2 ne oe te ee aianetereriret nih D MS Om Poel epevnery 1 ae chee taTe herho ah CaP Roker BRM hh AR thw wen NN th oD 4 Eee ol mrs AVN VAM TE aly Va MOL Dah abt! ° 8 on Oe ee than SC a An ae. fate & Hate a bee . x Warren Sewers tree 2 eel ee ee Coat why AY sea evita tet oT le hetfel 0 eat Serrwthe ew tee ete Math 9 Matis Soon eet eae mt ee Tears inet <5 ae. ae de Dake hat, Fo t- * Ta Tae aia eto aed ee 2 ti ' aes : ‘ : aS - . ‘ Nee sth > eer . Vs ape atte = i - 4) . - : M i . . : eee a Bae Si Ge te a se HANDBOUND AT THE e UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS a no ; ; 4 iT ff ee THE ANNALS 7 . AND Ios MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF TIE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITII LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’) CONDUCTED BY ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, F.RB.S., F.LS., F.G.S., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.L.S. wee VOL. XITX.—SIXTH SERIES. ee eee ile LOAPON : PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KFNT, AND CO., LD.; WHITTAKER AND CO.: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN, 1897. “Omnes res createe sunt divine sapientiz et potenti testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini ; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia -majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper eestimata ; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Liynavs. ‘Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.’—Bruckner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767. Be OOM De CaN ar eure The sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth faee They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818, ALERE § FLAMMAM. CONTENTS OF VOL, XIX. [SIXTH SERIES. ] NUMBER CIX. Page I. A new Amphipod from New Zealand (Family Pontoporevde). By Cuarzes Curtton, M.A., D.Sc. F.L.S. (Plate V.).......... II. Descriptions of new Lizards and Frogs from Mount Victoria, Owen Stanley Range, New Guinea, collected by Mr. A. S. Anthony. By G. A. Bouteneer, F.R.S. (Plates I. & IL.) ...........000-- 6 IIT. Descriptions of Four new Species of Lycenide from the Eastern Archipelago. By Hamitron H. Druce, F.Z.S.,F.ES. .. 18 IV. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.— No. 2. Ona Collection of Diptera from the Lowlands of the Rio Nautla, in the State of Vera Cruz. I. By C. H. TyLer Townsenp, ree se Cai ole nis laine a xa ase dy eceww 9 a 0,00 s/ne a0 diamlaes V. The Classification of Oribatide. -By A. D. Micuarn, F.L.S. 34 VI. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.— III. The Bees of the Genus Colletes found in New Mexico. By T. D. ECOG MERICUE) orks «us ., 56. s-ajeco’ein, 3A mia.s Wie 9, & ubeanseinte, bet Os’ ~)> 5 Ga XX. New Eastern Heterocera. By Col. C. Swrnuor, M.A., PLS eioy's aisin ak wes aes p ths Oe iain ae ae ee pein sb ia pay Hae XXI. Description of a new Species of Delma from Western Australia, By Dr. As GONTEER. Js) ixnmgees Osama eal XXII. Descriptions of new Species of Butterflies from the Pacific Islands. By H. Gross Suir, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S. ............ XXII. On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea, By Joun Henry LEEcu, B.A., F.LS., F.ZS., &e. 2... 0. ees e ene New Books:—The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. Edited by W. T. BLanrorp.—Moths, Vol. IV. By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart.—The Parasitic Diseases of Poultry. By Frep. V. Turopacp, M.A., F.ES, ......236 125 1838 138 149 154 161 , 237 CONTENTS. Vv Page Proceedings of the Geological Society........... 000s eeeeeeeeees 238 The Generic Name of the River Crayfish, by F. Jeffrey Bell; A Gigantic Cephalopod on the Florida Coast, by A. E. Verrill 289, 240 NUMBER CXI. XXIV. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.— No: VE By Prof. Minregn, M.D., LL.D. EARS... fos a 241 XXV. New Species of Hymenoptera from Central America. By Ee SMEEIOIG,, EAE LN eee Seles Okie ae alse cte WU alee Sete alec ger « 261 XXVI. A List of Reptiles and Batrachians from the Congo Free seg with Descriptions of Two new Snakes. By G. A. BouLENGER, RS. XXVIII. Description of a new Snake from Usambara, German Bai aarica. «By: Al BOucENGER, BURG. sciences oo = dsm gee ole: 281 XXVIII. Description of anew Species of the Genus Pecilopsaltria belonging to the Family Cicadide. By W. L. DisTant.......... 282 XXIX. Descriptions of some new Oriental Opiliones recently received by the British Museum. By R. I. Pocock XXX. A Contribution to the Osteology of the Mesozoic Amioid Fishes Caturus and Osteorachis. By A. Smira Woopwartd, F.L.S. BEERS UN eT, opocn fatal arehel sf ai'uyar reso fs opapos0en, repao,srwesesarapejacs Popa 29 XXXI. On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea. By Joun Henry LE«EcH, B.A., F.LS., F.ZS., &e. 20... eee eee 297 XXXII. On a new Mouse from Damaraland. By W. E. bE Winton Proceedings of the Geological Society ..............2eeeees 350, 351 What are the Names of the Crayfish and Lobster?, by R. I. Pocock; The Lobster and the Crayfish: a Reply, by the Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S. ; Nocturnal protective Coloration in Mammals, Birds, Fishes, Insects, &c., as developed by Natural Selection, by A. E. Verrill...... 302-354 NUMBER CXII. XXXII. Report upon the Scorpiones and Pedipalpi obtained on the Lower Amazons i Messrs. E. E. Austen and F, Pickard Cam- bridge during the trip of Mr. Siemens’s Steamship ‘Faraday.’ By R. 1. Pocock 367 Bik Cie VE € 6 @ 66 6.8 & 6m SOLS OB BL Oe CTO O19 0 6 OHI SO S616 /6)6 0 Fe 6a © Vi CONTENTS. Page XXXIV. New Species of Hymenoptera from Central America. Synbs. CAMERON, BSE: 6254 60 00+» «se stale 6 to selec eee 368 XXXV. A Contribution to the Osteology of the Mesozoic Amioid Fishes Caturus and Osteorachis. By A. Smirn Woopwarp, F.L.S. (Platesex. & KE) ees ess 3's sa seicle's dia, elvie lc else oe 379 XXXVI. On a new Dormouse from Mashunaland. By OLprrecp PEETOMEAS (5 se ivais 5 wi elk pin ake nid pao e are ete ¢- 0 5pe cae toe 388 XXXVII. Note on Deridea, Westwood (Lyttide), with the Description of a new Species. By Mrs. M. K. THomas............ 389 XXXVIII. On a Collection of Heterocera made in the Transvaal. By” Wi DRIGTAIN Tig. ac 'ca.s 0s oie ie)= Perel mainte Pee cole mie 390 XXXIX. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station. —V. Some new Hymenoptera from the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. By 0. DAY COG RRR iy si n.n\cG Molen inte nie Oe 394 XL. Descriptions of further new Species of Butterflies from the Pacific Islands. By H. Grose Smiru, B.A., F.G.S., F.Z.S. ...... 403 XLI. New Eastern Lepidoptera. By Col. C. Swinnor, M.A, BuLiS sy Peek Oe a. RAL Rs Be ee ee 407 XLII. On Spirorbis: Asymmetry of these Annelids and Phylo- genic Connexion of Species in the Genus. By MM. Maurice CauULLERY and Féi1x Mesniz. With a Note by M. Epmonp PROREUIETE, 6 55 ss fara’n 070 01a 0 “0 "ante ois lo taa Jo tale Cute he’s (ole fala Oo MR a EA 411 XLII. On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea. By Joun Henry Leecu, B.A., F.LS., F.Z.8., &c. (Plates VL & fl) nA PO eS OR 414 XLIV. Descriptions of Two new Muride from Central and West Africa. By W..E. pa WINTON 3c; as <> os oneness Here 463 XLV. On a new Species of Lagidium from the Eastern Coast of Patagonia, By OLDFIELD THOMAS «4...» ino > setae sen ee eee 466 XLVI. Description of a new Lizard from Obok. By G. A. BOULENGER, FESS, -4.5:hn00.93 «210 2054 eel eee a 467 XLVII. Description of a new Genus and Species of Tortoises from Borneo. By G. A. BouLznanr, F.RS......5.0..eseswessnenasss 468 XLVIII. On a new Nymphalid Butterfly from N.E. Borneo. By Artuur G. Burier, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Senior Assistant-Keeper, Zoological Department, British Museum ......... 0000 cess eee eee Astacus vindicated as the Lobster’s Genus, by the Rey. Thomas R. BR, ‘Stebbing, M.A., FLEAS. ELS. ..s..<,+ arene nes 470 CONTENTS. Vii NUMBER CXIII. Page XLIX. Notes on the Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm., with Descriptions of new Species. By C. J. GAHAN, M.A., of the British BPPre vite CMA CUTAN EMISLGEY)) 0. nce terre alee cleles 64 82 ore Sere hewn 473 L. Notes on some South-American Muride. By OupFreLp ERATE oo o8 or: Roe ¢ 2 So AAO Cpe ae anne ree 494 LI. Descriptions of Five new Species of Mylabrine (Lyttide) in the Collection of the British Museum. By Mrs. M. K. Taomas ,. 501 LU. A List of the Reptiles and Batrachians collected by Mr. Al- fred Everett in Lombok, Flores, Sumba, and Savu, with Descriptions of new Species. By G. A. BoULENGER, F.R.S. .........0ceeees 503 LILI. Descriptions of some new Species of Scorpions of the Genus Tityus, with Notes upon some Forms allied to 7’. americanus (Linn.). ig 1 E ds LOVE Clie ie ae < cic cia RRR ISR ei roc oe eae 510 LIV. On Sus verrucosus, Mill. & Schleg., and Allies, from the Eastern Archipelago. By Dr. C.1. Forsyru Magsor ........ eer OE LY. On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea. By Jonn Henry Leecu, B.A., F.LS., F.Z.S., &e.—Part II. Family Geometride; Subfamilies Ginochromine, Orthostixine, Larentiine, PA CULLAUUILE OM O G CONLELY UIE a. arer aby oye fensye e. Seoistan eususs ert suctel ehatoiw’s/sshel stoke 543, LVI. The Ochre-footed Scrub-Squirrels of East Africa. By W. E. RTM RRE IMTS ear dees rt ot avnis che ls G-csnicin ol cheletadeytieicrerion.« aivier sare apatore 573 LVII. Coleoptera collected in the Transvaal. By W. L. Distant. 575 LVUI. On a Collection of Heterocera made in the Transvaal. By Ua TTUAIN Doh wi peatacey ret cP ayaa tt Seca Ut rat ahedab ototelte neta sicos woiiore ¢ 579 LIX. Descriptions of some new Species of Acreide collected by Mr. F. J. Jackson at Ntebi, Uganda. By Emity Mary Suarprz .. 581 On the Organization and Affinities of Plew:otomaria, by MM. E.-L. Dreveudeee TTL lee RUSE Eat oa 04.0) vikie. als) ci Sie, Sie) y, 0.6.0, ep @ 0186.65 583 NUMBER CXIV. LX. Note on a Cast of the Brain-cavity of Iguanodon. By Cuas. W. ANDREWS, B.Sc., F.G.S., Assistant in the British Museum Per anUratRAAELOT Wy. 9 (EABTOC MLW irs nickel axlaiy a's: fie wine mviels vig’ sate e/s 585 LXI. Ostracoda from the Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts. By FrrpERick Cuapman, A.L.S., F.R.M.S. (Plate XV.) .......... 591 LXIL. List of the Neuroptera collected by Mr. E. E. Austen on the Amazons &c. during the recent Expedition of Messrs. Siemens Bros. Cable 8.8. ‘ Faraday,’ with Descriptions of several new Species of Odonata (Dragonflies), By W. F. Kirsy, F.LS., F.ES., &c, Reser eeNy LO ies stare ees hig a teat ead eee ne dite ess 598 Vili CONTENTS. Page LXIII. The Otter of Central America. By C. I. Forsytx IVA SOR onic. c ei aja. wie Sechelt vie. vig ¥:0°0'd Wefoce iy She aote: eRee en 618 LXIV. On the Relations of Antennophorus Uhimanni, Haller, to Lasius mixtus, Nyl. By M. CHaRiEs JANET ,.0¢.:05-.+s+e00re 620 LXY. Diagnoses of new Land-Shells from Flores, Malay Archi- pelago. By EpGar A: Smarr. ...)..,.22 00 eee eee 623 LXVL On a new African Pierine Butterfly of the Genus My- tothres, By Anruue G, Burien, PRD. &e,. 152. en enone 627 LXVII. Some new Forms of American Rotifera—II. By Dr. Au- FRED’. Sroxus:, (Plate XDV;) .cce dace ontaneng tas Se alee e 628 LXVUI. Descriptions of Eleven new Species of Land and Fresh- water Mollusca from South Africa. By James Cosmo MELvILL, M.A., F.L.S., and Jonn Henry Ponsonsy, F.Z.8. (Plate XVIL) 633 LXIX, On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea. By Joun Henry Lexcu, B.A., F.LS., F.Z.S., &c.—Part Il. Family Geometride ; Subfamilies CEnochr oming, Orthostixine, Larentiine, Acidaline, and Geometrin@ ........+. \Saiel dls Sasori ways ae Oe 640 New Book:—Das Tierreich. I. Lieferung.— Aves: Podargide, Caprimulgide, and Macropterygide. Bearbeitet von Ernst FEGRP BRT, 5 2a Set cetera tetas Wipro tk ea hate Se 679 On the Ma 2 Baan Tubes of Orthoptera, by M. L. Bordas; The ns great Octopus of Florida: certainly not a Cephalopod, by A. E. Vernll ccc eon ek ae eee 680-682 Andere ye pe LNG a 2e skies RR ek ee dele meter oe ier ae ke 684 PLATES IN VOL. XIX. Saas New Lizards and Frogs from Mount Victoria. IIL. IV. V. Platyischnopus neozelanicus. VL { VII. § VIII. iOo& x “4 Osteorachis Leedsi. > ¢ | xt, | Neuroptera from the Amazons. XIU. | XIV. New American Rotifera. XV. Ostracoda from the Chara-marl of Hitchin. XVI. Brain-cavity of Iguanodon. XVII. New Mollusca from South Africa. Cteniform Spiders from the Lower Amazons. Heterocera from China, Japan, Corea. Osteology of Caturus. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [SIXTH SERIES.] Soopenoececoscae per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recuryato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” N. Parthenii Giannettasi, Ecl. 1. No. 109. JANUARY 1897. I.—A new Amphipod from New Zealand (Family Pontoporeiide). By CuarLes CuITon, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S. [Plate V.] THE genus Platyischnopus was established in 1888 by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, in his Report on the ‘ Challenger’ Amphipoda, for a species two imperfect specimens of which were obtained in Port Jackson at a depth of between 2 and 10 fathoms. The genus was placed provisionally in the family Pontoporeiide, but at the same time it was pointed out that “the combined characters of its peculiar head, the chelate gnathopods, and the emarginate telson, give it a more or less isolated position among the Amphipoda at present -known” *. I find that I have a species in my collection of New Zealand Crustacea that appears to come under this genus, although it differs in some points, as explained further on. It is represented, however, by only a single specimen taken in Otago Harbour by surface-netting on the night of Sep- tember 19th, 1891. The specimen was at the time partially * Report on the ‘ Challenger’ Amphipoda, p. 830. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 1 2 Dr. C. Chilton on a new dissected and permanently mounted before it was recognized that it was the only specimen taken of a new and rare genus. Unfortunately pressure of other matters caused it to be laid aside, aud it has remained long overlocked. Consequently there are many points that cannot now be satisfactorily made out by an examination of the mounted specimen. I think, however, that sufficient can be-learnt to show that, although in many respects the specimen closely resembles Stebbing’s species Platyischnopus mirabilis, it differs considerably in others, and that these points of difference throw some further light on the affinities of the genus, and I have therefore thought it worth while to place a description of the species on record. Platyischnopus neozelanicus, sp.n. (Pl. V.) Specific description.—The head and antenne resembling in general shape those of P. mirabilis. Second joint of peduncle of upper antenne and last two joints of the peduncle of the lower with long feathered sete. Both gnathopoda stouter than in P. mradilis, the first apparently ending simply, the dactylos not impinging against the propodos; the second minutely chelate, the dactylos being small and short and impinging against a spine-like projection of the propodos. The first and second perzeopoda with the end of the propodos oblique and bearing several spine-like setz longer than the dactylos; the carpus of the second pereopoda expanded posteriorly and supplied with several long feathered sete. Third uropoda with the rami longer than the peduncle, sub- equal, outer one formed of two joints, both rami bearing long feathered sete at the extremity. ‘Telson double or very deeply cleft, each half with a stout spine at the end and two setee at the side some distance from the end. Length about 4 millim. Hab, Otago Harbour, New Zealand. ; Detailed description.—Vhe head, in its peculiar shape and in the position of the antenna, closely resembles that of P. mirabilis. The body is rather broad, chiefly so in the perzon. The upper antenne (PI. V. fig. a.s.) are somewhat shorter than the lower; the peduncle considerably longer than the flagellum, the first joint stout, broader than long, with two or three small sete at the distal end; second joint oblong, about twice as long as broad, distally furnished with four or five long feathered sete which reach as far as the end of the flagellum ; the third joint rather more than half as long as _— Amphipod from New Zealand. 3 the second; secondary flagellum about half as long as the primary, and composed of three joints, while the primary contains five. The lower antenne (fig. a.z7.) have the peduncle very stout, the fourth joint slightly longer than the fifth, fully twice as long as broad; upper margin with three fine sete, lower margin with some fine sete and, in addition, six long feathered sete; fifth joint slightly shorter than the preceding and considerably narrower, upper margin with several fine sete and at the distal end one long feathered seta; lower margin with three or four feathered sete near the middle and one placed distally ; flagellum impertect, apparently about as long as the last joint of the peduncle. Mouth-parts not examined in detail. The first gnathopod (fig. gn. 1) has the basos very long and slender, expanding slightly distally, end with two long sete ; carpus much longer than the propodos, upper margin regularly convex and free from sete, lower margin sinuous, slightly produced downwards, and thickly fringed with sete except near the base; propodos narrow at base, expanded distally, lower margin thickly fringed with long sete; at the base of the dactylos is a tuft of three or four long sete fully twice as long as the dactylos; no distinct palm visible, the gnathopod being apparently simple. The second gnathopod (fig. gn. 2) similar in general shape to the first, but somewhat longer; propodos only about half as long as the carpus, produced distally into a small tooth, against which the very short dactylos impinges; the other joints and the arrangement of the sete practically the same as in the first gnathopod. The integument of the propodos in both gnathopods seems to be very delicate and is somewaat shrivelled in my mounted specimen ; hence I have not been able to make these parts out as fully as I should like, but it is clear that the first is not chelate and little, if at all, subchelate, and that the second, though certainly chelate, has the dactylos so short that it is very different from the well-marked chelate limb of P. mirabilis. The first pereopod (fig. prp.1) has the meros somewhat produced at its antero-distal angle, its hinder margin with three long feathered sete; the carpus only about two thirds the length of the meros, bearing posteriorly at the end one long feathered seta and two spiniform sete ; propodos rather longer than the carpus, end oblique, with about six spiniform sete, from which the dactylos can be distinguished only by being shorter and a little stouter. |# 4 Dr. C. Chilton on a new The second perwopod (fig. prp.2) similar to the first, but rather longer, having the carpus produced posteriorly into a rounded lobe, which bears about six long feathered sete reaching beyond the end of the dactylos. The third perwopod (prp.3) has the basos widening dis- tally and at the widest part as broad as long, anterior border with small tufts of short spiniform sete; the meros broad, produced posteriorly, both margins with tufts of spiniform sete; carpus half as long again as the meros and about as broad, similarly supplied with spiniform sete; propodos about two thirds the length of the carpus, but much narrower, with one tuft of spiniform sete on each margin and others at the end; dactylos straight and styliform, about two thirds as long as the propodos. The fourth pereopod does not differ in any important character from the third. The jifth pereopod (fig. prp.5) is considerably broader and somewhat shorter than the third; the basos is much broader than long, the ischium large and broad, its breadth being more than half the greatest breadth of the basos; meros broad, oblong, only slightly narrowed at base, anterior margin with sete at the end only, posterior margin with four or five slender sete, and towards the distal end two or three short spines; carpus as broad as the meros, narrowed at base, anterior margin with two transverse rows of spines and one row at the end; posterior margin with one row at the middle and another at the end; propodos about as long as the carpus but only half the width, with a tuft of spines about the middle of each margin and others at the end; dactylos straight, styliform. The jirst uropod (fig. ur.1) has the peduncle longer than the rami, with two strong spines at the distal end, otherwise nearly free from sete ; outer ramus slightly longer than the inner, with a tuft of four or five stout sete at the end, sides parallel and free from sete; inner ramus with a similar tuft of sete at the end and one seta a little removed from the end. The second uropod (fig. ur. 2) has the peduncle stout, as long as the outer ramus, with three sete in serrations on the upper margin; outer ramus considerably longer than the inner, both with tutts of sete at the ends and the outer one with an additional seta on the upper margin. ‘Lhe third uropod (tig. ur.3) has the peduncle much shorter than the rami, bearing a few sete, and at the end one jeathered seta reaching to the end of the rami; outer ramus slightly longer than the inner, with the distal third marked Vn tn Tr Ci, in Amphipod from New Zealand. 5 off as a separate joint, the ramus bears a few fine sete, and at the end two long feathered sete; the inner ramus also bears two or three long feathered sete at the extremity *. The telson (fig. T) is either double or very deeply cleft, each half about twice as long as broad, narrowing slightly towards the end, and apparently partly rolled up so as to be convex above; at the end is a stout spine and on the upper surface two smaller ones placed towards the outer margin and at some distance from the distal end. The two halves of the telson are separated on my slide, and it is possible that fig. T, Pl. V., in which the left half has been restored, does not give a correct idea of their natural position, and that the inner margins should be more closely approximated. Remarks.—While the imperfect condition of the specimen described leaves much of its structure still uncertain, the points that can be made out are, perhaps, of some importance in their bearing on the systematic position of the genus Platyischnopus. It is evident, too, that in the gnathopoda and in the telson this species differs markedly from P. mira- bilis and also from the characters laid down by Stebbing for the genus; but the resemblances in other respects are so close that there is no doubt of the near relationship of the two species, and they may as well stand together until the genus is better known and its limits clearly defined. Further, the points in which P. neozelanicus differs from P. mirabilis bring it more into harmony with other allied species, and seem to show that Stebbing was undoubtedly right in placing his genus in the family Pontoporeiide. Stebbing has already pointed out the relationship of Platyischnopus to Urothoé as shown by the perwopods, and in the present species we find in the gnathopoda also some approximation to Urothoé; this is best seen in the first gnathopod, though the limb appears to be simple instead of subchelate: the second gnathopod differs from that of Urothoé in being chelate, but the chelate character is not very marked, and from the figure given by Stebbing it seems as if we get a slight approach in the same direction in Urothoé pulchella, Costa t; and it is, perhaps, as well to recall the fact that Costa described and figured the second gnathopod of this species as having the * In the present dissected state of my specimen there is nothing to indicate which is the outer ramus in the uropoda; but from the analogy of Urothoé &c. I have assumed that it is the outer one that is the longer in each case. + Stebbing, “On the Genus Urothoé and a new Genus Urothoides,” Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. xiii. pt. 1 (1891) pl. iv. A, ga. 2. 6 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on new ? hand produced into a tooth confronting the finger, though Stebbing supposes that this was due to a misapprehension *. A further approach to Urothoé is perhaps to be seen in the long feathered sete found in the present species on the antenne, the first and second pereopods, and the third uropods, though they do not seem to occur on the third and fourth pereopods, where they are most abundant in Urothoé. ‘The terminal uropods and the telson show a fairly close connexion with Phoxocephalus as well as with Urothoé and Urothoides, and the general shape of the head has somewhat the cha- racters of Phowxocephalus, though in a much exaggerated degree. In the telson this species evidently differs very considerably from the ‘ Challenger’ species (where the telson is undivided and emarginate), and presents a fair general resemblance to Urothcé and allied genera. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. Platyischnopus neozelanicus, sp. 0. a.s. Upper antenna, X 50. prp.8. Third pereeopod, x 50. ai. Lower antenna, x 50, prp.®. Fifth pereopod, x 50. gn. 1. First gnathopod, x 50. ur. 1. First uropod, x 50, gn. 2, Second gnathopod, x 50, ur.2. Second uropod, x 50. prp. 1. First pereeopod, x 60. ur.3. Third uropod, x 50. prp.2. Second perseopod, x 60. T. Telson, x 90. 17 Melville Terrace, Edinburgh, 5th October, 1896. 1I.—Descriptions of new Lizards and Frogs from Mount Victoria, Owen Stanley Range, New Guinea, collected by Mr. A. 8. Anthony. By G. A. BouLencer, F.R.S. [Plates I. & IT.] Lygosoma nigrolineatum. (PI. I. fig. 1.) Section Hinulia. Body moderately elongate, limbs rather short; the distance between the end of the snout and the fore limb contained once and a half in the distance between axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in a single nasal; no supranasal; frontonasal broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral and with the frontal; latter a little shorter than frontoparietals and OL, 6. p. 4%, Lizards and Frogs from New Guinea. c/ interparietal together, in contact with the two anterior supra- oculars; four supraoculars; eight supraciliaries; fronto- parietals and interparietal distinct, subequal in length; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal; six pairs of nuchals; fifth upper labial below the centre of the eye. Ear-opening oval, a little smaller than the eye-opening; no auricular lobules. 28 smooth scales round the body, laterals smallest, the two vertebral series much enlarged, more than twice as broad as Jong, here and there fused to a single plate- like scale five or six times as broad as long. A pair of large preanals. The adpressed hind limbs just meet. Digits short, feebly compressed ; subdigital lamella smooth, mostly divided, 18 under the fourth toe. Tail thick, tapering to a fine point, a little longer than head and body. Brown above, with a broad black dorso-lateral strips extending from the posterior corner of the eye to the middle of the tail, and separated from its fellow by four and two half scales; each of the four scales between the stripes with a black spot or median streak, these spots and streaks confluent into four interrupted dorsal lines; sides of head and body greyish, speckled and spotted with black; lower parts white, throat and tail speckled with black. millim Pgtallensthtn toi : arelody lam biecisse 127 15 (7s Oe, Seen te Reno Ree 12 Widthvotshesdn ttn ctr oeery seo sees tore 8 a Se Sa A ie aby oe ei ae ge 45 Poraslim beak Cre eet ee 12 ind shim beep ce. esheets kia 20 ANNU eae A Shh eee ne Ree me ed 70 A single specimen. Lygosoma Stanleyanum. (Pl. I. fig. 2.) Section Liolepisma. Body moderately elongate, limbs moderate ; the distance between the end of the snout and the fore limb contained once and a half in the distance between axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent disk. No supranasal ; frontonasal much broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral and with the frontal; latter a little longer than the single frontoparietal, in contact with the first and second supra- oculars; four supraoculars; eight supraciliaries; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal; three pairs of nuchals; fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Har-opening oval, smaller than the eye-opening; no auricular lobules. 8 Mr?G. A. Boulenger on new 32 smooth scales round the body, the two vertebral series largest, at least twice as broad as long. A pair of large preanals, The hind limb reaches the elbow of the adpressed fore limb. Digits moderate, feebly compressed ; subdigital lamellz smooth, 25 under the fourth toe. Tail once and a half as long as head and body. Dark brown above, with a broad lateral band formed by the crowding of black spots ; this band light-edged above on the head and anterior part of body; flanks greenish white, dotted with black ; lower parts greenish white. millim, Total length . o.%'<.s < «is.< 0th ea elem aie 150 1; Aa AR Sct Re 11 Width of Head): < 3.¢ fic teense atte ere tS BOY isi wae c vied. och bed giokew artteta ote eats 49 Horeiimb etc. sacks oie said ier Res eve 18 ‘Elind limb i272), Sue vadineia ee ieee 26 TAM rave hayes sakes tote ecetese si Nea siaisousVeuste Bata 90 A single specimen. Lygosoma elegans. (PI. I. fig. 3.) Section Lolepisma. Habit lacertiform; the distance between the end of the snout and the fore limb contained once and one fourth in the distance between axilla and groin. Snout moderate, pointed. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent disk. No supranasal; frontonasal broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral and with the frontal ; latter as long as frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact with the first and second supraoculars ; four supra- oculars, first and fourth longest; eight supraciliaries ; fronto- parietals and interparietal distinct, subequal ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal; three pairs of nuchals ; fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-opening roundish, smaller than the eye-opening, without distinct lobules. 30 smooth scales round the body, the two vertebral series largest, at least twice as broad as Jong. A pair of large preanals, ‘The hind limb reaches the elbow of the adpressed fore limb, Digits slender, feebly compressed ; subdigital lamellae smooth, 23 under the fourth toe. Tail once and two fifths as long as head and body. Pale greenish brown above, with deep black blotches, the largest forming two series along the back; lower parts greenish white; digits dark brown beneath, palm and sole bright yellow. Lizards and Frogs from New Guinea. 9 millim Total Tength ......0sccssecssccsoucee 138 13 GO are co: SAO Onoda er oo Cor Go err 13 NIG Oe Heme Ge. cua on Peeteterii.b so s.0 8 180 aie At een ~ Cibo Ge a ie 45 lion; Trl) Baran SAS so Ane Ai ne Aenea 20 Ebindglimiby: « ons See om . ethiopa, sp. 0. Small species without white on hind tibis or ovi- positor, and with front wholly blackish or brown to antennal pit ..........00- reir cy. «+. minuta, sp. 0. 11. Stylogaster stylosa, sp. n. Hight female, and six male specimens. 3 ¢. Length of female nearly 5 to over 6 millim., not in- cluding ovipositor, which is 2} to 3 millim. Length of male 64 to 8 millim. Very similar to S, diannulata, Say, as shown by Say’s from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 25 description, but differing in the very constant character of the median abdominal vitta. Face wholly silvery; the anterior half (or more than one third) of the front rufous yellow, with the silvery of face extending narrowly on sides of this yellow portion and ending ina point on each side. Rest of front soft opaque black, except the shining black ocellar area. First antennal joint light yellow, as is base of second; rest of antenne rufous, the third joint being more or less tinged with fuscous on upper edge and tip; arista blackish. Second antennal joint in all the specimens fully as long as third, or even sometimes appearing very slightly longer; base of third joint about same width as apex of second. Proboscis of ordinary length for the genus, each of the two joints about 3 millim. long, broadly whitish on tip, yellowish at base, with more or less of a silvery-white reflection. Mesoscutum blackish, with humeri and_ broad lateral borders yellow (in one specimen darker at base of wings), the yellow also continuing around hind margin and extending anteriorly in a median pair of short vitte nearly to transverse suture, each vitta terminating in a point, which is connected by a usually distinct line with the yellow of the humeri. ‘The suture is also marked, especially on lateral sections, with a faint yellow line. In fact the thorax might be described as yellow, with three heavy closely approxi- mated black vitte on dorsum; the middle vitta widest, beginning on extreme front border of thorax and ending in a point (sometimes faint) at scutellum; the lateral vitte strongly abbreviated in front, their outer borders convex, and ending rather pointedly behind at scutellum. Sides of thorax silvery pollinose, with a faint or nearly obsolete touch of brownish below and a little before wing-bases, the brownish with shining surface. Scutellum pale yellowish, brownish on disk. Abdomen yellowish; first segment more or less brownish on dorsum, sometimes as a posterior margin, some- times as a geminate marking indented on middle in front; second to fifth segments brown or blackish on posterior margin, the fourth and fifth sometimes with a dark tinge on anterior portion, and always more or less distinctly silvery- white pollinose on all except the brown hind border; a distinct (in one female only is this indistinct) median brown vitta on second to fifth segments, dilated into a triangle on second segment, the base of the triangle being coincident with front border of segment. Abdomen thinly clothed with short black hairs. Ovipositor of female hardly as long as abdomen, composed of two segments: first segment usually longer than second including the appendages of latter, with more or less brown or blackish on dorsum ; second segment 26 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera more uniformly brown or blackish, darkest on dorsum, some- times yellowish on underside. Appendages of ovipositor are — as follows:—The underside of second segment at its tip is extended’ into a long, narrow, sheath-like point, considerably shorter than segment itself; an elongate, spatulate, but sub- equilateral, palpus-like organ, clothed with black hairs, pro- ceeds from tip of second segment and lies along upper surface of this sheath, being about equal in length with the latter; at base of spatulate organ, and apparently springing from second segment, are two short palpiform organs also clothed with black hairs. These appendages are all more or less yellowish or rufous. In some specimens the sheath seems to be split obliquely lengthwise on each side, forming three pieces, and the side pieces, which are rather slender, are sometimes hard to distinguish on account of their lying closely against sides of spatulate organ; in such cases the sheath-like point of ovipositor seems very short, not nearly the length of the spatulate organ. Front and middle legs light yellow, the tarsi more or less blackish except meta- tarsi; hind legs as described for béannulata, the hind femora (as in all species known to me) biannulate with blackish ; hind tibiz with a narrow, rarely faintly silvery ring on middle, distal two fifths of hind tibiz and all of hind tarsi black. Wings evenly infuscated, halteres fuscous except the yellowish stalks. Abdomen of male widened and blunt at end, with six visible segments, the sixth blackish on sides; a tuft of yellow hair on underside of abdomen at tip. Hind femora of male with the brush-like black hairs on underside at base; hind tibiew only slightly bent, sometimes hardly perceptibly so. Hind tibie swollen on distal half in both sexes, more so in the male. Wiedemann seems to have had this species before him when he wrote his description of S. stylata, Fabr., for he describes exactly the median longitudinal vitta of abdomen with its triangular expansion on second segment, stating that some specimens possessed this. 12. Stylogaster ethiopa, sp. n. Twenty female specimens, none of the other sex whatever. 2. Length 7 to 8 millim., without ovipositor; latter 4 to 42 millim. Face yellowish, silvery pollinose; silvery extending on sides of front and ending in a point on each side before reaching occipital margin; rest of front opaque blackish, except the large, triangular, shining, black, ocellar area, Antenne blackish, reddish on underside of third joint, from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 27 Proboscis quite strongly elongate, very distinctly more than in S. stylosa, each of the two sections being 5 millim. long in the largest specimens, making whole length 10 millim., not in- cluding the base; each section 4 millim, in small specimens. Proboscis white at tip, yellowish at base. Thorax black above, except the pale whitish humeri; on sides whitish, with a broad fascia of black extending from dorsum, between humeri and base of wings, down to base of middle coxa. Scutellum black, faintly pale yellowish on lower edge. Abdomen black, a half-round whitish-yellow spot on each side at base of segments two to five. These spots are clothed more or less with whitish pile, especially on their anterior portions, and are largest on the third and fourth segments, but occupy less than half the length of the segment. Ovi- positor elongate, somewhat longer than abdomen, composed of two segments ; basal segment about one third longer than terminal, black, with base yellow; second segment black, yellowish at base and clothed with white hair on its basal half, thus giving the ovipositor its conspicuous silvery-white ring before tip. Appendages of second segment of ovipositor same as in &., stylosa, except that the under sheath-like extension is short and rather more blunt at tip, being only one half or one third the length of spatulate organ, and the parts are blacker. The spatulate organ and the two palpi- form organs at its base are rather thickly clothed with longer black hairs, the former from a side view looking like a feathery or short-plumose arista. [Front and middle legs pale yellow, finely short black-hairy, the coxe whitish and mostly bare, the bases of femora blackish, those of middle femora more broadly so; tibie whitish and white-hairy except on outer side of proximal two fifths; the tarsi tinged with brownish and thickly clothed with short black hairs ; hind legs black, the coxe shining black and appearing seed- like on posterior surface, the femora broadly pale yellowish at each end and with a whitish or pale yellowish ring in middle ; the tibiae with a broad white ring clothed with white hair just before tips. Wings evenly infuseated; halteres fuscous except the rufous-yellow stalks and bases. 13. Stylogaster minuta, sp. n. Seven female specimens and ten males. 3 2. Length of female 4 millim., not inciuding ovipositor ; length of latter 2 millim. Length of male 5 to 5} millim. This species, save for its small size, looks at first sight very much like S. stylosa, but differs from it in the following characters, which are very constant:—Front wholly brown 28 Mr. C. H. T’. Townsend on Diptera or blackish to base of antenne, the front border of the brown being perfectly concave-semicircular, as limited by the poste- rior edges of the pit or hollow in which antenne are inserted. Each of the two joints of proboscis 2 millim. long; base of proboscis a little more broadly yellowish and with silvery- white reflection. Mesoscutum shining blackish, without lighter lateral border, only hutheri whitish, the black of dorsum extending in a dilute fascia halfway to middle coxe, the rest of sides of thorax being whitish. Scuteillum blackish. Abdomen without median vitta, but blackish or brown, with second and third segments more or less broadly whitish yellow on bases, usually leaving on third segment a median brown triangle and on second segment a triangle with a median geminate or entire spot-like dilatation at anterior angle. Fourth segment more or less yellowish laterally cn base, often in female almost wholly black, quite constantly in male rather broadly yellowish; the fifth segment with less yellowish on base than fourth. Ovipositor of female blackish, yellowish at base; appendages yellowish and with the two palpus-like organs more elongate. Hind femora biannulate with blackish. The pale yellowish of hind legs more or less tinged with brownish, and especially on the tarsi and distal half of tibie, which appear dusky. Tip of male abdomen usually blackish, with the yellowish hair inconspicuous. The brushes of long black hairs on underside of bases of hind femora in male are comparatively better developed than in S. stylosa, and the hind tibize are more distinctly bent. Tachinidae, sens. lat. 14. Acaulona costata, v. d. Wulp. Acaulona costata, vy. d. Wulp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt. ii, p. 4. T'wo specimens, male and female: the male, April 8, Paso de Telaya; the female, July 12, San Rafael, on flowers of the Cordia sp. Length of female 5 millim., of male fully 6 millim. After examining the genitalia of both of my specimens, I believe that v. d. Wulp’s specimens are the female. The front is the same width in both sexes. The male has the claws and pulvilli elongate, about twice as long as in female. The male has the elongate-oblong, somewhat flattened abdo- men characteristic of the males of Zrichopoda. It is not widened in middle, but is of equal width except for the gentle narrowing of last two segments and rounding off of anal segment. It is but slightly narrowed at base. The’ female abdomen is ovate, convex, more narrowed at base, and — — from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 29 widened on second segment. The foot-claws and pulvilli in my female are not particularly short, but are as long as last tarsal joint. The colouring of abdomen differs in male by having the brownish triangles of segments more narrowed behind, less spreading, and forming a more distinct median stripe, especially on first segment. My specimens differ as follows from v. d. Wulp’s descrip- tion :—Antennz somewhat more than half the length of face, third joint hardly twice as long as second. First abdominal segment of female longer than second or third, or even fourth, which latter is longer than either second or third, these two being about equal. Second, third, and fourth segments of male about equal, but little shorter than first, the fifth seg- ment about two thirds length of fourth. (Above are from comparison with the generic characters.) Antenne of male brownish, of female largely fulvous. Markings of thorax pale golden, alike in both sexes. Scutellum fulvous on border. Mesoscutum bordered broadly with golden behind the suture as well as before it. Dark markings of abdomen pale brownish. Fourth abdominal segment in female with the brown fainter than on the other segments. Fourth seg- ment in male mostly brown. Genitalia hardly darker than the fulvous of anal segment. Front femora in female with but very little yellow at base, middle femora rather narrowly and hind femora more broadly yellow. In male front femora are narrowly yellow, but middle and hind femora have basal half to two thirds yellow. The differences in the foot-claws of the two sexes are exactly similar to those in Trichopoda. In the male the claws are elongate, wholly of a pale tawny or brownish yellow, and straight; in the female they are shortened, abruptly curved at end so as to be hook-shaped, and the hook-like tips are abruptly black. I believe that the two appendages of anal segment, figured and described by van der Wulp, belong to the female genitalia. 15. Trichopoda tegulata, sp. n. One female, July 1, San Rafael. On flowers of the Cordia sp. 2. Length 8 millim. This beautiful species is very easily distinguished from any so far described. It is entirely black except as follows :— Face silvery-white pollinose, extending upon sides of front as far as middle. Cheeks and occiput with a cinereous silvery bloom, extending over sides of thorax and coxee. ‘Transverse suture of thorax marked by a deep gold line, widened and spot-like at ends. ‘Two golden vitte of same width as that 30 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera on transverse suture, linear, extend from anterior margin of thorax to transverse suture, are parallel, and divide the black of mesoscutum in front of suture into three portions of exactly equal width. Wings entirely black, except the hind border, which is hyaline. Pulvilli pale yellowish white ; foot- claws pale yellow, with black hooked tips (female). Halteres pale yellowish, more reddish at base. The character from which I have named the species, and which is so striking that it will distinguish it at once, is the colour of the tegule and alulets. The tegule (lower pair of scales) are large and wholly of a deep golden-yellow colour, being very conspicuous against the black of the body and wings, while the alulets (upper pair of scales, appearing like an upper and smaller pair of tegule), which cover the forward portion of the yellow tegule, are pure white on the anterior half and abruptly black on posterior half (the wing being understood to be directed backward in the usual position). Such a beautiful effect in coloration of the tegule and alulets 1 have never before seen in any fly. Note-—What I have called the alulets (the upper or smaller pair of scales) are not true tegule, but appear so when the wing is flexed or directed backward in its usual position. When the wing is extended strongly forward it is seen that this smaller scale is a part of it, being borne on the extreme base of the inner edge of the wing, proximad of the alula, which in turn is proximad of the axilla (anal or axillary angle) of the wing. It should be known as the alulet, which is the diminutive of alula. I think that this term is deserving of use and should be adopted. Beginning, then, with the axillary angle of the wing, the latter being extended forward to its utmost, and proceeding inward or proximad, we have in order the a@willa, alula, alulet, and tegula. I remark here upon these points of terminology in detail, as no writer seems ever to have paid any attention to the distinctions to be made in the application of the last three of these terms. Since the above was written Dr. Williston has called attention, in his new synopsis of Diptera just published, to the fact that Osten Sacken has proposed the name “ anti- tegula” for the upper pair of scales. I think “ alulet” is a preferable term, from the fact that it is a short word and has long been in use, notwithstanding that it has been indefinitely applied in some cases. While on the subject of Zrichopoda, I wish to propose the name 7’. subalipes for the species described by me from Santo Domingo under the name of 7’. sudci/ipes (Journ. N. Y. Ent, ei, from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 31 Soc. ii. pp. 78, 79). The latter name is preoccupied by Macquart for a species described by him from Guiana. 16. Cistogaster immaculata, Macq., sens. str. Cistogaster immaculata, Mac., sens. str., nec Towns. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxii. p. 67. One male, March 18, San Rafael. On pages 66-67 of the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxii. (1895) I gave detailed notes of my own on two forms among the females of what had previously been known as Cistogaster divisa, Lw. I also presented some interesting notes sent me by Mr. Charles Robertson on the separation of the males and possible connexion of the two series of the latter with the two female forms. I am inclined now to adopt this view, and thus consider these two series as distinct species. The re- marks that I made at end of page 67 on the names to be used for the two forms should be corrected. Since writing those remarks I have found that Macquart described the male of the “dimorphic” female, while Loew described the male of the “normal” female. ‘Therefore the species possessing the “ dimorphic ” female will be known as C. ¢mmaculata, Mcq., and that possessing the “normal” female will be known as C. divisa, Lw. Walker’s name occidua will re- main a synonym of the latter. The present male specimen belongs to C. ¢mmaculata, Mcq., being the male form in which the median longitudinal fuscous stripe of abdomen is wanting, which male should be connected with the “dimorphic” female. Macquart’s descrip- tion leaves no doubt on this point, as he says of the abdomen “une ligne dorsale de reflets d’un blanc jaunatre.” He describes the abdomen as ferruginous, the first segment with a small dorsal triangular black spot, and the third segment with yellowish-white pollinose reflections on each side. My specimen has the median pollinose line and the pollinose surface on each side of third segment golden instead of yellowish white. The fourth segment is tinged with darker and the golden pollinose covering extends over nearly the whole of it. The deep golden yellow of sides of front extends fully halfway down the sides of face. The whole mesoscutum and scutellum are deep golden pollinose, the former with median pair of linear darker vitte in front of transverse suture and an outer heavier vitta on each side not reaching front margin and broadly interrupted by suture. Length nearly 6 millim. 32 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera 17. Penthosia satanica, Bigot. Penthosia satanica, Bigot, van der Wulp, Tijdschr. v. Ent. xxxv. (1892) pp. 189-190. One male, July 4, and two females, July 5 and 6. San Rafael, on flowers of the Cordia‘sp. Length of male 104, of females 114 millim. The frontal bristles extend well below the antenne, but there is no row of hairs on each side of face except these. The first and second antennal joints are about equal, taken together they are about as long as width of front at vertex ; the third joint is greatly elongated, being four or five times as long as the second, which is not by any means very short. In the male especially the third joint is widened distally and is subtruncate at tip. Arista nearly as long as third antennal joint. Thorax is not “densely pilose,” but whole thorax, abdomen, and legs are well and quite thickly clothed with short hair. The only long macrocheete are on the scutellum. Foot-claws of male long and nearly straight, of female shorter and hooked at tip. The only light colouring on this entire insect is the silvery-white pollinose stripe extending from middle of front on each side down to cheeks. It is interrupted below base of antenne. Even this looks blackish in certain lights. Otherwise the entire insect is black, even to the pulvilli and wings, the latter, however, having a purplish lustre. 18. Saundersia rufopilosa, v. d. W. Saundersia rufopilosa, v. d. W., Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt, ii. p. 22. Two male specimens of this beautiful species, San Rafael, March. Heretofore recorded only from Guatemala and Costa Rica. Length 11-123 millim. First two antennal joints rufous. Mesoscutum deep golden ollinose, rather than cinereous. I should certainly call the frontal bristles strong, not “rather weak.” Pilosity of occiput deep golden yellow. Second and third antennal joints same length. Pilosity of mesoscutum short, black. The three black dorsal spots of abdomen, on median line of second, third, and fourth segments, not coalesced, entire. Bristles on coxe and underside of femora either wholly yellow or wholly black. Alulets golden fulvous, the tegule faintly tinged with fuscous. from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 33 19. Belvosia bicincta, R. D. One female, July 16, San Rafael. On flowers of the Cordia sp. Third antennal joint hardly twice as long as second. Facial ridges not ciliate, with some bristles not extending halfway up. Length 15 millim. 20. Belvosia bifasciata, Fabr. One female, June 20, San Rafael. Third antennal joint three or more times as long as the second. . Facial ridges ciliate, with strong bristles extending up to a point opposite lowest frontal bristles. Length 114 millim. I am aware that Dr. Williston has shown that there is great variation in these two forms of Belvosia, and that inter- gradations of all kinds exist. I think it is well, however, to apply the two names and differentiate the forms when they can be separated. When specimens are encountered which cannot be so separated they should be mentioned individually, with details as to their variation from the typical form. 21. Phasiopteryx Bilimeki, B. & B. One male, March 9, San Rafael. Length 7 millim. This specimen seems to be more robust and bristly than van der Wulp’s specimens described in the Biol.-Centr. Am., Dipt. It differs as follows from van der Wulp’s description of Neoptera (Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt. 11. pp. 165-166) :—The frontal bristles are not hair-like. There is a pair of short decussate vibrisse. The bristles on third and fourth abdo- minal segments can certainly be properly called macrochete. The wings agree well with description, except that the curva- ture of fourth vein does not form a right angle, but is rounded. Apical cross-vein is a little concave. The foot- claws and pulvilli are not short, but rather elongate. Claws black, pulvilli yellow-fuscous. Van der Wulp’s figures of male wing (Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt. ii. pl. iv. figs. 11, 11 a) show the third vein altogether too strongly arcuate in 11a, hardly enough so in 11, and, especially in the latter, with a too much narrowed apical cell, to agree with my specimen. Although the vibrisse are so distinct and the bristles all Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 3 34 Mr, A. D. Michael on so much stronger than indicated by van der Wulp, there is no doubt that the present specimen is: the same species, as the peculiar wing-characters cannot be mistaken. The generic characterization must be changed somewhat, however, espe- cially as regards the presence of distinct vibrisse. Dexiide. 22, Huantha dives, Wd. Euantha dives, Wd., vy. d. Wulp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt. ii. p. 249. Two males, March 6 and 16, San Rafael. They differ from v. d. Wulp’s description only as follows :— Subtrigonal spot of cheeks brownish, not well defined. Coxe reddish yellow. Tegule pale, with yellowish tinge. Length 123 millim. In v. d. Wulp’s synoptic table of Dexiide, in the Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt., he puts Huantha in section without costal spine on wings. . dives certainly bears a spine on costa just before end of auxiliary vein. He also makes synopsis read for Huantha ‘“ wings unicolorous,” which is evidently a typographical error. I am sorry to find that I inadvertently perpetuated these errors in my synopsis of Dexiide in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xix. p. 275. The table there given should be corrected in accordance with the above. V.—The Classification of Oribatide. By A. D. Micwatt, F.L.S. A PAPER by Dr. A. C. Oudemans has appeared in the Tijdschr. voor Entomologie entitled “ List of Dutch Acari, Latr., first part Oribatei, Dug., with synonymical notes and other remarks.”” It is always a pleasure to acarologists to see a paper by Dr. Oudemans upon the creatures which they study, and more especially so when the paper is written in a language more familiar to most biologists than Dutch is, This paper is chiefly upon the Oribatide, and is, in many respects, very useful; but as it seeks to make numerous changes in the nomenclature of genera, species, anatomical parts, &c., and in classification, I shall probably be expected to answer it. This I will endeavour to do so far as I think the paper requires an answer. Firstly, I may fairly congratulate Dr. Oudemans on his knowledge of the English language, in which the paper is written. fini ee the Classification of Oribatide. 35 Lists of local fauna are very useful, and acarologists will be glad to have one of the Dutch species, which have not been before recorded; although we could scarcely anticipate that they would vary much from those of Germany and England, as the distribution of these minute beings is usually wide; but when, out of 68 species, 25 are inserted thus: “ Oribates sp.,” without a word of description or any figure, and three thus, “Gen.? sp. ?”” also without description or figure, I fear that the value of the list is considerably diminished. Dr. Oudemans, in the title above quoted, does not state what value he intends his groups to have; but he calls “‘ Acari” what I imagine he considers the order ; the next lower group (which I suppose he considers the family) he names “ Oribatei,” and in his list he calls the next still lower group (which is apparently a subfamily) ‘‘ Phthiracarea.” These termina- tions do not appear quite consonant with modern classifi- cation. I imagine him to give the values stated to his groups because he calls those of equivalent values to his Phthiracarea “ Nothrine” and “ Oribatine.” Why one subfamily should end in “ -ea”’ and the others in “ -inz ” is not stated. Doubtless Dugés, writing in 1834, did call his family “ Oribatei,” raising Latreille’s genus Oribata (or Ori- bates) into a family: but Latreille did not call his group Acari, as in the heading of Dr. Oudemans’s paper; he called it first * Acares”’ and afterwards “‘ Acaridiz,” as correctly stated at p- 58; but there it is said, in reference to “ Acares,” “though this term has a French final syllable it is a pure Latin word ” (the italics are mine), “it is the plural of the Latin Acarus.” This somewhat surprises me; I was under the impression that ‘‘ Acares” was the plural of the French word “ Acare,”’ and that the word, although derived through Latin, was from the Greek word for a Mite daxaps, as used by Aristotle, and was founded upon axapijs, uncuttable. Dr. Oudemans says that Phthiracarus, Perty, should be substituted for the genus Tritéa, Berlese, because both are founded on a Hoplophora with tridactyle claws and Perty’s is the earlier. I by no means assert that Tritia is a neces- sary genus ; I did not adopt it, and I am strongly of opinion that the distinction of monodactyle and tridactyle claws has almost entirely broken down as a means of differentiating genera in the Oribatide, although it is useful in identifi- cation. I believe that this is now the general opinion; but if Berlese’s genus have any validity it arises from the remarkable fused and elongated genital and anal plates, so exceptional in the Oribatide, and not from the tridactyle 3% 36 Mr. A. D. Michael on claw. Perty’s species, judging from the drawings made by him and published by Claparéde in 1868, had the ordinary genital and anal plates of Hoplophora, and no specimen of the Hoplophorine has ever been found by anyone else, that I am aware of, having the tridactyle claw and the ordinary genital and anal plates of Hoplophora. Perty, in defining his genus, includes two important characters which do not exist in any known species of Oribatide, viz., six-jointed legs and a sucking-mouth. Therefore if we adopt the genus Phthiracarus we adopt one founded upon erroneous anatomy, and of which there is not any known species. Claparéde is probably right in supposing that Perty made mistakes about the tridactyle claw and in other matters: his species was probably Hoplophora dasypus (Duges), an earlier species, misdescribed—it is therefore scarcely a satisfactory type for a family ; and if we be forced to abandon the well- known name of Hoplophora, for which there are very strong arguments, but which every one is unwilling to do, it will be unfortunate. Then Dr. Oudemans says that the genus “ Notaspis” cannot stand because Hermann’s name in 1804 is equivalent to Latreille’s earlier name Oribata (or Oribates): but it is not certain that they quite covered the same ground; both. were very large groups, practically intended to include what we now call the family, and they have been much subdivided. Latreille’s group has been raised to a family, and his generic name preserved for one genus; but Hermann knew of man creatures not known to Latreille, and Nicolet is, I think, to be commended for preserving Hermann’s name for a portion of these creatures contained in his group, taking the well-known Notaspis bipilis as his type. Dr. Oudemans then states that Oppta, Koch, is founded on Oppia glaucina, Koch, a larval form, as a type. It is a larval form; but why is it Koch’s type? Koch gives 5 species, of which 4 are adult; in his ‘ Uebersicht,’ where he first describes the genus, he puts O. nitens at the head of his description and figures that species only. It is true that he used the name 'f Uppia”’ earlier, in his ‘ Deutschlands Crus- taceen &c.,’ without defining the genus: that book was published in fasciculi of loose sheets; both species were in the same fasciculus; the plate of O. glaucina was numbered 9, that of O. nitens 10; but is this to make the larval form the type? I do not think that the genus Oppia should stand, but that is because it is a part of the genus Notaspis as limited by Nicolet, and is ill-defined, other members of the same natural genus being spread by Koch over several genera mixed with quite different creatures. the Classification of Oribatidee. 37 Dr. Oudemans accuses Nicolet of “ bungling” over the genus ‘“‘Cepheus”’: what he did is certainly singular, but the result has to be considered. Dr. Oudemans says, “ The name Cepheus, Nicolet, 1855, cannot be kept, as Koch used this name in 1836.” This is quite true, but we do not attempt to preserve any genus Cepheus of Nicolet, nor did Nicolet propose to found any; we preserve Koch’s. It is true that Nicolet divided Koch’s genus and carried, or rather thought he carried, Koch’s Cepheus latus to a new genus and called the creature Tegeocranus cephetformis, which he described and figured excellently. It was certainly an odd proceeding ; but, as I pointed out in my ‘ British Oribatide,’ vol. ii. 1888, p- 340, although Nicolet thought that his species was tie same, he was in error: 7. cepheiformis was a new species, and Cepheus latus, Koch, was probably a synonym either of what is now called Yegeocranus latus, endeavouring to preserve Koch’s specific name, or of Cepheus tegeocranus (Hermann), an earlier species. Nicolet named a new species Cepheus latus, which was very injudicious: but Koch’s definition of the genus Cepheus is no description at all, and would not define any group whatever, and his type species is uncertain ; it is therefore better to adopt Nicolet’s clear definition of the genus, and some zoologists would call it ‘‘ Cepheus, Nicolet.”’ As the facts stand, therefore, it would seem that Nicolet’s species may be good, particularly if the notes to rule 14 of the rules for the scientific naming of animals of the German Zoological Society be right. But Cepheus latus, Nic., is so like Cepheus tegeocranus (Herm.), that Koch would not have been likely to note the difference; thus Cepheus latus, Koch and Nicolet, may after all be identical, although Nicolet thought them different. It would be impossible to say for certain from Koch’s description and figure. Dr. Oudemans, like many other acarologists, suggests that the genus Belba, founded by Heyden, should take the place of the later genus Dameus, Koch. elba was founded on Notaspis corynopus Hermann, as a type: Dr. Oudemans says, “I do not know this species by my own observation.” Everyone else is in the same position, because probably no such creature as Hermann has figured and very shortly de- scribed ever existed; if it did it was not a member of any known genus of Oribatide, for it is described as having chelate tarsi. Hermann doubtless made some mistake; but if this error were eliminated the creature, if it were then a possible one, which is doubtful, would belong to the genus Notaspis rather than Damaus. Heyden, however, was not satisfied with the type; he defined the genus Belba, and his definition would carry it out of the Acarina altogether, if 38 On the Classification of Oribatide. not out of the Arthropoda—it is, ‘‘ head, protothorax (sic), and metathorax separate.” I do not think it would be desirable to revive this genus. Dr. Oudemans says that “the Oribatei wait for a thorough revision,” and he gives instances. He says that members of the genus Nothrus are said tohave three claws, but that he has species with one. I think that the tridactyle claw as part of the definition of the genus has long been abandoned ; he will find three monodactyle species described in my ‘ British Oribatide’ in 1888. Then he says that “ amongst the species of Koch belonging to the genus Oribates there are several of which the wing-like expansions are not mov- able and do not protect the legs.” Many of the ptero- morphe are only slightly flexible, very few are, strictly speaking, movable; but Koch’s species without them have been removed from the genus by, I think, all modern acarologists. Then he says that “many Hremeus have no arched abdomen, but a hollow one”; he will find in my definition of the genus, in 1888, “ Notogaster arched or concave in the centre.” ‘Then there are some remarks about ~ the similarity of the nymphs of Letosoma and Cepheus, and he suggests that the genera should be joined. If he refer to my work so often quoted above he will find that they practically are joined, but I feel doubts whether they will not have to be separated again; and if Dr. Oudemans endeavours to classify the Oribatide by the hairs on the nymphs, I fear he will find that he must neglect important structural differences in the adults. Finally, Dr. Oudemans says, in effect, that the anterior portion of an Acarus cannot be called a cephalothorax because some of the creature’s legs are abdominal: I regret to say that I fail to appreciate the cogency of this argument. It will be seen that the above remarks are written in the spirit that it is better not to make changes in well-known names unless it is unavoidable. Now a few words as to the species in the list. There are 40 named species; of these three, viz. Nothrus pallens, Koch, Zetes ephippiatus, Koch, and Zetes fuscomaculatus, Koch, are founded upon immature (nymphal) forms. Hoplophora lucida, Koch, is one of the many synonyms of Hoplophora dasypus, Duges. H. nitens, Nic., is stated to be equivalent to H. dasypus, Claparede, but not to H. dasypus, Duges; but Claparéde only quotes Dugés and does not use the name dasypus at all, he uses contractilis. No reason is given for saying that H. nitens, Nic., is not the same as /. dasypus, Duges; Nicolet said it was, and I do not know of any reason for disagreeing with him. [Five species of Letosoma are etn te a ee a ay Seng ee ea (Pet ern > Re On Bees of the Genus Colletes from New Mexico. 39 given; the specific names of three of them end in “‘-us”: cua, the body, is neuter; therefore these names should end in “um.” But at least two of the five, viz. Zetes flavipes, Koch, and Oribates fuscus, Koch, surely belong to the genus Notaspis, not Letosoma: then one is stated to be Letosoma nitens, Geofir.; should not this be Gervais? In the next genus Cepheus, Carabodes coriaceus, Koch, is introduced ; but I cannot see how it can be considered a Cepheus, no ex- planation is given. In the genus Pelops, P. fuligineus, Koch, is given instead of P. levigatus, Nic.: this may be correct, for they are probably identical, and Koch’s is the earlier name; but if so, Koch described this species three times— first as Pelops acromios, Herm., which it is not, then as P. fuligineus, and, finally, in all probability, as P. hirsutus : his figures and descriptions hardly render certain identifi- cation possible, and it would be far better, if it can be done, to preserve Nicolet’s name, which has a good description and figure attached to it. In the genus Oribata (or Oribates) Dr. Oudemans adopts the masculine termination, but he leaves almost all the species in the feminine: thus he puts “ Oribates pallidula, Koch,” and O. fuscomaculata, Koch ; but I do not think that Koch put adjective specific names in the feminine when his genus was masculine. Oribata coleoptrata (Linn.) is used instead of Hermann’s well-known name of alata; but the species entirely relies on Hermann’s drawing, and although it is customary to suppose that it may have been the Acarus coleoptratus of Linneus, it is far too uncertain to adopt that name and drop Hermann’s. Both Oribates ovalis, Koch, and O. nitens, Nic., are given; it is very doubtful if these be more than varieties. lt must not for a moment be supposed from these remarks that I underestimate the value of many of Dr. Oudemans’s suggestions. , VI.— Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station. —IIl. The Bees of the Genus Colletes found in New Mexico. By T. D. A. COCKERELL. A. Rather large forms of the type of C. ineequalis, with dark, often scarcely banded abdomen in 9. (1) No dark hairs on thorax ; a sharp straight transverse keel behind the enclosure at base of metathorax. Colletes utilis, sp. n, @. Length 11 millim., anterior wing 73 millim. Stoutly built, black; the rather long pubescence of face, 40 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Bees of the cheeks, pleura, base of abdomen, and legs greyish white or very pale grey, that of vertex and dorsum of thorax yellowish ochraceous. Face broad, with erect pale grey pubescence except on clypeus and middle of supraclypeal area, which are bare. Clypeus with elongate irregular punctures, the surface between them striate, the sculpture reminding one of the surface of a strawberry. Supraclypeal area shining, with two longitudinal rows of large subconfluent punctures on each side. Vertex very closely and distinctly punctured. Space between eyes and base of mandibles about twice as broad as long. Mandibles black, with a dark rufous ring, tips blunt, notch a fair distance from tip. Labrum with three or four short longitudinal grooves on each side; no central pit. Antenne wholly dark, flagellum with a very fine sericeous pubescence, first joint of flagellum distinctly longer than second. Thorax quite densely pubescent above ; prothoracic spines horizontal, long and slender, easily overlooked amidst the pubescence. Mesothorax moderately shiny, median groove very well marked; punctures very large and distinct, sepa- rated from each other by intervals about equal to the diameter of one. Pleura shiny, with strong punctures. Enclosure at base of metathorax very short, coarsely longitudinally plicate, bounded behind by a straight transverse keel. Tegule rufo-testaceous. Wings perfectly hyaline, nervures and stigma black. Legs entirely dark, the claws only rufescent, spurs pale brownish. Basal joints of tarsi fairly but not remarkably stout. Pubescence at tips of inner side of tarsi more or less rufous. Abdomen short and stout, hind margin of second segment and slightly of first and third narrowly rufous. Punctuation of first two segments strong and rather close, on a shining surface; of third extremely fine and small, on a microscopically tessellate surface. No hair-bands, but base of first segment with long hairs. Hind trochanters with a thin long curled brush of beautifully ramose hairs. Hab. Las Cruces, N. M., March 23, on flowers of plum. (2) With dark hairs on thorax. (a) Tegulee piceous, punctuation very strong and close; wings smoky, Colletes bigelovie, sp. n. @. Length 11 millim., anterior wing 7} millim. Very much like C. armata, but at once distinguished if attention is given to the following points :—The flagellum is entirely dark beneath, at most very obscurely brownish or rufescent. The unpunctured middle of the supraclypeal area Genus Colletes from New Mexico. Al is sometimes quite dull, sometimes shiny. ‘The face is but sparsely hairy. Head very broad on vertex. Prothoracic spine well formed. Mesothorax very coarsely and densely punctured, so as to be cancellate; median smoother shiny area not much developed. Tegulew dark vandyke-brown. Wings smoky, nervures and stigma black. Pleura very densely punctured, so as to be cancellate. Abdomen with white hair-bands at base of second and apex of second and following segments, all largely rubbed off in my specimens. Hab. Mescalero Indian Reservation, Sacramento Mountains, N. M., a short distance below the Agency, rather common at flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, Oct. 2, 1896. This is certainly very near to armata, but the slightly larger average size, dark flagellum, smoky wings, and very densely punctured mesothorax may be taken as valid specific characters. (6) Tegul rufo-testaceous, punctuation not so close ; wings perfectly clear; flagellum brown beneath; stigma rufo-fuscous. Colletes armata, Patten, 1879. One female, Las Cruces, N. M., late summer or early autumn. Mr. Fox, after comparing it with Cresson’s collection, marked it C. tnequalis, but Mr. Robertson has since shown that what Cresson took for ¢nequalis was really armata. I have the real ¢nequalis from Illinois (Robertson) ; it is larger, with dark tegule and other differences. In several respects (wings, antenne, tegule) it is more like digelovice, but it has the mesothorax shiny, with the punctures separate though close, very different from digelovie. B. Males as large or larger than ineequalis, with black hairs on dorsum of thorax and very large punctures on abdomen. Colletes gilensis, sp. n. 3. About 15 millim. long. Black, the pubescence of head and thorax quite dense except on posterior truncation of thorax, long, greyish white or very pale grey on underparts, tinged with ochreous and mixed with black on thoracic dorsum, dense and silky on lower part of face, covering clypeus. Face longer than broad. Antenne wholly dark. Vertex shining, with sparse big punctures and little ones between. Mandibles dark, rather blunt, the notch a fair distance from the end. Clypeus 42 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Bees of the with very large irregular pits. Labrum with a deep elongate median sulcus, bounded on each side by an elevation. Area between eyes and base of mandibles about twice as broad as long. Mesothorax shining, with large well-separated punc- tures. Prothoracic spine long and conspicuous. Base of metathorax with the usual transverse series of pits, rather irregular, below which the triangle is transversely ridged, with a rather feeble median longitudinal carina. The shiny downward prolongation of the triangle is very narrow. Lateral areas of the posterior truncation dull because minutely roughened. Tegulz rufo-fuscous. Wings long (anterior wing 10 millim.), smoky; nervures and stigma very dark fuscous. Legs black, small joints of tarsi inclining to dark rufous. Pubescence of legs ordinary. Abdomen shiny, with large close punctures; first segment sparsely clothed with erect grey hairs, which on the other segments are replaced by shorter inconspicuous hairs, becoming darker to black caudad. Apical margins of segments 1 to 5 with even very conspic- uous bands of white pubescence. ‘The band is wholly lacking on sixth segment. Pubescence of apex fuscous. Venter with white bands like those of dorsum. Hab. West fork of Gila River, N. M., July 16, two males (C. H. T. Townsend). It is to be regretted that the female of this, the largest New Mexico Colletes, is unknown. Stele ; Females. a. Size much larger, 20mm. Vulva presenting a ' transverse oval depression, with central poste- rior triangular tongue, whose anterior margins are continued on either side in the form of a coiled spiraloid oviduct ..........2.008: b. Size much smaller, 14°3 mm. 1. Vulva presenting anteriorly a large quadrate A, Marshii, sp. n. A, spiniyerus, Keys. A. Marshit, sp, 0. spade-like depression, concave within towards apex, which is bilobate. Produced poste- riorly into a stem, dilate towards posterior margin, flanked on both sides by a horseshoe- shaped tuberculiform prominence, procurved, whose arms (transversely corrugate) termi- nate with a small shining boss, Cribellum divided in centre into two distinct triangular SIPOR yo its Seah blips hia aalge Reh eee oe 2. Vulva presenting anteriorly on each side a spiraloid curving process, Central tongue ilate in centre on each side, with narrow black chitinous margin, posteriorly narrowed. Cribellum transverse oblong, not divided in centre into two distinct areas .........-6- A. spinipes, Keys. A, Ridley, sp. n. 1877. Acanthoctenus spinigerus, Keys. (Pl. IV. fig. iii. b.) $,12°5mm. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 693, t. ii. (vili.) fig. 60. Cordova. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London. Mexico, Srom the Lower Amazons &e. 103 1877. Acanthoctenus spinipes, Keys. ¢, 14:3 mm. _ Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 695, t. ii. (viii.) fig. 61. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London. New Granada, Bogotd. These two species belong to the subfam. Acanthoctenine of Simon, in the family Zoropside, where I leave them for the present in company with a new species—A. Marshii— described below, from the Amazons. ‘They are separated by M. Simon from the other Ctenoid forms, on account of the presence of the calamistrum and cribellum. (PI. LV. fig. iii. d.) Acanthoctenus Fidleyi, sp. n., 2. Hab. Pernambuco, Brazil. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London. Total length (including mandibles) 14 mm. Colour. Carapace and legs mahogany-brown, the former with two lateral dark serrate bands on each side of the median line, the latter with indistinct annulations on the tibiz ; protarsi and tarsi darker. Structure. Similar in general character to the other forms of the genus, resembling, however, A. spinipes, Keys., rather than Marshit. Legs of first pair less than twice the total length (in A. Marshii they are more than twice the total length). Tibia 1. with 7 pairs of spines beneath, ii. with 6-7 pairs beneath. Second row of eyes straight by anterior mar- gins ; ocular quadrangle broader than long, much narrower in front. Central posteriors large, less than half a diameter apart. Central anteriors much smaller, half a diameter apart. Clypeus equal to 1} diameter of anterior central eye. Cribellum transverse, narrow, not divided into two trian- gular disks. Vulva somewhat similar in general character to that of Marshii, but much less complicated. Central tongue dilate in middle on either side, with narrow black chitinous margins, anteriorly presenting on each side a spiraloid curving process, beneath which lies the oviduct. This species was found among some spiders collected by Mr. Ridley in the neighbourhood of Pernambuco. (PI. LV. fig. ill. e.) Acanthoctenus Marshii *, sp. n., 2. Hab. Santarem and Obidos. Types in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London. * It gives me much pleasure to connect this fine new species with the name of Mr. Marsh, by whose efforts our Amazonian collections, espe- cially amongst the Lepidoptera, were considerably enriched 104 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders 3. Total length (including mandibles) 17 mm., 2 20 mm. 3d .—Colour. Carapace orange-yellow, with two broad brown bands with scalloped margins on either side of the central furrow. Abdomen dull orange-brown, mottled with brown and grey pubescence; with a broad central pale band, divided longitudinally in its first half by a brown line, trans- versely in its second by three A -shaped fine lines, terminating in a black spot at each end. The apical half bears dorsally two rows of three small tufts of fine grey hairs, with another row of the same on each side. Legs pale orange, spinose, annulated with brown, and clothed between the annulations with hoary grey pubescence. Sternum and underside of abdomen dull yellow-brown. Structure. Carapace with fine central line; profile-line concave, very and abruptly steep behind, and gibbous. Ocular region raised, lateral impressions deep. Eyes. Centrals forming a quadrangle a little longer than broad, posteriors larger ; laterals on a distinct tubercle ; ante- riors small, their diameter less than half that of posterior laterals, and more than their diameter distant from them. The lateral anteriors form with the central posteriors a pro- curving transverse line seen from in front. Clypeus narrower than diameter of anterior centrals. Mandibles clothed with grey hairs. Fang-groove armed with 3 teeth on lower margin, 2 on upper at angle. Labium longer than broad, emarginate at apex, narrowed at base, half as long as coxe of pedipalp. ‘The latter parallel-sided, their inner margins smooth and slightly excavate, rounded at apex and tufted on inner apical angle with long curved hairs. Legs 1, 4, 2, 3, long, and somewhat similar in action to those of the Laterigrades, armed with spines and clothed with fine silky yellow hairs, especially the tibiw, protarsi, and tarsi of legs i. and il, Femora i., ii., ili., and iv. spinose above, with two or three spines in front of first pair. ‘Tibia i. with 8 pairs of long spines beneath (the number varies from 7 to 9 in the females), and a row of 3 or 4 on each side. Protarsus 1. with 5 pairs of very long spines beneath, closely pressed against the scopula. Tibia ii. with 7-8 pairs of spines beneath and 3 or 4 spines on each side. ‘Tibi and protarsi ill, and iv. with numerous spines. ‘Tarsi of all four pair without spines. Tarsal claws 2. Pedipalp (Pl. IV. fig. ili.a, c). Femur with 5 or 6 stout spines on the upper inner side at apex. Patella with 2 spines on upperside. ‘Libia strongly emarginate on the outer side, curved, with two long spines and a tuft of long hair on the from the Lower Amazons ce. 105 inner side. Tarsus elongate-pyriform. Bulb simple, pro- duced backwards at base, its apex terminating in two membra- nous prominences not well defined. Measurements in millim.— 6. Carap. 7:5 long., 6°25 lat. ; abd. 8°5 long., 4° lat.; stern. 3°25 long., 3 lat.; pedes long., te uae aa, iv. 42 ate. 2°70— 5 —10—3-d—12— 10-25—4. Comparative measurements of female the same, except pedes i. 43, iv. 43. 2. The structure of the body is the same as that of the male, except that the gibbosity of the carapace at base is less pronounced. Vulva broader than long, consisting of a pair of shallow circular spiraloid depressions, having between them poste- riorly a small triangular piece. Spinners 6, with a cribellum before the anterior pair ; posterior pair slightly longer, with distinct terminal joint in the male, but not so noticeable in the female. This large species was abundant in the neighbourhood of Santarem and in the Forest, as well as at Obidos. Its habit much resembles that of Letocranum rupicola of Europe. It lurks beneath stones, pieces of timber, or tiles, sitting quite flat and close to the surface, darting round to the opposite side with extraordinary speed, and after the fashion of a ‘“‘heteropod.” Several females, almost adult, were taken, one adult male, and one adult female, whilst of the immature numerous specimens occurred. The webbing with which I found this spider connected was loose and flocculent, spread over the surface of the stone; but so rapidly did the spiders retreat, that I was unable to make any observations on their habits. They occurred abundantly amongst the stacks of the roofing-tiles piled up near the saw-mills in the neighbourhood of Santarem. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PuaTeE III. i. Ctenus. Eyes in front of:—(a) Ctenus Reidyi, 2 ; (b) C. sinuatipes, 2; (c) C. similis, 2; (d) C. albofasciatus, 9. ii, Ctenus. Vulva. (a) C. Reidy, (b) C. Andrewsi, (c) C, Keyser- lingit, (d) C. nigriventer. iii. Ctenus boliviensis. (a) Palpal bulb from beneath; (b) central lobe; (c) tibial spur of pedipalp. iv. Ctenus. Vulva. (a) C. stmilis, 9; (b) C. albofasciatus, 2; (c) C. minor, 2; (d) C. stnuatipes, 2. v. Ctenus. C.minimus, g. Tibia of pedipalp, (1) from above, (2) from outside. vi. Ctenus. Protarsus and tarsusiv. of ¢. (a) C. nigritus and C. rec- tipes, (b) C. planipes, (c) C. serratipes, (d) C. curvipes, (e) C. sinuatipes, (f) C. medius, 106 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on new Malay Frogs. vil. Ctenus. Tibial apophysis of pedipalp. (a) C. nigritus, from out- side; (b) C. rectipes, from outside; (c) C. planipes, from out- side; (d) C. serratipes, from above; (e) C. curvipes, from below ; (f) C. sinuatipes, trom above, with apophysis enlarged; (g) C. medius, from outside; (h) C. spiculus, from outside. Piate IV. i. Lycoctenus. Palpal bulb from below. (a) L. brunneus, 6; (b) L. Hewitsoni, 3; (c) ‘unca” of bulb, (1) Z. gigas, (2) L. brunneus, (3) L. demerarensis, (4) L. colombianus; (d) tarsal claws of L. brunneus, &. ii. Lycoctenus, Vulva. (a) L. brunneus, 2, from above; (b) L. bego- tensis, from above; (c) LZ. brunneus, in profile; (d) L. bogoten- sts, in profile. iii. Acanthoctenus. (a) A. Marshti, ¢: tibia and tarsus of pedipalp from outside; aa, tibial spur; 5d, apical spine. (b) A. spini- gerus, S: aa, tibial spur. (c) A. Marshii, 2: vulva. (d) A. spinipes, 9: vulva. (e) A. Ridley’, Q: vulva. iv. Cribellum and plan of spinners: (a) A. Marshii, 2; (b) A. Rid- leyi, Q. v. PEA, ¢. Tibia and tarsus of pedipalp, (a) from out- side, (b) from beneath. vi. Caloctenus aculeatus, Q (type). Eyes from in front. Note.—The figures of C. curvipes, Keys., are from Keyserling’s figures. VIII.— Descriptions of new Malay Frogs. By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S. Izvalus vittiger. Snout truncate, not projecting, as long as the diameter of the orbit; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region concave ; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Fingers with a rudiment of web; toes two-thirds webbed ; disks smaller than the tym- panum ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Skin smooth above ; throat smooth; belly granulate. Pale grey above, spotted all over with black ; a white, black-edged streak on each side from eye to groin, another on the arm, and a third on the thigh ; forearm and tibia spotted with black; lower parts white. From snout to vent 22 millim. A single specimen from Pengalengan, Java, 4000 feet, _ collected by Hr. H. Fruhstorfer. Mr. G. A. Boulenger on new Malay Frogs. 107 TIxalus mindorensis. Snout subacuminate, not projecting, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region concave ; nostril slightly nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, one third to two fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers free; toes one-third webbed; disks as large as or a little smaller than the tympanum; a small inner metatarsal tubercle. ‘Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the nostril or the tip of the snout. Skin smooth above; throat and belly granulate. Grey above, sides paler, sometimes with a dark brown lumbar streak ; temples, and sometimes the lores, dark brown; a white streak along the upper lip, or an oblique white streak below the eye; limbs with more or less distinct dark cross-bands ; lower parts white, uniform or spotted or marbled with brown. From snout to vent 29 millim. Several specimens from Mindoro (Mount Dulangan, 5000 feet), presented to the British Museum by the Sub- scribers to the Whitehead Expedition Fund. Tzxalus leitensis. Snout subacuminate, not projecting, as long as the diameter of the orbit; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region con- cave ; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; inter- orbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum hidden. Fingers free; toes one-third webbed; disks of fingers large, of toes a little smaller; a small inner meta- tarsal tubercle. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching a little beyond the tip of the snout. Skin shagreened above; a strong temporal fold; throat and belly granulate. Reddish brown above, with a pair of black spots on the anterior part of the back ; limbs with rather indistinct darker cross-bands ; roin, sides of thighs, and lower surface of tibia dark brown ; a black blotch on the vent, edged with yellowish above; a yellowish spot at the heel; throat and belly whitish. From snout to vent 20 millim. A single specimen from Leyte, Philippines, presented to the British Museum by the Subscribers to the Whitehead Expedition Fund. 108 Mr. G, A. Boulenger on new Malay Frogs. Engystoma borneense. Remarkably similar to the South-American EZ. microps. Snout very long, pointed, strongly projecting; eye small, two fifths the length of the snout; interorbital space thrice as broad as the upper eyelid. Fore limb a little longer than its distance from the tip of the snout; fingers short, swollen at the end, first shorter than second; toes quite free, the tips swollen into small disks; a very small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the posterior border of the eye, the tarso-metatarsal the tip of the snout. Skin perfectly smooth. Blackish brown above, with scattered minute white dots; brown beneath. From snout to vent 39 millim. A single specimen from the Baram district, Sarawak, collected by Mr. C. Hose. Microhyla* palmipes. Habit slender. Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers merely swellen at the end, first much shorter than second, third twice as long as second or fourth; toes two- thirds webbed, with small terminal disks; two extremely small oval metatarsal tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Skin smooth. Grey-brown above, with symimetrical, darker, light-edged markings, viz. a triangle between the eyes, a large A-shaped figure on the back, and a dark oblique band from the eye to the middle of the side; a dark oblique bar on the thigh and another on the tibia; anal region black; a black spot on the inner side of the tibia, a little above the heel; lower parts whitish, throat and belly with a few brown specks; lower lip dark brown with white dots. . From snout to vent 18 millim. A single specimen from Pengalengan, Java, 4000 feet, collected by Hr. H. Fruhstorfer. * The pupil in Microhyla and Callula is round, not vertical, as erro- neously stated by me in the ‘ Catalogue of Batrachians.’ On some Trapdoor Spiders from Australia. 109 IX.—On some Trapdoor Spiders of the Family Ctenizide from South and West Australia, contained in the Collection of the British Museum. By R. I. Pocock. Tue four genera discussed in this paper, all belonging, as I believe, to the Cyrtaucheniez, form an interesting series wherein the arrangement of the eyes passes from that of Aganippe, which is but a slight exaggeration of the pattern observable in Cyrtauchenius, to that of Idiosoma, which, as implied by the name, is comparable to the formula found in Idiops and its allies. The gradual assumption, too, of the integumental characters of the abdomen is clearly indicated, the normal hairy clothing of Aganippe passing into the aberrant spinous covering of Idiosoma through the form called Anidiops, where the hairs are dorsally intermixed with strong spines. Genus Ip1osoMA, Ausserer. Idiosoma, Ausserer, Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1871, p. 150. Belonging to the group Cyrtaucheniew of the family Ctenizide, but characterized by the arrangement of the eyes, which much resembles that of Jdiops, and by the coriaceous spinous wrinkled cuticle of the posteriorly truncate abdomen, which approaches that of Cyclocosmia and Chorizops. Type I. sigillatum (Cambr.). This genus, established by Ausserer for the reception of the peculiar species named Jdiops sigillatus by O. P. Cam- bridge, was, by Mons. Simon, regarded as a synonym of Acanthodon (Hist. Nat. Araignées, p. 91, 1892). The antagonistic opinions of these authors were based upon the characters presented by the type specimen, which belongs to the male sex ; and it may be inferred that whereas Ausserer regarded them as of generic value, to Simon they were merely of sexual importance. ‘The discovery, however, that the female differs greatly from the female of the Idiopez in the scopulation and spine-armature of its legs, as well as in the torm of the labium, abdomen, &c., is sufficient justifica- tion for the re-establishment of Ausserer’s genus. Idiosoma sigillatum (Cambr.). Idiops sigillatus, Cambridge, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1870, p. 105, pl. viii fig. 2, 2 .—Colour. Cephalothorax and limbs uniform chestnut, cephalic region of the former paler; abdomen dirty yellow, tinted with black, with a fine yellow longitudinal dorsal band. 110 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some Carapace longer than wide, its width just about equal to the’ distance between the posterior border and the posterior row of eyes; fovea deep, lightly procurved,. radiating grooves strongish ; cephalic area moderately elevated. Eyes arranged as in the Idiopex, the anterior laterals occu- pying an isolated position close to each other on each side of the middle of the anterior border, separated by a space that about equals their own radius, and tilted up posteriorly, so as to look forwards and upwards; the rest of the eyes occupying a wide transverse elevated area some distance behind; the anterior medians a little smaller than the front (anterior lateral) pair, separated from each other by a distance equal to about half their diameter, and from the front pair, as well as from the posterior laterals, by a space almost or quite equal to twice their diameter; the posterior laterals elliptical, nearly twice as large as the anterior medians; the posterior medians the smallest, a little less than half the size of the anterior medians, from which they are separated by a space which about equals their diameter, widely separated from each other, the space between them being about twice the space between them and the posterior laterals, the last-named space being about equal to the long diameter of a posterior lateral eye. Mandibles of medium strength, not geniculate, mostly smooth above at the base, hairy in front, armed with a distinct rake consisting of about a dozen pointed black tubercles lying along the inner edge of the segment and ocecu- pying asmall prominence above the base of the fang; external surface of mandible not hairy, lightly wrinkled; the lower edge furnished with a fringe of hairs externally and with two rows of teeth, the outer consisting of four and the inner of seven (eight), with a few between them posteriorly ; fang shortish, stout. Labium small, wider than long, bent downwards, and sepa- rated from the sternum by a deep groove, deeply sunk between the maxilla, unarmed. Sternum much longer than wide, widest between the coxe of the third legs, marked with the normal three pairs of muscular scars (sigille), those corresponding to the first legs small, marginal; the following pair also small and submar- ginal, the posterior pair smal] and oval, well removed from the margin, their distance from the margin being about half the distance between the two. Abdomen ovate, its upper surface in its posterior half flat- tened from side to side, and furnished with three pairs of muscular scars or sigilla—the anterior pair faint and widely Trapdoor Spiders from Australia. 111 separated, the middle pair large, conspicuous, and lodged in a transverse depression of the integument ; the posterior pair closer together than the others, smaller than the median but more conspicuous than the anterior ; the integument coriaceous, longitudinally grooved in front, transversely behind and below, scantily hairy; the upper surface of the abdomen armed with short backwardly directed spines, elevated on distinct granuliform tubercles. Spinners. ‘Two pairs, the anterior short, conical, the poste- rior also conical; the apical segment minute, the second shorter than the basal. Palpi. Maxilla longer than wide, furnished below with setee, intermixed with short setiform spinules, the base armed internally with a cluster of the thick normal spiniform tubercles; surface between the fringe and the suture bristly ; trochanter, femur, and patella bristly below; the tibia also bristly, about four of the bristles on each side stout and spiniform; tarsus about as long as the tibia, somewhat thickly scopulate on each side, nearly naked below, armed with two pairs of basal spines, apically with about five shorter spines in the middle ; claw armed with two basal teeth, the lower long and bifid. Legs. First and second pair with tarsi and protarsi scopu- late externally and internally, weakly spined; tibia of first armed externally with 3 to 5 spines, and with 1 internally at the apex ; protarsus with 4 externally, 2 internally, and 1 mesially, 4 altogether being placed along the lower apical margin ; tarsus only spined apically below the claw, as in the palpus ; second leg spined like the first, except that there are a few more spines on the protarsus; third leg with femur sparsely hairy, patella and tibia coarsely bristly above, the’ former armed in front with a few (about 9) short spines, the latter with 2 short spines in front and some half-dozen long spiniform sete below ; protarsus sparsely bristly, armed above with two rows of 5 to 6 stout spines and below with about 8 spines somewhat irregularly arranged ; about 9 spines alto- gether arranged round the distal margin of this segment; tarsus armed with about a dozen spines below; fourth leg with femur sparsely hairy, a few stout bristles below, thickly studded with short bristles at the apex above; patella furnished above with short bristles; tibia armed below with 8 setiform spines arranged in two rows ; protarsus with about 12 spines below, 2 above; tarsus armed with about a dozen spines below ; claws of legs with a few teeth, 2, 3, or 4, two long and strong, the others small and sometimes absent. Measurements in millimetres—TVotal length (including mandibles) 20; length of carapace 7, width 5; length of tf? Mr. R. I. Pocock on some abdomen 10°5, width 8°5; length of first leg (from base of femur) 15, of second 13, of third 12-5, of fourth 16, of palp 12; width of mandibles at base 4°5; length of sternum 5, width 3. Loc. Perth, W. Australia (H. W. J. Turner). Mr. Cam- bridge’s specimen was from the Swan River (Perth). In spite of the fact that its eyes are arranged as in Simon’s group Idiopee of the subfamily Ctenizinez, this genus is - without doubt to be referred, not to that section, but to the Cyrtaucheniez, as its scopulate and weakly spined tarsi and protarsi indicate. From all the genera of Cyrtaucheniez, however, it may be recognized by the arrangement of its eyes, as well as by the posteriorly truncate, hardish, wrinkled- skinned abdomen—a feature in which it presents resemblances to Chorizops and Cyclocosmia, both of which, however, present an entirely different eye-formula. Genus AGANIPPE, Cambr. Aganippe, Cambridge, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xix. p. 28 (1877) ; Simon, Hist. Nat. Araignées, i. p. 103; Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvi. p. 228 (1895). Type Aganippe subtristis, Cambr. ibid. pl. vi. fig. 3. In spite of the differences observable between them in the arrangement of the eyes and the structure of the abdomen, the genera Aganippe and Idiosoma cannot, I think, be far separated in a natural classification of spiders. Apart from the two characters just mentioned, the principal differences between them seem to be as follows :— The scopule on the palpi and on the first and second legs are thicker, and these appendages are armed with fewer spines; for example, the tibia of the palp has two pairs at its apex and the tarsus one externally at the base; the tibia of the first leg is practically without spines, though some of the sete are thickened; on the protarsus there are 2 or 3 apical spines and 1 external basal spine; on the second leg there are also a few spiniform sete intermixed with the bristles on the tibia, while on the protarsus there are 4 apical spines and about 3 long spines on the inner surface; the tibie of the third and fourth legs are at most weakly spined below, while the protarsi are somewhat strongly spined both below and in front, while the tibia and protarsus of the third are also spined above posteriorly ; the tarsi of all the legs are spiny below, those of the first, second, and third at the tip, of the fourth posteriorly as well. The third and fourth legs are noticeably stouter than the first and second, the difference being much greater than in Jdiosoma. Trapdoor Spiders from Australia. 113 The labium seems to be substantially the same as in Jdiosoma, being merely setose not spiny and sunk between the maxilla, which are spiny anteriorly throughout their length; the sternum, too, is wider posteriorly, the width being 5°5 and the length 6°5; and the sigilla corresponding to the second leg is removed farther from the margin. The mandible armed below with 9 internal, 8 external, and 8 teeth forming an intermediate set; the tubercular teeth forming the rastellum are restricted to the process and to a short area on the margins above and external to it. Loe. Adelaide (8. Australia). EUCYRTOPS, gen. nov. Closely allied to Aganippe, but with different ocular ar- rangement, the anterior laterals closer together, so that the quadrangle formed by them and the posterior medians is a little wider behind than in front, and only a little wider than long, whereas in Aganippe this quadrangle is very noticeably wider than long, and, considered from the outer rim of the eyes, a little wider in front than behind ; again, the posterior line of eyes in Hucyrtops is about three times as wide as the anterior line (only about twice in Aganippe), and a line drawn through the centres of the anterior and posterior laterals will, if produced, cut the lateral margin of the carapace at a point in front of the articulation of the third leg, while in Aganippe such a line will emerge behind the articulation of this appendage. Type Lucyrtops latior (Cambr.). Eucyrtops lutior (Cambridge). Aganippe latior, Cambridge, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xix. p. 29, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1877). In this species the lower side of the tibia of the palp is furnished externally and internally with long spines, those at the distal extremity being stronger than the rest, and the tarsus has 3 spines in its basal half and others at the apex partially buried in the scopula; the protarsus of the first leg has two pairs of spines, while the tibia has 3 long apical spines and 1 farther back on its lower side; on the second leg the tibia has a pair of long apical spines below and some long slender ones behind, the protarsus an anterior pair and some half-dozen irregularly arranged posterior spines; on the third leg the patella has some half-dozen, and the tibia two spines in front, while the protarsus has two series of spines above and a few apical and one posterior Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 8 114 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some spine below; on the fourth leg the protarsus is armed with some half-dozen antero-inferior spines. The tarsi of both palpi and legs are apically spined below, the spines in- creasing in number with the disappearance of the scopala, so that on the fourth tarsus the distal half of the segment is spinous; the upper claws on the legs and palpi are armed with one long spine, with usually a minute spinule as well, rarely there are two longish spines. The sternum and labium are as in Aganippe subiristis ; the maxille are spinous at the base and the mandible is armed below with 7 (8) internal, 9 external teeth, and an intermediate line of 10 teeth; the tubercular teeth of the rastellum practically as in Aganippe subtristis. Loc. Perth, West Australia (George Clifton). ANIDIOPS, gen. nov. Closely allied to Zdiosoma in the majority of its characters, but differing in having the abdomen covered above and below with a clothing of longish hairs intermixed above with spines, and in the arrangement of the eyes, the formula of which is a little less like that of Zdiops. For example, the anterior lateral eyes (the front pair), although situated on the anterior margin of the carapace, are nevertheless separated by a space which is about equal to their diameter ; again, the distance between the anterior medians is at least equal to their diameter, and the posterior medians are about twice their diameter from the anterior medians. Anidiops Manstridgez, sp. n. Colour (dry specimen) chestnut-brown, mandibles and ocular area blacker. Carapace much longer than wide, its width (dry speci- men!) much less than the distance between the hinder border and the eye-cluster; head wide, its width about equalling the distance between the fovea and the anterior border, as in Lucyrtops latior (in Aganippe subtristis and Ldiosoma sigil- latum the head is considerably narrower than this distance). Mandible strong, broad at the base; rastellum as in the other genera; teeth below in three rows, 8,9, 8. JMazille, cove ot legs (especially of first and second pairs) , anterior part of sternum, and labium covered thickly with pores elevated on tubercles, indicating the presence of a clothing, unhappily rubbed off, of stout sete or, perhaps, spines. Mazilla armed with short spines along the whole of the inner surface; femur of palp with many stout sete; tibia externally with 4 Trapdoor Spiders from Australia. 115 long spines, internally with 7 intermixed with sete; tarsus with 3 basal and several apical spines. First leg with tibia armed externally with a few spiniform sete ; protarsus armed below with 4 apical and 4 external spines ; second leg with substantially the same spine-armature as the first ; third leg as in the other species, tibia and patella furnished with stout sete above intermixed with spines in front, protarsus with two series of spines above and a few apical spines below, tarsus spiny in front and below; fourth leg with a few spines amongst the sete at the apex in front, protarsus and tarsus spiny throughout their length below. Legs bent up and not accurately measurable ; the third and fourth stouter than the others, 4, 1, 2, and 3 apparently subequal in length. Measurement in millimetres.—Total length (including man- dible) 21; length of carapace 9, width 6°5, width of head 6, of mandibles at base 5:5. Loc. Lawlers, East Murchison Goldfields, West Australia. A single female example sent to the British Museum by Mr. W. O. Manstridge, after whom I have great pleasure in naming this interesting new form. To recapitulate: the females of the genera here con- sidered have the following characters in common :—The carapace is considerably longer than wide, nearly smooth, with procurved fovea and elevated head. ‘The anterior lateral eyes are well in advance of the others and are situated either close together or some distance apart upon the anterior border of the carapace; the mandibles are armed with a strong rastellum, consisting of strong short spines and a spinous process on the apical internal angle, and below with two rows of larger teeth as well as some smaller ones that constitute a shorter third intermediate row. The tarsus of the palp¢ and the tarsi and protarsi of the first and second legs are scopulate and weakly spined, there being no lateral rows of spines such as are characteristic of the Idiopew and Pachylomerex. The claws of all the legs are armed basally with one or two long teeth and one or two minute ones. The sternum is longer than wide, with three distinct pairs of sigille, excluding the pair that embraces the labium. Labium short and broad, not spinous, depressed between the maxille. The genera, each of which, so far as at present known, has but a single species, may be recognized by the following table :— 116 Mr. R. I. Pocock on Two new a. Integument of abdomen coriaceous, wrinkled, sparsely hairy, covered dorsally with short spines, and deeply impressed posteriorly with sigille. Eyes like those of Idzops, the anterior laterals separated by a space that is less than their diamoter\aeee eee sere sie aoe Sattog .. Idiosoma, Auss. 6. Integument of abdomen covered with longish ; hairs, with sigille inconspicuous, a', Eyes of posterior row procurved, the laterals in advance of the medians; the distance between the anterior laterals and anterior medians not very unequal ; long spines inter- mixed with the hairs on the dorsal side of the abdomen’ , ys... s.cciebiens «moe Me eens Anidiops, noy. b’. Eyes of posterior line recurved, the laterals behind the medians; distance between an- terior laterals far greater than distance between anterior medians. a’, Quadrangle formed by anterior laterals and posterior medians a little wider behind than in front and a little wider than long; posterior line of eyes about three times as wide as the anterior line ............+4. Eucyrtops, nov. 6*, Quadrangle formed by anterior laterals and posterior medians a little wider in front than behind and considerably wider than long; posterior line of eyes about twice as wide as the anterior line ............6+ Aganippe, Cambr. X.— Descriptions of Two new Species of Scorpions from Last Africa. By R. I. Pocock. AMONGST a small assortment of Arachnids from Kota Kota, west coast of Nyasa, recently brought to the British Museum by Mr. R. Webb, and collected by the members of the Uni- versities’ Mission, there are representatives of two new species of scorpions, which are here described. The remaining specimens seem to be referable to the following species :— Nephila malabarensis, Walck., Nephila hymenea, Gerst., Palystes (immature 2), Euprosthenops* (immature 2), Sol- puga paludicola, Poc., and Opisthophthalmus glabrifrons, et. Opisthacanthus rugiceps, sp. 0. Species with the legs and vesicle ochre-yellow, and falling under section J? of the table of South-African species of Opisthacanthus published in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) * Nom. noy. for Podophthalma, Capello, 1866, preoccupied at least twice over, Scorpions from East Africa. 117 Xvil. pp. 314-315, April 1896, and related to O. rugulosus, from Ishiromo, Nyasaland, there described—a species which it resembles in having the trunk thickly granular above. The two, however, may be recognized as follows :— a. Median eyes small, not elevated; upperside of the brachium more closely and less coarsely granular, the crest bounding it posteriorly weak ; the sculp- turing of the upper surface of the hand finer, less reticulated, more definitely granular; upperside of the fourth and fifth segments of the tail distinctly granular; none of the caudal segments with dis- tinctly carinate upper edges; spine-armature of tarsi 3 in front, 4 behind, with a bristle at the distal angle ; pectinal teeth 6 in ¢; legs piceous ........ rugulosus, Poc. 6. Median eyes larger and elevated on a low tubercle; upperside of brachium covered with tuberculiform granules, and bounded behind by a strong tubercular keel; upperside of hand covered with a pattern of distinct ridges, formed by the anastomosis of granu- liform tubercles ; these tubercles distinct at the base of the finger; upperside of fourth and fifth caudal segments not granular, the former segment as well as the third with distinctly carinate and denticulate upper edges; spine-armature of tarsi 2 in front and 3 behind, with a bristle at the distal angle; pectinal feath Ms lees ochraceous: 22.44 2), Sols 6 < Sala visable « rugiceps, sp. . Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 78; length of carapace 11:5, of tail 40; width of hand 8:5; length of hand- back 10, of movable digit 11. Loc. Kota Kota, west coast of Lake Nyasa (Universities’ Mission). A single male example was obtained. Had it not been for Kraepelin’s statement to the effect that the species from the Transvaal that was described as O. levipes is identical with O. asper of Peters, I should without hesitation have applied Peters’s name to the form that was described as new; for not only is the name asper as appro- priate for this form as it is inappropriate for /evipes, but, in addition, the locality Tete, on the Zambesi, whence asper was obtained, is twice the distance from the Transvaal that it is from Kota Kota. O. rugiceps, though resembling O. asper (/evipes) in the number of its pectinal teeth, differs in having the terga granular, the hand and brachium also coarsely sculptured, and the femora of the legs weakly granular externally. In asper (/evipes), moreover, the distal angle of the tarsus is armed with a spine, not with a bristle as in rugiceps. 118 On Two new Scorpions from East Africa. Uroplectes xanthogrammus, sp. n. 2. Colour yellow and black ; interocular area of carapace black, the black extending posteriorly past the ocular tubercle to the posterior border, which is further adorned with black patches corresponding to those on the terga; lateral margin black ; terga with black lateral margins and a posteriorly widened black band on each side of the yellow middle line ; the area between the margin and the black band often largely infuseate, especially on the third, fourth, and fifth segments ; the seventh segment with only traces of the black bands ; tail with fourth and fifth segments and the vesicle in- fuscate, the lower surface of the first three segments with traces of black bands, which are represented by a pair of posterior spots on the first and three anterior and three posterior spots on the second and third, those on the third connected by longitu- dinal indistinct bands; legs flavous, the femora and patella infuscate in front below ; palpi mostly flavous, the basal half of the digits black, with sometimes indistinct fuscous spots on the hand and brachium; in one specimen there is a deep pigment-spot on the base of the humerus behind, and another on the base of the brachium in front; mandibles covered with a network of fuscous lines; lower surface of trunk entirely pale. Carapace finely, terga more coarsely granular, especially posteriorly, TZazl keelless, with at most, perhaps, traces of an upper keel on the first segment, the upper keels on the rest represented posteriorly by a granule, the sides and lower surface coarsely punctured; sulcus on upperside of all the segments granular ; vesicle smooth, coarsely punctured, with a distinct tubercular tooth below the aculeus ; superior edges of the fifth candal segment angular behind. Chele with brachium smooth and punctured above, hand about as wide as the brachium, smooth; movable digit twice the length of the hand-back; with 12 rows of teeth, the eighth tooth (fifth from the apex) of the inner row ona level with the tip of the adjacent series of the middle line. Pectines with 18 or 19 teeth, the basal not enlarged, 3. Like the female, but with tail longer and thinner, about seven instead of six times the length of the carapace ; vesicle more oval; hand a little longer, with from 2 to 5 spines on its inner side at the base of the immovable digit ; pectines enlarged, with 18 teeth. Measurements in millimetres.—Total length of female 43, of carapace 4, of tail 24. Length of male 32, of carapace 3, of tail 22°5. Geological Society. 119 Loc. Kota Kota, west coast of Nyasa (Universities’ Mission). Five females and one male. So far as my knowledge of the genus extends, this is a very distinct species, falling partly into section 2 and partly into section 3 of the table of South-African species of Uroplectes published in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist (6) xvii., May 1896. It approaches occidentalis, vittatus, and Fischert in colour and in having the caudal segments smooth, punctured, and keelless; and olivaceus, triangulifer, and chlorodermus in having the hand of the male spinous internally; further approaching ¢triangulifer and Marshalli in having the basal pectinal tooth of normal size in the female. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. November 18, 1896.—Dr. Henry Hicks, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The following communications were read :— 1. ‘On Cycadeoidea gigantea, a new Cycadean Stem from the Isle of Portland.’ By A. C. Seward, Esq., M.A., F.G.S. The specimen described by the Author was discovered a short time since in one of the Purbeck Dirt-beds, and is now in the Fossil Plant gallery of the British Museum. In the absence of any fructi- fication, Buckland’s generic name of Cycadecidea is chosen in pre- ference to Bennettites, although in many respects the Portland stem is identical with Bennettites Gibsonianus. Externally, the surface is covered with rhomboidal areas separated from one another by a pro- jecting framework consisting of the silicified ramental tissue, which thickly clothed the bases of the petioles. The peripheral portion of the stem afforded thin sections from which it was possible to investigate the anatomical structure‘of the leaf-bases and ramental scales, Internally, the wood- and pith-tissues have been entirely replaced by inorganic material. The Author calls attention to the preservation of a prominent apical bud covered with narrow bud-scales and capped by a mass of ramenta. No indication is found of a lateral inflorescence such as characterizes Bennettites Gibsonianus, and the negative evidence suggests the occurrence of terminal reproductive structures. A comparison of this fossil with recent Cycads and Ferns brings out many points of close agreement with the former, and as regards the structure of the ramenta, evidence is afforded of an interesting survival of the closer resemblance which formerly existed between Cycadean and Fern-like plants. The stem is named Cycadeoidea gigantea. 2. ‘The Fauna of the Keisley Limestone.—Part II. Conclusion.’ By F. R. C. Reed, Esq., M.A., F.G.S. The Author describes the ostracoda, brachiopoda, mollusca, echino- dermata, and actinozoa of the Keisley Limestone. He gives a list of 120 Miscellaneous. fossils from the Limestone, and indicates those species which occur in the Limestone of Kildare, the Leptena-Limestone of Sweden, and Stage F of the East Baltic provinces. As a result of his researches he concludes that the fauna has a thoroughly Ordovician facies ; that it is closely comparable with that of the Limestone of the Chair of Kildare, and of the Leptena-Limestone, and less closely with that of Stage F of the East Baltic provinces ; that its paleontological features point to its stratigraphical position being at the base of the Upper Bala, and that it must be regarded as the locally thickened development of a bed which is elsewhere in Great Britain very thin, or entirely absent, or represented by beds having different litholo- gical characters and a different fauna; and that the fauna has certain unique characters which mark it off from all other known assemblages of fossils in Great Britain. MISCELLANEOUS. “ The most pious priority purist” on the Lobster, the Crayfish, and Professor Bell. By the Rev. Tuomas R. R. Srepsine, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S. Proressor Bett, in the ‘Annals’ for December 1896, has very obligingly undertaken, for the benefit of ‘ priority-claimers” in general and as a warning to the ‘Atheneum’ in particular, to comment on some of the names and dates in my ‘ History of Crus- tacea.? In his essay there are some pleasing autobiographical touches. He begins by reminding the reader that in 1891, with regard to the name Holothuria, he established a precedent, to be a beacon-light to all zoologists in the present and a rule of conduct for future generations. In the course of his paper, while dealing with questions that are absolutely bibliographical, he naively says “JT am no bibliographer ”—a remark which might have been set down as a flourish of rhetorical modesty, had it not been surrounded by the corroborative evidence of his general argument. His con- clusion needs no gloss: “ I have taken,” he says, “a great deal of trouble with this case, and I have a suspicion that if a few more would be equally ‘ eingehende’ we might speedily give the purists the short shrift I have often wished them.” The criticism which leads up to this terror-striking sentence must now be examined in detail. ‘ First,” says the professor, ‘ as a matter of accuracy in dates and names: on p. 202 of Mr. Stebbing’s work already referred to, ‘ Nephrops, Leach, 1819,’ should have the date corrected to 1814.” This, I eagerly admit, is a really meritorious performance on Professor Bell’s part. He does not say whence he obtained the date 1814, but it may be inferred that he derives it from the mention of Nephrops in Brewster’s ‘ Edinburgh Encyclopedia,’ vol. vii. pp. 398, 400. The date of Leach’s article “‘ Crustaceology ” in that volume is 1814, or perhaps 1813. Under “Genus XLI. Astacus,” Leach, introducing his own name as if it were that of a stranger, remarks that “In A. gammarus and fluviatilis the external antenne are simple, in norvegicus furnished with a scale at their external base: this last is considered as a Miscellaneous. 121 distinct genus by Mr. Leach, under the name of Nephrops, from the kidney-shaped eye.” Then follows the account of ‘Sp. 1. Gammarus,” and two pages further on come the accounts of * Sp. 2. Fluviatilis,” and “ Sp. 3. Norvegicus,” the synonymy of the last being * Cancer norwegicus of Linné, Astacus norwegicus of Pennant, and Nephrops norvegica, Leach’s MSS.” Thus Leach’s genus Astacus, in 1814, contained three species, not two only as Prof. Bell wishes us to believe. The next genus is “ XLII. Tuatassina.” Nephrops is nowhere included in the count. When considering the question some years ago, I was clearly of opinion that Leach did not here establish the genus Nephrops, and, to pursue the autobiographical method, I am of the same opinion still. No doubt he gives a strong hint that he thinks it ought to be established. But the contumely and struggle for existence to which many of his now accepted genera were in their earlier days exposed may explain his reluctance in this instance to do what he thought right. In the Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xi. 1815, and in part 7 of his ‘ Mala- costraca Podophthalmata Britanniz,’ published Jan. 1, 1816, he takes courage and definitely adopts the genus NVephrops, the date of which should therefore be neither 1819 nor 1814, but 1815, as it has been already some time back correctly given by the American writer, Dr. F. H. Herrick. Next he says ‘ ‘ Astacus, Leach, 1814,’ on the same page [ Hist. Crust. 202], should be altered to—well, it is hard to say; Leach’s Astacus of 1814 is the Astacus of Gronovius (1764) as emended by Fabricius and others, and by Leach’s removal of A. norvegicus.” This is led up to by an earlier paragraph as follows :—‘“ Leach’s genus Astacus, in 1814, contained two species —A. gammarus and A. fluviatilis. The former stood first, and is therefore, I presume, regarded as the ‘type species’; on this I would remark that the generic name Astacus was invented by Gronovius in 1764 and that his first species is clearly Cancer fluviatilis of Linneus.” On this J would remark that in 1814 Leach had not removed A. norvegicus from Astacus, but made it the third species of that genus, and that the generic name Astacus was not invented by Gronovius in 1764, and that it was not invented by Gronovius at all. Seeing that he was already using it in 1760, he could not have invented it in 1764. It is amusing to find Professor Bell quoting such a date without the least intimation that so lately as 1890 (see Geol. Mag., Dec. 1896, pp. 557-8) high officials in his own museum would have disputed its relevancy. At that time 1766 was still regarded there as the beginning of all things in zoo- logical nomenclature. With good reason an earlier date for that beginning is now finding acceptance, but no decisive ordinance on the subject has yet been promulgated, so that professors and official dignitaries above all ought to deal tenderly with outsiders help- lessly suffering from this ‘‘ centre of wobbulation.” Waiving, how- ever, any appeal ad misericordiam, we turn to the selected authority Gronovius, and then a wonder comes to light, or what might have been a wonder and might have been a discovery, had it not been Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 9 122 Miscellaneous. a thing notorious, a piece of elementary knowledge in this line of research, that Gronovius is in no sense an authority for Linnean nomenclature. He is as much a pre-Linnear in regard to names as if he had written in the seventeenth instead of in the eighteenth century. He does not name his species, but gives definitions. He still uses the cumbrous method, from which it was the great glory of Linnzus to relieve zoology. But, whether Gronovius be deemed to be within or without the era of Linnean terminology, whether he be an authority or not, there is something almost comic in the notion that he invented the generic name Astacus. Seba, who, though not a binominalist, at least gives names to some of his species, in the third volume of his ‘Thesaurus,’ which has 1758 on the titlepage, has several Astaci scattered about, the first-mentioned being ‘‘Astacus fluviatilis, Americanus,” not a crayfish, but a prawn, and the second ‘ Astacus marinus, Americanus,’ the American lobster. Any one who may nevertheless fancy that Seba borrowed Astacus from Gronovius should consult the ‘Fauna Suecica’ of Linneus, 1746. On page 358 will be found the two numbers, 1248, 1249, each referring to a ‘ Cancer macrourus,” dealt with in the pre-Linnean or Gronovian style, without a specific name, though clearly distinguished by the synonymy, the characters, and various observations: the first as a lobster, the second as a crayfish. The synonymy of the first in an unbroken column re- iterates the name Astacus from a long line of authors: Astacus, Astacus, Astacus, Astacus, Astacus verus, Astacus marinus communis, and then Astacus marinus five times over. There is a touching appeal against future misnomers in that Astacus verus of Aldrovandi. The reason for assigning Astacus to Leach rather than to one of his predecessors is obvious. The earlier science grouped under it not only lobsters and crayfishes, but many incongruous forms. For example, out of the 13 species which Gronovius brings together, the three which he figures correspond apparently to Palamon faus- tinus de Saussure, Atya scabra Leach, and Corophium volutator Pallas, two prawns and an amphipod. Fabricius, though he decently begins with Astacus marinus, has an equally miscellaneous group. Leach, in 1814, began a more reasonable delimitation. In strictness, no doubt, the name of the lobster’s genus should be given as Astacus (Fabricius, 1775), Leach, 1814, s. r.; the conciser form which I have used will, in an unpretentious manual, for its brevity’s sake, pass muster with all but professors. One other correction of the history of Crustacea is proffered by Professor Bell. He says ‘“* Potamobia, Leach, 1819’ (p. 207), should read Potamobius, Samouelle, 1819 [preoce. by Leach].” While busy over his Gronoyvius, he has failed to observe my own correction of Potamobia into Potamobius, made with acknowledg- ments to Miss Rathbun on page 40 of ‘ Natural Science’ for last July. The rest of his correction is doubly wrong. Neither was Samouelle the parent of Potamobius, nor was that name in 1819 preoccupied by Leach or anyone else. Samouelle, in the ‘ Ento- mologist’s Useful Compendium,’ 1819, shows by acknowledgments in the Dedication, the Preface, and the body of the work that the account which it contains of the Crustacea is simply due to Miscellaneous. 1 eS Dr. Leach. It would be just as reasonable to write Astacus, Brewster, 1814, or to assign any other genera established in the article “ Crustaceology ” to the editor of the ‘ Encyclopedia,’ as it would be to follow Professor Bell in ascribing ‘Genus 27. Potamobius, Leach’s MSS.,” to Samouelle, the editor of the ‘Compendium’ in which it first appears. It is quite a misconception to suppose that Potamobius was preoccupied. In 1818 Dr. Leach had given the name Potamotie in a list of crustacean genera, but the name being given only in French is not of anyscientificimportance, and if it were, it is not Potamobius ; and if it were Potamobius, it is unaccompanied by any description, and therefore, as Professor Herrick had already explained in 1895, itis a nomen nudum. It does not count; it can neither do good nor harm; it does not preoccupy. We are told in a fine phrase that ‘‘ zoologists at large” between 1823 and 1837 were content to accept the opinion of Desmarest on the subject of Astacus. Perhaps they were, but it is difficult to see what that has to do with the matter in hand. Zoologists at large are a careless lot. Desmarest both in 1825 and 1830 gives Astacus marinus, the lobster, precedence over Astacus fluviatilis, the crayfish. He accepts Leach’s genus Nephrops, and would probably have accepted Leach’s Potamobius, had he ever heard of it. From his silence on the point it may be inferred that he never had. It was he, no doubt, who by incautious language misled Professor Bell into supposing that the generic name Astacus was invented by Gronovius. Professor Bell in turn makes the insidious suggestion that some one should invent a name to replace Potamobius. It is dreadful to think that before this answer can appear someone may have already done it, tempted, like Herostratus, who burned down the Ephesian temple, by the grandeur of the infamy, for we are told that “‘the inventor will throw into confusion not only earcinological literature, but every text-book in every language under the sun.” How I tremble for those poor dear text-books, induced, perhaps, to change a name or two after peacefully copying one another for half a century, or to alter a sentence in the tenth edition of a stereotyped volume! It would wring tears of anguish from the stoniest heart. Even some museum labels may have been hastily torn up, rewritten, or reprinted, only to be once more can- celled. But I forbear to pursue the harrowing theme. In assigning the generic name Astacus to the lobster, and Potamobius to the crayfish, my fortunate part has been to maintain the authority of two men eminently distinguished in connexion with the British Museum, Dr. William Elford Leach and Mr. Adam White. The latter upholds the names established by his great predecessor, both in his ‘List of the British Crustacea in the British Museum,’ published by order of the trustees in 1850, and in his own ‘ Popular History’ of the same group published in 1857. I donot ask that esprit de corps should consecrate error, but when the truth happens to be the heritage of one’s own household, it seems a mistaken policy to turn it out of doors, Tunbridge Wells, Dec. 21, 1896, 124 Miscellaneous. Note on some Sponges from the Auckland Islands. By Prof. R. von LenpenFeELp. Since comparatively little is known of the littoral fauna in higher southern latitudes, I was very glad to find among the shallow-water sponges sent to me by my late friend Baron Mueller, of Melbourne, a number of specimens, belonging to fiye different species, from the Auckland Islands. These islands are situated in lat. 50° 30’ 8. and long. 166° E., about 450 km. south of New Zealand. The sponges from that locality in Mueller’s collection are: 1. Antherochalina concentrica, 2. Cerao- chalina multiformis var. dura, 3. Euchalinopsis (Chalina) oculata, 4. Thorecta exemplum var. tertia, and 5. Spongelia elastica var. lobosa. 2, 3, and 4 have previously been found in New Zealand; 1,4, and 5 in Australia; and 3, 4, and 5 also elsewhere. New forms, not hitherto obtained from other localities, were not among these Auckland-Island sponges. On the Sexes of Charaxes mixtus, Rothschild. By A. G. Burzer, Ph.D. &e. In my late revision of the genus Charaxes (Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xxv. p. 377) I placed C. miwtus, Roths., as a variety of C. tiridates, remarking :—‘‘ There can be no doubt, I think, that the prominence of the white centres to the blue spots, unless proved to be peculiar to one locality only, can hardly indicate even a distinct race. Mr. Rothschild insists that the true female of C. miatus resembles the male! ” Recently Mr, Rothschild brought the type of his female C. mixvtus to the Museum, but, unhappily, 1 was away ill. Mr. Heron, how- ever, made a careful coloured drawing of it, which, on my return, he showed me. Directly I looked at it I was convinced, by the form of the wings alone, that it was a female, though with the colouring of a male!* Mr. Rothschild was therefore quite correct as to the sex of his type of C. mvtus 2. Whether the latter is more than a dimorphic form of C. tiridates can only be satisfac- torily decided by those who have an opportunity of studying it in life and breeding it ; but there are several other species of Charaxes which have two well-defined forms of females, whilst the males differ in much the same way as those of C. mixtus and C. tiridatest. I hardly think C. miwtus can be a seasonal form, on account of its great rarity, whilst C. tiridates is one of the most abundant of the blue Charawes of West Africa; but I think it may be a rare di- morphic form of C, tiridates 2. The differences in the male alone would not strike anybody as of great importance—they are less than one notes between the acknowledged varieties of many species ; nevertheless, if they should be proved to be constant, I would be the last to refuse to recognize their importance, for I am well aware that characters which in one group of butterflies are valueless are quite constant and reliable in another. * An extremely surprising thing in this group, where the female differences are usually very pronounced. + C. Hollandii and C. Dewitzi. Ani.& Mag. Nat .Hist.5.6 Vol XIX.PUI. sreen del et itt M lintermSr mer l Lygesema nigrclineatum. 2. Lyqosema Stanleyanum 3Ingesoma elegans t.lyqesema wridescens.5.Nyctiamoantss papue Ani .& Mag. Neat. Hist S.6 Vol XIX. PLIL \ ‘A \ & & ss J.Green del et lith | Sphenophryne Anthonyi. 2 Liophryne rhododactyla. 3. Mantophryne lateralis. dank. | | EOP Cambridge del. J.Green lth. Sntern Bros - imp. \ Vat. ist. §.6.Vol. XIX PUTV. Ana May. : EO.P Cambridge del. J. em ith... i Ann.& Mag.Nat. Hrst .S.6.Vol. XIX.PU.Y. Cha.s.Chilton del. Mintern.Bros. lith. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [SIXTH SERIES. ] No. 110. FEBRUARY 1897. XI.—On a Collection of Homoptera made in Southern Africa. By W. L. Distant. DuRING a recent sojourn in the Transvaal and other parts of South Africa, as a result of my own collecting and the kind assistance of friends in more remote localities, I acquired a considerable number of different species belonging to the Cicadidz and other Homoptera. From Mr. Guy Marshall, in Mashunaland, I received nine species of the first, captured within a radius of eight square miles near Gadzima, on the Middle Umfuli River. As no species have hitherto been recorded from this portion of Rhodesia, I give an enumeration of the same :— _ Fam. Cicadide. Pecilopsaltria leopardina, Dist. Platypleura centralis, sp. n. —— horizontalis, Karsch., brevis, Walk. —— bombifrons, Karsch. Tibicen nigricans, Stil. Marshalli, sp. n. Monomatapa insignis, gen. et sp. n. Platypleura Rutherfordi, Dist. It is interesting to note that Platypleura Rutherfordi, which I originally received and described from the Calabar district of Western Africa, extends its range across the continent to Mashunaland. Further north from Nyassaland, at Zomba and Fort Johnston, I received from my friend Dr. Percy Rendall four Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 10 126 Mr. W. L. Distant on species, two of which are also included in the above list. They are as follows :— Pecilopsaltria leopardina, Dist. Platypleura brevis, Walk. polydorus, Walk. — divisa, Germ. After my first visit to the Transvaal, I was only able to record the names of three species from that region. J now enumerate thirteen species :— Peecilopsaltria furva, sp. n. Waterberg. reducta, Walk. Rustenburg, Waterberg. Platypleura semiclara, Germ. Barberton. Haglundi, Stal. Waterberg. ——. capensis, Linn. Middelburg. —— divisa, Germ. Barberton, Rustenburg, Pretoria. —— hirta, Karsch. Barberton, Lydenburg, Rustenburg. Tibicen nigricans, Stal. Pretoria. carinatus, Thunb. Pretoria. undulatus, Thunb. Pretoria. Callipsaltria longula, Stil. Rustenburg, Pretoria. elongata, St&l. Rustenburg. Psilotympana, sp.? Rustenburg. For the Barberton specimens I am again indebted to Dr. Percy Rendall during his siay in that district. At Delagoa Bay I acquired Pecilopsaltria reducta, Walk., and P. polydorus, Walk. ‘The scarce and handsome Melam- psalta violacea, Linn., 1 find is to be procured on the banks of the Caledon River in Cape Colony. Pacilopsaltria Perin- guey?, which I originally described from Damara Land, is to be found as far south and east as Griqualand at least, for I now possess a specimen from Barkly West. Pecilopsaltria furva, sp. n. Head and pronotum ochraceous and moderately pilose ; mesonotum and abdomen above black. Head with the central longitudinal and transverse carine to face, very broad lateral margins to front enclosing an ochraceous apical spot, a basal spot enclosing ocelli, between which and eyes are some com- plicated transverse fascia, black. Pronotum with a central fascia, widely broadened on anterior and posterior margins; the incisures and extreme sublateral margins black. Meso- notum black, with two obconical linear spots, united at base on anterior margin; two UL-shaped fascia at base, and anterior half of lateral margins ochraceous ; basal cruciform elevation ochraceous, with a central spot and anterior angles black. Abdomen with the posterior segmental margins above narrowly ochraceous. Body beneath with legs and opercula Homoptera from Southern Africa. 127 ochraceous; sternum and legs spotted with black, abdominal segments with central transverse fasciz and lateral marginal spots black. Tegmina creamy, mottled with fuscous, the venation ochraceous, but becoming piceous towards apex; basal cell black. Wings blackish, a basal streak irregularly ochraceous to about centre, the outer margins broadly pale hyaline, and with a creamy-white spot near centre of costal margin. Rostrum reaching the posterior coxe ; opercula moderately overlapping at centre. Long. ¢ 28 millim.; exp. tegm. 76 millim. Hab. Transvaal; Waterberg District (Déstant). This species is allied to both P. T'riment and P. Peringueyt, from either of which, apart from other characters, it may be easily distinguished by the position of the white macular markings to the wings. Pecilopsaltria Marshalli, sp. n. Head and pronotum ochraceous. Head with the area of the ocelli, transverse fascize between same and eyes, and basal and central fascia to face black; pronotum with a central fascia widely broadened at anterior and posterior margins, the incisures, and the sublateral margins black; mesonotum black, with a large central linear spot, trifid anteriorly and connected with a lateral fascia on each side, ochraceous; cruciform basal elevation ochraceous, with a small central spot, and one near each anterior angle, black. Abdomen above black, with the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Body beneath blackish or dark castaneous ; opercula, posterior abdominal segmental margins, and legs castaneous or ochra- ceous. Tegmina creamy and tale-like, base and four very irregular transverse fasciz, which are connected inwardly and contain some pale spots, especially at the apices of apical areas, piceous; venation ochraceous, becoming piceous towards apex. Wings blackish, apical third and a large subcostal spot within the black area pale hyaline. Rostrum just passing the posterior cox; opercula mode- rately overlapping at centre. Long. ¢ 2? 15-16 millim.; exp. tegm. 53 millim. Hab. Mashunaland, Umfili River (Guy Marshall: coll. Dist.) ; banks of the Zambesi (Fry, 1893: Cape Town Mas.). A single female specimen from the Zambesi is much larger than the series I possess from Mashunaland through the kindness of Mr. Marshall. Its dimensions are long. 20 millim., exp. tegm. 63 millim. i10* 128 Mr. W. L. Distant on Platypleura centralis, sp. n. Body above ochraceous, with an almost continuous central longitudinal black fascia extending from head to apex of abdomen. Head with a fascia extending between eyes and across base of face and the area of the ocelli, pronotum with the incisures and base of lateral margins, mesonotum with two obconical spots on anterior margin (on each side of which are a small and a much elongated spot) and the frontal area of the basal cruciform elevation black ; abdomen with the basal segmental margins black. Body beneath and legs ochra- ceous, greyishly pilose and more or less spotted with blackish ; abdominal segments marked as above. Tegmina pale, talc-like; the costal membrane, the post- costal area, and the basal cell ochraceous ; an elongate costal spot at end of radial area, a spot in basal cell, and the vena- tion (excepting extreme base) black. Wings with the venation ochraceous. Rostrum long, reaching to quite half the length of the abdomen; opercula well separated at base; lateral pronotal angles prominent, subacute. Long., ¢ 22, 2 24 millim.; exp. tegm. 77 millim. Hab. Mashunaland, Umfili River (Guy Marshall). Platypleura absimilis, sp. n. Head and thorax above pale castaneous; area of the ocelli infuscated ; legs ochraceous; mesonotum with two central obconical spots on anterior margin, a longer and more obscure spot on each lateral area, and a small spot in front of the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, dark fuscous, Abdomen above black. Head beneath, sternum, legs, and opercula dark ochraceous ; abdomen beneath dark castaneous. Tegmina greyish brown, the venation castaneous, two pale spots in radial area, a trifid spot of the same colour separated by the veins of the upper ulnar areas, and a larger discal and more irregular patch of the same hue extending from near lower end of radial area across bases of lower apical areas ; a series of alternating pale and darker marginal spots at apices of apical areas, the outer margin pale hyaline. Wings ochraceous, the venation castaneous, the outer third irregularly dark fuscous, broadest at apex and narrowest towards anal angle. Rostrum just passing posterior coxe. Long. ¢ 2 18-22 millim. ; exp. tegm. 60-75 millim. Hab. South Africa, Cape Colony ? (Coll. Dist.; Vienn. Mus.). Homoptera from Southern Africa. 129 This species may at once be distinguished from P. plumosa and P. deusta by the absence of the central black fascia to the pronotum. It is allied to P. plumosa by the wide and relatively short pronotum, but differs by the broader tegmina, shorter abdomen, different markings of the tegmina, &e. MonoMatTaPA, gen. nov. Body short, robust, widest about centre of abdomen. Head broad, at outer margins of eyes a little wider than mesonotum ; ocelli about twice the distance from eyes as from each other; face broad, not prominently tumid, longi- tudinal sulcation narrow, transverse ridges prominent. Meta- notum concavely excavated posteriorly; basal segment of abdomen subacutely and convexly produced anteriorly. Opercula rather large, directed inwardly, much widened posteriorly. ‘’ympana completely exposed. Tegmina with the basal cell longer than broad and the ulnar veins at end of same widely separated ; interior ulnar area a little narrower at base than apex ; apical areas eight. Monomatapa, which, by the exposed tympana, belongs to the division Tibicenine, has a somewhat superticial resem- blance to the genus Tympanoterpes. Monomatapa insignis, sp. n. Body above black; eyes, pronotum (excluding central longitudinal fascia), and the exposed tympana dark casta- neous; abdomen rather thickly greyishly pilose; body beneath and legs black ; tibia and tarsi more or less casta- neous or ochraceous ; opercula ochraceous; lateral areas of the body and opercula thickly greyishly pilose. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline; the first with the vena- tion blackish, the base narrowly, basal cell, and outer edge of costal membrane ochraceous. Wings with the venation blackish, the base ochraceous, with a darker spot on the abdo- minal area. Rostrum short, about reaching the intermediate coxa; opercula extending over the basal segment of the abdomen, obliquely directed inwardly, widened posteriorly. Long. ¢ 27 millim.; exp. tegm. 80 millim. Hab. Mashunaland, Umtili River (Guy Marshall). Fam. Fulgorida. Genus Pyrops. Of the seven recorded South-African * species I was able * I include East Africa in the “South African ” faunistic region, as recently well proposed by Mr. W. L. Sclater, now directing the South- African Museum. 130 Mr. W. L. Distant on to bring home five. Of the others, P. marginatus, Westw., seems to be confined to some portions of the Cape Colony and P. turritus, Gerst., was received from Dar-es-Salaam. Pyrops is a tropical and subtropical genus, only occurring in the Transvaal (as far as my experience goes) in the stretch of warm forest country which extends from Delagoa Bay to Durban. Nyassaland. P. pustulosus, Gerst. Zomba (Dr. P. Rendall). P. tenebrosus, Fabr. ” ” Mashbunaland. P. clavaticeps, Karsch. Umfili River (Guy Marshall). Transvaal, P. intricatus, Walk. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall). Natal. P. natalensis, Dist. Durban (Distant). Two of these species—P. clavaticeps and P. tenebrosus— range across the continent, being found on the west coast. Subfam. EvryreracnyDriw2. Paropioxys bellus, sp. n. Body ochraceous; head with four basal black spots between the eyes; pronotum with six spots (two central placed trans- versely and two on each side obliquely) ; mesonotum with five spots, also black: legs reddish; apices of the femora, annulations to the anterior and intermediate tibiw, and the tarsi black. Tegmina pale greenish, the basal half with some large ochraceous spots, followed by an obscure dull ochraceous transverse fascia, and with the following bright shining black spots, viz. :—one at base, four along costal margin, and some twenty-five or more on apical area. Wings pale greenish white, the apex slightly ochraceous, and containing about twelve small black spots. Long., excl. tegm., 13 millim.; exp. tegm. 40 millim. Hab. Nyassaland, Zomba (Dr. Percy Rendall). A species somewhat allied to P. gloriosus, Karsch. Homoptera from Southern Africa. 131 Fam. Cercopida. Genus Locris. Locris Rendalli, sp. n. Head and pronotum black, the last with the anterior and lateral margins and two transverse spots on disk ochraceous. Abdomen above sanguineous, slightly fuscous at lateral margins. Body beneath and legs blackish ; eyes and lateral margins of prosternum ochraceous; posterior tibiz, excluding bases and apices, pale sanguineous. Tegmina blackish; basal streaks, two transverse fasciz, and a subapical patch ochraceous. Wings pale fuscous, semihyaline, the outer apical margin darker; extreme base narrowly sanguineous. Long. 9 millim.; exp. tegm. 21 millim. Hab. Nyassaland, Zomba (Dr. Percy Rendall). This species, by the colour and markings of the tegmina, is closely allied to the West-African L. maculata, Fabr., but differs from all the varietal forms of that species by the ochraceous margins to the pronotum and by the absence of the ochraceous frontal margins to the head. The pronotum is also broader. Why these two species, or geographical forms of one species as they may some day be more correctly identified, should on the east and west sides of the continent have deve- loped a difference in the structure and markings of the pro- notum is one of the still unsolved problems in specific evolution, and unexplained by any of the colour theories now proposed in speculative entomology. Locris Junott, sp. n. Head, pronotum, scutellum, basal third and apical margin of tegmina, face and legs sanguineous ; tegmina (excluding base and apical margin) pale creamy ochraceous, mottled with pale fuscous, the apical third distinctly darker ochraceous, containing a dark fuscous spot. Eyes, ocelli, two spots on anterior area of pronotum, sternum, abdomen beneath, and bases of femora piceous. Long., incl. tegm., 8 millim. Hab. Delagoa Bay (Junot). This species, by its singular coloration, is nearest allied to L. concinna, Dist., and it is peculiar that we must cross the continent to Damaraland to find its nearest specific ally. Of course, collectors may subsequently find the two species less 132 On Homoptera from Southern Africa. estranged, but according to present knowledge they differ materially. Of other species of Locris in my collection I may mention: — Nyassaland. L. areata, Walk. Fort Johnson (Dr. Percy Rendall). Mashunaland. L. arithmetica, Walk. Salisbury (Guy Marshall). Transvaal. L. arithmetica, Walk. Pretoria (Distant); Zoutpansberg (Kaesner). LI. areata, Walk. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall). L. incarnata, Walk. Zoutpansberg (Diztant) ; Rustenburg (Distant), L. sanguinipes, Walk, Pretoria (Distant). Delagoa Bay. L, areata, Walk. Lourenco Marquees (Junot). L. Junoti, sp. n. ” ” ” Natal. L. areata, Walk. Durban (Distant). L. transversa, Thunb. Isipingo, Durban (Guy Marshall). Genus TOMASPIS. Tomaspis Monteironis, Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 176; Aid Ident. Ins. t. exlviii. fig. 4. Tomaspis conspicua, Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 148; Aid Ident. Ins. t. exlviu. fig. 2. I have now acquired an intermediate form which connects the above supposed species together :— Var. a.—Tegmina black; unspotted. T. Monteironis, Dist. supra. Hab. Delagoa Bay (Monteiro, Junot, Distant). Var. 6.—Tegmina with a small central transverse sanguineous spot. Hab. Delagoa Bay (Junot). Var. c.—Tegmina with a very large central sanguineous spot. T. conspicua, Dist. supra. Hab. Nyassaland ; Mashunaland, Gadzina (Guy Marshall). On the Biology of the Social Wasps of Brazil. 133 Tomaspis appears to be a tropical and subtropical genus only. I never met with it in any of my collecting expedi- tions in the Transvaal. Delagoa Bay at present is its recorded southern limit; but probably it may be found in Durban, where much is still to be done, apart from Lepido- ptera, and where other species only previously known in Mozambique have been discovered. XII.—A Contribution to the Biology of the Social Wasps of Brazil. By H. von [HERING *. IT is nowadays very difficult and—particularly in cases where special attention has to be paid to the literature of extra-European countries—barely possible to guarantee full cognizance of all that has been written upon a biological theme. Consequently something may have escaped my notice even in respect of the subject about to be discussed, although, on the whole, the statements in the following paper will probably be new to my scientific colleagues. On studying the various special memoirs or the descriptions in handbooks &c., we invariably find that the account of the life of the social wasps is altogether European, based exclu- sively upon the facts to be observed in Europe and in the holarctic region in general. In order to make myself intelli- gible upon this point, let me briefly refer to what is gene- rally known. The social life of the European wasps is eminently adapted to the harsh climate of Europe. There are in Europe, so far as is at present known, no wasp- communities that hibernate regularly, though even as to this I must nevertheless be allowed to entertain doubts with regard to the extreme south of Europe, especially with refer- ence to Polistes. In autumn the community separates, the workers and males perish, while the fertilized females alone hibernate and commence the foundation of a new colony in the spring. How utterly different is the case here! Even Polistes the single genus of social wasps common to Europe and Brazil, behaves somewhat differently. Here, too, it is the rule for the community to be dissolved in winter; but never- theless in July, therefore in mid-winter, we meet with colonies of Polistes versicolor, Fabr., still surviving and continuing to * Translated by E. E. Austen from the ‘Zoologischer Anzeiger,’ Bd, xix. no. 516 (November 2, 1896), pp. 449-453. 134. H. von Ihering on the exist in an almost inactive condition with a diminished number of individuals: it is true that this is not the case in Rio Grande do Sul, though it certainly occurs in Sao Paulo. In Rio Grande do Sul it was a very remarkable sight to watch Polistes (females and workers) at the commencement of winter seeking out human habitations, in order to search for suitable hiding-places in which to hibernate. Even thus many perish, but in spring I have repeatedly seen on freshly-begun nests a female carrying on building-operations already in company with workers. Whether in such cases remnants of a colony have come together to build a new home, or whether the hibernated female has accepted the assistance of chosen hibernated workers, I am unable to say. In the case of Polybia and its allies the influence of winter is much less noticeable than in Polistes. Polybia scutellaris, White, still hibernates even in Rio Grande do Sul. The very solid prickly envelope of the large nest doubtless affords a good protection against the weather. Moreover this very species collects honey freely and in relatively large quantities. It is amassed in pretty irregular fashion in the lower cells, especially at the edge of the combs, but it nevertheless in- duces boys, and also adults with a penchant for sweets, to destroy the nest. I have seen many nests inhabited for a long period. Here in §. Paulo, too, I have made the same observation upon the paulista variety of this wasp, which will be referred to later on. It is consequently not a matter for surprise when one notices these wasps again in the open during exceptionally fine weather in the middle of winter. Another new observation upon Polybia is the fact that it swarms. Whether a fertilized female Polybia is ever capable of commencing a nest alone, as is, indeed, still probable, is a point which future study must decide: at any rate, it is not the rule for it todo so. I have very often observed the com- mencement of new nests of Polybia; the task was always undertaken by aswarm. A closely packed cluster of Polybia scutellaris, of the size of a large orange or larger, settles on some spot or other, often by no means a suitable one, without, however, at once deciding to begin to build. Not infrequently is the spot changed several times before work commences. Then, however, it proceeds astonishingly fast, so that in from two to three weeks a nest is built con- taining from four to five combs. At the same time, however, the whole of the attention is in the first place devoted exclu- sively to nest-building, so that one finds charming new nests with from three to four combs in which there is not yet a single cell that has received even an egg. In the case of Biology of the Social Wasps of Brazil. 135 Polybia scutellaris it is not easy to discover the males and females. How many times have [ not examined the entire contents of the nest without finding any! In Rio Grande do Sul I several times found females (twelve to fourteen) in the nest of P. scutellaris, as well as males in considerably larger numbers. ‘The females are not or scarcely larger than the workers; but the wings, which show a slight brownish sheen, afford a better means of recognition. Moreover in this respect the nests exhibit very different conditions, according to the number of the workers. I once examined a rather small nest with only three combs, which nevertheless already contained brood. The number of the workers in this case amounted to only 126. An observation may here also be alluded to which is opposed to what was seen by Janet inconnexion with Vespa. ‘The insects brought in by Polybia scutellaris are never chewed up into food-balls, but are carried in whole, sometimes more, sometimes less muti- lated, though the wings are always removed. ‘Termites and house-flies constitute the principal quarry, though the latter are seldom captured alive, but are usually carried off when dead or in a half-dead condition. In the case also of Polybia sericea, Oliv., I have frequently seen a new nest commenced in a precisely similar fashion. Once upon a fresh spring morning I observed a swarm that evidently had hibernated without a nest. The wasps, still quite stiff, crawled out from a low bush. The nest had probably been destroyed by inclement weather or by enemies. Among the latter I allude especially to the large “ Lagarto”’ lizard (Tupinambis tequexin, L.), which is_ particularly dangerous to the nests of Nectarinia mellifica, Sauss., which are always placed pretty low down and are rich in honey. With reference to this it may be remarked that I also met with honey in the nests of Polybia sericea. In the case of the above-named Nectarinia I once observed a nest in autumn which contained about an equal number of males and workers. A large proportion of the latter contained eggs, but one had to regard them as workers on account of the rudimentary receptaculum seminis. It is probable that here also drones are produced from the eggs of workers, and this very circumstance would afford an explanation of the exceptionally large number in the nest referred to. In connexion with the differences which have been described in the mode of life of the communities are those which we find in the structure of the nests. In this respect, as regards variety and finish of the edifices, no other region of the earth can compare with Brazil; for out of the whole of the wasps 136 H. von Ihering on the of the Old-World Vespa is the only one that builds a compli- cated nest surrounded by an envelope: all the rest in their style of architecture more or less resemble Polzstes. In eastern South America, on the other hand, what wealth and variety of structural types, what elegance and marvellous. artistic skill! While referring the reader to Saussure’s classical monograph, I would here draw attention only to what is new among my observations. It is well-known that the nest of Mischocyttarus is very similar in construction to that of Polistes, differing only in the longer central pedicle; but it was to me an altogether surprising and unexpected discovery to find that there are also species of Polybia whose nests are indistinguishable from those of Polistes. The species in question are Polybia vicina, Sauss., and P. tgnobilis, Halid. All the other members of the genus, even Polybia atra, Sauss., build nests with con- centric envelopes, so that when the nest is enlarged the last and most recent envelope is always used as a base for the new combs. It may appear at first sight to be a matter of no special importance that within the limits of a large genus a portion of the species should differ in the structure of their nests; but the subject is nevertheless a much more compli- cated one, since with these differences others in the mode of life of the communities are directly connected. In the one group we have the foundation by a fertilized female of what is usually a community existing for one year, in the other long-lived colonies founded by the formation of swarms, as in the case of bees. I am bound to admit that I regard these species of Polybia which live after the manner of Polistes as representing a distinct genus. It is probably not customary to utilize biolo- gical considerations for the foundation of genera, but perhaps even in this case closer investigation will demonstrate the morphological basis for the separation inferred on biological grounds. According to their mode of life, or, say, the formation of communities, the social wasps of South America may there- fore be divided into two groups :— (1) Summer communities, or such as last for one year, founded in spring by fertilized females which have hibernated : Polistes, Mischocyttarus, and Pseudopolybia (a name which I adopt for Polybia-like wasps that construct nests after the manner of Polistes). (2) Perennial communities, founded by swarms after the fashion of bee-colonies: Polybia, Apoica, Tatua, Synoeca, Chartergus, Nectarinia. Biology of the Social Wasps of Brazil. 137 The Old-World genera not mentioned in this list all belong to the first group. Divers species of Polybia are known from tropical Asia, but I know nothing about their life-history. In conclusion, I would add a remark as to the genital apparatus, in which the closest agreement exists in all the genera of social wasps that I have investigated. The number of testicular tubes is always the same as that of those of the ovary, and this number is invariably three on each side, as is also the case in the solitary wasps examined. In the strongest contrast to this condition, that I have proved to exist in Polistes, Miuschocyttarus, Nectarinia, Polybia, and Chartergus, is what we have recently learnt from Bordas *, in amends for previous inexact statements. According to this author the number of testicular tubes in Vespa is from two hundred to three hundred. How large the number of the ovarian tubes really is (earlier accounts speak of six or more) must remain uncertain in default of fresh examination. Vespa consequently presents’a strong contrast to the rest of the social wasps, and in this respect stands in the same relation to them as that in which the Apide stand to the Andrenide or Megachilide, since in the former there are three hundred testicular tubes, in the latter three. It appears that for the Hymenoptera this number three repre- sents the primitive condition, and therefore Apis and Vespa are aberrant types. As to the anatomy of the social wasps of Africa and India we as yet know nothing. In these cases the work accomplished for the South-American genera has still to be done. ‘Then, and not until then, will it be possible to ascertain the relation of Belonogaster, Icaria, &c. to the rest of the Vespide. Probably it will then be found that Vespa cannot be included in the same family as the other genera of social wasps. The true Vespide, including Vespa, would then have a very large number of testicular tubes; the rest of the Polybiide would exhibit three of these struc- tures in each testis. It is probable that upon closer investi- gation yet other differences will be added in other organs or in the larve, and to point out the necessity for such studies is precisely the object of this exposition. Sao Paulo, Brazil, July 23, 1896. * Bordas, “ Appareil genital male des Hyménoptéres,” Annales des Sciences natur. vii. sér. tom. xx., 1895, 138 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera XIII.— Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station. —No. IV. Diptera from the Sacramento and White Moun- tains, in Southern New Mexico. I. By C. Hs Tyner TOWNSEND. i THE Sacramento Mountain and White Mountains are situated in south-central New Mexico, in north-eastern Dofia Ana, and western Lincoln counties. The Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation is located within the limits of the northern portion of the range. White Mountain stands at the north-western end of the Sacramentos, and really forms a part of the range. It is the highest point, being in theneighbourhood of 11,000 feet. Military maps give its elevation as 11,092 feet. The Rio Rui- doso heads on its eastern slopes, as do also Eagle Creek and the two forks of the Rio Bonito. The most of the Ruidoso collecting was done some miles below its head, from just above Dowling’s Mill to a point 4 miles west, the altitude being about 6500 to 6600 feet. Dowling’s Mill is given by military maps as 6455 feet. Austen’s Ranch, on the north fork of the Rio Bonito, is about 6400 feet; it is situated some 12 miles up this fork west from Fort Stanton (now recently abandoned as a military post), which latter is on the Rio Bonito just below the junction of the two forks, at an altitude of 6151 feet. The Mescalero Agency, or post-office of Mescalero, being the only settlement on the reservation and the headquarters of the Indian Agent, is situated in the head of the main valley of the Rio Tularosa, on the Ruidoso road, some 7 miles below or south of the top of the divide. It is halfway between Tularosa town and the Upper Ruidoso store, it being 18 miles from the Agency to either place. The altitude of the divide just mentioned is about 7000 feet. White Moun- tain, it is understood, with the Rio Ruidoso and Rio Bonito, lies on the other side of this divide, to the north and north- west of it. The altitude of the Agency is 6340 feet; that of Tularosa town, situated on the plain at the western base of the mountains and near the mouth of the Rio ‘Tularosa valley, is 4140 feet. These and several other elevations, including White Mountain and Dowling’s Mill, with other valuable data, were kindly furnished me by Lieutenant V. E. Stottler, U.S.A., who has charge of the Mescalero reserva- tion, and to whom I wish here to express my thanks for many courtesies. The road from Tularosa to the Agency follows up the from the Sacramento and White Mountains. 139 valley of the Rio Tularosa, which is a beautiful clear stream furnishing water for irrigating the small patches of the Indians and the several small ranches situated in the valleys of the cafion. The best collecting of all was done on the flowers of the rankly growing Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, in October, along this road, which usually follows the course of the stream up closely here. This collecting was done in the upper extent of the long stretch of Brgelovia patches, the altitude being from about 5700 to 6200 feet. An account of this is given under the head of Dejeania rutilioides. hese patches of Brgelovia extend all the way down the valley, in close proximity to the stream, with hardly a break, from Blazer’s Mill, which is less than a mile below the Agency, elevation about 6200 feet, to the halfway point to Tularosa, where the road crosses the stream, elevation about 5200 feet, a distance of 8 miles. The plants are often immense, with heavy woody trunks and branches, and some stand as high as 8 or 9 feet. They are in the height of bloom about the Ist of October. The October collecting on the Rio Ruidoso was done on flowers of Senecio Douglasii; on the Rio Bonito the October collecting was done on Aster levis, which grew rankly in large patches bearing profuse bloom. My thanks are due to Professor EK. O. Wooton for the determinations of the plants. Professor Wooton writes me that his material of the Rhus mentioned in this paper agrees more nearly with the descriptions of FR. glabra than with anything else; but he adds that he had no authentically named glabra material by him for comparison. Prof. J. D. Tinsley, independently of Professor Wooton’s determinations, also sent me the names of five of the plants, and considers the Rhus to be R. glabra. A portion of the Diptera treated in this paper was collected by Professor Wooton in June and July, 1695, while on a botanical trip on the Ruidoso and eastern slopes of White Mountain. Not only was record kept on his trip of the flowers on which the Diptera were obtained, but care was taken to secure approximately by aneroid the elevations of the prin- cipal places where collecting was done, which information is very valuable. All material aside from the above was collected by the writer in October 1895. All elevations given with the word “ about” are estimates made by the writer from points in the vicinity whose eleva- tions are known. They have been carefully estimated, and can be taken as very nearly correct. 140 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera Stratiomyida. 1. Microchrysa, sp.? One female, Rio Ruidoso; on foliage, July 3 (Wooton). About 6400 feet (this locality and elevation always mean that Professor Wooton omitted to give elevation and exact locality, which are taken to be just below Dowling’s Miil). Length 6 millim. Front nearly as wide aseyes. Aristaterminal. Abdomen very flattened, narrowed at base, subquadrangular, wider than thorax, rounded at each end, wholly shining green. Thorax shining green with strong purple reflection. Syrphida. 2. Pipiza occidentalis, sp. n. One female, Rio Ruidoso ; on flowers of Rhus glabra, L., July 10. Four miles west of Dowling’s Mill, 6600 feet ( Wooton). Length 5 millim. Differs from Williston’s description of P. pulchella only in the following particulars :—Abdomen less than twice as long as thorax. There is no “slender deep groove” before margin of scutellum. Legs black; tips of all femora, bases of anterior tibie, basal two joints of front and middle tarsi, and tips of hind metatarsi with next tarsal joint yellowish or reddish yellow. Hind metatarsi not more swollen than other tarsal joints. ‘The apical cross-vein is subsinuate, being abruptly straight at its base, but curved on its final portion ; it forms a right angle with fourth vein. The auxiliary vein terminates hardly beyond anterior cross-vein. Closely like pulchella in all other points. This species is very distinct from the two described by Williston in the Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt. iii. pp. 6-7. Mr. W. A. Snow identifies (Kans. Univ. Quart. iii. p. 227) three specimens of Pipiza from the Magdalena Mts., N. M., as P. pistica, Will. ‘The present species is distinct from pistica in the pile of eyes being black (except, perhaps, that on upper portions next front), and the hind metatarsi not being thickened. 3. Baccha lemur, O. 8. One female, Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles west of Dowling’s Mill, 6600 feet, July 10. On flowers of sumac, Rhus glabra, L. ( Wooton). Length 10 millim. from the Sacramento and White Mountains. 141 Face of a yellowish-grey ground-colour, facial stripe deep buff-yellow. Abdominal cross-bands reddish yellow. Legs pale yellow ; tarsi brownish, hind femora and tibizw with a pale brownish ring before tip. 4, Volucella Anna, Will. One male, Rio Ruidoso, about 6400 feet, June 30. On flowers of Philadelphus serpyllifolius *, Gray (Wooton). The third joint of antenne is rather deeply excised on front edge. 5. Volucella Comstocki, Will. One male, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet (this locality and elevation, wherever given, mean somewhere between the 5700 and 6200 feet elevations). On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, Oct. 20. Length 9 millim. 6. Volucella Victoria, Will. One female, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet. On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, Oct. 20. Length 10 millim. Antenne are scarcely darker coloured than face and front. Scutellum, instead of being ‘deep pitchy black,” as in Williston’s description (Syn. p. 145), is wholly chestnut above, as in V. Comstocki. All the veins of wings are faintly bordered with yellowish. The marginal cell is closed, but not petiolate. 7. Eristalis tricolor, Jaenn. One female, Rio Bonito, Austen’s Ranch in the Bonito Park, about 6400 feet. On flowers of Aster levis, L., Gee i'7, This is the first record of this species being found in New Mexico, and even in the United States. [ took it the same year (1895) abundantly on the lower Rio Grande at Browns- ville, Texas, as will appear in a paper soon to be published on the Diptera of that region. The present specimen has the black more widened out posteriorly on abdominal segments * Prof. J. D. Tinsley identifies this species as Philadelphus macro- phyllus. This determination has later been verified by Mr. Frederick V. Coville, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture—C. H. T. T. Ann. & Maa. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 11 142 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera than in Brownsville and Lower Californian specimens. It is evidently the same species, although the more prevailing black of posterior half of abdomen gives it a-slightly different facies. It may, perhaps, represent a northern race of this tropical species. Note.—Mr. W. A. Snow, in his “ Sapplementary List of North-American Syrphide” (Kans. Univ. Quart.), has followed Giglio-Tos in considering £. tricolor, Jaeun., a synonym of £. pusillus, Mcq. I fail to see anything in Macquart’s description that would lead me to believe in this synonymy. 8. Chrysochlamys cresus, O. 8. One female, Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles west of Dowling’s Mill, 6600 feet. On flowers of Rhus glabra, L., July 10 ( Wooton). Length 9 miillim. Legs wholly saturate reddish yellow, only the coxe fuscous. 9. Milesia bella, sp. n. Two specimens (male and female), Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles west of Dowling’s Mill, 6600 feet. On flowers of Rhus glabra, L., July 10 (Wooton). Length of male 15 millim., of female hardly 16 millim. Differs from Williston’s description of M. ornata (Syn. p- 255) as follows :—Male with triangular brown spot at base of antenne above; female with posterior orbits more cine- reous than yellow, though this character is doubtless more or less variable. The anterior two yellow fascie of prothoracic dorsum roughly forming a yellow transverse H-shaped marking, cleft through the middle of the bar by a rather wide black vitta; the suboval humeral spot helps to form this, but does not coalesce with it, being separated by a narrow neck of black from the rest of the half of the marking. of that side, which is L-shaped on the right side and the reverse on the left. Pleura, without yellow on anterior border from humeri to base of anterior cox, black. Second abdominal segment with a yellow cross-band interrupted in middle, anterior border of each half running obliquely outward and forward, hind border sinuate ; a transversely elongate yellowish spot behind these on each side on posterior corner of segment. Third and fourth segments in male with an anterior unin- terrupted yellow cross-band, widened at ends; the third segment with a posterior brownish-yellow band of same width not widened at ends, this band on fourth segment being twice as broad as on third. In female the yellow (anterior) from the Sacramento and White Mountains. 145 band of third segment is narrowly interrupted. Pile of abdomen yellow on the bright yellow markings, black on the black and brownish-yellow markings. Legs yellow, the front tibie and tarsi of both sexes black or brownish black except extreme bases of tibie; the female with a tinge of brownish on uppersides of all the femora and an elongate brown spot on inside of hind tibie, the male with latter and with extensive dark brown shading on uppersides of all femora. Hind coxe in both sexes with a large yellow pollinose spot on outside, and a linear transverse yellow marking above this situated below and in front of the yellow halteres. Wings nearly hyaline, faintly fuscous near tips, faintly yellowish in basal half of submarginal cell and in base of marginal cell, also somewhat along veins at base of wing. This species is very distinct from Williston’s M. pulchra from Guatemala. Conopida. 10. Oncomyza, sp. One female, Rio Ruidoso, 6600 feet. On flowers of Erysimum asperum, DC., July 3 (Wooton). It is impossible to say what species this is, as the antennz are entirely wanting and only a hind femur and a middle femur and tibia remain of the legs. Length 4 millim. It differs from Loew’s description of O. /orarza (not taking into account the antenne or legs so far as they are wanting) as follows:—Four black vitte on thorax, the outer ones divided by suture so as to resemble two spots, the inner ones more pollinose and less conspicuous. Abdomen soft black, narrow hind margins of first to fourth segments cinereous pollinose, the cinereous on fourth segment with a median line running from it to front border of segment; fifth segment very short, with narrower cinereous hind border ; sixth segment wholly cinereous, except an oval median black space on dorsum. Second to fourth segments each with a conspicuous cinereous marking on side, that of second segment being nearly round and situated on posterior corner, that of third being elongate, nearly longitudinal, only very slightly oblique, extending from anterior to posterior border, that of fourth segment being elongate and strongly oblique, reaching from front to hind border. There is also cinereous shading on sides of first segment. Li? 144 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera Tachinide. 11. Dejeania rutilioides, Jaenn. Twenty-seven specimens (all females), Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet. On flowers of -Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, Oct. 20, except two taken Oct. 13. The fact that they are all females and were taken so late in the year is worthy of remark as bearing on the hibernating habits of this and other Tachinide. The nights in the mountains at this date had been cool and frosty for a week or more, the days, however, being warm ; and these Tachinids, usually so active, alert, and difficult to catch even with a net, were all taken by simply sweeping with the hand alone, as were also upwards of two hundred other large Tachinids of various genera on this and other flowers. All the October collecting mentioned in this paper was done in this way. The cold nights had dulled the sense of alertness of these flies to such an extent that with care they could be approached to within a few feet before taking flight. As already stated, the Bigelovia above mentioned grows rankly for miles along the Tularosa creek, in many places attaining a height of 7 feet and sometimes more, and blooms profusely in October. Its flowers were everywhere covered (Oct. 20) with hundreds of large Tachinitls of such genera as Dejeania, Jurinia, Saundersia, Echinomyia, &c., as may be judged from the number collected in a few hours by the hand alone. A word may be said as to the cause of such an abundance of large Tachinids at this season in this locality. The seasons are usually moderately wet in these mountains, but the season of 1895, in October of which year this collecting was done, had been an unusually wet one for New Mexico. As testi- mony of this, Silver City and Socorro both sustained much damage from cloudbursts in the summer of that year. The wet season stimulated vegetable growth to an unusual degree, and lepidopterous larves were abnormally abundant ; therefore their ‘l'achinid parasites bred to an unusual extent. Hundreds of these ‘l'achinids were seen that were not taken. In no case were any seen in copulation. The genus Dejeania is said by van der Wulp to have the front tarsi enlarged in the female and the last tarsal joint of male surrounded with long curved bristles. All the above specimens of rutilioides have the front tarsi strongly widened ; they also have last tarsal joint with curved bristles. Whether the latter are longer and more pronounced in the male of this species I cannot say, as I have no male specimens at hand, but this is doubtless the case. From the Sacramento and White Mountains. 145 12. Dejeania corpulenta, Wa. Three males, Rio Ruidoso, 6400-6600 feet. On flowers of Asclepias speciosa, Torr. (6400 feet), July 8; on flowers of thus glabra, ., 4 miles west of Dowling’s Mill (6600 feet), July 10; and one on foliage (about 6400 feet), July 3 ( Wooton). One male, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet. On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, Oct. 20. 13. Dejeania hystricosa, Will. Thirty-five specimens, apparently all females. Twenty- nine taken on flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, Oct. 20, except two taken Oct. 13. Six taken on flowers of Senecio Douglasii, DC., Rio Ruidoso, above Dowling’s Mill, about 500 feet, Oct. 15. Length 103-184 millim. This species has the facies of a Saundersia, but is distin- guished at once from that genus by its well-developed palpi. 14. Saundersia maculata, Will. One male, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, Oct. 20. On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata. Length 13 millim. The spot of fourth abdominal segment is white, sharply three-toothed posteriorly, and indented on each side anteriorly. 15. Jurinia algens, Wd. One female, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, Oct. 20. On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata. 16. Jurinia apicifera, Walk. Seven male and two female specimens. Five males on flowers of Aster levis, L., Rio Bonito, at Austen’s Ranch, about 6400 feet, Oct. 17. ‘Two males and one female on flowers of Senecio Douglasit, DC., and one female on flowers of Aster levis, L., Rio Ruidoso, above Dowling’s Mill, about 6500 feet, Oct. 15. The silvery cinereous sheen of anal segment is obscure in all, and hardly perceptible in some. The foot-claws of male 146 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera are not so long as in Brownsville specimens, and are often reddish or yellowish at base. 17. Jurinia hystrix, Fabr. Seventeen specimens, all females. Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, one taken Oct. 13 and the others Oct. 20. On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata. Length 12-15 millim. These come nearest to Williston’s form ¢ (Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. xiii. p. 299). Front tarsal joints are not dilated, palpi yellow, third antennal joint about same length as second. About six or eight strong spines in row in middle of hind border of second abdominal segment, and two at each side on hind border, but no continuous row on hind border of second segment. A continuous row of strong spines on hind border of third segment. All with two orbital bristles. This species may be known by the yellow pile of occiput, the black or brown bases of wings, and the faintly but per- ceptibly clouded anterior cross-vein. The anterior portion of thoracic dorsum is yellowish dusted, the abdomen is chestnut, head and body stout, front wide, posterior half of abdomen strongly spinose. 18. Jurinia lateralis, Macq. One female, Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles west of Dowling’s Mill, 6600 feet. On flowers of Khus glabra, L., July 10 ( Wooton). One male, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet. On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, Oct. 20. 19. Echinomyia tterans, Walk. Sixty-two specimens, of which only four are males, as follows :—twenty-eight females and two males, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, Oct. 20, on flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata ; one female, same locality and flowers, Oct. 13; eight females, Rio Bonito, Austen’s Ranch, about 6400 feet, Oct. 17, on flowers of Aster levis, L.; twenty females and two males, Rio Ruidoso, above Dowling’s Mill, about 6500 feet, Oct. 15, on flowers of Senecio Douglasii, DC. ; and one female, same locality and flowers, Oct. 16. Front tarsi of female are not widened in this species, Palpi are filiform, as in E. Thomsoni. Sides of face with two strong bristles near orbits. Antenne black. Proboscis somewhat elongate and slender. Sometimes abnormal speci- from the Sacramento and White Mountains. 147 mens occur, showing three or even four strong bristles on sides of face near orbits. One female has three on one side and four on the other, the latter making a continuous row with the descending frontal bristles; another female shows only one bristle on one side and two on the other, while still another female shows but one on each side. The third an- tennal joint in male is usually more widened apically, some- times very strongly so. In one female the third antennal joint is pale reddish, with rest of antenne black. Also one female, White Mountain, 9500 feet, July 6 (Wooton). In this specimen the second antennal joint is more reddish than black. 20. Hehinomyia Thomsont, Will. One hundred and six specimens, as follows :—Sixty-five (eleven males and fifty-four females), Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, Oct. 20, except five of the females taken Oct. 13, on flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata; twenty-one (twelve males and nine females), Rio Bonito, Austen’s Ranch, about 6400 feet, Oct. 17, on flowers of Aster levis, L.; twenty (seven males and thirteen females), Rio Ruidoso, above Dowling’s Mill, about 6500 feet, Oct. 15, on flowers of Senecio Douglasit, DC. These specimens vary in length from 8 to nearly 14 millim. The female has two rows of orbital bristles on each side of the front, beside the row of frontal bristles along the vitta, while the male normally has only one row. But males occur having some extra orbital bristles, showing an approach to the two rows of the female. The claws and pulvilli in some males are much shorter also than in others. ‘These secondary sexual characters in the male depend largely for constancy on the size and robustness of the specimens. I believe that all the above-mentioned specimens belong to this one species, as they otherwise agree well except for size. In occasional specimens the black of abdomen is somewhat more pronounced, while in others the red shows more conspicuously ; but these are merely slight colour-variations, and are, moreover, quite rare. In some specimens the front is golden, while in others it is silvery pollinose. It may also be mentioned that the front tarsi are a little widened in the female. There is a very great difference in size between the most robust specimens and the smallest ones. All the specimens examined, selected from the two extremes in size, show no median macrochete on first abdominal segment, two median 148 Diptera from the Sacramento and White Mountains. on hind margin of second, acontinuous row on hind margin of third, and two rows on fourth. Also two females and one male, Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles west of Dowling’s Mill, 6600 feet, July 10, on flowers of Rhus glabra, L. (Wooton). One of the females is considerably stouter than usual, and the male has the abdomen somewhat different in appearance; but it is due, I think, to the silvery pollen being rubbed and obscured. 21. Echinomyia Victoria, sp. n. Echinomyia, sp. n. ?, Towns. no. 60, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe, xxii. p, 72. I propose the name . Victoria for this species, as it does not seem to be named. Nine females, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, Oct. 20, on flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata; and a smaller female, Rio Ruidoso, above Dow- ling’s Mill, about 6500 feet, Oct. 15, on flowers of Senecio Douglasii, DC. Front tarsi wide in both sexes; palpi not slender filiform, but thickened and much shorter; sides of face without the pair of bristles near orbits; second antennal joint reddish yellow; proboscis shorter and stouter. Otherwise this species agrees with F. dterans, except that thorax is less brassy, and the abdomen has median line of black spots usually well pronounced, sometimes widened behind on last two segments. ‘The species is on the average more robust. It differs chiefly from /. dakotensis, 'Towns., by the prevailing reddish-yellow colour of abdomen, dakotensis having much more black on abdominal segments. Also one male, Rio Ruidoso, 8500 feet, July 6 (Wooton). 22. Echinomyia neglecta, sp. n. a iii sp. aff. Thomsoni, Will., and tterans, Walk., of Towns. MO. This species I have known for some time, and as it seems to be also without a name, I propose to call it 2. neglecta. Three females, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, Oct. 20, on flowers of Bigelovia graveolens var glabrata. ‘Three females, Rio Ruidoso, above Dowling’s Mill, about 6500 feet, Oct. 15, on flowers of Senecio Douglasii, DC. This species differs from T’homsoni by the antenne bein wholly deep black instead of second joint reddish yellow; ra abdomen (except imperfect median stripe) being brighter red, On the Air-Spaces in Flying Animals. 149 with the silvery sheen much less noticeable; and in the thoracic dorsum being less brassy pollinose. It is an inter- mediate form between Yhomsoni and iterans; from ¢terans it differs in the front tarsi of female being widened, abdomen more deeply tinged with red, and dorsum of thorax less brassy pollinose. Palpi are slender, filiform, as in both iterans and Thomsont. Three of the above specimens have three bristles on sides of face near orbits, instead of only two. Also one female, Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles west of Dowling’s Mill, 6600 feet, July 10, on flowers of sumac, Rhus glabra, L. (Wooton). 23. Echinomyia, sp. Two specimens (male and female) of a blackish species, with a stigma-like spot on wings. Taken by Prof. Wooton on White Mountain, 9000 feet, July 3, on flowers of Helentum Hoopesti, Gray. XIV.—The Physiological Importance of the Air-Spaces in Flying Animals. By R. von LENDENFELD *. It is well known that in the bodies of the majority of insects and birds large spaces filled with air are met with which appear morphologically as local expansions, relatively as appendages of the respiratory organs. They are developed in very different ways in the different species, and are not present in all insects. In general it may be said that in animals capable of strong and sustained flight they are highly developed and spacious, that in bad fliers they attain a lower degree of development or (as in some insects) do not occur at all, and that in all non-flying insects they are entirely wanting. It is thus rendered probable that they are in some way directly or indirectly connected with the flying motion, and are to be regarded physiologically as organs subservient to flight. Further, from the very considerable size of these organs, especially in Hymenoptera and many birds, a con- clusion may be drawn as to the great importance which they must possess. With reference to these air-spaces three suppositions are possible :—(1) they are exclusively accessory respiratory * Translated by E. E. Austen from the ‘ Biologisches Centralblatt,’ xvi. Bd., No. 21 (November 1, 1896), pp. 774-778. 150 Prof. R. von Lendenfeld on the Physiological organs or an auxiliary breathing-apparatus; (2) they are exclusively mechanical locomotor organs (structures for the maintenance of equilibrium and the regulation of specific gravity) ; (3) they perform both of these functions. We might well suppose that good and powerful fliers, just as they have a relatively heavier heart than other birds (Parrot), also need especially efficient respiratory organs, and that accordingly their air-sacs are breathing-organs. The air-sacs themselves, however, cannot be respiratory organs, on the one hand since they exhibit no arrangements whatever for increasing their surface (folds, cells, or similar develop- ments), and on the other hand because (in birds) the membrane which bounds them is in general poorly supplied with blood- vessels (Drosier and other authors). It is only on the inner surface of pneumatic bones that we find capillaries in greater abundance, and here, moreover, the excretion of carbonic acid has been demonstrated experimentally (Baer). Nevertheless the respiration in this case cannot be anything considerable, since in these rigid ceeca-like chambers the air must be in a state of almost complete stagnation. But although oxidation of the blood takes place only to an altogether inconsiderable extent in the walls of the air-sacs, these structures might still as a motor-apparatus, as bellows, play an important part in respiration; they might have to provide for the active ventilation of the parts which actually oxidize the blood. It was formerly supposed that the intra- and extra-thoracic air- sacs of birds contracted alternately, and that by this means the air was forced to and fro through the lungs (Sappey). The results of later investigations, however, obtained by the aid of the graphic method, and as to the correctness of which no doubt whatever can exist, have shown that the air-pressure in all air-sacs rises and falls simultaneously. ‘There is con- sequently no current of air from air-sac to air-sac, but only a current passing to and fro between the mouth and the air- sacs. Now although the air-sacs communicate directly with the bronchi through wide open tubes, nevertheless a great part of the air that streams to and fro between the mouth and the air-sacs, especially in expiration, is said to pass through the fine canals of the lungs and to renew continually the air in the pulmonary alveoli (Baer). To this, however, it must be objected that the anatomical conditions do not support the justice of this assumption. If this were the sole or the most essential function of the air-sacs, we should, at any rate, expect to meet with arrangements which would cause the whole of the air in the air-sacs, or, at least, the greater portion of it, to pass through the actual respiratory part of the Importance of the Air-Spaces in Flying Animals. 151 breathing-apparatus. There are no such arrangements, however. In insects, by means of wide sections of tracheal tubes, the great air-vesicles are in direct, immediate, and free communication with the stigmata, so that the air which enters them from without and that which is given off from them to the exterior cannot pass through the respiratory terminal branches of the ramifying tracheal trunk. In birds the cephalic air-sacs, as well as some of the subcutaneous ones in certain species, are connected with the nasal cavity ; consequently the currents of air passing to and fro between these sacs and the exterior cannot enter into the lungs at all. The air-sacs of the body and limbs communicate with the bronchi, with which they are openly connected by means of wide canals. It is true that from the walls of these spacious tubes, which traverse the lungs, there arise narrow ducts which lead into the actual lung-parenchyma; but in spite of this the greater part of the air, which passes to and fro between the exterior and these sacs, will take its course through those wide tubes, and it is only quite insignificant driblets from the air-stream that will pass through the paren- chyma of the lungs. The cephalic air-sacs and the subcutaneous air-sacs belonging thereto in birds, as well as the majority of the air- sacs in insects, consequently do not contribute at all, while the remaining air-sacs contribute only in a very slight degree, by no means in proportion to their size, to the ventilation of the parts of the body which absorb oxygen and excrete carbonic acid. As an accessory respiratory apparatus they can therefore at best function only incidentally: their chief function must be a different one. We thus arrive at the second and third of the alternatives stated above: we have to ask in what manner the air-sacs can mechanically support the faculty of flight. In any case they reduce the specific gravity of the body very considerably, and I presume that this might increase the power of flight, and especially facilitate materially the maintenance of equili- brium in the air, although the enlargement of the body connected therewith would considerably increase the resist- ance of the air, particularly in rapid flight, and so under certain circumstances would also bring disadvantages in its train. Since the air contained in the pneumatic spaces in warm- blooded birds has a higher temperature than the outer air, the air-sacs in them certainly have a direct lifting effect—they operate as balloons—but this is so inconsiderable that prac- tically it cannot come into account at all. 152 Prof. R. von Lendenfeld on the Phystological Apart from those air-cavities that (in birds) extend in the bones, and the object of which—the reduction of the weight of the bones without impairing their strength—is distinctly evident, all air-chambers are readily contractile and dilatable. The spiral thread of chitin that stiffens the trachea in insects is absent from the walls of their larger air-chambers, and in birds the walls of the air-sacs of the body are very delicate and soft membranes. It appears certain that flying animals have the power, by means of voluntary contraction of the body-muscles, to alter very rapidly the degree of fullness of these air-chambers (of course with the exception of those that are situated in the bones), and that thus they are enabled to displace their own centre of gravity, and to change the specific gravity as well as the size of their parts. But we now have to ask how changes of this kind can be of so great an advantage to flight as to explain the extraordinarily high degree of the development of these cavities in good fliers. In insects the air-chambers have manifold connexions one with another by means of various tracheal tubes ; in birds an intercommunication between them does not appear to exist. The most spacious air-bladders, in birds as well as in insects, are met with for the most part in the abdomen. In certain cases (in dragonflies and the condor) the air-chambers of the head are also very large. In the case of insects it might be supposed that by means of a sudden discharge of considerable quantities of air from the stigmata of one side, or from only one particular stigma, a rebound might be produced which would entail a detinite and advantageous lateral or turning movement of the body. A process such as this would be materially facilitated by the connexion of the air-chambers of the two symmetrical halves of the body. In the case of birds, however, an explanation of this kind is naturally impossible. ; Since those birds that for the most part soar—that is, without strokes of their wings move, maintain themselves aloft, and even ascend—possess quite peculiarly well-developed air-chambers (I would remind the reader only of the pelican and certain large Raptores), it is natural to suppose that it is precisely in soaring that these structures come most into play. Since soaring requires only slight muscular labour, increasing the intensity of breathing but little, their high degree of development in birds which soar is an argument against the assumption that the air-sacs are nothing more than accessory respiratory organs. In order to be able to give a decision as to their mechanical Importance of the Air-Spaces in Flying Animals. 153 function in the act of soaring we must first seek to determine how soaring birds perform this remarkable movement. It is certain that soaring and circling depend on overcoming the force of gravity by the aid and employment of the force inherent in the wind. Now the way in which this is turned to account appears to a certain extent doubtful. In the event of the speed of the wind increasing sufficiently quickly with increasing altitude the bird is able, by using the increment of the force of the wind, to mount in circles without a stroke of its wings (Lord Rayleigh). The wind is also said to be very irregular, to blow at any given point with quickly changing strength and, to a slight extent, with quickly changing direction. By utilizing the differences in the force and direction of the wind the bird can likewise keep itself poised and also ascend without flapping its wings (Langley). Lastly, the bird is able by circling, precisely like a rapidly rotating top, to acquire a certain inherent stability, which, operating like the string of a kite, renders it capable, when the current of air is continuous and perfectly equable in force, of soaring and ascending like a kite (Lendenfeld). Be this as it may, soaring at any rate depends upon an admir- able utilization of the force of the wind, which is only attained by the bird always setting its expanse of sail, the whole underside of its body (Miillenhoff), precisely in the proper angle with the horizontal plane and with the direction of the wind. This process must be very difficult—indeed, it is hardly possible to imagine how a free-soaring bird, which presents a large surface of sail to the wind, in the midst of violent currents of air and in a constantly changing position, without any fixed point of attachment, can maintain its equilibrium, and can regulate efficiently, with ease and pre- cision, the inclination of the surface of sail which it forms. Since the bird soars free, the position of the surface of sail can really be attained only by changes in the position of the centre of gravity with reference to the expanse of sail, as well as by alterations of the parts that feel the resistance of the air. But changes of this kind in the position of the centre of gravity and alterations of the resisting surfaces can be brought about by alterations in the degree of fullness of the various air-sacs, since by their inflation parts of the body are enlarged and forced away from the centre. It is true that these changes are small, but even small changes of this sort will be enough to produce a considerable and sufficient result. Although this action of the air-sacs is most distinctly marked in soaring, it will nevertheless also come into opera- 154 On a new Snake from Sierra Leone. tion in ordinary flight with strokes of the wings, in which, indeed, the kite-like action of the spread of sail always comes jointly into play to a greater or less degree. Granted, therefore, that the air-sacs to a certain extent assist respiratory activity, that is, in the case of birds, their main object will still be a mechanical one—the reduction of the specific gravity of the whole animal and the regulation of the specific gravity and the size of its parts, as well as of the position of the centre of gravity. XV.—Description of a new Snake from Sierra Leone. By G. A. BouLenGer, F.R.S. Aparallactus niger. Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the oral margin. Rostral much broader than deep, the portion visible from above one third as long as its distance from the frontal ; internasals slightly broader than long, widely separated from the preocular ; a single prefrontal, forming sutures with the nasal and preocular ; frontal nearly once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; nasal semidivided, in con- tact with the preocular ; two postoculars ; a single temporal ; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth and sixth in contact with the parietal; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ; anterior chin- shields longer than the posterior, in contact with four lower labials. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 164; anal entire ; subcaudals 60. Uniform black above; ventrals white, edged with black; subcaudals black in the middle and on the posterior and outer borders. Total length 335 millim.; tail 80. A single male specimen in a small collection made by Mr. W. G. Clements in Sierra Leone. The same collection contained a specimen (head and neck only) of Nata Guenther, Blgr., the habitat of which was still unknown. Prof. F. O. Guldberg on Movement in a Circle. 155 XVI.— Description of a new Fish from Lake Nyassa. By G. A. BouLencer, F.R.S. Chromis auratus. 23 teeth on each side of the outer series of the upper jaw. Depth of body 33 in total length, length of head 34 times. Profile of snout curved ; eye equally distant from the end of the snout and the gill-opening, its diameter 4 times in length of head and but slightly greater than interorbital width ; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye; three series of scales on the cheek below the eye; opercle and interorbital region scaled ; preeopercular limbs forming a right angle. Gill-rakers very short, 8 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XIX 6; spines subequal in length from the fourth, which is 3 length of head. Pectoral pointed, ? length of head ; ventral as long as pectoral, reaching vent. Anal 111 6; third spine longest, stronger and a little longer than dorsals. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales 34 3, finely denticulate below the lateral line; lat. 1.4. Bright golden yellow, with three black stripes, one along the side of the body from the eye to the base of the caudal, a second above the upper lateral line from the occiput to the caudal peduncle, and a third along the dorsal fin; two curved black bands across the snout from eye to eye; a few black spots on the upper part of the caudal fin. Total length 75 millim. A single specimen from Monkey Bay, W. Nyassa; pre- sented to the British Museum by G. H. Pigott, Esq. XVII.—On Movement in a Circle as the Fundamental Form of Movement in Animals: its Cause, Manifestation, and Significance. By F. O. GULDBERG*. [A Lecture t delivered before the Biological Society of Christiania, March 30, 1896.] THE majority of those who are accustomed to walk in the fields and woods with open eyes for the observation of animal * Translated by E. E. Austen from the ‘Biologisches Centralblatt,’ xvi. Bd., No. 21 (November 1, 1896), pp. 779-783. + This lecture is a brief preliminary communication on the subject of an investigation which, so long ago as the spring of the year 1888, the 156 ~—s— Prof. F. O. Guldberg on Movement in a Circle life have surely been struck by the readiness with which animals belonging to the same family or community find each other again, after having separated voluntarily or under compulsion. Indeed, even newly hatched or new-born young, which one surely cannot easily suspect of having a fully developed memory for places or any acquaintance with the locality, and as to which it is quite impossibie to imagine that they are already in possession of the full use of their senses, nevertheless again discover, apparently with the greatest ease, their parents, brothers and sisters, or com- panions, even when they have been separated from them for so long a time or by so great a distance that their sensory powers are inadequate to bring them into direct communica- tion one with another. For life in a state of nature has furnished us with a series of observations, showing that the higher animals, at all events under circumstances in which their senses do not act normally or perfectly, or when they are prevented from bringing them- selves into communication one with another by aid of their senses, seek and find each other again in such a manner that they return to the spot where they were separated or where their senses corresponded for the last time. This ordinary and necessary returning of animals to the spot where they were separated must, as I shall show, be of a double nature, namely both instinctive as well as physiological, since meeting takes place by two different methods, either in con- sequence of the animals by aid of their senses seeking and finding their way back to the spot where they separated, or by their making without the aid of their senses a circular movement, which necessarily also leads them back to the place of separation. Now, in order to come to a clear under- standing as to the nature of this circular movement, as to what must be the basis or cause of the instinctive pheno- menon in question, | have instituted, in conjunction with my fellow-worker Prof. G. A. Guldberg, a series of physiological experiments whereby, by depriving the subjects of the experi- ments of their senses, we have succeeded in compelling them to make a circular movement of this kind. This movement in a circle is certainly to be regarded as having a physiolo- gical origin, and as the immediate cause we assume a fune- author proposed in a less complete form to his brother, Prof. G. A. Guld- berg, who subsequently became a fellow-worker, especially as regards the morphological and physiological portion of the study. With reference to the actual evidence which has been collected, this will be laid before the scientific world in detail at an early period, so soon as time and oppor- tunity permit. as the Fundamental Form of Movement. 157 tional asymmetry in the animal. It must here, however, be stated distinctly that this circular movement is not to be confused with the manége-movement known in physiology in the case of brain-lesion; for aseries of morphological inves- tigations undertaken by Prof. G. A. Guldberg renders it in the highest degree probable that the actual cause of this “ senseless’? circular movement is to be sought in the asym- metrical structure of the organs of locomotion, as to which a short communication will be found in the next number of this periodical (Biol. Centralbl.). This circular movement also appears in the life of animals in the natural state so soon as the impressions derived from the senses are unable to exercise a guiding influence. For a series of movements in circles which, so far as they were known, stood out as inexplicable riddles, must be regarded as results of the physiological action of circular motion upon natural motion guided by imperfect cerebral activity and failing senses, The forms of movement thereby produced, which become more or less regular circles, and are in part well-known phenomena in the case of higher animals and human beings, I have termed provisionally biological circles or circular wanderings. In spite of the fact that in this connexion there is reason to suppose that similar phenomena in the life of insects can or must be explained in the same way as in Vertebrates, owing to the want of physiological experiments I can do nothing more here than merely to allude to this circum- stance. In the case of higher animals, especially birds and mammals, on the contrary, the phenomena that have been observed are so numerous and the physiological experiments so far advanced that I now consider myself justified in pro- pounding the theory as to the reality and signification of circular motion. By questioning divers, who nowadays use electric lamps at the bottom of the sea, and lighthouse-keepers on the coast of Norway, I have obtained statements to the effect that in the places where these men work a variety of phenomena are always observed that are traceable in the same way—namely, circles described by fishes swimming in the light of the electric lamps and similar circular flights on the part of birds in front of the lighthouse (not round it). The easiest and most natural explanation that can be given of these move- ments is that they are ‘“ biological circles,” which arise from the fact that the animal is blinded by the light, from which it seeks to get away by swimming or using its wings; since, however, it cannot find anything else to show it the way, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 12 158 Prof. F. O. Guldberg on Movement in a Circle while the guiding sense is blinded, movement passes into the physiological circular direction, and it returns to the light. The constant repetition of these circles, until the birds often drop exhausted near the lighthouse, as well as the apparently disturbed state of mind of the animals when they are flying and swimming round and round, in our opinion also support such an explanation of this phenomenon. Mention may also be made of the circling flight of the willow-grouse and capercatlzie, well known to the Scandinavian peasant-gunners who lie in wait for these birds, in which the instinct of locality alluded to above seems to appear, just as a similar instinct seems to prevail in beasts of prey during the pursuit of game. But the best illustrative evidence in favour of these biological circles is furnished by mammals, which more frequently come into contact with man either as domestic animals or as objects of the chase.—The lecturer here produced in explanation of his statement a series of graphic charts, which were sent to him by the foremost sportsmen in the country (Norway) ; these charts show that the course taken by hunted animals (hares and foxes) when pursued by the hounds exhibits over and over again the curve of a biological circle. This applies especially to hares, for the circles, or “ Turen,” as Norwegian sportsmen call them, described by these animals can often be distinctly followed from one end to the other, since it is only paths, high roads, the animal’s own track, defiles, and insur- mountable natural obstacles, or sudden interruptions due to a rencontre with hunter or hound, that produce changes in, or a cessation of, the biological circular course. From these charts of circular runs it is also to be seen how the same individual always describes the biological circle towards the same side, whence it appears that the individual in travelling along is bound to go to the right or the left. With reference to mankind the phenomenon may be re- garded as being so well known that one need only mention the familiar accounts in literature and the stories with which people are acquainted in order to make the comprehension of the subject thoroughly real. There are also a multitude of statements as to rowing in a circle in a fog at sea, and in both cases, in wandering as well as in rowing in a circle, the phenomenon has had such a disturbing effect upon the con- dition of the senses, that the individual in some instances did not even trust the compass, and in others, as has been the case with superstitious folk, actually thought himself in the hands of a higher power. Of this, indeed, there is proof enough in tales and stories from popular life. The effects of circular movement also make themselves as the Fundamental Form of Movement. 159 felt in military marches with an extended front, since it is only by accurate aiming and never losing the object while marching that the guide is enabled to keep the direction. The lecturer then proceeded to show what is the importance of this peculiar form of animal motion for the creatures that possess it. He found in the fact that all animals are firmly fettered to definite natural conditions and are pretty helpless when they overstep definite limits or when they become separated from their parents or their home—especially in the earliest period of their existence, before they have learnt to use their senses and faculties—a decided proof that this circular movement, which, with irresistible force, brings each being that is under its control back to the place that possesses the conditions necessary for the preservation of life and for its prosperity, must also be of fundamental importance for the maintenance of life and the development of the individuals affected. It is thus seen that this form of movement is universally distributed—it is one of the general laws. Imagination and superstition have eagerly seized upon this mysterious force in natural life, and have created therefrom a supernatural power. ‘To expound this in greater detail lies beyond the scope of the present study; nevertheless it may be pointed out that Norwegian country-folk in general are wont to term this travelling in a circle “at triide paa Vildstraa,” approaching on a false scent, that is, going astray, though in reality the intention of nature, if one may so express oneself, is exactly the opposite. In the realm of nature this phenomenon is a precaution in order that the living animal shall never go astray, but always be able again to find the spot that possesses the conditions necessary for the maintenance of life and for further development, the localities and surroundings that afford protection and food, before ever the offspring have learnt to use their senses and faculties—the native place to which all animals in the struggle for existence must so often return, be it the udder of the cow, the warmth-giving wings and the guiding experience of the hen, or the sheltering tree or bush chosen by maternal instinct. In accounts showing how very liable young animals are to perish when they are separated by the hand of man from this connexion with home and parents, we may also see the operation of the law, since under such circumstances its effects are just as destructive as under natural conditions they are the means of salvation. It is simply the opposite result carried to the same length. The effect of this circular movement in the psychical life of animals may also be regarded as full of signiticance, since, | Os 160 Prof. F. O. Guldberg on Movement in a Circle. in spite of the innumerable false steps into which the animal may be betrayed by unpractised senses and inexperienced brain, it always brings it back to the right spot and to the proper conditions. To formulate my interpretation of this fact, I would say that nature’s educational skill would be unintelligible without the law of circular movement. Moreover, it is also necessary to point out that the same law appears to be the foundation of the instinct of locality in the higher animal world—that is, the already mentioned im- pulse to return to the spot where the animal lost its followers, and, in connexion therewith, the capacity for easily finding ifs companions again. How far the importance and breadth of this instinct ex- tends, it is certainly as yet impossible to say ; whether it will ever be possible I know not; it may, however, be assumed that the fundamental forms of movement mentioned and the instinct founded thereon are closely connected with the “ law of love of home” or the instinct of locality, to which the great annual migrations of animals are to be referred. And it 1 may be allowed to cast a glance beyond the limits of this paper, while presupposing that the law of physiological circular movement is recognized by the scientific world, I must first refer to the circumstance that circular movement will be a very serviceable instrument in investigations as to the functional breadth and signification of the senses in the different animals and animal groups. Furthermore, in alluding to observations upon lower animals attention must also be directed to the probability that in the lowest classes the physiological circular movement is perhaps the sole form of movement that the organism possesses besides the mechanical action and the physiological reaction. In the case of such a manifestation, physiological circular movement, when its reality and extent shall be sufficiently investigated and understood, may perhaps prove to be of greater biological importance and open up a wider field for study than we at present anticipate. In any case, it will probably be found that even now we may with some show of justice regard the circular movement alluded to as a fundamental form of movement in animals, which we must never omit to take into joint consideration in studying the phases in the development of animal life, no matter whether we are dealing with the biology of individual species or with the psychical genealogy of a larger animal group. . On the Tsu-shima Representative of the Japanese Sable. 161 XVIII.—On the Tsu-shima Representative of the Japanese Sable. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. THE late Mr. P. A. Holst, while collecting birds for Mr. Henry Seebohm in the far East, obtained and sent home five speci- mens of the Marten which inhabits the islands known as Tsu-shima, between Corea and Japan. These specimens are clearly related to the Japanese Sable (Mustela melampus), but differ so much in the details of their coloration as to demand subspecific separation. ‘Two of the specimens are in summer pelage and three in winter, and, for comparison with them, there are in the British Museum one summer and four winter examples of the Japanese form. The summer and one of the winter specimens are co-types of Temminck’s species, while the former is, in addition, the type of I. yapon- tcus of Gray, who, in spite of ‘Temminck’s definite account of the seasonal changes, considered the brown summer form as characterizing a different species, and re-named it accordingly. Mustela melampus tsuensis, subsp. n. Similar to the typical form in size, quality of fur, and in cranial and dental characters, but distinguished by the following colour-characters :— In winter pelage——General colour above dirty yellowish brown instead of rich orange-yellow. Top of head to nape, instead of only to forehead, ashy greyish white. Muzzle, up to and including the orbital region, and lips (both upper and lower) black ; interramia * brown; throat white, in continua- tion with the white of the cheeks and crown, passing on the chest and belly into dark brownish yellow. Fore limbs black from the elbow downwards; hind limbs black on the feet, brown below the knee. In this pelage the most marked distinctions from typicus are the black instead of brown muzzle and lips, the brown instead of white interramia, and white instead of yellowish throat, besides the difference in general tone and greater ex- tension backwards of the ashy colour of the crown. * Interramia.—The space between the rami of the lower jaw, behind the “chin” but anterior to the “ throat.” Indescribing mammals a name is constantly being wanted for this region ; but I have been quite unable to discover whether there is already one in existence, and therefore now suggest one. I have personally felt the want of such a word again and again, especially when describing antelopes, in which the interramia is particularly distinct from either chin or throat. 162 Mr. O. Thomas on a In summer pelage.—General colour singularly like that of a dark-coloured pole-cat (Putorius putorius), much darker than in the typical form. All the parts that are brown in typicus are black in tswensis, while the whole of the limbs, and not only their distal portions, are black. Below, the lips and interramia are black, the light mottling of the throat is less in extent but much brighter in colour, orange-yellow or orange, and the belly is much darker brown. Some of these differences may be due to the faded state of the only summer typicus available, and therefore less stress is to be laid on them than on those in the winter pelage. On this account the type selected is a winter example. Approximate dimensions of the type, from a skin (¢ ):— Head and body 470 millim.; tail 160; hind foot 85. Skull: basal length 78; greatest length 88; greatest breadth 54; interorbital breadth 23; palate length from gnathion 41; palate breadth between outer corners of 2-4 30. Hab, Tsu-shima Islands, : Type: B.M. 91. 10. 14. 3, collected at Kamoze, April 17, 1891, by Mr. P. A. Holst. XIX.— On a new Gazelle from Central Arabia. By OLpDFIELD THOMAS. SurGEON Lieut.-CoLonet A. 8. G. JAYAKAR, of Muscat, to whom our knowledge of the fauna of South-eastern Arabia is largely due, has recently sent to the British Museum a further consignment of mammals, collected within the last two years. Besides the Oman specimens, all of which belong to species recorded in my paper on the mammals of that district *, there are several skins of a Gazelle received by Dr. Jayakar from Nejd, in the interior of Arabia, and these prove to represent a most distinct form from any previously known. It may be called Gazella marica, sp. 0. Size about as in G. dorcas. Colour of head very much as in G. leptoceros and Loderi—that is to say, with the usual gazelline face-markings almost obsolete. The central and lateral dark bands of the face are of about the general body- colour, and very slightly defined from the paler bands between them. In the middle line the central dark band, such as it * P. Z. S. 1894, p. 448, new Gazelle from Central Arabia. 163 is, barely reaches to the level of the anterior canthus, the whole forehead, over an area roughly corresponding to the frontal bones, being white. Lars long, their backs uniformly pale fawnish white. Body pale fawn, of about the tint of G. dorcas, much paler than in the dark G. muscatensis. Pale lateral band scarcely visible; dark lateral band and pygal band pale brown, little marked, scarcely darker than the dorsal colour. Limbs whitish or very pale fawn through- out ; distinct knee-tufts present. Skull of about the size and proportions of that of G. dorcas, but the nasals are longer and the premaxille shorter; the nasal opening is consequently shorter and also broader. Posteriorly the nasals are more broadly rounded, Bulle much inflated. Horns unfortunately not perfectly describable, as in the only oid male they have had their ends cut off, and the type is rather immature. So far as can be seen, however, they are of a somewhat lyrate shape, short, not very strongly curved backwards, and with their ends turned inwards towards each other. Female with horns of the usual proportions. As to measurements, the distance from the calcaneum to the tip of the hoof round the curve is 305 millim., the same measurement in G. muscatensts being about an inch less, The ears, moistened, are about 135 millim. from notch to tip. Skull of the type: basal length 150 millim.; greatest length 167; greatest breadth 77; nasals, length 57, breadth 22; nasal opening 42 x 24; gnathion to orbit 88; gnathion to front of tooth-row 36; palate length 86. The horns of the type are just 200 millim. (8 inches) in length round the curve outside, and, judging from comparison with the older specimen, would have probably become about a couple of inches longer. Hab. Nejd, Central Arabia. Fype Brit. Mus. 97. 1. 14. 5. Dr. Jayakar says in his letter:—‘‘ Among the mammals are four Reem Gazelles from the Nejd desert, and one from Dahireh, the north-western district of Oman. It is probable that the species extends down to the desert behind Oman, as that is continuous with the Nejd desert.” No described species really needs any detailed comparison with G. marica, which differs from nearly all known Gazelles by its obsolete face-markings. Of the few species similarly pereciaceds G. leptoceros and Lodert are much larger and ave wholly different elongate horns, and G. gutturosa, sub- gutturosa, and picticaudata have hornless females. 164 Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera. XX.—New Eastern Heterocera. By Col. C. Swinnor, M.A., F.L.S. Fam. Sphingide. Genus PHYLLOSPHINGIA, nov. d- Palpi broadly scaled, upturned, and not reaching vertex of head, which has a somewhat pointed crest; antenne fasci- culate ; thorax with sharp dorsal crest. Fore wing long and narrow, outer margin oblique, evenly and deeply crenulate, hinder angle lobed and the inner margin excised before it. Hind wing with the costa excised to middle, then produced upwards to a lobe; outer margin deeply and evenly crenu- late; veins 6 and 7 from upper angle. Allied to Cypa, Walker, and Degmaptera, Hampson ; differs from the former in the broadly scaled palpi, the evenly crenulate outer margins, and the excised lobed costa of hind wing; from the latter in the broadly scaled palpi, the evenly crenulate outer margin, the less excised inner margin of fore wing and costa of hind wing; and from both in veins 6 and 7 of hind wing being from angle of cell. Type P. perundulans mihi. 1. Phyllosphingia perundulans, sp. n. 3. Rosy chestnut-brown ; shaft of antenne, upperside of palpi, top of head, and a thin dorsal band on thorax dark brown. Fore wings with the costa dark brown, broadly brown on the basal third, and with some brown marks on the apical third, from whence to the apex there are some whitish suffusions ; the disk crossed by three or four very indistinct brown lines ; a dark and bright chestnut band on fascia from the middle of the cell, broad and lobed beneath the outer half of the median vein, and halfway outwards beneath vein 4, and another similar fascia nearly joining it from the outer margin below the apex, its upperside limited by the whitish apical suffusion. Hind wings coloured like the fore wings, with indications of faint transverse bands. Underside brighter chestnut-colour, the white suffusions near the costa towards the apex being developed into white bands; the hind wings brighter coloured than the fore wings, being of a red-chestnut, with a rosy-white band before the middle, Expanse of wings 4,7; inches. Jaintia Hills. Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera. 165 Fam. Notodontide. Genus EUPLEXIDIA, nov. g. Palpi curving upwards, second joint thickly scaled, third oblique; antennes with very minute cilia; a tuft on metathorax, also dorsal tufts on abdomen near the base ; tibia with some long hairs. Fore wing with the apex rounded; vein 10 slightly touching 8 and 9, to form the areole. Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from the cell near the base, 5 very slight and from middle of disco- cellular. Type E. noctutformis mihi. 2. Euplexidia noctutformis, sp. n. Euplexidia noctuiformis, Swinh, MS.; Hampson, Moths, iv., Suppl. p- 461 (1896). ¢. Antennz, head, body, and fore wings brown, with a slight pinkish tinge. Fore wings irrorated with white and black atoms in parts ; costa with black marks and with three white dots near the apex ; two or three small black dots near the base; a rather prominent key-shaped black mark placed longitudinally in the centre of the wing below the cell; orbicular and reniform marks indistinct, grey, marked with black ; an indistinct sinuous grey submarginal line; a similar but more indistinct marginal line and black points in the interspaces on the margin. Hind wings white, with a brown marginal line and white cilia interlined with brown. Expanse of wings 1,65 inch. Cherra Punji. Fam. Larentiide. 3. Cryptoloba olivaria, sp. n. 3 ¢. Pale olive-grey ; fore wings with minute brown costal dots close to each other; a grey transverse nearly straight band just before the middle, commencing at a brown mark on the costa; a similar discal band across both wings, with a disjointed black line running down its inner side above the middle on fore wings, the space between this band and the margin with a darker shade than the rest of the wings and with indications of a submarginal grey line; a brown spot on costa of fore wings before the apex. Expanse of wings 5 inch. Shillong. 166 Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera. Fam. Boarmiida. 4. Dalima gigantea, sp. n. @. Greyish ochreous; a straight, broad, dull ochreous-red band before middle of fore wings; a black cell-spot ; -a thick medial line across both wings, bent outwardly below costa of fore wings, and a broad marginal band of the same dull ochreous-red colour on both wings, with its inner margin on fore wings bent, corresponding to the angle of the middle line ; this band is diffused hindwards, and joins the middle line on fore wings, and includes an ochreous patch at apex, a small one in the middle near the outer margin, and a large one near the hinder angle; in the hind wing it is diffused inwards, covering half the wing, and includes several ochreous patches ; all the ochreous portions of both wings are sparsely covered with black dots. Underside as above, with the bands and dots darker and more prominent; the hind wing is pro- duced into an angle at vein 6, as in D. truncataria, Moore ; the fore wing has the apex much more acute, and has two large excavations immediately below it. Expanse of wings 44°5 inches. Jaintia Hills. I have two perfect females; the pattern and shape of wings are quite different to those of any species of Dalima known to me. Fam. Chalcosiide. 5. Herpa eupoma, sp. n. 3. Black, collar white; an orange-red spot on each side of the thorax in front corresponding to the broad orange costal band of the fore wings, which fines down to a line at one fourth before apex; a black band near base from costa to hinder margin, the orange inside the band nearly red, like the spots on the shoulders, principal veins pale; hind wings also black, bordered with bright red-orange, broadly on the costa, occupying one third of the wing-space, curving out- wardly in the middle, the orange colour on the outer margin confined only to the cilia, Underside as above, all the veins orange-coloured, and a streak of that colour running down vein 1c of the hind wings. Expanse of wings 1,8, inch. Jaintia Hills. Looks like a Soritia, but has the venation of Herpa, the origin of veins 7 and 9 being more separated than usual in the genus. Col..C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera. 167 Fam. Trifida. 6. Ancara olivescaria, sp. 0. 9. Head, body, and fore wings bright olive-brown, irro- rated with black atoms; transverse bands black, double, composed of disconnected lunular marks; basal and ante- and postmedial orbicular and reniform with black rings, the former within the antemedial band and has a small square black patch beneath it ; costa with black spots ; a transverse discal row of white dots; black marginal points in the interspaces: hind wings black; cilia of both wings dull ochreous, with black patches. Underside pale olive-brown ; fore wings with the inner parts black ; both wings with black cell-spots and rather broad black transverse band. Expanse of wings 243) inches. Jaintia Hills. Fam. Acontiide. 7. Eublemma silicula, sp. n. 6. Pale pinkish grey ; palpi brownish on the outer sides ; top of the head white. Fore wings with a white costal line ; a grey spot at the end of cell; some reddish-brown spots on the costa, the largest at apex, with two black dots below it; indistinct ante- and postmedial outwardly curved pale lines. Hind wings with the costal portion whitish ; both wings with a grey marginal line. Expanse of wings 3'p inch. Karachi ; Hydrabad, Sind; Koni, Shan States. Fam. Stictopterida. 8. Stictoptera cerea, sp. n. gd. Palpi, head, thorax, and fore wings bright chestnut- brown. Fore wings crossed by five double sinuous lines, which are here and there marked with white atoms—first at base, second before the middle, third medial, touching the inner side of the large ear-shaped reniform, fourth discal (well marked with white specks), fifth submarginal; four white dots on costa near apex. Hind wings black, with prominent white cilia. Underside: both wings uniform dull black ; fore wings with the white costal dots and some white dots on the black cilia; hind wings with cilia pure white as above. Expanse of wings 13 inch. Gilolo. Allied to S. anthyalus, Swinh. 168 Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera. Fam. Quadrifide. 9. Remigia crinigera, sp. n. 3. Pale fawn-colour; fore wings with a large brown spot at the end of cell; an erect discal brown band, its inner margin well defined by a dark brown thick line; the band is diffuse outwardly and is limited by an indistinct sinuous grey line halfway between the thick line and the margin ; marginal black points between the veins. Hind wings with a brown dot at the end of cell, and a broad brown marginal band and marginal points. Underside paler, bands and cell-spots as above ; a row of five or six small spots beyond the middle on the hind wings, and black marginal points on both wings ; mid and hind tibize with very large tufts of long hairs. Expanse of wings 1} inch. Gilolo. Fam. Focillide. 10. Mecodina obscurata, sp. n. é 2. Of a uniform pale fawn-colour, very similar in shade to the coloration of a pale Remigia frugalis, Fabr. Fore wings with a black spot at end of cell ; bands slightly darker than the ground-colour—one medial below the spot, another discal from costa near apex to hinder margin near the angle, both broad and straight; between these bands, but nearest to the middle band, is a sinuous line, more or less dentate in parts: the hind wing is paler than the fore wing, and has traces of bands and lines similar to those on the fore wing, and on both wings there are black dots on the margin in the interspaces between the veins. On the underside the colora- ‘tion is paler and perfectly uniform ; the fore wing is immacu- late, but there is a prominent black spot at the end of the cell of the hind wings; marginal dots as above. Expanse of wings 2\4)—2 5 inches. Jaintia Hills. 11. Mecodina napa, sp. n. g. Of a uniform pale brown colour, tinged with pinkish ; lines and markings dark brown. Fore wings with a double sinuous line at the base; double sinuous line before the middle ; a black dot at end of cell; a single thick and nearly straight line beyond the middle nearly touching the inner edge of the reniform, which is in the figure of 8; a thick similar line from costa near apex to outer margin above the Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera. 169 middle; inside of this is a sinuous line running parallel with it to the outer margin, then in a dentate form to the hinder margin near the hinder angle; between this and the margin is another similar but indistinct line. Hind wing with an inner straight thick line; a thick discal line deeply angled above the middle towards the margin; an indistinct dentate line inside of this, a lunulate line between it and the margin, and an indistinct lunular marginal line on both wings. Underside much paler, uniform in colour ; indications of two discal lines on fore wings and three central lines on hind wings. Expanse of wings 2 inches. Singapore. Allied to M. lanceolata, Guen. 12. Diomea orsilla, sp. n. @. Dark rufous; fore wings irrorated with black and white atoms, smeared with white on the costa; costal line pale pink, with three white dots near the apex ; ante- and postmedial whitish transverse lines, both bent inwards on the costa, where they are thickened; the former line is outwardly and the latter inwardly lined with red, and there is a bare round blackish reniform stigma between them; an indistinct sinuous submarginal pale line and very indistinct brown marginal points. Hind wings with the costal portion paler, with a central transverse pale line, corresponding to the post- medial line of the fore wings. Expanse of wings 1 inch. Singapore. Allied to D. fabularis, Swinh., from Burma. 13. Zethes lahera, sp. n. ¢. Both wings and body of a uniform pale rufous colour, tinged with grey ; fore wings with a broad red band, edged on both sides with white, near the base, and a very large red patch at the apex, with a curved inner margin occupying nearly one fourth of the wing-space; a largish white spot, smeared with red, inside the patch near the apex; a black dot at end of cell, a white spot beyond; a discal and out- wardly curved pale line from costa to hinder margin, the curve taking it inside the apical red patch ; another dentated line between this and the margin ; a lunular line close to the margin, the lunules being in the interspaces and having in them black points. Hind wings with a red patch on the anal 170 Dr. A. Giinther on a new Species of angle, and with outer pale transverse lines corresponding to the lines on the fore wings. Underside much paler, uniform in colour, with a thin discal (on hind wings medial) grey band across both wings. Expanse of wings 1,8, inch. Singapore. There is a specimen from Tenasserim of this insect in the British Museum unnamed. Fam. Pyralide. 14. Stsyrophora cirralis, sp. n. gd. Palpi upturned, conically scaled ; antenne with the first joint dilated; the shaft laminate, excised at base, with tufts of scales on upperside before and after the excision. Fore wing with costal fold enclosing a tuft of long hair. Silvery white; head, base of collar, shoulders, and anal tuft black-brown ; fore wing with the costa golden brown, ex- panding into patches at middle and end of cell, and conjoined to the discocellular line and patches beyond end of cell, all these markings being irrorated with metallic scales. Hind wing with discocellular spot; both wings with submarginal series of fuscous strigee almost conjoined into a line and dentate inwards on vein 2. Expanse of wings 1,2, inch. South Borneo. XXI.— Description of a new Species of Delma from Western Australia. By Dr. A. GinTHER. THE Lizard described here was discovered by H. N. Bailey, Esq., in the neighbourhood of Cue, a new township which has sprung up in the middle of the Murchison Gold-Field, some 200 miles from the coast. It was accompanied by a specimen of Varanus caudolineatus (Blgr.), which seems to be restricted to Western Australia, and is probably the smallest species of the genus. Delma (Cryptodelma) Baileyi. This species is allied to the type of the genus, Cryptodelma nigriceps (Fischer, Wiegm. Arch. 1882, p. 290, Taf. i. figs. 5-9), from Nicol Bay, but distinguished by a considerably smaller number of longitudinal series of scales, viz. 22, whilst Delma from Western Australia, val the latter species is covered by 26 or 28. In other respects, especially general habitus and scutellation, the two species are very similar to each other. The length of the tail exceeds that of the trunk and head. The rudimentary hind leg is small and flat, adpressed, and covered with scales, so as to be not readily distinguished from its surroundings. Rostral shield broad and low. Nostril between three shields, the first labial, nasal, and internasal. The inter- nasals meet behind the rostral, and form the foremost pair of the shields with which the snout is covered. The internasal pair is followed by two pairs of transversely narrow frontals, which, again, are succeeded by a single shield thrice as wide as long; the latter may be regarded as a detached portion of the vertical. Vertical five-sided, longer than broad, with the lateral margins parallel. Occipitals symmetrical, narrow, scarcely longer than vertical. Two series of small scutes between the vertical and the eye, which is surrounded by a ring of very small scales. Loreal and temporal regions covered with scales. Seven upper labials. The mental is rather large and followed by two lower labials, none of which meet those of the other side. Behind the second lower labial two longitudinal series of small scutes follow. Body surrounded by 22 longitudinal series of small scales : the ventral scutes are considerably larger than the adjoining scales and begin to be differentiated behind the throat; they are placed in 89 pairs. leven preanal pores. Vent with a pair of enlarged scutes ; smaller scutes between them and the line of pores. Yellowish olive, with a red network all over the back and sides ; the meshes of the net enclose yellow spots on the sides. 172 Mr. H. Grose Smith on new Crown of the head and a broad crescentic band across the neck black. A pair of red spots separating the collar from the black crown. A black band descends from the eye to the infralabials. Lower parts whitish. Total length 160 millim. Length of tail 90 millim. This species would belong to Fischer’s genus Cryptodelma, which has been separated from Delma, on account of the presence of preanal pores. However, a comparison of the allied species will show that this technical character leads to a rather unnatural subdivision of the genus. XXII.—Descriptions of new Species of Butterflies from the Pacific Islands.) By H. Grose Smita, B.A., F.E.S., Leite Papilio oberon. 3. Upperside brownish black ; anterior wings crossed obliquely, at about one third from the apex, by a row of white spots arranged as in P. egeus, Don., but the spot between the lowest subcostal and upper discoidal nervules is quadrate and not indented externally. Posterior wings with a brownish- white band of spots divided by the veins as in P, @geus, but the inner edge of this band slightly invades the cell as in P. ormenus, Guér., and the outer ends are rather more in- dented and approach nearer the outer margins; above the anal angle is a large suboval brick-red spot. Underside. Anterior wings as on the upperside; the oblique row of spots is broader and irrorated with grey on the inner side. Posterior wings with a row of six brick-red lunules crossing the disk from the submedian nervure to the apex, those nearest the anal angle the smallest, gradually increasing in size, the apical spot being the largest of them ; another brick- red spot, larger than the last-named spot, is situate above the anal angle; inside the row of red spots are two rows of greyish markings, the outer of which consists of three narrow bluish-grey hastate lines between the submedian nervules, above which, divided by the veins, is a row of seven bars of grey scales, indented outwardly, those on either side of tlie uEperniset median nervule being the broadest and most indented, the two bars nearest the apex nearly obsolete. Expanse of wings 44 inches. Hab. Santa Cruz (Woodjord). Very near P. e@geus, Don. Butterflies from the Pacific Islands. 173 Stictoplea melander. 3. Upperside rich dark brown, with purple reflections over the anterior wings, on which are two small subapical violet spots (the spot nearest the apex the smaller), and four others, very minute, between the veins. Posterior wings with one small submarginal lilac spot below the second sub- costal nervule, the space above the upper subcostal nervule to the inner margin pale brown. Underside. Both wings dark brown, paler towards the outer margins. Anterior wings with the space above the sub- median nervure and the costal margin pale brown; a trian- gular violet spot near the end of the cell and five others beyond the cell; one subapical small spot. Posterior wings with a violet spot near the end of the cell and eight others beyond the cell curving round it, the two nearest the inner margin being linear. 9. Upperside pale brown, darker in the middle, with purple reflections on the anterior wings, on which is a violet spot near the end of the cell, and a little beyond it are five spots, three close together near the costa and the other two between the discoidal nervules ; a submarginal row of violet spots, the first, third, and fourth of which are nearly obsolete. On the posterior wings the costal space becomes nearly white towards the apex, the outer fourth becomes very much paler to the margins. Underside paler than above, becoming nearly white towards the outer margins, with all the spots larger and more distinct except the submarginal spots, which are nearly obsolete ; the brands on the upperside of the male are represented by two long whitish streaks. Expanse of wings, ¢ 22, ? 23 inches. Hab. Santa Cruz ( Woodford). Nearest to S. melolo, Doherty; the wings are compara- tively shorter and rounder in the male, and the submarginal row of spots on the anterior wings are much smaller and less distinct, while the female is quite different. Asthipa Meekt. 6+ Upperside scarcely differs from A. melusine, Grose Smith, but the subapical vitreous streaks on the anterior wings are more elongate than in that species. On the underside the wings are browner and on the poste- rior wings the pale bands do not approach so closely to the base ; the pale streaks below the subcostal nervules are also Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser.6. Vol. xix. 13 174 Mr. H. Grose Smith on new more elongate; the submarginal row of spots of A. melusine are only represented by four spots near the apex. It is a larger insect than A. melusine, but very close to it. Expanse of wings 22 inches. Hab. Fergusson Island (Meek). Cupha fumosa. 3. Upperside: both wings fuliginous dark brown, the cells and basal two thirds of the wings paler fuliginous brown ; the anterior wings are crossed from the middle median nervule to the inner margin at one third from the outer margin by three ill-defined bright brown spots placed under each other between the veins. Posterior wings crossed beyond the cell by a similar row of spots, outside which is a row of very indistinct dark brown spots. Underside with the basal three fourths paler fuliginous brown, without any transverse lines or markings; the outer fourth is darker purplish brown, the inner side of the outer fourth is crossed from near the costal to near the inner margin by a row of orange-brown spots, centred with black and nearly surrounded by pale violaceous brown; a pale sub- marginal dark line crowned by pale violaceous-brown lunules. Expanse of wings 2 inches. Hab. Kiriwini, 'Trobriands (Meek). Doleschallia Comrit, Godm. & Salv. 3. Upperside: both wings resemble D. dascylus, Godm. & Salv., in colour, but the basal third of each wing is darker chocolate-brown. Anterior wings with a row of spots across the disk arranged as in D. dascylus; the spots are eight in number, the two nearest the costal margin white and small ; the next four spots are pale blue centred with white, the fourth spot being larger than the third; the fifth spot is very large and elongated on the outer and inner sides, the latter extending as far as the cell; the fifth spot is abbreviated inwardly, but is wider than the fourth; the seventh and eighth spots are much smaller and are situate further from the margin. Underside scarcely distinguishable from D. dascylus. Expanse of wings 3} inches. Hab. Fergusson Island (Meek). The presence of both sexes of this species in the same collection enables me to describe the male of D. Comriz, hitherto, 1 believe, undescribed. The female specimens in Mr. Meek’s collection agree almost exactly with the figure Butterflies from the Pacitic Islands. 175 of D. Comrtii 2 in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ 1878. My specimen of D. dascylus 2? , Godm. & Salv., does not agree with their description of that sex, the band on the ante- rior wings being browner and entirely divided across the discoidal nervules by an oblique broad black band. If my female specimen is correctly allocated to D. dascylus, of which I have little doubt, as it was accompanied by seven or eight males, it is clear that D. dascylus (which has been confounded with D. Comriz) is a distinct species, the female of which, as in my collection, remains to be described. Hypolimnas palladius. 6. Upperside: both wings dark velvety brown, anterior wings crossed halfway between the cell and the apex by a broad oblique band of five white spots, divided by the black veins and situate between the subcostal and the lowest median nervules. Posterior wings with an obscure orange-rufous patch near the anal angle, in which is placed a black spot centred with violet ; a submarginal row of other black spots is faintly visible, centred with minute violet spots. Underside. Anterior wings crossed by the white band, wider than on the upperside, and extending between the median nervules nearly to the outer margin; between the lowest median nervule and the submedian nervure is an obscure dark spot, centred with violet. Posterior wings like those of H. pandarus, Linn., but the submarginal row of whitish lines is almost obsolete, and the inner edge of the discal tawny band is bordered by an almost white irregular band, widest in the middle, and the middle black spot in the tawny band is small and not centred with white. 9. Upperside paler brown, with the white band on the anterior wings broader than in the male and extending over the subcostal nervules towards the base; a small white spot towards the apex, and a similar spot below the lowest median nervule. Posterior wings with the disk crossed by a broad irregular band of white, narrowing and becoming obsolete towards the costal margin; below this band is a row of black spots centred with white, except the third and fourth spots, the two spots nearest the anal angle partly surrounded by dusky tawny, and the next two bordered outwardly by a whitish space irrorated with black scales; outer margin broadly dark brown, the inner edge of which is sinuate. Underside paler than above; towards, the apex of the anterior wings are three white dots, and the spot above the 13# 176 Mr. H. Grose Smith on new submedian nervure is centred with white. On the posterior wings the discal row of spots is smaller than in H. pandarus. Expanse of wings, ¢ 32, 2 32% inches, Hab. Fergusson Island (Meek). Nearest to H. pandarus and H. Saunderst, Wall. - Hypolimnas paleutes. 3. Upperside resembles H. deois, Hew., but on the poste- rior wings the pale discal patch is more widely suffused by violaceous, and the outer edge of the patch is less acutely angulated in the middle ; there: is only a faint indication of the orange-tawny patch at the anal angle, and there is a distinct submarginal row of spots centred, except the fourth, with violet. Underside darker than in H. deovs ; the anterior wings are without the pale space in the middle of the costal margin, and, instead of two indistinct pale lines parallel with the outer margin, there is only an indication of one line close to the margin. The posterior wings are dusky brown, except a narrow pale space inside the discal row of spots, which are six in number, centred with violaceous, more conspicuously than in //. deots, in which the black spots are centred with white dots; the two spots nearest the anal angle are partly surrounded by dusky tawny; only the spot above the upper median nervule is obsolete, and the row of pale lines near the outer margin of H. deots is absent. 9. Upperside dusky brown; a very indistinct, almost invisible, oblique paler band crosses the wings beyond the cell; a white streak at the middle of the costa and a sub- warginal row of white dots across the disk between the veins, except on either side of the upper median nervule. On the posterior wings is a curved row of black spots across the disk, centred with white, of which the second and sixth are the largest and the fourth the smallest ; inside the row of spots between it and the cell is a slight irroration of white scales, Underside as above, but paler. On the posterior wings the discal row of spots, in which the central spots are much larger, is bordered on either side by a paler dusky space, and the dark outer marginal band is divided by a pale brown sinuate line, divided by the dark veins. Expanse of wings, ¢ 3}, 2 3? inches. Hab. Kiriwini, 'Trobriands (Mees). Butterflies from the Pacific Islands. 1%? Parthenos thesaurinus. 3. Upperside bright brown, less olivaceous than P. the- saurus, Mathew. Anterior wings: the apicai portion nearly black, the brown streaks and markings becoming nearly obsolete ; the submarginal brown bands are much narrower and the discal transverse band of spots is much whiter than in that species. On the posterior wings the three basal dark bands are narrower, the space between them being wider and the lunules in the submarginal band more conical in shape. Underside browner than in P. thesaurus, especially on the posterior wings, in which the oblique band of obscure dusky bars which crosses the disk is brown instead of black, as in M. thesaurus, and the pale spaces on either side of the row of dark streaks below the band are less bluish grey and more tinged with brown. Expanse of wings 2% inches. Hab, Santa Cruz ( Woodford). This butterfly is considerably smaller than P. thesaurus, being nearly the same size as P. aspila, Honr. Tenaris melanops. 2. Upperside white; anterior wings with the lower third from the lowest median nervule, and thence across the cell to the costal margin, and the costal margin broadly to the apex fuliginous grey; the veins, except where crossed by the grey colour, are white. Posterior wings with the costal margin to the apex broadly grey, thence along the outer margin more narrowly grey, until that colour merges in the white lower part of the wings; on the disk, between the median nervules and a little on either side, is a very large diffused fuliginous greyish-black spot, in which, a little above its centre, is situate a large cluster of lavender-coloured scales ; at the lower end of this cluster is a pure white spot, and near the outer edge of the black spot is another small lavender spot; near the apex is another small lavender spot surrounded by black. ‘Towards the base the wings are clothed with long yellowish-brown hairs. Underside. Anterior wings as on the upperside ; posterior wings with two large fuliginous brown ocelli, one of which is situate on the margin near the apex and the other on the disk extending over the submedian nervules; both ocelli are centred by a white spot partially surrounded by a cluster of lavender-coloured scales, situate in a circular black zone; outside the zone is an indistinct fuscous ring, outside which, 178 Mr. H. Grose Smith on new still in the fuliginous brown area, is a minute white spot on each ocellus. Eixpanse of wings 4 inches. Hab. Sud Est, New Guinea ( Woodford). Nearest to 7. affinis, Kirby. Elymnias melanthes. dé. Upperside dark fuliginous brown, slightly paler towards the apex of the anterior and the basal third of the posterior wings; on the anterior wings is a curved streak of fuliginous dark blue, slightly metallic, commencing on the costa a little above the end of the cell, but not extending to the apex or outer margin, and gradually fading towards the outer angle. The posterior wings are tinged with the same colour in the apical region, and there are two black spots centred with the same colour on the disk towards the anal angle; one of these spots is situate between the two lowest submedian nervules and is larger than the other spot, which is situate on the other side of that vein. Underside dusky brown; anterior wings rather densely irrorated with pale scales beyond the cell and in the apical area, the posterior wings being also sparsely dusted with similar scales. Posterior wings with a large, irregular, oblong ovate, fulvous patch extending from a little beyond the middle submedian nervule to near the anal angle; in the patch are situate two large black spots, centred with blue spots, which are double in the lower spot ; the fulvous patch is more oblique than in JZ. agondas, Boisd., and other allied species. Abdomen fulvous. ?. Both wings white; anterior wings with costal margin broadly dusky brown, becoming broader at the apex, thence narrowing along the outer margin, and ceasing below the upper median nervule ; inside the dusky brown apical area is a faint indication in certain lights of the blue metallic colora- tion of the male. Posterior wings with the costal and apical margins broadly dusky brown, which extends partly round the outer margin and becomes dusted with white scales towards the anal angle; there are two large diffused dusky spots towards the anal angle, much larger than in the male and centred with large blue spots, those in the lower spot being double ; on the disk towards the apex is an indistinct streak of slightly metallic blue, corresponding with the like coloration of the male. Underside white, with similar dusky brown marginal bands and veins of that colour; on the posterior wings the dusky Butterflies from the Pacific Islands. 179 brown spots are represented by a large oblong ovate fulvous patch, in which are situate two black spots centred with blue as in the male. Expanse of wings 33 inches. Hab. Woodlark Island (Week). Nearest to EH. agondas, Boisd., and £. glaucopis, Stgr. Lampides epilectus. 3. Upperside resembles L. eclectus, Grose Smith, but on the anterior wings the apex is more broadly greyish black, and on the posterior wings the blue area is more restricted. Underside: scarcely differs from ZL. eclectus, but on both wings the outer marginal dark area is narrower, the central white area being correspondingly broader. Q. Upperside: anterior wings differ from that sex of L. eclectus in having the basal blue area more vivid and extended, and the outer marginal dark area is narrower than in L. eclectus, and more broadly margined interiorly with blue. Underside. The outer marginal dark area of the anterior wings Is much narrower; on the posterior wings the inner row of obscure black markings which crosses the disk 1s situate further apart from the outer row and from the metallic blue lunules which crown the latter. Expanse of wings 12 inch. Hab. Fergusson Island (Meek). Holochila lamia. 3. Upperside resembles H. absimilis, Feld., but slightly more violaceous ; the cilia of the posterior wings are crossed with black at the ends of the veins. Underside greyish silvery white, with the base of the wings pale greenish blue, which on the posterior wings extends over the basal fourth. Anterior wings with a grey line at the end of the cell and three dark grey lines across the disk, the outermost being on the margin and the two inner ones being sinuate, with the spaces between rather paler than the rest of the wings; in the interspaces between the veins near the outer margin is a row of hastate dark grey markings. The posterior wings are likewise crossed by three dark grey lines, with the interspaces paler than the basal portion of the wings ; the outer line on the margin very narrow, the middle line very deeply indented inwardly, and the third line very sinuate; between the two outer lines is a row of spots re- sembling an inverted T; there is a fourth irregular line 180 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera crossing the wings a little beyond the cell and curving round it; two spots and a streak in the cell; one spot above and three spots below the cell nearer the base. Expanse of wings 1} inch. Hab. Fergusson Island (JJeek). Nearest to H. absimilis; on the underside it is quite distinct from that species. XXIII.— On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea. By Joun Henry Leecu, B.A., F.LS., iZ.8., &e.* [Plates VI. & VII.} THE following paper deals with species of Heterocera be- longing to the families Epicopiide, Uraniide, Epiplemide, and Geometride. As, however, there are about nine hundred species in the latter family recorded from the region under consideration, it seemed advisable to divide the paper into two parts. In the present instalment, therefore, only the Boarmiine subfamily of Geometride is referred to. The arrangement of the list is based on the system of classification adopted by Sir George Hampson, Bart., in his work on Indian Heterocera (‘ Fauna of British India,’ Moths, iii.), but in some instances Mr. Meyrick’s revision of the Geometrina of the European fauna (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, pp. 53-140) has been followed. Over one hundred and fifty of the species here enumerated have not, so far as I am aware, been previously described. Family Epicopiida. Genus EPICOPiA. (Westw. Arc. Ent. i. p. 17 (1845).) Epicopia mencia. Epicopeia mencia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1874, p. 578, pl. Ixvii. fig. 3. I received specimens from Chang-yang, Kiukiang, Omei- shan, and Moupin, taken in June and July. Hab. Central, Eastern, and Western China. * [We are indebted to the Author for the two Plates and also for contributing largely towards the cost of the extra sheets of letterpress. } From China, Japan, and Corea. 181 Epicopia Hainesit. Epicopeia Hainesii, Holl. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xvi. p. 72 (Jan. 1889). Epicopeia simulans, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 611, pl. xxxi. fig. 1 (April 1889). There were specimens from Oiwake and Hakone in Pryer’s collection. My native collector captured examples at Hako- date in June and July, and I have received the species from Ichang. Var. sinicaria. Differs from the type in being fawn-coloured and in the absence of first crimson marginal spot on secondaries. Five female specimens from Ichang, taken in June. Distribution, Japan; Central China. Var. sinicarta appears to mimic the pale female form of Papilio mencius. Epicopia philenora. Epicopeia philenora, Westw. Arc. Ent. i. p. 19, pl. v. fig. 2 (1843). Epicopeia varunea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1865, p. 799. Epicopia philenora, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 109 (1895). One female specimen of the varunea form from Moupin, taken in July. Distribution. Sikhim ; Assam (Hampson) ; Western China. Family Uraniida. Genus ACROPTERIS. (Hiibn., Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 114 (1895).) Acropteris tphiata. Micronia iphiata, Guen. Phal. ii. p, 29 (1857). Micronia pontiata, Guen. l, c. Acropteris iphiata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 116 (1895). There were specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collec- tion; I met with the species at Nagasaki, Fushiki, and Gensan in July, and have received it from Kiukiang, Ichang, Chang-yang, and the province of Kwei-chow. Distribution. Himalayas; Khdsis; Burma (Hampson) ; Japan; Kastern, Central, and Western China. 182 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Genus PSEUDOMICRONIA. (Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii. p. 461 (1887).) Pseudomicronia archilis, Micronia archilis, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom., xv. p. 23, pl. iii. fig. 33 (1891). Pseudomicronia archilis (soror), Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 53, pl. iii. fic. 1, 9 (1892). This species, which was discovered by Mons. Biet at Ta- chien-lu, was obtained by my collectors in most of the localities they visited in Western China. Alphéraky records it from the province of Kan-Sou, July. In one form, which so far has been received only from Moupin, the ground-colour and that of all the markings is suffused with brownish. Hab. Western China. Genus Mrcronia. (Guenée, Phal. ii. p. 22 (1857).) Micronia aculeata. Micronia aculeata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 26, pl. xiii. fig. 8 (1857) ; Hamp- son, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 117 (1895), Micronia gannata, Guen. l. c. One specimen was received from Huang-mu-chang, where it was taken in July, and I captured one example at Foochau in April. Distribution. Throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma; An- damans; Java; Borneo; Formosa (Hampson); Westerv China; Foochau. Genus AUZEA. (Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1487 (1862).) Auzea obliquaria, sp. n. Pale brownish grey, tinged with violaceous. Primaries have a fine oblique brown line, angled below costa, before the middle, and a broad oblique olivaceous-brown line from apex to about the middle of the abdominal margin of secondaries ; there is a whitish patch sparingly irrorated with fuscous on the costa before apex; this is preceded by an olivaceous- brown cloud, and has a small spot of the same colonr onits outer edge. Under surtace orange treckled with fuscous : primaries are suffused with purplish grey on the disk, and have a yellowish patch on costa towards apex ; a pale oblique line Jrom China, Japan, and Corea. 183 edged inwardly with blackish from apex: secondaries have two purplish-grey transverse lines. Expanse 44 millim. Two female specimens from Chang-yang, June and July. Hab. Central China. Family Epiplemide. Genus DEcETIA. (Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 282 (1860).) Decetia numicusaria. Decetia numicusaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 95; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 122 (1895). I received a specimen from Moupin and one from Omei- shan; both were taken in July. Distribution. Sylhet (Hampson) ; Western China. Decetia violacearia, sp. n. Violet-grey, suffused with brown on the costa and also on the outer marginal area beyond the darker brown oblique line which runs from near apex of primaries to middle of abdominal margin of secondaries ; this line is inwardly edged with pale violet; a blackish discal dot on each wing: the primaries have indications of a wavy dusky line before the middle; fringes brown. Under surface similar to above, but the portion within the oblique line is paler on all the wings. Expanse 36 millim. One female specimen from Omei-shan, July. Hab. Western China. Decetia argentilinearia, sp. 0. Olivaceous brown. Primaries have an oblique silvery-grey line, angulated below costa and slightly elbowed inwards above the inner margin; between this line and the base of the wing there are two or three finer wavy and angulated lines; outer marginal area golden brown, with an upright dark brown bar on inner margin : secondaries have two silvery- grey transverse lines on central area and three wavy diffuse lines of the same colour on the outer marginal area, the outer- most being on the margin itself. Under surface olivaceous grey ; apical third of primaries pale golden, and there is a tinge of the same colour on the outer margin of secondaries. Antenne pectinated. Expanse 33 millim. 184 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Two male specimens taken by my native collector at Hako- date in June or July. Hab. Yesso. Decetia lilacinaria, sp. n. Fuscous brown. Primaries speckled with lilacine atoms and suffused with golden brown on outer marginal area; there are two faint lilacine transverse lines, the outer one angled below costa, continued across the secondaries to middle of the margin, where it terminates ina patch of golden brown, and is outwardly bordered with the same colour; discal spot black. All the wings have indications near the inner margin ot a dark submarginal band ; fringes brown, tipped with greyish and preceded by an interrupted lilacine line. Under surtace pale brown, darker towards outer margin; each wing has a dusky double transverse line and a black discal spot; the costa of primaries is edged with pale ochreous, especially towards apex, and there is a large golden-brown patch on outer margin of these wings; the apex of primaries is much produced. Expanse 40 millim. One male specimen from the summit of Omei-shan, taken in July. Hab, Western China. Genus PARADECETIA. (Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1894, p. 164.) Paradecetia albistellaria. Decetia albistellaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1522 (1862), Two male specimens from Ta-chien-lu and two examples of each sex from Chang-yang. Distribution. Khaésis; E. Pegu; Shan States (Hampson) ; Central and Western China. . Genus EPIPLEMA. (Herr.-Schiiffer ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 125 (1895).) Epiplema moza. Erosia moza, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 402 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 42, pl. li. fig. 7 (1879). The specimens in Pryer’s collection were from Yokohama. I took the species at Nagasaki in May and Gensan in July, and have received it from Chang-yang and Omei-shan, July. Distribution. Japan; Corea; Central and Western China. from China, Japan, and Corea. 185 Epiplema morataria, sp. n. Allied to Z. moza, Butl., with which it agrees very nearly in marking, but differs very greatly from that species in the contour of the wings. The angle at middle of outer margin of primaries is more pronounced, and there is a very con- spicuous lobe at inner angle; both tails of secondaries are longer and thicker. The transverse lines of primaries are more decidedly angled, especially the first one, and the dark spot on inner margin is almost square and hardly extends beyond the second line. On the secondaries the second transverse line is bordered inwardly with dusky and edged outwardly by a pale reddish-brown line; it is obtusely angled. There is a dusky submarginal line. Under surface fuscous grey, irrorated with brown. Expanse 34 millim. One female specimen from Moupin, July. Hab. Western China. Epiplema cretacea. Erosia cretacea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 414. There was a male specimen in Pryer’s collection and I took a female example at Shimonoseki in July. Butler’s type was from Tokio. Hab. Japan. Epiplema styz. Lrosia styx, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 416. Specimens from Oiwake and Fujisan in Pryer’s collection. Types from Yokohama. Hab. Japan. Epiplema himala. Erosia himala, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 221 (1880); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 47, pl. exii. fig, 9 (1886) ; Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 52 (1892). Epiplema himala, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 181 (1895). Erosia auroguttata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 311, pl. vi. tig. 11. Several specimens were received from Chang-yang and also from various localities in Western China, July and August. Alphéraky records the species from the province of Szechuen (taken in August) and Poujade from Moupin. Distribution. Sikhim; Khdsis (Hampson); Central and Western China. 186 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Epiplema schidacina. Erosia schidacina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 415. Specimens in Pryer’s collection from Oiwake. I met with the species at Hakodate in August, and I have received examples from Omei-shan, Chia-ting-fu, Ta-chien-lu, and Pu-tsu-fong, taken in June and July. Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Western China. Epiplema instabilata. Erosia instabilata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het., Suppl. xxxv. p. 1646 (1866). iat a Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii. p. 403, pl. elxxxvi. fig. 11 i). Epiplemn instabilata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 131 (1895). Three specimens taken at Ningpo by a native collector in July. Two examples were received from Ichang, taken in June and July. One specimen from Ningpo has the fore wings entirely whitish, with a small black discal spot. Distribution. India; Ceylon; Solomon Islands; China. Epiplema plagifera. Evosia plagifera, Buti. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 414. There were specimens from Yokohama and Gifu in Pryer’s collection. I took the species at Foochau in April and in Satsuma in May. Distribution. Japan; Eastern China. Epiplema bicaudata. Erosia bicaudata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 643, pl. xxxiii. fig. 12. One specimen taken by my native collector at Ningpo in June. Ireceived two specimens from Ichang, one from Wa- ssu-kow, and several from Omei-shan and Moupin, taken in June and July. Distribution. Dharmséla; Sikhim; Khidsis (//ampson) North, Central, and Western China. ? Epiplema nubifasciaria, sp. 0. Creamy white, slightly suffused with blackish on basal two thirds. Primaries have a black-edged brown band beyond the middle, and this is followed by a large irregular blackish-grey cloud, which occupies all but the apical portion from China, Japan, and Corea. 187 of the outer marginal area and has a slightly curved black bar on its external edge: secondaries have the basal area marked with blackish ; central band and cloud beyond similar to those on primaries; discal spot elongate, black. Under surface white; primaries have a large blackish patch on basal half, but this does not extend to inner margin; a narrow blackish band just beyond the middle of the wing, separated from a broader band of the same colour by a narrow space of the ground-colour ; secondaries have a blackish discal mark and small blackish spots on basal area, and some large ones and a cloud on outer marginal area. Expanse 20 millim. One male specimen from Chang-yang, August. Hab. Central China. Closely allied to H. bicaudata, Walk. Epiplema rapha. Erosia rapha, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 403 (1878) ; Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 42, pl. li. fig. 5 (1879). Several specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I obtained one example at Hakodate in July. Hab. Japan and Yesso. Genus GATHYNIA. (Walk. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 184 (1895).) Gathynia fasciaria, sp. n. Primaries brownish, with a darker central fascia, which is indented on its inner edge and bordered with ochreous: secondaries rather darker than primaries, with a dark brown dot on abdominal area towards the base, and a dark brown central transverse line outwardly edged with ochreous ; fringes dark grey. Under surface fuliginous grey. Expanse 18 millim. One female specimen from Gensan, July. Hab. Corea. Genus ATOSSA. (Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1874, p. 577.) Atossa nelcinna. Atossa nelcinna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 577, pl. lxvii. fig. 7; Elwes, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 381, pl. xxxiv. fig. 1, g. Atossa neleynna, var. chinensis, Leech, Entom, xxii. p. 85 (1890). I have a male specimen of this species from Wa-shan, a 188 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera female from Chang-yang, and two females from Omei-shan, May, June, and July. Distribution. N.W. Himalayas (Hampson); Central and Western China. Atossa Leechi. Atossa Leechit, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890, p. 381. A male specimen was received from Huang-mu-chang, one from Omei-shan, another and also a female from Moupin, June and July. Hab. Western China. Both these species of Atossa exhibit considerable resem- blance to Delias patrua, Leech, a butterfly occurring in the same localities. The characters given by Mr. Elwes as separating this species from A. neleinna appear to be constant. Genus OBERTHURIA, nov. Palpi porrect, hairy, extending beyond head. Antenne fasciculate. Primaries with vein 5 from just above the middle of discocellulars, 6 and 7 stalked, as also are 8, 9, and 10. Secondaries with two internal veins and 5 from just above the middle of discocellulars. Outer margin of all the wings rounded; costa of primaries arched at the base. Type O. Davidi. Oberthiiria Davidi. Abraxas Davidi, Oberth. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. eexxix; Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 33, pl. ili. fig. 16 (1886). Five male specimens from Moupin and one from Chia- ting-fu, July. Hab. Western China. Oberthiiria flavomarginaria, sp. n. (Pl. VI. fig. 7.) Closely allied to A. Davidi, but differing from that species in having much broader and richer yellow borders to all the wings ; these borders are traversed by a series of black spots and are inwardly limited by narrower black bands, the black marginal spots are rounder and exhibit less tendency to con- fluence ; the costal area is more deeply yellow and more finely speckled with black; on the secondaries there is no black transverse bar at end of discal cell and the abdominal margin is not suffused with blackish ; the body is yellower. Expanse 50-58 millim. Three male specimens from Wa-shan, June. Hab. Western China. from China, Japan, and Corea. 189 Oberthiiria nigromacularia, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 6.) White ; the costa and outer margin of primaries are broadly yellow, the former dotted with black, the latter traversed by two series of black spots and bordered inwardly by a third series ; there is an interrupted macular central band, and from this to the inner margin there is a series of five black spots bordering the yellow costal stripe: secondaries are black at the extreme base of the wing, and have large black spots placed as follows:—two confluent about the centre of the wing, a longitudinal series above them, and three contiguous rows on the outer marginal area; the ground between some of these latter is tinged with yellowish. Fringes of primaries black, marked with yellow towards inner angle; of second- aries white. Under surface as above, but the rows of spots on outer marginal area of secondaries are smaller and more distinctly separated. Body yellow, marked with black. Expanse 50 millim. Two male specimens from Chang-yang, July. Hab. Central China. The black discal markings, absence of yellow border to secondaries and of black on the neuration at once separate this species from either A. Davidi or A. flavomarginaria. Genus PSYCHOSTROPHIA. (Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 401 (1877).) Psychostrophia melanargia. Psychostrophia melanargia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 401 (1877); ll. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 9, pl. xxiii. fig. 7 (1878) ; Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 612. There were specimens in Pryer’s collection from Nikko and Fujisan. I obtained the species at Tsuruga in July. Hab. Japan. Psychostrophia nymphidiarva. Abraxas nymphidiaria, Oberth. Etud. @Entom. xviii. p. 34, pl. ii. fig. 28 (1893). Not uncommon at Chang-yang; Ichang; Moupin; Wa- shan, Ta-chien-lu, and Chia-kou-ho. June and July. Hab. Central and Western China. Psychostrophia picaria, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 11.) Male.—Primaries black, with a broad oblique central fascia extending from inner margin to outer extremity of discal cell, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6, Vol. xix. 14 190 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera indented on its upper edge and represented on apical area by an oval spot; below the latter there is a submarginal series of four round spots, also white: secondaries white, with a black central band and a black border on outer margin. Fringes black, marked with white below apex of primaries and just above the middle of secondaries. Under surface as above, but the costa is streaked with yellowish. Female.—Similar to the male, but the white markings of primaries are wider and the black one of secondaries is narrower. Expanse, ¢ 33-43, 9 45-47 millim. ; A long series from Chang-yang and one female specimen from Ichang, June. Hab, Central China. The white band on primaries and the black on secondaries are variable in width. Family Geometrida. Subfamily Bosrurrz. (Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 189 (1895).) Genus URAPTERYX. (Leech ; Hampson, op. cit. p. 144.) Urapteryx sambucaria. Phal. Geometra sambucaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 519. Urapteryx persica, Mén. Cat. Mus. Pet. p. 267 (1832). P Urapteryx nivea, Butl. Journ, Linn, Soc., Zool. xvii. p. 199 (1898), I took specimens of the var. persica in Satsuma in May and at Nagasaki in June. This form is whiter than the type, but it can hardly be called smaller. One of the Satsuma examples expands 68 millim. I did not meet with the species in any other part of Japan, and there were no specimens in Pryer’s collection. My native collector obtained the species in the island of Kiushiu, I received specimens of the type form and also of var. persica from Pu-tsu-fong and Omei-shan, but the variety only was obtained in the province of Kwei-chow. The typical speci- mens from China are rather more striated than is the case in European examples, DMstribution. Europe; Armenia; Amur; Japan; Western China. Urapteryx latimarginaria, sp. n. White ; the markings on primaries are somewhat similar from China, Japan, and Corea. 191 to those of U. costistrigaria, but the bands, which are fuligi- nous grey in colour, are narrower, and there are fewer streaks on the costa, and these are confined to the basal area with the exception of a streak between the first transverse band and the short central band; on the outer area of the wing there is a fuliginous grey band, which is very broad towards apex, but tapers slightly to the first median nervule, whence it is continued in slender streaks to inner angle: on the secondaries the transverse band is also narrower and the cloud onouterareais greyish and suffused with paleochreous. Above the tail, which is rather broader and more obtusely produced, there is a large reddish spot, and below it another spot of the same colour; both are ringed with black, and there is an elongated black spot nearer the anal angle. Under surface: markings of upperside reproduced, but the central bands are fainter and narrower and that on outer area much darker; the secondaries have some dark grey shading along outer margin. Expanse 68 millim. One male example from Omei-shan, June. Hab. Western China. Urapteryx costistrigaria, sp. n. White; primaries traversed by two rather broad oblique brownish bands, becoming blackish towards costa; a shorter and narrower band between them, commencing in a darker spot on costa and terminating in first median interspace ; basal area of costa streaked with dark brown; these streaks are short near the base, but the outermost extend almost to submedian nervure ; the outer third is heavily striated and clouded with fuliginous ; the costa between the broad bands is also streaked with brownish; fringes brown from apex to just above termination of submedian nervure, and thence white, except where interrupted by continuation of the broad trans- verse bands: secondaries traversed by an oblique brownish band from fork of subcostal nervure to a large cloud of the same colour on outer area; the abdominal area of the wing is clothed, except towards anal angle, with long silky hairs of a creamy colour; above the tail, which is -obtusely pro- duced, there is a reddish spot ringed with black, and below it there is an elongated blackish mark; fringes fulvous brown, except at costal and anal angles. Head snowy white; face brown; collarcreamy. Under surface white, discal markings on upper surface of primaries faintly reproduced ; outer area broadly fuliginous as far as submedian nervure ; the second- 14 192 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera aries are without markings, except on the anal half of outer area in one specimen, where there are some fuliginous streaks and shading. Expanse 68 millim. Two male specimens from Omei-shan, taken in June. Hab. Western China. Urapteryx ebuleata. Urapteryx ebuleata, Guen. Phal. i. p. 82 (1857); Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 145 (1895). Occurs in July at Pu-tsu-fong, Omei-shan, Kia-ting-fu, and Wa-shan ; also at Chang-yang, in June and July. The specimens, among which are examples of the larger multistrigarta form, appear to differ chiefly from U. sambu- carta, var. persica, in being more heavily striated, and may possibly be only extreme forms of that variety. Hampson (Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 145) considers kantalaria, Feld., multistrigaria, Walk., and Yerburii, Butl., to be synonymous with U. ebuleata. Alphéraky (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 52) notes one female specimen of U. Yerburit from the province of Szechuen, taken in August. Distribution. Central and Western China; mountains of Northern India. Urapterya similaria, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 3.) In size and general appearance closely resembles EZ. macult- caudaria, Motsch , but the antenne of the male are not pecti- nated, and in both sexes the line on secondaries is straight and the tails rather more prolonged and ornamented with a red and a black spot, the black one being the smaller. In the female the central band on secondaries is interrupted, its lower extremity being represented by a spot. Expanse, ¢ 50, 2 47 millim. ‘wo specimens, a male from Omei-shan and a female from Chang-yang, July. Hab. Central and Western China. Urapteryx subpunctaria. (Pl. VI. fig. 2.) Urapteryx subpunctaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 42 (May 1891). Tristrophis obtusicauda, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 8399 (1894), ‘Two specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. Superticially resembles EZ. maculicaudaria, Motsch., but the antennz of the male are not pectinated and the arrange- ment of the lines above and the spot on the secondaries beneath are dissimilar. Hab. Japan. from China, Japan, and Corea. 193 Urapteryx kernaria. Urapteryx kernaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 23, pl. ii. fig. 20 (Noy. 1893). This species was discovered in Western China at T'sé-kou by R. P. Dubernard; my collectors did not meet with it. Genus EUCTENURAPTERYX. (Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 399 (1894).) Euctenurapteryx maculicaudar ta. Acena maculicaudaria, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1866, i. p. 196. Euctenurapteryx maculicaudaria, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 399 (1894). Urapteryx luteiceps, Feld. Reis. Nov., Lep. v. pl. cxxii. fig. 2 (1875). A series from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s collec- tion. I took specimens at ‘l'suruga in July and at Hakodate in August. Among the specimens in Pryer’s collection is a remarkable female aberration from Yokohama, in which the usual white colour is replaced by pale greyish brown ; the transverse lines are, in consequence of the ground-colour, indistinct, but they are more ferruginous in colour, as also are the fringes and the spots at angle of the secondaries. Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Eastern China. Euctenurapteryx parallelaria. Urapteryx parallelaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 5 (Jan. 1891), I have one female specimen which was taken by a native collector at Chang-yang. Hab. Central China. Euctenurapteryx nigrociliaria. Urapteryx nigrociliaris, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 5 (Jan. 1891). Appears to be not uncommon at Huang-mu-chang, in July. It also occurs at Omei-shan and in the province of Kwei- chow in June. Hab. Western China. Genus THINOPTERYX. (Butl. Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. xvii. p, 202 (1883).) Thinopteryx crocoptera. Urapteryx crocoptera, Koll. Hiig. Kasch, iy. p. 483 (1848). Thinopteryx striolata, Butl. Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. p. 202 (1883). Thinopteryx crocoptera, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ui. p. 148 (1895). 194 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera I obtained this species at Nagasaki and in Satsuma in May, at Gensan in July, and I have received specimens from various localities in Central and Western China. There were some examples from Kintokisan and Nikko in Pryer’s collection. It is very variable, and I have intergrades between the typical form and s¢réoluta, Butl. One specimen has three purple-brown spots on primaries, and a patch of the same colour on secondaries; there is a similar specimen in the series of 7. crocoptera from Dharmsala in the National Col- lection at South Kensington. Distribution. Japan; Corea; North, Central, and Western China; North India. Thinopteryx pretoraria. Urapteryx pretoraria, Feld, Reise Nov., Lep. v. pl. exxii. fig. 13 (1875). One female example taken at Omei-shan, Western China, in July. This specimen seems very distinct from 7’, crocoptera, Koll. Distribution. Sylhet, Western China. Thinopteryx delectans. i et delectans, Butl, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p, 46, pl. xxxv. fig. 2 (3). Several specimens from Fujisan, Ohoyama, and Nikko in Pryer’s collection. I have examples from Ichang, Chang- yang, Wa-shan, Omei-shan, and the Provinces of Kwei-chow, taken in June and July. The yellow marking in this species is subject to variation ; in typical specimens the wings are thickly sprinkled with yellow, whilst in other examples the yellow is confined to the median area and outer margin. | Distribution, Japan; North, Central, and Western China, Genus SIRINOPTERYX. (Butl. Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. xvii. p. 201 (1883).) Strinopteryx rufivinctata. Urapteryx rufivinctata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1747 (1862). Strinopteryz rufivinctata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p, 147 (1805). Several specimens from Moupin, and one example from Chang-yang, July. Distribution. Northern India; Central and Western China. from China, Japan, and Corea. 195 Genus TRISTROPHIS. (Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vii. p. 199 (1883).) Tristrophis veneris. Urapteryx veneris, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 892 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 29, pl. xlviii. fig. 1 (1879). A fine series from Yokohama and Nikko in Pryer’s col- lection. The transverse bands of primaries vary in width and the black spots on disk of secondaries are inconstant both as regards size and number. Hab. Japan. Genus MyrrTemva. (Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 831 (1861).) Myrteta sinensaria, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 13.) Near to M. planaria, Walk., but rather whiter in the ground-colour; outer third of primaries more heavily suffused and the three transverse lines approach nearer to each other toward inner angle; the three blackish spots towards anal angle of M. planaria are in M. sinensaria replaced by a sinuate black line, and the two submarginal spots are repre- sented by a blotch. Expanse 46 millim. One male example from Moupin, July. Hab. Western China, Myrteta angelica. Myrteta angelica, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 413. T'wo specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. I captured the species at Oiwake in October. Hab, Japan. Myrteta tripunctaria, sp. n. Very near to M. angelica, Butl., but whiter, and the three transverse lines of primaries are narrower and more oblique ; on the outer edge of the yellow patch at anal angle of second- aries there are three black spots, the middle one the largest, and a short indented black line on its inner edge. On the under surface the neuration is dark coloured; the outer mar- ginal area of primaries is broadly blackish, preceded by a blackish line, and the basal area is suffused with the same colour; above the three blackish spots on outer margin of secondaries there is a blackish patch ; submarginal line 196 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera blackish, indented above anal angle. Except at anal angle the line at base of the fringes of secondaries is blackish instead of light brown, as in JZ. angelica, and the antennx are more broadly pectinated than in that species. Expanse 44 millim. One male specimen from Moupin, July. Hab. Western China, Myrteta sericea. Orthocabera sericea, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 489 (1879). Orthucabera brunneiceps, Warren, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 387, pl. xxxi. fig. 25. Myrteta sericea, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 152 (1899). Four specimens from Nikko in Pryer’s collection. Distribution. Sikhim; Khdsis (Hampson) ; Japan. Myrteta unio. Acidalia unio, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 50, pl. ix. fig. 12 (1880). Cabera magna, Butl. Trans. Ent, Soc. 1881, p. 416. One female specimen in Pryer’s collection and I received one example of the same sex from Mr. Manley of Yokohama. Distribution. Askold; Japan. Myrteta argenturia, sp. n. _ Silvery white. Primaries have a blackish discal spot and are traversed by three dusky bands, the first of which is rather more oblique than the others; submarginal line dusky, parallel with outer margin except towards inner margin, where it terminates close to the inner angle; marginal band dusky. Secondaries have a blackish discal spot and two wavy dusky bands; submarginal band dusky, diffuse on its inner edge; the middle of outer margin is slightly angled and there is a black spot on the angle. Fringes tinged with greyish. Under surface white; all the wings have a black discal spot, and the secondaries have a diffuse dusky sub- marginal band; in some specimens the primaries also have traces of a dusky submarginal band. Antenne serrated. Expanse, d 46, 2 48 millim. Three male specimens and three females from Omei-shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Chia-ting-fu, July. Hab. Western China. Genus Barra. (Steph. Il. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 294 (1829).) Bapta bimaculata. Phalena bimaculata, Fabr. Syst, Ent. 635 (1775). Geometra taminata, Hubn. Geom. fig. 90. from China, Japan, and Corea. 197 Pseudopanthera bimaculata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 117. Bapta subnotata, Warren, Novyit. Zool. ii. p. 127 (1895). I took specimens at Gensan in June and there were a few examples in Pryer’s collection from Oiwake. My native collector obtained the species at Hakodate. Distribution. Europe; Altai; Japan; Yesso; Corea. Bapta punctata. Phalena punctata, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 637. Geometra temerata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 91. Pseudopanthera punctata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 117. Asthena sancta, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 418. There were a few specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s col- lection, and I received examples from Hakodate taken in June. Two of the specimens from Oiwake and one from Hakodate are slightly suffused with pale greyish, with the markings more or less obliterated, and are almost identical with an example from Germany in my collection. On the other hand, a specimen from Oiwake has the markings as dark and well defined as any in my European series. Distribution. Europe; Ural; Amur; Japan; Yesso. Bapta mytylata. Corycia mytylata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 58 (1857). Bapta mytylata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 155 (1895). There was a series from Oiwake and Yesso in Pryer’s col- lection. I received a specimen from Wa-shan, taken in June, one from Huang-mu-chang and one from the Province of Kwei-chow, taken in July. Distribution. N.W. Himalayas; Thundidéni; Punjab ; Sikhim; Khdsis (Hampson); Japan; Yesso; Western China. Bapta fodata. Bapta fedata, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 404 (1894). Warren describes this species from Japan. I have one male specimen from Chang-yang and four females from T'a-chien-lu, taken in June and July. Differs from B. mytylata, Guen., in having the upper surface more densely powdered with fuscous, and in the discal area of under surtace of primaries being suffused with fuscous. Distribution. Japan (Warren); Central and Western China. 198 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Bapta platyleucata. Acidalia platyleucata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het., Suppl. xxxy. p. 1628 (1866). cee platyleucata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 155 5). (189 Three specimens from Pu-tsu- bts taken in June and July. Dear eviesei. Kashmir; Sikhim; Khésis ( Hampson ) ; Western China. Bapta sacra. Corycia sacra, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 404 (1878); Til. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 44, pl. li. fig. 11 (1879). Specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. I captured this species in Satsuma and at Nagasaki in May, at Gensan in June, and Mr. Smith took examples at Hakone in August. My native collector also obtained specimens in the latter month at Hakodate. Specimens have been received from Ichang and Omei-shan, taken in July. Distribution. Japan; Yesso ; Corea ; Central and Western China. Bapta candidaria, sp. n. Male.—White, with a black discal dot on each wing. Primaries traversed by two dusky macular bands; the secondaries have one macular band. Under surface white ; primaries slightly suffused with fuscous on basal two-thirds, and traversed by a dusky band which does not extend to inner margin ; all the wings have a black discal dot. Female. Similar to the male, but the transverse markings are more distinct ; there is a series of black dots on the outer margin of both surfaces of each wing, and the secondaries have a macular band on the under surface. Expanse d 30, 2 34 millim. One example of each sex from Oiwake in Pryer’s col- lection. Hab, Japan. Allied to B. saera, Butl. Bapta nigropunctaria, sp. n. Silvery white powdered with fuscous. All the wings have dusky postmedial and submarginal bands and a blackish discal spot. Primaries have an elongate velvety black spot on costa just before the 5 costa pale brown. Fringes silvery, preceded by a pale brown line. Under surface al caren lg OT A from China, Japan, and Corea. 199 silvery white, faintly suffused with fuscous-grey, except on inner marginal area of primaries; fringes tipped with fuscous. E:xpanse 36 millim. T'wo male specimens. Moupin and Ta-chien-lu. July. Hab. Western China. Bapta distans. Bapta distans, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 404 (1894). Seven specimens (1 ¢,6 2) from Omei-shan, Wa-shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou, and Chang-yang, June. éj Distribution. Japan (Warren); Central and Western hina. Bapta clarissa. Todis clarissa, Butl. 11. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 49, pl. xxxvi. fig. 4 (1878). Pseudcpanthera clarissa, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 117. A nice series from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. I obtained specimens in Satsuma in May and at Nagasaki in June, and my native collector took the species at Hakodate and in the island of Kiushiu. Hab. Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu; Amur. Bapta tnamata. Acidalia inamata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxii. p. 755 (1861). Noreia inamata, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii. p. 406, pl. 185. fig. 4 (1887). Acidalia simpliciaria, Walk. l. c. xxiii. p. 793 (1861). Bapta inamata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 154 (1895). I obtained a female specimen in Satsuma which appears to be referable to this species, but the transverse line is rather deeper in colour on all the wings. Distribution. Sylhet; Nilgiris; Ceylon; Sumatra; Borneo (Hampson) ; Japan. Bapta ochrilinea. Bapta ochrilinea, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 404 (1894). Hab. China. I have not seen the type of this species. Genus ANGERONA. (Dup. Lép. iv. p. 181.) Angerona prunaria. Phal. Geometra prunaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 520, Geometra prunaria, Hiibn. Geom. figs. 122, 123. Angerona prunaria, Dup. vii. pl. 147. figs. 1, 2; Guen. Phal. i. p. 116. Euchlena prunaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 112. Several specimens from Yokohama, Oiwake, and Yesso in Pryer’s collection. I took the species at Gensan in June, 200 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Most of the European forms are represented in Japan, but there is a wider range in the size of the specimens—the smallest example being only 36 millim. in expanse, whilst the largest measures 74 millim. Distribution. Europe; Amur; Corea; Japan; Yesso. Angerona nigrisparsa. en genne nigrisparsa, Butl, Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 370 (1879). A few specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I captured the species at Sendai in September. Mr. Smith met with it at Hakone and Myianoshita in August. fab. Japan. Genus METROCAMPA. (Latr.; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 111.) Metrocampa grandinaria. Angerona grandinaria, Motsch. Etud. Ent. p. 37 (1860). Ennomos serrata, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 100, pl. viii. fig. 11 (1864). Metrocampa serrata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 112. There were several specimens in Pryer’s collection, and IL have received examples from Mr. Manley of Yokohama. The species also occurs at Ohoyama, Nikko, Tokio, Oiwake, and Kintokisan. Distribution. Amur ; Japan. Metrocampa prattiaria. Cidaria prattiaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 51 (May 1891). Cidaria prattiaria, var. unicoloraria, Leech, 1. c. p. 52. Several specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I peared one male specimen and two females from Omei- shan; one male from Moupin and one example of each sex from Chang-yang: July. The Chang-yang specimens are rather redder in colour than the others in the series, and the Moupin male is brownish tinged with purplish. All the Chinese specimens are larger than the Japanese. Distribution. Japan; Central and Western China. Genus CABERODES. (Guen.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 158 (1895).) Caberodes simplicior. Somatina simplicior, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 412. Cidaria pallidaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 51 (1891). There were two specimens, labelled Fujisan and Nikko, ee | ae from China, Japan, and Corea. 201 in Pryer’s collection, and my native collector took an ex- ample in Kiushiu. Butler’s type was from ‘Tokio. Hab, Japan and Kiushiu. Genus NUMERIA. (Dup. Lép. iv. p. 107.) Numeria pulveraria. Phal. Geometra pulveraria, Linn. x. 521; Clerck, Icon. pl. v. figs. 6, 9. Metrocampa pulveraria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 112. Numeria japonica, Butl, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 418. A fine series in Pryer’s collection under the name N. japonica. My native collector obtained specimens at Gensan in July and also in the island of Kiushiu. I received one example from Chang-yang taken in July. The specimens from Gensan and Kiushiu are very small. Distribution. Europe; Ural; Altai; Amur; Japan; Kiushiu ; Corea. Genus ENDROPIOIDES. (Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 463 (1894).) Endropioides abjecta. Endropia abjecta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 371 (1879). Endropia Snelleni, Hedem, Hor Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 46, pl. x. fig. 1 (1881). A fine series from Yokohama, Fujisan, Gifu, and Yesso in Pryer’s collection. Snellent, Hedem., is certainly a dark form of ZL. abjecta, Butl. The species is variable as regards coloration, and ranges from dark reddish brown through pale reddish brown to a pale whity brown with reddish-brown outer margins. In some of the dark specimens the wings are unicolorous ; in others the basal area of primaries is paler. Meyrick (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 112) places Snellent in Metrocampa and considers it synonymous with indictinaria, Brem. Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Askold. Genus Epnorta. (Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 109.) Ephoria arenosa. Epione arenosa, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 46, pl. xxxv. fig. 1 (1878). Ephoria arenosa, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1892, p. 109. 202 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera There was a fine series from Oiwake and one specimen from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. Butler’s type was from Hakodate. Distribution. Amur (Graeser) ; Japan; Yesso. Ephoria leda. Epione leda, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 46, pl. xxxv. fig. 6 (1878) (dS). Epione strenioides, Butl. 1. c. fig. 6 (2). Epione lachrymosa, Butl. Trans, Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 402 (var. d). Epione ossea, Butl. 1. c. (var. Q ). Calcaritis Oberthuerii, Butl. op. cit. p. 597 (var. 2). Therapis straminea, Butl. op. cit. p. 401 (var. 9). There was a fine series of each sex of this species from Ohoyama and Nikko in Pryer’s collection, including examples of the forms lachrymosa and ossea. I have received a male which approaches the streniotdes form from Chang-yang and a female of the same form from Chia-ting-fu, both taken in July. Distribution. Japan; Central and Western China. Ossea and Oberthuerté appear to be forms of the female, and lachrymosa a form of the male, while straminea is a modification of the ossea form in which all the transverse lines are absent. Genus SCARDAMIA. (Guen. Phal. i. p. 89 (1857).) Scardamia metallaria. Scardamia metallaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 89 (1857). Laginia bractearia, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 245 geen rie aurantiacaria, Brem, Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 72, pl. vi. fig. 15 te taprobanes, Feld. Reise Nov. pl. exxiii. fig. 2 (1875). Appears to be plentiful in the island of Kiushiu. I met with it at Nagasaki and in the province of Satsuma, and have received it from Gensan in Corea. In Western China it occurs at Moupin and in the pro- vince of Kwei-chow; and in Central China at Ichang and Chang-yang. Distribution. Central and Western China; Japan ; Corea ; Eastern Siberia; India; Ceylon; Java. Scardamia obliquaria, sp. n. Similar to S. metallaria, Guen., but the first transverse line of primaries is elbowed above the middle, and the second from China, Japan, and Corea. 203 line is oblique from near apex; the marginal area is deeper orange than other portions of the wings. Expanse 28 millim. One female specimen taken by myself at Gensan in July. Hab. Corea. Genus PERATOPHYGA. (Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 407 (1894).) Peratophyga erata. Acidalia erata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 643. Ephyra grata, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 438 (1879). Peratophyga @rata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 164 (1895). There were specimens in Pryer’s collection from Yokohama, and I met with the species at Nagasaki. It occurs also at Chang-yang, Kiukiang, Moupin, Pu-tsu-fong, Ta-chien-lu, and Omei-shan. Distribution. Eastern, Central, and Western China; Japan; Himalayas. This species seems to vary considerably in size and in the intensity of the markings. Genus STEGANIA. (Guen. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 164 (1895).) Steganta trroraria, sp. n. Pale ochreous, irrorated with ferruginous. Primaries have the costa purplish brown, and there is a narrow curved and recurved band of the same colour from one fourth before apex to inner angle; from the lower curve of this band there is a broad purplish-brown bar extending to the marginal line, which is of the same colour. Secondaries have a narrow purplish-brown band on outer margin. All the wings have a blackish discal dot and a diffuse ferruginous-brown central band, the latter is often interrupted and sometimes entirely absent. Fringes of the ground-colour. Under surface rather paler than above, with similar markings but darker in colour. Expanse 21 millim. I obtained a nice series at Nagasaki in May, and [ have received specimens from Ningpo and Gensan. Distribution. Kiushiu ; Corea; and N.K. China. Allied to S. bclineata, Butl. Genus SYNEGIA. (Guen. Phal. i. p. 428 (1857).) Synegia pardaria. Anisodes pardaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 420 (1857). Synegia pardaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 170 (1895). 204 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Occurs at Chang-yang, Moupin, and Omei-shan. Distribution. Khasis; Ceylon; Borneo (Hampson) ; Cen- tral and Western China. Synegia hadassa. Anisodes hadassa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 400 (1878) ; Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 38, pl. L. fig. 5 (1879). Synegia inconspicua, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 412. Syntaracta hadassa, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 408 (1894). Both forms of this species occur commonly in the island of Kiushiu. There was one example of the ¢nconspicua form in Pryer’s collection, and I received one specimen of the same form from Yokohama, several from Hakone, and one from Chang-yang. In the series from Kiushiu there are forms connecting the type and znconspicua, and others which are broadly suffused with leaden grey. Distribution. Japan; Kiushiu; Central China. Synegia omissa. Syntaracta omissa, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 409 (1894). One example from Chow-pin-sa, Western China. I have also received it from the Loochoo Islands and from Kiushiu ; and there was a specimen in Pryer’s collection. Distribution. Loochoo Islands; Japan; Western China, Synegia esther. Synegia esther, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 411. There were several specimens in Pryer’s collection. I have also received examples from Chang-yang, Omei-shan, and the island of Kiushiu. The Chinese specimens are lighter in colour and the trans- verse lines are narrower and not diffused. . Distribution. Japan ; Kiushiu ; Central and Western China. Synegia rosearta, sp. n. Male.—Primaries yellowish ; basal half freckled with rosy and traversed by a violet-grey band, which is elbowed below costa; the outer half has a broad violet-grey band, from the inner edge of this there is a suffusion of the same colour towards the base of the wing and a diffuse projection towards the middle of outer margin; a violet-grey streak from apex almost touches the band, and there are some marks of the same colour towards inner angle. Secondaries yellowish; basal patch violet-grey; beyond, the wing is traversed by =~ ee from China, Japan, and Corea. 205 more or less confluent rosy waved lines, and the outer margin has a diffuse violet-tinged rosy band. Under surface pale whity brown, with the markings of upperside reproduced in dusky violet-grey. Female.—The discal area of primaries is more suffused with violet-grey. Expanse, ¢ 31, 2 34 millim. One male specimen from Ichang, a male from Omei-shan, and a female from Moupin: June and July. Hab. Central and Western China. Genus SELENIA. (Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 292 (1816).) Selenia tetralunaria. Geometra tetralunaria, Hufn. Berl. Mag. iv. p. 506 (1769). Selenia illustraria, Hibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 293; Guen. Phal.i. p. 154. Selenia tetralunaria, var. estiva, Staud. Cat. p. 157,=var. A, Guen. l. ec. p. 155. My native collector took a female specimen of the typical form at Hakodate in June, and I captured four examples of var. estiva at that place in August. Listribution. Europe ; Yesso. Selenia pallidaria. Selenia pallidaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 43 (May 1891). There was one female specimen from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Yesso. Selenia adustaria. (Pl. VII. fig. 7.) Selenia adustaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 42 (May 1891). Selenia adustaria, var. fusca, Leech, /. c. Three specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. One of these is probably an individual of the second brood. Hab. Yesso. Selenia sordidaria, sp. n. Very pale whity brown, irrorated and marked with brownish on costa of primaries; all the wings have two thin brownish transverse lines. Under surface as above, but there is an ochreous lunular patch freckled with brownish on apex of primaries, and the area of secondaries between the outer line and the base of the wing is tinged with ochreous and Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 15 206 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera speckled with brownish ; discal spots black, that on primaries linear. Expanse 48 millim. One male specimen from Ichang, April. Hab. Central China. Selenia (?) crenularia, sp. n. Pale primrose-yellow. Basal area of primaries pinkish on the costa and limited by a dingy olive band with irregular edges, commencing as a brown spot on costa; there are some marks of the same colour within the band; beyond there is an interrupted macular, dingy olive band, the costal spot brown; the outer marginal area is limited by a pink line and suffused on the lower portion with the same colour. Secondaries have a dark discal spot, and the outer marginal area agrees with that of the primaries. The outer margins of all the wings are highly crenulate, and the fringes are olive. Under surface similar to the upperside, but the yellow is brighter and the secondaries are sprinkled with pinkish on costa, and the abdominal area is whitish. Antenne with short ciliz. Expanse 50 millim. One male specimen from Ta-chien-lu, May. Hab. Western China. Selenia (?) bilinearia, sp. n. Whity brown, with a faint tinge of pink. Primaries have two oblique dark transverse lines—the first is angulated on costa, edged inwardly with whitish, and limits the brownish basal area; the second line traverses an irregular brownish band and is outwardly edged with whitish; the outer margin is clouded with brownish below apex and above inner angle, and there are some smaller marks of the same colour between the clouds. Secondaries have a dark transverse line agreeing with the outer one of primaries, and the ground-colour is obscured with brownish, except on costal and submarginal areas. Fringes of the ground-colour suffused and chequered with darker. Under surface: primaries bright yellow, paler on costa and inner margin; there are two transverse lines as above; secondaries paler, with two dark transverse lines approximating on inner margin. Expanse 36 millim, One male specimen from Chang-yang, June. Hab. Central China. From China, Japan, and Corea. 207 Genus PERICALLIA. (Steph. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 223 (1895).)- Pericallia distans. Hygrochroa distans, Warren, Novit. Zool. ii. p. 143 (1895). There was a specimen from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. Mr. Smith took a male specimen at Hakone in August, and my native collector obtained one in the island of Kiushiu. I received one female from Omei-shan, taken in July. In the Chinese example the transverse line is blacker and more conspicuous than in the Japanese specimens. The Kiushiu specimen is only 32 millim. in expanse. Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu; Western China. P. distans is very close to P. syringaria from Europe, and is possibly only an Asiatic form of that species. It may be referable to P. parva, Hedem.*, from Amurland. Pericallia marmorataria, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 15.) Greyish-white, with a faint pinkish tinge. Basal patch of primaries reddish-grey, clouded with darker and limited by a whitish grey-edged curved line; central line deep brown, acutely angled below costa, slightly curved to first median fork, where it passes through a violet-brown cloud, then oblique to inner margin; between the central line and the whitish apex of the wing there is a grey-brown patch on costa intersected by a whitish stripe, and from the lower end of this last a thin brown curved line runs to a grey-brown cloud on inner margin. Secondaries are traversed by two brown lines, the outer one very fine and dotted with blackish on the nervules; beyond, the outer marginal area is clouded and suffused with greyish brown and traversed by a wavy line of the ground-colour. Fringes brown. Under surface : colour as above; primaries have a brownish basal patch and a diffuse central line, the last is slightly angulated below costa and followed by a brownish patch, which is intersected by a whitish streak that unites with a whitish submarginal line, the lower end of the submarginal line is bordered by a brownish cloud, and there is another cloud of the same colour on the middle of outer margin; secondaries clouded with brownish at the base, discoidal spot blackish, other markings correspond with those of upperside, but the abdominal por- tion of central line is reddish brown. Expanse 40 millim. * Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 45 (1881). i shad 208 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera One male specimen from Chang-yang, July. Hab, Central China. This species is very similar to P. syringarta, Linn., in colour and approaches the Japanese P. distans, Warren. Pericallia productaria, sp. n. Light brown, striated and clouded with darker. Primaries have a brownish subbasal line elbowed below costa and a central brown fascia, the outer edge of the latter is blackish and has an obtuse projection extending to the indistinct pale submarginal line ; costa and outer margin with paler patches tinged with lilacine. Secondaries have a central fascia which appears to be a continuation of that on primaries, but the projection on outer edge is less pronounced and there are two indentations below it. All the wings have a black discal spot, that on primaries rather linear. Fringes crenu- late, brown marked with paler, and preceded by a brown line. Under surface ochreous, striated with reddish brown; all the wings have a blackish discal spot and a purplish-brown cen- tral line, the latter, on secondaries, is bordered with purplish towards abdominal margin; there is a dusky transverse shade on primaries from costa to median nervure. Vertex of head whitish. Expanse 36 millim. One male specimen from Wa-shan, May. Hab, Western China. Allied to P. albifrons, Moore. Pericallia olivaria, sp. n. Pale brown, striated and suffused with olivaceous; be- yond the black discal spot there is an olive band crossing all the wings, the inner edge of this band is diffuse and the exterior elbowed below costa of primaries and obtusely angled on secondaries; there are indications of a pale wavy submarginal line on each wing intersecting an olivaceous cloud towards the inner and anal angles respectively ; the apex of primaries and outer angle of secondaries are also clouded with olivaceous; secondaries have a blackish discal spot and there is a dark olive spot in the middle of submar- ginal line and a curved one at the costal end of the same line. Under surface yellow, powdered with reddish on inner area of primaries; outer marginal area of all the wings brownish, clouded with yellow towards apex and outer angle, and with greyish white towards inner and anal angles, the limiting line 1s dark brown edged outwardly with whitish. I RIO at 8 OR ee ee from China, Japan, and Corea. 209 Expanse 40-42 millim. Four male specimens from Moupin, July. Hab. Western China. Pericallia crenularia, sp. n. Brown tinged with lilacine. Primaries have a subbasal dusky line, curved towards costa and again towards inner margin; a concolorous central fascia outlined in brownish, the inner edge almost straight and the outer edge obtusely angled below costa and then inwardly oblique ; submarginal line interrupted, most distinct towards costa. Secondaries have a dusky, waved, central line, edged inwardly with brownish and preceded by an obscure brownish shade and discal spot; submarginal line indistinct. Under surface yellow ; outer marginal area limited by a strong blackish line. Fringes brown, crenulate. Vertex of lead pure white. Expanse 40 millim. One male specimen from Omei-shan, July. Hab. Western China. Pericallia latimarginaria, sp. n. Pale brown. Primaries: basal area suffused with darker and limited by a curved, wavy, blackish line; outer line blackish, parallel with outer margin as far as third median nervule, then turned inwards and curved from second to first median nervule, from which point it runs almost straight to inner margin, this line traverses a brownish shade which tapers from inner margin to costa; there is a brownish cloud on the outer margin below apex, and the space between this and the transverse shade is tinged with pinkish. Secondaries have the outer half brownish, tinged with pinkish towards margin, and traversed by a bidentate blackish line. All the wings have a black discal spot and an ill-defined, shaded, pale submarginal line. Under surface yellow ; outer mar- ginal area clouded with greyish brown, limited by a dark line and marked with whitish at angle of each wing; discal spots and transverse lines as above. Vertex of head white. Expanse 36-40 millim. Several specimens of each sex from Chang-yang and from Moupin, June and July. Hab. Central and Western China. Pericallia vuriaria, sp. n. Pale greyish-brown, tinged with pinkish, freckled with fuscous and clouded with the latter colour, especially on the 210 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera basal area of secondaries and between the transverse lines of primaries. There are two transverse lines on primaries: the first is blackish, elbowed below costa, and slightly indented above inner margin; the second is rather oblique, double, except at each extremity, enclosing a paler area; beyond the second line there is a blackish quadrate blotch, the centre of which is filled in with pinkish ; discal spot black. Second- aries have a black discal spot and an olivaceous crenulate band; submarginal band serrated, blackish, but not well- defined towards costa. Fringes fuscous, tinged with oliva- ceous. Under surface violet-grey, clouded and suffused with fuscous; primaries have a dusky band, elbowed below costa, before the middle, and a ferruginous-brown band bordered with darker beyond the middle; the space between these bands is marked with creamy white; submarginal line whitish ; a broad and diffuse ferruginous patch extends from black discal spot to submarginal line, which it obscures at this point ; secondaries have the basal area marked with creamy white: the transverse band appears to be a con- tinuation of the outer one on primaries; submarginal band as above but dusky in colour. Outer margin of the wings, especially of secondaries, crenulate. Expanse 36 millim. One male specimen from Chia-ting-fu, July. Hab. Western China. Pericallia testacea. Pericallia testacea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p, 405. There were several specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s col- lection. Fenton took the species at Tokio. Hab, Japan and Yesso. Genus XYLOSCIA. (Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 462 (1894).) Xyloscia subspersata. Hemerophila subspersata, Feld. Reise Nov., Lep. v. pl. exxv. fig. 16 (1875). Xyloscia subspersata, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 462 (1894). Several specimens from Oiwake and Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. 1 captured a female example at Gensan in July. Hab, Japan and Corea. Xyloscia biangularia, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 5.) Pale brown, sparingly irrorated with blackish; the’ basal > > t 4 J ; Ee EE rer en Te Srom China, Japan, and Corea. 211 area of primaries and outer marginal area of all the wings suffused with violaceous brown. On the primaries the blackish lime limiting the basal area is biangulate below costa and very oblique from median nervure to inner margin; outer line oblique, blackish, appearing to commence below apex in the undulated and diffuse blackish submarginal line and preceded by a slightly wavy brown line, which limits the outer mar- ginal area. Secondaries have a brown central line followed by a blackish one parallel with it; submarginal line diffuse, blackish ; all the wings have a black discal dot, but that on secondaries most conspicuous. Under surface similar to above, but the basal two-thirds of secondaries paler. Expanse 37 millim. One male specimen from Chang-yang, June. Hab. Central China. Closely allied to X. subspersata, Feld., but the transverse markings rather different, the outer line on primaries ter- minates on outer margin below the apex; outer margin of secondaries is slightly crenulate, with a distinct projection above the middle. Genus APERICALLIA, nov. Palpi porrect, densely hairy, extending considerably beyond the frons. Antenne of male bipectinated to apex. Posterior tibiz not dilated, with all spurs present. Primaries have the outer margin slightly concave below apex, angled at fourth vein, thence oblique. Secondaries have the outer margin slightly angled at middle. Venation similar to that of Pericallia. Type A. bilinearia, sp. n. Apericallia bilinearia, sp. n. Primaries whitish grey, tinged with lilacine and freckled and clouded with fuscous; the central area is traversed by two dusky-brown, almost blackish, lines: the inner one very slightly curved and the outer one oblique and followed by two blackish spots. Secondaries pale whity brown, pow- dered with fuscous, and traversed by a dark brown line, which tapers towards but does not attain the costa. Fringes brown on primaries, grey on secondaries, merging into brown at anal angle. Under surface ochreous brown, freckled with blackish; transverse lines and markings generally as above, but the outer line of primaries is followed by a ferru- ginous patch on costa; the secondaries are whiter and have 212 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera a diffuse ferruginous central band which obscures the trans- verse line. Expanse 36-40 millim. Four male specimens and three females from Pu-tsu-fong and Moupin, June and July. Hab. Western China. Genus HETEROCALLIA, nov. Palpi extending beyond the frons, clothed with long hair ; antenne of male setaceous; hind tibie dilated, all spurs present. Primaries with apex slightly produced, outer margin obtusely angled at middle. Secondaries with outer margin rounded, slightly emarginate above middle. Venation similar to that of Pericallia. Type f. truncaria, sp. n. Fleterocallia truncaria, sp.n. (PI. VI. fig. 1.) Whitish-grey, tinged with violaceous, irrorated and clouded with fuscous. Primaries have three transverse dark-brown or blackish lines, the first not always clearly defined, all are curved below costa, and the third is recurved and dentate before inner margin; following the third line is a fuscous- brown band marked with darker brown below the upper curve, which is also deeper brown; submarginal line oblique, white towards costa, where it is interrupted and adjoins the fuscous-brown band. Secondaries have three fuscous bands, but these are only well-defined on the abdominal area. Fringes greyish, preceded by a series of black dots. Under surface pale greyish, irrorated with fuscous and suffused on the disk with ochreous ; apical area of primaries clouded with brownish, submarginal line represented by three white dots : secondaries have two diffuse transverse bands, these are brown inclining to blackish on abdominal area, the outer one with a small elongate blackish spot about the middle. Eixpanse 42 millim. Occurs at Moupin, Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, and Che-tou in July. I received twelve specimens, including both sexes. Hab. Western China. Genus Psyra. (Walk. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 221 (1895).) Psyra rufolinearia, sp. n. Whitish brown, with a faint ochreous tinge on the disk and irrorated with fuscous. Primaries have a sinuous red- ene ee from China, Japan, and Corea. 213 dish line, dotted with black on the nervures, before the middle ; this does not extend to the costa, where it is repre- sented by a black dot and an oblique reddish line, followed by a series of black dots on the nervules beyond the middle; there is also a short, interrupted blackish band from just before apex, and a similar one towards inner margin; the oblique line together with series of black dots are con- tinued on the secondaries, and all the wings have a blackish discal dot and a marginal series of black dots. Fringes of the ground-colour. Under surface whitish-brown, irrorated with fuscous; outer marginal area with fuscous border, most clearly defined on the primaries; the secondaries have a dusky central line and two series of blackish dots, the outer series connected by a dusky lunulated line; marginal and discal dots as above. Expanse 60 millim. One female specimen from Moupin, July. Hab. Western China. Psyra cuneata. Psyra cuneata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxi. p. 483 (1860) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 223 (1895). One male specimen from Wa-shan, two females from Pu- tsu-fong, and a male from Japan in Pryer’s collection. Distribution. N.W. Himalayas ; Sikhim; Khdsis (Hamp- son); Japan; Western China. Genus FASCELLINA. (Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 215 (1860).) Fascellina plagiata. Geometra plagiata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxxv. p. 1601 (1866). Fascellina plagiata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 226 (1895). I have specimens from Ichang, Chia-ting-fu, Ta-chien-lu, and Omei-shan. Distribution. Khasis (fampson); Kulu, N.W. Hima- layas; Central and Western China. Genus LEPTOMIZA. (Warr. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 228 (1895).) Leptomiza calcearia. Hyperythra calcearia, Walk. Cat. Lep, Het. xx. p. 132 (1860). Leptomiza calcearia, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 281 (1895). One specimen from Moupin, July. 214 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Distribution. N.W. Himalayas; Sikhim ( Hampson ) ; Western China. Leptomiza dentilineata. Selenia dentilineata, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 228 (1887). Leptomiza dentilineata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 231 (1895). ; Heterolocha mediolimbata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 308, pl. vi. figs. 3, 3a. One specimen received from Chang-yang, August; Pou- jade records an example from Moupin. Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson) ; Central and Western China. Leptomiza (?) lentiginosaria. Collix lentiginosaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 55 (May 1891). There were some specimens from Yokohama? and Gifu in Pryer’s collection. I obtained examples of each sex at Hakodate in August, and received a female specimen from Chia-ting-fu, taken in July. Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Western China. Genus GARZUS. (Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 623.) Gareus specularis. Gareus specularis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 623, pl. xxxii. fig. 3; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 255, fig. (1895). Endropia mactans, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 393 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 30, pl. xlviil. fig. 3 (1879). Gareus fenestratus, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 404. There were several specimens from Ohoyama and Nikko in Pryer’s collection, and I received two examples from Chang-yang and one from Ichang. Distribution. Sikhim ; Japan; Central China. This species is exceedingly variable both in colour and markings ; in some specimens the hyaline spots are entirely absent. ‘The range of colour is from pale yellowish brown to dark purplish brown. One of the Chang-yang specimens agrees with Hampson’s figure of G. specularis, Moore. Garcus argillaceus. Pseudomiza argillacea, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. vii. p. 100, pl. exxxv. fig. 15 (1889). Gareus argillaceus, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 235 (1895). One male specimen from Chia-ting-fu, Western China, July. er Distribution. Dalhousie; Dharmsdéla; Sikhim; Shillong (Hampson) ; Western China. from China, Japan, and Corea. 215 Genus NOTHOMIZA. (Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 443 (1894).) Nothomiza formosa. Ellopia formosa, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 47, pl. xxxv. fig. 8 (1878). Several specimens from Yokohama and Gifu in Pryer’s collection. I captured specimens in Satsuma in May and at 'Tsuruga and Nagahama in July. Mr. Smith took the species at Hakone in August. Hab. Japan; Kiushiu. Genus HETEROMIZA. (Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1893, p. 405.) Heteromiza sanguiflua, Cimicodes sanguiflua, Moore, Lep Atk. p. 233, pl. viii. fig. 4 (1887). Heteromiza flava, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p.236 (1895). I have received specimens from Omei-shan, Moupin, and Chang-yang, June and July. Hampson considers that H. flava is a torm of H. sangui- jiva, but I am inclined to regard them as distinct species. Distribution. Khasis; Central and Western China. Hleteromiza flava. Cimicodes flava, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 233, pl. viii. fig. 5 (1887). One male example from Moupin, July. Distribution. Khasis (Hampson) ; Western China. Heteromiza cruentaria. Cimicodes cruentaria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 616; Waterh. Aid, pl. cli. fig. 6. Heteromiza cruentaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 237 (1895). One example of each sex from Chang-yang, July. Distribution. Western Himalayas; Khdsis (Hampson) ; Central China. Genus DALIMA. (Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 614.) Dalima variaria, sp. n. Male. — Ochreous-brown, striated with purplish-brown. Primaries have a brownish diffuse band, which is angled below costa and traversed throughout its course by a wavy 216 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera silvery-white line, and terminates in a black quadrate spot on middle of the inner margin; submarginal band shade-like and obscure: secondaries have two purplish-brown bands, and between these there is an interrupted silvery-white line bordered with fuscous. All the wings have a dusky discal spot; fringes brown. Under surface orange, sparingly freckled with blackish; primaries have a black discal spot and a blackish wavy submarginal band, the latter inter- rupted towards costa, where it is represented by a round spot; secondaries have a black discal spot, preceded by a blackish abbreviated band from abdominal margin, and a blackish wavy submarginal band. Antenne as in D. acutaria.’ Female.—Cinnamon-brown; the markings as in the male, but less distinct. Expanse, g 52, ? 58 millim. Four male specimens and one female from Moupin, Omei- shan, and T’a-chien-lu, June and July. Var. grisearia, nov. Purplish grey, deeper on the secondaries and outer mar- ginal area of primaries ; there are no purplish-brown striations ; the transverse markings and discal spots are similar to those of the type, but the outer line of primaries is olive-brown. Two male specimens from Omei-shan, July. Var. albomaculata, nov. Primaries ochreous brown, suffused with olive-brown, con- spicuously so beyond the transverse line : secondaries purplish brown. Markings as in the type, but in addition there is a series of silvery-white lunules on the outer margin of primaries and a cloud of the same colour, interrupted by the nervules, in the angle of transverse line. One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, July. Hab. Western China. Dalima obliquarta, sp. n. Apex of primaries acute; secondaries have an angular projection above middle of outer margin. Pale reddish brown ; first line of primaries rufous, undulated ; second line indicated by a short rufous streak from costa and another on inner margin ; third line rufous, running obliquely from apex to middle of the inner margin, where it terminates very close to the second line, a short outwardly oblique streak from the costa approaches the upper portion of this line; there are traces of a diffuse, dusky, submarginal band. Fringes darker. eS jJrom China, Japan, and Corea, 217 Secondaries have two rufous lines and a diffuse submarginal band as on primaries. Under surface orange, speckled with fuscous grey; outer margins suffused with tuscous. Expanse 52 millim. One female specimen from Wa-ssu-kow, June. Hab. Western China. Dalima ochrearia, sp. 0. The apex of primaries is acutely produced and the second- aries have an angular projection above the middle of outer margin. Pale ochreous brown, tinged with pink, especially on the outer marginal areas of all the wings. Primaries have three brown spots on costa; beyond the middle there is a transverse yellowish line, sharply angled in the direction of the apex of the wing, and then oblique to inner margin, where it terminates slightly in advance of a dark quadrate spot placed on the middle of the margin; this line is out- wardly bordered with olivaceous. Secondaries have a trans- verse yellowish line outwardly bordered with olivaceous and an indistinct dusky line nearer the base of the wing. In some specimens there are indications of a submarginal line on each wing. Under surface orange, freckled with fuscous. Expanse 50-52 millim. Several examples of both sexes from Moupin; Chia-ting-fu; Wa-shan; Pu-tsu-fong; Chang-yang: June and July. The Chang-yang examples are tinged with olivaceous and have indistinct traces of basal and median transverse lines. Hab. Central and Western China. Dalima acutaria, sp. n. The primaries are produced at apex and there is a slight projection on the outer margin of the secondaries below outer angle. Brownish grey, more or less tinged with rufous. Primaries have three short rufous-brown dashes on costa, from the first of which there are indications of a silvery-grey-edged transverse line to the inner margin, and from the third there is a line projected in the direction of outer margin, which, however, it does not reach, but turns sharply inwards and runs obliquely to middle of the inner margin; beyond this line, which is edged with yellowish, the wing is tinged with fuliginous. Secondaries have two central rufous-brown lines, the inner straight and the outer curved, the latter edged inwardly with yellowish. Fringes rufous-brown. Under surface orange, freckled with blackish ; marginal area of all the wings suffused with dusky and limited inwards by a 218 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera blackish diffuse band. All the wings have a black discal spot on both surfaces. Antenne of male serrate and fasciculate. Expanse 56-64 millim. Two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong and one from Omei- shan, July. The type described is rather browner in colour than the other specimens; this is probably due to its finer condition. Hab. Western China. Dalima columbinaria, sp. n. Grey, with a tinge of lilacine. Primaries have two short transverse dashes on the costa and a transverse line beyond the middle, which is sharply angled below the apex of the wing, and then runs obliquely to the middle of the inner margin, where it is inwardly edged with silvery grey ; discal spot blackish: secondaries have two slightly curved blackish or dark brown lines, the outer edged internally with silvery grey. All the wings have an interrupted dusky submarginal band-like shade. Fringes brown. Under surface orange, freckled with blackish ; transverse markings of upper surface indicated in blackish. Expanse 54-56 millim. One male specimen from Omei-shan and one from Moupin, June and July. Allied to D. vulpinaria, Moore. Hab. Western China. Dalima subferrugineata. Drepanodes subferrugineata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 307, pl. vi. figs. 2, 2 a. Poujade records a female specimen taken by M. l’Abbé A. David at Moupin. Hab, Western China. Genus AMBLYCHIA. (Guen. Phal. i. p. 214 (1857).) Amblychia angeronaria, Amblychia angeronaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 215, pl. iv. fig. 9 (1857) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 242 (1895). One female specimen from Wa-shan, May. Distribution. Sikhim ; Assam; Ceylon (Hampson) ; Western China. from China, Japan, and Corea. 219 Genus CEPPHIS. (Hiibn.; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 118.) Cepphis advenaria. Geometra advenaria, Hiibn. Beitr. ii. pl. iii. fig. Q ; Geom. fig. 45; Esp. pl. xvi. figs. 1-3. Cepphis advenaria, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 294 ; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 114. Epione advenaria, Dup. Lép. vii. pl. cl. fig. 3; Guen. Phal. i. p. 97. I captured specimens at Gensan in July and at Hakodate in August. Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan; Yesso ; Corea. Cepphis (?) laterinata. Numeria laterinata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 312, pl. vi. fic. 13 (=W. lateritiarva, Pouj. Bull. Muséum, février 1895). Poujade records a male specimen from Moupin. I have two males from that locality taken in July, and one from Huang-mnu-chang taken in August. Hab. Western China. Genus HYPERYTHRA. (Guen. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 218 (1895).) Hyperythra khasiana. Calopyrrha khasiana, Swinh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 221 (1893). Hyperythra pheniz, Swinh., Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, p. 219 (1895). ‘Two males from Omei-shan and a female from the province of Kwei-chow, July. The female has a slight olivaceous tint, but the males are pinkish and yellow. Distribution. Sikhim; Khdsis; Nagas (Hampson) ; West- ern China. Genus ANTHYPERYTHRA. (Warren, MS.; Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 485.) Anthyperythra hermearia. Anthyperythra hermearia, Swinh. Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond, 1891, p. 485, pl. xix. fig. 9. One male specimen from Omei-shan, July. Distribution. Khadsis ; Western China. 220 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Lleterocera Genus CoryPHA. (Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 270 (1860).) Corypha incongruaria. Corypha incongruaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 270 (1860) ; Bull. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. p. 31, pl. xlviii. fig. 6 (1879). I obtained specimens in Satsuma in May and at Tsuruga in July, and my native collector took the species in the island of Kiushiu and at Ningpo. Mstribution. Japan; Kiushiu ; N. China. Genus AUAXA. (Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 271 (1860).) Auaxa sulphurea. Bizia sulphurea, Butl. Tl. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 47, pl. xxxv. fig. 10 (1878). Several specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I took this species in Satsumain May, at Tsuruga in June, and at Nagasaki and Gensan in July. I have also received specimens from Chang-yang, Omei-shan, and Moupin, June and July. The basal line and discal spot of primaries are variable characters in this species ; in some of my specimens both are absent. Distribution. Japan; Corea; Central and Western China. Probably identical with Awaza cesadaria, Walk., from China, the type of which I have not been able to discover. Genus Bizta. (Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 261 (1860).) . Bizia exaria. Bizia exaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 261 (1860); Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 31, pl. xlviii. fig. 5 (1879). Endropia mibuaria, Feld. Reise Noy. vy. pl. exxiii. fig. 31 (1875). Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. | obtained the species at T'suruga and Gensan in July, and Mr. Smith took it at Hakone in August. I have also received specimens from Ichang, Chang-yang, Kiukiang, Omei-shan, Chia-ting-fu, and the province of Kwei-chow, June and July. Fairly constant in colour and markings, but varies in size, From China, Japan, and Corea. 221 My smallest male specimen expands 44 millim. and largest female 72 millim.; the latter is from Chang-yang. Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Corea; Western and Central China. Genus CoLoro!s. (Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 288.) Colotois pennaria. Phal. Geometra pennaria, Linn. Faun, Suec. 324. Geometra pennaria, Esp. pl. xviii. figs. 4-6; Hiibn. Geom. fig. 14. Colotois pennaria, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 288; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 114. Himera pennaria, Dup. Lép. vii. pl. exlvi. figs. 1,2; Guen. Phal. i. p. 182. There was one male specimen in Pryer’s collection. Distribution. Europe ; Amur; Japan. Genus ENNOMOS. (Treit. ; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 114.) Ennomos autumnaria. Geometra autumnaria, Wernb. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1859, p. 361. Geometra alniaria, Esp. Schmett. v. pl. ix. figs. 1-6; Hubn. Geom. fig. 26. Eugonia alniaria, Hibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 291. Ennomos alniaria, Treit. Schmett. vi. i. 79 ; Guen. Phal. i. p. 175. Ennomos autumnaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 115. A few examples from Oiwake and Yesso in Pryer’s col- lection. Distribution. Europe; Ural; Amur; Japan, Yesso. Genus CROCALLIS. (Treit.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 231 (1895).) Crocallis acutaria, sp. 0. Primaries pale yellowish brown, sprinkled and _ suffused with darker; a dark brown line inwardly edged with whitish commences on costa near apex and terminates on inner margin one third from outer angle; a black spot on outer margin in each nervular interspace: secondaries pale brown, slightly suffused with darker within the brownish central line, which becomes indistinct towards costa. All the wings have a dark discal spot, annular on primaries. Fringes brown, paler on Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 16 222 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera secondaries. Under surface whity brown, with dark markings of upperside faintly reproduced. Expanse 48 millim. One example of each sex from Chang-yang, July. This species is very like the paler forms of C. arida, which also occurs in China, but the apex of primaries is acutely produced, especially in the female, and the outer margin is not scalloped between apex and the angular projection. The transverse line, too, is oblique, not curved in the least, and starts from a point on costa much nearer to the apex. Hab. Central China. Crocallis arida. Niphonissa arida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 394 (1878) fil. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 31, pl. xlviii. fig. 7 (1879). Crocalls obliquaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 232 (1895). There were several specimens in Pryer’s collection from Yokohama and Oiwake. I have also received the species from Kiushiu, taken by a native collector, and I met with it at Oiwake and Nikko in September. My collectors in Western China obtained it at Moupin, Pu-tsu-fong, and Chow-pin-sa in June, but only single specimens in each locality. The Moupin example agrees in colour with the Japanese specimens, but the others are much darker. Distribution. Japan; W. China. Crocallis (?) acuminarta, sp. n. Ochreous brown. [rimaries traversed by two blackish transverse lines, the first almost straight and the second oblique, angled near costa and outwardly edged with whitish ; there isa semihyaline spot on costa extending to angle of second line and intersected by nervule; discal spot black : secondaries have an incomplete waved central blackish band, a faint discal spot, and a dusky cloud at anal angle. Under surface light brown; primaries marked as above, but the transverse lines are finer and the second is followed by some blackish dots on the neuration, instead of being edged with whitish : secondaries freckled with brownish grey ; transverse band extends only to discal spot, and there are indications of a submarginal line. Expanse 40 millim. One female specimen from Che-tou, July. Hab, Western China. From China, Japan, and Corea. 223 Genus PACHYLIGIA. (Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 442 (1878).) Pachyligia dolosa. Pachyligia dolosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 442 (1878) ; Il. Typ. Lep. Het. p. 50, pl. liii. fig. 5 (1879). Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Japan. Pachyligia modesta. Pachyligia modesta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 4483 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 50, pl. liii. fig. 6 (1879). Pa par rhors tristis, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 652, pl. xxxii. g. 8. Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. There were two females of this species among Pryer’s unidentified insects ; one of these I erroneously described as a distinct species under the name Cymatophora tristis. Some of the specimens are unicolorous, others have a darker central band. Hab. Japan. Genus ZETHENIA. (Motsch. Etud. Ent. p. 34 (1860).) Zethenia rufescentaria. Zethenia rufescentaria, Motsch. Etud. Ent. p. 35 (1860). Zettienia rufescentaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 102. Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. I captured examples of the type form at Gensan, and my native collector obtained the species at Hakodate in June. There are two distinct colour-forms of this species ; one is of the typical brownish, the other is pale whitish grey, with space between the inner and outer lines filled in with blackish. I took specimens of this form, for which I propose the varietal name grisearta, at Nagasaki in May and Fushiki in July. There was one example of this form in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Japan, Yesso, Kiushiu, and Corea. Zethenia contiguaria, sp. n. Somewhat similarin appearance to Z. rufescentaria, Motsch., but darker in colour. ‘he first line of primaries is angulated below the costa; the wavy second line is dotted with black on the neuration as in Z. rufescentaria, but it is inwardly edged 16* 224 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera with whitish towards inner margin and is preceded and followed by a diffuse fuscous-brown transverse band; discal spot black: secondaries have a black discal spot and a wav blackish transverse line, the latter preceded and followed by fuscous-brown bands as on primaries. Underside paler, markings very similar to those of upper surface. Expanse 42-44 millim. Several specimens from Ichang, Chang-yang, Moupin, Omei-shan, Chia-ting-fu, and the province of Kwei-chow : July. Tab, Central and Western China. Zethenia albonotaria. Selenia albonotaria, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 73, pl. vi. fig. 16 (1864). Zettienia albonotaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1892, p. 102. Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. I obtained the species at Nagasaki, Ningpo, and in Sat- sumain Apriland May. Mynative collector captured examples at Hakodate in June. One of the specimens from Ningpo and one from Nagasaki seem to agree with consociaria, Christ. Distribution. E., Siberia; Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu; North China. Genus SELENIOPSIS. (Warr. Novit. Zool. i. p. 462 (1894).) Seleniopsis evanescens. Endropra evanescens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 404. Seleniopsis evanescens, Warr. Novit. Zool. i. p. 462. There were specimens from Yokohama, Ohoyama, and Nikko in Pryer’s collection. I captured the species at Hako- date in August, and my native collector took it in the island of Kiushiu. Hab. Japan, Yesso, and Kiushiu. Seleniopsis grisearia, sp. n. Greyish white. Primaries powdered with darker grey ; discoidal spot black, linear ; beyond this, on the costa, is an almost white spot followed by a small blackish cloud: second- aries powdered with darker grey on abdominal margin, especially towards anal angle, where there are traces of two dark transverse lines. Fringes dark grey, spotted with blackish from China, Japan, and Corea. 225 at the ends of the nervules. Under surface brownish grey, tinged with violet ; outer margin of primaries bordered with violet-grey, costal area striated and powdered with brown, discoidal and costal spots as above, but the latter is surrounded with black ; secondaries are freckled with brownish and clouded with violet-grey below the black linear discoidal spot ; above the anal angle there is a short whitish diffuse line, edged inwardly with violet-grey. Exxpanse 88 millim. One male specimen from Moupin, July. Hab. Western China. Closely allied to S. evanescens, Butl., and perhaps only a local form of that species. Genus ANONYCHIA. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 412.) ( P Anonychia grisea. Nadagra grisea, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 172. Onychia grisea, Swinhoe and Cotes, Moths of India, p. 574 (1887). Anonychia grisea, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 178 (1895). I have specimens from Moupin, Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, Wa-ssu-kow, taken in June and July. Distribution. N.W. Himalayas ; Sikkim; Khasis (Hamp- son) ; Western China. Anonychia latifasciaria, sp. n. Allied to A. grisea, Butl. Primaries greyish, powdered and freckled with brownish; the central band, which is inter- sected by a blackish sinuous line, is broad and darker, espe- cially towards the edges; the inner edge of the band is curved about the middle; submarginal line diffuse, pale, wavy: secondaries fuscous grey, with a blackish, central, slightly curved line. Under surface fuscous grey; costa yellowish, freckled with black; the primaries have a blackish discal spot and a series of spots on the neuration beyond ; secondaries are much freckled and have a discal spot and a series of spots as on primaries. Iringes grey, darker at their base and marked with blackish at extremities of the nervules. Expanse 32 millim. Occurs at Omei-shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Ni-tou; I have one male specimen from each locality: July. Hab. Western China. 226 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Anonychia preditaria, sp.n, (Pl. VI. fig. 4.) _ Light brown. Basal half of primaries suffused with fuli- inous and coarsely striated with blackish; there is a wavy blackish subbasal line and a curved one beyond, the latter increases in width towards costa, where it is almost black ; limiting the basal half of the wing is a broad fuliginous undulated band, the outer edge of which is outlined with whitish and has an obtuse projection above its centre ; there is a short transverse blackish streak from the costa before apex, and the outer margin is suffused with fuliginous. Secondaries have the basal two thirds suffused with blackish and limited by a pale line, which has a small bidentate pro- jection about the middle; beyond this there is a series of dusky dots. All the wings have a blackish discal spot. Fringes of the ground-colour, chequered with darker. Under surface light brown, with a pinkish tint: primaries have a second line and the broad band of upper surface reproduced. Secondaries have the basal two-thirds limited by a series of black dots, and striated and freckled with blackish. Expanse 42 millim. One example of each sex from Moupin, and two males from Pu-tsu-fong, July. Hab. Western China. Allied to A. mendica, Butl. Anonychia anomala. Cidaria (?) anomala, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p, 425. Butler states that this appears to be a tolerably common species at Tokio. It was not represented in Pryer’s col- lection, neither did I meet with it in any part of Japan that I visited. I have a specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, taken in June or July, which seems to be referable to this species, but the markings on primaries are more pronounced. Distribution. Japan; Western China. Anonychia mendica. Cidaria mendica, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 446 (1879). There were four specimens from Nikko and Ohoyama in Pryer’s collection. I took one example at Hakodate in August, and Mr. Smith one at Hakone in the same month. I have also received a male from Chang-yang. In the Chinese specimen the outer edge of central fascia is bolder in outline. Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Central China. JSrom China, Japan, and Corea. 227 Genus EuRYMENE. (Dup. Cat. Lép. Eur. p. 220 (1844).) Eurymene dolabraria. Phal. Geometra dolabraria, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 861. Geometra dolabraria, Esp. pl. 15. figs. 1, 2; Hiibn. Geom. fig. 42. Eurymene dolabraria, Dup. Lép. vii. pl. 148. fig. 5; Guen. Phal. i. p- 145. Metrocampa dolabraria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 112. There were four very typical specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. Distribution. Europe; Yesso. Eurymene subpurpuraria, sp. n. Pale brown. Primaries tinged with violet on the central and basal areas; there are three more or less quadrate marks on the costa, and there are some black dots on the third median nervule, at end of cell, and on nervule above. Secondaries have a blackish central band, but this is only distinct towards abdominal margin; there are some black dots as on primaries: all the wings have an indistinct blackish discal spot. Fringes pale brown chequered with slightly darker brown. Under surface: primaries buff, clouded, except on apical area, with reddish brown, and suf- fused with violet-grey; the costa is marked with reddish brown and whitish ; secondaries clouded with brownish and blackish, the latter confined to the anal and central areas; a blackish discal spot on all the wings. Expanse 50 millim. One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June. Hab. Western China. Genus PRIONIA. (Hiibn. Zutr. iv. p. 40; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 175 (1895).) Prionia paupera. Osicerda paupera, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 418. A nice series in Pryer’s collection, taken at Gifu and Oiwake. Hab. Japan. 228 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Prionia rosearia. Prionia rosearia, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 56 (May 1891). I obtained six specimens, including both sexes, in the Snowy valley, Ningpo, April. : The first of the central lines is not always clearly defined in some specimens. There is an un-named example of this species, labelled ‘‘ Chekiang,” in the National Collection. Hab. North China. Genus HETEROLOCHA. (Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, iii. p. 207 (1853) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 179 (1895).) Heterolocha falconaria. Aspilates faleonaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het., Suppl. v. P 1665 (1866). Heterolocha faleonaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 179 (1895). Two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong and one female from Che-tou, July. Distribution. N.W. Himalayas, Sikhim, Punjab (Hamp- son); Western China. y+ Heterolocha latifasciaria, sp. n. Closely allied to H. subroseata, but the outer margin of secondaries is rounder in contour. ‘The oblique band of primaries is marked towards costa with dusky spots, as in H. falconaria, Walk., but there is no apical spot as in H. apiciaria, and the band of secondaries is broader and more distinctly purple towards abdominal margin. The markings on under surface are purplish, with a slight grey tinge. Expanse 32-34 millim. Two male specimens from Ichang and one female from Chang-yang, June and July. Hab, Central China. FHeterolocha subroseata. Heterolocha subroseata, Warren, Novit. Zool. i, p. 449 (1894). A long series from Chang-yang, Moupin, Omei-shan, and the Province of Kwei-chow, June and July. Jn some specimens the upper surface is more or less irro- rated with fuscous, especially on the outer marginal area. Z from China, Japan, and Corea. 229 The markings are subject to modification as regards deve- lopment: sometimes the basal patch of primaries is only indicated by a fuscous spot on costa, and the oblique trans- verse band is entirely absent; in these specimens, however, the purple patch on inner margin remains. In other examples the oblique band is well defined, but the marginal patch is eliminated. Expanse ranges from 31-41 millim. Distribution. Japan (Warren); Central and Western China. Heterolocha stulta. Hyperythra stulta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 870 (1879). A fine series from Ohoyama and Oiwake in Pryer’s col- lection. Varies in the intensity and definition of markings. Hab. Japan. Heterolocha notata. Heterolocha stulta, var. notata, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 449 (1894). Male.—Primaries straw-colour, irrorated, especially on the costal and outer marginal areas, with fuscous; basal patch, a band before the discal spot, and one beyond pinkish, the latter attenuated towards costa, and followed by a pink- tinged fuscous transverse cloud. Secondaries straw-colour, paler towards costa and irrorated with fuscous ; beyond the dusky discal spot there is a pinkish band, which does not reach the costa; a transverse pink-tinged fuscous band before outer margin. Under surface: primaries yellowish, irrorated with pinkish grey, whitish on inner marginal area. Secondaries whitish, irrorated with pinkish grey, yellowish on costal area; the transverse markings of upperside are reproduced but are not distinct. Female.— Rather paler in colour. Expanse 30-32 millim. A number of male specimens from Chang-yang and Ichang, chiefly from the first-named locality, whence four females were also received, June. Varies considerably in the intensity of the pinkish mark- ings. In some examples these are very pronounced, whilst in others they are, to a greater or lesser extent, obsolescent. In one or two specimens the primaries are tinged with brownish. Distribution. Japan (Warren) ; Central China. 230 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Heterolocha fuscofasciaria, sp. n. Whitish, irrorated with fuscous. Costal aréa of primaries suffused with brownish, and the basal area with fuscous grey ; annular discal spot and oblique band fuscous grey, the latter commencing before the apex. Secondaries have a fuscous- grey central band. Fringes agree in colour with the bands. Under surface similar to above. Expanse 26 millim. One male specimen from Ichang, April. Hab, Central China. Nearly allied to H. notata. Feterolocha aristonaria. Hyperythra (?) aristonaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 180 (1860). a ae es niphonica, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 46, pl. xxxv. e. 2 (1878). There was a nice series of both forms in Pryer’s collection. I have also received examples of the typical form from Ichang and Chang-yang, and from the Province of Kwei- chow. At Nagasaki I took the species in May, and afterwards met with it at Gensan in June, at Tsuruga in July, and at Hakodate in August. This species is closely allied to, if it is not identical with, H, laminaria, Herr.-Sch., from Armenia. Niphonica, Butl., cannot be specifically separated from aristonaria, Walk. Some of the specimens from Japan have the yellow colour of artstonaria, but the outer portion of all the wings, beyond the second line, is grey, as in ntphontca ; in other examples the marginal area is purplish red. The males vary in size from 20 to 35 millim. Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Corea; North, Western, and Central China, Heterolocha rosearia, sp. 0. Yellow. Primaries pale pinkish on basal area, there is a tapered band of the same colour on the lower portion of outer marginal area; the costa is finely dotted and marked with black, and there is a pinkish apical spot edged inwardly with blackish. Secondaries have an ill-defined pale pinkish subbasal band, and the outer margin is broadly bordered with pale pinkish, except at outer angle; both this and the band on primaries inwardly edged with dusky. from China, Japan, and Corea. 231 Under surface bright yellow: primaries have the inner margin whitish ; a purplish-red dash at base of costa, a sub- basal cloud, a spot at apex, and acloud on inner margin near angle: secondaries have a subbasal band and a broad central one; the latter, and also the cloud on inner margin of primaries, suffused with greyish. All the wings have a discal spot of the same colour as the other markings. Expanse 26 millim. One male specimen from Chang-yang, July. Hab. Central China. Closely allied to H. aristonaria. Heterolocha marginaria, sp. n. Sordid yellow, irrorated with purplish fuscous, especially on secondaries. Primaries have a pale purplish basal patch, and a border on outer margin of the same colour, the latter tapers towards apex and has a brownish circular patch on it at inner margin; discal spot dusky, indistinct. Secondaries have a purplish discal spot and central band. Under surface yellow, irrorated and mottled with fuscous mixed with purplish red: primaries have an outwardly diffuse oblique band from apex, an annular discal spot, and an irregular- shaped subbasal patch, all purplish red; secondaries have a purplish-red discal spot and central band. Expanse 34 millim. One male specimen from Moupin, July. Hab. Western China. Heterolocha quadraria, sp. n. (PL. VI. fig. 8.) Primaries olive-yellow, traversed by two blackish lines, each commencing in a black, more or less quadrate, spot on the costa, the first is almost straight and the second is twice angled below costa, thence obliquely wavy and edged out- wardly with whitish to inner margin, where it expands into a blotch. Secondaries yellowish, freckled with violet-grey and traversed by a band of the same colour; the abdominal margin and anal angle are tinged with olive-yellow. Fringes of primaries concolorous, except towards apex, where they are dark; fringes of secondaries violet-grey, except at anal angle, where they are yellowish green. Under surface brownish: primaries suffused with fuscous ; costal and outer marginal areas clouded with yellow; there are two diffuse dusky bands, corresponding in position with the lines of 232 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera upper surface: secondaries clouded with ferruginous, except on abdominal margin, and traversed by a dusky band. All the wings have a blackish discal spot on both surfaces. Head and thorax concolorous with primaries; puree agrees with secondaries above. Expanse 32 millim. One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June. ‘Three male specimens, Chang-yang, Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou: July. McArthur took a specimen at Narkundah in April. Distribution. Central and Western China; North - west Himalayas. Heterolocha patalata. Heterolocha patalata, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. 132. figs. 9, 9a (1874) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ii. p. 180 (1895). ‘'wo male specimens received from ‘T'a-chien-lu, June. Distribution. Rampur; Khdsis (Hampson); Western China. Heterolocha phenicoteniata. Aspilates phenicoteniata, Koll. Hiig. Kasch. iv. p. 487 (1848). Heterolocha phenico-teniata, Feld. Reis. Nov. e 1338. figs. 6, 6a (1874); Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. 179 (1895). One example from Japan in Pryer’s collection. Distribution. N.W. Himalayas (Hampson) ; Japan (Pryer). Heterolocha grata. Epione grata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. pee (1879). Gynopteryx lapidea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, ia ‘There were a number of specimens from Oiwake and Gifu in Pryer’s collection, and amongst them examples of the larger and rather purplish-grey form lapidea, Butl. Hab. Japan. Genus VENILIA. (Dup.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 180 (1895).) Venilia triangulum. Caustoloma triangulum, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 32, pl. il. fig. 5 (1886). Oberthiir does not refer to the sex of his type. I havea from China, Japan, and Corea. 233 series from Ta-chien-lu, where the specimens were taken in May and June. The sexes do not differ either in colour or marking. Hab. Western China. Venilia Oberthurt. P Caustoloma oberthiirt, Alph. Iris, viii. p. 201 (1895). A nice series, including both sexes, from ‘T’a-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, and How-kow: June and July. Hab. Western China and Thibet. Venilia flavaria, sp. n. (Pl. VI. fig. 12.) Similar to V. tréangulum, Oberth., but the ground-colour is darker yellow, especially on secondaries; the brown marking on primaries is not continued along the inner margin to base; the band on secondaries is more pronounced and is continued as a short broadish streak along the abdo- minal margin. ‘The dark costal border is uniformly straight, and not inwardly expanded about the middle as in JV. tri- angulum. One example of each sex from Chow-pin-sa, and a male from Pu-tsu-fong, June. Hab. Western China. Venilia lozonaria. Caustoloma lozonaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 24, pl. iv. fig. 57. A series received from Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou, Omei-shan, Ta-chien-lu: June, July, and August. Hab. Western China. Venilia (?) tnvenustaria, sp. n. Whity brown, faintly striated with pale ferruginous on both surfaces. Expanse 30 millim. One female specimen taken by myself at Gensan in June. Hab. Corea. Genus LOZOGRAMMA. (Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 258 (1829).) Lozogramma petraria. Geometra petraria, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 113; Esp. v. pl. 49. fig. 1. Lozogramma petraria, Steph. Ll. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 259. 234 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Panagra petraria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 132. Pseudopanthera petraria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 117. Several specimens from Oiwake, Gifu, Nikko, and Yesso in Pryer’s collection. A few examples were taken by my native collector at Hakodate and in the island of Kiushiu in June and July, and I have also received specimens from Ichang, Chang-yang, and Chia-ting-fu, where they were taken in June. Distribution. Europe; Armenia; Amur; Japan; Yesso ; Central and Western China. Genus LOXASPILATES. (Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 413.) Loxaspilates obliquaria. Aspilates obliquaria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 649. Lovaspilates obliquaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 181 (1895). Eusarca subfaleata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 312, pl. 7. figs. 14, 14 a. I received specimens of this exceedingly variable species from Moupin, Omei-shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Ta-chien-lu, and from How-kow. Poujade records a female specimen from Moupin. Distribution. Afghanistan; N.W. Himalayas; Sikhim (Hampson) ; Western China ; Thibet. Lowxaspilates straminearia, sp. n. Primaries pale straw-colour, sparsely irrorated with brown- ish ; there are indications of two brownish transverse lines (one on each side of the blackish discal dot), most distinct towards costa and inner margin; submarginal line wavy, but indistinct, and marked with blackish above the middle ; fringes of the ground-colour, preceded by a series of blackish dots. Secondaries whitish, with a brownish patch rather below the middle of abdominal margin, and a smaller one near anal angle; fringes as on primaries. Under surface pale straw-colour: primaries have the basal half of the costal area suffused with fuscous and irrorated with the same colour beyond; there is an oblique fuscous transverse line marked with black on the costa, and the discal spot is blackish : secondaries sparsely irrorated with fuscous; the discal spot Srom China, Japan, and Corea, 235 is blackish and there are two fuscous bands beyond, both becoming indistinct towards costa. Expanse 36 millim. One male specimen from the summit of Omei-shan, July. Hab. Western China. Loxaspilates nigromacularia, sp. n. Whitish, sparsely irrorated with blackish on primaries and fuscous on secondaries. Primaries have two black trans- verse lines: the first is biangulate, and the second inwardly dentate and bordered outwardly with olivaceous brown; there is a rather large black discal spot; the submarginal line is indicated by a short black dash from costa, a >-shaped mark just below, and a similar mark towards inner margin. Secondaries have a blackish discal dot and dusky central band, the latter becoming indistinct towards costa. Fringes of the ground-colour, preceded on primaries by a series of black lunules. Under surface whitish: primaries suffused with fuliginous on basal two-thirds, markings of upper surface reproduced in dusky. Expanse 34 millim. One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June. Hab. Western China. Loxaspilates (?) trilinearia, sp. n. Primaries brown, with three silvery-white transverse lines each inwardly edged with dark brown; the first line is slightly oblique, the second is curved and recurved, and the third is biangulate; discal dot blackish. Secondaries whitish, irrorated and lined with brownish on abdominal margin, and suffused with the same colour towards outer margin; discal dot blackish. Fringes brown, rather paler on secondaries. Under surface whitish, sparingly irrorated with brownish, and tinged with the same colour on costal and outer marginal areas of primaries; all the wings have a blackish discal dot; the transverse lines of primaries are faintly reproduced and the secondaries have a dark brown submarginal band. Expanse 34 millim. One female specimen from Wa-shan, June. Hab. Western China. [To be continued. } 236 Bibliographical Notices. ~ BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Pub- lished under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. Edited by W. T. Branrorp.—Moths. Vol. IV. By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart. Tun present volume completes Sir George Hampson’s revision of Indian Moths, the Tortrices, Tineina, and Plume-moths being alone excepted. It comprises an account of the species which represent the large family Pyralide in India, Ceylon, and Burma ; and con- cludes with an Appendix of addenda and corrigenda, bringing the previous volumes up to,date. At one time the family Pyralide was represented by a group of so-called ‘‘ mother-of-pearl’ moths which constituted a mere fraction of the supposed tribe Pyralites, whilst other groups, popularly known as “ grass-moths” or ‘* honey-moths,” were separated as families of the tribe Crambites. Now the whole of these insects are very properly merged into one family, all those previously recognized families which had been distinguished by good structural characters taking their places as subfamilies. Of the more typical Pyralide many are of remarkable beauty, whilst a great number are of con- siderable interest on account of the almost endless modifications of their various organs, together with the development, sometimes on one part and sometimes on “another of their structure, of tufts or brushes of hair, patches of thickened scales, or clear impressed patches, most of these characters appearing to be confined chiefly, if not solely, to the males. Now, although all these secondary sexual characters are very entertaining to the student, they need examining with the greatest attention, inasmuch as not a few of the species scarcely differ one from the other excepting in the position or the colour of some insignificant pencil of hair on a leg or wing; and, seeing that Sir George Hampson has conscientiously and methodically studied each family, genus, and species. not only in general structure, but having a due regard to these peculiarities, it is a mystery how he can have produced the present volume so quickly after the publica- tion of Volume III. It must be remembered that most of the Pyralide are very small moths of somewhat complex structure, and, owing to the delicate texture of their wings, it is frequently by no means easy to examine the neuration ; the use of benzine, to render the wing temporarily transparent, often causes it to fold or curl over in such a manner as to make a study of the veins impossible. If the species be a common one, a specimen (from no special locality) may be saecri- ficed, the wings being cleared of scales and mounted ; but in the case of the rarer species the most careful study through a platyscopic lens is necessary. Bibliographical Notices. 237 Perhaps I am mistaken, but it has struck me in running through this volume that this very necessity for close examination into minute details in working out the species of Pyralide has had what most lepidopterists will consider a beneficent effect, in reducing the long strings of synonyms which are met with continually in the earlier volumes of the Moths. In Volume IV. they appear chiefly in the boldly marked groups, such as Nymphula in the Hydro- camping. However, in a work which will be an undoubted boon, not only to all collectors in the East, but to all living lepidopterists, it is hardly fair to criticize the author’s views respecting the limits of species: if he concludes that the species of certain genera are subject to unlimited variation combined with very extensive geogra- phical distribution, he has, by his unwearied industry, earned a full right to his opinions. Taken as a whole, the four volumes of the Moths of India have, without question, been worked out in so masterly a manner and are so infinitely superior as text-books of families and genera to anything previously produced, that they must necessarily give a great impetus to the study of Heterocerous Lepidoptera. A. G. Burien. The Parasitic Diseases of Poultry. By Frep. V. Tuzopatp, M.A., F.E.S. London: Gurney & Jackson, 1896. Pp. xv & 120. Tas little book should prove useful not only to poultry-rearers but also to the scientist and veterinarian. It opens with an introductory chapter on parasites and parasitism in general, at the conclusion of which the author rightly insists on the importance of cleanliness and healthy surroundings for poultry—items too much neglected by the majority of poultry-keepers. For the purpose of description, the Parasites are divided into Animal and Vegetable; and the Animal Parasites are subdivided into (1) Protozoan Parasites, (2) Insect Parasites (fleas, lice, &c.), (3) Mite Parasites, and (4) Worm Parasites. These are again divided into their natural groups, and under each group the symptoms and appearances of the diseases, the parasites producing them, with their life-histories and mode of distribution, and the means of prevention and treatment, are fully dealt with. The last should be very valuable, especially as it is the outcome of the author’s own experience ; it would have been better, however, to have used the term “ lime-washed” throughout, instead of, in most instances, the somewhat loose one, ‘‘ whitewashed.” Commencing with Diphtheritic Roup, the opinion is expressed that though there may be three varieties of this affection, it is generally protozoan in nature. Its extreme contagiousness is certainly against this view, and such authorities as Cornil and Babes and Léffler favour the bacterial theory of its origin. On page 6 “Cornet ” is evidently a misprint for “ Cornil.” Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 17 238 Geological Society. Passing to the Vegetable Parasites, the author does not seem to be so much at home as with the Animal. They are divided in rather a curious way, viz.: (1) the Dermatophy tes, or cutaneous parasites, (2) the Perisporiacese or “ Moulds,” and (3) the Saccharo- mycetes. An Aspergillus is described as ‘formed of thin colourless filaments forming a matted layer or thallus, and a looser mass above, the so-called aerial mycelium.” By the inoculation of the spores of A. fumigatus it is stated that ‘tuberculosis of the liver and lungs takes place.” Although the next sentence renders the author's meaning clear, it is to be regretted that the term ‘ tuberculosis,” which is now applied only to a specific disease, should be used in an anatomical sense. The bacterial diseases are not described, as the author considers that they should be separately dealt with. Two appendices (one a complete list of the parasites attacking Gallus domesticus, the other a bibliography) and a good index complete the volume, which is illustrated with many capital wood- cuts. In spite of the blemishes mentioned above, the work supplies a distinct want and will prove a useful guide to the recognition and treatment of the parasitic diseases of poultry. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. December 2, 1896.—Dr. Henry Hicks, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The following communications were read :— 1. ‘On the Affinities of the Echinothuride, and on Pedinothuria and Hlikodiadema, two new Subgenera of Echinoidea.’ By J. W. Gregory, D.Sc., F.G.S. The Author summarizes and discusses the literature bearing upon the Echinothuride, and brings forward arguments to prove that the family is a member of the order Diademoidea, and is derived from the Pedinidse, members of which are found in earlier rocks than the Corallian, which contains the oldest member of the Echinothuride, namely, Pelanechinus. He maintains that the extreme flexibility and loose articulation of the plates of the living genera Asthenosoma and Phormosoma is due to the diminished calcification of the plates, and that these recent genera are extremely specialized forms, and not primitive,—the apparently primitive features of the family being secondarily acquired, not primeval. A description is given of forms belonging to two new genera, described as Pedinothuria—a connecting-link between the Pedinide and Echinothuride ; and Llikodiadema—which has a flexible test, is Miscellaneous. 239 a modified form of Pseudodiadema, and has probably arisen from the adoption of a deep-sea life resulting in diminished calcification of the test. 2. ‘On Echinocystis and Paleodiscus, two Silurian Genera of Echinoidea.’ By J. W. Gregory, D.Sc., F.G.S. The Author gives a history of the genera Echinocystis, Salter, and Paleocdiscus, Wyv. Thoms., redescribes their structures, and discusses their affinities. He concludes that Echinocystis is an echinid and not a cystid; and that Paleodiscus is an echinid and not an asterid. In order to prevent confusion, he suggests the name Scolocystis for a true cystid which was described by Hall as Echinocystis, some years after the latter name had been applied by Wyville Thomson to the fessil now concluded to be an echinid; and also sugyests the name of Discocystis for the form named Echino- discus by Worthen and Miller. In discussing the affinities of Echinocystis, Wyv. Thoms., the two latest diagnoses of the Cystoidea (those of Prof. von Zittel and Prof. Haeckel) are considered, and it is contended that they do not enable us to draw any sharp line of distinction between cystids and echinids. It is shown that the masticatory apparatus of Paleodiscus and Echinocystis explain the origin of that structure in gnathostomate echinids ; and furthermore, it is suggested that eiace ystis renders probable the homology of the so- called ‘calycinal plates’ of the Echinoidea with the plates of the valvular pyramid of the Cystoidea, and not with the calyx-plates. The Author gives synopses of the order Cystocidaroidea of Prof. von Zittel, and of its two families, Palzeodiscide and Echinocystide. MISCELLANEOUS. To the Editors of the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’ The Generic Name of the River Crayfish. GeNnTLEMEN,—It is unnecessary for me to reply to the Rey. Mr. Stebbing at any length. (i.) Reference to vol. xi. of the Trans. Linn. Soc. will confirm the accuracy of my remark as to Leach’s treatment of Astacus and Nephrops. 1am surprised at Mr. Stebbing supposing that I cited an anonymous article of uncertain date. (ii.) Mr. Stebbing appears to be unaware of rule 2 of the rules proposed by the British Association for zoological nomenclature. What is there said of Brisson applies literally to Gronovius, and the genera of the one author are as good as those of the other. (iii.) Does not Mr. Stebbing know that 1758 has been well called by the most eminent of the exponents of the zoological works of 240 Miscellaneous. Linneus “ the zoological ab urbe condita of binominal chronology ” ? and that before 1890. : - (iv.) If Desmarest had not said that Leach’s Potamobius was a river-crab one might have ascribed Potamobius apud Samouelle to Leach ; but as it is, Samouelle must take the responsibility for his ill-advised method of using Leach’s MSS. (v.) Mr. Stebbing has no right to lead us to suppose that Pota- mobius was not preoccupied ; he shows himself to be incapable of recognizing the name when it is absolutely forced under his eyes, for he says of Desmarest that he ‘“ would probably have accepted Leach’s Potamobius had he ever heard of it,” and that after I had quoted a sentence of Desmarest passing an opinion on the value of that very name. Soentranced has Mr. Stebbing been by the details of my autobiography, that he has missed the kernel of my argument. (vi.) How one text-book can copy another either peacefully or otherwise I know not; but, if Mr. Stebbing means to gibe at Huxley, Milne-Edwards, Carus, Claus, Gegenbaur, Hertwig, and Boas, he has been guilty of an offence of which I hope he has already repented. I am, Gentlemen, Your obedient Servant, F. Jerrrey Bet, A Gigantic Cephalopod on the Florida Coast. By A. E. VERRILL. Mr. R. P. Whitfield has forwarded to the writer the following letter from Dr. Webb to Mr. J. A. Allen, dated St. Augustine, Fla., Dec. 8th, 1896 :— “You may be interested to know of the body of an immense Cctopus thrown ashore some miles south of this city. Nothing but the stumps of the tentacles remain, as it had evidently been dead for some time before being washed ashore. As it is, however, the body measures 18 feet in length by 10 feet in breadth. 1ts immense size and condition will prevent all attempts at preservation. I thought its size might interest you, as I do not know of the record of one so large.” The proportions given above indicate that this may have been a squid-like form, and not an Octopus. The ‘ breadth” is’ evidently that of the softened and collapsed body, and would represent aa actual maximum diameter in life of at least 7 feet, and a probable weight of 4 to 5 tons for the body and head. These dimensions are decidedly larger than those of any of the well-authenticated New- foundland specimens. It is, perhaps, a species of Architeuthis. Professor Steenstrup recorded many years ago a species of this genus (A. dux)*, taken in 1855 in the West-Indian seas ; but his example was much smaller than the one here recorded.—Amer. Journ. Sci., January 1897, p. 79. * See Trans. Connecticut Acad. vol. y.; also Report U.S. Fish Com. for 1879, p. 51, pl. xii. fig. 4. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. (SIXTH SERIES. ] No. 111. MARCH 1897. XXIV.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. An- drews.—No. XVII. By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. . On the Spawning of the Lesser Sand-eel (Ammodytes tobianus, L.). . On the Eggs and Young of the Pollack (Gadus pollachius, L.). . On the Life-history of the Lumpsucker ( Cyclopterus lumpus, L.). . On the Eggs and Young of the Bimaculated Sucker (Lepadogaster bimaculatus, Donov.). . On the Life-history of the Short-spined Sea-Scorpion (Cottus scorptus, L.). On He CO HD 1. On the Spawning of the Lesser Sand-eel (Ammodytes tobianus, L.). Some years ago an account of the eggs and larve of the sand-eels was given by the author in the ‘ Report of the Fishery Board’*, and little fresh light has been thrown on the oviposition since that date, though the able paper by Mr. A. T. Masterman gave much information about the life- history and the rate of growth f, as founded on a careful examination of a most extensive and valuable series from various parts of Scotland. His conclusions from the larval and young forms also fit in with the subsequent remarks. * Ninth, p. 331 (1891); also M‘Intosh and Prince, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xxxv. p. 858. + Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1895, p. 282. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 18 242 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the For many years we have been familiar with the appearance in vast numbers of the larval and early post-larval sand-eels in the bottom tow-nets in March; but, though it was clear that deposition of the eggs from which these sprang could not have been longer distant than a month or six weeks, still the actually ripe adults had not been seen at the commencement of the year. They had, on the other hand, been examined and described in May, and even in the beginning of July. This year the storm from the 8th to the 11th of January tossed some sand-eels on shore, some of them with their distended bodies firmly encircled by worn valves of the cockle in which a hole bad been pierced, as if, in the extremities of the situation, they had made an effort to plunge into anything. All were examples of the lesser sand-eel, ranging from 6% to 74 inches, one of the smallest being a male with the abdomen distended with nearly ripe milt, the male organs in this species being as large proportionally as the ovaries in the female. Some of the females also had the abdomen fully distended by ripe ovaries. The ovaries had a pale greenish-yellow hue, the individual eggs measuring about 838 millim., thus exceeding in size those of the larger sand-eel given in the account above alluded to. The oil-globule was abont *24 millim., also exceeding that of the larger species. As the specimens had been dead for a day or two, the present appearances cannot be regarded as perfectly normal. The simultaneous ripening of the eggs in such an ovary was well illustrated in this species, the surface of the organ being minutely botryoidal from the projecting axis of the eggs, which were arranged in a kind of mosaic. These eggs were slightly cloudy and the oil-globule was faintly greenish. This differs therefore from the perfectly fresh egg, which has a dull golden or honey-colour (pinkish orange by transmitted light). The larger sand-eel, again, has a greenish oil-globule, so that such a tint seems to be prevalent in the genus. ‘The tint of the oil-globule, however, in the lesser sand-eel must undergo changes, since it is scarcely tinted in the larval fish after it rests on the surface of the sand. One female in the six examples procured had ovaries almost spent, only a few ripe ova occurring towards the poste- rior end of the organs. The lean lanky body externally was diagnostic. The difficulty with regard to the spawning of the lesser sand-eel is thus removed, and in consonance with what was supposed to be the explanation of the facts in 1891 *. They * Ninth Ann. Rep. Scot. Fish. Board, p. 333. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 243 deposit their ova in the sand in December and January, and probably somewhat later, so that a succession of larval forms appears in March and April, and which, by-and-by assuming the pelagic stage, become as they grow larger a very im- pone element in the nourishment of the food-fishes of our shores. 2. On the Eggs and Young of the Pollack (Gadus pollachius, L.) Some years ago* a few remarks were made on the spawning period of this species. On the first occasion only preserved ova were forwarded by the able assistant fishery officer at Lerwick, Mr. Duthie, but the following season he sent a few fresh ova in sea-water ; their condition, however, was unsatis- factory. This energetic officer nevertheless has lost no oppor- tunity of filling up the gap in regard to this and other species requiring investigation. Since the foregoing remarks were published Mr. Holt obtained two ripe females (in the spring of 1891) off the west coast of Ireland, and, though no male could be obtained, they were fertilized with the milt of a cod. He found their diameter to be 1°13 millim. in the unfertilized condition, a size they for the most part kept after formation of the perivitelline space, though extremes ranged from 1:10 to 1:16 millim. Three days later they exhibited a very translucent embryo, devoid of pigment and with no free caudal region. He was unable to develop them further. This year Mr. Duthie with difficulty procured a few fer- tilized ova on the 2nd May, and forwarded them at once. Unfortunately they were delayed in transmission, probably by the dense mist, and they only reached the laboratory about 5 P.M. on the 6th, the majority having succumbed. They measured 1°1430 millim., a size agreeing with that of the green cod and with some that were sent in solution in 1893. These had the tail becoming free from the yolk, but the condition was not quite normal, and the exterior of the capsule was covered with debris in all. The blastopore had closed and the tail was just commencing to extend beyond the yolk. The optic vesicles were distinct and the auditory vesicles were indicated by a minute clear ovoid area. Kupffer’s vesicle was present. Moreover, a series of black chromato- phores occurred on the head and along the sides of the body to the tail. The notochord appeared in the middle line, but the muscle-plates were indistinct though probably present. * Tenth Annual Report, p. 288 (1892), and Eleventh Annual Report, p. 246 (1893). 18* 244 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the The yolk had considerably diminished. At the sides of the embryo were groups of minute granules, the result in all probability of abnormal conditions. Next day—that is, on the 7th May, the fifth day after fertilization—the ova were unhealthy and the development irregular. The lenses were now visible, and a prominence indicated the heart. The otocysts have two otoliths. ‘The notochord is cellular, and the segmental tubes had formed. Posteriorly several large vesicles were at the seat of Kupffer’s, and the tail seemed to be deformed. The black pigment- corpuscles were stellate in front of the ctocysts. On the 8th May one of the embryos had escaped from the capsule, the latter apparently being somewhat delicate; but whether this was due to the abnormal conditions, viz. the long journey and the great heat, is unknown. In this example the heart pulsated and an opercular aperture appeared behind it. The otocysts had moved forward, the pectoral folds were more distinct, and the muscle-plates more numerous. The notochord was multicolumnar. Kupffer’s vesicle had various accessory vesicles connected with it by protoplasm. The tail extended a little beyond the yolk, which bad a few pale wrinkles in front, and its surface was dotted with minute granules. In certain views finely branched processes pro- jected from a black pigment-speck on the body to the surface of the yolk, evidently uncoloured prolongations which afterwards develop pigment. The black chromatophores on the head and along the edges of the muscle-plates were distinct, and some were slightly branched, especially on the head. In jateral views the pectoral expansions were prominent. When placed in pure sea-water after examination the embryo and its yolk rose rapidly to the surface. On the same date an embryo within the capsule was less advanced, and the heart resented no movement. Twenty-four hours later (9th May) the extruded embryo still survived, and the changes undergone in this interval were as follow :—Considerable diminution of the yolk had occurred, but a rupture of the sac had taken place posteriorly. ‘The eyes were more clearly outlined, and pigment was develop- ing in them, while the choroidal fissure was prominent. ‘The otocysts were much larger and hadarim. The heart pulsated and had endocardial papilla. The pericardial space was large. The pectoral fins showed a thickened rim of epiblast. Kup- ffer’s vesicle was still present. ‘The black chromatophores were more distinct, though those of the embryo in the capsule were more branched. Both specimens perished at this stage. The pollack (lythe), though not uncommon, has thus been Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 245 a somewhat difficult fish to deal with in regard to its ova. From information sent by Mr. Duthie they appear to come inshore after spawning, and are by no means rare in June, July, and August; but only an occasional fish is procured offshore by the long liners. It is an active form, and gene- rally struggles so severely when hooked that it is brought up dead. Moreover, the egg-capsules seem to be easily affected in confinement. In all probability the larval pollack thus closely approaches the larval green cod, the black pigment being even more distinctly developed along the sides. In the post-larval stage this pigment also probably collects into marked dorsal and ventral bands, with a general dusting on the sides posteriorly and a median line as in the cod and green cod. Young pollack from 28 to 43 millim. long occur in numbers near the margin of the rocks about the end of July, while larger forms, ranging from 48 to 78 millim., are not un- common in September. In October they reach the length of 42 inches. 3. On the Life-history of the Lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus, Z.). The eggs of this species are very abundant along the rocky margins from February to the end of May, or even somewhat later, one specimen having been procured on the 12th July, 1888. ‘The colour of the eggs varies from reddish to straw- tint, and even greenish, while in a ripe ovary in the body of the fish it ranges from a beautiful amethystine lustre, through the various shades of dull yellow, to greenish. When the eggs are partly immersed in a crevice of the rocks and partly exposed, those on the latter surface are straw-tinted, while those in the pocket in the rock are of a faint lilac hue. The capsule is dense and minutely punctured, but presents no special thickenings or superficial wrinkles, except where the facets of attachment are situated. They are fixed together in considerable masses on the rocks, the water percolating readily through the interstices ; but the hatching in confined tanks is somewhat uncertain, since decaying debris or the death of a few leads to putrefaction of the whole. In the majority of instances the exposed surfaces of the masses of eggs present peculiar and smoothly rounded de- pressions, as if portions of the eggs had been scooped out by a predatory fish or mollusk. Such depressions are bowl- shaped—that is, wider at the top or surface and gently nar- rowing to the bottom. An attentive examination, however, 246 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the shows no mark of injury, such as would be caused by the teeth of a fish or by the rasping “ tongue” of a shell- fish. The eggs lie evenly together, and their capsules are uninjured. In all probability, therefore, the depressions are due to pressure applied by a blunt surface immediately after deposition, when the mass is soft, and it may be by the snout or other part of the male as he fertilizes them. The eggs are chiefly to be found from low-water mark to half-tide mark, often deposited in corners or in holes in rocks. They generally are exposed to the wash of the sea, at St. An- drews, for instance, facing the east. In this condition they are eagerly eaten by the rooks, starlings, and rats. ‘The food-fishes and others are also extremely partial to them. Thus, at the end of April it occasionally happens that codling caught off the rocks have their stomachs distended with the eggs of the lumpsucker. Even such small fishes as Yarrell’s blenny take the same food. The care which certain male bony fishes take of the eggs is well known, while Dr. Giinther mentions only two cases in which females do so. In this country the males of the river bull-head, the lumpsucker, and the marine and freshwater sticklebacks are familiar instances. Most authors who have described Cyclopterus have observed this feature in the male; indeed, it is sufficient under ordinary circumstances to try to push him off guard with a stick to bring it out clearly *. Various interpretations, however, have been placed on the habit, some supposing that the mere fact of the male being in the neighbourhood at deposition sufficed to account for its subsequent appearance near the eggs; while others, after Fabricius, bestowed considerable attention on the description of the instinct. In regard to the remarks of Fabricius, it is doubtful if the wolf-fish would be much incon- venienced by the attacks of the lumpsucker. Even in its postlarval condition the young wolf-fish makes an easy prey of the young lumpsucker. As soon as the eggs are hatched the males are released, and the young spread themselves over the rock-pools in the neighbourhood in hundreds. It is unlikely, however, that they are dispersed by specially adhering to the body of the male, though they quickly cling to anything and even to each other, Their home for some time appears to be the littoral region, and especially the rock-pools, and they * Vide Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Aug. 1886, p. 81, “On the Paternal Instincts of Cycloplerus,’ by W. C. M. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 247 are occasionally found in considerable numbers in August, when the larger examples caught with a hand-net measured about { inch. They adhere to the blades of the tangles and other sea-weeds, and in the mazes of these find that safety (from the ready application of their suckers) which would be denied them in the open sea. They are also common in the neighbouring waters inshore, being carried hither and thither on the floating littoral sea-weeds, and thus frequently get into the tow-nets. In February and March only ova are obtained. In May the newly hatched larve: are about 6 millim. in length or a little longer. They are tadpole-like, with the remains of yolk, while the marginal fin is continuous dorsally and ven- trally. The caudal has only embryonic rays, and there is a thickening (hypural) beneath the notochord in this region. The short breast-fins show indications of true rays. In Prof. Agassiz’s* youngest stage the caudal was already partly separated from the dorsal and ventral embryonic fin, and yet the presence of yolk is not mentioned, while the length was only 4 millim. ‘The foregoing, therefore, though larger, was less developed, as, indeed, his figure shows. He fancifully likens the outline to that of the armoured fishes of the Old Red Sandstone—e. g., Coccosteus. By the twelfth day the fish has increased considerably in bulk and measures 6°75 millim. in spirit; and besides the disappearance of the yolk and the increase of pigment, the dorsal has now been transformed into two fins, a short crescentic first dorsal over the vent, having six true rays, and a second dorsal with eleven true rays, joined by a portion of the larval fin (which shows no embryonic rays) to the caudal, the upper region of which (the larval tail) has only embryonic rays to the notch T, ten true rays occurring beneath. ‘The anal fin has ten rays and is joined to the caudal by a strip of larval fin without rays. In the figure of Professor Alex. Agassiz at this stage (e. g. his fig. 3, pl. iv.) the second dorsal shows thirteen rays, the anal fifteen, and no strip without rays intervenes between these fins and the caudal. He likens it at this stage to the young of Batrachus. Professor A. Agassiz gives some excellent remarks con- cerning the coloration of these young forms. “ In the youngest stages ” (with true rays developing in the tail, or about the twelfth or thirteenth day in Britain) “ the head, in a line drawn nearly vertically below the base of the anterior dorsal, is of a light chocolate-brown, with a darker brown band * Proc. Amer. Ac. Arts and Sci. vol. xvii. July 1882, p. 286. + The notch is absent in Professor Agassiz’s figure (pl. iv. fig. 1). 248 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the extending from the nostrils above the eye to the base of the anterior dorsal. A light blue band extends from the rear of the eye to the top of the operculum and in front of the eye to the nostrils. A blue spot of similar tint is found at the poste- rior base of the dorsal and at the base of the caudal extremity of the posterior dorsal. Therest of the body is straw-coloured.” When the dorsal and anal fins are first outlined from the marginal (Agassiz’s pl. iv. fig. 4) he found them “‘ usually of a bright olive-green, darkest towards the dorsal side, with the same blue band extending towards the operculum from the rear of the orbit, with one or two round blue spots above the level of the pectorals along the lateral line. Other speci- mens were of a bluish neutral slate-tint, uniformly spotted with darker pigment-cells, with the same blue band between the eyes, above the nostrils, and behind the eyes. This was also the colouring of the oldest of the young specimens caught (from 20 to 34 millim.), resembling in general the bluish colouring of the adult, only of a darker tint. “ The intermediate stages varied greatly in colouring; some were of a yellowish-brown, spotted with chocolate-coloured patches, with light greenish bands behind the eyes, and five roundish spots of the same colour along the lateral line, and a similar number of larger spots along the base of the poste- rior dorsal, extending in some specimens along the median dorsal line of the body to the coloured band extending be- tween the eyes. Other stages, with a similar arrangement of elliptical spots of a bluish tint along the dorsal and lateral lines, were of a reddish-brown colour, with pigment patches of a darker greenish or of a brownish colour, the abdominal region being of a lighter colour.” In regard to the coloration of the British examples some slight differences from the foregoing careful description of the American forms occur. Thus at 12 millim., in June, the general tint is olive-brown, with an opalescent ‘bluish bar running from the operculum to the eye, and then forward over the upper lip to the mouth, where those of opposite sides almost meet. ‘lraces of the same hue occur on the cheeks and on the pectorals. A cross-bar of the same beautiful tint passes between the eyes, so that the whole forms an A, a pale furrow in front being caused by the premaxillary fold. The efiect of these bands in many is heightened by a border of russet-brown. Others a little larger, again, have the body dappled with sinuous brown bands, so that it is more or less reticulated, and, in addition to the iridescent bluish bands just mentioned, have dots on the cheeks, bold touches of the same character along the sides and at the base of the pectorals, the atti Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 249 effect being heightened by the orange tint of the inner surface of the anterior rays. At 20 millim., when the lateral spines are developing, the pre-, post-, and interocular bands are still present, though the latter (often greenish) is less distinct. Above 20 millim. the body (as at 25 millim.) becomes more uniformly tinted, such as olive or bluish green, the ocular belts being indistinct; but at the size just mentioned (25 millim.) the sides of a green example are somewhat silvery, the first dorsal has a brown tip, and the orange tint remains in the pectorals, thus contrasting with the generally paler hue of the ventral surface. It is interesting that in these small forms slight pressure causes the sucker to adhere in the dead animals. It is, of course, easily removed. When 11 millim. long in spirit, in June, it conforms rather to the 20 millim. stage of Agassiz, since the first dorsal is long, fleshy at the base, and with crenations to represent rays at the tip. The breast-fins have increased in size, though they do not differ much in their relations to the posterior border of the dorsal, since that has been carried considerably backward by the elongation of the fin-rays. The second dorsal and the anal are prominent, and the caudal has no trace of the larval tail. Little change ensues up to 17 millim., except the general increase in bulk, the deepening of the first dorsal, and the more evident crenations at the tip. When about 18 millim., however (in spirit), four rows of simple papille appear :— (1) A line of minute and somewhat closely aryanged papille along the dorsal ridge and extending from the posterior part of the head to the base of the first dorsal; behind the latter two rows occur, and they cease before the commencement of the second dorsal. (2) A line of small papille extending from the tubular nostril along each ocular ridge, and sloping downward along the dorso-lateral region, but ceasing opposite the first dorsal. (3) A series of five larger, but still simple papilla, from a point above the base of the breast-fin to a vertical line from the vent. (4) A similar number along each ventral edge to the commencement of the anal fin. The third line has the best marked papille. It is interesting that in the American examples Professor A. Agassiz found no trace of these papille in fishes 20 millim. long; yet the anterior part of the body, he observes, had assumed the somewhat angular outline characteristic of the adult, though the body as a whole was longer. Indeed, he found the spiny tubercles (of which the foregoing papille are the precursors) developed only to a slight extent in young 250 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the forms measuring 34 millim. The British examples are thus more precocious. Professor Agassiz also describes ‘ a last row of somewhat smaller tubercles along the median line of the abdomen behind the ventrals.” In all probability “median” should be “ lateral,’ unless the American form specifically differs. As the fish increases in length the second and third rows extend posteriorly and by-and-by become hispid with minute spines; the third especially presenting large crescentic emin- ences bristling with prominent spines, which, while occurring over the tubercle generally, also form a pectinate ridge distally. In June the young lumpsuckers range from less than 10 to 23 millim., the smaller forms being more frequent at the beginning, the larger towards the end of the month. In those of 23 millim. the spiny tubercles are all better marked than at 19 or 20 millim. Thus, the second and third rows (lateral) extend to a line passing through the middle of the second dorsal and theanal. In full development each process in the row forms a multispinous tubercle. A row of small spinous tubercles also occurs at the lower border of the oper- cular region, one extending to the branchiostegal region. At this stage (23 millim.) the second dorsal has 11, the breast- fins 21, the anal 10, and the caudal 11 rays—these numbers agreeing for the most part with the full number in the adult. On the other hand, the young differs from the latter in the greater proportional size of the eyes, the larger proportional size and nature of the third and ventral tubercles, in the shape and condition of the first dorsal fin, and in the arrangement of the pigment. At this, as well as the previous stage, minute leeches are occasionally found on the skin. In July eggs were once obtained in a fully ripe condition (viz. the 12th), but their deposition on the rocks would seem to be rare at this period. Young postlarval forms of only 6°5 millim. are still found at the surface, e. g. of St. Andrews Bay and the Forth, the majority, however, being between 11 and 30 millim. Many of an intermediate size are obtained in rock-pools. At 30 millim. all the rows of spinous tubercles are extremely prominent, the most conspicuous being four of the third row. This and the second row extend almost to the base of the caudal fin. Such a fish is much more rugose than the adult, whose rows of flattened tubercles contrast with the projecting ridges and their hispid tubercles in the young. The first dorsal fin at this stage has a tendency to be adpressed, so that its tip is guarded by the double row of spinous tubercles on the dorsum. Further, the flattened abdominal Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 251 surface behind the ventrals shows minute soft papille scattered over the surface, the precursors of the hispid processes of the next stage. At this stage, therefore, the young lumpsucker is armed at most points, a condition of great importance during its more or less pelagic existence. During August the captured specimens (in spirit) range from 13°5 to 35 millim., most being above 20 millim. Large numbers are procured in the salmon stake-nets off rocky borders *, the young lumpsuckers adhering to sea-weeds which are stranded on the ropes, while some are procured in the ordinary bottom-nets. At 35 millim. the rows of hispid tubercles are more pronounced than in the previous stage. The first five of the third row are very large, the hardened distal region being more or less conical, with a pectinate crest of spines which have a slight inclination backwards. Hach hardened tubercle moves freely on the softer skin around it. The most evident change, however, and it is one which appears at 31 or 32 millim., is the appearance of minute spinous processes on the skin between the larger rows of tubercles on the upper lateral regions and on the flattened surface behind the ventral sucker, as well as all over the head, the only area apparently free from them being the abdominal wall between the prominent third row and the lateral ventral series, the tip of the spines of which also present a slight inclination backwards. The double row of spinous tubercles behind the dorsal fin have increased in size, and form an efficient protection to the tip of the former when adpressed ; and probably this is important, since the projecting fin would otherwise be readily seized by a predaceous fish. Three spinose tubercles occur on the lower edge of the opercular region. In contrast with the smooth flattened tubercles of the adult, therefore, the young lumpsucker is remarkably well armed. Of the subsequent stages of this species the following may be given, viz. 24 inches on June lst f, probably a small example of the last year’s brood ; 54 inches in July ; 7 inches in August ; and 6,), inches in December (covered with Caligz) —all these indicating the growth of upwards of a year, the latter example probably being about eighteen or nineteen months old. The sexual differences at an early age have not yet been fully worked out, and therefore it would be premature to draw conclusions on the subject. * For example, off the East Rocks at St. Andrews, from which many interesting specimens have been presented by Mr. Turbyne. + Vide a useful table by Mr. J. R. Tosh, M.A., B.Sc., Twelfth Ann, Rep. Fishery Board, pt. iii. p. 339. 252 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 4. On the Eggs and Young of the Bimaculated Sucker (Lepadogaster bimaculatus, Donov.). This fish is rather more characteristic of the southern and western than the eastern shores, though it is by no means rare on the latter or in the north of Scotland. The eggs are deposited towards the end of June (being most common in July and August) inside empty bivalve shells, such as Venus, Pectunculus, Solen, and Pecten, and also along with L. Decan- dolit, at Guernsey, in the interior of the hollow basal swellings of the curled tangles, the adult fixing itself beside the eggs by means of the sucker. ‘The eggs are stated by Mr. Holt to have a long diameter of 1:37 millim. and a short one of 1°08, while the height is °68 milllim. The preserved eggs have a long diameter of 1:14 to 1°37 millim. and a short one of *914 to 1°2 millim., while the height is *64 millim. These latter dimensions thus agree with those of Mr. Holt, taking the contraction caused by spirit into consideration. ‘They are placed quite separately in most cases, though not with regu- larity, inside the shells, attached by a flattened surface of a peculiar structure. On the irregular surface of the cavity of the tangle they were somewhat close to each other; indeed, two or three were occasionally lifted together by the basal secretion, and they covered all the available surface. The attached or flattened surface is coated by an adhesive secre- tion, the micropyle, as Mr. Holt in his careful and accurate description observes, being in the middle. He found the aperture, however, closed, as was the case also in those examined here, the disks or bosses of the cilia or long papillae of attachment occurring over it. A fine fibrillar secretion stretches over the whole of the attached surface, the fibres radiating from the micropyle outward towards the marginal fringe. The surface of the capsule (zona) in this region is closely studded all over with distinct pustule-like disks or bosses, from which cilia or processes project, the tip being often bifurcate and ending in long filaments. These and the fibrillar secretion just mentioned run into the fringe of fibres at the margin of the egg. In some views, however, the marginal fringe sprang from a series of large basal stems united with the secretion at the margin of the egg. On the other hand, the upper arch of the flattened egg has its capsule so transparent that the ordinary punctures could not be satisfactorily made out in the preserved specimens, though such were formerly considered to be present. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 253 From the observations of Mr. Anderson Smith *, who kept the adults of L. Decandoliz in confinement till they deposited eggs, which they did all at once, it appears that they hatch on the twenty-eighth day. The circulation was noticed on the thirteenth day. Mr. Holt correctly states that the embryos are always horizontal in position; indeed, the shape of the egg would render any other position difficult. In this con- nexion it has also to be remembered that in the later stages the embryos make considerable movements in the eggs. Mr. Holt found different degrees of development in the eggs of those he examined, and slight variations were also observed in those above-mentioned. ‘The majority, however, in a given case were nearly alike in this respect. The examina- tion of the ovaries of an example of Lepadogaster Decandolit captured in a hollow tangle at Guernsey shows that the mature eggs are accompanied by others of various sizes, the larger about half the size of the mature. ‘This species may differ in some respects from the bimaculated sucker in regard to spawning. Black pigment is well developed before hatching. From the careful description of the larva, which measures from 2°8 to 2°9 millim. on hatching, given by Mr. Holt, the only difference in those examined (but whether L. bémacu- latus or L. Decandolii is an open question, since the females of both species occurred inside this remarkable hatching- chamber) is the presence of scattered black chromatophores over the dorsum of the head. The somewhat regular rows of black specks along the sides of the body are characteristic even at this early period. The young of the bimaculated sucker appear in the bottom- nets as post-larval forms in August and September, and they range from 5 to 5°5 millim. They probably remain, on emergence from the capsule, more or less in the shelter of their original home until the yolk-sac is absorbed and sufli- cient strength is gained for a free existence and the capture of prey. At this stage the larval tail is still present superiorly, with its embryonic rays, while nine true rays occur beneath. The minute black specks appear on the top of the head and under the jaw, with a few on the abdomen, besides the rows along the sides. The prominence of the alimentary canal inferiorly, with the vent posteriorly, is a feature at this stage. A disk-like thickening occurs on the site of the sucker, but the apparatus is little developed; yet even the indication of it is comparatively early, since the pelvic fins are generally late in appearing. * Proc, Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. ix. p. 148, pl. vii. (1886). 254 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the At 6°5 millim. the larval tail is still present. The rows of closely arranged black specks go down to the ventral edge, but the median ventral region is free. Two marked pigment- lines exist ventrally on the lower jaw beneath the eye and at the opercular region. . At 10 millim. the lateral rows of chromatophores are still more definitely arranged, forming about four complete longi- tudinal rows on each side, besides minor specks, and the axis of the mandible is more or less horizontal instead of being upturned. The larval tail has almost disappeared, the only trace being the slender tip of the notochord, which slants upward to the dorsal edge of the fin, a true fin-ray occurring immediately beneath ; but the marginal fin with embryonic rays connects it with the dorsal, in which true rays are developing. Rudimentary true rays also mark the first part of the anal fin. The sucker appears to be nearly complete, but is proportionally much smaller than in the adult, probably because the habits are less sedentary. These characters remain at 10°5 millim., except that there are now five short true rays on the proximal side of the slender tip of the noto- chord in the tail, and it is evidently rapidly disappearing. Such stages are met with in September and October. In December the young bimaculated suckers reach 15°5 millim., and then are met with in the stomachs of food-fishes. Long before this stage all trace of the caudal notochord has disappeared. ‘The tip of the snout is much more flattened and the eyes proportionally larger and more prominent. The sucker has also considerably increased in size. In February the young are from 21 to 22 millim. in length and more or less resemble the adult, though the tail is large and shows two or three additional rays, that is about fifteen instead of twelve. ‘The vent is now nearly median, whereas in those of 10 millim. it was situated at the commencement of the posterior third. It also presents symmetrical longi- tudinal rugee which end in short papille around the aperture. The rays in both dorsal and anal fins are six (Day gives D. 5-7, A. 4-6). The anterior division of the sucker is minutely papillose, so that its free margin seems to be serrated, and the surface of the median area and two lateral arms is covered for some distance with the same papille. The surface of the larger posterior division is also minutely papillose, but the margin has none of the larger papilla seen in the anterior division. A thin serrate or crenate membrane forms a broad border to the posterior half of its margin, and at this stage it is, in some at any rate, quite free trom the margin of the sucker. A broad diaphanous and striated flap Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 255 runs from this forward to the base of the pectoral, thus resembling a miniature duplication of the former. The body is now variegated with reddish in the males, pale patches occurring along the dorsum. ‘The ventral surface seems to be pale. At 25 millim. the colours in a young male from St. An- drews in June are even more brilliant, the bright red of the eyes and the sides of the body being characteristic. The anterior margin of the first division of the sucker is now flat- tened out and the papille on the surface less distinct, whil&® the marginal ones are flattened and more membranous. The accessory flap on the posterior half of the second division is united with the margin of the sucker (a feature, it may be, characteristic of the sex), so that there is no differentiation between them. The vent showed only longitudinal ruge with the long median papilla posteriorly. In July forms of 26 and 32 millim. were obtained, and they seem to be the continuation of the former series. The chief change is the increase of the fleshy folds of the lips superiorly and inferiorly. ‘The latter form a semicircular flap on each side, with a posterior continuation, the former having the shape of a broad and continuous flap. In the females the distinction between the margin of the posterior division of the sucker and its broad accessory flap is present. The papilla along the front margin of the anterior division are also distinct in the same sex. In August specimens of 22, 25, and 33 millim. from Loch- maddy, North Uist, are in the collection. The smallest is thus only the length of that from St. Andrews in February, so that either the specimen had grown little or had been hatched very late the previous season, unless we are to suppose that very early deposition of ova occurs in the Outer Hebrides. The former is the more probable. Adults of 53 and 54 millim. for females and 48 millim. for males are met with the same month, so that they would appear to be at least in their second year. The chief sexual distinctions externally appear to be, in the male, the greater breadth and more membranous condition of the frilled border in front of the anterior division of the sucker, thus giving a larger surface. Similarly the broad frill behind the posterior division of the apparatus is increased, and its folds have not the regular and definite pattern seen in the female. More- over the frill is indistinctly separated from the sucker proper. The latter, in short, has no free rim, but runs into the frill. The testes of the male are small and compact, like those of the shanny. 256 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the On the other hand, the female presents a somewhat thicker rim at the front margin of the anterior division of the suctorial apparatus, and the whole of the horseshoe-shaped region is much more papillose, even the folds between two of the rays laterally being studded with papille. The semicircle formed by the hind edge of the posterior division of the apparatus stands freely out and is minutely papillose, while the marginal fringe is composed of symmetrical lobes pointed at the tip and with two accessory pinne at each side. One of the chief sexual distinctions, however, is the great development of the papille of the vent in the female. These form long digitate processes inferiorly on each side, the lateral being further united with the upper so as to form a broad lobose frill. ‘They extend as far as the tip of the median papilla and envelope it. A great contrast, therefore, exists between this species and Lepadogaster Decandolii, tor the females of the latter at the spawning-season show only a series of short slender papillz at the vent, the posterior papilla projecting almost as conspicuously as in the male of L. di- maculatus. After spawning the ovaries both of LZ. Decandolit and L. bimaculatus present a uniform structure, the stroma of the organ in each being filled with what appear to be collapsed eges, with thick walls and a central slit-like region. At first sight they appeared to resemble thick shrunken capsules from which ova had issued, but that they are ova undergoing change is more probable. The appearance differed from that usually seen in Teleostean ovaries, in which a crop of minute ova is almost always found under these conditions. 5. On the Life-history of the Short-spined Sea- Scorpion (Cottus scorpius, L.). The short-spined sea-scorpion was one of the fishes very early examined in regard to spawning during the trawling work of 1884 and the following year. Comparatively little was known previously in regard to it. Thus Day, in his ‘British Fishes,’ states that “In Greenland, it has been observed to deposit its eggs on the sea-weed in December and January. Its eggs are very small, and in this country are extruded during the spring in the sand or pools in the rocks, The male is said to make a nest of sea-weeds and pebbles for the reception of the spawn; while he is believed to watch over, as well as protect, the young when hatched.” On the other hand, Prof. Alex. Agassiz records the ova of certain American Cott? as pelagic, a feature very different from those Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, 257 of our country, and probably requiring re-investigation. On the east coast, as at St. Andrews, the eggs of this fish occur abundantly in March attached to stones, tangle-roots, old shoes, tin vessels, and, indeed, almost anything convenient. They are found, again, somewhat earlier (February) at Gair- loch and other parts on the west coast. The authors of the ‘ Scandinavian Fishes’ * broach the idea that the roe of this fish may be fertilized before deposition, and suggest that the serrations on the inside of the breast-fins may be useful to the males for this purpose. There is no reason to suppose that in Britain the eggs are so fertilized; on the contrary, it is evident that they are not fertilized before deposition. As an example, a female specimen whose abdomen was distended had been isolated in a glass vessel, so that its movements were somewhat limited ; and it is probable therefore that the deposition may have been hastened. It had been observed to be somewhat restless the previous day, and on the 1st March it rested quietly on the bottom of the vessel, and in a few seconds deposited a mass (as large as a duck’s egg) of faintly pinkish eggs, keeping its breast-fins in active motion during the process, and then it dashed through the water, sending some of the eggs over the edge of the vessel. ‘The mass of eggs was at first quite soft, though cohering together by a secretion; but they soon hardened, the capsules of the eggs adhering by facets to each other as in the lumpsucker, so that the egg-mass in such a case resembles a spongy structure into which water freely enters, and is retained in considerable quantity, even though the eggs are uncovered by the tide, a provision of some importance. They vary in colour from that first mentioned to roseate, orange, straw-colour, and deep red, and have a diameter of about 1°5 millim. to 2 millim. (Holt). The capsule is thick, tough, and resistant, and shows the facets or processes by which it adheres to surrounding egos. It is minutely punctured under a high power, the punctures having as a rule a more regular (linear) arrange- ment than in the lumpsucker. Moreover, larger dots occur at intervals all over the surface, resembling those seen in the lumpsucker’s eggs removed from the stomach of young cod. The yolk internally has several colourless oil-globules, from three to nine, as mentioned by Mr. Holt, and they vary in size from ‘015 millim. downward. The yolk itself is tinted pale brownish or faintly reddish brown. Mr. Holt, who carried on special observations on the eggs of this species at St. Andrews, could not make out the passage of the oil- globules through the yolk, as had been described by one of us * Page 186. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 19 258 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the in the gurnard ; but, so far as observed in 1884, there was no reason to doubt that the oil-globules followed the same move- ments as in other forms. In the developing embryo the oil- globules coalesce, so that but a single large globule remains. In the tanks of the laboratory the eggs are readily eaten by other specimens of the same species. The development of this form is somewhat slow, especially in cold seasons, so that masses of eggs with advanced embryos are often found in April, and even in May. Mr. Holt found the larval fishes on emerging from the egg 7:5 millim. in Jength, and this accords with our own experience. The yolk forms a comparatively small prominence ventrally, and the large oil-globule lies at its front inferiorly. ‘The head is large and broad; the profile of the snout abrupt; the eyes large and fully pigmented; and the ear-capsules, of about the same size as the eyes, lie close behind them. The mouth is open, but the lower jaw is at first immovable” *. The internal organs are well developed. The tail in May shows only embryonic rays. ‘The breast-fins are large and fan- shaped. ‘The heart and blood-vessels are in full activity, the returning blood streaming over the yolk, and finally entering the heart. The coloration consists of a series of distinct black chroma- tophores over the head and a few about the base of the breast- fin. ‘They form a broad band on each side of the abdomen over the yolk, and extend from the breast-fins to the vent. “Pigment of a bright yellow colour by reflected, and orange by transmitted, light occurs also at the base of the breast- fins, on the top of the head, and on the abdominal roof.” ‘The eyes are black, with a metallic lustre. “In the post- anal region the only pigment is a ventral line of black chromatophores, sometimes very small or absent in the ante- rior region, and ceasing before reaching the tail.” On the 10th October on one occasion a larval form re- sembling a sea-scorpion was captured in the tow-net. In general outline it resembled that tigured in the ‘ Researches,’ with the vessels coursing over the yolk-sac. The oil-globule remained at the anterior part of the yolk-sac. Small specks ot black pigment occurred along the sides of the body, one set forming a row near the upper-lateral region. No distinct coloration was visible on the pectorals. ‘The eyes were iridescent greenish, like the inner surface of Haliotis. Hitherto it has been unusual to get larve at this season of the year, so that the deposition of such eggs must have been antedated by some months on this occasion, if the interpre- tation of the nature of the larva be correct. * E. W. L. Holt, Sc. Trans. Roy. Dubl. Soe. v. 2, p. 21 &c. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 259 Swarms of the early postlarval sea-scorpions, about 7 to 7°5 millim. (in spirit), are occasionally captured in the surface tow-nets, as in the Forth, e. g. in March and April—indeed, just after the absorption of the yolk. Such pelagic forms have only embryonic rays in the tail-fin. The body and tail are translucent, whilst the head and abdomen have a pale greenish hue with black chromatophores, and the eyes have a silvery lustre. A line of black pigment-specks runs along the ventral edge of the muscle-plates behind the vent almost to the tail. Mr. Holt observed that the lower jaw is movable two days after hatching and that the vent is open. In our examples a thickening below the axis of the tail occurred. When six days old the length is 8-4 millim. and the yolk has diminished, while the oil-globule has been elevated to the gullet. The young forms were kept in the tanks till the seventeenth day, but development proceeded slowly under the somewhat unfavourable circumstances. On the seventh day and during the two or three subsequent days the pigment made great progress, extending behind the vent, and passing from the dorsum down the sides. On the tenth day the yolk had disappeared, but the embryonic fin-rays were present only in the tail. The absence of food would, as Mr. Holt suggests, suffice to explain the slow progress, but not altogether, since in the open sea specimens of 9°5 millim. are occasionally pro- cured in a similar condition, viz. having a membranous dorsal and anal, and only embryonic rays in the tail. Those in confinement, however, differed in having no trace of the ventral fins, and the thickening beneath the tail was better marked in the free forms, while spines on the gill-cover were also present. In specimens of 7 millim. (in spirit) captured in the bottom-net in the bay, the head has much increased in size, the fish is thick-set, and the gill-cover has minute spines. Embryonic rays are well developed in the tail, and a thick- ening occurs beneath the notochord. The black pigment has largely extended along the dorsum to a line behind the vent, and it is more abundant on the head. Such a form contrasts with the slender and ill-nourished specimens reared in the tanks, for in the latter the abdomen was shrunken and the end of the gut distended, as if the vent were closed. The breast-fins, however, were large. At the end of April and beginning of May pelagic forms of from 9°5 to 10 millim. are not uncommon at the surface, e. g. off the Isle of May. ‘The body has now considerably in- creased in bulk, a series of sharp spines project from the gill- cover and two on each side of the occiput. The larval tail is 19 260 Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory. present, but it is bent upward by the development of the true rays inferiorly. ‘The ventral fins appear as minute processes. At 11 millim. many are still pelagic (17th May), and show the three anterior gill-spines—the occipital, superciliary, and nasal spines. The ventral fins are minute. The pigment approaches that of the adult stage, only it is not so largely developed. The larval tail is at the upper edge of the organ, and the marginal fin is continuous and has only embryonic rays. They still occur as pelagic fishes in the tow-nets at 14 to 18 millim. The head and body are now larger and more deeply pigmented, the former being entirely covered, the pigment continuous with the dorsal and passing downwards to the cheeks and chin. A bold bar in many exists at the base of the breast-fins, another across the region of the first dorsal fin, and one at the second dorsal, the latter, moreover, extending downward on each side to the ventral edge. The pigment on the two latter bars in some is specially dense, though in others the tint is more uniform dorsally. The head is Cottoid in appearance, the superciliary ridge and the occipital tubercles with their spines being conspicuous. ‘Three of the spines on the gill-cover are large, the fourth at the inferior edge being small. The boldness in the demarcation of the pigment gives the fishes a piebald aspect in spirit. The larval tail is represented in the smaller forms by the upturned notochord. ‘True rays now occur in all the fins. The voracity of these young forms is remarkable. One of 16 millim., for instance, in captivity swallowed a young flounder not much shorter than itself, just as the larger examples cleared the young gunnels out of the tanks. At 22 millim. (27th May, estuary of the Eden) the bar of pigment behind the vent has sent a process backward to the tail, but it goes no further than the basal region. Symme- trical white spots—one dorsal and two ventral—occur in this prolongation. ‘The occipital and supraorbital tubercles are Jess prominent, but the supranasal are distinct. A large spine occurs on the gill-cover. ‘The upper spine on the gill- cover (preoperculum) is largest. ‘The first dorsal fin has 9 rays, the second 15, the variegated pectoral 16, ventral 3, anal fin 13. The caudal has 12 long rays besides 4 or 5 shorter at each edge. The chief difference, therefore, between this and the adult is the increase in the caudal, but the short basal rays probably disappear during growth. In June they reach 23 to 24 millim. and in July 38 millim., with adult characters, the first dorsal having 9 rays, the second 16 rays, and the anal still constant at 13. In September specimens 54, 65, and 85 millim. occur, the On new Hymenoptera from Central America. 261 first being considered by Mr. Tosh * as the young of the season at five and a half months. It would be difficult to separate that at 65 millim. from the same series, but one at 85 is considerably older, probably by a year (or, as Mr. Tosh puts it, one year and three months). ‘he usual arrangement of the spines on the gill-cover in such forms is as follows :— A spine points downwards at the ventral edge of the preoper- culum, two short spines project above, then the upper long spine, above which is the opercular spine. Two short spines occur on the suboperculum. Those of 57 and 74 millim. in February represent speci- mens about a year old, while those of 98 millim. are in their second year or approaching it. One of these (98 millim.) had almost ripe eggs, so that the remark in the new edition of the ‘Scandinavian Fishes,’ that it does not propagate its species until about 150 millim. long, is not applicable to our country. XXV.—New Species of Hymenoptera from Central America. By P. CAMERON, F.E.S. Durine the course of publication of my work on the Hymeno- ptera of Central America (Biol. Centr.-Am., Hymen. vols. 1., ii.) the following new species have come to hand, too late to be inserted in their proper places. As it will be some time before the Supplement of the ‘ Biologia’ can be commenced, it is considered advisable to publish the following preliminary descriptions. Fam, Cynipide. ANDRICUS. Andricus, Hartig, in Germar’s Zeitschr. ii. p. 185. Aphilothriz, Foerster, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 335, This is a dimorphic genus, Andricus being the spring bisexual and ApAzlothrix the autumnal agamic (unisexual) form. Andricus (Aphilothrix) aztecus, sp. n. Aphilothrix (2) aztecus, Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Am., Hymen. i, t. xx. fig. 23. Ferrugineus ; alis hyalinis, nervis pallide flavis, Long. fere4 millim. 9. Hab. Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison). * Twelfth Ann. Report Scot. Fish. Board, part iii. p. 333. 262 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of Head and thorax closely, finely, rugosely punctured, the mesonotum finely transversely striated ; a longitudinal furrow outside the parapsidal one, reaching to the apex, but not to the base of the mesonotum ; the scutellum is more strongly punctured than the mesonotum ; the sternum and the lower part of the mesopleure black. Antenne entirely ferruginous. The tips of the mandibles black. Abdomen of a lighter tint than the thorax, shining. The legs have the tarsi lighter coloured than the tibie or femora. I believe this is a true Andricus (Aphilothrix). The third joint of the antenne is hardly one third longer than the fourth ; the parapsidal furrows are distinct and complete ; the fovee at the base of the scutellum are broad, not very acutely separated; the metanotal furrows are straight and parallel. The radial cellule is entirely open at the fore margin, the areolet obsolete. The claws have only one tooth. Fam. Chalcidide. Subfam. Cwarciprnm. Smicra ardens, sp. n. Long. fere 6 millim. Hab, Mexico, Orizaba (F. D. Godman and H. H. Smith), Antenne deep black, with a bright clear yellow line on the underside of the flagellum, which is stout and thickly covered with short black microscopic hair. Head lemon-yellow, the occiput for the greater part black; the centre of the vertex black, and from this runs a narrow black line to the bottom of the occiput ; on the top and in front the head is thickly covered with black hair. Thorax lemon-yellow, covered rather thickly with black hair, the hair being longest on the scutellum. The mesonotum in the centre is transversely striolated, the sides coarsely punctured; at the base is a black transverse line, narrowed at the sides; from this runs to the scutellum a broad black line, narrowed at the base, dilated towards the apex, which has also a transverse line in front of the scutellum ; down the centre of the scutellum is a black line, narrowed at the apex. The mesopleure and the sternum are for the greater part black, the former having an irregular yellow mark under the tegule in front and a smaller one obliquely under it over the sternum; the metapleure are yellow, bordered all round with black. The apex of the scutellum is margined, narrowed to a blunt rounded point at the tip. The median segment is short, not much longer Hymenoptera from Central America. 263 than the petiole, irregularly reticulated. The abdomen is nearly as long as the head and thorax united; the apical segment entirely, the base, sides, and apex of the second segment, and the apices of the other segments black. The legs are of a paler, more lemon-tinted yellow than the thorax ; there is a black line, dilated at the apex, down the centre of the coxe ; the hind trochanters, a small mark near the centre of the hind coxe above, a large irregular mark at the base, a smaller one at its apex, both being united by a curved line along the lower side, a short line on the top of the middle femora, and a mark at the base of the hind tibiz black; a large irregular mark on the inner side of the hind coxe at the foot, and a smaller, narrower, more elongate one above it black. There are sixteen femoral teeth of moderate size, blunt, and becoming smaller towards the apex. In the wing at the cubitus there is a small fuscous cloud. Smicra divinatrix, sp. n. Coccinea, flagello antennarum nigro ; alis fere hyalinis, Long. 7 millim. @. Hab. Honduras, Ruatan Island (Gawmer). Head and thorax covered with black pubescence, the pleuree with the pubescence shorter and paler. Flagellum of the antenne deep black, covered with short, close, blackish pubescence. Head uniformly coloured, except that the lower part of the cheeks is paler, the tips of the mandibles black, the vertex closely punctured ; the front transversely striated. Prothorax sharply margined in front, the pronotum (especially at the sides) longitudinally striated. Mesonotum transversely striolated, the lateral lobes only on the inner side; the outer side with scattered punctures. Scutellum strongly and closely punctured, except behind. ‘The median segment strongly reticulated. ‘The propleuree impunctate, shining ; the mesopleurze striolated in front, the top and bottom punc- tured. ‘lhe petiole short and thick, hardly half the length of the hind coxe. Abdomen shining, the sides sparsely haired, the ovipositor deep black. The legs coloured like the body, shining, sparsely covered with pale hair; the tips of the tarsi blackish ; the hind femora with nineteen short black teeth. Wings with a smoky tint; the nervures fuscous ; a small fuscous tint below the stigmal branch. 264 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of Smicra fasciola, sp. n. Coccinea; flagello antennarum lineisque mesonoti nigris; alis hyalinis ; femoribus posticis multidentatis. Long. 4-5 millim. 9. Hab. Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison). Antennal flagellum deep black, covered with a close pale pubescence; the scape pale ferruginous, lined with black above. Head closely covered with blackish pubescence; the lower part of the occiput and a broad line on the lower part of the front black; face shining, the sides obscurely punc- tured; the front obliquely striated from the ocelli to the eyes; the vertex punctured, but not strongly; the teeth of the mandibles black. Pronotum coarsely, rugosely punc- tured; mesonotum not quite so coarsely punctured, the middle lobe strongly transversely striolated, covered with short black hair; the scutellum still more strongly punctured, its apex roundedly margined, covered with much longer hair than the mesonotum ; a transverse line bordering the base of the mesonotum. ‘lhe edges of tiie middle lobe of the meso- notum, a broader stripe down its centre, a small mark on the centre of the lateral lobe and a line down the centre of the scutellum, the base and sides of the median segment, a broad line down its centre, a line on the mesopleura, be- coming gradually wider towards the bottom, a mark at the base of the metapleure, a line down the hinder coxe, and the coxal teeth deep black, The petiole short, not much longer than broad, black above ; the dorsum of the abdomen more or less black; the apex of the ovipositor black. Wings almost hyaline ; the nervures fuscous. Allied to S. flammeola, Cresson. Smicra armillata, sp. n. Nigra, punctata, pedibus abdomineque rufo-maculatis ; alis hyalinis. Long. fere5 millim. <6. Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Ff. D. Godman and H. H. Smith). Antenne a little longer than the head and thorax united ; stout, covered with a pale microscopic down; the scape keeled broadly beneath, especially towards the apex. Head coarsely punctured, not very deeply or broadly excavated in the front, covered with short white hair. Mesothorax coarsely punctured, without longitudinal furrows; the pronotum as closely but not so strongly punctured. The scutellum is as strongly punctured as the mesonotum, rounded and stoutly flymenoptera from Central America, 265 margined behind. The median segment is strongly rugosely punctured ; in its centre are two keels near each other at the base, then near the middle curving towards the sides. The pleurz are strongly and coarsely punctured, especially the metapleure. The abdomen is a little shorter than the thorax ; the petiole is about three fourths the length of the abdomen, which is shining, impunctate, ferruginous, darker towards the apex. The apical half of the fore femora and the fore tibie and tarsi testaceous; the middle tibiw are infuscated; the hind legs are black, the femora broadly ferruginous at the base on the ner side, the tarsi pale testaceous. The wings are hyaline, iridescent, slightly suffused with fuscous; the nervures deep black. In the large number of teeth (eighteen) on the hind femora and in general coloration this species agrees with S. petioli- ventris, Cam., from the Pacific slope of Guatemala; but it is much larger, the petiole is longer and narrower, the thorax is without markings, and the abdomen is ferruginous. Subfam. Perraupr 2. PERILAMPUS, Latr. There are six described species of this genus from North America and one from the West Indies. The genus is mode- rately represented in Kurope. Nothing seems to be known of the habits of the species. Perilampus mexicanus, sp. n. Nigro-cupreus, albo-pilosus, abdomine czruleo, geniculis, apice tibiarum coxisque flavis ; alis hyalinis, nervis flavis. ¢. Long. 4 millim, Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith). Antenne stout, black, the tip testaceous; the scape blue, bare, furrowed beneath, especially towards the apex; the flagellum covered with a close white pubescence. ‘The face for the greater part black; the part immediately below the antenne bare, blue, the rest densely covered with white hair; the vertex green, with golden or coppery tints, finely punc- tured; the tips of the mandibles testaceous ; the vertex and the sides of the excavated face margined. Thorax above coarsely rugosely punctured, reticulate at the sides and in front, black, with green and coppery tints, densely covered with white hair; the outer edge of the mesonotum smooth and impunctate; the scutellum is more coarsely punctured 266 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of than the mesonotum, the apex margined, rounded; the meso- pleure shining, impunctate, the edges with large deep punec- tures; the propleure rugosely punctured. ‘The abdomen blue, shining, impunctate, bearing white hair. Legs green, covered with short white hair; the extreme apex of the hinder tibize, the apical third of the middle tibia, the greater part of the anterior tibiz, all the knees, and the tarsi yellowish, the tarsi of a paler yellow than the tibie. Perilampus antennatus, sp. n. Long. 2°5 millim. Hab, Mexico, Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith). A smaller species than P. mexicanus, from which it differs in having the flagellum of the antennz entirely testaceous beneath, the body uniformly coloured (wanting the green and coppery reflections), the scutellum larger and more pointed, and the legs darker in colour. Antenne moderately stout ; the scape dark blue, shining, almost bare; the flagellum covered with a pale pile, testa- ceous beneath, black above. Head black, finely punctured above, and with a close short pile; the face shining; the central part broadly triangularly dilated, the base of the triangle raised and separated by a furrow from the rest; the tips of the mandibles testaceous. The thorax above is closely punctured, the lateral lobes of the mesonotum only slightly punctured and more shining than the rest. The scutellum is large, coarsely punctured; the apex margined, projecting a little over the apex of the median segment. ‘The propleuree with large widely separated punctures in front ; the mesopleure excavated in front, shining, the edges with large deep punctures. The abdomen short, shining, very dark blue. The legs are black, covered with long white hair; the knees, the apex of the four hinder tibia, the fore tibiz in front, and the tarsi testaceous, the extreme tips of the tarsi blackish. The wings are clear hyaline, the nervures testaceous, Fam. Trigonalide. TRIGONALYS, Westw. It is evident that this genus will prove to be numerously represented in Central America. I have called the family Trigonalide ; but Foerster, it may be remarked, has named it Diplomorpha, distinguishing it from his Hutrichocera (= Stephanus) by the scape of the antenne not being filiform Hymenoptera from Central America. 267 and by having the first abdominal segment not petiolate (cf. § Ueber den systematischen Werth des Fliigelgeiders bei den Hymenopteren,’ p. 23). From Smith finding Zrigonalys bipustulata in a nest of Polistes lanio, it is probable that the genus is parasitic in wasp nests (cf. Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. i. (n. s.) . 176). ; The six species here described may be separated as follows :— 1 (2). Scutellum pyramidal, bifid at the top .......... scutellaris. 2 (1). Scutellum Hat, not divided at the top. 3 (4). Body yellow, marked with black; second cubital cellule’ petiolate Teese fol 8. BS Tha oat ale maculifrons. 4 (9). Body black, marked with yellow; second cubital cellule not petiolate. 5 (6). Abdomen fulvous, banded with black .......... apicipennis. 6 (5). Abdomen black, narrowly banded with yellow .. flavonotata, 7 (8). Thorax with many yellow marks; the wings not smoky in frent. 8 (7). Thorax with few yellow marks ; the wings broadly PERE S Ni 1M TOA ak a a Bats Cos, Ba vie: aaa Sasciatipennis. 9 (4). Body black, the petiole white ; wings violaceous. , Championi. Trigonalys sgutellaris, sp. n. Nigra, postscutello maculisque 2 metanoti, tibiis tarsisque flavis ; alis fulvo-hyalinis. <6. Long. 10 millim. Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8000 feet (1. H. Smith). Antenne entirely black, covered with a short black micro- scopic down; the third joint distinctly shorter than the fourth. Head impunctate, shining, densely covered, and the mandibles alse, with long dark fulvous hair, the mandibles entirely black. Thorax densely covered with long dark fulvous hair, above coarsely rugosely punctured; postscu- tellum pyramidal, yellow, depressed in the centre above, making it bidentate ; the teeth blunt, rounded at the top; at its sides the thorax is crenulated. The median segment coarsely reticulated, the apex in the middle coarsely trans- versely striolated, its extreme apex being also crenulated behind the reticulated part; the pleure irregularly reticu- lated, the base of the propleure and the apex of the meso- pleuree smooth, the metapleure more strongly reticulated than the mesopleure. Abdomen shining, impunctate; the base of the third and sixth segments transversely, and of the fourth and fifth segments more broadly, at the sides yellow ; 268 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of the seventh segment fulvous, blackish in the centre, and with two small yellow marks; the ventral segments entirely black, shining, shortly and sparsely haired. In the above described example the neuration of the wings is irregular; the stigma is black; the nervures are fuscous ; the basal abscissa of the radius is oblique, straight; the first transverse cubital nervure is curved. In one wing there are two transverse cubital nervures between this latter and the normal first and third, and in the other one beyond the usual number, the position being irregular in both, the size of the cellules, too, showing a difference. A second specimen from Omilteme is probably a variety of the same species. It is a little smaller; the scutellum is not so sharply peaked and hardly bifid; there is no mark on the median segment and no yellow lines on the abdominal segments. ‘lhe alar neuration appears to be fairly normal; the first transverse cubital nervure is obliquely curved and is almost (in one wing quite) united to the second and to the apex of the basal abscissa of the radius; the second nervure is slightly oblique, the third almost straight; the first re- current nervure is received quite close to the first transverse cubital, the second shortly before the middle of the cellule. Trigonalys maculifrons, sp. n. Flava, nigro-maculata; alis hyalinis, anticis fumatis, nervis fulvis. 9. Long. 11 millim. flab. Mexico, 'Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith). Antenne rufous, the base of the flagellum blackish; the scape black above; the third and fourth joints about equal, Head lemon-yellow ; the upper part thickly covered with short fuscous hair, the oral region and the mandibles with longer white hair; the teeth of the mandibles, a line from the end of the vertex to the antennal tubercles, becoming gradu- ally wider to the apex, dilated at the sides, and enclosing a yellow mark, broader than long, below the ocelli, a somewhat oval mark on the occiput, from which (but not touching it) a broad line runs to the eye, which it joins, and behind the top of the eye a somewhat triangular mark, black. ‘The meso- notum is coarsely punctured, thickly covered with short fuscous hair; the parapsidal furrows are distinct; on the outer side of these is a black line reaching to the scutellum, and there is an equally broad line (but narrowed at the base) down the centre ; the scutellum is bordered at the base and sides with black, and in the apex in the centre is a black Hymenoptera from Central America. 269 mark, triangularly pointed at the base and the apex, the extreme apex being bordered with black. The median seg- ment has a broad black line, slightly and gradually narrowed towards the apex, and at the sides is a shorter and narrower black line inside the spiracles, which does not reach the apex. The propleure are coarsely punctured, except on the lower part and close to the tegule, the punctures on the lower part running into reticulations; the oblique furrow on the meso- pleure is deep, moderately wide, but becoming narrowed towards the apex. Petiole shining, impunctate, depressed and black in the centre at the base. The second to the fifth segments broadly black at the base, the black on the second segment dilated in the middle and extending along the sides to the apex as a narrow line. The ventral segments are narrowly edged with black at the apex. Legs yellow, the femora lined with black above, the hinder coxe black on the lower side, the middle trochanters blackish. The second cubital cellule is shorter than the third, oblique, shortly petio- lated above; the third cubital cellule becomes wider towards the apex ; the first recurrent nervure is interstitial, the second received shortly before the middle of the cellule. The base of the fore wing to the transverse basal nervure and the apex to the middle of the cubital cellules suffused with fulvous. This species bears a great resemblance toa wasp (Polistes), which fact is of interest in connexion with their supposed habits. Trigonalys apicipennis, sp. n. Nigra, dense fulvo pilosa, abdominis apice late fulvo, tibiis tarsisque posticis testaceis ; alis fulyo-hyalinis, apice fumatis. 9. Long. 8 millim, Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith). Antenne as long as the thorax, the middle thickened, the apical part gradually and sharply narrowed; almost bare, the third and fourth joints testaceous ; black at the apex ; the third joint distinctly longer than the fourth. Head closely punctured on the front and vertex; densely covered, the mandibles (except the teeth) and clypeus included, with long fulvous hair; the clypeus shining, impunctate. Thorax covered with fulvous hair, closely punctured ; the mesonotum almost transverse at the base, depressed in the middle at the base, and with a narrow indistinct furrow down the sides; the scutellum rugosely punctured, thickly covered with long fulvous hair, the sides at the apex with two narrow keels ; 270 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of the pro- and mesopleure strongly punctured, the former exca- vated in the centre, the latter with a broad shallow oblique furrow in the middle; the metapleure with an oblique crenu- lated depression down the centre, the apex coarsely punc- tured. Petiole flat above, impunctate, covered with long white hair, the sides above and at the apex rufo-testaceous ; the other abdominal segments covered closely with white hair, the apex of the second and third segments broadly, and the other segments entirely, rufo-fulvous; beneath, the petiole and the second segment are rufo-fulvous at the apex. Legs covered with white hair; the fore tibiee and tarsi in front, the middle tibiz in the centre in front, the basal joint of the middle tarsi entirely, the hinder tibie, except a black line in the centre behind, and the metatarsus, except at the extreme apex, yellowish testaceous. The wing- nervures are fulvous, the stigma black ; the first transverse cubital nervure is broadly curved and narrowed towards the second, the second and third nervures are straight, oblique. The second cubital cellule is much narrowed at the top, being there not much more than the distance bounded by the re- current and the first transverse cubital nervures ; the first recurrent nervure is received quite close to the base of the cellule, the second shortly before the middle and is largely bullated at the top, the three transverse cubital nervures being also shortly bullated near the bottom ; the tegule and the tubercle beneath them are yellowish. Trigonalys flavonotata, sp. n. Nigra, thorace flavo-maculato ; pedibus flavis, femoribus late nigris ; alis hyalinis, antice fumatis. <¢. Long. 10 millim. Hab. Mexico, Xucumanatlan in Guerrero, 7000 feet (H. H. Smith). | Antenne as long as the bead, thorax, and petiole, thick- ened towards the middle; the second joint and the base of the third testaceous. Head shining, impunctate, densely covered with long fuscous hair; the clypeus depressed at the apex ; the mandibles covered with long white hair, piceous before the teeth. Thorax densely covered with fuscous hair; the mcsonotum with the parapsidal furrows moderately distinct, converging towards the apex; the sides of the pronotum closely obliquely striated, with an impunctate space at the base, the apex with a yellow mark, broad at the tegule, narrow in front. The mesonotum rather coarsely punctured ; Hymenoptera from Central America. 271 a yellow elongated line at the base of the furrow and a shorter broader one at the apex; towards the apex are two straight shining lines. Scutellum coarsely rugosely punctured ; there are two yellow marks on its base, and at the sides of these is an oblique yellow mark close to the wings; at the sides of the scutellum the mesonotum is shining, impunctate, and marked with oblique keels ; at the apex of the scutellum the punctuation runs into reticulations; at the sides of the scu- tellum there are also short oblique keels reaching from the wings to the apex of the scutellum, and with a short yellow mark near the wings. The median segment stoutly trans- versely striolated; at the base in the centre are two small yellow marks, and at the apex laterally are two large yellow marks. Mesopleure coarsely punctured, the punctures running into reticulations at the apex, densely covered with white hair; the metapleure excavated at the base, shining, impunctate, the apical part punctured coarsely, the apex crenulated. Abdomen shining, impunctate; all the segments edged with yellow. The ventral segments without yellow, shining; the first segment at the base crenulated, the apex of the second and third segments projecting into two triangular teeth; there is a smaller projection on the fourth segment. Legs sparsely covered with pale hair; the coxe pale yellow, the hinder pair black at the base; the trochanters yellow, the front pair marked with black beneath ; the four front femora are almost entirely black; the hinder pair black, yellow at the base and apex. The radial nervure is curved and is received shortly before the second transverse cubital nervure ; the first transverse cubital nervure is sharply elbowed below the middle, the second slightly oblique, the third straight ; the first recurrent nervure is received in the basal fourth of the cellule, the second before the middle; the second and third cubital cellules at the bottom are about equal. Trigonalys fasciatipennis, sp. n. Nigra, capite et thorace albo-maculatis, femoribus posterioribus brunneis ; alis hyalinis, anticis fumatis. Long., 2 fere 10, ¢ 6 millim. Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz [9], Venta de Zopi- lote in Guerrero [ ¢] (H. H. Smith). Antenne slender, reaching to the middle of the abdomen, brownish beneath in the middle; the apex of the scape yellow. Head closely punctured, covered with a short white pubescence; the orbits of the eyes to near the top, 272 Mr, P. Cameron on new Spectes of a mark on the edge behind on the level of the top of the eyes, the antennal tubercles, the sides of the clypeus, and the mandibles before the teeth yellow. Thorax above rather strongly punctured; the parapsidal furrows deep, crenulated ; the scutellum flat, closely punctured; the median segment rather strongly punctured, the punctures running into reticulations at the base, where there is a narrow shallow longitudinal furrow. ‘The pro- and meso- pleure closely punctured, the apex of the former almost striolated; the metapleure above reticulated, slightly exca- vated, crenulated. A spot on either side of the base of the mesonotum, two marks on the scutellum, one close to the wings, the postscutellum and two marks on either side of it, two large marks on the sides of the median segment (somewhat oblique and broadest at the apex), the edge of the pronotum, a large mark on the propleura, a large mark incised at the apex, and a small mark over the middle coxe, and two marks on the metapleure, yellow. Abdomen as long as the thorax, shagreened, covered with a close pubes- cence; the petiole deeply excavated at the base and also at the apex in the middle, shining, black, the apex pale yellow ; the other segments marked with pale yellow at the apices. The apex of the petiole beneath and of the second ventral segment yellow, the latter with the yellow dilated in the middle. ‘The fore wings banded with fuscous from base to apex in front, the band broadest near the centre of the cubital cellules; the basal abscissa of the radius is curved and united to the second transverse cubital nervure; the second cubital cellule is longer and narrower than the third ; the first recurrent nervure is received close to the first trans- verse cubital cellule, the second near the apical third of the cellule. ‘The four front trochanters are black, yellow at the apex; the hinder pair and the base of the hind femora yellow. The male is much smaller (only 6 millim. long) ; it has the thorax less strongly punctured; the yellow marks on the scutellum are united and longer; the two yellow marks on the median segment are larger and extend to the extreme base and apex, and are not so oblique; there is no mark on the mesopleure ; the stigma is paler; the legs are darker coloured, wanting the rufous tinge; all the abdominal seg- ments are yellow at the apex, and the mesonotum is not nearly so strongly punctured. Hymenoptera from Central America, 273 Trigonalys Championt, sp. n. Trigonalys Championi, Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Am., Hymen. i. t. xx. fig. 24. Nigra, ore, coxis, trochanteribus, basi femorum, segmento mediali petiolique albis ; alis violaceis. Long. 11 millim. ¢. Hab, Guatemala, Panima in Vera Paz (Champion). Antenne as long as the head, thorax, and petiole united, moderately stout, entirely black, covered with a short pale down ; the third joint as long as the fourth. Head densely covered with white hair; the front strongly punctured ; the antennal tubercles, the clypeus, and the base of the mandibles yellowish white, the edge of the mandibles and the mandi- bular teeth black ; the apex of the clypeus incurved. Thorax above thickly covered with fuscous hair, coarsely rugosely punctured, the punctures running into reticulations on the median segment; the median segment with the punctures more widely separated and with a wide and deep furrow at the base ; the pleuree densely covered with fuscous hair, the mesopleure closely punctured, the propleure more strongly punctured and with a pale yellow pear-shaped mark in front; the metapleure closely punctured, more strongly in the middle, its apex broadly pale yellow, the part in front of the stigma being black. The petiole is entirely pale lemon-yellow, shining, impunctate, sparsely covered with long white hair; the other abdominal segments are entirely black, strongly punctured, covered with short black pubescence, the apex with the pubescence longer and white; the ventral segments are covered with long soft white hair. Legs covered with white hair. The fore wings are entirely deep violaceous ; the hinder pair clear hyaline, with the apex broadly viola- ceous. Fam. Proctotrupide. Subfam. Berayrivz. Epyris orizabe, sp. n. Long. 7-8 millim. 6. Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (H. H. Smith and F. D. Godman). Very nearly related to L. rugifrons, Cam., from the Pacific slope of Guatemala, but smaller, less robust, the head coarsely punctured behind the ocelli (in 2. rugifrons there is an im- pmnctate space behind them), the middle lobe of the meso- Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 20 274 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of notum with some large deep punctures, and the head, thorax, and abdomen much less pilose. ; Antenne stout, densely covered with white pubescence, a little longer than the head and thorax united, the third joint, if anything, longer than the fourth. Head covered with long soft pale hair; coarsely punctured all over. Prothorax shorter than the head, coarsely punctured; the apex depressed, very finely punctured. The mesonotum with wide furrows, the lateral lobes coarsely punctured; the median lobe with much fewer punctures, there being very few at the base. The scutellum has some widely separated punctures on the basal half. The median segment has in the centre three central and four shorter lateral longitudinal keels; the apex above is reticulated irregularly, the apex itself being semi- perpendicular and reticulated, the reticulations running into punctures. The propleure striolated behind, shining; the mesopleure coarsely punctured ; the metapleure striolated. The abdomen is as long as the thorax, smooth, impunctate ; the apical segments bear white hair; the last segment with the apical half pale. The legs are entirely black and covered with white hair. The wings are suffused with a fuscous tint; the costa and stigma are black; the nervures at the base pale fuscous, at the apex they are almost obliterated ; the first transverse cubital nervure is very pale, the others and the recurrent nervures are indicated in white, but very indistinctly. Epyris palliditarsis, sp. n. Niger, longe albo-hirtus ; tarsis posterioribus albis. 6. Long. 11 millim. Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (//. H. Smith). Head densely covered with long soft white hair, strongly rugosely punctured, the punctures on the front running into reticulations. Antenne a little longer than the head and thorax united, distinctly tapering towards the apex, densely covered with short white hair; the third joint slightly longer than the fourth. Thorax shining; the pro- and mesothorax densely covered with long white hair; the central part of the mesonotum with the punctures large and widely separated, especially towards the apex, those on thie sides smaller and closer together. Scutellum rather strongly punctured, except in the middle towards the apex. ‘The median segment has the basal half longitudinally striated, the striations widely separated, especially towards the middle, where there is a clear space with only an interrupted longitudinal keel; the Leas = — oy sare Hymenoptera from Central America. 275 apical part is irregularly transversely striolated, the apex is very slightly obliquely sloped and is finely and closely trans- versely striated. The mesopleure coarsely punctured, except: immediately under the wings ; the metapleure are irregularly reticulated. ‘The abdomen is shining, the four or five apical segments densely covered with long white hair, especially at their apices. The legs are densely covered with long white hair; the two anterior tarsi are entirely black; the posterior. tarsi white, black towards the apex. ‘The lower part of the wings and the apical part from the base of the stigma are suffused with fuscous. Allied to Z. rugifrons and £. orizabe. & Epyris scutellaris, sp. n. Niger, capite viridi, scutello rufo; alis hyalinis, fusco-maculatis. Long. 8 millim. Hab. Mexico, Tierra Colorada in Guerrero, 2000 feet. (H. H. Smith). The head, except at the oral region, where it is black, metallic green, running into bluish shades on the vertex, thickly covered with white hair, strongly and closely punctured. The mandibles are pale testaceous towards the apex. The - antenne are black, densely covered with white hair; the third joint is distinctly longer than the fourth. ‘The prothorax is, if anything, longer than broad, closely punctured, densely covered with white hair and with a not very distinct furrow down the centre. The mesonotum densely covered with white hair ; the central furrows are deep, the lateral furrows narrower and less distinct, and the mesonotum outside them is dull rufous. ‘The scutellum is impunctate, shining, rufous. The sides of the median segment project into stout teeth; at the apex above there is a semicircular area, into which run from the side of the segment a central and a lateral keel ; the sides have some irregular keels, the apex is slightly oblique and is transversely striated, with a central longitudinal keel. The abdomen is shorter than the thorax, shining, covered, especially at the sides and beneath, with white hair. The legs are covered with white hair; the trochanters are pale testaceous. ‘The basal and the radial nervures are black, the others pale testaceous; the fuscous cloud extends from the basal nervure to the middle of the radial cellule. A prominent feature in this distinct species is the stout projecting teeth on the median segment. . scutedlaris should be placed near L, erythropoda, Cam., from Panama. 20* 276 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on Reptiles and Batrachians Epyris montezuma, sp. n. Niger, antennis pedibusque testaceis; alis hyalinis, stigmate nervisque pallidis. 9. Long. fere 4 millim. Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (F. D. Godman and H. H. Smith). Allied to E. guatemalensis, Cam., but easily separated from it by the absence of the furrows on the mesonotum and by the deep transverse depression at the base of the scutellum. Antenne stout, as long as the thorax, testaceous, infuscated towards the tip; the scape curved, dilated towards the apex, as long as the following three joints united, these being of nearly equal length. Head shining, faintly punctured, sparsely haired ; the mandibles testaceous. The extreme base of the pronotum depressed, testaceous ; the rest aciculated and with a few shallow punctures. The mesonotum much shorter than the pronotum, aciculated ; in front of the scutellum is a wide, deep, somewhat curved furrow. The median segment is longer than the mesothorax; above finely and closely rugosely punctured, almost transversely striated towards the apex ; there is a central keel reaching towards the apex and a shorter lateral one; the apex is almost perpendicular and finely transversely striated. ‘The abdomen is shining, pilose at the apex, the apical segments rufous ; the basal segment is gradually dilated towards the apex. Legs testaceous, the femora more or less infuscated. Wings hyaline, the nervures pallid yellow; the cubital and transverse cubital nervures obliterated entirely ; the tegule are pallid yellow. [To be continued. ] XXVI.—A List of Reptiles and Batrachians from the Congo Free State, with Descriptions of Two new Snakes. By G. A. BouULENGER, F.R.S. At the request of the Secretary of the Department of the Interior, Congo Free State, I have undertaken to name a collection of Reptiles and Batrachians formed in the State within the last few years, and which will be exhibited at the International Exhibition to be held this year in Brussels. At the same time I accepted to look over the specimens from the same region which are the property of the Brussels University, where they are being arranged by the Curator of the Collection, my friend M. L. De Pauw. from the Congo Free State. 277 I give a list of the species of which I have identified examples, with an indication of the localities. The latter are thirteen in number, viz. :— A. West Africa. . Zambi-Banana, mouth of the Congo. Zambi, Lower Congo. Bongo-Congo, Lower Congo. Boma. . Leopoldville. . Stanley Pool. > OR 92 bo ps B. Central Africa south of the Equator. . Kuango River. . Kassai River. . Chuapa River. . Lomami River. . Nyangwe, Lualaba River. ae RePoweoasl C. Central Africa north of the Equator. 12. Aruwimi. 13. Zongo, Ubangi Rapids. REPTILIA. EXMYDOSAURIA. 1. Crocodilus niloticus, Laur.—Kuango. LACERTILIA. 2. Hemidactylus mabouia, Mor.—Zambi-Banana; Nyangwe. 3. Zonurus cordylus, L.—Aruwimi. First record north of Angola. 4. Varanus niloticus, L.—Kassai. 5. Monopeltis Guenther, Blgry.—Kuango. 6. Ichnotropis capensis, Smith.— Kuango. First record north of Angola. 7. Mabuia maculilabris, Gray.— Kassai. 8. Lygosoma Fernand, Burt.—Nyangwe. First record south of the Gaboon. 9. Ablepharus cabinde, Bocage.—Bongo-Congo. 10. Heylinia Currort, Gray.—Zambi. 278 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on Reptiles and Batrachians RHIPTOGLOSSA. 11. Chameleon gracilis, Hallow.—Stanley Peol. 12. Chameleon dilepis, Leach.—Bongo-Congo. OPHIDLIA. - 13. Typhlops punctatus, Leach.— Boma; Zongo. 14. Python sebe, Gm.—Zongo. 15. Tropidonotus olivaceus, Ptrs——Zambi-Banana; Zambi ; Boma; Kassai. 16. Bothrophthalmus lineatus, Ptrs—Nyangwe; Kuango; Kassai. Black, with five yellow or red longitudinal lines, which are narrower than the interspaces. 17. Boodon lineatus, D. & B.—Zambi; Kassai; Aruwimi; Zongo. 18. Lycophidium capense, Smith.—Kuango ; Lomami. 19. Chlorophis heterolepidotus, Gthr.—Zambi. 20. Chlorophis trregularis, Leach. — Zambi; Nyangwe ; Zongo. 21. Philothamnus semivariegatus, Smith.—Kassai. 22. Philothamnus dorsalis, Bocage.—Zambi-Banana; Zambi. One of the specimens is melanotic:—Uniform black, except the snout, which is of a pale brown, and the throat, which is white. Another has dark brown bars across the neck. 23. Gastropyxis smaragdina, Schl.—Kassai. 24. Hapsidophrys lineata, Fisch.—lKassai. 25. Thrasops flavigularis, Hallow.—Kuango. 26. Prosymna Bocagit, sp. n. Snout obtusely pointed, very prominent, and slightly turned up at the end. Rostral very large, with angular horizontal edge; a single internasal and a single prefrontal; frontal large, more than half the width of the head, a little longer ee ee from the Congo Free State. ~ 279 than the parietals, its antero-lateral angles reaching the eyes ; loreal longer than deep; a very small preocular; prefrontal entering the eye; one postocular ; temporals 1+2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; only cne pair of well-developed chin-shields. Scales smooth, in 15 rows. Ventrals 167; anal entire; subcaudals 19. Blackish brown above and beneath, the ventrals and subcaudals edged with pale brown. Total length 340 millim. ; tail 28. A single female specimen from Zongo, Ubangi Rapids. This species, which I have the pleasure of naming in honour of Prof. Barboza du Boeage, to whom we are in- debted for much of our knowledge of the reptiles of West Africa, is closely allied to P. ambigua, from which it differs in the more prominent, slightly turned up snout, the minute preocular, which allows the prefrontal to border the eye, and the single postocular. 27. Scaphiophis albopunctatus, Ptrs.—Kuango; Kassai. Two young specimens. 25 or 27 scales across the neck, 21 across the middle of the body; ventrals 202, 198; subcaudals 55, 51. 28. Grayia Smythii, Leach.—Aruwimi. 29. Dasypeltis scabra, L.—Zambi; Kassai; Zongo. Sc. 21-23 ; V. 199-232 ; C. 65-81. Some specimens are uniform pale brown; others have the dark markings more or less distinct, but always small. 30. Leptodira hitambeia, Laur.—Zambi; Bongo-Congo; Boma; Kuango; Lomami; Zongo. 31. Dromophis lineatus, D. & B.—Chuapa. First record south of the Equator. 32. Psammophis sibilans, L.—Zambi; Boma. 33. Thelotornis Kirtlandit, Hallow.—Kassai. 34, Xenocalamus Mechovii, Ptrs—Kuango. ‘The specimen measures 520 millim.; tail 55. Two minute postoculars. V. 227; C. 34. | 35. Aparallactus ubangensis, sp. n. Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the oral border. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than the preefrontals ; frontal a little longer than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal divided, in contact 280 Reptiles and Batrachians from the Congo Free State. with the preocular; one postocular ; no anterior temporal ; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth and sixth largest and in contact with the parietal; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ; ante- rior chin-shields larger than the posterior and in contact with four lower labials. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 163; anal entire ; subcaudals 38. Dark brown above, with a yellow nuchal collar ; orange beneath, with a few brown dots scat- tered on the posterior part of the belly; subcaudals dark brown, with orange posterior border. Total length 390 millim. ; tail 55. A single female specimen from Zongo, Ubangi Rapids. 36. Elapechis Guenthert, Bocage.—Kuango. 37. Nata melanoleuca, Hallow.—Zongo. 38. Naia nigricollis, Reinh.—Stanley Pool; Kuango. 39. Dendraspis Jamesonii, 'Traill—Zambi-Banana; Boma. 40. Dendraspis angusticeps, Smith.—Boma. 41, Causus rhombeatus, Licht.—Zambi-Banana; Zambi; Boma; Stanley Pool ; Kuango; Kassai; Zongo. 42. Bitis artietans, Merr.—Leopoldville. 43. Atheris squamiger, Hallow.—Stanley Pool; Zongo. Two specimens, with 7 or 8 keeled scales across the inter- ocular region. The specimen from Stanley Pool is uniform bright yellow, with a single series of scales between the eye and the labials, 21 series of scales, 143 ventrals, and 52 sub- caudals ; that from Zongo is dark green, with small yellow spots ; one series of suboculars on the right side, two series (one of which is incomplete) on the left side; 23 series of scales, 163 ventrals, and 56 subcaudals, 44, Atractaspis trregularis, Reinh.—Zambi. Sc. 27; V. 229; C. 25 pairs, — On a new Snake from German East Africa. 281 BATRACHIA. 1. Rappia tristis, Bocage.—Zambi. Known from a single specimen from Angola. 2. Rappia marmorata, Rapp.—Zambi. 3. Bufo regularis, Reuss.—Zambi. I seize this opportunity to point out that the three species recently described by Mocquard (C. R. Congr. Intern. Zool. Leyde, pp. 232-234) from the Upper Ubangi in the French Congo are not new. Mabuia Viancini, Mocq.,= M. Buettner’, Matschie ; Rana oubanghiensis, Mocq.,=f. galamensis, D. & B.; and, as recognized by the author himself, Nata yakome, Mocq.,= NV. Goldit, Blgr. XX VII.—Description of a new Snake from Usambara, German East Africa. By G. A. BoULENGER, F.R.S. Leptodira Wernert. Body feebly compressed. Rostral once and two thirds as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above ; internasals much shorter than the pretrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal deeper than long; one pra- ocular, not reaching the frontal; two or three postoculars ; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the ante- rior chin-shields, which are a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 225; anal entire; subcaudals 101. Pale grey-brown above, uniform on the head and on the anterior part of the body, the rest of the body and the tail with darker spots more or less confluent into closely-set cross-bands ; upper lip yellowish white; ventrals yellowish white, mostly edged with dark brown on the sides; sub- caudals brown. Total length 370 millim.; tail 85. A single specimen, presented to the British Museum by Dr. F. Werner. 282 Ona new Species of the Genus Peecilopsaltria. XX VIII.— Description of a new Species of the Genus Peecilo- psaltria belonging to the Family Cicadide. By W. L. DISTANT. Herr Anton HAnpiirscw having lately submitted to me for determination the Cicadide from Africa and Madagascar contained in the “ Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum ”’ of Vienna, I have found the following species from Madagascar requires description and to be added to the nomenclature. This museum has acquired the collection of the late Dr. Signoret, which includes many of Stal’s types and deter- minations. It must be remembered, however, that to many of these specimens are attached MS. names; for my late friend Dr. Signoret combined an enthusiasm for his study beyond the time he could devote to it—which was not incon- siderable—with the result that many species which he decided were undescribed had MS. names affixed in his collection, but received no publication at the time, for he preferred writing on a group at some subsequent period. Pectlopsaltria Handlirschi, sp. n. Body above castaneous. Head with a triangular central mark to front, lateral transverse strie to face, area of the ocelli (from which emerge two fascie, of which the first reaches the anterior lateral margin and the second is recurved to eyes) black. Pronotum with the anterior margin, two central lineate fascia, and the incisures black. Mesonotum with four obconical spots starting from anterior margin, of which the two central are smallest, and between the apices of which is a central triangular spot, and the anterior margins of the cruciform elevation black. Abdomen with the lateral areas of the three basal and the whole of the remaining segments black. Body beneath and legs pale castaneous. ‘egmina brownish ochraceous, the apical areas and margin more or less purplish brown and mottled with greyish ; a distinct greyish-white submarginal spot in upper ulnar area. Wings brownish ochraceous, with rather more than basal third darkly infuscated. The rostrum reaches the posterior coxe. Long., excl. tegm., ¢ 39 millim.; exp. tegm. 104 millim. Hab. Madagascar (Schneider, 1880). The description is based on one female specimen, and the type is in the Vienna Museum. By the internal fuscous area to the wings it is allied to P. Brancsiki, Dist., but the remaining totally different coloration will alone serve to distinguish it from that species. Se Se ee On some new Oriental Opiliones. 283 XXIX.—Descriptions of some new Oriental Opiliones recently received by the British Museum. By R. I. Pocock. Suborder PLAGIOSTETHYI, Simon. Family Phalangiide. Genus GAGRELLA, Stoliczka. Gagrella insculpta, sp. n. Closely allied to G. scrobiculata, Thorell (Ann. Mus. Genov. xxx. p. 117), from Borneo, but apparently differing in the following particulars :—The colour of the trunk is black, but there are some bright yellow spots near the sides of the cara- pace, one on each side of the tergal shield of the abdomen, and one on the anterior surface of the distal end of the fourth coxa (these spots do not appear to be present in scrobiculata). Mandibles yellow, spotted with brown in front in one speci- men, but not nigro-piceous as in scrobiculata. Legs black ; tarsi testaceous; the adjacent extremities of the tibize and protarsi bright yellow. Sternal area of abdomen with a wide flavous stripe on each side of it. The sculpturing of the trunk appears to resemble that of scrobiculata, except that the free abdominal terga are exceed- ingly finely punctulate and not very finely ¢ granular. The supramandibular eee are not acuminate and narrow, but stout, with the apex digitate, each digitiform process armed apically with small tubercles ; immediately behind them on the carapace there is a low smooth eminence. Length of trunk 8°5 millim., width 5. Loc. Baram, Borneo. Several specimens obtained by Mr. Charles Hose. Suborder MECOSTETHI, Simon. Fam. Oncopodide, Thor. Genus Pexitnus, Thor. (Ann, Mus. Genoy. xxx. p. 757 (1890).) Pelitnus annulipes, sp. n. Colour of upperside of trunk and of lower side of abdomen a deep brownish black ; coxee fusco-ferruginous ; 3 legs brunneo- fuscous, with the tarsi, trochanters, and apices “of femora, patella, and tibize orange- yellow. 284 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some Trunk smooth though not polished, piriform; width of abdomen a little more than two thirds length of trunk (5:7). Carapace convex transversely, about twice as wide as long, widely and transversely truncate anteriorly, its anterior lateral angles rounded, its sides nearly parallel, the interocular area elevated into an erect triangularly spiniform tooth, at the base of which on each side the eye is situated; the area in front of the tubercle nearly vertical, that behind it horizontal in the middle, strongly sloped away at the sides, where there is a distinct tubercle, and just above and behind it a deep pit leading apparently into a tunnel which passes beneath a kind of bridge formed by the union of the middle of the dorsal surface of the carapace and the corresponding area of the first segment of the abdomen; the middle of the upper surface of this bridge marked with a deep pit, which evidently corre- sponds to the shallow but wide sulcus which longitudinally divides the anterior abdominal tergal ridges, but dies out on the posterior ones ; these ridges are nine in number, counting that in the first that forms the hinder half of the bridge ; none of the terga are free and all the sterna are similarly fused, being represented by transverse ridges, and the original sutures between them by grooves. Mandibles only moderately strong, the basal segment distally expanded and terminating above in a bluntly rounded prominence, its upper edge longitudinally straight, the forceps weak, the digits scarcely sinuate; when extended these appendages reach only to the end of the femur of the palp. Palpi reaching just past the tibia of the first leg, bearing a Single cylindrical process on the under surface of the maxilla, trochanter, and base of femur. Legs longish ; the coxe sending out in front and behind a buttress to support the narrowed base of the trochanter; this buttress on the posterior face of the second coxa is double, and bears, in addition, a tubercle, while on the upper surface of the segment there is a pair of large tubercles beneath the edge of the carapace, and the inner angle of this segment is armed with a forwardly directed angular tooth projecting partially beneath the coxa of the first leg, upon which close to the lip-like maxillary plate there is a low rounded promi- nence; the rest of the coxe and of the segments of the legs are without special processes. The coxo-sternal area between the genital plate and the mouth-parts longitudinally depressed and forming a deep wide channel. Genital plate triangularly heart-shaped, about as wide at the base as it is long. Measurements in millimetres.—Total length of trunk 7; new Oriental Opiliones. 285 width of abdomen 5, of carapace 2°5; length of first leg (ex- cluding coxa) 9°5, of second 15, of third 10°5, of fourth 15. Loc. Baram, Borneo. One specimen obtained by Mr. C. Hose. The only other known species of this genus is P. armillatus, Thor. (/oc. ctt.), from Ajer Mantjur in Sumatra, which is based upon a small example 2 millim. long and evidently not adult. But it certainly differs from the species here described in having the abdomen as wide as the trunk is long and more than half the length of the fourth leg. The palpi, moreover, are said to be unarmed, no processes being described as present upon the lower side of its basal segments. So far as | can judge of the characters of Gnomulus from the description of the two known species published by Dr. Thorell—namely G. rostratus (Ann. Mus. Genov. xxx. p- 378), from Pinang, and G. swmatranus (loc. cit. p. 759), from Mount Singalang—the genus Pelitnus only differs from it in possessing a triangularly spiniform erect interocular tubercle. ‘The two differ from the following genus Oncopus in having the anterior two pairs of tarsi two-jointed and the posterior two pairs three-jointed. In Oncopus all the tarsi are composed of a single segment. Genus Oncopus, Thor. (Ann. Mus. Genoy. ix. p. 154 (1876).) Oncopus Hose, sp. n. Nearly allied to O. Dorie, Thorell, from Sarawak (Ann. Mus. Genoy. ix. p. 138, 1876-77), but differing apparently in the following particulars :— The body is narrower as compared with its length, the width of the abdominal region being considerably less than two thirds the length of the dorsal surface. On the abdomen there are only two distinct pairs of tubercles, both of which appear to be relatively smaller and a little closer together than those in O. Dorie. The third pair of tubercles from the end depicted in the drawing of O. Dorie are only just visible in O. Hosez. The genital plate is distinctly longer than wide, and from the inner angle of the coxa of the legs of the third paira slender spiniform process runs forward, underlying the maxillary process of the coxa of the legs of the second pair. Palpi extending nearly to the apex of the protarsus of the first legs ; femur has no processes below (in Dorte there are said to be two processes, one at the base and the other in the 286 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some distal half), and I can see nothing of the nature of a blunt bifid spine or process arising from the lower side of the maxille, there being at most a low and undivided prominence here. Moreover, on the coxe of the first leg there are distinctly four processes visible below, one a largish conical eminence situated in the middle of its lower surface, a second small blunt tooth-like one on its anterior surface just below Fig. 1.— Oncopus Hosei ; head and mandible. Fig. 1 a.— Ditto ; coxee of second and third legs. Fig. 2.—Oncopus alticeps ; head and mandible. Fig. 2 a.—Ditto ; coxal area of carapace. the maxilla, and the other two on its distal margin. All the trochanters are without tubercles, but there is a distinct process at the base of the upperside of the femur of the second leg. Measurements in millimetres.—Total length of trunk 9°3 ; length of carapace 3, width 38; width of abdomen 5; length of first leg (excluding coxa) 9, of second 13, of third 9, of fourth 13°5. Loc. Baram, Borneo. ; en? ‘ $ a oon <=, ‘4 . + Te, i i THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [SIXTH SERIES.] No. 112. APRIL 1897. XXXIII.—Report upon the Scorpiones and Pedipalpi obtained on the Lower Amazons by Messrs. E. E. Austen and F. Pickard Cambridge during the trip of Mr. Siemens’s Steamship ‘Faraday. By R. 1. Pocock. THouGH all the species of Pedipalpi brought back by Messrs. Austen and Cambridge prove referable to previously known species, they are nevertheless of considerable interest as desiderata to the collection of the British Museum and as serving to fill important gaps in our knowledge on points of geographical distribution, constancy of structural features, &c. Of the species of Scorpions, all but one—namely, Brotheas Gervaisti—appear to be undescribed. The discovery, how- ever, even of this form is of value, since the species was established upon two specimens of which the locality was unknown. ‘lhe other species are nearly allied to forms that occur in the north and north-western countries of South America (Guiana, Colombia, &c.); but it is interesting to note that no member of the family Bothriuride nor of the genera Centrurus, Hadruroides, Caraboctonus, Chactas, Opis- thacanthus, Diplocentrus, &c., which occur in other parts of the continent, seem to be represented on the Lower Amazons. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 26 358 Mr. R. I. Pocock on Scorpiones and Order PEDIPALPI. Family Tarantulide. Subfamily Apwerrm#, nom. nov. (= Tarantuline, Simon; Neophrynine, Kraepelin.) Genus ADMETUS, C. Koch. Admetus, C. Koch, Uebersicht des Arachnidensystem, 1850, p. 81; Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1892, p: 51. Neophrynus, Kraepelin, Abh. Hamburg. Anst. xiil. pp. 21 & 23 (1895). The genus Admetus was established by C. Koch for the following species of Phrynus :—pumilio, Perty, fusc’manus, C. K., marginemaculatus, C. K., and palmatus, Herbst; and since none of these species have any other generic name older than Admetus by which the group could be designated in accordance with accepted rules of nomenclature, Admetus, being unpreoccupied, must be reserved for one of the species mentioned ; and since Simon, in 1895, distinctly selected zamatus, Herbst, as its type, and correctly diagnosed the genus, it is not easy to see Kraepelin’s reasons for proposing the new name Neophrynus for the same section upon dis- covering that the names 7arantula and Phrynus, by which it had been previously (though erroneously) known by Karsch, Thorell, and myself, had to be used in a totally different sense. ‘Lhe tact that pumilio, one of the species referred by Koch to Admetus, is not congenerie with the others, does not interfere with Simon’s right to apply Admetus to one of the latter, nor confer upon Kraepelin the power of disregarding the name as unusable. Thus compelled to adopt Admetus, I venture to propose the new name Admetine for the subfamily embracing the three genera, Admetus, Koch, Heterophrynus, Poc., and Phrynopsis, Poe. . Admetus santarensis (Poc.). Tarantula santarensis, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 284 (1894). Many specimens were taken at Santarem, one in a house, a few in the forest, and many from a termite’s nest upon the campos. ‘The species was based upon a single female example brought from Santarem by Mr. Wickham. This species differs from the forms that I have named barbadensis, pulchripes, and Gervaisti in possessing six long spines upon the trochanter of the chela instead of five. Pedipalpt from the Lower Amazons. 559 The young are much more variegated in colour than the adults, the terga of the abdomen being ornamented with a pair of pale spots, which converge and become united upon the seventh segment. Genus HETEROPHRYNUS, Poe. Heterophrynus longicornis (Butler). tee longicornis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 128 73). nails longicornis, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 287 (1894). Several specimens of this species were obtained under tiles and bricks at Pard, others in termites’ nests in the forest at Santarem, and one at Monte Alegre. It has been previously recorded from the two first-mentioned localities. The only comment that it seems necessary to make in connexion with these specimens is that the shortness of the chela or palp in the male, which I pointed out as distinctive of this form as compared with chiracanthus and Batesi, though regarded as of no importance by Dr. Kraepelin, seems to be a perfectly constant, and therefore important, character. In Batesti and chiracanthus the femur of the chela is about twice the width of the carapace in length, whereas in /ongi- cornis the length of the chela only just exceeds the width of the carapace in the adult and is much less than the length of the femur of the second leg, instead of being approximately equal to it or greater than it, as in chtracanthus or Batesiv. It is true that the chele are much shorter in the young than in the adult, but that the shortness of the organ in longicornis is not attributable to youth seems proved by the circumstance that it obtains in the largest specimens examined—specimens with the carapace attaining a width of 16-18 millim., the femur of the palp being but 19-20 millim., whereas in examples of Gatesd? with the carapace 12°5 millim. in width the femur of the appendage in question measures 25 millim. In an ovigerous female ot /ongicornis from Pard, with the carapace 15 millim. wide, the femur of the chela measures 14°5 millim. Family Thelyphonide. Genus 'THELYPHONELLUS, Poe. Thelyphonellus amazonicus (Butler), Thelyphonus amazonicus, Butler, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) x. p. 201, pl. xiii. fig. 2 (1872). Thelyphonellus amazonicus, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv, p. 133 1894), 26% 360 Mr. R. I. Pocock on Scorpiones and Specimens obtained in the forest at Santarem and at Parintins under leaves and rotten wood. The type of this species was obtained by H. W. Bates at Altar do Chad, Santarem. Order SCORPIONES. Family Buthida. Genus Isomerrus, Hempr. & Ehrenb. Isometrus maculatus (De Geer). A specimen of this ubiquitous species was taken on the vessel at Pard. Genus Tiryus, C. Koch. Tityus Cambridget, sp.n. (Figs. 1, 1 a, p. 362.) ? .—Colour of upperside a uniform black or reddish black throughout, paler below; pectines testaceous; a triangular smooth testaceons area on the middle of the hinder border of the third sternite. Sculpturing, granulation, &c. as in the Bogoté form forcipula, Gervais (=americanus, Thorell, Kraepelin, &c.), but not so coarse. Tail parallel-sided, segments 2 and 4 of equal width, the fourth twice as long as wide ; the inferior crests on segments 2-4 not confluent, the median lateral crest of the second only visible on the posterior fourth of the segment, or, at most, represented in front by minute granules; tail about 54 times the length of the carapace; the hand and digit a little less in length than the first two segments and half the third, and twice the length of the carapace; width of the fourth segment equal to half its length, width of the fifth a little less than half its length. Hand as wide as the brachium, the latter only a little longer than the carapace and less than three times as long as broad; hand-back two thirds the length of the carapace and half the length of the movable digit, which has 15 rows of teeth. Pectinal teeth 22; base of shaft lobate. 3.—Tail feebly incrassate posteriorly as in the female, about 64 times the length of the carapace ; the finger and hand as long as its first two segments and half the third, and 2} times the length of the carapace ; filth caudal segment nearly three times as long as wide. Chela long and slender. Carapace about $ the length of Pedipalpi from the Lower Amazons. 361 the brachium, which is at least four times as long as broad ; hand long and slender, externally concave, its width equal to that of the brachium and about one third the length of the hand-back, which is a little Jess than the length of the carapace and more than half the length of the movable digit ; digits in contact only feebly lobate basally. Pectinal teeth 21-22. Measurements in millimetres.— 3 . Total length 72; length of carapace 7°8, of tail 43, length of its fourth segment 7:5, width 3°8; width of vesicle 2°8, of brachium and hand 2°8; length of brachium 8°5, of hand-back 5, of movable digit 10-2. 3- Total length 80; length of carapace 7:6, of tail 52, length of fourth segment 9°5, width 3°5; width of vesicle 3, of brachium and hand 2°5; length of brachium 11, of hand- back 7, of movable digit 12. Loc. Par& (type, two males and a female). Apart from finer granulation &c., this, species may be distinguished from TZ. forcipula, Gervais, by the following features :— In the female of forcipula (co-typical example) the tail is very distinctly incrassate, the tourth and fifth segments being distinctly wider than the first, and their width about ? their length; the crests are much stronger and the median lateral on the second is complete, though weaker forwards. Still more striking are the differential characters of the male: as L have already pointed out (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., June 1889, pp. 54-56), the male of forcipu/a has the tail of normal length, but enormously thickened posteriorly, the width of the fourth segment being almost equal to its length; again, the chele are not elongate, but the hand is enormously thickened, nearly twice the width of the brachium, the digits being widely separated, sinuate and lobate. In its sexual features Cambridget resembles androcottoides of Karsch, but, apart from the differential feature presented by the distinctness of the inferior caudal keels, the hand of the male has a different form, as also has the vesicle of the tail. Tityus metuendus, sp.n. (Figs. 2, 2a, p. 362.) ? .—Very like that of 7. Cambridge?, but the tail thicker, the width ot the fourth segment considerably more than half its length; the granulations of the tail also much less distinct. Hand distinctly wider than the brachium and much less strongly crested than in Cambridget. Pectinal teeth 19. 362 Mr. R. 1. Pocock on Seorpiones and ¢-—Strikingly different from male of Cambridge and approaching that of forcipula in the nature of its sexual characters. ‘l'ail incrassate to the middle of the fifth segment ; width of the fourth and fifth considerably more than half their length, the whole tail about 6} times the length of the carapace; the finger and hand as long as the first two segments and one third of the third, and only a little more than twice the length of the carapace; vesicle granular below and about equal to the brachium in width, ceececere ( ~ ¢ MCSE C CLEC EKEE Fig. 1.—Hand and forearm of Tityus Cambridge ¢. Fig. 1 a.—Posterior end of tail of ditto. Fig. 2.—Hand and forearm of 7. metuendus ¢. Fig. 2a.—Posterior end of tail of ditto. Fig. 3.—Vesicle of 7. silvestris, Fig. 3a.—Ditto of 7. paraguayensis, Kraep. Chela moderately elongate; brachium not four times as long as wide; hand much expanded, much wider than brachium, its width about two thirds the length of the hand- back; the movable digit strongly lobate at the base, the immovable sinuate, leaving a narrow space between them when closed. Pectinal teeth 20-21, Pedipalpi from the Lower Amazons. 353 Measurements in millimetres.— ¢ . Total length 77; length of carapace 8, of tail 46, width of its first and fourth seg- ments 5, length of fourth 8; width of vesicle 3, of brachium 3°3, of hand 4; length of brachium 9, of hand-back 5:1, of movable digit 10°8. 3. Total length 97; length of carapace 9:5, of tail 61, width of first segment 5, length 7°7, width of fourth 6:3, length 11; width of vesicle 3-8, of brachium 3°6, of hand 5:8 ; length of brachium 11-5, of hand-back 8, of movable digit 13. Loc. of type (g¢). Above Iquitos, on the Marafion or Amazons. The Museum has two males and three females of this form from the above locality, and Mr. Cambridge procured one male specimen at Parintins, up the river above Santarem. This example has the chele rather more slender than in the two males trom Iquitos; but since these two are not quite alike in the structure of the appendage, it would be incautious to attach a new name to the Parintins specimen without further material wherewith to test the constancy of the differ ences. he distinctions between this form and foredpula will be further discussed in a future paper. Tityus silvestris, sp. nu. (Fig. 3, p. 362.) Belonging to the columbianus group of species and approach- ing most closely to the Demerara form 7. Quelchii, Poe. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 314, pl. xiv. tig. 1, 1893), and to the Paraguayan form 7. paraguayensis, Kraepelin (Jahrb. Hamburg. Anstalten, xii. p. 19, 1895), of which the British Museum has examples collected at Assuncion by Dr. Bohls. The dorsal and sternal surfaces of the trunk densely spotted black and yellow; there is, however, a conspicuous bright yellow T-shaped mark on the fore part of the carapace, a similar mark being much less conspicuous in paruguayensis and not noticeable in Quelchi?, which is of a much more uniform tint and less distinctly mottled. In silvestris, moreover, not only are the maxillary lobes infuscate throughout their length, but the dark pigment, in addition, spreads on to the coxe of the second, third, and sometimes also of the fourth leg, whereas in the specimens of the other two species that I have seen the maxillary lobes are infuscate only at the tip, there being, however, in paraguay- ensis also a single spot upon the coxee of the second leg. In structural features Quelchii has better developed granu- lation and stronger keels, the sculpturing of paraguayensts 564 Mr. R. I. Pocock on Scorpiones and being finer than in szlvestris, as is particularly noticeable on the superior caudal crests. And, lastly, in s¢/vestris the vesicle is higher than in the other species, the tooth beneath the aculeus being very high, with a blunt and obliquely truncate apex. Pectinal teeth 14-16 (in a young specimen 12-13). The single male example has 15. Rows of teeth on digit 14 (not including small apical rows) ; 15-16 along the outer row. (In Quelchii there are 13-14 rows of teeth, and not 11-12 as erroneously stated in the original diagnosis.) The sexual characters are the same as in paraguayensis, but the fourth and fifth segments are much less strongly elevated. ?. Total length of body and tai! 34 millim., of tail 19°5; width of first segment 2, of fifth 1:5; width of brachium and hand 1°8. 3. Total length 30°5, of tail 19, width of its first and fifth segments 2; width of brachium 1:5, of hand 2. Loc. Santarem. Several specimens collected in the forest by Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge. Note.—In addition to the specimens of Z7tyus here recorded, other examples belonging to the americanus type were col- lected at Parand Buyassu and in the forest at Santarem ; but since only females were obtained, I have refrained from defi- uitely attaching names to them, seeing that they are not structurally identical with the females either of Cambridget or of metuendus. Family Iuride. Subfamily Cxacrry, Genus BroreocHactas, Poe. Broteochactas parvulus, sp. n. 9 .— Colour a tolerably uniform blackish brown, redder on chela and vesicle; legs fulvous, with femur and _ patella externally infuscate ; lower surface fulvo-fuscous ; pectines testaceous. Carapace with its anterior border very slightly emarginate ; the interocular area and the dorsal portion of the area behind the median eyes smooth; lateral portions closely and finely granular, with a few larger granules intermixed. ~ Terga shining, nearly smooth, finely granular laterally and mesially, with a few larger granules intermixed, the last more coarsely granular, but without distinct crests. Pedipalpi from the Lower Amazons. 365 Sterna entirely smooth and polished; a few large punc- tures here and there. Tail a little more than three times as long as carapace, posteriorly narrowed ; lower surfaces of segments 1-3 smooth, polished, keelless, but furnished with long bristles; the supe- rior and superior lateral keel distinct and weakly granular, terminating on the second segment in an angular tooth ; fourth segment like the third, but sparsely g granular below, upperside of these segments sparsely eranular ; upperside of fifth without granules except on the side margins; the sides granular, the lower surface coarsely but not closely granular, lateral keels granular; vesicle coarsely granular below, hairy, smooth at base of aculeus. Chela with humerus granular above on its anterior and posterior keel; brachium smooth, not keeled, hairy ; hand smooth, polished and punctured above except towards the inner edge and tle base of the immovable digit, where there is coarse granulation, the inner edge with a distinct basal tooth ; hand-back and lower surface quite smooth, immovable digit stout, punctured, rugose. Legs smooth except for the femora of third and fourth, which are finely granular externally. Pectinal teeth 6-7. 6 -—Like the female, but with the carapace, terga, the sides of the caudal segment, including also the lower surface of the third and fourth, and the lateral portions of the sterna finely shagreened with granules. Pectines \ar ger, 8-9 teeth, im which the sensory area extends up to the base; upper surface of hand not so smooth as in the female, but only very finely shagreened externally. Measur AVE in millimetres.— 9. Total length 27 ; length of carapace 3°5, of tail 13, width of its first segment 2, 3. Total length 24; length of carapace 3:5, of tail 13°8. Loc. Santarem. Several specimens taken in the forest beneath rotten wood by Mr. Cambridge. The three known species of this genus may be recognized by the following table :— Female. a, Carapace and terga and external surfaces of fe- mora of legs smooth, without granules; hand and brachium also almost entirely smooth, as well as the sides of the fifth caudal segment... Gollmert (Karsch) (=nitidus, Poc.). (Ve- nezuela and Trinidad.) 6, Carapace, external surface of femora of third and fourth legs, sides of fifth caudal segment, 366 Mr. R. I. Pocock on Scorp/ones and and at least the inner portion of the upper surface of the hand distinctly granular. a', Upper and outer surfaces of brachium and hand covered with a reticulated pattern of granules ; lower surface of hand and crest of hand-back also granular: length of adult ‘about 60 mualliia: 3)... “Ae aa . delicatus (Karsch). (Guiana. ) é'. Brachium, lower surface of hand and keel of hand, and area of hand adjacent to it smooth: adult less than 50 millim....... pérvulus, sp.n. (San- tarem.) Male. a, Carapace and terga more closely and coarsely granular; sterna distinctly granular at the sides, the anterior ones more so than the posterior; lower surface of hand and upper surface externally smooth ................ parvulus, sp. n. 4. Carapace and terga less closely granular; sterna almost entirely smooth; hand distinetly granular above and below. a’, External portion of upper surface of hand and crest of hand-back only very finely granular: less than 40 millim. .......... Gollmeri (Karsch). 4, External portion of upper surface of hand and keel of hand-back coarsely granular : over 40 millim. in length .............. delicatus, Karsch, Genus Brorueas, C. Koch. Brotheas Gervaisii, Poe. Brotheas Gervaisii, Poc. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 78 (1893). A single female specimen obtained at Gurupa. This example differs from the type in certain characters, which, in the absence of more material, can hardly be regarded as of specific :importance. For example, the intercarinal spaces of the tail are a little less granular and the carapace and terga a little more so than in the typical female of Gervaisti, Poc. Again, the vesicle is very much narrower than the fifth caudal segment, whereas in Gervaisii it is nearly as wide. These are characters, however, which appear to be subject to variation with age, for small examples ot Herbst’i taken in Demerara by Mr. W. L. Sclater are far more granular than adults captured by the same collector in the same locality, and they have the vesicle noticeably narrower. Consequently the distinctive features of this Gurupa specimen may be provisionally attributed to imma- turity. ‘The discovery of the specimen is, however, of great interest, inasmuch as no locality was previously known for the species. Pedipalpi from the Lower Amazons. 367 In connexion with Prof. Kraepelin’s latest utterances upon the subject of the genus Brotheas, the following observations may be made (see JB. Hamburg. Anst. xi. no. 1, p. 173, 1894) :— In the first place, this author reserves the name maurus, Herbst, for the type of the genus, on the grounds that the species identified as Scorpio maurus by Herbst is generically distinct from the Scorpio maurus of Linné. He therefore admits in his system both Heterometrus maurus (Linn.) (=the true Scorpio maurus, Linn.) and Broteas maurus (Herbst) (= Scorpio maurus, Linn., Herbst). This, however, is not the practice that is usually followed in such matters. Nor has Kraepelin himself applied this principle of nomenclature in analogous cases: if he had done so, consistency would have compelled him to adopt such names as Parabuthus australis (Herbst), Androctonus australis (Linn.), Centrurus. australis (De Geer) ; or, again, Tarantula rentformis (Linn.), Neophrynus reniformis (Fabr.), and Heterophrynus reniformis (Pallas). In the second place, if maurus be retained as the specific name of the type species of Brotheas, De Geer, and not Herbst, should be cited as its author, the former in 1778 being the first to start the error, which was subsequently handed on by Herbst and C. Koch. This, however, is a matter of but little importance, seeing that the name maurus cannot be retained for the species. For this I adopt the name Herbsti’, proposed by Thorell (Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvii. p. 14, 1876). It is to be observed, however, that ‘Thorell primarily gave the name ferbstii to the species wrongly identified as maurus by De Geer and later writers, without regard to the possibility of more than one species being involved. But the type of Brotheas, C. Koch, must presumably be the species upon which C. Koch establishes. the genus. ‘l'herefore it seems that it is to this species that the name Herbstiz must be atfixed. ‘The fact that the species came from Cayenne renders it probable that my identification of certain specimens from Demerara in the British Museum as Herbstii is correct, and at the same time throws doubt upon the identity of Simon’s /erbst7i from La Plata (see Aun. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1877, p. 241). Finally, it may be added that the description of Simon’s species paraensis (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1880, p. 881) does not apply to the females of the Demerara specimens mentioned above, so that if the latter are correctly named, as [ venture to think probable, it is impossible to follow Kraepelin in regarding paraensis as a synonym of Herbstit. 368 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of The females of the two species known to me in nature may be recognized as follows :— a. Lower surface of first caudal segment coarsely x granular, its median keels granular ........ Herbstit, Thor. ; (Guiana.) b. Lower surface of first caudal segment smooth, punctured, without granules, its keels obso- ie. Obes soe antec Be AY Sone Gervaisti,Poc. (Ama- ZOnS. ) B. paraensis, Sim., from Paré, based probably upon a female, differs from the above in having the carapace entirely devoid of granules; while B. granulatus, on the contrary, from Cayenne, the type of which is doubtless a male, is not from the description distinguishable from the iales identified as Herbstit in the Museum collection. XXXIV.—New Species of Hymenoptera from Central America. By P. CAMERON, F.K.S. {Concluded from p. 276.} Fam. Sphegide. PopIuM. Podium crassipes, sp. n. Nigrum ; alis fuliginosis. o. Long. 40 millim. Hab. Mexico, Omealea, near Orizaba (JZ. Trajillo). Antenne reaching to the scutellum, bare, pruinose. Head below the ocelli with widely separated punctures; the front thickly covered with long black hair; the vertex glabrous; a narrow thin furrow leading to the ocelli, uniting to a short, shallow, narrow transverse one behind them; there is a narrow longitudinal keel above the ocelli. The antenne are inserted immediately over the clypeus, which at the apex projects, is roundly concave, and is roundly and rather deeply incised, and bears a few shallow punctures. The eyes reach to the base of the mandibles and converge slightly above. ‘The prothorax is elongate, being nearly as long as the mesonotum; the anterior is separated from the longer posterior portion by a deep transverse furrow, its centre being raised behind; the anterior region is punctured and bears long black hairs, the punctureless part of the posterior portion Hymenoptera from Central America, 369 being almost glabrous. The anterior part of the mesonotum is covered with long black hairs and with distinctly separated punctures, the sides, too, towards the apex being longitu- dinally depressed. The median segment is as long as the pro- and mesothorax united; above, it is thickly covered with long black hair, closely transversely striated, a broad and deep depression down its centre, and there is another broad depression at its sides at the base and a narrower one in the middle at the sides. The pleure are covered with long black hairs. The propleure have a broad deep oblique depression in the centre, behind which they are rather strongly punctured, in front of it with only a few punctures. The mesopleure bear distinctly separated punctures, except on the sides of the oblique depression in the centre, above which they are obscurely longitudinally striated. The meta- pleure are impunctate. The mesosternum is covered with long black hairs and with distinctly separated punctures ; there is a deep longitudinal channel down its centre, at the end of which it becomes depressed, rising again towards the mesocoxe#, the space between being hollowed and at the sides longitudinally crenulated, the part between the coxe being slightly punctured at the sides and broadly furrowed down the centre, the sides of the furrow towards the apex having a few longitudinal keels. The petiole is longer than the hind coxe and the second abdominal segment; the other abdominal segments shining, glabrous, the second segment depressed at the base in the centre. ‘The third to the sixth ventral segments are alutaceous. Wings deep dark violaceous, the nervures black; the first recurrent nervure is received at half the distance from the base that the second is from the apex. The legs are almost glabrous; the tarsi spinose; the hind tibie spinose on the inner side, and with six irregular somewhat oval depressions on the outer side. ‘The hind trochanters are twice the length of the coxe. The hinder femora are broadly dilated towards the apex ; the apex on the outer side is somewhat hollowed and depressed above, the top of the depression being distinctly margined, the middle above at the apex having five stout curved keels, in front of which are a few narrower oblique keels; beneath near the apex the centre is raised and the sides in the middle at the apex project into two stout teeth, between which the tibie fit when bent downwards. P. crassipes may be known from the other species of Podium described by me by the longer bipartite prothorax, the longer hind trochanters, and the longer clavate hinder femora. ‘The hind claws lave two teeth at the base. The hind tarsi are twice the length of the tibie. 370 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of SpHEX, Fabr. Sphex (Priononyx) laerma, sp. n. Long. 28 millim. Hab. Mexico, Rio Papagaio in Guerrero, 1200 feet (H. H. Smith). Agrees in coloration with S. Thome, Fabr., except that the wings are deep dark violaceous ; differing otherwise in being much longer, in the thorax wanting the thick pale pubescence, and in the scutellum being broadly furrowed down the middle. Eyes parallel. The hinder ocelli separated from each other by about the same distance they are from the eyes. Cheeks and clypeus covered with silvery pubescence; the vertex sparsely clothed with moderately long black hair, below the antenne with longer black hair. Apex of the clypeus transverse and with a small indentation in the centre; the sides broadly rounded. Behind the ocelli is a shallow curved furrow, behind which at the sides is a small roundish depres- sion; there is a shallow longitudinal furrow between the ocelli and at the sides of the hinder pair, the front one being surrounded by a furrow. The scape of the antenne is sparsely covered with long black hair; the flagellum pruinose. The pronotum is depressed near the base, the depression being shining and impunctate; the apex is finely transversely shagreened and slightly longitudinally depressed in the middle ; the pleura alutaceous, except a shining spot on the lower part at the apex; the base longitudinally striated; at the apex is a curved narrow fringe of pale golden pubescence. Mesonotum opaque, covered with short pale hair; closely longitudinally striated, furrowed down the middle, the furrow at the base wide. Scutellum wide, raised, the middle de- pressed broadly ; shagreened, the sides shining, impunctate, Median segmeut alutaceous, covered closely with pale soft hair; closely transversely striolated, the apex before the depression broadly furrowed. ‘The mesopleure closely and rather strongly, the metapleure obliquely, striated. The petiole is black and is as long as the hinder cox, covered with Jong pale soft hair. The rest of the abdomen is shining rufous ; a black triangular mark on the second segment, the narrowed part at its base ; the third segment is broadly black at the base. Wings uniformly dark violaceous ; the first and second transverse cubital nervures oblique, both bullated at the lower part, the third curved and much narrowed towards the second at the top, the space between them there Hymenoptera from Central America. Sua being about the same as that bounded by the first recurrent and first transverse cubital nervures. The fore femora have a line of coarse deep punctures on the lower side; the tibiz and tarsi are strongly spinose; the hind claws bear four stout blunt teeth, closely pressed together. This species approaches the North-American Sphew bifove- atus, 'Taschenberg, but, ¢nter alia, is readily separated by the dark violaceous wings, ‘i'aschenberg’s insect having them ‘ subbyalinis.” Fam. Bembicide. BeEMBIDULA, Burm. Bembidula affinis, sp. n. Long. fere 11 millim. 9. Hab. Mexico, Dos Arroyos in Guerrero (H. H. Smith). Allied to B. capnoptera, Handl., but smaller, the markings of a paler yellow, and the labrum entirely black. Antenne black, the scape yellow beneath ; covered with a pale down, which is thicker towards the apex of the flagellum ; the clypeus is yellow, except round the apex ; the inner orbits yellow to a little above the middle of the eyes, the outer orbits more narrowly lined with yellow, except at the top and apex. The labrum, front, and vertex rather thickly covered with silvery-white hair. Thorax thickly covered with short silvery pubescence, which becomes golden in hue towards the base of the mesonotum; two short marks at the base of the mesonotum, a broad line from near the base of the tegule to the base of the scutellum, two broad marks at the side of the scutellum, but not reaching its apex, the postscutellum, an interrupted line (broad at the apex) along the side of the median segment, a line on the mesopleure under the tegule, and the apex of the median segment at the sides, broadly, lemon-yellow. The mesopleuree are obscurely punctured, thickly covered with white hair; the metapleure more shining and deeply excavated. ‘The abdominal segments are broadly banded with lemon-yellow at the apex, the bands being distinctly interrupted in the middle; the apical segment above with some large distinctly separated punctures ; beneath bluntly keeled down the middle. Legs: the coxe, tro- chanters, and femora to near the apex black, for the rest yellow, except the tarsi, which have a rutous tinge, especially towards the apex, the base being clear yellow. ‘The wings have a faint fulvous tinge. 372 Mr. P. Cameron on new Speeivs of Fam. Pompilide. PSEUDAGENIA, Kohl. Pseudagenia tarsalis, sp. n. Nigra, tarsis rufis; alis lacteis, fusco-bifasciatis. 9. Long. fere 12 millim. Hab. Guatemala, Purula in Vera Paz (Champion). Antenne stout, pruinose; the third and fourth joints for the greater part rufous. Head covered with a fulvous micro- scopic pile ; the eyes almost parallel, only very slightly con- verging above; the hinder ocelli separated from the eyes by about the same distance they are from each other; the tips of the mandibles piceous. ‘Thorax densely pruinose, silvery, inclining to golden on the mesonotum. ‘The apex of the median segment irregularly transversely striolated. The apex of the mesopleure crenulated, and there is an indistinct oblique furrow across its middle. Abdomen shining, pruinose. The first cloud in the fore wings extends equally across the transverse basal nervure, the second and wider cloud ex- tending from the first cubital to the third transverse cubital nervure ; the first and second transverse cubital nervures are oblique, straight, the third roundly curved in the middle and narrowed towards the second at the top; the first recurrent nervure is oblique and received shortly before the middle of the cellule, the second curved and recurved distinetly in front of the middle of the cellule. Agrees closely with P. Championi, Cam., from Panama; but the wings at the apex are not fulvous, the basal cloud is much wider, the third cubital cellule is hardly narrowed at the top (while it is very much narrowed in P, Championt), and the tarsi are rufous. Sauius, Fabr. Salius incomptus, sp. n. Niger, longe nigro-hirtus; medio antennarum date rufo; tarsis posticis late flavis ; alis flavis, fusco-bifasciatis. o¢. Long. 9 millim. Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8000 feet (77. ZH. Smith). Antenne somewhat shorter than the body; the basal three and the apical four joints black, the others orange-yellow ; the scape covered with longish black hair, the flagellum with a microscopic down. Head densely covered with long thick Hymenoptera from Central America. 373 black hair; the inner orbits above the antenne and the entire face below them yellow; the apex of the clypeus waved, the centre dilated; the mandibles and palpi entirely black. Thorax densely covered with long black hair. The median segment gradually rounded and obscurely transversely striated; at the base in the centre is a short, wide, deep longitudinal furrow united to a longer narrower transverse one. The propleure are slightly hollowed; immediately over the cox is a sharp, distinct, oblique keel, which towards the middle of the coxe bends more obliquely downwards, and from this bend a narrow curved keel runs up towards the tegule, but not reaching them. At the base of the metapleure shortly below the middle is a moderately large fovea. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax united, densely covered with black hairs, especially towards the apex. Legs long, sparsely haired ; the front knees and tibiez and the hinder tarsi, except the apical joint, orange-yellow. ‘The first cloud in the wings extends from the base of the first recurrent to shortly beyond the second recurrent nervure ; the apical cloud commences at the end of the radial nervure ; the nervures are orange, except in the clouded parts; the second cubital cellule at the top and - bottom is a little shorter than the third ; the recurrent nervures are both received shortly before the middle of the cellule. The hind wings are clouded at the apex. Allied to S. omiltemius. Salius imitatriz, sp. n. Niger, basi antennarum pedibusque anterioribus rufis; alis hyalinis, fusco-bifasciatis. 9. Long. 9 millim. Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca in Morelos (H. H. Smith). Almost identical in coloration with Pseudagenia isthmica, Cam., from Chiriqui. Antennz covered with a microscopic down; the basal three joints rufous. ‘The head from a little above the antenne covered with a pale golden pile; the mandibles pale at the base, piceous before the teeth, which are black ; ashallow furrow leads down from near the ocelli ; the hinder ocelli are separated from each other by a slightly greater distance than they are from the eyes, which converge a little at the top. Thorax covered with a pale golden down; the collar white on either side above. Abdomen pruinose, the apex densely covered with rather long pale yellowish hairs. The four front femora have the basal halt black and the apical half reddish ; the fore tibiz, the two basal joints of the fore tarsi, the middle tibiez broadly at the base, and the Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 27 O74. Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of two basal joints of the middle tarsi, rufous; the front calcaria rufous, the four hinder calearia black. ‘The first cloud in the fore wings is at the transverse basal nervure; the second cloud is enclosed by the first and third transverse cubital nervures ; the second and third cubital cellules at the top are as wide as the space bounded by the recurrent and the transverse cubital nervures. In my arrangement of the species in the ‘ Biologia Cen- trali-Americana,’ Hymen. ii. p. 182, S. dmitatrix should follow S. nivalis, Cam. Pompiuus, Fabr. Pompilus ceres, sp. n. Niger, abdomine albosex-maculato; alis fumatis, albo-trifasciatis. 9. Long. 18 millim. fab, Panama (Boucard). Antenne short, stout, covered with greyish pubescence. Head elongate in front, covered with a golden pubescence and with longish black hair; the eyes sinuate at the top, only very slightly converging at the bottom. Pronotum more than twice the length of the head, densely covered with long black hair. The mesonotum covered with long black hair, its base and the scutellum with pale golden pubescence; the apex of the scutellum with a distinct bordering keel, behind which it is covered with dense silvery pubescence at the sides, the central part being raised. ‘The median segment velvety ; the centre indistinctly keeled ; the apex oblique, its sides and apex bearing velvety pubescence. ‘The pleure are covered with a silvery pile. ‘The legs covered with a black pile; the four hinder calearia white. Abdomen a little, but distinctly, longer than the head and thorax united ; the apex of the first and second segments incised in the middle; the white marks on the second to the fourth segments become successively smaller, and there is a large oval white mark on the top of the apical segment; the ventral segments axe pruinose, the apical ones sparsely covered with long black hair. ‘The wings are short, not reaching to the apex of the fifth abdominal segment. ‘They are dark fuscous ; there is an elongate white cloud under the costa, shortly in front of the transverse basal nervure, a broad band going completely across in front of and enclosing the lower part of the first transverse cubital nervure, and the extreme apex is also hyaline, but not so white as the other two clouds; both the transverse cubital nervures are curved and approach each other at the top; the first recurrent Hymenoptera from Central America. 375- nervure is received at a slightly greater distance from the base than the second is from the apex of the cellule. A very distinct species. It belongs to my first section of the genus, near P. tmpudicus, Cam. Pompilus rinconensis, sp. n. Long. 18 millim. 9. Hab. Rincon in Guerrero (1. H. Smith). Agrees closely with P. ¢mpudicus, Cam., from Panama, but it is much larger; the pile on the thorax is not orange, the head only hairy at the top, and the hinder ocelli are separated by a greater distance from the eyes. Black: the prothorax, the base of the mesonotum, and the third and fourth abdominal segments covered densely with orange pubescence; the top and sides of the median segment, the sides and apex of the basal abdominal, and the first to the fourth ventral segments, the sternum, and the legs, densely covered with a greyish pruinose pubescence. The wings smoky, with a cloud before the transverse basal nervure, one in front of it, and the apex milky hyaline. Antenne short, black ; the apex of the scape, the second joint, and the base of the third rufous; the flagellum covered with a microscopic down. Head shining, impunctate; the vertex behind the ocelli densely covered with golden pubes- cence ; the hinder ocelli separated by a much greater distance from the eyes than they are from each other. The black central part of the thorax has a slight violaceous tinge. The sternum, the sides of the pleuree above it, and the metapleurz densely covered with a greyish pile. The apex of the median segment black, slightly excavated, the sides with some stout transverse striolations. The first and third transverse cubital nervures are roundly curved, the second straight and hardly oblique; the first recurrent nervure is received in the apical third, the second almost in the centre of the cellule. A second specimen, from Iguala in Guerrero (/7ége), no doubt belongs to the same species; it has the pile on the thorax and head deep orange, this being also the case with that on the fourth and fifth abdominal segments, the sides of the pleurze entirely covered with a grey pubescence, and, apparently, the abdomen is a little longer compared to the length of the thorax ; it is also smaller. Pompilus idris, sp. n. Long. 8 millim. 9. Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (ZZ. HL. Smith). 27% 376 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of Black ; two large marks on the side of the second abdo- minal segment and the fourth and fifth entirely dull orange- yellow ; the wings smoky, the base, apex, and a cloud behind the stigma whitish hyaline. Antenne short, thick, covered with an obscure microscopic pile, the base and apex of the scape piceous beneath. The apical half of the mandibles piceous. Above the antennz the head is densely covered with golden pubescence, barer in the middle, but this may be owing to it having been rubbed off. The eyes curved, slightly converging towards the bottom. The hinder ocelli are separated from each other by the same distance they are from the eyes. The yellow-golden pile on the mesonotum extends to the base of the scutellum; in front the mesonotum is much barer, probably through being rubbed. The scutellum is covered with a dull brownish down. ‘The median segment is clothed with a short pale golden pubes- cence, especially on the middle above; behind, it is hollowed slightly and in the middle is not so thickly haired as on the sides. ‘lhe pro- and metapleure are covered closely with a short, the mesopleure with a still shorter, pale golden pubes- cence. Abdomen shining, pruinose; the marks on the second segment are at the base at the sides and extend to the middle; the fourth and fifth segments are only orange-yellow above ; the base of the sixth segment is orange in the middle. The femora and tibiz are densely pruinose, appearing greyish ; the tarsi are bare. The recurrent nervures curve towards each other above, the first having a broader curve; the third transverse cubital nervure is obliterated entirely, but both the recurrent nervures are present, the first being received shortly before the middle of the cellule. Near P. pictus, Kohl. Fam. Mutillide. SPHZROPHTHALMA, Blake. Spherophthalma posticata, sp. n. Long. 11 millim. Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo in Guerrero (//ége). Allied to S. pallene, Cam., from Durango, but differing from it in having the black on the anterior part of the abdo- men not continuous at the base, the black being triangularly narrowed in front and produced into a sharp point (instead of being incised) at the apex. ‘The shape of the abdominal black mark is very like that of S. toluca, Blake, but that species differs from the present insect in many other respects. Hymenoptera from Central America. od Head a little narrower than the mesothorax, densely covered all over with long pale fulvous hair; black, below the eye largely rufous ; the mandibles black, sparsely covered with pale hair. The thorax above broadly black, the black at the apex rounded. The median segment with an oblique slope ; the pleure black, coarsely punctured, sparsely covered with long pale fulvous hair. The basal segment of the abdomen black, covered with long pale hair. ‘The base of the second segment is black, with two pale orange marks, one on either side, the black band between them being broadly trian- gular in the middle; at the apex in the middle the black also projects a little; the apex of the second segment is broadly black at the side, the extreme apex in the middle being only narrowly banded with black; the third segment is broadly black at the sides. The ventral segments are covered densely with pale hair; the apices of the segments narrowly black. Legs black, densely covered with long white hairs. Spherophthalma latebalteata, sp. n. Ochracea, abdominis basi medioque late nigro-balteatis ; pedibus nigris, longe albo-pilosis. Long. 12 millim. Hab. Mexico, Cordova and Jalapa in Vera Cruz (Hége). Head distinctly narrower than the mesothorax, densely covered with long fulvous hair; the part behind the head roundly narrowed; the mandibles black, slightly rufous towards the middle; the antennal tubercles rufous at the apex. The antenne black; the scape bearing long silvery hair, the flagellum with an obscure pale down. ‘The thorax obliquely narrowed from the middle; above thickly covered with reddish-fulvous hair; the apex oblique, bearing large round deep punctures, and sparsely covered with long whitish hairs; the mesopleure coarsely punctured, sparsely covered with long whitish hair. The base of the abdomen bears long whitish hairs; the second segment with pale fulvous hair, the base broadly black, the base of the fulvous part roundly incised; the third and fourth segments covered all over with pale fulvous hair; the pygidial area black, the base and sides bearing long pale fulvous hair, longitudinally striolated. ‘The ventral segments black, fringed with long pale fulvous hair, their apical half strongly punctiired, the rest finely transversely striolated. Legs covered with long pale hairs ; the spines black. Agrees closely with S. connectens, Cam., from Chihuahua, but larger and stouter, the abdomen more abruptly narrowed, 378 On new Hymenoptera from Central America. more broadly black at the base, and with a broad black band towards the apex, S. connectens having only the base black ; the legs, too, are more strongly haired. Spherophthalma chiron, sp. n. Long. 18-20 millim. Hab. Mexico, Venta de Zopilote (H. H. Smith), Acapulco in Guerrero (/ége). This species has the general coloration of S. artadne, Blake, but it is much larger. From S. Cressoni, Blake, it may be known by the central black mark on the base of the abdomen being completely separated from the smaller lateral black marks. In general coloration it agrees, too, with S. ravula, Cam., but the head in that species is quite differently formed. Head distinctly narrower than the thorax, covered with pale golden pubescence, except on the oral region; the mandibles black. Antenne black; the flagellum covered with a pale pile. ‘Thorax narrowed abruptly behind and rounded in front; black, a broad band of pale golden in the middle above; the mesopleuree covered with short silvery pubescence. The petiole covered with pale hairs. The second abdominal segment fulvous in the centre; extending from the base to near the middle is a black mark, longer than broad, gradually and slightly dilated to the apex, which is rounded ; the sides of the segment black to the apex, and in their centre is a large black mark, rounded at the base, the apex more oblique; the third and fourth dorsal segments black, the black being at the base slightly oblique from the centre ; the penultimate segment black at the sides; the pygi- dium black. The third to the fifth ventral segments densely covered with pale silvery hair; the last segments black. Legs densely covered with silvery hair. Spherophthalma myrmiciformis, sp. 0. Pallide aureo-pilosa, antennis pedibusque nigris. 9°. Long. fere 12 millim. Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion). This species bears a great resemblance to the not uncommon Central-American ant Camponotus sericeiventris, amongst specimens of which it was placed in the box when received by me; but I know not if they are found together in nature. The entire body covered with a silky depressed pale golden pubescence, shining; the head rather closely covered with On the Osteology of Caturus and Osteorachis. 379 moderately long black hairs, the thorax and abdomen with longer and more sparsely distributed hairs. Antenne black, thick ; the scape covered with long black hairs, the flagellum with a microscopic down. Head large, wider than the thorax, developed behind the eyes to rather more than twice the length of the eyes; the mandibles sericeous and bearing some long black hairs. There is a black transverse band on the base of the mesonotum, one down the centre of the median seg- ment and a narrower one down each of its sides. Abdomen not much longer than the thorax ; its petiole short, obliquely raised from the bottom to the top. The ventral segments clothed, like the dorsal, with pale golden pubescence. Legs entirely black, sparsely clothed with longish black hairs. S. myrmiciformis belongs to the group of S. ocyroe. XXXV.—A Contribution to the Osteology of the Mesozoic Amioid Fishes Caturus and Osteorachis. By A. SMITH Woopwarb, F.L.S. [Concluded from p. 297.} II.— Osrroracuis Leepst, SP. N., FROM THE OXFORD CLAY OF PETERBOROUGH. The unique specimen of Osteorachis in the Leeds Collec- tion (Brit. Mus. no. P. 8388) comprises the hinder portion of the skull, fragments of the jaws, opercular apparatus, and pectoral arch, and part of the vertebral column, all undoubt- edly belonging to one and the same individual. It is of interest not only on account of its gigantic size, but also as being the first known example of the genus of Upper Jurassic age. As its teeth are relatively larger and stouter than those of the typical species (O. macrocephalus) from the Lower Lias, while their enamelled apex seems to be shorter, the species it represents is evidently new, and may be named O. Leedsi, in honour of its discoverer. In the anterior half of the dentary in the Oxfordian fossil the length occupied by the bases of three consecutive teeth at least equals, and usually exceeds, the depth of the bone bearing them; whereas in O. macrocephalus the corresponding length is always less than the depth of the bone. The following are some of the principal measurements obtainable :— 380 Mr. A. S. 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Oey ee (setpuoo 199A\90q)) SOSIBl 4V VINqIpueMt jo Wprorg ‘ee ADV Ds tee e one eneetseecet grees TenqIpuvur [eyuoOzoy Jo Yue] ‘ze SR EE Mer Gly de dn jo yySuer7] ie Pte eee eee eee eee eens eargronT -oid pur sxejout toddn jo yySuey yuo "Fz rreesereceseees sagaag reqid1a00 JO O[PPIAL OF ,, OMT] [BIVOTT,, OTMUS TOIT “p QT ‘sossooord *qtojsod uoaayoq UMBIP oul, BJO OTPPIMA 0} sTesVU WOLT ‘2 QT reteeeeeseess® (our erpprut) @ ‘Ur puryeq ouoq ouneed jo yySaerT ‘9 QT "*****(9UurT e[ppru) speseu jo qSuery ‘QT Peteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee amarpavur uo Suysot wom [[uys Jo yyspT ‘oT o's) e70 She Oe) 6,0 ere alee y tem ULSIVUE LAMOT UHOIZ yndI990 Jo 4YLTOFT LT CCRC eC IM a my MWh ea bw | e‘d asoqe AooITpP ynous Jo Ypeetg ‘PT v ONG 066 epee vie) om yRcbre RIV vPwehaubuN ao 6 ed jo avd “4ue moeMyoq TPL [VIVTVT ‘ST jo ytud “ue moaaqoq YIPIAd [VyVIVA ‘ZT jo qed “yuB TAAAMJOq TPIM [BIVTVT “LT te eeeeseeereeeseee exgUTIOqUL JO spue ysod useajoq spesva Jo UIP ‘OT GI 542 On Sus verrucosus, Miill. & Schleg., and Allies. I do not propose to enter here into a detailed description of the differences between the barbatus and the verrucosus group. It may suffice to point out the greater length in barbatus of that part of the upper surface of the cranium situated behind a line connecting the postorbital processes (no. 18d of table of measurements), as well as the superior length, compared with verrucosus, of the bony palate of barbatus (nos. 4a, 186), whereas the length between the foramen magnum and posterior end of the vomer is shortened in proportion *, Some variation in this respect occurs in the verrucosus group (see measurements). Another point of difference between the two groups, which strikes at once, is the height of the skull (no. 15), even those members of the verrucosus group which possess the lowest skull (mindanen- sis—ceramicus) remaining considerably above those of the barbatus group. The barbatus skull, besides being very elongate—the inter- maxilla, however, is relatively short—is also narrow, as compared with verrucosus (see nos. 6, 7, 9, 14, 383). As to the width of the cranium, between the zygomatic arches, there occurs a considerable amount of variation in the various members of the arbatus group. ‘The female skulls alone would not have justified the separation of the Balabac form from that of Palawan; but in the breadth of the male skulls a considerable difference is to be noticed. ‘The adult male of Palawan f, though having a shorter skull than the male from Balabac—P.=805, B.=3138—has a breadth of 145 millim. against 125 as shown by B.; the immature type of ‘“S. ahenobarbus” already surpasses B. in this respect. S. barb. calamiéanensis also has a much broader skull than the Balabac form; length of skull from Culion 315, breadth 147 millim.{; the same appears from the figure given by Heude §. Tables are given (pp. 536-541) of measurements to which reference has already been made in the text. The measure- ments are mostly those used by Nathusius (‘ Vorstudien ’) and by Riitimeyer (/. ¢.), with some alterations proposed by Nehring (‘ Ueber Sus celebensis und Verwandte’), to whose tables most of the numbers prefixed refer. * See Nehring’s various papers on “8. longirostris,”” Zool. Anz, 1885, Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr. 1886, p. 80, as well “ Ueber Sus celebensis und Verwandte,” /. c. pp. 18-20; Heude, /. c. ii, 1894, p. 221, pl. xl. fig. 5; Nehring, Zool. Garten, xxxvi. 1595, p. 46 and fig. 1. + Nehring, Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr. 1894, p. 221. t Nehring, ibid. 1894, p. 192. § Z.c. pl. xl. fig. 1. a ee ee i lw ete On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China &e. 543 LV.—On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea.. By JouN Henry Lescu, B.A., F.L.S, F.Z.8., &e.—Part Il. Family Geometride ; Subfamilies Cino- chrominz, Orthostixine, Larentiine, Acidaliine, and Geometrine. Subfamily Gvocurourvz. Genus SARCINODES. (Guen. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 315 (1895).) Sarcinodes restitutaria. Auxima restitutaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1527 (1862). Sarcinodes restitutaria, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 59, pl. cxv. figs. 1, 2 (1886) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 315 (1895). One specimen from Omei-shan: July. This example is violet-grey, suffused with olive-brown before the transverse line and on outer margins. Distribution. Sikhim; Khdsis; Sumatra (Hampson) ; Western China. Sarcinodes equilinearia. Mergana equilinearia, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxi. p. 292 (1860). Sarcinodes equilinearia, But). Il. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 60, pl. cxv. figs. 5, 6 (1886); Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 316 (1895). One male specimen from Omei-shan, taken in July. Distribution. Sikhim; Khdésis (Lampson); Western China. Genus PALAOMYSTIS. (Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 379 (1894).) Paleomystis faleataria. Urapteryx (?) falcataria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 618. Metrocampa unio, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 32, pl. vi. fig. 483 (1886); Alph. Rom, sur Lép. vi. p. 58 (1892). Paleomystis faleataria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 318 (1895). My collectors obtained this species at T’a-chien-lu, Wa- shan, Chia-kou-ho, and Pu-tsu-fong in June and July. Alphéraky records a specimen trom Tchagan, in the Pro- vince of Kan-Sou, taken in July. Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson) ; Western China. 544 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Paleomystis mabillaria. ae mabillaria, Pouj. Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 311, pl. vi. g: . Poujade records a male specimen from Moupin. I have received an example of the same sex from Huang-mu-chang, taken in July, and another from Wa-shan, taken in June. Hab. Western China. This species is smaller than P. falcataria, Moore, and the angle of the secondaries is more produced. Subfamily Ozruosrrxivz. Genus IOTAPHORA. (Warr. Novit. Zool. i. p. 822 (1894).) Lotaphora iridicolor. Panethia iridicolor, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 227 (1880); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 49, pl. exiii. fig. 3 (1886). Metrocampa admirabilis, Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1883, p. lxxxiv ; Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 29, pl. i. fig. 8 (1884). Metrocampa (?) admirabilis, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 392. Lotaphora iridicolor, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 322 (1895). My collectors obtained a specimen in each of the following localities :—Chang-yang, Ichang, Moupin, Wa-shan, Omei- shan: June and July. Distribution. Sikhim ; Khasis (Hampson) ; Amur; Central and Western China, All my Chinese examples are larger than any Himalayan specimen that I have seen, and, with the exception of the Wa-shan specimen, they all have a greenish tinge. Greser states that the larva of this species feeds, on Juglans mand- schurica, and that it is like a curled leaf in appearance. Genus EUMELBA. (Duncan ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 820 (1895).) Eumelia rosalia. ware) (Geometra) rosalia, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. pl. ecclxviii. fig. F 782). Eumelea rosalia, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 820 (1895). Hampson gives China for this species, probably in the south, as my collectors did not meet with it in any part of Central or Western China that they visited. Distribution. China; Formosa ; throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma; the Malayan and Austro-Malayan subregions, from China, Japan, and Corea. 545 Genus Naxa. (Walk. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 824 (1895).) Naxa margaritarta, sp. n. Frenulum absent; antenne bipectinated ; hind tibie not dilated, but with terminal pair of spurs. Subdiaphanous with strong pearly reflections. ‘Traversed by series of black spots as in N. sertarza. ‘The subcostal spot of first series is double, and there is an additional one on the inner margin, increasing the number in this series to four; there is also a spot on inner margin between the first and second series. The secondaries also have an additional spot about the middle of the abdominal margin. All the markings are smaller and fainter. Body and upperside of legs black. Expanse 44-46 millim. Two male specimens from Chang-yang, July. Hab. Central China. Naza seriaria. Zerene seriaria, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1866, pt. 1, p. 196. Orthostixis letata, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 84 (1864), Zerene taicoumaria, de VOrza, Cat. Lép. Jap. p. 48. Nava seriaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 825 (1899). Psilonaxa taicoumaria, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 393. There were some specimens in Pryer’s collection under the name Nazwa textilis. In his ‘Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Japan,’ Pryer says: “ Yokohama. Larva hairy, gregarious. Living in a web; feeds on the privet.” Occurs also in the Island of Kiushiu and at Omei-shan. The specimens from the last-named locality range in expanse from 86-53 millim. Distribution. Bhutén; Ndgas (Hampson); Amur; Japan; Kiushiu ; Western China. Naxa angustaria, sp. n. Similar in appearance to N. sertaria, Motsch., but the frenulum is present, and the antenne are shortly bipectinated in both sexes ; hind tibie not dilated and with terminal spurs. The discal spots of secondaries are smaller; the submarginal series of black spots on each wing is rather nearer the mar- ginal series, and the spots themselves are smaller. Expanse 40-52 millim. Several specimens trom Ichang and Chang-yang: June and July. Hab. Central China. 546 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Naa contraria, sp. n. Antenne bipectinated in both sexes. Frenulum present ; hind tibize much dilated, with short terminal spurs. Arrange- ment of black spots somewhat similar to that of JV. seriaria, but there are two additional spots on primaries, one on middle of inner margin, and one between it and the base of the wing ; there is also a black spot on the middle of the abdominal margin of secondaries. The marginal spots are not always well formed. Expanse 50-60 millim. Eight specimens, from Chang-yang and Ichang, July. This species differs from N. margaritaria in its larger size, stronger pectinations of antenne, absence of pearly reflection, and presence of frenulum. Hab. Central China. Naxa montanaria, sp. u. Outer margin of secondaries rather straight from middle to anal angle, which is more produced, as also is the apex of primaries. Maculation similar to that of .V. contrarva, but finer and less distinct, and the wings are more transparent. Expanse, g 58, 2 68 millim. Six male specimens and four females from Omei-shan, one male from Wa-shan, all taken in June. Hab. Western China. Nazwa obliquaria, sp. n. Antenne finely serrated in both sexes. Frenulum present ; hind tibiae much dilated. Apex of primaries rather acute. Greyish white. All the wings have a blackish discal spot and an oblique blackish line outwardly bordered with white and angled towards costa of primaries. Fringes silky white, preceded by a series of black spots. Under surface silky white ; discal spots black and conspicuous; the apices of primaries black, and there is a spot of the same colour at outer angle of secondaries; fringes preceded by black spots as above. Expanse 42-46 millim. A male specimen from Chow-pin-sa, June, and one example of each sex from Omei-shan, July. Hab. Western China. Genus EMMECOSMIA. (Warren, Novit. Zool. iii. p. 118 (1896).) Emmecosmia bilinearia, sp. n. Pale whity brown or ochreous brown. Primaries have two ee ee eee from China, Japan, and Corea. 547 parallel dark ochreous-brown transverse lines, the first com- mencing in a blackish spot on costa and passing very close to the blackish discal spot; excision below apex is marked with dusky ; costal and outer marginal areas suffused with greyish brown. Secondaries have a dusky transverse liane beyond the middle. Fringes of the ground-colour, tinged with darker on primaries. Under surface ochreous, except on inner half of primaries ; all the wings have a dusky transverse line beyond the middle. Expanse 35-42 millim. Eight female specimens were taken by a native collector to the north of Ta-chien-lu. Hab. Western China. Subfamily Lareyrirwz. Genus LEPTOSTEGNA. (Christ. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. lv. 2, p. 86 (1880).) Leptostegna tenerata. Leptostegna tenerata,' Christ. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. lv. (2) p. 88 (1881) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 333 (1895). Several specimens in Pryer’s collection from Oiwake, Yesso, and Nikko. I captured examples at Gensan in June, and have received it from Hakodate, also from Chang-yang, Wa-shan, Ta- chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, and Chia-kou-ho. Distribution. Amur; Japan; Yesso; Corea; Central and Western China; Sikhim. Genus NAXIDIA. (Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 334 (1895).) Naxidia punctata. Argidava punctata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 128 (1880); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 67, pl. exvii. fig. 1. Naxidia punctata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ili. p. 384 (1895). Appears to have been common at Wa-shan, and was also obtained at several of the other localities in Western China visited by my collectors. Distribution. Sikhim ; Négas (Hampson); Western China. Naxidia trrorata. Argidava irrorata, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 251 (1887). Nazxidia irrorata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 334 (1895). One female specimen from ‘l’a-chien-lu, taken in June, I have referred to this species, but, as I have not seen the type, 548 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera I am not quite certain that the identification is correct. However, the specimen agrees with the description of N. zrro- rata. Distribution. Sikhim ; Nagas (Hampson) ; Western China. Nazxidia maculata. Argidava maculata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 373 (1879). There was a nice series in Pryer’s collection, some of the specimens labelled “ Oiwake.” Referring to this species in his ‘Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Japan,’ Pryer says, “Tt mimics Amene fasciata, and is found in the same loca- lities at rest on stones.” He gives Ohoyama and Nikko as localities. Hab. Japan. Genus LYGRANOA. (Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i, p. 402 (1878).) Lygranoa fusca. Iygranoa fusca, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 447 (1878); ll. Typ: Lep. Het. iii. p. 54, pl. liv. fig. 7 (1879). A series from Ohoyama and Nikko in Pryer’s collection. I met with the species at Gensan in June, and I have received it from Ningpo and from localities in Central and Western China. It occurs in June, July, and August. Greser records a male specimen from Wladivostock. Distribution. Amur; Japan; Corea; Eastern, Central, and Western China. Lygranoa sinuosaria, sp. n. Primaries brownish, darker on basal and outer marginal areas; subbasal line blackish, oblique, angled above sub- median nervure; about the middle of costa there is a black triangular spot, its apex almost touching the black, elongate discal spot; beyond the middle of costa is another black spot somewhat quadrate in form, from the lower outer corner of this spot a black sinuous line forms an acute angle and continues to inner margin; submarginal line whitish, wavy, preceded on costa by a diffuse blackish spot. Secondaries whity brown, suffused with fuscous, and with indications of a dusky central line. Fringes of primaries brownish, marked with darker, and of secondaries pale brown. Under surface pale brown, whitish on inner marginal area of pri- maries ; all the wings have a fuscous transverse line beyond the middle marked with blackish on the venation, and the primaries have an elongate discal spot. PR ~ aR eC Ee ant Ht me from China, Japan, and Corea. 5A Eixpanse 38 millim. One male specimen from Ta-chien-lu, July. Hab. Western China. This species is allied to “ Dysethta” bicommata, Warren. Lygranoa grisearia, sp. n. Primaries grey, with two velvety-black spots on the costa ; below the first there is an ill-defined transverse line, marked with black on the median nervure and again on inner margin ; the lower end of the second spot is produced outwards, and from the extremity of this projection there is a series of black points on the venation ; submarginal line pale, wavy, inter- secting a brownish shade on the outer marginal area; there is also a brownish transverse shade on the median area; discal dot black. Secondaries greyish, with a punctiform central line. Fringes: primaries greyish brown; secondaries greyish, marked with darker at the ends of the nervules ; preceded on all the wings by a dusky crenulate line. Under surface ochreous brown, powdered and suffused with darker brown ; all the wings have an elongate blackish discal spot and indication of a transverse line beyond; fringes brownish. Expanse 38 millim. One female specimen from Pu-tsu-fong and one from Kia- ting-fu: June. Hab. Western China. Lygranoa pallescens. Dysethia pallescens, Warren, Novit. Zool. iii. p. 118 (1896). Four female specimens in Pryer’s collection. Three of these are from Oiwake, but the fourth, which is suffused with brownish on the margins, is not localized. Hab. Japan. Genus CRYPTOLOBA. (Warren ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 336 (1895).) Cryptoloba cinerea. Lygranoa cinerea, But]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 228 (1880) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 86, pl. exx. fig. 4 (1886). Cryptoloba cinerea, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 337 (1895). Five specimens (4 g,1 9) from Chang-yang, Central China: July. Distribution. Central China; Dharmséla; Sikhim. 530 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Cryptoloba rivularia, sp. n. Primaries black, traversed by four white lines ; the first is not well defined, the second is serrated and sharply dentate above inner margin, the third is serrated and angled below costa, the fourth is macular below costa. Secondaries white, clouded with blackish at the base and on outer margin; discal spot is black, and there are indications of a blackish central band. Fringes of primaries black and white ; of secondaries white, preceded by a black line. Under surface white; primaries have the costa streaked with black from base to a short angulated band ; the outer margin is broadly black, intersected by a white macular line ; secondaries have a black discal spot, interrupted central band, and outer mar- ginal border, the latter intersected by a white macular line. Expanse 24-26 millim. Five male specimens, from Omei-shan, Ni-tou, Che-tou, Pu-tsu-fong: June and July. Hab. Western China. Allied to C. frigida, Butl., but the lobe at base of second- aries is much smaller. Cryptoloba frigida. Coremia frigida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 450 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 56, pl. lv. fig. 8 (1879). A long series from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Japan. Genus LOBOGONTA. (Warren, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1893, p. 345.) Lobogonia parallelaria, sp. n. Pale brown, irrorated with darker, especially on the second- aries. Primaries traversed by two oblique, parallel, dark brown lines, each of which expands on the costa; there is a dark brown spot on costa before apex, and one below between veins 5 and 63 fringes almost black, except at the angle. Secondaries have a discal dot and sharply-curved transverse line, both dusky; fringes ochreous, preceded by a dark brown line. Under surface: of primaries smoky grey, costa and on outer margin ochreous; of secondaries ochreous, irrorated with brownish; markings on all wings similar to above, but the first line of primaries is less, and that of secondaries more, distinct. Expanse 32 millim. One specimen from Ichang, June. Hab. Central China. ee ee ee a oO from China, Japan, and Corea. 551 Lobogonia ambusta. Lobogonia ambusta, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 346, pl. xxxi. fig. 21. Several specimens received from Pu-tsu-fong and Omei- shan, where they were taken in July. Distribution. Khasis (Hampson) ; Western China. Lobogonia conspicuaria, sp. n. Differs from L. ambusta, Warren, in having the first and second black spots on costa of primaries larger and triangular in shape, the apex of the second extends to the enlarged spot beyond the middle of the outer transverse line; the lines originating in these spots are not clearly defined. On the secondaries the central line is broader. Fringes blackish above and below the angle of each wing. A nice series, including both sexes, was taken at Chang- yang in July. Hab. Central China. Nearly allied to L. pseudomacariata, Poujade. Lobogonia pseudomacariata. Ellopia pseudomacariata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 308, pl. vi. fig. 4. Poujade records one female specimen from Moupin; my collectors did not meet with the species. Hab. Western China. Lobogonia fasciaria, sp. n. Primaries olive-yellow, sparingly freckled with olive- brown, and traversed by two bands of the same colour; the first band is slightly contracted below the middle, and the second both above and below the middle; there are two olive-brown spots on costa near apex, two others above angle on outer margin, and a linéar one towards inner angle. Secondaries much paler, freckled with fuscous, and traversed by a fuscous central line; discal dot blackish. Fringes blackish, except at apex and angle of primaries. Under surface paler than above: primaries suffused with dusky on basal area ; all the wings have a dusky central line. Expanse 27 millim. Two female specimens from Chang-yang: June, July. Hab. Central China. 552 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Genus CARIGE. (Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1631 (1862).) Carige cruciplaga. Macaria cruciplaga, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 937 (1861), Carige duplicaria, Walk. op. cit. xxvi. p. 1632 (1862). Macaria nigronotaria, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 80, pl. vii. fig. 6 (1864). Macaria indictinarta, Brem. 1. ¢. p. 81, pl. vii. fig. 8. This variable species seems to be generally distributed throughout Western China, and is common in Japan and Corea. It also occurs at Chang-yang, Central China, but as the form from this locality is rather different to either of those previously named, I describe it as Var. extremarta. Apex of primaries more produced and the outer margin of secondaries more deeply indented. Larger in expanse. More thickly powdered with fuscous, and the markings are much larger and blacker. Expanse, ¢ 38, 9 42 millim. Two examples of each sex. Distribution. Siberia; Sikhim; Khdsis; Penang (Hamp- son); Japan; Central and Western China. Meyrick (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 91) places duplicaria, Walk. (nigronotaria, Brem.) in Calothysanis, Hiibn. Carige flavidaria, sp. n. Somewhat similar to C. cruciplaga, but the median nervure and its branches and the nervules above are broadly ochreous ; the double black lines are interrupted, except at costa and towards inner margin, and the yellow bands between are broader and deeper in colour; all the wings have a pale sub- marginal line, but serrated ; the inner double line of primaries is nearer to the black discal dot. ‘The same differences are noticeable on the under surface. Expanse 40 millim. One male specimen from Omei-sban, July. Hab. Western China. Genus ANAITIS. (Dup. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 341 (1895).) Anaitis plagiata. Phalena-Geometra plagiata, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 869. —— Tt ne ee ee ee | Jrom China, Japan, and Corea. 553 Anaitis plagiata, Dup. Lép. v. p. 532, pl. exev. figs. 2, 3; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iil. p. 342. Eucestia plagiata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 69. Two female specimens of the first brood, and one male and two females of the second brood, from Oiwake, Nikko, and Ohoyama, in Pryer’s collection. The examples of first brood in Japan are paler, and those of second brood darker than European specimens. Distribution. Europe; Asia Minor; Japan; Afghanistan; N.W. Himalayas (Hampson). Anaitis pudicata. Anaitis pudicata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 497 (1857) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 341 (1895). Appears to be common at Chia-ting-fu, Moupin, Wa- shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Ichang, and Chang-yang: June and July. i the Chinese specimens of this species the postmedial line is not excurved beyond end of cell, but is nearly straight from costa to inner margin. Distribution. Afghanistan; N.W. Himalayas; Sikhim (Hampson) ; Western and Central China. Anaitis brunnearia, sp. n. Primaries greyish brown, traversed by two pale lines; the first is nearly straight from subcostal to inner margin, and is bordered outwardly with brownish ; the second is oblique from costa to inner margin, slightly curved about middle, and bordered inwardly with brownish. Secondaries whitish, slightly tinged with crimson. Under surface greyish, suffused with crimson on costal and apical areas of primaries and on discal area of secondaries. Expanse 40 millim. One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June. Hab. Western China. Closely allied to A. pudicata, Guen., but the primaries are not suffused with crimson on costal and outer series above, and on the under surface this colour extends further along outer margin. Anaitis fulgurata. Anaitis fulgurata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 498 (1857); Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 342 (1895). Orsonoba (?) medmaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1521 (1862). Docirava medmaria, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 87, pl. exx. fig. 6 (1886). One male specimen from Chia-ting-fu and one from Wa- shan: June and July. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 39 554 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Distribution. N.W. Himalayas; Sikhim (Hampson) ; Western China. Genus SIONA. (Dup. Lép. iv. p. 102.) Siona naseraria. Siona naseraria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 34, pl. v. fig. 72 (1893). A nice series, composed of specimens taken at T'a-chien-lu and How-kow in June and July. flab. Western China and Thibet. I have left this species in Stona, as placed by Oberthiir, but a new genus will probably have to be made for it. Genus EUBOLIA. (Dup.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 348 (1895).) Eubolia duplicata. Ortholitha duplicata, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 385. Eubolia duplicata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 843 (1895). Several specimens from How-kow, Thibet, and a few examples from ‘l'a-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, and Kia-ting-fu : June and July. The oblique white medial band varies in width; in two specimens it is almost entirely absent, and the black markings are united forming a large triangular blotch. Distribution. Chumbi (fampson) ; Thibet; Western China. Eubolia similaria, sp. n. Allied to E. peribolata, Hiibn., from Europe, but larger ; the outer edge of the central band of primaries is bilobed, and between the inner edge of the band and the base of the wing there are several transverse lines. Secondaries whitish, tinged with fuscous along the basal portion of the abdominal margin; there are indications of a discal spot and central line. Under surface similar to that of 2. peribolata. Expanse 38 millim. Several specimens of each sex from T'a-chien-lu, Wa-shan, and Ni-tou: May and June. Hab. Western China. Peribolata, Hiibn., is included in Xanthorhoe, Hiibn., by Meyrick (Trans, Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 77). Or an Or from China, Japan, and Corea. Genus Scorosia. (Steph. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 344 (1895).) Scotosia vashti. Collix vashti, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 445 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 52, pl. liv. fig. 3 (1879). Eucosmia Christophi, Hedem. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 265 (249 bis), pl. xiii. fig. 4 (1881). Three specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. I obtained several examples at Hakodate in August, and my collectors found the species at several localities in Western China in July. The Chinese specimens are rather larger than the Japanese examples, and they have a white edging to the costal portion of the outer line of primaries. Distribution. Amur; Japan; Yesso; Western China. Christophi, Hedem., is included in Calocalpe, Hiibn., by Meyrick (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 70). Scotosia multilinearia, sp. n. Male,—Primaries dark grey, traversed by numerous fuli- ginous wavy lines; the central area is rather darker and its outer edge is sometimes marked by a white macular line; outer marginal fourth fuliginous, traversed by a macular white line, but this is not distinct throughout. Secondaries fuliginous, with indications of a pale submarginal line. Under surface fuliginous, with a black discal dot on each wing. Female.—Similar to the male, but the central area is not darker; sometimes there is a pale patch about the middle of the costa enclosing a dark cloud. Expanse, ¢ 46, 2 50 millim. Two male specimens and ten females from Ta-chien-lu and Che-tou: June and July. Hab. Western China. Scotosia bipunctularia, sp. n. Whity brown, traversed by numerous dark grey-brown wavy lines. On the costa of primaries there are two quad- rate blackish spots, and the transverse lines originating trom the outer one are slightly more conspicuous than the others. Fringes of the ground-colour chequered with darker. Under surface pale grey, with the transverse lines of upper surface faintly reproduced. Expanse, ¢ 32, 9 34 millim. 39* 556 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Several examples of both sexes from Omei-shan, Ta-chien- lu, Ni-tou, and Chang-yang: July and August. flab. Central and Western China. Closely allied to S. vetulata, Schiff., from eae The male has a trifid anal tuft. Scotosia corrugata. Scotosia corrugata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii. p. 275 (1884) There was a nice series from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. My native collector obtained a specimen at Hakodate and one at Ningpo in June; the latter agrees in colour with S. vetulata trom Europe. Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Eastern China. Scotosia rhamnata. este rhamnata, Schiff. Wien. Verz. 109; Hiibn. Geom. pl. lii. fig. 271. Philereme rhamnata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1892, p. 70. SereOly. rhamnata, var. japanaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 53 (May There were two male specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. The Japanese form of this species differs from the European type in being larger and having a pale grey- brown coloration; the “transverse lines are identical in number and form, but the space between the two central angulated lines is not darker. On the under surface the difference of colour is not so pronounced and the markings are typical. Expanse 40 millim. Distribution. Europe; Armenia; Japan. Scotosia dubitata. sae ae dulitata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 866; Clerck, Icon. vi. fig. 2. Scotosia Babee Guen. Phal. ii. p. 445. Hydriomena dubitata, Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 72. Some specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. I have received several examples from Chang-yang and the province of Kwei-chow : June. Distribution. Europe; Japan; Central and Western China. Both Japanese and Chinese examples of this species are paler and less distinctly marked, agreeing more nearly with var. ctnereata, Steph., than with ‘the type. S. ( Thriphosa) Oberthiiri, Hedem., from Amurland (Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 248 bis), is probably a form of this species. Or or ~l from China, Japan, and Corea. Scotosta sericata. Scotosia sericata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 444 (1879). Five specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. I received six specimens from the province of Kwei-chow and one from Ichang: June. The Chinese specimens are rather paler in colour than those from Japan. Distribution. Japan; Central and Western China. Scotosia rubrodotata. Scotosva rubrodotata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1353 (1862). Several specimens from the province of Kwei-chow, June and July. Distribution. Northern India; Western China. Scotosia expansa. Scotosia expansa, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 274 (1887). Scotosia rubrodotata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 345 (1895). Three specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, June and July. Distribution. Sikhim ; Western China. Scotosia fasciaria, sp. n. Male.—Pale greyish brown. Primaries have a blackish- grey basal patch and central fascia; the median portion of the costal half of the fascia is of the ground-colour and encloses the small blackish discal spot, its internal edge is slightly indented below the costa and has a small inward pro- jection towards inner margin, its external edge is dentate below costa, then bilobed about the middle and again towards inner margin; submarginal line pale, edged inwardly with dusky but not not clearly defined. Secondaries have the basal area dusky, limited by a rather darker wavy line, and there are slight indications of some dusky transverse wavy lines beyond. Fringes of the ground-colour marked with darker. Under surface pale greyish brown; basal area of each wing dusky; discal spot black; there is a patch of long, silky, brownish-grey hairs on the middle of submedian nervure. Expanse 44 millim. One male specimen from Che-tou, July. Hab. Western China. 558 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Scotosia certata. Geometra cervinata, Hiibn. Geom. pl. li. fig. 266, Plerocymia certata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 332. Scotosia certata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 448. Calocalpe certata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 70. Eucosmia varia, Hedem. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross, xvi. p. 55, pl. x. fig. 7 (1879). Eucosmia varia, var. hedemannaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. y. p. 55, pl. iv. fig. 10 (1880). Eucosmia excultata, Christ. Stett. ent. Zeit. liv. p. 35 (1895). Three specimens, taken at Hakodate by my native col- lector in July, are referable to HL. varia, Hedem., which I consider to be simply a well-marked form of Scotos/a certata. I have very similar examples in my series of this species from Europe. I received one male specimen from Ichang. This has the central fascia of primaries well defined, the inner edge rather deeply indented towards costa, and the outer edge more than usually dentate. ‘There is a specimen very like this in the series of S. certata from Japan in the National Collection. Distribution. Europe; Amur; Askold; Japan; Yesso ; Central China. Scotosia grisearia, sp. 0. Whitish grey. Primaries have a dark grey basal patch, central fascia, and outer marginal border ; the fascia has the median area of the ground-colour, and the marginal border is diffuse and intersected by a whitish wavy line, which de- velops into a spot above inner angle and sometimes towards costa. Secondaries are suffused with dark grey and traversed by faint wavy lines of the same colour; submarginal line whitish, wavy. Fringes grey, marked with paler, and pre- ceded by a blackish line. Under surface whitish grey ; basal two thirds of primaries suffused with fuliginous grey, the outer edge somewhat acutely angulated below costa ; discal spot black, elongate, preceded by a blackish rather wavy line; apical area fuliginous grey: secondaries have a black discal spot and a dusky, wavy, central line; there is a patch of long silky dark grey hairs from middle of sub- median nervure in the male. Expanse, d 48, 2 50 millim. Several specimens from Che-tou, Moupin, Ta-chien-lu, and Omei-shan : July and August. Hab. Western China. In some of the examples the ground-colour is tinged with ochreous. EOE teeter retina nian on vit ie hacia enna from China, Japan, and Corea. 599 Scotosia sideritaria. Scotosia sideritaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 34, pl. 1. fig. 13 (1884). ? Eucosmia alternata, Staud. Iris, viii. p. 332 (Jan. 1896). Eucosmia alternata, var. fasciata, Staud. /. e. I have a large number of specimens from Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, Wa-shan, Omei-shan, and Ni-tou: June and July. _In one specimen from Ta-chien-lu the ground-colour is tinged with fulvous ; this is similar to a form of S. dubiosata in the National collection. Distribution. Western China; North-east Thibet. This species very strongly resembles S. dubiosata, but the male has a fringe of long hair on vein 1 of hind wing below. Scotosia undulata. Phal.-Geometra undulata, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 524 ; Clerck, Icon. pl. vi. fig. 3. Geometra undulata, Hibn. Geom. fig. 262. Calocalpe undulata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 330; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 70. Scotosia undulata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 449. Some fine specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; Japan. . Scotosia marmoraria, sp. 1. Primaries fuliginous grey; basal area traversed by two indistinct wavy whitish lines; beyond the black discal spot there is an irregular white patch connected with a macular white band from the costa, outer marginal area limited by a white wavy band, which is traversed by two sinuous dark lines; submarginal line represented by white dots expanding into small blotches about middle and before outer angle. Secondaries white, clouded with grey on the abdominal area; wavy central line and two patches on outer marginal area fuliginous grey, the latter connected by indistinct sinuous lines of the same colour. Fringes dark grey marked with white. Under surface: primaries fuliginous, with white central patch and outer band as above; secondaries white, with an interrupted grey central line and markings as above. The underside of the body and legs ochreous, and the base of all the wings and also abdominal area of secondaries are tinged with the same colour. Iixpanse 46-48 millim. Four male specimens and two females from Omei-shan, 560 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Pu-tsu-fong, Wa-shan, Ni-tou, and Chang-yang: June and July. Hab. Central and Western China. Scotosia latifasciaria. Melanthia latifasciaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 56 (May 1891). There were three specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s col- lection. I have also received the species from Mr. Manley, of Yokohama. Hab. Japan. Scotosia interruptaria, sp. n. White, with black markings. Primaries have the basal area black and divided into two portions by a transverse line of the ground-colour, the outer portion is interrupted ; central fascia indicated by the discal spot, connected with a cloud on the costa, a spot on first median fork, and two short bars on inner margin; submarginal band represented by a spot on costa and a smaller one on the nervules; outer marginal band divided by a transverse white line, the inner portion interrupted. Secondaries have a discal spot, a short inter- rupted band from middle of abdominal margin, a submarginal band represented by dots between costa and second median nervule, and a series of large spots on the outer margin. Fringes black on primaries; black and white on secondaries. Under surface as above. Abdomen is marked with yellow. Expanse 42 millim. One male specimen from Ni-tou, and one from Pu-tsu- fong: July. Hab, Western China. This species very strongly resembles the figure in Schrenck’s “ Amurlande”’ of Zerene flavipedaria, Mén. (Lep. pl. v. fig. 11.) Scotosia seserarta. Scotosia seseraria, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 37, pl. v. fig. 71 (1893). This species was discovered by R. P. Dejean at 'Ta-Tsien- Lot. My collectors did not meet with it. Hab. Western China. Scotosia largeteauaria. Eucosmia largeteauaria, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. vi. p. 19, pl. ix. fig. 8 (1881), Oberthiir records this species from Kouy-Tchéou (Kwei from China, Japan, and Corea. 561 chow). I have received it from the same province, and also from Pu-tsu-fong and Wa-shan: June and July. Hab. Western China. Genus PHIBALAPTERYX. (Stephens; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 846 (1895).) Phibalapteryx tersata. Geometra tersata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 268. Phibalapteryx tersata, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. ii. p. 256; Guen. Phal. ii. p. 482. Eucymatoge tersata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 68. Phibalapteryz tetricata, Guen. J, c. Several specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. The Japanese examples of P. tersata more nearly approach var. tetricata, Guen., than the type form, but they are not quite identical with either. Var. chinensis, nov. Smaller than typical specimens and rather redder in colour ; less striated with white, and the submarginal white line is much obscured; there is a dusky shade before the second line of primaries and also one before the submarginal line, the latter is connected with an oblique streak from apex. Expanse 30 millim. One male specimen from Chang-yang, August. Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; Japan; Central hina. Phibalapteryx vitalbata. Geometra vitalbata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 269. Phibalapteryx vitalbata, Steph. Ill, Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 256; Guen, Phal. ii. p. 437. Eucymatoge vitalbata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 68. Specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I received one example from Ta-chien-lu, taken in May or June. Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan; Western China. Phibalapteryx umbraria. Scotosia umbraria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 53 (May 1891). Superficially resembles Scotosia rhamnata, but it is larger in size and has an oblique cloud-like central fascia most con- spicuous in the male ; in the female the costal portion of the outer edge of the fascia is more conspicuous. 562 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera I took one male specimen at Nagahama in July, and there were three females from Gifu in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Japan. Phibalapteryx punctimarginaria. Scotosia punctimarginaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 53 (May 1891). There were a few specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s col- lection. Mr. Smith captured.a female example at Hakone in August; and I have received a female specimen from Chang-yang, taken in July. Hab. Japan; Yesso; Central China. Phibalapteryx macularia, sp. n. Pale brown. Primaries blotched with dark brown on costal area; subbasal line double, enclosing the second costal blotch; beyond the fourth costal blotch there is a double dark brown line, elbowed below costa, waved towards inner margin, and followed by a brown spot between second and third median nervules ; submarginal line pale, inter- secting the interrupted dark brown border of outer margin ; discal spot black. Secondaries have some abbreviated brown lines on basal area; a double central line, followed by a waved line, and an interrupted border on outer margin, the latter intersected by pale submarginal line as on primaries. Fringes pale brown, marked with darker and preceded by a blackish line. Under surface pale brown suffused with fuscous; all the wings have a blackish discal dot and inter- rupted central line; the outer marginal area of primaries is dusky, and the secondaries have a dusky submarginal band. Expanse 38 millim. One female specimen from Omei-shan, July. Hab. Western China. Phibalapteryx sparsata. Geometra sparsata, Hiibn. Geom. pl. xxiv. fig. 398. Collix (?) sparsata, Guen, Phal. ii. p. 358. Eucymatoge sparsata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 68. There was a specimen from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. Distribution. Kurope ; Japan. Phibalapteryx flavovenata, sp. n. Similar to P. sparsata, Hiibn., but less irrorated with black ; the pale transverse band is not so clearly defined and is broadly bordered inwardly with blackish ; there is a black from China, Japan, and Corea. 563 <-shaped mark just beyond the cell on each wing; fringes darker. Under surface of all the wings whitish; venation broadly ochreous and the fringes black; the discal dot and transverse bands as in P. sparsata. Expanse 25 millim. One female specimen (minus head) from Ta-chien-lu, taken in May or June. Hab. Western China. Genus EUSTROMA. (Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 335; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71.) All the species here included in Eustroma have a pencil of hair near inner margin on under surface of primaries; in some of them, however, the areole is simple, and these would perhaps be more correctly placed in Plemyria. The species might be arranged in sections as follows :— 1. Areole double. a. Discocellulars of secondaries oblique ; vein 5 from the middle. Sractifasciaria. reticulata, chrysoprasis. melancholica, propriaria. 6. Discocellulars of secondaries angled; vein 5 from below the middle. pulchraria. convergenata. achatinellaria. ludovicaria. Lederert. exvsecuta. 2. Areole simple. a. Discocellulars oblique ; vein 5 from the middle. delecta. Haberhauri. b. Discocellulars angled ; vein 5 from below the middle. junctilineata, miegata, plurilineata. angularia, Lustroma chrysoprasis. Cidaria chrysoprasis, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, x. p. 34, pl. i. fig, 2 (1884). Cidaria reticulata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 662 (preocc.). Cidaria fissisignis, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 87, pl. exx. fig. 7 (1886) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 362 (1895). Four specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, taken in June or July. Oberthiir’s type was from Ta-tsien-lu. Distribution. Sikhim (Lampson) ; Western China. Eustroma fractifasciaria, sp. n. Female.—Primaries pale brown, clouded and suffused with 564 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera darker, and marked with chocolate-brown as follows :—a small patch at base, four spots on costa and an irregular- shaped patch extending from cell to inner margin, this last is connected with the fourth costal spot by a curved spot, and together with the second and third costal spots appear to be portions of a central fascia ; submarginal line whitish, waved ; the margin beyond is tinged with fuscous. Secondaries whity brown tinged with fuscous ; central line dusky, edged with the ground-colour; submarginal line of the ground- colour, waved. Under surface pale whity brown: basal area of primaries suffused with blackish below the cell and irro- rated with brownish above, limited by a pale-edged blackish line ; submarginal line as above, but not so distinct: second- aries irrorated with brownish, central transverse shade and two waved lines beyond dusky. All the wings have a black discal spot on both surfaces and a dark line. Expanse, d 88, 2 40 millim. One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, and a female from Ta-chien-lu: June. I have described the female because it is in better condition than the male, but the markings appear to be almost identical in each. Hab. Western China. Allied to E£. chrysoprasis, Oberth. Eustroma propriarva, sp. n. Male.—Primaries brown; basal patch darker, limited by a wavy ochreous-brown line; central fascia rather violet- brown, contracted above inner margin, the edges of this fascia are blackish, outlined in pale ochreous brown; sub- marginal line ochreous brown, indistinct, except towards inner margin, where it is developed into a blotch. Secondaries whitish, darker on basal half, which is limited by a dusky transverse line ; discal spot oblong, reddish brown, Fringes agree in colour with the wings, but are chequered with blackish. Under surface pale brown, darker on apical area of primaries; basal area of all the wings suffused with blackish. Expanse 38 millim. One example of each sex from Pu-tsu-fong, and a male specimen from T'a-chien-lu: July. Hab. Western China. The male of this species has a patch of rather long black hairs on the middle of the submedian nervure on the under surface of primaries, and also a woolly tuft about the middle of abdominal margin of secondaries. a ———_ eee from China, Japan, and Corea. 565 In the male from Tia-chien-lu and the female from Pu-tsu- fong the central fascia is only slightly angulated and not interrupted below the middle. Possibly these specimens may represent the more usual form of the species. I have, however, described the Pu-tsu-fong male because it is in much better condition than the others. Eustroma reticulata. Geometra reticulata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 308. Eustroma reticulata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 335; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71. Lygris reticulata, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 406. Cidaria inextricata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxxv. p. 1691. Cidaria erosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 451; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iu. p. 58, pl. lv. fig. 7. I obtained specimens at Tsuruga and Gensan in July, and my native collector at Hakodate in the same month. ‘There were specimens from Oiwake and Yesso in Pryer’s collection, and my collectors met with the species in most of the localities in Western China, and also at Chang-yang. Distribution. Kurope; Ural; E. Siberia; Amur ; Corea; Japan ; Yesso ; Central and Western China ; Sikhim. In China and Japan this species is generally represented by @rosa, Butl., which is identical with cnextricata, Walk., but I have typical specimens from Hakodate, Omei-shan, and Chia-kow-ho. Eustroma melancholica. Cidaria melancholica, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 450 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 58, pl. lv. fig. 6 (1879). Five female specimens from Yokohama, Oiwake, Gifu, and Yesso in Pryer’s collection. I obtained an example of each sex at Hakodate in August. The variation in marking is very similar to that which obtains in C. silaceata. Only one specimen has been received by me from China. This is a male, taken at Pu-tsu-fong in July; it has the ground-colour suffused with brown and the markings are darker; the pencil of hair on underside is dark brown; mea- sures 50 millim. in expanse, and in form agrees with the insuluta form of Cidaria silaceata. I propose the name brunnearia for this form, Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Corea; Western China. Eustroma delecta. Cidaria delecta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 229 (1880) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 88, pl. cxx. fig. 8 (1886) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 359 (1896). 566 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera One example from each of the following localities :— Moupin, Omei-shan, and Chia-ting-fu: July. Distribution. Sikhim ; Khadsis (Hampson) ; Western China. Eustroma pulchraria, sp. n. Closely allied to H. pyropata, Hiibn., but the ground- colour of primaries is much darker; the basal area, including chestnut band, is smaller; the central fascia is wider and all the markings are less angular. The ground-colour of secondaries is whiter and the markings are darker and better defined. Expanse 40-42 millim. Six male specimens from Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, Omei- shan, and Che-tou: June and July. Hab. Western China. Eustroma achatinellaria. Cidaria achatinellartia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. vy. p. 57, pl. iv. fig. 16 (1880). Lygris achutinellaria, Greeser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 406. I captured a male specimen in Shikotan, one of the Kurile Islands, in August. Oberthiir’s type was from the Isle of Askold. Distribution. Amur; Askold; Kurile Islands. Eustroma Lederert. Cidaria Ledereri, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 88, pl. vii. fig. 17 (1864). Lygris Lederert, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 406. Eustroma Ledereri, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1892, p. 71. Specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. My native collector obtained the species at Hakodate in June or July. Distribution. East Siberia; Amur; Japan; Yesso. Eustroma convergenata. Cidaria convergenata, Brem, Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 88, pl. vii. fig. 18 (1864). Lygris convergenata, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 406. Eustroma convergenata, Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71. A series from Fujisan, Nikko, and Yesso in Pryer’s collection. I obtained the species at Nemoro in Yesso, and in Shikotan, one of the Kurile Islands, in August. My native collector met with it at Hakodate. Distribution. East Siberia; Amur; Japan; Yesso; Kurile Islands. from China, Japan, and Corea. 567 Eustroma junctilineata. Abrazas junctilineata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p.1123 (1862) ; Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 146. A few specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. I took the species in Satsuma in May and at Fusan in June; my native collector obtained examples in Kiushiu, and I have received others from Kiukiang, and one example from Ta-chien-lu. Varies in the width of the black oblique lines on the basal half of the wing, the fourth and fifth of these sometimes coalesce and form a band. On the secondaries the discal spot is often very large and conspicuous, and the central black band broad and well defined. The specimen from Ta-chien-lu differs from the type in the lesser amount of black marking above the yellow patch on outer margin of secondaries, and in the larger size of the spots in that patch; the discal spot is smaller and there is no basal patch. On the under surface of secondaries the central band is only represented by a patch on costa and a spot towards abdominal margin. Distribution. Japan; Kiushiu; Corea; Western, Central, and Eastern China. Eustroma ludovicaria. Cidaria ludovicaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. vy. p. 57, pl. iv. fig. 3 (1880). Lygris tigrinata, Christ. Bull. Mose. 1880, p. 64. Lygris ludovicarta, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 406. Eustroma ludovicaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71. I received specimens from Chang-yang, Wa-shan, Chia- kou-ho, Moupin, Omei-shan: June and July. Oberthiir’s type was from Askold. Distribution. Askold; Amur; Central and Western China. Eustroma plurilineata. Abraxas plurilineata, Walk, Cat. Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1123 (1862). Four specimens taken by a native collector at Ningpo in June. Hab. North-eastern China. Eustroma exsecuta. Baptria exsecuta, Feld. Reis. Nov. v. pl. exxxiii. fig. 15 (1875). There were specimens of the type form from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I obtained typical examples at Gensan in July, and Mr. Smith took some at Hakone in August. 568 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Var. latifasciaria, nov. Smaller than the type. All the wings have a broad white fascia; that on second- aries with an angular projection towards outer margin. I took examples of this form at Hakodate in August, and there was a specimen from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. Distribution. Japan ; Yesso ; Corea. E. exsecuta can always be easily distinguished from Plemyria tibiale, Esp., which it greatly resembles, by the fringes of the secondaries. These, in the former species, are black, patched with white at outer angle and before anal angle ; but in the latter they are entirely black. Eustroma Haberhaurt. Baptria Haberhaueri, Led. Wien. ent. Mon. 1864, p. 170, pl. iii figs. 9, 10 (May). Plemyria Haberhaueri, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71. Odexia Kindermanni, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 89, pl. vii. fig. 19 (1864). Polythrena Kindermanni, Greeser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 404. A long series in Pryer’s collection, many of the specimens labelled Oiwake ; my collector obtained the species at Hako- date in July, and I have received specimens from 'T'a-chien-lu and Chow-pin-sa, taken in June and July. Distribution. Armenia; Amur; Japan; Yesso; Western China. The Japanese specimens are all of the Kindermanni form, but they exhibit a good deal of variation in the white marking, especially on the secondaries; one specimen is without a trace of the fascia on these wings. The specimens from Western China are of the typical form, but there is less black on basal third of the secondaries, and the white marking on primaries is broader. In the specimen from Yesso all the white markings are very broad. This species can be at once separated from LZ. easecuta by the chequered fringe. . Eustroma miegata. Polythrena miegata, Pouj. Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr, 1895, p. 314, pl. vii. fig. 20, 3 (non 20a, 2). Female.—Rather paler than the male, and the abbreviated fascia is broader. Poujade only refers to the male of this species. The insect he considered to be the female is a distinct species. I received several male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, and one female from Chia-ting-fu: all taken in June and July. Poujade’s type was from Moupin. flab. Western China. ee from China, Japan, and Corea. 569 Eustroma angularia, sp. n. Polythrena miegata, Pouj. Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 314, pl. vil. fig. 20a, Q. Male.—Bright yellow, marked with black. Primaries have a basal patch finely marked with yellow; an angulated fascia separated from basal patch by a thin angulated yellow line; central fascia indicated by an elongated patch on costa and roundish patch on inner margin; outer marginal border deeply indented about the middle. Secondaries have a tri- angular patch on abdominal margin, streaked with yellow and spotted with the same colour on its upper edge; there is a large spot at anal angle, and the outer margin is bordered from middle to apex. Fringes black, marked with yellow below apex and from middle to inner angle of primaries ; on the secondaries they are yellow marked with black from middle to anal angle. Under surface similar to above, but the black triangular patch on secondaries is only indicated by some disconnected spots. Female.—Rather larger, but colour and markings as in the male. Expanse, ¢ 30, 9 33 millim. Several specimens of each sex from Omei-shan, Pu-tsu- fong, Ni-tou, Moupin, Chia-ting-fu, Ta-chien-lu. Hab, Western China. Genus PLEMYRIA. (Hiibn. ; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71.) Plemyria tibiale. Noctua tibiale, Esp. Noct. pl. clxiv. fig. 2 (1790). Minoa Eversmannaria, Herr.-Sch. Suppl. tig. 44. Eustroma tibialis, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71. Odezia tibiale, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 404. There were eight specimens in Pryer’s collection ; two of these were labelled Yesso and one Oiwake. My native collector took one example at Hakodate in June, and I ob- tained the species at Gensan in July. Greser records it from Amurland. Distribution. Europe; Amur; Corea; Japan; Yesso. In some specimens the white bands are very broad on all the wings. This species is without the pencil of hair on under surface of primaries, and cannot therefore be referred to Hustroma. Plemyria hecate. Melanippe hecate, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 448 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 55, pl. liv. fig. 12 (1879). There was an extensive series from Oiwake in Pryer’s Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 40 570 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera collection. My native collector obtained two specimens at Hakodate in June; these are smaller than any in Pryer’s series, and the central white band on secondaries and towards costa of primaries is wider. Hab. Japan and Yesso. Plemyria hastata, Linn., chinensis, nov. Basal half of all the wings black, traversed by three or four more or less interrupted wavy lines; outer margin broadly bordered with black, intersected by a wavy inter- rupted white line ; intervening space white, intersected by a transverse series of black dots. Sometimes the secondaries are free from white markings on the black portions of the wing, and there are very few of such markings on the primaries. Expanse 36-88 millim. A nice series from Pu-tsu-fong, Ta-chien-lu, Omei-shan : May and June. Hab. Western China. Specimens of P. hastata from Amurland, in my collection, agree well with European examples. Plemyria lugens. Melanippe (ugens, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 34, pl. ii. fig. 4 (1886), xviii. p. 88, pl. iii. fig. 88 (1898). Cidaria lugens, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 79 (1892), My collectors in Western China obtained this species during June and July in most of the localities that they visited. Alphéraky records a female specimen from the province of Gan-Sou, taken in July. Hab. Western China. Plemyria rivata. Geometra rivata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 409. Plemyria rivata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71. Melanippe supergressa, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 55, pl. liv. fig. 11 (1879). Several specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I obtained the species at Nagasaki in May, at Gensan in June, and at Tsuruga, Hakodate, and Shikotan in August. My native collector took examples at Gensan in July. All are identical with European specimens. Distribution. Europe; Amur ; Feoan': Yesso; Corea. from China, Japan, and Corea. 571 Plemyria parvularia. Primaries white; basal two thirds dark grey, outer mar- ginal border grey, traversed by a rather wavy white line ; there is a black cuneiform mark above the middle of outer margin and a whitish ring just below it; the outer edge of the basal two thirds is obtusely angled above the middle. Secondaries fuscous grey, darker on basal half, and with a pale central band; submarginal line indistinct. Fringes grey. Under surface ochreous brown; basal area of pri- maries fuscous, and the outer marginal area is suffused with the same colour; the secondaries have some fuscous lines and a central band. Expanse 25 millim. One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June. Hab. Western China. Allied to P. galiata, Hiibn. Plemyria fatuaria, sp. n. Primaries white with brownish markings; basal patch with the outer edge almost straight ; central fascia with the inner edge ill-defined and the outer indented; the outer mar- ginal area has a cloud at apex, one just above the middle, and a smaller one at angle, each is intersected by the white wavy submarginal line, which is edged with brownish between the clouds; the space of ground-colour beyond central fascia is traversed by an interrupted dusky line ; discal spot black, placed on inner edge of central fascia ; fringes white, chequered with brownish. Secondaries fuscous grey, with indications of a paler band beyond the middle ; submarginal line wavy, whitish; fringes white, marked with fuscous grey. Under surface fuscous grey, with an obscure darker angulated line beyond the middle, followed by a faintly paler band: secondaries whitish, irrorated with fus- cous; two fuscous bands on central area, the outermost with an angular expansion below the middle enclosing a patch of the ground-colour ; submarginal band fuscous. Expanse 20 millim. Four specimens from Chang-yang, July. Hab. Central China. Plemyria bicolorata. Phalena ticolorata, Hufn. Berl. Mag. iv. 608 (1769). Geometra rubiginata, Hubn. Geom. tig. 250. Plemyria bicolorata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71. There were a few specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s col- lection, and I took two or three at Nemoro and Hakodate in August. 40* 572 On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China &c. Japanese examples are larger but do not otherwise differ from European specimens. Distribution. Kurope; E. Siberia; Amur; Japan; Yesso. Plemyria castaria, sp. n. Primaries creamy white; basal half traversed by three black wavy lines commencing as spots on the costa; outer margin bordered with black, but before this there is a black dash on costa from which a double black sinuous line pro- ceeds to inner margin, a black cloud about the middle of this line unites it with the border; discal spot black. Secondaries white, a narrow black band on outer margin shaded inwardly with grey. Fringes: of primaries black with some pale dots at their base; of secondaries dark grey, becoming white towards outer angle and on outer margin, spotted as on pri- maries. | Under surface very similar to above, but the secondaries have a black discal spot and indications of a central band; the submarginal band is clearer and there is no cloud connecting it with the marginal border. Antenne serrated in the male. Expanse 28 millim. Six male specimens from Moupin, Ni-tou, Pu-tsu-fong: July. Hab. Western China. Plemyria kezonmetaria. Melanippe kezonmetaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 38, pl. iv. fig. 48 (1893). I received a nice series from Ta-chien-lu and one male specimen from Wa-ssu-kow, taken by my native collectors in May and June. Hab. Western China. The antenne of the male are shortly bipectinate; apex simple. Perhaps this species would be more properly placed in Asaphodes, Meyr. Plemyria ouanguemetaria. Melanippe ouvanguemetaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 38, pl. iy. fig. 52 (1893). My collectors met with this species at Ta-chien-lu and Wa-ssu-kow, and at How-kow: June and July. Hab. Western China and Thibet. Antenne in the male bipectinated; apex simple. ee ee a On the Ochre-footed Scrub-Squirrels of East Africa. 573 Plemyria bellaria, sp. n. White, with black markings. Primaries have bands on basal area, broadest on costa; central band indicated by a hook-shaped mark on the costa and some dots on inner margin; a broad border on outer marginal area, tapering towards inner margin, enclosing three white spots, one on costa, one about the middle, and one towards inner margin. Secondaries have a slender central band from abdominal margin to middle of the wing, and a border on outer margin ; the latter encloses two white spots, one in the middle, and one at anal angle, and a minute dot above the middle spot. Fringes black and white. Under surface as above. Antenne bipectinated, the shaft black ringed with white, and the pectinations rather widely apart. Expanse 25 millim. Four male specimens: Ichang, April ; Ta-chien-lu, Ni-tou, May and July. Hab. Central and Western China. [To be continued. ] LVI.—The Ochre-footed Scrub-Squirrels of East Africa. By W. E. DE WINTON. THERE appears to be great confusion among naturalists as to the specific determination of the most common small squirrels of East Africa. Dr. F. A. Jentink, when looking over the specimens in the British Museum previous to writing his most excellent “ Monograph of the African Squirrels,” published in ‘ Notes from the Leyden Museum,’ vol. iv. p. 1 (1882), noticed that the specimens from East Africa were distinct from the South-African species, Sciwrus Cepapi, A. Sm.; unfortunately he never described the forms, but includes under S. Cepapé (¢. c. p. 26) all the small unstriped squirrels from South and Kast Africa. Naturalists have continued to record specimens from East Africa under the latter name, although Dr. Huet (Nouv. Arch. Mus. ili. ser. 2, p. 154, pl. vil. fig. 2, 1880) described the form from Bagomoyo as a distinct species, giving it the name of S. ochraceus. Dr. Pagenstecher (Bericht Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, 1885, p. 42) described a form from the Pangani River and Mount Meru under the name of S. Cepapi arus- censis, at the same time stating that its affinities lie with S. Cepapi, S. multicolor, and S. Aubryi=S. rufobrachiatus ; such a generalized form should surely be worthy of more than 574 On the Ochre-footed Scrub-Squirrels of East Africa. - subspecific rank, as the three species named are such very widely separated forms inter se. Dr. Matschie (SB. Ges. nat. Freund. 1894, p. 256) disregards these two species entirely, giving the former name as a synonym of S. Cepapi, and describes a specimen as S. Pauli from a living animal sent home from Tanga and the skin of a very young individual from the same neighbourhood. S. Cepapt, a larger and stronger animal, only occurs south of the Zambesi River; northward in Mozambique the bright- coloured striped squirrel S. flavivittis is found; north of the Rufigi River the faintly striped S. ochraceus occurs at Dar-es- Salaam, Bagomoyo, and in Usagara. The side stripe of this latter species, which at all times is very faint, varies much in distinctness, as is well shown in the series in our Museum ; in some specimens it is scarcely perceptible and would, in all probability, be overlooked unless expected. The forms from Pangani and Tanga, agreeing with the last- named in having a dull greenish-white belly, have been described as stated above, and if, as I suppose, S. aruscensis belongs to this group, it is difficult to see how S. Pauli can be made out distinct, if, indeed, either are separable from S. ochraceus. About Mombasa and inland as far as 6000 feet on Kilima- njaro, and northward in the coast region, we find the orange- bellied form which has lately been described by Mr. 8. Rhoads (Proc. Ac. Philad. 1896, p.522) as S. ganana. In the high- lands of Kikuyu we find yet another form, very dark in colouring and rather larger than its allies; this species I have pleasure in naming S. Jacksont, after the distinguished explorer, Mr. F. J. Jackson, who presented the specimens to the Museum and has done so much in adding to our know- ledge of the fauna of Hast Africa in several branches of zoology. I think there can be little doubt that the squirrel mentioned by Mr. Rhoads (¢. c. p. 521) from Marsabit, an eastern offshoot of Mount Kenia, is of this species. Scturus Jacksoni, sp. n. General colour dark olive-green, slightly washed with brown; the face, rump, upper arms, and legs with a rather stronger brown tint; the feet and hands more or less grizzled rufous orange or rust-coloured ; a broad buff stripe above and below the eyes; cheeks and ears grizzled of the general body-colouring ; on the sides the dark colouring of the upper parts gradually passes into that of the paler underparts, the centre line of the chin, throat, and belly and the inner sides of On Coleoptera from the Transvaal. ay és) the legs only being greenish orange-buff, the bases of all the hairs slate-coloured. The distichous tail is coloured much like the body, but, owing to the broader annulations of the hairs, the brighter colour is more conspicuous, especially beneath, as is usual in members of this group. The colour of the upper parts of this squirrel is absolutely identical with some specimens of the West-African S. poensis, but the annulations on the fur are rather broader and the tail shows brighter colouring ; the pale eye-stripes and more rufous feet at once distinguish it; beneath, the paler colour of the belly and inner sides of the limbs make the likeness less obvious. Colour, however, is the only form of resemblance, for the size of the ears and feet and the different shape of the tail widely separate the two species. Mamme: 1—1—1=6. Type, 2, 93. 2. 3. 24 Brit. Mus. Killed in August. Loc. Kikuyu. Collected and presented by F. J. Jackson, Esq. Measurements, taken from dried skin :—Head and body 180 millim.; tail 155; hind foot 41; ear 13-5 (c.). Skull: greatest length between uprights 42°5, greatest breadth 25°5; nasals 11°5x6; constr. int.orb. 11°6, behind p.o.ps. 12°7 ; brain-case 19, height 18, basal length 35:5 (c.) ; henselion to back of palate 17°6 ; incisive foramina 3 3 x 2°1; molar series 7°1; breadth outside ™! 10:3; diastema 10; mandible, greatest length (bone only) 24°5, height 15°9. Larger skull than S. ochraceus, and the profile more arched. Nasals almost square posteriorly, not reaching so far back as the posterior portion of the maxille. P.o.ps. well deve- loped, running to sharp points. Zygomata broad in squamosal portion. The type is a rather old female; the skulls of two younger specimens are somewhat smaller. LVII.— Coleoptera collected in the Transvaal. By W. L. Distant. Fam. Cetoniida. I was somewhat successful in obtaining a number of species belonging to this family in the Transvaal, and I think the following list is a fairly representative one for that region. Their habits are very varied. Of course the larger number are found on bloom; but Goliathus albosignatus flies among its 576 Mr. W. L. Distant on favourite trees, a species of Zizyphus; Cheirolasia Burkei and Dicranorrhina Derbyana are usually met with on the twigs or silky leaves of aspecies of Combretum ; Oplostomus fuligineus I have found in the dry dung of oxen; Trogodes rotundicollis under stones with ants; Pachnoda flaviventris and Plesior- rhina plana are sometimes apple-destroyers, as I have seen in Natal ; Diplognatha silicea and Heteroclita Jansoni 1 have oe captured but on the wing, and they are both very swift lers. I have to acknowledge the great assistance freely given me by my friend Mr. Oliver Janson in the identification of some of the obscure species and in advice generally. The species were all captured by myself except where other names are given of those from whom | received the specimens. Species obtained in the Transvaal. Goliathus albosignatus, Bohem. Rustenburg (W. Ayres and W. L. D.). Hypselogenia concava, G. & P. Pretoria. Dicranorrhina Derbyana, Westw. Rustenburg (W. Ayres and W. L. D.), Pretoria. Cheirolasia Burket, Westw. Rustenburg (W. Ayres, P. Kranz, and W.L. D.). Dyspilophora trivittata, Schaun. Barberton (Dr. Percy Randall), Pre- toria. Plesiorrhina plana, Wied. Barberton (Dr. Percy Rendall), Rustenburg (W. Ayres), Pretoria. Genyodonta flavvmaculata, Fabr. Barberton (Dr. Percy Rendall). Var. egregia, Bohem. Rustenburg ( W. Ayres), Pretoria. Melinesthes algoénsis, Westw. Rustenburg (W. Ayres), Pretoria. Var. flavipennis, Westw. Barberton (Dr, P. Rendall), Pretoria. umbonuta, G. & P. Pretoria. Ischnostoma nasuta, Schaum. Pretoria, Pseudoclinteria permutans, Burm. Pienaars River (Thomson), Pretoria, Warm Baths, Waterberg, Rustenburg. Heteroclita? Jansoni, sp.n. Pretoria. Phoxomela umbrosa, G. & P. Rustenburg (W. Ayres), Pretoria. Gnathocera hirta, Burm. Zoutpansberg (Kessner). Elaphinis nigropunctata, Pering. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall). tigrina, Oliv. Barberton (Dr, P. Rendall), Zoutpansberg (Kessner), Rustenburg. lutecostata, Bohem. Pretoria. Psacadoptera velutina, Pering. Pretoria. Gametis balteata, De Geer. Pretoria. Anoplochilus figuratus, Bohem. Pretoria. tomentosus,G. & P. Zoutpansberg (Kessner), Pretoria. Leucocelis marginalis, Swartz. Zoutpansberg (Kessner), Pretoria. testaceoguttata, Bl. Zoutpansberg (Kessner), Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. amabilis, Schaum. Pretoria, Warm Baths, Waterberg. —— Perroudi, Schaum. Pretoria. cinctella, Schaum. Zoutpansberg (Kessner), Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. Coleoptera from the Transvaal. 577 Leucocelis rubra, G. & P. Pretoria. hemorrhoidalis, Fabr. Pretoria. eneicollis, Schaum. Pretoria. Trichostetha capensis, Linn. Middelburg (Kessner). prunipennis, Burm. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. Tephrea dichroa, Schaum. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Waterberg ( Wilde), Pretoria. morosa, Schaum. Pretoria, Pienaars River. Pachnoda cincta, De Geer. Pretoria, Pienaars River. Jlaviventris, G. & P. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. leucomelana, G. & P. Pretoria, Pienaars River. Pseudoprotetia amakosa, Bohem. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. Niphetophora carneola, Burm. Pretoria. Rhabdotis aulica, Oliv. Rustenburg (W. Ayres), Pienaars River (Thom- son), Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. sobrina,G. & P. Pretoria. semipunctata, Fabr. Pretoria. Diplognatha silicea, McL. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria, Pienaars River. carnifex, Fabr. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka). hebrea, Oliv. Rustenburg (W. Ayres), Pretoria. Piychophorus undatus, Kirby. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall). leucostictus, Schaum. Pretoria. Spilophorus plagosus, Bohem. Pretoria, Pienaars River. Oplostomus platycephalus, Bohem. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall). fuligineus, Oliv. Pretoria, Warm Baths, Waterberg. Pilinurgus subundatus, Westw. Pretoria, Warm Baths, Waterberg. Cenochilus turbatus, Westw. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. appendiculatus, Gerst. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka). Genuchus dealbatus, sp.n. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka). Trogodes rotundicollis, Bohem. Pretoria, Rustenburg. Other Species obtained in Natal. Eudicella Smithi, McLeay. Durban. Amaurodes Passerinii, Westw. Durban. Elaphinis trrorata, Faby. Durban. Trichostetha placida, Bohem. Durban. Macroma cognata, Schaum. Durban. Scythropesthes bicolor, Burm, Durban. Heteroclita? Jansont, sp. n. Head above, thorax, and scutellum dark olivaceous green ; elytra dark indigo-blue, sometimes with a purplish tint. Body beneath and legs piceous. Head coarsely punctate, more sparingly so near basal margin, where it is somewhat levigate; the antenne dark castaneous. Thorax thickly and coarsely punctate, with a more or less continuous central longitudinal levigate impres- sion; the basal margin also levigate, especially in front of scutellum. Scutellum more or less tesselate, the lateral margins and a central impression levigate. LElytra coarsely punctate and tesselate, their inner margins broadly costate 578 Mr. W. L. Distant on to about one fourth before apex; two discal costate lines on each elytron which are somewhat contiguous at base and con- vexly united at about one fourth from apex, close to which are two submarginal similarly united costate lines, which are very strongly raised and prominent at basal angle; outer marginal ridge levigate. Head and thorax beneath and legs pilose, particularly at base of head, where there is a thick tuft of ochraceous hairs. Body beneath and legs coarsely punctate, less coarsely and prominently punctate on the abdomen. Long. 12 millim. Hab. Transvaal, Pretoria (Distant). Var.—Elytra testaceous. I captured five specimens with the blue elytra and four with the same testaceous in hue, all males. Its habits are peculiar, not frequenting bloom, but flying swiftly along banks or paths amid bush, when it may easily be mistaken for a large blow-fly. I found it a very local and scarce beetle. Mr. O. Janson, to whom I submitted specimens, writes :— “T should refer this species to Heteroclita rather than create a fresh genus (as genera in this group are, perhaps, already too numerous), especially as the male is the only sex known at present. It differs, however, in several characters, such as the untoothed anterior tibie and small linear mesosternal process. In some respects it more nearly agrees with Hetero- phana, and also, if these recently erected genera are really distinct from Heteroclita, with Mazoe (Peringuey) and Diploa (Kolbe). “Tt would appear to be most nearly allied to H. Raeuperi, Schaum.” Genuchus dealbatus, sp. n. Bright, shining, black; thorax with the basal angles broadly sanguineous ; elytra with a broad submarginal whitish fascia, broadening towards apex, where it is recurved and convexly terminates. Head thickly and coarsely punctate. Thorax coarsely punctate, most thickly so on anterior and lateral areas, slightly foveate on each side of disk. Elytra coarsely punctate and tesselate, their inner margins mode- rately costate ; two strongly costate longitudinal lines on disk commencing near base and terminating at about one thir before apex; humeral angles prominent and impunctate. Thorax beneath and femora moderately pilose. Long. 14 millim. Hab. Transvaal, Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka). Heterocera from the Transvaal. 579 This species is allied to G. elongatulus, G. & P., from which it differs by the white fascia around the elytra, the much more strongly punctured elytra, and by scarcely a trace of the central furrow to the thorax. Cenochilus appendiculatus, Gerst. Cenochilus appendiculatus, Gerst. Arch. Naturg. xxxiii. 1, p. 39. n. 68 (1866); v. d. Decken’s Reise, ii. (2) p. 104, t. vi. fig. 6 (1873) ; Westw. Thes. Ent. Oxon. p. 38, t. xiii. fig. 2 (1874). I refer one specimen received from the Lydenburg district of the Transvaal to this species. Its principal divergence is in size. The type was described as 194 millim. in length; my specimen measures 25 millim. LVIII.—On a Collection of Heterocera made in the Transvaal. By W. L. Distant. Fam. Sphingide. Of the twenty-two species of this family which I obtained in the Transvaal and are here enumerated no fewer than five (T. celerio, D. livornica, D. nerii, P. convolvuli, and M. atro- pos) also occur or have been taken in Britain. For some kind of uniformity I have followed Mr. Kirby’s ‘Catalogue’ in the generic division and arrangement, save in the case of the genus Ambulyzx. Species obtained in the Transvaal. Cephonodes hylas, Linn. Pretoria and Zoutpansberg. Macroglossa trochilus, Hiibn. Barberton (J. &. Harrison), Pretoria, Lophuron pylas, Cram, Zoutpansberg (Kessner), Pretoria. pusillum, Feld. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall and J. R. Harrison). minutum, sp. 0. Pretoria. Diodosida murina, Walk. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendail). Basiothia medea, Fabr. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. Theretra capensis, Linn. Pretoria. eson, Cram. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall). Schenckii, Moschl. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. celerio. Linn. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. Deilephila livornica, Esp. Pretoria. opheltes, Cram. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka). Daphnis nerit, Linn. Pretoria. Ambulyx postica, Walk. Pretoria, prabilis, ey n. Pretoria. Nephele vau, Walk. Zoutpansberg (Kessner). Phlegethontius Mauritii, Butl. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka). convolvuli, Linn. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. Manduca atropos, Linn. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria. Lophostethus Dumolinit, Latr. Pretoria. Polyptychus Grayii, Walk. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka). Where not otherwise specified, the captures were my own. 580 On Heterocera from the Transvaal. Lophuron minutum, sp. n. Body above greyish brown ; head and thorax very strongly pilose; thorax on each side with a slightly oblique fascia, whitish internally and castaneous outwardly. Abdomen above with four longitudinal castaneous fascie, the outermost of which on each side contains three prominent white hairy spots. PY tories wings above greyish brown, with the following dull castaneous markings:—a short narrow oblique stripe near base, a large subquadrate spot at middle of inner margin, and a larger one beyond it at costal margin (both extending about halfway across the wing), and a broad irregular outer marginal fascia. Posterior wings golden yellow, outer margin dull casta- neous, the fringe greyish brown; a faint basal streak and subcostal spot both castaneous. Wings beneath much paler and more obscure than above, the posterior wings without the golden-yellow ground-colour. Exp. 26 millim. Hab. Transvaal, Pretoria (Distant: April). Apparently a late species, appearing at the end of the Transvaal summer. Ambulyx piabilis, sp. n. Anterior wings pale ochraceous, somewhat darker on apical areas, with five brownish elongate costal spots, basal two of which enter cell, third situate a little beyond cell, and fourth and fifth near apex. Posterior wings bright golden yellow, minutely spotted with sanguineous, excepting abdominal area, which is pale ochraceous and unspotted, and with a large basal blackish spot with a bluish centre. Wings beneath pale ochraceous ; anterior wings with about basal half golden yellow, in which area the two basal brownish costal spots above are castaneous beneath; posterior wings very minutely and obscurely speckled with brownish, the basal spot above indicated by a castaneous spot beneath. Body above pale ochraceous; head and thorax with a central brown longitudinal fascia. Exp. 97 millim. Hab, 'Yransvaal, Pretoria (Distant). A, piabilis is allied to A. conspersa, Dewitz, and holds an intermediate position between that species and A. postica, Walk. I have followed Hampson in placing these species in the genus Ambulyx. ‘They are located by Kirby in Basiana and by Rothschild in a proposed new genus—Pseudoclanis. —— On new Species of Acreidee from Uganda. 581 LIX.—Descriptions of some new Species of Acreide collected by Mr. F. J. Jackson at Ntebt, Uganda. By EmILy Mary SHARPE. Family Acreida. Acrea pervia, sp. n. Resembles the Asiatic group containing A. moluccana, Feld., A. Dohertyi, Holland, and A. parce, Ster. Upperside. Entirely transparent, the costa and hind margin narrowly bordered with black, becoming much broader at the apex ; the base black, extending along the inner margin to about the middle of the wing. Hind wing. Basal area brownish black, with black spots, almost invisible on the upperside; the discal portion trans- parent from the costa to the first median nervule, the narrow brownish-black border becoming much broader towards the anal angle ; this black border extending along the first median nervule and uniting with the dark basal area, thereby dividing a yellow patch on the inner margin, which, however, does not extend right up to the base; a yellow spot also plainly marked between the sub-costal nervure and the first median nervule. Underside. Fore wing entirely transparent; the costa yellow, like the apex and hind margin, the latter having yellow spots; the apex distinctly yellow and streaked with black lines; the hind margin with a black spot between the yellow ones at the end of the black nervules, from the fifth sub-costal nervule to the first median nervule. Hind wing. The whole of the basal area yellow, sprinkled heavily with black spots, this yellow also extending along the hind margin, and becoming much narrower towards the costa. This yellow border is divided by the black nervules and again divided into twin spots by smaller median black streaks between the nervules. On the underside this species some- what resembles that of A. lycoides, Boisd., and A. dejana, Godm. & Salv. Expanse ¢ 2°3 inches. The female is similar to the male; the black markings are browner in colour, the yellow patch on the hind wing much paler, and is not broken by any black markings as in the male. ‘The underside is exactly like that of the male, the yellow being paler. Expanse 2°5 inches. Hab. Ntebi, Uganda: March to May 1895. Acrea ntebie, sp. n. Allied to A, lycoides, Boisd. ‘The fore wing is not so transparent, being entirely brownish 582 On new Species of Acreide from Uganda. black, with a transparent space consisting of three ovate spots, only divided by the black nervules near the apical portion of the wing, and followed beneath by a second: irregular row of three whitish spots. The first of these is in the discoidal cell; the second, and largest, of the three lies between the first and second median nervules, and the third one, which is somewhat spear-shaped, between the sub-median nervure and the first median nervule. Hind wing. Brownish black at the base, extending more narrowly along the costa and forming a fairly broad border along the hind margin, which is much darker brown than the basal area, where there are some indistinct black spots. The discal portion of the wing has a yellow transverse band, narrower than in A. lycotdes, commencing a little below the costal nervure, covering about half of the cell and extending to the middle of the inner margin. In the discoidal cell, close to the discocellular nervule, is a small black spot, belonging to the indistinct basal series. Underside. Brownish black ; costa, apex, and hind margin sulphur-yellow as far as the first median nervule; this yellow portion crossed by black nervules and divided into twin spots by a median line of black. The whitish transparent markings of the upperside very distinctly indicated. Hind wing. Entirely sulphur-yellow, the basal area pro- fusely dotted with black spots ; discal portion uniform yellow, followed by the border, which is plainly divided up into twin streaks by the black nervules and black median lines, which are more pronounced than in either A. lycoides or A. dejana, Godm. & Salv. Expanse 2 inches. Hab. Ntebi, Uganda: November to December 1895. Acrea humilis, sp. n. Nearest to A. quirina in size, but differs in both wings being entirely transparent and brownish in colour, where the markings occur, without a single spot visible. Fore wing. Quite transparent; the costa, hind margin, inner margin, nervules, and base of wing dusky brown. Hind wing. Exactly like the fore wing. Underside. Very similar to the upperside, the dusky shading being rather of a warmer brown. At the base of the hind wing this warm brown colour is more pronounced, and there is one black spot between the sub-median nervure and the first median nervules ; another minute black spot close to the base. Expanse 1°5 inch. Hab. Ntebi, Uganda: November to December 1895. Miscellaneous. 583 MISCELLANEOUS. On the Organization and Affinities of Pleurotomaria. By MM. E.-L. Bouvier and H. Fiscuer. Tue Pleurotomarie are the first mollusks (one might almost say the first animals) of which remains are found in the fossil state. As old as the oldest Trilobites, but curiously more tenacious of existence, they were not extinguished like the Trilobites during the Carboniferous epoch. They have left a great variety of forms in the Jurassic deposits, they were perpetuated, though somewhat feebly, through the Tertiary period, and are still represented in our day by certain species, for the most part of extreme rarity. Of these last absolutely nothing was known but the shell until the ‘ Blake,’ under the direction of Alexander Agassiz, captured four living Pleurotomarie off the Antilles in 1879. From these specimens M. Dall was able to determine that the anus is still situate on the median dorsal line in the animals we are considering, that they have two branchiz symmetrically situated, two urinary orifices also symmetrical, and that thus they present, as one might expect, by far the most primitive characters of all Gasteropods. Since that time the Japanese have found another living Pleurotomaria; but it was not made the subject of any research, so that the internal organization of these creatures might have remained for a long time unknown had not M. Agassiz, thanks to the courteous intervention of M. Milne-Edwards, handed over to us one of the specimens of Pleurotomaria Quoyana collected by the ‘ Blake.’ We cannot suffi- ciently express our gratitude to the distinguished American zoologist for his liberality. From its general organization P. Quoyana approaches most nearly to the Diotocardie# of the most normal type (Haliotide, Trochide). Its sense-organs occupy the same position ; its buccal mass appears to be built on the same type; it has the same myology, the same cerebroid and buccal ganglia, the same labial commissure, the same crossed (crozsée) visceral commissure. The characters which distinguish it from the other Diotocardicze are:—(1) the feeble development of the epipodium; (2) the alto- gether peculiar origin of the branches of the visceral commissure ; (3) the structure of the scalariform nervous cords which traverse the foot. Of the “ epipodial collarette” we will say nothing except that, greatly reduced as it is in general in Pleurotomaria, it is imper- ceptible in our specimen, and there is every reason for believing that in the genus under consideration we see it at the very be- ginning of its development. As for the ‘“‘ branches of the visceral commissure,” they are not in any wise detached, as in the other Diotocardie, from the most anterior portion of the nerve-cords situate in the foot; they arise from cerebro-pallial links towards the middle of their length, and 584 Miscellaneous. appear to be nothing more than a strong branch from them. This is, with but slight difference, the arrangement observable in the Placophores, in which the cerebro-pedal link.is quite separated from the pedio-pallial (Acanthopleura salamander, according to Herr von Jhering, A. Savatierz), and where the visceral commissure is formed, following the hypothesis of Herr Biitschli, by the median and ventral fusion of the two symmetrically situated stomachal nerves (Chiton fasciculatus and Ch. magnificus, according to M. Haier; C. cinereus, according to Herr von Jhering), The “scalariform nervous cords” are remarkable for the gan- glionic projection, in the form of a very elongated horn, which both exhibit in front of their most anterior commissure. This horn presents along its whole length, notably on its outer side, a broad and deep furrow, which is continued upon the cords and which divides each of them into an upper pallial portion and a lower pedal ; the cerebro-pallial link arises at the end of the pedal portion, The pedal portion, behind the great anterior commissure, presents the usual accessory commissures and gives origin to numerous nerves to the lower surface of the foot; the pallial portion has no commissures, it supplies the mantle, the columellar muscle, the muscles of the upper surface of the foot, and probably also the epipodium. The pallial portion, in other words, behaves exactly like the pallial cords of the Placophores, the pedal portion like the pedal cords of these latter—so much so that the pallio-pedal cords of Plewrotomaria ought to be considered as the result of con- erescence * of the pedal cords and the ganglionic portion of the pallial cords f which one observes on each side in the Placophores, To summarize: Pleurotomaria presents the first stage of a gan- glionic concentration, which is more and more accentuated as one rises in the scale of mollusks. In Haliotis and Trochus the cords of the foot are composed, as has been very justly maintained by M. de Lacaze-Duthiers and by M. Boutan, of a superior pallial and an inferior pedal portion; but the pallial portion tends to isolate itself under the form of a ganglionic swelling situate in front at the origins of the visceral commissure. In the Fissurellide the same arrangement exists, but the cords are shorter and, in conse- quence, more condensed. In Patella, Nerites, Cyclophora, Paludina, and Cyprea the scalariform pedal cords always persist, but the pallial portion is isolated in the form of distinct ganglia; in other Gasteropods the pedal cords, like the pallial, are condensed in the form of ovoid ganglionic masses.—Comptes Rendus, 1807, t. exxiy. pp. 695-697. * According to Herren Thiele and Plate numerous anastomotic nerves attach the pallial to the pedal cords in certain Placophores ; this is a first step rebe f the concrescence realized in Pleurotomaria. + As Herren von Jhering and Biitschli have shown, the pallial cords of Placophores are nothing more than the pallial ganglia fused with the great pallial nerve. As in other Gasteropods, each great pallial nerve anastomoses aboye the intestine with its fellow of the opposite side. — oe 6, THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. (SIXTH SERIES.] No. 114. JUNE 1897. LX.—Note on a Cast of the Brain-cavity of Tguanodon. By Cuas. W. Anprews, B.Sc., F.G.S., Assistant in the British Museum (Natural History). [Plate XVI.] THE brains of certain of the American Dinosaurs have been figured and briefly described by Professor Marsh, but, so far as I am aware, the only account of the structure of this organ in a European form is that given by Hulke in a paper published in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society’ for 1871. The specimen* there described is the cranial portion of the skull of a large reptile which the author regarded as probably belonging to a species of Iguanodon. This fragment, which was found on the shore near Brook Point in the Isle of Wight, has lately been presented to the British Museum by Mrs. Hulke, and a careful comparison ot it with the cast of a complete skull of Jguanodon bernissart- ensis shows that its reference to a member of that genus is no doubt correct. The form of the occipital condyle and foramen magnum are precisely similar in the two specimens, and, in fact, allowing for the fracturing and rolling to which the fragment in question has been subjected, it is almost identical in its structure with the corresponding portion of * This specimen has also been noticed by Prof. H. G. Seeley i in the ‘Popular Science Review’ (vol. xix. 1880, p. 48), one of Hulke’s figures being reproduced on plate ii. fig. 2. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. Al 586 Mr. C. W. Andrews on a Cast of the the Belgian skull. Its dimensions, however, are consider- ably smaller, and since the sutures between the bones of the basis cranit are closed, it no doubt belonged to an adult individual, probably of the type species, /. Mantelli. Since this interesting fragment has been in the Museum a plaster cast of the cranial cavity has been prepared, which seems worthy of description, because it gives a clearer idea of the form of the brain than can be gathered from the descrip- tion and figures of the specimen itself. As Hulke remarked in the paper referred to above, the form of the brain in reptiles can only be deduced approxi- mately from casts of their brain-cavity, since in these animals it fills that cavity less completely than in the higher verte- brates, though to a greater extent than in amphibians and fishes. But judging from the remarkable completeness of the cranial walls in this specimen, it seems possible that the brain may have been more closely invested in bone than in other reptiles, and that consequently the shape of the cast may give a fairly accurate idea of its general form. The olfactory lobes were either very small or perhaps pedunculate. The space which they, or more probably their basal portion, occupied is entirely filled with ironstone, so that the only trace of them in ihe cast is a slight angular projection from the middle of the antero-ventral border of the cerebral hemispheres (o/.). The hemispheres (c) themselves are of moderate size: their anterior face is abruptly truncated and is only slightly convex. In vertical section the conjoined hemispheres were oval in outline, the long axis of the oval being horizontal : their greatest width is immediately behind their anterior face, at which point they formed prominent lateral lobes and measured about 62 mm. in width. Their dorsal and ventral surfaces are nearly straight and parallel in a longitudinal direction. On the ventral surface about an inch behind the anterior extremity there is a prominence, the optic chiasma (op.c.), from which diverge outwards and forwards the roots of the optic nerves (I1.). Immediately behind this and arising from the floor of the thalamencephalon is the infundibulum, to the lower end of which is attached the pituitary body (pit.). This, so far as can be gathered from the cast of the fossa which it occupied, was relatively of very large size: its general form and relations are shown in the figures. Its ventral surface, which slopes obliquely downward and backward, is quadrate in outline; the prominent posterior angles mark the position of the foramina by which the internal carotids (car.) enter the skull, while the exact form Brain-cavity of Iguanodon. 587 of the anterior region cannot be determined, the walls of the fossa being there deficient, owing to the presence on either side of a large irregular vacuity. This opening corresponds to that occurring in the same position in the skull of the crocodile, where it can be seen to be an irregular interval between the basi- and ali-sphenoid bones. ‘The posterior surface of the pituitary body is nearly vertical and is triangular in outline. On each side of the infundibulum there is in the cast a projecting process (IIT.), which marks the point of exit of the third (oculo-motor) nerve*. Behind the infundibulum the ventral surface of the brain is furrowed by a broad transverse depression which is occupied by the thick posterior clinoid ridge, and marks the division between the mid- and hind-brain. Turning again to the upper surface, we find that imme- diately behind the region occupied by the cerebral hemispheres the cranial cavity undergoes a great increase in height, and at the same time is much narrowed from side to side, parti- cularly in its upper portion. ‘I'he cast of the chamber thus formed (cb.) shows a pointed elevation which rises high above the hemispheres, and is so much compressed laterally that its superior surface is reduced to a mere rounded ridge. On each side of this prominence there is a strong ridge which extends downward and forward from a little behind and below its apex to a point a little in front of and above the roots of the trigeminal nerve. This portion of the cranial cavity was no doubt occupied in life by the optic lobes and the cerebellum. In the cast itself, however, no indication of the form and position of the former is visible, and probably, therefore, they were com- paratively small, or, at any rate, did not project sufficiently to impress the walls of the cranial cavity. ‘The cerebellum, on the other hand, was large, and the oblique ridges on its sides above referred to, seem to indicate that it probably possessed fairly developed lateral lobes (/./.) ; itis, however, possible that they may merely mark the position of blood-sinuses. Behind these lobes the cast of the cerebellar chamber is slightly con- * It should be noted that the projections on the cast, which are marked with the numbers of the cranial nerves, do not necessarily indi- cate the points of origin of those nerves, but merely the position of the foramina by which they passed out of the skull. In most instances, of course, the point of exit is nearly opposite the place of origin; but in the present case (that of the oculo-motor root) the nerve no doubt arose not in the position shown in the cast, but from the floor of the thalamen- cephalon behind the infundibulum. 7 41* 588 Mr. C. W. Andrews on a Cast of the cave on either side, the concavities indicating the projection inwards of the auditory region of the skull. The ventral region of the medulla oblongata (med.) is bounded anteriorly by the transverse groove above mentioned. Longitudinally its ventral surface is at first convex and pos- teriorly concave ; from side to side it is convex throughout its length, the mid-ventral line being marked by a slight ridge. Anteriorly the sides of the cast of the meduliary region pass up into the cerebellar prominence ; in its middle portion its upper and lateral surfaces are impressed by the prominent auditory region. Posteriorly it widens out con- siderably and is roughly triangular in section, the angles of the triangle being rounded and corresponding to the mid- ventral ridge and the supero-lateral borders ; the upper surface of this posterior region is convex. ‘The cast no doubt gives an accurate idea of the actual form of the medulla so far as its ventral and lateral portions are concerned; but it is pro- bable that dorsally there was a considerable space between the overhanging cerebellum and the upper surface of the medulla, so that here the real shape of the latter is not shown, no trace of the position of the fourth ventricle and other structures being seen. Further back, however, where it is about to pass into the spinal cord, it probably nearly or quite filled the cranial cavity, and its true form is therefore shown by the cast. The determination of the roots of the cranial nerves arising from the medulla presents some difficulties, but by comparison with the crocodilian brain, and by examining the relations of the various foramina to one another and to the surrounding structures, it has been possible to determine most of them with a considerable degree of certainty. On the whole, these agree with the determinations of Hulke, who, however, employs the older terminology of Willis in his description. On the ventral surface of the medulla close to its anterior end is a slight prominence, which probably marks the point of origin of the abducens (VI.)._ Above and a little behind this on the side wall of the medulla is the large root of the trigeminal (V.). This passes out of the skull by a very large foramen which opens externally into a fossa, from which a deep channel runs forward along the inner wall of the orbit, and, no doubt, lodged the ophthalmic branch (V’.). Behind the trigeminal foramen the skull-wall is perforated by a small opening, which enlarges towards the outside and is continued on the side of the cranium as a well-marked groove (car.?) which runs downward and somewhat forward. Its lower end passes round to the external opening by which the —— —— ae ltl ee le aa oe Brain-cavity of Tguanodon. 589 internal carotid entered the pituitary fossa. From the relations of this groove, which is bounded anteriorly by a well-defined rounded ridge, I am led to conclude that it probably lodged a branch of the carotid which entered the skull by the foramen at its upper end. Wn fen. OV. carn ws Side of cranium of Iguanodon, showing the various foramina. 3 nat. size. bs., basisphenoid ; car., carotid foramen ; car’., (?) channel for branch of carotid; fen.ov., fenestra ovalis; jug. (?) foramen for branch of jugular vein; oc.c., occipital condyle; ¢b.sp., tuberculum sphenoccipitale. The foramina fur the nerves are marked :— II., eptic; TIL, oculo-motor; V., trigeminal; V’., channel for the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal; IX., glosso-pharyngeal; X., vagus; XII., hypoglossal. Returning again to the cast, we find some 5 mm. behind the base of the fifth nerve a blunt prominence, which fills a depression in the skull-wall below and in front of the convex otic mass; no foramen can be seen to pass out of the skuil at this point, and there can be no doubt that this prominence marks the point of origin of the auditory nerve (VIII.), and perhaps the facial (VII.) may arise with it. The next root lies 15 mm. behind the eighth and at a somewhat lower level ; this seems to be the glosso-pharyngeal ([X.). Its foramen is 090 On a Cast of the Brain-cavity of [guanodon. small; it runs upward and outward, reaching the exterior below and a little behind the fenestra ovalis (fio.). About 1 cm. above and behind the root of the ninth is the large vagus root (X.), which passes out of the skull by a passage which, shortly after leaving the cranial cavity, forks, one branch running backwards and outwards in the same direction as the common base, the other directed forward and outward at right angles to the first.. The latter opens behind and below the fenestra ovalis at the bottom of the same depression in the skull-wall; the former just behind the prominent oblique ridge forming the hinder bourdary of the tympanic depression. This posterior branch probably transmitted the vagus (X.), and a considerable enlargement of its calibre just external to the fork probably indicates the position of the ganglion. As to what passed through the anterior branch there is some doubt, but it may be suggested that it transmitted a branch of the jugular vein (woodcut, jug.). About 15mm. behind and at the same level as the roots of the ninth and tenth respectively, are two nerve-roots, of which the upper is much the larger. These pass into the cranial wall by two foramina, about 7 mm. apart, leading into passages which run outward and backward, converging so that they have opened close together in a common depression (woodcut, XII.). These nerve-roots, I believe, both belong to the hypoglossal (XII.), but perhaps the spinal accessory may also have passed out of the skull by one of the foramina of which these prominences are the casts. It will be seen that the determination of the regions of this brain here adopted differs somewhat from that given by Marsh in some of his figures of this organ in the American Dinosaurs, the chief difference being that while he regards the middle prominence as representing in most cases a cast of the optic lobes, | think that these probably did not project far enough to leave any traces in a cast of the brain-cavity, the enlarged middle chamber of which was mainly occupied by the cerebellum. In the crocodile certainly a cast of the brain-cavity gives no idea of the form of the optic lobes. Marsh’s figure * of the brain of Ceratosaurus nasicornis, in which the optic lobes are marked as lateral structures not appearing on the dorsal surface of the brain, probably most nearly represents the actual condition of things. In the figure of the brain of Claosaurus annectens on the same plate the uerve-roots marked agree in the main with the interpretation * Marsh, “The Dinosaurs of North America” (Sixteenth Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey 1896), pl. lxxvii. fig. 2. se Ostracoda from the Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts. 591 here adopted. The brain in this Dinosaur seems to resemble that of Iguanodon more closely than any other of which figures have been published. Some measurements of this specimen are appended :— millim Greatest width of cerebral ae Hem O Ot Oe 62 s height | J dephediaaer tie Waar Are Loar 46 + » at cerebellar prominence paw eae Alek 69 aah, EL LCEIE: seamen W Eek 2h gpl Vie ow ace Guys chee 38 Depth of pituitary body from base of infundibulum .. 31 Width between roots of trigeminal ................ 36 Width of medulla at vagus eonk ee onuy eT ae, 30 Height a - POM ae tick aint wen ais 38 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. Brain of Iguanodon, = natural size: 1, From above. 2. From side. 3. From below. car., point of entry of the internal carotids into the pituitary fossa; c., cerebral hemispheres ; ¢d., cerebellum; /./., lateral lobe of cerebellum ; med,, medulla; o/., base of olfactory lobes; op.c., optic chiasma; pit., pituitary body. {The Roman numerals refer to the numbers of the cranial nerves. LXI.— Ostracoda from the Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts. By FREDERICK CHAPMAN, A.L.S., F.R.M.NS. [Plate XV.] THE Chara-marl or “ freshwater bed” of Hitchin, Herts, is so remarkably rich in Ostracoda that it appears desirable to put upon record more detailed information regarding them than has been attempted up to the present time. These Ostracoda of Hitchin have already been referred to in a note by Messrs. Jones and Sherborn, in 1887, on a collection made by W. Hill, Jun., Esq., F.G.S.* The four species there recorded are 0, ypris tncongruens, Ramdohr ; Scottia Browniana (Jones); Hrpetocypris reptans (Baird) ; and Candona candida (Miiller). The same authors chants note an additional species from the Hitchin beds—Cypridopsis vidua (Miiller) ; whilst for the previously recorded Cypris incongruens they substi- tute Candona pubescens (Koch) f. * Geol. Mag. dec. iii. vol. iv. p. 459. + Suppl. Monogr. Tert. Entom. (Pal. ae 1889, p. 10. } Op. cit. p. 12. 592 Mr. F. Chapman on Ostracoda from the For the material from which the species here enumerated have been extracted I am indebted to Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., who had received it from Mr. W. Hill a long time ago. This present list contains only one species which I have not myself found, and nine species and varieties are now added to the earlier records. r The bed containing the Ostracoda here under notice lies upon a bed of gravel, and is itself overlain by a bed of brick- earth 20 feet thick. It is a ‘ soft calcareous loam, of a light colour, from brown to almost white, which has been found, in other parts of the brickfield, to pass down into a dark grey or almost black deposit, fairly evenly stratified” *. Besides the Ostracoda, this deposit contains numerous stems and fruits (oogonia) of Chara, eleven species of Mol- lusca, and the remains of bear, deer, and rhinoceros. Further details of this and the associated beds are to be found in the Proc. Geol. Assoc. 1896 +, the locality having been visited by the members of the above association during their excur- sion to Hitchin. The sample of marl examined was exceedingly rich in Ostracod valves ; they are very fragile and require some care in the extraction. The process of washing the marl and separating the organisms 1s best carried out by submerging a sieve, containing some of the marl, under water, the sieve having meshes fine enough to retain the minute fossils, and from time to time agitating the sieve vertically as well as in a horizontal and circular direction. The following is a descriptive list of the Ostracoda from the deposit at Hitchin as far as at present known. For valuable help in the writing of this account I tender my sincere thanks to Prof. Rupert Jones, F.R.S. Family Cypridide. Genus CycLocypris, Brady and Norman. Cyclocypris levis (O. F. Miiller). (Pl. XV. figs. 1, 2.) Cypris levis, Miller,.1785, Entomostraca, p. 52, pl. iii. figs. 7-9. Monoculus ovum, Jurine, 1829, Hist. des Monocles, p. 179, pl. xix. figs. 18, 19. Cypris ovum, Jones, 1856, Monogr. Tert. Entom. p. 14, pl. i. figs. 4a, ; Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, 1874, Monogr. Post-tert. Entom. p. 126, pl. i. figs. 29-31. * Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xiv. p. 416. + Vol. xiv. pp. 415-419. oe an. ee ee Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts. 593 Cypria levis, Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 69. : Cyclocypris levis, Brady and Norman, 1896, op. cit. vol. v. p. 718. The species is fairly common in the “ freshwater bed”? of Hitchin. It is a common form in this country in fresh and brackish water. Cyclocypris globosa (G. O. Sars). (Pl. XV. figs. 3, 4.) Cypris globosa, G. O, Sars, 1863, Om en i Sommeren 1862 foretagen Zoologisk Reise i Christianias og Trondhjems Stifter, p. 27. Cypris cinerea, Brady, 1868, Monogr. Rec. Brit. Ostrac. p. 374, pl. xxiv. figs. 39-42, pl. xxxvi. fig. 7. Cyclocypris globosa, Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 71, pl. xi. figs. 10-18, pl. xiv. figs. 1, 2. The discovery of this species in the Hitchin deposits is of much interest, for it is quite a northern species, having been recorded from fossil deposits in Scotland; and as a recent form it is still found living in the lochs and pools of the border counties of England, in Scotland, and in Norway. The species is by no means uncommon at Hitchin. Genus Scorria, Brady and Norman. Scottia Browniana (Jones). Cypris Browniana, Jones, 1850, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. vi. p- 25, pl. iil. fig. 1; 1856, Monogr. Tert. Entom. p. 15, pl. i. figs. la-d. This is also a northern species. Mr. T. Scott found it living in pools in the island of Bute (Brady and Norman). It was found fossil at Clacton, Essex, by Professor Rupert Jones, and since recorded by him from Hitchin and from Sidestrand, Suffolk, and Chesilton, Dorset. Genus Crpris, Miiller. Cypris virens (Jurine). (Pl. XV. figs. 5, 6.) Monoculus virens, Jurine, 1820, Hist. des Monocles, p. 174, pl. xviii. figs. 15, 16. Cypris virens, Zaddach, 1844, Syn. Crust. Pruss. Prod. p. 35; Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 74. A common and widely distributed form, and as a recent species inhabiting “ grassy pools and ditches which dry up in the summer” (Brady and Norman). Only one valve of this species was found in the marl from Hitchin. 594 Mr. F. Chapman on Ostracoda from the Genus Erperocypris, Brady and Norman. Erpetocypris reptans (Baird). (Pl. XV. figs. 7, 8.) Cypris reptans, Baird, 1835, Trans. Berwickshire Nat. Club, vol. i. p. 99, pl. iii. fig. 11. | Candona reptans, Baird, 1845, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 153; and Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom. 1850, p. 160, pl. xix. fig. 3. Cypris reptans, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, 1875, Monogr. Post- tert. Entom. p. 128, pl. ii. figs. 31, 32. Erpetocypris reptans, Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 84, pl. xiii. fig. 27. E. reptans is a common British species and its European distribution is wide. As a fossil it has been found in strata as old as the Weybourn Crag. In the post-Tertiary bed of Hitchin it is common and often of large size, some of the valves measuring as much as 3°3 millim. in length. Genus Pionocypris, Brady and Norman. Pionocypris vidua (O. F. Miiller). (Pl. XV. figs. 9, 10.) Cypris vidua, Miiller, 1785, Entom. p. 55, pl. iv. figs. 7-9. Cypridopsis vidua, Brady, 1868, Monogr. Rec. Brit. Ostrac. p. 375, pl. xxiv. figs, 27-36, 46. Pionocypris vidua, Brady and Norman, 1896, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 726, pl. Lxiv. fig. 19. This species has been found as a post-Tertiary fossil in the Fen district, and it is common as a freshwater form in England and Europe generally. At Hitchia this species is not uncommon. Genus Ityocypris, Brady and Norman. Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr). (Pl. XV. figs. 11, 12.) Cypris gibba, Ramdohr, 1808, Magaz. d. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, Quartal ii. p. 91, pl. iii. figs. 13, 14, 17. Tlyocypris gibba, Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe. ser, 2, vol. iv. p. 107, pl. xxii. figs. 1-5; iid. ibid. 1896, vol. v. p. 727, pl. Ixvili. figs. 20, 21. This species, well known as a recent form, is also known from the Hamstead beds (Oligocene) of the Isle of Wight, and it is common as a post-Tertiary fossil in England and Scotland. At Hitchin only one well-differentiated specimen of I. gibba was found, and in this the principal tubercle is prominent and recurved. i laeta omt Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts. Or (Ye) Or Iiyocypris Bradii, G. O. Sars. (Pl. XV. figs. 13, 14.) Ilyocypris Brad, G. O. Sars, 1890, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer, Il. Branch. Ostrac. Cirrip., Christ. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. p. 50; Brady and Norman, 1896, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 728, pl. lxiii. figs. 22, 23, pl. lxviii. figs. 18, 19. The commoner form of this genus in the Hitchin deposit appears to be the non-tuberculate type defined by G. O. Sars under the above name, of which three valves were found. Genus Canpona, Baird. Candona pubescens (Koch). (Pl. XV. figs. 15-17.) Cypris pubescens, Koch, 1837, Deutschlands Crustaceen &c., Heft xi. 5 ae pubescens, Brady and Norman, 1896, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc. ser. 2, vol. vy. p. 729, pl. lxiii. fig. 24, pl. lxiv. figs. 20, 21, pl. Lxviii. figs. 7-9. This is acommon species in the living condition. Asa post-Tertiary fossil it has been recorded from Whittlesea, the Valley-drift near Salisbury, the old land-drift at Chesilton, Portland, the gravels at Barnwell, near Cambridge, and from Hitchin. In the last-named deposit well-formed valves of the species are found, but they are not very common. ‘There are also present several valves of the form usually described under the name of C. albicans, but now thought to be only the young form of C. pubescens. Candona lactea, Baird. (Pl. XV. figs. 18, 19.) Candona lactea, Baird, 1850, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 255, pl. xviii. figs. 25-27 ; Brady, 1868, Monogr. Ree. Brit. Ostrac. p. 382, pl. xxiv. figs. 55-58; Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 100. This common freshwater species, which is well known from numerous post-Tertiary deposits, is very common at Hitchin. Candona candida (O. F. Miiller). (PL XV. figs. 20; 21.) Cypris candida, Miiller, 1785, Entom. p. 62, pl. vi. figs. 7-9. Candona candida, Jones, 1857, Monogr. Tert. Entom. p. 19, pl. i. figs. 8a—f; Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 98, pl. x. figs. 20-23. This species is very common in ponds and ditches. 596 Mr. F. Chapman on Ostracoda from the As a fossil it is known from the Weybourn Crag and from most deposits of post-Pliocene age. It is common in the “freshwater bed ” at Hitchin. ’ Candona candida (O. F. Miiller), var. tumida, Brady and Robertson. (Pl. XV./figs. 22, 23.) Candona candida (Miiller), var. tumida, Brady and Robertson, 1870, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vi. p. 16, pl. ix. figs. 18-15 ; Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R, Dubl. Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 99, pl. x. figs. 14-17. This variety has been found commonly in rivers and dykes subject to tidal influence. It differs from the typical species, so common in fresh water, in the shortness and the tumidity of the carapace. Another distinguishing character is the rosette-like arrangement of the muscle-spots, and this is clearly seen in at least one of the valves from Hitchin. The variety is somewhat rare in that deposit. Candona candida (O. F. Miiller), var. claviformis, Brady and Norman. (PI. XV. figs. 24, 25.) Candona candida (Miiller), var. claviformis, Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans, R. Dubl. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 99, pl. x. figs. 1, 2. This variety was taken in the living condition from canals and ponds. In the Pleistocene of Hitchin this variety is not unfrequent. Family Darwinulide. Genus DARWINULA, Brady and Robertson. Darwinula Stevensoni, Brady and Robertson. (Pl. XV. figs. 26, 27.) Polycheles Stevensoni, Brady and Robertson, 1870, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vi. I 25, pl. vii. figs. 1-7, pl. x. figs. 4-14. Darwinella Stevensoni, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, 1874, Post-tert. Entom. p. 141, pl. ii. figs. 13-17. Darwinula Stevensoni, Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 122, pl. x. figs. 7-18, pl. xiii. figs. 1-9, pl. xxiii. fig. 5. It is of much interest to note the occurrence of this species from Hitchin, since in the living state it is a characteristic form in the East-Anglian Fen district; and it is also found in rivers, lochs, and canals in various parts of the British Islands. Several separate valves of )). Stevensont were found in the Pleistocene deposit at Hitchin. ‘Dall tics hichas le _— ee ee Ee Fig. Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts. 597 Family Cytherida. Genus LimNIcyTHERE, Brady. Limnicythere inopinata (Baird). (Pl. XV. figs. 28, 29.) Cythere inopinata, Baird, 1850, Brit. Entom. p. 172, pl. xx. figs. 1, 1 a-e. Limnicythere inopinata, Brady, 1868, Monogr. Rec. Brit. Ostrac. p. 419, pl. xxix. figs. 15-18, pl. xxxviii. fig. 9, pl. xxxix. fig. 1; Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, 1874, Monogr. Post-tert. Entom. p. 178, pl. x. figs. 8-11; Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 170. This species is now found inhabiting ditches, lakes, and slowly running streams. It has been recorded from various post-Tertiary clays of Scotland and England. L. inopinata is of frequent occurrence in the “ freshwater ” bed of Hitchin. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. F ig. 1. Cyclocypris levis (O. F. Miller). Left valve. x 30. 2. Ditto. Edge view. x 30. 3. Cyclocypris globosa (G. O. Sars). Left valve. x 24. 4. Ditto. Edge view. x 24. 5. Cypris virens (Jurine). Left valve. x 24. 6. Ditto. Edge view. xX 24. 7. Erpetocypris reptans (Baird). Right valve. x 16. 8. Ditto. Edge view. x 16. 9. Pionocypris vidua (O. F. Miiller). Left valve. x 30. Fig. 10. Ditto. Edge view. x 30. Fig. 11. Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr). Left valve. x 30. Fig. 12. Ditto. Edge view. x 30. Fig. 13. Ilyocypris Brad, G. O. Sars. Left valve. x 30. Fig. 14. Ditto. Edge view.« x 30. Fig. 15. Candona pubescens (Koch). Right valve. x 30. Fig. 16. Ditto. Edge view. x 30. Fig. 17. Ditto. Young form, left valve. x 30. Fig. 18. Candona lactea, Baird. Right valve. x 30. Fig. 19. Ditto. Edge view. x 30. Fig. 20. Candona candida (O. F. Miller), Right valve. x 20. Fig. 21. Ditto. Edge view. x 20. Fig. 22. Candona candida, var. tumida, Brady and Robertson. Left valve. xX 30, Fig. 23. Ditto. Edge view. x 30. Fig. 24. Candona candida, var. claviformis, Brady and Norman. Right valve. x 20. Fig. 25. Ditto. Edge view. xX 20. Fig. 26. Darwinula Stevensoni, Brady and Robertson. Right valve. x 30. Fig. 27. Ditto. Edge view. x 30. Fig. 28. Limnicythere inopinata (Baird). Left valve. x 30. Fig. 29. Ditto. Edge view. x 30. 598 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera LXII.—List of the Neuroptera collected by Mr. E. E. Austen on the Amazons kc. during the recent Expedition of Messrs. Stemens Bros. Cable S.S. ‘ Faraday,’ with Descriptions Mg several new Species of Odonata (Dragonflies). By W. ¥ Kisy, F.L.S., F.E.S., &e. [Plates XII. & XIII.] Mr. AUSTEN informs me that the Dragonflies are among the most abundant and conspicuous insects on the Amazons. He obtained a fair number of species, seven of which I have ventured to describe as new in the present paper. 1 have also included in this paper two species captured by Mr. Austen in St. Vincent, Cape Verd Is., and have taken the opportunity of describing two more Amazonian species previously in the collection of the British Museum, which Mr. Austen did not meet with, though they seem to be not uncommon in localities which he visited. Probably different species are found at different times of year. The St. Vincent species, and the Amazonian species here described, though not obtained by Mr. Austen, are distinguished by being placed in brackets, which was thought better than noticing them separately or placing them in footnotes. Nearly all the Dragonflies obtained were Libelluline, though one or two representatives of other families were brought home. Among the few captures of other groups of Neuroptera were one or two interesting species of Ephemeride. Table of Captures. St. Vincent. Amazons. New. ODONATA. Libellulide : ; Libellulinss ........ 2 34 6 /eschnide : Gomunine Nigar ake 2(?) 1 Adschninse ........ Hn 5 Agrionidee : Coenagrionine— Pseudostigmatina. o Vitstes l Normostigmatina oan) SER 4 Other families of Neuroptera. Ephemerid@.........-++- "Termitidinss. os oes aes s' Oamylids® .. is. caves sss me bo from the Amazons &c. 599 One or two species taken on board the 8.8. ‘ Faraday’ are marked (/.) after the locality. Order NEUROPTERA. Suborder ODONATA (DRAGONFLIES). Libellulide. LIBELLULINZ. Genus THOLYMIS, Hagen. Tholymis citrina. Tholymis citrina, Hagen, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxviil. p. 218 (1867). Below Breves, Island of Marajo (/), Jan. 12, 1896. A single dark-coloured (adult) male specimen. Hagen described this species from Cuba. The specimens previously in the British Museum collection were all received from the Lower Amazon district (Pard, Santarem, Tapajos), but none of them are so highly coloured as the specimen trom Breves. [Genus PANTALA, Hagen. Pantala flavescens. Libellula flavescens, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 285 (1798). Porto Grande, St. Vincent, Cape Verd Is., Dec. 26, 1895. One specimen of this almost cosmopolitan species. There are specimens in the British Musenm from Paré and San- tarem, though Messrs. Austen and Cambridge do not appear to have met with it on the Amazons. | Genus TRAMEA, Hagen. Tramea abdominalis. Libellula abdominalis, Rambur, Ins. Névr. p. 37 (1842). Santarem, Jan. 30, 1896. Two specimens. There are also specimens in the British Museum from Pard4, “ Brazil” (Rio ?), Jamaica, Santa Lucia, and Grenada. Tramea basalis. Libellula basalis, Burm. Handb, Ent. ii. p. 852, n, 26 (1859). Santarem, Jan. 28; Manaos, Feb. 2; Mosqueiro, March 6, 1896. Four specimens obtained. 600 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera Previously in the British Museum from Paré and Fernando Noronha. Tramea brastliana. Tramea brasiliana, Brauer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvii. p. 812 (1867). Obydos, Feb. 2, 1896. One specimen. The specimens previously in the British Museum are from “ Brazil” (Rio?) and Pard. Genus TAURIPHILA, Kirb. Tauriphila tphigenia. Tramea iphigenia, Hagen, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxviii. p. 230 (1867), xxx. p. 262 (1869). Obydos (F.), Feb. 2, 1896. Previously in the Museum from Paré and the Tapajos. Tauriphila nycteris. Tauriphila nycteris, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. xxxiil. p. 351 (1890). A fine male from Obydos, Feb. 2, 1896. The legs in both sexes are rufo-testaceous, and the abdomen is without black spots towards the extremity. In the male the ferruginous space on the hind wings resembles that of Tramea basalis; in a female from Brazil (Rio?) it is nar- rower. Karsch describes a female from Bahia. ‘The male has 15 antecubital cross-nervules on the fore wings, the female only 13. Genus Mratuyria, Kirb. Miathyria marcella. aise marcella, De Selys, Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Ins. p. 452 (1857). Santarem, Jan. 27-31; Obydos, Feb. 2; Manaos, Feb. 14, 1896. Appears to be a very common species on the Lower Amazons, especially at Saniarem (#. #. A.). Mr. Austen did not meet with JM. pusilla, Kirb., which I am now inclined to think is synonymous with MZ. simplex, Ramb. [Miathyria flavescens, sp.n. (PI. XIII. fig. 2.) Long. corp. 31-34 millim. ; exp. al. 50-56 miilim.; long. pter. 1°50 millim. ll lial alla from the Amazons &e. 601 Eyes connected by a moderately long suture. Head testa- ceous, sometimes greenish above, frontal tubercle and upper part of clypeus metallic blue ; mandibles blackish ; occipital triangle cupreous. Thorax black, with a broad green band on each side, obsolete in front; pleura green, separated into spots and bands by broad black stripes on the sutures. Abdomen black, with two orange stripes, interrupted by the carinze and incisions on each side, the upper ones narrow, the lower ones broad (these are frequently nearly obliterated in the males). Legs rufo-testaceous towards the base and blackish at the extremity, clothed with long slender hairs; the hind femora furnished with short blunt tubercles beneath, and the middle femora with short sharp serrations. Anal ap- pendages as long as the last segment, much arched, slightly thickened and hairy towards the extremity ; middle appendage very broad and flattened towards the base and pointed at the extremity, as long as the lateral ones. Abdomen slenderest in the middle, somewhat thickened towards the extremity. Wings hyaline, tinged with greenish yellow; fore wings with 10-11 antenodal cross-nervules (the last not continuous) and 5-6 postnodals ; pterostigma dark brown, equally long on the fore and hind wings; sectors of the arculus distinctly stalked ; triangle free, followed by two rows of cells, only increasing towards the hind margin; one subtriangular space, sometimes divided by a vertical nervule on one side ; nervures fuscous, membranule small, whitish. Claws bifid. The female varies somewhat in the colour of the wings, which are more deeply tinged with sulphur-yellow than in the male, especially towards the anal angle of the hind wings, whereas the tips of the wings are of a more smoky colour, the centre of the wings being sometimes clear hyaline. The appendages on the four hind legs have more of the appearance of short stiff bristles than in the male. Hab. Santarem (Bates). Described from three males and three females. I take the opportunity of describing this very distinct species in the present paper, though it was not among Mr. Austen’s captures. | Genus Drastatops, Rambur. Diastatops dimidiata. Libellula dimidiata, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 545, n. 14 (1758). Paré, Jan. 10 (Z. HE. A.) ; W. end of Parand de Buyassu, Jan. 17, 1896 (H. W. Marsh). Previously in the Museum from Pard. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 42 602 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera Diastatops obscura. Libellula obscura, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 422. n. 10 (1775). West end of Parana de Buyassu, Jan. 15; Manaos, Feb. 11. ‘The patch at the base of the hind wing and the abdomen (except tip) brilliant scarlet when alive” (#. #. A.). Both this and the following, which Mr. Austen always found together and thinks are the same species *, are very abundant. Diastatops pullata. Libellula pullata, Burm. Handb, Ent. ii. p. 854. n. 34 (1839). West end of Parandé de Buyassu, Jan. 15 and 18; Manaos, Feb. 11, 1896. Genus ZENITHOPTERA, de Selys. Zenithoptera fasciata. Libellula fasciata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 545. n. 12 (1758). Paré, Jan. 4; Obydos, Feb. 2; Mosqueiro, Rio de Pard, March 7, 1896. Zenithoptera americana. Libellula americana, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 545. n. 16 (1758), Manaos, Feb. 11; Gurupd, Feb. 22, 1896. “This species settles on the tips of dead twigs, from 5 to 10 feet from the ground, droops its wings downwards and forwards, and thus looks exactly like a tuft of dead leaves. The insects will remain motionless in this way for several minutes.” (Note by HL. HE. A., Feb. 22, 1896.) Genus PreriTHemis, Hagen. Perithemis lais. Perithemis lais, Perty, Del. Anim, Art. p. 125, pl. xxv. fig. 2 (1834). Parad, Jan. 7, 1896. One specimen only in Mr. Austen’s collection. “Fairly common, but very difficult to catch; fond of settling on grass-blades projecting from pools” (£. £, A.). Perithemis Austent, sp. n. (Pl. XII. fig. 4 g, fig. 5 ¢.) Long. corp. 24 millim.; exp. al. 38 millim. ; long. pter. 2-2-3 millim. * This is also Mr. M‘Lachlan’s opinion. from the Amazons ée. 603 Closely allied to P. bella, Kirb., but slightly larger. The male is tinged with deep orange-yellow, with only the apical area of the fore wings subhyaline; the pterostigma (which is longer on the hind wings than on the fore wings) is red, bordered below with a black line; the triangle of the fore wings is sometimes traversed and sometimes open, and is followed by 2 or 3 cells, and there are 3 cells in the subtrian- gular space. In the female the wings are hyaline, the anterior wings with the nodus marked with black and followed by a slight yellow suffusion, and the lower subcostal space slightly and brokenly tinged with yellow; the hind wings are hyaline, with a yellow suffusion, with no brown shade in the middle, extending from a little beyond the triangle nearly to the pterostigma or the costa, and to the level of its middle on the inner margin. The triangle on the fore wings is open, and the subtriangular space consists of one cell only. In most other characters this insect agrees with P. bella ; but the series of P. bel/a from Santarem and the five specimens of P. Austent from Manaos appear to exhibit fairly constant characters. Manaos, Feb. 10 and 11, 1896. Genus TRITHEMIS, Brauer. Trithemis pulla. Libellula pulla, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii. p. 855. n. 41 (1859). Trithemis pulla, Kirb. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 263 (1894). Paré, Jan. 10; Breves, Jan. 13; Gurupd, Jan. 23; San- tarem, Jan. 30; Obydos, Feb. 2; Mosqueiro, March 7, 1856. One of the commonest of the Amazonian Dragonflies. Trithemis Erichsont. Trithemis Erichsoni, Kirb. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 263 (1894). Libellula unimaculata, Erichs. Schomb. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 584 (1848). Breves, Lower Amazons, Jan. 13; W. end of Parana de Buyassu, Jan. 18 and 19; Gurupd, Lower Amazons, Jan. 23 and Feb. 22; Manaos, Feb. 2; Mosqueiro, Rio de Pard, March 10. Many specimens. Trithemis umbrata. Libellula umbrata, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 545. n. 13 (1758). Gurup4, Jan. 23; Santarem, Jan. 30; Obydos, Feb. 2; 49% 604 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera Macap4, Feb. 25; Chaves, Feb. 27; Breves, March 1; Mosqueiro, Rio de ’Pard, March 6, 1896. Several specimens of this common and rather variable species. [Genus CrocoTHemis, Brauer. Crocothemis erythrea. Libellula erythrea, Brullé, Expéd. de Morée, iii. (1) p. 102, pl. xxxii. fig. 4 (1862). Porto Grande, St. Vincent, Cape Verd Is., Dec. 26, 1895. Three fine Silke and one rorelee A SAX known Southe European species. | Genus ORTHEMIS, Hagen. Orthemis ferruginea. Libeliula ferruginea, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 423. n. 19 (1775). Breves, Jan. 13; W. end of Parandé de Buyassu, Jan. 16; Obydos, Feb. 23 Manaos, Feb. 11. The specimen (male) from Breves bears a label— Colour of living insect: thorax plum-purple, abdomen deep scarlet. Only found over swampy ground ; common, but very wary and difficult to catch.—. H. A.” A common species throughout the warmer parts of America. Genus ANATYA, Kirb. Anatya guttata. Libellula guttata, Exichs. Schomb. Brit. Guiana, iii, p. 584 (1848). Anatya anomala, Kirb. Trans. Zool, Soc. Lond. xii. p. 338, pl. lili. fig. 9, pl. lvii. fig. 7 (1889). W. end of Parandé de Buyassu, Jan. 19, 1896 ; Gurupd, Feb. 22, 1896. A damaged pair, taken zn covt@, from the first locality ; one specimen from the latter. Genus Uractis, Ramb. Uracis imbuta. Libellula imbuta, Burm. Handb, Ent. ii. p. 850. n. 9 (1839), Two miles below Pardé (the commonest species), Jan. 7; Breves, Jan. 13, 1896. The male of this species is pulverulent blue, with the head black and only the lower mouth-parts testaceous, but the occipital triangle is smooth and red. The wings are tipped from the Amazons ke. 605 with brown nearly to the base of the pterostigma. The female is dark blackish brown, with only the thorax slightly mottled with testaceous; the head is almost wholly testaceous. The neuration varies considerably, but the triangles of all the Wings are always traversed ; the number of cross-nervules in the lower basal cell varies and also the presence or absence of supratriangular nervules. In the specimens from Breves the brown tip of the fore wings is narrower than in those from Pardé; there are four males and one female from Para and a pair (¢ ¢) from Breves. :, This species is intermediate between U. quadra, Ramb., and U. fastigiata, Burm., in the width of the dark tips to the wings, but differs from both by its uniform unspotted colour. The British Museum possesses a series of specimens from Trinidad which I refer provisionally to U. quadra. The abdomen is spotted in both sexes, the apex of the wing is but slightly browned, there are no supra-triangular nervules, but there are two nervules in the lower basal cell on the fore wings and three on the hind wings, and the triangle of the hind wings, which is traversed, corre- sponds with the arculus, whereas it is generally rather shorter in U. imbuta. There seem to be several very closely allied species of Uracis, or else a number of imperfectly segregated varieties. There are several specimens in the Museum which I can neither include in the described species, nor separate on characters tangible enough to admit of the insects being described as distinct without a larger amount of material. It should be noted that Rambur’s figure of U. quadra, though unsatisfactory and inaccurate, represents the triangle of the hind wings as followed by three rows of cells, in- creasing. No specimen of Uracis before me has more than two. Uracis Siemenst, sp.n. (Pl. XII. fig. 3.) Long. corp. 32 millim.; exp. al. 55 millim.; long. pter. 3 millim. Male.—Pulverulent blue ; head and face greenish yellow, occiput black above, vertex blue-black to before the ocelli ; mandibles and sutures of the mentum black. Upper anal appendages as long as the eighth segment, pointed and rather sharply curved upwards; lower appendage about two thirds as long as the others, and truncated at the extremity. Wings rather narrow, yellowish hyaline; pterostigma blackish, rather thick, covering nearly three cells. Fore wings with 12-13 antenodal cross-nervules (the last not con- 606 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera tinuous) and 9-10 postnodal cross-nervules (9 on the right side, 10 on the left), the first not continuous. Fore wings with the triangles rather small, very oblique, traversed, and extending considerably beyond those of the hind wings; subtriangular space composed of three cells; triangle followed by one row of three cells, and then by several rows of two cells, increasing beyond the middle ; no supra-triangular nervules ; lower basal cell with 2-8 cross-nervules. Hind wings with the triangle small, open, not extending to the arculus, and followed by a single row of cells, increasing ; no supra-triangular nervules ; 4 cross-nervules in the lower basal cell. Female.—Like the male, but testaceous, the thorax and pleura lined with black, and transversely with ripple-like brown markings from the central carina of the thorax to below the uppermost black line on the pleura; about the middle of the pleura are two black spots. Abdomen with all the carine black and with black blotches on the sides towards the extre- mity of segment 4 and those following it; the hinder segments have the dark space increasing till 1t covers a large part of the segments above as well as at the sides. Wings clearer hyaline and the pterostigma brown; other- wise as in the male. Gurupd, Jan. 23 and Feb. 22, 1896. Two males; a female from Pardé was previously in the collection. Allied to U. infumata, Rambur, but in the latter species the wings are banded with purplish brown, and the anal appendages are yellow. Genus MacroTuemis, Hagen. Macrothemis celeno (?). Libellula celeno, De Selys, Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Ins. p. 454 (1857), Paré, Jan. 5; W. end of Parandé de Buyassu, Jan. 13, 1896. Four males and one female. They agree fairly well with the published descriptions of J/. celeno; but, in the absence of specimens from Cuba, I cannot feel absolutely certain of the correctness of the identification. Genus Ruopopyeia, Kirb. Rhodopygia cardinalis, Libellula cardinalis, Exichs., Schomb, Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 583 (1848). Gurupd4, Jan. 23, 1896. a At hy adaan OO cae Jrom the Amazons &c. 607 “Thorax and abdomen of same colour, a brilliant scarlet” (2. Hepa), One specimen only. Previously in the Museum from Pard. Genus Neocysta, Kirb. Neocysta attenuata. Libellula attenuata, Erichs., Schomb. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 583 (1848). Pardé, Jan. 3 and 5; W. end of Parand de Buyassu, Jan. 15 and 16, 1896. Both sexes obtained; the female differs little from the male, except that the thorax is dull green instead of red. Genus CANNACRIA, Kirb. Cannacria Batesiv. Cannacria Bates’, Kirb. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xii. p. 341, pl. liii. fig. 1, pl. lvii. fig. 9 (1889). Manaos, Feb. 14, 1896. One specimen (#, H. A.). Genus Lepruemis, Hagen. Lepthemis vesiculosa. Libellula vesiculosa, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 421. n. 7 (1775). Santarem, Jan. 23-31; Itacoatiara, Feb. 7; Manaos, Feb. 10; Mosqueiro, Rio de Pard, March 8-10, 1896. Several specimens. A widely distributed species through- out the warmer parts of America. Lepthemis hematogastra. Libellula hematogastra, Burmeister, Handb. Ent. ii. p. 857. n. 55 (1889). Obydos, Feb. 2; Manaos, Feb. 14; Macapd, Feb. 25; Mosqueiro, March 7, 1896. Previously in the Museum from Paré and Santarem. Genus Mesoruemis, Hagen. Mesothemis attala. Libellula attala, De Selys, Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Ins. p. 445 (1857). Obydos, Feb. 2; Parintins, Feb, 4; Itacoatiara, Feb. 7 ; Manaos, Feb. 14, 1896. 608 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera One specimen from each locality. The specimen from Parintins bears a note:—“In the forest, a considerable distance from the river.” ' Genus EryTuHemis, Hagen. Erythemis peruviana. Libellula peruviana, Ramb. Ins. Névr. p. 81 (1842). W. end of Parana de Buyassu, Jan. 15 and 16; Santarem, Jan. 27 and 31; Manaos, Feb. 10; Macapa, Feb. 25. All the males taken at the first locality were immature, resembling the female in coloration. Several fully-coloured males, however, were taken at Santarem, some of which are marked “ Opposite shore to the town.” Genus MicratuyriA, Kirb. Micrathyria Cambridget, sp.n. (Pl. XIII. fig. 4.) Long. corp. 34 millim.; exp. al. 62 millim. ; long. pter. 3 millim. Male.—Head : face buff, vertex chalybeous blue, mandibles and suture of mentum black; ccciput ferruginous, spotted and streaked above and on the sides with yellow. Prothorax and pleura brassy green, a short slender yellow line in front on each side, a slender line (angulated downwards in the middle) below it, and two very broad straight yellow bands on the pleura, with a narrow one between them, the hinder- most covering the whole of the hinder part of the pleura. Tegule with a small yellow spot on each, and another in front. Interalary portion of the meso- and metathorax pulverulent blue, intersected by black sutures. Abdomen shining black ; a transverse green mark on each side of the front of the second segment above ; a short pointed longitudinal green stripe at the base on the sides of segments 3 and 4, a small orange spot on the sides of segment 5 at the base, an orange dot on the sides at the base of segment 6, and an oblong green blotch on each side of segment 7, separated above by the central carina. Legs black; femora yellow towards the base beneath. Wings hyaline, the tips rusty brown beyond the pterostigma; nervures black, pterostigma dark reddish brown. Fore wings with 11-12 antenodal cross-nervules, the last not continuous, and 7 postnodal cross-nervules, the two first not continuous. ‘Triangle traversed, followed by two rows of cells, increasing to three beyond the middle, and terminating in four on the hind margin ; subtriangular space ge cal aamars wm , es ee ee EEE from the Amazons &e. 609 rather long, and consisting of three cells. Hind wings slightly tinged with deep yellow at the extreme base, fore wings scarcely at all. Upper ulnar appendages slender, as long as the last two segments, not much longer than the lower appendage. Breves, Jan. 13, 1896. One specimen only. Differs from WM. didyma, De Selys, and other allied species, in the first row of post-triangular cells being formed of two cells only, not three. I have named this species after Mr. Pickard-Cambridge, who accompanied Mr. Austen in his journey. Micrathyria eximia, sp.n. (Pl. XIII. fig. 3.) Long. corp. 22-26 millim.; exp. al. 36-37 millim.; long. pter. 2 millim. Male.—F ace pale yellow, inclining to greenish on the sides; antennal tubercle and centre of vertex metallic blue ; mentum whitish, the medial line and the mandibles black. Prothorax and front of pleura metallic green; meso- and metathorax and hinder half of the pleura pulverulent blue; a broad pale yellow stripe, narrowed behind, on each side of the thorax above, and three more, partly interrupted, pale yellow stripes on each side, the uppermost narrow, slightly angulated, the others more or less obliterated by the pulveru- lescence; tegule pale yellow. Legs black, front femora yellowish beneath towards the base. Abdomen black, thickened towards the base and tip, with yellow lateral stripes in front of segments 3-6; on segment 7 is a much larger one on each side, separated by the dorsal carina; sometimes there is also a lateral spot at the base of segment 8. Anal appendages as long as the ninth segment, upper appendages slightly curved downwards, of nearly equal thickness through- out; lower appendage scarcely shorter than the others. Wings clear hyaline ; fore wings with 7-8 antenodal cross-nervures, the last not continuous, and 5-7 postnodals, the first two not continuous ; triangle not traversed, followed by two rows of cells, only increasing to three on the hind margin; subtrian- gular space consisting of one cell only: hind wings with the triangle not traversed and the sectors of the triangle separated at the base. One cross-nervule in the lower basal cells; no supra-triangular nervules. Obydos, Feb. 2, 1896. Described from four specimens. A very pretty little species, not closely allied to any other. A male trom Parad was previously in the Museum collection. 610 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera I describe below an allied species from the Amazons which was not found by Mr. Austen :— [Micrathyria tibialis, sp. n. (Pl. XIIL. fig. 5 g, fig. 6 9.2) Long. corp. 23-25 millim.; exp. al. 40-42 millim. ; long. pter. 2 millim. Male.—Face yellow, tips of mandibles black, antennal tubercle and middle of vertex metallic blue-green. Thorax metallic blue-green; pleura yellow, with three metallic oblique bands; front of mesothorax with a bifid yellow mark on each side, conterminous with the yellow front of the pleura; interalary space pulverulent blue. Abdomen black, less thickened at base and tip than in JZ eximia, with long lateral testaceous spots on segments 38-6, and the spots on segment 7 barely separated by the narrow black carina; anal appendages testaceous, black above at the base. Legs black, front femora yellow beneath; hind tibie and sometimes a line on the others rufo-testaceous. Wings as in J. eximia, except that the marginal row of post-triangular cells is formed of four cells instead of three. Female (apparently immature) with the antennal tubercles yellowish behind; thorax, pleura, and base of abdomen varied with rufo-testaceous and yellowish, the hinder part of the thorax with a mere trace of metallic colouring above; abdomen blackish brown, except at base, with the pale spots larger than in the male; anal appendages testaceous; legs blackish above, and mostly testaceous beneath, like the greater part of the underside of the body; hind tibie testa- ceous. Wings as in the male, except that the pterostigma is paler testaceous. Hab. Santarem (Bates). Closely allied to M. eximia.] Micrathyria basalis, sp.n. (Pl. XIL. fig. ‘) Long. corp. 25 millim.; exp. al. 38 millim. ; long. pter. 2 millim. Male.—Face blackish or deep reddish brown, sometimes with the mentum narrowly bordered before and behind with yellow ; clypeus metallic blue, with a pale yellow spot on each side; antennal tubercle metallic blue, bordered with yellow behind ; occiput black, the hinder orbits mostly yellow ; thorax and pleura brownish yellow, speckled with black, the sutures and carine brown; two or three brown or blackish spots on the pleura under the fore wings; interalary space Jrom the Amazons &e. 611 greenish yellow ; abdomen testaceous yeliow, with the sutures, the carine, and a lateral band bifid in front and interrupted on the hinder half of the segments, black; the last four segments (except a short testaceous lateral line at the base of the first of these) wholly black, by the gradual widening of the black band over the dorsal carine, and the lateral black bands ; anal appendages a little longer than the ninth segment, yellow; the lower appendage almost as long as the upper ones, and narrowly bordered with black. Wings hyaline, one cross-nervule on the lower basal cell; triangles free; no supra-triangular nervules: fore wings with 8-9 antenodal cross-nervules, the last not continuous, and 6-8 postnodals, the first two not continuous ; subtriangular space consisting of 3 cells (rarely 2) ; two rows of post-triangular cells, increasing ; base of fore wing stained with brown on the inner margin as far as the first cross-nervure : hind wings with the sectors of the triangle separated at the base; base of hind wings stained with brownish testaceous for two fifths of the distance from the base to the triangle; this space is traversed by thick black nervures, and is bordered with blackish. Female (?) yellow, the lower border of the clypeus (broadest on the sides) and the mandibles and central line of the mentum black; antennal tubercle and centre of vertex metallic blue; a yellow spot in front of the eyes at the base of the antennal tubercle on each side. Thorax orange-yellow, with the carine reddish brown ; a large yellow spot in front above the angulated carina; prothorax yellow above, with the sides black ; front of mesothorax yellow along the median line, and mottled with reddish brown on each side of it; inter- alary space yellow, the sutures narrowly black and the sides spotted with black ; base of abdomen yellow, the sutures and carine at first reddish, but those at the end of the second segment and on the third segment black; the remaining segments black, the fourth with a long yellow lateral stripe, broad at the base, the fifth with a long stripe, the sixth with a wedge-shaped one, and the seventh with a broad one, nearly meeting on the back. Anal appendages yellowish or buff. Legs black ; front femora beneath, and base of the other femora beneath, yellowish. Wings hyaline, stained with yellow at the base; fore wings with 10 antenodal and 7-8 postnodal cross-nervules ; triangle of fore wings traversed ; otherwise the wings are as in the male. W. end of Parané de Buyassu, Jan. 16; Obydos, Feb. 2 ; Breves, March 1, 1896. Differs a little from typical Micrathyria in the abdomen 612 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera being more gradually thickened at the base and only very slightly towards the tip, thus approaching Jrithemis. The traversed cell of the fore wings in the femele specimen from Breves might cause some doubt as to whether it is the true female of this species, but that one of three males from Para, previously in the collection of the Museum, has also the triangles of the fore wings traversed by a nervure, though it does not differ otherwise from the other males of the species before me. Micrathyria attenuata. Trithemis (?) attenuata, Kirb. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xii. p, 328, pl. liii. fig. 2 (1889). Para, Jan. 7, 8, and 10; W. end of Parandé de Buyassu, Jan. 16; Macapd, Feb. 25, 1896. The types are from Santarem. Mr. Austen obtained several specimens of both sexes at Para (one very brightly coloured female may have had its colours changed by cyanide), and a very dark specimen belonging to the variety with suffused wings, mentioned in the original description, from Parandé de Buyassu. Micrathyria venusta, sp.n. (Pl. XIII. fig. 1.) Long. corp. 35 millim.; exp. al. 57 millim.; long. pter. 3 millim. Male.—Blue-black, face yellow, vertex purplish brown, lower mouth-parts yellowish brown, occiput black, the lower occipital part of the eyes bordered behind with a slender yellow line. Abdomen with some rather indistinct trans- verse testaceous markings towards the base, but the hinder part of the third segment and the front part of segments 4—7 with a longitudinal lateral testaceous stripe on each—that on the sixth is oblong and that on the seventh forms an even band across the basal upper half of the segment. Anal appendages testaceous, the upper one rather slender, pointed, and a little longer than the lower one, which is very broad and rounded at the extremity. Wings hyaline, crossed by a broad smoky-brown band, with the centres of the cells pale, from just before the level of the nodus nearly to the ptero- stigma; fore wings only slightly brownish at the base, but hind wings with a smoky-brown patch at the base as far as the triangle. Legs black, femora rufo-testaceous at the base and beneath. Fore wings with 10 antenodal cross-nervules, the last not continuous, and 10-11 postnodals; triangle traversed, followed by three rows of post-triangular cells, from the Amazons ée. 613 interrupted by one or more rows of two, and increasing to four towards the hind margins ; no supra-triangular nervules, only one cross-nervule in the lower basal cell; subtriangular space consisting of three cells. Macapa, Feb. 25, 1896. Possibly a large variety of M/. attenuata, but in that species the band on the sixth segment of the abdomen meets on the back, and that on the seventh is smaller, and sometimes nearly obsolete. The large size of MJ. venusta gives it a superficial resemblance to Trithemis umbrata, Linn. Zschnide. GoMPHINE. Genus CycLopHyLia, De Selys. Cyclophylla Calverti, sp.n. (Pl. XII. fig. 2.) Long. corp. 47 millim.; exp. al. 57 millim.; long. pter. 4 millim.; long. append. anal. 2 millim. Male——Head green; a reddish-brown band, expanded behind on each side, covering the antenne and ocelli; mentum bordered with yellow above, and the space between this and the mandibles ferruginous ; a yellow spot on each side above the base of the mandibles. Thorax reddish brown, with two green bands, very broad in front and narrowing and con- verging behind; traces of a second band between this and the fore wings; pleura with three green bands, the last the broadest ; below the middle they shade into yellow and ferru- ginous. Legs short, rufous ; femora greenish yellow beneath, and shortly serrated ; appendages of the second segment, and lateral lobes at the base of the abdomen large and conspicuous. Interalary space marked with a rather broad olive-green stripe, and with a conspicuous yellow spot between the bases of each pair of wings. Abdomen greenish brown at the base, and blackish from before the middle of the third segment ; fourth, fifth, and sixth segments with greenish lateral spots, that on the fourth largest ; seventh with a lateral green dash extending for nearly one third of its length ; eighth and ninth segments slightly expanded on the lower edges; tenth segment rufo-testaceous; upper appendages black, semi- circular, slightly hairy, and incurved ; a strong tooth on the inner lower edge at one third of their length; tips pointed, preceded by a blunt tooth, and a lobe between this and the point. Lower appendage short, semicircular, pointed at both ends. Wings hyaline, with a slight yellowish tinge, and 614 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera black neuration; pterostigma testaceous, between black nervures. Upper triangles and lower triangle of the fore wings traversed by one nervure each; lower basal cell with one cross-nervule; one supra-triangular nervule on all the wings: fore wings with 18-19 antenodal and 10-13 postnodal cross-nervules ; hind wings with 13-14 antenodals and 12-13 postnodals. Triangle of fore wings followed by two rows of cells, increasing, that of hind wings followed by one row of 3, and then by several rows of 2, increasing. Hind wings deeply excised on the inner margin; inner marginal space consisting of 4 cells. W. end of Parandé de Buyassu, Jan. 15, 1896. Allied to C. diphylla, gladiata, and sordida, De Selys, but apparently distinct from either. Appears to approach the first in the spotting of the abdomen and the others in the markings of the thorax. I have named the species after Mr. Philip Calvert, of Philadelphia, in recognition of the useful work he is doing in the Odonata. There are three more specimens of this genus from Pard, Breves, and Manaos, respectively, which may be new, but these are immature and in poor condition, so that it is not advisable to describe them in the absence of more and better specimens. AE SCHNINE. Genus ANAX, Leach. Anax amazili. Aschna amazili, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii. p. 841. n. 19 (1859). Santarem, Jan. 31; Mosqueiro, March 7, 1896. A species new to the Museum collection. Genus Aiscuna (Illiger). Aischna macromia. A‘schna macromia, Brauer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges, Wien, xv. p. 906 (1865). Near Santarem (F.), Jan. 27, 1896. Previously in the Museum from Santarem and the Tapajos. Genus GYNACANTHA, Rambur. I have been criticized for making G. trifida, Rambur, the type of this genus, although Baron De Selys Longchamps, in ee ind ae from the Amazons ke. 615 1883, restricted that name to another section. I did so on the ground that De Selys, in Ramon de la Sagra’s ‘ Histoire de l’Ile de Cuba’ (1857), quoted Rambur’s definition of the genus, and described two species under it—G. trifida, Rambur, and G. septima, De Selys—an action which many entomologists would agree with me was tantamount to fixing G. trifida as the type of Gynacantha. Gynacantha trifida. Gynacantha trifida, Rambur, Ins. Névr. p. 210 (1842). Mosqueiro, March 8, 1896. Previously in the Museum from the Tapajos. Genus ACANTHAGYNA, Kirb. Acanthagyna nervosa. Gynacantha nervosa, Rambur, Ins. Névr. p. 94 (1842). Mosqueiro, March 8, 1896. Four female specimens. A widely distributed species in Tropical America. Acanthagyna subviridis. schna subviridis, De Selys, Rev. Odon. p. 129 (1850). Aéschna viridis, Rambur, Ins. Névr. p. 200 (1842). Para, Jan. 4. Previously in the Museum collection from Pard and the Tapajos. Agrionide. Ca@vAGRIONINZE. PSEUDOSTIGMATINA. Genus MECISTOGASTER, Rambur. Mecistogaster linearis. Agrion linearis, Fabr. Gen. Ins. p. 249 (1776). Forest, Santarem, Lower Amazons, Feb. 27, 1896 (cap- tured by Mr. F. O. Pickard Cambridge). A very common South-American species. NORMOSTIGMATINA. Genus CHZNONEURA, Kirb. Cenoneura sylvatica (?). Neoneura sylvatica (Hagen, MS.), De Selys, Mém. Cour. (9) xxxyiii. p- 204 (1886). 616 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera Below Gurupé (7), Jan. 24, 1896. A single specimen, not fully coloured. The type of C. sylvatica was received from Rio Janeiro. Genus MicronyMPHa, Kirb. Micronympha fluviatilis. Ischnura fluviatilis, De Selys, Bull, Acad. Belg. (2) xli. p. 269 (1876). Between Gurupd and Monte Alegre, Jan. 24; Macap4 (7), Feb. 25, 1896. A common and widely distributed species in South America. Genus Lrepracrion, De Selys. Leptagrion, spp. Gurup4, Jan. 23; Breves, March 1, 1896. Two species, probably new; but I do not wish to describe Coenagrionine at present, as the series in the British Museum is very poor. The following species were obtained of other families of Neuroptera than the Odonata :— Ephemeride2. Genus CAmpsurus, Eaton. Campsurus quadridentatus. Campsurus quadridentatus, Eaton, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 58, pl. iii. fig. 18 (details). Above Santarem (/.), Feb. 1, 1896. Not previously in the collection of the Museum. Campsurus Picteti, n. n. Palingenia dorsalis, Pictet (nec Burm.), Hist. Nat. Ins. Névr., Ephem. p. 153, pl. xiii. fig. 5 (1845); Walker, List Neur, Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 549. n. 5 (1853). Asthenopus dorsalis, Eaton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 59. Campsurus dorsalis, Eaton, Trans, Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. (2) iii. p. 41 (1883). Eighty miles below Breves, Jan. 11; above Santarem, Feb. 1, 1896. Taken on the ‘ Faraday’ on the night of Feb. 1, 1896, in numbers round the electric lights hanging over the stern. dh ins oaaa ae ee oe from the Amazons &e. 617 One of the specimens has a mass of eggs adhering to the abdomen. I have thought it necessary to rename this species, which is well described and figured by Pictet; for Palingenia dorsalis, Burm., is described as having three sete as long as the body, and the head, thorax, back of abdomen, and nervures black. It can hardly be even congeneric with Pictet’s insect. Termitida. Genus TERMES, Linn. Termes dirus. Termes dirus, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii. p. 766. n. 8 (1839). Obydos, Feb. 2, 1896. Four winged specimens. Osmylida. Genus Osmywus, Latr. Osmylus, sp. (?). A green species, apparently congeneric with Q. (?) longi- cornis, Walker, from Georgia, with which it agrees in its setaceous antenne. Macapé, Feb. 25, 1896. One specimen. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Prats XII. Page Fig.1. Micrathyria basalis..........000. 610 Fig. 2. Cyclophylla Calvertt ............ 613 Fig. 3. Uracis Stemenst oie. cscs cceeeess 605 Fig. 4. Perithemis Austenit, $ .......... 602 Big. Bs Ditto, Qe er aie ac tle dtd ee nels 602 Puate XIII. Fig. 1. Micrathyria venusta ....++..0+5. 612 Fig. 2. Miathyria flavescens........+++++: 600 Fig. 3. Micrathyria eximia..... 1200.00: 609 Fig. 4 Cambridget cryine bait = snes 4 608 Fig. 5. Lrbialess..o) he chis baie ieee 610 Fig. 6. Ditto, Qo... ccs eeee cree eeecees 610 Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 43 618 Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major on the LXILI.—The Otter of Central America. By C. I. ForsytH Magor. During the preparation of a detailed paper on the skulls of the Otters, the publication of which has been accidentally delayed by my absence from Europe, the species occurring in Central America has proved to need a new name. It may be called Lutra annectens, sp. n. The nearest affinities of DL. annectens, of which I have examined two skulls from Mexico, two from Guatemala, and one from Panama, are not with ZL. felina, Mol., as supposed by Tomes, Coues, Alston, and Allen, but with the North- American canadensis, as von Frantzius has supposed, and the South-American middle-sized Otters, as shown by O. Thomas ; these last, in my opinion, must have only one name, viz. L. enhydris, ¥. Cuv. (emend.). It must be stated at the outset that not all the characters assigned to canadensis as distinctive from enhydris are constant, and neither are those of the latter ; there are specimens of canadensis which in the form of the skull and teeth approach enhydris, and vice versd. LL. annectens agrees with canadensis (1) in having a straight inferior mandibular margin (in one skull from Alaska, how- ever, it is curved as in South-American Otters, whilst in one from Ilheos, Brazil, it is straight, as usual in canadensis) ; (2) as in canadensis, the premolars in annectens are slenderer, Jess massive than in enhydris. But they even go beyond the northern form in this respect, as the anterior ones are so small that when the jaws are closed they do not closely inter- lock or touch one another, though they overlap. P. 2 inf. is smaller as compared to p. 1 than even in canadensis, and there is a real diastema between p. 1 and p. 2 inf. P.1 sup. also is less massive in annectens than usual in enhydris, and presents more the triangular form of cana- densis; but here, again, it must be stated that in a skull (¢) from Surinam and in two (2) from Brazil this tooth is tri- angular, whilst other South-American skulls from Cayenne, Desterro, Maldonado, &c. present transitions between the shape of the tooth in the first-named three and the massive almost quadrate form in one skull from British Guiana and two from Rio Grande do Sul. In the following cranial and dental characters annectens shows agreement with enhydris :— 1. The upper contour of the skull slopes downwards ante- riorly (in its facial part), whilst it is straight in canadensis. 2. The bulla ossex are, alike in annectens and enhydris, less flattened than in canadensis. ee re ae Otter of Central America. 619 3. M. 1 sup. is, as in enhydrts, more extended trans- versely ; in canadensis it has a more quadrate shape, and is, besides, as a rule, distinguished from both by a nick in its posterior border. In the relative dimensions of the skull annectens presents intermediate characters :— Absolute basal length: canadensis 95°8 (?)—103°4 millim.; annectens 97°8 . 106:2; enhydris 93—115*. Greatest breadth (percentage dimensions) : canadensis .....-..66 69°1—78'1 annectens .......... ds) Aas CRAY ATE ee Ye jos She 67:1—77 Cranial breadth, behind zygomatic arches and above meatus audit. (pe. dim.) : CANAAENSIS ... 1... 0s 55°3—66'1 UNRTECCENS) eee 58:5 . 59°8 CRAYAT IE Se 55°1—6] Breadth between upper canines (pe. dim.) : CANAAENSIS ...5.2.005 24:3 —27°2 TURECLEN Gee tee cr 9671. 282 (1 iy Tr ee ee 24:°5—28 Palate length (pc. dim.) : canadensis .......... 46:-6—50°5 annectens .........- 45:9 . 465 CRY ONAL 5.5 s:d'awre ale «ke 42-9—54'6 In the greatest posterior breadth—as in the form and position of premolars—the Central-American Otters present features of their own, since they show the maximum of posterior breadth of all the crania under consideration : ONNECEENS 5) 5H), 3 3 (2 Asp CANAUCENSIS = arc e oe 63°7—69 CRAY GUE. ER oa ae ot 62'5—71 The Central-American Otters, therefore, whilst sharing some characters with canadensis, on the whole approach more to enhydris. Besides, some of their characters are inter- mediate between the North-American and the South- American Otters; so that, even apart from their habitat, they are in more than one sense intermediate between their * It must be confessed that my material of canadensis is sadly insuthi- cient; the ten skulls of enhydris, of which all the measurements could be taken, give much better averages than the five of canadensis. 43* 620 M. Charles Janet on the Relations of northern and southern relatives. And, lastly, they present some features of theirown. As an obvious conclusion, we must expect that at some future date it will be possible to show that canadensis, annectens, and enhydris are but subspecies of a single species. Measurements of the skull of the type (¢) in millimetres :— Basal length 106°2; greatest breadth 79°8 ; cranial breadth 63°5; breadth between upper canines 30; interorbital breadth 26; greatest posterior breadth 77°2; palate length 48°7. Hab. Terro Tepic, Rio de Tepic, Jalisco, Mexico. Coll. Dr. A. C. Bullen, Jan. 1891. Type Brit. Mus. no. 92. 3. 17. 8. LXIV.—On the Relations of Antennophorus Uhlmanni, Haller, to Lasius mixtus, Ny/. By M. CHarves JANET *, Aytennopuorvs Unruannt is an Acarid which was described in 1877 by Haller from specimens found in Switzerland in a nest of Lastus niger. Since that time this species has been found by Karpeller in Hungary in a nest of Lastus umbratus. These two references are the only ones with which I am acquainted. No observations have been made up to the present on the habits of this creature. I have found it in abundance in the garden of the Villa des Roses, near Beauvais, in a splendid nest of Lasius miztus, and I took advantage of the opportunity to set up a nest for observation, which has enabled me to ascertain the relations of this parasite with its host. Antennophorus Uhimanni lives as an epizoon upon Lastus. It fixes itself on the lower surface of the head or on the sides of the abdomen of its host by means of the caruncule in which its feet terminate, and which are furnished with a very adhesive sticky substance. These parasites are blind, but the first pair of feet is trans- formed into long antenniform appendages provided with very sensitive olfactory organs. ‘They do not wander about in the galleries of the nest, but walk over the bodies of the ants, passing from one to another. When an Antennophorus, detached from the body of an ant, lies upon the soil in one of the galleries of the nest, it raises and stretches forward its first pair of ambulatory feet, and at the same time explores the space around it with its long antenniform feet. These * ‘Comptes Rendus,’ 1897, t. exxiy. pp. 583-585, Antennophorus Uhlmanni ¢o Lasius mixtus. 621 appendages are much more agitated when an ant passes close by. If it pass near enough, the Acarid glues itself on to its body by means of the cap of sticky material on the end of one of its ambulatory feet, which it holds up ready for this operation; and it can in this way soon climb up and fix itself in a good position on its host. This latter is surprised and seeks to rid itself of the new comer, but, failing in this, it becomes resigned very quickly as soon as the Acarid has taken up one of its normal positions. Generally a working ant only carries a single Antenno- phorus, but they may very often be seen carrying several. In all cases, the parasites take up positions symmetrical with the sagittal plane of their host’s body, and it thus comes about that the centre of gravity of the extra load is placed in the sagittal plane of the carrying ant. The Acarids are also under the best conditions for not hampering the movements of the ants, and, as a consequence, for being the more readily tolerated by them. The Antenno- phorus directs its antenniform feet towards the front of the ant if fixed upon its head, and in the reverse direction if fixed upon the abdomen. When an ant carries but one Antenno- phorus, it is almost always placed on the head of the host. The case (represented in the figure) of an ant carrying an Lasius mixtus bearing three Antennophorus Uhimanni in their normal positions. x 12. Antennophorus under its head and one on either side of the abdomen is very common. ‘I'he presence of one or more of the parasites on the body of a Lastus does not prevent the latter from taking its share in the work of the colony and in particular the carriage of the larve and rubbish. The Antennophorus attaches itself freely to the naked nymphs, but never to a nymph envelopedin a cocoon. Thus in an experimental nest consisting of some fifty ants, all carrying a single Antennophorus and accompanied by a certain number of nymphs, I found on the following day a newly emerged ant which bore seven Antennophori arranged 622 On Antennophorus Uhlmanni and Lasius mixtus. symmetrically as follows :—two (one on the top of the other) on either side of the head and on the abdomen, one on the middle of the dorsal region, and one on either side. It would appear that the Antennophorus is attracted to the young ants on account of the care with which they are looked after and fed by their older companions. These latter do not seek to drive away the parasites, which spread themselves a little later. At the moment when a queen throws off her nymphal envelope the workers come to her assistance, and as the workers carry the Antennophori, these latter generally take advantage of the position to pass over to the body of the newly emerged queen. The Antennophorus itself feeds exclusively on the nutritive fluid disgorged by the ants. Fifty Last? carrying Antenno- phort were placed in an observation nest and left without food. Eight days later the ants were in perfect condition, but ten or more Antennophori had already died of hunger. A tiny droplet of honey tinted with Prussian blue was allowed to run over the lower face of the glass plate which formed the roof of the nest. A large number of ants, nearly every one of which carried an Antennophorus, ranged themselves as closely as they could be packed all round the drop. The Aniennophori had no share in the meal, and they were obliged to retire a little because there was no room for them between the heads of their hosts and the glass to which they were applied. The ants of this brood had acquired the habit of placing themselves, crowded one against the other, in one corner of the nest, and there they came with their crops well filled after the meal of blue honey, and there they disgorged it before the mouths of their comrades who had had none. Now the ant in the act of disgorging opens its mandibles wide. The peristaltic movements of the cesophagus and the move- ments of the pharynx brought up the globules of honey, the blue colour of which made them readily visible, and they formed a little drop in front of the mouth. While the fasting ant was eating the honey thus disgorged, the Antennophorus riding on its head took its share. ‘To do this it pushed itself forward and thrust its rostrum into the droplet. Generally, while holding itself in position by means of the two hinder pairs of legs, it attached itself by means of the forward pair to the head of the disgorging ant. Very often when the fasting ant had ended its meal and was retiring one would see the Antennophorus try to keep its hold on the disgorging ant. The two Lasit generally lend themselves to this prolonga- tion of the meal, and, if they are ras ony separated from one another, the Antennophorus stretches itself to its full ee et Be, New Land-Shells from Flores, Malay Archipelago. 623 length, and forms, back downwards, a sort of bridge between the heads of the two ants. If the disgorging ant carries an Antennophorus beneath its head, this, too, takes its share in the meal. An Antenno- phorus placed on the abdomen of an ant can also obtain food without quitting its hold. In fact, when another ant comes near it, it seems to understand, by striking it with its antenni- form feet and stretching towards it its first pair of ambulatory feet, to ask for and to obtain food. In conclusion, the Antennophorus is a parasite which lives as an epizoon on Lastus and feeds upon the nutritive liquid disgorged by the ants. This recalls what I have already described for Lepismina polypoda (‘ Comptes Rendus,’ t. exil. p- 799; see this Journal, 1896, vol. xvii. p. 398); but here we have a case of myrmecophily far more advanced, since the Antennophorus feeds itself exclusively on the disgorged liquid, and, further, its presence is regarded as a matter of course by the ant, which gives, even willingly, the food it demands. LXV.—Diagnoses of new Land-Shells from Flores, Malay Archipelago. By Epaar A. SMITH. THE species about to be described form part of a valuable collection of land-shells obtained by Mr. A. Everett in South Flores. The typical green form of Xesta Everetti is one of the most remarkable shells yet discovered in this or the neighbouring islands. Aesta Hveretti. Testa turbinata, anguste umbilicata, saturate viridis, versus apicem purpurea, infra suturam albo marginata; spira conoidea ; anfrac- tus 7, convexiusculi, lineis incrementi tenuibus, obliquis, arcuatis striati, superiores minute spiraliter striati, ultimus haud descendens ; apertura parum obliqua, intus ceruleo-alba; peri- stoma tenue, margine columellari ad insertionem dilatato albo reflexo. Diam. maj. 53 millim., min. 43; alt.50; apertura 30 longa, 27 lata. Var. Vesta viridis, anfr. ultimo et penultimo supra medium rufo obscure zonatis. Diam. maj. 55 millim., min. 50; alt. 57. Var. Testa olivaceo-fuscescens. Diam. maj. 54, min. 46; alt. 50. Hab. South F lores. This is an extremely fine species and "alec the largest of the genus yet discovered. ‘l'he very deep green colour of 624 Mr. E. A. Smith on new Land- Shells the typical form is most striking and unusual. The purplish apex and the white suture are common to all specimens. Some are thickened within and very heavy and solid in con- sequence, whilst others, on the contrary, are much thinner and lighter. Xesta polymorpha. Testa fere imperforata, obtuse turbinata, albo-lutescens, confertim nigro-punctata, apicem versus purpurascens, ad basim zona lata nigro-fusca ornata; spira lata, arcuata, obtusa; anfractus 63, parum convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, lineis incrementi obliquis tenui- bus striati, ultimus haud descendens, infra indistincte concentrice striatus, circa medium pallidus; apertura obliqua, late lunata, intus plus minus purpureo-nigrescens ; peristoma arcuatum, mar- gine dextro tenui, columellari incrassato, ad insertionem reflexo, appresso. Diam. maj. 33 millim., min. 30; alt. 27. Var. a. Testa typo similis, sed basi pallide rufo-lutescente, sparsim dilute nigro-punctata. Var. b. Testa flavescens, confertim subpellucide punctata, anfracti- bus quatuor superioribus roseo-purpureis, ultimo infra rufescenti- luteo, apertura intus pallida, peristomio rufescente. Var.c. Testa pallide lutea, confertim pellucide punctata, anfr. ultimo infra purpureo-nigro late zonato. Var. d. Testa albida, confertim pellucide punctata. Hab. South Flores. The form of this handsome species is fairly constant, but some specimens are rather more elevated than others. The colour, on the contrary, is very variable; in the type and vars. a and b the upper part of the spire is purplish, but in the vars. c and dit 1s pellucid whitish, and the suture in all the forms at this part of the shell is white-margined. In the type and var. a the last and penultimate whorls are stained with black below the suture and at the middle of the body- whorl. Although termed varieties for convenience’ sake, it must not be inferred that any persistency of coloration is attributed to them, for there are no grounds for supposing that these shades of colouring are transmitted from one generation to another, more especially as all the forms occur together under the same conditions. Xesta subpolita, Testa perforata, breviter turbinata, pallide castanea, versus apicem viridi-cerulea vel viridescens, subpolita, lineis incrementi tenuibus obliquis striati. striis spiralibus tenuibus confertis supra spiram et basim anfr, ultimi sculpta ; anfractus 6, convexiusculi, regulariter a i en es from Flores, Malay Archipelago. 625 lente acerescentes, sutura pallida sejuncti, ultimus antice sub- descendens ; apertura obliqua, late lunata, intus livido-fuscescens ; peristoma intus fuscum, margine dextro tenui, columellari leviter erassiore, ad insertionem dilatato et reflexo. Diam. maj. 39 millim., min. 33; alt. 30. Exemplum alterum.—Diam. maj. 33, min. 29 ; alt. 30. Var. Testa cinereo-yiridis, ad suturam et circa medium anfr. ultimi dilute rufo zonata. Var. Vesta omnino flava. Hab. South Flores. Variable both in form and colour. It may be only a variety of X. cochlostylocdes of Schepman, differing in its greater size, more glossy surface, and the want of the diaphanous periostracum. Xesta melunoraphe. Testa turbinata, perforata, albida, circa medium anfr. ultimi et ad suturam nigro cincta, supra medium anf. ult. zona fusca nigro punctata, altera latiore infra ornata, strigis et maculis obliquis albis hic illic interdum variegata; spira conoidea, leviter con- vexa; anfractus 6, convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, lineis incre- menti tenuibus obliquis, striisque spiralibus minutis indistinctis sculpti, ultimus subdescendens; apertura leviter obliqua, late lunata, intus albo et fusco zonata; perist. tenue, margine colu- mellari ad insertionem breviter dilatato et reflexo. Diam. maj. 25 millim., min. 23; alt. 23. Hab. South Flores, low country. This species, judging from the specimens examined, is more constant in its coloration than those previously described. Probably in very fresh examples the opaque white epidermal stripes which usually appear in the direction of the lines of growth and only upon the last whorl are more evident, for in ordinary specimens, being easily deciduous, they are generally worn off. The dark brown band below the middle of the body-whorl occupies nearly the entire base, leaving only a pale band between it and the peripheral black zone and a small central whitish space around the narrow umbilicus. The suture is bordered on both sides with black or brownish black. Pupina Dohertyt. Testa pupiformis, tenuis, nitens, pallide rufescens ; spira elongata, ad apicem subobtusa ; anfract. 53, convexiusculi, infra suturam pellucido marginati, ultimus supra aperturam leviter planatus, pone valde oblique descendens, ad aperturam vix ascendens ; aper- tura circularis, intus pallide rufescens ; perist. leviter incrassatum, albidum, antice subexpansum, margine sinistro incrassato, superne 626 New Land-Shells from Flores, Malay Archipelago. in dente lamelliformi intrante terminante ; scissura antica angusta, obliqua. Longit. 8 millim., diam. 44; apertura 2} lata. Hab. South Flores, at 4000 feet (Hverett) ; Dongo Moun- tains, Sumbawa, at 2500-5000 feet (W. Doherty). Registoma floresianum. Testa ovata, obliqua, distorta, rufescens, polita; spira obliqua, ad apicem acutiuscula; anfractus 5, superiores tres vix convexiusculi, parvi, penult. major, sinistrorsum prominens, ultimus valde oblique descendens, supra aperturam subplanatus; perist. rufum, incras- satum, antice expansum ; scissura columellaris minime profunda, fere obsoleta. Longit. 7 millim., diam. 43; apertura 23 lata. Hab. South Flores, 4000 feet. This species is remarkable for its oblique growth, the short pointed apex, the red peristome, and very slight notch in the columellar margin. ‘The suture has a narrow dark margina- tion beneath it. Diplommatina floresiana. Testa sinistrorsa, ovata, supra acuminata, tenuis, corneo-rufescens, oblique tenuiter costellata; anfr. 6, perconvexi, primi duo leves, ultimus supra aperturam constrictus, penultimo minor; apertura subcircularis, longit. totius 4 haud equans ; perist. duplex, leviter incrassatum, marginibus haud junctis, columellari intus obscure unidentato, inferne subauriculato. Longit. 34 millim., diam. 2. Hab. South Flores, 4000 feet. In one specimen the riblets near the constriction of the body-whorl are much closer together than those upon the rest of the shell. Diplommatina chrysostoma. Testa dextrorsa, pupiformis, rufescens, plus minus ‘pellucida et polita; anfr. 6, apicales 1-2 leves, convexi, duo sequentes con- vexi, confertim oblique striati, penult. levis, inflatus, ultimus penultimo minor, aperturam versus tenuiter costellatus, supra aperturam planatus, ad sinistram obtuse varicosus, prope labrum ascendens; apertura magna, aurantiaca; peristoma parum in- crassatum, extus subvaricosum, aliquanto patulum, marginibus eallo tenui junctis, columellari latiore, intus vix dentato. Longit. 6 millim., diam. 3; apertura 2 lata. Var. Albida, pellucida. Hab. South Flores, 4000 feet. The swelling or varix upon the body-whorl above the columella is a prominent feature in this species, and the varix —_— Ce On a new African Pierine Butterfly. 627 behind the labrum is finely striated. The strie on the third and fourth whorls are numerous and thread-like. Arinia blanda. Testa minima, dextrorsa, alba, subpellucida, tenuissime oblique striata, striis supra tergum anfr. ultimi magis distantibus; anfr. 54, perconvexi, penultimus ultimo latior, ultimus parvus, pone oblique descendens, ad labrum leviter ascendens, supra columellam varicose tumidus et constrictus; apertura subcircularis, longit. totius 7 adequans; peristoma incrassatum, reflexum. Longit. 2 millim., diam. 1. Hab. South Flores, at 4000 feet. The constriction upon the body-whorl above the aperture marks the termination of the very fine strie, those upon the rest of the whorl being conspicuously further apart. LXVI.—On a new African Pierine Butterfly of the Genus Mylothris. By ArtTHuR G. BuTLER, Ph.D. &c. TuHE following species was received among the Old-World Pierine of the Godman and Salvin collection :— Mylothris primulina, sp. n. Intermediate in character between MM. asphodelus and M. sulphurea from the Cameroons. 6. Above milk-white, the costa and the basal area of primaries to end of cell bright cowslip-yellow, changing at base and on the basal half of costa to bright cadmium-yellow ; a smoky black apical patch, rather broader than in M. sul- phurea, a large spot almost confluent with the latter at end of second median branch, and a dot at end of first median branch also black: secondaries bright cowslip-yellow at base, six smal] black marginal spots. Body above greenish grey; abdomen creamy white at the sides. Primaries below with the cadmium-yellow at the base more extended and the apical third of the wing traversed by greenish-yellow internervular streaks ; apical patch only visible through the wing, but seven black marginal spots: secondaries with the yellow at base slightly more extended and the base of costa cadmium- yellow, the outer border faintly tinted with primrose-yellow, the black marginal spots rather larger than above. Body below creamy white, the pectus with a feeble tint of primrose. Expanse of wings 58 millim. Ondo country, Lagos (Sir G. Carter). From Godman and Salvin coll. We have two males of this very pretty species. 628 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some LX VII.—Some new Forms of American Rotifera.—Il. By Dr. ALFRED C. STOKES. [Plate XIV.] Tue following presumably undescribed Rotifera were all taken from a shallow clear-water pool in a rocky wood near Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.A. Notommata voraz, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. figs. 1-3.) Elongate, subcylindrical, exceedingly soft, flexible, and changeable; ventral surface flattened; integument often thrown into numerous irregularly longitudinal folds; front rounded, but exhibiting in side view a short curved proboscis similar to that of Yaphrocampa, and visible in dorsal or in ventral aspect as a narrowly semicircular appendage; body somewhat tapering posteriorly; tail represented by a short inconspicuous semicircular projection; foot short, oblong, changeable ;_ toes short, robust, conical, excentrically acumi- nate; cilia entirely prone; auricles conspicuous, subcylin- drical, surrounded by a hyaline subspherical membrane bearing the long cilia; dorsal antenna a single minute seti- gerous fossa; lateral antenne not observed; brain large, extending to or beyond the mastax, the posterior extremity opaque, a single red eye placed at the front of the granular mass; trophi forcipate, protrusible; cesophagus long, con- spicuous, irregularly annulate, or sometimes apparently twisted and cord-like; gastric glands present, multinucleate; stomach and intestine not differentiated from each other; ovary ventrad to the intestine; contractile vesicle subspherical, near the posterior extremity ; foot-glands two, but apparently accom- panied by two or more smaller glands ; movements vermicular, except when swimming by the aid of the auricles, when the motion is often rotary on the longitudinal axis; posterior body-region imperfectly retractile, the toes not being with- drawn entirely into the body. Length about +) inch. Habitat as mentioned at the head of this paper, as is that of all the following forms. This seems to be a delicate creature, but its voracious appetite is amusing. I have noted several specimens with the intestinal canal distended by a long unbroken filament of alga (Oscillatoria) bent upon itself and in the process of digestion. In a single instance I have observed a similar np eae eagle ae nail till TN ALLE, new Forms of American Rotifera. 629 thread of Oscillatoria by the Rotiferon’s deliberate forward movement thrust through the mastax, the cesophagus, and the rest of the alimentary canal, until it impinged upon the posterior intestinal wall, where the resisting pressure turned the alga upon itself, when the upper free end slipped into the stomach. This Rotiferon is, in my opinion, not a Notommata, but I place it in that genus for present convenience; neither do [ think that Taphrocampa clavigera, mihi*, is a member of that genus, in which I have placed it for the same reason. When our American Rotifera are monographed in the future, anew genus will probably be needed to receive both these forms, with Taphrocampa clavigera as the type. There are others in our American waters closely allied to these, and sufficiently distinct to merit specific rank, but agreeing neither with Zaphrocampa nor with Notommata as at present diagnosed, yet resembling both in some features, as do the two forms here mentioned. Proales hyalina, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. fig. 4.) Irregularly obconical, entirely transparent; dorsum arched, the ventrum somewhat flattened, the pectoral region beneath the mastax forming a conspicuous rounded projection; corona obliquely transverse and prone ; coronal cilia of two kinds, those of the pectoral region large, long, vigorous, and appa- rently limited to a single series, the others shorter, fine, and delicate; dorsal antenna single, with but few long stout sete; lateral antenne conspicuous, each with one or two long stout setee and several smaller radiating hairs; foot long, stout, tapering to the two short acute conical toes; brain irregular, not large, apparently suspended by several anterior nervous prolongations, and by the large nerves to the antenne ; eye single, red; mastax large, surrounded ante- riorly by a collection of small subspherical bodies, apparently forming a glandular mass; two or more small pyriform salivary glands attached posteriorly to the mastax near the origin of the long strongly ciliated cesophagus ; gastric glands subspherical, at the frontal shoulder of the stomach, which, with the intestine, is lobulated, especially when empty ; anal orifice in a conspicuous dorsal projection ; ovary ventrad to the stomach and the intestine; contractile vesicle small, ventrad to the intestine; lateral canals and the flame-cells chiefly limited to the ventral region, only a single flame-cell having been observed elsewhere, this being above the mastax ; * Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1896. 630 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some foot-glands large, elongate-ovate; muscle-bands slender, conspicuous, numerous. Length about +45 inch. Movements rapid. My artistic skill is not great enough to enable me to draw this creature so as to give any idea of its crystalline trans- parency and brilliancy. The figure, therefore, is little more than a diagram to present the Rotiferon’s contour as accu- rately as possible, with some indication of the position and proportionate size of the internal organs. A professional artist of great skill would be needed to do more. Diglena contorta, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. fig. 5.) Body elongate-subcylindrical, gibbous posteriorly, the front usually neck-like, the entire animal capable of consider- able elongation and narrowing, when the gibbous region becomes flattened ; front rounded, usually convex, bearing a small hook-like proboscis, beneath which the frontal border is conspicuously emarginate; ventrum flattened; dorsum rounded, suddenly but evenly depressed posteriorly, thence continued as a subcylindrical prolongation, the termination of which overhangs and almost completely surrounds the short rounded foot which projects from it as a small subglobose papilla; toes two, small, short, conical, divergent ; cilia fine, short, numerous, filling a narrow elongate-obovate field, entirely prone and about one third the length of the animal ; auricles present, small, apparently represented when retracted by a flabelliform or irregularly oval and conspicuously ciliated region on each lateral border of the head, although it is difficult to determine positively whence the organs are pro- truded, as the Rotiferon’s movements are then rapid and erratic ; dorsal antenne two; lateral antenne two; eyes not observed; brain large, long, saccate, extending from the front for about one third the entire length of the body, a small cluster of dark granules near the tip; mastax large, elongate-ovate, beneath the brain and extending scarcely beyond its tip; trophi weak, apparently forcipate ; gastric glands immediately behind the mastax; stomach and intes- tine ciliated, not differentiated from each other except by the presence within the stomach and immediately next to the walls of a crowded layer-like mass of dark-bordered granules, sometimes grouped into distinctly polygonal areas, and often so numerous that they obscure all the rest of the internal anatomy; intestine comparatively thin-walled and without the conspicuous granules of the stomach-walls ; ovary poste- nara 0 oe at new Forms of American Rottfera. 631 riorly placed, ventrad to the stomach and intestine; foot- glands long; lateral canals and flame-cells numerous, but apparently without contractile vesicle; movements rapidly swimming by means of the auricles or writhing with inde- scribable contortions. Length about ;35 inch. Mastigocerca spinigera, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. fig. 6.) Lorica in lateral aspect hemispherical, somewhat depressed, ventrum flattened ; frontal border somewhat excavate trans- versely, elastic and contractile; dorsum not crested, but anteriorly flattened, the lateral borders of the lorica being somewhat compressed and slightly concave, the dorsum thus showing on each side a slight posteriorly convergent ridge ; foot single-jointed; toe exceeding the lorica in length, tapering to a finely acuminate termination ; accessory basal stylets small, from four to six in number, voluntarily and separately movable; dorsal antenna prominent, located on the flattened region about one third the length of the lorica from the frontal border, the setee few (apparently only two), stout and seemingly fleshy ; each lateral antenna at the base and in front of a stout, slightly curved, acuminate thorn-like process ; eye single, red, at the extremity of a saccate lobe of the large brain ; occipital region of the front bearing a con- spicuous subcylindrical proboscis-like organ, which is flexible and movable. Length of the lorica, including foot, 54; inch; height (depth) of lorica s4, inch; length of toe ,45 inch. This form is remarkable for the apparently fleshy sete of the dorsal antenna and for their fewness ; but it 1s chiefly notable for the peculiar and characteristic thorn-like processes which accompany and perhaps form a part of the lateral setigerous antenne. ‘The short apically concave antenna are so close to these thorns or so intimately connected with them that they cannot be optically separated. The internal structure calls for no special mention. Cathypna scutaria, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. fig. 7.) Lorica broadly elliptical in outline, punctate; frontal borders excavate, the pectoral more deeply so than the dorsal ; fronto-lateral apices subacute ; posterior region much depressed and continued as a conspicuous, somewhat dorsally curved, shield-like projection dorsad to the foot and covering it, the pos- terior border concave, the postero-lateral terminations obtusely pointed ; dorsal antenna single, apparently a small setigerous 632 On some new Forms of American Rotifera. pit; lateral antenne small, on the ventral aspect of the lateral inangulation, and almost concealed within the sulcus; frontal and lateral borders of the head bearing a. hyaline, flexible, collar-like membrane or hood, folded together and withdrawn into the lorica during the retraction of the animal; brain large, obscurely three-lobed posteriorly ; eye single, red, sub- centrally placed on the nerve-ganglion ; gastric glands retort- shaped ; stomach bearing internally an undulating membrani- form appendage, which is in reality a tubular prolongation similar to that of Floscularia, Apsilus, and others; foot short, single-jointed, about as broad as long; toes rod-like, about as long as the greatest width of the lorica, each one- shouldered and with a minute seta on the shoulder; claws acuminate, about one sixth the length of the toe. Total length, including toe, 0°015 inch; width of lorica and length of toes without foot 0-006 inch. Cathypna glandulosa, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. figs. 8-10.) Rotiferon large and robust; lorica finely punctate; frontal borders almost even, the pectoral somewhat excavate between the lateral pointed apices; prolonged posteriorly as a broad, rounded, evenly convex region ; toes long, rod-like, irregu- larly constricted in front of the rectangular shoulder, each of which bears a minute seta; claws about one third the length of the toes, tapering to an acute point ; brain large, not lobed posteriorly ; eye single, red, placed on the lower surface of the nerve-ganglion, so that the light must pass to it from above through the entire thickness of the ganglionic mass ; gastric glands long, retort-shaped ; stomach bearing internally an undulating apparently membraniform appendage, in reality a long broad tube continuous with the cesophagus ; stomach and intestine usually in constant movement; ovary small when not functionally active, placed ventrad to the intestine and on the left-hand side; contractile vesicle large, transversely placed in the median line near the posterior border, the lateral canals plainly connected with it on each side; flame-cells flabelliform ; foot-glands six, geminate, the three groups varying greatly in size and form; lateral antenne not observed; dorsal antenna single, wpe: a circular depression furnished with long sete and placed at the gap of a central obconical incision in the hyaline hood, which covers it during retraction. Length of lorica 7, width ,}5 inch; length of toes +4 inch. The Rotiferon is remarkable for its large size and robust character, but chiefly for the apparently superabundance of _ ate tiga) eth ee ee On new Mollusca from South Afroca. 633 its foot-glands. These are six geminate multinucleate bodies, arranged according to size and form as shown by fig. 10. The two in the median line are the smallest and exhibit the most characteristic form, being elongate-obovate, with some- what flattened internal faces and long narrow ducts. Those of the second group are larger, elongate-obpyriform, and have almost horizontal irregularly sinuous ducts; while the third pair are robust, elongate-subcylindrical, and often variously curved or lobed. The ducts of all seem to meet to form a single common conduit ; but they are so soon lost within the mass of foot-muscles, that it has not been possible to decide this point positively with my specimens. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. Fig. 1. Notommata vorax, Fig. 2. Ditto. Auricle. ig. 3. Ditto. Toes. . 4, Proales hyalina. Fig. 5. Diglena contorta. 6. Mastigocerca spinigera. 7. Cathypna scutaria. 8. Cathypna glandulosa ; dorsal. Fig. 9. Ditto; ventral. 0. Ditto. The geminate foot-glands. LXVIII.—Descriptions of Eleven new Species of Land and Freshwater Mollusca from South Africa. By JAMES Cosmo Metvitt, M.A., F.L.S., and JoHn Henry Ponsonsy, F.Z.58. [Plate XVIL] WE consider that several of the Mollusca now to be described possess a peculiar interest, notably the Achatine, one of which has remained long unrecognized, though collected years ago in Bechuanaland by Dr. Livingstone; whilst the other, aremarkably conspicuous though variable form, inhabits the Drakensberg range of mountains. The discovery of a Hapalus so far south in the African continent is likewise important, whilst new forms of the attractive genus Hnnea still continue to come to the front, no one species exhibiting much, if any, variability *. » . * See Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xviii. p, 314. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol, xix. 44 634 Messrs. J. C. Melvill and J. H. Ponsonby on Ennea Cairnsi, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 1.) E. testa curta, cylindriformi, parum rimata, albida, apice obtusis- simo; anfractibus octo, superioribus angustis, paullum ventri- cosis, tribus ultimis rectis, undique longitudinaliter obliqui- striatis; apertura rotunda; peristomate albo, incrassato, dentibus plicisve quinque munito, plica parietali permagna, crassa, valde intrante, dentibus labialibus duobus, quorum inferiore majore, dente basali parvo, plica columellari plus minusve superficiali, parum intrante, nec mammeeformi. Long. 8, lat. 4 mm. flab. Mouth of the Buffalo River, 8. Africa (e coll. fh. Cairns, Esq.). A short, cylindrical, whitish species, of very neat appear- ance, extremely obtuse towards the apex, the whorls eight in number, narrow, the three lowest being straight. They are entirely longitudinally obliquely striate; the aperture is rounded ; peristome white, thickened, furnished with five plaits or teeth—of these the parietal is the most conspicuous, being thickened and deeply penetrating; the labial teeth are two, the lower the larger; the basal tooth is similar to the upper labial, small and simple ; the columellar plait does not, as in the majority of the South-African Ennew, seem deep- seated or mamillar, but superficial and simply plaited. We have pleasure in naming this interesting form after Mr. Robert Cairns, Ashton-under-Lyne, who communicated it to us for description. Three specimens. Ennea Burnupt, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 2.) E. testa cylindrica, anguste sed profunde rimata, apud apicem attenuata, obtusa, albida; anfractibus novem, apud suturas impressis, parum ventricosis, undique longitudinaliter obliqui- striatis; apertura rotunda ; peristomate incrassato, dentibus pli- cisve quinque munito, videlicet, plica parietali magna, acinaciformi, intrante, dentibus labialibus duobus, quorum inferiore majore, dente basali acuto, parvo, plica columellari interna, acuto- mamillata. Long. 8, lat. 4 mm, Hab. Town Bush, Maritzburg, and Gordon Falls, on the Zwaartkop Mountain, Natal. A pretty form, which comes in the same category as E. regularis and uperostoma, described by us in former years from the same neighbourhood. ‘The last-named species differs, however, im toto in shape, being not so attenuate apically, but more evenly cylindrical throughout, and £. regu- laris is more compressed at the sutures, only six-, as against needs new Mollusca from South Africa. 635 nine-whorled, and also differently shaped, the mouth-processes being nearly identical; the mammiform columellar plait is, however, in EZ. Burnupi thinner, and not bulbous as usual. Mr. Burnup, the collector of this and of so many other new species in Natal, remarks that this is the only species of the genus which he has hitherto met with living “ off the ground, it having been discovered on the under surface of the leaf of a Dracena.” Hapalus catarracte, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 4 ) H. testa ovato-fusiformi, translucida, pertenui, levi, pallidissime corneo-olivacea; anfractibus quinque, apicali obtuso, ultimo rapide accrescente, paullum inflato, immaculato ; apertura parva, ovata, labro exteriore tenui, simplici; columella rectiuscula, regionem apud umbilicarem triangulatim reflexa. Long. 4°50, lat. 2°50 mm. Hab. Howick (a waterfall near Pietermaritzburg), Natal. Four specimens of a very small but neat Hapalus, a genus not before known so far south, Bulimoid in its superficial conchological characters, allied apparently to Pachnodus, but its exact affinities are not yet certainly known. In the British Museum it is arranged near Opeas. The shell is ovate-fusiform, very pellucid, of the palest horny olive, five-whorled, the apical being obtuse and the last whorl rapidly increasing, a little inflated; mouth small, ovate, outer lip thin, simple; columella straight and triangu- larly reflexed over the umbilical region. This constitutes a particularly interesting addition to the South-African molluscan fauna. Trachycystis teretiuscula*, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 5.) T. testa depresso-globulosa, anguste sed profunde umbilicata, tenui, delicata, olivaceo-cornea; anfractibus sex, ventricosis, apud suturas impressis et quasi-canaliculatis, arctissime longitudinaliter et indistincte striatulis; apertura lunata; peristomate tenui, simplici. Long. 3, lat. 4 mm. Hab. Howick, near Pietermaritzburg. Though small and without any very special characteristics, we are quite unable to match this little Zrachycystis. It is depressedly globular, narrowly but deeply umbilicate, thin, uniformly olive-horny in colour, six-whorled, the whorls being tumid and almost canaliculate at the sutures, so impressed * Teretiusculus, small and smooth. 44* 636 Messrs. J. C. Melvill and J. H. Ponsonby on are they. The extremely delicate striz are so indistinct as to be hardly discernible; but they give a silky appearance to the surface. The mouth is linear; peristome thin, simple. Four specimens. Achatina Livingstonet, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 6.) A, testa angusta, fusiformi, tenui, straminea, levi, apice obtuso; anfractibus septem, apud suturas paullum impressis, ventricosulis, ultimo ceteris longitudine superante, longitudinaliter flammis zebrinis castaneis decorata, flammis hic rectis, illic ramosis vel divaricatis ; apertura ovata, labri margine exteriore tenui, colu- mellari versus basin truncato, Long. 41, lat. 20 mm. Hab. Kuruman, Bechuanaland (David Livingstone: in coll. #. L. Layard). Shell somewhat narrow, fusiform, thin, smooth, apex obtuse ; whorls seven, somewhat ventricose, impressed at the sutures, straw-coloured, and ornamented with chestnut zebrine longitudinal markings ; these are in some instances straight, in others branched and almost divaricate; the last whorl exceeds all the others collectively ; the mouth is rather nar- rowly ovate, outer lip thin; columellar margin truncate towards the base. Allied to A. Pfeifer’, Dunker, and A. polychroa, Morelet. Weare glad of the opportunity afforded us, through the kindness of Mr. Layard in lending this most interesting shell to describe, of associating with it the name of the illus- trious pioneer of missionary enterprise in ‘l’ropical Africa, the late Dr. Livingstone, by whom it was discovered. Achatina drakensbergensis, sp. n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 7.) A, testa magna, fusiformi, delicata, nitida, apice obtuso ; anfracti- bus octo, ad suturas impressis, ventricosulis, albidis ; epidermide luteo-olivacea omnino contecta, apicalibus exceptis, interdum fere levibus, flammis zebrinis brunneo-castaneis depictis, ultimo anfractu simili modo superne apud medium, sed a medio usque ad basin immaculato, interdum anfractibus minute granulatis, flammis zebrinis fere absentibus, hic illic vittis vel flammulis interruptis solum designatis, ultimo anfractu infra medium similiter immacu- lato; apertura oblonga intus cerulescente, labro extus tenui, margine columellari sinuoso, conspicue apud basin truncato, Long. 3°25, lat. 1°75 une. Hab. Inhluzan, Drakensberg range, Natal. A highly interesting form, two varieties of which are before us. The shell is fusitorm, with ventricose whorls, somewhat 5 oan hao bite? cet oe Oe - new Mollusca from South Africa. 637 impressed at the sutures; the ground-colour is white, but, with the exception of the apical whorls, a yellowish-olive epidermis more or less shining entirely covers the shell; this is ornamented with longitudinal zebra-like flames, more or less pronounced. In one specimen they are regular and entirely cover the surface till the middle of the last whorl, below which it issmooth, shining, and spotless. This variety is much smoother than the other, which is more or less covered with the minute cross granulations so common in members of this genus, while the zebra-like markings are almost obsolete. ‘lhe mouth is oblong, within bluish, outer lip thin, rounded; columellar margin sinuous, markedly truncate towards the base. Buliminus (Pachnodus) carinifer, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 8.) B. testa obtecte umbilicata, conico-pyramidata, perfragili, nitente, undique minute decussata; anfractibus septem, quinque supernis attenuatis, ventricosulis, ad suturas impressis, duobus ultimis expansis, ultimo apud peripheriam acuticarinato, carina ipsa nitida, rufo-brunnea ; apertura trapezoide, labro exteriore per- tenui, uniangulata, simplici; columella pallida, regionem apud umbilicarem valde reflexo. Long. 18, lat. 12 mm. Hab. Gordon Falls. This handsome but very delicate Buliéminus seems to us quite distinct from the allied B. natalensis, Krauss. It is as conspicuous a shell, of a bright warm brown colour, pyramidal in shape, seven-whorled ; of these the upper five are attenuate and small, the last two expanding; at the periphery is a particularly acute keel, shining and of a red-brown colour. The whole shell, except the apical whorls, is covered with a minutely decussate sculpture. Mouth trapezoid, outer lip thin, angular; columella whitish, reflexed over the um- bilicus, which is narrow but deep. Subulina tugelensis, sp. n. (PI. XVII. fig. 9.) S. testa attenuata, fusiformi, pellucida, delicatula, pertenui, albo- lactea ; anfractibus septem, quorum apicali obtusissimo, papillato, ceteris ventricosulis, levibus, ultimo producto; apertura oblonga ; peristomate tenui, simplici ; columellari margine recto. Long. 14, lat. 4 mm. Hab. Lower Tugela River, Natal. An interesting form, more glossy than most of the hitherto recog nized South-African species, of a beautiful translucent milky - white colour; whorls seven, the apical being very 638 Messrs. J. C. Melvill and J. H. Ponsonby on obtuse, the rest slightly ventricose, all very smooth and shining; the last whorl is straightly produced; outer lip thin, simple; columellar margin straight. — Pupa (Faula) pereximia*, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 3.) P. testa sinistrorsa, pyramidata, subrimata, apud apicem multam attenuata ; anfractibus novem, quorum duobus apicalibus tumidis, ceteris apud suturas canaliculatis, quasi laterculatis, omnino longitudinaliter rude liratis, liris arctis, incurvis, ultimo anfractu curtato; apertura rhomboidea; peristomate albo, rugifero, in- crassato, novem plicis vel dentibus instructo, duabus plicis parie- talibus, similibus, valde intrantibus, duobus dentibus labialibus, quorum inferiore plicato, majore, duabus plicis basalibus, per- longis, intrantibus, duabus plicis columellaribus et, juxta basin, uno dente parvo. Long. 7, lat. 4 mm. A highly ornate little Haula, near F. Glanvilleana, Ancey, but of considerably larger size. The specimens before us are unfortunately not in very good condition, but happily the mouth-processes in one are quite perfect. The shell is tur- binate or pyramidal, subrimate, sinistral, much attenuate towards the apex, nine-whorled (inclusive of the two tumid apical) ; the whorls are canaliculate at the sutures and have the appearance of tiling, each superimpending the other; they are rudely lirate, the lire close, incurved ; the last whorl is short ; aperture rhomboid; outer lip white, wrinkled, with nine plaits or teeth—of these the parietal plicw (2) and the basal (2) are long, thin, and deep-seated, and very similar, as are the two columellar plaits, the labial teeth (two), and one small columellar; one of the labial comes very near being a plait. Planorbis (Segmentina) planodiseus, sp. n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 10.) P. testa placentali, depressiuscula, declinata, nitida, olivacea, pellu- cida, tenui, apice depresso; anfractibus quingue, ad suturas canaliculatis, ventricosulis, ultimo rapide accrescente, disco superiore subrotundato, inferiore planato, profunde excavato, segmentis ad basin perspicuis, peripheria obtusangula; apertura oblique obtuso-triangulari ; peristomate simplici. Alt. 1, diam. 5 mill. (sp. majoris). Hab. Umgeni Valley, Natal. An olivaceous shining Segmentina; depressed, thin, five- * Pereximius, extremely beautiful. new Mollusca from South Africa. 639 whorled, canaliculate at the sutures, the upper disk rounded, the lower planate, deeply excavate; the lamellar segments clearly perceived radiating round the umbilicus ; the shell is obtuse-angled at the periphery; the mouth is obliquely obtuse-triangular, lip simple. Four specimens. We have taken the largest specimen as the type. Assiminea tyttha*,sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 11.) A. testa minuta, cornea, fere levi, globoso-conica, solidiuscula ; anfractibus quatuor, apicali obtuso, ceteris ventricosis, longitu- dinaliter indistincte striatulis, ultimo rapide accrescente, ceteris conjunctim magnitudine superante ; apertura subrotunda ; peri- stomate rotundo, simplici; columella obliqua, crassiuscula ; oper- culo rubro, littoriniformi, normali. Long. 1°50, lat. 1 mm. Hab. Howick, near Pietermaritzburg, ‘‘on the under surface of the leaves of a sage-like shrub” (Mr. Burnup). A few specimens of a very small Asstminea, bearing some likeness to A. litorina, Delle Chiaje, a native of British and South-European shores. The shell is bright horny, almost smooth, being indistinctly longitudinally striate, rather solid, four-whorled, the apical whorl obtuse, the rest tumid, the last whorl much larger than all the rest together; mouth almost round, outer lip round, simple; columella oblique, thickened ; operculum normal. * rurOds, small. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. Fig. 1. Ennea Cairns. Fig. 2. Burnujr. Fig. 3. Pupa (Faula) pereximia. Fig. 4. Hapalus catarracte. Fig. 5. Trachycystis teretiuscula, Fig. 6. Achatina Livingstonet. Fig... 7. drakensbergensis. Fig. 8. Buliminus (Pachnodus) carinifer. Fig. 9. Subulina tugelensis. Fig. 10. Planorbis (Segmentina) planodiscus. Fig. 11. Assiminea tyttha, 640 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera LXIX.—On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea. By Joun Henry Leecu, B.A., F.L.S , F.Z.8., &e. —Part II. Family Geometride; Subfamilies Enochromine, Orthostixine, Larentiine, Acidaliine, and Geometrine. [Continued from p. 573.) Genus CIDARIA. (Treit.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 549 (1895).) Cidaria luctuosaria. Melanippe luctuosaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. vy. p. 53, pl. iv. fig. 15 (1880). Cidaria luctuosaria, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit, 1888, p. 410. There was a fine series from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. Oberthiir described this species from the Isle of Askold, and Greser records it from Amurland. Distribution. Askold; Amur; Japan. Cidaria cineraria. Cidarta cineraria, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 451 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 58, pl. lv. fig. 8 (1879). There were some specimens from Oiwake and Yesso in Pryer’s collection, and I have received others taken by a native collector at Hakodate: June and July. This is probably a local form of C. unangulata, Haw. Hab. Japan and Yesso. Cidaria picata. Geometra picata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 134. Cidaria picata, Treit. Schmett. vi. 2, 193; Guen. Phal. ii. p. 461, Hydriomena picata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 72. Occurs at Chang-yang, T’a-chien-lu, Chia-ting-fu, Che-tou, and Omei-shan in June and July. The specimens show variation in the width of the lines forming the central band and also in the width of the white border of the band; ina large proportion of them the second- aries are devoid of marking on the upper surface. The examples from Central China are rather smaller than the majority of those from the west, and appear to be more constant in always having the band composed of broad and often confluent lines. Distribution. Europe; Ural; Central and Western China. from China, Japan, and Corea. 641 Cidaria variegata, Larentia variegata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 653. Cidaria variegata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 353 (1895). One female specimen from Chia-kou-ho, taken in July. Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson) ; Kashmir; Kulu ; Western China. Cidaria corylata. Geometra corylata, Thunb. Ins. Suec. iv. p. 61, pl. iv. fig. 11 (1792). Hydriomena corylata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73. Cidaria fabrefactaria, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 56, pl. iv. fig. 15 (1880). There were specimens from Oiwake, Yesso, Nikko, and Ohoyama in Pryer’s collection, Greser records the species from Amurland, and Oberthiir, under the name fabrefactaria, from the Isle of Askold. Distribution. Europe; Ural; Amur; Japan; Askold. Cidaria aurata. Cidaria aurata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 664 ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ili. p. 855 (1895). Cidaria corylata, var. tsermosarta, Oberth. Etud, d’Entom. xviii. p. 39, pl. iii. fig. 43 (1893). One specimen in Pryer’s collection. Hampson considers Cidaria corylata, var. tsermosaria, Oberth., from Moupin, to be synonymous with C. aurata, Moore, which occurs throughout the Himalayas. Distribution. Murree; Dharmsdla; Sikhim; Bhutan; Tibet ; Khdsis (Hampson) ; Kulu; Japan. Cidaria fulgidaria, sp. n. Male.—Primaries yellowish ; basal patch dark brown, its external edge angulated and bounded by a silvery-white line; central fascia broad on costa, much narrower on inner margin, both edges are bounded by wavy silvery-white lines, the external one deeply indented below the costa, and the internal one indented at the middle; the brownish outer marginal area is traversed by a serrated silvery-white line, and interrupted by an oblique streak of the ground-colour at apex, there is a smaller spot of the ground-colour on the middle of the outer margin. Secondaries greyish, basal and outer marginal areas darker, the former is limited by a wavy dusky line, and the latter is inwardly bordered by. a pale macular band; discal spot blackish. Fringes of primaries 642 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera brown marked with yellow, those of secondaries are yellow marked with brown. Linder surface: primaries yellowish, with the markings of upper surface faintly reproduced ; second- aries yellowish dusted with brown and silvery-white scales, and traversed by wavy silvery-white edged brown bands; submarginal line macular, silvery white ; fringes yellowish, chequered with brown. Female.—Primaries as in the male, but the secondaries are white and without marking; fringes of these wings not marked with brown. Expanse 32 millim. Three male specimens and one female from Pu-tsu-fong, June. Hab. Western China. Allied to C. corylata, Thunb. Cidaria albipunctaria, sp. n. Primaries ochreous brown; basal patch and central fascia blackish brown, both are narrowly edged with white, the former is deeply indented in the middle of its outer edge, the latter has a double-toothed projection on its outer edge and is contracted below the costa and again above inner margin; on the outer marginal area there is a blackish-brown patch below the apex interrupted by a white blotch ; submarginal line white and wavy, followed on the costa by a white blotch extending to the apex, and at outer angle by some white spots; the costal portion of the white outer edging of cen- tral fascia is diffuse, and the costal portion of the fascia contains a pale brown blotch, which is preceded and followed by a short white line. Secondaries whitish, greyish on outer margin, with faint indications of greyish central spot and two transverse lines. Fringes yellowish. Under surface: basal two thirds of primaries dusky, the outer edge corre- sponding with that of central fascia above, and intersected by two pele subbasal lines, the spaces between these lines being rather brownish; outer third is whitish, with a dark greyish patch on outer margin below apex, preceded by a brownish transverse cloud; secondaries whitish, powdered with brownish, and traversed by two brown lines, the discal spot is dark brown. Expanse 34 millim. Two male specimens, one from Ta-chien-lu, and the other from Pu-tsu-fong: June. Hab. Western China, This species is very closely allied to C. corylata, Thunb., Jrom China, Japan, and Corea. 643 but it is a much brighter-looking insect, and is further dis- tinguished by the conspicuous white blotch on outer margin, together with the different contour of the central fascia. Cidaria chimakaleparia. Larentia chimakaleparia, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 37, pl. iil. fig. 33 (1893). One specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, taken in June. Ober- thiir’s type was from Ta-chien-lu. Hab, Western China. Cidaria ochracearia, sp. n. Closely allied to C. fulvata, Forst., but at once distin- guished by its ochraceous secondaries, which have the fringes chequered with brown. The colour of the primaries is also deeper, and the edges of the central fascia, although angled outwardly and indented inwardly as in C. fulvata, are not waved. The under surface is entirely ochraceous, with slightly darker central markings on all the wings. Expanse 26-29 millim. Several specimens from Ta-chien-lu, Moupin, and Omei- shan: June and July. Hab. Western China. Fulvata, Forst., is placed by Meyrick in Hydriomena, Hiibn. (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 72). Cidaria albicillata, Phal. Geometra albicillata, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 527; Clerck, Icon, i. pi. i. fig. 12. he Nata Dup. Lép. viii. pl. clxxxviii. fig. 4; Guen. Phal. ii. p. 382. ljdrioniehe albicillata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73. Melanthia casta, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. liv. fig. 8. There were specimens from Oiwake and Yesso in Pryer’s collection, and my native collector captured the species at Hakodate in July. Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; Japan; Yesso. Except that they are generally rather larger, there is no important difference between Japanese examples ( casta, Butl.) and European specimens of this species. The discal spots are a trifle larger, and the marginal border of secondaries is uninterrupted. Cidaria yokohame. Melanthia yokohame, Butl. Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p, 422, Cidaria rogenhoferi, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 419. There was a specimen from Yokohama in Pryer’s col- 644 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera lection, and I took one example at Gensan in July. Butler’s type was from Yokohama and Greser records it from Rad- defka. Distribution. Japan ; Corea; Amur. Butler states that this insect is closly allied to “1/.” rujf- cillata, but it appears to be nearer to C. cuculata, Hufn., and may possibly be an Hastern Asian form of that species. Cidaria obscura. Cidaria obscura, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 450 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 57, pl. lv. fig. 5 (1879). There was one example in poor condition in Pryer’s col- lection. I received a specimen from Mr. Manley taken at Yokohama, and my collectors in Western China took one at Moupin in July. Distribution. Japan; Western China. As Moore described a Cidaria obscurata in 1867, it would be better perhaps to rename this species Butler?. Cidaria latifasciaria, sp. n. Primaries dingy purplish grey; small basal patch and broad central fascia brown, the former is outwardly limited by two blackish lines enclosing a brown band, and the latter has both edges darker than the median portion, and is limited on each side by a wavy blackish line, the outer one broadest towards costa, and the inner one broadest about the middle; there is a short blackish apical streak. Secondaries fuscous grey, darker towards outer margin. Fringes dark grey. Under surface fuscous brown; the secondaries have traces of a darker transverse line beyond the middle. Expanse 42 millim. One female specimen from Wa-shan, May. Hab. Western China. Cidaria procellata. Phalena procellata, Fabr. Mant. Ins. 185. Geometra procellata, Hubn, Geom, fig. 251. Melanippe procellata, Dup. Lép. viii. pl. clxxxviii. fig. 3; Guen. Phal. ii, p. 303, Hydriomena procellata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73. Melanippe inquinata, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. liv. fig. 9. There was a nice series from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I captured specimens in Satsuma in May, at Gensan in June, and at T'suruga in August. Other Japanese localities are Yokohama (Jonas) and Hakodate (Whitely). I have ~ a from China, Japan, and Corea. 645 received the species from Kiukiang, and from several localities in Western China. Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; Corea; Japan; Yesso ; Central and Western China. In my series of this species from China, Japan, and Corea there are specimens which exactly agree with typical pro- cellata ; others are identical with ¢ngudnata, Butl.; and others, again, are almost unicolorous fuliginous brown. All these forms are connected by intergrades. Cidaria postalbaria, sp. n. Primaries fuscous brown; basal patch and central fascia darker, the latter intersected by a pale line; the basal patch is outwardly and the fascia inwardly bordered by a pale line ; outer margin suffused with dusky ; submarginal line indi- cated by a white spot about the middle, one towards apex and a pale mark at outer angle. Secondaries white, suffused with smoky on the abdominal area, and with some black clouding about anal angle. Under surface fuscous grey on primaries, whiter on secondaries; there is a pale band beyond the middle on all the wings, this is clearly defined on its inner edge by a blackish line, which is elbowed about the middle of its length on primaries, and is crenulate on second- aries, the outer edge is diffuse ; submarginal line of primaries represented by whitish dots, the largest about the middle. Fringes: of primaries agree with the ground-colour; of secondaries greyish marked with smoky grey. Expanse 34-40 millim. Several specimens, including both sexes, from Pu-tsu-fong, Omei-shan, Chia-kou-ho, and one female from Chang-yang : July. Hab. Central and Western China. Cidaria silaceata. Geometra silaceata, Hiibn, Geom. fig. 477. Hydriomena silaceata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73. Cidaria umbrosaria, Motsch. Etud, d’Entom. 1864, p, 36. There were some specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection, and my native collector obtained the species in the island of Kiushiu. Several examples, including both sexes, were received from Chang-yang; these were taken in July, and range from 26-34 millim in expanse. ‘The species also occurred at Ta- chien-lu, Omei-shan, Chia-ting-fu, Chia-kou-ho, Pu-tsu-fong, and How-kow in July; the largest of these specimens 646 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera measures 38 millim., and the smallest 30 millim. in expanse. The How-kow examples are of the typical form as regards the primaries, but the secondaries are almost devoid of marking. Var. angustaria, nov. All the wings are narrower than in the type, and heavily suffused with fuliginous on both surfaces; the white trans- verse lines of primaries are very clearly defined. One example of each sex from Pu-tsu-fong. Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan; Kiushiu; Central and Western China. Cidaria capitata. Larentia eapitata, Herr.-Sch. Deutsch. Ins. 165, pl. iii. Hydriomena capitata, Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soe. Aas 1892, p. 73. Cidaria Mariesit, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 424. Cidaria Pryeri, Butl. 1. ¢. p. 425. Several examples from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I took the species at Hakodate in August. Butler gives Nikko and Tokio also as localities. Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan; Yesso. Cidaria fervidaria, sp. n. Male.—Primaries brown; basal patch and central fascia darker, both edged with ochreous, especially on the costal area; the fascia is deeply indented about the middle of its inner edge and elbowed on its outer edge; the reddish- brown median nervules, where they cross the fascia, are powdered with ochreous; submarginal line pale brown, inter- secting some dark brown marks in the nervular interspaces ; there is an oblique ochreous streak from apex. Secondaries orange-brown; basal and outer marginal areas clouded with darker. Fringes brownish on primaries; orange-yellow chequered with brownish on secondaries. Under surface fuscous brown, with a broad orange-yellow fascia beyond the middle, between this and the outer margin there is a short oblique series of orange-yellow dots, terminating in a patch of the same colour on the middle of the margin; Balad «ps orange-yellow, thickly sprinkled with brown, and traversed by darker central and submarginal bands. Female.—Differs from the male in the paler colour of second- aries and the more distinct transverse markings on those wings; under surface orange-yellow, with conspicuous inter- rupted basal central and submarginal brown bands. Expanse 32-36 millim, from China, Japan, and Corea. 647 One male specimen from Moupin and one from Omei-shan, one example of each sex from Chang-yang; these last are smaller than the other specimens. Hab. Central and Western China. Cidaria subochraria, sp. n. Primaries grey-brown, basal area clouded with darker ; margins of central fascia dark brown, the inner edge of fascia indented, the outer elbowed; there are some dark clouds on outer marginal area, and the submarginal line, commencing as a pale dash from costa, is continued to inner margin as a series of dark internervular spots; there is also a short whitish dash from the apex. Secondaries ochreous brown, smoky on basal half. Fringes agree with the wings, pre- ceded on the secondaries by a dark line. Under surface of primaries dark smoky grey, suffused on the costa with ochreous, and more strongly on the apical portion of outer marginal area, the latter being limited by a blackish band: secondaries are ochreous, powdered with smoky grey, and have a black discal dot and a blackish central band. Expanse 36-38 millim. Hight male specimens from Omei-shan, June. Hab. Western China. The central fascia is sometimes contracted below the middle, and in some specimens only the costal half is clearly defined. In some examples the secondaries are entirely smoky brown, with an ochreous tinge on outer marginal area. Allied to Cidaria (Eustroma) monana, Swinh. , Cidaria oblongata. Cidaria oblongata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1402 (1862), Cidaria decurrens, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 276. Specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. I took the species in Satsuma in May and at Tsuruga in June. My native collector took it in the island of Kiushiu, and I have received specimens from Ichang and the province of Kwei-chow. Distribution. Khasis; Nynee-l'al (Hampson); Japan; Central and Western China. Cidaria mactata. Cidaria mactata, Feld. Reise Noy. pl. cxxxii. fig. 38 (1875), Specimens in Pryer’s collection from Ohoyama and Nikko. 1 took the species in Hakodate, and have received it from 648 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Kiushiu, Gensan, Kiukiang, Moupin, and Wa-shan. It occurs in June and July. Distribution. Amur; Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu; Corea; Central and Western China. Cidaria literataria, sp. n. Primaries pale greyish brown; subbasal band and central fascia chocolate-brown, the former contracted towards costa, the latter attenuated towards inner margin and containing an irregular patch of the ground-colour in the costal portion, below this the fascia is intersected by the pale median ner- vure; there are some chocolate-brown spots on costa, at the base of the wing, between fascia and subbasal band, and on apical area; the latter comprises a connected series of three and an apical dash; all the brown markings are outlined in whitish brown. Secondaries greyish white, with blackish discal dot. Under surface pale fuscous; secondaries and apical area of primaries irrorated with darker. Expanse 38 millim. One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, July. Hab. Western China. The markings of this species somewhat resemble those of Eustroma cervinaria, Moore. Cidaria metaria, Cidaria metaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 39, pl. iv. fig, 54 (1893). _Oberthiir’s type was from Té-Tsien-Loa. My collectors did not meet with the species. Hab. Western China. OCidaria azonaria. Somatina azonaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom., xviii. p. 32, pl. iv. fig. 50 (1898). : This species occurred in most of the localities in Western China that my collectors visited: June and July. Hab. Western China. Cidaria niphonica. Eubolia niphonica, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 452 (1878); fl. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 59, Ee ly. fig. 11 fstee Cidaria niphonica, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 357 (1895). Cidaria suavata, Christ. Bull. Mose. 1880, p. 69. Hydriomena niphonica, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73. Cidaria (niphonica, Butl., var. ?) tgnorata, Staud. Iris, viii. p. 336 (1896). el ° ee ae ie ees i from China, Japan, and Corea. 649 There were specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I obtained the species at Gensan in July. Staudinger records var. ¢gnorata from North-east Thibet. Captain Young took specimens in Kulu, North-west Hima- layas. ” Distration. Simla; Dharmsdla; Sikhim (Hampson) ; Kulu; Japan; N.E. Thibet. Cidaria polygrammata. Geometra polygrammata, Bork. Eur. Schmett. v. 569; Hiibn. Geom. tig. 277. Phibalapteryx polygrammata, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 256 ; Guen. Phal. ii. p. 436. Hydriomena polygrammata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1892, p. 73. One specimen taken by myself in July at Nagahama. Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan. Cidaria fumataria, sp. n. Male.—Primaries brownish grey; basal patch and central fascia blackish, the inner edge of the latter is nearly straight and the outer edge has an obtuse projection above the middle, the median area of this fascia is pale and encloses a black discal spot; submarginal line whitish, shaded inwardly, especially towards costa, with dusky. Secondaries smoky grey, with a small black discal spot and faint indications of a pale central band. Fringes concolorous with the wings. Under surface smoky grey, basal two thirds of all the wings rather darker. Female similar to the male, but the ground-colour is darker grey and the whitish submarginal line is clearer. Expanse 22-24 millim. Six male specimens and two females from Chang-yang, July and August. Hab. Central China. This species resembles Plemyrta galiata, Hiibn., in style of marking, but the ground-colour is very different. Cidaria bipartaria, sp. n. Primaries have the basal third olivaceous green, limited by an outwardly oblique black line; the rest of the wing is blackish with a grey tint ; there is a greenish spot on costa, and, preceding it, two blackish lines, the outer one undulated and waved, edged internally with whitish. Secondaries dark Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 45 650 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera fuscous grey. Under surface fuscous, slightly paler on outer marginal area of all the wings. Expanse 24 millim. One female specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June. Hab. Western China. Cidaria fasciaria, sp. n. Male.—Primaries dark grey, with two white bands, the first has an angular projection in its outer edge below costa and a small black cloud on inner margin; the second is biangulate, and transversely intersected by a dusky line; the central and outer marginal areas traversed by wavy white lines, and there is a white cloud-like spot at apex and a similar one about the middle. Secondaries fuliginous grey, with a paler central band; all the wings have a black discal spot. Fringes grey, marked with darker. Under surface of primaries fuliginous, traversed by two blackish lines and a pale band ; there is a white spot on middle of outer margin : secondaries powdered with greyish on basal area and on outer margin, and traversed by a greyish curved band. Female similar to the male, but the colour is greyish brown tinged with olivaceous at base and on middle of costa. Expanse, ¢ 23, 2 25 millim. Two male specimens and one female from Omei-shan, a female from Moupin, two from Ichang, and one from Chang- yang: June and July. Hab. Central and Western China. Cidaria parvaria. Boarmia parvaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 52 (May 1891). Two male specimens, probably from Yokohama, in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Japan. Cidaria undulata. Melanippe (?) undulata, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 147, pl. ix. fig. 15. One example of each sex from Kiukiang and a female specimen from Ichang, June and July. There is a specimen labelled “‘ Chekiang”’ in the National Collection at South Kensington. Hab. Central China. Cidaria complicata. Cidaria complicata, Butl. Til. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 57, pl. lv. fig. 4 (1879). — lr ir ii es a from China, Japan, and Corea. 651 Two specimens taken by native collector at Gensan. Butler’s type was from Yokohama. Hab. Japan and Corea. Cidaria erectaria, sp. n. Whitish, suffused with grey. Primaries have a brownish basal patch and central fascia, the first is limited by a slightly curved white line, the second is outwardly angled, edged with white, and is preceded by a conspicuous black spot ringed with white ; between the basal patch and central fascia there is an upright blackish bar extending from inner margin to subcostal nervure, and a spot of the same colour on costa; beyond the fascia there are three fine angulated and wavy brownish lines and a broader white one ; the apical fourth of costa is marked with blackish, and there is a smaller spot of the same colour on outer margin just below apex; an interrupted brownish band runs from the apical mark to inner margin. Secondaries have the basal half suffused with brownish grey, and the outer half traversed by three fine wavy and angulated lines and a brownish-grey band, but these do not reach the costa. Fringes whitish, chequered with grey, and preceded by a blackish line. Under surface whitish suffused with grey; transverse lines as above; all the wings have a blackish discal dot outlined with whitish. Expanse 21-25 millim. Four specimens taken by myself, and three by my native collector, at Hakodate in August. flab. Yesso. Cidaria fluviata. Geometra fluriata, Hiibn. Geom. figs. 280, 281, ¢g. Geometra gemmata, Hiibn. op. cit. tig. 283, 2. Cidaria fluviata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 363. Hydriomena fluviata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73. Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. I obtained examples of this species at Foochow in April, in Satsuma in May, at Gensan in July, and at Nikko in September, and have received a female example from Pu- tsu-fong, taken in June and July. Distribution. Nearctic region; Chili; Palearctic region; throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma (Hampson); Japan; Corea ; Eastern and Western China. Cidaria pomeriaria. Cidaria pomeriaria, Eversm. Faun, Volg.-Ural. p. 417 (1844). Coremia pomeriaria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 415. ibis: Xanthorhoe pomeriaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 77. Specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s collection; these have 45* 652 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera the outer edge of the central fascia less angulated than in typical examples. Distribution. Europe; Altai; Eastern Siberia; Amur; Yesso. Cidaria saturata. Cidaria saturata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 269°(1857) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 362 (1895). Larentia evliturata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1195 (1862). Larentia granitalis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 426; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vii. p. 114, pl. exxxvii. fig. 8. Coremia livida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 449; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 56, pl. lv. fig. 2 (1879). Larentia inamena, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 444 (1879). There were specimens in Pryer’s collection from Yoko- hama. I captured the species at Nagasaki in June, and have received it from Wa-shan, Moupin, Chang-yang, and Pu- tsu-fong. Distribution. Natal; N.W. Himalayas; Khasis; Nilgiris (Hampson); Japan; Kiushiu; Central and Western China. A very variable species. Among the specimens com- prised in my series are examples which agree with the type of livida, Butl., others with that of ¢namana, Butl.; others again represent granitalis, Butl., whilst among the inter- grades are examples which do not appear to_be separable from Dharmsala specimens of ealiturata, Walk., in the National Collection at South Kensington. Cidaria angularia, sp. n. Similar in size, colour, and markings to C. unidentaria from Europe, but the inner edge of the central fascia on primaries is rather straighter, and on the outer edge the projection above the middle is not indented; the pale band following the fascia is better defined and the line traversing it is less wavy than the same character in C. unidentaria; the outer marginal area beyond the pale band is dusky. Antenne serrate-fasciculate. One male specimen and two females from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Japan. Cidaria designata. Phalena a ena Hufn. Berl. Mag. iv. p. 612; Rott. Naturf. xi. .co iid). ounce ippaota, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 286. oak ra Guen. Phal. ii. p. 412; Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxv. xantiorics designata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 77. Specimens were obtained at Hakodate in July and August, and there were a few in Pryer’s collection from Yesso. From China, Japan, and Corea. 653 Distribution. Europe; Altai; E. Siberia; Amur; Japan; Yesso ; N. America. Cidaria aridaria, sp. n. Primaries pale brown with an ochreous tinge; central fascia broad obscure brown, outlined in blackish, the inner edge is indented below costa, and the outer edge bidentate ; submarginal line double, but most distinctly so towards the inner margin, blackish and wavy, beyond.it there are two dark clouds, one on costa and one below it, the latter con- nected with an oblique blackish streak from apex. Second- aries fuliginous grey, with a darker discal spot and indications of a paler central line. Fringes grey, paler on secondaries, and preceded on all the wings by a blackish lunulated line. Under surface grey-brown: the basal two thirds of primaries darker, limited by a paler band which is diffuse on its outer edge; secondaries mottled with darker, the basal two thirds limited by a dusky line followed by a pale band; all the wings have a blackish discal spot. Expanse 32 millim. One female specimen from Wa-shan, Western China: June. Cidaria virtdata. Cidaria viridata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p.661 ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 865 (1895). A male specimen from Omei-shan, and a female from Ni-tou: July. Distribution. Sikhim; Khasis (Hampson); Western China. Cidaria ambustaria, sp. n. Primaries greyish with a faint olive tinge; basal area suffused with fuscous and traversed by two darker, almost blackish bands; the central fascia fuscous grey, with a median band of the ground-colour, and limited by whitish- edged black lines, the first line wavy and slightly curved, and the second wavy and outwardly produced above the middle; outer marginal area fuscous grey, clouded with darker towards apex and transversely intersected by a wavy whitish line, which is most distinct towards costa. Second- aries pale fuscous grey ; basal two thirds suffused with darker and limited by a dusky line which has an obtuse projection at the middle. Fringes: of primaries fuscous grey marked with paler; of secondaries pale fuscous grey marked with darker; preceded by a blackish line in each case. Under surface fuscous, rather paler on secondaries; all the wings have a dusky discal mark and transverse band. 654 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Expanse 22-24 millim. One male specimen from Che-tou, one from Ta-chien-lu: June and July; and one example (minus head) from Chang- yang, August. Hab. Central and Western China. Cidaria nigrozonaria, sp. n. Primaries have the basal. two thirds fuscous brown, tra- versed by a pale brown subbasal band ; the outer edge of the area is limited by an undulated black line ; outer third pale umber-brown traversed by two sinuous brown lines, the outer rather indistinct ; apical patch fuscous brown, powdered with grey and marked with black. Secondaries fuscous grey, marked with paler on abdominal area towards anal angle. Fringes pale brown, marked with darker and preceded by a blackish line. Under surface fuscous grey, traversed by darker lines and bands; discal dot on each wing black ; fringes umber-brown marked with darker at the ends of the nervules. Expanse 24-26 millim. Six male specimens and five females from Oiwake and Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Japan. Cidaria quadrifasciaria. Phal. Geometra quadrifasciaria, Clerck, Icon. pl. vi. fig. 4; Linn. Faun. Suec. 529, Coremia quadrifasciaria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 417. Xanthorhoe quadrifasciaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p: a lyfe Scotosia ignobilis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 428. There were specimens from Yokohama and Yesso in Pryer’s collection. I captured the species at Hakodate in August. | | Some of the specimens are much suffused, others agree with the type of “ 8.” ¢gnobdilis, Butl., in the National Collec- tion at South Kensington. Distribution. Europe; Altai; Eastern Siberia; Amur; Japan; Yesso. Cidaria dimidiaria, Cidaria dimidiaria, Motsch. Bull. de l’Acad. 1866, 1. p. 197. A nice series in Pryer’s collection. I took the species at Tsuruga and Fushiki in July; and my native collector obtained it in the island of Kiushiu. Hab. Japan; Kiushiu. ae ge 2k «er le eer ieee.» + * a from China, Japan, and Corea. 655 The Kiushiu specimens are smaller than the type and paler in colour. Cidaria hortulanaria, Greser, from Amurland, appears to be very near to, if it is not identical with, this species. Cidaria abraxina. Melanippe abraxina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 443 (1879). A series from Nikko and Yesso in Pryer’s collection. My native collector obtained one female specimen at Hakodate in June. One of the males, of which sex there are but two examples in the series, is without the central band on each wing, but the discal spot remains. Hab. Japan and Yesso. Cidaria fuscaria, sp. n. Fuscous grey. Primaries have a darker basal patch, its outer edge almost straight, and a blackish central fascia, the inner edge of which is curved, and the outer lobed about the middle; beyond the fascia there are traces of one or two pale waved transverse lines. Secondaries have traces of pale transverse central lines, most distinct on abdominal margin. Under surface fuscous grey, paler on outer marginal area of all the wings. Expanse 40 millim. Z One male specimen from Ta-chien-lu, Western China: une. Cidaria (?) fractistriga. Epifidonia fractistriga, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 65, pl. ili. fig. 7 (1892). The specimen (a worn female) taken at Ou-pin in the Province of Kan-sou in July, and referred by Alphéraky to Epifidonia, Butl., appears, according to the figure, to agree better with Cidaria. Genus LARENTIA. (Treit.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 367 (1895).) Larentia plurilinearia, sp. n. Pale grey traversed by several darker wavy lines, the space between the third and seventh lines is darker and represents a central fascia; the outer margin is bordered with darker. Secondaries have the basal half suffused with 656 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera darker. The nervules on all the wings are marked with black and whitish. Fringes concolorous with the wings, preceded by an interrupted blackish line, Under surface smoky grey, the basal area of primaries limited by a blackish, slightly elbowed line, and edged with pale grey ; the central area of the secondaries traversed by three dusky lines, and there are traces of a fourth line on the submarginal area. Expanse 43 millim. Two male specimens from Ni-tou, July. Hab. Western China. Larentia lakearia. Eubolia lakearia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 40, pl. iv. fig. 58, ¢, pl. iii. fig. 54,9 (1893). One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong taken in June or July. Oberthiir’s types were from Ta-Tsien-Loa. Hab. Western China. Larentia pendearia. Anticlea pendearia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 39, pl. vy. fig. 69 (1893). Cidaria moupinata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 314, pl. vii. fig. Oberthiir’s type was from Ta-chien-lu. I have specimens from the same locality and also from Omei-shan, Ni-tou, and Che-tou. Both sexes are represented. The species occurs in June and July. Poujade records a female example from Moupin. Hab. Western China. Larentia grataria. Anticlea grataria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 52 (May 1891). Several specimens in Pryer’s collection. I took the species at Nikko in September, and at Oiwake in October. . Hab. Japan. Larentia albigirata. Cidaria albigirata, Kollar, Hiig. Kasch. iv. p. 489 (1848). Cidaria jameza, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 462 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 58, pl. lv. fig. 9 (1879). mah albigirata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 367 (1805). Butler’s type of jameza was from Hakodate. There were no specimens in Pryer’s collection, and I have not received any from Japan. Distribution. N.W. Himalayas (Hampson) ; Japan (Butler). ; SS ae Th SC —_—— ttl from China, Japan, and Corea. 657 Larentia suffumata, Geometra suffumata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 306. Eustroma suffumata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 335. Cidaria suffumata, Treit. Schmett. vi. 2, p. 192; Guen. Phal. ii. p. 468. Hydriomena suffumata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1892, p. 73. Cidaria minna, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 424. Several specimens from Yokohama and Yesso in Pryer’s collection. Also recorded from Tokio. Cidaria minna, Butl., is most certainly a small form of C. suffumata. One of my Japanese specimens measures only 24 millim. in expanse. The species is common in several localities in Western China. : Distribution. Kurope; Altai; Japan; Yesso; Western hina. Larentia nitidaria, sp. n. Male.—Primaries silvery grey, with a dark chocolate- brown basal patch limited by a curved white line, and a dark chocolate-brown central fascia edged with white, which is broad on the costa but narrow from middle to inner margin ; this fascia is apparently broken into three parts, comprising a large triangular costal portion enclosing discal spot, a small median spot, and an upright blotch on inner margin; on the apical area there is a large chocolate-brown patch, which is intersected by a wavy oblique white line extending from apex to the central fascia, which it penetrates for a short distance; submarginal line white, most distinctly seen on the apical patch referred to; there is a reddish-brown shade on the middle of outer marginal area, and the space between the basal area and the central fascia is clouded with blackish. Secondaries grey, suffused with brownish on basal area, and traversed by three pale central lines and a sub- marginal line, the latter wavy. Fringes of primaries dark grey and of secondaries pale grey. Under surface: primaries fuliginous, with indications of a dark central line agreeing with the outer edge of the fascia of the upperside and a white macular submarginal line; secondaries greyish, with darker central line and discal spot. Antenne slightly ciliated. Female.—Similar to the male, but the secondaries appear more like the primaries in colour, that is silvery grey. On the under surface the dark transverse lines are edged with whitish, and there are indications of other whitish wavy lines on the secondaries. Expanse 40 millim. One example of each sex from Pu-tsu-fong, June. Hab. Western China. 658 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Larentia fractifasciaria, sp. n. Primaries pearly grey, blackish at the base; there is a large black blotch on the costa, this is contracted in the middle and edged with whitish, whilst from its lower end there is a slight projection towards a small upright wedge- shaped spot on the inner margin, the two marks appear to represent the ends of a central band; submarginal line wavy, whitish, with a blackish cloud-like internal edging. Second- aries whiter than the primaries, with a faint dusky central line. Fringes greyish, dotted at the extremities of the nervules with black, and there are two similar black dots on primaries between the apex and the submarginal line. Under surface smoky grey, darker on basal, outer, and costal areas of primaries ; the costal blotch faintly reproduced ; second- aries rather paler, traversed by faint, dusky, central, and submarginal bands. Expanse 32 millim. One male specimen from the plateau to the north-west of Ta-chien-lu. Hab. Western China. Larentia latifusata. Melanippe latifusata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxv, p. 1298. Cidaria nemata, Feld. Reis, Nov. pl. exxxii. fig. 82 (1875). Larentia latifusata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 370 (1895). Occurs at Moupin, Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou, Chow-pin-sa, Omei-shan, Chia-ting-fu, Wa-shan, and the Province of How-Kow: June and July. I have also received the species from Sultanpore, North- west Himalayas. Distribution. Murree; Dalhousie (Hampson); Kulu ; Western China. Larentia torpidaria, sp. n. Male.—Primaries whitish; basal two thirds greyish, limited outwardly by a darker grey irregular fascia, broadest towards costa and enclosing the black discal spot; submarginal line of the ground-colour, wavy, preceded by brownish clouds towards costa and inner margin, the area beyond this line is suffused with greyish. Secondaries whitish grey, rather darker on outer margin. Fringes whitish grey, preceded by an interrupted blackish line. Under surface of primaries fuliginous grey, with a small pale patch beyond middle of costa ; of secondaries whitish powdered with fuliginous grey, LE Ee from China, Japan, and Corea. 659 this powdering is thinner on the inner and marginal portions of the outer half of the wing, thus giving the appearance of central and marginal bands. Female.—Similar to the male, but the fascia of primaries is hardly darker than other portions of basal two thirds. One example of each sex from Moupin, June. Hab. Western China. Larentia rotundaria, sp. n. Outer margins of all the wings have a very rounded ap- pearance. Primaries have the basal three fourths dark grey, traversed by wavy darker lines, and divided towards the base of the wing by a dark-edged, narrow, pale grey band, the outer edge of which has an angular projection below the middle ; the outer limit of this dark area is undulated, con- spicuously lobed below the middle, and edged with white on the costa; the outer marginal area is silvery grey, clouded with dark grey exteriorly ; there is a short oblique blackish streak from the apex, and the submarginal line is represented by a series of white marks on costa and a series of white dots to inner margin. Secondaries smoky silvery grey. Fringes dark grey. Under surface smoky grey: primaries have an abbreviated white line, shaded with dusky, from costa, and a macular white submarginal line ; secondaries have a dusky wavy central line and an interrupted white submarginal line. Expanse 40 millim. One male specimen from Moupin, June. Hab. Western China. Larentia debilitata. Cidarva (?) debilitata, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 52 (May 1891). One female specimen, from Gifu, in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Japan. Larentia badiata. Geometra badiata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 291. Ametbe badiata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 333. Anticlea badiata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 407. Hydriomena badiata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73. A few specimens, from Gifu, in Pryer’s collection. Distribution. Europe ; Altai; Japan. The central fascia of primaries and the secondaries are whiter in Japanese specimens than in any example in my European series. 660 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Larentia amelia. Lozogramma amelia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 406 (1878) ; Ill, Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 46, pl. lii. fig. 6 (1879). There was a nice series from Yokohama in Pryer’s col- lection, and I received a female specimen from Ichang, taken in April. Distribution. Japan ; Central China. Allied to Z. malvata, Rbr., a European species which Meyrick places in Hydriomena (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, ps *2). Larentia consanguinea. Anticlea consanguinea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 449 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 56, pl. lv. fig. 1 (1879). There were specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Japan. Larentia umbrifera. Anticlea umbrifera, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 444 (1879). Specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s col- lection. I took the species at Gensan in July, and | received one example from Chang-yang taken in July. Distribution. Japan; Corea; Central China. Larentia Taczanowskiaria. Anticlea Taczanowskiaria, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. y. p. 54, pl. ix. fig. 8 (1880). Cidaria pervagata, Christ. Bull. Mosc. 1880, p- 78. Cidaria Taczanowskiaria, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 413. There was a nice series from Yesso in Pryer’s collection, and my native collector met with the species in Hakodate in June. Distribution. Amur; Askold; Yesso. Larentia erebearia, sp. n. Primaries slaty grey, traversed by numerous blackish lines, three of which are enclosed between two thicker black lines and represent a central fascia; there is also a thicker black line near the base and an interrupted black dash from apex ; the latter has a whitish dot on it and there is a similar dot above it on the costa. Secondaries smoky grey, with a brownish tinge within the waved dusky central line ; a short slaty-grey streak from abdominal margin. Under surface fuliginous : primaries powdered with slaty grey on costal and from China, Japan, and Corea. 661 apical areas, and traversed by three or four darker lines beyond the middle; secondaries powdered with grey and traversed beyond the blackish discal spot by several wavy grey lines, the most conspicuous of which is a double one beyond the middle. Body blackish, tip of abdomen in the male brown. Expanse 36 millim. Three male specimens and one female from Pu-tsu-fong, June. Hah. Western China. Larentia stellata. Glaucopteryx stellata, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 367. Larentia adjrouaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 36, pl. iv. fig. 59 (1893). Larentia stellata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 369 (1895). Two specimens from Ta-chien-lu, taken in June. Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson); Western China. Larentia naparia. Venusia naparia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 30, pl. iii. fig. 36 (1893). I have received specimens from Ta-chien-lu, Moupin, and Omei-shan, taken in May, June, and July ; also from Chang- yang, taken in May, June, and August. I took the species at Ningpo in April. Hab, Central, Western, and North-eastern China. The specimens from Omei-shan and Ningpo are suffused with fuscous, especially on the under surface. Larentia confusaria, sp. n. Greyish white. Basal half of primaries suffused with dark grey and traversed by two diffuse lines of the ground-colour ; beyond the middle there is a serrated whitish line clouded inwardly with dark grey; outer margin clouded with dark grey, traversed by a whitish wavy submarginal line. Secondaries whitish, with traces of dark transverse lines on abdominal area and nervules beyond. Fringes dark grey on primaries, paler on secondaries, preceded in all cases by a blackish line. Under surface smoky grey: primaries with a pale band beyond the middle. Expanse 42 millim. Two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, June. Hab. Western China. 662 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Larentia nigrifasciaria, sp. n. Whitish grey, venation blackish. Primaries have a small blackish basal patch, the outer edge of which is quite straight, and a broad blackish central fascia, both edges are undulated, but most prominently so exteriorly, in the centre of the costal portion there is a diffuse spot of the ground-colour abutting on the black discal spot, and there are traces of similar pale spots below; the outer marginal area is clouded and suffused with blackish, and is traversed by a pale wavy submarginal line, which is whitish near costa and inwardly edged with blackish throughout, from this edging black streaks are projected along the nervules. Secondaries have the basal area and outer marginal border darker ; the vena- tion also is dark on basal area. Fringes grey, preceded by an interrupted blackish line. Under surface pale grey: basal two thirds of primaries, also apical area, and broad central fascia of secondaries smoky grey ; submarginal line of primaries whitish towards costa, darker towards inner margin; beyond the fascia of secondaries the venation is marked with blackish. Expanse 40 millim. One male specimen from Pu-tsv-fong, June. Hab. Western China. Larentia nudaria, sp. n. Female.—Primaries grey, tinged with ochreous on outer marginal area; median nervure and branches, also the sub- median nervure, marked with black; basal patch and central fascia darker grey, median area of the costal half of the latter of the ground-colour, enclosing a black discal spot ; the edges of the fascia are outlined by sinuous black lines, the external one, edged outwardly with white, is preceded by a wavy dusky line; submarginal line white, wavy, expand- ing into a spot above inner margin; there is a dentated dusky line between the basal patch and inner edge of the fascia, and another between the outer edge of the fascia and the submarginal line. Secondaries whitish grey, suffused with darker on basal area, and traversed by three dark grey lines, the outer two marked with black on the neuration ; outer marginal area dark grey, traversed by a whitish sub- marginal line. Fringes grey, marked with darker on the primaries, and preceded by a black line. Under surface : primaries fuliginous, marked with whitish grey on costa ; beyond the middle there is a whitish-grey band edged with blackish ; submarginal line whitish, interrupted towards Jrom China, Japan, and Corea. 663 costa: secondaries whitish grey, traversed by three darker lines; all the wings have a black discal spot. Expanse 51 millim. One female specimen from Ta-chien-lu, June. Hab. Western China. Larentia albiplaga. Scotosia albiplaga, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 34, pl. vi. fig. 42 (1886). Scotosia nigralbata, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 327. Larentia nigralbata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 370 (1895). This species occurred in July and August at most of the localities in Western China visited by my collectors, and also at How-Kow, Thibet. Distribution. Thundiéni; Punjab; Sikhim (Hampson) ; Kashmir; Western China; Thibet. Larentia perplexarta, sp. n. Primaries pale ochreous grey; subbasal band oblique, blackish; central fascia not well defined and hardly darker than the ground-colour, except on inner margin where it is blackish, its inner edge is indicated by a wavy oblique line, and its outer edge by an angulated and wavy line, the latter is followed by a wavy whitish band; the outer marginal area is rather darker grey, and is traversed by a whitish line which is broken up into spots, each placed on a black dash towards the costa, where it is joined by an oblique white dash from apex ; before this line there is a blackish spot on the costa. Secondaries whitish, traversed beyond the middle by three dusky wavy lines. All the wings have a blackish discal spot. Fringes dark grey on the primaries and whitish marked with dark grey on the secondaries. Under surface : primaries smoky, beyond the middle there is a short diffuse white band from the costa; submarginal line white and rather wavy, united towards costa by an oblique white dash from apex: secondaries as above. Expanse 32 millim. One male specimen from T’a-chien-lu, May. Hab. Western China. Larentia variaria, sp. n. Primaries leaden grey; basal patch black, outer edge curved ; central fascia black, its inner edge bidentate, and its outer slightly lobed about middle ; beyond there is a small black spot on costa, this is outwardly edged with white, and 664 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera from it a black waved line, also edged with white, runs to inner margin; submarginal line white and very fine, only distinct towards costa, where it is preceded by an abbreviated black band, and towards inner margin, where it is preceded by a brownish cloud. Secondaries whitish grey, suffused with darker on basal area; discal dot fuscous ; central line dusky, slightly waved. Fringes: grey marked with darker on primaries ; pale grey marked with darker on secondaries. Under surface fuscous grey: primaries have two dusky transverse lines, edged with whitish, beyond the middle; secondaries have a black discal spot and blackish central line, there are also indications of a dusky line beyond. Expanse 24 millim. Three male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong and one from Che-tou, July. Hab. Western China. One of the specimens from Pu-tsu-fong is tinged with brownish on primaries. In the Che-tou example the basal patch and the central fascia on upper surface of primaries are not clearly defined; on the under surface the only markings on primaries are some white spots towards costa, representing the submarginal line, and some other white spots above the middle of the inner margin of secondaries. Larentia inconspicuaria, sp. n. Primaries grey, with darker basal patch, subbasal, central, and interrupted outer bands; all these darker markings are limited by fine wavy black lines; submarginal line repre- sented by whitish dots followed by black ones, most distinct towards costa. Secondaries greyish, with paler central band. Fringes pale grey, chequered with darker. Under surface grey, suffused with darker, glossy ; the primaries are marked with whitish on the costa and the secondaries have a pale central band. | Expanse 24-26 millim. T'wo male specimens from T'a-chien-lu, July. Hab, Western China. Larentia teniata. Emmelesia teniata, Steph, Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 299, pl. xxxii. fig. 3 (1829). Hydriomena teniata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73. Coremia fulvida, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1881, p. 422. There were a few examples from Oiwake in Pryer’s col- lection ; I obtained specimens at Nemoro in August, and from China, Japan, and Corea. 665 my native collector met with the species in the island of Kiushiu. Two specimens, which appear to be referable to this species, were received from Pu-tsu-fong and Che-tou; they were taken in July. In the Japanese specimens the central band of primaries is rather broader than in European examples, and the space between this band and the basal patch is deeply suffused with fuliginous. E Distribution. Europe; Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu ; Western hina, Larentia punctilinearia, sp. n. Primaries greyish brown; basal patch dark brown, becoming blackish on its outer edge, which is slightly dentate; median band dark brown, its inner edge bordered by a dentate whitish line, and dotted with black on the nervules, its outer edge diffuse ; beyond the middle there is a whitish line dotted with black on the nervules, and this appears to be the outer limit of the median band; submedian band brown, with ray-like projections in the direction of the fringes, these pro- jections are traversed by a whitish line, and the band is interrupted about the middle by a pale brown patch similar in tint to the space between the basal patch and median band. Secondaries fuscous brown. Fringes pale brown, marked with darker. Under surface brown, with few distinct mark- ings on primaries, but the secondaries have a blackish discal spot and an indented line beyond the middle. Expanse 32 millim. One female from Japan in Pryer’s collection. Allied to Z. teniata, Steph. Larentia promiscuaria, sp. 0. Primaries pale greyish brown ; basal patch darker, limited by a slightly indented blackish band ; central fascia broadly blackish, the edges not well defined ; between the fascia and basal patch there is a dusky shade; submarginal line whitish, wavy, bordered inwardly by an interrupted blackish band ; discal spot black, elongate ; fringes dark grey marked with paler, and preceded by an interrupted blackish line. Secondaries whitish; there is a dusky transverse shade beyond the middle, and the fringes, which are of the ground- colour, are preceded by an interrupted blackish line. Under surface whitish: primaries suffused with fuscous, markings of upper surface faintly indicated ; secondaries powdered Ann. & Mag. N, Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 46 666 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera with fuscous, there are two dusky transverse lines and the discal dot is blackish. Expanse 25-32 millim. Four specimens from Chang-yang taken in June, and two from Chow-pin-sa taken in July. Both sexes are represented, Hab. Central and Western China. Larentia schistacea. Anticlea schistacea, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 278 (1887). Larentia schistacea, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ii. p. 376 (1895). One male specimen from Omei-shan and one from Pu- tsu-fong: June. Distribution. Dalhousie; Sikhim (Lampson) ; Western China. Larentia sordidata. Geometra sordidata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 185. Geometra elutata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 224. Ypsipetes elutata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 378. Hydriomena elutata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 322; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 72. Several specimens from Fujisan, Nikko, and Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I have received the species from Omei- shan, Ni-tou, and Pu-tsu-fong, taken in July. Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; Japan; Western China. Larentia neurbouaria. Larentia neurbouaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 36, pl. v. fig. 77 (1893). I received two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, where they were taken in June. Oberthiir’s type was from Ta- Tsien-Loft. Hab. Western China. Larentia tripunctaria, sp. n. Primaries blackish brown, basal area darker and limited by an indistinct white line; a white blotch on costal area and another below it on inner marginal area represent a central fascia; on the outer marginal area there is a third white blotch ; the outer third of the wing is limited inwardly by a sinuous white line followed by a diffuse russet band. Second- aries whitish, basal two thirds suffused with dusky and limited by a blackish wavy line. Fringes agree with the wings in colour. Under surface greyish, blotched with paler on the ot geet, from China, Japan, and Corea. 667 middle of the costal and outer marginal areas of primaries; the secondaries have two transverse dotted lines, and the primaries one such line. Expanse 40 millim. Two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, June. Hab. Western China. In the second example the white blotches representing the central fascia are much smaller, especially the lower one, than in the specimen described. Larentia (?) intersectaria, sp. n. White. Primaries have a black patch at the base con- taining a yellow spot on the inner margin, the outer edge of this patch is obtusely angled and connected with a small oblong spot at the angle; central fascia black, widely inter- rupted below the middle ; submarginal band represented by a large black spot on the costa and a double series of lunules below to the inner margin; outer margin broadly bordered with black, intersected by an oblique macular white line from apex and interrupted below the middle; there are some yellow marks at inner angle. Secondaries tinged with yellow at the base and anal angle, and marked with black or blackish on the abdominal and outer margins. Under surface as above, but the black markings on basal two thirds of primaries are rather obscured. Expanse 29 millim. One male specimen from Omei-shan, July. Hab. Western China. Larentia costipunctaria, sp. n. Male with a tuft of hair on the underside of the secondaries placed just beyond the middle of vein 1. Primaries pale grey, sometimes tinged with ochreous; there are five pairs of indistinct wavy grey transverse lines, the first, third, and fourth commencing in blackish spots on costa and the fifth from the inner edge of a large blackish apical cloud ; submarginal line whitish, but only distinctly traceable towards costa and inner margin. Secondaries white, tinged with ochreous on abdominal area and bordered with dark grey on outer margin; submarginal line wavy, pale; central line dusky, wavy, but indistinct. Fringes dark grey, preceded by an interrupted black line. Under surface white; primaries slightly suffused with dusky on basal half; beyond the black discal spot there are indications of a transverse band, but only distinct on the costa ; apical 46* 668 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera cloud as above; secondaries have a black discal spot and a faint dusky wavy central line, marked with black on the nervules ; abdominal area as above ; fringes whitish grey. Expanse 38-41 millim. Several specimens, including both sexes, from Ta-chien-lu, Moupin, Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou, and How-Kow: June and July. Hab. Western China and Thibet. Larentia moniliferaria. Trichopleura moniliferaria, Oberth. Etud. @’Entom. xviii. p. 41, pl. v. fig. 76 (1893). Occurred in most localities in Western China, June and July. Oberthiir’s type was taken at Ta-Tsien-Loft (Ta- chien-lu). Hab, Western China. Larentia truncata. Phalena truncata, Hufn. Berl. Mag. iv. p. 602 (1769). Geometra russata, Hiibn. Geom, fig. 505. Hydriomena truncata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1892, p. 72. Cidaria calamistrata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p, 662, pl. xxxiii. fig. 6. Cidaria cinereata, Moore, /. ¢. Oren eunapeee: Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, v. p. 55, pl. ix. fig. 7 Laren truncata (part.), Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 378 wo). There were a few specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. I obtained the species at Nemoro and Shikotan in August, at Nikko in September, and at Oiwake in October. Specimens were received from Moupin and Che- tou, taken in June, and also from the island of Kiushiu. All the Japanese specimens of L. truncata in my collection are modifications of the type form varying in two directions— one graduating towards cinereata (corussaria), and the other leads up to a variety in which the basal third of the primaries is blackish brown intersected by a dingy rust-coloured band ; the central fascia is almost white, the apical patch is unusually large and agrees with the base in colour. ‘The form last referred to is from Oiwake, Yokohama, Kiushiu, and Moupin. The cinereata form is represented by specimens from tyes moro, Shikotan, Kiushiu, and Che-toun. Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; East Siberia ; Askold; Japan; Kiushiu; Western China, «

a from China, Japan, and Corea. 671 Genus OPORABIA. (Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 273 (1829).) Oporabia (?) chiachiaria. Psyra chiachiaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 27, pl. v. fig. 64 (1893). I have not seen an example of this species, of which Oberthiir records twospecimens from T'4-Tsien-Loa (Ta-chien- lu) ; but, judging from the figure, I should say that it is not a Psyra, or even referable to the Boarmiine. Hab. Western China. Oporabia (?) productaria, sp. n. Primaries pale grey, with a darker basal patch, central fascia, and an ill-defined shade between; the neuration is still darker and is dotted with whitish, most distinctly beyond the central fascia; submarginal line whitish, wavy. Second- aries: outer angle much produced; whitish grey, suffused with darker on abdominal area; there is a dusky band on outer marginal area traversed by a wavy line of the ground- colour. Fringes agree in colour with the wings and are preceded by an interrupted blackish line. Under surface of primaries fuliginous grey and of secondaries whitish grey finely dusted with darker; all the wings have a blackish discal dot and the secondaries have an obscure, undulated, dusky central line. Antenne bipectinated. Expanse 48 millim. One male specimen from Ta-chien-lu, May or June. Hab. Western China. Oporabia nexifasciata. Oporabia nexifasciata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 420. Eight specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. Very closely allied to O. dilutata, Bork., but the antenne are more strongly fasciculated and the first transverse band of primaries is straight. Meyrick places dilutata in Asthena (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 74). Hab. Japan. Oporabia japonaria. Oporabia japonaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 48 (May 1891). A long and variable series from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Japan. 672 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Genus PHOTOSCOTOSIA. Trichopleura, Staud. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1882, p. 68 (preeocc.). Photoscotosia, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 328. Lasiogma, Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 70. Photoscotosia JSasciaria, sp. n. Primaries pale grey-brown, traversed by several diffuse dark grey wavy lines; basal patch dark grey ; central fascia chocolate-brown, the inner edge slightly indented about the middle and the outer edge angled above the middle and bilobed below it; there are some blackish clouds on the outer margin; the costal portions of the transverse lines are darker, and some blackish dashes precede the marginal line. Second- aries orange, marked with fuscous grey on abdominal area and on outer margin from anal angle to third median nervule. Fringes fuscous, except towards outer angle of secondaries, where they are orange, preceded on all the wings by an interrupted black line. Under surface: primaries pale ochreous, suffused with blackish on basal portion, which is limited by an elbowed blackish band; the apical area is clouded with blackish: secondaries yellowish ochreous, powdered with fuscous ; abdominal area greyish; discal spot linear, blackish ; central band dusky, almost straight from costa to middle, thence turns sharply to abdominal margin. Expanse 52-54 millim. Two male specimens and one female from How-Kow: July. Hab. 'Thibet. Photoscotosia amplicata. Cidaria amplicata, Walk. Cat. lop Het. xxv. ?. 1404 (1862). - Trichopleura amplicata, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 76, pl. iii. figs. 10a, 6, ¢ (1892), Trichopleura Dejeant, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 40, pl. iv. fig. 51 (1893). Photoscotosia amplicata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 382 (1895). Occurs at Omei-shan, Ni-tou, Pu-tsu-fong, and How-Kow : June and July. In Chinese specimens the white patch on primaries varies to much the same extent that it does in my series from the N.W. Himalayas, but the secondaries are usually much less suffused with fuscous. One form, however, from Omei-shan seems to merit a varietal name, Var. rivularia, nov. General coloration brighter and more variegated ; outer transverse line of primaries very conspicuous. from China, Japan, and Corea. 673 Two male specimens and one female from Omei-shan: July. Distribution. North-west Himalayas; Sikhim (Hampson) ; Western China; Thibet. Photoscotosia penguionaria. Trichopleura penguionaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 42, pl. v. fig. 70 (1893), Three specimens from How-Kow, Thibet: July. Oberthiir’s type was from Ta-Tsien-Loa. Hab. Western China and Thibet. Photoscotosia bicolor. Cidaria bicolor, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 278 (1887). Larentia tonchignearia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 38, pl. v. fies. 67 ¢, 66 Q (1893). Photoscotosia bicolor, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 382 (1895). Obtained in June and July in most of the localities in Western China visited by my collectors, and also at How-Kow in Thibet. Oberthiir’s type was from Ta-Tsien-Loa. Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson); Kulu, North-west Himalayas ; Western China; Thibet. Photoscotosia albomacularia, sp. n. Primaries fuliginous grey, with several indistinct darker transverse lines ; central fascia blackish, with a large diffuse white blotch on its costal portion; submarginal line whitish, indistinct, and interrupted. Secondaries blackish, discal area white. Fringes blackish, slightly marked with white on secondaries. Under surface blackish ; discal area of primaries white, apices whitish ; discal and abdominal areas of secondaries white, the latter tinged with greyish; discal spot black, linear. Expanse 46 millim. One male example from Omei-shan, July. Hab, Western China. Closely allied to P. bicolor, Moore, but the band on second- aries is much broader and the fringes are black. Photoscotosia undulosa. Trichopleura undulosa, Alph. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1888, P. 69; Rom, sur Lép. vi. p. 78, pl. iii. fig. 9, 9 (1892); Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 40, pl. iv. fig. 56, g (1893). Photoscotosia undulosa, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 382 (1895). One specimen from Omei-shan, July. 674 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera Alphéraky’s type (a female) was from the province of Szechuen, and that of Oberthiir (a male) from Ta-Tsien-Lot. Distribution. Thibet ; Sikhim (Zampson).; Western China. Photoscotosia pallifasciaria, sp. n. Primaries brown; basal fourth limited by a pale-edged dark band; about the middle of the wing there is a broad whity-brown band, edged inwardly by a narrow undulated dark brown band, and outwardly by a dark brown wavy line, which is slightly indented below costa and shaded inwardly with the ground-colour ; submarginal live pale, arched, termin- ating in an upright blotch on inner margin ; discal spot black, linear. Secondaries smoky grey, paler on costa; discal spot black, inconspicuous ; central line dusky, wavy, and curved ; submarginal line arched, ochreous brown, extending from anal angle to third median nervule. Fringes dark grey on primaries, paler, inclining to yellowish, on secondaries, preceded on each wing by a dark brown line. Under surface pale whity brown: primaries suffused with smoky on basal third and on outer marginal area, especially on apical portion, but the apex itself is of the ground-colour; beyond the middle there is a blackish abbreviated band from costa ; submarginal line as above: secondaries powdered with greyish ; discal spot black, linear; central line dusky, curved. Expanse 58 millim. Two female specimens from Che-tou, July. Hab, Western China. Allied to P. undulosa, Alph. Photoscotosia velutina. Photoscotosia velutina, Warren, Novit. Zool. ii. p. 117 (1895). Warren’s type was from “China.” I have specimens of both sexes from Omei-shan, a-chien-lu, Ni-tou, and Che-tou, where they were taken in July and August. Hab. Western China. Photoscotosia funebris. Photoscotosia funebris, Warren, Novit. Zool. ii. p. 117 (1895). Specimens, taken in June and July, were received from Pu-tsu-fong, Omei-shan, Ni-tou, and Che-tou. Warren’s type was from “ China,” Hab. Western China. from China, Japan, and Corea. 675 Photoscotosia rectilinearia, sp. n. Primaries brown, with a pinkish tinge on central area ; basal area darker brown, traversed by a greenish-grey band and limited by an almost straight, inwardly diffuse, velvety- black line; beyond the middle there is a greenish-grey wavy band; this is diffuse outwardly and edged inwardly by an interrupted dentated black line; submarginal line indicated by a greenish-grey spot near costa and another towards inner margin; discal spot black, elongate. Secondaries smoky brown, with faint traces of a wavy central line. Fringes brown, except towards apex of secondaries, where they are yellowish. Under surface similar to that of P. pallifasciaria. Expanse 56 millim. One female specimen from Omei-shan, July. Hab. Western China. Photoscotosta atrostrigata. Scotosia atrostrigata, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 87, pl. vii. fig. 16 (1864). Lasiogma atrostrigata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71. Scotosia lucicolens, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 54, pl. xxxvil. fig. 10 (1878). There were several specimens in Pryer’s collection. _ I took the species at Nikko in September and at Oiwake in October. My native collector obtained it on the island of Kiushiu, and I have one specimen from Chang-yang. Distribution. Eastern Siberia; Japan; Kiushiu; Central China. Photoscotosia apicinotaria, sp. n. Male.—Frimaries brown ; the space between the thin sub- basal black line and the angulated black inner edge of the central fascia, which is paler than the ground-colour, is traversed by wavy blackish lines; the outer edge of the fascia is also black, bidentate, and wavy, but not always well defined; it is preceded by a double brownish line; there is a pale brown spot clouded with darker on costa before apex, and below the spot there is a white dot; discal spot black, linear, connected with the subbasal line. Secondaries fuligi- nous, whitish on costa; there are indications of a wavy pale brown submarginal line from anal angle to third median nervule, and there isa blackish spot on abdominal margin. Fringes concolorous with the wings, except on upper portion of secondaries, where they are pale brown. Under surface: primaries whitish brown, basal area blackish, apical area fuliginous, the latter enclosing a pale brown triangular spot 676 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera on costa towards apex; below this spot there is a dot of the same colour: secondaries whitish brown, powdered with fuliginous, and becoming heavily clouded with fuliginous beyond the wavy central line; discal spot linear. Female.—Similar to the male, but the exterior outline of the central fascia on primaries is more clearly defined and is bordered with paler towards costa and inner margin; beyond it there are some wavy transverse lines and a white spot towards inner angle; on the secondaries there is a large diffuse orange band extending from costa to third median nervule ; the fringes of these wings are tinged with orange towards outer angle. The under surface of primaries is fuliginous, with a broad fulvous central fascia, and of second- aries also fuliginous, tinged on the central area with fulvous. Expanse, ¢ 54-56, 9 58 millim. Thirteen male specimens and two females from Moupin, Omei-shan, Che-tou, and Ni-tou: June and July. Hab. Western China. Photoscotosia propugnataria, sp. n. Primaries pale olivaceous brown, basal patch and central fascia vinous brown, inner half of central portion paler; the fascia is outlined in black, its interior edge is thrice indented, and there is a black spot in each indentation, the upper one continued to costa; the external edge is wavy and has an obtuse projection about the middle ; submarginal line pale, macular below the costa, each spot outwardly edged with black. Secondaries fuscous, whitish grey on costal area, more narrowly towards base ; there is an orange cloud at end of the discoidal cell and the fringes on upper half are tinged with the same colour. Under surface very similar to that of P. fasciaria, but less ochreous, especially on primaries. Expanse 54 millim, One male specimen from Wa-shan: June. Hab, Western China. Photoscotosia mintosata. Scotosta miniosata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1354 (1862). Photoscotosia miniosata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 380 (1895). I received this species from Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou, and from the plateau to the north of Ta-chien-lu. The specimens do not appear to differ from examples in my collection from the North-west Himalayas. Distribution. Himalayas ; Sylhet; Western China. ee from China, Japan, and Corea. 677 Genus CALLABRAXAS. (Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 226 (1880).) Callabraxas fabiolaria. Euchera fabiolaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 35, pl. iii. fig. 3 (1884). This species was obtained at Chang-yang and Ichang, also in most of the localities in Western China. fiaj, Cenirai and Vester Uuina. C. trigoniplaga, Hampson (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1895, p- 312), is very close to, if not identical with, this species. Genus GANDARITIS. (Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 660.) Gandaritis flavata. Gandaritis flavata, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 660; Waterh. Aid, pl. clxxxiy. fig.7; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 885 (1895). Var. sinicaria, nov. — Basal two thirds of secondaries white, with a diffuse black central band; outer third blackish, intersected by a wavy yellow band and bordered on outer margin with rather darker yellow. I have received this form of the species from Moupin, Omei-shan, Wa-shan, Chia-ting-fu, and Chang-yang: June and July. Distribution. Khasis (Hampson); North, Central, and Western China. _ Gandaritis agnes. Euchera agnes, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 441 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 47, pl. lii. fig. 10 (1879). Hydriomena agnes, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 72. There were four male specimens and one female from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. My native collector captured a female example at Hakodate in June or July. Meyrick considers fest(naria, Christ., from Amurland, to be synonymous with this species. Hab. Japan. Gandaritis maculata. Gandaritis maculata, Swinh. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 483 (1894). Several specimens from Ohoyama, Nikko, and Yesso in Pryer’s collection. Hab. Japan and Yesso, o 678 On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China &e. Gandaritis Fixseni. Cidaria Fivseni, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 100, pl. viii. fig. 12 (1864). Gandaritis Fizseni, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ili. p. 885 (1895). Hydriomena Fiaseni, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 72. A nice series from Ohoyama, Nikko, and Yesso in Pryer’s collection. obtained the species at Hakodate in August. Distribution. Eastern Siberia; Amur; Japan; Yesso. Japanese specimens are larger than the Amurland examples in my collection. Gandaritis flavomacularia, sp. 0. Allied to G. Fixsent. Male.—Fuliginous. Primaries traversed by several fine wavy and angulated lines; these are whitish or yellowish in colour and only distinct on costal and inner margins; there are indications of two whitish bands on the median area, the first represented by an angular dash on costal area, a sagitta mark on the middle, and a small spot on inner margin, the second by a slightly waved dash on costal area and a small double spot on first submedian nervule ; submarginal band formed of whitish spots and the marginal band of yellow ones; all these whitish lines and bands are tinged with yellow on the costa. Secondaries have the abdominal area suffused with smoky grey and the outer angle yellow; sub- marginal and marginal bands composed of yellow spots, the former preceded on costal area by a yellow crescent-shaped mark, representing acentral band. A blackish discal spot on all the wings. Fringes fuliginous, those of secondaries yellow at outer margin and opposite each marginal spot. Under surface yellowish: primaries clouded with brownish on basal and outer marginal areas ; central double line brownish, elbowed above the middle, and connected with an interrupted submarginal band of the same colour by an oblique darker cloud ; a blackish oblique dash extends from apex almost to submarginal band; secondaries whitish grey on abdominal area and clouded and suffused with yellowish on outer marginal area; central line and submarginal band as on primaries, but the former is curved and has an angular projection on its inner edge before abdominal margin. Female.—Similar to the male, but larger ; the white bands on upper surface of the primaries are less interrupted, as also is the central yellow one of secondaries ; the under surface is less yellow and heavily clouded with dusky. Expanse, ¢ 60, ? 66 millim. One example of each sex from Wa-shan: August. Hab, Western China. es o<™ Bibliographical Notice. 679 Genus PoMASIA. (Guen.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 887 (1895).) Pomasia albolinearia, sp. n. Pale brown. Primaries have a black discal dot and two white transverse lines with black specks on them, the outer one curved and recurved; submarginal line wavy, whitish, but not clearly defined. Secondaries have a black discal dot and a white transverse indented line beyond, the latter inwardly edged with black, most distinctly towards inner margin. Fringes of the ground-colour preceded by a series of black dots. Under surface pale brown, suffused with fuscous on the disk: primaries have a pale discal mark and transverse line beyond : secondaries have a black discal dot and a pale band beyond, the latter inwardly edged with blackish. Expanse 20 millim. One male specimen from Chang-yang and an example of each sex from Moupin: July. In the female specimen from Moupin the white lines are wider and in the male from same locality are almost band- like; but these examples are not in such good condition as the one from Chang-yang, which I have taken as the type. Hab. Central and Western China. [To be continued. } Erratum. P. 568, line 12, for “entirely black” read “ entirely white.” BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. Das Tierreich, 1. Lieferung.—Aves: Podargide, Caprimulgide, and Macropterygide. Bearbeitet von Ernst Harrerr. Berlin: Friedlinder u. Sohn, 1897. In the first portion of the Birds in ‘ Das Tierreich,’ which we have lately received, Mr. Ernst Hartert gives an excellent manual of the Goatsuckers and Swifts (Podargide, Caprimulgide, and Macro- pterygide). As may be supposed, it is based on the portion of vol. xvi. of the ‘ Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum’ con- taining those families, which was written by him in 1892, thoroughly revised and brought well up to date; but some little alteration is made in the arrangement and in the sequence of the genera, added to which Mr. Hartert has, in the present instance, declared himself wholly for trinomialism, which we rather regret, as we are old-fashioned enough to believe that this is a course that does not tend to the simplification of the study of ornithology, but rather the reverse. The number of species added to those included in the Brit. Mus. Catalogue is fifteen, as follows :—Vodargus inter- medius, Hart.; Batrachostomus microrhynchus, Grant; B. mixtus, 680 Miscellaneous. Sharpe; gotheles rufescens, Salvad.; . plumifer, Ramsay ; Micropsalis kalinowskii, Berlep. ; Caprimulgus Rosenbergi, Hartert ; C. nigriscapularis, Rehw.; C. celebensis, Grant; C. aldabrensis, Ridgw.: C. Donaldsoni, Sharpe; Collocalia Whiteheadi, Grant; Cypseloides Cherriei, Ridgw.; Apus Willsi (Hart.); A. Shelley (Salvad.); but of these Agotheles plumifer and Apus Shelleyi were referred to in footnotes in that Catalogue. Besides which the following thirteen subspecies are also added :—Nyctibius jamai- consis ariseus (Gm.); Nyctidromus albicollis derbyanus, Gould ; Chordeiles virginicus aserriensis, Cherrie; Phalenoptilus Nuttalli nitidus, Brewst.; Caprimulqus macrurus ambiguus, Hart. ; Capri- mulgus macrurus nipalensis, Hart. ; Caprimulgus europaeus meridi- onalis, Hart.; Macropteryx mystacea Woodfordiana, Hart.; M.comata major, Hart. ; Collocalia fuciphaga unicolor, Jerd. ; Chetura zonaris paliidifrons, Hart.; Apus affinis galilejensis (Antin.) ; and Apus afinis Kenigi (Rchw.). One new genus is given, viz. Nannochor- deiles, Hartert [type VV. pusillus (Gould)], and the following altera- tions and emendations are made :—d%gotheles Loriw (Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 650) is omitted; Hurostopus is corrected (p. 23) to Eurostopodus ; Macropsalis forcipata (p. 27) to M. ereagra (Bp.) ; the genus Cosmetornis is suppressed and included (p. 30) in Macro- dipteryx, and M. macrodipterus is corrected to M. longipennis (Shaw) ; Heliothreptus is altered (p. 31) to Lliothreptus ; Capri- mulgus lentiginosus stands (p. 55) now as C. trimaculatus (Sw.), Caprimulgus jotaka as Caprimulgus indicus jotaka, and Caprimulgus Kelaarti as Caprimulgus indicus typicus ; Collocalia merguiensis as C. francica germani (Oust.); Tachornis batassiensis is altered to 7’. batasiensis ; and the generic name for the true Swifts is altered from Micropus to Apus, but should, we think, stand as Cypselus. Sixteen woodcuts of heads, feet, and tails are given, all of which will be found useful, and the entire work is well got up and con- scientiously executed; and we congratulate Mr. Hartert on having completed so concise and useful a manual of these families. MISCELLANEOUS. On the Malpighian Tubes of Orthoptera, By M. L. Borpas*. Tux Malpighian vessels in Orthoptera present a close analogy with those of Hymenoptera so far as their number and length is con- cerned, but they differ essentially in their arrangement and mode of opening. They are, as a rule, capillary tubes, more or less elon- gated, cylindrical, tortuous, and arranged in several bundles which open in the majority of species on the summit of six little conical] tubercles, arising in evaginations of the anterior extremity of the terminal portion of the intestine. In Forficulide, Phasmide, and Gryllide the relations of these glands to the intestine are entirely different. From the histological point of view these glands consist of an external very delicate peritoneal coat and an internal epithelium * Abstract from a work, ‘ Appareil digestif des Orthoptéres.’ Miscellaneous. 681 lying upon a very thin basement membrane. The epithelium is formed of a number of excretory cells, varying with the species, and encloses a very fine central lumen. Among the various excretory products of these glands I have found abundance of sodic and ecalcic urate in Gryilus; uric acid in Gryllotalpa in the form of irregular spherical or ovoid concretions and prismatic crystals; sodic urate and uric acid in Blatta and Periplaneta. The research has been made on about eighty species, belonging to seven principal families of the Orthoptera, and I will now proceed to describe the results, insisting specially on the mode of opening of the Malpighian tubes. Further, thanks to the numerous specimens placed at our disposal, I have been enabled to observe the diverse modes of opening which the urinary organs affect in Orthoptera, and to follow out all the phases between the two ex- treme types—that is to say, those in which the tubes of Malpighi open into the end of the intestine at the summit of a number of tubercles grouped in circles, and those in which they form only one large bundle, opening at the end into a long urethral tube dilated at the extremity. We will pass in review the several families in the order of diminution of complication. The tubes of Malpighi in the Forficulide are small in number (8 to 10) and grouped in two bundles placed at the ends of a diameter at the origin of the terminal intestine. In the Phasmide the urinary organs are very numerous and united in several bundles (20 to 24 in Phibalosoma), opening into an equal number of hemispherical or conical tubercles, very short and disposed in a circle around the intestine, of which they are nothing more than simple evaginations. In oe se Dia (take he > “ie * > o - = a a ras - ' ri Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hest.S.6 Vol. XIX. PU. XIV. Mint ern Bros. lith. LT. XV. Mag. Nat. Hist., S. 6. Vol. XTX. HITCHIN. & Ann. PLEISTOCENE OSTRACODA FROM hi wees ; ge) et ec kn at do Anin.&. Vag. Nat. Iist..S.6 Vol XIX. PUXVI. med J. Green del. et Ann.& Mag. Nat. Hist. 5.6 Vol. XIX. PU. XVI. a KE Mintern del et ith. Mint ern Bros.imp. i eo eae td Parnes ; ae a ‘ e) ~ BINDING SECT. JUL 2 - 1968 QH The Annals and magazine of 1 natural history Biological & Medica! 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