never be known but in opening both Eyes, and di¬ recting them to the Obje£t; and therefore the Mind can never make ufe of its natural Geometry, forjudging of the Diftance of the Ring, when one of the Eyes is l]iut.
mid Ob fer vat ions. 189
From this we may lee the Ufe of having two Eyes placed at a certain Diftance from one another; for by Ufe we get a Habit of judging of the Diftance of Objects by the Direction of the Axes , which is lenfi- ble to us, becaufe it depends on the Moti¬ on of the Eye that we feel. But other Crea¬ tures that look differently with their Eyes, asFifhes, Fowls, the Hare, Camelion, cannot judge of the Diftance of Objects from this Angle, and therefore rnuft be more liable to Miftakes than we are ; yet Nature has provided them with two Eyes? that their Sight might npt be too much li¬ mited, but that they might fee Objects e~ qually well on both Sides, and thereby be better enabled to ieek their Food, and a- void Dangers ? Whence it is, that in fome Animals they are feated fo as to fee behind them, as well as on each Side. We have a very remarkable Example of this in Hares and Conies, whole Eyes are very protuberant, and placed lo much towards the Sides of their Head, that their two Eyes take in nearly a whole Sphere ; where¬ as in Dogs that purfue them, the Eyes are let more foreward in the Head to look that Way more than backward.
From this alio we may fee, why we err fo frequently in the Judgments we form of
the
Medical EJfays
the Magnitude of Objects feen only with one Eye : For fince we judge not of Exten- fion or Magnitude from the apparent Ma¬ gnitude alone, but alio from the apparent Diftance; it follows, that Objeds feen with one Eye, muft appear fmaller or grea¬ ter, as they are imagined nearer or further off Thus a Planet viewed with a Telef- cope, fometimes is judged near the Eye- Glais, and therefore appears very final!, while to others it appears very great, be^- caufe imagined a good Way beyond the Ob- jedive. The fame Thing happens in view¬ ing one's felf in a great concave Mirror not too far off; when the one Eye is fhut, the Face does not appear very big, becaufe it is imagined at no greater Diftance than the Surface of the Mirror; but to both Eyes it appears a great deal bigger, becaule it is then imagined much further off, as has been obierved by Mr. Mariotte {Traite des couleurs .)
It being therefore * manifeft. That the Difpofition of our Eyes, which always accompanies the Angle formed of the visu¬ al Rays that flow to both Pupils, and that cut one another in that Point of the Ob¬ ject on which our Eyes are fixed, is one of the beft and moft univerfal Means we have forjudging of the Diftance of Objeds;
it
find Ohfervat ions'. Igi
9
it iieeds be no Surprife, that in very great Diftances, where the Diftance of our Eyes bears no fenfible Proportion to the Diftance of the Object, it fhould be impoflible for us, by this or any other Method, to judge rightly of the Diftance, becaufe the Change that happens here to this Angle is fb fmali, as to be altogether infenfible.
Every Body muft fee that this Angle changes confiderably , when an Objecft that is only a Foot from our Eyes is tranfported to four; but if from four it be tranfported to eight, the Change is by much lefs fen-* fibie ; if from eight to twelve, it is yet lefs ; if from a thoufand to a hundred thoufand, it is fcarce any more fenfible, nay not tho* the Diftance be increaled from a thoufand to an infinite Space,
It is for this Reafon that we are fo often deceived in the Judgment we form of all great Diftances, and that we fee the Sun, Moon and Stars, as if they were involved in the Clouds, though it is certain they are vaftly beyond them. And being deceived as to their Diftance, we muft alfo be de¬ ceived with refpebfc to their Magnitude, Thus the Moon feems greater than the greateft Star, though every Body knows that lhe is vaftly lefs. Thus the Sun and Moon appear not above a Foot or two in
Dia-
Medical Ejfays
Diameter, if we truft the Teftimony of our Eyes, as did Epicurus and Lucretius , who therefore imagined them no bigger than what they appeared. Thus alfo the Sun and Moon appear greater when near the Horizon, than at a greater Height, becaufe when nigh the Horizon, they are judged at a greater Diftance.
There is yet another Advantage full as confiderable as any of the former, that is thought to ariie from the uniform Motion of our Eyes, and that is, the fingle Ap¬ pearance of Objects feen with both Eyes.
This indeed at firfl: View does appear ve¬ ry probable ; for if, in looking to any Ob¬ ject, you prefs one of your Eyes afide with your Finger, and alter its Direction, every Thing will be leen double, which is a com¬ mon Experiment wherewith Children a- mufe themleives, being delighted with the uncommon double Appearance of Objects.
The fame thing alio happens, when ei¬ ther of the Eyes is, from a Spafm or Para- lyfis of any of its M nicies, or from any o- ther Cauie, reftrained from following the Motions of the other. Thus Willis (in his Anima Brutorum.cap.i^ .) tells us of a young Man, long ill of the Pally, who at laft came to fee all things double, from a Spaim in the adducent Mulcle of his left
&nd Ob fer vat ions. t§ 3
Eye, whereby its Axis was turned inwards, fo that it could not be directed to the lamd Objed; with the other.
*Platerns likewife (in the ftrft Book of his Obfervations , p, 13a.) gives us the Hi- ftory of a Boy, who after having received a Stroke on his Head, became paralytick In one of his Sides, and had his Mouth di- ftorted ; to whom every Thing he looked at appeared double : And $10' he does not attempt to account for this Depravation of Sight, yet it is eafy to fee that it could pro¬ ceed from nothing but a Palfy of Spafm of one of the Mufcles of one of his Eyes, by which it was rendred incapable of follow* ing the Motion of the othef.
c? J
Langius alfo has a very remarkable Cafe to this purpofe,' which being a little uncom¬ mon, we muft not omit. He tells us (in the 7th Epiftle of his firft Book) That in a Wound of the Eye, it happened, through Negled, to unite and adhere to the under Eye-lid; fo that, after the Cure, that Eye was tied down, and rendred incapable of following the Motions of the other : This occafioned every thing to appear double, till the Eye by its frequent Motions had at laft ftretched the Eye-lid, to which it was adherent, and thereby recovered its former Liberty of moving uniformly with the o* tfaer. MoU
S j 4 Medical E (fays
Multitudes of Cafes of this Kind might be advanced, but I like not, without Neceffity, to multiply Examples of the fame Nature 5 thefe are iufficient to prove, that when our Eyes are reftrained from moving uniform¬ ly, ail Objects are feen double. Neither is it to be doubted, but when the lame Phe¬ nomenon occurs in drunk or maniac Per- ions, it proceeds from the like Caufe : The uniform Motion of our Eyes requiring an eafy and regular Motion of the Spirits, which frequently is wanting in inch Cafes.
The fame Thing does alio happen fome- tiraes foon before Death, when the Spirits have been worn out and exhaufted by long^ Sicknefs. We have a remarkable Example of this in the Ahta Hafnienfia, publilhed by Bartholin , OLaus Rorrichius there tells us, {V ol z. p. 198) of a Woman, that had been long ill of a Dileafe in her Breaft and Spleen, to whom, two Days before her Death, all Things appeared double. He indeed attri¬ butes this Phenomenon to a Change in the figure of the Humours of the Eye, and thinks that they had acquired the Form of a Polygon, or multiplying Glafs; which is a very ftrange out of the way Notion, and altogether improbable. The true Caufe thereof feems to have arifen from the lan¬ guid irregular Motion of the animal Spirits
dit
I
and Ob fir vat tons.
difqualifying them from executing the Commands of the Will, and directing both Eyes to the fame Objed.
For thefe and fuch like Reafons it is, that very many, both Phyficians and Phiiofo- phers, have been brought to believe, that to lee Objeds fmgle, it is abfolutely neceffary that both Eyes be directed to the fame Ob¬ jed, and that this is one of the final Caufes of their uniform Motion ; and yet when the Matter fliall be duly examined, I am confident, little Foundation will be found for any fiich Confequence. But I inuft de¬ lay entring upon this Subjed, till I have af- figned what to me appears to be the true Rea- fon of this ‘Phenomenon ; becaufe a Prin¬ ciple or two will be there eftablifhed, ne- ceffiary to be carried along in our Thoughts throughout the whole of this Argument.
Why Objeds feen with both Eyes do not appear double, is a Problem that has employed the Genius and Invention of the greateft Men of all Ages. Gajfendus and Porta found fuch Difficulty in reconciling this Appearance with the ordinary Prin¬ ciples of Philofophy and Opticks, that they have been forced to fuppofe, that tho’.both Eyes are open, yet we only lee with one at a Time. But this being Jo obvioufly contrary to common Experience, ferves
more
Medical Ejfayi
more as an Example to fhew what fiirprP fing Lengths Fancy may carry even the' greateft Men, than to fatisfy the curiousj
Galen imagined that this fingle Appear¬ ance of Objects proceeds from the clofd Coalition of the Optick Nerves behind the Os Sphenoides , and feems to triumph in the Difcovefy, aS if he had found out a find Realbn why our Optick Nerves are thus li¬ nked, {lib. 10. de offic. part. cap. 14.) In this he is followed by a great many Philo- lophers as well as Phyficians, tho’ they are much divided among themfelves in their manner of explaining it. Galen himfelf had Recourfe to a Communication of Pores, and followed the Dobtrine of Herophilus in gi¬ ving to each Nerve one Pore, which he made to* communicate at the Conjunction of the Nerves. But as this Communication of Pores is by our belt Anatomifts now look’d on as mere Hypothefis, that has n6 Foundation in Nature, fo it is altogether in- lufficienr for folving the Problem, tho’ in place of one Pore, each Nerve Ihould, a- greeable to the more modern Notion, be al¬ lowed to have as many of them as there are nervous Fibres, asfome of the Followers of Galen have indeed fuppoled.
Our juftly eminent Sir Ifaac Newton (in the Queries annexed to his Optisks) accounts
for
and Ohfervations \ r97
for it thus, “ Are not the Species of Objedts
“ feen with both Eves united, where the
. *
s‘ Optick Nerves meet before they come in- “ to the Brain, the Fibres on the right Side of both Nerves uniting there, and, after “ Union, going thence into the Brain, in €< the Nerve, which is on the right Side “ of the Head ; and the Fibres on the left 44 Side of both Nerves uniting in the fame 44 Place, and, after Union, going into the 44 Brain, in the Nerve which is on the left 44 Side of the Head; and thele two Nerves 44 meeting in the Brain, in liich a manner that their Fibres make but one entire 44 Species orPidture, half of which, on the 44 right Side of the Senforium , comes from 44 the right Side of both Eyes^ through the 44 right Side of both Optick Nerves, to the 44 Place where the Nerves meet, and from 44 thence on the right Side of the Head, in- 44 to the Brain; and the other half, on the 44 left Side of the Senforium , comes in 44 like manner from the left Side of both 44 Eyes.”
This is indeed the moft beautiful and in¬ genious Explication of the Manner how an Objedt appears fingle from the Coalition of the Optick Nerves that ever appeared ; and to render it ftill more probable, the fame great Man obferves, 44 That the Optick
N 44 Nerves
198 Medical Efajs
44 Nerves of iuch Animals, as look the fam^e 46 Way with both Eyes (as of Men, Sheep, 44 Dogs, Oxen, &c.) meet before they 44 come into the Brain ; but the Opticfe 44 Nerves of liich Animals as do not look 44 the fame Way with both Eyes (as of 44 Fillies and of the Chameleon ) do not 44 meet.” Thefe Reafons do indeed render his Hypothefis very probable, yet there are others fo demonftrative of the contra¬ ry, that it is not to be doubted, but had they been known to Newton , he had re¬ traced his Opinion, efpecially fince the Thing admits of an eafy Solution, without any Inch Suppofition: For,
Although the Optick Nerves are united at the Sella Turcica , yet this happens without any Confufion or DecuiTation of their Fibres. It is indeed true, that their Conjunction is lb dole, that their Subftan- ces leem to be confounded, yet there are feverai Oblervations which prove that they are united only by a dole Conjunction, without any Decuffation, InterfeCtion, Mix¬ ture or Confufion of Subftance, of which I lhall only mention two ; the one is from the accurate and faithful Anatomift Vefa- Hus. His Words are, Torre its qui de con - grejfu hoc meatuque acriter citra fiartium infpedt to mm indies altercantur , non gra~
vahof
, , ■? * , ,, i <f
and Obfervations . tyg
vabor duoy qua in congrejfu animadvert i, hie adjicere » quo S> bine fuarum nugarum habeant argument a. : Ratavii itaque ado- lefeens fufpendio necatus publics febtioni adhibitus fiiit , r&i annum dexter o- cuius d cdrnifice erutus fuerat : delude mulieti eodem fupplicio affebla, nobis ob* tigit , tui dexter quoque oculus ab meant e state emarcuerat , finijlro interim integer - tinio. Mulieri dexter nervus toto pro- grejjii longe tenuior Jinijiro vtfebatur , //0/2 folum extra calvaria edvitatem , verum in exortu quOque , @ i/2 dextrd congrefsus nervorum fede. Ac prater qitdm quod dex¬ ter tenuis eraty durior quoque & rubicun - dior cernebatur , //£i fane SJ i/2 adolefcen- te : fed dexter non admodum , neque craf fitie, neque mollitie adhuc finiflro cedebat a (fDe corp. hum. fabrica, lib . iv. 0* 4.) The other Obfervation which I fhall take notice of, is from Cafalpiniis , whofe Words, as recorded by Riolan , {Anthropograph . liba iv. cap. 2.) and . Diemerbroek ( Anatom * corp. human . lib. iii. 0^/. 8.) are as follows, Repertus ef aliquando in andtome alter ex nervis viforiis attenuates , alter pie- im$ : vifus autem erat imbecillis in oculo ad quern nervus extenuates ferebatar 5 habuit enim values in capite circa candeni partem « nervus autem extenuates non ad
N ^ oPVo(i\
ico Medical EJfays
off oft am partem f roc e deb at , fed ad can* dem flettebatur . Vijum hoc eft CP if s anno 1 59©. "Vnde omnes ffe£latores argument um id certum exiftimaverunt , nervos vijorios nequaquam fe inter Jecare, fed coire & re - gredi ad e an dem partem.
From thefe and inch like Obfervations, it plainly follows, That our Optick Nerves do not interfed: each other, nor mix and confound their Subftances, but are only li¬ nked by a clofe Cohefion, contrary to what the Opinion of Newton and the Ga- lenifts fuppofes.
But this is not all ; for fuppofing our Optick Neryes to be united in what manner they pleafe; yet that the fingle Appearance of Objects feen with both Eyes, does not depend on this Union, feems evident from another Obfervation of the fame Vefalius , which being a little uncommon, I (hall al- fo let down at length in the Author’s own Words. His Hie accejjit (lays he, (peaking of the former Obfervations) cujus nervos viforios illo de quo hie fermo eft congrejfu invicem non connafci neque feje continge - re vidimus : fed dexter nonnihil ed fede , qua calvarium egre (funis fuerat , f ini ft r or- film, & Jinifter nonnihil dextrorfum refe¬ ct e bat ur, quafi non coalitus occafione ner- vi congrederentur , verum tit commode fer
fuum
o
and Ohfervations. ±0 1
fuum foramen e calvaria prociderent : pom tijfimum quum e tiara hoc duchi progredr entes , in oculi pofterioris fedis medium non inferantur. Quam fedulo autem ac follicite ejus viri , cut in cum modum ner - vi dehifcebant , familiares , num Mi omnia gemina perpetuo oculis obverfarentur , in - terrogaverimus , neminem nature operum cognitione flagrantem ambigere fat fcio ;
ali lid refcifcere licuit , quam ipfum de vifu nunquam conquefam fuijfe , vifu- que praftante femper valuijfe , familiaref que de viforum duplicatione nihil unquam intellexijfe . Seeing then that Objects have appeared fingle to inch as had their Optick Nerves disjoined, it muft be allowed that this Phenomenon depends on fomething elfe than the Coalefcence or Decuftation of thefe Nerves. Others therefore laying a- fide all the Hypothefes that are founded upon any Coalefcence, Contact, or Crof- fing of the Optick Nerves, have fought for the Caufe of this Phenomenon in a certain Sympathy betwixt them. To explain this Sympathy, Mr. Rohault {Phyfic. part . i. cap. 31.) fuppofes, that in each Nerve there are juft as many Fibres as in the other, and that the correiponding Fibres of both Nerves are united in the fame Point in the Senfo - Ttutn. e. g. Suppofe, as in Tab . L Fig.
N 3 the
aoj. Medical EJfajs •
v ) . jfe. , ' . t / :
the Nerves compofed of five Fibres, whole Extremities in the right Eye are A, B, C, D, E, and in the other Eye, a , b, c , d, e. The correiponding Fibres, A^, B£, Cr, and E^, are luppoied to meet in the Senfo¬ rium S, in the Points /3, <F, e. Hence
ff both Eyes are directed to F, its Image will fall on the Qftina. at the Qptick^faw', and there ft r ike the Sympathizing Fibres C and c ; which Motion being propagated to the fingle Point of the Senjbrium x, muffc there make but one Species or Picture. In like manner the Eyes retaining the fame Di¬ rection, the Image of the Point G will fall lipon the right Side of both Eyes ; and by firiking the correlpondent Fibres E and ey will, in the Senforium , make but one Im- preffiop at g, where thefe Fibres terminate; and the Image of the Point H, by Unking the correiponding Fibres A and a, will, in the Senjbrium , make but one Impreffioa at cp : And thus, though both Eves receive the lame Imprefiions from Objects, yet they are not feen double, becaule of thefe two Imprefiions or Images, one is only formed Ip the Senforium .
But neither has this Hypothefis, however (pecious, any Foundation in Nature; for if, with des Cartes , we iuppole the Glandulet fine alls to be the Senforium , or chief Seat
of
and Obfervations. 203
£>f the Soul, Anatomy teaches us, that the Nerves are not inferred into it; and if, with Willis , we fhould place the Senforium in £he Corpora Jiriata, or any other Part of the Brain, thele being double and alike in both Sides, can never make one individual Senforium , in which all the corrciponding analogous nervous Fibres are unitea.
The judicious Dr. Briggs (as may be feen at large in the PbiloJbphicalTranfa - Elions, and in his Nov# vifionis Theoria , annexed to his Opbtbalmogr-aphia ) has in¬ vented another Hypothefis for explaining this fuppofed Sympathy of our Eyes, with¬ out having Recourle to any Meeting, Com? munication or Conjunction of the nervous Fibres in the Senforium . He fuppofes that the Optick Nerves confift of homologous Fibres, which have their Rife in th zXha- lami nervorum optic or utn , and are thence continued to both Retinae, and that thefe fibres have the fame Situation, Dilpofitioa and Tenfion in both Eyes; e.g. Heiuppo- les that the Fibres going to the upper Part of the Retina, have a greater Degree of Tenfion; thofe going to the under Part, a imaller Degree of Tenfion; and thole go¬ ing to the correlponding Sides, correfpon- ding Degrees of Tenfion ; and fo forth ; apd conlequently, fays he, when an X-
N 4
a 04 Medical Effays
mage is painted on the correfponding Parts of each Retina , the fame Effe&s are produ¬ ced, tfee fame Notice or Information is car¬ ried to the Thalamus , and fo imparted to the Soul, or judging Faculty ; for the, ho¬ mologous and correiponding Fibres of both Retina i upon which the Image falls, having the fame Degree of Tenfion, may be con¬ ceived as Cords of two mufical Inftruments in Concord and Unifon, which, from the Impreffions of Light, are put into the fame Vibrations ; lo that the Mind can have but one Senfation from the fame Objedt, fince the two Impreffions are reunited in one, by the fimiiar and like Difpofition of the Fibres of the two Nerves, which do fo correfpond with each other, and which have fuch a Conformity and Similitude in their Vibra¬ tions, that the Soul cannot hinder itfelf from identifying the two Impreffions which it receives therefrom.
This is the Subftance of Dr. Briggs's Hypothecs; to confirm which he flies to Experience and Qhfervation, pretending that this Variety of Tenfion in our ner¬ vous Fibres, is owing to their greater or letTer Flexure in the Thalami , which, he fays, is manifeft to the naked Eye ; and finding that the Fibres on the lnfide of both thalami agree in Flexure, as alfo
thofe
and Obfervations .
thofe on the outfide, &c. he concludes that they agree alfc inTenfion, and confequent- ly Iympathize by a Similitude in their Vi¬ brations. But, unluckily for the Author, this curious Obfervation of his, is fo far from confirming his Hypothefis, that it quite undermines it ; for all Objects a little to a Side of the Concourfe of the optick Axes, would then appear double, by being painted on diffimilar Parts of the Retina ; whereas had he laid afide his Obfervation, and with Newton, Rohault, &c. content¬ ed himfelf in fuppofing, that the Fibres on the Infide of one Eye iympathize with the external Fibres of the other, his Hypothe¬ fis had not been chargeable with this Ab- furdity, though even then many Reafons are not wanting for rejecting it; as,
i . It is a very difficult Matter to con¬ ceive how the foft, tender and delicate
Fibres of the Retina and medullary Part of
*
the optick Nerves, can, without breaking, fufFer that ftrong Tenfion which feems ne- cefiary to qualify them for being put into thofe vibrating Motions, in which he makes Vifion to confift. And it is more probable, that the Impreffions made upon our Organs produce an Undulation andReflu&uationof the Spirits, or of Newton' s materia fuhti- //> in the nervous Fibrils; which reaching
%o$ Medical Effays
the Senforium , gives us the Ideas of Ob¬ jects, than that thefe Ideas ihould be exci¬ ted by thefe Vibrations themfelves. This } might eafiiy evince from a great many Ar¬ guments which I mull not now mention, becaufe they would carry us too far out of our Road ; and efpecially becaule though We allow all Senlation to proceed from the Vibrations of our neryous Fibres, yet this does not appear fufficient to eftablilh hi$ Hypothefis: For,
x. Suppofing all Senlation to proceed from Vibrations excited in the nervous Fibres, and that thefe Fibres in the analo¬ gous and correfponding Parts of the Reti - ?ue, have the fame Degree of Tenfion; ex. gr. Suppofe the Tenfion of the fuperior Fibres of both Retina to be the fame, as alfo that of the inferior; but that the Fibres which terminate in the lirperior Part are more tenfe than thofe that go to its inferior Part: This is what our Author fuppofes. Now, according to this Hypothefis, it would follow, that yifion would be more clear and ftrong when caufed by Rays fin¬ king the upper Part of the Retina , than when caufed by Rays ftriking its inferior Part, where the Fibres being lefs ftretched, xnuft make the Vibrations more languid and faint ; andconfequently an Objed placed be-
qn4 Qbfervatims .
Iqw the optick Axis, by painting its Image upon the luperior Part of the Retina , would appear more clear and lively than when ii: is placed above it: But this is contrary to all our Experience; and what we have laid of the luperior and inferior fibres, holds e- qually in all the reft : For Vifion being e* very where uniform, it is neceiTary that the Fibres, by whole Vibrations ft is fup- pofed to be occafioned, Ihould be every where equally ftretched. :
3 . If the Concord, Harmony and equal Tenfion of the analogous and correfpond* ing nervous Ffbres, were the Reafon why Objects feen with both JSyes appear not double, it is not eafy to conjecture why this Depravation of Sight does not happen oftner than it is found to do in Practice, and
; i i ; \ ;
eipecially in fuch as abound with ferous and phlegmatick Humours, and whofe Brain is moift and lax, and who thereby are difc pofed to the Gutta ferena, or iubje£t to Convulfions and other nervous Dileafes ; for, in fuch, the Fibres of one of the optick Nerves may eafily happen to be relaxed, while the correlponding Fibres of the other Nerve ftill retain their natural Tenfion ; and in particular, why did not that Woman, formerly mentioned from Cgfalpinus, fee Objects double, fince one of the optick
i?, i ' . » 4 ■ ' hC i. ■* V y i y -
Nerves
iofr Medical E flays
Nerves was found withered and emaciated, while the other remained moift, plump and juicy as before ? Surely one would expert that this could not have happened in the Nerves, without affe&ing the Tenfion of their Fibres, and thereby have occafioned Objects to appear double, yet no fuch thing happened; for every thing appeared Tingle as before, only the Sight of the difealed Eye was more faint and oblcure than in the other : From which it follows, that the Caule of this Eh&nomenon is to be fought for fome where elfe, than in the fimilar Si¬ tuation, Diipofition and Tenfion of the nervous Fibrillre.
The true Caule why Objects appear not double, though feen with both Eyes, to me feems wholly to depend on the Faculty we have of feeing Things in the Place where they are. But to explain and con¬ firm this, I muft premiie the following
L E M M. A.
Every Toint of an Object appears and is feen without the Eye nearly in a Jlraight 'Line, drawn perpendicularly to the Retina, from that E oint of it where its Image falls.
That this is true, we may gather from many Experiments. The following is ve¬ ry eafy and convincing.
and Obfervations i©j
Suppofe E the Globe of the Eye, fur- niihed with all its Coats and Humours, (fee Fig. and 3 .) and let A be a fmall Ob- jed, fuch as the Head of a Pin, whole Di- ftance from the Eye mud be greater or left than that at which an Objed would be moil didindly feen when viewed with the naked Eye. Ciofe to the Eye place a Card or Piece of opaque Paper, in which is a fmall Hole made with a Pin, and let QT repre- fent the Card. If this Hole be luppofed at x, then the Ray of Light A xn, falling oa the Retina at n , will there paint the Image of the fmall Objed A, and make it appear in the vilual Line nx A, which is perpendi¬ cular to the Retina at the Point n. But if the Card be brought lower, fo as its fmall Hole may be at r, the Ray of Light A r, after palfing the Hole, will be refraded in. the Eye, io as to fall upon the Retina at fome other Point as m : For the Objed A being fuppoied at a greater or Idler Didance than that at which an Objed may be mod: didindly feen with the naked Eye, all its Rays that pais the Pupil mud be made to converge to a Point, either before or be¬ hind the Retina , inch as 0 ; but on the Re¬ tina itfelf they mud fall on different Points, according to the Situation of the Hole through which they pais ; for the Eye does
not
2,10 Medical Ejfajs
•5 * ■ * i
hot change its Conformation, 3nd adapt it- felf to the Diftance of an Object viewed through a perforated Card, as it always does when Objects are viewed naked with¬ out any fuch Interpbfitioii. Now the Ob- je<ft A feent through the Hole r, does not appear in its real Place A, but at feme other Place, as B, viz. in the right Line mQy which is perpendicular to the Retina at the Points; and if the Card be railed, fo as the Ray Ad may pafs the Hole at d $ after Refra&ion, it will fall upon the Retina at i, and the Objed will appear nearly at C in the Perpendicular iC.
In like manner, if the Card be pierced With three fraall Holes, whole Diftance does not exceed the Diameter of the Pupil, as in d, x and r, then the little Qbjed A will at the fame Time be feen in three different Places, C, A and B, and mull therefore appear multiplied, according to the. Num¬ ber of Holes ; which evidently proves, that the Rays that flow from theObjed through thele Holes, fall upon different Points of the Retina ; and that there are three Lines drawn perpendicularly from thefe Points in the Retina , in each of which the Objedfc is diftin&ly leen. We might #here obferve, that if the Objedt A be brought to that pre- cife Diftance from the Eye that is necefla-
tind Obfervations . %t%
fy for uniting all its Rays in one fingle Point of the Retina , as ny then it will ap¬ pear fmgle, though viewed through ieveral Holes: And the fame thing mull happen* though the middle Hole be covered, fo as ho Rays fall upon the Eye but what pafs at the Holes d and r, towards the Extremities of the Pupil 5 for thefe Rays being united in the Retina at //, the Objed: will be leen in the vifual JLine nxA, though no Rays pafs that Way. From all which it is evi¬ dent, that every little Qbjed or Point of an Objed, appears and is leen ill the vifual Line, drawn perpendicularly to th q Retina, at that Point of it where its Image falls.
To make this Experiment with Exad- nefsy you muft, for an Objed, look to a Imall luminous Point in a dark Place, luch as a little Hole in a Card placed before a Candle, or elfe you muft look to a Imall black Objed placed on a white or luminous Surface, as has been obferved by Scheneir {Fundament. Optic.) who has feveral o* ther curious enough Obfervations relative to this Experiment. Any Trials I had oc- cafion to make lucceeded well enough with a Pin placed before a well-lighted Window*
It is from this Principle, that when a Man in the Dark rubs the under Part, or ei¬ ther Corner of his Eye with his Finger, and
turns
%%% Medical Ejfays
turns his Eye away from his Finger, he will fee, towards the oppofite Side of the Eye, a Circle of fiery Colours like thole in the feather of a Peacock’s Tail, which can a- rife from nothing but fuch Motions excited in the Retina by the Prefiure and Motion of the Finger, as at other Times are excited there, by Light coming from the oppofite Side for caufing Vifion. Whence this Ex¬ periment may be of tile in diftingtiilhing a Cataradt that admits of the Operation from one that is complicated with an Amaurojis or Raralyjts and Infenfibility of the Nerve: For if in rubbing the Eye in the Manner juft now mentioned, no coloured Circle ap¬ pears, it is a Sign that the Nerve is paraly- tick, and that nothing is to be expedited from theDepreffion of the Cataradt : Where¬ as, on the contrary, the Appearance of fuch a Circle plainly Ihews that the Nerve is not affedted, and conlequently that theSuc- cels of the Operation is not to be wholly difpaired of, even though the Tupil Ihould be without Motion: Forluch an Immobi¬ lity of the Pupil does not always proceed from an Infenfibility of the Nerve, but is alfo fometimes occafioned either by the PrefTure of the Cataradt againft th eTJvea, or by their Adhefion; neither of which
are
and Oh Ji f vat ions . 213
are efteemed fufficient to render the Opera¬ tion always fruitlefs.
It is likewife from this Principle, that an Object feen through a Prifm appears fo far removed from its true Place, and that an Object feen through a Rolyedrum or mul¬ tiplying Glafs, appears in fo many Places at once* and therefore appears as often multi* plied.
The fame Principle is alfo confirmed from the eredfc and natural Appearance of Objedts, though their Image on the Retina be inverted : Thus (in Mg. 1.) H, the low¬ er Part of the Objedt GH is projedted on a „ the upper Part of the Eye, and the higheft Part G is projedted on the loweft Part of the Eye, which makes the Image or Re- prefentation ae inverted; yet becaufe the Point G appears without the Eye in the Line eG , and the Point H in the Line aH 9 the Point G muft of Neceffity be feen high¬ er than the Point H.
What hath occafioned fome feeming Dif¬ ficulty in theBufmefs of eredt Appearances, is the groundlefs Suppofition, that the Eye, or rather the Soul, by means thereof, lees an inverted Image of the external Objedt painted on the Retina , and that it judges of the Objedt from what it obferves in this Image: But this is a vulgar Error, and I
O appeal
2,14 Medical Ejfays
appeal to any one’s Experience, whether he ever fees any iuch thing, and every one is himfelfbeft Judge of what he fees; and as the Mind fees not any Image on the Re¬ tina, fo it takes no Notice of the internal Po* (lure of the Retina , or the other Parts of the Eye, but ufeth them as an Inftrument only for theExereife of the Faculty of See- ing; and therefore, when the Retina on its lower Part, at the Point e , receives an Im* pulfe or Stroke from the Rays that come from the upper Part of the Objed G, is it not more natural, as well as ufeful, that the Mind, without any Regard to the Situati¬ on of that Part of the Retina, fhould, agree¬ able to the Principle here laid down, be di¬ rected to confider the Stroke as coming from the upper Part of the Objed G, rather than from its lower Part H, and confequently to conclude the Caufe of it, or the Objed itfelf there allb? And what is faid of upper and lower, holds equally infinifter, dexter* and ail other Parts of the Objed.
This may be illuftrated, by conceiving a blind Man, who, holding in his Hands two Sticks that crofs each other, doth with them touch the Extremities of an Objed, placed in a perpendicular Situation: It is certain this Man will judge that to be the upper Part of the Objed which he touches with
the
and Obfervatiohs. ixj
the Stick held in the undermoft Hand* and that to be the lower Part of the Object Which he touches with the Stick in his up* permofl Hand,
S C H O L 1 O N.
The Judgment we form of Objects being placed without the Eye in thofe perpeu* dicular Lines , or, which is nearly the fame thing , the Judgments we form of the Si¬ tuation and Diftance of vifual Objects., de¬ pends not on Cuftom and Experience , but on an original connate and immutable Lain? , to which our Minds have been fubjetded from the Time they were firfi united to out Bodies.
That the Truth of this may appear, it may be requifite we look a little into the Nature of our Senfations, and carefully ob* ferve what is meant in common Difcourfe* when one fays he fees an Object.
Every body knows that, properly fpeafc* ing, Colours are the only proper Objects of Sight, Now Colours may be confidered five Ways.
i. They maybe confidered as the Pro¬ perties inherent in the Light itfelf. What thefe Properties are, was in the Year 1666 firfi dilcovered by the incomparable New* ton , and afterwards publiihed in the Thik~
0 % fop h kit
%i6 Medical Ejffajs
fophical TranfaEtions, where he alfo gave a Specimen of the Experiments he made for confirming his Doctrine, After that, in the Year 1704, the fame great Man propo- fed the fame Dodtrine more fully, in his beautiful Treatife of Optic ks> and confirm¬ ed it with great Variety of convincing Ex¬ periments; where he has demonftrated* that Light is not all fimilar and homogeni- al, but compounded of heterogenial and diffimilar Rays, each of which are endow¬ ed with different Properties ; fome, at like Incidence, being more refrangible; and o- thers lefs refrangible ; and thofe that are moft refrangible, are alfo moft reflexible : And, according as they differ in Refrangibi- lity or Reflexibility, they are endowed with a Power of exciting different Motions or Agitations in our Retina ; which being propagated through the Nerves to the Sen - forium, give us thofe different Ideas which we call Colours . So that Colours, confi- dcred as Properties of Light, are not Modes or Qualifications of Light derived from the various Terminations of Light and Shadow, or from Refractions or Reflections of natu- tural Bodies, as was the general Opinion of former Philofophers, but original, connate and immutable Properties, which in divers. Rays are diverse Some Rays, when alone,
find Obfervatiom . 217
being of fuch Magnitude, Figure or Solidi¬ ty, as difpofes them, by ftriking the Re - tin a, to exhibits a red Colour and no o- ther ; fome an Orange and no other, and fome a yellow and no other ; and fo of the reft of Ample Colours, green, blue, Indigo, and Violet. But when they are mixed and blended promifcuoufly, they exhibite com¬ pound Colours of different lorts, accord- < ing as the Light is compofed of more or fewer of the different coloured Rays, or as they are mixed in various Proportions.
2. Colours may be confidered as Quali¬ ties refiding in the Body that is faid to be of fuch or iuch a Colour; and in thisSenfe, Colours are nothing but the various Difpo* fitions of the Surfaces of Objects, where* by they are qualified to reflect only the Rays of one fort of Colour, or at leaft in greater Plenty than the other Colours. This was experimented in a dark Room, by il¬ luminating Objects iucceffively with un~ compounded Light of divers Colours; for by that Means any body may be made to appear of any Colour. They have there no appropriate Colour, but ever appear of the Colour of the Light caft upon them; but yet with this Difference, that they arc moft brisk and vivid in the Light of their own Day-light Colour. Minium appeareth
:Q 3 there
2i§ Medical Ejfays
there of any Colour indifferently with which it is illuftrated, but yet mod luminous in red ; and lb Bile appeareth indifferently of any Colour with which it is illuftrated, but yet moft luminous in blue; and therefore Minium refleCtethRays of any Colour, but moft copiouffy thofe endued with red; and consequently, when illuftrated with Day¬ light, that is, with all forts of Rays pro- jniicuoufly blended, thofe qualified with red ifliall abound moft in the reflected Light, and, by their Prevalence, caule it to ap¬ pear of that Colour. And for the fame Rgafon, Bife reflecting blue moft copiouffy, ffiall appear blue, by the Excefs of thele Rays in its reflected Light, and the like of other Bodies. And that this is the entire gnd adequate Caule of their Colours, isma- nifeft; becaufe they have no Power to change or alter the Colours of any lort of Rays incident apart, but put on all Colours indifferently with which they are enlight? ned. But we muff: remit thofe who defire full Satisfaction in this apd the foregoing Point, to that admirable Treatffeof Opticks written by Newton ; for it is impoffible to feparate the Parts of this Work from one an¬ other, without Difadvantage to them, or to film them up in lels Room, without lofing I offlg things yery nfgfui and beautiful; that
mid ObfervationSo itf
great Perfon, having before (hewn how far Numbers and Geometry would go in natu¬ ral Philofophy, has in his Optic ks manj- fefted to the World, to what furprifing Height even vulgar Experiments, duly ma¬ naged and carefully examined in Inch Hands* may advance it.
3 . Colours may be conceived as the Pat fion of our Organ of Sight, that is, the A« gitation of the Fibres of the Retina by the Xmpulfe or Stroke received from the Rays of Light; which Agitation is communicate ed to the Senjorium , or that Part of our Brain in which our Mind does principally refide, elfe it could perceive nothing.
4. Colours may be confidered as the Pat fion, Senfation or Perception of the Mind itielf, or that which all of us perceive, when we look at any Objedt. It is this on¬ ly that, properly fpeaking, deferves the Name of Colour ; for Colours in Objects are nothing but their Diipofition to refledfc this or that Sort of Rays more copioufly than the reft, and in the Rays of Light they are their Difpofition to excite this or that Motion in the Organs of Vifion, and in them they are only different Undulati¬ ons in the animal Spirits, which are propaga¬ ted through the nervous Fibres to the Sen* foriura . In all this there is no Perception,
O 4 UQ
Medical Ejjdys
jio Senfation, no Colour ; for to {peak tru* ly, Colours are Senfations produced in our Mind, and do not belong either to Light, Objects, our Organs, or to any other Bo¬ dy* but are the Modifications of the Mind itfelf, which always ftand connedted to what palles in the Organs and Senforium .
5. The fifth Manner in which Colours may be confidered, is the Judgment which our Mind naturally forms ; when it con* eludes, that that which it feels or perceives is in the Body itfelf laid to be coloured, and not in the Mind. How Body a£ts upon Mind, or Mind upon Body, I know not ; but this I am very certain of, that nothing can %Qc> or be adied upon where it is not ; and therefore our Mind can never perceive any thing but its own proper Modifications, and the various States and Conditions of the Senforium to which it is prefent : For when 1 look at the Sun or Moon, it is im- poffible that thefe Bodies fo far diftant from my Mind, can with any Propriety of Speech be faid to adt upon it. To imagine otherwife, is to imagine Things can adt where they are not prefent; which is as ab-* ford, as to fuppofe that they can be where they are notf Nam yirtus fine fubfiantm fubfifiere non pot eft. Newton print ip. ma ikematffchol, general Juk fin] Thefe Bo-
■ dies
and Obftrvations. lit
dies do indeed emit Light, which falling upon the Retina , does excite certain Agi¬ tations in the Senforium , and it is thefe A- gitations alone which can any way adfc up¬ on the Mind, and therein excite thofe Mo¬ difications which we call Colours ; fo that it is not the external Sun or Moon which is in the Heavens which our Mind perceives, but only their Image or Reprefentation im~ prefled upon the Senforium . How the Soul of a feeing Man fees thefe Images, or how it receives thofe Ideas from fuch Agitations in the Senforium , I know not; but I am fare it can never perceive the external Bo¬ dies themfelyes to which it is not prefent: So that, properly fpeaking, the Colours which our Mind perceives, when we look at any Object* are only the Modifications of the Mind itlelf, arifing from the Moti¬ ons excited in the Senjorium ; and when we imagine we fee thefe Colours in the ex¬ ternal Objedt itfelf, this certainly is not a Perception, but a Judgment or Conclufion, whereby we attribute that which our Mind feels to external Objects.
What we have faid with refpedt to Co* lours , may without Difficulty be alfo ap¬ plied to our other Senfations : For we not only afcribe the Colours we perceive to the Objedts we look at, but alfo we judge that
out
. - jjr
I
%%% Medical EJfays
our other Seniations are in the other Ob* jeds of Senfe ; thus when I tafte Sugar, I conclude it is fweet; and when I fmellCam- phire, or fuch like odoriferous Bodies, I am naturally inclined to look on that Smell, which I perceive, as a Quality inherent in the Objed; and yet it is certain that thele different Seniations are only the Modifica^ tions of the Mind itfelf, and do not belong to the Objeds to which they are generally attributed.
It is indeed true, that oivc Mind does not always attribute its own proper Seniations to the external Objeds that produce them; for lometimes it alcribes them to the Or¬ gans, at other Times both to our Organs and the Objed.
That we may explain how this happens, we muft confider, That the Seniations of our Mind are of three different Sorts; lome are very ftrong and lively, others weak and faint, and a third lort are of a middle Na* rare betwixt both.
Our ftrong and lively Seniations are thole that touch our Mind very fenfibly, and as it were, liirprize it and roufe it up with Force and Vigour 5 and of this fort are all thole Senfations which are very agree¬ able or painful, fuch as that which arifes when one is tickled with a Feather, or
burnt
and ObftrvatiQns . ±1*3
burnt with the Fire, and in general when the Organs fuller any thing that is capable of hurting or deftroying the Body ; in all thele Cafes our Senlations are fo brisk and lively, that the Mind can fcarce hinder it- felf from looking on them, as in feme fort belonging to itielf; and therefore it does not judge that they are in the Objects, but believes them to be in the Members of its Body, which, becaufe of the Ibid: Union betwixt Mind and Body, it confiders as a Part of itielf. Thus, when my Hand is pricked with a Pin, burnt, or othenvife hurt, J am naturally directed to attribute that painful Senlation to that Part of my Hand on which the Imprelfion is made, and not to the Fire, Pin, or other Objed: producing it, and yet it is certain, that Pain is a Sen- fation or Modification of the Mind itfelf, and belongs as little to our Organs as Co* lours do to Obje&s.
The fecond Sort of Senfatiojis are the weak and languifhing, in which the Mind is but very flightly touched, and which are neither very agreeable nor difagreeable, as Light, when not too ftrong ; all manner of Colours, Taftes and Smells, moderate Sounds, &e. Thele Senfations do fo flight¬ ly affed: our Mind, that it never thinks that they belong to it, nor that they are in
2,14 Medical Ejfays
the Body to which it is united, but only in the external Objects that produce them. It is for this Reafon we rob the Mind of its own proper Senfations of Light and Colour, therewith to deck and imbellilli the Qbje£t; and yet there is nothing more evident, than that all of them are the Modifications of the Mind itfelf, and noways inherent in the Ob¬ jects, in which our Mind places them.
The laji Sort of our Senfations are neither ftrong nor faint, but of a middle Nature be¬ twixt both, fuch as Heat and Cold when moderate, great Light, violent Sounds, C Sc. And here it may be obferved, that a weak and languifhing Senfation may become both a middle or ftrong one ; as for Inftance, the Senfation of Light is weak, when the Light of a Candle or Flambeau is faint, or when it is at any confiderable Diftance; but this Senfation may become a middle one, if the Flambeau be brought near enough the Eye, for to dazle; and likewife it may be¬ come very ftrong and vivid, provided that it be brought fo near as to burn. Thus the Senfation of Light may be weak, ftrong, or betwixt both, according to its different De¬ grees. Now thefe middle Senfations do nei¬ ther touch the Mind very fenfibly, nor ve¬ ry flightly ; hence it is that it is very much embarrafled and ftraitned where to place its
Sen-
and Obfervations .
Scnfation ; for, upon the one hand, it is in¬ clined to follow the natural Judgment of the Senfes, in removing from itfelf, as much as pofiible, thefe Sorts of Senfations, to at* tribute them to the external Objects ; but, upon the other hand, it cannot altogether hinder itfelf from looking on them as in fonie Sort belonging to itielf, efpecially if they approach to thofe which we have cal¬ led ftrong and brisk : And this is the Rea- fon that the Mind judges that Cold, Heat, and the other middle Senfations are not on¬ ly in the Ice, Fire, and other Objects pro¬ ducing them, but alio in that Part of the Body itfelf upon which the Impreflions are made.
Thus you fee how the Mind never con- fiders its Senfations as belonging to itfelf, but always attributes them either to the Objed:, our Organs, or both, according as they are of a fluggifli, brisk or middle Na¬ ture ; and though it is certain that they are the Modifications of the Mind itfelf, yet fince our Senfes are not given us to inform us what Things are in themfeives, but only what they are relatively to our Bodies, it was very neceflary that they fliould incline us to judge of fenfible Qualities in the Man¬ ner they do : As for Inftance, it is much more profitable for us to feel Pain and Heat,
Medical Ejfays
as in our Body, than that we Ihould judge them only in the Objects that caufed them ; for, fince they are capable of hurting our Members, it was neceffary that we Ihould be advertifed when they are thereby at* tacked, in order to fecure our lelves there* from: But it is not lb with relpebt to Co¬ lours ; for they do not ordinarily hurt the Retina on which they fall: And it is alto¬ gether ufelefs for us to know that they are painted there. Colours are not neceffary* imlefs to know Objects more diftindtly, and at a Diftance ; and it is for this Reafon that our Sight ever inclines us to attribute them to Objebts. From all which it is ma- nifeft. That the Judgments which our Sen* fes induce us to make concerning the fen* fible Qualities, are exceeding juft, if con- fidered with refpecft to the Prefervation of our Bodies, for which they were only gi¬ ven us ; though at the fame Time it is moft certain, that they are altogether extrava¬ gant, and vaftly removed from Truth.
From what has been faid concerning the Nature of our Senfations, it is evident that the Mind never confiders any of them as belonging to itfelf, but as belonging to fomething external. Now, fince there is no effential or necefiary Connexion be¬ twixt thefe Perceptions and the Judgments
we
and Obfervations. %%f
W e form concerning them, it follows that thefe Judgments muft either depend upon Cuftom and Experience, or on an original* connate and immutable Law.
That all of them ihould depend on Cu¬ ftom and Experience, is a Contradiction in Terms, it being impoffible for us to have any Experience, till fome how or other we have formed a Judgment; which Judgment muft therefore depend on an original, con¬ nate and immutable Law, that cannot but obtain at leaft in fome of our Senfations. To fay other wife, is to fay fomething very abfurd : It is to lay we judge by Experience that has never been experienced. Hence it is plain, that when one fays the Mind by Cuftom and Experience comes to conclude what it fees to be without the Eye in Inch perpendicular Lines; this Experience can¬ not be meant of Sight, but of fome of our other Senfes, fuch as that of Feeling or Touch ; which therefore, by virtue of a connate and immutable Law, muft natural¬ ly, and of itfelf, without any Affiftance from the other Senfes, form a Judgment concern¬ ing its own Perceptions, and conclude that they are not in the Mind, but in fomething external.
But if by the Touch alone we can judge thus of the Situation and Diftance of exter¬ nal
Medical Ejfays
nal Things, I fee not why the fame Power ihould be denied to the Sight. It cannot be faid that it is more difficult for the Mind to trace back the Perceptions it has by Sight, from the Sen fir turn to the Retina , and from thence along thole perpendicular Lines, to the Object idelf, than it is to trace back the Perception it has by Touch from the Sen* fir him along the Nerves to the external Objedt occafioning them. The fubjedfing our Minds to a Law in feeing, is as ealy as fubjedting them to a Law in feeling; and that, in feeling, our Mind muft be fubj edit¬ ed to a Law, dirediing it to confider its own Senfations, as belonging to external Objects, has been juft now fliewn ; and this Ihews the Tenor and Courfe of Nature, and makes it highly probable that the fame Thing obtains in our other Senfes ; for Na¬ ture is very confonant and conformable to herfelf, and very Ample and uniform. She never performs fimilar and like Effcdts in divers Manners, and by diffimilar and un¬ like Means; this were to deftroy that Sim¬ plicity and Uniformity, which is the Beau¬ ty of all her Works, and which Hie is ob- ferved to delight fo much in.
Were not the Mind, in Seeing, fubjedted to a Law, whereby it traces back its owa Senfations from the Senfirinm to the Retu
and Obfervations .
n&9 and from thence along the perpendicu* lar Lines above-named to the Objed itlelf* and thence concludes what it perceives to be in the external Objed, and not in the Mind: It is plain that a Man born blind be¬ ing made to fee, would at firft have no Idea of Diftance or Situation by Sight* The Sun and Stars, the remoteft Gbjeds, as well as the nearer, would all feem to be ia his Eye, or rather in his Mind ; and if fo, whence is it he comes afterwards to judge what he fees to be in the external Objed? This cannot proceed from Experience a- lone; for though by the Touch we have frequently experienced the Exiftence, Du ftance and Situation of Things external, and found thefe Ideas to have been prece¬ ded by certain correfponding vifible Ideas, I fee not how, upon perceiving any vifiblo Idea prefent with our Mind, we fhould judge it to be without in the external Ob- jed, without liibjeding our Mind to an ar¬ bitrary irrefiftible Law direding it fo to do* This were to eftablilh an effential and ne- cellar y Connedion betwixt thefe Judg¬ ments, and the Experiences we have by Touch laid up in our Memories 5 whereas it is plain no fuch Thing can be, all the Connedion that is being only cuftomary and experimental s And Teeing Nature at a-
Medical Ejfay#
ny rate mufi be at the Charge of a Law, ‘ it not more reafbnable to fuppofe, that by the Sight alone, without any Aftiftance from the other Sen fes, the Mind, in coniequence of fuch a connate and immutable Law, as; has been allowed it in the Judgments it: forms by Touch, ihould be enabled to trace back its own Perceptions in the fo often na¬ med perpendicular Lines, to the Qbjedt it- felf, and thence to form a Judgment of its; Diftance and Situation? I fay, is not this* more reafonable, than to fuppofe that we: Hand in need of the Experiences ofTouch? Could thefe Experiences be of any Ufe; without a. new Law, there might be fome Pretence for fuch a Suppoiltion ; but this being impoflible, it follows that the Judg¬ ments we form of the Situation and Diftance of vifual Gbjedts, depend not on Cuftorn; and Experience, but on an original, con*> nate and immutable Law, to which our Minds have been fubjected from the Time:, they were fir ft united to our Bodies. To*1 fay otherwife, is to fay that our Sight is lefs; perfect than our Touch; not from any Ne- ceffity in the Thing icfelr, but from an Er¬ ror or Miftake in Nature. It is to make Nature do fomething in vain, and to be luxuriant in fuperfluous Caufes ; which is; to break down the cathplick and fuudamen-
t ai
mi Ob/ervdions.
%3i
HI Rules Of Philofophizing, eftabliflied hf Newton iii his Trincipid Thilofophigjg, It is to maintain, that one acttiftomed ffOrri
the Birth to fee Gbjedfcs through a Trijm orBolyedron, and not otherwise, would ice
Objedls as other Men do, without any inch Interpofition, which to me Teems very ab* ford and ridiculous.
From what has been faid, 1 think the Truth of our Scholium is fufficiently evi¬ dent ; but becaufe Dean Berkeley in hi! Theory of Vifiony has a good deal of Tub tile Reafoning in favour of Cuftom and Experi¬ ence that has not yet been taken notice of, I fliall flop a little to confider it.
He oblerves, That in Seeing, the Mmd| ftridtly fpeaking, perceives nothing but what i§ prefent with it - and thence corn- eludes,' that the Ideas of Space, Gutnefs; Diftance, and of the Situation and Magni¬ tude of Things placed at a Diftance, cannot by the Sight alone be introduced into our Minds, but that having of a long Time experienced certain Ideas perceivable by* Touch, to have been cormedted with cer£
tahl Ideas of Sight, we do, upon perceiving theie Ideas of Sight, forthwith conclude what tangible Ideas are, by the wonted Ordinary Courfe of Nature; like to follow i Mid thus by i habitual ox euftomaVy Cqn-
%■$% Medical Ejjays
mCtion that has grown up between thefe two Sorts of Ideas, the latter is always fuggefted by the former; juft as Things arc fuggefted by Words, and Shame by Blulh* ing : So that, according to him, when a Man is faid to fee the Magnitude and Si¬ tuation of this or that diftant Object, no¬ thing is meant, but that the Ideas of Sight which are prefent with the Mind, fuggeft to his Underftanding, that after having paf- fed a certain Diftance in fuch a Direction, to be determined by the Motion of his Bo¬ dy, which is perceivable by Touch, hefliall come to perceive certain tangible Ideas, which have been ufually connected with them; but becaufe there is no eftential or neceflary Connection between the Ideas of Sight and Touch, the Ideas, fuggefted by Sight, of the Diftance, Situation and Magni¬ tude of external Things, muft depend en¬ tirely on Cuftom and Experience ; for that one Idea may luggeft another to the Mind, it is fufficient that they have been obferved to go together, without any Demonftrati- on of the Neceffity of their Co-exiftence, or without lo much as knowing what it is that makes them lo to co-exift; Thus Words ft- gnify Things, for no other Reafon, than barely becaufe they have been oblerved to accompany them.
mid Obfervations . 133
In Anfvvcr to this, I mult ask Mr. Berke~ ley how it appears that the Ideas we hav® by Sight of the Diftance, Situation an** Magnitude of external Things, are nothing but the ta&ile Ideas fuggefted to our Minds* When my Eyes are fluit, I can at Pleafure recal to Mind the Ideas of Touch, which former Satiations had lodged in my Memo¬ ry, the bare naming the Thing doth pre- fently fuggeft them as well as the feeing itz But there is 'no Body who doth not perceive the Difference in himfelf between actually looking upon an Objed, and contempla¬ ting the Idea he has of it in his Memory; and therefore he hath certain Knowledge they are not both Memory or Fancy. But this is not all: For,
Though it muft be acknowledged. That in feeing Objeds, the Mind, ftridly {peak¬ ing, perceives nothing but what is prelent with it ; yet it does not from thence fol¬ low, that the Ideas of Space, Outnels, Di¬ ftance, and of the Situation and Magnitude of Things placed at a Diftance, cannot, by the Sight alone, be introduced into our Minds. Were this true, I fee not how we could ever come by thofe Ideas ; for the tangible Ideas are as much prelent with the Mind as the vifible Ideas, and on that Ac¬ count muft be equally incapable of intro-
P ) ducing
Jfledical Etfays
av* •
duciiig the Idea of any Thing external. When with my Hand t touch an Object, the Idea perceived is prefent with my Mind 5 gnd in moving my Hand along the Dbje6t? pr in moving my Body from one Place to another, the Ideas or Perceptions that fucceed one another, are all of them as pmch prefent with my Mind as any vifible Idea can be. How then can it be laid, that external \ Dijiance and Situation are only determined by the Motion of the Body , per* feivahle by Touch ? This is to deftroy the pniverfally received Notions we have of Things, and to confound external Spape, Pittance and Situation, with a Series of 1* deas fucceeding one another in the Mind, ft is to take away all Difference between Space and Time, and to make both confift in a Confcioufnefs of a Succeflion of diffe** l ent Ideas pr Perceptions in the Mind $ whereas it is certain, that neither of them aependf on our Ideas, but muff: continue the lame whether we have any Ideas or not. It is to introduce a wild and unbounded Scepiicifm , a Scepticilm that at once ba- pilhes this external World and Space itfelf put of the Field of Exiftence, and in place thereof igbftitutes a vifionary World, a ^¥c?r}d of Ideas and Phantoms exifting np
wfe few b P %
md Oh fervat ions'. 23 $
|)ofe that it is God who prefents the Ap* pearances of Things external to us, and that He does it in fuch a Manner as to deceive us ; For fuppofing Things external to exift, I fee not what greater AfFurances we could have of their Exiftence than we now have, I11 fine* this is not to folve the Problem* whether it be from Cuftom and Experience* or by virtue of an original connate Law* that by Sight we come to judge of the Si* tuation of external Things, but by extermi¬ nating all Things external, to make the Pro* blem itlelf abfurd and ridiculous.
If what has been demonflrated in the preceding Lemma be duly attended to, it will not be difficult to explain how Objects feen with both Eyes appear fingle, from their being feen by each of them in the fame Place.
For illuftrating this, let it be fnppofed that both Eyes are directed to the Point F, (See Fig. 1 .) by the preceding Lemma , this Point muft be feen by the left Eye in its Axis cF, and by the right Eye in its Axis CF : And fince we have alio a Faculty of judging of the Diftance of Objects, it fol¬ lows that the Point F muft be leen by both Eyes in that precife Place where the Lines cF, CF interfedt each other; and being feen in the fame Place by both Eyes, it muft
P 4 need-
s,3<S Medical E flays
* ^ 1 *
neceffarily appear fingle, it being impoffible for us to conceive two Objects exifting in die fame Place at tfre fame Time.
In like manner all the other vifiial Points of the Object GH muft alio appear fingle; for fuppofmg the Eyes to continue their former Direction, the Rays, which come from any other Point, as H, will be united on the £.etin0 of the left Eye on the Out- fide of the Qptick Axis at a , and in the other Eye they will be united on the Infide of its Axis at A : Hence the Point H w in be ieen by both Eyes in the Lines <*H, AH, which are perpendicular to the Re¬ tina, at the Points a and A, where the I- jmge is painted ; but the Lines aH and AH meet and interfedt each ather at H: And therefore, fince our Mind or vifive Fa¬ culty has a Power of judging rightly of the Diftance of Objects, it follows that the Point H mull be ieen by both Eyes in the precife Point FI, where thele Lines inter¬ red! each other ; and coniequently muft ap¬ pear fingle, becaufe we can have no Idea of the Penetration of Matter; or, which is the lame Thing, it is impoftible for us to con¬ ceive two vifibleObjedts placed in the fame Place at the fame Time.
What hath been juft now faid of the fingle Appearance of Objects Ieen with both
Eyes,
4nd Obfervatiotts .
Eyes, holds only with refpect ro Object® placed in the Plan of the Horopter ; fo* all Objects placed out of this Plan, muft, in eonfequence of the Principle laid down in the foregoing Lemma , be feen in two dif¬ ferent Places with relation to that Point of the Horopter on which our Eyes are fixed ; and, being feen in two different Places, muft therefore appear double.
Thus, if, while the Optick Axes , (See Fig, 4,) AC, BC, are directed to a Mark C, for viewing it accurately, we attend to an Object#, placed any where within the Angle ACB formed of the Optick Axes , the Object x will appear in two Places; for being ieen by the right Eye in the Di¬ rection of the vifual Line Bw, it muft ap¬ pear on the left Side of C, and itsDiftance from C will be mealured by the Angle CB# ; and being feen by the left Eye in the Direction of the vifual Line Aw, it muft appear on the right Side of C, and its DL fiance from C will be meafured by the Angle C Aw, and conlequcntly it muft appear double, and the Diftance between the Pla¬ ces of its Appearance will be meafured by the Sum of the Angles CBw, CAw. For the like Reafon, fo loon as the Eyes change their Direction from C to w, the Objects fhall appear fingle, but all other Objects
placed
Medical Rffays
placed within the Angle DxE made by the Optick Axes produced will appear double* Thus the Objedt C, being feen in the vifu- al Lines AC, BC, which are on different Sides of the Objedt x , it muft neceffarily appear double, and the Diftance between the Places of its Appearance is mealured by the Sum of the Angles CAE, CBD.
The fame Way of Reafoning applied to Objedts in all Manner of Situations, will {hew that all of them muft appear double, when placed out of the Plan of the Horo * fter % all which is exa&dy agreeable to Ex* perience : And this alfo is the Reafon why a double Appearance will be feen when the End* of a long Ruler is placed between the Eye-brows, and extended diredtly fore¬ ward with its flat Sides rdpedting Right and Left; for, by directing the Eyes to a remote Objedt, the right Side of the Ruler feen by the right Eye, will appear on the left Hand, and the left Side on the right Hand. But we are not from this to ima* gine that the fingle Appearance of Objedts placed m the Plan of the Horopter , arifes from the uniform Motion of our Eyes; for while the left Eye is directed to F (S ecFzg. i.) let the other be directed to G or H, it is plain from the preceding Lemma , that the Points G, F and H, will continue to
be
find Obfcrvations, &3f
bs feen in the fame perpendicular Lines EG, CF, AH they formerly appeared in, when both Eyes were directed to F ; and fmcc at the lame Time ure have a Power of
t W ■ » ■ • •
judging rightly of their Diftance, it fol- lows that here alfo they mull appear Angle from their being feen in the la me Place by both Eyes.
How this agrees with the double Appear* anceof Objects, when either of the Eyes is, by thePreffure of the Finger, or bya Sftafm or Taralyfis in any of its Mufcles, reftrain- ed from following the Motions of the othcr? will be fiiewn hereafter. In the mean time, from what has been already faid, we may fee the Reafon why thole who, from Ule and Cuftorn?have acquired a Power and Habit of Squinting, fee Objects Angle as other Men.
But for the better explaining the Nature of Squinting, and from the above eftabliih- pd Principles, to let the Diagnofticks and Prognofticks of this Difeafe in ajufter Light than hitherto has been done, it will be ne« ceffary to take a View of the feveral Caufes from which it may proceed, and to deter- mine fome of the chief optical Effedts that naturally arife from them, whereby theprer ceding Dodfrine will be farther illuftrated |ind confirmed. And
firji. This Difeafe may proceed from
Cviftom
Medical Ejfays
Cuftom and Habit, while, in the Eye itfelf* or in its Mufcles, nothing is preternatural or defective : Thus Children, by imitating thofe that fquint, and Infants by having many agreeable Objeds prefented to them at once, which invite them to turn one Eye to one, and the other Eye to another, do frequently contrad a Habit of moving their Eyes differently, which afterwards they cannot fo eafily corred. Infants like- wife gee a Cuftom of Squinting, by being placed obliquely towards a Candle, Win¬ dow, or any other agreeable Objed capable of attrading their Sight; for though to fee the Objed, they may at firft turn both Eyes towards it; yet becaufe fuch an oblique Si¬ tuation is painful and laborious, dpecially to the molt diftant Eye, they foon relax one of the Eyes, and content themfelves with ex¬ amining it with the Eye that is next it; whence arifes a Diverfity of Situation, and a Habit of moving the Eyes differently.
In this Cafe, which may admit of a Cure, if not too much confirmed, it is evident that Qbjeds will be feen in the fame Place by both Eyes, and therefore muft appear fingle as to other Men ; but becaufe, in the Eye that fquints, the Image of the Objedjfc to which the other Eye is direded, falls not on the moft fenfibie and delicate Part
of
and Obfervations. 2,41
of the Retina , which is naturally in the Axis of the Eye, it is eafy to fee that it muft be but faintly perceived by this Eye. Hence it is that while they are attentive in viewing any Object, if the Hand be brought before the other Eye, this ObjeCt will be but obfcurdy feen, till the Eye change its Situation, and have its Axis directed to it ; which Change of Situation is indeed very eafy for them, becaufe it depends on the Mufclesofthe Eyes, whofe Functions are entire, but, by reafon of the Habit they have contracted of moving their Eyes differently, the other Eye is at the fame Time frequent¬ ly turned a fide, lo that only one at a Time is directed to the ObjeCt.
That all this may be the better perceived, for an ObjeCt, caule them to look at the I- mage of the upper Part of your Note in a plain Mirror, while you (land direCtly be¬ hind them, to obierve the Direction of their Eyes.
Secondly , The Strabifmus may proceed from a Fault in the firft Conformation, by which the molt delicate and fenfible Part of the Retina is removed from its natural Si¬ tuation, w7hich is direCtly oppofite to the Pupil, and is placed a little to a fide of the Axis of the Eye, which obliges them to turn the Eye away from the ObjeCt they
would
)
Medical Eff'ayi
would view, that its Pidure may fall Oil this ffloft fenfible Part of the Organ. Thus if a (See Fig. i.) be fuppofed the moft ien- fible Part of the Retina , in order to fee the Objed H, the Eye muft be turned afide to F.
When this is the Cafe, the Difeafe is al¬ together incurable, and the Rheenomend that arife therefrom differ in nothing from th cRhtsnomena of the former Cafe ; except¬ ing only that here, imo, The Objed to which the Eye is not dircded' will be bcft feen, which is the Reterfe of what happens when this Difeafe arifes barely from Habit and Cuftom. 'ido. No Objed will appear altogether clear and diftind; for all Ob- jeds to which the Eye is direded, by ha¬ ving their Image painted on the Retina at the Axis of the Eye, where it is not very fenfible, will be but obfcurely feen; and Objeds that are placed io far to a fide of the Optic k Axis , as is neceflary for making their Image fall on the moft fenfible and de¬ licate Part of the Retina , muft appear a little confuied, becaufe the feveral Pencils of Rays that come therefrom, fail too ob¬ liquely on the Cryjialline , to be accurate¬ ly colleded in fo many diftind Points of the Retina , thoiio;h it muft be acknowled- ged, that this Confufion is for the moft part io lmall as to efcage unobferved.
and Observations. %$3
Thirdly , This Difeafe may proceed from an oblique Pofition of the Cry ft al line, as in Fig, y. where the Rays that come direCtly to the Eye from an Object at A, and that ought to converge to the Point of the Reti¬ na D, which is in the Axis of the Eye, BE* are, by Reafon of the Obliquity of the Cry- ftalline made to converge to another Point, as C,on that Side of the vifual Axis DE A, where the Cry ftalline is moil elevated, and therefore the Object is but obfeurely leeni becaule its Image falls not on the Retina at the Axis of the Eye, where it is moll fen- iible. But the Rays that fail obliquely on the Eye, as thole that come from an ObjeCt at B, will, after Refraction, converge to this moll fenfible Part of the Retina D,and by converging there, muft imprefs the Mind with a clearer Idea of the Object from whence they came. It is for this Reaibn that the Eye never moves uniformly with the other, but turns away from the Objedfc it would view, being attentive to the Ob¬ ject to which it is not directed. When this is the Cafe, it is in vain to exped any Good from Medicine.
The Symptoms that naturally arife from it are, 1 mo. The Objed A, to which the Eye is directed, will be but faintly feen, fcecaule its Image falls ©a the Retina at C,
where
*44
where it is not very fenfible. 1/0, The Objed B, to which the Eye is not dired- ed, by having its Image painted on the Re* tinazt the Axis of the Eye DE, will be clearly perceived. But 3 tio, This lame Ob¬ jed B muft appear fomewhat indiftind, be- caufe the Pencils of Rays that flow from it are not accurately colleded in fo many di- ftind Points in the Retina , by realon of their oblique Incidence on the Cryjialline , And 4 to. It muft beleen, not in its proper Place B, but thence translated to fome o- ther Place as A, Situated in the Axis of VifionDEA. (See the preceding Lemma and Scholium.) And $to> Being thus tran¬ slated from its true Place, where it is leen by the other Eye that does not fquint, it muft necelTarily appear double, and the Di- ftance between the Places of its Appearance will be ftill greater, if the Cryjialline of the other Eye incline to the contrary Side.
Had MonJ\ de la Hire attended to this Tran flat ion and double Appearance of the Objed, I lee not how he could have ima¬ gined, that when the Cryjialline is inclined differently in both Eyes, the Moon, for Example, will appear like two Ovals that decuflate one another, as in Fig . 6. (Sec his Diflertation fur les differens accidens de la vue.) For though the Moon, or any
round
and Obfirvationf. 145*
round Body, may appear a little oval from the unequal Refraction of the Rays in the oblique Cryflalline , and though thefe Ovals may have different Inclinations arifing from the different Inclinations of the Cryjial* lines , yet they can never decuilate one an¬ other, but being tranflated to two different Places muft necefTariiy appear double and at a Diftance from each other*
Fourthly , ThisDileafe may arife from an oblique Pofition of the Cornea , which, as Maitre-Jan obferves, in this Cafe is com¬ monly more arched and prominent than what it is naturally. When the Eye has this Conformation, no ObjeCt to which it is direded can be clearly feen, becaufe its Image falls not on the Retina , at the Axis of the Eye, and therefore the Eye turns a- fide from the ObjeCt it would view, that its Image may fall on the mo ft fenfible Part of the Retina .
To determine the Situation of the Eye, with refpeCt to the ObjeCt it would view, let AGK be the Axis of Villon, (See Fig, 7.) and let the Arch bGdy whofe Center is o9 reprefent the oblique prominent Cornea , and let a Ax be a Cone of Rays, having its Bafis in the Pupil, and its Apex in the mod fenfible Part of the Retina ; it is evident that this Cone muft come from a Point
O with*
Medical J^jfayf
without the Eye, which of all others ajV pears moft clear and diftinih To find therefore the Situation of this Point, no* thing is required but to trace back the mid¬ dle Ray AG, in the Line it deferibed be¬ fore its Incidence on the Cornea at G. For this purpofe eredt upon the Surface of the Cornea , from the Point of Incidence G, the Perpendicular GP, and having produced it downwards to Q\ from A let fail upon it the Perpendicular AD, and produce it to H ; fo that DH may be to AD as the Sine of Incidence to the Sine of Refra&ion, that is as 4 to 3, and about the Center G, with the Radius GA deferibing a Circle AHP, draw parallel to the Perpedicular GPQ, the Line HE cutting the Circumference in E, and join EG; this Line EG lhall be the Line of the incident Ray, in which an Ob¬ ject mull be placed to have its Image paint¬ ed on the Retina at th zAxis of the Eye A, where it is ifroft fenfible1. For if EF be let fall perpendicularly on the Line PQ, this Line EF fhall be the Sine of Incidence of the Ray EG, the Angle of Incidence being EGP, and this Sine EF is equal to DH, and coniequently in proportion to the Sine of Refraction AD, as 4 to 3.
When the Strabifmus proceeds from this Caufe, the Prognoftick and Phenomena
that
and Obfirvhtlons, 247
A- <
that attend it will be much the fame sis in the Cafe immediately preceding, from which neverthelefs it may be diftinguifhed by the Obliquity of the Cornea, which is ananifeft to the Series ; and if the Cornea be alfo more arched and prominent than what it is naturally, which .is commonly the Cafe, the Eye will alfo be ihort-fightecL .
Fifthly , This Want of Uniformity in the Motions of our Eyes may arife from a De¬ feat, or, any great Weakneis or Imperfection in the Sight of both, or either of the Eyes.
It will afterwards be made appear, that the Motions of our Eyes are voluntary, and depending upon our Mind* which be¬ ing a wile Agent, does will them to move uniformly $ not from any abfolute Neceffi- ty in the Thing it felf, of for want of Power to move them differently ; but becaufe of the Utility and Advantage that arifes from fuch Motions. , Hence Children, for feme time after Birth, may be obferved to look differently with both Eyes, till from the Advantage they find in moving them the lame Way, they come at length to move them always uniformly $ which uniform Motion does at laft become fo neceffary , as to render any other Motion impoffibk, it being certain that Cuflom and Habit does
o.» rendlf
Medical Ejfays
tender many A&ions necefTary which are not efientially lo.
This being the Cafe with relpedt to the uniform Motion of our Eyes, it follows that when the Sight of both or either of the Eyes is fo defective, weak or imperfect, as to difappoint us of the Advantages that na¬ turally arile from their uniform Motion, the Mind will not accuftom itielf to this fort of Motion, but will prelerve its natu¬ ral and connate Liberty of moving them differently. An Example of this may be had in thofe who, from a CataraEl or Gutta ferena , have been blind from the Birth ia both or either of their Eyes; and that the fame thing may alfo happen when the Dif- eafe is of a later Date, ieems evident from what Tlempius obferves {Opthalmografth. lib . iv. Troblem. 13.) of a Girl who be¬ came blind from a Gutta ferena in the fifth Year of her Age: This Girl finding no fur¬ ther Advantage, after being blind, in mo¬ ving her Eyes the fame Way, came at laft to forget the Habit Hie had formerly acqui-i red in the four Years Ihe faw, and moved her Eyes differently, fometimes their Axes' being parallel, iometimes converging, andi at other Times diverging.
The Trognoliick in this Cafe is the fame: with that of the Difeale from which it pro¬ ceeds;
md Obfervations. 2,49
oeeds, and the 'Phenomena are fo obvious from what has been already faid, that to fay any more, would be but to make Repetitions.
Sixthly , Another Caufe from which the Strabifmus may proceed, lyes in the Mufcles that move the Eye* When any of thofe Mufcles are too iliort or too long, too tenfe or too lax, or are feized with a Spafm or Paralyfis , their Equilibrium will be deftroyed, and the Eye will be turned to* wards, or from that Side where the Mufcles are faulty.
In this Cafe, the Difeafe frequently yields to Medicine, and therefore admits of a fa¬ vourable Prognoftick. ; excepting only when by a Fault in the firft Conformation, any of the Mufcles are longer or ihorter than their Antagonifl ; in which Cafe, if ever it fhould happen, no Medicine can be of any Value.
As to what concerns the Optical Phe¬ nomena they are the fame here as in Cafe firft ; only when the Difeafe commences not till, by Cuftom and Habit, the uniform Motion of the Eyes has been rendred ne*
m/
ceffary, ail Objects do for feme Time appear double, of which we have given feme Ex¬ amples' above.
To explain how this fhould come to pafs, and at the fame Time to reconcile it with what has be$n formerly faid, from p. 1 91,
a 3 «
Medical Ejjays
to f. ^39. concerning the (ingle Appear¬ ance of Objects ieen with both Eyes, where I have demonftrated that this Angle Appear¬ ance does not depend upon the uniform Mo¬ tions of our Eyes, is a Matter of very great: Difficulty, and therefore deleryes well to be carefully examined/
It hath been (hewn that Objects arefeen Without the Eye, in Lines drawn perpen¬ dicularly to the Retina , from that Point ©fir where their Image is painted; it hath likewile been demonftrated that thefe Lines continue invariably the fame without any Change of Situation, though the Eye be turned away from the Object to which the other Eye is directed: Whence it feems to follow, that the Object in all Situations of
the Eye fhould continue to be (een in the fame Place by both Eyes; and being feen in iche fame Place, fhould always appear fingle ; How comes if therefore that, in the Cafe before u$, the Obje<9: (hould appear double ? What is it can put this Cheat upon jthe Un- derftanding ? Whether the Eyes look the i lame Way or differently, the Objefl ap~ pears th each of them in the fame Lines ; |pd fined at the fame Time we alfo perceive? its Pittance, if ought to appear (ingle, be- fcauic fefeif in the Concpurfe of theie Lines, iMyef it is esteemed double; Herein 6©% •.
and Obfervationsi 25M,
fills the Difficulty, which does vanilh an^ admit of a moft eafy Solution, if we bxfi confider that the Mind miftakes the Situa3* tionofthe Eye, and fuppofes that it is dr* redtedto the fame Objedfc with the other; for having been accuftomed to move both Eyes uniformly, from which a kind of Ne- ceffity has ariien that makes ft impoffible for us to move them differently, when we would view any Object, the Mind wills both Eyes to be directed towards it, and not being fenfible that either of them has difobeyed its Commands, it concludes that they are both turned the fame Way,becaufe it has been accuftomed to find them fo up- on the like Occafions: And being thus mi~ ftaken ,as to the Situation of the Eye, it mu ft alfo be miftaken as to the Situation of the Object feen by it, which therefore muft appear double, by reafon of the differ rent Situation it appears in to each Eye, it being impoffible for us to conceive that a- ny one Thing can be in two different Pla- . ces at the fame Time,
To illuftrate this Matter, let it be fuppo- fed that one wills both Eyes to be dired:ed to F, (See Fig. 1.) for viewing it accurate¬ ly, and that while the left Eye gives ready Obedience, let the other by reafon of a re¬ pent Defeat in fome of its Mulcles, be turn*
0,4
Medical Ejfays
ed to H : It is plain that the Point F will be feen ip the fame perpendicular Line CF it would have appeared in, had it been dired- ed to F ; but becaule this Line, by reafon of the Obliquity of the Eye, does not fall on the Retina at its Axis C, but at fome other Point on the OutlUe of this Axis as E, fo that the Angle OE may be equal to the Angle FtfH, it will itfelf appear tran Ha¬ tred to EG, and being thus tranflated, the Point F muft be tranflated with it, which therefore will be feen, not in its proper Place F, but in fome other Place as G, fi- tuated in the Perpendicular EoG. For fince the Mind knows not but the Eye is direct¬ ed to F, it muft form the fame Judgment with refped to the Situation ofObj£ds, as if it were really fo: But it has been alrea¬ dy fnewn, that Objeds are always leen by virtue of a connate immutable Law, in
v * ! • ' - V • *>
Lines drawn perpendicularly to the Reti¬ na, from that Point of it where their Image falls, and therefore the Objed F having its Image pointed op the Retina at E, muft be feep by this Eye, which the Mind fuppojes direded to F, lomewhere in the Perpendi¬ cular EG, as at G; while to the other Eye ft appears in its true Place, F : And, being thus feen in two different ^Places G and F, it muft neceffarily appear double.
-St ' * V 4 * . i . ■» i* _ : ! V i eg ■ A t . , KJ j*
mid Obfervations . 153
Something like this happens when an Ob- jed is felt, by the Extremities of two Fin¬ gers that are made to crols each other ; for the Mind* not attending to the Fofition of the Fingers, judges that the Objed is double ; becaufe it is felt by thofe Parts of the Fingers that ule to beat a Diftance from each other.
That we have here given the true Ac¬ count of this cPh£nomenon , will be further evident to any one who confiders, that when the Mind does not miftake the Situa¬ tion of the Eye, as in thofe who by Cuftora have from their Infancy contraded a Habit of moving their Eyes differently, all Oh- jeds appear Angle as to other Men ; and this likewile is theReafon why, in the Cafe before us, all Things come in time to be feen Angle: For, by repeated Experiences, the Mindbecomes wifer, and, by Degrees, learns to form a right Judgment concerning the Diredion of the Eye, which Judgment, by becoming habitual, muft ferve to corred the Miftake it was formerly led into, with reiped to the Situation of Objeds. The ingenious Mr. Chefelden gives us a very beautiful Example of this in his Syftem of Anatomy ; his Words are, A Gentleman “ who, from a Blow on the Head, had one
f4 Eye distorted, found every Objed ap- ' • '• . * pear
x Medical Ejfays
“ pear double; but by Degrees the mojft 4C familiar ones became fingle, and in Time “ all Objects became fo, without any A- “ mendment of the Diftortion , The not confidering of what has been laid, has been a fundamental and perplex* ing Over fight ; for Proof whereof, we need go no farther than the Cafe before us ; for explaining which, many learned Men have been forced to fuppofe, that by Sight alone we can n,eyer fonn any Judgment with re- Ipedt to the Situation of Objects, without calling in the Experiences of Touch, the contrary of which has been fet forth at large, and d.enjonftrated in the preceding
Sc ho lion.
* *
From all that has been faid on this Head
i
laid together and duly confidered, we may clearly deduce this Inference: The double Appearance of Objects that happens when either of the Eyes is, from a Spafm or Ta- ralyfis of any of their Mufclos, or from a - ny other Caufe, retrained from following the Motions of the other, does not prove, that to fee Objedts fingle, it is ablolutely requifite that both Eyes be directed to the fame Obje£t, and that this is one of the fi¬ nal Caules of their uniform Motion.
Lajtly , This Want of Uniformity in the Motions of our Eyes may proceed from a
and Observations . syy
preternatural Adhefion or Attachment to the Eye-lids ; of this we have already gi¬ ven an Example from Langius. And that the lame Thing; may alio be occafioned by a Tumor of any Kind within the Orbit, preE fing the Eye afide, and retraining it from following the Motions of the other, isfo evident, that I need not bring Inftances to prove it; thole who defire fuch, may con- iiilt Obfervators. Here alio the Cale may admit of a favourable Prognoftick : And as for what concerns the optical Th^enomena^ they mull be the fame as in the Cafe imme¬ diately preceding.
Having finilhed what I intended to fay concerning the final paufes of the uniform Motion of our Eyes, I come now to en¬ quire into the efficient Caqfe pf t|iis JJnir formity, or by what Necefilty it happens that both Eyes are always turned the lame Way, fo that none of us are able at plealure to give them different Directions.
Arijlotle of old, and after him Galen » Avicenna, and molt of the Ancients, do attribute this to the Union of the Optick Nerves, near the Sella ojjis Spbenoidis% but fince theie Nerves give no Branches to the Mufcles, but are wholly bellowed upon the Jfletinse, it follows that they can contribute nothing towards the Motion of our Eyes,
\ V •' ’ 1 1 ' i * » , 4 ■ < 4 ' I ‘
%$6 Medical EJfays
but are only for conveying to the Mind, or vifive Faculty, the Impreffions made upon their Fund by the Rays of Light. Hence it is, that in Blindnefs from Obftrudtions in thole Nerves, the Eyes continue to move as formerly ; becaule their Motion does not depend upon the Optick Nerves, but upon their other Nerves and Mufcles. But fuppofing that the Optick Nerves did con¬ tribute to the Motion of our Eyes, yet their Conjunction could never occafion this uniform Motion ; becaule, as cDiemerbroek obferves, (See his Anatomy, lib. iii. cap.16.) Anatomilts have found them disjoined in fome Subje&s, who, while alive, moved their Eyes uniformly as other Men.
It is therefore with good Realon that our Moderns have reje&ed this Hypothefis as falfe and groundlefs; but neither have they themfelves fucceeded better, when they tell us, That this happens becaufe the Nerves bellowed upon the Mufcles of our Eyes, called Oculorum motor'll , are united at their Origin in the Brain. Every Body knows that our Fingers are at Liberty to execute different Motions, and to be extended fepa- rately, though not only the Nerve, but al¬ io the Middle fubfervient to their Extenfion . is but one : Whence therefore this Liberty fliould be denied our Eyes, whole Mufcles
are
and Obfervations . i$y
are diftinCt, I fee not. But this is not all; for there are many Parts of the Body, which though they have Nerves of different Ori¬ gins, yet they neceflarily move together. Thus the Eyes cannot be turned up or down, but the Eye-lids follow their Motion, and keep at the fameDiftance from the Pupil, tho* at the lame Time the Eye-lids can be mo¬ ved without any Motion in our Eyes, Did this uniform Motion depend upon any bi¬ llion or Conjunction of the oculorum moto - rii, or of any of our other Nerves, none would fquint but inch as had them disjoin¬ ed ; and it would be in vain to ufe any Pre¬ caution againft Childrens taking up iuch a Habit, or to endeavour to correct it.
The true Caufe of this Uniformity in the Motions of our Eyes to me ieems wholly to depend on Cuftom and Habit. For it is not to be doubted but thde Motions are voluntary, and depending upon our Mind, which, being a wile Agent, wills them to move uniformly, not from any intrinfical Neceffity in the Thing itfelf, or for Want of Power to move them differently ; but be- caule fiich Motions are moil profitable and uleful to us. So that our Opinion is, that the uniform Motion of our Eyes is not at firft neceffary, but that the Mind has irnpo- led upon itfelf that Law founded upon the
Utility
X
Medical Effkys
Utility and Advantage that arifes from this Sort of Motion ; which Motion does in Time become fo neceffary, that none of us are now able to move one Eye towards a- ny Object, but the other is likewife turned the fame Way. And as for other Creatures who move their Eyes differently, fuch as the Chameleon , which has this Faculty in an eminent Manner, fo that the one Eye is moved, whilft the other remains immove¬ able. ; the one is turned forewards, at the fame Time the other looks behind ; and the one looks up to the Sky, when the other is fixed on the Ground. I fay, as for other Creatures that move their Eyes differently, fuch as the Hate, Chameleon, &c. it is e- vident, fince the Organs fubfervient to thofe Motions are the fame as in Man, that it is the Utility and Advantage they receive from theie particular Motions, which deter¬ mines that Principle which governs and rules all their Motions, to actuate the Or¬ gans in fuch a Manner as thofe Motions, which they find mo ft profitable and need- far y for them, may follow.
Dr. Goddart (in the 5P h ilofo p hie a l Tranf- aElions ) has oblerved, that the Eyes of the Chameleon referable a Lens or convex Olals, fet in a verfatile globular Socket, of which our Tarijian Academifts have taken
no'
dnd Observations ’
no Notice. But be this as it will, they found that they were moved by true Mu- fcles, which as in other Creatures are iniert- cd under the Conjunctiva ; fo that it ieems *P anarolus was miftaken, when, as Bart ho* Tin informs us, ( Hijt . Anat . rat. Cent. z. Hijt. 6x,) He fays that their Eyes want Mufcles, and that they are moved by the Corrugation of a Membrane, which is con¬ tracted by means of circular Fibres. What might have led him into this Miftake, may be giieffed at from the Obfervations of the fame Academifls, who tell us, that the Eyes, which are very large, jut out full Halt of their Ball, and are covered with one (ingle Eye-lid, made like a Cap pierced through the Middle, with a Hole not exceeding one Line in Breadth. This Eye-lid was found faftned to the fore Part of the Eye, by means of an orbicular Mulcle that was fpread over the whole Tunica conjunctiva, to which, as well as to the Eye-lid, it was lo adhe¬ rent, that it ferved to give the lame Motion to the Lid as to the Eye, tho’ its particular Adion was to contract the little round Hole of the Lid, which clofes by enlarging itielf crofs-ways, even to the making one Angle Slit, which very exactly unites the upper Part with the lower. Seeing then that the Eye cannot be moved, without communi¬ cating
%6o Medical Effays
eating the fame Motion to the Eye-lid, which muft therefore appear corrugated, it is probable that Tanarolus , for w ant of due Scrutiny after the Muicles, might have ima¬ gined that the Motions of the Eye proceed¬ ed from the Corrugation of this Membrane, which is indeed contracted by means of the circular Fibres of the orbicular Mufcle. But fuppofing Tanarolus' s Oblervation to have been juft, it is all one with relpeCt to the prefent Cafe ; for the diffimilar Motion of theit Eyes arifing from the diffimilar Con¬ traction of thofe circular Fibres, can have no Foundation, but in the Utility and Ad¬ vantage that arifes from Inch Motions which might as well have been executed by Mu- fcles. Nor can any good Reafon be affigned why the Mind, which prefides over all the animal ( if not ■ alfo the vital and natural ) Motions, ihould not be at Liberty to contract this or that Mufcle independently of others, as well as to contract this or that Fibre in¬ dependently of others, efpecially when we find it frequently does io in other Crea¬ tures, fuch as Fillies, Birds ; and amongft Quadrupeds, the Hare, Cony, &c.
And as the Har.e, Chameleon, &c. have a Power of moving their Eyes differently, lb neither is there any Room to doubt, but that at firft we our felves are alio pofleffed
of
and ObfervationSo ±6t
Of the like Power ; as is evident from th4 Obfervation, already mentioned* of Chil¬ dren, who, for fome Time after Birth, can look different Ways With their Eyes $ which Power they retain, till by difcovering the Advantage of directing them the fame Way, they come to move them always uniform-5 ly. This uniform Motion by Uie and Ha- bit at laft becomes fo neceffary, that the Eyes cannot be moved differently ; long Cuftom rendring many Actions necefTary, which were not fo effentially, nor from the Beginning.
I have already given an Example of this in the Motions of the upper Eye -lid* which always follows the Motions of the Eye, and keeps at the fame Diftance from the Pupil, whether the Eye be turned up or down. The fame Thing may alio hap-* pen the Fingers ; for if one is not accu-* Homed to move any of them but in Con¬ junction with the reft, it will not be in hi$ Power to move them feparately. Hence it is that moft People cannot bend their Ring- finger towards the Palm of their Hand, but the little one fliall follow its Motion, If any Body defires more Examples of thi§ Kind, let him try to elevate one of his Eye¬ brows, while the other is deprefTed \ let him try to dilate one of his Noftrils, or oni
R ' fiute
±6% Medical Ejfays .
Side of his Thorax, while the other is con¬ tracted; or, if he can, let him contract the Mufcles @n one Side of his Belly, while thofe on the other Side continue relaxed. I remember a Time when it was very diffi¬ cult for me to ffiut any one of my Eyes, while the other was open, which now is very ealy for me, becaule I have accuftom- ed my felf thereto ; and this frequently happens, even in the Eyes themfelves: For if we accuftom our lelves to diredt them* different Ways, as Boys do often in imita¬ ting thofe that fquint, we ihall in Time be able to fquint without Difficulty, efpecially if young. This is further confirmed from the diffimilar Motions of the Eyes that are fo frequently obferved in blind People, and particularly by that Hiftory , already quoted from Plempius , of a Girl who lofing her Sight, and having therefore no longer any Advantage from the uniform Motions of her Eyes, came at laft to move them different¬ ly. Hence it is that Children, the younger they are, are the more apt to become gogle- ey5d ; becaufe, when young, they have not fo much accuftomed themfelves to look the fame Way with both Eyes, as to render that uniform Motion neceilary ; and there¬ fore do frequently become gogle-ey’d, by having many pleafant Objects prelcntcd to
them
I
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and Observations. i6j
them at the fame Time, which invites them to turn cme Eye to one Objed, and the other Eye to another : And thus they contrad a Habit of moving their Eyes dif¬ ferently, which is apt to continue all their Life-time, if not timely correded. IVillis has obferved this (in his Anima Brutorum , cap . i5\) in thefe Words, Quare infantes , quando ip forum oculis mult a res fimul ob* jiciuntur , frabifmum facile contrahunt .
XIII. Supplements to Art. XI. ofV ol. L and to Art. IX. and XIII. of Vol. IL by Alex*\ Monro Trofejfor of Anato* my in the Univerjity 0/ Edinburgh.
HAving converfed with feme younger Anatomifts, whofe Imagination could not fupply the Want of a Figure to explain what I wrote in Art . XL of your firft Vo¬ lume, concerning the Uigafric Mulcles, I beg you would, on their Account, publifh the inclofed Figures, with a Refledion or two on them, as a Supplement to that Pa¬ per,
Tab. II. Fig . 1. is a Copy of as much of Cowpef s Tab. 23 . Myot. as relates to the Parts in queftion, with the Addition of
R z two
£C>4 Medical Ejfays
two or three pricked Lines; the View hert reprefentod being a dire£l one of the left Side, with the Head reclined towards the right, and the Mufcles in an una&ive State.
A denotes the Bafe of the lower Jaw, to which the anterior Head of the Digajlric Muicle is fixed.
B, The Part of the temporal Bone from which the other Head of the TOigajiric riles.
C, The Os hyoides .
D, The internal jugular Vein filled with Wax.
E, The anterior Head of the cDigaftric Mufcle.
F, The pofterior flefliy Belly of the fame Mufcle.
G, g , The middle Tendon common to both theie Heads.
H, A ftrong Aponeurofis fent from that Tendon to the Os hyoides .
i, Part of that Tendon railed into a Con¬ vexity forewards, by the over-diftendcd ju¬ gular Vein.
K, The Stylo-hyoid Mufcle, through which the Tendon of the ‘Digaftric palTes.
L, The Extremity of the Stylo-hyoid Mufcle, that is fixed to the Os hyoides.
Fig . a. Reprefents the direct anterior
View
and Observations. i6f
View of the Stylo-hyoid and © igaftric Mufcles, with the Os hyoides , when the Head is drawn much back.
The Letters common to this Figure, with the former, denoting the fame Parts, a Comparifon of the two Figures will fliew what the EfFedt of the different Attitudes is.
Befides what is common to both, q, q , here point out the great Curve of the round Tendons, to be at the fame Part where the ftrong Ajgoneurojis H goes off to the Os hyoides .
P, Is the thin Afioneurojls of the cT)iga~ jiric Muicies, fpread upon the Mylohyoid Mufcles.
You fee then that Mr. Cowfier paints no ligamentous Pulley here for the round Tendon of the *D igaftric Mufcle to move in ; nor has he any in Tab. 31. Myotom . where the Tdigaftric is again reprdented; but in both he delineates the Af>oneurojis fixed to the Os hyoides , which he menti¬ ons in his Defcription, Num. 68. as a con- ftant Thing, as I always find it. But he is obliged to acknowledge (notwithftanding the Fondnefs he expreffes for being the firft who fhewed the Mechanifm by which the *Digaflrics ad: on the lower Jaw) that the Tendon pafTes through the Stylohyo - ideas, and an annular Ligament or forne-
R 3 times
%66 Medic & l BJfays
times a membranous Inch fur e . I ftill af¬ firm, that I never faw any Ligament, fuch as ties down the Mufcles of the Hand, Fin* gers, Foot, Toes, or any other Mulcle, whole- Addon is determined by a Band or Ligament, to any Direction different from the ftraight Courfe of its flelhy Fibres, and that what is called the annular Ligament of the Tendon of the cDigaftrick Mufcle, is no other than the common cellular Mem* brane, which ftretches with the lead Force drawing it, and readily riles into Cells up¬ on blowing Air into it.
Some have fancied that the Stylohyoideus Muicles ferves as a Pulley to the Tendon of the 'Digaftric ; but any who have ever dif* feded Mufcles, muft know that their flefliy Fibres are conneded to each other by fuch weak Fibres, as can make very little RefU dance; and in ditTeding this Part of the Stylohyoideus Mufcle, we fcarce can hold it with a Hook or Forceps fo tenfe as to dif- fed it clean, without the Risk of tearing its Fibres afunder, which plainly fhews it to be too weak for the Ufe they adign it. They ought to have alfo confidered, that the Ten¬ don has no Curve where it paffes through this Mufcle, which is a fare Sign that the Mufcle does not ferve as a Pulley to it.
Tho There was a Pulley through which
thw
and Obfervations . 167
this Tendon pafled, it could be of no Ufe* fo long as the Tendon is tied to the Os hy~ aides; for the Aponeurojis H hinders its Play in the fame Way as Threads tied to a Cord laid over a Pulley, and to the Screw or Ropes by which the Pulley is lulpended* prevent the Motion of the Cord,
One may readily judge from the Figures what the Action of this 'Digajtric Mufcle mull be. If the poflerior Head, F, alone ad;, the middle Tendon will be drawn back¬ wards till the Aponeurojis fhuffles from m to oy which is a very fmall Space in Mr. Cowpefs Figure, and mu ft be much lefs in mine, after which this Head ads on the Os by 0 ides.
The anterior Belly, E, ading alone, the Extremity of the Aponeurojis H is brought from m to n, which is as much as this Head could be expeded to contradt.
If both Heads ad while the Os hyoides is not kept down, the Mufcle becomes ftraighter, approaching the Line r, till its Axis is placed in that Line, which I have endeavoured to prove is the proper Office of this Mufcle in Deglutition, in which it is affifted by the Stylo-hyoideus , K.
If both Heads contrad while the M11- fcles, which pull the Os hyoides down, are in Adion, the Tendon G will be iaifed to¬ ll 4 wards
%6B Medical Effkys
wards rf till the Apomurojis H is made ftraight and tenfe, Both Bellies then con¬ tinuing to contract in this Situation, they will confpire in their Efforts to draw the Os hy aides upwards; befides which, the an¬ terior Head pulls alfo the Jaw A. Before the Jaw can be depreffed, the Os hyoides% C, mull be fo firmly kept down by its Mu- fcles, that it Ihall be more difficultly raifed than the Jaw can be deprelTed, otherwile E would move the Os hyoides upwards, without any Effed on the Jaw. Since therefore the Jaw can be depreffed with no greater Force than what is employed to pull the Os hyo\des down, it will neceffari- ly follow, that whatever diminilhes the For^e pulling the Os hyoides down, niuft hinder inftead 0f affifting the Deprefliqn of the Jaw, But, in the prefent Suppofitjon of both Heads of the *Digaftrick Mufcle coin tracing in the Situation above-deferibed , ft is evident that the pofterior Head can h^ve nq Efffed on the Jaw, but exerts its
whole Force in pulling the Os hyoides up^ Wards, by which it counterads the Mu- fcles, i. e. diminilhes the Force that draws the Os hyoides down (which rh§ anterior Head papnot increale) and confequently th? Jaw is deprelTed, or the Mouth is o- pgned with lej§ Force, whet* the eDi,gafir\c
Mui'cJf
md Qbftrvations . %6f
Mufcle contrails, than when it is unaCtive *• From all which, efpecially if joined to the Experiments mentioned in the Article to which this is a Supplement, it appears evi¬ dent to me, that the Depreffion of the Jaw is no more the Office of the cDigaflric than the E xtenfion of the Fore-arm is the Office of the Brachi^eus interims .
LEST any ffiould charge me with the Omiffion of Experiments which contradict the DoCtrine I defend in § 1 6. of prelimi¬ nary FaCts in Art. IX. of your fecond Vo¬ lume, I beg you would allow me to menti- on lome that have come to my Knowledge fmce you publiihed that Effiay on the Nu¬ trition of Post life s\
Blafius^a') quotes Slade for faying, 44 The 64 Placental# of Cows have more and 44 larger Veffiels than the (Cotyledons ; and if a black Liquor is injeCted into the Ar- “ tery which is lent to a B lac eniula, the Cotyledon remains white. The Liquor 54 injeCted into the arterious Veffiels of the o Uterus was carried to the Cotyledons , o and, by the Cavities of the Cotyledons , into the Subftance of the Placental# C
CBrake
(a) Amt. Animal, p. m.
%yo Medical EJfays
Drake {a) affirms. That Mr. Cowper proved the Anaftomofis between the Vef- fels of the Womb and Secundines : “ For, “ fays he, by pouring Mercury into a Branch of the uterine Artery of a Cow, ** that went into one of the Cotyledons of “ the c Uterus , he filled thofe Branches of the umbilical Veins which went from that Cotyledon to the Navel of the Foe- tus, which, with aPart of the Uterus, he keeps prepared by him.”
Slade , you oblerve, acknowledges that he could not make his Liquor pafs from the Placentary Veffels into the Uterine; and the PafTage of the Liquor from the Uterine is loofely laid to have been into the Sub- fiance of the "Placenta.
After "Drake has mentioned what is a- bove, he goes on to ihew, from the great Analogy of the Parts, how weak an Obje¬ ction it would be to alledge, <6 that the Ob- “ fervation and Experiment being made on the Uterus of a Cow, the Inference would not hold from thence in aWoman/’From which it would appear, that I judged right oiMx.Cowpefs not having feen what he lb looiely affirms in the PafTage quoted from his great Anatomy, concerning the Com-
muni-
(<*) Antliropol. nov. Book z, chap. 7.
\
and Ohfervations . %jt
munication between the human Uterus and Placenta being proved by the pouring of Mercury. It is alio a little odd that Cowfier , in his large Book, takes no Notice of this Preparation defcribed by Drake, though he mentions feme other Preparations of the fame Parts in Cows.
I have tried the Experiment a great ma¬ ny times in both Slade and Cowper'* s Man¬ ner, but never could force one Drop of a coloured Liquor, or of Quick-filver, into any Branch of the umbilical Veins, though they palled from the Cotyledons into the Subftance of the Placental# , that is, into the Interfaces of their unequal Surface, till they appeared altogether of the Colour of the injected Subftance, and the Weight of the Mercury leparated the Placental# from the Cotyledons ; which I think warrants me to fay, that feme Miftake is committed by Dr. Drake, or at leaft that Cowper' s Sub¬ ject had thefe Vefieis difpofed differently from what they are commonly in Cows.
In/. 141. 1 fufpedted Mangetus to have been inaccurate, in relating Vieujfens's Ex¬ periment, and now being fhewn a Geneva Edition of Verheyen's Anatomy, where Excerpt a e Raymundt Vieujfenii D , M. Rfiiftold ad excell. Prof, celeb. Medic . Facultatum Patavii $0 Bononi# , Anno
1705 ,
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Medical Effays
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1707, Monfpelii typis excusd , are printed, lice my Sulpicion was well founded; for JPieuJfens fays, “ he tied the left Carotid Artery of a living Bitch with young, and then having put a fmall Ivory Funnel in¬ to the right Carotid, he poured Quick- filver at different Times towards the Head, till it amounted to about four Pounds. By the Time this Quick-filver was poured in, the Creature appeared to be quite dead, and he differed her be¬ fore a great many WitnefTes.” After defcribing the Progrefs which the Quick- filver had made in the VefTels of the Bitch, he has thefe Words, Minim diPtu! Flui - dura hocce corpus, nullo rupto vafe , & ne und quidem guttd fanguinis effusd, pla- centam unumquemque Catulum obvolven - tem> permeavit , ® in ipfas umbilicales ve- nas protrufus fuit : Ipfummet fiuidum corpus cavitates cordis , Jiomacbi , vefica fellea , intejiinorum (0 vefica urinaria in- grejfus eft. ‘Protrufus d me in artcriam carotidem dextram Mercurius , in arterias (3 fubinde in duPtus lapfiferos mammarios fefe immifit , ut fupra indie avi. In my O- pinion no more of this relates to the Foetus than, “ That Fluid, the Mercury , with¬ out breaking an y VefTel, or the Effufion of one Drop of Blood paffed through the
£ £
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mid Oh fir vat ions.
$t Placenta, furrounding each Whelp, and “ was puflied into the umbilical Veins “ themlelves.” What follows being appli¬ cable only to the Mother’s Organs, as ap¬ pears by the Reference to what he has laid above; and by the Account he gives of this Experiment in, another Treatife printed alio with that Edition of Verheyen , where (a') in treating this Queftion concerning the Anaftomojis of the Uterine and Placentary VefTels, he lays no more than, “ Mercury “ being poured into the right Carotid Arte- “ ry of a Bitch about two Months gone “ with Whelp, the left Carotid being tied, “ palled into the umbilical Vein of the “ Whelps without any breaking of the “ Ve/Tels.”
Vieujfens's Experiment feems flrangely contrived; for by tying one Carotid, and putting a Funnel into the other, he left on¬ ly the vertebral Arteries to propel theBlood and Quick-filver through the VefTels of the Head, from which they were to return to be diftributed through the whole Body. Some of the Blood of the Vertebrals mult have had a retrograde Motion into the Ca¬ rotids by their Anajtomofes , to hinder the Entry of the Quick-filver. And if the
Head
(aj.Diflcrtatio de ftru&ura & ulu Uteri 5c Placenta mulie- bris § 80.
£74 Medical EJfays
Head of the Bitch was laid fo depending a§ the Weight of the Mercury could over¬ come the Refiftance of that Blood, then this ponderous Liquor muft have parted through the tender very fmall arterious Vef- fels of the Brain, and have afcended in the Veins contrary to its own Gravity.
It may be obferved that the Quick-filver, which in his Account of the Dirtedion pe¬ netrated lb many fecerning Organs to pals into the Cavities of the different hollow Bowels of the Body, is laid in loofe Words to have palled through the Placenta, and to have been puflied into the umbilical Veins, which the Appearances in the dead Bitch, on which I made the Trial of this A - nafiomofis , might eafijy have led him to think, though a nicer Examination would have difcovercd his Miftake. I endeavour¬ ed latey to imitate Vieuffens' s Experiment on a living Bitch, but the Creature dying before any Succefs could be expeded, I im¬ mediately repeated the Trial 1 had former¬ ly made, and with the fame Succds, not one Drop of Quick-filver being (een in any Branch of the umbilical Vertels of five Whelps which the Uterus contained, tho’ not only the Arteries, but the Veins aifo of the Womb were diftended with the Mercury.
T&zy %VieujTens*s Words, taken in the mo ft
fa-
and Obfervations.
favourable Senfe, are not conclufive for an Anajiomofis , becaule while the Mother and Foetufes were alive, fome of the Quick-fil- ver might be taken up with other Liquors by the abforbing Veflels of the Placenta.
Having quoted Vieujfens againft a Do¬ ctrine I endeavoured to lupport, I may be allowed to tranfcribe a Paflage or two from him that are favourable to me, § .
de jtruft. & ufu Uteri, &c. fpeaking of an impregnated Uterus, he has theie Words, 64 It is obfer'ved thatQuick-filver, injected 44 into the Arteries of the Womb, does not 4 4 run into its Cavity, unlefs when its Sub- 44 ftance is ftrongly prefled with the Fin- 44 gers; for then lome Parts of the Mercu- 44 ry fall into the Womb by the Pores in 44 the Coats of the Lymphatico-arterious 44 Canals that form its internal Surface.’5 556. 44 This (the Effufion of Blood at 44 Birth) without Doubt was alfo the Caufe 44 why feveral old Anatomifts, who were 44 little acquainted with the natural Oeco- 44 nomy of the human Body, yea and Mr, 44 Mery believed that the Arteries of the 44 Womb direddy opened into the Veins 44 of the Placenta , and that the Arteries 44 of the Placenta opened into the Veins 44 ofthe Womb; from which they conclu- 44 ded, that the Mother’s Blood circulated
46 into
\
2,76* Medical Ejfdyi
K
44 into the Body of the Foetus, and that the “ Blood of the Foetus paffed into the Mo- 44 ther’s Body. But the Falfity of this Opi- 44 nion, which was refuted by many Anato- 44 mills of the laft Century, who were not “ only skilful DilTedfors, but very learned 44 natural Philofophers, lhail be moft evi- 44 dently demonftrated from what I am to 44 lay, when I explain the internal Structure 46 and the the of the Elacenta, fo that the 44 Abettors of it will readily rejedt it.”
Though Vie u[f ens endeavours only in thele Paffages, and feveral others, to re¬ dargue the common Notions of the Vlnafto* tnofis , inftead of which he pretends to efta- blilh a; Communication by the means ofcer-- tain Pores in the Sides of the VefTels; yet he. declares ftrongly for § 17. of the preli¬ minary Fadts in my Effay , that is, he will not allow that any red Globules pals from the Mother to the Foetus, or from the Foe¬ tus to the Mother. In Confirmation of which, I lhail relate what I obierved lately in injedting a human Vlacenta , the Mem¬ brane of which on the Side next to the Td- terns , was very entire. After I had for¬ ced out the Blood, by macerating it in warm Water, and injecting luch Water by one of the umbilical Arteries, I tied the o- ther Artery, and the V ein by which the W a- *
ter
4
and QbfervationL iff
ter had returned, and then turning the vis¬ ions Side of the ‘Placenta uppermoft, I in¬ jected more Water at the Artery in which my Pipe was fixed. The Water crazed at fiich fmall Orifices of the villous Surface, that we could not diftinguiili them; and it came out fo flowly , that I had not Strength, enough to continue to pufh the Sucker till the Syringe was near empty, though it con¬ tained only about eight Ounces of Liquor.
I afterwards prefied the Water out of the Wefiels, as much as I could, and injected Oil of Turpentine coloured with Vermili¬ on, which returned by the Vein of a fainter Colour than it was in the Arteries; I could make very little of the Oil ouze out at the villous Coat, and what did come out was not in the lead tinged. The coarfer Inje¬ ction being afterwards thrown into one of the Arteries, filled both, but did not re¬ turn by the Vein, which I filled with the green injecting Liquor.
WHEN I wrote Art. XIII. of your Second Volume, I believed it to be the on¬ ly Inftance of a Cure of the opened Sali¬ vary DuCt, by an artificial Perforation into the Mouth ; but have ftnce read Savmrd's Book of Chirurgical Oblervations, in Ob/1 i%i . of which Mon/ de Roy communicatee
$ ih§
x;& Medical E flays
the Hiftory of fuch a Cure performed by & Perforation made with an actual Cautery t Upon comparing the two Methods, you’ll eafily judge which is preferable.
XIV. An Account of a Child born with the Urinary and Genital Organs fre- ternaturally formed ; by Mr. James Mo wax Surgeon at Langholm.
IN November 173X5 a Child was brought forth, whole Funis Umbilicalis was tied to the upper Edge of a deep Hole, at the Place marked C, (See Tab . II. Fig. 3. where all the Parts are reprefented of the Size they now are of;) and juft above the Ofla Tub is this deep Hole penetrated the ! 'Peritoneum ; but now a Lump of ipongy Flefh D rifes out of it. The Edges of the Hole were at firft and are nowiound. From the Ipongy Flelh of this Hole arile two Fa- F ill ^ A, B, about the Size of the Point of an ordinary Probe: At which the Urine con- j tinnally ouzes; but when the Child cries, the Urine jets out as Blood from the Aper¬ ture of a (mail Artery. The F up ilia on the left Side at A is now doled, but the o- ther at B keeps open as at firft, through which the Urine continually ouzes, and
and Obfervations.
fcalding all the Parts, keeps them very raw.
The ‘ Penis arifes immediately at the un¬ der Side of the Hole, is now of the fame Bulk with the Figure G, but was at firft much lels; it was and ftill is imperforated, and flat upon the upper Side next th e Gians, as if it had been flit longitudinally : It has two lmall blue Veins marked o:o: and a large Prepuce inverted at H.
The Scrotum and Teftes were and conti¬ nue in a good Condition; the Scrotum KK is corrugated very clofe to the End of two Prominencies marked E,E; the Raphe, I, appears in its Middle with Wrinkles on each Side; the Teftes , F, F, iy under the Promi¬ nencies, they can be moved from the Place they are feated in, either higher or lower as we pleale to put them.
The Diliance between the Scrotum and Anus is longer than it Ihould be ; and the Ofta Tubis are longer and flatter than in o« ther Children.
There is a large Prominency, Et, E, on each Inguen , under which the Teftes ly.
The Child is healthy, a&ive and ftirring* and is very much affedted with his Misfor¬ tune ; for he frequently cries upon view'*’ ing himfelf, and is very unwilling any o- ther Ihould fee thefe Parcs.
The Mother is a very healthy Woman,
S % ' has
% §0 M e die a l Effqys
has brought forth another Child every way found and right in all its Members. She tells that in May, before (lie was brought to bed of this her firft Child, Die was (truck in the Belly with a Cow's Horn; (lie recover¬ ed the Hurt in two or three Days, but the Fright remained longer with her, and did terrify her fometimes in her Sleep.
I have twice or thrice thruft down a fmali Silver Probe at the right Papilla B, about an Inch or more, but cannot feel it in the Perineum . I have alfo doled up the Pa* pilla two Hours and three Quarters with a (mail Tent and an aftringent Plaifter over it, but can difcover no Swelling in the Pc* rtnettm , but rather in the Belly. Upon withdrawing the Tent, the Urine fquirted a great way ; but by the Uneafinefs of the Child, and the Anxiety of the Mother, I’m obliged to defift at prelent from any further Experiments.
XV. An Ejfay on the P if cafes of the La* crymal Canals ; by Alexander Monro Prof e f or of Anatomy in the Pniverfity of Edinburgh.
TH E many Improvements that have been made of late in mo ft chirurgicai
Ope-
I
)
\
1
1
V
r
/
■
\
I
I
X .
*
4
and Obfervations ]
Operations, as they fhew how imperfect Surgery was formerly, lb they fliould be an* Incitement for endeavouring to improve it ftill further; which will be found no dif¬ ficult Task to any who carefully confiders the natural Structure and Situation of the Parts that are affedted in the feveral exter¬ nal Dileafes; who examines the Changes which thefe Dileafes do, or may make on the Body ; who from thence lays down reafbnable Intentions of Cure, whereby the Parts may be brought as near to a natural State as poffible, or the F.unCtions of iuch as are difordered or deftroyed may be lup- plied by Art; and laftly, who diligently weighs the Manner, immediate Effects and Conlequences of every Step to be taken in executing thefe Intentions. I fhali endea¬ vour to fhew, in the following Remarks on the Fijtula lacrymalis , how far the want of due Attention to thefe neceffary Circum- ftances is capable of keeping us in Ignorance, and leading us into Error. I made Choice of the Fijfula lacrymalis for an Example, becaufc it is a common enough Difeale that has been often feen and treated by Surgeons, is wrote of in all the Syftems of Surgery, and in mod Collections of Obfervations, and is more particularly examined by the profeffed Qcuiifts; yet, in my Opinion, is
S 3 * very
<*.8$
Medical Ejfays
very little underftood, and has very defe- * Ctive or faulty Rules laid down for its Cure,
I iliall not trouble you with critical Ob- fervations on the old DiftinCtion of Anchy- lops and FEgylops, or on the Impropriety of reckoning all Aigy lopes or Ulcers of the internal Cant bus of the Eye to be Fijlulse lacrymales , or on the Characters of any Ulcer neceffary to conftitute a Fijiula ; but iliall only inform you, that the Diieaie, I now treat of, is fuch anlndifpofition of the Canals that convey the Tears from the Eye to the Nole, as dpes not allow the Tears to pals as they ought : If you think the Name of Fijiula lac rytnalis does not agree to this Deicription, you’ll do me a Favour in chan¬ ging it for a more proper one, or in alien¬ ing Names to the different Cafes I Iliall iup- pole.
The lacrymal Canals 9 whole Difeafes are the Subject of this Effay, have been defer i- faed by leveral Anatomifts, but none of them having thefe Difeafes in View, their Words or Pictures will not probably give your Readers an Idea of theie Parts hiked to my Purpofe ; wherefore I Iliall give a ftort Deicription of them, illuftrated by the Figures that are lent with this Paper, before I enter upon any Accpt]nt of their Difeafes.
and Obfervatmis \
The two lacrymalPoints, A?B, {Fig. i.) fituated each cn a little Prominence near the interior Extremity of the Edge of each Palpebra^ take in the Tears to be convey¬ ed by two little Dudts of about four tenths of an Inch long, which are continued from the Points inwards and fomewhat down¬ wards, (the fuperior being the longell: and moft oblique) till they open into the lacry- mal Sac , D. Between the Points and the Angle where the Palpebra join, the Ca- runcula lacrymalis, C, is placed. The la- crymal Sac , D, lies upon the Groove in the anterior half of the Os unguis , to which its poflerior Part adheres flightly ; but this membranous Bag is connected firmly to the Ridge which is raifed on the Os unguis , at the poflerior Part of the Groove, ferving at this Place as a proper diftinguilhing Bounda¬ ry between the Orbit and exterior Parts; lo that the lacrymal Half of the Os unguis is without the Orbit, while its poflerior Half conftitutes a Share of the bony Sides of that Cavity. Such another firm Conne- <5Hon of the lacrymal Sac to the Bones, is alfo to be obferved at the anterior Part of the Groove, where a fmall Suture joins the Os unguis to the nafal Procels of the maxil¬ lary Bone.
The lacrymal Groove of the Os unguis ,
S 4 D*
Medical Effays
P, is about two tenths of an Inch broad in its middle wideft Part, and is about half an Inch long from the Top, till it is covered by the maxillary Bone, and a compleat bo¬ ny Canal is formed for inclofing the whole lacrymal <Du£t , which, after a fhort Pro- grefs, opens into the Nole immediately be¬ low the Middle of the fuperior Edge of the lower Os fpongiofum , where its Extremity becomes Imaller than any other Part of it.
When we view the Side of the Nofe after the bones have been divided by a perpendi¬ cular Section, we fee the Offa fpongiofa , K, L, Fig . %. fituated near horizontally, depending by their fuperior Edge from the other Bones, and removing; farther from them as they defcend. The anterior Extre¬ mity of the fuperior Os fpongiofum K, be¬ ing fixed to the other Bones very near where the upper Part of the Os unguis is joined to the frontal Bone ; and the luperior ]Edge of the inferior, L, is very little below where the great lacrymal Bud: begins.
This fhort Eftfcription will, I hope, afllft your Readers to underftand the feveral morbid Caies I am now to confider.
If after any Erofion of the Eye-lids, the lacrymal "Points , or the fmall Pipes going from them to the lacrymal Sac , iliould be gfttirefy blocked up by their Sides growing
d ' i * * 5
md Obfervations f 2,85*
together, which may be known by the conftant weeping of the affetfted Eye, after a Difeafe capable of producing inch an Ero- fion, without any Tumor, but on the con¬ trary with a Depreffion of the Teguments covering the iacrymal Sac, and by the Points being fo obliterated, that one of A- nel’s fmall Probes cannot be pufhed by them into the Sac; in fuch a Cafe, 1 fay, the Pa¬ tient muft all his Life bear the Deformity and Uneafinefs of a weeping Eye, or fome fuch Operation as the following muft be at¬ tempted : Let the Iacrymal Sac be opened in a flow cautious differing Manner ; after which pufh a fmall round curve Needle with a waxed Thread from one of the Pro¬ minencies of the P algebra y wh^re the lacry - mal ‘Point naturally is, into the fuperior Part of the Sac ; draw out the Needle at the Aperture lately made, and leave the Thread by way of a Seton ; do the fame at the Part where the other PunPtum lacry - male was. Soon after the fmall Inflamma¬ tion, thefe Threads may raife, is over, the briny Tears trickling along them will make the PafTages callous and fit for fupplying the Office of the. natural Dudts, when the Threads are to be taken out; and the A- perture in the Sac, which has been kept o - pen by Dofiils, and refrefljing fometimes
With
nT 6 Medical Ejfays
with the lunar Cauftic, will very readily Chut up as foon as this manner of dreffing is forebore, and that it is only covered with a Pledgit. The Succefs with which an ar¬ tificial Paffage, formed this Way into the Mouth, has fupplied the falivary Dud;, (See Art . XIII. Vol. II.) may make us judge that the Method Juft now propofed might alfo be fiiccefsfuh
When the Fibres of the lacrymal Sac are too weak, or the large Dud is obftruded by lome concreted Liquors, the Sac is gra¬ dually ftretched by the Tears which regur¬ gitate frequently at the PunBa lacrymalia . Some call this Difeale a ‘Droply, others would have it named a Hernia of the lacry - mal Sac . We know it by the Tumor of the Sac without Hardnefs, Difcolouring or Pain, which difappears as foon as we prefs out the Tears at the PunSta lacrymalia . While this Diieafe is recent, thefe Tears are pure, afterwards fome Pus appears with them, becaule of the Excoriation which the Sac luffers. Left there fhould be any Hazard of miftaking a Tumor or fmall Ab¬ le els in the Teguments, which cover the lacrymal Sac , for the Difeafe of the Sac juft now deferibed, as I have feen done, al¬ low me to mention, that luch Tumor is ea-
and Ob fer vat ions . 287
fily diftinguifhed from the Hernia orfZ ^>/y, by its not diminiihing or not difchar- ging a large Quantity of Tears or Pus at the Pun ft a lacrymalia upon Preffiire.
The Method of Cure in the Dropiy , is to pafs one of Anel' s Probes from the Punfta lacrymalia into the Noie, to remove any grumous Matter that may be lodged in the iacrymal Canals, and then to injeCt by the lacrymal Points mild, detergent, and gent¬ ly aftringent Liquors; fuch as Mel Rofe di¬ luted in Lime Water, to which a little Brandy may afterwards be added, or any chaiybeat Water, or a little weak Wine, &c. which Injection is to be repeated twice or thrice a Day ; and in the Intervals the Cure is affifted by external Compreffion, made with Comprefs and Bandage, or the proper comprefTmg Machine, and by Corroborants. We read of feveral Cures performed in this Manner by Mr. Anel and Mr. Heifier ; I have alio had Succefs with it.
It will be neceffary here to obferve, that the fmall DuCt going from the fuperior la- crymal Point, A, Fig. 1. being more ob¬ lique than the inferior, it will be more pro¬ per for paffing the Probe by ; and becaufe the Paflage from that Point into the Nofe is nqt flraigh t, the Probe mull: be bended Into 3 ljnall Arch of a large Circle. The
fuperior
&8§ Medical Ejfays
fuperior Eye-lid being then raifed, and its Edge turned a little outwards with the Fin¬ gers of one Hand, the Surgeon refting the other Hand on the Patient’s Cheek near the exterior Canthus of the Eye, introdu¬ ces the Probe, with its Convexity upwards, into the Eun&wn, and raifing his Hand gradually as he pulhes the Probe foreward, he brings it almoft perpendicular to the la* crymal Sac , by the Time that the Probe reaches the lower Part of that Sac ; then he turns the Probe fofdy, till he brings its Concavity towards the Nofe, and puihes it downwards through the great Dud: into the Nofe. After which he moves it up and down, and to different Sides, to break any concreted Matter lodged in it.
The inferior Punclum lacrymale,Y>, will be fitter for introducing the Pipe of the (mail Syringe into, and for making the In- jedions by, becaufe the inferior Eye-lid has not near fo much Motion as the fnpe- rior, and is more eafily held with its Edge turned a little outwards ; at the fame Time that the Surgeon has a better Reft on the Patient’s Cheek for the Hand that bolds the Syringe, than he can have in making the Injedion by the fuperior ‘Point .
|f this Method of injeding and compreR
fioa
and Obfervations,
lion is not fuccefsful, and the internal Part of the lacrymal Sac is become Ipongy and ulcerated, which we judge to be the Cafe, by the Quantity of Pus exprefted with the Tears ; the Sac muft be opeiied by an In- cifion . In doing this I have obferyed, that notwithftanding the Skin was kept as tenfe as I could betwixt my Thumb and two fin¬ gers, and an Affiftant endeavoured all he could by Prefture on the Puncla lac ry ma¬ il a, to prevent the Tears and Pus efcaping by thefcjOrifices ; I fay, notwithftanding thefe Precautions, I obierved that the Prei- fore of my Knife fqueezed out the Liquors contained in the Sac r and made it collapfe fo much, that it could not be opened with¬ out a manifeft Fvisk of cutting the pofterior Side of the Sac , and fo laying the Bone bare, which evidently appears neceflary to be lhunned in the Cale I now ipeak of. To make fure therefore of not falling into this Error, I introduced a fmall Probe at one of the Pun 61 a lacrymalia , and caufed an Al- fiftant to raife up the Sac with it, while with a gently-crooked fliarp-pomted B i flou¬ ry , I cut the ftretched Teguments in the common Way, till I felt or perceived the naked Probe ; when laying afide the Bi- ftoury, and taking a Pair of crooked Scif- fars, I introduced the Probe-pointed Blade
into
Medical EJfays
into the Sac , and cut it firft upwards, and then downwards, till its whoie Length was opened.
In making this Opening, the Tendon of the orbicular Mulcle of the Eye-lid muft be cut through ; but it is of no Confequence, for the firm Cicatrice afterwards ties that Mufcle to the Bones herefufficiently, to pre¬ vent any Inconvenience. We are however to take particular Care not to cut fo near to the joining of the jP algebra, as to be in a- ny Hazard of dividing them, which might occafion a confiderable Deformity ; and it will be more convenient to lave the angu¬ lar Artery and Vein, than to wound them; becaufe, if they are wounded, the Blood which they pour out, hinders the Operator to fee fo diftincftly what he is doing.
After the Sac is fully opened, we can ob- lerve in what Condition its interior Surface is, and are at Liberty to free the nafal Du6t of any thickned Matter that happens to be in it. Small Doffils armed with fome pro¬ per Medicines, either of the detergent, dry¬ ing or ftrengthning Kind (according to the morbid State of the Sac') are laid into the Sac , but without being made very hard, or being fluffed ftrongly in, left unneceffa- ry Pain and inflammation fhould be occa- fioned. The Lips are then covered with
a
i
and Obfervations . x^x
a imall Pledgit, and this is kept on by a fe- milunar Snip of adhefrue ‘Plaifter . While theDifeafe is a curing by proper Medicines, the Lips are kept frelh with the Lunar Cauftick. When once the Sac is made found, the Orifice in the Teguments doles very foon after the Ule of the Doffils is for¬ bore, if the Patient is in any thing of a to,- lerable Habit of Body. I have pradtifed this Method with Succels.
When the large lacrymal <DuEt is exco¬ riated, or has fungous Flelh rifing from it, which will be known by the acute Pain, or great Infenfibility, and by the Difficul¬ ty of palling a Probe through it after the Sac is opened, and by a View of its fupe- rior Part, there is a Necelfity of dropping or injediing proper Medicines into it, and of keeping its Sides from becoming conti¬ guous, by introducing fome convenient Subftance into it. When Medicines are made to pals through it, the Patient mull be defined to hold his Head forewards, that the Liquors may run out at his Nole, in- ftead of falling back into his Fauces . In my Opinion a Imall Tent of Lint, lecured with a Thread, and armed with Medicines, is preferable to a Imall Wax Bougie^ or any thing that is oily, becaufe thele keep the
Parts
%c)Z Medical Effays
Parts raw much longer, and don’t imbibe Ratable Medicines. AiTbon as the Duct is brought to a right Condition, the Difeafe is the lame as in the preceding Suppofition.
Let us now fuppofe, that the fungous Fiefli rifing from the Sides of the Dudt, has united and blocked up the PafTag£ entirely, which can only be diicovered after the Sac is open, by the Impoffibility of introdu¬ cing a Probe, or making Liquors pals thro5 it, into the Note, while it feels foft and yielding, without that fort of firm Refi^ Ranee which a Bone covered with a Mem¬ brane makes, and which cannot be deferi- bed well in Words, but what all Surgeons of any Practice know. In the Cale as I have now put it, I think there is ftill no Necefiity of hurting the Bones, in order to make a Paffage for the Tears, What I would propoie is, to pufti a fmall Shoe-ma¬ ker’s Awl, or feme luch Inftrument thros the middle of the Fungus into the Nofe, and then to keep this artificial PafTage open, and to render ir callous by a Tent or Seton. In making the Perforation, the Inftrument niuft be held with its Concavity towards the Nofc, and it rnuft be thruft through flowly, and with no great Force, the Sur¬ geon changing its Direction a little when¬ ever
and Obfervations J
ever he touches the Bone with its Point; when the Drops of Blood coming out of the Nole, fliew the Inftrument to have perfo¬ rated far enough, it is drawn back, and the Tent or Seton mu ft be immediately palled in the fame Way. The Seton is preferable in my Opinion, but requires the Probe by which it is introduced to be of very flexi¬ ble Silver, and previoufly brought to a par¬ ticular Form. You fee, Tab. III. Fig. 3. a Probe about three Inches long, bended into a Semicircle, only with near half an loch toward the Point pretty ftraight; this I have made to pafs from the lacrymal Sac into the Nofe, and brought it out at the Noftrils of feveral dead Bodies, without u- , firig Force, or changing its Form. The fmail Cord that is brought thro’ in the Eye of this Probe, is to remain for fome Bays, without drifting the Part engaged in the Du6t, till it becomes foofe by the Suppura¬ tion which happens round it; then it may be drawn a little, having beimcared the Part that is to be next introduced with fome gentle fuppurative Balfam. In a very little Time the Suppuration will wafte as much as is fufficient ; and then the Detergents and Deficcatives will iucceedin bringing the Ca¬ nal near to the natural State. I need fcarce mention the tying of the two Ends of the
T Cord
Medical EJfays
Cord after eachDreffing,to keep them from hanging over theFace, whereby they would be in hazard of being unwarrily pulled ; of the Neceffity of dreffing the Sac all the while, as in the former Suppofition; or taking out the Cord, and curing all up, af¬ ter the Dud and Sac are found, they are 16 obvious.
If the Dud has been blocked up in a Child, and no Cure is attempted, till the Perlou comes of Age, the Dud: may be fo oblitera¬ ted or finall, that the Method now propo- fed cannot be executed, and an artificial Paf fage mult necefiarily be made through the Bone : But as this Cald can never be certainly difcovered till the Sac is opened, we ought (till to proceed in the cautious Way I for¬ merly mentioned for this Part of the Opera¬ tion. The Place of the Os unguis where this Perforation ought to be made, will ea- fily be determined from the Defcription I gave of the Parts, and from the Advantage of the Canal for the Tears, being at themoft depending Part of the Sac. It mu ft not however be attempted to be made where the natural Dud was; for in piercing the Bones in that Place, and with that Diredi- on, the Inllrument will more readily pierce into the large Sinus waxillaris% than into
the
fond Obfervatzhns] ,
the hjofe. I imagine any one fnay eafily imderftand the Plac£ and Direction fo t making the Perforation right, by obferving how the two Pins are placed in Fig. i. and how they come through the Offa fpongi* ofa in Fig . i, at M and N; for the Pin, E, in Fig, i. being thruft perpendicularly thro* the Os unguis , about the middle of the la- cry mdi Sac , pierces the anterior Extremi¬ ty of the fuperior Os fpongiofum at M, ill Fig. z. and the Pin, F, in Fig. i. thruft very obliquely through the Os 'Unguis, at the ioweft Part of the Sac , pierces the Os fpongiofum infer ius at N, in Fig. t; F With the perpendicular Direction of E, Would anl'wer all Intentions without any Risk.
The Inftruments, with which thisPerfo- ration has hitherto been ordered to be made, appear to me very faulty. One general Fault to all of them is, their deftroying more of the Os unguis than is neceffary or fafe ; for wherever the orbitar Part of it is diieaied* there is great Danger of an Inflammation and Suppuration being brought on the Mu- Icles and Fat within the Orbit, which may be attended with a Train of trouble- fome dangerous Symptoms, that Art can do little to relieve, becaufe of the Quan¬ tity of Fat, in which Tus diffufes itfelf ea* fdy, and cannot be reftrained by Medi-
T 2, cines
Medical Effays
cities or Compreffion in inch a Cavity as the Orbit, and in the Neighbourhood of fuch a fenftble moveable neeeffary Organ as the Eye. The actual* Cautery gives great Pain, burns the neighbouring Parts, raxfes Inflammation, and leaves a carious Piece of Bone to exfoliate, which retards the Cure much. The ‘Directory or blunt Sti~ let , when puilicd through the Bone, fra¬ ctures it far and near, and often rulhes into the Nofe lb far as to break the feptum narium . The olive-flriapM blunt Perfora¬ tive, or the tapering ftrong Forceps , make large Fradtures in the Bone, befides open¬ ing a Paffage large enough to let the Point of one’s Finger pafs, where one no larger than a Crow-quill is required. In Place of ail thefe then, I would propofe always to make ufe of a Drill, (mail Perforative of a Trepan, Gimblet, or any fuch fmall Inftrument that can perforate with little Force and no Fradture. What I have hi¬ therto employed was a Gimblet, which fuc- ceeded well.
? It is of no great Confequence whether the Bone is made bare before the perforat¬ ing Inftrument is applied, becaufe more Pain cannot be expected in wounding the Membrane of the lacrymaL Sac , than in piercing the Membrana Mariam, which
mu ft
md Obfervationsl -297
muft always be done; however, as it is rather eafier to the Patient, it will be con¬ venient to make a fmall longitudinal Inci¬ fion with a Biftonry in the Membrane, at the Part of the Groove where the Perfora¬ tion is to be made ; and then ieparating the Lips a little, lb much of the Bone is laid bare as to place the Inftrumeht on; but ne¬ ver expofe much of the Bone, left it be ren- dred carious and an Exfoliation muft be waited, which is to be prevented, if pot fible, in the Cafe I now fpeak of, where the Bones are all fuppofed to be found.
The whole then of the Operation is to open the lacrymal Sac in the manner for¬ merly directed; to make a fmall Incifion in the Membrane of the lower Part of the Groove with the Point of a Biftonry; to feparate the Lips of this Incifion ; to pierce the Bone there flowly, till Drops of Blood falling out at the Nofe fhew the Mem¬ brane of the Noftriis to be alfor pierced ; then withdrawing the Perforative, intro¬ duce into this new Paflage a Tent fecured with a Thread, and drefs up as in the Cafe of the Sac being opened. Allow thefe Dreffings to remain till the Suppuration comes on, when they are to be renewed. Whenever the Inflammation is gone, by drying Medicines injebled at the new O-
T 3 rifice,
Medical EJfays
fifice, or conveyed into it by the Tent, endeavour to harden the Membrane with which the thin Edges of the perforated pone foon cover. I ufed Melrofe and a little Brandy, encreafing gradually the Pro¬ portion of this laft Medicine. Whenever the Tent oan be made to pafs this Hole, Without giving Pain, leave off the Ufe of the Tent, and cure up the external Orifice, as foon as it will go together, which is very foon, if its Lips have been gently touched from time to time with the Lunar Cauftich*
• » a t\ %
In this vyay I have cured thofe who had this Pifeate from their Infancy, without one bit of Bone exfoliating, or the leaf!: weeping in the Eye afterwards, or other Inconveni¬ ence, not lo much as an obfervable Scar.
Let us now fuppofe that the fharp Mat¬ ter in the lacrymal Sac has deftroyed its Membrane, and rendred the Os unguis , on which it lies, carious ; or that t be Caries having begun in the Bone, the Ichor of it has eroded the Membrane. In this Cafe, ff there is a large Paflage eroded alfo thro* |he Memhrana narium , while the Tegu¬ ments are whole, it may be long before the lacrymal Canals can be difcovcred to be |ffe<fted \ and the Difeafe will be treated as in Qztfna. But if there is no fuch PafTage
/
and Objbr vat ions. 2,99
into the Nofe, the Malady may be known by the brown-coloured ftinking Ichor di- luted with Tears, which may be fqueezed out at the lacrymal Joints , upon preffing the lacrymal Sac.
The Method of Cure here will be to g- pen the lacrymal Sac , as in the former Cafes mentioned, to feparate as much of the Bone as is carious, to make a Perforate* on with the Point of a Lancet or Biftoury* through the Membrana narium , and then to complete the Cure, as directed in the pre¬ ceding Suppofition of the Bone being arti¬ ficially perforated.
The Separation of the carious Bone is or¬ dered to be haftned by the Application of the actual Cautery, Tindtures of Myrrh and Aloes, and of Euphorbium : But, in my Opinion, the breaking away with a Pair of Forceps all that is carious, will be much more fpeedy , and is not attended witfy fuch Inconveniencies as the other Methods are.
You muft have obferved. That I have
r r (
hitherto fuppofed the Difeales of the lacry¬ mal Canals to be attended with no opening of the Teguments made by Erofion, nor with any Maladies of the neighbouring Parts \ and I believe you will fee there is
T 4 no
300 Medical Effays
no Neceffity of infilling at any Length up¬ on them. 'For when there is an Opening in the Teguments, near the internal Cant bus of the Eye, we can eafily dilcover whe¬ ther the lacrymai Canals are affedted, by ptefling Pus out of the Puntia lacrymalia , jbefore the Ulcer is cleaned; and after the Pus is wiped away, the Tears will run out at the external Orifice, which alfo gives a better Opportunity of introducing Inftru- jnents to dilcover the State of the diieafed Parts.
In the Cure there is nothing different from what has been formerly directed, un- lefs that the Opening into the Sac is more eafily made, where the external Orifice is large enough to allow the neceffary Inftru- merits to be introduced ; and when it is too fmall for this Purpofe, we muft enlarge it, by putting into it Tents of Sponge made firm and hard, by being foaked in feme incited Flaifter, and then kept prefTed un¬ der a Weight, or in a Prefs till the Plai¬ ner hardens; or this Sponge-tent may be prepared, by limply wetting the Sponge in Water, or a diluted Mucilage or Glew, and then rolling Pack-thread firmly round it* and hanging it thus up till it dry.
There is fuch a great Variety of Difea*
fes
,
1
and Obfervations. 301
fes which may accompany thefe Maladies of the lacrymal Canals , whether as Caufes, Confequences, or accidental Attendants, that it would be to engage in almoft a Sy- ftem of Phyfick and Surgery to give a De¬ tail of them ; and therefore 1 fhall pais them without any further Examination.
% % % % % % % ® % % % % % % % % % % % % % % *3
XVI. A Tumor of the Nofe tin fuccefs fully extirpated \ by - -
THE Author of Art. XXII. in your firft Volume, having had the Benefit of your Promife to conceal the Names of thofe who fend you uniuccefsful Cafes, I claim the Performance of the fame Promife in the Publication of this Paper, if you think it deferves a Place in your Code- dfion.
A Child was born with a ffnall moveable Tumor on its Nofe, which increafed as the Child grew, otherwife the Child was heal¬ thy and flroiig, having only had a fliort Fe¬ ver or two, and pafied fome Worms, before five Years of Age, when my Advice was firft asked concerning that Tumor, which now was fo large as to cover all the Nofe except the Noftrils, and was fo prominent
£0
jot, Medical Ejfays
to each Side, that the Eyes were in part covered with it. Towards the Bafe it was fo foft, that by prefling a Finger on each Side, they felt each other, but at the moil prominent Part there were feverai hard found Knots. When I faw it, the Child
£ ' • V,
complained of no Pain, though I was in¬ formed that ftarp lancinating Pains fome- times (truck, through the Tumor. I held the Noftrils, while the Child forced its Breath that Way, but faw not the Tumor rife any. I fearched into the Noftrils with a Probe, but could neither feel any Excre- fcence, nor pulh the Tumor or Teguments outwards. The Os frontis was firm, and united in the Middle. From all which I concluded the Bones of theNoie to be corn- pleat, and therefore was of Opinion the Tumor (which would make the Patient ve¬ ry miferable by increafing, and would bring Death at laft) might be fafely extirpated. Being however taught by Job d Meekrefi ( a ), and fpme others, how deceitful Ex- crefcences of the Head, brought to the World with a Child, might poffibly be, I would not undertake the Cure, till another Surgeon of more Experience and longer Standipg fn my Neighbourhood, who juft-
(. a ) Obferv. cap. 7,
and Obfervathns .
ly la as a confiderable Character, Ihould exa¬ mine the Tumor, and affift me in whatever was determined to be done. That Gentle* man joining in Opinion with me, I under¬ took the Extirpation with his Affiftance. When I had differed about half the Bale of the Tumor off , I obferved the Bones of the Nofe to be incomplete, and that the Mem* brane of the Nole, Part of which I had laid bare, was moved outwards in Expiration, and inwards in Infpiration. Not being cer¬ tain how far upwards the Bones might be wanting, I diffeded all the Tumor off at the lower Part, but left a little of its Bale above. Having flopped the Blooding, I dreffed the Wound in the common Way.
When the Tumor was examined, it ap¬ peared all of a Subftance little firmer than the common Fat under the Skin, except where the Knots were, which were of a , fchirrous Hardnefs.
The Child paffed the firfl Night pretty pafily. Next Morning the Pulfe was a little quick, attended with a Third, and a Sicknefs at the Stomach, which had made the Patient vomit once. An emollient Clyfter being inT je&ed and Emulfion given for Drink, thele Symptoms abated. Towards the Evening the Dreffings leemed moifter than they commonly are fo loon after a Wound,
In
304 Medical E flays
In the Morning of the fecond Day after the Operation, the Dreffings, Child’s Hair and Head-clothes, and the Pillow under its Head, were all wet with a watery Liquor, which had a particular Smell that I never felt in any Wound before, and do not know how to defcribe. The Dreffings being ta¬ ken off we (aw that this Liquor ouzed faft from the bared Membrane of the Nofc, though we could not perceive the Orifice by which it eicaped. We applied from time to time, Bol . Armen. cPulv . Helvet . Chalk, Sugar of Lead, white Vitriol, burnt Alum, blue Vitriol, Quick-lime, Brandy , Alcohol. Oil of Turpentine, Spirit of Nitre dulcify d, plain Spirit of Nitre, Oil of Vitriol \ Lunar Cau flic , the actual Cautery . In Hint, we applied every Thing we could think of that had any ChanceTor (topping this ouzing of Lymph, but without S ne¬ eds. On the Sixth Day our Patient vomi¬ ted a long round W orm; in fome Time af¬ ter fell into Convulsions, and in an Hour more died*
XVIL Ait
and Obfervat ions', 305
I
XVII. An Account of a Procidentia Uteri;
by A le Xr. Monro Trofejfor ofAnato*
my in the Univerjity 0/ Edinburgh.
- - Scobie being feized with a Fever,
which continued fome Days, in the Month of Auguft 1718, when ihe was not full three Years old, had a confiderable Diicharge of Blood by the Vagina for three Days; after which ihe feem’d to be in perfect good Health about twenty Days, then complain¬ ed of Pams in her Belly, Loins and Thighs, and had inch another Evacuation. The Quantity of Blood voided was judged by her Mother to be as large as what ihe her- lelf commonly had in her Menfes . The Child iuffered regularly fuch Returns eve¬ ry three Weeks, or at furthefl within the Month, attended with the lame Symptoms,, without any confiderable Lois of Strength, or Decay of her Body, till the Month of May 1729. But during the third monthly Evacuation, which was at the End of Se¬ ptember 17x8, her Mother obferved a fmaSl Swelling rifing out from the Orifice of the Vagina , which diiappeared as icon as the Haemorrhagy ceaied. This Tumor how¬ ever
$oS * Medical Ejfajs
Cyer came out larger at each Period there¬ after; but upcii the Child's being kept in Bed three or four Days, and the Flux of Blood flopping, always difappeared, till May that it came out of a confiderable Bulk, and did not return as ufual. From this Time there were no more periodical E vacuations of Blood; but inftead of thefe, there was a perpetual dropping of a white Mucus from* a Flole in the lower Part of the Tumor, which Mucus was fometimes in fo large Quantities, that if a Swath had been ap-^ plied feme Flours about it, to prevent that Liquor from coming away* in Drops, as fre^ quently was done, when ever the Swath was taken off, the Mucus was thrown out fo abundantly and with fuch Force, as made thofe prefent to imagine it was Urine which the Child palled.
About the End of July the Parents ha¬ ving brought the Child to the Flail of the College of Phyficians, where Dr. John Rid¬ del and Dr. William \ 'Porterfield were then attending to give Advice to the Poor ; theft two Gentlemen having viewed the Child, defired the Parents to carry her to me.
Being informed of the preceding Hiftory by the Child’s Mother, I examined the Parts, and found a Tumor, G, (S zeTab. IV.) hanging out at the Vagina as big as a Hand¬ ball,
and Ob formations. 507
ball, the Neck of which, F, was about an Inch diameter. At the lowed Part, H, the Tumor was largeft, and of a faint leadfth Colour : Behind the moll prominent Part of it I difcovered a Hole of \ Inch diame¬ ter, by which 1 introduced a Probe, I, lome Inches; and then the Probe was re¬ filled, and the Child complained of Pain. From this Hole there was a conftant fit lit - cidium of Mucus . Round this Orifice the Tumor felt hard and firm, but a little high¬ er, where it was largeft, it was iofter, leem- ing to be compofed of a cellular Subftance; at this Place Scales had frequently formed and fallen off. The Neck, F, of the Tu¬ mor was very fmooth, of a Ihining red Co¬ lour, and very lolid and hard; I introduced a Probe betwixt this Neck and the Sides of the Vagina , two Inches upwards, and turn¬ ed it all round the Circumference of the Neck. The Clitoris , D, Nymfih<e, B, B, and Orifice of the c Urethra , E, were natural enough, only the Neck of the Tumor prefi fmg on the Vrethra occafioned lome Diffi¬ culty in the Excretion of Urine ; and the Urine being diffufed over the Labia magna , A, A, and other neighbouring Parts, by ftriking againft the large Bale of the Tu¬ mor, had lomewhat excoriated thefe Parts.
' The Child could lcarce fit, and ftradled
when
30§ Medical EJfays
when (he walked, but lying a-bed fhe was very eafy. Her Complexion was pale, and her Body ftnall, orherwile fhe was healthy. Having confulted with the two Gentlemen who had fent her to me, and feveral other Phyficians having ieen her the Difeafe was rmanimoufly judged to be a Procidentia u- teri. Wherefore I attempted to reduce it, but the Tumor was lo lame and firm, I
o 7
could not accomplifh it. Fomentations and Catapiafms, firfl; of the emollient and dii- cutientKind were applied, afterwards they were formed entirely of the Attenuants, and laftly Aftringents wtre tried. In the mean Time the Child underwent the gene¬ ral Evacuations as much as her Strength could bear, without the Tumor’s yielding in the lcaft, but on the contrary daily in- creafing ; at laft fhe began to turn hedtick, and the Tumor to be diipoled to gangrene on its outer Surface, which were in vain endeavoured to be prevented bv Diet and antileptick Medicines. I feveral Times con* fidered of the Amputation ; but being ien- fible of the Body of the Uterus being to be cut through, and frighted by the ill Suecels Ruyfch and lorne others had in this Opera¬ tion, I had not Courage enough to under¬ take it. The Child in the mean Time turn¬ ed weaker,, the Tumor gangren'd in its ex¬ ternal
md Obfervatlons] J6'f
fernal Surface, and by the gangrened Parts falling off, it was reduced to near half its former Bulk. Ten Days after which (7th November) file died.
On opening the Abdomen next Day, the Bladder, K, was full of Urine, the left U-* # refer , M, was in a natural State, but the right one, N, was diftended by Urine to four Times its natural Diameter, and the Kidney from which it came was larger, fofter and paler than the other, but with¬ out any Appearance of the Folliculi or Ve« ficles lometimes found in morbid Kidneys* The Urine had certainly been retained in the Bladder by the Neck of the preternatu¬ ral Procidentia preffing on the Urethra , and the Diftenfion of the right Ureter was owing to a fteatomatous Body, U, fome more than an Inch long, and (even Tenths of an Inch broad, which lay behind the Q~ varium and Ligamentum- latum , and reach¬ ed to the Cervix of the Bladder, to which it firmly adhered, and through its exterior Extremity the Ureter pafied.
There was fcarce any thing of the Ute* rus to be feen, till the Bladder was reclined over to one Side, when a fmall Part of its Fundus, O, appeared.
The Tab & Fallopian se, Q, Q, were near perpendicular to the Uterus , and the Ova-
U ria.
ft a Medical Ejfdys
ria, T, T, were fkuated contiguous W them.
Having made thefe Remarks, and care¬ fully obierved the Situation in which the feveral Parts were, I difledted off the ‘Pe¬ ritoneum and its cellular Membrane from the Bones and Muicles compofing the Sides of the Pelvis , and brought away all the Parts contained in that Cavity with the right Kidney and Prefer-, and then, that a View of the whole might be had in one Fi¬ gure, I di fie died the left Side of the Blad¬ der away from the Peritoneum , and recli¬ ned it over to the right ; after which, ha¬ ving with a Needle pafied Threads through the Skin where the Mons Veneris and ex* ternal or great Labia pudendorum are, I gently fir etched the Skin of thele Parts, and fecured it in that Pofture by Help of the Threads which were tied to a Probe
and two Pins which I had made fait to the
*
Table, in which Pofture Mr. Cooper deli¬ neated it, having his View obliquely from the left Side and from above. The Figure he drew, and afterwards graved, will, I .beli eve, better explain the Situation and Connexion of all the Parts, than any De- feription, and is the only one l know that gives a diftind: Idea of this Dileale my Pa¬ tient laboured under, a true genuine 'Pro¬ cidentia,
Jet l ur-uin deltti
wm a
mhmm
wife*
tew
< J
■
K ■
•
"V
and Qbfervatloni. 3 \ 1
cidentia Uteri covered with the Vagina,
and without any Inverfion of the Womb.
A. A. The two great Labia ! Tudendorum <
B. B. The Nympha.
C. Traputium Clitoridis .
D. Gians Clitoridis .
E. The Orifice of the Urethra .
F. The Neck of the Procidentia as it came out at the Vagina .
G. The left Side of the Tumor, which was much diminifhed by the falling off of the gangrenous Parts.
H. The right Side which had no Parts cad
oft.
I. A Probe put into the Uterus by its in* ternal Orifice.
K. The Bladder diftended with Urine, and reclined over to the right Side.
L. L. The jaggedEdges of the Peritoneum both on the left Side of the Bladder and of the ‘Pelvis where it was cut, to re¬ move the Bladder to afide.
M. The left Ureter of the natural Size.
N. The right Ureter greatly enlarged with Urine.
O. The Fundus uteri.
P. P. The Ligamenta lata .
Q. Q. The Tuba Fallopiane .
U ^
R. The
3 1 % Medical EJfays
R. The Fimbria of the right Tuba with its Orifice in View.
S. The left Morfus TOiaboli feen on the Side averfe to the Orifice.
T. T. The Ovaria.
U. The Extremity of the Steatom appear* ing from under the right Ovarium,
W. The thick Tunica celhdo [a at the Side and Back Part of the Telvis.
X. The Intejlinum reStum,
Y. The Probe to which the Thread flip* poiting the Mons Veneris was tied.
Z. Z. The Pins to which the Threads ftretching the great Labia were faftned.
After the Figure was drawn, I endea¬ voured to difeover by DilTedtion, how far the inverted Vagina or * Uterus had each been increafed in their Bulk to form fuch a large Tumor; but they wereib intimately united, that I could not diftinguilh the Subfiance of the one from that of the o- ther ; and therefore could not determine their proportional Thicknefs.
XVIII. The
* *, ’ \
md Ob few, at ion s, J 3 S3
XVIII. The Uefcription of a Pejfary, in - vented by Thomas Sims on M. T). Profejfor of Medicine in the Univerjity of St. AndrewV.
THere is no Calamity that affii&s the fair Sex more than the Procidentia Uteri , when they labour under it ; for it is accompanied with perpetual Uneafmels through their whole Body : It gives the greateft Hindrance in following out the common Affairs of Life, and frequently ends in ulcerous and canorous Tumors.
The Caufes of thisDileafe are many, but, which ever takes Place, there is no Hope of a Cure, unlefs the Part is kept in its na¬ tural Situation; for its Weight, when it hangs unfupported, does more Harm than there can be Service done by any Medicines applied for ftrengthning and bracing the re¬ laxed Fibres, and therefore the firft Step towards a Cure of Procidentia has always been to reduce the Uterus to its natural Si¬ tuation, and to keep it there by means of the Inftruments named Pejfaries .
All the Pejfaries which I have feen de- fcribed by Authors, or ufed by Pradtifers in
U 3 Medi-
314 Medical Effdys
Medicine, feem to me defective and incon¬ venient ; for they anfwer the Defign by their Bulk only, and mud be thrall violent- ly into th o. Vagina, which not only occafi- onsa great deal of Uneafmefs and Pain to the Patient, but askilfulHand is always requir¬ ed to manage them, which many Women are unwilling to allow. To evite the ma¬ ny Disadvantages attending the Ule of the common Pefiaries, I contrived the one de¬ livered with this Paper, which I can allure you, after fufficient Experience of it in liich Cates, has exadly anlwered all the Inten¬ tions without any Inconvenience.
Fig . i. of Tab. V. reprefents the exterior Side of one of the Plates of Tin, of which the Inftrument confifts.
A is the Body of it, the Sides of which, B, B, C, have Holes made in them for low7- ing a Piece of oiled Leather on it.
D, A narrow Neck in the Form of half a Hinge going out from the large Plate.
E, A round Plate full of Holes, for low¬ ing upon it a Hemiiphcre of Cork boiled in
Fig fhews the Form of the other Plate with its interior Side expofed to View, and with the Leather and Hemiiphcre of Cork lowed to it.
A* The Plate at the Sides of which, B,
B, C*
the Figure of the Inftrument
and Observations] J I y
B, C, the Edges appear turned in, With the Threads which fecure the Leather on its Outfide crofting over them.
D, A Spring of japanned Steel, which is faftned to the Plate at E, but hands out from it at the other Extremity.
F, The convex Side of a Hemilphere of Cork, lowed to fuch a Plate as E reprefents in Fig. i.
Fig. 3 . is mounted.
A, B, The two large Plates.
C, The Spring keeping them at a Di- ftance.
D, One of the finall round Plates with the Threads, by which the Hemilphere of Cork is faftned to it.
E, E, The two Hemifpheres of Cork,
F, Waxed Threads made to crols from one Hemilphere of Cork to the other, and left of liich a Length as to allow the Spring full Play in feparating the Plates and Corks.
G, G, Two Skains of waxed Thread paffed through the Ends of each Plate, and lecured from being drawn out by the Knots at their Extremities.
Having leen D, the half of a Hinge in Fig . i. one can eafiiy imagine what could not be feen in this Pidture, viz. Inch ano-
U a ther
§tS Medical E (fays
ther applied to the Side of it, when thefe Necks of the two Plates are made to crofs, and that a Imali Axis being put through them, they move eafily.
When this Inftrument is to be introdu¬ ced, the two Plates are prefled clofe toge¬ ther, and the Sphere of Cork is put as high up into the Vagina as is convenient, taking care to have the flat Sides of the Plates to* wards the right and left of the Vagina, When ever the Fibers prefhng the Plates, are removed, the Spring pufhes the Plates and Hemiipheres away from each other, to preis only on the Sides of the Vagina , without any Danger of ftraitning the Ure¬ thra or Reffium. The crofs Threads now extended between the Hemiipheres, hinder the c Vterus or Ritas of the Vagina to fall down between the Corks, fo as to be in Danger of being broiled, when the Sides of the Inftrument are again prelTed together, in order to take it out, and at the fame time Liquors will pafs freely. The Corks and Plates covered with Leather when prefled againft the Vagina by a Spring, which needs not be very ftrong, cannot bruife its Coats much ; and their being oiled preferves them from corrupting foon, as the Metal of the Plates and japanning of the Spring prevent any bad Confequence from Ruft. r - ' :: ' Wbea
and Obfervations , 317
When this Inftrument is to be taken out, the Plates are prefled together ; or if it has been wholly lodged within the Vagina , it is brought away by drawing the Skains of Thread. And the Patient can with little or no Trouble, introduce or remove this Inftrument at Pleafure.
*&§§0**
XIX. An Account of the Sides of the Os Uteri being grown together in a Woman with Child ; by the fame.
A Woman, forty Years of Age, obfer- vably narrow between the Ojfa pubis and the Os facrum , had been four Days in ievere Labour of her firft Child, when I was called to affift her : The Child appear¬ ing to have been dead for feme time, I o- pened its Head, and extracted it, but with great Difficulty, its Shoulders and Haunch¬ es being too large to pafs in the ftraitned PafTage between the Bones. During feme Days after her Delivery, fhe palled a great many Imall rugged Stones by the Urethra , and at length, after her Urine had been flop¬ ped iome Time, her Husband drew out of the Urethra a large Piece of thick membra¬ nous Subftance, three Inches in length, and
gig Medical Ejfays
in fbme Parcs two Inches broad. One Side of it was covered with a Cruft of fmali iharp Stones, the other Side was inflamed and bloody ; which made me judge it #to be part of the Coats of the Bladder feparated; and I was confirmed in this Opinion, by intro- ducing a Catheter into the Bladder; for when ever it touched certain Parts of the Sides of the Bladder, Blood came with the Urine. The Patient continued a long Time with a plentiful Suppuration about the ‘Pu¬ denda, but we did not lulpedt that the Pus came from the internal Parts, but only from the exterior, which had been fomewhat la¬ cerated.
About three Months after her Delivery file fell again with Child, and took her Pains after the ordinary Period. She con¬ tinued two Days in hard Labour before I faw her. The Midwife then informed me, that the inner Orifice had yielded nothing; I left her half a Day, and Things remain¬ ing in the fame Way at my Return, I exa¬ mined her Condition, and found that the Os Tine £ had not only not yielded, but that the Sides of it were grown together, without any Veftige of a PafTage ; where¬ upon I asked the-Affiftance of another Phy- fician, and Dr. Haddow being called, was, as well as the Midwife, lenfible of the Cafe
• being
I , I
and* Obfervat tons.
being fuch as I judged it to be. Wherefore we agreed to make an Incifion into the Os uteri , but were firft obliged to dilate the Vagina fufficiently, that we might operate more fecurely. We had no fpeculum ma - tricis , and therefore behoved to fupply it by iome other Inftruments. We tried to make the Dilatation with a Pair of long broad-bladed Forceps, but they neither had Strength to dilate fufficiently, nor did they keep the Vagina equally open. After this we caufed two Pieces of Wood, each three Inches long, and two and a half broad, to be made concave on one Side, and convex on the other, and of no more Thickneis than we thought would be lufficient to bear a ftrong enough PrefTure by the neceflary Dilatation. When thefe were finely poli- ihed, and belmeared with Greafe, I intro¬ duced them into the Vagina , with the con¬ cave Faces towards each other, then Hid¬ ing in the Legs of a Speculum oris between them, and turning its Screw, I leparated the Pieces of Wood lo far as we could lee diflindtly the Cicatrice of the grown-toge- ther Parts, and could have ealy Accefs to divide them, which I did by an Incifion at leaf!: half an Inch deep, before I pierced through the Subfiance of this Part of the Womb; then immediately introducing my
Finger
$ia Medical EJfays
Finger at this Wound, 1 touched the Head of the Child, and felt the whole Circum¬ ference of the Paflage hard like a Cartilage, which yielded nothing to feveraf Throws Die had after the Incifion: So that I was obliged to guide a narrow-bladed Scalpel with my Finger, to make feveral Incifions Into this cartilaginous Ring. In doing this, there was not the lead Appearance ofBlood, and the Patient had no Trouble, except what the Dilatation of the Vagina gave her. The Labour continuing, the Paffage dilated a little, but not fo much as to give any Hopes of its allowing the Child's Head to pafs, notwithftanding the Bones of the Cranium were overloped; and therefore I was obliged to bring away this Child as I had done the former. In this Birth there was no Liquid with the Child/ nor did a- ny Blood follow it ; it was quite (apple, and had a white chalky Cruft over its whole Body ; fo that we were convinced it had been dead lome time.
The Want of Waters was fome Surprife, till I recollected, that in the time of Labour flie told us they were palling, at which Time I had the Curioftty to make a ftridt Obfervation, and found that what (he cal¬ led the Waters, palled by the Urethra , which opened externally by three different
Qxf*
and Observations . 321
Orifices: This with her having loft fuch a Portion of the Bladder formerly, and her being fubjedt to the Gravel, gave me Ground to think there was fome Communi* cation between thefe Paffages and the Ca¬ vity of the Womb, above the Os Tinc£9 which had allowed the Waters to be eva¬ cuated . I was the more inclined to entertain this Supposition, becaule frequent I11 fian¬ ces nave been oblerved of Stones making their W ay through the neighbouring Parts, as happened lately to a Boy in this Neigh¬ bourhood, who palled a very large Stone, which had lodged long in the Bladder, by the Anus , by which the Urine had its Courfe for fome Time after.
My Patient immediately after being put to Bed, was ieized with a Pleuritick Pain, very high Fever, and difficult Breathing, which coming on lb foon after her being fa¬ tigued leveral Days with hard Labour, dur¬ ing which Hie fiept none, but drank much of every thing in the Way, appeared to me rather the Caufe of her Death in twen* ty four Hours after, than any Confequence of the Incifions I bad made ; for Hie never complained of Uneafinefs in the Parts I had cut, nor had any Pamorrhagy. Notwith- {landing all the Solicitations I could ufe with her Relations, I could not prevail
with them to allow me to open her Body.
XX. The <Defcriftion of a Forceps for ex¬ tracting Children by the Head , when lodged low in the Pelvis of the Mother ; by Mr. Alexander Butter Surgeon in Edinburgh.
H E Forceps for taking hold of a Child’s Head, when it is fallen fo
far down among the Bones of the Pelvis , that it cannot be puihed back again into the TJterus , to be extracted by the Feet, and when it feems to make no Advances to the Birth by the Throws of the Mother, is fcarce known in this Country, though Mr. Chapman tells us, it was long made ufe of by Dr. Chamber lane, who kept the Form of it a Secret, as Mr. Chapman alto does. I believed therefore that a Sight of iiich an Inftrument which I had from Mr. cDuse , who praclifes Midwifery at Paris , and who believes it to be his own Invention, would not be unacceptable to you, and the Publication of a Picture of it may be of Ufe to to me of your Readers.
Tab. V. Fig . 4. reprelents this Inflru-
ment
and Qbfervations. 323
meat feen obliquely, of one third of its real Dimenfions.
A, Is the Extremities of the Blades made more concave in the Middle than is necef* fary to fit them to the Surface of the con¬ vex Head of the Child, in order, as Mr.
1 Duse faid, to hinder them to comprefs the temporal Arteries.
B, Is the convex Side of the one Blade.
C, The concave Surface of the other.
D, The Hinge where the two Blades crofs.
E, A large flat Button of a Screw, which ferves as an Axis to the Hinge, and can be taken out at Pleafure.
F, A fecond Hinge, by which the Blades can be joined when the Child is higher up than can be conveniently reached by the Inflrument, when the other Hinge is em¬ ployed.
G, G, The Handles.
When this Inflrument is to be ufed, the Axis of the Hinge is to be taken out, and each Blade, being directed by one Hand in the Vagina , is to be introduced feparatcly along the Side of the Vagina , and betwixt it and the Side of the Child’s Head, as far as immediately above the Ears, then the two Blades of the Inflrument being eroded, the Axis is put into the Hinge, which the
Ope-
1 24 Medical Ejfays
Operator finds mo ft convenient to employ? after which the Child’s Head is to be taken firm hold of, and the Operator pulling by the Handles, extracts the Child.
I think Mr. Chapman is in the right to defire the Axis not to be put in, for it is very troublelome to take out and put in a- gain, when any of the Blades quit their Hold, and the Inftrument can eafily be ma¬ naged without it, in extracting the Child in the Manner mentioned; and in ieveral Cafes where it may be requifite to dilate the ioweft Part of the Pafiage at the fame Time that the Extraction is making, the Blades of the Forceps require to be iepara- ted, and are not to be crofted or moved upon a Hinge.
You’ll eafily fee, that often when the Head of a Child is a little too far foreward on the OJfa Fuhis , or turned too far back¬ wards, that one Blade only of this Forceps can be employed to bring it to a right Situ¬ ation, and to aflift the Birth,
XXI. An
V
>
and Obfervations.
XXI. Aft Account of a malignant Lues Venerea communicated by SuEtion, in the City of Cork 1728; by Edward Barry, M. D. F. R. S.
THE Venereal Fiifeafe iii the com* mon Way of Infedion has been fa* tal to many. In this View it demands as much Attention as any Diforder. But if an Accident of this Nature which I now tranfmit to you, is not guarded againfl:, it may become a more gelierai Misfortune* and to fuch who leaft delerve it.
A Woman in this City, who was com¬ monly employed to draw theBreafcs of Ly¬ ing-in Women, had probably in theCourfe of her Bufinefs received the Infection in her Mouth ; which fhe either did not fuiped, or concealed, till fhe had communicated the Poifon to feveral Perfons of Diftindion.
I think this Infedion was ftiil more re¬ markable for its Malignity, and the quick Progrels of the Symptoms, than for the un¬ common Maimer of its being received. As I had an Opportunity of feeing moft of the unhappy Perfons who were thus affeded, I thought that a faithful Account of its Ap¬ pearance, and the Method of Cure, which
X I
3xd> Medical EJfaj/s
{ found fucceisful, might not be unworthy of a Place in your EfTays.
The Nipple firft became lightly inflam¬ ed, which loon produced an Exdbriation, with a Difcharge of a thin Liquor, from thence red fpreading Puftuies were dilperfed round it, and gradually fpread over the Breafl^ and where the Poiion remained un¬ co r red: ed, produced Ulcers. The Budenda loon, after became inflamed, with a violent Itching, which terminated ^Chancres, that were attended with only a liuall Difcharge; and in alhort Time after Puftuies were Ipread over the whole Body. It finilhed this Courfe, with all thefe Symptoms, in molt Perfons in the Space of three Months.
This Diforder made a quick and dange¬ rous Progrds in fiich who firft received it; they not being apt to ivtfped an Infedion of this Nature in their Circumftances. The
t • 1 * 'v
Husbands of feyeral had Chancres , which quickly communicated the Poiion, and pro¬ duced Ulcers in the Mouth, and red Ipread- ing Puftuies on the Body : But liich of them eicap’d who had timely Notice of the Na¬ ture of the Difeafe, before the Budenda were affeded. Some Infants received it from their Mothers, and to the greateft Part of them it was fatal.
When I firft mentioned my Opinion of
this v
this Diforder to the Midwife of a Perfon whom I vifited, file faid the Woman who
drew herBreafts was a few Days before, on iuch a Sufpicion, examined, at the Requeft of a Lady of Diftindtion, before (he tvould make Ole of her ; and was declared free from any filch Diftemper 5 by which means that Lady was unhappily deceived, and was one of the daft who received the In¬ fection, I ordered the Woman to be lent to me, and obierved a fmall Ulcer at the Root of her Tongue, and a large recent Cicatrice on the inward Part of the iandef Lip. She obftinately deny’d that file evet had any Sore there, but was fb much tcr- rify’d, when I told her ihe would certain¬ ly rot away, that file beg’d 1 would not fuller her to periih, if I fuipeCted io much Danger. While file was in a Salivation, fhd owned to me and Mr. Osborne , an eminent Surgeon in this Place, that file hadan Licet where the Cicatrice remained, which ihd
cured by two or three Doles of Phylick, and a Gargle made of Woodbine, andfome other Ingredients, and faid file concealed it* becaule ihe imputed it oilly to Cold, $nd was afraid, if known, it might for evet de~ ftroy her Bufmefs and Chatadxn
This Woman who communicated this Infection to fo many, had no Eruptions of* h Ifc. %
3^1 « Medical Ejfays
her Body ; and by what I could find, the Infection never made any Progrefs beyond the Mouth. May not this be accounted for from the particular Way of Life, which flic followed, the Humours being difehar- ged by an almod condant Salivation , and the Parts deterg’d and cleanfed by a Gargle of Bread- milk?
Some Women whofe Breads were drawn by her, had never any Marks of Infection ; but by what I could find, the few who e- fcaped were fuch whom ihe attended after the large Ulcer on her Lip was healed; for while that continued, the Nipple was re¬ ceived into a Bed of Corruption. But the Cafe of a Lady was very remarkable, whofe Breads were drawn twice a Day by her, when fhe communicated the Infection to all others who came in her Way. A violent confluent Small-pox ieized this Lady imme¬ diately afterwards; and ihe never had any Marks of Infection.
The Activity of this Poifon was fb great, that I immediately directed a Mercurial Salivation to even fuch as were but lately and lightly affected, and ordered it to be brought on by repeated Unbtions, in a fmali Quantity, with a few Grains of Calomel internally, and continued the Salivation five or fix Weeks.
i
and Obfervations \ 325
I have often obferved, That where the Salivation eafily rifes on the Ufe of a fmall Quantity of Mercury , the Cure is uncer- tainjand the Symptoms often return: And that the fame Inconveniencies often attends a large Salivation accompanied with a great Inflammation, from which many other dan* gerous Symptoms alfo flow.
The fir ft of thefe is more frequently the Cafe of Women, and fuch whole Fluids are naturally dijfolved , and whofe VefTels are relaxed and tender . The other attends • Perfons of a reverfe Conftitution. In the former. Mercury pafTes off too quickly through the larger VefTels, without pene¬ trating into the fmaller Canals, where the Seat of the Dilbrder moft frequently lies. In the other the great Vifcidity of the Hu¬ mours oppofes their cDij([olution , which muft be always previous to a free and eft fedtual Salivation ; and is abfolutely neeeft fary to difingage the Infection from them; io, that it may eafiiy, by a proper Determi¬ nation, be difcharged from the Body: For whenever the Animal Fluids are heated beyond their natural Degree, they imme¬ diately become vifcid ; and all violent In¬ flammations being attended with this Effedr, muft therefore counteract the Operation of Mercury . Previous warm Bathing, gentle
X 3 Eva*
$$m Medical Ejfyys
Evacuations, if there is a Plenitude in the VefTels, and a diluting Regimen are ne- c diary to prevent thele Evils ; and after fuch Preparation, a lefs Quantity of the Medicine will produce the defired Effedt, With more Eafe and Efficacy.
In the lax Habit neither is bathing, nor much diluting necefiary, till the Salivation appears; but the Medicine rnuft be repeated at a proper Diftance, and in a (mall Quanti¬ ty to aniwer this End; though in fome Cafes of thisNature, it may with moreSuc^ ceis be determined to the Surface of the Bo* fly? and made Sudorific,
“ The venereal Diforder returned to fome . lifter 3 regular Salivation, but was entirely removed by the following Method, which I made ufe of to all who had this Infection fji a violent Degree.
I ordered a Machine to be made of Oak* ?he Cavity of which was four Feet long, and fifteen Inches deep, that a Perfon might fir in it with his Legs extended; a Cov.er moving in a Groove was fo adapted, that it clofed every Part round the Body. When fhis Machine was to be ufed, it was filled to about the Height of eight Inches, with a ftrqog Bath of Herbs, with Sal Gew.di& folved in it.-*™The Procels was as follows,
| 4ir?$?d thorn to ukc in the Morning
and
and Obfervationsl 331
tnd Afternoon, in divided Draughts, $ Quart of the following Decodtion.
Rad . opt. Bardan, Sarfaparil. China GLycyrhiz, an. *Vnc. ii. cum Aq. cDecoff> Spatio fem.hora. adde ligni ra/i SantaL ruhri , Safafras an. *Vnc. ii. ebulliant iterum parum , decoff. lib. viii.
hibe .
In the PI veiling, about anPIour after they had taken the Deception, they went into the Bath, as hot as they could well bear it; the lower Part of their Body being naked, the roll:, and elpecially the Head, being well guarded from Cold. The Steam, which had no other PafTage but where the Open* ing was allowed for the Body, and the Heat of the Bath, in a few Minutes, threw8 them into a very profufe Sweat. They feldom remained in the Bath above a half Hour ; when they came out of it they were well rubb’d near a large Fire, dry Linen was put on, and they went into a warm Bed, where they continued fvveating two Hours: During this Time they drank very plentifully of three Parts Water, and one of Milk warm’d ; their Linen was again chan¬ ged; they fat up for two Hours, and eat a light Supper of Bifquet, with Broth or Sack- whey. At Dinner I allowed them any of the white Meats, with Sack and W ater for Dri nk *
X 4 When
13^ ' Medical Ejfays
When they had bath’d in this manner five *or fix Times, I ordered a ftrong Deco&ion of Guaicum to be ufed inftead of the for¬ mer, and a few Grains of Calomel to be ta* ken an Hour before they entred the Bath ; and in fome Cafes I have directed two Grains of Turbith Mineral to be mixt with the Calomel ;* which, though continued for a confiderable Time, feldom affecfted the Glands of the Mouth, being determined with inch Force to the Surface of the Body. And, if the Expreffion may be allowed. Mercury thus managed, produces a Saliva¬ tion through the Pores of the Skin. When the Salivary Glands are in the leaft affedted, the Ufe of Mercurials is to be omitted, till that Symptom disappears.
I have fometimes obferved, that the Mer¬ curial, taken going to Reft the Night pre¬ ceding the Ule of the Bath, is lels liable to affedt the Stomach, than when taken an Hour before bathing.
I ordered the Bath three Times in a Week ; in fome Cafes repeated it five or fix Times fucceflively every Day, andgradm* ally remitted the Ufe of it.
The Patients were feldom faint with Sweating, a large Supply of Milk and Wa* ter, thin Gruel, and fometimes Sack-whey, preventing this Inconvenience. During the
whol§
i
and Ob fer vat ions. * 333
whole Courfe they had a very good Appe¬ tite, and more than ulual Chearfulnels of Spirits. I have known fome in defperate venereal Diforders, reduced by former Me¬ thods, acquire a good Complexion and Strength in this Courfe ; and though I have ufed it in many advanced and dangerous Cafes, I never met with one unhappy Ac¬ cident attending it, or with any Inflance where it failed.
I have of late given Mercurius fir £ dpi- tatus per f? in lome Cafes, inftead of the former Preparations, as being lels liable to affeCt the j'alivary Glands than any other Preparation of Mercury . I have frequent¬ ly directed a Grain and a half of it twenty Nights following, in a common unguarded Way, without oblerving that it affcded the Glands, or produced any remarkable (enfible Evacuation: But lately the lame Quantity, taken feven Nights fucceffi vely , railed an un¬ expected and violent Salivation in a Patient of mine. This, however, has given me a greater Opinion of the Efficacy of this Me- ffigine.
XXIL A
Medical Ejfays
XXII. A remarkable Hydrocephalum ; by Mr . James Mow at Surgeon at Lang¬ holm.
Child of a Year old is rather left
and imaller than fhe was a Month
after fhe was born, having fo little Flefh on her Bones, that fhe is almoft a ve¬ ry Skeleton. She has no colliquative Stools to keep her from growing, but is only dull and lethargick. She has two Teeth in the Under-jaw, and two appear¬ ing in the Upper. When’fhe was a Month old, her Head began to fwell, and con¬ tinues yet daily to cncreafe; it is now twenty (even Inches and a half in Circum¬ ference; from the Point of the Nofe (which is very much deprefTed in the middle) to the Nap of her Neck, Twenty one Inches and a Quarter; from the one Ear to the other, I think it is about eighteen Inches, The Face above the Eyes is exactly fix In¬
ches broad ; the Cheeks and Mouth are ve¬ ry lmall for want of Flefh; the Eyes are large, and fhe can hide them totally within the Orbit, either above or below. All the Bones of the Face and OjJ'a temp or um feem
m
and Obfervations . 33**
to be very large, firm and broad, without any Suture, till near the Open of the Head; but the reft of the Head is like a foft Quag¬ mire, covered all over with a large, dry, yel¬ low Scab, The Veins upon the Face, and where the Skin is free of the Scab, are very large, full and blue; fo that they are vifible in their minuteft Ramifications. The Child takes no pood but the Mother’s Milk: She keeps the Head of the Child always lying in a Hollow between two Pillows.
ftftftftftftftftjtftftftftftftftftftftftftkftftftftftftftftftftftftftft'k
XXIII. A Hydrocephalum with remark - . able Symptoms ; by Mr. John Paisley Surgeon in Glalgow.
A Boy betwixt fix and (even Years of Age, of a found Conftitution to ap¬ pearance, and who had been very healthy from his Infancy, was fuddenly leized one Morning with a Pain in the left Side of his Head, attended with an unufual Drowfinefs andLaffitude, which increafed in the After¬ noon ; his Pulfe not very quick, fhort Cough, loathing all Kinds of Meat and Prink, an Inclination to vomit, with a flufhing in his Face, at times, other whiles pale and ill-coloured, and Pains in his Bel-
33# Medical Ejjays
Iy ; the Gums of his four back Jaw-teeth much fwelled, and his Mouth hot.
It being lulpoCted that Worms were the chief Caule of his Diforder, fome Worm- powders were given him, Clyfters inject¬ ed, and his Belly rubb’d with the 'Vnguen - turn vermifugum .
The fir ft three Days he continued much the fame Way, being always more brisk and lively in the Forenoon, but very dull and heavy in the Afternoon. On the fourth Day he complained more of the Pain in his Head, and being a little more feverilh, he was let blood at the Jugular to betwixt four and five Ounces, had a Clyfter injected at Night, and next Morning got a Vomit of Ipecacoanna, which operated very well: At the fecond Puke he brought up a pretty large live Worm, five or fix Inches long, of the Teres Kind ; by this he ieemed to be lomc- what eafier, and more lively all that Day,
On the fixth he got fome more Dofes of Worm-powders, though it was with great Difficulty he could fwallow them, having an Averfion to either Meat or Drink, as well as to the Powders ; A V ermifuge Plaifter was applied to his Belly, and a Clyfter injeCted.
On the ieventh his Pulfe was rather flow¬ er than the natural; and though, as was ob~ ferved, he tiled to be more quick and lively
in
and Qbfervations.
337
In the Forenoon ; yet this Morning he was lb drowfy and dull, that it was with great Difficulty he was prevailed on to take a pur¬ gative Potion : It was much ftronger than any he had ever taken, yet had no Opera¬ tion ; wherefore he got a ftrong purgative Clyfter, by which he had only one Stool, being a Difcharge of feme hardned Foeces covered over with a Kind of Mucus or flimy Stuff, and with them a large Worm like the former, nine Inches long, came away.
On the eighth, he was fo dull and fleepy that he could be diverted no manner of way, nor prevailed upon to take any Ali¬ ment, and far lefs Medicine : The purgative Clyfters, continued to be injected, never gave him above one StooL In the After¬ noon he feemed lethargick, his Pulfe flow and unequal : A Clyfter made of the Tops of Wormwood and the lefler Centaury boil¬ ed in Claret, was injected, and a bitter Infu- fion in Wine was ordered to be taken by the Mouth ; thele railed his Pude a little, and he began to take lome \ Panado , or o- ther loft Aliment, which he did in a very quick Manner, flaring very broad, and without ipeaking a W ord, but could not be prevailed upon to tafte any kind of Drink ; and lo loon as he had done, immediately fell alleep again.
Oa
5 3 8 Medical EJfays
On the ninth he was much as the Bay before, only more comatofe: A bliftering Plaifter was applied to his Neck, which role very well, and difcharged a good Quan¬ tity of Serum, without in the leaft rouzing him, or making him more ienfible, only his Pulfe was a little quickned.
On the tenth he was much as the Day before, only his Face was very florid and red, and fomewhat fvvelled ; , and he fre^ quently put his Hand to the left Side of his Head, breathing a little quicker than ulual, with a wheezing and lome Difficulty, his Pulfe flow and languid : Upon which his Head was fhaved, and the Part where he complained the Pain was at firft, and to which he often put his bland when he could notfpeak, though there was no Appearance externally of any Swelling, was Icarified and cupped, and three or four Ounces of Blood drawn away : This eafed him as to his Breathing, and removed the Rednefs and Swelling of his Face, but produced no other vifible Effect 5 Supfiedalia were ap¬ plied at Night.
On the eleventh his Pulfe was exceeding flow and intermitting, his Coma fo much increafed with Startings, that he could take no Kiud of Aliment, and appeared to have no manner of Senfe 5 and thus he continued
perfectly
and Obfervations. 33*
perfe&ly infenfiblc till next Forenoon, when he died.
All along he had fuch a Heavinels in his Eye -lids that he could not lift them up with Bale, and they appeared fwelLed.
Upon opening his Head, fo foon as the Cranium was removed, I obferved a Pro¬ tuberance or Tumor about the Bigneis of a large Halel-nut, on the Dura Mater , un¬ der the parietal Bone of the left Side, a- bout an Inch and a quarter from the iagit- tal Suture, and about two Inches from the Lambdoidal, which was the Place the Child had pointed his Pain was: This Tumor had made no apparent Pitting in the Bone ; it felt loft, and upon opening it, there i fined out a little bloody Serum, and in the Bot¬ tom of it I diicovered a great Number of little white Bodies like the (mall Worm? in blown Meat, or the Subftances fqueezed from Perfons Nofes ; they had no appear¬ ance of Life, and were contained in a Du- plicature of the 'Dura Mater ; the inferior Side of which at this Part adhered fo firm¬ ly to the Tla Mater , that it was impoflible to leparate them without lacerating thele tender Parts. There were feveral other fmailer ones along the leftSide of the Sinus Longitudinalis fuperiory befides the com¬ mon luxuriant Rifings of the Brain that arc
always
34® Medical Effays
always obferved in this Part ; thefe coip rained the fame Kind of bloody Serum and white Bodies as the large Tumor: Whether they were real Worms, or an Obftructioix in the Glands of the "Dura Mater follow¬ ing iome Inflammation in thefe Parts, I could not determine, but rather incline to thelaft; fince, wherever they were, there was fuch a ftrong Adhefion of the 'Dura and 5P id Mater , that they could not be fe- parated without lacerating the tender Parts below. All the Veins in the Head were turgid with Blood, as if they had been fine¬ ly injected, though there was little or none in the other Cavities when opened.
When, in taking out the Brain, I had cut the Optick Nerves, I .obferved a preterna¬ tural Thicknefs of the Eta Mater , and a large Diftenfion of it as with Water ; upon cutting it open, about half an Englijh Pint of a yellow-coloured Water iffued out. In differing the Brain, I found the Ventricles had been much diflended and enlarged by the Water ; the GP Lexus Choroeides were hard and* ichirrons, with a great Number of fmall Hydatides (as I fuppofed) lying a- iong them in Rows, whofe Coats were ex¬ ceeding tender, and burft upon the lead Touch $ they exactly refembled the Lym-
phaticks
and Obfervatiohs.
phaticks delineated in the fifth Table of Dr. Ridleys Anatomy of the Brain.
I obl'erved little that was remarkable ill any of the other Vijcera , they being all perfectly found, except the Inteftines, which were empty, and in feveral Places inflamed, with apparent Signs of a begin¬ ning Mortification: There were fome few of the Teres Worms in them that appeared dead, molt of the fmall Inteftines being tranlparent, and in two Places one Pate was drawn up confiderably into the other, like the Finger of a Glove ; as if the peri- ftaltick Motion of the inferior Part had been inverted, while that in the fuperior Part continued,* and fo the one thruft into the other: It took a confiderable Force to draw the one out of the other, the Inteftine be¬ ing much contracted in this Part, though there was no Sign of any inflammation ill thefe Parts.
Since this Cafe was under my Care, I have lee n feveral Children who complained of a Pain in one particular Part of their Head, having a great Drowfineis and Hea- vinefs in their Eye-lids, a Pulle much flow¬ er than the natural* no Drought, a great Averfion to Food or Drink, an Inclination to vomit, and other Symptoms, as this Boy had, which made me judge them to labouf
3 42- Medical Ejfays
* &*_ -V
under the fame Difeafe ; and the Diffetftlofi of two, who were all I was allowed to o- pen, ihewed my Opinion to be juft, the Parts being found affecfted in much the Manner above defcribed, only that I could obferve in neither of them any thing like the little Tumors mentioned in the former Cafe ; and in the latter two, all the Veffels of the Elexus Choroeides were hard and obftrutfted, and the Tia Mater at the Bot¬ tom of the Brain, immediately under the Optick Nerves, was fo confiderably thick- ned, as to appear almoft like the Eiura Mater .
XXIV. An uncommon Angina; by Alex'1, Monro Erofejfor of Anatomy in the cUniverJity of Edinburgh, and F. R. S.
A Man, thirty four Years of Age, fob- jedt all his Life to Flethorick Indifpo- fitaons, efpecially in the Spring, and to Catarrhs when the leaft expofed fo Cold, who had not ufed any fermented Drink or heating Food for feveral Years, on account of a flight Hsemoptoe that had more than once leized him, and had retrenched fome
ind Qhfervdtions . 343
£)f his ordinary Diet for near two Months, to prevent his vernal P let bora ; having fat ieveral Hours in a Chamber without a Fire, and with an open Window* while the Wea¬ ther was very colcfand the Air foggy about the Middle of January 173X5 complained, as foon as he role from his Seat, of being ftifFwith Cold and very weary, with Pains 211 moving all his Muicles, and perpetual yawning : To free himfelf of the uneafy Coldneis, he immediately went home, iat near a Fire and drank Tea, but could not remove the Shiverings and Wearinds. Up¬ on going into Bed he was feized with the appearance of an aguifh Paroxyim, which had made a regular Courle before Morning.
Next Day he was a little feverifh, and ftill complained of Pains through ail his Bo¬ dy, and therefore took his uiual Cure iri flight Maladies of that Kind, viz. a laxa¬ tive Ptizan in which Tamarinds and Sennd had been boiled $ which operated gently^ and gave him confiderable Relief.
The Day following he was almofl fre^ Of all his former Complaints, but his right Amygdala was fwelled and painful, for which the Ptizan was repeated.
In the Morning of the fourth Day tho Amygdala was leis and freer of Pain, and, except a little Bitternds hi the Mouth, h#
Y i had
244 Medical Effajs
had fcarte any other Uneafinefs. But in th£ Afternoon the left Amygdala became pain¬ ful on the leaft Attempt to fw allow, his Pulfe turned quick, but not very ftrong: He was let blood at a large Orifice of a big Jugular Vein, to the Quantity of fix teen Ounces^ after which his Pulie became very quick, ftrong and full.* On this appearance of ‘Plethora, eight Ounces more were ta¬ ken away, and the Patient then inclined to faint; but in a quarter of an Hour after, his Pulie was very near as ftrong and quick as ever. The Pain of the left Amygdala was fo far from being diminiihed, that it continued increafing, and all the Teeth in the fame Side of the lower Jaw, that were other wife very found, were alfo violently and conftantly aftedted, but the Pains were moft exquifite when he fwallowed. In the mean time he could open his Mouth as wide as ever, and nothing preternatural could be obferved in his Fauces, except a final! f welling of the right Amygdala , and an E«* ryfipelatous Rednefs of the Uvula, Velum pendulum and left Amygdala without any Tumor. After he went to Bed, the Pains were fo racking, efpecially when he f\v al¬ io wed his Spittle (which he could notpof- fibly prevent doing frequently, whatever Care he took to the contrary) that though
he
and Obfervations. 34^
lie is a Mail who is tolerably patient under Pain, he made the whole Bed ffiake with his Tremblings, and large Drops of Sweat appeared on his Skin at each Attempt. A- boat Mid-night he could ly no longer, but putting on his Clothes, he received the Fumes of warm Water into his Mouth ; and the Pain remitting fomewhat, while he en¬ deavoured to hinder the Gccafions of its violent Increafe, by leaning his Head for- warn, opening his Mouth, and lo allowing the Saliva to run out, he palled the reft of the Night in a drowfy nodding Way,
Next Morning his Deglutition was per¬ formed with great Difficulty and Pain, and he was lo hoarfe he fcarce could be under- flood when he Ipoke, but had no Difficulty of Refpiration, and the Fulnefs and Strength of his Pulle were lefs, but its Quicknefs re¬ mained, His Throat had the lame appear¬ ance as the Night before. The purgative Ptizan was repeated. The Fumes of warm Water were often made Uie of, and an e~ mollient Cataplalin was applied externally on the pain'd Parts.
In the Evening the Pain was eafier, and the Pulle rather better, but the Hoarlenels continued. A bliftering Plaifter was ap¬ plied on his Neck and Back, and Emulflon was prepared for his Drink.
Y % Tha
I 'a$ Medical Ejfqys
The PUifter did its Office well, and the patient, notwithftanding his Pain in fwal- Iqwing, drank two Bottles of Emulfion in the Night, which prevented any Strangury till near Noon of the following Day, when, the Chamber being overheated, and the Pa¬ tient thereby put into a Sweat, the Stran¬ gury came on violently, of which he was relieved after feme Hours, by carrying a- way the Fire, and injecting an emollient Clyfter with Turpentine. The emollient Poultice was in the mean time renewed, and the Fumes of Water were frequently applied, and a mild reiolvent Gargariim ai- fitted the E vacuation of Mucus, which be¬ gan iiow to be ibcerned in more than ordi¬ nary Quantity in the Fauces. In the Even¬ ing the Patient feemed by his Pulfe to be pretty free of Fever, and all his trouble- fame Symptoms were confiderably removed^
The bliftered Parts difeharging plentiful¬ ly the two liicceding Days, he ieenfd to mend apace, but ttill continued the Poul¬ tice, Fumes and Cataplalm.
On the third, which was the ninth of his Pfeale, finding in the Morning the Pain Increafed, he took the laxative Ptisan, and plied the topical Medicines; but through pic Day the Symptoms gradual!) increaied, hi in the Evening his Pain in the left A-
M$g dal%
and Obfervations . 347
mygdala and Teeth was rather more vio¬ lent than ever ; the Hoarfeneis was worfe than formerly, his Pulfc was low and quick, he was drowfy, and palled little Urine. No Swelling could be feen on the, left pain'd Side, and he breath’d freely. He drank largely of warm PoiTet made with Rhenifb Wine, and chewed long Pepper with the Teeth of the affedred Side, His Urine foon came in great Plenty; he dilcharged large Quantities of Mucus at the Mouth, and in two or three Hours was much freer of Pain ; his Pulle turn’d flower, and the dozing went off. The Gargarilm was re¬ newed with the Addition of fome Aq.The- riac. and Sp. Nitr . d.\ and Thermo . An* dromach. was added to the Cataplafm.
By the Ufe of thefe Medicines he was greatly recovered in the two following Days, and nothing remaining the third, ex¬ cept a little bitter Tafte, a trifling Swelling in the right Amygdala, and a Weaknefs in the left Side of the Fauces : He went a- broad to this ufual Labour of differing in the Forenoon, and preleding in the After¬ noon, which he continued to do for a Week, ufing a fpare Diet and applying the Topicks, in which Time he got quite free of all Un- eafinefs, except a dull Pain of the left Side of the Fauces , dpecially in yawning ; and
Y 4 ~ he
Medical E flays
lie imagined all the Food he fwailowed pab Jed only by that Side, where fometimes a little of it ftopt, and was with ibme Trqu^ ble prefTed back again into the Mouth.
To remove this Weaknels, the Patient one Evening gargled his Throat with Cla¬ ret Wine and a little Aq. Theriac . mixed. That Night he was fenfible of a ftraitning in his Breath, and in the Morning when he awaked, he was quite hoarfe, breathed with more Difficulty, and, on coughing, his Head and Eye-balls felt as if ftrongly girded, his Face became very red, and he began to Jiffs in breathing. All thele bad Appearances went greatly off, after breath¬ ing in the Fumes of warm Water, and drink¬ ing warm Tea. In a few Hours after he (wallowed Pills compofed of Mercur . d . and Re fine of Jallap, which operated mild¬ ly, and leffened all the paules of Complain!: confiderably, and a fecond luch Dole taken two Days after, removed all of them en¬ tirely, except a little Weakqefs of the left Side of the Fauces, and an obtufe Pain there in yawning^ which remained feveral Weeks after.
In the Hiftory of this Difeale I have gi- yen a ftrongHint who the Patient was, and fufpedt the common Frailty of enlarging on one’s own Misfortunes, may have ditco?
verf(3
and Obfervations . 34^
vered fufficienrly that it is my own Cafe I have related.
What was the particular Seat of this ano¬ malous Angina ? Will the Ufes affigned to the digaftric Mufcles in Art , XI, of VoL I, be of Ufe to diicoyer it?
© © © © © # © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©
XXV. An Afthma with uncommon Sym«
ytoms\ by the fame.
l^/iR. fames nOre , whofe Bufinefs as a JlVX Writer, or Solicitor at Law. enga¬ ged him frequently in Company and good Fellowlhip, was lomctimes troubled with a Palpitation at his Heart, a trembling in his Hands, and Faintnefs, being always iub- jed to a Cough, and having generally very little Appetite for Food, with two or three looie Stools a-day. In October 1730, the fifty fifth Year of his Age, having catched Cold, a Cough, feized him, with which he brought up a fmall Quantity of very thick Slime, and complained of a Difficulty of breathing; he loft all Appetite for Food, and his Belly became bound ; his Urine was in imall Quantity, and he could not feel fiis own Pulle.
He allowed thefe Symptoms to continue
eigh?
jy© Medical EJfays
eight Days without asking any Advice; but finding them continue, and rather increafe, he coniulted Dr. William Porterfield and me, October 20th. Befides the above-menti¬ oned Symptoms, we obferved his Difficul¬ ty of Breathing increale fo much upon ly¬ ing down, that he was obliged to fleep in a fitting Pofture. His Feet and Legs were very oedematous. We could feel no Pulfe in the Arteries of his Wrift,Ncck, Temples or Ham, but only afort of Trembling un¬ der our Fingers, which we then attributed to feme Irregularity in the Diftribution of his Atteries, notwithftanding his affirming, that, when in Flealth, he had a pretty ftrong Pulfe in the very Parts we felt. The Veins of his Arm and Neck were very large, and ftretclied with Blood. He could take no fort of Food, but had a Third, which was not violent, nor was his Tongue dry, or his Skin hot. When the Cough attack¬ ed him, he forced very little Pituit up; but his Breathing became exceeding labori¬ ous, his Face turned very red or Purple, and he complained of a violent Headach. When he was free of the Cough a little while, he walked, fpoke, complained of little, and allured us he was fcarce weaker than in Health. To prevent the bad Ef- feds of the Cough, twelve Ounces of Blood
were
and Obfervations . 3ft
were immediately let ; he bled freely, and did not turn faint. In the Evening a Te- rebinthinat purging Ciyfter was injedfed, which purged him gently. He was defired jto take any fort of mild Food which his Sto¬ mach could receive. Rhenijh Wine and Water were given for Drink, into which he frequently dropped forty Gutts of the following Mixture, l$l. Elixir . cPe£loraL i Dnc . x.Tinblur .Caftor.cDrach.\\. Sp.Salin. aror&at. cDrach. iii. and every two Hours he fwallowed two Spoonfuls of the Gxjy- mel pectoral, of the Edinburgh Difpenfato- ry. At Bed-time he took this Bolus. i£0 Sperm. Get. Scrap. i. Sal. Succin. Gr. ya Conferv. Rof Scrap . i. Syrup. Alth ■. q. f tit ft. hoi.
Next Morning there appeared no Change in his Condition ; and he took 5P. liypeca - cuan. G . xxxy. Oxymel Scillit. C0nc. i. This Emetick operated fix Times, without increafing his Headach or Difficulty of Breathing, and brought a good deal of Slime with the Water he drank. He feemed a lit¬ tle relieved after this Vomit, and continued the Uie of the Medicines prefcribed the Day before. At Night a bliftering Plaifter was applied to his Neck and Shoulders ; he took his Bolus, and had & cooling Emuifion for Drink,
!s / • i * "K \
The
35*2 Medical Ejfays
The Blifter rofe well, but the Pain of it made him fo unable to move next Morning, that we could not give the Purgative we had determined to order. His Urine was in larger Quantity, with a good Sediment; notwithftanding which, his Legs were ra¬ ther more fwelied, and the other Symptoms continued. His Bolus was again given in the Morning ; he (till drank Water with Rhenijh Wine; and he was defired to take frequently a Spoonful of the following Mix¬ ture, 5*. Aq. Hyjfop. Tuleg. a . Vnc. iii. Cm am. f v. Raphan. Compt. a . ‘X )nc. i. Gum. Ammoniac <Drach . ii. Sal . Succin . *Drach. fern, Oxymel . fcillit. Vnc. ii. Sy¬ rup. Alth. Vnc. i. M.
He continued much in the fame Way all the 2xd and 23d, only his Legs and Thighs fwelied more; and he began to complain that his Clothes were too tight for his Belly,
In the Morning of the 24th he took this purgative Bolus, Vg. Bulv. Rhei elect. Scrap, i. Aqail.alb . Bulv, Jallap. a.gr. v. Syrup, de Rhamn. q. s. tit .ft. Bol. capt. e Syrup . Violar. This purged him mildly, and the Quantity of his Urine increafed confide- rably, and his Belly and Legs became left fwelied, which relieved him iomewhat of the Orthopnea.
$ext Day he began to ufe a medicated
Wine,
and Obfervations .
Wine, Rad . Ir/W. Florent . *SW/A Ac or. vcr. Helen. Rap ban. ruft. a. Hnc. Jem . Gentian. Hr ach . ii. Rub .Tin£t or .Unc Jem. Cortic. Sambuc. Ebul. a. Hue. fem. Herb . Alar ub . alb. Al. ii. Abfinth. rom. Centaur . min.a.M. fern. Bare. Juniper. Hnc. i. Jem, Sal. Tartar. Hrach. in. incif. £9 contuJ.J, \ a. M. ut ft. Alalia injundend. in vin. his* bon. lib. vi. Colatur. capt. Unc. ii.
£S) /jtf/'Yz 5^ vefpertina. All this Day and the following his Urine pajfTed plentifully, with a large Sediment ; the Swellings di* miniihed, and his Cough and Breathing were eafier. In the Evening of the 26th, while I fat by him, he furpriled me with putting his Wrift into my Hand to feel his Pulfe, which was full, ftrong, How and equal; but two Hours after, I could again feel no more than the very weak trembling I for* merly mentioned.
The 27th the purgative Bolus was repe- ted. On the 28th, his Pulfe returned, and continued afterwards firm and ftrong, till he recovered his former Health, which he did in a little Time, by the Uie of the me¬ dicated Wine, pedtoral Mixture, and the Purgative fometimes repeted.
About a Month after, having got the Cold again, his Symptoms began to return with the fame State of his Pulie; but upon taking
the
35*4 Medical Ejfays
the former Emetick, and the Purgative, went off; and to prevent a fecond Relapie, he got ftrengthning chalybeat Medicines, with the ftimulatingGums for feme Time.
In the Beginning of January 1732, he was again attacked with the Ajihma , and
wantofPulie; which avere removed with two Doles of the Purgative. After a Cough which continued lome Days in the Begin¬ ning of February \ hisPuife couldnot be felt during twenty four Hours, but it returned after the Operation of a purgative Bolus.
Soon after my Patient retired to the Country, where he has continued in very good Health? and being lately in Town, re¬ viled this Account of his Cale, and allow¬ ed me to communicate it to you.
XXVI. A large Steatom pajfing with the Oelophagus from the Thorax into the A~bdomen ; by Mr . James Jamieson Surgeon at Kello.
1 * . V
A Carpenter in this Place, thirty fix!
Years of Age, of a thin Make of Bo¬ dy, asked my Advice about the middle of February 1732 ; his Complaints were. Pains at the Heart, in the Pit of the Sto-
machy
and Obfervations. $f§
mach, both Sides of the Thorax , and be¬ twixt his Shoulders; a great Difficulty in Iwaliowing, and frequent Inclination to vomit. He told me it was about fix Years, fince, upon a hidden Grief, he was firft ieized with the Pain, and frequent Palpitati¬ ons at his Heart, and that the other Sym¬ ptoms came on gradually afterwards, but never kept him from his ordinary Work till now.
At my firlt Vi fit I took twelve Ounces of Blood from his Arm; the Blood was hzy like that in a Rheumariim. Next Day he took 'Tulv. Ipecacoan. Track, fem. Tartar. Emet . Gr. ii. which purged him four or five Times, but did not occafion the lead Naufea. I gave him alfo Doles of the Ti- lul GummoJ. twice a Day, walhing them down with TOecoB. Amur, in which a (mail Quantity of Sal Abfinth, was diffolved ; cauled the pained Parts to be fomented with a ftrongDecodtion of the Aromatick Plants, and applied a large Plaifter of Theriac An- dromach. 01. Mac .per exprejf. and the Pow¬ der of the carminative Seeds. The Blood¬ ing gave him lome Remiffion of Pain, and Was repeated twice in the two following Weeks, with lome ffiort Relief each Time.
Finding however his Complaints rather in* ereafe, I obliged him to call a Phyfician,
which
Medical Effays
which his Poverty had made him obflP iiatelv refufe to do hitherto; and while Dn Abernethy was’ lent for, he lllewed me a hard painful Tumor immediately below the Cartilage Xifihoides , which he laid he had only dilcovered the preceding Night.
The T)o£lor lulpedting from the Account the Patient gave of his Difeaie, and from the Appearance of this Tumor, that an Ab¬ le efs was forming in the Stomach, ordered him a Milk Diet, and Lintleed Tea, or a De¬ coction of Hedera Ter red. or Milk and Wa¬ ter for ordinary Drink, andcaufed an emol¬ lient Cataplafm to be applied to the Tumor.
He continued to turn gradually worfe, till about the Middle of March , when he was attacked with a Vomiting, which none of the different Stomachicks nor Opiats gi¬ ven him could reftrain, but were thrown back again as loon as fwallowed. His Third: became exceflive and perpetual; but all his Drink, though taken in very Imall Quan¬ tities at a Time, was vomited as quickly as his Medicines, without increasing his Pains ; and a Singultus icon came on, which continued till his Death.
He paffed very little Faeces by the Anus i and thefe were generally procured by gentle Clyfters.
His Urine was for the molt Part limpid,
w hen
and Ob formations e iff
ivhen there was any Sediment, it was white4- . During the whole Courfc of this Difeale; the Patient’s Pulle was never quick or flrong, but low and languid, and fometimes' intermitted. His Pains were always molt ievere in the Night, and at laft deprived him almoft entirely of Sleep ; and for a whole Month he did not ly down, but lat in the Bed, Or on a Chair bended forewards with his Head on a Pillow. In this me¬ lancholy Condition he languifhed till the firft of April , when he died.
On laying open the Thorax and Abdo¬ men, we oblerved a prodigious large ftea* tomatous Body, which filled a great Part of the Thorax, being grown to the Pleura in both Sides, to the larger Share of the Mediaftinum and Pericardium ; and then accompanying the Oefophagus , they pal¬ led together through the ’Diaphragm, hav¬ ing enlarged thePafiage in this Mulcle con* fiderably, and ftraitning the Oefophdgus ; After entring the Abdomen, it was ftretch’d along the Dorpum of the Stomach to the ‘Pylorus, which it alio compreffed greatly 0 Both the Orifices of the Stomach being i<5 much contracted, that I could lcarce puflf my Finger through either, I wa’s a boat to' have cut out this whole Tumor; to fnea-
fore and weigh it, but was oppofcd by the
Z ’ Re-
7?
A
I
3^8 Medical Ejfays
Relations; and therefore behoved to con tent my felf with examining its Subftancc as it lay in the Body. It was lb hard, my Knife could Icarce cut it, but after a trani- verfe Incifion, feveral Sinules formed in the firm white Snbftance difcovered themfelves ; iomefof them contained a Matter like a Meliceris , in others, it was a-kin to that of the Atheroma , and in a third fort it was purulent and fetid.
The Fat of the Omentum was all wa¬ fted, but all the other Vifcera were found enough.
«§§€» *&§§€►
XXVII. Of the Service of a warm Bath in a bilious Colic k; by Robert Por¬ ter, M. D. Member of the College of Fhyfcians , London.
IT is not my Defign to defcribe the feve¬ ral kinds of Colicks, their Contradi- ftin&ion from each other, and their diffe¬ rent Methods of Cure ; my Purpole being to recommend one particular Method of managing the bilious Colick, and thole fevere ones, whole Cure depends on pro¬ curing an entire thorough Dilcharge of that acrid Matter within the Inteftines, that
caufes
and Qbfervationf,
d&ufes the Difeafe ( though not properly bilious, becaufe unattended with luch Vo¬ miting) which feems but little attended to, yet will appear from Realon and Experi¬ ence to be fo highly ufeful, and fo ablolute- ly neceftary, that this Diftemper ought ne¬ ver to be treated without luch additional A lii fiance.
The Defcription of this Difeafe by Sy - denham ( a ) is lo juft, that in this Point no¬ thing can be added to him. It will alfo rea¬ dily be confdfed, That the grand Indica¬ tion of Cure, is to obtain an open PafTage through the Inteftines for a perfect Dif- charge of that acrid irritating Matter con¬ tained within them. As this therefore is the true Caufe of the Diforder, to the grand Point of its Evacuation fhould the whole Method be directed.
But fuch is the Alteration produced in the Cavity of the Bowel, by the conftant fliarp Stimulus of this acrid Matter, that it is not only contracted into an unufual Nar* rownefs, but, if the Obfervation of Au¬ thors of unqueftioned Veracity may be credited, the Coats of the affeCted Inte- ftine have been found, upon DiffeCtion, fo clofely joined, and fo entirely preclu-
Z x
( a ) Sydenh. 4. cap. 7,
■jfio * Medical Ejfays
ding any downward Paffage, as if they had been ftrongly (aj girt round with a Li«
gature .
But the Circumflances of the Ilium Bowel, produced by this [harp Irritation in thefe Colicks, will be perfectly under¬ flood, and cannot poffibly be better ex¬ plained, than by tranicribing that mod beautiful Paffage from Peyerus , where he relates an Experiment he made on a living Frog, that happily fets this Matter in the cleared: Light ; not only vifibly ex¬ plaining the E ffedt of a fevere ColicL on the Inteftine, but reprefenting at the lame Time, the Manner in which its frequent direful Confequenee, the Iliac Paffion is produced.
Torminum genejin , atque intro fu fceptio*
nis conceptionem , mini fufierioris <efiatc\ Ik&w&jucundo admodum & utili experimen- to oculis no fir is exhibuerunt . Etenim in - teflina , vivente amphibio , lacejjita in di¬ ver fis locis , pert inacifjime mox fe confirm- gebant , contentis violenter JurJum deor- fumque qua data porta, protrufis ; atque bine inde in cumulos quail conge ftis : unde qua dam intefiini port 'tones valde imp let g ac turgida , qua darn prorfus inane s © ar-
Etijfime
(a) Peyer. de Gland, inteftio. cap. p. p. 81.
and Observations . 3 6t
ctijjlme clatt fo perfiiterunt ; donee folutd fibrarum firiSturd meatus liberior redder retur: Intefiinis autem bine hide fe con - firingentibus , Jive chylum , Jive feces furjum deorfumve projicientibus , fa£tumy tit ill# alicubi in molem a age fine parietes intefiini plus debit 0 ampliarent : quod in feed morem dilatatum yh recepit con- ftriChim inferior is intefiini portionem ,
7?//// /#<? abfeonditam aliquamdiu reti - unit : donee Jibris fe denuo exporngentibus, intefiinum e latibulo alterius , /;/ apricam firijlinamque fedem rediret .
Ifluch then is the Bowel’s Contraction in the Severity of this Diieafe, one grand important Point to facilitate this Evacuati¬ on on which the Cure mu ft turn, i'eems to be the Removal of that Stricture ; and by relaxing; the Tfehtnefs of the Inteftine, to procure a freer and wider PafTage for the Diicharge. For unlefs this be jointly en¬ deavoured^ in conjunction with the other Method of Cure, I apprehend we do not afilft the Patient with all that our Art might contribute to his Relief. Nor do I know any thing fo effectual to this defir- able End as the warm Bath ; which is daily found fo highly advantageous in fomo what a fimilar Cafe ; 1 mean the Difeharge of Gravel from the Kidneys.
Z 3 I an}
%6z Medical EJfays
I am not lb foolilhly prejudiced to ima¬ gine the Bath alone would prove effeduai, or ought fingly, to be confided in, for the Cure of thele Colicks: I hope I lliall not be fo underftood ; the whole I would en¬ deavour is to propofe, and prove it a very efficacious Affiftant, joined with the other known, and uluai Methods, and what will greatly foreward the happy Effed of them.
But fince I have mentioned a Nephritic Dilorder, as lomewhat a parallel Cale I beg leave to run over the feveral Indications of Cure in that Diieafe ; from whence the near Similitude of managing both will readily appear; and the Advantage of the warm Bath in one, be no finall Encouragement to its Ule, and Evidence of its Service in the other ; becaufe the Manner in which it Isufeful, is in each the fame .
It will be readily confefTed the grand Point here is the Evacuation of that labu- lous Matter lodged in the ‘Pelvis of the Kidneys, or fluffing up the Ureters. The Methods to effed this are, immediate Bleeding, to remove the Tenfion and In¬ flammation of them; by widening, as much as poffibly can be, the Capacity of the U- yeters, for the PafTage of thefe gritty Con¬ cretions; for which Purpole the Injedion Of emollient Qlyfters has a double Advan-
and Observations . 3 6$
tage; both as they convey an Internal Fo¬ mentation to thole flender Tubes, by this Warmth relaxing their Contraction, and, by unloading the lower Bowels of any ac¬ cumulated Faeces, they remove their late¬ ral PrefTure againft the Ureters. To open yet more this Paffage, the warm Bath proves of mo ft important Service : For by this Warmth and Humidity, the abdomi¬ nal Mulcles, ‘Peritoneum , and Inteftines, are greatly relieved from their Tenfenefs; and the Diminution of their former Preft Pure allows a readier Difcharge of the Gra¬ vel. Hence alfo the Bladder is considera¬ bly relaxed; consequently the oblique In¬ sinuation of the Ureters, through its Seve¬ ral Membranes, is leSs liable to obftruCtthe Evacuation of this Sandy Matter into its Cavity.
By moderate Diureticks, by the USe of oleaginous, emollient, and deterfive Medi¬ cines, this Dilcharge is greatly affifted, and the PafSages themielves at the lame Time properly lubricated, to facilitate the Ex- pulSton, while the Severity of Pain is lii- fpended by Anodynes , that produce alSo a kind of paralytick Relolution of the ipaf- modick Contraction of the Ureters on the Gravel (by which convuifive Effort to ex¬ pel, they entirely preclude its Defcent)
Z 4 and
Medical Effays
and therefore contribute not a little even £q open the Pafl age.
Theie appear the molt conftderable Me¬ thods for the Relief of this Dilorder, which
* i. rf ■ » ' *
is but imperfeddy managed, without the united A fliftance of all ; and which ufed to¬ gether, feem the utmoft Art cpi furnifh.
Let us now examine the Methods of re¬ lieving thric Coiicks. By inftant Bleed¬ ing; the Tendon of the Bowel is in feme Mealtire eaied, a timely Revulflon is made from the Blood’s Impulfe on the affedted -Part, an Inflammation, with its Confe-
* * • i
guences, is prevented: By giving immedi¬ ately brisk Catharticks, we propofe to urge forcibly foreward the obfirudbed, acrid, morbid Matter ; and by the fubfequent ufe of more lenient and lets ftimulating Medi- phes, to afilft the Operation of the former \yith leis Violence; and, by the joint Af- fiftance of Anodynes, not only to procure a Suipenflon of Pain, but tq diminifh the convulflve Contraction pf the Inteftine, So flir the Curative Intentions in either Dil-
pafe ieem to quadrate with each other. The Injections indeed of Clyfters here &rp of little Sigiiificancy ; for they cannot pafs beyond the Valve of Tulpius , placed at |:he Ilium's Entrance into the C tecum ; con- ieq neatly their Warmth cannot relax the
af-
fct &
I
and Obfervations. : %6f
&fieCted Inteftine, nor their purgative Qua¬ lity diflodge the obftruCted Matter. Still the Patient and Phyfician continue alike fdilappointed ; the Excefs of Pain remains, and the Body, obftinately coftive, eludes the united Effort of this Method. The Repetition of the more violent Purgatives, by the Strength of their acrid Stimulus y provokes a firmer Tightnefs apd ContraCti- on ; and by this Means they partly fruftrate their own Operation ; yet the milder have already proved too weak to effeCt any Thing. By enlarging the Anodynes, his Pain is but momentarily mitigated ; and (even thefe, by the Coftivenefs they occafi- pn, are liable in fpme Degree to prevent a Dii charge ; yet the Patient can never be jufe ; nor can the Difeafe ever be cured, without procuring a thorough Evacuation.
But what will be the Confequence of this obdurate ObftruCtion ? Either certain Death; or the Contents of the fmaller In- teftines,the Medicines and the Liquids the Patient takes, if not returned by Vomit, are together flopped at the contracted Part, and, with the rarified Air contained here likew.ife, dilate greatly the upper Portion of the Bowel, to a very wide Amplitude, while that below the Contraction is empty, dole, and undiftended ; till by violent
ftraining
$66 Medical Ejjays
{training in the Torture of this Agony, the contracted Part of the Inteftine is forced upward and inward within the widened Part, too greatly ftretched not to admit a ready Introfufception, one being fo preter- naturally ftraitned, and the other imme¬ diately contiguous fo vaftly widened be¬ yond its natural Dimenfion. This is the true, the formidable IliackPaffi on, inw7hich the VefTels furrounding the Coats of the In¬ teftine are doubled ; the Circulation through them inftantly prevented, and afwift Mor¬ tification immediately follows. All which might certainly have been prevented, if the fingle Point of the intejiinal Stricture could have been removed, to make Way for the Evacuation; nor could the ftrong- eft Catharticks forcibly break through it. Should we not then attend to this Point with great Diligence, and apply to obtain it, a Method fo certainly ferviceable in the Nephritick Cafe, by enlarging the Ureters? Sydenham (a) indeed in his Difcourfe on the Iliack Paffion, which he fuppofes pro¬ duced by the fharp Irritation of acrid Mat¬ ter, feems partly to propofe relaxing the contracted Bowel, by his Method of ap- plyiug an animal Warmth to the pained
Part
i* cap. p.
and Qbfervationsl $6y
Part of the Abdomen, laying a large Puppy on it; though I confefs his principal View appears to have been by this Heat to ftrengthen the weakened Inteftine, agree¬ able to what he lays down as the fecond Indication of Cure; but he hints at no luch Indication in his Chapter on the bilious Colick : Yet here only is it likely to be moft advantageous, before the Cafe has preceded fo far as to terminate in this dreadful Symptom.
Shall we imitate this truly great Man, and endeavour to improve on his Method, by fomenting with emollient Decodions the pained Part, and thus endeavour to di- red: and determine their Effed to the very Point where the Severity of Pain is com¬ plained of? But this will prove an inluffi- cient, a defedive, and a partial Method, while an Immerfton in a warm Bath, pre¬ pared of the lame Kind of Decodion, is an univerfal Fotus to the lower Trunk of the Body : Bcfides that, fuch a Quantity of re¬ laxing Moifture cannot be imbibed by the bibulous Veffels, from the exprefled Flan¬ nels, as mull be ablorbed from the lurround- ing Fluid itfelf ; where, ufed as a Bath, the Application to the Part is the fame, the Warmth is equal, and the Extent of its re¬ laxing Influence perfed and general on all
Medical EjJ’ays
the abdominal Region. It may alio be worth Enquiry, whether the Preffure of the Water has not feme iuperior Influence to urge a larger Proportion of Fluid into thole abforbent Veffels.
We fee then how nearly allied thefe two diftind and widely different Difeaies are, in their relpedive curative Indications ; the grand Article of relaxing, opening and pro¬ curing a free PalTage being of equal Im¬ portance in both. I dare not contend in¬ deed, that the Decodion of emollient Plants a dually carries any fuperior Virtue in it beyond fimple warm Water; for the gentle Heat and Humidity of the latter may prove as fufficient for the Purpoiees Yet, as the vvorft that can be laid of this artful Difguife is, that it is a neediels Pomp, the pia fraus deferves to be continued; for the Patient would be too apt to entertain a low, a thankjefs Opinion of his Phyficians Merit or Depth, that effeded his Cure by io fimple, fo naked a Remedy.
Upon the whole, I would not be appre¬ hended to advance the Notion, that no bi¬ lious Colick can poflibly be cured without warm Bathing: The contrary is every Day experienced ; for in the milder Kind, where the inteftinai Stridure is far lefs ftreight- ned? the Obflrudion more readily yields
tQ
and Ob fer vat ions.
to the Force of Catharticks : Yet even? here, in Proportion to the Abatement of this Tightnefs, the more fpeedily will it affift in rdolving it, the more conducive will it be to quicken the Operation of in¬ ternal Medicines, to haften the Patient’s Relief, and prevent any lubfequent Dan¬ ger; for which Realons I iliould not even in fuch Cafe, and at the Beginning of the Dileale, omit it : And I am perfwaded, in the feverer Kind, Neceffity indifpenfably commands us to ufe fome Method for re¬ laxing the Bowel, that an Evacuation may be timely obtained; and cannot but believe many an Iliack Paffion might have been happily prevented by an early Conjunction of the warm Bath, with the other Manner of Cure.
But it is juftly expected from every me¬ dical Writer, that he lhoiild confirm, and efiablhh from Experience, and the Author rity of repeated Trials, the real Efficacy of that Method he recommends; for unlels- the Sanction of Fad: is on his fide, all the Fiourifli of laboured P^eafoning, and Pomp of probable Argument, is but ridiculoufly vain ; a barren Superfluity of Words, a vox, & praterea nihil. But this, though a neccfiary, is yet a painful Task to every modeft Author; for even the fimple Narra¬ tion
3 jo Medical Ejfays
tion of fuccefsful Truth, is fo frequently conftrued a vain -glorious Boafting, and carries luch an Air of Oftentation with it, that the cenlorious World too often, fome- times too truly, conclude the Hiftory was not lo much added to confirm the preceding Argument, as the Argument defigned to introduce the fubfequent f'elf- applauding Story.
I ihall however give fome few Inftances, wherein I have experienced the Succefs of this collateral Aid of the warm Bath: The firfl I produce is the Cale where I firft ufed it for this Purpofe ; and the happy inftanta- neous Relief was, as tar as a Matter of this Nature can be proved, evidently and intire- ly owing to it.
July 13. i73i.
A Gentleman of Spittle fields, about Thirty, of a moderate Habit of Body, by drinking adulterated bad Wine in a Jour¬ ney, was immediately ieized with a violent Pain in the imaller Bowels ; which increa¬ sed daily, attended with an intire Coftive- nei's : On his Return he immediately ap¬ plied to his Apothecary, who prudently attempted to remove the Obftru&ion by various pertinent Methods ; as Bleeding, and the Stimulus of rougher Catharticks:
1 ■ Which
and Obfervatione. 3 71
Which proving ineffe&uai, he tried the la* xative Method of more lenient Medicines, a Solution of Manna in purging Waters, attended with oily Draughts; not omitting the proper Ule of Opiates to relieve the convulfive Spalrn of the Inteltine; he had alfo injected feveral Clyfters of the fofter '
and the ftrongly irritating Kind _ In vain.
I found him in the utmoft acute Pain, as if a Cord had been forcibly ftrained round the Abdomen , attended with frequent vomiting of yellow, vilcid, bilious Matter ; and at¬ tempted once more the Effedt of a imart Cathartick (Extradt. Rudii T>rachm. Cent . Calomel. Gr. xv.) followed with a ‘Decodl. of Fol. Senn. and Rad. Rhei, with the Addition of Elix. Salutis and Syr. Rof. Solutiv. of which he took two Spoonfuls every Hour. I waited on him in the Even¬ ing, but he had received no manner of Be¬ nefit from this Method, his Torture con¬ tinuing without any Abatement, with the lame inexprcffible Agony. I refolved there¬ fore to try what might be the Advantage of a warm Bath, by relaxing the Inteftine, and opening the Paffage : One was inftant- ly prepared from a Decoction of the moll emollient Plants; and fuch was the happy Coniequence, that even while he was in it he had a looie Stool, loon followed by five
more
3 7 & Medical E (fays
more, though he had but one for ten Days before. This copious Difcharge termina¬ ted his Diforder; the remaining Tender- nefs of his Bowels being foon relieved by an Opiate, and a Solution of Sperma Ceti .
Augnjl 2,8. 1731.
I vifited— * — - — Eaton a Child not quite five Years old, who wasfeized the zzd of the fame Month with a vehement colicky Pain immediately after eating two large raw Codlings: Several Clyfters had been ineffectually thrown up, and feveral Ca- tharticks as fruitlefly taken internally ; for the Child had had as yet no Stool : I found the Abdomen greatly fwelled and hard, with! exceflive Pain the Pulfe was frequent and flrong ; the Relpiration quick, labo¬ rious, and indeed ftruggling. Bleeding was immediately performed ; and the Blood drawn away was covered on its Surface with a leathery Subftance, equally thick and hard with that of any adult, robuft, pleuntick Patient I had ever attended. He took inftantly Ril. Coch. Min. Gr. viii. Ca¬ lomel. Gr. in. in the Form of Pills; and within an Hour began the Ufe of the Mix* ture following, Fol. Senna ‘Drach. i„ Rad . Rhei Scrupul. i. coqne in aq. Font an . q. s0 Colatura Vnc. iii.adde Elix. Saint is *
Mannd
and OhfervatiDkf. if
Manna an Vnc. fern. M. Sumdt. CdihL ih omni bora donee refpondent Alvns * A warm Bath was prepared from a Deception of emollient Plants ; he drank alio frequent- ly a Solution of Manna r( Me . fem. in '"One* iv. of T)ecoB. PeBorale.
In a few Hours, after twice ufing the $e* mic upturn, and taking a proportional Quan¬ tity of the other Medicines, the Ohftru&T on was happily removed, and five copious Dejections concluded the Difeafe; the great- eft part of the Apples returned crude and unaltered, with the Stools.
O Bober^* if$ti
— *Cajfeck, a Plumber about Forty*^' Was feized September 30th with a violent Colick, foon aggravated to great Intenfe- nefs of Pain; either alternately fixed and contracted to a Point, or ftrongly lur- - bounding the Abdomen like a tightned Girth, and had received no Evacuation by feveral Catharticks and two Clyftefs admi* niftred to him. The keen Severity of his Pain extorted loud and conftant Screams from him. His Pulfe was ftrong and full § wherefore Blood was immediately drawn* and a Dofe of Ptl. Coch. Min. cum Calo¬ mel. preferibed 5 An Hour after which he en- tred on the Ufe of the following Medicine i
A & P FoU
374 Medical Ejjays
W Fol. Sen. Drach . in. Rad.Rhei Drach. i. coque in aq. Font an. q. s. Colatur a X)nc . vi. adde Elixir . falutis *l)nc. i. fern. Man¬ na ‘Vnc. i. Sal Glauber i Unc. Jem. M. fit- mat Cocbl. iii, Joji elaf fara d Ji lulls ho- ram , dein Cochl. ii, omni bora. He ufed the Semicujium , made of emollient Herbs, twice a-day, half an Hour each Time.
4th, His Agony increafedlo violently lafi Night, that five Men could with Difficulty overpower his ftruggling, and detain him in Bed : To quiet this Severity, I ventured on Gr. i. fem. of crude Opium ; by it his Pain was greatly mitigated this Morning, but without any Stool. He continued this Day in the eonftant Repetition of the fame opening Mixture, and the Bath, as before: Whence the Morning of the next Day he had five large Stools, and with them an End of his Mifery and Diiorder. A Solution of Sperma Ceti finilhed his Cure, by remo- Ting the remaining Sorenefs of his Bowels.
May 3. 1733.
— . • ~ Lord , a Plumber alfo by Bufi-
nefs, a robufl Man, about thirty five, was taken with a ftrong Pain in the fmaller In- teftines, Flpril the 2,9th, that feemed like a tight Bandage to gird the Abdomen round. He was the Patient of an Apothecary, to
- whom
/
and Obfervatioiis . 37 jr
Whom I had frequently and dreiiuoufly ur¬ ged the Ufe and Neceffity of warm Bathing in fevere Colicks : He had therefore from the Beginning prudently joined this with the other Method of drong Catharticks, but without any Effed; I found his Pulle hard and ftrong, his Pain increafed to per¬ fect Agony, either determined to a Point, and piercing his Body through, or at other Times binding forcibly the Abdomen round, I attempted his Relief in the following Manner :
Extrahantnr e Brachio fanguinis nOnc . xvi . Jlatim. Extract. Radii Scrap, i. Calomel. Gr . xv. f. Bilulte jtafim fmnend. fup er bib end. prorfus nihil : Tribus vero elapf horis capiat Coch. ii. mifturte feqtten- tis. FoL Sen . ‘Drach. iii. Rad. Rhei T)rach. i. Sal Glauber i rOnc.fem . coque in aq . Fontan. q. s . Colatune T)nc. vi. adde Elixir . falut is Unc. i.fem. Manna T)nc.\ . M. capiat Cochl. ii. omni bora. Rergat in ufu Semicupii . This he ufed half an Hour twice or thrice a~day.
4th, As yet he found no lading Abate¬ ment of Pain, though the Bath condantiy mitigated his Agony, while he continued in it; nor was any Stool obtained, though he had taken the whole of the opening Mix¬ ture: Wherefore the following more quick- - / Aai uing
Medical Ejjays
ning Medicine was prefcribed, Extract* Radii , Calomel . ^ Scrap, i. Refin.Jalapp* Gr. vi. f. Rilukc qua?nprimum /amend . ££ /u?/. JV//, AJnc.fem. Rad.Rhei ErachAi* Sal Glauberi cDrach. vi. aq . i*W/-
q. s. Colatur&cl)nc.\'& . adde Elixir* falutis AJnc. ii. Mann £ AJnc. ii. iVf.
Capiat Cochl. ii.po/l tres , ^ a/fiwiptis Ti- liihs, boras & dein omni bora.
He ftiil kept to warm Bathing as before. I vifited him again in the Evening, but found no Benefit yet received, the intefti- nal Obflrudaon continuing equally obfti- nate, with equal Pain. His Pulfe remain¬ ing ftiil full and hard, AJnc. xii. of Blood were again drawn away, which, like the firft, was greatly inflamed ; he continued ftiil in the conftant Ufe of the aperient Mix¬ ture. The next Morning his Body was happily opened, yet not before a Confum- ption of one and a half of the laft prelcri- bed Medicine: So difficult was it to get an ©pen Paffage ! Yet the following Day our Patient complaining of a pleuritick Pain, and his Pulfe continuing very hard, ftrong and full, his Vein was opened a third Time with Succefs.
I have thus honefliy related a few Cafes, wherein, I apprehend, the warm Bath did confiderable Service : Its remarkable Ad¬ vantage
and Qbfervations. 377
Vantage in the firft Inftance fufficiently en¬ couraged me to make repeated Trials of its Efficacy ; and I am convinced it ever great¬ ly affifted and promoted^ the Operation of Catharticks, and greatly forwarded the Pa¬ tient’s Recovery.
I fuppofe it will fcarcely be urged on the contrary, that it as evidently appears from molt of thel'e very Hiftories, that the Bath was frequently repeated before the Work could be performed ; confequently its Vir¬ tue was of little Avail, nor worth the Trouble of preparing : But where the Qb- ftrudfion is great, where the Tightnefs of the Inteftines is obftinately firm, the Strength and Repetition of Catharticks muft be proportional, the Frequency and Continuance of Bathing muft be kept to without Wearinels, that the Virtue of this united Method may at length prevail. In Nephritick Cafes, the Bath, and all the o- ther known Methods of Cure, muft fome- times be long perlevered in, before the fabulous Matter* lodged in the Kidneys* or plugging up the Ureters, can be brought away ; bccauie therefore it has not an im¬ mediate Effecft here, we (hall not rafhfy pro¬ nounce it of no Benefit : For, as in the In¬ teftines, the relaxing every Stri&ure, and opening every Obftru&ion, will be earlier
A a 3 or
Medical Ejfays
or later, as is the Degree of their Strength* Duration and Tightrteis.
On the other hand, I am far from attri¬ buting thefe Recoveries fingly to the Bath, exclujive of the Help from internal Cathar- ticks. But when I confider the very Nature of this Diftemper, the Manner in which it affects the Inteitine, the Continuance of the obftmate Coftivenefs, the Severity of their Torture, (ever mitigated by Bathing) and the large Quantity of Catharticks of either Kind taken before the Paffage was made ; I cannot help concluding the Semu cup turn was really and highly uleful in their Relief; greatly forwarding their Cure, and preventive of worfe Conlequences that would have arifen from a continued unre- jnoved Obftmdion. In this fmgle View of an Ajjiflant to the other Methods of Cure I endeavour only to propofe it*
XXVIII. The Water of a TDropfy evacua¬ ted at the Navel \ by T)r. Francis Pringle, late Trefident of the College of T hyficians at Edinburgh*
IN June 1 726 I was defired to vifit a Wo¬ man betwixt forty and fifty Y ears of Age,
who
and Obfervations . 379
who had laboured under a Hydrops Afc it e* fome Years, and in that Time had taken a great many Medicines by the Direction of a Phyfician. The moft powerful Diureticks and hydragogue Purgatives were given by another Phyfician and me in vain, the Bulk of her Belly, which was very great when I law her firft, rather increafing ; fo that at length, ddpairing of doing her Service by Medicines, and Ihe refufing to undergo the cParacenteJis, we gave over preferring for her.
Having one Day taken a pretty brisk Pur¬ gative, ihe told me that the W aters ouzed out a her Navel: This Ouzing continued con- ftantly after, but was flow and gentle, giving her no other Uneafinefs than what was oc- cafioned by wetting her Linens. She remain¬ ed in this State all the Winter, without her Belly increafing, but her Fleih and Strength wafted.
In May 1727 having gone to Leith in a Coach, in returning home, the Orifices at the Navel were fo dilated that the Water gufbed out in a Stream, as if ihe had been tapped ; and with great Difficulty ihe was carried from the Coach to her Lodgings, where the Waters continued to flow plentifully, while 1 was fent for, the People about her computing that file had difeharged between 12 and 16 Scots
A a 4 Pints
Medical Ejfays
Pints of Water. When I came, flic was fa faint/her Pulfe lb funk and her Looks ib ghaft- fy , that. I found it abfoluteiy neceflary to put a Stop to any farther Difcliarge of Water at that Time, by proper ComprefFes and Ban¬ dage, and then ordered her to be laid in Bed with her Head low and her Feet railed. She paiTed the Night indifferently, but recovered her Pulfe and Spirits. Next Morning a Cho¬ pin more of Water ran out, when the wet Dreffings were changed for clean ones, and that Day file wasfeized with a Fever, attended with violent and threatning Symptoms, fuch as Vomiting, Hiccough, and Afthma . The Fe¬ ver continued in this Way feme Days, but at length (he recovered intirely,and continued that Summer and moft part of Autumn in a perfed: State of Health . Her Belly not being |n the lead (welled, and her Flefli, Strength, Colour and Appetite being recovered.
In OAober ihe was ieized all of a hidden with a Colick, attended with violent Vomi¬ ting, and an obftinate Conftipation, which cut her offin a few Days.
Upon opening her Body there was no Wa¬ ter nor any remarkable Diforder found in the Abdomen, except that the cX)terus was valfo fy large, being (chirrous all over, with its Coats greatly thickned* It weighed foui*
Peun4s ftnd a h^ffo
XXIX, Thi
mid Ob ferv at ions . 3 § t
XXIX. The Menftrua regularly e vacua* ted at an Ulcer of the Ancle ; by Mr . James Calder junior, Surgeon in Glafgow,
A Healthy , vigorous, labouring Country Girl, of an ordinary Stature, ftrained her right Foot at fifteen Years of Age, and again at nineteen, when a fordid Ulcer broke out in it: This being healed up in three Weeks, fife foon after complained of a Biforder through all her Body. At twenty Years of Age her Menftrua appeared for the firft time, but in very fmali Quantity.
The former Dilorders ft ill continuing, file was blooded at the Vena Safh&na of that right Foot. Soon after which an Ul¬ cer was formed in that Ancle, which has now continued above five Years, a confi- derabie Share of the Os calc is having come out. This Ulcer lent out in two or three Days of each Month, as large a Quantity of Blood, as Women generally pais in their Courfcs, and this in regular Periods, with¬ out any Blooding at the intermediate Time. Some 'pays before this periodical Hamor- rhagy\ Ihe always complained of great Pain in Jier Fopt, which became tolerably
caiy
Medical Ejjays
cafy, as fbon as the Evacuation was paft. She continued in this W ay till , in M#y 1 73 3 , the Bones being call out, and the Ulcer beginning to heal up, while her Body tur¬ ned more plump and ftrong, the Menfes came the natural Way, in much the fame Quantity, and continuing the fame Time they uled to do at her Foot, which bled none. She had a fecond natural Return of the Courfes in June , but in July fhe paffed the natural Period, and her Foot became more painful; but the Menfes returning as in other Women, the Pain ceafed; and Hie has ever fince that Time been in good Health, with her Menfes regular in the na¬ tural Way, without any other Evacuation than of a final! Quantity of Bus at the Ul¬ cer, which (till continues a little open.
XXX. An Account of Medical *D if cove- ries , Improvements and Books publijhed in the Tear 173 x, and omitted in the fecond Volume of this Collection.
cDifcoveries and Improvements .
SEveral Anatomifts, particularly Meflrs.
Heifer and Balfyn , having of late de¬ puted whether Stem's Dudt, between the
Nofe
and Ob fer vat ions. 383
Nofe and Mouth, is pervious in the recent Subject, as well as in the Skeleton; Dr. Kulm , ProfefTor of Medicine at P)antzick , affirms. That he has found and demonftra- ted it to feveral, to be pervious in a Deer, a Bear, wild Goats, Hares, Calves, Dogs, and in the humfo Subject, and then men¬ tions the Manner of tracing it. He fays there is a double Opening of this Dud: in** to the Mouth at the ‘Papilla , immediately behind the 1 Dentes inci fores , out at which Orifices a Liquor bubbles, when the Palate is prefled with the Fingers from behind forewards, by which one is directed to in¬ troduce a Hog’s Bridle into thefe Canals ; and by pulhing the Bridle firft perpendi¬ cularly, and then a little Backward, it very eafiiy pafles into the Nofe. Befides,fay$ het the Place of thefe Dud:s in the Nofe may be readily diftinguifhed by its greater De¬ clivity, Tabul. Anat. XI.
Dr. Pozzi, ProfefTor at Bologna , en¬ deavours to prove in the Comment ariolum tacked to his Orations, />. 5 5*. that the Nails grow out from the Tendons that are ipread on thelaft Phalanx of the Fingers and Toes.
P. 58. He fays. That the Thymus of a Calf, foftened by Maceration, difcovers a Lobe from which a milky Liquor runs out when it is wounded ; and if Air is after¬ wards
3?4 Medical EJfays
wards blown into it, the whole Thymus is diftended, and may be dried, when it plain¬ ly appears to be compofcd of Cells commu¬ nicating with each other; upon the Sides of which Mufcuiar Fibres are to be feen. From which Structure he concludes, That the Thymus in Feet ufe s iupplies the Ufe of the Lungs, ferving as a Receptacle for the Chyle to be prepared in.
CP. 72. Our Author relates the Pheno¬ mena he remarked in differing a Dog, whofe Spleen was cut out when he was ve¬ ry young. The Liver, which was larger, and more heavy than ordinary, was alio be¬ come more brittle. The Vena port arum was enlarged. The GalLbladder was full of Bile, the Colour, Confidence and Tafte of which difcovered it to be more acrid than it is commonly. From theie Appearances he is led to think the Ufe of the Spleen to be for feparating a Liquor like to Spittle, which may dilute the Bile, and prevent its too great Acrimony.
BOOKS .
TOijfertationes due , de viribus me die a- tis olei animalis in Epilepfia , aliifque af- feElibtis convuljivis , 8 vo, Londini.
A new Englijh Difpeniatory, by James Alleyne , M. D. 8 vo London .
Tho*
and Ob fsrvat ions . 3 S 5
Thomas Fieni libri chirurgici duodecim de pncipuis artis chirurgici controvert Jiis, editio zda, 4 to , Londini.
! Frofodia chirurgica ; or a Memo rid technic a , calculated for the Ufe of old Pra¬ ctitioners, as well as young Students in Sur¬ gery; being a Lexicon , wherein ail the Terms of Art are accounted for, their moft received Senfe given, and an exadt Defini¬ tion of them from the bed Greek Authors: Aifo thfrir Pronounciation as to Quantity determined by proper Marks over each Syl¬ lable. The fecond Edition, i%mo, London .
Giuftificazione di Antonio BenevoJi, Cerufico e maeftro delle infigne fpedale di janta Maria nuova del citta di Firenze, dalle replicate ac'cufe del Signior Pietro Paolo in Lucca , 4 tb, Fiorent.
Antonii Valiilneri Op ere me die he e Ft * Jiche , Tom . x. Fol. Venet.
Nuove ed erudite oJfervazioM ,Storiche , medic he e naturali del Dot tor Girolamo Cafpari, Medico primario di Feltre , Bw, Venet,
Saggio di Medicina Teorico-praclica di Carlo Gianello, 8vo, in Venezia,
Obfervationes de Febribus pracipue in- termittentibus & ex earum gene re conti -
verjio -
delam
nuis , deque earum periculis ac re* nibus pnnojeendis S pneavendis p
Medical E (fays
delam tempeftivam, ejfcacem , adaquatam, candide & perfpicue propofitam . Autore Paulo Gottlieb Werlhof, M. D. 4 to Han¬ nover.
A Difcourfe concerning Fevers, in two Letters to a young Phyfician. The fecond Edition, 8 vo, London .
Friderici Hoffmanni Medicina rationa¬ les Syflematicre, Tomi ^ti9 Bars 7*da , 4 to> Halae Magdeburg.
* *
XXXI. An Account of the mofi remark - ’ able Improvements and cDiJcoveries in ! 'Phyfick made or propofed fence the Be¬ ginning of the Tear 1733.
DR. Boerhaave , ProfeiTor of Phyfick at Leyden , has communicated to the Royal Society at London , leveral accurate and very laborious Experiments concerning Mercury . The Reiult of them may be fummed up in thele few Articles.
1. ffuick-ftlver , however well purified, dv paihng through Leather, wauling, or Diftiliations repeated ever io oft, yields al¬ ways a loft black Powder of a iharp brafTy Tafte, when long expofed to violent Con- quaffation, or to a Degree of Heat about twice as great as that of Animals.
2* Heat
and Obfervations . 387
Heat near as ftrong as what is neceft (ary for diftilling Quick-filver, changes the greater Part of Mercury , if not all of it, in¬ to a heavy, Ihining, red, friable Powder, of a very fharp, metallick, nauieous, pene¬ trating Tafte, which one can Icarce free his Mouth of, that long and violently diior- ders the human Body, and dilpoles it to Excretions.
3. The Fluid Quick-Jilver remaining af¬ ter this red Powder is feparated, is more fluid, and of Ids ipecifick W eight than com¬ mon Mercury.
4. All the black , and very near the whole m/Powder,can be brought into the former .fluid State, by a more intenfe Heat, and this revivified Quick filver enjoys all the Pro¬ perties of common Mercury, andierves as well for repeating the lame Experiments.
5*. The imall Part of the red Powder which is not revivified, can Icarce be railed by the Force of Fire, and becomes of a du¬ sky Colour, fwelling like a Sponge, and vi¬ trifies by the Addition of iome Borax ; but when tried with Lead it flies off.
6. Quick-filver, when diftilled by itfelf, or in Water, requires a very ftrong Heat to raife it; but if it is previoufly reduced to a biack Powder, by amaigamizing it with one fourth Part of Lead, and then is put a-
mong
388 Medical Ejfays
tnong Vinegar, the Quick-filver rifes before the Vinegar boils, jP hilofoph. Tranfaffi. Numb. 4x7. § x.
I11 j Pag. 387. of Vol. II. we mentioned ^uick-Jiiver being the falhionable Medi¬ cine at London , fince which it has been gi¬ ven here at Edinburgh in feveral Forms, different from thole commonly in ufe before. Tho’ feveral have taken an Ounce or two of crude Mercury each Morning of feveral Weeks; we know no Inftance of its increa- Img any of the fenfible Evacuations, but have been told, that feme who ufed it thus, had parted feme of it with their Urine, and that the Hands of others under this Medi¬ cine, had guilded their Snuff-boxes and Heads of their Canes.
Quick-filver rubbed violently with a double Quantity of Crabs Eyesi or of Su¬ gar Candy, till it is extinguiihed, when it goes by the Name of Mercttrius Alkaliz>a- fus , or ALthiops albus ', tho’ it has been taken by feme without any fenfible Effedt, yet we have had the Experience of a very imali Quantity of it having railed a high Salivati¬ on to others.
Mercury , extinguiihed in E rune Us, has operated much in the fame Way with the /Ethiops albus .
p^uic kfilver diffolved, by rubbing it
ftrongly
and Observations.
ftrongly with any chemical Oil, or with Ve* nice Turpentine, has been given to the Quantity of a Scrufiule, half a Drachm , or two Scrupiles in a Day. Such Pills keep ionic Peoples Belly open, others they purge, and a gentle Ptyalilm has fometimes been occafioned; nay, a high Salivation has been railed by them.
Dr . Rlummer* s ASthiQps,<\z£cxibz& in Arl0 VI. Vol. I. has been fuccefsful in feveral del- perate cutaneous Difeafes, and obftinate glandular Swellings, when Care has been taken by Dofes adapted to the Patients, and the proper Ufe of gentle Opiats, or Purga¬ tives, to prevent its running off by Stool, or its affedting thefalivary Glands too much.
An Imitation of Bellofie9 s Pills has allb been tried ; thefe are made by extinguilhing Quick-filver in Refin of Guajac, then for¬ ming into Pills with a chemical Oil, or with Ol. Tartar . and afterwards crofting each of them over with the Extract of Rhubarb . Thefe purge gently. We have not heard that they increafed the Excretion of Saliva t
Crude Antimony is recommended in Pal- fies, Pains and Numnefs that come on after a Salivation, and is laid to have cured feve- ral who were Paralytick from other Caules, The Method of giving it, is to begin with three Grains, increafing the Dole with three
0 b Grains
r
39°
Medical Ej/ays
Grains every Day* till the Patient takes half a Drachm at once; after which the Dole is diminilhed three Grains every Day y till it comes down to the Quantity of the firfl: Dofe. Commerc. Literar . Norimber z.
T7 T
1733. Hebdom.'L. § %.
The French Phyficians are at prefent much divided in their Opinions concerning the Medicine fo famous at Far is in 1719 and 17x0, under the Name of the Powder of the Chartreux , which is now generally named Kermes Mineral. It is the Sulphur of Antimony prepared, by pouring' a diffol- ved fixt Alkali Salt ; for Example, Ol.Tar - tari per deliquium upon the Powder of An¬ timony ; and after digefting them in a Sand- heat for a Day, to make the Liquor boil two Hours, when it becomes of a very red Colour: and being poured offinto another Yefiel, lets fall a red Powder, which is freed of the Alkali Salt , by wafting it fre¬ quently with Water; after which it is dried and kept for Ufe. Half a Grain, or a Grain of this Powder given every three or four Hours, produces no violent Effedts; but by increafing the Dole, it may be made to vomit, purge, and fweat. Some commend it in their Thefes and Pamphlets, as the mod univerfal Reiolvent and Deobftruent, allur¬ ing us, that it almolt infallibly cures Tien-
md Obfifv&tUHii 59 {
rtfies, 5P eripneumonies , Ajihmas, Catarrhs, Angina, Small-pox, and many other Dip €aies. Others, on the contrary, areaspofP tive that it heats and thickens the Blood* thereby increafing Gbftm&ions, and is par¬ ticularly hurtful in all inflammatory DiP eales. Unluckily both Parties appeal to Experience, and mention Examples to flap* port what they argue for.
By the Information we have received of the Effects of the Medicine upon which the great Run is now at London, we can ima¬ gine it to be no other than a Preparation of Antimony, and that no milder one than the Butter of Antimony ; than which there is fcarce known a more violent Deftroyer of all Animal Subftanccs, being compofed of the reguline or metallick Part of that Mi* neral corroded by the concentrated Acid of Spirit of Nitre, or of Sea-Salt .
Dr* Boeli at Brunfwick recommends the* Powder of the Root of the Valerian taken into the Nole by way of Snuff', as an ex¬ cellent Reftorer of weak Sight, and men¬ tions lome Examples of his Succcls with it, As he orders it, there may be lome Doubt on what the Succefs defends. His Receipt is, 5^. Rad. Valerian. FoL Tabac. a. Drachm ii. fiat puli;, fubtilijjim* adde 01. deJiilL Lavendul* Major an* a. gutt. iii. M< A£F
.1
392, Medical Ejfays
SPhyfico-medic . Acad, natur . curiof. Tom. III. Ob f ix$\
Sir Sloane , Prefident of the Royal
Society informs us of four Children, who, after eating the Seeds of the Hyofciamus niger C. B. or common Henbane, were feized with great Third:, Swimmings of the Head, Dimnefs of Sight, Ravings, and pro¬ found Sleep ; which laft continued two Days and Nights in one of them. He fays the \ Delirium occasioned by thefe Seeds, differs from the common, and in Some Mealiire a- grees with that produced by the cDutroa7 a Species of the Stramonium , and by the Bangue of Eaji India , a Sort of Hemp.
He cured all thele Children by Bleeding, Bliftering in ieveral Places, and purging afterwards, with a Medicine compofed of Elelt. Lenitiv. 01. Amygd. d. Flor. Snip b. and Syrup . Rteon. which operated both by Vomit and Stool.
The lame Gentleman alio tells us of s Quack, who cured the Toothach, by con¬ veying the Smoak of burning Henbane Seeds , by means of a Funnel, into the hollow Tooth. Bhtlof Tranfabl. Numb. 429. § 1.
Dr. Short in his Hiftory of the Mineral Waters of Torkjhire , cDerbyJhire and Lin- eolnjhire has claffed them into the warm, purging chalybeat, diutetick chalybeat,
purging
and Obfervations.
purging and plain Sulphur Waters,
He found the warm Waters to be im« pregnated with a Mineral Steam, Vapour, or Spirit, containing a moil fubtile and im¬ palpable Sulphur, with a calcarious Earth* and feme Nitre and Sea-Salt. Of thofe he mentions, that of Buxton feems to be the Principal, the Heat of which is equal, in frofty Weather, to common River Water, with which two fifths of boiling Water has been immediately mixed.
The purging chalybeat Waters contain a Mineral Spirit, Sulphur, Vitriol, Nitre and Sea-Salt, with a calcarious Earth, of which fome Particles are attracted by the Load - ft one. Ofi&hefe, Scarborough Spaw is now in greateft Reputation; the principal Salt of which is defcribed and painted by our Author, as confiding of long Cryftais made up of fix Sides, which all concur at each Extremity in forming aDiamond Point, and he calls it Nitre.
The diuretic k chalybeat Waters confift of much the fame Principles with the for¬ mer Clafs, only the Saits are in Ids Pro¬ portion. Of thefe there are great Numbers in Torkjhire.
The Sulphur Waters, befides Sulphur, contain aifo marine Salt and Nitre, or Nitre
B b 3 only
? l»4. Medical Ejfays
^!y and Earth, Of thefe the ftrongeft 1$
Harrigate-well .
T)x.§haw,m hisTreatife on Scarborough Waters, previoufly lays down a great many Rules to be pbierved in the Inveftigation of all Mineral Waters, whereby we may be directed in our Enquiries, and may be cau¬ tioned againft drawing Concltifions too ha- ftily, which del'erye to beferioufly confide^ red by all employed in Phyfick.
The Contents of the purging Spa<ni> which is what is chiefly ufed, are much the fame in Dr. Shaw's Account , as what we mentioned from Dr. Short ; only Dr. Shaw has delcrihed the firff Salt, as confifting on* }y of four Sides, of which two are broad, and two are narrow 5 the two broad ones,
which are oppofite to each other, are ex¬ tended into a lharp Edge at one Extremity of each Cryftal, the narrow Sides not fhooting out io far; and the Reverie is ol> ierved at the other Extremity of the Cry* ftal. He affirms this Salt to be fui generis , and different from all the natural or artifi¬ cial Salts vet known.
This Water proyes a gentle cooling Pur* but as the Salt is in a (mail Quanti- Operation of the Water is often re¬ quired to beaflifted by fome of th^Salt prc> pared by the Apothecaries,
‘ ‘ ' T " ' Dx,
jgative ry - r
and Ob format ions. 39^
Dr. Waltberus , Profeffor at Leipjick , after comparing the Mufcles of the human Body, with the Defcriptions of them pu- bliilied by feveral Authors, particularly by Mr. fVinJlow (in his Expojition Anato - miqne') has made (everal accurate Remarks on them, which may ferve as a Supplement to the Anatome teneriorum mufculorum repetita , which he publiihed formerly ; but as they will not admit of an Abridgement, we muft refer to the Oblervations them- lelves, which are inferted in Nov. AEt. E - rudit. Menf. Jun. 1733.
Dr. Nichols, Ledurer of Anatomy at Ox- ford, has, (in his Compend . AnatGm.') con¬ tradicted the common received Dodtrine of the Motion of the Heart, and of the Circu¬ lation of the Blood, both in Adults and Fx~ tujes.
Ertfletd . XV. “ The Circulation of the “ Blood depends, (lays he) on fix Motions, “ 1. Of the right Auricle. 2, Right Ven- “ tricle. 3. Pulmonary Artery, 4. Left
Auricle. 5. Left Ventricle; and, 6. Of “ the Aorta. Of thefe the ift, 3d, 5th “ are fynchronous, or ad: at the lame Time, “ as the 2d, 4th, 6th likewife do ; but the “ ift, 3 d, yth , are alynchronous, or ad at a 44 different Time from what the 2d, 4th, “ 6th do; and therefore
B b 4
The
Medical Ejfays
The % Auricles ^ Care relaxed,
Thex Ventricles^- alternately sare contra* The % Arteries 3 C «fted.
Er tele cl. XXIV. Dur Author has the
'• * • f »• '
following Propositions concerning the Cir¬ culation of the Blood in Fcetufes .
i. The Blood of the afcending Cava ££ is fitter for Nutrition, muicular Motion, * £ and the lubtile Secretions, than the Blood 16 that is carried to the Heart by the de- fc ending Cava. For the former confi- t£ fling partly of Blood lately triturated in 65 the Lungs of the Mother, partly of *c Blood returning Loin the Vena fort # , V gnd -defecated in the Liver, with the 4« Blood brought back from the iliack and M emulgent Vcifels, may be looked on a§ arterious Blood; the latter on the con- f* trary being deprived of many of its more fubtile Parts, bellowed on the Nourifh- 46 meat of the Fibres, or in the Secretions S£ of the Brain, is altogether venous, and as ?£ it were weak and poor, ( ejfgtus .f a. The afcending and defending
f£ orta are dilated and contracted at diffe-
1 •/
?c rent Times, or have afynchronous Mo- ?£ tions.-
££ 3. The Blood of the afcending Cav$ f? is pulhed to the Heart, at the Time when ?? the right Auricle is contracted, and the
left
and Observations* J<^
left Auricle is relaxed ; and therefore it will not pafs into the right Auricle, and from that into the left ; but muft go im¬ mediately from the Cava into the left Auricle.
4. The Blood which is fent from the left Auricle, into the left Ventricle, con- fifting moftiy of the Blood of the afcen - ding Cava, is wholly diftributed to the Heart and Branches of the afcending A* orta.
“ 5. The Blood which flows from the descending Cava into the Heart, pafTes partly through the Lungs into the left Auricle, to be mixed with the Blood of the afcending Cava , partly pafles into the dejcending Aorta , not to be mixed with the Blood of the afcending Artery ; That the Blood which is returned to the Mother may be venous, weak and poor (ejfgtus.)
“ 6. The Canalis arteriofus being flint by Refpiration, the defending Artery acquires a Motion fynchronous to that of the afcending Artery ; and the Blood of the afcending Cava is fent to the Heart, at the Time when the left Au¬ ricle is contracted, and the right Au¬ ricle is relaxed, and therefore is wholly poured into the right Ventricle, along
wit|
i 9 8 Med ical Effays
44 with the Blood of the defc ending Cava!9
44 7- The Contents of the Abdomen be- 44 ing preffed by Relpiration, the umbili- 64 cal Arteries, umbilical Vein, and the du- 54 bins venofus are loon flhut up.
44 8. The ufual Crying of new-born In- “ fants, contributes much to the Diftention 44 of the Lungs, and breaking down the “ Particles of the Blood.
The Doctor next explains a Figure he lias caufed to be drawn of the two Auricles of the Heart of a Foetus to fliew the Ca¬ nals, by one of which the Vena cava a* feendens opens into the right, and by the o~ ther into the left Auricle, at each of which he paints a Valve.
He illuftrates afterwards his Scheme of the Circulation of the Blood in a Foetus by another Figure, in explaining which he a flumes the fecond and third of the pre¬ ceding Propofitions as demonftrated.
Dr. Nichols's Opinion concerning the Circulation of the Blood in natis & non - natis in born and unborn Animals, is lo different from what has prevailed fince HarveVs Time, that we cannot but wilh
V/ 7
he had been more explicite, and would add the Experiments or other Proofs that can be brought to fupport hisDodfcrine. With a View to be informed, and to induce per- ' haps
and Obfervatlons . 399
haps the Dodtor to explain himfelf more fully, we[£hall propole one Queftion which naturally offers itlelf, upon looking at his Scheme of the Circulation in a Foetus . What prelerves the Form of Canals to F, (the Paffage from the Cava afeendens into the right Auricle) and to N, (the Part of the Aorta between the Rile of the left fub- clavian Artery, and the Infertion of the Ca* nails arteriofus ) feeing by the Explicati¬ on of the Scheme there are no Liquors pafs through them?
The Cataract is generally now agreed to be for moft part the cryftalline Humor rendred opack, very few Inftances being brought of any Membrane lodged in the pofterior Chamber of the aqueous Humor, and thefe have been lulpedted to be no o- ther than the Membrane of the Cryftalline feparated. To confirm more the Dodtrine of the Cryftalline being the Part affedted ill the Cataract, Dr. Scheuchz>er Phyfician at Zurich in SvuijJ'erland , communicates the Difledtion of two cataradlous Eyes, on one of which the Operation had been perform¬ ed with Succefs. In the Eye which had not been couched, the Cryftalline which adhered to the Circumference of the Uvea was of the Colour of whitifli Pearl, but Ids fright. In the other Eye the Cryftalline
was
9
Medical E flays
was lefs, harder, inclined to a yellow Co« lour, and depreffed below the Uvea. A Cloud was obferved in the Part of the vi¬ treous Humor through which the Needle had palTcd. AH. Thyfico-Medic . Acad. N.Q. Tom. iii. Obferv. 36’.
The Cafes in Midwifery mentioned by Mr. Giffard , may be reduced to thefe two ; I . That the Head of the Child is fallen down among the Bones of the Mother’s Telvis , and does not advance with her Throws, and cannot be puflied back into the Womb, x. That a wrong Pofture of the Child, the Flooding or Weaknefs of the Mother, make it neceffary to bring the Child away by the Feet.
In the former of thefe two Cafes he made Ufe of an Extractor, which is fo far diffe¬ rent from that defcribed in Art . XX. of this Y olume, that the Blades of it confided each of an oval Ring bended, inftead of an intire Piece of thin Steel. Dr. Hody , the Editor of Mr. Giffard's Book, publifhes with it an Improvement made on the Extractor by Mr. Freke Surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hoipital, which feems to eonfift in one of the Handles having a Joint in the Middle of it, and its Extremity being a fharp Hook or Crotchet, which has a moveable Flap to cover it3 when it is not employed as a Hook
to
and Ob few at ions . 4®!
to operate with. Mr. Gijfard obferved fome Times, that the Os Vteri gripped the Child’s Head io firmly, that it could not be brought away with the Extractor , till with his Fin¬ gers he had dilated the Ring which the Womb made. As foon as he could catch hold of the Head with his Hands, he laid afide the Inftrument. If after the Head was born, the Child ftuck at the Shoulders, he endeavoured to make more Way for them, by bringing out fir ft one Arm, and then the other ; or if that could not be done* he put a crooked Finger into each Arm-pit of the Child, and fo extra&ed it.
In the Cafes where there is a Neceflity of bringing the Child away by the Feet, he di¬ lates th eOsTinca by ipreading his Fingers, puihes back what Parts are in his Way, or Hides his Hand along them to i'earch for a Leg : After he has brought this out, and tied a Ligature upon it, he fearches for the other, but is not anxious about finding it, if it is bended upwards on the Child’s Bel¬ ly, or the PalTage is wide enough by the Woman’s having formerly born Children ; for the Leg he has brought out is fufficient for bringing down the Buttocks, till he can put his crooked Finger, or the Handle of one Blade of the Extractor armed with Cot¬ ton into the Groin, or a Fillet put round
402, Medical Ejfays
the Thigh ; with any of which, and the Li¬ gature on the other Leg, he extracts the But- tocks. When laying hold of the Child’s Bo¬ dy, he turns it, if there is Occafion for it, as he lays there commonly is in fiich a Cafe ; becaufe the Child has funk down in the Womb without turning, fo that its Face is forward. When the Shoulders are brought out, he brings down the Arms to make more Room, and then clapping one Hand flat up¬ on the Breaft of the Child to fupport it, he lays the other on the Shoulders, and pulls. If the Or internumhzs contradled round the Neck, he dilates it; If the Head flicks not- withflanding this, he advances the lower Hand, till he can put a Finger or two into the Child’s Mouth ; and then preffing on the lower Jaw, he draws with both Hands^ and feldom miiles to bring the Child away.
Our Author took always Care to put back the umbilical Rope when it falls out before Birth, and to difengage it from the Child’s Neck or Body, or to cut it when it is twilled round any of thefe Parts, to pre¬ vent the ‘Placenta being pulled away, or the Circulation being flopped in it.
He always feparated the Placenta with his Fingers, and did not pull it away by the Navel-firing, and took care to free the Womb afterwards of clotted Blood and
Mem*
» and Obfervatidns 0
Membranes, which, when left, occaficn Pains and Flooding. He is of Opinion no Time ihould be delayed in doing this after Delivery, became the Womb contracts ve¬ ry fait.
Clyfters to provoke too languid Throws* an Opiate to put away falic Pains, and to bring on the true Ones, and a cordial Draught after Delivery when the Wroman was low, were all the Medicines he uied.
Mr. Chapman in his Ejjay on the Im¬ provement of Midwifery, p. 7, affirms, that he never did obferve the lateral Point¬ ing of the Womb, fo much infilled on by \ Eeventer , but has obferved it turned for¬ wards or backwards.
p. 10. He condemns greatly the Ufe of the Crotchet ©r Hook in the Delivery of Women, unlefs when there is an intirc Cer¬ tainty of the Child being dead ; which on¬ ly can be determined by a Concurrence of all the Symptoms mentioned by Authors, and not by one or two of them.
p. ix. He condemns the Make of the Extractors he hasfeen others employ, but does not deicribc his own, nor his Manner of flipping a Fillet over the Child’s Head.
p. 67. The uiofl: effectual Remedy in Flooding is, according to him, to cover the Patient’s Body with Clothes dipped in
Oxycratef
404 Medical Ejfays
Oxycrate , repeating them as they grow warm, and giving cool acid Liquors to drink.
p. 117. After a hard Labour, and where there has been a Neceflity of ufing fome Violence, “ the Woman (fays Mr. Chap - 6£ man) is to be treated as one bruifed by a Fail. Here, as a Thing of the great- eft Service, I would recommend wrap* ping of the Body round with a Sheep’s <c Skin haftily flead off, and applied as 54 warm as poffible: I have for many Years “ paft had a happy Experience of this, and “ wifh I had come fooner to the Know- ledge of it than I did, as having always made Ufe of it with Succels.” This Me*
’ thod is recommended by Guillemeau .
Dr. Schulze , Profeflbr of Medicine at Hally contraditfts the common Opinion concerning the umbilical VefTels, in two Diflertations he publilhed, to be defended by his Scholars. He endeavours to prove in the Firjiy That the Navel is not formed by the Ligature which the Midwives make, or by Animals gnawing the Navel-ftring of their Young with their Teeth, but by Na¬ ture ; and that the umbilical Veftels fepa- rate fpontaneoufly, or with very little Force, from the interior Surface of the Skin, in the lame Manner as we fee the
Ibriveled
f
and Obfervatltins. 4cf
fhriveled Navel-firing fall off from the ex-! rerior Surface. After which the umbilical Veffels within a Child’s and other young Creature’s Body contract and fhrivel, their Extremity by which they adhered to the Navel becoming black and pointed, as if they had been burnt, and at laft dTappear altogether, without leaving any Veftige that can be obferved in the Adult ; fon fays he, what are commonly defcribed and painted, as thefe Yeflels changed into Li¬ gaments, are no other than the Sheaths in which they were formerly contained.
It is eafy to fee what Conclufion he draws from this Dodtrine in his Second Diflerta* lion, viz. That it is unneceffary to make any Ligature upon the Navel-firing after Birth ; but as he judges the Ligature to be innocent, he does not infill upon its being omitted.
In Confirmation of Dr. Schulzes Do* dtrine, Dr. Eller , Phyfician at Berlin , re¬ lates feveral Inftances of the Navel-firings ©f Children being left untied after they were cut, without being attended with any Htemorrhagy, or other bad Confequencef Commerc. Korimberg. 1733, Hebd . 48, § x*
Dr. Trew of Norimherg having carefully examined the State of the umbilical Veffels of Subjects of different Ages, oblerves thal
G a ' m
40 6 Medical EJfays
the fhriveling is not peculiar to thefe Parts* feveral other Parts being changed in the fame Way ; he could difcover no Mechanilm by which a Hsemorrhagy fhould be pre¬ vented without a Ligature, when the um¬ bilical Veflels are cut ; and concludes, that feeing there are Examples of Haemorrhagies from neglecting to tie the Navel-ftring, it would be very unfafe to forbear the Ule of the Ligature. Ibid. Hebd. 49. § 1. S) Hebd . 5©. 5 1.
Dr. Alexander Stewart , Phyfician to the Queen of England , formerly ( a ) com¬ municated an Obiervation of a Serjeant of the Horie-miards, whefe Gall-Bladder was wounded without any other Bowel being much hurt, and whole Symptoms, in the feven Days he lived after being wounded, were, a great Diftenfion of his Belly, with¬ out Rubins or Flatus upwards or down¬ wards, or Borborygmi\ noPaflageby Stool, and very little Urine, notwithftanding Purgatives and Clyfters were given him, and that he took what was thought a fitffi- cient Quantity of Drink and liquid Food ; neither had he any found Sleep, but only fhort Slumbers, though he took Opiates. There was no Sign of Fever, his Pulie con¬ tinuing
(a) Phijofoph. Tranfaft. Nuwib. 414. § a.
and Obfervations . 407
tinuing in a natural State till the Day before he died, when it intermitted. The Wound in the Teguments never fuppurated well.
After his Death the Guts were found greatly diftended, the Gall-Bladder was al- xnoft quite empty, and a great Quantity of Bile was lodged in the Cavity of the Abdo« men .
The DoCtor accounted for all thefe Ap* pearances, from the DefeCt of Bile within the Inteflines, to Simulate them to a due Contraction, whereby they might refill the elaftick Air, or might pufh the Food or Drink into the LaCteals, or might expel their Contents.- — The depriving him of a due Recruit of Chyle, occafioned his want of Sleep, diminiihed the Secretion of Urine, and prevented a Suppuration in the
Wound. - -The Veffels being emptied by
the Excretions that were not compenfated by new Chyle, while the more acrid Par¬ ticles of the Blood were carried off in the Secretion of Bile, without any of them re¬ turning to the Blood again; and therefore the Veffels being neither flretched nor irri¬ tated, there could be no Fever..*— —Since there was a conllant Wafte of this Man’s Liquors without any Supply from the Food, the Do&or concludes him to have died famifhed.
C € %
This
408 Medical EJfays
This Account of the Symptoms, * how¬ ever ingenious, did not fully iatisfy lome People, whole Difficulties our Author now endeavours to remove.
To thole Gentlemen who remark, that the Gall (elpecially in fuch large Quantity as in the Hiftory) when applied to the ex¬ terior Surface of the Guts, might have ir¬ ritated feme particular Parts of them to a fpalmodic Conftribtioii, which would have occafioned the Diftenfton of the interme¬ diate Parts, and the other Symptoms, as well as the Caufes afiigned above : Th® Debtor replies. That Nerves only exert their Action at their Extremities, where they are divefted of their involving Mem¬ branes; and therefore, in the Cafe before us, the Bile could not have given Pain, nor excited a Contraction in the mufcular Fibres of the Guts. The Irritation of the ex¬ terior Membrane of the Guts, would have no Effect on the mufcular Coat, becaufe the former has its Nerves from a Source diffe¬ rent from thole of the latter. 3. The Gail being equally diffuled over the Surface of the Guts, muff have made an equal Con¬ traction of their Fibres every where, which was not the Cale.
In explaining how a frefh Recruit of Chyk ffaould be a Caufe of Sleep, Dr.
Stewart
and Obfervations. 409
■£
Stewart is obliged to examine how and by what Sleep is produced.
44 l believe (fays he) it will hardly be 44 denied, that the Caufe of Sleep in gene- 44 ral is a Want of a fufficient Quantity of 44 animal Spirits [for the Exiftence of which he appeals to the Arguments and Experi¬ ments mentioned 387 of VoL II.] 46 for 44 the Ufe and Exercife of the animal Fun- 4 4 billons ; therefore whatever prevents their ? “ Recruit, hinders or impedes their Secre- 44 tion, abibrbs or fetters them when pro- 44 duced; and whatever exhaufts and eva- 44 porates them, by occafioning a Paucity 44 of Spirits, will, in a healthy Perfon, pro- 44 duce a Liftleihefs, Lazineis, a Tenden- 44 cy to deep, or Sleep itfelf, in Proper- 44 tion to that Paucity of the remaining 44 Spirits.” To illuftrate this Dodtrine, he confiders the remoter Caufes of Sleep, which he reduces to four. 1. Exercile. 2. A too plentiful Meal. 3. Drunkennefs. 4. Narcoticks. And then proceeds to lhew ho w thele produce Inch Eff edits.
Exercife waftes all the Fluids, and par¬ ticularly the animal Spirits.— The great Quantity of Chyle after a full IVIeal makes all the Fluids of a thicker Confiflence, and abforbs the animal Spirits. — — Fermented Liquors and ardent Spirits being obferved
C c 3 t<a
4*© Medical E flays
to diminifb remarkably the ferous Secreti¬ ons, may therefore be reafonably conclu¬ ded to fetter the fine ft Fluid, which is the animal Spirits, and to hinder it to be lepa- rated from the other Liquors. - Sopori¬
fic ks adfc much in the fame Manner.
According to our Author, In Sleep a fuf- fident Quantity of Spirits ftill remains for actuating the Organs of the vital and natu¬ ral Fundfions, to which they are determi¬ ned by more powerful Caufes, fuch is the impetuous Blood in the Heart, gravitating Air in the Lungs, digefting Food in the Stomach, &c. than there are to determine them to the Organs of the animal Fuinfti- ons. Hence Awaking is owing to a Quan¬ tity of Spirits fo much greater than what is required for the vital and natural Funtfti- ons, that they muft excite the animal like- Wife.
The laft Propofition which the Dodtor undertakes to prove is, “ That Pus , be- ing a grofs Secretion, is the Product of ** the Chyle, and pot of the Blood or Se~ rum ; for (lays he) I think it would not be difficult to prove that all the grofs Se- cretions are from the Chyle,” Thilofl Xranfl Numb , 4x7. § x,
Mr. Evan T)avis communicates to the Moyal Society the Hiftories of xeveral Chil¬ dren
and Ob few at ions] 4 it
dren inoculated with the Small Pox at Ha- ajcrford-W eji in CP embroke-Jh i re, while the Mealies were epidemick there in Fe¬ bruary and March , after the Small Pox had been very mortal through the Winter. Every one of them who were infedfed thus with the variolous Matter, only became feverilli in the feventh or eighth Day after the Inoculation, and the Mealies appeared foon after. On the twelfth Day they were again attacked with a Fever, and on the fourteenth the Small Pox of a mild kind were feen. Ibid. Numb. 4x9. § 9.
Dr. Lobb in his rational Method of cu¬ ring Fevers, after having examined the Na¬ ture of the Fluids and Solids of the human Body, Things necelTary to Health, (fuch as, the Air, Aliments, Secretions, and E- vacuations,) the Caules of Dileafes, and particularly of Fevers, concludes,/. 194, That whatever may be the productive Cau- fes of Fevers, the State of the Fluids in People under them, mull be one or other of thele following;
1. That the animal Fluids are too thick , that is, they are vifcous or glutinous, which ieems to be the Cafe in all inflammatory Fe¬ vers. Or,
x. That they have Particles too bulky for
C c 4 an
£1% Medical Ejfays
an cafy Circulationand Excretion, till they are comminuted. Or,
3. That the animal Fluids arc tGO thin , and the natural Union of their component Particles is more or ids diffolved, and the Globules of the Blood and Lymph more or Ids broken. Which appears to be the Cafe in putrid, malignant and many peftilential Fevers, and in all Fevers attended with col¬ liquative Evacuations. Or,
4. That the Fluids have acrimonious and corroding Particles mixed with them, which
is the Caie in all Fevers attended with Ul-
^ * * * ■<
derations from an internal Caufe.
While the Fluids are thus affeCled, the Solids are rigid or too dry ; or they are too
It is impoffible for us to mention, in the narrow Bounds we are confined to, all our Author’s curative Indications taken from the foregoing Dodfrine ; we lhall therefore do no more than remark, that he allows of Blood-letting only to Patients who have a (anguine Plethora, for the Knowledge of which he refers to his Treadle of the Small¬ pox, where, as we mentioned in Vol. I. jfi. 348. he confines it to fb many Circunv fiances, that it will feldom be met with; and in thole Patients to w7hom letting of Biood is proper, ‘f the Quantity of Blood
■ - : *; : : • - r (f§ys
and Observations . 413
^ (fays he, p. xo8.) that may prudent- 44 ly be taken away at once, I think gene- 46 rally {peaking, (hould not exceed fix or 44 eight Ounces; becaufe we cannot know* 44 to an Ounce or two the exceeding Quan- 44 tity, and becaufe, if it ihould afterwards 44 appear that too little has been taken a- 44 way, the Remedy is eafy, by repeating 4* Phlebotomy; but if too much has been 44 drawn off, it is tipt eafy to redrefs the 44 Inconveniencies that may attend it.” Afterwards in confidering the Effects of Blooding, Dr. Lobb deduces from Mr. Hales s Experiments, that taking away fix O unces and two Drachms of Blood from a Man weighing 160 lib. may diminifli the vital Strength, or the Force of the Addon of the Heart and Arteries about one tenth Part. The Lofs of twelve Ounces and a half of Blood will diminifli his vital Strength
*_j 1
above one fixth Part, which, lays he, is a great Diminution. Eighteen Ounces and fix Drachms will diminifli it above one fourth, which, he adds, is a vaft Diminu¬ tion, and to be avoided, unlefs fome ex¬ treme Nepeffity fliould require the taking of it. Thirty feven Ounces and a half of Blood taken away, diminifli the vital Strength of Tuch a Man near one half, 3, Diminution which furely ought to be
dreaded.
4*4
Medical Ejfays
dreaded. Fifty Ounces may diminilh it near fix levenths; the Confequences of which may, lays our Author, be eafily ap¬ prehended. From the whole we think it may be concluded, that the Dodtor is not very fond of taking Blood, elpecially in a large Quantity.
jAS aAS SrjV, iftS
v&stW t&isZF WjftztF
XXXII. ^ Lift o/ Medical Books fuh li¬ fted fince the Beginning of the Tear
1733-
Lbum Bavaria fatrica , feu catalo-
n gus celebriorum aliquot Medicorum , y^/\r //2 Bavaria fcrifitis medicinam exornarunt , ^ <5^0 145:0, quo Boica fcho -
fundata quidem , primum anno 1472, gublicata fuit , hodiernam ufque lucem. Studio Franc. Jof. Grienwaldt, M. D. §w5 Monachii 1733.
The Treafury of Drugs unlocked; by 3^0. Jacob Berlu , of London Merchant in Drugs. The fecond Edition, 12^0, Lon¬ don 1733.
A Treatife on the Force and Energy of crude Mercury, by Thomas Harris , geon, 8 vo, London 1734.
A critical Differtation on the Manner of
the
and Obfervations . 415*
the Preparation of Mercurial Medicines, by T \ K. M. D. 8 vo London 1734.
Hamjiead- Wells ; or Directions forth® drinking thofe Waters; with an Appendix relating to the Original of Springs in gene¬ ral ; with fome Experiments on the Hamp- ftead Waters , and Hiftories of the Cures* by John Soame , M. D. 8 vo, London iy^ 4.
An Enquiry into the Contents, Virtues and Ufes of the Scarborough Spaw Wa¬ ters, by Teter Shaw M. D, 8w, London
*73 4- - . ’
An Enquiry into the Nature and Princi¬ ples of the Spaw Waters , by Charles Ter - ry, M. D. London 1734.
Toxicologia pathologico-medica , y/W de Venenis , Lib. III. Autore Chriftiano Go- do fr. Stentzelio, M. D. 4^, Vitemberg . 2733.
Chemical LeCtures publickly read at London , in the Years 1731 and 1732, and fince at Scarborough in 1733, for the Im¬ provement of Arts, Trades, and natural Philofophy, by Teter Shaw Phyfician at Scarborough , 8^0, London 1734.
Trait ede Chemie , contenant la maniere de preparer les remedes qui font le plus en ufage dans la pratique de la Medicine . 5P^r M. Maluin TdoEleur Regent de la Fa¬ ct* It ee de Medecine de Tar is, 121110* Paris
*734- °P'
4*6 Medical EJfays
s' '•
Ofleographia ; or, the Anatomy of the Bones, by William Chefelden Surgeon to her Majefty, &c. Fol. London 1733.
The Anatomy of the human Bones, with an Account of mufcular Motion, and the Circulation of the Blood ; alfo of Di- geftion and Nutrition, with a Defcription of the four Senfes iliuftrated with Variety of Copper-plates. To which is added, a fhort and eafy Method of difcovering the Virtues of Plants, in curing the Dileales of the human Body ; by George Thomfon , M. A. 8 vo, London 1734.
Spiramina, 01* Relpiration reviewed; be¬ ing chiefly the Argument of that great Phi- lofbpher by Fire, Jo. Rapt, van Belmont ; dilcovering certain Ufes of the Lungs not commonly obferved, andafTerting that they have not that alternate Motion that is ge¬ nerally afcribed to them; but that in a found Man they are porous, pervious to the Air, and eonftantly at reft, by M. J. 8 vo, London , 1733.
Compendium Anatomicum, e a omnia com- pleffiens qtue ad cognitam humani corporis (Economiam fpe El ant, &c. conflruEHim d F. Nichols e Coll. Oxon. M. D. 'P rad. Anat. Oxon , &c. 4 to, Londini 1733.
Phyfical E flays on the Parts of the hu¬ man
and Observations, 4 ty
man Body, and animal O economy, 8 vo9
London 1734.
Anatomie chirurgicale de Palfyn, re¬ vue, corrigee £9 augment ee , accompagnee de Notes dans le premier Volume, & re - fondue dans le fecond , par M. B. Boudon, Docfeur en Medicine. Ony a joint les Ob¬ servations anatomiques & chirurgicales de Air. Ruyfch traduites du Latin & celles de M. Briffeau, en z Vol. 8 vo, Paris 1734.
The Navy Surgeon; or a practical Sy- ftem of Surgery, by John Atkins Surgeon, izmo, London 1734.
Two hundred and twenty five Cafes in Midwifery, which for the nioft Part were attended with a great deal of Danger and Difficulty. Written by the late Mr. Wil¬ liam Giffard , Surgeon and Man-Midwife published by Edward Hody , M. D. 8 vo, London 1733.
The Art of Nurfing, the iecond Edition., %vo, London 1733.
An Effay concerning Blood-letting, by R. Butler , M. D. 8 vo, London 1734.
Suite des maladies chroniques ou ton tratte celles qui arrivent d tOeil , des remedes les plus convenables pour les guerir fans operation manuelle par CP . V. Dubois ancien Vrevot Garde des Maitres Chi - rurgiens de Paris , Tom . V. izmo, Paris 1733. Non-
4i 8 Medical EJfays
Nouve lies clajfes des maladies dans an crdre Jemblable d celui des Bot unifies, corn¬ er enant les gendres, & les efpeces de toutes les maladies , avec leurs Jignes & leurs in¬ dications ; par Sauvage de la Croix, 'Do¬ it eur en Medicine , 12 mo, a Avignon 1733 .
A complete Treatife of the Stone and Gravel, by N. Robin fon, M. D. the third Edition, 8 vo London 1734.
Meditationes theoretico-praElictf de fu¬ rore hcemorrhoidum internarum metho¬ dic e confer d Jufto Arnoldo Gu- lich, M. D. Editio altera , 8 vo, Lugd. Bat. 1733.
An Elfay on the Gout, by T. Bennet% M. D. 8 vo, London 1734.
Rational Methods of curing Fevers, de-> duced from the Structure and Geconomy of human Bodies, and the different States of the Solids and Fluids, under the diffe¬ rent ClafTes of F evers ; by Theophilus Lobb , M. D. 8 vo, London 1734.
The generous Phyfician, or Medicine made ealy ; by Dr. Colbatch , 8 vo, London 173 3.
Frederici HofFmanni confultationum & refp on forum medicinalium centuria primay complete ens morbos capitis & peLtoris , Tom . I. 4/0, Hal x Magdeburg. 1734.
Michaelis Alberti, Acad. Frid. Trof
Med «
and Obfervations , 41$*
Med, &c. ulterior continuation ant Tomus 3 tins , jurifprudenti# medic a , 4^0, Schnec- berg. 1733-
Caroli Mufitani Jatrias Rrof. opera omnia. Edit . zda9 2. VoL Fol. Lugdun*
1733.
• The Phiiofophical T ranfadtions (from the Year 1720, to the Year 1732) abridged and dilpoied under general Heads, by Mr. Reid and John Gray , F. R. S. 2 Vol . 4^0, London 1733.
The Phiiofophical Tranfadtions (from the Year 1719, to the Year 1733) abridged and difpofed under general Heads, by Mr. John Eames and Mr. John Martyn , F. R. S. 2 Vol, 4 tOn London 1734.
Aft a Thyfico-medica Academic C#fare# Leopoldine -Carolina; nature curio forum , exhibentia ephe?nerides Jive obfervationes , hiftorias, & experiment a d celeberrimis Germania; & ext er arum regionum viris habita & communicata , fingulari fludio collegia. Volumen tertiurrin 4 to , Norim- berg. 1733.
Phiiofophical Tranfadtions for the Year 1733, 4 tOn London.
Commercium literarium Norimbergen fe anni 1733. Semejlr. 2. 4^0, Norimberg.
Divert at tones medic# , quas ex auEtori - ampliffinft Senatus Academici E din-
bur-
4f $ £ i fays
burgenfis, & nobilijfima in eadem Acade¬ mia Fac ult at is medic te Decreto , pro gra- du Dobloratus fummi/que in Medicina ho - fioribus privilegiis rite ac legitime con » fequendis , examini fubjecerunt .
Joannes Lindefay Scotus, De calore. Jacobus Grieve Scoto-Britanhus* ©<? fnorbis humorum oculi .
Carolus Ay toun-Douglas Scoto-Brit. Exercitationum in Medicina ufu. ■ Joannes Arnot Scotus, De abortu. Henricus Tonge Anglus, De noxis ex cibi & potionis abufu oriundis .
XXXIII. Books propofed , other Medi¬
cal News.
DR. Boerhaave , ProfefTor of Medicine at Leyden , concludes the Account of his Experiments on Mercury , with a Promife, conditional indeed, but which probably the importunate Requefts of the Learned will obtain, of publilhing his Ex¬ periments and Remarks concerning the Extraction of Mercury out of Metals, the ACtion of Mercury on Metals, and concer¬ ning Metals.
The new Edition of the Edinburgh Dip
penja «
and Observations. 411
fenfatory is now delivered to the Printers, and will fpeedily be pubiilhed.
Dodor Chrift. Jac. Trew of Norimberg has difperfed Propofals for publishing a full, faithful and diftind Delineation and Expli¬ cation of all the Parts of the human Body. He does not propofe to publilh this whole Work at once, but divided into Sedions. The OJleology fcems to be ready for the Prefs ; for the Propofals inform us, That the Bones of a young Man are delineated in twelve Tables in Folio ; the thirteenth Plate reprefents the Bones of the Female which differ from the Male. The Con- jundions of the Bones are to be explained in a Plate larger than the others. The Ex¬ plication of thefe Plates in High Dutch, will be twelve Sheet ; and he promifes this fhall be tranflated into Latin or French , and printed, if any defire it.
Dr. Tho?nas Simfon , ProfefTor of Medi¬ cine in the University of St. Andrews de- figns to pubiiih foon a fecond Edition of his Syjlem of the Womb . The theorical Part of which he is to enlarge confiderably, and is to add a pradicai Part, wherein he is to treat of the Difeafes of the Womb, and their Cure.
Dr .Lobb tells us in his rational Methods of curing Fevers, That he has a Treatife
D d on
Medical Ejfays
* \
on the particular Species of Fevers near ready for the Prefs, which he defigns to pubiiih foon, that he may complete his Ac¬ count of Fevers.
Dr. Michelotti Phyfieian at Venice has promifed foon a Treatife on the Small-pox.
Dr. Grubert Phyfieian at Brufjels is faid to be about to pubiiih a Medical Dictiona¬ ry, in which there are to be feveral Bit- coveries.
The Subjed: propofed by the Chirurgi- cal Academy at Baris, for gaining the Prize of 1734, is, To determine in each kind of chirurgieal 'Difeafe, the Cafes where it is ft to drefs frequently , and thofe where it is fit to drefs fcldom*
ANaloGy, the furefl Method of difcovering the Prin- , ciples of Mineral Waters, Page 77.
AnaftcmofB between the uterine and placentary Vef- * fels denied, 269.
Anatomical Preparations, the Method of making and preferving them, 107.
Angina, the Hihory of an uncommon one, 342.
Animal Heat, an Eflay on it, 133.
Ankle, an Ulcer of it, at which the Menjlrua were regularly evacuated, 381.
Antimony Crude , cures Pal lies, Pains and Numnefs, 389. Its Sulphur , Di fpures concerning the Effects of it, 390. Its But¬ ter efteem’d an univerlal Medicine, 391.
Afcttes Hydrops, the Water of one evacuated ar the Navel, 378*
AjihmUy the Hiftory of one with uncommon Symptoms, 34^.
B
V *
B'Arry (Dr. Edward) his Account of a malignant Lues Vene¬ rea communicated by Suction, 125.
Bath, a warm one, the Ufe of it in a bilious Colick, 378. Berkeley (Dean) his Opinion concerning Vifion refuted, 231. Blood, a new Opinion concerning its Circulation, 3^7.
Boeli (Dr.) recommends the Root of Valerian in weakSighr, 39 1. Botrfyaave (Dr.) his Experiments on Mercury, 385.
D d % Books
I N <D E X.
Books medical publiftied in 2732, 384. fince the Beginning of 1733, 414. propofed to be foon publilhed, 420.
Burials, an Extrad of them from the Regilter in Edinburgh , 31. gutter (Mr. Alex.) his Defcription of a new Forceps for extract¬ ing Children* 322F
C Alder (Mr. James) his Obfer nation of the Menjlrua eva¬ cuated at an Ulcer of the Ankle, 381.
Catarad, what it is, $99.
Chaiybeat Waters, Remarks on them, 47, 3513.
Chapman (Mr.) his Improvements in Midwifery, 493. Circulation of the Blood, a new Dodrine concerning it, 3$ 7. Colick bilious, the Ufe of the warm Bath in it, 358.
Colours, how conlidered as the Objeds of Sight, 217.
Coneffi Bark, its Effeds in Diarrhoea*, 32.
Cortex VeruvianuS'j Hiftories of its curing Mortifications, 37,
45*
D
DAvis (Mr.) his Obfervations of the Inoculation of die Small Pox, 41 o.
Diarrhoea?, the ConeJJl Bark a good Cure for them, 32.
Digaftric Mufcles their Situation and Ufes, 263.
Difcoveries and Improvements in Phyfick publilhed in 173 2, 382.
fince the Beginning of 1733, 386.
Difeafes moft frequent lalf Year in Edinburgh , 2 6.
Balances of Objeds known by the Angle of the Rays of Light, <*87.
Dropfy, the Water of one evacuated at the Navel, 378.
Dud falivary, when wounded, cured by a Perforation into the Mouth, 277.
E
EDinburghy Difeafes moft frequent laft Year in it, 16. Bu¬ rials there, 31.
Eller (Dr.) his Obfervations of the Navd-ftrings needing no Li- gatue, 407.
INDEX.
Mxtrador, a new one for Children in the Birth, 322. Eyes, an Elfay on their Motions, 160.
F
F Evers, a rational Method of curing them, 4H.
Fijlula lachrimalis , an Efiay on it, 280. Forceps, a new one for extrading Children, 322.
GAngrenes dopt by the Cort. Peruv. 35', 43.
Genital Organs preternaturally form'd, 278.
Gijfard (Mr.) his Improvements in Midwifery, 400.
Gooiden (Mr. Samuel) his Hillory of a Gangrene dopt by the Peruvian Bark, 35.
H
HEat animal, an Efiay on it, 153.
Henbane , the Effeds of its Seeds, 3552.
Hydrocephalon , Hiftories of it, 334, 335:.
Hydrops Afcites , the Water of one evacuated at the Navel, 37
1
Amiefon (M r. James') his Obfervation of a large Srcatom in the Thorax and Abdomen , 35^4.
Improvements in Phyfick publilhed in 1732, 382. fince the Beginning of 1733, 3^6.
K
KErmes Mineral , a famous Medicine in Trance , 350, iC#/7» (Dr.) his Improvements in Anatomy, 382.
kachri-
D d 3
INDEX.
41$
L
LAchrimal Canals, an Efifay on their Difeafes, j8c.
Lobb (Dr.) his Method of curing Fevers, 41 1.
Lues Venerea , a malignant one communicated by Su&ion, A new and cdeduai Method of treating it, 330.
*% r Arum (Dr, George) his Ellay on animal Hear, 133.
Medical Books pubJilhed in 1731, 384, Improvements and Difcoveries in 1732,, 382. fit ice the Beginning of 1733s, 386. Hews,. 420.
Menfirua regularly evacuated at an Ulcer of the Ankle, 381.
Mercury, its different Operation in different Conftitutions, 32$, Experiments concerning it, 38 6. given in various Forms*
p88;
Midwifery, Improvements in it, 400.
Mineral Waters, Difficulties in enquiring into their Principles, 61. Analogy the 1 u reft Method of difeovering them, 75. the Hiflory of feveral, 391.
Monro { Alexander) his Remarks on Steel Waters, 47. Fifty on the Method of preparing and preferving the Farts of Animals for anatomical Ufes, 107. Supplements to Art 9. Vol. 1. and Art. 9 & 13. Vol . It. 203. EBay on the Difeafes of the lachrimal Canals, 280. his Obfervation of a Procidentia uteri, 303. of an uncommon Angina, 342. of an Afthma with un¬ common Symptoms, 34$.
Mcntrofe Water, an Enquiry into its mineral Principles, 60 . its medical Qualities, 96.
Mortifications cured by the Peruvian Bark, 33, 43.
Motions of the Eyes, an EfTay on them, 160. why uniform* 183.
Mowat (Mr. James) his Defcription of the genital Organs pre* tcrnaturally formed, 278. Obfervation of a Hydrocephalum^
334-
Mufcles digaftric, their Situation and Ufes, 2 63. Of the Eyes* their Defcription and Ufes, 164. the Want of them how fup« plied, 178. Qjfervations m thofe of the human Body, 395.
INDEX,
NAiis, whence they rife, 3 S3.
News medical, 420. ,
Nichols (Dr.) irs Opinion of the Circulation of the Blood, iNofe, a Tumor of it unfuccelsfully extirpated, 301.
Bjeds of Sight, their Diftance known by the Angles of the Rays of Light, 1S7. Opinions concerning their being feen Engle with two Eyes refuted, 1512. The real Caule of this Phenomenon, 235. All the Points of them feen in Ifraighc Lines perpendicular toth t Retina, zo8. Why feen ere£i, 213. Organs of Generation preternafurally formed, 178.
Os Uteri, its Sides grown together, 317.
P
PAifiey (Mr. John) his Hillary of a Mortification cured hf the Peruvian Bark, 45. Of a Hydrocephalon , 33 y. Peruvian Bark, Hiftorics of its curing Mortifications, 35, 43. Pejfary, a new one deferibed, 313,
Placenta , its Veffels do not anaftomofe with the Uterine, s-6>. Porter (Dr. Robert) his Effay of the Service of a warm Bath in a bilious Colick, 5^8.
Porterfield (Dr. William ) his Effay on the Motions of the Eyes, 160.
pozzi (Dr.) his Improvements in Anatomy, 383.
Preparations, the Method of making anatomical ones, 108. Preferving, the Method of it in anatomical Preparations, 127. Pringle (Dr. Francis ) his Obfervation of the Water of a Dropfy evacuuated at the Navel, 378.
Procidentia Uteri , an Account of one, 305.
R
Egifter Meteorological, 1. Of Burials in Edinburgh, 3X.
Salivary
f
Tab.'
?
Pag.
ri- \ r 262^
i ff. I j 280 f
Jx HI. }> Fronting 300
I IV. f
1 312 {
$24.-
fr H .
.c * *-> « %v»
I