pie Cabarete ier + a Squid i: ort “e~ Dae amass ta he hae Tne Dee Re ote s i ae oh 2 ai thy pee - Pel: 4, ue MAS © THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GHOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’ ) CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., SIR ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, G.B.E., M.A., Sc.D., F.B.S., AND RICHARD T. FRANCIS, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. bY ( f\ nh 4% \8 “ Rae avi PARA ees eee VOL, VUIL—NINTH SERIES PAP LSS PLLA LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY BAILLIBRE, PARIS: AND HODGES, FIGGIS, AND C0O., DUBLIN, 1921. “Omnes res create sunt divine sapientiz et potenti testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renoyatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estimata ; 4 veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Linnaus. ° * Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir quelle est le chef-d’euvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.”—Brucnngr, Théorie du Systeme Animal, Leyden, 1767. © jeitednsi Re) eulie) e oe hersylyani powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818. Of / ALBRE & FLAMMAM, RL ez CONTENTS OF VOL. VIII. [NINTH SERIES. ] NUMBER 43. Page I. Notes on some Noctuide in the Joicey Collection, with Descrip- tions of new Species. By Miss A. E. Prout, F.E.S. (Plates PON ris pai) evan Ses aah e188 Maigtitte sinles 7 ena wees IT. Odonata collected in New Caledonia by the late Mr. Paul D. Montague. By Herpert Campion. (Plates VIII. & IX.) ...... 53 III. The Old-World Species of Eriocera in the British Museum Collection (Diptera, Tipulide). By F. W. Epwanps. (Plate X. LL L= le) ho Spee ae ine eae ane er Pee clener aretha =r core 67 IV. New and little-known Ttpulide, chiefly from Formosa.— Parnie, By F. W.Epwarps. (Plate X. figs. 13-19.).......... 99 V. Two Examples of Abnormal Antenne in the Crustacea Am- phipoda. By C#as. Curtton, M.A., D.Sc., M.B., C.M., LL.D., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., Professor of. Biology, Canterbury College, } New RRURUM Tact vet ot ntclate ea hope af) oi visas esis sh srait Bai creee Solas She amerepeet sachs oe LLG VI. The Prey of the Yellow Dung-Fly, Scatophaga stercoraria, L. fo 7d yA OA Wy of 8 0 ptoreetaerd 7 118 VII. The “ Cirripede” Plumulites in the Middle Ordovician Rocks of Esthonia. By THomas H. WirHERS, F.G.S. ..... mieretete) a) wisi 393 vi CONTENTS. Page XXXVIII. Note on a Freshwater Sponge from New Zealand. yin, ICTREPATRICK 0405005 - 220s one 2 le ies = eee ee 400 XXXIX. On the Anatomy and Affinities of as aa nosophora. By GC. "ROBSON, BoAls 2). 5.0 sieietnse aie Biel eke tee reat teens 401 XL. Exotic Muscaride (Diptera).—IV. By J. R, Marxocn, Urbana; TL, USA... .. voce ek deg lek a eee ee 414 XLI. Notes on Australasian Rats, with a Selection of Lectotypes of Australasian Muride. By OLpFIELD THOMAS .............. 425 XLII. On Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus dredged by the ‘Challenger’ in 1874 at Kerguelen Island. By W. G. RrpEwoop. (Plate XT). 3 eee ae eee et en Peto een uantiele Seteee 433 XLII. The Jerboa of Muscat. By OLpFreLD THOMAS........ 440 XLIV. A new Short-tailed Opossum from Brazil. By OLpFIELD THOMAS >; .catevers coke CT een? Gaeta) elo isl ate ht kee 44] XLV. A new Cotton-tail (Sylvilagus) from Colombia. By Oxp- FIELD AO MAS gutters Gr oytl cieie ore ete ke miei ts cham eieitale tpt tins tae 442 XLVI. On a new Willow-Titmouse from Northern Italy. By Percy Bows, MEBO2U), F195. i. ec suis als 3 ool ees eee 443 XLVILI. On new Forms of South-American Birds. By C. Cana iB 830) OE oh Rees San Ra oye iar horde DA S6 dingo dal 24 444 New Book :—The Life of Alfred Newton. By A. F. R. Wotuaston. 447 NUMBER 47, XLVIII. Revision of the African Species of Hedybius, Er., and its Allies, with an Account of their accessory ¢-characters { Coleo- ptera]. By G. C. Campion, F.Z.S. (Plates XIII. & XIV.) .... 449 XLIX. On the Discovery of the missing Type Specimen of the Ascidian Oculinaria australis, Gray. By R. KIirRKPATRICK ...... 494 L. On the Anatomy of some new Species of Drawida. By C. R. Narayana Rao, M.A., University of Mysore, Bangalore. (Plates XIN RCW RIUM) sepa cay cus e age fesaieio cho sale soles m othe lole sheteie aise te einen 496 LI. Notes on the Species of Notomys, the Australian Jerboa-rats. 5 yg ray HOTS EL OMA ares eeetaie lava ies sie settee apni eee reed 536 LII. Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.—VII. By T, 2. A.(Cockenus, University ofColorado <\, 22. 2m. .a-- «sae 541 LIIL. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera) —VII. Australasian Species. By Cuartes P. AtexaNprER, Ph.D., Urbana, Illinois, UP SE EB orn 2o- PS oie its ei wien deren OE Oak erate eee 546 LIV. On some new small Mammals from East Africa. By P.S. KERSHAW, s6256 ees ee one e's acctars*stalighaPetaleta ta a'siw slelaiels sp tists ‘eietaies 563 CONTENTS. vil Page LV. A new Hedgehog from the Island of Djerba, Tunis. By SaMNOHET THOMAS. |. coins Jb acne Sb ec nels one = eae as a2 Gp aster 570 LVI. On some Remains of a Theropodous Dinosaur from the Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar. By CHarLtes W. ANDREWS, D.Sc., F.R.S. (British Museum, Natural History)........0+sceeeeeeeees ib. LVI. On the Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz (Dip- tera, Nematocera, Ceratopogonide), with some Remarks on the Parasites and Hereditary Bacterian Symbiont of this Midge. By D. Kern, Se.D., Beit Memorial Research Fellow (Quick ‘Labora- tory, University of Cambridpe):. “(Plates XIX. & XM) nese « 576 LVIII. Some undescribed Rhopalocera from Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia; and other Notes. By N. D. RItBY .........++06 590 NUMBER 48. LIX. On some Dipterous Larve infesting the Branchial Chambers of Land-crabs. By D. Kricin, Se.D., Beit Memorial Research Fellow (from the Quick Laborator y) Wary ersity of Cam- peepee era eye scl cose aol ye locos sig eisieraue) kaa glen ora cS's pate hela 601 LX. On a further Collection of Mammals from Jujuy obtained by SEE abudin.~ ByrOepFIELD THOMAS: 24... esiiscscsdewece veces 608 LXI. The Masked Civets (Paguma) of Western China. By ears se te Ur NLT OR MEAG esp hoy te! oa eel oo) sale eta ule e/a no) ehojdie Se aie ater) om "y="2 617 LXII. On Three new Australian Rats. By Otprretp Tuomas. 618 LXIII. New Hesperomys and Galea from Bolivia. By OLpFIELD THOMAS LXIV. Some Emendations to their Recent Paper “On Helicella, Férussac.” By G. K. Gupk, I.Z.S., and B. B. Woopwarp, F.L.S. 624 LXY. Preliminary Account of supposed new Genus and Species. By the Rey. Toomas R. R. Steppine, M.A., F.R.S. ............ 626 LXVI. Two new Species of Slow-Loris. By OtpFteLp THomas. 627 LXVII. H. Sauter’s Formosan Collections: Culicide. By F. W. EDWARDS ANG? BeOS RE, BOAO EOD I te ae 629 LXVIII. The Cichlid Fishes of Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu. Pe eum BGAN, MEAL, BES: cise ceric os cles se ue ds stae 632 LXIX. On a new Genus of Coccide from the Indian Region. By EOE As, Els ss ving iv cite Seed asatedertssceces, 689 LXX,. Some new or rare British Crustacea. fe ROBERT GUBNES MAD ol ieee: BebNe etn sattinine hi sieie nis sretsinre h civic ve's's)s ws 644 “ODL CIS LINES dig 2 PASS eg 5k0 CREE aL er 650 Index SR Mie em Be ee ees #6 eeesceeoreeseeeees eer aeeesreeseereseeeeene . 651 PLATES IN VOL. VIII. Pxoate I, II ) III. +}New Noctuids. i | VI. Genitalia of Noctuidee. eae Corduliine Dragonflies from New Caledonia. X. Wings of Formosan Tipulide. XI. Crania californica, sp. n., from California. XII. Cephalodiscus densus, Andersson. XIU. African species of Illops and Hedybius. XIV. African species of Hedybius and Philhedonus. XVI. XVII. M VILL. at Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. = Anatomy of new species of Drawida. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, [NINTH SERLES.] Cea aonarcocnsccso0 per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circum vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At yos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, reeurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, ef mihi conchas Ferte, Dee pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” N. Parthenii Giannettasi, Bol, 1. "No. 43)) JUL Yelg2k; 1.—Notes on some Noctuide in the Joicey Collection, with Descriptions of new Species. By Miss A. K. Provr, F.E.S. [Plates I.-VII.] Z Intropuctrory Norte. In publishing the following notes, I wish gratefully to acknowledge my deep indebtedness to Mr. J. J. Joicey for the opportunities of study he has so kindly afforded me by entrusting to me the responsible task of working out his fine and rapidly-increasing collection of the Noctuide of the world. The accompanying paper is the outcome of my studies of the Joicey Collection, and the types wiil in all cases be found there, unless otherwise specified. I wish, further, to acknowledge gratefully my indebtedness to Sir George F. Hampson for help and advice given me in my studies at the British Museum, and especially so for the invaluable service he has rendered to all students of the Noctuide by his standard work on the family, which has done so much to render the working out of this large and Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii, i 2 Miss A. E. Prout on some extremely difficult group less hard for those who come after him. If, in this and in papers I may subsequently publish, the opportunity of studying larger material or some inde- pendent light on the subject should lead me to differ from Sir G. Hampson’s conclusions, I shall do so always with respectful remembrance of what I owe to his book and to his careful working out of the National Collection, without the aid of which my own work would scarcely have been possible. I would also tender my thanks to Lord Rothschild, Professor Poulton, and Mr. Bethune-Baker for the loan of types, to Mr. W. H. Tams for assistance given me in my work at the British Museum, and especially to the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, who in the midst of his busy and strenuous life has so kindly found time to work out the genitalia of various Noctuide submitted to him from the Hill Museum. The illustrations on Plates I-VII. are photographed from drawings prepared by Mr. Burrows. Finally, I would tender sincerest thanks to my brother, Mr. L. B. Prout, who has revised my manuscript, and who, throughout my studies, has given me help and advice as to the best methods of specialized entomological work, placing his own wide knowledge and experience freely at my service. Nore on CLASSIFICATION. In spite of Sir George Hampson’s excellent work, there is evidently much still needing elucidation, both with regard to the classification and the nomenclature of the Noctuide ; but in the following paper I have followed the system of nomenclature first published in the Cat. Lep. Phal., except in one or two instances. In Hampson’s Phytometrine I have used the old familiar name of Plusiane for the subfamily and Plusia for the genus. For the Noctuine I have temporarily employed Guenée’s Ophiderinze—though the name is not a satisfactory one, as O¢hreis, Hbn., bas priority over Ophideres, Boisd. But Noctuinz is obviously untenable, since, as Aurivillius points out in his paper in Schwed. Kilim. Exped. (9) p. 34 (1910), Hampson’s use of the name Noctua strix for Thysania agrippina is founded on a misconception, due to Linné having erroneously cited to stri# a figure in Merian’s ‘“‘ Insects of Surinam,” and having been thereby led to con- sider striz as an American species. Linné’s own description of striz distinctly mentions that it is “‘ tongueless” and that Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 3 the wings are “ black, reticulated and clouded” ; and in the later fu'ler description in the “‘ Museum Ludorice Ulricz ”’ he further says “ nec alas dentalus nec lingicam observo.”’ In view of these descriptions and of the fact that Linné’s type of strix is still in the Queen Louisa Ulrica Collection (which never possessed a specimen of Thysania agrippina) it seems quite certain that Linné’s Noctua strix was the common §, Asiatic Cossid, which was figured and described by Clerck as strix, L. Therefore (as Aurivillius concluded his remarks by pointing out), ‘‘ anyone who is of opinion that the first species is to be considered typical would have in consequence to consider the Cossids as the true Noctuids”’! The name Erebine (employed by Barnes and McDunnough in their ‘Check-List of the N. American Lepidoptera’) seems also, unfortunately, to be untenable, as Latreille appears to cite crepuscularis, L., as his type of Erebus, and odora, L., only as an additional species ; this necessitates the transfer of the name Hrebus to the Catocaline genus Nyctipao (see Cat. Lep. Phai. xiii. p. 331), odora becoming (according to Hampson) Otosema odora. lt seems necessary, therefore, to select some other subfamily name, and, in the meantime, I have chosen Ophiderine. My other point of difference from Sir George Hampson opens up a wider question than one of mere nomenclature. It is with regard to the classification of the subfamilies Catocalinz and Ophiderine. The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows has called my attention to the wide divergence between the genitala of the genus Catocala and immediately allied genera and those of Acantho- dica, Erebus (Nyctipao), Speiredonia, Ercheia, and others of the later Catocaline genera submitted to him, the latter all having very large coremata (entirely wanting in true Cato- cala). Mr. Burrows strongly urges that these two groups should be separated, and, in view of the very distinct early stages of Catocala (mentioned by American authors, who have no doubt had opportunities of comparison with the early stages of some of the exotic species of Hampson’s Catocalinze), as well as the difference of genitalia, it seems very probable that the Catocala group of species will ultimately be found to form a distinct subfamily, although I have not as yet been able to discover any structural point, apart from the genitalia, which will form a good key-distinction for the subfamily. I shall be grateful for any information which may help to throw light on this interesting question. ’ A further question arises with regard to the separation of certain apparently closely-allied species. In Cat. Lep. Phal. 1* 4 Miss A. E. Prout on some xii. p. 2, Hampson mentions the fact that many of the Catocaline genera have close relatives in his Noctuine, suggesting a common origin between the two subfamilies ; but he does not emphasize the point. In working through these two subfamilies, however, I have been so constantly struck by the close resemblance between genera in the two that I have begun to doubt whether the spinous mid-tibia can be a subfamily character at all. With a view to elucidating this point, specimens of Cocytodes maura, Holl. (Pl. VI. fig. 3), Coeytodes caerulea, Gn. (PI. VI. fig. 2) (Catocaline), and Arete papuensis, Warr. (Pl. VI. fig. 1) (* Noctuine ”’), have been submitted to the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows for dissection ; also specimens of Achea ablunaris, Gn. (Pl. VI. fig. 4) (Catocalinz), and Mimo- phisma delunaris, Gn. (Pl. VIL. fig. 1) “* Noctuine”). With regard to the Cocytodes and Arcte species Mr. Burrows writes :—“3 & 4 (C. cerulea and A. papuensis, are more close than 2 (C. maura) to either.” Of A. ablunaris (com- paring it with J/. delunaris) he writes, “ Is a distinct species, but I think undoubtedly belongs to the same ‘ genus,’ so far as we understand anything by the term genus. It is indeed a close‘ brother, with all the features the same, but different in form and development.” In view of these conclusions, and of the strong resemblance between many other species which are divided by Hampson’s use of the spinous mid-tibia as a subfamily character, it seems not improbable that this character will ultimately have to be discarded, and some other classification of these large and very heterogeneous groups adopted in its stead, especially in view of the following points :— (1) In some species only one or two spines seem to be present—a form intermediate between true Catocaline and ** Noctuine.” (2) In other species the spines are only visible in the ? (though possibly concealed in the ¢). (3) In several of the subfamilies the fore and hind tibie are sometimes spined, sometimes non-spined ; there seems no logical reason why the mid-tibia should be of more sub- family value than fore or hind tibia—especially considering that, in the Trifids, it is the hind tibia that is taken to characterize a subfamily (the Agrotinze), so that there is no correspondence between the two groups. It is certainly rare for the hind tibia to be spined and the mid-tibia unspined (suggesting that the natural order of development is for the spines to appear first on the mid-tibia) ; but this is by no means a universal rule, for there are genera both in the Noctuids in the Joicey Collection. 5 Agrotinze and the Plusianze which have the hind tibia spined and the mid-tibia non-spined. * J{RASTRIAN EZ. l. Lophoruza rubrimacula, sp.u. (PI. 1. fig. 1.) 3 .—24mm. Head and thorax above pinkish white with some brown scales intermingled (chiefly on head and tegule); body beneath and legs whitish ; dorsum of abdomen with the basal and anal segments pinkish white, the medial segments brown, mixed with black. Fore wing with the costal half, from apex to hind margin at nearly one-third, pinkish-white with the costa tinged with tawny brown; the rest of the wing pale tawny-brown, some- what darker where it meets the pale shade, the termen distinctly darkened from apex to behind R’®; a tawny streak at base of wing, extending across metathorax ; some brown shading in middle of cell; antemedial, medial, and post- . medial lines just visible as pale, dark-outlined, outwardly oblique streaks oa the costal tawny shade, the two former becoming obsolescent behind SC, the latter indistinctly continued as a punctiform dark line, excurved round cell, then incurved.to inner margin at about two-thirds ; a fine white subterminal line, expanding to a conspicuous white spot on R’, behind which it is angled outward, with some proximal black dots anteriorly ; a rufous proximal patch between the radials, and three ochreous spots (one proximal and two distal) between SC’ and R'; a row of black marginal spots and a fine dark marginal line; fringe pale tawny- brown chequered with blackish-brown. Hind wing with the base pinkish-white, the rest of the wing pale tawny-brown, almost whitish about the subterminal area; a slight, dark, waved postmedial line; a small sub- terminal rufous spot behind M’ and a large one from M? to near abdominal margin, with a small brown one behind it ; marginal spots and line and fringe as on fore wing. Wings beneath whitish tinged with tawny-brown, with slight curved crenulate postmedial and subterminal lines ; margins as above, but less sharply marked ; discal spots very slight. ?.—26 mm. Marked asin the @, but with the pinkish and tawny shades both a trifle brighter. Upper Tonkin: Muong-Khuong, Proy. Laokay, 900- 1000 m., type and 1 9. Nearest to albicostalis, Leech., from Central China, from 6 Miss A. E. Prout on some which it differs in the darker subapical shade on fore wing, the rather larger and darker subtornal spot behind M? on the hind wing, the rather darker shade on the costa of fore wing, and, especially, in the brown streak across metathorax and base of fore wing (which is not present in any specimen of albicostalis that I have seen). Possibly only a subspecies. 2. Lithacodia picatina, sp.n. (PI. L.. fig. 2.) 3 .-—22 mm. This species has hitherto been mixed with picata, Btlr., in the British Museum and evidently also at Tring, for it is figured in Seitz (Macro-Lep. vol. xi. pl. xxvi. a) as picata. The two species are quite clearly distinguishable by the triangular dark patch on base of costa in picata being replaced in picatina by a golden-brown streak along the costa; by the antemedial line being only slightly crenulate in picatina, not angled at the folds as in picata; by the absence in picatina “of the postmedial dark point on costa and the black point at upper angle of cell, the black spot at _ lower angle of cell being also reduced in size; by the sub- terminal line being almost obsolete in picatina : ‘and (perhaps the most constant distinction of all) by the shape of the white mark on distal margin, from SC’ to R*,. which forms a narrow patch in picatina, quite separate from the other white markings, but in picata is less sharply marked and is always connected by a white bar between R’ and R* with the white postmedial and tornalareas. Fringe of fore wing in picatina whitish-brown, tipped with grey. In other respects exactly agrees with Hampson’ s description of picata, Cat. Lep. Phal. xp. 003. Khasia Hills, Assam (Mssary), type and 5 other ¢ ¢. In British Museum from Sikkim and one specimen from Sabathu. EurELiIn2. 3. Eutelia regalis, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 3.) 36 .—27 mm. This species belongs to the section of the genus called Eleale (Sect. 1, B, c, of Hampson), its nearest ~allies being JSulvipicta, Hmpson., and plusioides, W1k. Head and thorax above bright red-orange, the tegule a little darker; palpus, pectus, and legs ochreous-brown, the tarsi ringed with white ; abdomen ochreous-brown, with the dorsal crests red-orange. Noctuidee in the Jorcey Collection. 7 Fore wing with the basal third and a large postmedial costal patch ochreous, thickly irrorated with red-orange ; the rest of the wing white, closely irrorated with grey-violet; lines indistinect.; antemedial, medial, and postmedial white spots on costa; indistinct, blackish, sinuous antemedial, medial, and postmedial lines, all angled outward before middle, then somewhat incurved to hind margin ; an indis- tinct maculate subterminal line, following the curve of the postmedial ; a white streak from costa near apex to termen about R', and a curved white streak from M’ near termen to tornus, the two being connected by slight white spots; fringe grey-brown. Hind wing pale ochreous, the distal half grey-violet narrowing to apex and tornus; a white dash from M’ to termen near tornus, and a white spot on abdominal margin just proximally to tornus ; fringe grey-violet with a fine pale line at base. Underside of fore wing violet-grey, posteriorly pale ochreous; slight dark cell-spot and double curved postmedial line ; the white terminal line of the upper surface showing near apex and on hind-marginal half of wing. Hind wing as above, with the addition of a dark cell-spot, with some violet suffusion above it, and a slight postmedial line. Amboina, type only. Can be easily distinguished from both fulvipicta and plusioides by the deeper tone of colour, the broader border to the hind wing, the absence of the diffused black streak in the basal half of cell, etc. STICTOPTERINZ. 4, Stictoptera plumbeotincta, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 4.) ? .— 386 mm. Head and thorax leaden-violet, mixed with some ochreous scales; palpus and antennal shaft ochreous shaded with leaden-violet ; dorsum of abdomen grey-brown, with the basal crests a little redder; body beneath pale ochreous ; legs pale ochreous shaded with violet. Fore wing pale ochreous, largely suffused with leaden-violet, especially on the basal area to medial line and on apical area, leaving a subtriangular patch of the ground-colour on distal part of hind margin; sub-basal and antemedial lines. almost obsolete, the latter purplish-grey, undulating, starting close to medial line, then imcurved, strongly ex- curved before hind margin; medial line black, with some 8 Miss A. E. Prout on some proximal dark shading in and behind cell, oblique and slightly crenulate from two-fifths costa to two-thirds hind margin ; reniform leaden-grey, with faint pale outline, narrowing towards costa; an indistinct fine crenulate dark line nearly parallel with the median line, but approaching it at hind margin ; postmedial line a grey dash on costa, then a row of indigo spots between the veins, angled out on SC’, excurved to fold, and angled out on SM?; an undulating pale subterminal line from costa near apex to tornus, with three black proximal darts behind costa, SC’, and SC*, the last the largest, proximally darkened from M* to tornus ; a row of pale-edged black marginal spots between the veins ; fringe grey, with pale streaks at the veins. Hind wing with basal area hyaline, smoky brown along hind margin, with the distal two-fifths and a lunule on DC* and DC* dark grey; fringe pale brown, shaded with grey between the veins. Underside of fore wing smoky-grey, with some peacock- green reflections on basal half of hind-marginal area and a pale patch between the origin of M* and M’; five or six pale spots on apical half of costa, with black spots between them ; slight, dark medial, postmedial, and subterminal lines, as above. Hind wing as above, with the costal area slightly smoky and an oblique black streak from costa to the lunule on discocellulars. Rossel Is.; Mt. Rossel, 2100 ft., Dec. 1915 (W. F. Hich- horn), type and another ¢?. SARROTHRIPINZ. 5. Blenina brevicosta, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 5.) 2 .— 33 mm. Head and thorax white, thickly irrorated with green above and with a few brown scales ; patagia with some black scales near middle. Palpus and legs white, marked with brown and black. Abdomen yellow above and beneath, with the anus browner; the crests greenish. Fore wing white, irrorated with green scales on the basal half of wing aud the postmedial area, with violet-brown on the medial aren—whiere it forms a sort of band—and on the apical half of distal area ; a few brown scales on the costal half of subbasal area and some yellow hair at base of hind margin. Subbasal line slight, blackish, curved to about median nervyure; a black reall Patatn: from costa, angled outward to the subcostal and again above median ; Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 9 a black spot obliquely beyond it, near hind margin; median line obliquely sinuous from two-fifths costa to half hind margin, angled outward behind M?, a small black ‘spot distally to it in cell and an upright blackish streak in place of the reniform ; postmedial line obliquely sinuous from half costa to close to tornus, indistinct, upright at costa, strongly angled outward at R’' and before hind margin and inward at R? behind M'; subterminal line strongly dentate, nearly parallel with margin to about R’, upon which and on M’ it is angled out to nearer the distal margin, which it joins at SM’; broad terminal black spots on the veins; fringe white, with black streaks between the veins and slight brown tips. Hind wing yellow, coloured about as in B. donans, W1k., but with the dark border extended along costa, ending close to M’, shading gradually into the ground-coiour and ex- tending across the fringe ; tornal one-third of fringe yellow ; veins slightly darkened. Underside of fore wing brown; costa from near base white with some brown marks on it, the white broadening to a patch from about half to three-quarters along costa ; fringe white chequered with blackish, as above. Hind wing as above, but with a reddish tinge on costal area. Sierra Leone, type only. This specimen appears to belong to the genus Blenina, but the fore wing is a trifle narrowed at the apical part of costa, the hind wing unusually narrow and almost without the marginal indentation behind M’ which is so characteristic of the majority of Blenina species. The origin of M? on the hind wing is removed further from M' than in any other Blenina species known to me, unless it be b. quadripuncta, Hmpsn. (type in Coll. Joicey), the neuration of which is not quite normal, 6. Risoba obliqua, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 6.) 3 .—40 mm. Head green, tegulee banded with brown (next the head), green, and white. ‘Thorax white mixed with brown scales, the crest green. Pectus and hair on femora and tibix pale brown, tinged in parts with greenish ; tarsi brown with pale rings at the joints. Abdomen above greenish, variegated, the crests dark brown ; beneath dark brown, except basally. Fore wing white, irrorated with green, especially on the apical costai area, and with thick dark brown -irroration, forming a very oblique band outside the antemedial line and 10 Miss A. E. Prout on some on oblique bar from apex and with some paler brown shading on the basal and terminal areas; nine dark points on the costa, the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th representing the origin of the four principal lines. 40°0 mm. 9 yy = Una (bent in several places). Mt. Canala (1).... Abdomen 42-5 mm. amee yy, ai Mt. Canala (2).... ss 420 ,, » 9). UO: In total length these specimens vary from 45 mm. to 52 mm., a somewhat greater difference than the range indicated by Montrouzier (45-50 mm.). The measurements given by Ris for the male sex (abdomen 43 mm., hind wing 29 mm.) agree fairly well with those of three of the males in the present collection, but the specimen bearing the earliest date, that from Mt. Mou, is considerably smaller than the others. In the wings of this species the anal crossing is variable in position, and may be either before, at, or after the level of the first antenodal. Subfamily Prorovevrin#. Genus Isosticra, Selys. Isosticta is typically a New Caledonian group, and both of the two species which have been described from that island were apparently met with by Mr. Montague. In addition, he was fortunate enough to discover a third species, Odonata from New Caledonia. 37 which is evidently distinct from I. spinipes, Selys (the geno- type), and /. robustior, Ris. This I have pleasure in naming after my friend Dr. R. J. Tillyard, whose visit to London in the summer of 1920 gave me an opportunity of dis- cussing with him several matters of interest arising upon Mr. Montague’s collection. Although six species are now referred to Jsosticta in all, I have not seen any of those which occur outside New Caledonia. It is not possible from the literature alone to make a complete comparison between them in respect of the labium, the hind margin of the prothorax, and the tibial armature, but, as will be gathered from the following table, they do not present any great uniformity in certain vena- tional characters of importance? The anal appendages of the male, so far as they are known, are likewise wanting in that general likeness of form which usually characterises the members of a natural genus. Tuillyard’s description of I. banksi was accompanied by some remarks on J. simplex and J. spinipes (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, xxxvu. pp. 432-3, 1913). After assuming that the genotype, “so closely allied to J. simplex in other respects, possessed also appendages of a similar remarkable form,” he went on to say that ‘we may fairly consider the form of the male appendages to be a generic character, which may be stated as follows: ‘ Both superior and inferior appendages of male somewhat forcipate, the inferior pair prolonged beyond the superior.’’”? As we have since learned, the inferior appen- dages of J. spinipes are neither forcipate nor prolonged beyond the superior, and consequently the proposed addition to the generic definition cannot be accepted. Indeed, the anal appendages of the two Australian species, [. simplex and I. banksi, differ in a marked degree from those of the genotype and its congeners from New Caledonia. As at present constituted, the genus Jsosticta includes within its limits four groups of not entirely accordant species :— (1) Wings with M, separating well in advance of the subnodus, and Cu, ending 4-8 (usually 5-6) cells beyond the quadrangle; lower anal ap- pendages of the male as long as the upper .... robusttor, Ris. (2) Wings with M, separating at or just before the subnodus, and Cu, ending 1-2 cells beyond the quadrangle; lower anal appendages of the male conspicuously longer than the upper. Upper appendages of ¢ depressed ........ simplex, Martin. Upper appendages of ¢ straight .......... banksi, Tillyard. (3) Wings with M, separating at or just beyond the 38 Mr. H. Campion on subnodus, and Cu, ending 2-3 (usually 2) cells beyond the quadrangle ; lower anal appendages of the male as long as the upper. Upper appendages of g expanded dorso- ventrally: iii..tetan mukoutseiiaa ote een Ree tillyardi, sp. n. Upper appendages of ¢ not expanded dorso- ventrally een eee eames spinipes, Selys. (4) Wings with M; separating far beyond the sub- nodus, and Cu, ending 1 cell beyond the quadrangle; anal appendages of the male not [snow eee AAAS OAR GOL ODT AE filiformis, Ris. Isosticta tillyardi, sp. un. 1 g (holotype), Mt. Canala, 13. vi. 14. Length of abdomen 34 mm.; hind wing 21 mm. Black, with a low metallic glaze. Labium yellowish white; the anterior margin of the median lobe produced into a pair of long narrow processes. Labrum and clypeus blue-black, highly metallic. Genz yellow. Hind margin of prothorax almost straight [ap- parently well elevated, but the posterior lobe has been split transversely |. Meso-metathorax marked with pale yellow, as follows :—A short broad band on the mesinfraepisternum and the contiguous scierite as far as the spiracle; a long broad band on the metinfraepisternum and the second lateral suture ; a fine line bordering the inferior margin of the metepimeron: the pectus with marginal streaks. Wings hyaline. Venation black. Pterostigma c. 1 mm. long, dark reddish brown ; the anterior margin conspicuously longer than the posterior margin, and the distal margin conspicuously longer and more oblique than the proximal margin. Mz, arising a little beyond the subnodus, Rs a little more remotely. Cu, ending two cells beyond the 14.14 quadrangle. Postnodals 7+,- Legs with spines relatively short. Coxe black and pale yellow ; femora of fore and mid legs black, of hind legs chocolate-brown; tibiz chocolate-brown above, brownish yellow below ; tarsi chocolate-brown ; claws reddish brown. Abdomen long and slender, somewhat inflated at segments 1-2 and 8-10; a tinge of chocolate-brown on some of the segments dorsally ; 1 and 2 pale yellow at sides ; a pair of lateral pale yellow spots at extreme base of 3-7, coming more or less into dorsal view ; on 8 and 9 and on part of 7 the tergites bordered with pale yellow interno-ventrally ; 10 wholly pale yellow below; in ventral view the anterior Odonata from New Caledonia. 39 segments are mainly yellowish, with black at apex, while most of the posterior segments are mainly blackish. Anal appendages (fig. 1) longer than segment 10, but Fig. 1. Isosticta tillyardi, sp. n., 3, holotype. Anal appendages, in left profile view. Figs. 1-11, camera-lucida drawings by P. Highley. shorter than segment 9; the superior pair, in dorsal view, curved and convergent, broad at base, bluntly pointed at apex. In profile view, very broad throughout, slightly constricted near the middle, the inferior apical angle with -a large ovate process: a large triangular tooth, apparently medio-basal in position, projecting ventrally: the inferior pair little, if at all, longer than the superior ones. In ventral view, expanded horizontally in the basal half, narrow in the apical half, and ending in an inwardly-directed hook. 1 ¢ (allotype), Mt. Canala, 12. vi. 14. Length of abdomen 82 mm. ; hind wing 23:5 mm. Black, with a low metallic glaze. Clypeus metallic black ; anterior margin of frons with a broad border of bright yellow, interrupted in the middle; the second and third joints of antenne yellowish. Head otherwise as in ¢. Hind margin of prothorax (fig.3) not elevated, deeply trifid; the median division quadrangular ; the lateral divisions rounded. Meso-metathorax: humeral suture lined with yellow; the whole of the metepimeron and most of the metepisternum yellow ; inferior surface wholly yellow. Wings as in ¢, except that M; arises at (fore wings) or a trifle before (hind wings) the subuodus, and Cu, invades the third cell beyond the quadrangle. Postnodals ;*+*. Legs largely yellowish; external surface of femora mainly 40 Mr. H. Campion on black ; tibize with at least a black median streak externally ; tarsi wholly black ; claws reddish. Abdomen considerably stouter than in @, slightly inflated at segments 8 and 9; sides yellowish, with black rings at most of the sutures; the yellowish coming into view dorsally, as spots, at the extreme base of 3-6, at least; ventral surface mainly yellowish. Fig. 2. Tsosticta robustior, Ris, ¢. Anal appendages, in left profile view (Mt. Canala). Detail from Mt. Koghi specimen, showing longer sub- apical spine on superior appendage. Isosticta tillyardi, sp. u., 2 , allotype. Hind margin of prothorax, in dorsal view. Anal appendages shorter than segment 10, directed a little downwards; in dorsal view, subtriangular, bluntly pointed at apex, slightly convergent. Ovipositor projecting so far beyond the end of the abdo- men as to be conspicuously visible in dorsal view ; anterior processes glossy black; valves yellowish ; styles black. Notwithstanding that the female from Mt. Koghi, which I Odonata from New Caledonia. 41 name J. spinipes, agrees well with the holotype male of I. tillyardi in its thoracic pattern and in having Cu, ending two cells beyond the quadrangle, I am led to associate the Mt. Canala female with the male in question by the under- mentioned points of greater resemblance :—The shorter abdomen and hind wings, the fewer postnodals, the less numerous cells between the origin of M, and the origin of M,,. The agreement in the place and month of capture are also worthy of note. Tsosticta spinipes, Selys. 1 ¢ (allotype), Mt. Koghi, 10. iv. 14 (874) (¢ hitherto unknown). Length of abdomen 32°5 mm. ; hind wing 245 mm. This specimen is almost identical in coloration with the Fig. 4. _Isosticta spinipes, Selys, Q, allotype. Hind margin of prothorax, in dorsal view. female from Mt. Canala which I have attributed to J. tilly- ardi, but the metepisternum is entirely black behind the metastigma, as in the male of the new species. I do not attach any great importance to the length of the meta- stigmatic colour-line, as in one of the females of J. robustior i the present collection the line terminates at the meta- stigma, while in the other it is prolonged far beyond it. The two females are readily distinguished from one another by structural characters. In what I regard as /. spinipes the hind margin of the prothorax (fig. 4) has a shorter and broader median projection ; the abdomen is slenderer; the ovipositor is shorter, little more than the styles being visible in dorsal view ; the postnodals are more numerous Gn : 42 Mr, H. Campion on and Cu, ends exactly two cells beyond the quadrangle, or at most barely enters the third cell. It-is a far more difficult matter correctly to associate these females with their respective males, but the one from Mt. Koghi agrees better with the two existing descriptions of the male of J. spinipes in its larger size, the more numerous postnodals, and the greater number of cells “2 cna aha. (4 ‘ 4) between the origin of M, and the origin of My,. Isosticta robustior, Ris. 13, Mt. Koghi, 10. iv. 14 (872); 1g, Mt. Canala, 14. vi. 14. The species being founded upon two males Jacking the terminal segments of the abdomen, a description of the entire insect is now given. Length of abdomen 37 (Canala) to 87°5 (Koghi) mm. ; hind wing 24 mm. Black, with a low metallic glaze. Labium yellowish white; the anterior margin of the median lobe produced into a pair of long narrow processes. Labrum and clypeus highly metallic. Gene yellowish or greenish. Hind margin of prothorax entire, elevated, rounded. Meso-metathorax marked with yellow or yellowish white as follows :—A very fine line at the humeral suture ; a short, rather broad band anterior to and ending at the metastigma; a rather broad band on the metepimeron, bordering the second lateral suture, connected with which anteriorly is a fine line following the inferior margin ; a stripe along the inferior margin of the metinfraepisternum : the pectus with a longitudinal median line, dilated and bifid posteriorly. Wings hyaline. Venation black. Pterostigma c. 1°5 mm. long, dark brown, pale round the edges; the anterior margin © conspicuously longer than the posterior margin, and the distal margin conspicuously longer and more oblique than the proximal margin. Rs arising at the subnodus, M; well in advance of it. Cu, long, extending in all eight wings about 54 cells beyond the quadrangle. Postnodals in fore wings 14-17 (Canala) or 15 (Koghi); in hind wings 12 (13 in one wing, Koghi). Legs black ; the coxe and femora pale brown inferiorly. Abdomen yery long and slender, somewhat inflated at segments 1-2 and 8-10; the dorsum entirely destitute of any pale markings ; pale brown beneath. Anal appendages (fig. 2) longer than segment 10, but shorter than segment 9. The superior pair, in dorsal view, straight, very broad near the base, somewhat acutely pointed Odonata from New Caledonia. 43 at apex; on the inferior surface a long pointed tooth near the base directed downwards, and a similarly-directed spine or bristle, variable in length, near the apex. The inferior pair little, if at all, longer than the superior ; seen from above, convergent, very broad, concave, rounded at tip. In profile view, very broad basally, slender and somewhat upceurved apically. 1 2 (allotype), Mt. Canala, 12. vi. 14 (¢ hitherto un- known). Length of abdomen 33 mm. ; hind wing 25 mm. Coloured like the ¢, except where otherwise stated. Prothorax with a pair of longitudinal reddish bands, in line with the antehumeral bands on the meso-metathorax, hind margin (fig. 5) deeply trifid; the divisions obtusely Tsosticta robustior, Ris, 2, allotype. Hind margin of prothorax, in dorsal view. pointed, not elevated. Meso-metathorax with a pair of short reddish antehumeral bands, continuing the similar bands on the prothorax ; the band on the metepisternum prolonged . backwards far beyond the metastigma and nearly reaching the base of the thorax. Wings asin J, except that in the hind wings Cu, extends only five cells beyond the quadrangle, or even less. Post- nodals in fore wings 15-16; in hind wings 12-13. Legs mainly black or blackish ; coxe entirely, and femora largely, pale brown ; spines on femora longer than those on tibie. Abdomen shorter and stouter than in g, and of equal thickness throughout its length. Anal appendages very short, hardly, if at all, longer than segment 10, straight, directed a little downwards ; in dorsal view, subtriangular, bluntly pointed at apex. 4d Mr. H. Campion on Ovipositor projecting a little beyond the end of the abdomen ; anterior processes translucent, dark reddish brown ; valves pale yellowish proximally, mostly blackish distally ; styles black, with a pale hair projecting from the apex. A second female, from Mt. Koghi, 10. iv. 14 (873), has a longer abdomen (34°5mm.) than the allotype, and fewer postnodal cross-veins (14 in the fore wings and 12 in the hind). In only one wing is Cu, of the same length as in the males ; in both forewings it is fully six cells long, while in the remaining hind wing, which is also abnormal in other respects, it reaches the distal boundary of the eighth cell. It may be pointed out that J. robustior has interesting relationships with several Australian members of the Protoneurine. In respect of venation, Ris has already pointed out that it might well go into the genus Neosticta, but for the more proximal position of the anal crossing in our species. The upper anal appendages, including the inferior tooth, are not very unlike those of Nososticta solida, Selys, although the lower appendages are quite different. Subfamily Agrronryz. Tschnura heterosticta, Burm. 1 3, Houailou R., 23. x1. 14. This specimen, which lacks four segments of the abdomen, has been seen by Dr. Tillyard, and identified by him as an andromorphic female. Agriocnemis exsudans, Selys. 3 gd, Mt. Canala, 14. vi.14; 1 ¢, Up. Houailou, 3. xu. 14. This species was described from a unique male from New Caledonia, and appears to be the Oceanic representative of A. argentea, Tillyard, from Queensland. It is also known to occur in the New Hebrides, and the anal appendages have been figured by Tillyard from males received from that archipelago (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, xxxvii. p. 461, pl. xlviii. figs. 18, 14, 1913). The superior appendages, however, are shown with “a large basal black patch,” whereas the two unbroken specimens from Mt. Canala have the upper appendages unicolorous reddish brown. In this respect our material agrees with the type, and the New Hebrides form has evidently taken on a local character. De Selys compared his very adult type of A. easudans with what he considered to be A. pygmea, Ramb., although he Odonata from New Caledonia. 45 failed to notice the difference in the form of the posterior lobe of the prothorax, which is more quadrangular in ewsudans than in the other insect. But for this and the wholly different anal appendages, it would be difficult to distinguish our specimens of ewsudans from material of the so-called pygmea from Seychelles with which I have confronted them *. The resemblance between the two species, which is at all times very close, is accentuated by the present comparison, for all four males of exsudans are free from the pruinosity on head, thorax, and femora which characterises the type- specimen, and one of the two which retain the last three segments of the abdomen have them coloured reddish brown, as in pygmea. Family Libellulide. Subfamily Corpuriw2. Hemicordulia oceanica, Selys. ' 1 6, Plaine des Lacs, 18.11. 14 (264). This species was originally described from Tahiti, and the British Museum possesses a male collected in that island during the visit of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ in 1875. The fact, however, was not mentioned in Kirby’s paper on tiie Neuroptera of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii. pp. 453-6, 1884). 1 2, Baie Ngo, 25. iv. 14. Martin refers to a “ 2 incomplete” in the De Selys Collection (Coll. Selys, Cord. p. 12, 1906), but the only description of that sex which seems to ‘be available is that given by Ris of an individual from New. Britain doubtfully referred to H. uceanica (Nova Guinea, ix., Zool. p. 503, 1918). As our specimen from New Caledonia is in good condition, aud is doubtless to be associated with the male in the same collection, a brief account of it is subjoined. Length of abdomen 87 mm.; hind wing 345 mm.; pterostima 2 mm. Labium yellow; labrum yellow to brownish yellow ; clypeus greenish yellow; frons hairy, orange anteriorly, metallic green above. Vertex orange, partially overlaid with metallic green. Occipital triangle orange, very hairy. Antenne black. * Males of this species from Seychelles do not seem to show any essential points of difference from males of 4A. hyacinthus, Tillyard, from Queensland, which Dr, Tillyard has been kind enough to send me. 46 Mr. H. Campion on Meso-metathorax very hairy, both above and at sides pale green, with a rather low metallic glaze ; pale brown beneath. Wings uniformly tinged with brown ; venation, including the costa, black ; pterostigma dark reddish brown ; membranule cinereous. Antenodals aS Postnodals = Je Legs black ; femora of fore legs largely pale brown, of mid- legs reddish brown below. “Abdomen inflated at segment 2, slightly constricted at 3 ; dorsum with a low metallic glaze, chocolate-brown proximally, passing into black at 4; 10 apparently greenish brown, both dorsally and laterally : some ill-defined pale brown markings at sides of segments 1-5 ; sides of 6-8 with a better-defined, broad, longitudinal, pale brown stripe, apparently ceasing before the apical margin of each segment ; sides of 9 with a triangular, basal, pale brown spot. Supra-anal tubercle of moderate size, black. Anal appendages about as long as segment 9, black, straight, fusiform, convergent. Vulvar lamina not projecting conspicuously, about a quarter as loug as segment 9 ; deeply bifid, each lobe triangular, Hemicordulia fidelis, MacLachlan. 1 go, Mt. Canala, 12. vi. 14. Length of abdomen 33°5 mm.; hind wing 32 mm. ; pterostigma <2mm. Antenodals : a = Postnodals ; _ Originally described from Whe Loyalty Islands, and subsequently recorded from New Caledonia, Hemicordulia fidelis also occurs in the New Hebrides. Tu ‘the British Museum Collection there are two males from the island of Tanna, in the last-named archipelago, collected in April 1875, and presented by W. Wykeham Perry, of H.M.S. ‘ Pearl.’ In one of them the hind wing measures 31°5 mm. and in the other 33 mm. 1 2, Noumea, 24.1.14 (No. 106). Length of abdomen 87 mm.; hind wing 35 mm.; pterostigma 2mm. iretedale ae Postnodals (4. Particulars of the female sex were first given by Martin, from material in his own colleetion (Coll. Selys, Cord. p. 12 1906), and his description applies better to the specimen before us than does the later account furnished by Ris. As regards coloration, some of the discrepancies observed may be due to the teneral condition of our specimen; and the Odonata from New Caledonia. AT shrivelled state of the abdomen, likewise due to immaturity, precludes the proper examination of the vulvar lamina and the supra-anal tubercle. The abdomen is conspicuously longer (37 mm.) than that of Ris’s insect (31 mm.), but the measurement given by Martin (54mm.) is just mid-way between them. In respect of the length of the hind wing, however, our specimen agrees exactly with Ris’s (35 mm.), whereas Martin’s measurement (31°5 mm.) is considerably less. The brown cloud in the fore wings, lying between the nodus and the apex, is a very characteristic feature of the female of H. fidelis, and is not observable in the same sex of H. oceanica, the only other representative of the genus known to occur in New Caledouia. Genus Synruemis, Selys. So far, the only species of Synthemis or any allied genus known from New Caledonia has been the large and beautiful one named by De Selys Synihemis miranda. 'The discovery of the unique specimen, a broken female lacking segments 6-10 of the abdomen, was due to Father Montrouzier, who is chiefly remembered by entomologists for his contibutions to our knowledge of the Coleoptera and Rhynchota of New Caledonia and Woodlark Island. The original description, published in 1871, has been supplemented by M. René Martin, who has given us a photograph of the wing-venation and a coloured figure of the entire specimen (Coll. Selys, Cord. p. 82, pl. ii. fig. 19, 1906). In two respects, however, the coloured figure is at variance with De Selys’s description, inasmuch as it represents the lateral thoracic stripes as green, instead of yellow, and the ground-colour of the abdomen as brown, instead of steely black. ‘The only other collector to obtain the species has been Mr. Montague, whose researches have not only completed our knowedge of it in both its sexes, but have also revealed the co-existence of three additional and undescribed species of the same genus. The re-discovery of Synthemis miranda in New Caledonia is an event of considerable interest, and incidentally sets at rest doubts which have been entertained in some quarters concerning the true habitat of the species. Those doubts were the outcome of a tradition to the effect that the type was found by De Selys in a milliner’s shop in Paris, where it was adorning a lady’s hat. Itis not easy to understand how such a tradition could ever have arisen, or gained any measure of credence, when it is remembered that De Selys himself expressly declared that he received the specimen through Father Montrouzier from New Caledonia. 48 Mr. H. Campion on Synthemis miranda was placed by De Selys in a separate “eroupe’’ of the genus, by reason of its possessing broad, extensively-coloured wings, in which the triangles and fore- wing subtriangle are divided into two or three cells. The fresh material which has now come to hand shows that the venational character is the only one of systematic importance, the great width of the wings being proper to the female sex in this and allied species. The suffusion with yellowish and brown of the basal half of each wing is merely an individual character of the type, for in the three new specimens the deep coloration never extends outwards beyond the level of the arculus. The section of the genus of which S. miranda is the typical species appears to be peculiar to New Caledonia, and will include, in addition to itself, two new species to be described herein, namely, S. montaguei and S. flewicauda. It comprises species of large size, characterised by their densely reticulated wings, by the fore wings having the triangle regularly divided into two cells and the subtriangle into three cells, and by the males having white tipsto their upper anal appendages. In respect of the reticulation of their fore-wing triangles, the three large species from New Caledonia are the most archaic members of the Synthemini. Jn other species of that tribe it is not unusual for cross-veins to occur in the triangles, and I have received from Dr. Tillyard a female of Lusynthemis guttata aurolineata, Till., in which the triangles of the fore wings exactly reproduce the conditions obtaining in the Oceanic forms. But such individual cases are evidently due to the accidental reappearance of an ancestral character, whereas their presence is quite constant in the ten specimens from New Caledonia which are now known to us. The position of the hind-wing triangle in relation to the arculus is very variable in the Synthemini. In none of the New Caledonian species is the base of the triangle removed quite as far as the middle of the supertriangle, while in S. flezicauda it is retracted to about a third of the super- triangle’s length. The antenodal cross-veins in these and other Synthemini exhibit two characters which one would expect to find associated with the Aischnide, rather than the Libellulide. One is the presence in all wings of an incomplete antenodal at the extreme base of the subcostal space, proximal to the first of the regular antenodals. In the second place, the antenodals of the first series do not always coincide with those of the second series ; but exact coincidence, accom panied Odonata from New Caledonia. 49 by decided hypertrophy, frequently occurs in the case of the first and third of them. Both the basal subcostal cross-vein and the hypertrophied antenodals occur in all the four species from New Caledonia, not even excepting the small, open- veined one, S, fenella. Those two characters emphasise the close relationship subsisting between the Synthemini and the A!schnide. Indeed, S. miranda, S. montaguei, and S. flexicauda may be regarded as the most archaic Corduliinz vet discovered, and the nearest to the ancestral Aischnid or A‘schnid-like stock. In the presence of cross-veins in the median space, they remind one more particularly of the Chlorogomphine, and the wings in that subfamily exhibit the same kind of sexual dimorphism as in Synthemis in respect of the complexity of the anal loop, as well as the width of the wings. Furthermore, the males of Chlorogomphine possess the peculiar tibial keel which is found alone in themselves and the Corduliine. It was characteristic of De Selys that his unerring instinct immediately led him to compare Synthemis miranda with Chiorogomphus magnificus. ‘Tillyard has drawn attention to the close similarity which the nymph of Synthemis bears to that of Cordulegaster, but 1t would not be surprising to find that it will present at least an equally great resemblance to Chlorogomphus or Orogomphus, whenever a nymph of one of those geuera becomes known. Synthemis regina* is the true representative in the Australian fauna of S. miranda and its New Caledonian allies. For one thing, it is the nearest to them in point of size. Then, the anal loop in its hind wings consists of two enclosures in the male and three enclosures in the female sex, asin S.miranda. Furthermore, the resemblance to that species extends to important abdominal characters, such as the anal appendages and dorsal spine of the male and the ovipositor of the female. The existence of such a clear link between the three species before us and the more typical members of Synthemis seems to render it inadvisable to * Synthemis regina, in both its sexes, was described by De Selys from “ Queensland” material in the ‘‘ Musée brit. et collect. MacLachlan.” The well-preserved male in the National Collection, ticketed “N.S.W.,” and carrying De Selys’s identification-label, I regard as the holotype, and have marked it accordingly. I have done this, notwithstanding the dis- crepancy in the locality, and the presence in the MacLachlan Collection of an incomplete male labelled “ Queensland” (on white paper) and (in De Selys’s handwriting) “‘Synthemis regina de Selys f” (on pink paper). The allotype is undoubtedly the female in the same private collection, carrying white and pink labels inscribed in the same way (except for the changed sex symbol) as the paratype male. Ann. & May. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 4 50 Mr. H. Campion on erect any new genus to receive the Oceanic forms. Another reason against generic separation may be found in the fact that S. fenella, notwithstanding its apparent distinctness, is evidently closely related to its larger congeners in the same island, for in all four species the hamule is of the same characteristic form. Viewed in profile, that organ is more or less definitely sickle-shaped, and projects conspicuously from the second abdominal segment, a condition of things which has no parallel in any other Synthemini I have been able to examine. It may not be without significance that all the extra- Australian species of the Synthemis group which have been made known belong to the genus Synthemis, as restricted by the latest reviser. These are S. primigenia, Forster, and S. wollastoni, Campion, from New Guinea ; 8. macrostigma, Selys, from Fiji ; and S. miranda, with the three new species to be brought forward herein, from New Caledonia. The remaining genera, Husynthemis, Choristhemis, and Synthemio- psis, appear to occur only in continental Australia or the dependent island of Tasmania. It may be also worthy of notice that, while the genus Synthemis itself contains all the largest insects included in the group Synthemini, the species of greatest dimensions within the genus have an extra- Australian distribution. Even 8S. macrostigma, although only of moderate size, has its biggest representatives in Fiji and its smallest in §.W. Australia. Synthemis miranda, Selys. 3 (allotype), Mt. Mou, 9. iii. 14 (No. 464). Length of abdomen 51 mm. ; hind wing 39 mm. Head very hairy. Labium metallic black. Labrum metallic black, with a pair of large round golden spots near the middle. Clypeus whitish. Frons metallic blue-black, with a large whitish spot on each side, in the angle formed by the clypeus and theeye. Vertex metallic blue-black. Antennze metallic black; the tip whitish. Occipital triangle metallic blue-black. Prothorax black. Meso-metathorax chocolate-brown above; below the humeral suture metallic black, with green and purple reflections; on each side an uninterrupted white stripe, of moderate width, enclosing the metastigma ; a broader white stripe crossing the metepimeron. Wings (Pl. VIII. fig. 12) hyaline, with a trace of yellow at the base, especially of the hind wing. Costa black, with Odonata from New Caledonia. 51 a white dorsal spot at base; other veins also black. Pterostigma 3 mm. long, dark reddish brown, unbraced. Membranule of hind wing nearly as long Ee oe anal triangle, smoky. Antenodals of the costal sens iS we Postnodals LOR 13 13" Cross-veins in mean space ° a =? in Se anal space Bi. : 6 a7 ; in supertriangle *: = =f ; and in bridge space i: « Arculus straight or nearly so, arising benyene the third and fourth antenodals. Fig. 6. Synthemis miranda, Selys, 3, allotype. Anal appendages, in dorsal view. Discoidal area in fore wings commencing with three cells, followed by two rows of cells as far as the level of base of bridge. Discoidal area in hind wings beginning with four or five large single cells. Anal loop in hind wings double, the distal enclosure containing eight cells, and the proximal enclosure four cells. Legs black; tibial keel and femur of fore legs posteriorly whitish. Abdomen very slender, a little constricted at segment 3 4% 52 Mr. H. Campion on and between segments 8 and 9. Black, with yellow markings on segments 2-7 as follows:—On 2 a pair of transverse lines, rising upwards from the auricles, but not meeting at the mid-dorsal carina, and a pair of transverse linear spots placed immediately behind them on the dorsum ; on 3-7 a pair of large round or oval dorsal spots near the middle of the segment, supplemented on 3 and 4 by a pair of smaller rounded spots at the base. Auricles yellow. A large, erect, pointed, black spime on the dorsum of 10. Fig. 7. Synthemis miranda, Selys, 3, allotype. Anal appendages, in left profile view. Upper anal appendages (figs. 6&7) 4mm. long; in dorsal view, broad, almost straight, with an acute internal black spine at about mid-length, followed first by an emargination, and then by a dilatation ; black as far as the emargination, pale yellowish beyond. Lower anal appendage about two-thirds as long as the upper, curving upwards to the level of the superior appendages, ending in a pair of Odonata from New Caledonia. 53 lateral tubercles, metallic dark reddish brown above, black below. &, Mt. Mou, 20. iii. 14 (724). Differs from the description of the allotype in respect of the characters mentioned hereunder :— Length of hind wing 38 mm. A pair of round golden spots on the anterior surface of the frons. (Similar spots are dimly discernible in the allo- type, but are not visible at all in any of the female specimens.) R181 11.12, Antenodals of the costal ek 45 Postnodals 15 13 Cross-veins in median space }-4; in cubito-anal space 544 ; in supertriangle }~; and in bridge space 3°. In the dis- coidal area of aie fore wings the undivided cells continue almost to the level of the origin of M3. Discoidal area in hind wings beginning with 5 or 6 large single cells. Distal enclosure of anal loop in hind wings containing 7 cells. The superior anal appendages of S. miranda are much like those of S. regina, but they may be distinguished from them and the appendages of all other Synuthemini by the presence of the slender internal spine upon each of them. 32, Mt. Mou, 10-20. i. 14. Head and thorax as in male. Wings tinged with brown ; bases suffused with saffron, which is especially dense in the subcostal space, as far as the third or fourth antenodal in the fore wings and the second or third in the hind wings. Costa black, with a white dorsal spot at base; other veins also black. Pterostigma 3°5 long, dark reddish brown, unbraced. Membranule of hind wing long, smoky. Arculus arising between the third and fourth antenodals. Discoidal area in fore wings com- mencing with three cells, followed by two rows of cells about as far as the level of base of bridge. Discoidal area in hind wings mostly filled with double cells as far as the level of the origin of the bridge. Anal loop in hind wing in three divisions. Legs black ; ; coxa and femur of fore legs largely whitish. Abdomen tapering from segment 1 to ‘segment 6, inflated from 7 to 10: metallic black, with yellowish markings on 2-7, as follows :—On 2 a large longitudinal spot on each side, sending up from its distal end a rather narrow line towards, but not reaching, the mid-dorsal line; on 3-7 a 54 Mr. H. Campion on pair of rounded spots, separated by the mid-dorsal carina, placed more or less centrally, supplemented on 3-5 by a pair of spots, forming more or less of a basal ring, interrupted mid-dorsally. Anal appendages subcylindrical, obtusely pointed, slightly convergent, and upturned, pale yellow, black at base. Ovipositor (fig. 8) black, not reaching beyond the middle of segment 9, straight, and not projecting very far below the abdomen ; the anterior processes ovate; the median pro- cesses linear, shorter than the anterior ones, and more or less fused with them. One of the females, dated 20th March, is evidently immature, and has possibly been kept in spirit. The abdomen is much shrunken and greatly compressed laterally, and the wings, save for the basal suffusion, are entirely hyaline. The other female of the same date is fully adult, Synthemis miranda, Selys, 2. Terminal segments of abdomen, in left profile view, showing ovipositor. like the third specimen. All three females differ from the type, in respect that the coloured area in the wings in no case extends beyond the level of the arculus, instead of reaching to and even beyond the nodus. In De Selys’s type the hind wing is 44 mm. long, and it will be observed that, as determined by this criterion, two of Mr. Montague’s specimens are smaller than the type, while the third (the one dated 10th March) is a trifle larger. De Selys’s description of the ‘“‘lévre supérieure” as “jaundtre, largement bordée et traversée de noir” scarcely applies to any of the five specimens before us, whether male or female, since all of them have the labrum wholly back, save only for two golden spots. As far as size and venational characters are concerned, the principal points of difference between the three females of Odonata from New Caledonia. 55 Synthemis miranda obtained by Mr. Montague can be stated in tabular form, as hereunder ;— Q@ No.l QNo.2(724) 9 No.3 (726) (10. iii. 14). (20. iii. 14). (20. iii. 14). Length of abdomen ...... 51:0+2°5 47 5+-2:0 47-5 4-2-0 Length of hind wing .... 445 42:0 42-0 Antenodals (costal series) . . ahual LW Li M 14.14 ie haar TrSi OB CMOO BIS hg vs 6 xe > oe 3 ee wo 11 . 10 13.13 i. 13 13). 13 Cross-veins in median space, wit ee Bie 4.5 4.4 4.4 Cubito-anal cross-veins .... ae ie 1.7 8. aed (inca! Cross-veins in supertriangle. ges gag et ane el B82 Doe Bridgervyeiig: ss ek. ass pues a8 BED 6.6 DG 5.6 Anal loop in hind wing :— Distal enclosure ,,.... 21°23 12:12 16°18 Middle enclosure ..., 10:10 76 10°8 Proximal enclosure .. 8:9 54 6:6 Synthemis montaguer, sp. n. 1 g, holotype, Mt. Mou, 10. iii. 14 (No. 488). Length of abdomen 51 mm. ; hind wing 43 mm. Labium pale reddish brown ; labrum pale reddish brown, the inferior margin broadly edged with black ; anteclypeus pale yellow; postclypeus yellowish brown, at each side a large yellowish-white spot, edged with black below. Frons yellowish brown in front ; anterior third of summit yellowish brown, posterior two-thirds metallic blue-black ; hairy. Vertex dark steely blue, very hairy. Antenne black. Occipital triangle metallic black. [ Prothorax not visible. ] Meso-metathorax without spots or stripes, dark metallic brown, with chocolate reflections on dorsum and green reflections at sides. Wings (PI. VIII. fig. 13) hyaline, with a trace of brown at the base of the subcostal space. Costa golden anteriorly, with a pale dorsal spot at the base; other veins black. Pterostigma nearly 4 mm. long, dark reddish brown, weakly braced. Membranule of hind wing not quite as long as the anal triangle, smoky white. Venation dense. A basal sub- costal cross-vein in each wing. Antenodals of the costal : 23 . 24 12.11 : : : series j;-7;, Postnodals ;;-4;. Cross-veins in median space 56 Mr. H. Campion on ofS in cubito-anal space a; in supertriangle x33 and in bridge space i, Arculus in the fore wing very oblique, in the hind wing more vertical; in all the wings straight, and placed at or near the level of the fourth antenodal of the first series. Triangle of the fore wings two-celled, sub- triangle three-celled. Triangles of the hind wings with one curved cross-vein in each ; the convex side of the cross-vein Fig. 9. Synthemis montaguei, sp. n., ¢, holotype. Anal appendages, in dorsal view. directed postero-basally. Discoidal area in the fore wings commencing with three cells, followed by double cells to a point between the level of the separation of Mj,. and the level of the nodus. Discoidal area in the hind -wings with at first two rows of cells, giving place to increasingly dense rows of cells before the level of the nodus. Anal loop in the hind wing consisting of two enclosures, the primary (distal) Odonata from New Caledonia. 57 loop containing eight cells, and the secondary (proximal) loop from four to six cells. Legs dark reddish brown; coxe and tibial keels pale brown. Abdomen a little constricted at segment 3 and between segments 8 and 9. Dorsum of segment | and basal third of segment 2, auricles, and lateral and ventral aspects of all the segments dark reddish brown. Dorsum of the distal two-thirds of segment 2 and segments 3-10 black, with yellow markings on 2-8 as follows :—On 2 a pair of trans- verse lines followed immediately by a pair of subquadrate spots, both pairs interrupted mid-dorsally; on 3 and 4 a pair of basal spots, forming more or less part of a ring, and a pair of central spots somewhat rounded and almost touching one another mid-dorsally ; on 5, 6, and 7 a pair of rounded spots, similar to those on 3 and 4, but placed rather more proximally and separated more decidedly by the mid- dorsal carina ; on 8 a pair of large elongated spots. Upper anal appendages (fig. 9) about 4 mm. long; in dorsal view wavy, dilated internally before the middle, then emarginate, and dilated again just before the apex, which is rather obtuse; fuscous as far as the central dilatation, whitish beyond, the apex edged with fuscous: in lateral view curving gently downwards and then upwards again, stout, rather slender at base. Lower appendage about two- thirds as long as the upper appendages, curving gently upwards, triangular in dorsal view, very dark reddish brown, glossy. I have the honour of dedicating this very fine species to the memory of its discoverer, who afterwards gave his life in the cause of freedom on the battlefields of Macedonia. It is immediately recognised from all other Synthemini by the absence from the meso-metathorax of any pale spots or stripes. Synthemis flexicauda, sp. n. 3 (holotype), Mt. Nekando, 24. v. 14. Length of abdomen 45°5 mm. ; hind wing 37 mm. Labium creamy, crossed vertically by three dark bands. Labrum glossy black. Clypeus creamy, with a pair of black spots, elongated transversely, near the frons. [rons hairy, glossy black, with a pair of large, reniform, creamy spots occupying the greater part of the anterior surface. Vertex hairy, glossy black. Base of antenne black [the bristle missing]. Occipital triangle hairy, glossy black. 58 Mr. H. Campion on Prothorax chocolate-brown, widely bordered with yellow anteriorly. Meso-metathorax metallic chocolate-brown, with some greenish reflections laterally; mid-dorsal carina yellow ; on each side a broad, uninterrupted, creamy stripe, enclosing the metastigma ; another broad creamy stripe crossing the metepimeron. Fig. 10. Synthemis flexicauda, sp. n., ¢, holotype. Anal appendages, in dorsal view. Wings (Pl. VIII. fig. 14) slightly tinged with brown. Costa yellow anteriorly, without any pale dorsal spot at base; other veins black. Pterostigma 3°5 mm. long, dark reddish brown, weakly braced. Membranule of hind wing as long as the anal triangle, brownish. Antenodals of the : 18.19 11.12 : : ° costal series ;;-43. Postnodals j;4;. Cross-veins in median Odonata from New Caledonia. 59 space 5*5 ; in cubito-anal space {~? ; in supertriangle ;*?; and in bridge space >. Arculus aliens bowed towards ad of wing, arising between third and fourth antenodals. Dis- coidal area in fore wings commencing with four cells, followed by two rows of cells as far as the level of base of bridge. Discoidal area in hind wings first with two large cells and then with about four double cells before the multi- - plied rows of cells begin. Anal loop in hind wing double, the primary (distal) enclosure containing eight to nine cells and the secondary (proximal) enclosure four cells. Legs dark reddish brown; coxze, femora internally, and tibial keels creamy [hind legs missing]. Abdomen somewhat fusiform; a little constricted at segment 3 and between segments 8 and 9. Auricles and segment | dark reddish brown. Segments 2-10 black, with creamy or yellow markings as follows:—On 2 a pair of rounded spots, almost central in position; on 3-8 a pair of basal spots, forming more or less of a ring, except on 8, where they are much reduced and wider apart, and a pair of somewhat rounded spots near the middle, becoming pro- gressively smaller, more transversely linear, more widely separated, and more retracted towards the base of the segment. Upper anal appendages (fig. 10) a little over 5 mm. long ; in dorsal view slightly divergent in the basal half, then more sharply convergent, and ending by the tips becoming dilated, parallel, and almost in contact with one another; fuscous in the first three-fifths and whitish beyond: in lateral view depressed and dilated ventrally in the middle. Lower appendage about half as long as the upper appendages, almost straight, pointed, abruptly reduced in thickness, dorso-ventrally, towards the apex, glossy black. ? (allotype), Mt. Nekando, 23. v. 14. Length of abdomen 44 mm.; hind wing 38 mm. Labium : lateral lobes blackish, with the outer margins yellow ; median lobe yellowish. Labrum glossy black, with a transversely elongated yellowish spot opposite the clypeus. Clypeus yellow, with some black markings in the central area of the postclypeus. Frons hairy, glossy black, with a pair of large rounded yellow spots. Vertex hairy, glossy black. Antenne black, with the articulations pale brown. Occipital triangle hairy, glossy black. Prothorax chocolate- brown, widely bordered with yellow anteriorly. 60 Mr. H. Campion on Meso-metathorax metallic chocolate-brown, with some greenish reflections laterally ; the mid-dorsal carina yellow ; on each side a broad, uninterrupted, creamy stripe, enclosing the metastigma ; another broad creamy stripe crossing the metepimeron, Wings (Pl. IX. fig. 15) strongly tinged with brown, especially at the tips. Costa black anteriorly, with traces of pale dorsal spot at base; other veins likewise black. Pterostigma 4 mm. long, dark reddish brown, weakly braced. Membranule of hind wing long, brownish. Antenodals of DHS hat 2.11 i : the costal series +45. Postnodals —:. Cross-veins in median space 55; in cubito-anal space a ; In supertriangle >; and in bridge space ><. Arceulus slightly bowed to- wards base of wing, arising between third and fourth antenodals. Discoidal area in fore wings commencing with three or four cells, followed by two rows of ceils as far as the level of base of bridge. Discoidal area in hind wings first with one or two large cells, and then with about four double cells, before the multiplied rows of cells begin. Anal loop in hind wing double; the primary (distal) enclosure containing nine cells, and the secondary (proximal) enclosure four to six cells. Legs black; femora of fore legs creamy below. Abdomen a little dilated at segments 5 and 6, black, with segments 2-7 with dark yellow markings as follows :—On 2 a narrow basal edging, connected laterally with a pair of oblique lines, broad below, and ending in an acute point before reaching the mid-dorsal carina near the middle; on 3-7 a pair of basal spots, forming more or less of a ring, and a pair of somewhat rounded spots near the middle, becoming progressively smaller, more transversely linear, and more retracted towards the base of the segment. Anal appendages nearly 4 mm. long, sublanceolate, yellowish, except at the base, where they are black. [Ovipositor eaten away, apparently by mites. | An example of the ‘‘ freak ”-venation which is rife in Syn- themis and its allies occurs in the rmght hind wing. Not only are the sectors of the arculus widely separated at their origin, but the triangle is an exaggeration of what occurs normally in, e.g., Sympetrum. ‘That is to say, the cross-vein which closes the triangle above takes a downward course, and attaches itself to the distal cross-vein at about two- thirds of the height of the latter, instead of at its summit. A corresponding aberration in the fore wing has been Odonata from New Caledonia. 68 figured for Synthemis leachii, Selys, S, cyanitincta, Tillyard, and Pentathemis membranulata, Karsch. In the distribution of pale spots upon the abdomen, S. flewicauda reminds one of S. leachii from South Western Australia, but the new species is the only member of the Synthemini in which the superior anal appendages of the male are parallel and contiguous for any portion of their length. Synthemis fenella, sp. n. 1¢ (holotype), Mt. Mou, 20. iii. 14 (725). Length of abdomen 29 mm. ; hind wing 25°5 mm. Labium metallic black; median lobe bright yellow. Labrum metallic black. Anteclypeus greyish white. Post- clypeus metallic black, with a large cuneiform bright yellow spot on each side. Frons metallic black; a very large, somewhat lunulate, bright yellow spot on each side of the median furrow. Vertex and occipital triangle metallic black. Prothorax metallic black; the anterior border broadly edged. with bright yellow. Meso-metathorax dull black dorsally ; metallic black, with bluish or greenish reflections at sides: three broad bright yellow stripes on each side; the first, antehumeral in position, deeply excavated externally in its posterior third ; the second enclosing the metastigma; and the third lying upon the metepimeron. Wings (PI. IX. fig. 16) entirely hyaline, save for a very slight trace of yellowish brown at the base. Costa yellow. with a yellow basal spot; other veins black. Pterostigma 15 mm. long, very broad, dark reddish brown, unbraced. Membranule cinereous. A basal subcostal cross-vein pre- sent in each wing. Most of the antenodals in the costal space exactly coincident with the subcostal SES 12.12 9 3 ica Postnodals 1°. Cross-veins in median space = 73) m - 5.6 Vel cubito-anal space ,~;; in supertriangle =; and in bridge space = Arculus arising before the third antenodal in the fore wings, and after the third antenodal in the hind wings. All triangles and subtriangles free. Discoidal area in fore and hind wings for the most part filled with single cells to about the level of the origin of M,,. Anal loop in hind wing in two portions, the distal enclosure containing 8-10 cells, and the proximal enclosure 4—6 cells. Legs black ; coxa and femur of fore legs mainly yellow ; tibial keels also yellow. 62 Mr. H. Campion on Abdomen a little constricted at segment 3, and somewhat dilated at segments 6-10, with another slight constriction between 8 and 9. Black, with bright yellow markings on 2-8, as follows :—On 2 an oblique line rising upwards and backwards from the auricle on each side, and ending, with- out reaching the mid-dorsal line, by confluence with a large wedge-shaped spot lying on its distal side; on 3-8 a pair of moderately large rounded spots, lying centrally and close together on 3, but becoming progressively more proximal, wider apart, and more elongated transversely on succeeding segments, supplemented on 3-5 by a pair of smaller rounded spots at the base. Anal appendages (fig. 11) black. The upper pair as long Pig. 11. } } | Synthemis fenella, sp.n., g, holotype. Anal appendages, in dorsal view. as segments 9 and 10 taken together, almost straight for about two-thirds of their length, then becoming deeply excavated internally, and finally giving rise to an internal prominence and bending sharply inwards towards one another. The lower appendage about two-thirds as long as the upper ones, broad, upcurved, and ending in a rounded point. In venation and coloration Synthemis fenella bears a close general resemblance to S. claviculata, Till., from North Queensland. It is immediately distinguished from that species by its smaller size, it being, deed, the smallest known member of the genus. CAMPION. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. Vill. Pl. VITT. ro) CORDULIINE DRAGONFLIES FROM NEW CALEDONIA, CAMPION. Ann. &¢, Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. VEFL. Pl. CORDULIINE DRAGONFLIES FROM NEW CALEDONIA. Odonata from New Caledonia. (oP) Qo Nymph of Synthemis sp. New Caledonia, 1914 (exact data not preserved). The divergent wing-cases and general form of this nymph proclaim it to be a member of the Synthemini, the first of its kind to be found in New Caledonia. Most probably it belongs to one of the large species of Synthemis which have just been considered, although it is not possible to associate it with any particular one of them. Unfortunately, a preparation of the rudimentary wings, made by my friend Mr. James Waterston, reveals nothing beyond the fact that the venation is in too undeveloped a condition to afford any guide to specific identification. While the imagines of the three large species from New Caledonia are most nearly allied to Synthemis regina, the single Oceanic nymph is like that of Husynthemis guttata in having the median lobe of the labium produced anteriorly and a conspicuous semicircular plate projecting from the frons. In other ways, however, our specimen fails to agree with that or any other known nymph of the Synthemini, for the body is relatively smooth, instead of being distinctly hairy, and the long setz on the lateral lobes of the mask are exceptionally few in number. The presence of a frontal plate in nymphs of Eusynthemis is one of the principal characters employed by Tillyard for distinguishing that genus from Synthemis, aud the occurrence of such a plate in an undoubted Synthemis nymph would show that the character cannot be used for generic separa- tion in the manner proposed by that author. Indeed, the characters of the genera Synthemis and Kusynthemis tend to overlap, not only in the nymphs, but in the imagines as well. For example, Eusynthemis nigra is a Synthemis, if judged by the shape of the abdomen, while Synthemis spini- gera is a Eusynthemis, in respect of the armature of the superior anal appendages. ‘Two characters which remain valid for Synthemis are the long anal appendages of the male and the retention of the ovipositor in the female. Description :— Length, excluding antenne, 28 mm. Not conspicuously hairy. Mask yellowish brown; in position of rest, reaching back- wards to a point between the bases of the mid and hind legs ; terminal hooks fully exposed; median lobe advanced to a distinctly protruding point ; distal border of lateral lobes with 5 distinct teeth on right side and 6 on left side ; primary mentai sete, 7 on right side and 8 on left; seeendary G4 Mr. H, Campion on setee, 4 on each side; lateral sets, 4 on right and 3 on left. Antenne 3 mm. long, carrying a few fine hairs; the two basal joints dark reddish brown, swollen, the second larger than the first ; joints 38-7 light brown; the third joint longer than the fourth and fifth taken together. A con- spicuous, dark reddish-brown plate, with a semi-circular anterior border, fringed with coarse yellow hairs, projecting forward from the frons, between the antenne. Eyes pale brown, rather prominent (considerably larger than in S. eustalacta). Greatest width of head 7 mm. The occiput ornamented with a well-marked bilaterally symmetrical pattern, altogether more complex than that figured by Tillyard for S. ewstalacta, composed of dark reddish-brown markings upon a light brown surface. Prothorax short and broad ; each lateral margin carrying a tuft of long hairs. Wing-cases 8°5 mm. long, light brown, flat, smooth, strongly divergent, reaching backwards to about the level of the middle of the fifth abdominal segment. Legs moderately robust, dark reddish brown. Abdomen 16 mm. long ; unicolorous dark reddish brown ; elongate-oval ;_ well-arched above; nearly flat below; smooth, except for a few hairs on the lateral. margins of the more anterior segments; segments 2-9 with a _ postero- lateral spine on each side, curved and rather large on the three more proximal segments, straighter and smaller on the five more distal segments. The two lateral anal append- ages but slightly curved, the other three more decidedly so. Metaphya elongata, sp. n, 1 ¢ (holotype), Baie Ngo, 10. 11. 14 (204). In studying this insect I have had before me the unique male and female of Metaphya micans, Laidlaw, the type of the genus, from Borneo *, and the description and figures of M. tillyardi, Ris, 9, from New Guineaf. It agrees with the genotype in the following characters :—Absence of cross-veins in the median space, the cubital space (apart from the anal crossing), the triangles, and the subtriangle of the fore wing; small pterostigma; fore wing with discoidal area beginning with one row of cells, and with M, and Cu, diverging towards the margin of the wing; coincidence with the arculus of the proximal side of the hind-wing triangle ; elongated anal loop, divided longitudinally and cut off * Sarawak Mus. Journ. i. no. 2 (1912), g ; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1913, p. 65, 9. + Nova Guinea, ix., Zool. p. 497 (1918). Odonata from New Caledonia. 65 straight at the end; and development of the vulvar lamina into a large spoon-shaped structure. It differs chiefly in having the postanal cell divided, the discoidal area in the hind wing beginning with two rows of cells, and the hind wings relatively narrower and conspicuously shorter than the abdomen. In some of these particulars M. elongata agrees with its nearer geographical neighbour, M. ¢illyardi, such as the division of the postanal cell in the fore wing and the doubling of the discoidal cells in the hind wing. In the circumstances, it seems to be advisable to refer “this inter- esting species to the genus Metaphya, the range of which is thus greatly extended in an easterly direction. The following comparison will show that Metaphya elongata differs from both its congeners in having the abdomen longer than the hind wing :— Metaphya micans, 2. ftillyardi, 2. — elongata, Q. NBG RNOM, <1. JQdiey «x 20 mm. 27 mm, 33 mm, BMG WANES ales crc o2:° 23 mm. 31 mm. 28 mm. It also differs from both of them in respect that the gonapophyses of segment 8 do not project beyond the apex of segment 10. It is possible, however, that this structure has become displaced in our specimen. Another difference between M. elongata and M. micans, at all events, is to be found in the apical plates of the gonapophyses, which are separate in the genotype, but fused together in the species from New Caledonia. ? .—Length of abdomen 33 mm. ; hind wing 28 mm. Labium smoky brown. Labrum, clypeus, and frons metallic blue-black. Antenne black. Median eye-line long. Occipital triangle small, metallic blue-black. Prothorax pale browa. Meso-metathorax unicolorous dark metallic green, except for a large brownish area in the angle formed by the anterior margin and the humeral suture. Wings (Pl. IX. fig. 17) hyaline, with basal saffron suffu- sion, reaching to the triangle in the fore wing and to the second antenodal in the hind wing, where it does not extend posteriorly much below the anal vein. Venation black. Pterostigma 2 mm. long, dark brown. Membranule of hind wing smoky white. Antenodals $3 Postnodals 3-3. Arculus in both wings nearer the second antenodal than the first. Base of hind-wing triangle slightly proximal to the arculus ; the anterior cross-vein joining distally, not My, but the posterior cross-vein. Anal loop containing 12 or 13 cells, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 5 66 On Odonata from New Caledonia. Legs black, with pale areas at base. Abdomen somewhat crushed and distorted beyond seg- ment 4; segments ] and 2 inflated; 3 sharply constricted ; 4 and 5 enlarged and cylindrical; 6 and 7 apparently compressed laterally ; 8,9, and 10 rather broad: metallic black, without any pale markings, beyond a moderately broad brownish-yellow ring at the junction of segments 2 and 8. Anal appendages cylindrical, black. Gonapophyses of segment 8 metallic black, not quite reaching the end of the abdomen, rounded at apex, and convex ventrally ; the two apical plates fused together into a single piece, weakly carinated mid-ventrally. Subfamily Ligerivzrr 2. Orthetrum caledonicum, Brauer. iL ¢, Plaine des Lacs, 24.11.14 (No. 846); 1 go, 29, Mt. Mou, 9. i. 14 (465-467); 1 9, Mt. Mon, 10. 111. 14 (487). The single male is olive-brown, like the females, it not yet having acquired the pale blue pruinosity proper to the adult stage of its sex. Diplacodes hematodes, Burm. 2 6, Mt. Canala, 12 & 14. vi. 14. The individual of later date has an extraordinary amount of saffron suffusion in the wings, and especially in the hind pair, where the coloured area extends beyond the anal loop posteriorly, and touches the nodus anteriorly. In the fore wings the suffusion ceases at about the level of the triangle. Diplacodes bipunctata, Brauer. 2 3, Noumea, 24.1. 14 (Nos. 104, 105); 1 ¢, Plaine des Lacs, 18.11. 14 (No. 265). These specimens are remarkable for the amount of saffron suffusion at the base of the wings, the colour reaching outwards to about the level of the first antenodal in both pais of wings. They evidently correspond with the two females from the same island mentioned by Ris (Coll. Selys, Taibell. p. 472, 1911), and also with. the females from New Zealand to which McLachlan applied the varietal name nove-zealandie (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxx. p. 271, 1894). The species itself was originally described from Tahiti and New Caledonia, and it would be interesting to know how far the material before us agrees with Brauer’s types. On Eriocera in the British Museum. 67 Pantala flavescens, Fabr. 1 S$ (203), Baie Ngo, 10.i1.14; 1 g (249), 1 ¢ (248), Plaine des Lacs, 17.11.14; 8 ¢ (849, 350, 352), 1 @ (851), Plaine des Lacs, 25.ii.14; 1 ¢, Mt. Nekando, 25. v. 14; 2 2, Canala, 23. vi. 14. 2 nymphs, Mt. Canala, 12. vi. 14. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Wing-photographs by F. W. Campion, Prate VIII. Fig. 12. Synthemis miranda, Selys, 3, allotype. Fig. 13. Synthemis montaguez. sp. n., 3, holotype. Fig. 14. Synthemis flexicauda, sp. u., 3, holotype. PLATE IX, Fig. 15. Synthemis flexicauda, sp. n., 9, allotype. Fig. 16, Synthemis fenella, sp. u., 3, holotype. Fig. 17. Metaphya elongata, sp. n., 2, holotype. Ill.—The Old-World Species of Eriocera in the British Museum Collection (Diptera, Tipulide), By F. W. Epwarps. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) [Plate X. figs. 1-12.] Tue genus Hriocera * has long been familiar to students of Nematocerous Diptera, many representatives having been met with and described by the early workers on the order— Wiedemann, Macquart, and Walker ; these were discussed and their number added to by Osten-Sacken ; more recently a considerable number of species have been described by Alexander, Brunetti, Enderlein, and de Meijere, so that at the present time the number of known species is very considerable. Having regard to this fact, aud also to the conspicuous and varied ornamentation of many of the species, it is not surprising that attempts have been made to dis- member the genus. The first of these (apart from generic * With a strict application of the rule of priority, the name Ca/loprera, Guérin, should be used for this genus, since it was published witha recognizable figure (though without verbal description) eight years before Lrivcera. Was v 68 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World names proposed independently by earlier authors) was that of Osten-Sacken, who proposed the name Arrhenica for a species with long autenne in the male sex, and also main- tained as distinct Schiner’s genus Penthoptera. For the latter proceeding I can see no justification whatever ; the minute characters which Osten-Sacken depended upon seem to me to be entirely trivial. A further attempt at division was that of Enderlein (1912), who recognized four groups—Arrhenica and Androclosma with long antenne in the male, Physecrania and Eriocera with short male antenne ; Arrhenica and Physecrania with five posterior cells, the other two with only four. Brunetti and Alexander have both maintained that these divisions were unnatural and untenable, and after a careful study of the material in the British Museum, I am bound to accept their view. In particular, the length of the male antennz proves to be totally unreliable as an indication of relationship. This is admirably shown by the three species, &. verticalis, E. fusca, and E. yerburyi. In the first the male antennz are almost three times as long as the body, while in the second they are like those of the female, not longer than the thorax. ‘The two species, however, resemble one another rather closely in their general black coloration, the venation is very similar, and, most important of all, the male hypopygia are barely distinguishable. If further confirmation were needed of the close relationship of these two species, it is provided by E. yerburyi, which differs from EF. verticals chiefly in the male antenne being only about as long as the body. On the other hand, Enderlein associated with &. verticalis in the genus Androclosma his A. ornatum, which likewise has greatly elongated antennze in the male sex. This species, however, is so very distinctive in its wing- markings, its venation, and its hypopygial structure that it obviously has only remote connection with £. verticalis and E, fusca. The third species of Enderlein’s, Androclosma (E. lunata, Westw.), also occupies a rather isolated position, and does not show any very marked relationship either to E. ornata or EF. verticalis, apart from the form of the male antenne. Whatever may be the biological significance of the elonga- tion of the male antennz, it is interesting to note that the same phenomenon occurs in an equal degree in the Tipuline genus Macromastix, and that in both these genera the elongation is accompanied by a great enlargement of the basal joint and of the frontal tubercle—perhaps for the accom- modation of larger muscles necessary for moving the heavier Species of Eriocera in the British Museum, 69 autenne. Another feature seen in most, if not all, species of Eriocera and Macromastiz with elongate male antenne is the reduction in the length of the abdomen in that sex. Turning to the other point on which Enderlein based his generic distinctions, the number of posterior cells (presence or absence of cell M,), here again it is doubtful if the distinction has any phylogenetic value. Among those with cell M,, as among those without it, there are a number of species-groups which, if the genus were divided, might be made into subgenera, but a study of the details of venation and male hypopygium suggests that some of those without cell M, may be more nearly related to those possessing it than to others which do not. Moreover, those possessing the cell are certainly not all closely related among them- selves. Rather than subdivide the genus into a number of natural but small and poorly definable groups, I consider it will be preferable to enlarge it by including the genus Penthoptera, aud also two species from the Seychelles which I referred in 1912 to Anisomera. One of these species shows a remarkable variation in venation which I overlooked at the time of description, and they both differ markedly from the typical species of Hexatema (Anisomera) in having a well-developed ovipositor. Further, it is quite obvious that they are closely related to the two species of Hriocera described from the same islands. On the other hand, I consider that the two species with a short fleshy ovipositor (the African /. pusilla, Alex., and the N. American E. longicornis, Walker) would be at least equally well placed in Hexatoma. The tendency to the development of local forms is strongly marked throughout the genus, and there are very few species which have a wide distribution. This may be accounted for by the breeding-habits of the species, most of which probably spend their early stages in the ground at the edges of rapid streams, and probably do not migrate much from one valley to another. In the following table of species, all those at present known from the Palzarctic, Oriental, Australasian, and Ethiopian regions are included, only American forms being omitted. So far as possible, the diagnostic characters have been arranged to give what appears to be a natural arrangement of the species, but there are a considerable number which I have not seen, and whose proper position is therefore more or less a matter of conjecture. Nevertheless, there are no fewer than sixty species in the National Collection from the regions under consideration, and it is 70 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World probable that these represent most, if not all, of the main groups of the genus, although more than a score of them are unfortunately represented by females only. I wish to express my thanks and indebtedness to my friends Dr. C. P. Alexander, Mr. E. Brunetti, and Herr M. P. Riedel for the loan or presentation of several types and other specimens. Key to Old-World Species of Eriocera (sens. lat.). (Those marked * have not been seen by the author.) 1. Rs at least twice as long as R; Ry up- turned and ending well before the tip of the wing; Cu, widely divergent from M;, and forming an angle with the lower margin of the discal cell; wings elaborately streaked with dark, (Su- WALA, ESOLUCO.) o\5 mivtarg nis casei eae eee ornata (End.). ts less than twice as long as R, usually much less (but compare obscuripennis, Edw.); R; not upturned at tip and ending close to the tip of the wing; Cu, parallel with M;, and almost in a straight line with the lower margin of the discal cell; wings not conspicuously streaked withidarkky.;. 115 {i.. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 6 82 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World Tip of R, alittle longer thanrv. R,,, and R, about equal in length and nearly ina straight line ; 7-m less than its own length from base of Ry,;. Cu,a reaching M;,, at one-fifth of discal cell, which is not quite twice as long as broad. Cup straight, shorter than Cu,a and forming an angle of 120° with it. Distance from tip of Ax to tip of An about equal to that between Cu, and Cu, and nearly three times that between Cu, and An. AHalteres yellowish with black tips. Length of body 8 mm. ; wing 10x 2°6 mm. Cryton : Haragam, 1. vi. 1892, 1 5 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury). 2. Eriocera stricklandi, sp. n., ? . Head dull blackish grey ; sides of frontal tubercle ochreous ; pubescence blackish, short but rather dense, Frontal tubercle simple, rather large and_ projecting. Antenne entirely black, fully as long as the head and thorax together; first scapal joint about four times as long as broad. Fiagellum with the three basal joints distinct, third a little longer than the second, but shorter than the first ; five joints, apparently, in the terminal portion. Palpi black ; second _jomt much longer than the first or third and nearly equal to the fourth. Thorax greyish ochreous, with a moderately lung and rather dense ochreous pubescence. Prascutum with three broad slightly shining blackish-brown stripes, the side-stripes continued across the scutum. Lower half of pleurs, also the cox, whitish grey. Addomen dull ochreous-orange, the first four tergites and the apex of the fifth dark brown. Ovipositor long and almost straight, the cerci much stouter than is usual in the genus. Legs ochreous, tarsi rather darker ; all tibize with black tips ; front aud middle femora rather broadly black at the tips ; hind femora black, except on the basal fifth. Claws simple, twice as long as the broad empodia. Wings ochreous- tinged, costal cell yellower, stigma distinct, but rather ill-defined, blackish; veins mostly ochreous, Se ending midway between base of R, and r; tip of R, slightly upturned, a little longer than 7 ; R, quite four times as long as Ry,3 3 7m more than twice its length from base of R44; 5 cell M, present, shorter than its petiole; discal cell not much longer than broad; Cua at about one-third of discal cell ; Cu, curved, at right angles with Cuya at base. Halteres ochreous. Length of body 30 mm.; wing 21x6 mm. Japan: (no exact data), 1909 (7. 4. G. Strickland), Species of Kriocera in the British Museum. 83 3. Eriocera waterstont, sp. 0., 2. Head blackish grey, dull, nearly bare; frontal tubercle small but distinct, simple. Scape of antennz black, the first joint a little over twice as long as broad; flagellum missin. Palpi black ; second joint swollen but elongate, much longer than the first or third, and a little longer even than the fourth. Yhorax dull blackish grey ; a whitish line on the extreme margin of the mesonotum ; above this, just in front of the wing-base, a short velvet-black stripe. Upper half of the pleurze deep black, shining except in places ; lower half heavily dusted with whitish grey. Abdomen black, somewhat shining ; ovipositor slender, reddish. Legs: front coxe blackish, the others ochreous, all grey-dusted ; trochanters ochreous ; remainder of legs missing. Wings uniformly blackish. Venation like that of 4. chirothecata (as figured by Kuntze, 1913), except that Cua is hardly beyond the middle of the discal cell, and the distance between the tips of Ax and An is over twice that between An and Cuy. Halteres black. Length of body 13 mm.; wing 12x 3°2 mm. Maceponia: Rendino Gorge, vi. 1918 (Capt. J. Waterston). The venation is very similar to that of EH. schnusez, Kuntze; probably, as in that species, the tarsi are dark, but confirmation of this point is required. 4. Eriocera umbripennis, sp.u., 2. (PI. X. fig. 2.) Head black, with some rather long black bristly hair ; frontal tubercle rather small, triple, a single conically pro- duced upper division, two more rounded tubercles just above base of antenne. Antenne black, slightly longer than the thorax ; first scapal joint about three times as long as broad ; flagellum with the first four joints distinct, gradually dimin- ishing in length; terminal portion scarcely equalling the preceding three joints together. Palpi with the four joints about equal in length, each roughly four times as long as broad. Thorax purplish black; preescutum with five deeper black stripes, the three middle ones narrow ; pubescence black, rather spare and short. Addomen with the four basal segments dull orange, the rest velvet-black ; valves of the ovipositor elongate, slender, reddish. Legs: coxe, tro- chanters, and middle femora black (rest missing). Wings uniformly black. Sc; ending opposite 7; Scy opposite Lase of R,; r more than three times its length from tip of Ry, ; 6% 84 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World r—m nearly twice its length from base of Ry,5; cell 4, pre- sent, alittle longer than its petiole; Cu,a just beyond middle of discal cell; Cu, short, curved ; distance Ax—An on wing- margin not much longer than An—Cug, and distinetly shorter than Cu,—Cu,. Halteres black. Length of body 21 mm.; wing 15x 4°2 mm. Penance: no further data (H. N. Ridley), 1 2. 5.. Hriocera shirakii, sp. u., 3. Head velvet-black, pubescence black, rather long ; frontal tubercle moderate, simple. Antenne black, rather less than twice as long as the thorax; first scapal joint small, very little longer than broad; flagellar joints regularly dimin- ishing in length, the fourth rather more than half as long as the first. Palpi black; first and second joints about equal in length, third considerably shorter, fourth half as long again as the second. Thorax velvet-black ; pubes- cence black, long and dense; preescutum with four rather narrow, slightly shining stripes. Abdomen with segments 1, 6, 7, and 8 entirely velvet-black, 2-5 and 9 entirely orange. Hypopygium: ninth tergite emarginate. Side- pieces simple, somewhat narrowed towards the tips, nearly three times as long as broad. Outer clasper with a few long hairs towards the base, abruptly narrowed a little before the tip, which is bent inwards and hook-like. Inner clasper moderate, separated from the outer almost to the base. Parameres bilobed, dorsal lobe curved, pointed; ventral lobe - larger than the dorsal, long-conical, the sharply pomted apex projecting inwards. Dorsal plate entire. Penis as long as the mesosome, straight, pointed, bare. Legs black, somewhat shining, moderately stout. Claws with strong basal tooth, twice as long as the empodium. Wings uniformly blackish, anal and axillary cells somewhat lighter. Se ending opposite base of R, ; 7 over twice its length from tip of R, ; Ky over twice as long as R,,3 ; 7-m nearly twice its length from base of Ry,5; cell 4, absent ; Cua just before middle of discal cell; Cu, curved, not much shorter than Cu,a.. Distance Ax-An on wing-margin just over twice An—Cu,. Halteres black. Length of body 13 mm.; wing 12 x3°8 mm. Formosa: Koshun, 25. iv.-25. v. 1918 (J. Sonan, K. Mi- yake, and M. Yoshino), 1 3, presented to the British Museum by Dr. T. Shiraki. It is possible that this may be the male of E. rubriceps, Edw. Species of Kriocera in the British Museum. 85 6. Eriocera flavicosta, sp.n., 2. (Pl. X. fig. 4.) Head black, with black bristly hair; frontal tubercle small, divided into two by a transverse furrow. Antenne with the first three flagellar joints light brown, rest black. First scapal joint above three times as long as broad ; flagellum 8-jointed, the joints gradually decreasing in length. Palpi black, rather stout, first joint a little longer than the others, which are all about equal in length. Thorax dull black, without distinct markings; pubescence dark, moderately short and spare. Abdomen with segments 1, 5, 6,7, and sides of 4 black ; 2, 3, 8, middle of 4, and ovipositor orange. Legs ochreous-brown ; coxz, trochanters, tips of femora and tibiz, and terminal tarsal segments black. Clawssimple; empodium very short and broad. Wings brown, darker on the apical third ; the costal and inner marginal cells yellow; a dis- tinct white spot at the tip, including the tips of R3z and Ry, 5. Se ending opposite base of R,; 7 scarcely twice its length from tip of R,; R, a little over twice as long as Ro,5; r—m below the base of R,; Cu,a near apex of discal cell; Cu, short, slightly curved; distance Ax—-An on wing-margin about three times An—Cu,. AHalteres black. Length of body 26 mm.; wing 18X5 mm. Inpi1a: Nilgiri Hills, 8000 ft., 21. vii.1888 (Sir G. F. Hampson), 1 ?. 7. Eriocera kempi, Brun., var. n. longior. (ROX fie 2a) Differs from E. kempi, Brun. (as represented by a paratype in the British Museum), as follows :—7—m longer, not shorter than r; upper of the two veins closing the discal cell half as long as the lower (in L. kempi paratype the upper is obliterated) ; Cu a well before, not at the tip of the discai cell; no minute clear spot in cell Cu,; two-thirds of abdo- minal segments 4 and 5 orange, these segments also being longer in proportion to their breadth; a large orange spot at the base of the sixth tergite ; outer claspers of hypopygium with a deeper preapical notch. Length of body 23 mm.; wing 215 mm. Inp1a: Mt. Hamilton, 2 ¢. 8. Eriocera ctenophoroides, Edw., var. n. nigrithorax, 2. Differs from KE. ctenophoroides, Edw., as follows :—First joint of flagellum distinctly longer and more slender, scarcely any thicker than the second joint (in KH. clenophoroides it is distinctly thicker); thorax and last abdominal segment 86 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World velvet-black; middle segments of abdomen extremely broad, quite twice as broad as the base and considerably broader than in the type female of EL. ctenophoroides ; legs stout, but considerably less so than in the type, the femora and tibive being also distinctly longer. Cryton: Pallamadulla, 17. vi. 1892, 1? (Lt.-Col. Yerbury). I referred to this specimen in describing &. ctenophoroides in 1911. he difference from the type is not confined, as I then thought, to the black thorax, and the specimen evidently represents a distinct variety if not species. 9. Eriocera albonotata, var. n. citrocastanea. (Pl. X. fig. 6; text-fig. 2f.) Differs from the typical form as follows :—Thorax and dark parts of the abdomen dark chestnut-brown, not black ; fifth abdominal segment of male longer and entirely dark ; femora without black tips; hypopygium rather light brown ; side-pieces longer (quite 1°5 times as long as their breadth at the base); penis longer (about 4 times instead of 2°5 times as long as its breadth at the base) ; preapical notch of outer clasper much less distinct. Length of body, ¢, 23 mm.; wing, ¢, 17x48 mm. Length of body, 2, 25 mm.; wing, ?, 195 mm. Ceyton: Passara, 6.vi.1897 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury),1 ¢; Pundaluoya, v. 1889 (E. E. Green), 1 ¢. 10. Eriocera robinsoni, sp.n., 2. (PI. X. fig. 3.) Head dull blackish grey, with numerous black bristles ; antennie and palpi dark brown. Frontal tubercle moderate, simple. First scapal jot more than three times as long as broad. Flagellum six-jointed, first two joints together longer than the remaining four. Palpi rather short and stout, first joint a little longer and more slender than the remaining three, which are subequal. Thorax dull dark brown, unmarked. Abdomen velvety-black, rather damaged, but appareutly with shining bands at the bases of the ter- gites. Legs uniformly blackish; claws simple; empodia short and thick. MW .ngs rather strongly infuscated; a large but inconspicuous pale area in the middle extending across the inner marginal and basal cells, but not quite reaching R, or Cu. Se ending just beyond base of R.; r about three — times its length from tip of R,; R, more than three times as long as R.,,; four posterior cells; Cu,a near apex of Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 87 discal cell; Cu, as long as Cuya, slightly curved ; distance Ax-An on margin about twice Au—Cuz. Halleres black. Length of body 14 mm.; wing 11x3°3 mm. Sram: Bukit Besar (H. C. Rodinson and N. Annandale), 1a 11. Hriocera assamensis, sp. n., 2. Head dark greyish brown, with rather long and dense black hair, Frontal tubercle moderate, simple. First scapal joint dark greyish brown, four times as long as broad; second scapal and first three flagellar joints yellow, tip of flagellum dark. Flagellum with nine joints, the last six all rather short. Palpi black, moderately long; first and fourth joints each a little longer than the second or third, second a little thicker than the others. Thorax velvet-black, pleurz with a slight brown tinge. Abdomen velvet-black, without shining areas ; second, fourth, and fifth tergites with broad whitish- grey basal bands. Ovipositor reddish, but the segment bearing it black. Legs yellow; coxe, ‘trochanters, tips of femora and tibiz, and the greater part of the tarsi blackish. Claws simple; empodia short and broad. Wings blackish ; base bright yellow; a broad white fascia in the middle, extending from R, to the hind margin. Sc, extending well beyond the base of R,.; Sc, far before the tip of Sc;; r very oblique, four or five times its length from tip of Rj, its middle joint above the base of R,; Ry quite four times as long as R,,3; r-m below base of R,; four posterior cells ; Cu,a near the tip of the rather short discal cell ; Cu, curved, shorter than Cu,a; distance Ax—An on the margin not quite twice An-Cu,. Halteres black. Length of body 17 mm.; wing 14x42 mm. Assam: Khasi Hills (purchased from EH. Heyne), 1 3, taken together with typical specimens of H. nepalensis. 12. Eriocera sinensis, sp.n., @. (Text-fig. 2d.) Head velvet-black, with black hair. Frontal tubercle divided by a transverse furrow, the lower portion somewhat more prominent than the upper. Scape of antenne black, the first joint about four times as long as broad; flagellum missing. Palpi black; first and fourth joints slightly longer than the second and third, second distinctly thicker than the others. Thorax velvet-black. ‘Abdomen con- siderably shorter than the wings; velvet-black, the second, fourth, and fifth tergites with broad leaden basal bands, 88 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World somewhat more shining basally than apically; a narrow shining leaden band at the base of the third tergite. - Hypo- pygium: side-pieces simple, about twice as long as their greatest breadth. Outer claspers with small but deep pre- apical notch. Middle third of ninth tergite prominent, with median emargination. Parameres rather broad, some- what pointed, dorsal lobe represented only by a small back- wardly projecting tooth. Penis, if straight, would be almost as long as the side-piece, but is bent downwards and back- wards about the middle. Legs black. Claws with basal tooth; empodia about half as long as the claws. Wings black, bright yellow at the base; anal and axillary cells lighter; a white median fascia of almost even width extending from R, almost to the hind margin. Sc, ending immediately before base of R,; Sc, scarcely beyond base of R,,,; venation otherwise almost the same as in EF. assamensis. Halteres black. Length of body 12 mm.; wing 12x3°8 mm. W. Cuina: Golden Buddha Mt., N. of Changking, Sze- Chuen Province, 5000 ft., 15. viii. 1907 (W. A. Maw), 1 ¢. Evidently closely allied to /. nepalensis, but certainly distinct. The hypopygium of £. nepalensis differs from that of E. sinensis as follows :—the ninth tergite is not prominent in its niddle third ; the preapical notch on the outer clasper is less marked; the side-piece is somewhat shorter and stouter ; and the penis is shorter and more pointed. 13. Eriocera chrysomela, sp. 1. (Pl. X. fig. 7; text-fig. 2a.) Head velvet-black, with a pale grey central longitudinal line, and with black hair. Frontal tubercle divided into three parts, the upper portion rounded, only very sliglitly prominent, the lower portion produced into two conspicuous tubercles. Antenne black; first scapal jot about three times as long as broad; first flagellar joint half as long again as the second, which is half as long again as the third ; terminal portion about as long as the first joint, without definite jointing in the male, but with six rather indistinct joints in the female. Palpi black, moderately long; fourth joint almost as long as the second and third together ; first not quite as long as the fourth ; second some- what thicker than the others. Thorax uniform velvet- black or very dark brown; pubescence sparse and not very long. Abdomen velvet-black ; basal halves of tergites 2-5 shining blackish ; beyond the shining area is a rather narrow transverse leaden-grey band on each of the segments Species of Eriocera in the British Museum. 89 2-5; hypopygium, ovipositor, and the segment bearing the ovipositor orange. Hypopygium: ninth tergite with the central portion strongly produced, but emarginate in the middle. Side-piece less than twice as long as its basal diameter, much narrower apically; at the base on the ventral side with a rounded prominence bearing a row of about 15-20 short spines. Outer clasper bare, with a deep excavation on the outer side near the base, preapical notch small. Inner clasper rather narrow, incompletely separated from the outer. Parameres rather long, straight, with rounded tips, no basal tooth. Penis (if straightened) would be a little longer than the side-pieces, but is bent downwards and backwards about its middle; both halves are strongly curved; the outer (ventral) half bears numerous short bristly hairs, which are most dense at the tip; on the outer side of the bend is a deep groove, tip not much thinner than base. Legs long, slender, black ; claws of the male with basal tooth, not much longer than the narrow empodium ; of the female simple, empodium short and broad. Wangs blackish at the extreme base, beyond which rather more than half of the wing is yellow; anal and axillary cells lighter. At the outer edge of the yellow area is a clear whitish spot extending across the basal cells but not reaching Rs or Cu. The apical part of the wing, from the tip of Sc to the tip of Ax, is blackish brown, except for the tip, which is rather broadly pure white. Sc ending opposite r, which is about three times its length from the tip of R,, and not quite its own length from the base of R,; R, more than three times as long as R,,3; 7-m below base of R,; cell M, present, more than twice as long as its stalk; Cuja close to apex of discal cell ; Cu, slightly curved. Halteres black. Length of body, 6,13 mm.; wing, ¢, 12x 3°7 mm. Length of body, ?, 21 mm.; wing, 9,155 mm. Hone Kone (J. C. Bowring, 1861),1 3,1 2. 14. Eriocera plumbolutea, sp.n., Sg. (Text-fig. 2c.) Head velvet-black, with long and dense black hair. Frontal tubercle triple, the pair of tubercles above the antennee rather small, but slightly larger than the unpair@d and more rounded dorsal tubercle. Antenne with the scape blackish, first jot about three times as long as broad ; first three flagellar joints yellow (remainder missing). Palpi black (damaged). Thorax entirely velvet-black, except for the prothoracie lobes, which are reddish and rather more prominent than usual. Sides of mesonotum with long and 90 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World dense black hair; prescutum also with long black hair along the furrows. Abdomen: segments 1 and 6-8 entirely velvet-black, 2-5 with yellow ground-colour, dusted over with grey, more shining basally, apical fifth of each velvet- black. //ypopygium orange-yellow. Ninth tergite with its middle portion strongly produced, emarginate in the middle, rather densely hairy. Side-pieces about twice as long as their breadth at the base; an irregular row of about 20 short blunt spines at the base beneath, not situated on a definite prominence. Outer clasper bare, slightly thickest in the middle, without distinct excavation on outer side near base; preapical notch slight. Inner clasper broad, incompletely separated from the outer. Parameres with a trace of a basal tooth ; long, nearly straight, with rounded tips. Penis with a thick, nearly straight basal portion which is nearly as long as the side-piece, then bent downwards and backwards for about half the length of the basal portion, then forwards again as a slender bare filament which is nearly as long as the basal portion. Legs: coxe and trochanters black ; femora yellow with black tips; tibie brownish with black tips ; tarsi blackish ; claws with small basal tooth ; empodia short. Wings with dark brown ground-colour ; yellow at the base and in the whole of the costal and subcostal cells; a large nearly square white spot near the tips of the basal cells, extending from Rs to Cu; a small white spot in the mner marginal cell just above the fork of Rs; a very small white spot on the extreme tip, just including tips of R3 and Ry,,;. Sc ending opposite 7; Sc. much before tip of Sc;; r rather long, vertical, twice its length before tip of R, ; Ry nearly four times as long as R,,3; cell M, present, more than twice as long as its stalk ; Cu,a almost at tip of discal cell ; Cu, nearly as long as Cua, slightly curved. Haléeres black, tip greyish. Length of body 14 mm.; wing 12°5x 4 mm. Assam: Khasi Hills (purchased from #. Heyne), 1 3. 15. Eriocera brunettii, sp.u., @. (Text-fig. 2b.) Head very dark ash-grey, pubescence moderate. Frontal t@bercle triple, the unpaired dorsal portion very slight indeed. Antennz black; first scapal joint about three times as long as broad ; flagellum with five joints, each a little shorter than the preceding. Palpi black ; first and fourth joints each about as long as the second and third together ; second a little thicker than the others. Thorax dull orange dorsally, nearly bare ; preescutum and scutum Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 91 more reddish-tinged, scutellum and postnotum more yellowish-tinged. Pleure dark grey, passing to orange above. Abdomen entirely black, mostly shining ; fifth and sixth segments only with narrow velvet-black apical borders (possibly the shining appearance of the basal segments may not be natural). Hypopygium resembling that of E. plumbo- lutea, but the short spines on the bases of the side-pieces are borne on an ear-shaped process; the outer clasper is thickest near’ the base, where it is finely pubescent ; the inner clasper is narrower; and the penis, though at least as long, is rather differently convoluted. Legs black; claws with small basal tooth ; empodia short. /Vings resembling those of E. plumbolutea, but base and costal region dark ; the large central white spot less square and not quite reaching Cu: apical white mark long, narrow, and crescent-shaped, extending from before the tip of R, to the tip of M,; Cuja not much beyond middle of discal cell. Halteres black, base of stem pale. Length of body 11 mm.; wing 10 x 3°2 mm. Assam: Tura, Garo Hills, 1400 ft., 17.x.1917 (Mrs. S. Kemp), 1 3. The specimen was sent by Brunetti as his gravelyi, from which it differs in the orange scutellum and postnotum, the absence (natural?) of velvet-black bands on most of the abdominal segments, the shape of the apical wing-spot, and the position of Cu,a. A female of EF. gravelyi in the British Museum from Sikkim (J. G. Pilcher) agrees exactly with one sent by Brunetti from the Darjiling district. It seems most probable therefore that Brunetti has confused two distinct species under the name gravely?. 16. Eriocera trimaculata, sp.u., 9. (Pl. X. fig. 8.) Head velvet-black, pubescence black, rather long and dense. Frontal tubercle triple, each division very small and rounded. Scape of antennas black, flagellum yellowish, except towards the tip. First scapal joint nearly four times as long as broad. Flagellum with seven joints, the first about as long ~ as the next two together, the last three equal in length. Palpi black, fi:st jot scarcely as long as the second, which is much thickened. fourth as long as the second and third together. Thorax entirely velvet-black, except for the scutellum, which is reddish orange ; pubescence rather long, black. Abdomen velvet-black, without shining bands, but with large pearly-white lateral basal spots on tergites 4-6. Legs short and stout, with long black pubescence ; dark brown in colour, the coxie and the tips of the other joints 99 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World black ; claws simple ; empodia short. Wings blackish, anal and axillary cells lighter; a large central white spot extending from Rs to Cu; a second rather large white spot extending from R, to R,,3; a third at the wing-tip, reaching from the tip of R, to just beyond the tip of Ry,;. Se ending just before 7 ; Sc, opposite fork of Rs ; 7 somewhat oblique, three times its length before tip of Ry; R, quite four times as long as Ry,,; r—m slightly beyond base of Rg, also slightly beyond middle of upper margin of discal zell ; cell M, present, with extremely short stalk ; Cuja near apex of lower margin of discal cell; basal section of M, very oblique ; Cu, somewhat curved, as long as Cua. Length of body 20 mm.; wing 14°5 x4°5 mm. Assam: Khasi Hills (purchased from £. Heyne),1 9. 17. Eriocera borneana, sp.u., 9? (Pl. X. fig. 12.) Head blackish grey, with moderately long black pubescence. Frontal tubercle triple, but only very slightly prominent. Antenne and palpi black (tips of both missing in type). Thorax almost uniformly red ; pleure only a little darker ; pubescence normal, pale. Abdomen missing in the type. Legs rather short, dark brown, tarsi darker ; claws simple ; empodium short and narrow. Wings dark brown ; a white fascia in the middle, extending from R, to Cu (at which it ends abruptly) and just touching the fork of Rs; another white spot immediately before the apex, not touching the front margin, but reaching the hind margin between Ry; and M,,». Sc, ending opposite base of R2; Sc, near tip of Se,; 7 vertical, about three times its length from tip of R,; R, nearly four times as long as R,,3; 7-m below base of hk, ; basal section of M,,. (i. e., inner margin of discal cell) nearly vertical ; a trace of vein M, present (more marked in tlie wing figured than in the other) ; Cuya at about two-thirds of discal cell; Cu, slightly curved, longer than Cuya. Halteres black. Size of wing 9x 3 mm. Borneo: Kuching, Sarawak, 27. iv. 1900 (J. Hewitt), 1 ? (?). A-second specimen, almost certainly belonging to the same species, is in the Cambridge Museum from Borneo (Kuching ?), 20 x.1901 (R. Shelford). In this specimen the first three abdominal segments and the ovipositor are yellow, the remainder of the abdomendark. The wing differs from the type in having no trace of a pale subapical spot, and no trace of vem M,. The size of the subapical wing-spot is probably variable, since in Walker’s male type of E. infixa Species of Eviocera in the British Museum. 93 it is a mere dot, while in three females of the same species it is much larger (in all three it touches the front but not the hind margin of the wing). REMARKS ON VARIOUS SPECIES. 1. E. ornata (End.), described from Sumatra, is repre- sented in the British Museum by two males—one from Port Dixon, Malay Peninsula, 19. ii. 1908 (G. Meade-Waldo), and one from Kuching, Sarawak, 21.i1.1902 (J. Hewitt). It evidently occupies an isolated position in the genus, but there is no subgeneric name available for it, since Enderlein designated A. verticale as the type-species of Androclosma. Apart from the peculiarities of venation, the parameres of the zdceagus (text-fig. 2i) have a unique structure; the free portion is simple, elongate, blunt-ended, and more than half as long as the side-piece. The outer clasper and the penis are constructed somewhat as in the verticalis group, and may perhaps indicate a connection therewith. The length of Rs is variable, being over three times as long as R in the Kuching specimen, rather shorter in the one from Port Dixon, and only twice as long as R in Enderlein’s figure. Male genital claspers of species of Ertocera, x 40. a, E. brunetti, sp. n.; b, £. verticalis, Wied.; ¢, E. rubrescens (Walk.) ; d, LE. luterpennis (Edw.). 2. The Seychelles Species.—The four species described from the Seychelles are evidently quite closely allied, as is shown by the structure of the hypopygium of three of them (E. obscuripennis, E. fuscinervis, and E. luteipennis) (text- figs. 1d, 2n,20). In all these the outer clasper is regularly narrowed towards the tip, which is, however, bent inwards almost at right angles to the shaft ; the parameres are bifid, the outer lobe being straight and pointed, the inner with a rounded tip ; the penis is small and not distinctly separated 94 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World from the mesosome. Apart from this the species resemble one another in build, coloration, yellow scape of the antenne, small size of frontal tubercle, short, more or less convex axillary vein, rather short Sc, short R,, and position of r—m cross-vein. The apparently fundamental difference in the number of posterior cells (3 or 4) is bridged in an interesting way. A re-examination of the three specimens of A. lutei- pennis in the British Museum shows that one of them has three posterior cells (as figured by me in 1912) ; one has very distinctly four posterior cells and a closed discal cell ; while the third has a short disconnected piece of vein M; present. I therefore consider the removal of E. luteipennis and E. ferruginea from Hexatoma to be entirely justified. The Seychelles group is a very distinct one when Old-World forms alone are considered, but the South-American Penthoptera sancte-marthe, Alex., shows certain resemblances. 3. The crystalloptera Group.—The four Ceylon species with crystalline wings described by Osten-Sacken form another distinct group, with a number of characters in common, as indicated in the key. Three of these are repre- sented in the British Museum, but only one of them (E. crystalloptera) in the male sex. The hypopygium of this species, like that of Hewatoma, has bilobed parameres (text-fig. 2k), the upper lobe being bent about the middle, and a small arrowhead-like penis, but the outer clasper has the subapical notch well-marked. 4. E. lunata, Westw.—This is another isolated species with a striking venational peculiarity in the extremely broad upper basal cell (a point which is not sufficiently brought out by Westwood’s figure) and with a very distinctive type of wing-marking. The white tip to the veins R, and Rg, also 7, may indicate a connection with H. ornata ; if that is so, the straight tip of Cu, could be regarded as linking E. ornata with the verticalis group. Additional characters common to E. ornata and E. lunata, and found only in these two species, are the unusual breadth of the upper basal cell and the parallelism of the basal part of Rs with R, ; neither of these points is at all indicated in E. verticalis. The hypopygium of Westwood’s type (the only example known) is unfortu- nately now damaged, but Westwood figures a very peculiar structure of the claspers, and the parameres (unless broken off) are not elongate as in HE. ornata. 5. E. pusilla, Alex.—In the very short, strongly upturned tip of Ry, as well as in the structure of the hypopygium and ovipositor, this species shows a greater resemblance to Hewa- toma than to Eriecera, aud should in my opinion be placed there. It is particularly interesting as connecting Hevatoma Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 95 with the verticalis group of Hriocera, and as a further instance showing the inadvisability of using the character of the number of branches of the media for generic classification in the Tipulide. 6. The verticalis Group.—This, as I interpret it, includes the thirteen species under section 12 in the key. Apart from the general similarity in coloration and venation already noted in the key, there are certain hypopygial characters common to many, if not all, of the species. The organ has been examined in six (fusca, nigrina, nyasicola, tumidiscapa, yerburyi, and verticalis), all of which show the following common features: outer clasper (text-fig. 1b) rather gently narrowed towards the curved-down tip, no preapical notch ; inner clasper broad ; side-pieces simple at the base, some- what curved ; parameres bilobed, lobes about equal in length, upper lobe pointed, lower lobe very broad, with rounded tip, placed nearly in a vertical plane; penis very short, arrow- head-shaped (text-fig. 2j). Ifit should be desired to accord this group subgeneric rank, the names Androclosma and Globericera are available, The South-American species of true Hriocera (including the type of the genus, HE, nigra, Macq.) approach this group in several respects—for example, in the comparatively short vein R, and the straight, strongly down-bent Cuz. However, the hypopygium of a few species which I have examined does not seem to show any very close affinity between the two groups. 7. The rubrescens Group.—Included under this heading are the seven speeies from stricklandi to angustipennis in the key, under the number 27, and also longijurca, Alex., and tripunctipennis, Brun. Although there are among these some with five posterior cells and some with four, it is fairly certain that they are all somewhat closely related, except perhaps I. stricklandi, which differs from the others in its much larger frontal tubercle. Of the remaining species, four are represented in the British Museum by males, and the hypopygia of these have been examined. J. rufiventris, Li. penulata (text-fig. 2m), and EH. pyrrhochroma are very similar and have rather small bilobed parameres, the upper lobes smaller than the lower, both lobes projecting inwards ; the penis is small and rounded; the outer clasper is rather abruptly narrowed a little before the tip, but not so much so asin many other species. /. rubrescens (text-figs. le, 21) is somewhat different: the outer clasper with the tip more hook-like ; parameres broad, rounded, not bilobed ; penis very short, but pointed. LE. stricklandi (known so far only from the female) would seem to be closely related to the N.-American /, spinosa, differing chiefly in the colour of 96 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World the abdomen and the larger size. Since E. spinosa is the type of the subgenus Arrhenica, O.-S., this name will be available for the group. The preceding groups, though diverse in many respects, Fig. 2 Details of sedceagus of Old-World species of Eriocera. All x40. Except in h (£. schnuset, Kuntze) only the penis and one paramere are shown. a, E. chrysomela, sp. n.; b, FE. brunettit, sp. n.; ¢, E. plumbolutea, sp.n.; a, LZ. senensis, sp. n.; e, E. lygropis, Alex. ; f, E. kempi, Brun., var. n. longior: g, E. lunigera, Walk.; i, E. ornata (End.) ; j, £. verticalis, Wied.; k, E. erystalloptera, O.-S.; 1, £&. rubrescens, Walk.; m, £. penulata, End.; n, £. obscuripennis, Edw.; 0, £. luteipennis (Kdw.). In fig. h the whole edcagus of FE. schnusei, Kuntze, is shown in dorsal view: p=penis; pa = paramere; bp = basal plate; dp = dorsal plate. have one character in common, the shortness of the penis, which is produced into two little points at the tip. In the remaining species the structural details are somewhat less varied, especially the venation, which shows few tangible modifications ; the hypopygial structure is also fairly uniform, there being nearly always a pronounced preapical le Species of Eviocera tn the British Museum, 97 notch on the outer clasper, due to the abrupt narrowing of the shaft a little before the tip; the side-pieces are shorter than in the other groups, and the penis is nearly always long and pointed, often curved or hook-like, its tip scarcely ever produced into two points. The tip of R, is always consider- ably longer than 7; Cu,a generally nearer the apex than the base of the discal cell; R2 always much longer than R,,;; Cu, generally quite short and more or less curved. Here, again, there are species with four or with five posterior cells, but the species in each of these categories are not all closely related. On the whole, the classification by wing-markings and by the presence or absence of leaden-coloured bands on the abdomen seems to give the best expression of the natural affinities of the species. The following groups may be recognised :— 8. The chirothecata Group, including the three South- European species with five posterior cells and perhaps also unicolor, Meij., aud obscura, Big. In this group the only species known to me in the male sex is EH. schnusei (text- fig. 2h). This has a short penis and parameres of similar structure to those of the verticalis group ; in these respects, as well as in its coloration, it seems to connect the verticalis group with the dichroa group. Ou the other hand, the elon- gate second palpal joint of /. schnuset and L. waterstoni suggests a connection with the rubrescens group, through E. stricklandi. 1 am not acquainted with the type-species of Penthoptera (chirvthecata, Scop.) or Physecrania (obscura, Big.), but from the published figures both would seem to belong to the same group as schnusei; if so, these generic names will be synonymous. This group may perhaps be regarded as representing the ancestral type of the genus, and as having given rise on the one hand to the verticalis group and on the other to the dichroa group. 9. The dichroa Group may be regarded as including all the species with blackish unmarked wings, and an entirely dull, partly orange abdomen. In a number of species, but not all, the first antennal joint is short. In the venation, R; is perfectly straight, its terminal section much longer than r. The outer clasper has a well-marked preapical notch ; the parameres are bilobed, both lobes pointing inwards, but the ventral lobe straighter and longer than the dorsal; the penis rather long and pointed, but straight. (This applies to scutellata and shiraki; but a male of semilimpida examined appeared to have no penis; it may have beeu broken off.) EE. maculiventris, Brun., is given as a synonym of £. semi- limpida, Brun., on the authority of Brunetti (in letter), Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 7 98 On Briocera in the British Museum. though the descriptions do not quite agree, especially as regards the thorax. Closely allied to the dichroa group, and certainly not separable from it subgenerically, are: (a) the dicolur group, with similar claspers, side-pieces, and parameres to those of the dichroa group, but with the penis somewhat longer and more curved; (6) the morosa group, with hypopygium similar to that of the bicolor group, but with quite different coloration ; (¢) the albonotata group, with three apical wing- spots, deep preapical notch on outer clasper, parameres almost simple, the dorsal lobe represented by a small back- wardly-projecting tooth, penis straight ; (d) the albipunctata group, with one apical wing-spot, side-pieces swollen at the base beneath, parameres broader than in the albonotata group (text-fig. 2f), penis more or less curved; (e) the infiwa group (E. infiza, EH. borneana, and probably some other species with dull abdomen and ornate wings), with hypo- pygium resembling that of the albonotata group, but preapical notch of outer clasper less well-marked. I do not know E. javensis (Dol.), but if, as seems likely, it is nearly related to EZ. infixa, the name Oligomera could be applied to the whole of this group, if it could be satisfactorily distinguished from the chirothecata group, which hardly seems possible. 10. 4. lunigera (Walk.) has several peculiarities in its hypopygium (text-fig. 2g). The side-pieces have a small rounded basal lobe studded with small blunt black spines; the outer clasper almost regularly narrowed to the tip, which is searcely bent; the penis is very short and broad, but somewhat curved ; the parameres with strong backwardly projecting basal tooth. Walker’s type of optadilis has now nothing left but the head and thorax; these, however, agree exactly with EH. lunigera, so that the two names most probably apply to the same species. 11. Zhe plumbicincta Group, including the seven species under heading 88 inthe key. All these are evidently closely allied, and, apart from the similarity of wing-markings (which is obscured but not obliterated in E. chr ysomela by the development of yellow colour on the basal half) and in the abdominal banding, they agree in the presence and somewhat unusual length of cell M;. The hypopygium is remarkable for the great length of the penis (see descriptions of the new species, and text-figs. 2a, 2b, 2c); the outer claspers (text-fig. la) have the preapical nobel unusually small, the tip scarcely bent ; the side-pieces of all the species EDWARDS. 13 15 16 17 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. VIII. Pl. WINGS OF FORMOSAN TIPULID5. a) OD 10 11 14 18 19 + 9 4 ~ ; \ 4 rv ‘a A ak aN a ae On new and little-known Tipulide. 99 examined have more or less distinct basal lobes beset with spines, somewhat as in L. lunigera. 12. The nepalensis Group, including the eight species from decorata to hilpa in the key, is evidently nearly allied to the plumbicincta group, in spite of possessing only four poster ior cells, The type of abdominal marking is very similar, the grey bands in the midde of tergites 2-5, which are so con- spicuous in this group, being distinctly traceable in some of the members of the plumbicincta group. The relationship is also indicated in the hypopygium, the penis being rather long and hooked (text-fig. 2d), though not nearly so long as in the plumbicincta group. ‘The side-pieces, however, have no trace of spiny basal lobes. L. sauteriana and LE. leucotela have a hypopygium similar to that of H. nepalensis. The name Pterocosmus would be available for this group, the ty pe- species being P. velutinus (= EH. nepalensis), Both West- wood’s and Walker’s types are in fairly good condition in the Oxford and British Museums respectively. The nepalensis group seems to be connected with the dichroa group through the morosa group. EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. Fies. 1-12. Wings of Old-World species of Eriocera. Fig. 1. Eriocera fusca, Edw. xX 3. Fig. 2. E.umbripennis, sp.n. X 2°65. Fig. 3. £. robinson, sp.n. xX 2°5. Fig. 4. E. flavicosta, sp.n. xX 2°5. Fig. 5. E. kempt, Brun., var. n. longior. X 2°5. Fig. 6. E. albonotata, Lw., var. n. . crtrocastanea, 36 2'5. Fig. 7. £. chrysomela,sp.n. xX 3 fig. 8. E. trimaculata,sp.n. X a: Fig. 9. E. combinata, Walk. xX 3. Fig. 10. E. leucotela, Walk. x 8. Fig. 11. E. infiva, Walk. x 3. Fig. 12. E. borneana, sp.n. X 3. IV.—New and little-known Vipulide, chiefly from Formosa.— Part II. By F. W. Epwarps. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) [Plate X. figs. 13-19.] Tus paper is a continuation of one published by the writer under the above title in 1916 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVlil. pp. 245-269, pl. xii.), and deals chiefly with a further consignment of crane-flies received from Dr. T. Shiraki, 7 e 100 Mr. F. W. Edwards on chief Entomologist of the Agricultural Experimental Station, Taiboku, Formosa, early in 1920, who has again generously presented all the types to the British Museum. As in the previous paper, a few additional crane-flies from the Oriental and Eastern Palearctic regions have been dealt with ; in this case, these all belong to the genus Ctenacroscelis. The bibliography concerning Formosan Tipulide has been given in full by Alexander in a recent paper (Ann. Ent. Soe. Amer. xili. pp. 249-270, Sept. 1920), and need not be quoted again here, but since, with those mentioned below, over 100 species have now been recorded from the island, it may be of use at this juncture to enumerate them. List of the Crane-flies hitherto recorded from Formesa. Ptychopteride. Teucholabis nigerrima, Edw. (= Ptychoptera distincta, Brun. unicolor, Ried.). f —_ cf, japonica, Alex. Paratropeza_ (Gymnastes) ornati- pennis (Meij.). Tipulide. | —— ( ) shirakii, Alex. LIMNOBIIN2. } ( ) hyalipennis, Alex. | Atarba pallidicornis, Edw. LIMNOBIINI. : 3 = : Suseicornis, Edw. Dicranomyra fulloway?, Alex. | Antocha javanensis, Alex. | punctulata, Meij. | : . puncticosta, Brun. ERtoprerini. convergens, Mei). Gonomyia (Gonomyta) metatarsata, alticola, Edw. Meij. —— pleurilineata, Ried. —— ( ) pruinosa, Alex. mygrithoraa, Brun. | —— (Lipophleps) gracilis, Skuse. tenella, Meij. ( ) nebulosa, Meij. Thrypticomyia saltans (Dol.). Gnophomyia (Gnophomyia) orien- Geranomyia septemnotata, Edw. talis, Meij. [ pulchripennis, Brun. | —— ( ) stmilis, Edw. argentifera, Meij. | ——( ) strenua, Brun. atrostriata, sp. 0. | == | ) nigra, Brun. [ montana, Meij.| —— (Dasymallomyia) signata, Limnobia nigriceps (Wulp) (= rect- Brun. angularis (Ried.). Styringomyia formosana, Edw. ceylonica, Edw. lava, Brun. Jlavitarsis, Alex. wvanthopteroides, Ried, nitobet, Edw. atridorsum, Alex. umbrata, Mei}. | Ormosia (Rhypholophus) formo- Libnotes regalis, Edw. Sanus, Sp. D. - transversalis, Meij. _ Molophilus costalis, Edw. niyripes, Sp. D. limpida, Edw. Taseocera fragilicornis, Ried. ANTOCHINI. Erioptera (Empeda) nigroapicalis, Helius nigriceps (Edw.). Alex. ? unicolor, Brun. | —— ( ) minuscula, Alex. barbatus, sp. Nn. _ —— (Lrioptera) insignis, Edw. Teucholabis fenestrata, O.-S. —— ( ) alboguttata, Edw. tnornata, Ried. —— (——) flava, Brun. new and little-known Tipulide. 101 f Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) trente- DoLIcHOPEZINI. pohli (Wied.). | Dolichopeza ? orientalis, Brun. —— ( ) albogeniculata (Brun.). | Nesopeza gracilis, Meij. (Mongoma) pennipes, O.-S, Oropeza sauteri, Ried. Conosia irrorata (Wied.). TIPULINI. LIMNOPHILINI. | Brithura conifrons, Edw. Limnophila (Limnophila) incon- | Longurto rubriceps, Edw. cussa, Alex. Ctenacroscelts clavipes, sp. Nn. — ( ) nigronitida, sp. n. similis, sp. 0. —— (Dicranophragma) formosa, | { sikkimensis, End. ] Alex. s Tipula holoserica, Mats. (= rufo- (Ephelia) fascipennis, Brun. media, Edw. = nigrorubra, Epiphragma kemp’, Brun. Ried.). coguilletti, End. EXATOMINI. | nova, Walk. (=nohirai, Mats. H | , Walk hirat, Mat Eriocera verticalis, Wied. =fumifasciata, Brun.). nigrina, Ried. — formosicola, Alex. yamata, Alex. sautertana, Kind, TELE | —— shiraki, Edw. rubriceps, Edw. shiraki, Edw. | —— tridentata, Alex. [ testacea, Brun. | Ss pluriguttata, Alex. bicornuta, Alex. subapterogyne, Alex. | Jlavicosia, sp. Nn. —— quadrifulva, sp. n. | ——- d¢serra, sp. n. terebrata, sp. n. arisanensis, Sp. N. Nephrotoma virgata (Coq.). eitrina (Edw.). —— lygropis, Alex. PEDICUNI. Rhaphidolabis brunettii, Edw. Tricyphona formosana, Alex. TIPULINZ. CTENOPHORINI. Pselliophora ctenophorina, Ried. — | [_—— serricornis, Brun. ] delta, Walk. hoppo, Mats. (=semirufa, | Edw.). Jjavensis (Dol.). scalator, Alex. [ bombayensis, Mcq. | taprobanes, Walk, | parva (Kdw.). laneipes, sp. 0. Sormosensis, Edw. Dictenidia formosana, Alex. hee palloris, Coq. | The ten species mentioned in square brackets have been recorded by Riedel; their occurrence in Formosa requires confirmation, since in each case it is possible or probable that the species concerned was really the one immediately preceding in the above list. LiMnosBiinz&. LIMNOBIINI. Geranomyia atrostriata, sp. n. Head, including antennz and proboscis, blackish. Front very narrow, almost linear. Flagellar joints approximately equal, oval, last joint narrow and pointed. Verticils not 102 Mr. F. W. Edwards on longer than the joints. Proboscis about as long as head and thorax together. Zhoraz blackish grey, slightly shining in certain lights; two dull black lines on the posterior half of the prescutum, interrupted at the suture, and continued across the scutum. Shoulders, wing-attachment, and most of sternopleura tinged with ochreous. Abdomen blackish above, ochreous below; hypopygium brownish ochreous, fleshy claspers elongate-oval, quite twice as long as the side- pieces ; upper claspers small, deeply bifid, both branches curved, the outer one sharp-pointed, the inner with rounded tip. Legs dark brown; coxze and trochanters ochreous. Wings slightly brownish-tinged ; stigma dark brown; very small brown clouds at base of Rs and at tip of Se. Sc, close to tip of Se, ; the usual accessory cross-vein present con- necting Sc and R; Ks nearly straight, longer than basal section of Re,3; discal cell elongate, more than twice as long as broad, and somewhat longer than the veins beyond it ; Cu,a just before base of discal cell. Costal fringe very short, shorter than the fringe of the hind margin. Halteres with ochreous stem and dark brown kuob. Length of body (excluding proboscis) 6 mm.; wing 7 mm.; proboscis 2°2 mm. Formosa: Ringaurin, Nanto, 18.xu.1916 (7. Shiraki), oe This species seems most nearly allied to G. montana, Mei)., differing in the short costal fringe and the two black lines on the thorax. Libnotes limpida, Edw. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvii. p. 855 (1916). Formosa: Arisan, 25. iv. 1917 (T. Shiraki). Two females, agreeing closely with the type from the Malay States. Libnotes transversalis, Mei}. Tijd. v. Ent. lix. p. 198 (1916). Formosa: Arisan, 25.iv. 1917 (T. Shiraki), 12. The specimen agrees closely with de Meijere’s description. Although superficially very similar to L. limpida, it is really quite distinct. ANTOCHINI. Helius [Rhamphidia| nigriceps (Kdw.). Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvii. p. 358 (1916). Formosa: Arisan, 24.iv. 1917 (7. Shiraki), 18,12. new and little-known Tipulide. 103 Somewhat larger and darker than the original Siamese specimens, but identical in structure. Helius barbatus, sp.n. (Text-fig.) Closely allied to H. nigriceps, Edw., differing only in the structure of the antenne and hypopygium. ‘The antennze are about as long as the head and proboscis together, the first three or four flagellar joints swollen, markedly broader than long, the next few joints gradually narrower but no longer, all with rather short dense hair ; the last six joints long and very slender (especially the last) and each provided with a few long hairs, more than twice as long as the joint Helius barbatus, sp. n. Male hypopygium from above. x 40, bearing them. Hypopygium: ninth tergite produced into two conspicuous hairy points. The eversible anal segment with four narrow chitinous strips. Tips of side-pieces with long dense yellowish hair, the hairs microscopically serrate. Both pairs of claspers very broad, the outer one with the usual black bifid tip, and also with a double membranous lobe on the inner side. Formosa: Arisan, 24,iv.1917 (7. Shiraki), 13. ERIOPTERINI. Ormosia (Rhypholophus) formosanus, sp. n. Head, thorax, and abdomen uniformly dark brownish, the abdomen somewhat darker ; pubescence inconspicuous, pale. Palpi black. Antenne dark brown, flagellar joints all shortly oval. Ovipositor reddish ; genital valves long, 104 Mr. F. W. Edwards on almost reaching tips of the gently curved anal valves. Legs dark brown, with a slight purplish sheen ; front and middle femora with a narrow ring of yellowish pubescence before the tip, and another much narrower still at the extreme tips. (Hind legs missing.) Wings with the vena- tion of /. varius, Mg. Cord somewhat darkened, but no clear spot in cell FR, beyond the stigma. /alteres pale yellow, apical half of knob pure white. Length of body 3:2 mm.; wing 4°8 mm. Formosa : Noko, 11. v.1919 (7. Shiraki),19. Apparently closely allied to R. pulcher, Brun., from which it differs in the unicolorous thorax. Molophilus nigripes, sp. n. Head dull dark grey. Palpi black. Antenne longer than thorax, blackish ; flagellar jomts all rather elongate-oval, gradually and slightly diminishing in length, with one or two longish stiff hairs near base, and clothed in addition, except at base and tip, with long soft pubescence, about as long as the jomt which bears it. Thorax dull black, with short black pubescence; a whitish line at margin of mesonotum. Abdomen black, slightly shining, with moderately long yellowish pubescence. Hypopygium : ventral lobe of side-piece long and narrow. Claspers long, rather slender, nearly straight; upper pair sharp-pointed, lower pair with rounded tips. Aidceagus not visible ex- ternally. Leys blackish, the trochanters yellow. Wings slightly greyish; costa and radial vein yellowish; hair rather light brown, paler towards costa. Ax ending slightly beyond fork of Cu. Halteres yellow. Length of body 3:2 mm, ; wing 4°8 mm. Formosa: Noko, 1l.v. 1919 (7. Shiraki), 12. The only other described Oriental species with similar autennee is M. assamensis, Brun., which has yellow legs. LIMNOPHILINI. Epiphragma kempi, Brun. Ree. Ind. Mus. viii. p. 155 (1913). Formosa: Arisan, 25.iv.1919 (7. Shiraki), 12. Limnophila nigronitida, sp. n. Head black, slightly dusted with grey. Palpi and antennee black; antenne shorter than the thorax ; flagellar joints new and little-known Tipulide. 105 roundish, somewhat more convex below, apical joints not much smaller than the basal ones; verticils about as long as the joints. Thorax and abdomen uniformly shining black, only the pleurz slightly grey-dusted and the ovipositor reddish. Legs black, the femora and tibiz brownish except at tips. Wings slightly greyish, unmarked except for the darker grey stigma. Sc ending distinctly in costa; Sc, near tip of Se, ; 7 about its own length from tip of R,, and at about mid-length of R,; R,,; very short; Rs rather long and nearly straight ; the three veins closing the upper basal cell rather thick and about equal in length ; cell J/, absent ; cross-vein m very oblique, longer than basal section of M3. Cu,a before middle of discal cell. Halteres light yellow. Length of body about 5 mm. : wing 6 mm. Formosa : Funkiko, 23.11.1917 (T. Shiraki), 19. Among described Oriental species this can only be com- pared with LZ. guartarius, Brun., which has a similar venation, but is quite different in colour. TIPULINE. CreNOPHORINILI. Pselliophora laneipes, sp. n. (PI. X. fig. 14.) Head orange, with black hair on the vertex, brownish to golden hair on the face and rostrum. Palpi with the three basal segments brownish, black-haired ; terminal segment yellowish, black at the base and tip. Antennz with the basal segment orange, with a dark brown stripe on the outer side; remainder black, except for the tips of the flagellar jouts, which are light brownish. Thorax bright orange ; preescutum with three distinct black stripes, the middle one entire, the lateral ones continued across the scutum. Scutellum with rather long and dense brownish-orange hair. Abdomen orange ; a narrow black median stripe on tergites 2-4, interrupted with orange on the posterior margins of the segments, and continuous with the narrow black lateral posterior borders of these segments; venter similar. Hypopygium black. Ninth tergite with two rounded lobes, each provided with a long dense tuft of dark brown hair (much longer than in P. scalator, Alex.). Ninth sternite much as in P. scalator (deeply bilobed, each lobe with a strong smooth spine on its inner side). Eighth sternite produced into a cup-shaped process similar to that of P. scalator, but shorter. Outer claspers pointed, not square- 106 Mr. F. W. Edwards on ended as in P. scalator. Legs with the cox and trochanters bright orange, the femora orange with the tips rather narrowly black; tibize and tarsi almost black. Front and middle femora with short black pubescence, hence appearing dark ; hind femora with almost entirely orange pubescence, which on the inner side of basal half is very long and dense (as in males of the very differently coloured P. divisa, Brun., and P. speciosa, Edw.). Hind tibize with a rather narrow yellowish ring near the base. Wings resembling those of P. scalator (see Pl. X. figs. 13 & 14) in their black and yellow pattern, but all the apical cells of the wimg are con- spicuously yellow basally in their centres. Rs conspicuously spurred near base ; cell M, rather broadly sessile ; cells Cu, and Cu, of equal breadth at the margin; m-—cu distinct. Halteres orange ; knob with a black spot at the base above. Length of body 17mm. ; wing 15X5 mm. Formosa: Taito, 25. 1.-27. in. 1919 (S. Inamura, J. Sonan, M. Yoshino), 13. Related to P. scalator, Alex., differing chiefly in the hypopygium and hind femora. DoLtcHOPEZINI. Dolichopeza sp., ef. orientalis, Brun. Fauna Brit. Ind., Nematocera, p. 354 (1915). Formosa: Ringaurin, Nanto, 18. xil.1916 (7. Shiraki), 1g. Very similar to D. orientalis, Brun., but probably distinct, the white on the legs being less extensive. The specimen, however, is too damaged for purposes of description. Tt ProUL NI Tipula flavicosta, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 15.) Head ash-grey, with a narrow black median line ; sides of rostrum and palpi black. Nasus short,simple. Antennas long as the thorax, with the first three joints pale ochreous, the rest black. First flagellar jomt nearly twice as long as the second, slightly longer even than the first scapal, nearly cylindrical ; remaining flagellar joints (except the small terminal one) all about equal in length, very slightly enlarged at the base; verticils shorter than the joints. Thorax almost bare, ash-grey ; preescutum with three slightly darker stripes, the middle one divided by a dark line; scutellum and postnotum dark grey. Abdomen somewhat shining, dark brownish, the last few segments almost black, new and little-known Tipulide. 107 no distinct markings. Ninth tergite large, with a rather small median V-shaped notch. Eighth sternite large, square- ended, nearly covering the ninth. Outer claspers ochreous, broadly expanded at base, almost triangular. Inner claspers ochreous in the middle, with strongly blackened pointed tips ; at the base with a strong straight sharp spine, and between this and the main portion a small flat horizontal lobe with a rounded edge. Legs black, only the coxe grey and the extreme base of the femora yellowish. Wings (see Pl. X. fig. 15) with the base and the costal and subcostal cells and the veins bordering them yellow, otherwise greyish with some clear markings and dark-bordered veins. Tip of R, entirely atrophied beyond the cross-vein ; m—cu very distinct. Halteres yellow. Length of body 9mm.; wing 11 mm. Formosa: Noko, 1]. v. 1919 (7. Shiraki), 12. Nearly related to the Japanese YT. trupheoneura, Alex. (which is known only from the female), but differs in the pale first jomt of the antennz, simple nasus, darker legs, ete. Tipula quadrifulva, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 19.) Head: front bright ochreous on the upper part, whitish yellow just above the antennez ; vertex brownish ochreous, darker in the middle, with a blackish median line which does not extend on to the front. Rostrum ochreous with rather narrow blackish lateral stripes. Palpi brownish. Antenne with the scape ochreous, flagellum blackish. First scapal joint elongate, twice as long as the first flagellar. Verticils longer than the jomts. Flagellar joints (except the first) sliglitly swollen at the base; third and fourth equal] in length, slightly longer than the first or second ; last jot minute. Thorax: prescutum with four distinct dark olive-brown stripes, which have their outer borders slightly, their inner borders considerably, darkened ; inter- spaces between the stripes pale greyish ochreous, with rather long fine yellowish hair. Scutum whitish grey on the front margin, the usual two large dark marks olive-brown, darkened on their anterior and inner edges. Scutellum and postnotum long-haired, greyish ochreous, with a conspicuous blackish-brown median line. Pleurz uniformly ochreous. Abdomen with segments 1-4 ochreous-orange ; 5-8 blackish, with the hind margins narrowly pale; tergites 5-8 together scarcely longer than tergite 4. Sternite 8 with its posterior corners produced into two short lobes, which are made more 108 Mr. F. W. Edwards on conspicuous by being clothed with long yellowish hair, the middle part of the sternite convex. Ninth tergite with a rather small median projection, which is bifid and covered apically with small black spines. Legs blackish, femora ochreous towards the base. Wings with a conspicuous pattern (see Pl. X. fig. 19). Halteres ochreous-brown, knob mostly pale yellowish. Length of body 14 mm.; wing 18 mm. Formosa: Musha, 10. v.1917 (7. Shiraki), 13. Evidently nearly allied to 7. marmoratipennis, Brun., 1’. serricornis, Alex., and other species of the same large aud rather difficult group. The wing-markings are extremely similar to those of the two species named, but the hypo- pygium differs. Tipula biserra, sp.n. (PI. X. fig. 18.) Head ochreous, a roughly diamoud-shaped dark mark on the vertex, continued forwards almost to base of antenne; sides of rostrum somewhat darkened. Palpi blackish, the tips of the joints light brown. Antenne ochreous, flagellar joints slightly enlarged and distinctly blackened at the base ; verticils a little longer than the joints. First flagellar joint a little shorter than the first scapal; second and third flagellar joints distinctly shorter than the first and fourth ; last joint minute. Zhorax dull greyish brown, the pre- scutum with three dark brown stripes, which have slightly darker edges, the median stripe divided by an indistinct pale line. Scutellum and postnotum with a dark brown median line, not very conspicuous. Pubescence short and incon- spicuous. Abdomen elongate, ochreous-brown, with con- tinuous median and lateral dark brown longitudinal stripes. Ninth tergite long, almost equal to the long anal valves of the ovipositor; these latter almost straight, with two keels on the outer face, both of which are conspicuously serrate, the inner face hairy. Genital valves very short, not reach- ing base of anal valves. Legs dark brown ; femora somewhat lighter, with black apical rings. Wings as in Pl. X. fig. 18 ; note particularly the uniformly brown apex, and the shape of the pale markings in the lower basal cell. Halteres blackish ; base of stem ochreous, tip of knob yellowish. Length of body 23 mm.; wing 20 mm. Formosa: Arisan, 24. iv. 1917 (7. Shiraki), 19. Though this species is also obviously related to 7. serri- cauda, Alex., and 7. serridens, Alex., the resemblance is not new and little-known Tipulide. 109 so close as in the case of 7. quadrifulva, since the wing- markings show obvious differences. The two rows of teeth on each anal valve of the ovipositor have not been described in any other species, but may have been overlooked. Tipula terebrata, sp. n. (Pl. X. fig. 16.) Head brownish ochreous, sides of rostrum rather darker, the long nasus almost blackish. A black stripe extending from between antenne almost to nape. Scape of antennz ochreous, flagellum black. First flagellar joint shorter than first scapal, but nearly as stout; second and third flagellar joints slightly shorter than the first and fourth; remaining joints scarcely perceptibly enlarged at the base; verticils about as long as the jomts. Thorax rather dark greyish buff, with short and inconspicuous pubescence. Preescutum with four olive-green stripes, which have conspicuously darker margins ; the inner margins of the two middle stripes fused in front and almost black. Scutellum and postnotum with a sharply defined blackish median line. Ctenacroscelis majesticus (Brun.). This is also nearly related to C. similis and C. fulvolateralis, the hind tibize not being enlarged or even darkened at the tips in either sex. From both these species it differs in the conspicuous ochreous patch just in front of the suture in the middle, the slightly but distinctly separated thoracic Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 8 114 Mr. F. W. Edwards on stripes, and the almost uniformly coloured yellowish-brown wings, with hardly a trace of a stigma. The hypopygium has small golden hair-tufts on the lobes of the ninth tergite ; the inner claspers are not clubbed at the tip as in C. fulvo- lateralis. 'Vhe greyish-brown head; the sharply defined dark thoracic markings ; the darkened tips of the femora; and the position of 7, which joins R,,, well before the fork, will suffice to distinguish C. majesticus from C. fulvipes, sp. n. There are three males and one female in the British Museum from Sikkim: Gopaldhara, Rungbong Valley, 1920 (H. Stevens). The body-length of the males, exclusive of the head, varies from 20-30 mm. Ctenacroscelis brobdiynagius (Westw.). Westwood’s type male has the wings almost wholly yellowish brown, including the stigma; a small dark reddish- brown dot on each side of R,,3 close to its base ; the hind tibize are broadly black and somewhat swollen at the tip, but less so than in C. clavipes; the postnotum has a broad greyish-ochreous mediau stripe occupying quite half its width ; the pale median stripe of the abdomen is broad and is scarcely traceable beyond the first segment. Two males and a female from mountains 50 miles north- west of Chengtu, China (W. N. Fergusson), differ in having the wings more greyish brown; no dark dots at base of R,,3; the stigma and an area above and below it whitish, also the base of the axillary cell and a streak along each side of An whitish ; the pale stripe on the postnotum is narrower ; and the abdomen with a narrower and fairly distinct median pale stripe extending almost its whole length. I at first took these for a distinct species, which indeed they may be, but another male from Taipaishan, Shensi, 7. vili.05 (Lord Rothschild), is about as intermediate as possible. The hypo- pygium is similar to that of C. clavipes, but lacks the golden hair-tufts on the lobes of the ninth tergite, these being represented merely by a few short yellow hairs. The wing- length varies (independently of sex) from 40-49 mm. Ctenacroscelis fulvipes, sp. n. Head, including antennz, wholly ochreous, sides of rostrum darker ; palpi blackish (at least at base) ; antennz constructed as in brobdignagius aud clavipes. Thorax ochreous, the brown pleural stripe of the brobdignagius group narrow, but distinct ; preescutum with three broad greenish- brown stripes which are not dark-margined, the middle new and little-known 'Tipulidas. 115 one just divided, the lateral stripes crossing the scutum. Scutellum and postnotum wholly greyish ochreous. Hab. Sineaporr (Baker: No. 16161). One male. Very like the S. Indian H. orientalis, Champ. [J. e. p- 346, no. 69 (c)], differing from it, in the ¢-sex, by the very much larger and more contiguous eyes, the pale basal joints of the antenn:e, tie widened, subarcuate intermediate tibiz, and the finer puncturing of the elytra. The 9 only of H. orientalis was described: the ¢, a speci- men of which taken by Dr. Campbell at Yercaud, S. India, has just been presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. A. Butler, has, as antici- pated, strongly flabellate antenne; the anterior and intermediate tibize siender, and both hollowed near the apex within; the eyes moderately large and widely separated ; and the body brilliant cyaneous above. Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 13 194 Mr. G. C. Champion on layan material in the “ Fry Collection,” hitherto overlooked by me, has also furnished several more new species of the first-named genus. @ 7 8 Antennal joints 14, ¢, of: 1. LZ. alboarcuatus; 2. L. pictus; 3. L. dentatithorar; 4. L. subdentatus; 5. L. waterstradti; 6. L. quadristrigatus; 7. L. falcifer; 8. L. tetrastictus, from behind. Revised Key to the Malayan Species of Laius with spotted Elytra (Nos. 24-29, 1. ¢. p. 324). e'. Elytra albo- or testaceo-maculate. aa, Anterior tarsi of g¢ simple. h?, Upper surface shining ; tarsi longer ...... Species 24, 25. Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 195 2, Upper surface wholly or in part ieee tarsi short. [Subgen. [nrysra, Pasc.|.. Species 26-29 (a-7), bb. Anterior tarsi of g with joint 2 prolonged or raised over the base of 3. [Subgen. D1- CRANOLAIUS, 0. | *, Upper surface shining; tarsi ees ne me Species 29 (7). 3 Upper surface opaque ; tarsi short........ Species 29 (k-m). 2 (a), Laius submarinus, sp. un. ?. Smaller, less elongate, and more shining than the ? of the Malayan insect identified by me as L. (Paussus) flavi- cornis, F., autea p. 325, the antennal joints 1 and 2 dif- ferently shaped : bluish- green, the elytra cyaneous, the anterior margin of the head, the labrum, palpi, and the antennal joints 1-3, rufo-testaceous, the rest of the antenne and the legs black ; ciuereo-pubescent, the head and pro- thorax densely, very finely, the elytra excessively minutely, punctate ; head small, canaliculate ; antennal joint 1 shorter, more curved, and more dilated outwards, and 2 relatively shorter, broader, and more rounded on its inner aspect, than in L. flavicornis (¢); prothorax transverse, less rounded at the sides ; elytra comparatively short, parallel. Length 34 mm. é. Antenne (figs. 9, 9a) with joint 1 long, curved, com- pressed, broadly truncato-dilatate in its outer half externally ; 2 enormously dilated, transverse, subquadrate as seen from its upper aspect, emarginate and deeply concave on its basal aspect, the strongly reflexed inner and outer margins pro- duced into two converging blunt processes at the base above. Anterior femora hollowed at the apex beneath; anterior tibiz curved, greatly swollen at about the middle, convex externally, sinuato-excavate at the base within; anterior tarsi simple. Hab. Puitiepines, Mindanao (Semper: f 2), Dapitan, Mindanao (Baker: No. 16160: ¢ ). One ¢ and two ? ? seen; others are presumably con- tained in Mr. Baker’s collection. Certainly distinct from L. flavicornis, several ¢ and ? specimens of which are before me. “‘ Lives in cracks and holes of sandstone that reach pretty far out into the sea, quite covered during the flood-tide but dry during the ebb.”’ (Semper.) 13” 196 Mr. G. C. Champion on 6 (a). Laius alboarcuatus, sp. 1. 3. Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, the head shining, the prothorax and elytra opaque, finely pubescent ; nigro-piceous or black, the head, antenme, prothor ax, and ge 10 102 13 Antennal joints 1-4, g, of: 9, 9a. L. submarinus, from different aspects ; 10,104. L. alboplogiatus, from above and Gebinde Le semperr; 12. L. flavonotatus, from behind; 18. L. erythrocephalus, legs (the infuscate tibize excepted) testaceous or rufo-testa- ceous, the elytra each with a narrow, arcuate, transverse, whitish fascia (extending to the outer margin, but not reaching the suture) before the apex; the head rather sparsely, minutely, the rest of the upper surface densely, rugulosely, punctate. Head triangular, about as wide as the Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 197 prothorax, canaliculate, the eyes prominent and rather large ; antenne (fig. 1) long, joint 1 strongly curved, moderately dilated outwards, 2 enormously developed, elongate, oblique, somewhat scaphiform, concave, reflexed and angularly pro- duced at the inner basal angle, 3-10 filiform. Prothorax transverse, subcordate, the arcuate basal depression deep. Elytra moderately long, convex. Legs short ; anterior tarsi simple. ?. Antenne wholly or in part testaceous, rather stout, tapering outwards, joint 2 thickened, elongate, sub- cylindrical. Length 21-22 mm. (¢ ?.) Hab. Puirierines, Mt. Makiling, Luzon [type ¢ ], Los Bahos [ 2 | (Baker: No. 1149). One ¢, two 2? 2. Not unlike the Indian L. nodifrons and L. testaceiceps ; but with the elytra black and albo- unifasciate near the apex, and the puncturing much finer and denser, the tarsi short as in Intydia. 23 (a). Laius rectefasciatus, sp. n. ?. Elongate, widened posteriorly, the head and pro- thorax shining, the elytra opaque, finely pubescent ; piceous, the head and prothorax, the suture and the basal, apical, and lateral margins of the elytra, the four basal joints of the antennze in part, and the bases of the femora to a greater or less extent, testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the elytra each with two straight, transverse, whitish fasciz extending to the outer margin; the head and prothorax closely, the elytra densely, rugulosely, punctate. Head triangular, about as wide as the prothorax, canaliculate, the eyes prominent ; autenne rather stout, tapering outwards, joint 2 elongate, much thickened, subeylindrical. Prothorax about as long as broad, subcordate, unarmed at the sides, the arcuate basal depression deep. Elytra moderately elongate, rather convex. Legs short. Length 24-3 mm. Hab. Puiirrrnes, Tligan, Mindanao (Baker: No. 4282). Two ? @. The elytral markings in this insect are rather like those of the Indian L. jucundus, Bourg., except that the whitish fascize are quite straight and not connected along the suture. The surface-sculpture is dense and very fine, as in the species of the Jntydia-group. 198 Mr. G. C. Champion on 23 (b). Laius variipes, sp. n. ?. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly, the head and prothorax somewhat shining, the elytra opaque, finely pubescent ; the head, prothorax, the antennal joints 1-6, femora, and tarsi testaceous or flavous, the rest of the antennze, the palpi, and tibize piceous or black ; the elytra piceous, with the base, outer limb, and apical margin, and the sutural region broadly and indeterminately, testaceous, and each with two large, transverse, whitish fascize on the outer part of the disc, the subapical one curving forwards externally ; densely, minutely, the elytra rugulosely punctate. Head grooved in the middle between the eyes; antenne long, stout, tapering towards the apex, joimt 2 very stout, elongate, subcylindrical, 7-10 also elongate. Prothorax convex, elongato-cordate, rather narrow, deeply, transversely depressed before the base. Elytra long, widest towards the apex. Legs comparatively short, rather stout, the posterior tibize feebly curved. Length 2# mm. Hab. Assam, Patkai Mts. (Doherty). One specimen. Very like the Philippine ZL. rectefasciatus, the antennz and legs differently coloured, the prothorax narrower, elongate, and more narrowed behind, the whitish elytral fascize broader, the antenne ( ? ) longer. 24. Laius pictus. Laius pictus, Ex, Entomographien, p. 63 (¢) (1840)'. Var. Laius duplex, Champ. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vii. p. 889 (3) (April 1921) 2. g. Antennal joint 1 curved, triangularly dilated out- wards, 2 very broad, ear-shaped, rounded as seen from above, deeply excavate, the inner margin recurved and fur- nished with two slender appendages and a small tooth (fig. 2); head deeply foveate in the middle between the eyes ; anterior tarsi simple. Hab. Java!*?; Puivrppines, Los Banos (P. I. Baker: 8 : No. 1654) ; Paxawan, Puerto Princesa (Baker: 2? : Nos. 4283, 16753) ; Bornuo, Pengaron (Doherty: 3); Formosa. Two 6 ¢ and 3 ¢ @ of this species have been sent by Mr. Baker. The elytral markings are variable in colour and shape: the outwardly-dilated ante-median patch is red and bordered with white within in the type of L. pictus Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 199 and in the three examples from Palawan, uniformly reddish in those from Los Bafios, and whitish in the types of L. duplex ; the subapical spot is rounded in ZL. pictus and transverse in L, duplex, intermediate forms occurring. 26 (a). Laius hexastigma, sp. n. ?. Moderately elongate, much widened posteriorly, opaque, finely pubescent, densely, minutely, rugulosely punctate ; piceous or black, the basal half of the antenne, the front of the head, the tarsi, and the anterior and inter- mediate femora and tibiz in part, testaceous, the elytra each with three whitish spots—one, transverse, before the middle, the other two, rounded, near the apex, transversely placed, the outer one smaller than the inner. Head triangular, not wider than the prothorax, obsoletely canaliculate, the eyes not very prominent; antenne long, tapering outwards, joint 2 elongate, much thickened, subcylindrical. Pro- thorax as broad as long, rounded and unarmed at the sides. Elytra rather convex, moderately long. Wings present. Legs short ; anterior tarsi simple. Length 2-24 mm. Hab. Borneo, Sandakan (Baker: No. 16159). Three 2? 2. The elytra in that insect are each albo- trimaculate, as in L. (Intybia) guttatus, Pasc., type ? , from Sarawak (Wallace), except that the apical spots are smaller, the present species having a much smaller head, an unarmed prothorax, longer, less inflated elytra, and fully developed wings. The 4-spotted ZL. borneensis, Pic (1910), also has the front of the head testaceous. 29 (a). Laius guadriguttatus. Laius quadriguttatus, Kr. Entomographien, p. 64 (¢) (1840); Pic, L’Echange, xxvi. p. 83 (1910). g. Antenne rufo-testacer, articulis ultimis 3 vel 4 nigricantibus, tertio subovato, interne cavo. [ Hrichson. | Hab. StncarorE (Baker: 2: No. 16157), Bintang Island [type]. A 2 sent by Mr. Baker agrees very nearly with the description. It has the antennz stout, rufo-testaceous, except joimts 7-10 and the base of 1, 2 being much thick- ened, elongate, and subcylindrical ; the head black (said by 200 Mr. G. C. Champion on Pic to be testaceous in front); the elytral spots flavous (white in the type), the anterior one transverse and reaching the outer margin, the subapical one rounded. 29 (6). Laius dentatithora. Laius dentatithorax, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xxv. p.5(d¢) (Aug. 1917). g. Antennal jomt 1 broadly, triangularly dilated out- wards, 2 broad, oval as seen from above, coucave, angulate and armed with a long, curved, slender, spiniform appendage at the inner apical angle (fig. 3), 3-10 gradually tapering ; head foveate and canaliculate anteriorly, the epistoma tumid and angulate on each side in front; prothorax uni- dentate at the sides; anterior tarsi simple. ?. Antenne stout, tapering outwards, joint 2 long, thickened, subcylindrical; epistoma simple; prothorax as in 6. Hab. Pururprines, Los Bafios (P. J. Baker: 2 8: No. 266). One fg and 2 2 2 sent by Mr. Baker. The ¢ cephalic structure was not mentioned in Pic’s “description abrégée.” L. (Intybia) guttatus, Pase., also has a lateral prothoracie tooth, but it is much smaller. 29 (c). Laius alboplagiatus, sp. n. gd. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, slightly widened posteriorly, subopaque, finely pubescent ; black, the anterior portion of the head and the antennz (jomts 6-10 excepted) testaceous, the elytra each with two rather large transverse whitish spots—one below the base, the other near the apex, neither reaching the suture, the anterior one extending to the outer margin,—the tarsal joints 1-4 flavous ; densely, finely, the elytra rugulosely, punctate. Head subparallel at tlhe sides before the eyes and then obliquely narrowed to the aiterior margin, canaliculate; antenne (figs. 10, 10a) n.oderately long, joint 1 curved, stout, subtriangularly dilated at the apex externally, 2 very stout, long, narrow and hollowed at the base, produced into a sharp tooth at the inner basal angle, 3-10 gradually tapering. Prothorax longer than broad, transversely depressed before the base, the sides with a short median tooth. Elytra long. Legs rather short; anterior tarsi simple. Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 201 Length 2} mm. Hab. 8.E. Borneo (German Mission, ex coll. Fry). One male. Very like the Philippine L. dentatithorax and L, subdentatus; the head (2g) testaceous in front, sub- angulate at the sides before the eyes, and then obliquely narrowed to the apex ; the second antennal joint differently shaped; the prothoracie tooth smaller than in L. dentati- thorax. The somewhat similarly-maculate L. quadriguttatus, Er., has the sides of the prothorax unarmed. 29(d). Laius semperi, sp. n. Elongate, narrow, widened posteriorly, rather convex, subopaque, finely pubescent; black, the antenne (except the four or five outer joints and the basal one in part) testa- ceous, the elytra each with two large, transverse, somewhat rounded, whitish spots on the dise (one below the base, the other towards the apex), the legs (the tarsi in part excepted) piceous ; the entire surface densely, finely, rugulosely punc- tate. Head rather convex anteriorly, obsoletely caualiculate ; antenne long, joint 1 curved, thickened towards the apex, 2 elongate, subcylindrical, stout, 3-10 gradually tapering, each longer than broad. Prothorax convex, longer than broad, transversely depressed before the base, the sides with a prominent median tooth. Elytra long, widest near the apex. Legs rather short. 6. Antenne (fig. 11) with joint 1 as in 9, 2 oblique, moderately elongate, concave, scaphiform, toothed at the inner basal angle, 3-10 longer and more slender than in ? ; anterior tarsi simple. Length 3 mm. Hab. Puixirrines, Luzon (Semper, ex coll. Fry). One pair, the g immature. This is one of three closely allied Philippine forms with the sides of the prothorax more or less distinctly unidentate ; it is separable from the two others by the narrower, oblique, scaphiform, second antennal joint in the g (not unlike that of the same sex of the Bor- nean L. tetrastictus), and the smaller elytral spots. 29 (e). Laius subdentatus, sp. n. 3. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly, finely pubescent, opaque; black, the antennal joints 1-4 testaceous, the elytra each with two large, transverse, yellowish-white or flayescent spots—-one ante-median, the 202 Mr. G. C. Champion on other subapical, neither quite reaching the suture or outer margin ; the entire surface densely, minutely, rugulosely punctate. Head triangular, finely canaliculate, the epistoma simple, the eyes prominent ; antennz (fig. 4) long, joint 1 triangularly dilated outwards, 2 enormously thickened, elongate-oval as seen from above, hollowed at the base and apex, bidentate within, 3-10 elongate. Prothorax elongate, feebly unidentate at the sides. Elytra moderately long. Legs short ; anterior tarsi simple. 9. Antenne short, tapering outwards, joint 2 elongate, thickened, cylindrical. Length 24-3 mm. (¢ 2.) Hab. Puirierines, Butuan, Davao, and Kolambugan, in Mindanao (Baker: ¢ 9: Nos. 6699, 16155, 16156), Bohol, Luzon (Semper: 3 2). Four ¢ @, five 9 ¢. This species works out as near L. diversenotatus, from Banguey, in Pic’s table (1910) of the opaque forms with two white spots on each elytron. There are numerous similarly-coloured Malayan insects, most of which are probably peculiar to a particular island. 29 (f). Laius subcarinatus, sp. n. 9. Extremely like L. subdentatus, differing as follows : head with a fine median carina, the eyes less prominent ; antenne a little more slender, joints 1-3 only in part testa- ceous ; prothorax less narrowed posteriorly, the lateral tooth just traceable ; elytra more convex, and more widened posteriorly, the spots yellowish or white, the post-basal one strongly transverse, the subapical one large, rounded. Length 22-3,', mm. Hab. Patawan I. (Baker: type); Tunasserim, Tavoy (Doherty). : Three 2? 2, one sent under the same number as a ? L. subdentatus. This is one of three forms from Palawan found by Mr. Baker. It cannot be referred to either of the two species from that island named by Pic in 1910. The allied L. inarmatus, Pic (1917), and L. carinaticeps, Pic (1910), both from Java and both described from g 2, are said to have the head carinate, but the carina in the latter is lateral. The Tenasserim examples (two ? 2) have the spots smaller and wholly white. The Sumatran L. luteo- notatus, Pic (1921), must be an allied form. 29 (g). Laius tetrops, sp. n. 9. Very like L. subdentatus; the antenne (the tip of joint Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 203 10 excepted) and legs (the bases of the femora excepted) testaceous, the elytra each with two very large, transversely subquadrate, yellowish spots; the head and prothorax some- what shining, the former foveate in the middle and with the eyes less prominent, the prothorax less elongate, obsoletely unidentate laterally; the antenne shorter, rapidly tapering outwards. Length 24 mm. Hab. Pauawan I. (Baker: No. 16154). One 2. The testaceous antenne, tibie, and tarsi, and the very large transversely-subquadrate elytral spots, dis- tinguish this insect from its numerous allies, 29 (hk). Laius waterstradti. ? Laius waterstradti, Pic, L’Echange, xxv. p. 83 (3) (1910). ¢. Elongate, widened posteriorly, opaque, black, the antenne (the apical two joints excepted), head (the base excepted), and anterior legs in part, testaceous, the elytra each with two very large, yellowish-white spots—one near the suture, just below the base, subtriangular, the other on the disc before the apex, transverse. Head triangular, rather long, suleate down the middle in front, the sides ot the epistoma thus appearing tumid, the eyes prominent ; antenne (fig. 5) long, joint 1 broadly, quadrangularly dilated (as seen in profile), 2 enormously dilated, ear- shaped, concave within, and angularly produced, reflexed, and furnished with a slender, curved appendage at the inner basal angle, 3-10 rather slender. Prothorax about as long as broad, unarmed at the sides. Elytra rather elongate. Legs short; anterior tarsi simple. Length 3 mm. . Hab. Patawan I., Puerto Princesa (Baker: No. 4284). One male, possibly referable to L. waterstradti, Pic, the only tangible characters for which, as given in a compara- tive table of the spotted Malayan species, are the testaceous head and the enormously large, concave second (=third of Pic) antennal joint of the male. L. palawanus, Pic (/. c.), type ¢, is said to have the head distinctly raised in front above the antennz and the elytra rather elongate. 29 (2). Laius quadristrigatus, sp. n. 3. Elongate, widened posteriorly, opaque, finely pubes- cent, densely, minutely, rugulosely punctate; nigro-piceous, the head, joints 1 and 2 of the antenne, prothorax, and anterior femora testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the elytra 204 Mr. G. C. Champion on each with three large yellowish or yellowish-white spots— one on the disc below the base, transverse, the others elongate, subapical. Head triangular, barely as wide as the prothorax, flattened above anteriorly, the eyes moderately prominent; antenne (fig. 6) long, joint 1 triangularly dilated, sharply dentate externally, 2 enormously developed, broad-oval as seen from above, concave, reflexed and angularly extended backward at the base above and there furnished with a long slender appendage. Prothorax a little broader than long, narrowed posteriorly, the sides rounded and strongly unidentate, the disc arcuately im- pressed before the base. Elytra moderately long, rather convex. Legs short; anterior tarsi simple. 9. Antenne stout, tapering outwards, jomt 2 much thickened, elongate, subcylindrical ; prothorax with the sides subangulate at about the middle, the tooth wanting. Length 2,°,-3 mm. (d ?.) Hab. Pururerines, Baguio, Benguet (Baker: No. 6070). One pair. A remarkably distinct form of the Intybia- section of the genus, and easily recognizable by the rufo- testaceous head and prothorax, and the two long yellowish streaks at the apex of each elytron, the prothorax dentate laterally in ¢. 29 (7). Laius faleifer, sp. n. @. Elongate, shining, clothed with fine scattered pubes- cence, intermixed on the elytra with long, erect, black, bristly hairs ; black, the anterior portion of the head, joints 1-4 of the antennez (the base of 1 excepted), prothorax, anterior legs, and intermediate tibiz testaceous, the elytra nigro-violaceous, each with two large, transverse, whitish spots—one before the middle and the other subapical, neither reaching the suture or outer margin ; the head and prothorax almost smooth, the elytra densely, finely, rugu- losely punctate. Head a little narrower than the prothorax, transversely depressed in the middle between the eyes, the latter not very prominent; antenne (fig. 7) moderately long, joint 1 curved, broadly dilated outwards, 2 enormously developed, somewhat ear-shaped, concave, foveate near the apex within, the reflexed inner margin very sharply, tri- angularly dilated at about the middle, and furnished with a long slender appendage near the base, 3-10 gradually tapering. Prothorax convex, uneven, about as long as broad, a little narrowed behind, the transverse basal de- pression deep. Elytra long, gradually widening to the apex. Legs long; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 205 2 with a long, claw-like prolongation extending over 3 above, black at the tip. @. Antennal joint 2 very broad, simple, oblongo-quad- rate ; head and legs black. Length 33-4 mm. (¢ ?.) Hab. Puitirrrnes, Mt. Makiling, Luzon (Baker: No. 3035). One pair. An elongate form, with a smooth, subquadrate, testaceous, shining prothorax and long, nigro-violaceous elytra, the latter each with two transverse white spots and the surface very finely punctured. It bears some re- semblance to L. birmanicus, Champ., which has very different elytral markings and a longer prothorax. The long claw- like extension to the second joint of the anterior tarsi in the g is a character foreign to all the species of Laius I have hitherto examined, but a 6 of L. tetrastictus sent by Mr. Baker and two others from Perak also possess a very similar structure. JL. falcifer must be nearly related to L. adonis, Pic (1921), from Sumatra. 29 (k) (29). Laius tetrastictus. Laius tetrastictus, Champ. Aun, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vil. p. 342 (9) (April 1921). g. Antennal joint 1 moderately thickened outwards (as in 2), 2 elongate, oblique, widened, concave, scaphi- form, curved and pointed at the outer apical angle, and with the reflexed inner margin extending backward at the base and there furnished with a long, slender, curved ap- pendage (fig. 8) ; anterior tarsal joint 2 extending over the base of 3 above. Hab. N. ann W. Borneo, Sandakan (Baker: ¢ 9: No. 16158), Quop [type ? and g |; S.E. Borneo (German Mission, ex coll. Fry: 3 2). A pair from Sandakan, the elytra marked as the Quop types (d 2); three g d and four ? ? from the 8.E. portion of the island. 29 (1). Laius flavonotatus, sp. nu. g. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly, finely pubescent, the head and prothorax moderately shining, the elytra subopaque ; vigro-piceous, the anterior portion of the head, mouth-parts, the antennal joints 1, 2, and 10, the anterior legs (except the tarsal joints 2-5), the intermediate legs (except the apices of the tarsi), and the bases of the posterior tibiz and tarsi, testaceous; the elytra each with 206 Mr. G. C. Champion on three flavous spots—one, subtriangular, near the suture at the base, one, strongly transverse, at the middle (reaching the outer margin, but not extending to the suture), and one rounded, near the suture before the apex; densely, finely, the sides of the prothorax and the elytra rugulosely, punctate, the latter with intermixed slightly coarser punctures. Head triangular, compressed at the sides anteriorly, the central portion very narrow in front, hollowed in the middle between the eyes, the latter prominent ; antenne (fig. 12) moderately Jong, joint 1 curved, broad, angularly dilated near the base externally, 2 extremely large, oblong, irregularly excavate, and furnished at the base with a long, movable, rather broad, twisted appendage, 3-9 short. Prothorax convex, about as long as broad, narrowed posteriorly, and with the sides rounded anteriorly. Elytra moderately long, rounded at the sides beyond the middle. Legs rather short, not very slender; anterior tarsal joint 2 with a black claw-like extension reaching to the apex of 3 above. Length 2% mm. Hab. Perak (Doherty). One male. Near L. tetrastictus,aud with similar anterior tarsi in ¢, the elytra each with three yellowish spots, the head much narrower in front and flavo-testaceous anteriorly, the antenne (¢) very different, the legs partly testa- ceous, &e. 29 (m). Laius erythrocephalus, sp. n. 36. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly, finely pubescent, subopaque ; nigro-piceous, the head, an- tenn (the slightly infuscate outer joints excepted), and legs (the intermediate and posterior femora excepted) testaceous, the elytra with a rather narrow transverse fascia below the base (interrupted at the suture, but reaching the outer margin) and a transverse spot on the disc of each towards the apex, yellowish-white ; the entire surface densely, finely, rugulosely punctate. Head triangular, flattened between the eyes and convex in front, obsoletely canaliculate; an- tenne (fig. 13) long, joint 1 curved, moderately dilated, angulate near the base externally, 2 extremely large, broad, sublunate, deeply excavate within, and furnished with a long narrow appendage near the base above, 3-10 slender, elon- gate. Prothorax about as long as broad, narrowed and slightly sinuate at the sides towards the base. Elytra mode- rately long. Legs rather short, not very slender; anterior tarsal joint 2 raised above 3 and black at the tip. Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 207 Length 24 mm. Hab, Perak (Doherty). One male, slightly immature. Near L. quadriguttatus, Er., and L. diversenotatus, Pic, the head, and the legs and autenne in great part, testaceous, the antennal joints 3-10 long and slender, the postbasal transverse whitish fascia on the elytra rather narrow and nearly reaching the suture, the legs a little longer. The present insect cannot be referred to either of the two forms named L. dohertyi by Pic in 1910 [‘ L’Echange,’ xxvi. p. 62 (Aug.), type from Sumbava; /. c. p. 84 (Nov.), type from Perak]; the characters, however, given in his table of the 4-spotted species agree with the Perak insect before me, except as regards ‘the shape of the elytral spots. Additions to the numbered list of species of Laius. *¥alboarcuatus, 6 (a). *rectefasciatus, 23 (a). *alboplagiatus, 29 (c). *semperi, 29 (d). dentatithorax, 29 (4). *subcarinatus, 29 (f). *erythrocephalus, 29 (m). *subdentatus, 29 (e). *faleifer, 29 (7). *submarinus, 2 (a). *flavonotatus, 29 (2). [tetrastictus, 29 (x) (29). | *hexastigma, 26 (a). *tetrops, 29 (9). pictus, 24. *varlipes, 28 (0). quadriguttatus, 29 (a). waterstradti, 29 (2). *quadristrigatus, 29 (7). Additional examples of the following species have also been detected in the Fry Collection :— L. flavicornis, F. (No. 2). One §, Andaman Is. L. malleifer, Champ. (No. 20). A pair from Yemen, Arabia (Millingen). Types from Punjab, and recently found (20. ii. 1921) by Dr. M. Cameron at Mossy Falls, Mussoorie. L. birmanicus, Champ. (No. 23). Three ¢ g and three ? 2 taken at Carin Cheba, Karen Mts., Burma (ZL. Fea), are less elongate than the types, and the males have the second antennal joint a little narrower and less angulate. These specimens seem to come near L, sikkimensis, Pic (1914). L. carinifrons, Pic (No. 30). Two 3 ¢ found at Perak by Doherty. 208 On new Species of Lycenide from Madagascar. XVIIL.— Two new Species of Lycenide from Madagascar. By Percy I. Laruy, F.1.S8. Lycenesthes mabillet, sp. n. ¢. Upperside: Both wings uniform lilac-blue with very fine dark margins, fringes whitish. Underside: Both wings pale brownish grey as in ZL. smithii, Mab., but with the white markings more diffused ; hind wing with minute crimson spot between veins 2 and 3, this spot edged with black and blue sealing ; a similar but still smaller spot at anal angle. Marsantsetia, N.K. Madagascar, 1 g. The only species in the genus with which this can be confused is L. smithit, Mab., from which it may easily be distinguished by the wings above wanting the cupreous tint, and by the absence of the subbasal conspicuous blue-black spot of the hind wings below. Azanus rubropuncta, sp. n. 3. Upperside: Both wings dark lilac-blue with slight cupreous tint ; narrow marginal dark border. Underside: Fore wing pale grey; a whitish-edged dark grey spot at end of cell; two whitish bars beyond cell; sub- marginal area traversed by irregular whitish lines enclosing grey spots slightly darker than ground-colour. Hind wing pale grey clouded with whitish on discal area; a subbasal black spot, beyond this a row of four black spots ; a black spot on costa beyond middle and another on inner margin ; between these last two spots a series of dark grey markings crosses the wings beyond cell ; a submarginal irregular dark grey line; three marginal dark grey spots between veins 4 and 73; a conspicuous marginal blue-centred black spot between veins 2 and 3, this spot inwardly edged with crimson ; a small blue-centred black spot at anal angle. Marsantsetia, N.E. Madagascar. A series of males. May be easily separated *from any other species in the genus by the crimson-edged black spot of underside of hind wing. The types of these two new species are in the collec- tion of Madame Gaston Fournier. Lord’ Rothschild on Two new Races of Oryx. 209 XIX.—On Two new Races of Oryx. By Lord RotuHscuHi.p, F.R.S. Oryx gazella blaine, subsp. n. Differs from O. g. gazella in its paler and greyer ground- colour. There is also in the ground-colour an entire absence of the buffish or creamy suffusion present in O. g. beisa. The black band running up from the throat to below and between the ears and base of horns is shorter, narrower, and more square-cut than in either O. g. gazella or O. g. beisa. Black band from and below eye joined to face-blaze as in O. g. gazella. Black of throat more restricted than in O.g. gazella. Ears much whiter than in either O. g. gazella or O. g. beisa. Black stripe along centre of back as in O. g. beisa, but reaches further up hind neck and is continued as in O. g. ga- zella over the rump, expanding to root of tail, to which it is joined. Tail wholly black, with very large tuft as in O. g. ga- zella. Dark flank-band not joined to dark portion of thigh as in O. g. gazella nor so wide as in the latter. Dark colour on thigh much more restricted than in O. g. gazella, the whole front of lower part of thigh being white. Black on rump less extended than in O. g. gazella. Hab. Angola. Type (g¢, mounted), British Museum, Natural History, coll. Gilbert Blaine (presented Rowland Ward Trustees). (A mounted entire 9, Tring Museum, coll. Gilbert Blaine), Oryx gazella subcallotis, subsp. n. Differs from O. g. annectens, Holl., in being intermediate between that form and O. g. callotzs in colour and markings and in having ear-tufts or tassels, the latter, however, being smaller than in O. g. callotis. Hab. Country between the ranges of O. g. callotis and 0. g. annectens. ‘Type (mounted head), British Museum, Natural History (presented Rowland Ward Trustees). A second head from same source in the Tring Museum. The discovery of these two new forms proves that Oryx gazella (Linn,) and Oryx besa (Riipp.) are only local forms Ann. d& Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. I+ 210 Mr. S. Stillman Berry on a new - of one species, so that the known forms of “‘ gemsbok ” must stand as follows :— Oryx gazella gazella (Linn.). S. Africa. blainei, Rothseh, Angola. beisa (Riipp.). Abyssinia. gallarum (Neum.). 8. Gallaland. annectens, Holl. Brit. E. Africa, —— ——- subcallotis, Rothsch. 8S. Brit. E. Africa. callotis, Thom. Tanganyika Prov. In addition to these, I consider the Arabian Ory# only an extreme form of the same species, and it should stand as :— Orya gazella leucoryx (Pall.). Arabia. XX.—A new Neotreme Brachiopod from California. By S. Srituman Berry, Redlands, California. [Plate XL] AMONG other unusual zoological material discovered by Mr. W. H. Golisch, of the South-west Museum, Los Angeles, in his investigation of corals and sponges hauled in by fishermen from deep water off the coast of Southern Cali- fornia, is asingle specimen of a brachiopod, which seems to be not only new to science, but representative of a genus and family hitherto unreported from the west coast of North America. For his kindness in immediately placing this interesting specimen at my disposal, I beg to tender Mr. Golisch appro- priate acknowledgment, while I am further indebted to Messrs. Y. Hirase and J. T. Kuroda, of Kyoto, Japan, for the loan for comparative purposes of two young specimens of Crania (Craniscus) japonica, A. Adams, from the Hirase Collection. Cranta californica, sp. n. (Pl. XI.) Description.—Shell strongly depressed, oblong in outline. Colour of exterior whitish ; interior brownish white. Upper valve with apex low, situated approximately in the median line about one-third of the distance from the posterior margin ; posterior outline rather straiglt; upper surface badly eroded, Neotreme Brachiopod from California. 211 but, so far as can be seen, without evident radial striation ; interior microscopically granulose, the margin flaring thinly beyond the heavy submarginal encircling ridge; pedestals of anterior adductor muscles strongly raised, far apart, and in no way coalescent, but connected by a low ridge, with a small, nipple-like prominence lying between and in front of them at nearly the centre of the valve ; posterior adductor scars large, swollen, rounded-oval in outline, placed well inside the posterior angles of the shell; space between the four adductor scars roughly diamond-shaped, deep at the centre, and bounded by four almost coalescent curved ridges, the two anterior much more strongly inbowed than the two posterior ; a pair of small rounded muscle-scars or pedestals are sheltered in the angle between the two anterior ridges and those con- necting the anterior adductor pedestals with the median prominence previously described ; anterior spaces conspicu- ~ ously marked by seven or eight pallial (sinus?) impressions on each side. Lower valve flattish, shallow, attached to the substratum by its entire lower surface, with the exception of a narrow, sharply ascending, marginal area; interior with a strong submarginal thickening, which shows numerous, obscure, fine, radial wrinkles down its inner slope. Measurements. — Longitude 13°5 mm., diameter 16:2, height 44. Type.—Cat. no. 4530, Berry Collection. Type-locality.— From rock at base of a siliceous sponge taken in 100 fathoms off Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, California (W. H. Golisch), from fishermen, summer 1918 ; one specimen. Remarks.—This fine Crania does not seem to be very closely allied to any of the previously described species of the group, unless it be the lately published C. phelippinensis of Dall *, although I have had specimens of only three of the older species—C. anomala (Miller), C. kermes (Humphrey and Da Costa) t, and C. (Craniscus) japonica, A. Adams— available for direct comparison. ‘he thickened and elevated edge of the lower valve, the posterior apex, and the number and conspicuousness of the pallial impressions are perhaps the most prominent of the peculiar features. This is the first Crania to be reported either from Cali- fornia or elsewhere along the western shore of North Aimerica, the nearest records of this genus being those of C. hawaiiensis, * Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. lvii. p. 272. + =C. turbinata (Deshayes), teste Davidson, Monog. Rec. Brach. p. 188. 14* 219 Mr. O. Thomas on Dall, from near Bird Island, in the mid-Pacific, and C. pata- gonica, Dall, from the coast of Chile and the Straits of Magellan, It was at first suspected that in view of the several species of brachiopods reported as common to the west coast of North America and Japan, C. californica and C. japonica might prove to be somewhat near akin, whereas in fact they seem to belong to different subgenera, or even genera. Mr. Hirase’s specimens of the latter species were taken at Hirado, Province of Hizen, Japan. The nomenclature pertaining to the rather complex topo- graphy of the interior of the valves in this group of brachiopods does not appear to be in very satisfactory condition in the literature, nor to be any too well correlated with that for the remainder of the animal’s anatomy. Being in no position at the moment to initiate a serious attempt at a remedy, I have in this paper simply taken matters as I found them, and endeavoured to make the best of it. Unfortunately some details, such as the central nipple-like prominence, are not brought out very plainly in the figures. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. Fig. 1. Crania californica, sp.n. Exterior of dorsal valve, X 2. Fig. 2. Ditto. Interior of dorsal valve, with the dried animal m situ, aoe Fig. 3. Ditto. Interior of dorsal valve, after removal of the animal, x 38. The figures are from photographs by Berton W. Crandall. XXI1.— The * Huron” of the Argentine. By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) WHILE working out the San Juan huron, Gr/sonella, re- ferred to in a succeeding paper, I have come to tlie conclusion that my reference of the common huron of the Argentine to the Brazilian Grisonella furax cannot be sustained. When making it, material of the Argentine form was much less abundant than now, while, especially, I then supposed that a specimen in the Museum, no, 44. 3. 7. 6, labelled “ Brazil, purchased of Clausen,” was of too donbtful authenticity to be taken as of any value. But I now know that this speci- men was one of a series collected in Minas Geraes (probably BERRY. Ann. Go Mag: Nat. Fists: 9, Vol; VIII, Pl XI. Fia. 1. Crania californica, sp. n., from California. * . ai 4 7 ‘ i fi : 4 aS ' = m : . = 7 i see = . om ‘ 1 “ + a * P y ~ “ i w ~ am 2 - = “ : : a a Gn hie | wae ia Pah Tey iq ie iy af = On the “ Huron” of the Argentine. 213 at Lagoa Santa) by Dr. M. Claussen, and may be treated as a genuine wild-killed example of G. furaz. Being a fully adult male, ‘it is of especial value for comparison with the Argentine examples available. This skull is 77 mm, in median length, a size which is exactly the same as that given by Winge for a Lagoa Santa skull in Copenhagen. In comparison with this, it is evident that the materially larger animal from the Argentine should be distinguished. It may be called Grisonella huronax, sp. n. Size largest of genus. Colours as usual, the facial band in the type well marked, creamy-buff; light tipping of the dorsal hairs well developed. But there is great variation in both facial band and dorsal tipping, some examples being quite dark and with a nearly obsolete frontal band. Skull stout and heavy, with well-developed crests and ridges. Teeth stout, molar comparatively large. Dimensions of the type, male, and of an adult female from the same locality:—Head and body 600 mm., 510; tail _ (imperfect), 135; hind foot 70, 61. Skull: median length 83, 73: 5; condylo-basal length 84, 745 zygomatic breadth, 48, 42; interorbital breadth 20, Li-5; mastoid breadth 43° 5, 37° 5; maxillary tooth-row 24: 8, 21 ; length of p* 9:2, 7:4; transverse diameter of m! 11,6. Hab. Central and Eastern Argentina. Type from Mar del Plata, 8.H. Buenos Ayres. Other specimens from various localities northwards to San Cristobal, Province of Santa Fé. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 12. 2. 17. 6. Original number 3. Collected 4th June, 1911, and presented by W. A. Smithers, Esq. The larger Chilian huron, which in 1912 I described as Grison furax melinus, 1 should now consider as a distinct species, and its name should be Grisonella melina. In the comparison with the material then existing, too much stress was laid on the pallor of the facial line, which additional specimens show to be more strongly buff than in @. hurona. L, even if paler than in true G. furaz, G. melina is a rather smaller animal than G. Ahuronaz, and is confined to the western side of the Andes. 214 Mr. O. Thomas on XXIU.—On Mammals from the Province of San Juan, Western Argentina. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) THE Museum has now received from Sr. E. Budin three small collections of Mammals from places in the Province of San Juan, and these may well be combined to form one general list. The three localities are as follows :— Cafiada Honda, about 50 km. 8. of San Juan City. Altitude about 500 m. Pedernal, about 60 km. S.W. of San Juan, and 30 W. of Caflada Honda. Altitude about 1200 m. Sierra Tontal, a north and south range of mountains some 60 km. W.of San Juan. Collection made at Los Sombreros, an estancia at about 2700 m. altitude, and 35 km. N.W. of Pedernal. All three collections contained specimens of interest, but the Sierra Tontal proved much the richest locality, examples being obtained there of several mountain forms, such as Lagidium aud Abrocoma, neither of which had been previously recorded trom the province. The present series forms the first contribution that the Museum has ever received from San Juan, and is therefore of proportionate value. Sr. Budin is much to be commended for the excellent collection he has made, and, as usual, for the admirable manner in which the skins are prepared. A new huron and a second species of the recently described genus Octomys are the most notable discoveries made, On the other hand, the almost complete absence of Muridee is most remarkable, the family being only represented by Phyllotis, Graomys, and Hesperomys, and the two latter being very rare. Sr. Budin draws especial attention to the entire absence of Akodon, a genus whose members are generally the very commonest of the mammals in almost every other locality in South America, from Colombia to Cape Horn, their abundance in many places amounting to a plague. 1. Felis salinarum, Thos. 9. 1255. Cafiada Honda. Mammals from San Juan, Western Argentina. 215 2. Pseudalopea culpeus, Mol. 6. 1243, 1244. Cafiada Honda. 3. Grisonella ratellina, sp. n. 6.1269. Pedernal, 1200 m. Size markedly smaller than in G. huronax. Colour dark, iren-grey on fore-back, the light tipping of the hairs white, and only becoming slightly buffy on the rump and tail. Light facial band not strongly developed, whitish and less buffy than in other forms. Chin, interramia, and sides of throat with many white hairs intermixed with the black, but this may be an effect of senility, the only specimen being quite old. Skull much smaller than in G. huronax, and also smaller than in the Chilian G. melina. Flattened above, the forehead decidedly lower than in the allied species. Ridges not greatly developed, in spite of the age of the type. Back of skull not broad, the mastoid breadth comparatively little. Teeth much smaller than in G. huronaz. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 429 mm.; tail 169; hind foot 60; ear 22. Skull: median length 77; condylo-basal length 77:5; zygomatic breadth 43; interorbital breadth 16:8; inter- temporal breadth 17°3; mastoid breadth 37°7; height of crown above palate between m! 18; maxillary tooth-row 22:5 ; length of p* 8; transverse diameter of m' 6:4, Hub. As above. Type. Old male, B.M. no, 21. 6.19. 1. Original number 1269. Collected 9th January, 1921. This huron is readily distinguished from the Argentine form, G. huronax, by its much smaller size and its more flatteried skull, In this latter respect it resembles the Bolivian huron G. luteola, and may be nearly allied to it, but as luteola is only known from a female, and ratellina by a male, skull comparison is difficult. ‘lhe colours of the two are, however, widely different, duteola being very strongly buffy, and alone equalled in that respect by the Brazilian G. furan. 4. Conepatus proteus, Thos. 6. 1264; 9. 1272, 1331. Pedernal, 1000-1200 m. This little skunk was discovered in 1901 by P. O. Simons 216 Mr. O. Thomas on at Cruz del Eje, Cordova, and has since been obtained by W. Smithers at Dolores in the same province. 5. Hesperomys murillus cordovensis, Thos. g. 1253, 1256. Caiiada Honda. 6. Graomys sp. gd. 1254. Cafiada Honda. 9. 1268, 1333, 13834. Pedernal. All more or less immature. 7. Phyllotis darwini subsp. 3. 1271, 1321, 1826; 9. 1267. Pedernal. 3. 1285, 1297, 1304, 13819; 9. 1290, 1292, 1295, 1298, 1310. Sierra Tontal. Not or doubtfully distinguishable from P. d. vaccarum of Mendoza. 8. Abrocoma schistacea, sp. n. ¢. 1325,1329; 9. 1822,1324. Pedernal. gd. 1278, 1279, 1280, 1306, 1314; 9. 1275, 1281, 1296, 1299, 1311. Sierra Tontal. Several separate skulls. Near A. budini, but with still larger bullee. Size about as in budini. General colour above pale slaty grey, with less of the drabby tone found in budini, in this respect more matching famatina. Under surface similar but paler, a well-marked whitish glandular patch on the chest, as usual. Tail fairly long, decidedly longer than in ecnerea. Skull very like that of budind, but with even larger bulla, these being the largest found in the genus. Nasals long, not so attenuated behind as in budini. Mastoid islands on top of skull of medium size. Slenderness of muzzle, small incisors, and imperforate palate as in the other Argentine species. Molars unusually variable in size, Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 190 mm.; tail 111; hind foot 28; ear 26°09. Skull: greatest length 49; condylo-incisive length 46:7 ; zygomatic breadth 24 ; nasals 18°5 x 5°5; interorbital breadth Mammals from San Juan, Western Argentina. 217 62; greatest horizontal diameter of bulla 1774; bi-meatal breadth 25°2; upper tooth-series 11:2. Hab. as above. ‘Type from Los Sombreros, Sierra Tontal. Alt. 2700 m. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21.6. 21.11. Original number 1296. Collected 29th January, 1921. Readily distinguishable from other species by its large bulle. [The following Abrocoma, obtained by Sr. Budin just across the border in the neighbouring province of Mendoza, may be conveniently described here :— Abrocoma vaccarum, sp. n. Colour as in A. schistacea and fumatina. Size about as in famatina, but the ears decidedly larger and the tail shorter. Skull slightly longer than that of famatina, shorter than in the other species. Muzzle slender, the nasals not peculiarly attenuated. Mastoid islands rather small, Bulle smaller than in any of the other species. Molars fairly large. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 191 mm. ; tail 94 ; hind foot 28; ear 25. Skull: greatest length 47; condylo-basal length 44:3; zygomatic breadth 24:2; nasals 18°5x 5:4; interorbital breadth 6°85; greatest horizontal diameter of bulla 15; bi-meatal breadth 23°7 ; upper tooth-series 9°7. Hab. North-western Mendoza; type from Punta de Vacas. Altitude 3000 m. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21. 6. 24. 20. Original number 1364. Collected 12th March, 1921. Two specimens. Distinguishable by the short tail and small bulla. All these Argentine species of Abrocuma are nearly allied and very similar to each other, but the characters used, slight as they are, seem to be locally constant, while the respective mountain habitats are well separated and often completely isolated. | 9. Octomys joannius, sp. n. 3. 1270; 2. 1273, 1332. Pedernal, 1200 m. Like O. mtmaw in all respects, cranial and external, except that the frontal region of the skull is quite materially broader, and flat or even slightly convex above instead of being concave, in the interorbital space. In correlation with this the pre- 218 Mr. O. Thomas on maxillary processes are broader terminally, while the brain- case itself is somewhat more inflated. In colour the resemblance is very close indeed, the only perceptible difference being that in mimaa the flanks are more decidedly lighter than the back and the hips are whitish on their outer aspect, while in joannius both sides and _ hips partake of the general drabby tone. But the difference is so slight that no attention would have been paid to it had the skulls been identical, Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 167 mm. ; tail 171 ; hind foot 35; ear 22°3. Skull: greatest length 45; condylo-incisive length 41°6 ; zygomatic breadth 23; breadth of frontal premaxillary pro- cesses posteriorly 2°6 (in mimae 2:1); interorbital breadth 10°7 ; least breadth across brain-case 19 ; bimeatal breadth 22°2; diagonal length of bulle 15:2; upper tooth-series (crowns) 8:5. Type. Old female. B.M. no. 21. 6. 19. 12. Original number 1273. Collected 11th January, 1921. It is of much interest to find a second locality for the remarkable genus Octomys, which was discovered by Sr. Budin at Tinagasta, Catamarea, in January 1920. In spite of the considerable distance between the two habitats, the new form is remarkably like the older one, but the broader frontals suffice to distinguish the two. “Very rare and very difficult to trap; unknown to the natives.””—E. B. 10. Ctenomys coludo johannis, Thos. 6. 1233; 1239; 1240, 1241, 1251; 9. 1228) 12295 ar 1242. Cafiada Honda. Based on this series; No. 1233 the type. I am now less sure than I was that this should be con- sidered as a subspecies of coludo, but tor the moment leave it under the name by which it was described, 11. Ctenomys tulduco, sp. n. Geos, loo0e 9 1327, 1335. Pedernal. 8. 1277, 1283, 1286, 1315, 1317; 2. 1282, 1287, 1289, 1291, 1308, 1318. Sierra Tontal. Allied to coludo, but smaller and with shorter tail. Size rather less than in coludo. General colour above drabby grey, not far from that of johannis, the tone not Mammals from San Juan, Western Argentina. 219 nearly so warm as that of coludo. But below the colour is also strongly drabby, the hairs broadly washed with dull buffy, about as in coludo, quite unlike the unusually light under surtace of johannis. An inconspicuous dull nasal patch. Tail shorter than in coludo, the longest in the series 74 mm.; a line along its upper side black or blackish, varying in definition, but always more marked than in the allied species. Skull not unlike that of johannis, but smaller and with rather smaller bulls, though these are still far larger than in mendocinus. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 190 mm. ; tail 69 ; hind foot 32°6. Skull: greatest length 45 ; condylo-incisive length 44°5 ; zygomatic breadth 27; nasals 16°5 x 7°4 ; interorbital breadth 9; least breadth across brain-case 17; bimeatal breadth 28°7 ; bulla 16x 8°6 ; upper tooth-series (crowns) 8°7; oblique diameter of p* 3°3. Hab. as above. Type from Los Sombreros, Sierra Tontal. Alt. 2700 m. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.6. 21.18. Original number 1277. Collected 19th January, 1921. This Ctenomys reflects in the darker colour of its under surface the more fertile character of its surroundings, as compared with the light-bellied yohannis, found on the more arid and lower ground further east. Sr. Budin says that instead of tuco-tuco the natives of San Juan have a special name for Ctenomys, “ Tulduco,” which may well be used as a specific term. 12. Lagidium tontalis, sp. n. 3. 1274, 1809; 2. 1294, 1303, 13816. Sierra Tontal, 2700 m. And several separate skulls. Decidedly smaller than ZL. famatine, the geographically nearest of described species. Size about as in L. vuleant of Jujuy. General colour (apart from the usual rusty or buffy patches due to hair- fading) pale grey, near “ pale neutral grey,’’ more mouse- grey on the sides. Shoulders and rump rather paler, A well-defined blackish dorsal line from withers to rump. Under surface broadly washed with yellow (near ‘chamois”’). Inconspicuous white axillary patches present. ‘Tail grizzled as usual, the end darker but not black. Skull small, with slender muzzle. Nasals narrow, little 220 On Mammals from Western Argentina. inflated anteriorly, not visible from below outside the premaxille ; behind the posterior border of the nasals is but little indented in the centre, and the premaxille surpass them by but a short distance. Interorbital space narrow, its anterior portion more definitely concave than usual. Mastoid islands on top of skull variable, generally rather small. Bulle of medium size, smaller than in famatine, larger than in vulcani. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 395 mm.; tail 340; hind foot 100; ear 83. Skull: greatest length 91; condylo-incisive length 82 ; zygomatic breadth 46 ; nasals 33 x 10°5; interorbital breadth _ (not at notches) 19; diastema 26 ; length of bulla 17 ; upper tooth-series (crowns) 19:4; breadth of p* 4:7. Flab. as above. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21. 6. 21.39. Original number 1303. Collected 2nd February, 1921. The series obtained is remarkably uniform in colour and skull-characters. Readily distinguishable from famatine by its smaller size and more slender muzzle. [The following Lagidtum was obtained by Sr. Budin at Punta de Vacas, on the ‘l'ransandean route in Mendoza, and may be here described :— Lagidium viatorum, sp. n. Size about as in tontalis ; interorbital region broader. General colour rather more uniform neutral grey, not lightened on shoulders and rump. Ends of hairs of lower surface distinctly ochraceous or cinnamon-buff, instead of the yellow of LZ. tontalis. White axillary patches present. Skull of about the same length as in tontalis, but more bulky throughout. Nasals more inflated in their anterior halves, reaching backwards nearly as far as the premaxille. Interorbital region decidedly broader than in tontalis, its anterior part less decidedly concave. Bulle about as in tontalis. Incisors of, both adult specimens pale yellow in front. Molars comparatively large. Dimensions of the type:— Head and body 400 mm.; tail 335; hind foot 105; ear 80. Skull: greatest length 91; condylo-incisive length 82 ; zygomatic breadth 48 ;: nasals 34°5 x 11 ; interorbital breadth On Two new Argentine Forms of Skunk. 221 (notches excluded) 22; diastema 26:5 ; length of bulla 16:3 ; upper tooth-series (crowns) 20°3 ; breadth of p* 5°2. Hiab. Punta de Vacas, N.W. Mendoza. Alt. 2300 m. Type. Adult male. B.M, No. 21. 6. 24. 21. Original number 1336. Three specimens, of which one is immature. This vizcacha is no doubt nearly allied to Z. tontalis, but is distinguished by the details above described, especially by its distinctly broader frontals. ] 13. Galea leucoblephara, Burm. 6. 1265. Pedernal. 3. 1320. Sierra Tontal. 14. Caviella australis joannia, Thos. db. 1230, 1231, 1235, 1247; 9. 1236, 1245, 1246, 1248. Cafiada Honda. gS. 1266. Pedernal. ¢. 1307, 1312, 1813; 9. 1293, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1305. Sierra Tontal. Based on the Cafiada Honda series. No. 1246 the type. 15. Dasypus vallerosus pannosus, Thos. 3. 1263; 2. 1232, 1249, 1257. Cafiada Honda. XXIUL—Two new Argentine Forms of Skunk. By OLDFIELD ‘l'HOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Conepatus suffocans pampanus, subsp. n. Most like C. s. gibsoni, as I now believe the Ajé skunk should be called, but the stripes conspicuously narrower, so as greatly to reduce the general amount of white on the animal. Stripes running down on to the sides of the base of the tail, as in gibsoni, while in suffocans this is very rarely the case. Fur of about the same texture as in gibsoni, not so soft as in humboldti. Tail bushy, broadly tasselled white-black-white, as in gibsoni, while suffocans rarely has the long white hairs at the end. Skull as usual. 222 On Two new Argentine Forms of Skunk. Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— Head and body (c.) 420 mm. ; tail 280. Skull: median length 71; condylo-basal length 67 ; zygo- matic breadth 44; ml, length 8, breadth 8:1 (both at right angles to axis of skull). Hab. Western Buenos Ayres Province. Type from Boni- facio. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 17. 9.15.1. Collected July 1917, and presented by Cecil Porteous, Esq. Four specimens. Mainly distinguishable by the reduction in the breadth and conspicuousness of the white dorsal stripes, these being nearly 2 inches broad in gibsoni, but only about half an inch in pampanus, There are now six specimens of gibson/ in the Museum and four of the present form. Conepatus suffocans mendosus, subsp. n. Size rather less than in other forms of suffocans. Fur softer than in true suffocans, though not so soft as in humboldti. White stripes much reduced, one of the specimens having them almost absent, while in the other they are quite narrow and reach barely halfway down the back. Tail con- spicuously short-haired, the hairs from half an inch to an inch shorter than in suffocans, those at the end barely attaining 35 mm. ; the white at the bases of the hairs much reduced, so that scarcely any white can be seen in a general view of the tail, even on the underside. Owing to the comparative shortness of the hairs, the tail itself appears shorter than in suffocans, but the measurements show that the tail-body is of the usual length. Skull of the usual proportions. Dimensions of the type:— Head and body 355 mm.; tail 205; hind foot 55; ear 22. : Skull: median length 69 ; condylo-basal length 65 ; zygo- matic breadth 42; m1, length 7°3, breadth 8-1 (at right angles to axis of skull). Hab. Mendoza. Type from Tupungato, 1000 m. Another specimen from the Alvear Colony, San Rafael (W. MM. Bayne). Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.7.5.3. | Original number 1396. Collected 31st March, 1921, by E. Budin. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. The much smaller C. proteus occars between this and the true C. suffocans suffocans, the subspecies to which it appears most nearly allied. Geological Society. 223 PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. May 4th, 1921.—Mr. R. D. Oldham, F.RS., President, in the Chair. The following communications were read :— 1. ‘An Ottokaria-like Plant from South Africa.’ By Hugh Hamshaw Thomas, M.B.K., M.A., F.G.S. The object of this note is to record the discovery in the Vereen- iging Sandstones of the Transvaal of a fossi] plant which bears considerable resemblance to the rare genus Ottokaria. Only two specimens of this type have hitherto been described—one from the Lower Gondwana of India, the other from beds of similar age in Brazil, and little or nothing is known about its nature or affinities. The present specimen agrees with the known examples in general size, and in having a more or less circular lamina (or head) seated upon a stalk; but it also possesses an additional feature in a thin flattened structure projecting beyond the head. This feature has been called the ‘ wing,’ but its original nature is very problematical. It may have been formed from a platyspermie seed projecting from the head, the latter being a kind of cupule; or it may have been formed from a thin envelope originally enclosing the head. Ottokaria was probably a reproductive structure, and its associa- tion with Glossopteris suggests a possible connexion with this plant, the reproductive structures of which are practically un- known. It is not considered necessary at present to make a new genus for this specimen, and the name of Ofttokaria lesliei is assigned to it, after its discoverer Mr. T. N. Leslie, F.G.S. 2.‘On Nummulospermum, gen. nov., the probable Mega- sporangium of Glossopteris.’ By A. B. Walkom, D.Sc. The Author, after referring to the evidence hitherto adduced with regard to the nature of the spore-bearing organs of Glossopteris, describes some seeds associated with the fronds of Glossopteris at certain localities in Queensland. He refers the seeds to a new genus, and describes them under the name Nwmmulospermum bowenense. ‘The seeds vary in length from 9 to 11 mm. and from 8 to 11 mm. in breadth ; they are oval or circular, probably platy- spermic, and possess a wide sarcotesta and narrow sclerotesta. The nucellus has a prominent beak projecting into a narrow micropyle. The vascular system is also partly described. Nwmmulospermum, though closely associated with Glossopteris fronds, has not been found in actual connexion with them. Similar, and in some eases identical, seeds have been found in close association with Glosso- pteris at other localities. Remarks are added on the scale-leaves of Glossopteris, and on 224 Geological Society. the affinities of Glossopteris, which the Author is disposed to in- elude in the Cycadofilicales. He is of opinion that the anatomical features of the seeds, so far as they can be made out from the impressions, favour their inclusion in the Trigonocarpales. 3. ‘The Evolution of Certain Liassic Gastropods, with special reference to their Use in Stratigraphy.’ By Miss Agnes Irene McDonald, B.Se., and Arthur Elijah Trueman, D.Se., F.G.S. The gastropods dealt with in this paper are turriculate forms, which have generally been called (a) Cerithiwm, which includes those Liassic species that are ornamented with axial and spiral threads, forming a network, often with tubercles ; now referred to the family Procerithide, Cossmann. (b) Chemnitzia, which includes species ornamented by strong axial ribs; now referred to the family Loxonematide, Koken. An endeavour has been made to study these gastropods in the light of modern paleontological research, and suggestions for their classification, based on ontogenetic and other evidence, are made. The position and characters of the ornamentation have proved of value in classification, when taken in conjunction with the other characters of the shell. Many of the biological principles that have been studied in such groups as the Ammonites are clearly illustrated by these gastropods. In numerous series, acceleration and retardation of development is indicated. Examples of homceomorphy of several types have been noted; the recognition of such homcomorphs, which often occur at different horizons, is essential in the identifi- cation of species in these groups, if they are to be of value in correlation. The Procerithide of the Lower Lias are chiefly species of Pro- cerithium, in which the flattish whorls have reticulate ornament based on three spirals; this central stock is also common in the Inferior Oolite, where it is represented by similar species with four spirals (Cerithium muricatum). This series probably gave rise to many recent Cerithide which have more than four spirals. Besides the species with three spirals, there are in the Lias many forms which the Authors regardas more specialized, and are charac- teristic of particular horizons. Other genera of Procerithide are recognized, of which Cerithinella and Paracerithium have dis- tinctive ornament. ‘The pupoid forms which have been grouped in the genus Hvelissa are regarded by the Authors as catagenetic descendants of diverse species of Procerithium. The Loxonematide of the British Lias are of two types—one with axial ornament only (Zygopleura), the other with axials and feeble spirals (Aatosira). Each of these genera during the Lias evinces a tendency to increase the number and curye of the axials. In development, axials always appear before spirals among the Loxonematide, while spirals are developed first among the Procerithide. THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. (NINTH SERIES. ] No. 45. SEPTEMBER 1921. XXIV.—Evotie Muscaride (Diptera).—II1.* By J. R. Matiocu, Urbana, IIl., U.S.A. AFRICAN SPECIES, Subfamily Paonia. Genus 'TRUPHEOPYGUS, Nov. Generic characters.—Similar to Helina, R.-D. Differs from that genus in having the frons about one-third of the head-width ; the abdomen subcylindrical, slightly tapered apically, the genitalia entirely concealed when the abdomen is viewed from the side or above; the fifth sternite deeply cleft in centre ; hind tibia with one or more postero-dorsal bristles at middle; prescutellar acrostichals absent ; scutellum flattened above ; preapical scutellars absent. Genotype, the following species. Trupheopygus testaceus, sp. n. Male.—Pale testaceous yellow. Frons brown; antennse fuscous. Thoracic dorsum with four pale brown vittz ante- riorly, and a patch of grey pruinescence between the dorso- centrals posteriorly which extends to dise of scutellum. Abdomen with an indistinct pair of brown spots on second * For Part I., see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vii., Feb. 1921, pp. 161- 173; Part IL, wrd., May 1921, pp. 420-431. Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 15 226 Mr. J. R. Malloch on ELeotie Musearide. tergite, and an even less distinct pair on third. Tarsi fuscous. Cross-veins narrowly brown. Each orbit with four or five long bristles ; ocellar bristles very long; arista long-haired. Presutural - acrostichals absent ; postsutural dorso-centrals 3; both intra-alars long ; prealar absent; sternopleurals 1:1:15; hypopleura bare. First and second tergites each with a long bristle on side, third and fourth with long bristles on posterior margins, and the fourth with a median series; basal portion of hypopygium with some bristles ; fifth sternite with two bristles on each side at base of incision. Fore tibia with one antero-dorsal and one posterior bristle; mid-tibia with one antero-dorsal and two postero-dorsal bristles; hind femur with some short, widely placed bristles on antero-ventral surface, and one long one before apex; hind tibia with one or two antero-yentral, two antero-dorsal, and one strong postero-dorsal median bristle. Costal thorn long; veins 3 and 4 parallel apically. Lower calyptra not very large. Length 6 mm. Type, Embu, Kenya Colony, 20. il. 1914 (G. St. Orde Browne). Genus Sprnarta, 8. & D. This genus is distinguished from its nearest allies by the possession of the following characters :—Hypopleura with a vertical series of fine hairs below the metathoracic spiracle ; both intra-alar bristles strong, the anterior one in line with or almost in line with the anterior dorso-central bristle ; eyes distinctly hairy, generally conspicuously so. All these characters apply also to another genus, Huspi- laria, gen. nov., which may be differentiated from Spilaria as follows :— Hypopygium of male small, not prominent, generally almost concealed, the fifth sternite not deeply cleft, basal sternite generally with some hairs ; prescutellar acrostichals present ; scutellum in both sexes with the hairs continued down over sides and sometimes invading the ventral surface; parafacials bare in both sexes ..... . Spilaria, 8. & D. Hypopygium of male large, prominently exposed, the fifth sternite deeply cleft, basal sternite bare; prescutellar acrostichals absent; scu- tellum in both sexes with the hairs continued down over sides and sometimes invading ventral surface; parafacials in female with some setulose hairs in a series which is continued below apex of second segment .............. Huspilaria,gen.noy. Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hwotic Muscaride. 228 Key to Species of Spilaria. 1. Third antennal segment about four times as long MSESECOM CN. oy viel tol sipi atone sicecs,sole cud eel eepuertale 2. Third antennal segment not over 2°5 as long as ROEORGM re iia stared a tee Tate orae sees 3. tb . Palpi yellow; both cross-veins of wings con- spicuously infuscated, the outer one nearly : straight ; tibiee entirely pale.............. punctifer, Malloch, Palpi black ; cross-veins of wings very indis- tinctly infuscated, the outer one distinctly bent in middle; tibia infuscated at bases .. africana, sp. n. 3. Outer cross-vein of wing distinctly, but not con- spicuously, bent in middle, evenly infuscated throughout; margin of upper calyptra pale ; scutellum not pale below at apex; palpi ISe meg tee Pacloronbtehsiees ters etal ek Sar ecals mollis, Stein, Outer cross-vein of wing almost S-shaped, with a punctiform black mark at each extremity ; margin of upper calyptra fuscous ; scutellum yellowish below at apex; palpi black...... trinubilifera, sp. n, Spilaria mollis (Stein). Spilogaster mollis, Stein, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. li. p. 55 (1906). Mydea hirticeps, Stein, Ann, Mus. Nat. Hung. xi. p. 486 (1913). I have before me specimens of this species from Estcourt (8), Ulundi (1), and Durban (1), Natal, and Pretoria (1). Spilaria punctifer, Malloch. I have seen two specimens of this species, in addition to the type. One from Chirinda, Southern Rhodesia, and the other from Angola, Benguella. Spilaria africana, sp. uv. Female.—Similar in colour to punctifer, Malloch. Differs in having the cross-veins of the wings very inconspicuously darkened, the palpi black, and the bases of the tibiz slightly infuscated. The fore tibia has only one posterior median bristle, and the outer cross-vein is distinctly, but not conspicuously, bent im middle. Otherwise as punctifer. Length 7°5 mm. Type, Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 23. viii. 1913 (S. A. Neave). One specimen in poor condition, 15* 228 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotie Muscarid:e. Spilaria trinubilifera, sp. n. Female.—Darker than punctifer, with a slight bluish-grey tinge. The head is entirely black, the tibia are blackened at bases, the extreme tips of femora are blackened, and the infuscation on outer cross-vein is in the form of two spots, one at each extremity of the vein. The third antennal segment is about 2°5 times as long as second, and the outer cross-vein is very conspicuously curved, almost S-shaped. Length 7-7-5 mm. Type, Kijabe, Kenya Colony, in bamboo forest 7000- 8000 feet (W. J. Radford). Paratype, Mau Forest, Kenya Colony, 8000 feet (4. A. Bodeker). Genus [EusPiLaria, Dov. In addition to the characters listed on a preceding page for the differentiation of this genus, it may be pertinent to state that the abdomen of the male is more slender than that of any species of Spilaria known to me, and the para- facials wider. Genotype, the following species. e Euspilaria fuscorufa, sp. 1. Male and female.—Black, shining, with dense dark grey pruinescence. Head eutirely black. Thorax broadly rufous on sides of dorsum and on at least the upper half of pleura and the margins of scutellum, the disc of mesonotum fuscous, quadrivittate. Abdomen without distinct markings. Legs in female rufous ; tips of femora and all tarsi black ; the tibiz slightly infuscated ; in male the femora are more extensively blackened, the fore pair almost entirely so, and the tibiz are much darker. Wings clear, both cross- veins conspicuously blackened, the outer one with two separated spots, one at each extremity. Calyptree and halteres yellowish. Male.—¥yes densely haired; narrowest part of frons a little wider than distance across posterior ocelli; orbits bristled to middle ; parafacial at base of antennee wider than third antennal segment, narrowed below; face concave in profile; arista long plumose. Thorax without strong pre- sutural acrostichals, with three pairs of postsutural dorso- centrals, and the sternopleurals 2:2; prealar bristle very Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hwotiec Muscaride. 229 short ; hypopleura with the usual hairs below spiracle. Abdomen narrow, subcylindrical; upper hypopygial forceps rather long, acute at apex; basal sternite bare; fifth sternite with a deep V-shaped incision. Fore tibia with a long fine median posterior bristle ; fore tarsus longer than tibia; mid-femur with a series of long bristles on postero- ventral surface; mid-tibia with four long posterior bristles ; hind femur with long bristles on apical half of antero- ventral surface, the series duplicated in part; postero- ventral surface bare ; hind tibia with some long bristles on apical half of antero-ventral and antero-dorsal surfaces, some of them invadiug the anterior surface. Outer cross- vein almost S-shaped ; veins 3 and 4 divergent at apices. Female.—Frons less than one-third of the head-width at vertex, widened anteriorly; a series of setule descending on parafacial below apex of second antennal segment. Legs with stouter and shorter bristles than in male, the hind tibia with one antero-ventral and two antero-dorsal bristles. Length 7-8 mm. Type, male, and allotype, north of Mt. Kenia, 18. ii. 1911, 8300 feet. Paratype, male, west of Mt. Kenia, 19-20. ii. 1911, 6500-7250 feet (7. J. Ander_on). The African species J/ydea nemoralis, Stein, probably belongs to the genus Spilaria, and may be separated from the species listed in this paper by its having four pairs of postsutural dorso-ventral bristles, and the cross-veins not noticeably infuscated. Stein has placed his species as a synonym of mulcata, Giglio-Tos, a Mexican species, but I am inclined to doubt this. I have not seen nemoralis, Stein. Genus Ipriopyeus, nov. Generic characters.—Similar to Helina, R.-D. Differs in having the superior and inferior hypopygial forceps of male long and slender, and the fifth sternite very deeply cleft in middle of posterior margin, giving it the appearance of having two long latero-posterior processes, the general habitus of the hypopygium similar to that of some species of Cenosia and Pygophora. The fourth visible tergite of female is not chitinised and transverse at apex, but depressed and somewhat membranous, sometimes notched in centre of posterior margin. ‘The anterior intra-alar bristle is absent or distinctly caudad of the anterior postsutural dorso- central. Hypopleura either bare or with some minute hairs 230 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hzotic Muscaridee in centre ; scutellum always bare on sides and ventrally; hind tibia in female with two or three short postero-dorsal bristles. Genotype, Spilogaster hirtipes, Macquart. Key to Species. BS NEYO Sig oer epede a meet eto aya = Galo ates ateyetetat fate nvolotars 2. Homa laste ia apinsie ts ke tre trie otemint weteraean oe 5. 2. Hind tibia remarkably dilated as in some species of bees; fore tibia with remarkably long strong hairs ventrally ; mesosternum with a long stout process which is directed downward and armed at apex witha dense clump of blackbackwardly directed bristles. hirtipes, Macquart. Hind tibia normal, not noticeably dilated ; mesosternum butlittle produceddownward. 3. 3. Hypopleura bare ; fore and hind tibiz rather densely long-haired ventrally ; anterior intra-alar bristle absent; eyes separated by at least one-third of the head-width ; each orbit with five equally long, strong bristles which are equally spaced........ villipes, sp. 0. Hypopleura with a few very short hairs in middle below spiracle; fore and hind tibie with very short hairs; anterior intra-alar present ; eyes separated by about one-fifth of the head-width ; each orbit with a wide space at centre without bristles ........ 4. 4, Hind trochanters with very fine hairs ...... hirtiventris, sp. 0. Hind trochanters with dense, short, stout, rectangularly bent bristles.............. trochanteratus, sp. 0. 5. Legs largely reddish yellow; fourth tergite but little depressed at apex in centre; fore tibia with one posterior and two antero- dorsal jbristles|4)2)-).ai. cite ste te > cleo viele . hirtipes, Macquart. Legs entirely black ; fourth abdominal tergite very noticeably depressed in centre at apex. 6. 6. Anterior intra-alar bristle absent; fore tibia with one posterior and two antero-dorsal bristles: cio: air ee wees eee satan stoves villipes, sp. D., oF Anterior intra-alar bristle present; fore tibia —[tr’maculata, Stein. with two antero-dorsal bristles, the posterior bristle absent .......... veeeee Aartiventris, sp. n. Idiopygus hirtipes (Macquart). Spilogaster hirtipes, Macquart, Dipt. exot., Suppl. 1, p. 202 (1846). I give a description of this remarkable species, as the original is very short and deals only with the male. The legs are stated by Macquart to be entirely black, but they are not so in the specimens before me. Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 231 Male and female.—Black, subopaque, densely grey pruin- escent. Head entirely black. Thorax with four brown vittee anteriorly and a central one posteriorly, the latter extending over disc of scutellum. Abdomen with a pair of fuscous spots on each tergite from 1 to 4 inclusive, those on 2 and 3 much larger than the others ; apices of processes of fifth sternite yellowish, glossy. Legs black, basal two-thirds of mid and hind femora and the extreme knee-joints in male reddish yellow ; the mid and hind femora, except at apices above, base of fore tibia, and nearly all of mid and hind pairs reddish yellow in female. Wings clear, three con- spicuous black spots on disc, one on inner cross-vein, and one on each extremity of outer cross-vein. Calyptre and halteres yellowish. Male.—Narrowest part of frons about twice as wide as distance across posterior ocelli; three bristles on anterior third of each orbit; arista plumose. Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorso-central bristles; anterior intra- alar present ; sternopleurals 1: 2. Abdomen subcylindrical, fourth tergite with strong bristles at apex and middle; fifth very short, bare in centre; sixth very long, bulbous, with many setule; superior and inferior forceps very long, the superior pair slender, the inferior pair dilated apically ; third and fourth sternites very short and broad, processes of fifth very long, tapered to a point, directed slightly down- ward at apex. Bristles at apex of processes of mesosternum flexed at apices. Fore femur with strong bristles on entire surface postero-ventrally ; fore tibia with remarkably long dense bristly hairs on entire length of postero-ventral and ventral surfaces; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ; basal segment of mid-tarsus dilated at apex and armed with a tuft of dense brown hairs at tip, the posterior surface with some long setulose hairs; hind femur with an entire series of long bristles on antero-ventral surface; a group of short erect bristles at base on posterior surface, two erect bristles which are closely placed at middle, and a comb-like series of about thirteen short bristles at apex on postero- ventral surface; hind tibia very conspicuously dilated at. or slightly beyond middle, the dilated portion compressed, furnished with rather dense hairs on anterior surface, and with a few short bristles, the apex slightly produced and with two long bristles under tip ; anterior surface of basal segment of hind tarsus with some long setulose hairs, Outer cross-vein slightly curved. Female.—Frons over one-third of the head-width ; each 232 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Evotie Muscaride. orbit with four bristles, the upper two directed backward. Fourth tergite without bristles at apex, the tip but little depressed in centre. Hind tibia with one antero-ventral, two antero-dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles. Length 6°5-7°5 mm. Six males, Ngare Narok, Masai Reserve, Kenya Colony, 81. xiii. 1913, about 6000 feet (Capt. A. O. Luckman) ; one female, west of Mt. Kenia, 19, 20. ii. 1911, 6500— 7250 feet (T. J. Anderson); one female, North Nyasa, 30. viii. 1909 (Dr. J. B. Davey). Idiopygus villipes, sp. 0. Male.—Black, marked as hirtipes. The legs entirely blackish. Differs from hirtipes in having the eyes separated by over one-third of the head-width and the orbits, as stated in the key. The intra-alar bristle is absent. Fore femur with long fine hairs at base of postero-ventral and on ventral surface, and some long bristles on apical half of postero- ventral surface ; fore tibia with the ventral hairs much longer than the tibial diameter, no posterior median bristle present; mid-legs missing; hind femur thickened, with long fine hairs ventrally and some long bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface; hind tibia not dilated, slightly produced at apex ventrally, with numerous fine hairs as on fore tibia, and two antero-dorsal and two postero-dorsal bristles. Length 7°5 mm. Type, Lagari, Kenya Colony, 1. ii.-21. v. 1900 (C. 8S. Betton). A female which is either that of this species or trimaculata, Stein, has the thoracic characters of this species. The mesosternum is carried downward more pronouncedly than in the male of villipes, a character which would indicate a greater protuberance in the male of the species to which it belongs, which leads me to believe that it is ¢rimaculata. The specimen was taken on Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 27. xi. 1912 (S. A. Neave). Idiopygus hirtiventris, sp. n. Male and female.—Black, marked as in the two preceding species, but the median vitta on mesonotum is not continued on to dise of scutellum. Legs entirely black. Male.—Frons as in hirtipes, but with a long bristle on each orbit in line with anterior ocellus. Anterior intra- Mr. J. R. Malloch on Fzotie Muscaride. 233 alar strong. Abdomen cylindrical, fourth visible tergite depressed in centre at apex, fifth almost concealed, sixth almost as long as fourth, setulose ; sternites with long, rather dense hairs, the processes of fifth rounded at apices, densely long-haired on their entire length. Fore femur with long bristles on entire length of postero-ventral surface ; fore tibia without conspicuous hairs, antero-dorsal surface with two short bristles, the posterior bristle absent ; mesosternum slightly produced downwardly and armed at apices with a dense brush or tuft of stiff black bristles which are curved caudad ; mid-legs missing; hind femur stout, with long hairs ventrally and some stout bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface, the postero-ventral surface with one or two bristles beyond middle ; hind tibia slender, produced into a blunt process at tip ventrally, antero-dorsal surface with two bristles, postero-dorsal surface bare. Female.—Difters from the male in having the hind tibia simple at apex, and the postero-dorsal surface with three short bristles. The fourth tergite is more conspicuously depressed at apex than in the other species, presenting the appearance of haying a Y-shaped slit in centre of posterior margin. Length 5-6 mm. Type, male, allotype, and one female paratype, Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 14. xi. 1918, 6500 feet (S. A. Neave). Idiopygus trochanteratus, sp. 0. Male.—Similar to the preceding species. Differs in having the spots on dorsum of abdomen very small, only the pairs on tergites 2 and 3 and the one in centre of sixth distinct. The abdomen has fewer and shorter hairs on the sternites than in /irtiventris, and the hind trochanters are armed with a dense tuft of short stout bristles, the apices of which are flexed backwardly, whereas in the preceding species there are only fine hairs present. The mid-femur has fine bristles on basal half of the ventral and antero-ventral surfaces, which merease very much in length from base apicad. In other respects as hirtwentris. Length 6°5 mm. Type, Ulundi, Natal, ix. 1896, 5000-6500 feet (G. 4. K. Marshall). In addition to the species listed herein, Mydea mirabils, Stein, evidently belongs to this genus. 234 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. Subfamily Cawosiuwz. Genus BreEvVIcosTA, nov. Generic characters.—Closely resembles Ca@nosia, Meigen. Differs in having the arista moderately long-haired, ocellar bristles not longer than the postvertical pair; fore tibia unarmed at middle, mid-tibia unarmed at middle on anterior surface, hind tibia with two antero-dorsal and two postero-dorsal bristles, and the costal vein not extending beyond apex of third vein and with short black setulz to beyond apex of second vein. Genotype, the following species. Brevicosta africana, sp. 0. Female.—Head black, densely whitish pruinescent, the interfroutalia, when seen from in front, less densely pruinescent than orbits and frontal triangle; antennz yellowish, second segment largely brown; palpi yellowish, infuscated apically. Thorax black, densely grey pruinescent, not distinctly vittate, but darker along the lines of dorso- centrals. Abdomen black, densely grey pruinescent, with three black spots on each tergite, the median spots forming an almost complete vitta ; apices of tergites 2 to 4 narrowly, of 5 broadly yellowish. Legs entirely yellowish. Wings clear. Calyptrz brownish yellow. MHalteres yellow. Frons at vertex less than one-fourth of the head-width, widened anteriorly ; frontal triangle narrow, extending to anterior margin of frons; arista with its longest hairs about as long as width of third antennal segment, the latter extending about two-thirds of the way to mouth-margin. Acrostichals in two sories; dorso-centrals 1:3; lower stigmatal bristle minute or absent. Mid-tibia with one posterior bristie; hind tibia with one antero-ventral, two antero-dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles, the apical one of the two antero-dorsal bristles very long. Veins 3 and 4 divergent apically. Lower calyptra little larger than upper. Length 3 mm. Type, Zungeru, Northern Nigeria, xi. 1910 (Dr. J. W. Scott-Macfic). — Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 235 ASIATIC SPECIES. Subfamily Pxaonrr 7. Phaonia atronitens, sp. n. Male.—Black, shining. Frons, orbits, face, and cheeks with white pruinescence. Thorax indistinctly vittate, the dorsum with faint greyish pruinescence. Abdomen slightly greyish pruinescent, with a black dorso-central vitta which is slightly dilated at apex of each tergite. Legs black. Wings clear, veins fuscous, paler basally. Calyptrze white. Halteres fuseous. Eyes densely long-haired; narrowest part of frons a little wider than distance across posterior ocelli ; orbits with long fine bristles almost to anterior ocellus ; interfrontalia distinct on its entire length; third antennal segment at least three times as long as second, its apex extending almost to mouth; arista with its longest hairs nearly as long as width of third antennal segment ; parafacial not as wide at base of antenne as width of third antennal segment, narrowed below ; cheek as high as width of third antennal segment ; palpi slender; proboscis stout and short. Thorax with three or four pairs of very fine, long presutural acro- stichal bristles ; prealar absent ; postsutural dorso-centrals 3. Abdomen narrowly ovate ; hypopygium small, concealed ; fifth sternite with a broad rounded posterior emargination; each sternite, including fifth, with a long fine bristle at each side apically. Fore tibia unarmed at middle ; fore tarsus slender, muck longer than tibia; mid-tibia with two or three postero-dorsal bristles; hind femur with a series of fine bristles on antero-ventral surface, and some shorter bristles on basal half of postero-ventral; hind tibia with two antero- dorsal and three or four antero-ventral bristles, the calcar short. Costal thorn small; veins 3 and 4 divergent apically. Female.—Differs from the male in having the eyes very short-haired, and the frons over one-third of the head-width. Length 5-6 mm. Type, male, allotype, and four male paratypes, Gulmarg, Kashmir, 1913, 8500 feet (F. W. Thomson). Pogonomyia fumipennis, sp. n. Male.—Black, shining. Head with whitish pruinescence 236 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotic Muscaride. on parafacials and face. Thorax not vittate, with slight brownish pruinescence. Abdomen with brownish-grey pruinescence on sides of each tergite. Legs black. Wings infuseated, most noticeably so at bases. Calyptre white. Halteres black. Eyes separated by a little less than width across posterior ocelli; orbits setulose almost to anterior ocellus ; parafacial as wide as third antennal segment; mouth-margin pro- duced; cheek rather densely setulose below, the upwardly curved bristles moderately numerous; longest hairs on arista distinctly longer than its basal diameter. Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorso-central bristles ; pre- alar very long. Abdomen elongate, narrow, almost parallel- sided, and slightly depressed; hypopygium small. Fore tibia with one posterior and two or three postero-ventral bristles ; fore tarsus slender, much longer than tibia ; mid- femur on both antero-ventral and postero-ventral surfaces with long fine bristles almost to apex ; mid-tibia with three or four postero-dorsal and postero-ventral bristles; hind femur slender, with a series of long bristles on entire antero-ventral surface, the postero-ventral surface bare except near base; hind tibia slightly produced at apex ventrally, with a short curved bristle near tip of produced part, the anterior and antero-ventral surfaces with rather dense setulose hairs, some of which are stronger than others, the postero-dorsal surface with three or four long bristles. Wings larger than in most species of the genus. Length 5-6 mm. Type and three paratypes, Gulmarg, Kashmir, 1913, 8500 feet (/. W. Thomson). This species has the same habitus as P. tetra, Meigen. Subfamily Awrzouyrwz. Pegomyia atroapicata, sp. n. Male.—Black, slightly shining, densely grey pruinescent. Head, including antenne and palpi black, orbits, face, and cheeks with silvery pruinescence. Thorax indistinctly vittate, the lateral margins whitish pruinescent. Abdomen with a black dorso-ventral vitta, and, when seen from the side, lateral blackish checkerings. Legs yellow, fore femora, apices of mid and hind femora, and alli tarsi black, bases of mid-tibie slightly infuscated. Wings clear. Calyptre white. Halteres yellow. Eyes almost contiguous below anterior ocellus ; inter- Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hvotic Muscaride. 237 frontalia obliterated on upper half; orbits setulose on lower half ; arista pubescent; cheeks very narrow, with strong marginal bristles. Thorax with three pairs of short presutural acrostichals ; prealar very long. Abdomen subcylindrical ; hypopygium small ; processes of fifth sternite of moderate length, almost bare on basal half, with a few strong bristles apically. Fore tibia with one antero-dorsal and two posterior bristles; mid-femur with one bristle at base on ventral surface ; mid-tibia with one antero-dorsal and four irregularly arranged posterior bristles; hind femur with an antero-ventral series of sparse bristles and two or three bristles on basal half of postero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with two postero-dorsal, one antero-ventral, and three antero-dorsal bristles, and an extra bristle on posterior surface basad of middle. Veins 3 and 4 subparallel apically. Calyptre subequal. Female.—Frons about one-third of the head-width, lower supra-orbital bristle directed forward; cruciate bristles absent. Length 7 mm. Type, male, allotype, and one male and one female para- type, Gulmarg, Kashmir, 1913, 8500 feet (Ff. W. Thomson). This species differs from its allies in the colour of the legs and in having an extra bristle on the posterior surface of the hind tibia. AUSTRALASIAN SPECIES. Subfamily Pwaonrm-x. Myiospila flavicans, sp. 0. Female.—Testaceous yellow, slightly shining. Head fuscous, orbits, face, and cheeks with white pruinescence ; palpi fuscous; antennz yellow, second segment darker. Thoracic dorsum with four reddish vitte, the intervening spaces yellowish pruinescent. Dorsum of abdomen with very faint traces of a pair of spots on tergites 2 and 3. Tarsi barely darker than tibize. Wings clear, veins yellow, darker apically. Calyptre and halteres yellow. Eyes with microscopic hairs ; frons at vertex about one- fifth of the head-width, nearly twice as wide anteriorly ; interfrontalia with a pair of weak cruciate bristles ; anterior orbital bristle much stronger than the others; arista long plumose. Thorax without differentiated presutural acro- stichal bristles ; postsutural dorso-centrals 4; prealar bristle 238 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Fvotic Muscaride. very short; sternopleurals 1:2; hypopleura bare. Basal abdominal sternite bare; seventh sternite with a pair of short stout bristles at apex. Fore tibia unarmed at middle ; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles; hind femur with a few bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with one antero-dorsal and two weak antero-ventral bristles. Third wing-vein with some rather strong setulie at base; fourth vein but slightly curved forward at apex. Length 8 mm. Type, South Queensland, 1911 (Dr. T. L. Bancroft). One specimen. This is the only species of this genus known to me which is pale in colour. It is apparently a typical species of Ayiospila, possessing the wing-characters of the genotype and the cruciate interfrontal bristles as well as the ventral bristles near apex of abdomen, which this genus has in common with A/ydea in the female sex. Genus [pIOHELINA, NOV. Generic characters.—Belongs to the subfamily Phaoniine, and is closely related to Helina, Robineau-Desvoidy. Differs from all allied genera known to me in having the marginal cell of uniform width almost to its apex, whereas in other genera it is gradually narrowed from apex of first vein to its apex, the apical half of the cell being narrowly wedge- shaped. The scutellum has some fine hairs below at apex— a character almost invariably found in Anthomyiine, but rarely in Phaoniine. In other respects as f/elina. Prealar absent. Genotype, the following species. Idiochelina nubeculosa, sp. un. Female.—Testaceous yellow, shining. Third antennal segment and the abdomen largely fuscous. Wings yel- lowish, cross-veins conspicuously infuscated, apices of wings with a faint fuscous cloud. Frons about two-fifths of the head-width; orbits not differentiated, each with about five unequal-sized bristles ; face almost vertical ; parafacial not as wide as third antennal segment, at middle half as wide as height of cheek; arista with sparse long hairs; antennze extending to three-fourths the length of face; palpi normal. Thorax without any strong presutural acrostichal bristles; postsutural dorso- centrals 3; sternopleurals 1:2. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle; mid-tibia with one posterior Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotic Muscaride. 239 median bristle; hind femur with one preapical antero- ventral bristle; hind tibia with one antero-ventral and one antero-dorsal bristle, the postero-dorsal surface sometimes with a weak setula. Outer cross-vein straight. Lower calyptra not much larger than upper. Length 5-6°5 mm. Type, Wanganui, New Zealand, 20. iii. 1920. Paratype, topotypical. Subfamily Ca@yoszwz. Pygophora minuta, sp. n. Male.—Black, densely pale grey pruinescent. Inter- frontalia pale yellowish testaceous ; antennze yellowish, third segment brown except at base; palpi yellow. Thorax not vittate. Abdomen black, basal tergite except in middle, apices of tergites 2 and 3, sides of all tergites, hypopygium, and entire venter yellowish testaceous. Legs entirely yellow. Calyptre and halteres yellowish. Wings clear, veins pule. Frons at vertex about one-fifth of the head-width, widened anteriorly ; each orbit with the normal four bristles, the upper one very weak, the next two not so closely placed as in the genotype; third antennal segment extending almost to mouth-margin, about three times as long as second; arista plumose at base, bare apically. Thoracic chztotaxy normal. Abdomen compressed apically ; third, fourth, and fifth tergites each with a number of flattened bristles resembling minute feathers on sides, those on fourth much larger than on third and fifth; processes of fifth sternite bare, longer than wide and but little dilated at apices ; the processes at base of excavation very short, barely stalked. Antero-dorsal bristles on fore tibia very short and weak ; all tibial bristles as in genotype, but much weaker. Last section of fourth wing-vein nearly twice as long as penultimate. Length 3°5 mm. Type, Kuranda, North Queensland, 21. vi.-24. viii. 1913, 1100 feet (R. HE. Turner). This species is the smallest of the genus known to me. It has no protuberance at apex of hind tibia on ventral surface, but is a true Pygophora, and may be separated from its allies by the peculiar flat bristles on sides of thie abdomen. 240 Mr. H. Campion on some XXV.—Some Dragonflies and their Prey.—t\ll. With Re- marks on the Identity of the Species of Orthetrum involved. By HEersert CAMPION. In an earlier volume of the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 8, vol. xiii. pp. 495-504 ; 1914) a number of cases were reeorded illustrating the exact nature of the food consumed by adult dragonflies. More recently a series of observations on the same subjeet has been made in Nyasaland by Dr. W. A. Lamborn, while studying the bionomics of Glossina on behalf of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. ‘These observations were made at two points on the western shore of Lake Nyasa, and an account of them was published in the ‘Bulletin of Entomological Research,’ vol. vi. p. 252 (1915). The more northern locality—the Lingadzi River—was visited in February 1915, and Monkey Bay, some 60 or 70 miles to the south, in April and May of the same year. At each locality the dragonflies most frequently seen to take prey belonged to a single species of Orthetrum, and, as is usual with the African members of that genus, the determinations have proved to be a matter of some difficulty. The two species in question resemble one another very closely, and I can see nothing to separate them either in the form of the abdomen and the female genitalia, or in the coloration of the pterostigma, membranule, and the base of the hind wing. They may be distinguished, however, by certain differences in the male genitalia, and, taking these as the criterion, I call the series from the Lingadzi River Orthetrum brachiale, P. de B., while to the series from Monkey Bay I apply the name O. chrysostigma, Burm. The shape of the hamule in the male is sufficiently constant for immediate recognition throughout each of the two collec- tions. The Monkey Bay series has the form figured by Dr. F. Ris for chrysostigma (Coll. Selys, Libell. fase. x. p. 206; 1909). That form seems to be the common one for the species, but I have seen specimens from West Africa which show that the hamule is subject to a certain amount of varia- tion in this as in other species of the genus. It may be said, in passing, that the species here ealled chrysostigma, and figured by Ris under that name, is somewhat different in the form of the hamule from the type-material from Teneriffe. The difference will be appreciated when comparison is made with Calvert’s figure of the genitalia of Burmeister’s paratype (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxv. pl. i. fig. 11; 1898), in which the anterior branch of the hamule is represented as being “without any hook at tip, straight, blunt” (loc. cit. p. 86). Dragonflies and their Prey, 241 The only male of this species from the type-locality which I have had an opportunity of examining is the one from Teneriffe preserved in the British Museum (Natural History), and referred to by M‘Lachlan in Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvi. p. 177 (1882). The hamules of this specimen do not correspond very exactly either with the hamule figured by Calvert or with that figured by Ris, but recalls the hamule seen in one or two specimens belonging to a series in the National Collection from Prang, Northern Territories, Gold Coast, in which the hamules are particularly variable in form. This series has been examined by Ris, and referred to Orthetrum chrysostigma (Coll. Selys, Libell. fase. xvi. (2) p- 1081; 1916-1919), although the white juxtahumeral band which especially characterizes that species is not very well defined in any of the individuals composing it. _ In the series from the Lingadzi the hamule agrees very well with what is found in two Gold Coast specimens deter- mined for meas brachiale by Dr. Ris, who pointed out that in those specimens the hamule is larger than in the male from Nossi-bé figured in his monograph (loc. cit. p. 199) and in others seen by him from the Congo, etc. In these Nyasa- land and Gold Coast males of brachiale the hamule, viewed in profile, is more like that of eArysostigma, but differs from it in having the hook terminating the internal branch shorter and slenderer, and also in having the external branch larger, rounder, and more prominent. In addition to the nine males captured with prey, Dr. Lam- born sent home forty-two others taken in the same locality. Of these fifty-one specimens, forty-nine prove to have a more or less common type of hamule (of which fig. 2 may be taken as an example), one has the form figured by Ris for brachiale (fig. 1), and the remaining example may be referred to chrysostigma (fig. 3). It may be observed that the kind of hamule represented in fig. 1 is barely distinguishable from that of O. stemmale wright?, from Seychelles. Moreover, the antenodals of that particular specimen of O. brachiale happen to be dark, like those of the other insect mentioned. Never- theless, the two species can always be distinguished from each other by the difference in the coloration of the head and the costa. When not obscured by pruinosity or by post-mortem changes, the coloration of the thorax is normally quite different in the two species, although the pattern itself remains much the same in both. In chrysostigma the dorsum is yellowish brown as far as the dark brown antehumeral streak, and the lower part of the mesepisternum is pale brown ; a broad ivory-white stripe lies just below the humeral Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol, viii. 16 242 Mr. H. Campion on some suture, and is bordered on each side by a streak of dark brown; otherwise, the sides of the thorax are yellowish brown. In characteristic examples of brachiale, on the other hand, the ground-colour is greenish throughout, with dark markings as in chrysostigma, added to which there are two dark stripes crossing the metathorax; but in Nyasaland, at least, the dorsum tends to become very pale, and the mesepimeral stripe tends to take on a whitish hue. Just as the Lingadzi specimens of brachia/e vary in the direction of chrysostigma, Bigea. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Genitalia of three males of Orthetrum from the Lingadzi River, Nyasaland. Fie. 1.— 0. brachiale, P. de B., 23. ii. 15. Fig. 2.—O. brachiale, P. de B., 4. iii. 15. Fig. 5.—O. chrysostigma, Burm., 8. ii. 15. P. Highley, cam. lue. et del. so do the Monkey Bay examples of chrysostigma vary in the direction of brachiale, and in many cases the thoracic colour- scheme affords little guidance to the identification of the species. The black markings on the abdomen are distributed in different ways in the two species, but, as they are seldom visible in dried specimens, they are not of much value as aids to identification. When semi-adult individuals are met with, Dragonflies and their Prey. 243 however—individuals, that is, which are free alike from pruinosity and discoloration—it is seen that chrysostigma lacks the mid-dorsal black line and certain other black markings which characterize the abdomen of brachiale. The condition of the Nyasaland specimens now under considera- tion does not permit of any useful comparison of abdominal markings being made, either between themselves or with suitably preserved material of chrysostiyma and brachiale from other localities. The older males of brachiale from the Lingadzi have the distal two-thirds of their wings tinged with brown. In the female sex the colour is more intense and _ suffuses the entire wing. In the males of chrysostigma from Monkey Bay the wings remain clear, and very little colour makes its appear- ance in the wings even of the females. The eyes of the Lingadzi brachiale are decidedly green in both sexes, whereas the eyes of the chrysostigma from Monkey Bay are consistently brown. I have no notes as to the eye- colours in the living insects. The entire collection of captors and prey, set out in the subjoined tables (pp. 243-245), has been presented to the British Museum (Natural History) by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. From the Lingadzt River District, Nyasaland (Dr. W. A. Lamborn). ec! : Species of Odonata, | Species of Prey. Date. 42a. Orthetrum brachiale, P. de B., $.| Glossina morsitans, Westw. 8.11. 15. 42 6, O. brachiale, 3. G. morsitans. KO; ir. lo; 42 ¢. O. brachiale, 3. An undetermined Asilid fly. 10. ii, 15. 42 d. O. brachiale, 3. A Tachinid fly (Setuia fasciata,| 11, ii. 15. Meig.). Identitied by Dr. J. Villeneuve. 42 e. O. brachiale, 3 . A Tachinid fly (Tachina sp.—in | 12. ii. 15. poor condition), 42 f. O. brachiale, 3. A Tachinid fly (Sarcophaga sp., Q| 12. ii. 15. —indeterminable). 429. O. icteromelas, Ris, 9. | The Tabanid Hy Tabanus fuscipes,| 14. ii. 15, Rie. | 42h O. icteromelas, 2. Glossina morsitans. 42 7, O. chrysostigma, Burm., 2. A Tachinid fly (Setula faseiata, Meig.). Identified by Dr. J. Villeneuve. 42 7. O. braehiale, 3. An undetermined Asilid fly. 42k, O. brachiale, 3. A Syrphid fly (Lathyrophthalmus sp., near metallescens, Loew). 42 1. O. brachiale, 3. 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SS69:6 ‘O ‘Oo "DP Dubysoshiys O 246 Prof. Dr. ©. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses XXVI.—Diagnoses of some Lichens. By Prot. Dr. C. MERESCHKOVSKY. Durin@ the last ten years I have described, in various publi- cations, quite a number of new lichens. As, with a few exceptions, I did not conform with the international con- vention requiring a Latin diagnosis, I have considered it desirable to add here to my previous descriptions in Russian or French short Latin diagnoses for the greater number of new forms. All my collections and notes having been left in Russia, I regret that in some cases the diagnoses are not so complete as they might be. Usnea florida, var. divaricata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Addit. Lichenogr. Ross. i., Oest. Bot. Zeitschr, 1921. Thallus mediocris, circiter 7-8 centim. longus, erectus, ramis divari- catis, fibrillis numerosis ut in Usnea barbata typica munitis. Spec. orig. (numeros.) * in herb, meo Kazani. Rossia Media, Esthlandia. Usnea hirta, forma minutissima, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. Flecht. Reval, Kazan, 1909, p. 10; id. Lich. Rossie exsice. no. 53. Thallus minutus, 2-3 centim. haud superans, pulvinulas haud formans, parce sorediatus vel nudus, semper sterilis. Spee. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia Media, Fennia, Tauria. Etiam in Gallia! et Helvetia! Usnea plicata, forma vagans, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. Flecht. Reval, Kazan, 1909. Thallus elongatus, subscabrosus, liberus, substrato haud affixus. Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. The absence of any trace of damage shows that they are not simply fragments torn off from normal specimens. Esthland ; Reval, living on trunks of Pinus. * “(numeros.)” means at least twenty good, identified specimens ; “ (numerosissim.)’’ about one hundred specimens. of some Lichens. 247 Ramalina calicaris, var. taurica, Mer. Mereschkovsky, “ Notes sur quelques Ramalina de Russie,” Bull. Soe. bot. d. Genéve, t. xi. 1919, p. 162, fig. 1, ¢.c. Thallo parvulo, altitudine circiter 3 centim., laciniis angustis, circiter 1-1'5 millim. latis, haud canaliculatis. Apotheciis ramulis appendiculariis, latitudine 1°5-3 millim., cupuliformibus. Sporis rectis vel interdum subasymmetricis. Conf. cum _Ramalina elegans (Bag|.-Car.), Stizenb. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Tauria, Ad ramulos Celtidis australis. Forma macrocarpa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. c. p. 153, fig. 1, 8. Apotheciis majoribus, latitudine circiter 5 millim., marginibus tenuioribus, haud inyolutis, receptaculo subtus reticulatis, ramulo appendiculario destitutis. Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Tauria. Ad ramulos Celtidis australis. Forma tenella, Mer. Mereschkoysky, /. c. p. 153, fig. 1, a. Laciniis angustioribus, vulgo 0°5 millim. (0-3-0-7 millim.) latis, ad apicem attenuatis acuminatisque; apotheciis minoribus, latitu- dine 0°5-0°8 millim. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Tauria. Ad ramulos Celtidis australis. Ramalina pollinaria, forma elegantella, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenliste aus d. Umgegend Revals, Kazan, 19138, p. 59. Thallus pulvinulas parvas formans, lete cinereo-glaucescens, coria- ceus, laciniis brevibus, erectis, passim latioribus, apicibus sub- erosis. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Ksthlandia, Reval. Var. humilis, forma conglobata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, 7. c. Hedwigia, 1919, p. 190. Thallus minor quam in var. humili, densior, pulvinulos subglobosas formans. 248 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb, meo Kazani. Esthlandia, Reval. Ramalina populina, forma laxiuscula, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913 ; id. Contrib, fl. lich. Crimée, Ann, d. Se. nat. Botanique, 1921 (cum fig.). Thallus ut in typo, sed laciniis magis laxiusculo dispositis. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Esthlandia, Tauria. : Evernia thamnodes, forma furfurascens, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Contrib. fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 193. Thallus obscurior, cyanescente-viridis, dense isidiis elongatis sore- diosisque omnino obtectus. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Kazan (Rossia Media). Forma parva, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. lich. gouv. Vladimir, Arbeit. (Trudy) d. Naturforschges. Univ. Kasan, 1911; etiam in Hedwigia, 1919, p. 193. Thallus parvus, altitudine circiter 1-2 centim. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. A form analogous with the forma minutissima, Mer., of Usnea hirta, with which it is often associated. Rossia Media. Forma subnuda, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib, fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 193, Thallus letior, stramineus, levis, esorediosus vel vix sorediosus, Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Comparanda cum forma esorediosa, Hue. Rossia Media (Kazan) et Sibiria. Cetraria crispa, forma albinea, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Addit. Lichenogr. Ross. i., Oest. Botan. Zeitschr. 1921, Thallus erectus vel suberectus, ceespitosus, haud vel parce crispus, albidus, subtus interdum passim albus, basin versus fulvescens. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Sibiria. of some Lichens. 249 Forma vagans, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani. Cetraria tenuissima, forma stepposa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lich. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Botanique, 1921. Thallus liberus, opacus, laciniis paullulum minus attenuatis. Spee. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia meridio-orientalis, Tauria. Forma vagans, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 19153. Thallo libero, nitido, spheroideo-rotundato, ramulis circa ut in typo. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Esthlandia, Reval. Parmelia camtschadalis, forma ampliata, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Addit. Lichenogr. Ross. ii., in Annuaire du Conseryat. et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1921. Laciniis latioribus, lanceolatis ; apotheciis minoribus, circiter 1:5 millim. latis, ad superficiem thalli disseminatis. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. bot. Geneve, (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. Camtschatka. Forma subnuda, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J, ¢. Thallus laciniis abbreviatis, subtus glabris, rhizinis destitutis vel rarissime brevissimis, ad margines hine inde parce rhizinis ornatis. Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. Camtschatka. Parmelia conspurcata, forma subdispersa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Sched. ad Lich. tic. exs. (no. 82), in Annuaire du Conservat. et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1919, p. 200. Thallus paullulum letior, castaneus, e lobis subdispersis, rosulas haud vel raro formantibus, compositus. CaCl,0,+. 250 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Spec. orig. (1) in herb, Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. ticin. exs. no. 82. Geneva (Helvetia). Forma velutina, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. lich. Vladimir Arbeiten (Trudy) d. Naturf.- Ges. Univ. Kazan, 1911. Pars centralis thalli ob iridio denso velutina. Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia Media. Parmelia physodes, forma compacta, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Beitr. Kenntn. Flecht. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1909. Thallus compactus, laciniis mutuo pressione longitudinaliter sub- carinatis, centro irregulariter eontortu-plicatis. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Spec.a Long missum haud optimum. Ksthlandia, Fennia. Forma elegans, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 97, tab. ii. figs. 3, 4. Thallus rosulas 1-5-5 centim. latas formans, tenuiter elegantiorque dissectus, incisiones foraminas rotundas formans. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Ad saxa arenacea in Fontainebleau (Gallia). Forma pinnata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Addit. Lich. Rossize, i., Oesterr. Botan. Zeitschr. 1921, Thallo superne albido, nitidiusculo, lobis planiusculis, angustioribus, discretis, pinnatiforme dissectis a forma typica valde differt. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Sibiria. Forma vittatoides, Mer, Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. Flechtenl. Umgegend. Revals, Kazan, 1913; id. Contrib. fl. lichén. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 197, tab. ii. fig. 2. Thallus effusus, rosulas nondum formans, laciniis valde discretis, laxe ad substratum affixis, subimbricato-superpositis, angustis, of some Lichens. 251 0-7-1 millim., raro ultra latis, sublinearibus, palmatim subdicho- tomice divisis, hine inde nigro-marginatis; thallus haud soredi- osus, colore ut in typo. Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb, meo Kazani. Confer. cum forma stenophylla, Harm. Lich. d. Fr. p. 507. Esthlandia ; Austria. Parmelia proliva, var. tenuisecta, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Bo- tanique, 1921. Thallus liberus vel laxe rhizinis brevibus rarisque ad granulos terre stepparum adfixus, minutus, circiter 4 centim. latus, nigrescens, nitidus, valde irregulariterque dissectus, laciniis discretis, angustis, irregularibus, marginibus quasi erosis; subtus pallidus, subcaniculatus. Sterilis. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. ‘Tauria. Parmelia saxatilis, forma plumbea, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Nachtrag z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. Thallo cinereo-obseuro vel cinereo-plumbeo, isidiis ut in forma Mzoni. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Wsthlandia, Reval. Parmelia sorediata, forma tenuatula, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Nachtrag z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. Thallo minore, lobis angustissimis a typo differt. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Esthlandia, Reval. Parmelia suleata, forma nitida, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Flecht. Umgeb. v. Reval, Kazan, 1909 (sub var. /evis) ; vide etiam Hedwigia, 1919, p. 199. Thallus cinereus ut in typo, haud albidus, nitidus, levis vel passim rugulosus, esorediatus, laciniis discretis, elongatis, adnatis, Jinearibus, 2+3 millim. latis, apicibus haud fuscescentibus. Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. Rossia Media ; Ksthlandia. 252 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Forma tuberosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Flecht. Umgeb. v. Reval, Kazan, 1909; id. Contrib. fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 199, tab. ii. fig. 1. Thallus rosulas parvas, 2-3 centim. (usque ad 4:5 centim.) latas formans, compactus, laciniis brevibus, late-rotundatis, circiter 4 millim. latis, concretis, subimbricatis, centro irregulariter tuberosus. 7 Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia Media ; Esthlandia *. Parmelia taurica, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Rossiz exsiccatos, Kazan, 1918; id. Contrib. fi. lichén. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Botanique, 1921 (cum fig.). Thallus liberus, circiter 2°5-3-5 (1°5-5) centim. latus, plus minus compressus, parce irregulariterque ramosus, fuscus, opacus, : utrinque similis, interdum ad apicem solum ambi lateris sub- inzlibus; superficie ineequaliter subplicato-rugosus, neque soredio- sus, nec isidiosus; laciniis circiter 0-5 millim. latis, subteretis vel tereti-compressis, apicibus sepe breviter bifurcatis, rhizimis omnino destitutus. Semper sterilis. Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exs. no. 7. Tauria et in steppas Kirgisorum. Forma congesta, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, in Ann. d. se. nat. Botanique, 1921 (cum fig.). Thallus minor, circiter 15-2 centim. (0°7—2°6 centim.), congestus, verrucoso- vel granuloso-perrugatus, ambitu lobis discretis desti- tutus vel parce sparsim abbreyiatis. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Tauria. Parmelia vagans, forma elegans, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Schedul. ad Lich. Rossie exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913 (no. 58). Thallo minore, subtus nigro, laciniis angustioribus, marginibus magis revolutis, sepe conniventibus a forma typica differt. * The forma farinosa, Mer., which I have described in ‘ Hedwigia,’ 1919, p. 198, is nothing else but the var. pruimosa, Harm. (‘ Lichens de France,’ p. 567). of some Lichens. 253 Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exs, no. 58 Rossia Media; Astrachan; T'auria ; Caucasus. Var. sébirica, Mer. Meresehkoysky, Additam. ad Lichenogr. Rossie, i., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1921. Thallus minor, magis applanatus, rosulas cireciter 1°5-2 centim. latas formans, laciniis brevibus, planiusculis, subtus pallidus. Sterilis, Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Sibiria: Irkutsk (Vercholensk). Squamaria crozalsiana, Mer. Thallus crassiusculus, effusus, pallido- albescens, centro irregulariter gyroso-areolatus, areolis convexis, confertis, ambitu laciniis parum evolutis. Apotheciararissima ; spore simplices, incolores. Ad saxa calcarea murorum. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb, meo Kazani. Beziers (Hérault), Gallia. Squamaria muralis, var. brunneola, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad. Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913. Thallo lobis applanatis sicut in forma typica et colore thalli brunneolo ut in Squamaria garovaghi, Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exs. no. 14, (3) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. Tauria, Helvetia (Lugano) ! Comparanda cum forma ripartum, Flot. Koerber Syst. p. 115. Forma tenutsecta, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Contrib. fl. lichén, d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo- tanique, 1921 (cum fig.). Laciniis angustioribus, circiter 0:2-0°3 millim. latis, tenuiter dissectis, Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazan. Tauria. Var. maroccana, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. lich. Vladimir Travaux (Trudy) d. 1]. soe. d, Natural. d. ?Univ. d. Kazan, vol. xlii. 1911, Apotheciis conyexis, pallidis. 254 Prof. Dr. C. Mererchkovsky’s Diagnoses ~ Spee. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. Gubernia Astrachan. Etiam in Marocco oceurrit! (vide exempl. in herb. meo). Forsan melius ut forma con- siderenda. Var. orientalis, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad Lichenogr. Rossi, i., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1921. Thallus stramineus, nitidus, lobis carinato-convexis, Spec. org. in herb. meo Kazani. Asia Media, in jugo Mugodshary in provincia Ural. Squamaria pruinosa, var. chersonensis, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo- tanique, 1921. Thallus parce vel vix pruinosus, centro versus obscurior, sublividus, apothecia fusco-nigra, nuda vel leviter pruinosa. Spee. ortg. in herb. meo Kazani. Tauria. Var. griseola, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad lichenogr. Rossiz, ii., in Annuaire du Con- servatoire et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1921. Thallus dense pruinosus, griseolus (haud albus ut in typo), apothecia pruinosa. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Tauria. Forma conferta, Mer. Mereschkoysky, 7. c. Thallus griseolus, apothecia numerosissima, conferta, elevata, mutuo 9 2) ? > pressione irregulares flexuosaque. Spec. orig. ibidem. Vauria. Squamaria rubina, forma monophylla, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad lichenogr. Rossiz, i., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1921. Thallus monophyllus rosulas parvas subapplanatas formans. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herv. meo Kazani. Ural in gubern. Perm. of some Lichens. i) Or fool | Squamaria teichotea, forma obscura, Mer. Apotheciis obscurioribus, nigricantibus vel nigris. Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Italia, Capri, ad saxa calcarea. Lecanora albella, var. peralbella, forma superfusa, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenliste Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. Apothecia parva, distantes, haud angulosa, disco plano, dense pruinoso. Spec. orig, (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Ksthlandia: Reval. Lecanora albescens, forma confertiuseula, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. Lecanora albescens, forma verrucosa, Mer. Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umg. Revals, Kazan, 19138 (errore). Thallus parum evolutus, haud effusus, insulas interdum plus minusve orbiculares formans. Apothecia ut in typo, sed agglomerata confertaque, mutuo pressione plus minusve preesertim centrum versus valde elevata, pulvinulos formans, nondum in thallo immersa. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Tabulz Generum Lichenum (1913), Leeanora, i. no. 32. Esthlandia: Reval. Forma granulosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. c. etiam in hujus Tabule Generum Lichenum, Ze- canora, 1. no, 38. Thallus albus, e granulis minutis subdispersis vel dispersis com- positus, apotheciis minoribus. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani et in Tab. Gen. Lich. Ksthlandia: Reval. Var. dispersa, forma aggregata, Mer. Mereschkovysky, 2, c, etiam in hujus Tabule Generum Lichenum, Le- canora, i. no. 36 (e Pyren.-Orient.). Thallo albo, hine inde visibili, apotheciis partim aggregatis. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani et in Tab. Gen. Lich. Hsthlandia: Reval. Pyren.-Orient. (Gallia). 256 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Var. muralis, forma obscura, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. e. _ Apotheciis obscuris, nigricantibus. Ad muros calcareo et cementum earum. Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. Geneva (Helvetia). Lecanora atra, var. wrceolata, Mer. (Mass. in herb.). Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913 (uo. 60). Apothecia thallo immersa, habitu valde apothecia Aspiciliarum commemorant. Ad saxa dioritica. Spee, orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exs. no. 60. Tauria. Lecanora campestris, forma sulimmersa, Mer, Mereschkovsky, /. c., etiam in hujus Tabulee Generum Lichenum (1913), Lecanora, ii. no. 41 (ex Agde, Hérault (Gallia)). Apotheciis nigrescentibus, in thallo cinereo subimmersis. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Tab. Gen. Lich. no. 41. Agde (Gallia). Var. docellina, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Tabule Generum Lichenum (1913), Zecanora, ii. no. 88 (ex Gallia, Docelle, Vosges). Thallus parum eyolutus, dispersus, granulatus. Ad saxa arenacea. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) im Tab. Gen. Lich. no. 38. Gallia. Lecanora carpinea, forma carneopallida, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. Apotheciis disco cervino-carneo yel lwte brunneolo, semper letiore quam in forma nuda, Elenk., plus minus (sed semper leyiter) pruinoso, rarius nudo., Spee. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani, Esthlandia:; Reval. of some Lichens. 257 Forma distantella, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Enum. lich. in prov, baltica hucusque cognitorum, Kazan, 1913. Apothecia minores, orbicularia, semper valde distantes, margine bene evoluto, disco plano, pruinoso. Comparanda cum forma leptyrodem, Nyl. Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Esthlandia;: Reval. Forma obscura, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. Apotheciis obscuris, nigrescentibus, nudis vel subnudis. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Ksthlandia: Reval. Var. latericola, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl, lichénol. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 202. Thallus parum evolutus, evanescens, cinereo-albescens, H,O—. Apothecia parva vel submedia, disco convexo, livido-griseo, pruinoso, margine thallino integro, In lateribus. Spee. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Kazi. Var. fusconigra, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. Thallus cinereus. Apothecia parva, 0°3—-0°7 millim. lata (1-2 millim, haud superantes), numerosa, conferta, angulosa, primum ap- planata, demum elevata et mutuo pressione nonnihil flexuosa, disco primum plano vel concavo, demum convexo, livido-fusco, fusco vel fusco-nigro, interdum nigrescente, leviter pruinoso vel subnudo. Apothecia disco CaCl,O, + flavescente, margine thallino tenui, albido-cinereo, rarius subevanescente. Spee. ortg. in herb, Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulam Lecanore carpinee). Geneva. Var. minuta, forma eapallida, Mer. Mereschkoysky, J. c. Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee (vide Tabulam Lecanore carpinee). Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 17 2538 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Lecanora chlarona, forma albinea, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. Thallus determinatus vel subeffusus, crassiusculus vel sat crassus, granuloso-verrucosus, haud pulverulentus, lacteo-albus, colore griseo vel glaucescente (ut plus minus in typo videtur) omnino destitutus; apothecia media, circiter 1 (usque ad 1-3) millim. lata, parum elevata vel subapplanata, subconferta vel contigua, interdum mutuo pressione subangulosa, disco planiuseulo vel convexiusculo, brunneo vel rufo-fuseo (ut in forma applanata, Mer.), nudo, margine thallode mediocre, parum vel vix discum superante, distincte minuteque granulato-crenulato. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan, Genevee (vide Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. Lugano (Helvetia italica). Forma applanata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. c. Thallus indeterminatus, sat tenuis, crassitudine ut in forma typica, ambitu in hypothallo albo evanescens, granulosus, albidus (simul ut in forma albinea), in herbario tempore sordide lutescens ; apothecia mediocria, vulgo 0°8-1-3 (usque ad 1°5) millim. lata, orbicularia, numerosissima, conferta, sed haud compressa, nec angulosa, plana et arcte adnata, quasi adpressa, una altera haud superantes, disco plano (statu juvenili concaviusculo), rufo-fusco vel lete brunneolo (couleur de cuir), nudo; margine mediocri vel subtenui (ut in forma typica), disco parum superante, albo (thallo concolore), tenuiter, distincte regulariterque granulato- crenulato (valde distinctior quam in Lich. ticin. exs. no. 14 et 15). Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. Forma griseola, Mer. Mereschkeysky, /. ¢. Thallus bene evolutus, haud albus; apotheciis dense griseo-pruinosis, disco rugoso. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Austria Inferior. Forma pallescens, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. Thallus subevanescens, albus; apotheciis pallide testaceis, sepe subdifformibus, margine tenul, albo, minute granulato-crenulato, ~ of some Lichens. 259 Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulas Lecanore chlarone). Lugano (Helvetia italica). Var. coronata, forma lvida, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Nachrag z. Flechtenl. a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. Apotheciis disco livido. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Esthlandia: Reval. Var. incurvodentata, Mer, Mereschkovsky, Schedules ad Lich. ticin. exsiccatos, in Annuaire d. Conservat. et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1919, p. 152. Thallus et margo apotheciorum obscuriores (quam in typo), glauco- cinerei. Apothecia latitudine ut in typo sed minus regularia, margine tenuiore, inciso-crenulato, crenulis incurvo-dentatis, simul ut in Lecanora allophana. Epithecium granulosum ut in typo, superne strato amorpho haud instructum. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich, ticin. exs. no. 16. Geneva (Helvetia). Forma convexa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. c. p. 216. Thallus cinereus ; apothecia brunneola, convexiuscula vel convexa, interdum subbotryosa, margine tenui vel subevanescente, thallo concolore. Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulas Lecanore chlarone). Geneva (Helvetia). Forma obscura, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. Thallo et margine apotheciorum griseo-plumbeis, disco obscure fusco-nigro, apotheciis 0°8-1°6 millim. Spec. ortg. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneva (vide Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. Geneva (Helvetia). 17* 260 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Forma subpruinosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. e. Thallus sordide albescens vel griseolo-albineus ; apothecia brunnea, margine tenui; integro, vel vix crenulato et tum crenulis incuryo-dentatis. Spec. orig. in herb. Brit. Mus. Var. lividula, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. Thallus cinereus, tenuis; apothecia mediocria, 0°5-1 millim. lata, sparsa vel subconferta, applanata, disco livido vel livido-cervino, convexo, interdum ruguloso, nudo vel subnudo, margine tenui, integro vel vix crenulato. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. Lugano (Helvetia italica). Var. minor, forma minutissima, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. Thallus sordide albo-cinerascens; apothecia minora, 0:08—0-5 millim., vulgo invisibilia oculo nudo. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. Lugano (Helvetia italica). Lecanora coarctata, forma depauperata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Tabulee Generum Lichenum, Lecanora, iii. no, 59 (ex Austria ). Thallus griseus, parum evolutus, 6 granulis minutis rare sparsis, interdum subcrenulatis compositus ; superficie levi, haud farinosa nec sorediosa. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Tab. Gen. Lich. no. 09. Ksthlandia: Reval. Austria Inferior (Ménichkirchen). Lecanora coilocarpa, forma xylita, subforma pruinata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. Apotheciis pruinosis (in forma wylita apothecia semper nuda sunt). Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee. Lugano (Helvetia italica). of some Lichens. 261 Var. fuscorufa, Mer., forma convexiuscul, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. Thallus cinereus, minute granulosus; apothecia sparsa, minora quam in typo, circiter ut in forma virella hujus varietatis, disco convexiusculo vel convexo, testaceo-rufescente vel fusco-rufo vel fusco, nudo, margine tenui vel tenuissimo vel demum subevan- escente, integro vel szepius plus minus minute crenulato, Unacum varietate fuscorufa. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee (vide Tabulam Lecanore coilocarpe), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus., (3) in herb. Parisii (Muséum), (4) in herb. Univ. Upsale, (5) in herb. Harv. Univ. Cambridge (U.S.A.). Lugano (Helvetia italica). Forma subpruinosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. Apothecia paullum majora, discreta, regulariter orbicularia, disco fusco, leviter subpruinoso, convexiusculo. Ditfert a Lecanora atrynea, in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. no, 132, apotheciis haud planis vel concavis, ut in atrynea, sed convexiusculis, _ Spec. orig. in herb, Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulam Lecanore coilocarpe). Lugano (Helvetia italica). Lecanora crenulatissima, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Excurs. lichénol. dans les steppes Kirghises (Mont Bogdo) ; Troudy (Travaux) d. 1. Soc. des Natur. d. PUniv. d. Kazan, Année 1911. Thallus albineus, mediocris, subgranulatus; apothecia mediocria, orbicularia, disco nigro, nudo, margine albido, granulato-crenu- latissimo, crenulis minutis, numerosis, moniliformibus, valde regulariter dispositis. Ad saxa arenacea. Spec. ortg. in herb. meo Kazani. Gubernia Astrachan ; T'auria. Forma pezizoidea, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad lichenogy. Rossie, i., Oesterr. Botan. Zeitschr. 1921. Margine thallode apotheciorum ut in forma typica at apotheciis majoribus, usque ad 3-4 millim, latis, cupuliformibus, disco atro, nudo. Ad saxa arenacea. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia, gubern. Astrachan. 262 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Lecanora dispersa, forma obscura, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Flecht. Umgd. y. Reval, Kazan, 1909. Apotheciis obscurioribus. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Esthlandia: Reval. Lecanora elenkinii, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Schedules ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos (no. 31), Kazan, 1913; id. Contrib, fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo- tanique, 1921. Thallus tenuis, parum evolutus, lutescente-albidus ; apothecia media vel submedia vel mediocria, elevata, margine concolore, tumido, discum valde superante, involuto, disco plano vel concaviusculo. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Rossiz exs. no. 81, (3) in ejusdem 'Tabule Generum Lichenum (1913), Lecanora, i. no. 29 (e Tauria). ‘Tauria. Forma albinea, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo- tanique, 1921. Thallo et margine apotheciorum albo; thallo pulverulento. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Tabule Generum Lichenum (1913), Lecanora, 1. no. 30 (e Tauria: Sinferopolis). Tauria. Austria meridionalis! Lecanora gangaleoides, forma ornata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Tabulee Generum Lichenum, Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, ii. no, 52 (ex Gallia, Docelles (Vosges)). Apotheciis foliolis thallinis ornatis. Est forma potentialis (vide Hedwigia, 1919, p. 206). Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. Forma plumbea, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. c. no. 53 (e Gallia, Docelles (Vosges)). Thallo plumbeo. Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani ; vide etiam in Tab. Gen. Lich. no. 53. Gallia: Docelles (Vosges). of some Lichens. 263 Lecanora hageni, forma brunneola, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. Apotheciis obscurioribus, fusco-brunneolis. Ad saxa granitica. Comparanda cum Lecanora brunneola, Mer., in Mereschkovsky, Tabule Generum Lich. Kazan, 1918, Lecanora, i. no. 37 (ex Austria, Ménichkirchen), Spee. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneves. Lugano. Forma microcarpa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Schedules ad Lich. ticin. exsiccatos, Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1919, p. 165, Apothecia minuta, sat uniformia, distantes, vulgo 0°3 millim, (0-2- 0-4 millim.) lata, margine szpius subcrenulato vel crenulato. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in herb. Parisii (Muséum), (3) in herb. Brit. Mus. Is certainly not a young state of the type. Lugano; Geneva (Helvetia). Forma perplexoides, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. Thallus parum evolutus, albidus, subgranulatus, hypothallo albo; apothecia media, 0-6-1 millim. (0°4—1-2 millim.) lata, concreta, mutuo pressione elevata, orbicularia vel subflexuosa, margine tenui integro, interdum leviter crenulato discum parum superante, albido; disco plano vel interdum subconvexo, pallide livido- brunneolo, nudo. Habitu nonnullum Lecanoram perplexam, Mer., commemorans. Ad saxa granitica. Spee. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. Lugano (Helvetia italica). Lecanora perplexa, Mer. Syn. Lecanora crenulata, multor. auctorum, preecipue rossicorum. Lecanora galactina, Harm. Lich. Lothar. no. 564. Lecanora galactina, forma ligniaria, Nyl. in Norrl. et Ny). H. L. F, no. 139 (wide Harmand, Lich, d. Fr. p. 1006). Lecanora albella, var. hageni, in Mudd, Exsicc. no. 115. Lecanora galactina, Ach. in Hepp. Flecht. Eur. no. 180. Exsicc. Mereschkovsky, Licht. Ross. exsice. no. 9 (sub Lecanora crenu- lata (Dicks.), Wain. ; ejusdem Tabule Gen. Lich, Kazan, 1918, Lecanora, i. no. 21 (sub nomine vero). Ad saxa calcarea, presertim supra muros. Thallus parum eyolutus, e granulis paucis applanatis yel plus 264. Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses minusye convexis in vicino apotheciorum dispositis compositus, vulgo obsoletus vel invisibilis, albicans vel griseo-albicans, opacus. Reactione KOH—, CaCl,0,—, KOH(CaCl1,0,)—, H,O—. Apo- thecia vulgo media vel majuscula, latitudine valde variabili, 0-3— 3°7 millim. lata, vulgo 1-2 millim. lata, numerosissima, conferta, mutuo pressione irregulares, flexuosa, valde elevata, basin versus constricta, haud arcte adfixa et tum facile cadescentes, margine thallo concolore, mediocri, integro vel leviter irregulariterque crenulato, disco sordide brunneolo, pruinoso. Paraphyses tenues, filiformes, haud articulate, arcte coherentes. Spor 8nz, sim- plices, ellipsoidee vel ovoideo-ellipsoidex, longitudine 0-0110— 0:0138 millim., crassitudine 0°0048-0-0072 millim. (usque ad 0:0164 millim, longit. et 00096 millim. crassit. ). Spee. orrg. (1) in herb, meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exs. no. 9, (3) in ejusdem Tab. Gen. Lich. no, 21. Rossia Media; Esthonia; Fennia; Tauria. Etiam in Anglia, Gallia, Germania et Austria occurrit. Forma delicata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. Apotheciis minoribus, magis applanatis regulariterque rotundatis, haud fiexuosis, basin versus minus constrictis. Ad muros cal- careos et cementum earum. Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Tabule Generum Lich. Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, i. no. 20 (e Reval). Esthlandia: Reval. Gallia: Docelles (Vosges). Var. grisea, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913 (sub Lecanora crenulata, var.). Colore griseo thalli et marginis apotheciorum constanter a typo differt. Ad saxa calcarea. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exs. no. 10, (3) in ejusdem ‘Tabulee Gen. Lich. Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, i. no. 22 (e Reval). Esthlandia: Reval. Var. wasmuthi, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Excurs. lichénol. dans les steppes Kirghises (Mont Bogdo), Kazan, 1911 (sub Lecanora wasmuthi, Mer.). Colore thalli et apotheciorum sordide lutescente-brunneolo con- stanter a forma typica differt. Thallus KOH et CaCl,0,+. of some Lichens. 265 Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, abule Generum Lich. Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, i. no. 23 (ex gub. Astrachan). Gubern. Astrachan. Tauria. Saxicola, Leecanora subfusca, forma griseola, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Addit. lichenogr. Ross. i., Oesterr. Botan. Zeitschr. 1921 Thallo griseolo (in typo thallus constanter albescens), sec. specim. meo. Spec. orig. in Malme, Lich. Suec. no. 69 (sub Lecanora subfusea). Kazani. Suecia. Forma coilocarpoides, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. Thallus tenuis, albineus ; apothecia dispersa, orbicularia, vulgo 0-8— 1-2 millim. lata (usque ad 1°5 millim.), disco fusco-nigro, made- facto rufo-fusco, subconvexo, nudo, margine thallino mediocri, haud inflexo, crenulato. Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulam Lecanore subfusce), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. Prope Genevee. Forma microcarpa, Mer., subforma umbrinula, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. Apotheciis confertis, 0-5-1 millim. latis, convexiusculis vel conyexis, umbrino-fuscis vel fusco-nigricantibus, nudis, nitidiusculis, mar- gine tenui vel tenuissimo, griseo-cinerascente, tenuiter crenulato. Thallus et margo apotheciorum KOH + flavescens. Spec. orig. in herb. Brit. Mus. Lugano, supra Fagum. Var. brachyspora, Mer. Thallus tenuissimus; apothecia 0-6-1 millim. lata, margine crassi- usculo, integro vel vix crenulato, disco rufo, plano, nudo; epi- thecium granulatum spore late ellipsoidex, subspherice, longi- tudine 10-12 m., crassitudine 9-10 m. Est Lecanora subfusca, var. Pinastri anzi, Lich. minus rari Ital. super., no. 186, descripta a Hue (Caus. s. le Lecan. subfusca, Bull. Soc. bot. d. Fr. 1908, p- 81) sine nomine, Verisimiliter species peculiaris est. 266 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Var. minor (Oliv.), Mer., forma decussata, Mer. Thallus, apothecia et spore ut in varietate (vide specim. a me determin. in herb. Conservat. bot. Geneve et in herb. Brit. Mus.), at thallo lineis nigris distinctissimis decussato. Supra corticem fagi. Spec. ortg. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulam Lecanore subfusce), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. Grand Saldve, prope Geneve. Lecanora umbrina, forma subbotryosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 203; id. Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. Apotheciis convexis, subbotryosis. Supra corticem cerasi. Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. Lugano (Helvetia). Aspicilia asterias, Mer. Thallus determinatus, placas rotundas vel subrotundas formans, ambitu pseudoeftiguratas, sordide albidus vel lacteo-candidus, levigatus, opacus, rimoso-areolatus; areolis quadrangularis vel multangulis, marginem thallinum versus in radiis regulariter dispositis, rimis dichotomice subdivisis, lobos radiantes emulan- tibus. Apothecia immersa, nigra, nuda plus minusve pruinosa. In rupe calcarea. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Tauria. Gallia meridionalis prope Nice. A spicilia cerebroides, Mer. Thallus liberus, glebulas irregulariter rotundatas, 15-28 millim. longas et 9-20 millim. latas formans, superficie gyrosa ex areolis tumidis elongatisque hypertrophyce crescentibus, circumyolutiones cerebrales in memoriam revocantibus contextus. Intus in sectione thallus albus, haud marmoreus ut in Aspicilia esculenta. Apo- thecia non visa. Vide figura in Elenkin, Wanderflechten, in Bullet. Jard. Botan. d. St. Pétersb. t. i. tab. i. linea iv. fig. 6, 8, linea v. fig. 6, 7. Spec. orig. (1) in Mereschkovsky, Tabula Generum Li- chenum, Kazan, 1913, Aspicilia, i. (Spherothallia) no. 18 (e Tian Schan); (2) in herb. meo Kazani (sub Aspicilta alpicola). of some Lichens. 267 Aspicilia desertorum, forma ferruginea, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, no. 17, Kazan, 1913.” Thallus et apothecia sicut in forma typica, at colore ferrugineo thalli ab heec differt. Saxicola, Potius lusus est. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exs. no, 17, (3) in ejusdem ‘Tabule Gen. Lich. Aspicilia, i. (Spherothallia) no. 2 (e Monte Bogdo). Gubernia Astrachan. Forma sublevata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Excurs, lichénol, d.1]. steppes Kirghises (Mont Bogdo), Kazan, 1911 (cum fig.). Apotheciis planioribus, marginibus tenuioribus minusque elevatis, disco dense pruinoso. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Tabule Gen. Lich. Kazan, 1913, Aspiecla, i. (Spherothallia) no. 3 (e Mons Bogdo). The apothecia, quite Lecanorine in the type, present a more Aspicilian aspect in this form. Gubernia Astrachan. Ad saxa argillaceo-schistosa. Var. aspera, Mer. Mereschkovsky, 7. c. (cum fig.). Thallus asperus, spinulis vel protuberantiis spinulosis brevibus irregularibusque plus minus instructus. Saxicola et terricola. Spec. orig. ibidem (Tabulee Gen, Lich. no. 6) (Mons Bogdo). Gubernia Astrachan. ‘'auria. Asia Media. Forma hispidoides, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. c. (cum fig.). Thallus haud liberus, subfruticulosus, ramulis elongatis, erectis subramosis, superficie irregulariter rugoso, aliquantulum Aspi- ciliam hispidam, Mer., in memoriam reyocans. ‘Terricola et saxicola. Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Gubernia Astrachan. Asia Media. 268 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Var. incisa, Mer. Mereschkoysky, 7. c. (cum fig.), Apotheciis minoribus, immersis, crateriformibus, margine thallino acuto, inciso, sepe fere totum discum obtecto. Forsan potius species peculiaris sit. Saxicola. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Tabulee Gen. Lich. Kazan, 1918, Aspicilia, 1. (Spheerothallia) no. 4. Gubernia Astrachan. Asia Media, Var. nigrescens, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. c. (cum fig.). Thallus crustaceus, effusus, crassus, e tuberculis mastoideis, 2-3 millim. (vel plus) longis, circiter 1-2 millim. latis, confertis, contextus; nigrescens vel oliyaceo-nigrescens, cyphellis albidis ornatus. Sterilis. In rupibus arenaceis. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Gubernia Astrachan. Var. semivagans, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. c. (cum fig.). Thallus pro parte crustaceus, pro parte glebulos minutos formans statu libero viventes. Areolz thalli sat similis species sed super- ficie paullo nitidiusculo et cyphellis magis immersis. Spee. ortg. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Tabule Gen. Lich., Aspicilia, 1. no. 5. Aspicilia dubia, Mer., var. microphyllina, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad Lichenogr. Ross. i., in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1921. Tuberculis thalli minutis. Spec. orig. in Mereschkovsky, Tabula Gen. Lich. Kazan, 1913, Aspicilia, i. (Spherothallia) no. 16 (e ‘Tian-Schan). The type of the species is represented in my ‘ 'Tabule Generum Lichenorum’ by no. 15. The var. mterophyllina (no. 16) has the tubercule one-half or one-third the size of those in the type. Aspicilia esculenta, forma retusa, Mer. Thallo minore, vulgo 10 millim. (8-15 millim.) lato, sordide griseo- albescente, squamulis minoribus, minus prominulis, retusis, of some Lichens. 269 passim subverrucosus. Apotheciis crateriformibus, minutis vel minutissimis punctiformisque, vulgo 0°3-0°5 millim. (0-1-1 rillim.) latis, in verrucis pus minusve conicis profunde immersis, margine inciso-crenulato, disco nigro, leviter pruinoso. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in Museo Botan. Univ. Geneve, (3) in herb. Brit. Mus. Provincia Unal. Aspicilia fruticulosa, forma minor, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Schedule ad Lich. Roas. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1919, p. 14. Thallo minore, circiter 1 centim. lato (0°8-1°6 millim.), ramulis paullulum tenuioribus, sed dense contextis ut in typo, granulis ad superficiem thalli circiter 16-20 in uno centimetro (in typo 10-14 in 1 centim.). Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Tabulz Gen. Lich. Kazan, 1913, Aspicilia, i. (Spherothallia) , no. 10, (3) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. In desertis Kirgisorum. ‘Tauria. Asia Media (Akmo- linsk). Forma taurica, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. Thallo minore, circiter 1-1} centim. lato, laxiusculo, ramis ramu- lisque discretis a forma typica bene differt. Semper sterilis. Spec. orig. ibidem (‘T'abulee Gen. Lich. no. 9). Etiam in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exsice. no. 21. Gubernia Astrachan. Tauria. Var. tenuatula, Mer. Mereschkovysky, Contvib. conn, lich. gouv. Vladimir, Troudy (Travaux), d.1. soc. d. Natur. de ’Univ. d. Kazan, 1911; id. Schedule ad Lich, R. exs. Kazan, 1913, p. 14; id. Contrib. fl. lich. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Botanique, 1921 (cum. fig.). . Thallus magnitudine ut in forma typica speciei, sed ramulis valde tenuioribus, confertis, granulis ad superficiem thalli circiter 18-22 in uno centimetro (in typo 10-14 in 1 centim.), Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in herb. cryptog. Horti Petropolit. (sub alio nomine). ‘Lian-Schan. 270 Prof. Dr. ©. Meresechkovsky’s Datgnoses Aspicilia hispida, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913 (no, 34). Thallus liberus, fruticulosus, latitudine circiter 2 centim., ramis tenuis, cylindricis, glabris, laxe ramosis, apicibus sensim attenuatis tenuisque in spinis terminatis. Semper sterilis. Supra terram statu libero. Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Meresclikovsky, Lich. Ross. exs. no. 34. Rossia meridio-orientalis. Forma cespitosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Excurs. lichénol. d. 1. steppes Kirghises (Mont Bogdo), Kazan, 1911 (cum fig.). Thallus ceespitosus, radiculoidis ad terram adfixus. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Gubernia Astrachan (Rossia). Forma parvula, Mer. Pp ) Mereschkovsky, Schedules ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1903 (no. 85); id. Contrib. fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Ann, d. sc. nat. Bo- tanique, 1921 (cum fig.). Thallo liberus, minor, irregulariter parciusque ramosus, interdum centro placas formans. Supra terram, statu libero. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) iu Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exs. no. 35. Tauria. Aspicilia lacunosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Excurs. lichénol. dans les steppes Kirghises (Mont Bogdo), Troudy (Travaux), d. 1. soc. d. Natur. d. l'Uniy. d. Kazan, Thallus liberus, sordide griseus, glebulas irregulares parvas circiter 5 millim. in diametro, subcomplanatas vel rotundato-subangu- latas formans, opacus levis, glaber, hine inde depressionibus lacunosis vel foveolis plus minusve profundis munitus, neque lobatus, nec areolatus, nee gyrosus ut in Aspicilia cerebroides, Mer. Sterilis. Supra terram statu libero. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Asia Media: provincia Semipalatensk, distr. Zaisan. of some Lichens. 271 Aspicilia mirabilis, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d, 1. Crimée, Ann, d. ac. nat. Botanique, 1921. Thallus determinatus, crassiusculus, cesio-cinereus, punctis obscuris adspersus, levigatus, subnitidus, rimoso-areolatus, ambitu sub- effiguratus, areolis quadrangulis in radiis margine versus dicho- tomie subdivisis et plus minusve in lineis concentricis regulariter dispositis. Fulcribus valde ab Aspicilia asterias, Mer., differt. Ad saxa calcarea (cire. 1000 m. altit.). Spec. orig. (unicum) in herb. meo Kazani. Tauria. Candelaria medians, forma sordida, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Bo- tanique, 1921. Thallus indeterminatus, valde expansus, crassiusculus, diffracto- areolatus, subverrucoso-inequalis, griseo-luteus, sordidus, lobis obsoletis. Reactio thalli KOH—. In rupibus calcareis. Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani, Tauria. Candelariella vitellina, var. pulvinata, forma macrior, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z, Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1918. Granulis thalli valde majoribus quam in var. pulvinata typica. Ad saxa erratica. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. E-thlandia: Reval. Theloschistes brevior, var. caspicus, Mer. Thallus brevis, 1-14 centim. altus, pallide carneo rufescens vel rufescens (terra concolor?), superne glaber, opacus, subtus pallidior, albicans, haud nervosus, dichotomice laciniatus, laciniis convolutis, angustis, linearibus, convexis, circiter 1 millim. latis vel paulo majus, canaliculatis, apicibus subtruncatis, Sterilis. Supra terram argillosam. Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. Baku, Caucasus. ho ~l bo Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Var. halophilus, Mer. Thallus major et crassior quam in var. caspico, Mer., circiter 3-5 centim. altus vel plus, pallidus, livido-lutescens vel livido- albescens, cartilagineus, subtus concolor, nervoso-reticulatus, arbusculos ramosos formans, laciniis subdichotomice divisis et subdivisis, compressis, planis vel leviter canaliculatis, circiter - 2-3 millim, latis, sublinearibus vel apicem versus paullum dila- tatis, plus minusve furfuraceo-rugosis presertim apicem versus. Semper sterilis. Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Gubernia Astrachan. Asia Media (Djungaria). Xanthoria parietina, var. adpressa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross, exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913; vide etiam Hedwigia, 1919, p. 209. Thallus rosulas usque ad 1 decim. formans, tenuior ut in typo, arcte ad substratum adpressus, lobis vulgo paullulum angustioribus. Ad corticem arborum. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exs. no. 40. Rossia Media. LEsthlandia. Tauria. Gallia. Austria. Helvetia. Var. aureola, forma isidiotyla, Mer. Thallus aureo-aurantiacus, centro minute papillato-isidiosus ; apo- thecia magna, margine isidiis brevibus ornato. Ad trabes. Spec. orig. in herb, Conservat. botan. Geneve (a Léveillé in Tauria lectum). ‘Tauria. It is possibly the same as the var. is¢dioidea (Belts.), Zahlbr., which, however, cannot be ascertained without a comparison with the original specimen of the latter. The following is a list of all known European forms of Xanthoria parietina :— 1. Xanthoria parietina (L.), Th. Fr., type. 2. , forma aurata (Mass.), ’ Lich. ital. exe, no. 33. 3. — ” forma chlorina (Chev. ), Oliv. Mereschk. Lich. tic. exs. no. 83, 4, —— , forma cinerascens (Leight.), Sandst. Crombie Brit. Lich, i. p. 298. 5. —— — ., forma dispersa, Oliv. Bull. Soc. bot. d. Fr. 1894, p. 94. 6, —— —, forma ¢mbricata (Mass.), Zahbr, Crypt. exs. no. 1979. of some Lichens. 273 7. Xanthoria parietina, forma nodulosa (Floerk.), Hillm. Ann. Mycol. 1920, p. 15. , forma pycnocarpa (Miill. Arg.), Mer. in herb. Boissier Geneve. 9, —— , var. adpressa, Mer. Lich. Ross. exs. no. 42. 10, —— ——,, var. angusta, B. d. Lesd., Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exs. no. 41. , var. aureola (Ach.), Th. Fr., Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exs. no, 40, ————— 11, — 12, —— , forma congranulata (Cromb.), Brit. Lich. p. 298. 13. —— —— , forma isidiotyla, Mer., vide supra. 14, —— —— , forma tumrda (Wedd. ), Hillm. Boistel, ii. p. 70. 16. —— , var. coralloides (Flot.), Hillm. U. c. p. 19. 16, —— ——, var. ectanea, Molbr. et auct. (haud Ach.). 17, —— —— , forma ectaneotdes (Nyl.), Oliv. Zahlbruckner Patag. p. 50. , var. elegantissima, Zahlbr. Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1915, p. 39. 19, —— , var. microphylla, Zahlbr. Fl. Dalm., vii. 1919. 20. —— ——, var. prolifera (Humb.). 21, —— , var. retirugosa, Stuy, apud Zahilbr. Fl. Dalm. ii. 1903, p- 333. , var. rutilans (Ach.), Synops. p. 210. , var. splendidula, Zahlbr. Trausbaik. Lich, 1909. 18. —— 22, —— 23, —— Xanthoria substellaris, forma lychneoides, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 210, Thallus lobis brevibus, adscendentibus vel subadscendentibus, con- fertis ad oras arcte sorediatis ; apothecia plana, disco thalli in- tensius colorato, aurantiaco vel fulvescente-aurantiaco, margine seepe sorediato. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani; spec. a me determin. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. Kazan, Helvetia. Gasparrinia aurantia, var. brevilobata, forma illobata, Mer. Thallo, apotheciis et sporis ut in var. brevilobata, Nyl., sed lobis periphericis omnino constanterque destituto. Over twenty good specimens of this form will be found in my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘ Tabulee Generum Lichenum.’ Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. Pyren.-Orient, prope Port Vendres, Collioure (Gallia), ad gaxa micaceo-schistoso. Ann. & Mag. N. Mist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 18 274 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Var. papillata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Bo- tanique, 1921. Thallus papillis elongatis cylindricis vel subcylindricis obtectus. Spec. ortg. in herb. meo Kazani. Tauria. Gasparrinia callopisma, forma dispersa, Mer. Thallo e fragmentis loborum dispersis discretisque, rosulas haud formantibus composito. I have seen several rocks, about 3—$ metr. in height, entirely covered with this form in an apparently healthy state, without any trace of the type-species, which, however, occurred in the vicinity. Over twenty good specimens of this form will be found in my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘ Tabulee Generum Lichenum.’ Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Beaulieu, prope Nice (Gallia), 300 m. altit. Ad saxa calcarea jurassica. Forma purpurea, Mer. Mereschkovsky, 7. c. Thallo colore purpuraceo-aurantiaco a forma typica differt. Spee. orig. ibidem. Tauria. Italia (Capri). Gasparrinia cirrochroa, forma roseola, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. Thallo colore plus minusve roseolo et lobis paullulum latioribus et magis applanatis a forma typica differt. Spec orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (specim. a me determin.), (3) in herb. Brit. Mus. Tauria, Lugano (Helvetia italica). Forma subleprosa, Mer. Mereschkovysky, J. ¢. Thallo pro maxime parte in crusta leprosa dissoluto. Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. Tauria. Lugano (Helvetia italica). of some Lichens. 275 Gasparrinia decipiens, forma fulva, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl, lichénol. d. envir. d. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 212. Colore thalli aurantiaco vel rubigineo-aurantiaco distincte a typo differt. Ad trabes et ligna artefacta. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb, meo Kazani. Rossia Media (Kazan). Forma gracilior, Mer. Mereschkoysky, 7. ¢. Thallo lobis gracilioribus a forma typica bene differt. In lateribus. Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. Rossia (Kazan). Gasparrinia flava, Mer. Thallus citrino-flavus (colore ut in Gasparrinia decipiente vel sub- simile), KOH +, esorediosus, rosulas regulares formans, lobis bene evolutis, radiantibus, adpressis, planiusculis, concretis ; apothecia concoloria, bimarginata. Comparanda cum Gasparrinia aurantia, forma sulphurata (Harm.), Mer. (Harmand, Lich. d. Fr. p. 810). Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. Tauria, prope Sinferopolin, ad saxa calcarea nummulitica. Gasparrinia granulosa, var. perminuta, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross, exsiccatos, Kazan, 1918. Thallus minutus, fulvo-aurantiacus, granulosus (ut in forma typica), rosulas minutas 2-4 millim. latas formans, szepe confluentes et tum thallus diffusus; lobis tenuissimis, oculo nudo invisibilibus. Semper sterilis. Ad saxa calcarea. Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. ticin. no. 63. Tauria. Gasparrinia jailensis, Mer. Thallus aurantiacus, parte centralidiffracto-areolato, areolis subefhgu- ratis vel effiguratis, lobis periphericis parum evolutis. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Having left all my collections and notes in Russia, I am unable to give a more detailed diagnosis of this species here. 1a 276 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Gasparrinia murorum, forma albula, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1918. Thallo albulo vel hinc inde levissime flavescente. Adsaxa calcarea. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Esthlandia: Reval. Germania. Forma pulvinulum, Mer. Thallus orbicularis, crassus, centro valde elevatus, pulvinulas formans, sporis angustis sunt in var. lenuispora, Mer. Over twenty good specimens of this form will be found in my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘Tabula Generum Lichenum.’ Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Scoemmering: Adlitzgraben (Austria), in rupibus calcareis. Growing at a short distance from var. tenuispora, into which it gradually passes. Var. tenuispora, Mer.* Thallus erassitudine configuratione, colore, ete., ut in typo speciei sed sporis angustis, subcylindricis, crassitudine circiter 0-004— 0-005 millim. (in typo 0°006-0:007 millim.). Over twenty good specimens of this variety will be found in my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘ Tabulee Generum Lichenum.’ Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Soemmering : Adlitzgraben (Austria), in rupibus calcareis. Var. subfulva, Mer. Mereschkovsky, ‘Contrib. fl. lich. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo- tanique, 1921. Thallus fulvo-aurantiacus, centro vulgo pallidiore et sepe partim cinerascente; apothecia intensior colorate, sepe convexa, im- marginata. Differentia minima, sed constantissima esse videtur. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Tabule Gen. Lich., Gasparrinia, i. no. 77 (exist. only in Mus. bot. Acad. of Sc. of Petrograd and in the herb. Horti Petropolitani). Esthlandia: Reval. Tauria. The observation of a great number of specimens of the type (Reval) and of the variety (Crimea) in natural conditions, sometimes growing side by side, has shown the latter to be of some Lichens. 27% a very constant form, constituting rather a variety than a form. Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh.), Zahlbr., var. holocarpa, forma fulva, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p, 214. Apotheciis fulvis a forma typica varietatis holocarpze differt. Ad ligna, Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Kazan. . Cladonia alpestris, forma tenella, Mer. Mereschkovsky, 7. ec. p. 215. Podetiis minoribus tenuioribusque, haud colore thalli a forma typica differt. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Kazan. Cladonia cornuta, forma fuscata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad Lichenogr. Ross, i., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1921. Podetiis fuscescentibus vel fusco-rufescentibus. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Sibiria : Tomsk. Cladonia jimbriata, forma crustulosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. aus d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913, p. 40. Thallus foliis erectis, densissime confertis, crustam compactam diffractam formans. Podetia abbreviata, seyphifera, Ad truncos arborum frondosarum basin versus. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Esthlandia: Reval. Var. arboricola, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. Podetiis paucis, minutis vel minutissimis, cylindricis, scyphiferis, scyphis angustis, minntis, parum eyolutis, margine seyphorum integro. Ad truncos arborum (quercus) usque ad 3 metr. altitu- - dine et ultra, haud et basin etiam supra ramos transiens. Compa- rauda cum forma denuzpes (Del.), Malbr. Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) ibidem. Esthlandia: Reval. 278 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Cladonia floerkeana, var. carcata, forma deflexa, Mer. ‘« Podetiis albido-cinerascentibus, densissime granuloso-isidiosis vel minute granuloso-squamulosis.—Etiam Olivier, Herb. Lich. de VOrne (1880), no. 254, teste Arnold, Flora, 1884, p. 81, hue pertinet.” Wainio, Monogr. Clad. i. p. 83.—Est Norrl. et Ny- land, Herb. Lich. Fenn. no, 444 (t. Wainio). oS ae Fennia. Cladonia furcata, var. pinnata, forma tenuior, Mer. Mereschkoysky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. Podetiis minoribus et tenuioribus. Spec, orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Ksthlandia: Reval. Cladonia rangiferina, forma cerulea, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén.envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p.217. Thallus czespites subspheericas formans, Colore podetiorum ccerules- cente et omnibus partibus tenuioribus et minoribus a forma typica bene differt; apicibus ramorum ut in typo unilateraliter vergenti- bus. Supra terram. Spee. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia Media (Kazan). Forma denudata, Mer. Mereschkovsly, . ¢. p. 218. Ramis ramulis parcis praecipueque parte inferiori denudatis a forma typica differt ; colore podetiorum ut in typo. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Belgia. Forma intricata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. p. 217. Ramulis superioribus tenuioribus, densioribus et subintricatis a forma typica distincte differt. Colore podetiorum ut in typo, normalis. Spec. orig. (uumeros.) ibidem. Rossia Media (Kazan). Forma subarbuscula, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. p. 218. Ramulis lateralibus modo subverticillato ad ramos primarios dispo- sitis a forma typica differt. Colore podetiorum normalis, of some Lichens. 279 Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. Rossia Media (Kazan). Var. albinea, Mer. Mereschkovsky, 7. c. p. 218; etiam Addit. Lich. Ross. i., Oesterr, Bot. Zeitschr, 1921. Colore podetiorum albineo vel albo et crassitudine majore eonstanter a typo valde differt. Forma polaris esse videtur. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Gubern. Archangelsk (Rossia). Sibiria (Tomsk). Physcia farrea, forma delabrata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 222. Thallo pallidiore, laxiusculo, laciniis longioribus, minus fornicatis, passim subpalmate divisis. Ad basin truncorum arborum frondo- sarum (Betule albe). Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia Media (Kazan). * Forma i cea Mer. Mereschkovsky, 7. c. p. 228 Thallus minor, obscurior, feet om seepe rosulas 13-3 centim. latis formans, laciniis brevioribus, magis congestibus, margine passim parce furfurascentibus. Ad truncos arborum frondo- sarum. Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem, Rossia Media (Kazan). Physcia labrata, Mer., var. capitulata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. e. p. 224. Thallus indeterminatus, valde extensus, rosulas haud formans (aut forsan statu juvenili), virescente griseus, madefactus lete viridis (11,0+), e laciniis brevibus subincurvatis, apice terram versus spectantibus, apicibus recurvis. Laciniw apice capitulato-sore- dioste, sorediis viridis, capitulas majuscules elevatas, sphrico- inflatas, circiter 1-2 millim. latas formantibus. Sterilis. Ad truncos arborum frondosarum, precipue betulee. Spee. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. Rossia Media (Kazan). 280 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Var. detrita, forma albescens, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. p. 224. Thallo sordide albescente vel griseo-albescente. Ad sepimenta. Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. Rossia Media (Kazan). Forma nigrescens, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. Thallo obscuro cinereo-nigrescente vel nigrescente ; apothecia parva, disco nigro, nudo, margine integro. Ad sepimenta. Spee. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. Rossia Media (Kazan). In order to make the distinction between the two allied species—Physcia labrata, Mer., and Physcia virella (Ach.), Mer.—more clear, I give here two figures showing the peri- pheral lobes, and below a longitudinal section along a lobe. The darkened parts represent the sorals, being superficial in Ph. virella and terminal or lateral in PA. labrata. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 1.—Physcia virella (Ach.), Mer. Fig. 2.—Physcia labrata, Mer. Physcia obscura, forma dispersa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. envir, d. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 226. Thallo cinereo, sicut in forma typica, sepe valde extenso, laciniis brevibus, sparsis, rosulas haud formans, sorediis destituto; apo- thecia mediocria vel sat parva, disco fusco-nigricante, nudo, of some Lichens. 281 margine integro. Ad corticem levigatam precipue tiliz (etiam populi juven.). Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani. ween Media (Kazan). Physcia pulverulenta, forma granulosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. c. p. 227. Thallus epruinosus, griseus vel subglaucescente- vel olivascente- griseus, lobis latis conecretisque ut in typo, superne granulis elevatis nudis plus minusve numerosis obtectus; apothecia vulgo passim parce foliolis thallinis munito. Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia Media (Kazan). Esthlandia. Subforma fruticulosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, /. c. p. 228. Thallus erectus vel subdecumbens, fruticulosus, e ramulis elongatis, teretiusculis, pro parte e granulis evolutis, laxe subramosis, con- sistens; lobis adpressis quasi destitutus. In rimis corticis arborum frondosarum, locis umbrosis. Spec. orig. ibidem. Rossia Media (Kazan). Forma rugosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. p. 229. Thallus colore et forma laciniarum ut in typo vel interdum sub- fuscescens vel cervino- yel cinereo-olivaceo-rufescens vel cinereo- subfuscescens, leviter pruinosus vel nudus; apothecia margine crasso, irregulariter rugoso- vel granuloso-crenulato. Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) (1) ibidem, (2) in herb, Con- servat. botan. Geneve (specim. a me determin.). Rossia Media (Kazan). Helvetia. Forma venustoides, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag z. Flechtenliste a, d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. Thallus nudus, brunneo-rufescens vel rufescens vel cinereo-brunneus, laciniis latis concretisque ut in typo; apothecia margine integro ut in typo, sed foliolis thallinis passim parce ornato. Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia Media (Kazan). LEsthlandia. 282 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses Var. angustata, forma nuda, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. ticin. exsiccatos, in Annuaire du Conseryat. et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1919, p. 192. Thallo fusco, nudo vel hine inde leviter pruinoso. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani (numeros.), (2) in herb, Conservat. botan. Geneve, (3) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. ticin. exs. no. 70. Rossia. Helvetia. Var. argyphea, forma centrofusca, Mer. Mereschhoysky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exs. Kazan, 1913 (no. 50) ; Hedwigia, 1919, p. 280, Thallus albo-suffusus, centrum versus sordide griseo-fuscescens, epruinosus, laciniis interdum leviter angustioribus ; apothecia ut in yar. argyphea. Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exsice. no. 50. Rossia Media (Kazan). Forma granulata, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl, lichénol. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 231. Thallus albo-pruinosus, granuloso-diffractus, laciniis periphericis vix ullis vel brevissimis, : Spec. orig. (numeros.) (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. Rossia. Helvetia. Var. imbricata, forma microphyllina, Mer. Mereschkoysky, J. ¢. Laciniis brevioribus angustioribusque, minus quam 1 millim, latis, Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia Media (Kazan). Var. rufescens, Mer, Mereschkovsky, /. c. Thallus brunneus, fuscus vel rufo-fuscus ; apothecia disco plus minusve pruinoso, marginibus thallinis destitutis in quid a yar. venusta differt. onsen est melius forma considerenda. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. vente Media (Kazan). of some Lichens. 283 Physcia stellaris, forma albo-granulesa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. connaiss, lich. gouv. Vladimir, Troudy (Tra- vaux), d. 1. soc. d. Natur, d. Univ. d. Kazan, 1911; id. Contrib. fl, lich. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 232. Thallus albus, granuloso-inzequalis preecipue centrum yersus. Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia Media. Esthlandia: Reval. Physeva tribacia, var. labrosa, Mer. Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 234. Thallo griseo-virescente, laciniis magis erectis, irregulariter sub- confertis, labroso-sorediatis a typo valde differt. Physciam labratam pertinet, Ad corticem arborum. Spec. orig. (uumeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Rossia Medias Esthlandia: Reval. Forsan ad Physcia virella, var. setosoides, Mer. Mereschkovsky, 7. ¢. p. 236. Thallus cinereo-virescens, rosulas seepe confluentes formans, sore- diosus, sorediis viridis ; lacinie ciliis marginalibus plus minus numerosis, bene visibilibus modo Physcic setosw munite. Sterilis. Ad corticam tilie. Spee. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. Rossia Media (Kazan). Rhizocarpon geographicum, var, microareolata, Mer. Thallus intense flavescens, areolis minutissimis, circiter 0-4—0°5 millim. latis (vel minor), confertis, planis; apotheciis minutis inter areolis immixis. Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. Austria Inferior (Ménichkirchen) *, Verrucaria calciseda, forma roseola, Mer. “ Thallo rosedlo.” Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb, meo Kazani. Austria Inferior (Wiener Wald). Numerous new forms of Graphis seripta, with Latin dia- gnoses, have becn or are to be described by the author in his * Without my notes, left in Russia, I am not quite sure of the locality ; it is either Austria or Gallia meridionalis, 284 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses paper, “ Matériaux pour une Monographie du Genre Graphis,” in ‘Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin botanique de Geneve,’ vol. xxi. 1921. Another set of new species, varieties, and forms of different kinds of lichens, also accom- panied with Latin diagnoses, can be found in my paper “ Schedule ad Lichenes ticinenses exsiccatos” in the same ‘Annuaire du Conservatoire botan. &c.,’ vol. xxi. 1919, pp. 145-216. In my previous paper in this Magazine, “On some new Forms of Lichens’’ (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. vi. p- 482, Nov. 1920), the two following should be added to the list of forms belonging to Physcia pulverulenta (pp. 484— 485) :—forma nigricans, Mill. Arg. (Classif. p. 35; Flagey, Lich. d. 1. Franche-Comté, i. p. 182), and forma nuda, Harm. (Lich. d. Fr. p. 634). CORRECTION. While my paper “On some new Forms of Lichens,” recently published in this Magazine (vol. vi. 1920, p. 482), was in the press, I sent to the editors two supplementary forms to be added to those belonging to the species Physcia pulverulenta (/.c. p. 484), of which one—forma nigricans, Miill. Arg.—has been erroneously. put as a form of the var. angustata, to which it does not belong, being a form of the species itself, while the other—forma nuda, Herm.—has been omitted altogether. After correcting these errors and adding another form which I previously omitted (forma deminuta, Cromb.), the list of forms belonging to Physcia pulverulenta will now read as follows :— 1. Physcta pulverulenta (Schreb.), Ny. 2. , forma delicata, Mer. 3. —— ——, forma deminuta, Cromb. Brit. Lich. 1. p. 306. 4, —— , forma granulosa, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 227). 5. —— — , Subforma fruticulosa, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 228). 6. —— ——,, forma nigricans, Mull. Arg. (Classif. p. 35). 7. —— ——, forma nuda, Harm. Lich. d. Fr. p. 634. 8, —— ——, forma polita, Flot. . 9, —— , forma rugosa, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 229). 10. —— ——, forma subvenusta (Nyl.). 11. —— , forma turgida (Schaer.), Harm. 12, —— , forma turgidula, Mer. 13. —— , forma venustordes, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 229). 14, —— —-, var. angustata (Hoffm.), Ach. 15. —— —— , forma convexra, Mer. 16. —— —— ——,, forma elegantella, Mer. 17, —— —— ——, forma nuda, Mer. (Hedw, 1919, p. 230). 18, —— —, var. aquiloides, Mer. of some Lichens. 285 19. Physcia pulverulenta, var. argyphea, Ach. 20. , forma centrofusca, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 230). 21, —— —— , forma granulata, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 231). 22, —— ——., var. imbricata, B. de Lesd. 23, —— —— , forma microphyllina, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 231), 24, ——, var. lepidota, Mer., 25. , var. rufescens, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 231). 26. —— ——, var. subpapillosa, Cromb. Brit. Lich. i. 27, —— , var, venusta (Ach.), On page 484 of the above-mentioned paper the name Physcia pulverulenta placed before forma elegantella, Mer., must be deleted, this form belonging to the var. angustata, and not to the species itself. On page 485, line 9 from the bottom, for “ minoribus ”’ read “ tenuloribus.” APPENDIX. ‘ Lichenes Rossie exsiccati.’ Edited by Prof. Dr. C. MERESCHKOVSKY. Kazan, 1913. Fasciculi I.-III. This exsiceata work, of which Harmand wrote to me “ je le trouve idéal sous tous les rapports,” is very little known. It cannot be purchased now ; but, when the Jewish domina- tion in Russia is over and order established, those who want to acquire it are requested to apply to Dr. John Briquet, Director of the Botanical Garden in Geneva (Switzerland), to whom I have transferred my rights in this work, The three fascicules that have already appeared contain the following species * :— Fasciculus I, 1. Ramalina fraxinea, var. calicariformis. 2. populina. 3. polymorpha. 4, Parmelia proliva. 5. tubulosa. 6. —— ryssolea. ic taurica, sp. n. 8. Lecanora tristis, sp. 0. 9. perplexa, sp. n.t. 10, -—— , var. grisea, nov. i crenulata t. * T am introducing some necessary corrections into this list, viz.:— No. 9. Lecanora perplexa, sp. n., instead of L. crenulata. No. 11. Lecanora crenulata, instead of L. cestoalba, No. 386, Lecanora earpinea, which is the right name of Z. angulosa, No. 59. Parmelia caperata, which is the right name of P. cylisphora, + This name must be put in place of the old one. 286 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 12. Squamaria muralis, forma albomarginata. 13. —— , var. diffracta. , var. brunneola, nov. 15. Aspicilia cinerea, forma dendritica, nov. 16. desertorum., 17, —— , forma ferrugined, nov. 18. esculenta. 19. —— affinis. 20. —— fruticulosa. , forma taurica, nov. 22. Caloplaca brachyspora, sp. 1. ( Pyrenodesmia) chalibea. 24. Xanthoria lobulata. 25. Lepraria flava. Fasciculus II. 26. Ramalina fravinea. 27. Parmelia isidityla. 28, Evernia thamnodes. 29, Lecanora umbrina, var. ce@sio-pruinosa. subcarnea. —— elenkinii, sp. n. 32. —— dispersa. glaucella, var. nigrescens. 34, Aspicilia hispida, sp. un. , forma parvula, nov. 86. Lecanora carpinea (syn. angulosa). 37. Candelaria concolor, var. granulosa. 88. Candelariella cerinella, var. unilocularis. 39. Stereocaulon paschale. 40. X. partetina, var. aureola. , var. angusta, , var. adpressa, Nov. 43. Caloplaca cerina. , var. holocarpa. 45, Gasparrinia decipiens. murorum. , var, scopularis. 48. Physcia pulverulenta. 49. , var. argyphea. 50. —— —— , forma centrofusca, nov. Fasciculus III. 51. Umbilicaria pustulata. 52. Usnea florida, forma humilis. , var. hirta, forma minutissima, nov. 54. Parmelia centrifuga. dd. conspersa. 56. vagans. 57. —— , var. desertorum. , forma elegans, noy. caperata (Hoffm.), Nyl. 60. Lecanora atra, var. wrceolata, nov. 61, A. cinerea. 62. Xanthoria polycarpa. 63. Gasparrinia granulosa, var. perminuta, noy. is = of some Lichens. 287 64. Cladonia sylvatica, 65 alpestris. 66 rangiferind. 67 verticillata. 68 turgida. 69. Buellia epipolia. 70. Physcia tribacia. virella. , forma georgiensis. 73. Graphis seripta, var. pulverulenta. 74. Arthopyrenia rhyponta. 75. Lepraria cinereo-sulphurea. My collections in Kazan contain material for ten more fascicules. It is hoped that some lichenologist will undertake the continuation of this work after my death. © Tabule Generum Lichenum? Edited by Prof. Dr. C. MerescuKOvsky. This work is still less known than the previous one. Only five tabule have been issued, but material exists, gathered during my travels through the whole of Europe, for about thirty-five tabule. The tabule that have already appeared—they can also be obtained later on through Dr. J. Briquet, Geneva—include the following genera :— Lecanora, I., II., and III. Aspicila, I. (Spherothallia). Gasparrinia, I. These have been acquired by (1) the Academy of Science of Petrograd, (2) Hortus botanicus petropolitanus, (3) Univer- sity of Kazan. I give here the eontents of these five tabula, and add the localities (which they do not contain) as far as I can remember, all my notes having been left in Russia :— Aspiciiia I, (Spherothallia), . Aspicilia desertorum (Kremplh.), Mer. Bogdo in gubernia Astrachan (Rossia). , forma ferruginea, Mer. Ibidem. , forma sublevata, Mer. Ibidem. , var. tncisa, Mer. Pr. p. ibidem, pr. p. Provincia Syr. Darja, prope locum Kyzil-Khul (Rossia). semivagans, Mer. Tauria: Ai Petri (Rossia), , var. aspera, Mer. Bogdo in gubernia Astrachan (Rossia). esculenta (Eversm.), Mer. Ibidem. SN Do mwPDp fH 288 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 8. Aspicilia fruticulosa (Eversm.), Mer. . Ibidem. 9, —— , forma taurica, Mer. Tauria prope Sinferopolin (Rossia). : 10, -—— , forma minor, Mer. Tauria, prope Sinferopolin ; C. Akmolinsk in Asia Media (Rossia). lol afimis (Kversm.), Mer. Bogde in gubernia Astrachan (Rossia). 12, —— , var. wntermedia, Mer. Akmolinsk in Asia Media (Rossia). 13. hispida, Mer. Bogdo in gubernia Astrachan (Rossia). 14. —— , forma parvula, Mer. Tauria, prope Sinferopolin (Rossia). 15. —— dubia, Mer. Tian-Schan, Asia Media (Rossia). 16, —— , var. microphyllina, Mer. Ibidem. 17, —— , var. fruticuloso-foliacea (Elenk.), Mer. Ibidem. 18. cerebroides, Mer.*. Turkestan, prope Kaschgaria (Rossia). 19, ——jussufii (Link), Mer. Algeria. LEcANORA (sp. Saxicole), I. 20. Lecanora perplexa, Mer., forma delicata, Mer. Reval (Rossia) ?, vel Docelles, Vosges (Gallia). 21. —— , Mer. Reval ( Rossia). 22, —— , var. grisea, Mer. Ibidem. 23. —— wasmuthi, Mer. Bogdo in gubernia Astrachan (Rossia), 24, —— tristis, Mer. Kazan (Rossia). 25. —— , forma obscurata, Mer. Ibidem. 26. albescens, var. dispersa (Nyl.), Mer. Collioure, Pyren.- Orient. (Gallia). 27. ——crenulata (Dicks.), Wain. Tauria, prope Sinferopolin (Rossia). 28. —— , forma dispersa, Flot. Soemmering: Adlitzgraben (Austria). 29. elenkinti, Mer. Tauria: Monasterium St. Georgii (Rossia). 30, —— , forma albinea, Mer. ‘Tauria, prope Sinfaropolin (Rossia). 31. —— albescens (Koffm.), Th. Fr. Reval (Rossia). 32, —— , forma confertiuscula, Mer. Ibidem. 33. —— , forma granulosa, Mer. Ibidem. 34, —— ——, var. deminuta (Stenh.), Th. Fr. Ibidem. 35, —— , var, monsaurt (Mass.), Mer. Tauria: Chersones (Rossia). 36, —— , var. dispersa, forma aggregata, Mer. Collioure, Pyren.-Orient. (Gallia). 37. —— brunneola, Mer. Monichkirchen (Austria). LEcANORA (sp. Saxicolez), II. 38. Lecanora campestris, var. docellina, Mer. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia). 39. —— (Schaer.). Concarneau (Gallia). 40, —— ——, forma atrata, Nyl. Agde, Hérault (Gallia). * The former name, Aspicilia alpicola, Elenk., must be replaced by this new one. of some Lichens. 289 41. Lecanora campestris, forma subimmersa, Mer. Ibidem. 42, , var. effiyurata, Mer. Pyren., Amélies les Bains (Gallia). 45 cenisea, var. atrynea (Ach.), Nyl. Fonte Amiata, Sienna (Italia). 44, —— , Ach. Wechselgebiet, Ménichkirchen (Austria). 45, —— , var. melacarpa, Nyl. Monte Amiata, Sienna (Italia). 46, —— atra, var. grumosa (Pers.), Ach. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia). 47, —— , var. urceolata, Mer, Tauria: Castel (Kossia), 48, —— — (Huds.), Ach. Tauria (Rossia), pr. p. 49, —— gangalevides, Ny\. Ibidem. 60, —— atra, var. calcarea, Jatta. Capri (Italia), pr. p. Tauria. 51. —— gangaleoides, forma albonigra (Stur.), Mer. Tauria, Castel (Rossia). 52, —— , forma ornata, Mer. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia). 53. —— , forma plumbea, Mer. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia). LECANORA (sp. Saxicolee), III. 54. Lecanora polytropa, var. alpigena, Schaer. Wechselgebiet, Monichkirchen (Austria). 55. —— (Ehbrh.), Th. Fr. 56. —— ——, forma dluseria, Ach. Reval?, vel Monichkirchen (Austria). 57. —— ——, var. intricata (Schrad.), Nyl. | Wechselgebiet (Austria). 68. —— , forma robusta, Mer. Wechselgebiet, Ménich- kirchen (Austria). 59. —— coarctata, forma depauperata, Mer. Wechselgebiet, Mé- nichkirchen (Austria). 60. —— (Sm.), Ach. Reval (Rossia). 61. —— , var. elachista, Ach. Ibidem. 62. latzelit, Zahlbr. Dalmatia. 63. coarctata, var. elaschista, forma cotaria, Ach. Reval (Rossia) ?. 64 sordida (Pers.), Th. Fr. Wechselgebiet, Monichkirchen, (Austria). 65. —— , forma leptoplaca, Ny]. Reval (Rossia). 66. —— , forma complanata, Leight. Wechselgebiet, Ménich- kirechen (Austria). 67, —— , var. sudphurata, Ach. Tauria, Castel (Rossia). 68. —— , forma subradiosa (Nyl.), Mer. Pyrén., Amélie- les-Bains (Gallia). 69, —— , var. swartzit(Ach.), Mer. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia). 70, —— , forma pseudosubcarnea (Harm.), Mer. Ibidem. ra subcarnea (Sm.), Ach. Tauria (Rossia). 72. 73. 74. 79, 76. GasPARRINIa I, Gasparrinia murorum (Hoffm.), Tornab. Reval (Rossia). , var. tenwspora, Mer. Soemmering: Adlitzgraben (Austria). —— — , var. scopularis (Nyl.). Reval (Rossia). —— —, var. tenuispora, forma pulvinulum, Mer. Soemme- ring: Adlitzgraben (Austria). corticicola (Nyl.), Mer. Planta Saxicola, Reval (Rossia). Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 19 290 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 77. Gasparrinia murorum, var. subfulva, Mer. Tauria, prope Sin- feropolin (Rossia). 78. cortidfigpla (Nyl.), Mer. Planta lignicola. Astrachan (Rossia). 79. —— murorwn, var. miniata (Hoffm.), Th. Fr. Gallia. 80, —— , var. baumgartneri (Zablbr.), Mer. Austria. 81. —— aurantia, var. thallincola (Wedd.), Mer. Concarneau (Gallia). 82. tegularis (Ehrh.), Mer.*. Agde, Hérault (Gallia). 83 aurantia, var. brevilohata, forma wllobata, Mer. Collioure, Pyren.-Orient. (Gallia). 84, tenuata (Nyl.), Mer. Beaulieu, Alp. Marit. (Gallia). 85. —— pusilla (Mass.), Tornab. Tauria, prope Jalta (Rossia). 86 aurantia (Pers.), Syd. Tauria, Castel (Rossia). 87. —— , forma centrifuga (Mass.), Mer. Capri (Italia). 88, —— , forma mesoleuca (Mass.), Mer.t. Beaulieu, Alp. Marit. (Gallia). 89, —— , var. brevilobata (Nyl.), Mer. Collioure, Pyren.- Orient. (Gallia). XXVIT.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. An- drews.—No. XLIII. By Prof. M‘Invosu, M.D., LL.D., IDiSe:, Pal. S., we: Recent Additions to the British Marine Polycheta. Since the publication of the earlier parts of the ‘ Mono- graph of the British Marine Polychzets’ was commenced (nearly fifty years ago) many additions have been made, and some of these have already been described in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’* Others will be indicated in the following notes. Of the Euphrosynide, a post-larval form was procured by Mr. Chadwick in the surface tow-net off Port Erin in December 1905. Anteriorly, in the microscopic preparation, the head con- sists of a somewhat shield-shaped lobe, broad and slightly dimpled in front, narrower behind, and with a more deeply stained clavate band along each side, at the anterior end of which is a minute dark eye. This shield-shaped region is minutely streaked and dotted, apparently from the minute * The former name of no. 82, Gasparrinia lobulata (Sommf.), had to be changed for this new one. + In addition to this form, there exists undoubtedly a forma centro- leuca (Mass.), Mer., which I have observed in Italy, distinct from the forma mesoleuca by the absence of concentric zones of yellow and white coloration on the thallus, Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 291 cells and granules taking in the stain. On each side of this area is a tentacle, the base of which is enlarged and the tip filiform and tapering. The entire body has a more or less circular outline, and the four pairs of feet radiate outward characteristically, the auterior pair being wide apart and directed almost straight outward, or with a slight obliquity forward, whilst the last pair is somewhat smaller and more nearly in atransverse line. Each foot consists of a setigerous process tapered toward the tip, so that it resembles a long cone with a tuft of translucent, slightly curved, simple bristles issuing from it in a fan-like manner. Each bristle has a translucent straight shaft, the curved region at the tip being finely spinous on its convex edge. Amongst these is a shorter, stouter form also curved at the tip, but smooth. Shorter and more slender bristles apparently represent the dorsal series, and, in all, these form a group at the tentacle, their tips, which are finely serrated, curving inward at the side of the head. A similar tuft occurs on the dorsum of each foot, though in the smallest (youngest) they are not visible on the two posterior feet. The curvature of these bristles may be partly due to preser- vation. The alimentary canal seems to go straight backward to the vent, the last portion, occupying a little less than a third of the length of the body, beimg more deeply stained. A median fissure separates two minute and somewhat ovoid lobes between the bases of the posterior feet. So far as can be observed, this would seem to be the pelagic young of Euphrosyne, probably of E. foliosa, the common species of the more southern waters. The general outline, the cephalic lobes, so largely developed in the young, the ovoid anal processes, and the nature of the feet and bristles all point to this conclusion. Such young examples seem to be rare, and I am indebted to Mr. Chadwick’s courtesy for the slide containing the examples. Hab. A single example of Chrysopetalum debile of the family Palmyride was dredged on a bottom of sand and shells in Clew Bay (Southern). The occurrence of a representative of a genus character- istic of the warmer seas on the west coast of Ireland indicates the richness of this remarkable region, and the possibility of further interesting discoveries yet in store for the marine zoologist. Inthe description of Palmyra aurifera, Savigny, in the ‘ Challenger ” Annelids, Chrysopetalum debile is alluded to * in connection with the presence of scales. * Rep. Annelida, p. 55. US hoe 292 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the Of the Polynoide, Lepidasthenia argus was found in the tube of Amphitrite edwardsi at Plymouth (Hodgson). The cephalic region is reddish with a median longitudinal groove. The median tentacle is long, stout, enlarged near the filiform tip; lateral tentacles more slender and the swelling indistinct, Tentacular cirri similar to the lateral tentacles. All the fore- going are smooth with a dark band at the distal part of the enlargement, which has a belt of opaque white. The palpi are long and tapered—exceeding the tentacular cirri in length. Eyes four, anterior pair wider apart and slightly larger than the posterior. The proboscis in extrusion is a firm cylin- drical organ fully a centimetre in length, with a transverse slit at the tip, guarded by about a dozen papille on each margin, most of them with pigmented patches. Two slightly curved horny jaws occur above and below, and when locked they are alternate. The basal region of the organ in extrusion is marked dorsally by two brown bands. The body is elongate (84 inches), and with upwards of two hundred segments, tapered a little anteriorly, and more dis- tinctly posteriorly, where it terminates in an anus with two short cirri. In life the colour is a brown of varying degrees of intensity with a tendency to a purplish hue. ‘The intervals between the segments have a transverse bar of dark brown, and the cirrus-bearing feet have a diffused patch of the same pigment, scarcely perceptible on those carrying elytra. The ventral surface is nearly colourless, except fora wnedian longitudinal line of red. The scales are subcircular or, in a few, reniform ; surface and margin smooth. Each has a dark brown patch immedi- ately behind the scar and spreading inward toward the posterior border, near which is a curved streak of opaque white. Arborescent nerve-twigs are spread over the entire elytron. One example, 84 inches long, had 67 elytra and 199 segments. In the first foot the dorsal division is represented by a papilla, to which the spine goes. The ventral division carries thirty or more bristles, which have slender shafts and elon- gated spinous tips with, in some, traces of a cleft. The spinous border is directed ventrally. The ventral cirrus is long. In the typical foot the dorsal division may carry feur or five long, slender, and smooth bristles. In the ventral division are three groups of bristles, an upper with long slender shafts and elongate spinous tips, a median of numerous stout bristles with shorter tips, and a ventral series with still shorter tips, All the bristles with the exception of the first two feet are bifid. The segmental papille are Galty Marine Laboratory, St, Andrews. 293 very prominent in the posterior part of the body, and the segmental organs indicated. The dorsal cirri resemble the tentacular cirri, and extend nearly to the tips of the bristles. It is an interesting fact in the history of this genus that one species from the Autarctic seas resides in a tube formed by the branches of a coral, the tough nature of the reticulated walls of the tube thus making an «ficient protection for the elongated annelid. The twigs of the coral seem to adapt themselves to the tunnel of the worm. Pregeria remota, Southern, one of the Pisionide, was dredged on tlie west coast of Ireland (Southern). Southern agrees with Ehlers that Pregeria most nearly approaches the Aphroditidz, resembling the Sigalionide ‘in the reduction of the head and its appendages, the forward position of the bueeal segment, the shape of the compound sete, and the presence of jaws.” ‘‘J am of opinion that the elongate ventral anterior cirri of the Pisionide are homologous to tlie palps of the Sigalioninz, that the slender dorsal and globular median cirri, together with the swollen bases which contain the prominent spines, constitute the parapodia and cirri of the buccal segment, the whole being homologous to the segment bearing tentacular cirri in Pholoé and the first setigerous segment in Sthenelais. The first setigerous segment in the Pisionide would then be homologous to the first setigerous segment in Pholoé and to the second in Sthenelais. In ail three cases the ventral cirrus of this seg- ment is elongate and functions as a tentacular cirrus, a remarkable resemblance, which is best explained by the theory of close relationship.” Whilst these views are full of interest, it has to be added that no known Sigalionid, or other allied form, shows any- thing approaching the condition in the cephalic region of Pregeria with its remarkable spines, though the proboscis, its circlet of papille, and its jaws have a near resemblance to those in the Polynoide and allied forms. The length of the feet and the proportionally great size of the bristles, which stretch far inward into the tissues of the body, are more in consonance with a pelagic habit than are the bristles and feet of the Sigalionide. Further, the bristles themselves have a closer approach to those of the Syllids than to any other group, even to the serrations on the enlarged distal region of the curved shafts. The simple condition of the dorsal bristle is akin to that observed in Syllis spengicola and S. gracilis, whilst even a more complex arrangement is seen in Ancistro- syllis greenlandica. On the other hand, the presence of teeth 294 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the diverges from anything at present known in the Syllids—even from the condition in the parasitic Sydlis on the eel. Were the facial tubercle present in P. minuta, then the other characters of P. tuberculata might reasonably be con- strued as those of a variety of the common form, viz., the ‘““absence of papillz on the tentacular cirri” (since some occur at their base), the more numerous papillz on the feet and the ventral surface, and the shorter papille on the scales. The occurrence of white pigments in the palps and scales is a feature of the variety. No facial tubercle has been made out in the common form, therefore Southern’s species stands, The post-larval examples of Pelagobia longicirrata, Greef, procured in the Irish Sea*, present two stages—different from those figured by Reibisch, but agreeing in general structure. The younger has three bristled segments, the large head (for at its posterior border it is equal to the diameter of the body) is broadly shield-shaped, the narrower border being anterior. Two eyes—antero-posteriorly elon- gated—occur toward the posterior border and are widely separated. A tentacle projects on each side of the anterior margin. The second pair arise behind each eye, are subulate in shape, and slant forward. A pale area in the centre of the snout indicates the mouth, which is at the anterior extremity, and asmall ovoid area occurs in the lateral region and probably indicates the nuchal organ, which is conspicu- ous in Greef’s form. The head thus differs from Greef’s in the antero-posteriorly elongated eyes and in the brevity of the tentacles, but it has to be remembered that his form is much more advanced. The body is nearly cylindrical, though the two terminal segments are considerably narrower, and has three bristled segments, the first feet being the shortest, a brief interval separating them from the head. Hach forms a simple blunt cone standing at right angles to the body and furnished with a series of delicate translucent bristles with articulated terminal pieces like those of Phyllodocids. The second feet are considerably larger, also stand nearly at right angles to the body, and their bristles are longer and stronger. The third pair slope distinctly backward. Each foot except the last has a small subulate dorsal cirrus, which projects only a little beyond the tip of the setigerous lobe, and is in contrast with the two long cirri of Greef’s type. Behind the third foot is a narrow segment with a slight * For these examples I am indebted to Mr. Chadwick of the Port Erin Marine Laboratory. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 295 lateral projection, from which a single bristle projects. Then follows the still narrower anal segment, which has two sub- ulate anal cirri. If Reibisch’s figures are to be trusted this species would appear to differ, since he shows only two conical processes terminating the body, but perhaps the cirri had been lost. In the original description of Greef the anal cirri are almost bulbous at the base with a terminal, slender, subulate process. . The proboscis occupies the first bristled segment, is nearly circular in outline, with a median fissure from which trans- verse strize pass. A narrow process of the gut joins this to an enlargement between the second and third feet, after which the intestine diminishes to the terminal vent. The second example has advanced a little, since the fourth foot now projects with its tuft of bristles, the anal segment remaining as before. The anal cirri spring close together on the ventral surface, and extend backward as short sub- ulate processes, their total length being about the transverse diameter of theanal segment. They present no bulbous base as in Greef’s species, and differ from the stumpy conical condition shown throughout all the stages of Reibisch’s examples. Greef’s * specimens were procured in the Bay of Arrecife, Canary Islands, from January to May. The body had fifteen segments and was 38 mm. in length. The head and first seg- ment had a reddish tint, the rounded reddish-brown eyes, situated a little behind the bases of the dorsal tentacles, had lenses, whilst the mouth opened at the tip of the snout. On each side of the posterior part of the head is a ciliated, lobate, nuchal organ. The first segment bears a pair of rather long cirri and a setigerous process ; the second has shorter cirri, but the third, again, has somewhat longer cirri, and they get broader posteriorly. The bristles borne by the setigerous process have straight shafts, a bifid spur with a longer and a shorter sharp process, and a serrated terminal process with the spikes directed distally. He describes a dorsal vessel, as in Pontodora, in ripe examples, which has either ova or sperms. The alimentary canal has a muscular pharynx with a glandular (?) central region. He was uncertain as to the position of the species, but thought it might be near the Syllids. Vignier f (1886) found the same form in the Bay of Algiers from December onward throughout the year. He * Zeitsch. f. w. Zool. Bd. xxxii. p. 247, Taf. xiv. figs. 25, 24, & 26. + Archiv Zool. Expér, 2 sér. t. iv. p. 377, pl. xxi, figs. 1-13. 296 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the points out that the mouth is not terminal, but on the inferior surface of the head, behind the ventral pair of tentacles, a ciliated furrow passing in front of the inferior tentacles and terminating superiorly in front of the dorsal tentacles. The groove separating the prostomium is al-o ciliated. He shows that the antero-posteriorly elongated eyes rest on the cephalic ganglia, which are bar-like from transverse extension. The nuchal organs form two lateral ciliated processes on each side between the first foot and a point opposite the eye. The proboscis has a series of parallel longitudinal glands with enlarged or bulbous ends posteriorly in the centre of the organ, and when the latter is extruded these bulbous ends are distal, the tip of the organ having a smooth border. He describes and figures the pygidium as a short cone with a minute process in the centre and a circle of cilia a little in front. The foot has a spine and a group of bristles, the tips of the shafts being bevelled, aud a serrated terminal blade articulated with it. The generative elements fill the ceelom, and even pass forward into-the sides of the proboscis in ex- trusion. He considers that the form belongs to the Phyllo- docide. The figures of this author are excellent, and wm contrast with those of Reibisch, who, however, bad only preserved materials. In general outline Pelagobia resembles the larval stages of Spherodorum, but differs in certain details, such as the median cephalic and caudal processes and the papilla on the body, whilst the bristles seem to be proportionally longer. Reibisch (1895) gave an account of the development of what he considered to be the same species (P. longicirrata) as Greef’s, though slight differences are apparent. He figures the eggs and the young without tentacles, but with two eyes, two feet, and two anal cirri, and various stages up to the longest with twenty-four segments, and considers that it approaches the young of Eteone. Its distribution is almost cosmopolitan. Pelagobia is extensively distributed abroad, chiefly in the warmer seas of both hemispheres, yet it occurs in the waters of Greenland and ranges through the intermediate area to the South Pacific, and appears at various seasons. Eulalia pusilla, Cirsted, a minute species, has probably been overlooked in the collections of British observers until Southern’s careful investigations showed that it is not un- common on the west coast of Ireland, whilst De St. Joseph dredged it frequently at Dinard. The dorsal cirrus is elon- gate-ovoid, and the two anal cirriare similar. The setigerous process bears a fascicle of slightly curved, short bristles with Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 297 enlarged ends of the shafts and tapered terminal pieces with serrations. A female bore ova of considerable size in July. Mystides limbata, De St. Joseph, was obtained by Southern off the west coast of Ireland and at Plymouth by Allen. It is a small form, the head bearing four minute tentacles in front aud two large reddish eyes posteriorly. The buccal segment has two slender tentacular cirri, and the following segment has another pair, the ventral presenting a slight enlargement. The proboscis has a ring of about ten papille, and its inner surface is coated with large conical papille. The anal segment has a pair of fusiform cirri, The foot has oval dorsal and ventral cirri and a bifid setigerous lobe. The short stout bristles are curved, and the distal end of the shaft has a strong tooth and a series of spines on each side. The terminal blade is coarsely serrated and obliquely striated. Mature specimens have swimming-bristles. Southern distinguishes it by the fan-shaped array of spines at the end of the shaft of the bristles (a feature, however, found in other forms), and by the winged expansion of the ventral teutacular cirrus on the second segment. Allen ob- serves that a female with dark green eggs occurred in May, and that a small median tentacle exists as in Hulalia, “ but in the majority of specimens it is difficult if not impossible to make it out.” De St. Joseph points out that certain Phyllodocids, such as Eulalia problema, Mgrn., have capillary bristles as in Syllids, and that Hulalia gracilis, Verrill, showed signs of scissiparous development. The presence of large eyes and capillary bristles in M. limbata is another example, and he thinks it probable that at maturity these will be fully developed as swimming-bristles. Gravier, however, found females with much-developed eggs in which these bristles were dis- appearing. Mystides bidentata, Langerhans, also occurred on the west coast of Ireland (Southern). he head is elongate, and the tentacular cirri long. The body has about 190 segments, aud measures from 5-25 mm., the colour being greenish yellow, and a dark brown spot exists at the base of each foot ventrally. The anal segment has two slender cirri enlarged at the base, and a long papilla between them. The feet have ovate cirri, and the setigerous lobe is bifid. The ventral bristles are thicker than the median, aud the terminal pieces shorter; dorsal bristles inter- mediate. The dilated and bevelled tip of the shaft bears two unequal claws, and is spinous. The bristles are longer and more slender than in M. liméata, and the ventral cirri 298 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the of the second segment are large. Mature forms have swimming-bristles. In contrast with M. limbata the colora- tion of this species differs, and the dorsal and ventral cirri appear to be proportionally larger. Mystides borealis, Théel, from the west coast of Ireland (Southern), is another of the minute examples (55 mm. long) of the genus, which can best be studied in the living condition, and it is possible that revision may alter certain of the views at present held. Southern’s careful descrip- tions, however, will aid materially in their elucidation. The broadly oval cirri of this form are conspicuous. The bristles are slender and of moderate length (Southern). Mystides elongata, Southern, is a remarkably elongate Trish form, with long setigerous processes, long segments, and peculiar bristles. The head is twice as long as broad, and has two eyes devoid of lenses in the postero-lateral angles. The body is minute (6 mm.) and has 80 seg- ments. The colour is yellowish or dark green. The first segment has a single pair of long tapering cirri, the second has two pairs, but there are no traces of spines or bristles. The third segment has a setigerous lobe and a ventral cirrus. The sctizerons lobe generally is bluntly pointed, and has a spine and four bristles, whilst the dorsal cirri are small and fusiform; ventral cirri longer. Three of the bristles in each foot are compressed, the shaft being thick, curved, bevelled (but not swollen at the tip), and bifid. Mature females have bluish-gieen eggs (Southern). In Oxydromus propinguus, Marion and Bobretzky, from the west coast of Ireland (Southern), one of the Hesionide, the head is somewhat cordate in outline, broad posteriorly where the dimple is, nearly straight at the narrower anterior end, and having four eyes in a trapezoid about the middle, the anterior pair being bean-shaped, larger, wider apart, and furnished with lenses. The median tentacle is short and slightly fusiform, the lateral more than twice as long, a little tapered toward the tip, and separated from the rest of the head by a ciliated depression. The palpi have two articulations, a basal and a longer distal. Four tentacular cirri occur on each side, the largest and longest being the posterior dorsal, and in each a nerve is distinct. The pro- boscis, which has a minutely papillose surface, is of a bright orange hue, and extends to the fifth setigerous segment. Anteriorly it has a series of serrated papille. It is followed by the intestine, which is constricted at each dissepiment. The body varies in length from 6-10 mm., is typical in out- line, and terminates posteriorly in two long articulated anal Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 299 cirri and a median process. The general aspect is pale, with symmetrical brownish bars and two median touches in each segment. De St. Joseph describes the proboscis as unarmed, and furnished with numerous papille at the tip. The feet are well developed. and, at the reproductive season, the ova pass into them. Dorsally is the long articulated cirrus, and ventrally the shorter ventral cirrus. At the base of the former is the dorsal setigerous process bearing a series of long simple bristles, slightly curved, with a ser- rated (spinous) edge, the process being further stiffened by two spimes, one of which, curved in the young form, projects amongst the bristles. ‘The ventral series has articulated terminal pieces, more or less bifid, and longer or shorter according to position, the longer dorsal and the shorter ventral. The foregoing description is chiefly that of Marion and Bobrctzky. Southern states that it swims gracefully through the water, stops, aud even swims back- ward when its progress is arrested. Castalia fusca, Johnston.—l'wo varieties of this species were found by Southern on the west coast of Ireland. The first was dredged in Clew Bay in 24 fathoms, on a bottom of sand and shells, and differed from the ordinary form in having red eyes, the absence of spines on the terminal portions of the bristles which are shorter and thicker, the terminal pieces tend to be bifid at the tip, and the bevelled end of the shaft is bifid. In the second variety from Ballynakill Harbour, the bristles are similar, but longer, the tips of the shafts pointed, not bifid, the terminal pieces are longer, with fine spikes, and the bifid nature of the tip is more distinct, the coarse spikes on the terminal pieces being absent. Further, in a number of segments in the middle of the body the dorsal division has a large curved spine (Southern). In Microphthalmus sczelkowit, Meczuikow, the head is rounded in front, indented posteriorly, with a single pair of black kidney-shaped eyes posteriorly and four slender tapering tentacles anteriorly. A median tentacle occurs at the posterior indentation. The three pairs of tentacular cirri are somewhat enlarged at the base. The body-seg- ments are about forty, and the length 6 mm. The dorsum has ill-defined bands of brown pigment. The dorsal cirrus of the third segment is the longest, and all are about twice as long as the ventral. The dorsal division of the foot carries a single slender spine and a single small bristle with a lyrate tip ; ventral division with a single large spine and a group of Hesionid bristles. 300 © Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the This is one of the interesting additions made by Southern on the south-western shores of Ireland. The structure generally is that of a Hesionid, but its special featur:s consist in the peculiar lyre-shaped dorsal bristle and the hood-like extension of the pygidium. Mecznikow’s original description is diagnostic, and he mentions that he found a female with eggs in segments 13 to 24. In the family of the Sytiipa, Caullery and Mesnil * pro- pose to institute a new genus, viz., Parexogone, for the Pedophylax hebes of Webster and Benedict, which Southern has procured on the west coast of Ireland, the head being formed into a sort of cone with fused palps. The anterior region of the alimentary canal is muscular, with proboscis, crop, and gizzard. The cuticle is thick. ‘he animals fre- quent compact sand, and the habit for Syllids is thus peculiar. Moreover, au important paper on the group, with excellent illustrations, has recently been published by Prof. Haswell f, in which both systematic and structural features, as well as developmental investigations, are detailed. Amongst other interesting structural points he found that in some the nephridia of each pair unite completely at sexual maturity. In Ezxogone fustifera the extruded egg becomes aitached by one end to the area on which the ducts of the pedal gland open—internal to the ventral cirrus. He points out that in Exogone fustifera the formation of the celom differs from that of the Polycheta generally, since the stomodzum ends behind a mass of tissue (syncytium) in which the large yolk- granules are embedded. The changes in this take place before the young annelids become free. In Parexogone hebes, var. hibernica, Southern, the head ‘is separated from the palpi and buccal segment by faint grooves, and the length exceeds the width. Three tentacles —a long subulate median and two small laterals, which are about one-fifth as long as the median. Three pairs of eyes outside the lateral tentacles, and they vary in size ; exterior to them are conspicuous, ciliated, nuchal organs. Palpi large and fused dorsally, a shallow groove between them ventrally. Brain elongated and bilobed. Buccal segment as large as the head, bearing a pair of small bulbous ten- tacles with stiff cilia at the tip. The body is about 7 mm. long, with thirty-one bristled segments, somewhat fusiform, creamy white in colour, without other pigment. The pro- boscis extends from the second to the fifth bristled segment, * Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xlii. p. 127, 5 figs. (1918). + Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xxxiv. p. 217, pls. xvii., xviii. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 301 is covered with dark pigment except a narrow strip in the fourth segment. Anterior part of proventriculus long and narrow, with twenty rows of glands, the succeeding portion being muscular and non-glandular, with two small ciliated sacs. ‘The proboscis has ten soft papille anteriorly and a conical tooth. Colour grey or flesh-colour, eyes dark red or black. The foot has an unequally bilobed setigerous process, the dorsal portions with the spine being the smaller and having a rounded papilla near the tip. Dorsal cirrus small and bulbous with stiff cilia distally. Bristles in a fan- shaped series: shafts curved, swollen and bevelled at the tip ; terminal pieces coarsely spinous proximally, and some distance below the tip is a broad tooth. A single spine is present, its tip being enlarged and smooth. A simple dorsal bristle appears in the seventh foot, and is joined in the posterior seven segments by a similar ventral bristle, this type being curved and pointed with a spur at the base, as in various Syllids. A female in May had two ova in each segment from the tenth to the twenty-second (Southern). Grubea linbata, Claparede, comes from low water and the laminarian region at Plymouth (Allen). The head has a similar arrangement of the tentacles to that in G. clavata, the two lateral being anterior, the median posterior, and they are somewhat fusiform, the base being enlarged, whilst the distal region is tapered. Four large brownish eyes occur posteriorly, the anterior being wider apart, and all have lenses. The proboscis occupies segments 2-5, and has no denticulations on the anterior rim, but the lateral walls are crenulate. The pigmented layer is marked by a pale ring as in G. fenuccirrata, and the organ presents a glandular appearance. ‘The proventriculus is in segments 6-8, and has twenty rows of glands; its anterior part seems as if clothed with a horny coat, which may be a continuation of the proboscidian tissue. The stomach is in segment 9 and has a pair of glandular pouches. The chloragogenous intestine follows. The head of Grubea pusilla, Dujardin, from the west coast of Ireland and Plymouth, has long soldered palps ; four lateral tentacles towards the anterior part of the head, the longer median in front of the posterior border, all having the fusiform enlargement at the base, whilst they are tapered distally. The four eyes are furnished with lenses, and the anterior are wider apart. There are four tentacular cirri. The proboscis is smooth with tooth near anterior end. The body is about 2-5 mm. in length, and has from twenty-eight to thirty-four segments. Posteriorly 302 Prof, M‘Intosh’s Notes from the Langerhans describes an unpaired median appendix between the anal cirri. Feet with the fusiform dorsal cirri trun- cated, with bacilli in the interior. Ventral cirri filiform, short, the ventral bristle is bidentate, and with spines along its margin distally. Reproduction—Ripe females were found by Dujardin, Marenzeller, and Langerhans, the latter stating that in one with thirty segments two eggs occurred in each segment from the eleventh to the twenty-second. De St. Joseph (1886) mentions that the males have swimming-bristles and sperms ; whereas the females are devoid -of swimming- bristles, and carry two eggs ventrally on segments 10-26. But he has also met with one devoid of swimming-bristles carrying embryos on the dorsum from the tenth to the fifteenth segment (six segments). Usually they are fixed by their anal segment to the ventral surface of the parent, near the ventral cirrus, and so placed that their dorsal sur- faces are in keeping with that of the mother. They have four eyes in a line, three tentacles, four tentacular cirri on the buccal segment, rudiments of proboscis and proventri- culus, whilst a mass of orange yolk occupies the position of the intestine. There are four setigerous segments and the anal has two small cirri. The dorsal cirri have the trun- cated form of the adult, but contain no bacillary bodies ; and they are absent from the second setigerous segment, thus differing from the adult. ‘The minute ventral cirri are present on four segments. The palpi, longer than the head, are less attenuate in front than in the adult. He further notes, as a distinction between this species and G. clavata, that the embryos are developed in eggs on the dorsum of the parent, whence they escape when sufficiently advanced ; whereas in G. pusilla they are developed on the ventral surface of the mother, to which they remain adherent after leaving the egg. He adds a caution, however, that possibly variations occur in both. Prof. Haswell has found a hermaphrodite condition of the species in Australia (Port Jackson), for one or two male segments are followed by a number of female ones, thus re- sembling such Serpulids as Filograna. In G. quadrioculata he found the ova attached dorsally between the cirrus and the foot. Mr. Southern met with a mature male in March, whilst specimens with embryos attached occurred in May. Spherosyllis erinaceus, Claparede, comes also from tlie west coast of Ireland. It was introduced by Claparéde (from Normandy) as having a body about 2 mm. long. Palpi broad, almst club-shaped when viewed from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, Si. Andrews. 303 dorsum ; six eyes—four median forming a square and the other two external. Anal cirri slender. There are twelve segments. The body is from 1°40 to 2 mm. in length, and has about twenty-two bristled segments. De St. Joseph found a single ripe female, 1-40 mm. long, at Dinard at the depth of 26 métres. There were twenty- two setigerous segments. The median tentacle arises in a line with the posterior eyes—a single pair of tentacles occur on the achetous segment fused with the head. The eyes agreed with the type, and so with the dorsal and anal cirri. No dorsal cirri on the setigerous segments. The ventral bristles have long tips with a simple extremity—long and pectinate. At the seventh segment is a simple dorsal bristle. Seventeen rows of glands (points gris) occur on the pro- venticulus ; stomach with lateral pouches. From the ninth to the eighteenth segment four eggs in each, but no swim- ming-bristles. He doubts if the form of Langerhans is the same, since it differs in the palps which are higher, and in the position of the tooth in the pharynx which is in the middle. Moreover, the bristles differ in structure, though it must be said that neither is drawn with sufficient detail. The number of eggs in each segment also differs. There is perhaps room for doubt as to the separation of some of these minute forms, even though they are apparently mature. Mr. Southern found another species, viz., Spherosyllis bulbosa, on the rich western coast of Ireland. In this the head is oblong, with rounded corners, and bearing four large eyes with lenses. The fused palpi are long and broad with a faint dorsal furrow, but a conspicuous ventral groove. Between the head and peristomium are the nuchal organs, The proboscis has a bluntly rounded tooth in front and a series of soft papilla. There are fourteen rows of glands in the proventriculus. The body is 5-6 mm. long, and has forty-eight setigerous segments, widest in the anterior third and tapering toward each end. No papille occur on the body, only on the feet and anal segment, which has two cylindrical papille with shghtly enlarged bases. The spines are stout with a bulbous tip, and the compound bristles are few aud have short terminal pieces. Spherosyllis ovigera, Langerhans, is another minute form from the west coast of Ireland (Southern) and from Plymouth (Allen). In this form the head has four large eyes, the posterior pair nearer each other, the anterior a little in front. The three tentacles are in a transverse line, the median often in front of the anterior eyes. The palpi are broad and flattened. The body is about 1:5 mm. in 304 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the length, and the mature form has from twenty-four to twenty- eight segments, the surface being beset with papille and encrusted with sand and mud, a feature which enabled Dr. Allen to separate it from S. hystrix found along with it. The dorsal cirri are short, with enlarged bases, so as almost to be pear-shaped, and there are two thick anal cirri. The pharynx has a tooth anteriorly and the proventriculus has ten rows of glands. The dorsal bristles are simple, slightly curved at the tip. The terminal process of the ventral bristles is somewhat long with a curved end and spikes ; moreover, the end of the shaft is dilated, with a process in front. Langerhans found two males with swimming-bristles and sperms. A female carried eggs on segments 12-15, whilst another had on its ventral cirri either ova or embryos. The f-male had no swimming-bristles. He thought that it approached S. pirifera and S. hystrix, but the great, size of the palpi and the shape of the median tentacle are characteristic. This species is entered in the list from Plymouth, but some uncertainty exists, though it may yet be found on the southern coasts. As mentioned on page 159 of vol. u. Part I. of the Monograph, Dr. Allen’s preparation showed that the structure of the foot, the presence of a single slightly curved and pointed bristle, and the structure of the compound bristles all agree with S. Aystriv. The example from Plymouth did not show the spine on the enlarged terminal region of the shaft as figured by Langerhans. In connection with the Syllids the recent interesting remarks of MM. Caullery and Mesnil* on viviparity and parthenogenesis may be mentioned. They found a form, Lhlersia nepiotocat, sp. n., amongst Lithothamnion at La Hague, with young at different stages of development and to the number of a dozen in the coelom—and without traces of any male or of hermaphroditism. They are inclined to suppose that in certain forms of these and other Syllids a life-cycle occurs, in which, after normal reproduction, par- thenogenesis takes place, as in Aphides and Cecidomya in some generations. A considerable number (over a dozen) have been added to the British Fauna lately, and more will probably yet be found by a further minute search of shore and sea. * Compt. Rend. t. 163, p. 756 (1916). t vnzios, young, and réxos, viviparous. Gratty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 305 Pierantoni* has also extended the list of species of Piono- syllis bearing ova or larve. His P. gestans has a series of fourteen or fifteen well-developed larvee along the ventral surface; P. elegans bears eleven or twelve laterally ; P. papillosa carries a large ovum on each side for twenty- one segments ; whilst P. minuta has fewer ovigerous seg- ments. The dull purplish ova of Spherosyllis hystrix again are borne below the dorsal cirri. In the genus Pionosyllis is P. serrata, which Southern procured on the west coast of Irelaud. It has six eyes, tle anterior mere specks at the bases of the lateral tentacles, the middle large, with the lenses directed forward, the posterior nearer each other and the lenses directed backward, The body is minute, 2°5 to 3mm. long with twenty-seven setigerous segments. be anal segment has two slender subulate cirri. The dorsal cirri of the first setigerous segment are the longest of all the appendages. Foot with a bluntly pointed setigerous lobe bearing a small dorsal papilla at the tip. The bristles have the ends of the shafts enlarged and bevelled, with conspicuous spines, lower bristles simply hooked. Of the sixteen bristles in each foot, five to seven are bifid. In Syllis (Typosyllis) variegata, Grube, which Southern distinguishes from P. prolifera by its colour-pattern, the tips of bristles are less boldly bifid and the edge more serrate ; whilst the spines in the posterior feet are very thick and bluntly pointed, especially in young specimens. Streptosyllis webstert, Southern, from the same region, has the feet prominent, five characterising the anterior region, the spine in the first segment being thin as in the posterior segments. In segments 2-5 the spines are large and thick. A single simple bristle is present in the dorsal region throughout. At the sixteenth foot the setigerous lobe is smaller, but the ventral cirrus is longer than jn the anterior region. Bristles in segments 1-5 shorter and thicker than in the others. Behind these the bristles are thinner, have serrate terminal pieces, and the end of the shaft is serrated on one edge and has four sharp processes, whilst the spine is slender with a bulbous tip. Capillary bristles begin at the 11th segment and extend almost to the tip of the tail in the mature males (the only forms found). Southern states that this species is most closely allied to S. varians, De St. Joseph. It resembles it in having five * Arch, Zool, Napoli, vol. i. pp. 251-252, taf. 10 & 11 (1911). Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 20 306 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the setigerous segments in the anterior region and in haying simple tips to the compound bristles. It differs in the presence of a slender spine in the first setigerous segment, in the shape of the terminal pieces of the anterior bristles, in the occurrence of simple dorsal bristles in all the seg- ments, in having three anal cirri, and in other details. These differences, however, require further investigation. Streptosyllis bidentata, Southern, is characterised by the broad head, four large eyes with lenses, the median tentacle arising between the anterior pair, the palps fused at the base, invisible from above, and with slender papille on their tips. The body is minute—about 2°55 mm. Proboscis short and broad, proventriculus with forty-five rows of glands. The feet of the six anterior segments differ from those behind. The foot has dorsally a simple bristle, winged and curved distally. The compound bristles are short, thick, and the ends of the shafts have three or four blunt teeth, whilst the terminal pieces are bifid and coarsely serrated. The structure of the simple, serrated, winged bristle recalls that of Staurocephalus. It differs from S. varians in the length of the proboscis and proventriculus, in the moniliform condition of some of the dorsal cirri, in the larger palps, in the minute structure of the bristles, and in the greater number of the anterior segments with thick spines. It differs from S. wedsteri in having six segments in the anterior region and in the structure of the bristles (Southern). In Opisthodonta pterocheta, Southern, the palps are free distally, but united at the base. The buccal segment has two pairs of tentacular cirri, all cylindrical and smooth. The body is more than 6mm. long and has forty-nine segments, the pharynx stretches through sixteen segments and has a sharp lateral tooth about its middle, the proventri- culus has forty-five rows of glands. The bristles have enlarged spinous ends to the shafts and simple curved tips. Swimming-bristles occur on the 31st foot. In the middle region the foot is biramous, dorsally having capillary bristles, ventrally a single upper winged bristle, four or five compound, and a single bristle without wings below. Southern found, on the west coast of Ireland, a mature female of Eflersia ferruginea, Langerhans, in March, with a long tuft of swimming-bristles on the twenty-eighth seg- ment and no sign of a bud, so that it is probable it repro- duces directly and may pertain to Pionosyilis lamelligera, De St. Joseph. It differs from Syllis cornuta, Rathke, in Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 307 having smooth dorsal cirri and in the structure of the bristles, which, however, diverge very little from those of E. cornuta, Rathke. The figures of Langerhans, representing the bristles of the second and twenty-third segments, are the only ones available. 7 Of Eusyllis lamelligera, Marion and Bobretzky, Allen observes that it is a well-defined species, distinguished by the enlarged and leaf-like shape of the first ventral cirri. He dredged a female with nearly ripe eggs in July on Mewstone Ledge, Plymouth. Marionand Bobretzky procured a ripe male in January without swimming-bristles. They consider that, though it approaches E. blomstrandi in the non-moniliform dorsal cirri, in the fusion of the palpi at the base, and in the presence of six distinct eyes on the head, it is different. The first dorsal cirrus is long and the first ventral cirrus is foliaceous. The bristles, moreover, differ. No example has been seen by the writer, but Dr. Allen intends to publish an account of this and other forms he has recently procured. Eusyllis monilicornis, Malmgren, was dredged by Allen at Plymouth, and it is apparently more common in the south on both sides of the channel. It has six eyes, two being small, and the palps are long, but fused at the base. ‘There are from fifty-two to sixty-seven segments of the body, which is from 10 to 15mm. Jong. The dorsal cirri of the second and fifth segmeuts are longer than the following, which are unequal amongst themselves. The feet have two kinds of bristles, viz., those with long and those with short tips. The colour is pale orange with a patch of dark brown or black on the hind part of the head. Autolytus macrophthalmus, Marenzeller, occurs both at Plymouth and on the west coast of Ireland. The head is distinguished by the large size of the eyes which cover a considerable portion of the surface, and there are occasionally a few additional specks. The length of the body varies from 8-20mm. The violet or reddish proboscis is barrel-shaped and has forty-four rows of violet points. ‘The colour is light orange and the tips of the tentacles are orange. De St. Joseph met with an example of 20mm. in length in which the sexual elements covered the dorsal vessel and fell into the ecelom ; and another of seventy-two segments in which the head of a female bud with four eyes appeared at the fourteenth segment, yet it had no ova, no swimming~ bristles, and no modification of the intestine. A third example, a nurse-stock of thirteen segments, had a female 20* 308 Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory. stolon of fifty-eight segments with the head well developed, the body filled with eggs from the third segment to within twenty of the tail. Its swimming-bristles were developing. From the fourteenth segment of other examples a male bud depended, with or without natatory bristles and altered or unaltered intestine, according to the development of the spermatozoa. In the sexual buds there were many red points on the ventral surface, and the segmental organs were developing. The French author is inclined to think with Langerhans that the A. macrophthalmaand A. luzurians of Marenzeller refer to the same form. Southern also considers A. lu«urians, Marenzeller, synony- mous with this species, the only difference being that A. /uxurians has small reddish-brown eyes, whereas in this the eyes are large and red. Autolytus brachycephala, Marenzeller, is another species from the west coast of Ireland (Southern). The head has four large eyes, oceasionally with additional specks. The tentacular cirri and cirri of the second segment are longer than the following. The reddish-violet pharynx has thirty marginal papille. Each segment has a double row of pigment-grains. The dorsal cirri are alternately long and short. Autolytus punctatus, De St. Joseph, comes both from Plymouth and the west coast of Ireland. The head is of moderate size, the anterior eyes large, the lenses projecting in front, the smaller posterior pair having the lenses directed posteriorly. The body is colourless, except for a faint tinge of orange. Each segment, except the buccal, bears a double transverse row of small ereyish glands. ‘The proboscis has twelve obtuse denticulations anteriorly, alternating with another twelve pointed processes. ‘The feet are typical. Autolytus edwardsi, De St. Joseph, likewise was procured both at Plymouth and the west coast of Ireland. Four eyes occur behind the slender tentacles. The length of the bud is about 14mm., and it has a longitudinal streak of orange on each side of the dorsum in the nurse-stock ; the appendages of the head and the first three segments have orange tips. The dorsal cirrus of the second segment is long, that of the third much shorter, whilst the following are nearly equal. The proboscis has twenty-four small deuticulations and the reddish proventriculus is elongate, occupying segments 7-9. De St. Joseph observes that he occasionally met with an Autolytus which he could not distinguish from this On new or little-known 'Tipulide. 309 species except by the absence of the two reddish-orange bands on the anterior segments. It also bore stolons, and he considered it a variety of this species. Allen found the breeding-season from March to June at Plymouth. Autolytus lugens, De St. Joseph, from Plymouth (Allen), has a comparatively small head, surmounted by a massive median tentacle, the lateral tentacles being much smaller. Four eyes. The body is small, but typical; the proboscis has only six denticulations. The proventriculus has twenty- six to thirty rows of grey points and occupies segments 8-11. This is one of several of the Syllids which requires re-investigation, since 1t may be connected with other known forms. De St. Joseph met with specimens having male buds. Allen observed early stolons in January and February at Plymouth, and a well-developed one in July. Six specimens of Procerastea halleziana, Malaquin, were procured amidst Ascidians from a raft moored in Caw- sand Bay, Plymouth, in September (Allen). A brief, but excellent, summary of the stolonisation of this form is given by Mr. F. Potts* along with other types of repro- duction in the Syllids. In Procerastea halleziana, as shown by Malaquin, the twelve to fifteen new segments are inter- calated in the middle of the stock, and not at the posterior end as usual in the Syllids. Thus there may be in front twenty to twenty-two original segments, fourteen to sixteen of recent formation, and then eighteen to twenty more of the original stock, the middle showing the more advanced development of the foot. The head of the stolon is formed on the fourteenth segment. The parts soon assume the condition of the adult. Dr. Allen has a further com- munication on this subject lately, an abstract of which appeared in the notice-slip of the Royal Society (1921). XXVIUL—New or little-known Tipulidee (Diptera).—VI. Ethiopian Species. By Cuarues P. ALtexanper, Ph.D., F.E.S., Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. Tue material considered in the present instalment was received for study from the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburg, through the kindness of the Director, Dr. W. J. Holland, and * Spengel’s ‘ Ergebnisse und Fortschritte Zoologie,’ Bd. iii. p. 30. 310 Dr. C. P. Alexander on the Curator, Mr. Hugo Kahl, and from the Staatsmuseum in Vienna, through the kindness of the Custodian of the Diptera, Dr. Hans Zerny. The latter collection was one of the very greatest importance, The location of the types of the new species described herein is designated after each description. Dicranomyia mascarensis, sp. 0. General coloration brown ; wings greyish hyaline, stigma oval, pale brown; pale brown seams at origin of Rs and along the cord; Se; ending immediately before the origin of Rs; cell lst M, closed ; basal deflection of Cu, imme- diately before the fork of M. Male.—Length about 4°2 mm.; wing 5:2 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown. Ilead dark brown, discoloured in the type. Mesonotum dark brown, any possible pruinosity dis- coloured in the type. Pleura and sternum dark brown. Halteres rather elongate, brown, the basal portion of the stem obscure yellow, the apices of the knobs a little paler. Legs with the coxe dark ; trochanters obscure yellow ; remainder of legs testaceous-brown. Wings greyish sub- hyaline ; stigma oval, pale brown; a brown cloud at the origin of Rs; very indistinct brown seams along the cord and outer end of cell lst M,; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc, ending immediately before the origin of Rs, Seg apparently close to the tip of Sc,; As gently arcuated ; r faint, at the tip of R, ; inner end of cell R; far proximad of cell R;; cell lst My, closed, about as long as vein M,,, beyond it; basal deflection of Cu, a short distance before the fork of M. Abdomen dark brown, the basal sternites paler. Male hypopygium with the pleurites very short and stout, the proximal face near the apex with three cylindrical fleshy lobes that are tipped with long bristles, one of these lobes slender, arcuate, the others shorter and stouter ; proximal side of pleurite extended caudad into a fleshy arm that is setigerous on proximal face. Ventral pleural appendage much larger than pleurite, pale, subcircular in outline, the proximal margin extending proximad into a fleshy lobe with two spines on the caudal margin near mid-length of the lobe. Dorsal hook conspicuous, almost straight, the distal third gently curved, the tip suddenly narrowed to an acute point. new or little-known Tipulide. 311 Hab. Mascarene Islands. Holotype, 3, Reunion (Sikora). Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. Gonomyia (Leiponeura) mascarena, sp. n. General coloration brown, the pleura plumbeous, striped longitudinally with pale yellow ; posterior femora yellow with two brown subterminal rings ; wings clouded with pale brown and whitish subhyaline ; small irown spots and seams along the cord ; Sc, ending opposite the origin of Rs; cell 1st M, closed ; abdomen dark brown, the caudal margin of the segments conspicuously white. Female.—Length about 5mm.; wing 4°8 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennz brown, the second scapal segment obscure yellow apically. Head pale whitish, the vertex darker medially. Pronotum white. Mesonotal prescutum light brown with three confluent darker brown stripes ; seutum brown, the proximal margin of each lobe obscure yellow ; scutellum obscure yellowish, darker basally ; postnotum obscure yellow, darker postericrly. Pleura plumbeous; a conspicuous pale yellow longitudinal stripe extending from behind the fore cox to the base of the abdomen; dorsal-pleural membrane light brown. Halteres whitish, the knobs slightly darkened. iisee with the coxz and meachameere yellowish ; only one eave leg remains, femora obscnre yellow with a broad brown subterminal ring with a narrow and less distinct brown ring before this at about three-fourths the length of the segment, the yellow ring enclosed, narrow ; tibie and metatarsi yellow, the tips narrowly infuscated ; remainder of the tarsi dark brown. Wings with a faint brownish tinge, variegated with whitish subhyaline and brown; stigma oval, grey; small brown spots beneath arculus ; at tip of Sc; and origin of Rs; along cord and outer end of cell Ist Mand at tip of Rebs : cage margin of wing indistinctly whitish subhyaline, this including cells Oe ee and R,; vague su bbyaline areas at the wing-tip, in cell lst My, and at the end of vein lst A; veins dark*brown. Venation: Sc; ending opposite origin of Rs, Sc close to tip of Sc,; Rs long, angulated and spurred at origin, only a little shorter than ee basal deflection of Ry; a little longer than r—m; cell lst M, closed; m longer than the 312 Dr. C. P. Alexander on deflection of M,; basal deflection of Cu, before the fork of M a distance about equal to m. Abdominal segments dark brown, the caudal margins conspicuously ringed with white; genital segment and ovipositor horn-coloured. Hab. Mascarene Islands. Holotype, 2 , Reunion (Sikora). Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. Trentepohlia (Mongoma) metatarsatra, Alexander. 1920. Trentepohlia metatarsatra, Alex. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 9, vol. vi. pp. 41, 42. The unique type of 7. metatarsatra was in poor condition when described. A male is at hand, which is here charac- terised as allotypic. The specimen differs from the descrip- tion of the unique type in the following regards :— Head obscure yellow, slightly greyish pruinose adjoining the inner margin of the eyes. The white tibial bases are broad and pass insensibly into the brown tibial ring. Wings with r close to the fork of R,,3. Abdomen uniformly pale brownish yellow, including the hypopygium. Male.—Length 8-8°2 mm. ; wing 8°4 mm. Allotype and two additional males from Bukoba—Usum- bura, between Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika, 1910 (Grauer). Allotype in the collection of the Vienna Museum. Lecteria tanganica, sp. n. General coloration reddish fulvous, the prescutal stripes inconspicuous ; head bluish plumbeous ; legs obscure yellow, the tips of the femora, tibiz, and metatarsi narrowly infus- cated ; wings yellow, the origin of Rs, the cord, and the tip of R, rather narrowly seamed with brown; abdomen brownish fulvous, including the hypopygium. Male.— Length 21-22 mm. ; wing 18-19mm.; abdomen alone 16°5-17°5 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne with the scapal segments obscure brownish yellow ; flagellum light brownish yellow. Head bluish plumbeous, paler behind. Pronotum dark brown medially. Mesonotum deep reddish fulvous, the lateral preescutal stripes indicated, brown ; new or little-known Tipulide. 313 the median przescutal stripe is indicated only as a narrow line near the anterior margin of the sclerite ; remainder of the mesonotum obscure fulvous, slightly pruinose, the scutal lobes darkened. Pleura brown, sparsely pruinose. Halteres light brown, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxze and trochanters light brown; femora yellow, the tips abruptly and conspicuously black; tibize and metatarsi yellowish brown, the tips passing into dark brown ; remainder of the tarsi dark brown. Wings with a strong yellowish tinge, cells C and Sc more saturated yellow; con- spicuous brown clouds at the origin of Rs, fork of R,,3; paler clouds and seams at fork of /s, along the cord, and at the tip of R,; wing-tip faintly darkened ; wing-veins faintly seamed with darker; veins brown. Venation: Rs about one-third longer than the deflection of R,,;; cell lsé M, subrectangular in outline; petiole of cell M/, about as long as the cell; Cu, shorter than or subequal to the deflection of Cu. Abdomen brownish fulvous, including the hypopygium ; sternites obscure yellow. Hab. Ex-German East Africa. Holotype, 3, north-west of Lake Tanganyika, 1910 (Grauer). Paratopotypes,5 3 ¢. Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. Lecteria vasta, sp. n. Size very large; length of female about 40 mm. ; meso- notal preescutum yellowish anteriorly, the praescutal stripes indicated behind; wings brownish yellow with conspicuous darker brown clouds and washes; fusion of M; and Cu, extensive ; abdominal tergites fulvous-yellow, trilineate with brown. Female.—Length 40 mm.; wing 28mm.; abdomen alone 33mm. Fore leg: femur 16 mm.; tibia 19 mm.; tarsus 15°38 mm. Hind leg: femur 20°5 mm.; tibia 20°53 mm.; tarsus 10°5 mm. Rostrum short, dark brown, Antenne with the basal segment dark brown, sparsely dusted with greyish-yellow pollen; basal segments of flagellum brownish, fading into yellow, the terminal segments dark brown ; flagellum with conspicuous verticils. Vertex obscure brownish yellow with a conspicuous, capillary, dark brown median line, darkest on 314 Dr. C. P. Alexander on the anterior part of vertex behind the antennal bases, sub- tended by a pale mark adjoining the inner margin of eyes ; gene dark brown. Pronotum prominent, brown, the scutellum sparsely pruinose. Mesonotal prascutum buffy yellow, clearer anteriorly, and here bisected by acapillary dark brown line ; three brown stripes, the median one broadly divided and indicated only posteriorly, the anterior half replaced by yellow ; lateral stripes broad ; pseudosutural fovew con- spicuous, bicolorous ; scutum brown, the centres of the lobes darker brown; an indistinct, capillary, brown median line on the scutellum aud postnotum. Pleura brownish testaceous, the dorsal margin of the pleurites narrowly darkened; area surrounding base of halteres pruinose. Halteres brown, the knobs dark brown, base of the stem yellow. Legs with the coxze and trochanters relatively small, reddish brown; femora obscure yellow, becoming clearer yellow before the conspicuous dark brown tips ; tibiz obscure yellow, the tips narrowly and indistinctly darkened; tarsi obscure yellow; legs hairy; metatarsi unarmed at base ; hind tarsi short. Wings brownish yellow, the costal and subcostal cells light yellowish brown; con- spicuous and extensive brown clouds and washes on the wing-disk ; washes in the bases of cells and M and on the basal half of cell R,; large and conspicuous dark brown clouds at the origin of Rs, at Sc,, and at r; paler but exten- sive clouds along the cord, at the end of vein R,, along the longitudinal veins, and as a conspicuous blotch beyond mid- length of vein lst A in cell lst A. Venation: Fusion of Cu, and M, extensive, longer than the outer deflection of M, alone. The right wing of the type has an irregular cross-nervure extending across the base of cell M; from vein M; to Cu. Abdominal tergites bright fulvous-yellow, the tergites narrowly trilineate with dark brown; lateral stripes also including dorsal margins of sternites; steruites obscure yellow with an interrupted, paler brown, median stripe. Hab, Cameroun. Holotype, 2, Lolodorf, February 27, 1914 (A. I. Good). Carnegie Museum, Accession No. 5264. Type in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Lecteria vasta is the largest member of the tribe Hrio- pterini as yet made known. In the other species of the africana group in which both sexes are known (africana, Alexander, atricauda, Alexander, pluriguttata, Alexander) the ~ -o new or little-known Tipulide. 315 two sexes are approximately equal in size. By analogy, the dimensions of the male of L. vasta should be approximately those given for the type-female. Conosia malagasya, sp. Nn. General coloration fulvous-buff, the abdomen more yel- lowish ; wings light yellow, the longitudinal veins with series of conspicuous brownish-yellow spots; 7 and the basal deflection of Cu, short and straight. Male.—Length 17 mm. ; wing 13°5 mm. Rostrum fulyous ; palpi dark brown. Antenne with the © basal segment brown; second segment and the fusion- segment of the flagellum dark brown; remainder of the autennze brownish yellow. Vertex dull grey with a capil- lary, dark brown, median line; gene and occiput fulvous- buff. General coloration of thorax fulvous-buff, the preescutal interspaces with brown setigerous punctures. Pleura brownish yellow. Halteres brownish yellow. Legs brown- ish yellow throughout. Wings light yellow, the costal cross-veins seamed with darker yellow ; conspicuous brown- ish-yellow washes at the origin of Rs, along the cord, and vein R,; series of brownish-yellow dots along the longi- tudinal veins; a brown cloud near mid-length of costa and at the tip of vein 27d A; veins yellow, the areas traversed by the brownish-yellow spots slightly darker. Venation: a series of cross-veins and spurs in the costal cell; Sc, far from the tip of Sc,; 7 short, subtransverse; 7-m immediately proximad of m; vein 2nd A slightly angulated at tip ; basal deflection of Cu, short and straight. Abdomen obscure yellow. Hab. Madagascar. Holotype, 3, collected by Sikora. Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. Compared with the smaller C. irrorata (Wiedemann), the present insect is notable by its large size and yellowish coloration, especially of the wings. The spots along the longitudinal veins are relatively larger and fewer in number. Psrupotimnopui.a, Alexander. CALOLIMNOPHILA, subgen. noy. Similar to Pseudolimnophila, Alexander, s. s., differing in 316 Dr. C. P. Alexander on the possession of a supernumerary cross-vein in cell R. The case is entirely analogous to the subgenus Dicrano- phragma, Osten-Sacken, in the genus Limnophila, Macquart. Type of the subgenus.— Pseudolimnophila ( Calolimnophila) rex, Alexander (Uganda). Pseudolimnophila (Calolimnophila) princeps, sp. n. General coloration yellowish brown ; first flagellar sez- -meut pale ; mesonotum with a capillary, dark brown, median _line; wings brown, spotted and clouded with darker, the costal margin alternately yellow and brown; abdominal sternites bicolorous. Male.— Length about 9 mm.; wing 10°5 mm. Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne with the first segment pale, sparsely silvery-pruiuose ; second segment brown; first flagellar segment conspicuously light yellow; remaining flagellar segments dark brown with a conspicuous white pubescence. Head brown with a greyish-yellow pollen ; vertex very strongly narrowed behind. Pronotum brownish yellow, dark brown medially. Mesc- notal prescutum yellowish brown with a capillary brown median line; lateral margins of preescutum broadly paler brown, enclosing a circular yellow spot immediately behind the pseudosutural fovesa ; extreme anterior margin of pre- scutum narrowly darkened ; scutum light yellowish brown, the median area and each lobe indistinctly lined with brown ; a brownish-black spot on the lateral margin of the pre- scutum above the wing-root; scutellum and postnotum light yellowish brown with an indistinct brown median line. Pleura yellowish testaceous, the dorsal pleurites largely suffused with brown. Halteres short, dark brown, the base of the stem paler. -Legs with the coxe pale, testaceous, the extreme bases darkened; remainder of legs pale brownish yellow. Wings with a strong brownish tinge, spotted and clouded with still darker brown, these areas distributed as follows: At origin of Rs, tip of Sc, above the fork of Rp, 3, tip of R,, at the supernumerary cross-vein in cell A, tip of R,, along the cord and outer end of cell 1st M,; more diffuse clouds at ends of the longitudinal veins ; a series of about five small spots behind vein Cu; the anterior region of the wing in the radial cells is variegated with yellow, these spots lying between the brown spots, the most conspicuous beyond Sc, and R,; veins dark brown. Venation: A supernu- merary cross-vein in cell R, at about two-thirds the length new or little-known Tipulide. 317 of vein R,; petiole of cell MW, about twice m; basal deflec- tion of Cu, beyond the fork of M. Abdomen dark brown, the caudal margin of the tergites very indistinctly paler ; sternites dark brown, a little more than the caudal half of each segment pale brownish tes- taceous. Hab. Cameroun. Holotype, 3, Lolodorf, January 28, 1919 (J. A. Reis). Carnegie Museum, Accession No. 6305. Type in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Pseudolimnophila (Pseudolimnophila) fulvipennis, sp. n. General coloration dark brown; mesonotal prescutum with conspicuous erect sete; halteres light yellow; legs dark brown, the femoral bases couspicuously yellow ; wings strongly fulvous; abdominal tergites light brown, narrowly trilineate with darker brown, sternites obscure yellow. Female.—Length 10°5 mm.; wing 10°4 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne with the scapal segments dark brown; basal flagellar segments yellow basally, becoming darker apically ; remaining flagellar segments light brown, darker towards the end of the organ. Head grey, the vertex darker medially. Pronotum dark grey, pruinose. Mesonotal prascutum dark brownish grey, the median area brown ; entire surface of prescutum with conspicuous erect sete; remainder of mesonotum dark brown; scutellum with conspicuous erect sete ; postnotum naked. Pleura dark brown, sparsely pruinose. Halteres light yellow. Legs with the coxze dark brown, sparsely pruinose ; trochanters light yellow ; remainder of legs dark brown, the femoral bases broadly and conspicuously yellow. Wings with a strong fulvous tinge, more saturated, and becoming almost brown in the cells distad of the cord; stigma elongate-oval, brown ; veins brown. Venation: Sc, ending immediately before the fork of Rs, Sc, at tip of Sc,; Rs elongate, strongly arcuated at origin; R,,5 a little less than one-half Rs, rather strongly arcuated; r near tip of 2; petiole of cell M, a little longer than the basal deflection of Cu, the latter at between two-thirds and three-fourths the length of ceil lst M,. Abdominal tergites light brown, narrowly trilineate with darker brown ; sternites obscure yellow. Genital segment obscure yellow dorsally, dark brown ventrally; valves of the ovipositor horn-coloured. 318 Dr. C. P. Alexander on Hab. Madagascar, Holotype, 2 , collected by Sikora. ‘'ype in the collection of the Vienna Museum. Pseudolimnophila (Pseudolimnophila) recens, sp. n. xeneral coloration light brown, postnotum and thoracic pleura sparsely pruinose; wings nearly hyaline, stigma scarcely apparent; 7 at tip of R, and near mid-leneth of Ry. Male.—Length about 5 mm.; wing 7°2 mm. Rostrum and palpi ight brown. Antenne short, brown, the basal scapal segment darker; first flagellar segment brightened at extreme base. Head light brown, more greyish adjoining the inner margin of eyes; head not strongly narrowed behind. Mesonotal preescutum with three light brown, confluent stripes ; humeral region and lateral margins broadly paler; pseudosutural foveze small, oval, pale reddish ; scutum and postnotum hght grey pruinose ; scutellum obscure yellow. Pleura light yellowish brown, sparsely grey pruinose. Halteres pale, the knobs slightly infuscated. Legs with the coxe and trochanters pale whitish yellow; femora light brown ; tibiz brown, the tips rather broadly dark brown ; tarsi brown. Wings nearly hyaline; stigma scarcely apparent; veins pale brown. Venation: Sc, ending oppo- site the fork of Rs, Sc, longer than Sc, and near its tip; Rs angulated and more or less spurred at origin; Ry, approximately one-half of Rs, not conspicuously arcuated, about twice the basal deflection of Cu,; 7 at extreme tip of R, (which is subatrophied beyond it) and just before mid-_ length of R,; petiole of cell M, a little shorter than R,,.; m shorter than the deflection of Ms; inner end of cell lst M, rather conspicuously arcuated ; basal deflection of Cu, near two-fifths the length of cell lst My. Abdomen light brown; a brownish-black subterminal ring ; hypopygium obscure yellow. Male hypopygium with the pleural appendage broad-based, pale, the apex a short, recurved, black hook. Hab. Madagascar. Holotype, 3, collected by Sikora. Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. Limnophila sikorai, sp. n. Mesonotum testaceous-yellow, thoracic pleura infuscated ; halteres yellow ; wings with a greyish-yellow tinge, spotted new or little-known 'Tipulidee. 319 with light brown, this pattern including a series of spots at the ends of the longitudinal veins around the wing-margin ; Rs long, in alignment with R,,,; r far from tip of R,; cell M, about as long as its petiole; basal deflection of Cu, at from one-fourth to one-fifth the length of cell lst M). Female.—Length 6°38 mm.; wing 7*] mm. Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne short, brown, the flagellar segments with a dense white pubescence. Head brown, sparsely grey pruinose. Pronotum brownish testaceous. Mesonotum light testa- ceous-yellow, unmarked. Pleura infuscated, contrasting with the pale mesonotum. Halteres yellow. Legs yel- lowish. Wings with a greyish-yellow tinge ; stigma brown ; wing-membrane spotted with lght brown, distributed as follows: Conspicuous brown clouds around the wing-margin at the ends of the longitudinal veins ; seams along the cord and outer end of cell lst M,, origin of Rs, fork of M,,,.; pale washes in the bases of cells R to 2nd A and in the anal cells opposite the origin of Rs; cells C and Se light yellow ; veins brown, those in the costal region paler. Venation : Sc, ending shortly before the fork of Rs, Sc, at its tip ; Rs long, gently arcuated at origin, in alignment with R,,; ; R,,3 shorter than the basal deflection of Cu,; r very faint, removed from the tip of A, to a distance a little longer than the basal deflection of Cu, and on R, about its own length heyond the fork of Rs; inner ends of cells R;, R;, and 1st M, about in alignment; cell lst M, elongate-rectangular, slightly widened distally ; petiole of cell M, approximately as long as cell; basal deflection of Cu, at about one-fourth to one-fifth the length of cell lst My. Abdomen dark brown, the basal sternites a little paler. Ovipositor with the valves very long and straight, horn- coloured. Hab. Madagascar. Holotype, 2, Fort Dauphin (Szkora). Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. This interesting crane-fly is dedicated to the collector, who has discovered many interesting species of tliese flies in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. The fly should probably be referred to the genus Pilaria, Sintenis, rather than to Limnophila, and the discovery of a male specimen would presumably confirm this reference. Eriocera evanescens, sp. ni. General coloration brownish black; antenne short in both sexes; wings with a strong brown tinge, most intense 320 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on along the costal region; Sc long, cell lst My, relatively small, tending to be open by the atrophy of m; cell M, lacking. Male.—Length 12 mm. ; wing 11 mm. Female.—Leugth 20 mm.; wing 15 mm. Rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antenne short in both sexes, black. Head brownish black, paler adjoining the inner margin of the eyes. Thorax brownish black, sparsely dusted with brown. Halteres and legs brownish black. Wings with a strong brown tinge, the costal region more saturated, this intense coloration including the costal and subcostal cells and the radial region to the wing-apex; veins dark brown. Vena- tion: Sc very long, Se, ending approximately opposite 7, Sc, some distance from the tip of Sc,, the latter alone being ubout equal to the deflection of Ry,;; Rs elongate, arcuated at origin; cell Ist M, open or closed, m tending to be evanescent ; veins beyond cell lst M, very long and parallel; cell M, lacking; basal deflection of Cu, beyond the fork of M; Cu, and the basal deflection of Cu, subequal. Abdomen black with a brown pollen. Abdomen of female relatively elongate; valves of ovipositor elongate, acicular, black, the apices of tergal valves horn-coloured. Hab. Cameroun. Holotype, 3, Metet, 200 miles inland, east of Batanga, June 20, 1918 (A. I. Good). Allotopotype, 2? , in copula with type. Carnegie Museum, Accession No. 6317. Type in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. XXIX.—On the Celacanth Fish. By D. M.S. Watson, University College, London. For some years I have been interested in Ccelacanth fish, because, although commonly included with tle Osteolepids, they differ from those forms in many respects, and have in s me ways marked resemblances to the Teleosts. I therefore investigated the structure of Macropoma in specimens partly of my own, partly lent me by Mr. G. E. Dibley, F.G.S. Whilst I was actually writing this paper I received from Dr. E. A. Stensio a copy of his great work on the ‘ Triassic Fishes from Spitzbergen’ (Vienna, Adolf Holzhausen, 1921), the Celacanth Fish. oak which is, in my opinion, one of the most important contribu- tions ever made to fish morphology. I find, to my great pleasure, that Dr. Stensio has been able to describe in the new genus Wimania nearly all the structures which occur in Macropoma, and that his interpretation is in nearly all points in complete agreement with that which I had reached. In some respects, however, my material is more complete than his, and I therefore give an account of the head of Macrepoma as an introduction to a discussion of the relation- ships of the group to which it belongs. Fig. 1. Op. Pr. Macropoma mantelli, Ag. Lateral view of the skull, with the dermal bones and pterygoidal apparatus of the left side removed. x 1. Ec.Pr., ectopterygoid ; Ex.Oc., exoccipital; Or.Pr., foramen probably for the opthalmicus profundus nerve; P.V., “preyomer” and its tooth-plate; Pan., palatine tooth-plate; Par.Sp., para- sphenoid; Pr.Or., prootic; Pr., pterygoid; Qu., quadrate; If], foramen for third or sixth cranial nerye; IV., foramen for fourth cranial nerve (?). Basioceipital.—The basioccipital is a small very thin bone, with nearly flat dorsal and ventral surfaces, which are square. It only ossified in full-grown individuals. Its anterior and Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 21 322 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on posterior surfaces are free, the sides being clasped by back- ward projections of the prootics. “ Basisphencid.’”—The “ basisphenoid ” is a massive ossifi- cation which has invaded the side-walls of the anterior part of the brain-case and extends up to the skull-roof. It is a massive bone whose posterior surface is convex, and resembles a condyle in surface-structure ; the rounded surface faces downwards and backwards towards the basioccipital, but is separated from that bone by a gap of more than 1 em. The lower part of the bone in adults is massive and is covered by the hinder end of the parasphenoid. ‘The upper surface, immediately above the condyle, is concave and has a smooth surface, which terminates at a strong rounded ridge, in front of which the bone is so deeply excavated as to consist essentially of two lateral walls. The hinder end of this exca- vation runs back behind the ridge, and is, without doubt, the Fig. 2. SLED Wee we Zs Macropoma mantelli. The right side of the neural cranium and parietal in sagittal section. X 1. Reference-letters as before, with :—B.Oc., basioccipital ; 8.Oc., supraoccipital. pituitary fossa. The cavity becomes very narrow as it is traced torward, its floor contracting until the nearly straight side-walls meet in an acute angle. The side-wall of this cavity is pierced by four large foramina, three of which pass obliquely forward and outward, the fourth going dorsally. A pair of very minute foramina pierce the floor of the pitui- tary fossa. in most individuals the lower part of the basisphenoid is unossified, so that it is not in contact with the parasphenoid in the middie line. Fhe outer surface of this spheneidal element is mainly the Celacanth Fish. B2a formed by two strong rounded ridges, which subside into-the flat outer surface anteriorly. The ventral ridge overhangs a deep smooth groove, running along the side of the bone immediately above thie upper edge of the parasphenoid. ‘This ridge is overlapped posteriorly by the anterior end of the prootic. Between the upper and lower ridges is another deep rounded groove, which passes backward and is very nearly converted into a foramen by a bowing outward of the anterior edge of the prootie ; the aperture so formed is regarded by Stensio as the place of exit of the facial nerve, a view which is undoubtedly correct. The upper ridge dorsally turns forward and outward until it terminates in a rounded process, regarded by Stensio -us a basipterygoid process, an interpretation which I once held, but found it necessary to abandon. This process lies close under, but is not in contact with, the skull-roof. From its inner anterior face a thin lamina—Stensio’s alisphenoid —runs almost directly forward, terminating in a truncated extremity, which les immediately below the hinder end of the frontal, but which is not fused with that bone, as it is in Wimania. This lamina is pirtially separated from the “ basipterygoid”’ by a deep, very narrow slit. The sphenoid is completed by a pair of very thin long walls, which arise from a feebly ossified common base lying over the parasphenoid and rise toward the roof of the skull. The external surface of each of these plates is pierced by tliee foramina. Otic Region.—The lateral walls of the hinder part of the brain-case are largely formed by the great bones called prootico-opisthotic by Stensio. I prefer to call these bones prootic, because there is very little reason for believing that they include a real opisthotie. Each consists of a body whose flat inner surface articulates with the lower ridge of the sphenoid in front and with the side of the basioccipital behind, . From the outer surface of the body posteriorly a strong ridge gradually rises as it is traced forward, until it turns dorsally and then backward, sweeping round so as to form a deep backwardly directed pocket, bounded mesially by the body of the bone. The hinder end of this ridge comes into contact and in adults fuses with a special descending flange from that dermal bone, called by Stensio the supratemporo- extrascapular, ‘This descending flange of the supratemporal is continued forward by a deep slender ridge. 2% 324 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on Separated from the process of the prootic above described by a V-shaped notch is another upstanding process, which rises from the outer surface of the body of the bone, so as to leave a notch which continues the middle groove on the sphenoid and gives exit to the facialis. This process touches, and in adults fuses with, a slender descending process from the parietal, the bar so formed being sepaiated from the hinder border of the upper part of the splienoid by a slit. Three other bones occur in the neural cranium of old individuals. The mutual relations of these elements is clear, but their exact position in the skull cannot be determined. One of these bones is bilaterally symmetrical, and can only be asupraoccipital. Itis known to me only from the’visceral surface in one very large skuil. It is a small hexagonal bone, lightly ossified, but of con- siderable thickness. ‘The dorsal surface has a considerable extension, the smooth endocranial surface being very small. Tt was undoubtedly separated from all other bones by a great deal of residual cartilage. The posterior of the two remaining pairs of bones is the first of the series to ossify. It consists of an almost square, vertically placed sheet of bone with a flat admesial surface. The upper margin of this sheet is turned outward, so that it lies horizontally. The posterior lateral corner of this region projects as a definite process of comparatively small antero-posterior width. The vertical part of this bone is pierced near its hinder margin by two small foramina, the anterior and larger of which lies at the upper end of a deep well-detined groove. The third element is attached to the lower two-thirds of the anterior margin of the vertical part of that just described. It also is a mere sheet of bone standing vertically, but is placed nearly transversely in the skull. The inner border is smoothly rounded and cut out into a wide shallow bay round the brain-cavity. From the middle point of the upper edge of the inner surface of this bone a special very thin bony spicule arises and runs directly forward parallel to the middle line. Palato-quadrate.— Two ossifications occur in the palato- quadrate cartilage—a quadrate and the bone called hyoman- dibular by most authors, which has been correctly determined by Stensio as a metapterygoid. The quadrate is a deep slender bone, a large part of whose inner surface is covered by the pterygoid, the two bones the Celacanth Fish. 325 uniting by deeply striate sutural surfaces. The quadrate stands out nearly transversely, but the inner condyle—an almost hemispherical head—lies a little in front of the cylin- droid outer condyle, whose lateral surface is slightly concave. The metapterygoid is a relatively large sheet of bone lying on the outer surface of the pterygoid. Its hinder margin is turned outward and ends dorsally in a process which touches the lower surface of the parietal. The upper border is divided into two coneavities by a low elevation in the middle of its — leneth. This general concavity surrounds the process of the sphenoid called basipterygoid by Stensio. In three cases Fig. 3. Macropoma mantelli. Left pterygo-quadrate apparatus seen from without. x 1. Reference-letters as before, with Pat.TuH., the tooth-bearing plate attached to the palatine, represented displaced. The epiptery- goid is also slightly twisted backward. where I have removed the metapterygoid in exposing the brain-case, I have satisfied myself that there is no contact between the two elements, which are always separated by a layer of chalk and do not bear any articular facets. The anterior end of the metapterygoid is produced into a long process of nearly cylindrical section, whose lower and part of whose admesian surfaces are supported by a long splint of bone projecting from the upper margin of the pterygoid. 326 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on Pterygoid.—The structure of the pterygoid has long been well known. It is a triangular bone, very deep posteriorly, where it extends down to the quadrate and up to the meta- pterygoid. Between these two bones its outer surface bears a deep groove, bounded anteriorly by a strong rounded ridge. In front of this ridge the upper border is nearly straight, lies parallel to the upper edge of the parasphenoid, and must have been very powerfully attached to that bone by a tough membrane during life, beeause specimens are not uncommon in which the whole skull, except the sphenoid, parasphenoid, and pterygoids, has been lost. In a specimen of this sort in my collection both metapterygoids were removed before burial without any displacement of the pterygoids. Anteriorly the lower edge of the pterygoid turns outward, so that the oral surface of the bone becomes inclined at only a small angle to the horizontal. The lateral margin of the pterygoid anteriorly is grooved for the reception of the ectopteryyoid. Palatine.-—Vhe palatine is a small quadricylindrical bone whose hinder end is underlain by the pterygoid. The inner part of the bone stands vertically and lies against the wall of the anterior end of the parasphenoid. The anterior end of the bone is pointed and lies in a groove on the lateral and under surface of the bone called by Stensio a pre-ethmoid,. The palatine has no teeth attached to it, and might, if viewed in the light of teleost morphology, be regarded as an autopalatine—that is, an ossification in the palato-quadrate cartilage. ‘he texture of the bone and the details of its suture with the pterygoid differ, however, from those of the metapterygoid, and there is really no sound reason for re- garding it as other than a strict homologue of the Tetrapod palatine. Loosely attached to the oral surface of the palatine is a thin bony plate, consisting mainly of the fused bases of a multitude of minute teeth; this element bears a single large tusk, which lies in an area, also including a shallow coneavity for the development of its alternative tooth, surrounded by a ~ circle of denticles somewhat larger than those which cover most of the bone. ‘This element might be considered a dermo-palatine if the palatine be called auto-palatine ; but, although probably homologous to that element in Teleosts, I preter to regard it merely as a product of the fusion of teeth. Vomer (?).— The element which for the moment I regard as a prevomer is that which is described by Stensio as a pre- the Celacanth Fish. Bf ethmoid. It is a thin shell of bone consisting of an oral plate which continues that of the palatine, and is perforated antero-laterally by a small foramen; and a lateral vertical plate which anteriorly passes gradually into the oral part, but posteriorly is sharply marked off by a ridge, the lateral —— rn : 3 PE SOC Fre = P SheTORY Ucar tes 29 tH oA ‘ Rete iat ye =f em . vy ——anerem ie > > i j es AA EE ——— = S === S Z Macropoma mantelli, The palate. x 1. Reference-letters as before. The reference-lines of P.V. and PA. end on the tooth-plates. surface being recessed to receive the anterior edge of the palatine. The hinder end of the preyomer passes dorsally to the anterior end of the parasphenoid. 328 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on The oral surface supports a bone formed of fused tooth-bases which exactly resembles that which rests on the palatine. The large tusk is, however, placed at the caudal end. Ectopterygoid.—The ectopterygoid is the bone which has usually been called maxilla. It is a long, very delicate element attached to a groove in the outer margins of the pterygoid and palatine. It bears a single row of small, recurved, sharp-pointed teeth, and its outer surface, which faces towards the inner surface of the suborbital, is covered with a granulation of small denticles like those on the pterygoid. It is quite clear that this element cannot be the maxilla, because there is no evidence of the attachment of any bone to the lower margin of the suborbital. That in B. M. N. H. no. 39070 (A. S. Woodward, pl. xxxv. fig. 10) it lies below and parallel to the suborbital is explained by the fact that the outer margin of the pterygoid is very nearly parallel to the lower edge of the suborbital in the articulated skull, and in the specimen referred to a slight inward disp'acement of that bone has brought the two into one plane. Premawilla.—The recognition of a complete series of palatal bones shows that the curious median tooth-bearing element X of Huxley’s figure and Smith Woodward’s vomer must be the fused premaxille. In no. 39070 and other specimens in the British Museum it stands vertically at the end of the snout, with the elongated teeth of its lower lateral corner directed downward. Its exact mode of articulation is not, however, determinable. A Coclacanth from’ the Solenhoften stone, in the Royal Scottish Museum, shows a similar premaxilla ¢m situ. Septomaxilla (?). —Within the nasal cavity, lying freely, dorsal to the -prevomers and below the dorsal surface, are a pair of bones which together form an arched roof. [enor these only in transverse section, and can give no account of their shape. ‘They may be true septomaxillee, but are more probably ossifications in the ethmoidal cartilages. Dermal Bones of the Outer Surface of the Head.—The general shape of the parietals is well known. They terminate anteriorly in a transverse margin whose edge is rounded, entirely unlike a suture and “always separated from the similar hinder edge of the frontal by a space. There is, in fact, no doubt possible that the Calacanis had a movable joint between these two bones, which were in life connected by a ligament. the Colacanth Fish. 329 The produced postero-lateral corners of the parietal plate are not in any specimens I have seen separated by distinct sutures, but as they are not present in three young individuals of my series, they are no doubt in origin separate bones, 7 FeAet Se Den. FA Gu Ans. ne Macropoma mantelli, Reconstruction of the right side of the anterior end of the fish. x 1. Reference-letters as before, with:—An@., angular; Cuav., clavicle; Crier, cleithrum ; Cor., coronoid; DEN., dentary; E.P2., epi- pterygoid=metacoracoid ; Gu., gular; Pr.Arr., prearticular ; S.Cx., supracleithrum; Sp., splenial. The small tooth-bearing bones above the prearticular and dentary are deseribed in the text. called by Stensio supratemporo-extrascapula. For thie present IT shall call them supratemporals. The supratemporal has projecting from its lower surface a ridge which is produced caudally into a descending point and 330 Prof. D. M. 8S. Watson on anteriorly into a lamina which fuses with the prootic. The bone terminates in a transverse suture with the last of the parafrontals at a point behind the middle of the parietal. In front of this spot the parietal is continued out laterally as a thin shell of bone, which in the articulated skull is completely concealed by the two posterior parafrontals. From the lower surface of this part of the parietal a descending process reaches, and in adults fuses with, the prootic. As has long been known, the narrow frontals of Macro- poma are continued forward by a series of small square elements, which seem to be either four or five in number in different individuals. From the lateral borders of the lower surface of these elements and of the frontals thin flanges of bone pass outward below the parafrontals. The parafrontal series of bones begin at sutures with the supratemporals, and continue forward as straight rows lying on the flanges of the parietals, frontals, and preceding bones until they turn inward and meet in the middle bone imme- diately behind the premaxillee. The number of parafrontals in each row is extremely difficult to determine, and appears to be variable in different individuals ; it is of the order of ten. There may be a median paratrontal in the front (Stensio’s inter-rostral), and the second of the paired series (Stensio’s nasalo-antorbital) is always large, although in Macropoma it ‘is never perforated by narial openings. Attached to the lateral margin of this large second para- frontal is a remarkable and very characteristic bone, which can be recognized in Undina. This bone stands nearly vertically on the side of the face. Its anterior border is vertical and no doubt supported the hinder edge of the pre- maxilla. The lower border is produced downwards into a long slender process, which ends freely and perhaps separated the two nasal apertures. Above and caudally to the process the outer surface of the bone is depressed and is smooth, in marked contrast to the extremely rough dorsal part and parafrontals. The hinder end of the suture between this bone and the parafrontal with which it articulates is widened out into a large nearly circular hole, which, as it continues one of the deep grooves on the suborbital, is certainly merely for part of the lateral line apparatus. The suborbital is already well known and _ sufficiently shown in fig. 5. Anteriorly it articulates with two para- the Celacanth Fish. aod frontals and with the undetermined bone described above. Just behind its articulation it is excavated by two deep channels, which plunge down into the bone. The postorbital and other cheek-plates are sufficiently ex- plained by fig. 5. There is, however, in one of my specimens and in B. M. N. H. no, 49834 a small bone covered with “ denticles” like a seale lying below the quadrato-jugal and in front of the lower end of the operculum. Lower Jaw.—The lower jaw has been already well described by Smith Woodward. The long straight prearticular extends forward from the hinder end to the symphysis, where it meets its fellow as a massive rounded bone on the dorsal surface of the jaw. The articular and the postglenoid ossicles have already been described by Smith Woodward, although in my speci- men they are not visibly separated by sutures from the angular. The dentary, splenial=infradentary, and coronoid are also well known. I find, however, that the dentaries do not quite meet at the symphysis ; they are separated by the prearticulars for a space of about 8 mm. in a large skull. The upper surface of the prearticular and dentary for a distance of about 1 cm. from the symphysis is covered by a series of three small bones built up of fused tooth-bases. The anterior of these, at any rate, supports a single larger tusk on its posterior surface. The opercular apparatus and shoulder-girdle are so well known as to require no further description. Shape of Head.—Specimens of Macropoma are in general only very slightly distorted. The height of the skull is fixed very definitely by the pterygoidal apparatus, which extends from the quadrate to the skull-roof. The width of the head can be determined with considerable accuracy, because the gulars obviously, as in Polypterus, fill up the whole space between the rami of the lower jaw. In transverse section each gular is bent round very nearly for a quadrant of a circle ; when placed together in natural position the ventral surface is horizontal, and in section there is a smooth tran- sition into the vertical lateral surface of the angular—in fact, the section between points at about half the height of the angulars is rather accurately semicircular, This fixes the position of the lower jaws, and that of the pterygoids and sides of the face follows directly. The anterior end of Aacropoma so reconstructed is very 332 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on deep and remarkably narrow, differing considerably from the much more usual shape of Wimanea and Alewia. General Discussion of the Celaeanth Skull. Although in general I accept Dr. Stensio’s interpretation of the Coelacanth skull, Tam unable to concur in some of the identifications he makes. A term like supratemporo-extrascapularis implies that there has been an actual fusion of bones, and that we should expect to find that the bone so called develops from two centres. ‘That this is so there is no evidence in the case of any bone which Stensio calls by a name of this type. The evidence on which he relies is simply that the bone in question covers an area which in a more primitive fori is covered by two or more bones. If this mode of interpretation were carried to its logical conclusion, one would have to call the parietal of such a mammal as lemur a parieto-post-fronto-postorbital, because ig occupies an area which in a Gorgonopsid is filled by these three independent bones. It is; however, quite certain from its development that the mammalian parietal is single, and we have series of Anomodont reptiles which show a steady reduction in size of the postfrontal until that bone is repre- seuted by an extremely minute strip partially separating the parietal and postorbital. In reptiles, at any rate, there can be no doubt that the normal way in which the number of membrane-bones in the skull is reduced is not by the fusion of neighbouring bones, but by a gradual reduction in size and final loss of one of them. | It seems to me most probable that this method of loss is that which usually occurs in bony vertebrates, and as a general policy I have always of recent years regarded a bone as single and corresponding to a single bone in an ancestor, unless there is very good direct evidence that it is formed by fusion of two or more bones. That such fusions do sometimes occur is certain ; in this paper I record a fusion taking place quite late in develop- ment between the parietal and supratemporal of Macropoma and the formation of the interparietal in mammals by the fusion of a pair of bones is familiar to everyone. Thus, until he adduces direct evidence that they are formed by fusion, I am unable to accept any of Dr. Stensio’s com- pound names of bones. the Celacanth Fish. aoe The prearticular of Macropoma corresponds exactly to that bone in Megalichthys; in both they form the greater part of the inner surface of the jaw and in both they meet at the symphysis. The dentary of Ccelacanths is undoubtedly correctly determined. The three little tooth-bearing bones which rest on the upper and lingual surfaces of the anterior ends of the pre- articular and dentary are interpreted by Stensio as precoro- noids. This view cannot be accepted; their relation to the bones on which they rest are quite different to those held by the precoronoids in Osteolepids and Tetrapods, and they are much further forward than those bones ever are. They can, it seems to me, be most use/ully interpreted as new formations, formed by the fusion of teeth. They agree with the little tooth-bearing plates which occur on the copula in Macropoma and on the branchial arches in other Ccela- canths, which are certainly neomorphs. The coronoid of Coelacanths is certainly that bone, and the angular, although incapable of certain determination, is one of the three posterior infradentaries. Palate.—The pterygoid of Celacanthus is extremely similar in its relation to the pterygoid of Osteolepids and Labyrintho- dontia, and is determined with certainty. The metapterygoid, certainly an ossification on the palato- quadrate cartilage, is analogous and probably homologous with the metapterygoid. It agrees closely with one of the continuous series of ossification which occurs in the cartilage in Osteolepids and rather strikingly with the epipterygoid of an Kmbolomeious Labyrinthodont which I am describing shortly. There can be no doubt that the bay in its upper edge trans- mitted the maxillary and mandibular divisions of the fifth nerve, and that the ophthalmicus profundus passed out in front of it. These relations, considered in connection with the absence of any direct contact with the sphenoid, show that the so-called basiptery goid is not necessarily that process. The palatine is considered by Stensio as an autopalatine— a substitution-bone ; this view is founded presumably on the fact that it does not support teeth directly. In Macropoma, however, it has not the appearance of a cartilage-bone, and the fact that the teeth are attached to aseparate element does not provide conclusive evidence, because this bone is identical in type with the tooth-bearing bones of the front of the lower 334 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on jaw and visceral arches, which we have seen to be neomorphs without morphological importance, At the same time, I think it probable that we have in Macropoma the beginning of the process which results in Teleosts in the production of an auto- and a dermo-palatine: all I wish to make clear is that the palatine of Ceelacanths is not to be regarded as an original ossification in the palato-quadrate cartilage. The so-called pre-ethmoid of Ceelacanths resembles in structure the palatine, with which it articulates, and, like that bone, supports a tooth-plate. In position on the palate and in the associated teeth it recalls the prevomer of an Osteolepid. I am extremely doubtful of its being an ossification on the nasal capsule, and prefer to regard ib as a prevomer, fully recognizing that it is very unusual in passing on to the dorsal surface of the parasphenoid, in extending so far dorsally over the side of the olfactory capsule, and in its perforation by a foramen. The ectopterygoid is identified without difficulty. The accurate determination of the homologies of the dermal bones of the outer surface of the head in Ceelacanths seems to me at presentimpossible. Only in Osteolepis, Megalichthys, Eusthenopteron, and Dictyonosteus is the structure of the snout known at all. In Osteolepis and Megalichthys, where I have been able to examine considerable numbers of good specimens, the number and arrangement of the bones in tlie anterior region of the skull vary enormously ; in the latter genus especially they are seldom symmetrical, and I prefer not to attach independent names to them. The skull of Husthenopteron represented in Stensio’s fig. 57 differs very greatly from Bryant’s restoration, which is Bonne out by his photographic plates, and in the passage of the supratemporal cross-commissure of the lateral line apparatus over the tabulare and interparietal differs from all Osteotepid skulls I have ever examined. Mucropoma clearly presents a multiplication of dermal bones, and is not a favourable subject for study ; but I think it probable that the peculiar bone with a downwardly directed process and the second paired parafrontal are separated parts of Stepsio’s nasalo-antorbital, and that the process separated the two narial apertures. One of the most striking characters of the Coelacanth skull is the hinge between the parietals and frontals, which is in Macropoma coutinued outwards between bones of the para- frontal series. This hinge is exactly similar to that which occurs in an the Celacanth Fish. 335 identical position in all Osteolepids, and by itself goes far to establish a derivation of the Coelacanths from that group. In a paper now ready for publication I have pointed out that the long unossified region which separates the basi- sphenoid and basioccipital of Osteolepids, as shown in Bryant’s description of Husthenopteron, is functionally connected with the hinge in the dorsal roof of the head. The neural cranium of Ccelacanths is very difficult to interpret. Dr. Stensio is, of course, perfectly correct in his interpretation of the “sphenoid.” It is probable that the most dorsal foramen passing through that bone is for the opthalmicus profundus, and that the lower and most anterior of these transmitted the third or sixth nerve. The remaining foramen may have transmitted the trochlearius. I am very doubtful of Stensio’s interpretation of the space between the basisphenoid and parasphenoid as a myodome. In Macropoma the basisphenoid fades away gradually until it is represented only by bony spicules. In different indi- viduals there is some evidence that there is a progressive growth of bone into this region, and the conclusion seems obvious that it was in life occupied by cartilage which failed to ossify. The basisphenoids of Macropoma, Wimania, and Avelia are much less completely ossified than those of the Coal Measure and Upper Permian Coelacanths. In these forms the hinder surface of the basisphenoid is formed by a large, nearly circular, concave condyle, extended laterally and upward by small additional faces ; it is entirely identical with that of Megalichthys. In these forms it is most probable that the lower surface of the basisphenoid is in direct contact with the parasphenoid. In any case, the position of this hole is not that of the Palzoniseid myodome which lies dorsal to the basipterygoid process and lateral of the body of the basisphenoid. The large bone called by Stensio the prootico-opisthotic ecrresponds most accurately with the prootic in Eustheno- pteron (Bryant, 1919). The two bones agree in articulating with the lateral borders of the basioccipital, and stretching forward in front of that bone along the sides of the ereat unossified tract of the basis cranii. In Osteolepids they do not reach the basisphenoid as they do in Ccelacauths. In both forms there are anterior and posterior flanges trom the skull-roof which meet or nearly meet the upper ‘edge of the prootic. The two bones differ, however, in the “nconedin Lusthenopteron ot the pocket w hich occupies the hinder part ot the side of the Ceelacanth prootic. The function of this 336 On the Celacanth Fish. pocket is not clear to me, but it may have surrounded the labyrinth, the outer side of the otic capsule having been unossified. Another important difference is that whilst a foramen for the seventh nerve passes through the prootic in Hustheno- pteron, that of Coelacanths is imperforate. These comparisons show that Dr. Stensio is correct in finding the points of exit of the seventh and fifth nerve between the sphenoid and prootic. Consideration of the position of the metapterygoid shows that he is probably also correct in placing the latter nerve very high up. Of the other three elements of the brain-case, one—the supraoccipital—is homologous with the ossified supraoccipital region of J/egalichthys. ‘The large posterior paired element agrees closely with the exoccipital of Husthenopteron, the foramina piercing it being for two occipital nerves—that is, essentially for a hypoglossus. The remaining element may probably be an opisthotic. Thus a fuller knowledge confirms the close similarity between the neural crania of Osteolepids and Ccelacanths which Dr. Stensio has shown to exist. The curious unossified region of the basis cranii and the hinge in the dorsal surface which is funetionally connected with it are not known in any early bony vertebrates except these forms; they are specializations which are specific to the Osteolepids, and were developed in those fish atter their separation from the Amphibian, Dipnoan, and Actinopterygian stocks. The occurrence of these features in a typical form in Ceela- canths seems, in my eyes, almost conclusive evidence of a descent from Osteolepids. Such descent allows us to draw most important conclusions as to the kinds of structures which may be found in fish derived from the Osteolepids. As Stensio has pointed out, we have in Ceelacanths a complete loss of the hyomandibular as a supporting element of the Jaw. ‘This loss is an exact parallel to that which has occurred in Tetrapods and Dipnoi. We have a separation of the teeth from the bones to which they were formerly attached and their fusion into independent ossicles, which is exactly parallel to that which occurs in many Actinopterygians (e. g., Amia). 3 We have a great reduction or loss of the external tooth- su} porting bones analogous to that of Dipnoi aud certain Urodeles. This comparison lends additional support to the view, so On the Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. oom much used by Dr. A. S. Woodward, that in evolution the dermal fin-rays become correlated with the endoskeletal fin- supports. Finally, as all Osteolepids have an archipterygial fin, with only a single element articulating with the pectoral girdle, we have to take into consideration the somewhat Teleost-like skeleton of the pectoral fin found in Celacanthus according to Wellburn and in an undetermined Ccelacanth described by Smith Woodward. The whole literature is listed and discussed in E. A. Stensio, ‘Triassic Fishes from Spitzbergen’ (Adolf. Holzhausen, Vienna, 1921). I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. G. E. Dibley for the loan of specimens, two of which proved invaluable in my studies. XXX.—On the Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. By MEeELLo- Lerrao, M.D., Fellow of the Brazilian Society of Sciences. THE genus Lasiodora, C. Koch, is essentially neotropical, and all its species but one (L. wezjenberght, Thorell, from Argen- tina) are found in the Brazilian fauna. I have seen in the collection of the Natural History Museums of 5. Paulo and Rio de Janeiro specimens of all the Brazilian species. Lastodora differs from all the other Lasiodorese, Simon, in having a stridulating-organ similar to that of Grammostola ; but in Lasiodora the stridulating bristles are much less numerous, and those on coxa i. are situated only upon the suture. ‘lhe characters of this stridulating-organ distinguish the species, the number and disposition of the stridulating bristles being variable. I give the following table of Bra- zilian species :— A. Falces,with a rose-thorn-like spur in the OMLODNAL SUMACE lasts cpeas ce ge wie ees acanthognatha, sp. n. AA. Falces without external spur. B. Stridulating-organ with only threelarge bristles upon the suture on coxai. .. dulcicola, sp. n. BB. Stridulating-organ with more than seven bristles upon the suture on coxa 1. C, Stridulating-organ with some short stout spines on the anterior side of coxa i, amongst the stridulating bristles (median anterior eyes larger than laterals). Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 22 338 Dr. Mello-Leit&o on the D, Anterior lateral eyes larger than posteriors. E. Inner surface of the tibie of palps with eleven spines iu three longitudinal species .... EE. Inner surtace of the tibie of palps with 2-8 spines........ DD. Posterior lateral eyes as large as the anteriors. E. Stridulating-organ consisting of seven large distally duller bristles; patella and tibia i. as TONGS BY. \-« steve oceutislooetect ie EE, Striduiating-organ consistin of more than twelve incrassate distally pink bristles; patella and tibia i. longer than iv..... CC. No spines amongst the stridulating bristles on coxa i. D. Posterior legs four times longer than the carapace; patella and tibia i. or iv. longer than the F. Posterior medians much smaller than anterior me- dians ; twelve large plumose stridulating bristles upon the suture on coxa i. large as anterior medians. G. Stridulating- organ —_con- sisting of eight incrassate but apically attenuate bristles on coxai. upon the on coxa i. upon the suture. DD. Posterior legs less than four times longer than the carapace, which is longer than or as long as patella and tibia iv. Ki. Anterior median eyes distinctly larger than laterals (stridu- lating-organ consisting of very many plumose bristles) ...... MAMANNE, 8p. . citharacantha, sp. 0. eryptostigma, sp. 0. Sracta, sp. n. subcanens, sp. n. klugw (Koch), difficilis, sp. n. striatipes (Ausserer). curtior, Chamberlin. erythrocythara, sp. n. * deavOa, thorn, yvados, apophysis of the falces. Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. EK. Anterior eyes equal or the medians smaller than laterals. F. Cephalothorax distinctly shorter than patella and tibia i. G, Cephalothorax slightly longer than patella and tibia iv.; eyes of the an- terior row subequal, sepa- rated from each other by less than one diameter Cepbalothorax as long as patella and tibia iv.; an- terior median eyes much smaller than laterals and GG. about two diameters apart. H. Sternum about as wide astlonorn. paca Meryronics HH. Sternum much longer than wide (9°56 mm.). FF. Cephalothorax as long as or slightly longer than patella and tibia i. G. Posterior lateral eyes about as large as anterior laterals. GG, Anterior lateral eyes dis- tinctly larger than poste- rior laterals. H. Stridulating-organ con- sisting of ten plumose bristles, disposed in three vertical files, touching the suture on coxa i. consisting of seven bristles, in a single file, separated from the suture by a bare longi- tudinal band 339 differens, Chamb., pleoplectra, sp. n. dolichosterna, sp. n. parahybana, Mello-Leitao. spinipes (Ausserer), itabune, sp. n. 1. Lasiodora acanthognatha*, sp. n. ? .—45 mm. ; ceph. 19x17 mm.; legs 63-58-56-68 mm. ; patella+ tibia 1, 23 mm., iv. 22 mm, Carapace, falees, and legs brown-olive, the carapace with some short golden hairs in the cephalic area ; falces and legs with long, distally slight, rosy bristles, sternum and coxe Abdomen more velvety black above, with fine, long, orange bristles. jaw —an allusion to the thorn-like 22% 340 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the Carapace low, longer than wide, shorter than patella and tibia i. or iv., slightly longer than protarsus iv. ; fovea deep, transverse. yes of the anterior row strongly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being a little behind the centre of the laterals, the medians being the smaller, more than a diameter apart and separated from the laterals by about a diameter; posterior medians about as large as the anterior medians, not very widely separated from them, closer to posterior laterals, which are smaller than the anterior laterals and separated from them by a space which is quite equal to half a diameter of the latter. Falces with a thorn-like spur on the apical third of the external surface; fang-groove with eleven teeth on inner margin, the basal one granuliform. Posterior sternal sigillee separated from the margin by less than their long diameter. Protarsus 1. and ii. scopulated almost to base ; protarsal scopula iil. covering 4, with two basal spines; iv. covering about }—elsewhere strongly spined. Tibia 1. with two short apical spines ; 11. with three apical and one inferior spines ; iil, with four apical, two inferior, and 1-1 anterior; iv. with two apical, 1-1 inferior, aud 2—1 posterior spines. Hab. 8. Paulo. ‘Type in my own collection. 2. Lasiodora dulcicola*, sp. n. 2 .—48 mm.; ceph. 22°5 x 21'5 mm. ; legs 66-62-60-73 mm. ; patella+tibia 1. 24°5, iv. 23°5 mm, Carapace, chelw, legs, sternum, and Jabrum mahogany- brown; coxe of the pedipalps slightly paler. Legs with abundant sulphur-yellow bristles. Coxe of pedipalps and margins of fang-groove with more yellowish and_ paler bristles than usual. Abdomen narrower than carapace, velvety black, with large light yellow bristles. Carapace almost as wide as long, shorter than patella and tibia 1. or iv. ; fovea deep, transverse. Eyes of the anterior row strongly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being a little behind the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly spaced, the medians being much the smaller and separated from each other by a space which equals their diameter ; posterior medians about as large as the anterior medians, not very widely separated from them, closer to posterior laterals, which are smaller than the anterior laterals and separated * Named after its habitat, the Doce River. Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. 341 from them by a space which is quite equal to the long diameter of the latter. Fang-groove with eleven teeth on inner margin, nearly evenly spaced. Stridulating-organ consisting of only three large, simple, incrassate, but apically attenuate bristles upon the suture on coxa i. Protarsal scopula of 1. and il. covering the segment almost to base, ill. covering 4, and iv. tied up at apex. Hab. Rio Doce (Espirito Santo). Coll. KE. Garbe. Type in the S. Paulo Museum (no. 142). 3. Lasiodora marianne *, sp. n. $.—55 mm.; ceph. 23 x 20mm.; legs 75-71-65-82 mm. ; patella+ tibia 1. 25 mm., iv. 28 mm.; protarsus iv. 23 mm. The whole spider piteh-black ; the legs and abdomen with large black-fulvous bristles. Sternum and cox dark rusty brown. Coxe and margins of fang-groove with fiery-red bristles. Carapace longer than wide, shorter than patella and tibiai. or iv., as long as protarsus iv.; fovea deep, right transverse. Eyes of the anterior row procurved, the anterior edges of the medians being on a level with the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly spaced, the medians being much the smaller, separated from each other by about two diameters ; posterior medians much smaller than the anterior medians, close to posterior laterals, which are smaller than the anterior laterals and separated from them by less than the long diameter of the latter. Fang-groove with twelve teeth (4+5+1+1+1) on inner margin—six large and six very small. Stridulating-organ consisting of large plumose bristles, with short stout spines among them, but without clavate bristles intermingled. _ Spurs of tibia i. well developed, the upper stout, straight, cylindrical, blunt, and bearing a long sinuous spine on its underside ; the lower crescently cylindrical, curved at the apical third ; protarsusi. distinctly bowed at its proximal end. Protarsus 1. and il. scopulated almost to base. ‘Tibive of pedipalps with eleven spines, disposed in three longitudinal series, on the inner surface. * Named after its habitat—Marianna, a town in Minas Geraes, 342 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the ? .—55 mm.; ceph. 22x 20 mm.; legs 60-53-44-64 mm. ; patella + tibia 1. 22 mm., iv. 21 mm. Colour, eye-disposition, and stridulating-organ as in the male. Carapace as long as patella and tibia i. and slightly longer than patella and tibia iv. Legs shorter and stronger. Pro- tarsus 1. terete, shorter than tibia. Hab. Marianna (Minas Geraes). Coll. Dr. Godoy. Type in the S. Paulo Museum (no. 151). 4. Lasiodora citharacantha*, sp. n. 2? .—57 mm. ; ceph. 21x19 mm.; legs 67-62-57-72 mm. ; patella + tibia i, 24 mm., iv. 22°5 mm. Integument of the carapace brown-red, with blackish dusky clothing of short hairs ; faleces and legs mahogany-brown, with abundant curly brick-red bristles. Abdomen velvety black, with very abundant long pink bristles. Sternum and coxe mahogany-brown. Cephalothorax longer than wide, shorter than patella and tibia i. or iv. Eyes of the anterior row strongly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being a little behind the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly spaced, the medians being the smaller, separated from each other by a space which equals their diameter ; posterior medians not much smaller than the anterior medians, closer to the posterior laterals, which are smaller than the anterior laterals, and separated from them by a space which surpasses the long diameter of the latter. 7 Stridulating-organ consisting of seven plumose bristles, disposed in two longitudinal series, and of five proximal spines beneath them. Protarsal scopula i. and ii. covering the segment almost to base ; ill. covering 3, with one spine at its base; iv. covering about 4}—elsewhere strongly spined. Tibia i. with 1 apical spine ; 11. with 3 apical ; ui. with 2 apical, 2 infe- rior, 1-1-1 anterior and 1-1-1 posterior; iv. with 2 apical, 1-2 inferior, 1-1 anterior, and 1-1-1 posterior spines. Hab. 8. Paulo. ‘l'ype in my own collection. 5. Lasiodora cryptostigma, sp. n. ? .—63 mm.; ceph. 24x 22 mm. ; legs 68-62-60-73 mm. ; patella + tibia 1. 24 mm., iv. 24 mm. The whole spider dusky black ; the large bristles of the * apa, lute; akav@a, spine. Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. 343 falces and the legs with yellow-brown ; those of the abdomen brick-red. Sternum, coxze of the legs, and the abdomen below chestnut-black. Carapace longer than wide, as long as patella and tibia i. or iv.; fovea deep, transverse. Eyes of the anterior row slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being a little before the centre of the laterals, the medians being the smaller, nearly a diameter apart, and separated from the laterals by more than 14 diameter ; posterior medians about as large as the anterior medians, close to the posterior laterals, which are about as large as the anterior laterals and separated from them by a space which is quite equal to the long diameter of the latter. Fang-groove with fourteen teeth on the inner margin, the distal three close to the fang-base. Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of seven large plumose bristles upon the suture, intermixed with five spines irregularly disposed. Sternum slightly longer than wide, with little, almost obsolete, submarginal posterior sigille. Protarsus i. and ii. scopulated nearly to base; ill, on 2; and iv. with little distal scopula. ‘Tibia i. with 2 apical spines; ii. with 2 apical, 1 inferior, and 1-1 anterior ; 111, with 4 apieal, 2-2 inferior, 1-1 anterior, and 1-1 posterior ; iv. with 2-2-1 anterior, 2-2—2-2-2 inferior, and 1-1-1-2-1 posterior spines. Hab. 8S. Paulo. Type in my own collection. 6. Lastodora fracta *, sp. n. 2? .—55 mm. ; ceph. 24 x 22 mm.; legs 70-65-62-78 mm. ; patella + tibia i. 25 mm., iv. 24 mm. The whole spider dusky black, with the large bristles of the falces, legs, and abdomen dark brown. ‘The bristles of the coxe of pedipalps and margins of the fang-groove fiery red. Cephalothorax longer than wide, shorter than patella and tibia 1., as long as patella and tibia iv. Eyes of the anterior row slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being a little before the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly spaced, the medians being the smaller, separated from each other by a space which equals their diameter; posterior medians much smaller than the anterior medians, but not very widely separated from them, closer to posterior laterals, which are about as large as the anterior laterals and separated * Broken, 344 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the from them by a space which is quite equal to the long diameter of the latter. Posterior sternal sigillze conspicuous, submarginal. Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of more than twelve plumose bristles, with pink tips, and of four spines beneath. Protarsus i. and ii. scopulated nearly to base; iil. at apical 2; iv. only at apex. Tibia i. with 1 apical spine ; ii. with 2 apical, 1 inferior and 1 posterior ; iii. with 2 apical, 2 inferior, 1-1—1 anterior, and 1-1 posterior ; iv. with many apical, 1-2 inferior, 1-1 anterior, and 1-1-1 posterior spines. Hab. Bahia. Coll. Dr. Olympio da Fonseca Filho. Type in my own collection. 7. Lasiodora subcanens*, sp. n. fg .—55 mm.; ceph. 24x 23 mm.; legs 92-93-85-99 mm. ; patella + tibia i. 33 mm., iv. 32 mm, ; protarsus iv. 27 mm. Integument of the carapace dark red, with a mouse- greyish clothing of short hairs; falees with large greyish bristles. Sternum and coxe fulvous blackish. Coxe of pedipalps and margins of fang-groove with fiery-red bristles. Abdomen below wholly black. Legs with very abundant and very large bristles with dark chestnut-brown bases and pale greyish tips, and with pale lines of short hairs. Abdomen dusky black, with large bristles, dark chestnut- brown below and fulvous testaceous at the tips. Cephalothorax about as wide as long, much shorter than patella and tibia i. or iv. and than protarsus iv. Ocular tubercle very high, much wider than long. Eyes of the anterior row strongly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being a little behind the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly spaced, and a little unequal in size, the medians being the larger, and separated from each other by a space which equals their diameter; posterior medians almost as large as the posterior laterals and nearly evenly separated from them and from the anterior medians ; posterior laterals as large as the anterior laterals, less than a long diameter apart. Stridulating-organ consisting of eight or nine plumose bristles, disposed on coxa i. in two transverse series, without spines and without bacilliform bristles. Protarsal scopuleze of soft mouse-grey hairs; i. and ii. covering the segment nearly to base ; ill. covering 3, with * Of greyish hairs, Genus L siodora, C. Koch. 345 three spines at its baso; iv. covering about $—elsewhere strongly spined. Spurs of tibia i. well developed, the upper stout, straight, cylindrical, blunt, and bearing three long sinuous spines obliquely rangel on its underside; the lower crescently cylindrical, slightly curved to the inner border. Hab. Rio Doce (Espirito Santo). Coll. E. Garbe. Type in the 8S. Paulo Museum (no. 132). 8. Lasiodora klugit (Koch). Mygale klugit, C. Koch, 1842, Die Arachniden, vol. ix. p, 25, pl. eexev. fio. 708. Lastodora klugiit, C. Koch, 1850, Uebersicht d. Arach. Syst. vol. v. p. 72. Lasiodora klugii, Ausserer, 1871, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. xxi. p- 209, Lasiodora klugii, Simon, 1892, Hist. Nat. Ar. vol. i. p. 161. Lasiodora klugit, Pocock, 1901, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. viii. p. 544. Lasiodora klugit, Strand, 1907, Jahres. Vereins vaterl. Naturk. Wiirtt- emberg, vol. Ixiii. p. 54. Lasiodora bahiensis, Strand, 1907, id. ibid. p. 57. Lasiodora klugu, Petrunkevitch, 1911, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol, xxix. Lastodora klugw, Strand, 1912, Wiesbaden Jahrb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. p. 175. Hab. Bahia, where it is the most common Aviculariid. I have seen some typical specimens, and I believe Lastodora bahiensis, Strand, to be synonymous with Lasiodora klugii (C. Koch). 9. Lastodora dificilis *, sp. n. 3 .—57 mm.; ceph. 25 x 25 mm.; legs 92-88-81-100 mm.; patella+ tibia i. 31 mm., iv. 31 mm.; protarsus iv. 27°5 mm. Integument of the carapace dark red, with a blackish-grey clothing of short hairs, and with large marginal red hairs ; falces dusky black, with yellowish bristles ; legs dusky black, with very abundant large ochraceous bristles ; sternum and coxe dusky brown. Abdomen with such abundant fiery-red biistles as almost to conceal its velvety-black clothing. Carapace as wide as long, much shorter than patella and tibia i. or iv. and than protarsus iv. LKEyes of the anterior rew very slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being much before the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly spaced, the medians being much the smaller and separated from each other by a space which surpasses their diameter ; * Hard, difficult, 346 Dr. Mello-Leit3o on the posterior medians much smaller than the anterior medians, but not very widely separated from them, closer to posterior laterals, which are much smaller than the anterior laterals and separated from them by a space which is quite equal to the long diameter of the latter. Fang-groove with ten teeth on inner margin. Posterior sternal sigillae very conspicuous, submarginal. Stridulating-organ consisting of twelve large plumose bristles on the suture, on coxa i., and no spines or clavi- form bristles. The soft hairs of the scopula are basally pale and distally black ; protarsal scopula i. and ii. covering the segment nearly to base; ili. covering 3, with two spines at its base; iv. covering about 1—elsewhere strongly spined. Spurs of tibia i. well developed, the upper straight, blunt, bearing three sinuous spines on its underside; the lower erescently cylindrical, curved, blunt. ? .—60 mm. ; ceph. 25 x 24 mm.; legs 75-67-65-80 mm. ; patella + tibia 1. 25 mm., iv. 25 mm. Colour as in male. Carapace slightly longer than wide, as long as patella and tibia i. or iv. The anterior row of eyes a little more procurved. Stridulating bristles as in male. Hab. 8. Paulo. Coll. Mr. Cleophas. Type in the 8. Paulo Museum (no. 139). 10. Lasiodora striatipes (Ausserer). Eurypelma striatipes, Ausserer, 187], Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. xx. p. 212, pl. i. figs. 15, 16. Lastodora striatipes, Ausserer, 1875, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. xxv. p. 190. Lasiodora striatipes, Simon, 1892, Hist. Nat. Ar. vol. i. p. 161. Hab. Ausserer only gives Brazil as habitat. I have seen, in the collections of the S. Paulo Museum, specimens from S. Paulo and Bahia. 11. Lastodora curtior, Chamberlin. Lasiodora curtior, Chamberlin, 1917, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. vol. lxi. p. 58, pl. iv. tigs. 6, 7. Hab. Rio de Janeiro. The type has been described by Chamberlin from Vas- souras. IL have seen, in the collections of the National Museum, an adult female from the neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro. Genus Lasiodora, C, Koch. 347 12. Lastodora erythrocythara*, sp, n. ? .—72mm.; ceph. 27°5 x 25mm.; legs 76-70-65-82 mm. ; patella + tibia 1. 25 min., iv. 25 mm. Carapace fulvous-black. Falces and legs of the same colour, with large yellowish-brown bristles ; the legs with pale longitudinal bands on the upper surface. Carapace with an edge of long yellowish hairs. Abdomen velvety black, with long orange bristles. Carapace longer than wide, longer than patella and tibia i. or iv. ; fovea deep, distinctly recurved. Eyes of the anterior row very slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being before the centre of the laterals, the medians much the larger, less than a diameter apart, and separated from the laterals by a space which equals their diameter ; poste- rior medians not much smaller than the anterior medians, nearly at the same distance from them and from the posterior laterals, which are a little larger than the anterior laterals and separated from them by about half a diameter. Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of a great many simple, incrassate, but apically attenuate red bristles in several series, witlout basal spines, upon the suture. Protarsal scopula i. and ii. covering the segment nearly to base; ill. covering 3 segment, with three spines at its base; iv. covering about }—elsewhere strongly spined. All the tibize poorly spined. Hab. 8. Paulo. Type in the National Museum. 13. Lasiodora differens, Chamberlin. Lasiodvra differens, Chamberlin, 1917, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. vol. lxi. p. 56, pl. iv. figs. 4, 5. Hab, Lagéa Santa (Estado de Minas Geraes). 14. Lasiodora pleoplectra TF, sp. n. ? .—68 mm.; ceph. 26 x 24 mm.; legs 70-65-60-75 mm. ; patella + tibia i. 25 mm., iv. 24 mm. Integument of the carapace dark violet, with a dusky blackish clothing of short hairs and with an edge of long brown hairs ; legs dusky blackish, with longitudinal, dorsal, bare, dark fulvous bands and long brown bristles. Abdomen * épvOpds, red; «Odpa, lute. + mews, very many; 7Ane«rpor, the little staff for striking the strings of the lyre—in allusion to the numerous bristles of the stridulating-organ, 348 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the velvety black, with long pink bristles. Sternum and coxze dark chestnut-brown ; falces greyish. Carapace longer than wide, slightly longer than patella and tibia i. or tv; fovea deep, recurved. Ocular tubercle very high, twice as wide as long. Hyes of the anterior row distinctly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians at the level of the centre of the laterals, the medians much the smaller, separated from each other by a space whieh equals 15 diameter, and separated about two diameters from the laterals; pesterior medians not much smaller than the anterior medians, and not very widely separated from them, closer to posterior laterals, which are much smaller than the anterior laterals and separated from them by a space which is not quite equal to the long diameter of the latter. Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of very many short plumose bristles, forming a triangular pad upon the suture, almost touching the distal end. Sternum almost as wide as long, with conspicuous sub- marginal sigille. Protarsal scopula disposed as in Lastodora erythrocythara, mihi. Tibia i. with 1 apical spine; ii. with 3 apical, 1 lower, and 1 inner; iii. with 3 apical, 1 lower, 2-2-2 inner, and 1-1-1 outer spines ; iv. strongly spined. Hab. 8. Paulo. ‘ype in my own collection. 15. Lasiodora dolichosterna, sp. n. 2 .—60mm.; ceph. 22°5 x 21 mm.; legs 70-65-61-76mm.; patella+ tibia i. 25 mm., iv. 22°5 mm. Integument of the carapace mahogany-brown, with close clothing of short dusky hairs. Legs dark chestnut-brown, with long pale brownis bristles. Abdomen velvety black, with abundant long brick-red bristles ; underside fulvous- black. Cephalothorax longer than wide, as long as patella and tibia iv., much shorter than patella and tibia i.; fovea deep, strongly recurved. Ocular tubercle very high, almost twice as wide as long. Eyes of the anterior row very strongly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being much behind the centre of the laterals, separated from each other by a space which surpasses their diameter, and from the laterals by about two diameters ; posterior medians about as large as the anterior medians, nearly at the same distance from them and from the posterior laterals, which are much smaller than the anterior laterals and separated from them by Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. 349 a space which is quite equal to half the long diameter of the latter. Sternum narrower than in some other species, much longer than wide (9°2x 6°5 mm.), with small submarginal posterior sigillee. Stridulating-organ similar to the preceding species. Fang- groove with thirteen teeth on inner margin. Protarsal scopule and spinulation of the tibiz as in preceding species. Hab. S. Paulo. Type in my own collection. 16. Lastodora spinipes, Ausserer. Lasiodora spinipes, Ausserer, 1871, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges, Wien, vol. xxi. p- 209. Lasiodora spinipes, Simon, 1892, Hist. Nat. Ar. vol. i. p. 161. Hab. 8. Paulo (8. Paulo Museum) and Santa Catharina (National Museum), 17. Lasiodora parahybana, Mello-Leitio. Lasiodora parahybana, Mello-Leitao, 1917, Broteria, Serie Zoologica, vol, xv. p. 75. The stridulating-organ on coxa 1. consists of very many plumose bristles, disposed in three transverse series, with some intermixed clavate bristles. Hab. Campina Grande (Paralhyba do Norte). 18. Lastodora itabune*, sp. n. ? .—75 mm.; ceph. 29 x 27°5mm.; legs 83-75-75-89 mm.; patella+ tibia 1, 29 mm., iv. 27 mm. Integument of carapace blackish violet. A close black clothing of short hairs covering the body and limbs ; the legs with long brownish setee and bare dorsal longitudinal bands of a reddish-violet hue. Abdomen with no abundant long fulvous bristles. Coxe of pedipalps and margins of fang- groove with vinous-reddish bristles. Cephalothorax longer than wide, as long as patella and tibia i. and longer than patella and tibia iv.; fovea deep, wide, slightly recurved. Ocular tubercle very high, nearly as long as wide. Jyes of anterior rows procurved, the ante- rior edge of the medians being much slighter before the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly spaced and a little unequal in size, the medians the smaller, separated from each other by a space equal to their diameter ; posterior medians * Named after its habitat—Itabuna, a little town in Bahia State, 350 On the Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. much smaller than the anterior medians, close to the posterior laterals, which are distinctly smaller than the anterior laterals and separated from them by a space which is quite equal to the long diameter of the latter. Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of seven simple incrassate but apically attenuate plumose bristles, disposed in a single series and separated from the suture by a bare band. Protarsal scopula of i. and ii. covering the segment nearly to base, il. covering 4, and iv. only the tip. Fang-groove with eleven teeth on inner margin. Hab. Itabuna (Bahia). Coll. E. Garbe. Type in the 8. Paulo Museum. There are twelve other large spiders described under the genus Lastodora, and belonging respectively to :— GRAMMOSTOLA, Simon. Lasiodora rosea, C. Koch,= Grammostola spatulata, F. Cam- bridge. Homa@omma, Ausserer. Lasiodora versicolor, C. Koeh,= Homeomma stradlingi, O. Jambridge. PAMPHOBETEUS, Pocock. Lasiodora augustt, Simon, = Pamphobeteus augusti (Simon), Pocock. benedent, Bertkau,= Pamphobeteus benedeni (Bertkau), Mello-Leiti&o. ferox, Ausserer, = Pamphobeteus ferox (Ausserer), Pocock. fortis, Ausserer, = Pamphobeteus fortis (Ausserer) , Pocock. —— nigricolor, Ausserer,= Pamphobeteus nigricolor (Aus- serer), Pocock. vespertina, Simon, = Pamphobeteus vespertinus (Simon), Pocock. MEGAPHOBEMA, Pocock. Lasiodora robusta, Ausserer, = Megaphobema robusta (Auss.), Pocock. XENESTHIS, Simon. Lasiodora immanis, Ausserer,= Xenesthis immanis (Auss.), Pocock. PHORMICTOPUS, Pocock. Lasiodora cauta, Ausserer,=Phormictopus cautus (Auss.), Pocock. On some Japanese Cephalopods. 351 XXXI.—WNotes on some Japanese Cephalopods.—A Review of Sasaki’s ‘Albatross’ Report*. By 8. STILLMAN Berry, Redlands, California. THE important collection of Cephalopods obtained by the ‘ Albatross’ in the North-western Pacific in 1906, originally in the hands of Prof. 8S. Watasé for study, was by him turned over to Prof. Sasaki, from whose pen now comes the present welcome paper. Although the unfortunate brevity of many sections would not ordinarily so indicate, this evidently constitutes the long- awaited final report on the collection. The author is under- stood to be engaged upon a monographic survey of the cephalopods of Japan, in course of which it is but fair to suppose that he intends to elucidate the characters of the species concerned in much greater detail. Be that as it may, the forty and odd pages of the ‘ Albatross’ report record a collection of sixty species (an astounding number of these animals for so narrowly delimited a region, and one which could probably be duplicated by similar expenditure of time and energy nowhere else in the world, unless in some of the little-known areas of the South Pacific), apportionable among twenty-nine genera. Of these no less than eighteen species, two subspecies or varieties, and two genera are described as new. Watasella, the first of the new genera, is based upon an extraordinary cirroteuthid, in which a “ tubular pouch,” enclosing a curious filamentous organ, “exists between the first and second arms on either side, running radially through the umbrella, and opening externally on the umbrella edge.” Although the significance of such an arrangement can hardly be guessed at from the scanty information given, it seems to the reviewer that the creation of a new family principally on this basis, as Sasaki seems to have done, is possibly prema- ture. The conservative and more fundamental features of the Cirroteuthoidea are so much more impressive than their divergencies that there is certainly ground for the feeling that their relationships are better expressed by the inclusion of all within the confines of a single family than by the sepa- ration into two or more families on the ground of purely adaptive characters, such as the presence or absence of an odontophore, the width of the pallial aperture, the compression of the body, and so on, as has been attempted in various * “ Report on Cephalopods collected during 1906 by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer ‘ Albatross’ in the North-western Pacific.” By Madoka Sasaki. (Proceedings United States National Museum, vol. 57, pp. 168-205, pls. 23-26, 1920.) 352 On some Japanese Cephalopods. ways by Thiele, Grimpe, and other recent German writers. Further investigation of the filamentiferous pouches of Watasella, its skeletal features, and buccal organs, will be awaited with interest. There seems indeed no vanguard to the procession of astonishing novelties being continuously brought to light from the Japanese fauna. ‘T'he second new genus, Gonatopsis, is likewise somewhat of a puzzle. Its most extraordinary peculiarity, and that which has suggested the name of its type-species, octopedatus, is dismissed with a curt two words, “ Tentacles absent.” But the same condition has been described so frequently in the history of cephalopod taxonomy that one may be pardoned a little healthy scepticism until more conclusive evidence can be brought forward to show that this loss is not the result of accident or otherwise a secondary or ontogenetic circumstance. Chunella is proposed as a new generic name for Bolitena diaphana (Hoyle), Chun, on the suggested rather than proven ground that the typical Bolitena of Steenstrup is related to Alloposus rather than to Hledonella, as maintained by Chun. This is an interesting view, and should be in- quired into further by someone in a position satisfactorily to settle the point raised, but the argument advanced requires much elaboration to be altogether convincing, A great preponderance of the new forms described (12 out of 20) are members of the genus Polypus. It is impossible at present to give any rational discussion of the probable relationships of these, but attention should be called to the fact that two of the new names proposed are unfortunately preempted for use elsewhere. As Prof. Sasaki has most courteously expressed a wish that the present reviewer rechristen them, the name Polypus hokkaidensis is here proposed for Polypus glaber, Sasaki, 1920, not P. glaber, “ Riippell,” Wiilker, 1920 (prior publication), and the name Polypus madokai* for P. pustulosus, Sasaki, 1920, not Octopus pustulosus, “ Peron,” Blainville, 1826. An interesting feature of the paper is the discovery in Japanese waters of the genus Sewurgus, hitherto known only from the Hawaiian Islands and the Mediterranean. In view of the several discrepancies noted by Sasaki,-its specific identity with the Hawaiian form is probably not certain. It is worth noting that by all odds the most abundant species in the collection, represented by about 100 specimens, was Rossia pacifica. * Named in honour of Prof. Sasaki in recognition of his work as a student of Japanese Cephalopoda, as well as in some degree to acknow- ledge the recent receipt of several signal courtesies from his hands. On South-African Species of Melyris, Fabr. 353 XXXII.— Further Notes on various South-African Species of Melyris, Fabr. [Coleoptera]. By G. C. CHAMPION. Since the publication of my ‘ Notes on the African and Asiatic Species of Melyris, Fabr.” [Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) iv. (Oet. and Nov. 1919)], I have been able, through the kindness of Dr. L, Péringuey and Dr. Y. Sjéstedt respectively, to see the type of MM. limbata, Péring., and types or co-types of the four species named or described by Boheman. ‘The result of this examination shows that my interpretation of these authors’ descriptions was incorrect in several cases, and the following emendations to the synonymy are required :— M. rufomarginata (Dej. Cat.), Champ. (No. 4, p. 164)= M. limbata, Péringuey, whose name will have to be adopted, that of Dejean being a nomen nudum. M. pubescens, Oliv. (No. 5, p. 164).—Thiis is the species named and described by Boheman as M. lineata, F. Whether Boheman had correctly identified the Fabrician insect it is impossible to say without comparing his Caffrarian specimens with the type. In any case, Olivier’s name (1790) has twe years’ priority. M, lineata, F. (No. 6, p. 165) =, sulcicollis, Boh. Several ? @ were doubtfully referred by me to J, lineata, F. I have since seen a @ from Reenen, Natal (J/us. Dur- bun), anda ¢ from Grahamstown (coll. Pic) of the same species; this latter has ventral segment 5 deeply arcuate-emarginate at the apex and arcuately excavate above, and 6 lobed on each side at the tip. MM, natalensis, Boh. (No. 12, p. 170).—This species was wrongly identified from the description. The type, 3, except in colour, is very like J. violacea, Champ. (No. 10), differing from it in having the prothorax more rounded at the side and its surface strongly tuberculate between the reticulations. The ¢ terminal ventral segments are similarly formed in these two insects. M. sulcicollis, Boh. (No. 13, p. 170) =M. lineata (F.), Champ. Fortunately the Dejean Catalogue name M. interstitialis is available for the Common ‘Transvaal and Natal insect incorrectly referred by me, with a var. varipes, to ML. sulcicollis. It is recognizable by the closely, finely punctured elytral interstices. My so- called J. natalensis, Boh., is connected with it by inter- mediate forms, and it is perhaps best treated as an Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii, 23 354 Mr. O. Thomas on extreme variety of MM. interstitialis. A fresh description is not required. M. rufiventris, Boh. (No. 14, p. 171). The type, 3, agrees with the specimens thus named in my “ Notes.” The revised synonymy will stand as follows :— 4, M. limbata, Péring. (1885). rufomarginata (De}. Cat.), Champ. (1919). 5. M. pubescens, Oliv. (1790). lineata, Fabry. (1792) (nec Champ., 1919). 6. MW. sulcicollis, Boh. (1851). lineata (¥.), Champ. (1919). 12. M. natalensis, Bok. (nec Champ., 1919). 12. M. interstitialis (Dej. Cat.), Champ. (1919). sulcicollis and var. varipes, Champ. (nee Boh.). Var. natalensis, Champ. (nec Boh.). XXXIII.—New Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys from Colombia. By OLDFIELD ‘l’HOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) By the kindness of Frére Nicéforo Maria of the Colegio de San José, Medellin, the British Museum has been enabled to acquire by exchange a number of small mammals from the neighbourhood of that town. Among them there occur examples of the three following new species :— Cryptotis medellinius, sp. n. Most nearly allied to C. meridensis ; larger than C. thomasi and equatoris. Size about as in meridens?s, the skull slightly shorter, but more robust. Proportions about as in that animal, though the tail of the single specimen is a little shorter. Fur as usual, hair of back about 4°8 mm. in length. General colour dark mouse-grey, less brown than in the other three S. American species. Ends of digits, both fore and hind, whitish. Tail with a few whitish hairs terminally, otherwise dark brown. new Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys. 355 Skull rather shorter and more robust than in merddensis, the muzzle shorter and the interorbital region broader. As an indication of the shortening of the muzzle, the distance from the back of 7 to the front of p* is only 2°0 mm. as com- pared with 2°6 in the type of meridensis. Brain-case more inflated upwards, a marked angle at the junction of brain- case and face. Anterior upper incisor shorter and more proclivous ; large unicuspids more vertical, less oblique, in order to crowd into the shorter space available. Dimensions of the type, taken on the skin :— Head and body 92 mm.; tail 30; hind foot 15. Skull: condylo-basal length 21:7 ; condylo-incisive length 22°7 ; interorbital breadth 5°3; breadth across brain-case 11; length from nasal notch to foramen above olfactory fossa 9:2 ; upper tooth-series 10; front of p* to back of m? 5:8. flab. Medellin region of Colombia ; type from San Pedro, 30 km. north of Medellin. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21. 7.1.9. Original num- ber 10. Collected December 1919 by Frére Nicéforo Maria. The Panama Cryptotis described by Mr. Goldman as C. merus is considerably smaller than C. medellinius. Thomasomys nicefori, sp. 0. Near 7. aureus, but smaller and with smaller teeth. General appearance very much as in 7. aureus, though the head and fore back are rather less richly fulvous, but the colours are essentially the same, with the same butfy or ochraceous suffusion above, becoming richer on the rump, and with the same buffy washing of the belly. Feet com- paratively light and delicate, buffy whitish, with darker patches on wrists and metacarpals, ankles and metatarsals. Tail well haired, uniformly brown, not so long as in the allied species. Skull smaller throughout than in 7. aureus, therefore much smaller than in 7. princeps of Bogota. Muzzle slender; nasals narrow. Interorbital region comparatively broad, less sharply defined and ridged than in the other species. Palatal foramina as usual larger and open. Molars small and delicate, both shorter and narrower than in the other members of the group. Dimensions of the type, measured on the skin :— Head and body 150 mm.; tai] 187; hind foot (wet) 32 ; ear 19. Skull: greatest length 36°5 ; condylo-incisive length 33:8 ; zygomatic breadth 19; nasals 13°2x 4; —— breadth 23 356 On new Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys. 5:3; palatilar length 15:2; palatal foramina 82; upper molar series 6; breadth of m’* 1:5. Hub. Medellin. Type from San Pedro, north of the town. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.7.1. 20. Original num- ber 9. Collected December 1919. One specimen. This fine rat is a member of the 7’. aureus group, of which I have before me examples of all the described species. Its skull and, especially, its molars are so much smaller than the corresponding parts in aureus that it clearly needs a new name. ‘The TZ. princeps of Bogotdé is larger than aureus, while Allen’s 7. popayanus is of about the same size as the latter, and is perhaps rather doubtfully separable from it. I have much pleasure in naming this handsome animal in honour of the naturalist to whom we owe its discovery. Oryzomys intectus, sp. 0. A small species with short tail, somewhat like O. balneator, but with larger molars. Size rather larger than in balneator. Fur soft and fine, hairs of back about 7 mm. in length. General colour above uniform dark mouse-grey, very like that of Jus musculus, the hairs finely ticked with drabby. Sides more drabby. Under surface slaty grey, the ends of the hairs dull whitish. Face more blackish, a blackish area round the eyes, below and behind which the light colour of the throat extends rather high up towards the ear, forming a light whisker- mark, Hands and feet whitish above. ‘Tail unusually short, apparently not as long as the head and body, very finely haired, almost naked, brown above, dull whitish below. Skull peculiarly short, broad, and rounded, with broad interorbital region. Indeed, it is almost precisely like that of a Melanomys, with the important exception that there is no trace of the supraorbital beading so conspicuous in that group. Brain-case similarly low, smooth, and without ridges. Palatal . foramina short, about the length of the tooth-row. Molars stout and heavy, large for the size of the animal, their struc- ture more like that in J/elanomys than in the smaller species of Oryzomys, but many of the larger species of Oryzomys also have quite similar molars. Dimensions of the type, measured on the skin :— Head and body 100 mm.; tail 91; hind foot (wet) 22. Skull: greatest length 26°2; condylo-incisive length 23°5 ; zygomatic breadth 14:2; nasals 10°3 ; interorbital breadth 5; breadth of brain-case 12°2; palatilar length 114; palatal foramina 4°2 (4°6 in an older specimen); upper molar series 4°2. On a new Pseudochirus and Phiascogale. oon Hab. Medellin. Type from Santa Elena. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.7.1.17. Original num- ber 29. Collected January 1920. Three specimens. This is a remarkably distinct species, whose systematic position is not at present easy to determine. Its peculiarly broad low skull distinguishes it from any Oryzomys known to me, while the entire absence of supraorbital ridges separates it from Melanomys, to which its short tail and the general shape of its skull perhaps indicate some affinity. Many Oryzomys, however, have no supraorbital ridges, and I there- fore provisionally place it in that genus. XXXIV.— New Pseudochirus and Phascogale from N.W. New Guinea. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) A FURTHER small consignment of Mammals has been received from the Pratt Brothers, who have been collecting in the Weyland Mountains, N.W. New Guinea (approximately 135° 40’ E., 3° 40’ 8.), a region hitherto almost untouched. The collection includes examples representing the two following new mammals :— Pseudochirus caroli, sp. n. A large member of the canescens-forbesi group ; most nearly allied to Ps. larvatus ; a white tip to the tail. Size larger than in any of the species allied to canescens, more as in some of the members of the aldertist group. General colour above more “ buffy-biown ” or rather darker ; an indistinct darker median dorsal line from withers to rump. Underside white, the hairs ereamy white to their bases. Face greyish brown, not rufous, without defined median dark line ; chin blackish. Back of ears anda patch in front of them black ; a prominent white patch below and behind them. Fore limbs with the whole of their outer as well as their lower side white, in continuation with the white of the belly, the white extending on to the outer halves of the metacarpals ; warm brown of body-colour extending in a rather narrow line down the front of the forearm to the wrist ; proximal part of digits blackish, lightening terminally. Behind tle outer sides of the legs and the whole of the feet are white. Tail well furred proximally, brown for its basal three inches, then darkening nearly to black for its next three inches, aud 358 On a new Pseudochirus and Phascogale. then changing abruptly to white, the white corresponding in length to the part which is naked below, Skull lar ger than in darvatus, but of similar form. Nasals widely expanded behind. Tatarocital region narrow, with the usual parallel rounded ridges. Posterior part of bulle unusually swolien, projecting nearly as far backward as the condyles do. Teeth with the usual well-marked diastemata characteristic of the group. Molariform teeth narrow. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 300 mm. ; tail 370, its white terminal part 170; hind foot 45 ; ear 22. Skull: condylo-basal length 61:7 ; zygomatic breadth 35 ; nasals, length 18, least breadth 4°3, greatest breadth 10°3; intertemporal breadth 7 ; palatal length 33; length of three anterior molariform teeth LO-6. Hab. Weyland Mountains, N.W. New Guinea. Type from Mt. Kunupi, Menoo Valley. Alt. 6000’. Type. Adult male. B.M,. no, 21. 8.1.15. Original number 49, Collected 16th November, 1920, by Messrs. Pratt Bros. One specimen. “Came to the bright light used for attracting moths,”— C.BzE; This most distinct species presents an interesting mixture of the characters of the different “subgenera” of Pseudo- chirus. Clearly most nearly related to /’seudochirulus, it is as large as the smaller species of Pseudochirops; it has the white-ended tail said to be confined to Pseudochirus, while its brown instead of fulvous face is like Pseudoehirops and not Pseudochirulus. Its white under surface and the white outer sides of its forearms are peculiar to itself. I have named it in honour of Mr. Charles B. Pratt, who has taken great interest in the collecting of mammals in the little-known parts of New Guinea where he and his brothers have been working. Phascogale lorentzi venusta, subsp. n. Very like P. lorentzi, as described from normal non- melanistic specimens in 1912 *, the original dorentzi having been based on a melanoid example. General colour less rufous owing to the tips of the underfur being more buffy than rufous, but otherwise the mixture of buffy and black ticked with white is essentially similar. Under surface, how- ever, very much less rufous, the rich rufous wash on the * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix. p. 91. Descriptions and Records of Bees. 359 chest end middle area of belly replaced by dull pale cinnamon, while that on lower aspect of the forearms and legs, very prominent in lorentzi, is quite absent, these parts being simply dull greyish brown. Head mixed buffy and black. Ears almost naked internaliy, the metentote with a few ochraceous hairs; externally they are finely clothed with whitish hairs, which extend on to the sides of the neck and form a prominent whitish patch. Limbs not very different from the body, the forearms above more cinnamon; upper surface of hands and feet like body on the metapodials, the digits dark brown. : Skull very like that of lorentzi, but the bull are less swollen. Incisors slightly smaller, so that the row of four measures about 4°2 instead of 5 mm. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 187 mm.; tail 188; hind foot 39 ; ear 23. Skull: condylo-basal length 46°5 ; zygomatic breadth 36 ; nasals 19°4 x 6 ; interorbital breadth 9°5 ; palatal length 25:5 ; maxillary tooth-row 18 ; length of three anterior molariform teeth 7-9. Anether much damaged skull has a condylo-basal length of 53°5 mm. Hab. Weyland Mountains, Dutch New Guinea. Type from Mt. Kunupi. Alt. 6000’. Type. Adult male. B.M.no. 21.8.1.11. Original num- ber 51. Collected 20th December, 1920. Four specimens. Assuming the identity of the Goliath Mountain specimens described in 1911 with the melanistic P. lorentz7, the present handsome animal may be readily distinguished by the white patches behind its ears, and by the brown instead of rufous lower aspect of the forearms and thighs. XXX V.—Deseriptions and Records of Bees—XCI. By I’. D. A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado. Mesonychium dugest, Cockerell. Garden Caiion, Huachuca Mts., Arizona (W. H. Mann) U.S. Nat. Museum. Genus new to the United States. Nomia (Crocisaspidia) muscatensis, Cockerell. Aden (Muir). Cambridge University Museum. 360 Mr. I’. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and Nomia aurifrons, Smith. On comparing Smith’s type @ with the type of my NV. andrenina, I find them identical. Nomia exagens (Walker). Halictus timidus, Smith, from Ceylon, is the same, as Meade-Waldo had determined from the types in the British Museum, and I can confirm, v Nomia zebrata, Cameron. The types of N. zebrata, Cameron, and N. frederict, Cameron, in the Rothney collection at Oxford, represent the same species. Nomia pulchriventris (Cameron). Bingham says of Halictus pulchriventris, Cameron: “type (3) in coll. Rothney.” I found it there, and it is a Nomia with claviform abdomen ; hind basitarsi yellowish white. I also found one, marked type, in the British Museum. Anterior wing 7 mm. long, dusky, darker at apex. Hind legs simple. Sphecodes cameronit (Bingham). Flalictus cameronii, Bingham, 1897 (decorus, Cameron), is a small Sphecodes, as shown by the type in the Rothney collection. 9.—No caudal rima; first three abdominal segments bright chestnut ; face very broad; mesothorax and scutellum shining. India. Sphecodes tridescens, n. n. Sphecodes cameroni, Schulz, 1906 (irtdipennis, Cameron). S. Africa, Halictus kalutare, Cockerell. Meade-Waldo (1916) found that Nomia vincta, Walker, was an Halictus, and placed my kalutare asasynonym. On comparing the types in the British Museum I find that they are distinct. In kalutare the sharp ruge on anterior part of mesothorax on each side of middle line bend backward, to Records of Bees. 361 meet the opposite ones and form a series of V’s; this is not the case with vinctus. H. kalutare also has a larger head, elevated \posteriorly, and sides of vertex shining (dull in vinctus). They are, however, allied. Halictus matheranensis, Cameron, 1907. H emergendus, Cameron, 1908, is a little larger, but is the same species. Postscutellum densely covered with pale oclreous-tinted tomentum, India. FTalictus inoa (Cameron). Andrena inoa, Cameron, 1904 (type, gd, in British Mu- seum), belongs to Halietus. Face broad, with subparallel eyes; stigma and nervures bright ferruginous; middle of scutellum with moss-like bright ferruginous hair; abdominal segments with basal hair-bands. Himalayas. Halictus pseudopectoralis, Cockerell. FHlalictus notaticollis, Friese, 1916, from Costa Riea, is a synonym. The U.S. National Museum has specimens of notaticollis from Friese. Falictus oppositus (Smith). The type (2) of Smith’s Noma opposita from China, in the British Museum, is a species of Halictus. Mesothorax and scutellum entirely dull. Wings brownish, first r,n. meeting second t.-c., third s.m. subquadrate, very broad above. Hind spur dentate. Hntire creamy-white bands at bases of abdominal segments 2 to 4. Halictus sepositus, sp. n. 3 (type).—Length about 12 mm. Slender, black ; clypeus produced, convex, rugoso-punc- tate, glistening, entirely black except for a pair of very obscure reddish marks near apex ; in lateral profile of head the clypeus is entirely out of line with eyes; malar space distinct. Head broad, oval, facial quadrangle much higher 362 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and than broad, orbits nearly parallel; front dull and granular; antenne long, joints 4 to 9 clear ferruginous beneath ; head and thorax with long, thin, pale fulvous hair ; mesothorax and scutellum closely and finely punctured, somewhat glistening ; area of metathorax finely rugose, posterior truncation not defined; tegule dark rufous, with a piceous spot. Wings faintly reddish, stigma bright ferruginous, nervures fuscous ; third s.m. long, fully as broad on mar- ginal as second; second s.m. about square, receiving r.n. beyond middle; outer r.n. and t.-c. strong. Legs black, with knees, tibiz, and tarsi ferruginous ; hind tibizw with a very faint dusky shade posteriorly. Abdomen glistening, extremely finely punctured, hind margins of segments with dull white hair-bands. @ —About 12 mm. long. Robust ; hair-bands confined to sides of abdominal seg- ments ; posterior truncation of metathorax nowhere sharply defined, longitudinal striz on each side of its median sulcus ; area of metathorax with coarse rugose hide-like sculpture ; clypeus shining, with large punctures, flagellum very obscurely reddish beneath; hind spur with five erect saw-like teeth; third s.m. not quite so broad on marginal as second; surface of abdomen thinly hairy, first segment shining. Wings reddened. Hind tibize and tarsi densely covered with fulvous hair. Madeira (7..V. Wollaston). Oxford Museum. This stands in the Wollaston collection as AH. quadri- strigatus, Latr. (which is guadricinctus, Fabr.), and is closely allied to that variable species, yet evidently distinct, espe- cially by the dark clypeus in the male. It was examined years ago by E. Saunders and Vachal, and they agreed that it was distinct from quadristrigatus. Another female stands in the collection as H. zebrus, Walck. ; it is not so large, the mesothorax 1s more finely sculptured, but the hind legs have the same fulvous hair and the same spurs. After careful comparisons I concluded that all the specimens represented a single species. Neocorynura pubescens (Friese). Halictus pubescens, Friese, from Costa Rica, is represented in the U.S. National Museum by material from Friese. It is identical with a Neocorynura from Costa Rica named years ago by Vachal, but, so far as I can find, not published. Thorax emerald-green, the mesothorax with short moss-like Records of Bees. 363 red hair ; hind spur of @ with very few long stout spines ; apex of flagellum bright red ; eyes deeply emarginate ; area of metathorax with very fine radiating strie. Agapostemon virescens (Fabricius). The type is in the Banks collection at the British Museum, and is our common American species. The name dates from 1775, virtdulus (Fabricius) from 1793. Moses Harris, in his ‘Exposition of English Insects’ (1782), figures and describes a male as Apis vitreus. The names of Harris have generally been ignored, but they are as valid as those of Drury, after whose work that of Harris was modelled, The binomials appear in the index. Prosopis maderensis, sp. n. 9? .— Length about 7 mm. Black, with a broad, elongate, pale yellow mark on each side of face, its ends rounded, the upper end level with untennee, the lower (more mesad) above middle of clypeus ; clypeus elongate, dull, finely aciculate ; mandibles and an- tenne black, scape not swollen; thorax with very scanty white hair; mesothorax dull, very minutely and densely punctured ; area of metathorax with irregular, rather weak, raised reticulation on basal middle, otherwise finely rugose ; tegule black. Wings slightly brownish, nervures and stigma piceous; b.n. falling a little short of t.-m.; second s.m. broad, receiving first r.n. near its base. Abdomen shining, extremely finely punctured, without hair-patches, Madeira (7. V. Wollaston). Oxford Museum. It was labelled “n. sp. allied to signata.” It is easily known from signata by the delicate sculpture of the abdomen. Allodape mixta (Smith). The type of Prosopis /eucotarsis, Cameron, in the Rothney collection, is an Allodape. Lassume that Bingham is correct in referring it to the older name mizia, Smith. Length about 5 mm. Clypeus creamy white, with very small lateral face-marks next to the lateral notches in clypeal colour: tongue long, linear ; tarsi creamy white, front ones reddened; nervures pale, stigma dark-margined. 364 Mr, T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and Bombus rubriventris, Lepeletier. At Oxford, in material belonging to the Hope collection, which had passed through the hands of Lepeletier, I found a B, rubriventris, probably the type. It is labelled “St. Do- mingue.” It isa remarkable Bombus, black, with abdomen beyond first segment covered with very bright blood-red hair as far as end of fourth segment (red hair overlapping fifth), but black on fifth segment. Malar space moderate (rather shorter than in brasiliensis); ocelli small; top of head and mesothorax in front with black hair, but behind the broad band on front of mesothorax, abruptly, the short hair is dull grey; long grey hairs at sides of secutellum ; pleura with pale greyish hair; anterior wing about 18 mm., dark reddish fuliginous (not so dark as in brasiliensis); hind tibie dark red, with black hair. Euglossa analis, Westwood. I found a specimen, evidently the type, at Oxford. Clypeus with the usual three keels; labrum &c. creamy white ; dark purple-blue, apex of abdomen (beyond fourth segment) broadly and abruptly emerald-green. Length 10 mm. or a little over. Friese gives this as a doubtful synonym of £. cordata (L.), but it is evidently the prior name for 4. azurea, Ducke. Megachile bicolor (Fabricius). In 1919 I published Megachile fletcher: from India, believing it to be closely allied to but separable from bicolor. Mr. T. B. Fletcher wrote that he considered it to be identical with bicolor, and sent for comparison both sexes from Coim- batore (Fletcher), Pusa, Behar (G. D. O.), and Chapra, Bengal (Mackenzie). I took these to the British Museum, and, on comparing them with the series there, could only conclude that all were one species—JZ. bicolor. Megachile semipleta, sp. n. ¢ .—Length about 10 mm. Black, with small joints of tarsi reddened, the last bright ferruginous; antenne entirely black ; head ordinary, face and cheeks with long creamy-white hair, vertex with dark chocolate-brown hair ; mesothorax glistening, closely punc- tured, with brownish-black hair, but other parts of thorax Records of Bees. 365 with creamy-white hair; anterior tarsi simple and anterior coxee without spines; claws bifid. Abdomen glistening, short and broad, first two segments with pale hair ; segments 3 to 5 with bands of pale hair, but in front of these the hair is brown-black ; appressed pale hair at base of fifth ; sixth segment retracted, with thin, erect, inconspicuous hair, dullish, with minute sculpture, and with a strong depression above the keel, which is shallowly emarginate but not dentate. Madeira (Wollaston). Oxford University Museum. As E. Saunders remarked, it seems to be nearest to JL. versi- color, Smith. Megachile xylocopoides, Smith. Buena Vista, Florida (Chas. Mosier). U.S. Nat. Museum. Megachile hematopus, n. n. Lithurgus rufipes, Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus, i. (1853) p. 145. Not Megachile rufipes (Fabricius). I examined the type, from Port Natal, in the British Muscum. Mandibles mainly red; clypeus strongly transversely depressed above margin; tegule bright ferruginous ; white pubescence in scutello-mesothoracic suture, and spots behind tegule ; legs bright red, tarsi darkened ; second abdominal segment metallic green dorsally ; ventral scopa white, black on last segment and part of penultimate ; abdomen short and broad ; marginal cell and apex of wing fuliginous. ¢. Lithurgus lissopoda (Cameron). Megachile lissopoda, Cameron, 1908, is a Lithurgus. Tubercle on face hardly indicated ; a robust species, with very robust hind femora; hind basitarsi bread at end, the broad part exposed and shining. Length about 11 mm. British Museum. Lithurgus nigricans (Cameron). Megachile nigricans, Cameron, 1898, from Ceylon, isa male Lithurgus. 1 examined the type in Rothney collection at Oxford. Length 11 mm. 366 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and Seutellum with much black hair; tongue and labial palpi extremely long, the tongue would reach tip of abdomen, labial palpi about 6 mm.; a polished punctureless space on each side of ocelli: flagellum remarkably short ; hind tibize very thick; no pulvilli; b. n. falling far short of t.-m. Lithurgus taprobane (Cameron), Megachile taprobane, Cameron, 1904, from Ceylon, is represented by the 2? type in the British Museum. It is a Lithurgus. Silky white hair on clypeus and sides of face ; supraclypeal area with transverse gibbous lower margin; abdomen smooth and shining, with the white hair-bands very narrow, last seoment with fuscous hair. The males placed with it, from Kandy (/?. Turner), are Megachile. Hleriades spiniscutis (Cameron). Megachile spiniscutis, Cameron (male type in British Mu- seum), is a Heriades with large curved spines at sides of thorax posteriorly ; pulvilli distinct; eyes slate-colour or dark grey (not green) ; b.n. nearly reaching t.-m. S. Africa, Standing next to this in the British Museum is Megaehile suavida, Cameron, 9. It has pulvilli, and is a Heriades. bas scopa yellowish white; b.n. meeting t.-m.5 eyes ilac. The name MW. suavida was published by Cameron in 1908, based on a male from India. Osmia leptodonta (Cameron). Megachile leptodonta, Cameron, 1908, in British Museum, is an Osmia. Flagellum bright red beneath; mandibles peculiar, with dense white hair at base, middle pale red, and apical margin and teeth abruptly dark; pulvilli present ; abdomen more or less red along the margins before the entire white hair-bands. Heriades pulchripes (Cameron). Megachile pulchripes, Cameron, 1897, from India, is a Fleriades, as shown by the ? type in the Rothney collection at Oxford. Length about 6°5 mm. Records of Bees. 367 Pulvilli present; basin of first abdominal segment with sharp edge; middle and hind femora and tibiz clear chestnut- red ; facial quadrangle much longer than broad, with a broad band of white pubescence at each side; stigma ferruginous. Meade- Waldo has placed M. e/froma and saphira, Cameron, with this species in the British Museum. These are males, with abdomen curled under apically, and shining testaceous borders to the closely punctate segments ; the b.n. fails to reach t.-m. The tibia and tarsi are mainly red in saphira, darker in e/froma, but they are certainly one species. I could not see any pulvilli in e/froma. Gronoceras denticulata (Reiche). Friese’s description of the male Megachile denticulata in ‘Das Tierreich’ is quite wrong. It is a Gronoceras, and has very broad pale anterior tarsi. The last ventral sezment has a stout truncate spine, and apex has two long curved spines and a brush of black hair. JI examined specimens in the British Museum which agree with the original description and figure. Ceratina dimidiata, Friese, 1910. Specimens in the U.S. National Museum, received from Friese, show that this is identical with C. azteca, Cresson, as determined (I believe correctly) by Crawford. Colletes dudgeontt, Bingham, 1897. C. dentata, Cameron, 1898, is the same species. The male has a short malar space. Colletes reticulatus (Cameron). Andrena reticulata, Cam., and A. saevissima, Cam. (mis- printed sacrissima in Bingham’s work), are females of one species of Colletes. ‘The malar space is about twice as broad as long; upper part of supraclypeal area highly polished. Specimens of both supposed species are in the Rothney collection at Oxford and in the British Museum. : Colletes phedra (Cameron). Andrena phedra, Cam., is a male Colletes, with darker tegule than reticulatus. I decided that it was the male of reticulatus, but found a male placed with saevissima in the 368 Descriptions and Records of Bees. British Museum a good deal larger than phedra, with the malar space a little broader than long (in phedra it is more shining and fully as long as broad). The phedra abdomen is more shining, with finer punctures. They agree in venation. Assuming this saevissima male to belong with reticulatus, it seems probable that phedra is distinct. Andrena sodalis, Cam., published at the same time, is evidently the insect standing in the Rothney collection under a slightly modified name, sodalis having been earlier used by Smith. Itis a Colletes, with the dorsal hair of thorax bright fox-red, and the first abdominal segment perhaps more distinctly punctured than in phedra. I believe it is con- specific with phedra. Anthophora whiteheadi, Cockerell. Yalauer Archipelago, Celebes (Hickson). Cambridge Museum. A @? in poor condition, having been in liquid, but appa- rently not distinct from this Philippine species. Chalicodoma sicula, Rossi. El Arabah, Abydos, Upper Egypt (Baron A. von Hiigel). Cambridge University Museum. Lithurgus echinocacti, Cockevell. Sabino Basin, Sta. Catalina Mts., Arizona, Aug. 30 (C. H. T. Townsend). Pseudopanurgus fraterculus, Cockerell. Sabino Basin, Sta. Catalina Mts., Arizona, Sept. 3 and 28 ( Townsend). Nomiotdes facilis (Smith). Halictus facilis, Smith, from Malta. Nomiotdes fallax, Handlirsch, Thygatina fumida, Cockerell. The following note is attached to the specimens in the British Museum :—“ I found these tunnelling in a bank and ° storing their nest with pollen. The tunnel went into the bank about 8 to 10 inches. Kandy, Ceylon, Jan. 1908. OSS. Wit THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [NINTH SERLES.] No. 46. OCTOBER 1921. XXX VI.—Records and Descriptions of South African Grass- hoppers of the Groups Arcyptere and Scylline. By B. P. Uvarov, F.E.S., Assistant Entomologist, Imperial Bureau of Entomology. THE present paper is the first of a series based on thie collection of South African Acridians recently sent to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology for identification by the Division of Entomology, Pretoria, and made chiefly by Messrs. Ch. P. Lounsbury and J. C. Faure. In working out this collection it has been found practicable to include also the South African material of the British Museum Collection, where many unnamed accessions have recently accumulated. The number of new species and genera amongst the South- African grasshoppers has proved to be astomshingly large, and further collecting, especially of the smaller forms, must lead to the discovery of still more novelties; even amongst the large-sized ones new forms are not infrequent, which indicates that our knowledge of the South African Ortho- pterous fauna is still very inadequate, Tue Grove Arcyrrerz™. There is only one African genus of this group—Pseudo- arcyptera, Bol., with one species in it, P. carvalhoi, Bol., * I, Bolivar, ‘‘ Les Truxalinos del antiguo Mundo,” Trab. Mus. Nac. Madrid, ser. Zool., Nuim. 20, 1914, pp. 44 & 54. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 24. 370 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on but in the collection before me now there are two species which undoubtedly belong to the genus Aulacoboturus, Bol., known hitherto from India only; both these species are new aud described below. 1. Pseudoarcyptera carvalhot, Bol. ‘The species was described by I. Bolivar from Lourenco Marquez, and a single male in the British Museum from the same locality agrees perfectly with the description. The venation of the elytra in this species is very much like that in Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol. (see fig. 1, A). 2. Aulacobothrus africanus, sp. 0. ¢. Smaller, but less slender, than any of the known Indian representatives of the genus. Antenne a little longer than the head and pronotum together. Head strongly reclinate; frontal ridge in profile perfectly straight, forming a rounded acute angle with the fastigium, distinctly suleate and rugosely punctured throughout; its margins raised, not punctured, parallel, slightly convergent at the fastigum. Fastigium of the vertex rotundo-pentagonal, distinctly broader than long; its surface slightly concave ; median keel low, rather thick, but irregular, interrupted in the middle of the fastigium, prolonged ail across the occiput; lateral occipital keels distinct, but very irregular, not nearly reaching the pronotum; temporal foveole very distinct, much longer than broad, parallel, with the apex obliquely rounded. Pronotum rather compressed laterally, but with- out a constriction; its dise smooth, but dull in the prozona, and strongly rugosely punctured in the metazona, median keel running throughout the pronotum, distinctly raised, shining, cut just behind its middle by the third sulcus ; lateral keels rather feeble and irregular, slightly convex and feebly convergent between the fore margin and the first sulcus, scarcely perceptible, subparallel between the first and second sulci, distinctly convex and not strongly divergent behind the latter, not reaching the hind margin ; fore margin of the pronotum rounded ; hind angle straight ; lateral lobes very coarsely punctured, less so in the middle where the punctures are not dense, and two elongate spots near the upper margin are not punctured at all, smooth; lower margin of the lobes obtusely angulate behind its middle ; their hind angle straight, rounded; the fore angle obtuse, rounded. Mesopleurze and metapleure very coarsely South Ajrican Grasshoppers. ofl punctured. Elytra extending just a little beyond the hind knees; mediastinal area occupying the basal third of the fore margin, dilated in its middle, with a distinct false yein ; scapular area occupying a little more than three-quarters of the fore margin, strongly dilated beyond its middle, with regular oblique reticulation ; externo-median area distinctly dilated, the middle radial vein being slightly bisinuate ; discoidal area extending far beyond the middle of elytra, narrow, sparsely but irregularly reticulate, with a very irregular false vein interrupted in many places; interulnar area much broader than the discoidal area, with sparse subparallel transverse venules, Hind femora rather slender, only slightly dilated basally. Supra-anal plate rotundato- triangular, slightly longer than its basal width, with margins convex. Cerci straight, extending a little beyond the apex of the supra-anal plate. Subgenital plate obtusely conical. General coloration brownish. Head with a pale median fascia above, which is scarcely perceptible on the pronotum. Lateral lobes of the pronotum of a darker shade than its disc, somewhat blackish, except the lower fourth part, which is pale. Elytra hyaline, with veins brownish; the cells in the apical part with small brownish clouds. Wings hyaline, with a very faint yellowish tint at the Dase ; apex feebly infumate. Hind femora on the outside unicolorous ; the upper inner area with three blackish fasciz, which extend also on to the upper outer area, but are there scarcely perceptible ; the inside yellowish; the lower inner area orange-yellow ; the knees entirely black inside and blackish with brownish lobes outside. -Hind tibize brownish yellow, with the base and the apical half of the spines black. Abdomen reddish. 3 (type). mm. Bengilt ef body. snec.s oss 2s: 14 - pronotum.........+.. i 35 a Olyerayn ts < ade kiees ete 3 115 hind: TEmMorass os eo 9 Maximal width of hind femora .. 2:5 The type is unique; it was taken at Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, 24. 11. 1918. 3. Aulacobothrus (?) crassipes, sp. n. g. Of the same size but slightly more robust than A, africanus, Uvar. (Antenne in the type broken). Head 24% 372 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on distinctly reclinate; frontal ridge in profile slightly convex above the middle ocellum, forming a widely rounded right angle with the fastigium of the vertex; its surface strongly punctured throughout, distinctly impressed below the middle ocellum, slightly convex between the an- tenn; its margins slightly raised, not punctured, gradually and feebly divergent from fastigium to the clypeus. Fasti- gium of the vertex rotundato-pentagonal, distinctly longer than broad; its surface distinctly impressed ; the median keel starts from its hindmost part and extends almost to the pronotum, very feeble throughout ; the lateral occipital keels feeble, very irregular, distinctly diver- gent backwards. Temporal foveole distinctly but not much longer than broad, with the apex widely obliquely rounded. Pronotum only feebly compressed laterally, not constricted, rounded ; the median keel strongly raised, cut by the third sulcus in its middle ; lateral keels very feeble and irregular, distinctly convergent between the fore margin and the first sulcus, divergent behind the latter, on the metazona developed in its foremost part only; the disc of pronotum distinctly tectiform, dull, indistinctly rugulose throughout; hind angle straight; lateral lobes indistinctly rugulose throughout, except in the hind upper part of the metazona, which iS densely and rather coarsely punctured ; their lower margin is very widely rotundato-angulate behind the middle ; their fore angle obtuse, hind angle straight, both widely rounded. Mesopleurz and metapleure slightly rugulose. Elytra reaching the hind knees ; the mediastinal area extending almost to the middle of the fore margin, dilated in its middle, with a very distinct, straight, false vein; scapular area occupying more than three-quarters of the fore margin, strongly dilated beyond its middle, with very oblique, sparse veinlets ; externo-median area slightly dilated ; the first and second radial veins perfectly straight ; the discoidal area extends distinctly beyond the middle of the elytra, rather broad, its transverse veinlets thick, more regularly disposed than in A. africanus, the false vein well developed, straight; the mterulnar area about as broad as the discoidal, with two rows of cells and an irregular, interrupted false vein. Hind femora short, thick, and dilated basally. Supra-anal plate triangular, distinctly longer than broad, with margins straight. Cerci straight, about as long as the supra-anal plate. Subgenital plate obtusely conical. General coloration greyish brown. Head above ash-grey, with two irregular brown fasciz adjoining the lateral South African Grasshoppers. 373 occipital keels externally ; broad blackish postocular fascize running right across the lateral lobes of the pronotum, oceupying their upper half; their lower parts, as well as the face and cheeks, ash-grey. Elytra feebly infumate through- out, with all veins and veinlets brown. Wings hyaline, with a scarcely perceptible yellowish tint; the apex distinctly infumate. Hind femora with the area externomedia whitish, gradually merging into yellow towards the apex ; its lower carina with three elongate brown spots before the preapical ring, while the upper carina is blackened ; the upperside grey, with two brown bands behind the middle and a yellow preapical ring extending all round the femur ; the inside reddish, with two black bands ; the outer lower sulcus orange-yellow; the inner lower sulcus red; the knees shining black all over, except the upper side, which is dull brown. Hind tibie bright red, with shining black condylus and apices of the spines, with a yellow subbasal ring and the apex, as well as the hind tarsi, pale olive. Abdo- men reddish. 3 (type). mm. Wceng thi of body eicia- © cclee als «1s 15 > PLONO LUI) lerelalele > 3°5 i CMU Ae: acer ieshateticley ores 12 3 hind: fem 6 ave ass 9 Maximal width of hind femur .. 3 The type is unique; it is from Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, 24. 11. 1918. I am not quite sure whether this species actually belongs to the genus Awlacobothrus or is a member of the group Scylline, near to Phorenula, since the inner lower spur of its only tibia is broken. Tue Group Scrzrzrivz. Prof. I. Bolivar in his recent revision of the Oid World Truxalinze founded a new group for the genera characterised by the inner lower spur of the hind tibize being much longer than the inner upper one and straight, with the apex only curvate (sce fig. 2,B); he called this group Prostethophyme *, but it is more reasonable to adopt for that group the name Scylline, which has been long applied to the group of American genera characterised by the same shape of the tibial spurs. This peculiar group seems to be fairly well represented in * L.c. pp. 44 & 48. 374 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on South Africa, whence three genera (1. e., Prostethophyma, Berengueria,and Phorenula) have been described by I. Bolivar, and two more are described in the present paper. 1. Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol. (Fig. 1, A.) This species is represented in the British Museum by a good series of specimens taken by Dr. G. A. K. Marshall at Salisbury, Mashonaland ; Bolivar’s type belongs evidently to the same lot, and the Museum specimens proved to be entirely identical with the specimens in the Oxford collection designated by Bolivar himself as cotypes. Fig. 1. glee : eS oy SRP TL : Ny Steere THbo tes /\ RO 1 aaagnyet ret, ay NER i EERE MT SSS ETT CLLRS as ee) —— DE DD RAEN AS we: 7 om ee an sa ullestezezecses ia TT Geass. a a gS NO] sa Lieantaesmn enone Seana BRST AIIAT = wlate’, A, Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol.; B, P. minor, sp. n. As I. Bolivar gives the dimensions of the female only, IT think it useful to give a full table of dimensions, as follows :— é. OF mm, mm. Length of body........ 9 25 7" HER ee cra a 301: 35 1 & pronotum.... 4 5 Fs elyETS ras ss 16 9 F hind femur .. 12°5 155 The dimensions are taken from cotypic specimens. i South African Grasshoppers. 375 2. Prostethophyma minor, sp.n. (Fig. 1, B.) g. Smaller and more slender than P. cephalica, Bol. Antenne extending well beyond the hind margin of the pronotum. Head very strongly reclinate; frontal ridge parallel throughout, scarcely narrowed at the fastigium, where it is strongly convex and sparsely punctured, while the rest is flat, with a very shallow impression below the middle ocellus and covered with strong, though not dense, impressed points ; face strongly punctured, but less so than in P. cephalica ; facial keels reaching the clypeus. Fas- tigium of the vertex as in P. cephalica ; temporal foveolz scarcely perceptible, indicated by puncturation. Median keel of the pronotum low and rather thick, interrupted in its middle by the typical sulcus; lateral keels feeble, distinctly (and more than in P. cephalica) convergent towards the first suleus, strongly divergent behind, not reaching the hind margin, both front and hind part of each keel being straight; hind angle of the pronotum obtuse. Venation of the elytra much like that in P. cepha- lica, but differmg in the following points: externo-median area more dilated, twice as broad as the scapular area and subequal in its width to the interulnar area, which is less dilated than in P. cephalica; discoidal area a little wider than in P. cephalica, and regularly transversely venulated except the very base. Coloration as in P. cephalica, but paler. Lateral lobes of the pronotum with only an elongate pale callous spot below the middle, instead of a more narrow longitudinal callous line extending across the lobes as in P. cephalica. Elytra hyaline, spotless, with the apex strongly infumate and with a pale callous streak in the basal half of the scapular area. Wings as in P, cephalica. Hind femora on the outside greyish yellow, with brownish points along the upper carina; the upperside with very indistinct transverse fascie ; the inside orange-red, with a blackish fascia before the apex and a blackish spot at the middle of the upper margin ; the lower sulcus of the femora yellowish; the hind knees black. Hind tibize with black condylus, pale basal third, bright red in the rest. ? (paratype). Differs from that of P. cephalica by the smaller size and some characters in the venation of the elytra: the hind radial vein is more bent backwards and the externo-median area is therefore broader and with regular transverse reticulation ; the discoidal area is regularly traus- 376 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on * versely reticulated, without a false vein at all (or with but an irregular one in the basal half). 3 (type). 2 (paratype). min. mm. Length of body ....... 7) ulGr 20°5 Pe WGA: 2. Severe ato 35 35 . pronotum .... t 45 Clivin aia cies swe LOE 16 AS hind femora .. 10 18 The type and paratypes (8 ¢ g and 2 9 2) were taken by Messrs. C. P. Lounsbury and J.C. Faure at Boshof, Orange Free State, 17-18. v. 1917. Key to the Species of the Genus Prostethophyma, Bol. (Fig. 1, A & B.) 1 (2). go. The externo-median area of the elytra twice as broad as the scapular area and subequal in its width to the interulnar area; the discoidal area with regular transverse venulation, 9. The externo-median area broader than in the second species, regularly transversely venulated; the discoidal area regularly transversely reticulated, without a false MEUM Wiepeis wietelens i de tahe achat © Wietaion Aca .. PP. mimor, Uvar. 2 (1). d. The externo-median area less than twice as broad as the seapular area and much narrower than the interulnar area; the discoidal area irregularly reticulated. 2. The externo-median area narrower thanin the preceding species, rather irregularly reticulated; the discoidal area with ir- regular reticulation and a more or less developed false Vein ........0essesseeeeee P. cephalica, Bol. 8. Phorenula cruciata, Bol. I refer to this species a series of specimens in the British Museum from Zomba, 2000-8000 ft., though I cannot be quite sure of my identification, because Bolivar’s description contains nothing but colour characters, which are, according to his own remark, very variable ; anyhow, the Zomba speci- mens agree with the description fairly well, and I do not feel justified im describing them as another species. The correct interpretation of Bolivar’s unsatisfactory description of this species is rendered still more difficult because he com- pares it with PA, vitéata, which has never been described. Fortunately, | have received from the Oxford Museum one —— South African Grasshoppers. 377 specimen labelled by I. Bolivar as the cotype of Ph, vittata, which enables me to give a description of it below. In the first place, however, I may make some remarks on the genus Phorenula. In I. Bolivar’s opinion, the principal distinction between this genus and Prostethophyma is in the structure of the temporal foveole, which are supposed to be well developed, impressed, and perfectly marginated in Phorenula, and imperfectly, or not all marginated, shallow and punctured in Prostethophyma. My study of a rather long series of Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol., which is the type of the genus Prostethophyma and of Pr. minor, sp. n., enables me to conclude that this character is far from being constant in these species, not even being reliable as a specific character, and therefore quite useless for separating the genera. ‘There remains, therefore, only one character for separating Phorenula from Prostethophyma, and that is in the venation of the elytra, especially in the shape of the discoidal area, which is equally wide throughout in Phorenula and narrowed apically in Prostethophyma ; the difference is a very striking one in the case of the males, but the females of the two genera are extremely alike, and the question arises whether the genera Phorenula and Prostethophyma should not be better united. TI prefer, however, to keep them separate in the meantime, till more species are made known (and I am sure that this group is represented in South Africa by a far greater number of species than is at present recorded), and especially because | have not yet had the opportunity of studying the genotype of Phorenula, for which I should take Ph. dorsata, Bol., as the first of the two species described under this genus. 4. Phorenula vittata, sp. n. es, ena vittata, I. Bol. in litt, Mém. Soc. Ent. Belg. xix. p- 82. 3. Rather small for the genus, distinctly compressed laterally. Antenne scarcely longer than the head and pro- notum together, rather thick. Head strongly reclinate. Frontal ridge rather broad, parallel, feebly narrowed at the fastigium, where it is distinctly convex, while elsewhere it is flat, with the margins obtuse, not reaching the clypeus ; surface of the ridge not densely punctured. Fastigium of the vertex perfectly rounded, slightly impressed, with a median keel beginning from its middle and running across the occiput, but not reaching the pronotum; the lateral 378 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on margins strongly convergent behind, and prolonged into two irregular lateral occipital keels; temporal foveolze shallow, rhomboidal, with rounded angles. Pronotum laterally com- pressed but not constricted; median keel very well developed, rather thick and distinctly raised, interrupted by the hind sulcus just before the middle; lateral keels well developed, callous, distinctly convergent towards the first sulcus and strongly divergent behind it, deeply cut by all three sulci, not reaching the hind margin of the pronotum ; fore margin distinctly convex ; hind margin rectangular ; surface of the disc uneven, with rather large impressed points, with callous rugosities between the sulci; lateral lobes strongly rugulose and punctured, with a callous irregular longitudinal keel in the middle, starting just behind the front margin, slightly sinuate in the middle and almost reaching the hind margin. Elytra extending a little beyond the hind knees; mediastinal area reaching the apex of the basal third, dictinetly dilated beyond its middle, with a false vein; scapular area almost reaching the apex of the elytra, well dilated in the middle and strongly attenuate apically, with sparse oblique veins; externo-median area narrow, feebly widening towards the apex, with sparse trans- verse reticulation ; discoidal area distinctly shorter than half the whole elytra, scarcely hyaline, with rather scarce but not parallel transverse venules, without a regular false vein ; interulnar area a little broader than the discoidal, sparsely but irregularly reticulated, with a very irregular and only partly-developed false vein. Hind femora narrow, with the apical third attenuate. General coloration light chocolate-brown. Occiput with two longitudinal rows of brown points. A broad castaneous- black fascia starts from the hind margin of the eyes and runs across the upper half of pronotal lobes ; sides of meso- notum and metanotum also partly black ; the lower fart of the pronotum lobes pale, with brown punctures, and sharply separated from the dark upper part by the longitudinal keel, which is ivory-coloured ; disc of the pronotum with brown points; lateral keels and a little interspace between them and the castaneous lateral fascia ivory-coloured. Elytra light fawn; scapular area with oblique venules partly brown ; discoidal area shining black, with a few hyaline spots in the apical half; three irregular and not sharply-defined brownish spots along the middle of the apical half. Wings hyaline, scarcely infumate apically. Pectus and abdomen brownish beneath, with brown points ; abdomen of the same colour above, but more strongly dotted with brown. Fore and South African Grasshoppers. 379 middle legs with dark grey and brown points and streaks. Hind femora with the area externomedia whitish, with a grey median longitudinal streak ; upperside with more than the apical half brown, interrupted in the middle of the femur by a narrow pale fascia; the upper inner area with black base ; inner median area blackened apically ; lower areas buff; the knees spotted with black, more so on the inside. Hind tibiz black from beneath, the colour gradually diluting towards the apex ; the upperside is yellowish grey, dotted and spotted with brown; an incomplete black subbasal ring. Female unknown. d (type). mm. Length of body.......... 15°5 a eit SRO Aner 3 i pronotum .,... 35 eyes COVER late ase 14 2 hind femora .. 10 The type is from Pretoria, iv. 1921 (J. C. Faure). A cotypic male in the Oxford collection, labelled by I. Bolivar as a cotype of Ph. vitiata, I. Bol. (undescribed), is from Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 ft., 1899 (G. A. K. Marshall) ; it agrees with the type in all characters, but is in less good condition, which caused me to draw up the description from another specimen, 5. Phorenula marshalli, sp. n. 1911. Phorenula marshalli, 1. Bolivar in litt., Mém. Soc, Ent. Belg. xix. p. 81. 3g. Antenne a little longer than the head and pronotum together. Head strongly reclinate ; frontal ridge flat, sub- parallel, slightly widened above the middle ocellus and feebly narrowed at the fastigium, coarsely punctured except at the base, at the apex, and along the margins, which are scarcely raised. Fastigium of the vertex regularly oval, scarcely shorter than broad, slightly impressed, with a feeble arched transverse sulcus, with margins perfectly rounded, incurved behind and emitting two irregular callous occipital keels ; the median keel starting from the apex of the fastigium, but lowered in its middle, prolonged into an occipital keel, which is connected with the lateral keels by several irregular callous transverse ridges; temporal foveole rather well developed, longer than broad, elongato-trapezoidal, with rounded angles. Pronotum scarcely compressed laterally, 380 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on without a constriction ; prozona a little shorter than meta- zona; median keel well developed, rather sharp; lateral keels rather feeble and irregular, subparallel between the fore margin and the first sulcus, feebly divergent between that and ‘aie third sulcus, and more strongly divergent and better developed in the metazona, reaching the hind margin ; obtusangularly rounded ; hind angle straight, with the sides slightly concave ; lateral margins ‘of the dise not coincident with the lateral keels, but indicated by a slightly raised line running outwardly and below the lateral keels ; surface of the dise neither punctured nor rugulose, smooth but shining ; lateral lobes rugulose throughout. Elytra extend- ing a little beyond the hind knees; their venation very much like that of the above-described Ph. vittata, Uvar., but the discoidal area a little longer, though still not reach- ing the middle of the elytra, with an irregular false vein throughout ; interulnar area with only one row of rather regular cells and without any trace of a false vein. Hind femora thick and short, with only apical fourth attenuate. General coloration greyish fawn, with a brown and black design, Along the head and pronotum runs a paler median fascia, included between two velvety black fascize, which start from the sides of the fastigium, coincide with the lateral keels in the prozona, and run within these on the metazona, where the keels are pale. Face, sides of the head, lateral lobes of the pronotum, mesonotum, and meta- notum unicolorous, indistinctly dotted with grey points. Pectus and the base of the abdomen of the genera] colour, though of lighter shade; the apical half of the abdomen reddish both above and beneath, but the apex itself yellowish. Fore and middle legs fawn, without any spots or points. Hind femora with three well-pronounced black fascize on the upperside, the hindmost of them being partly extended on the externo-median area; that area of the general coloration with a few black points along the lower carina; the inner side bright red, except the preapical ring, which is ivory and extends all round the femur ; the knee brown above, black inside, black with brown lobes on the outside. Hind tibize bright red, with black base, a broad ivory subbasal ring, and black-tipped spines. Hind tarsi buff. Elytra with the basal half of the mediastinal area slightly darkened; discoidal field with a row of irregular brown spots; an oblique brownish fascia beyond the middle; the apical fourth infumate, with a faint indication of oblique fascie. Wings distinctly infumate at the apex and to the middle of the outer margin. South African Grasshoppers. 281 3 (type). © (paratype). mm, mm. Length of body ........ 16 20°5 3 CAG 2 Sila steals 3 375 * pronotum .... oO 45 5s elytra........ 14 18 BS hindfemur ., 11 14 The type is from Salisbury, Mashonaland, 1]. xi. 1905 (G. A. K. Marshall) ; four other paratypic males and two females are from the same locality; one female from Pretoria, iv. 1921 (J. C. Faure) ; one female from Morico, Transvaal, i. 1918. The dimensions of the female given above are taken from the specimen labelled by I. Bolivar as a cotype of Ph. marshall, Bol. (andescribed). This specimen and some others of the series are not so vividly coloured as the type ; the black fascize on the head and pronotum may be very little developed or altogether wanting. The inside of the hind femora is sometimes orange-red. The interulnar area in the male is sometimes less regularly reticulated and with au indication of a false vein. 6. Phorenula gracilis, sp. n. g. Smaller than any other known species. Antenne extending a little beyond the hind margin of the pronotuin. Frontal ridge flat, with very obtuse margins, feebly narrowed at the fastigium, with rather large but sparse puncturation. Fastigium of the vertex oval, with the apex somewhat acute, feebly impressed, with a very feeble, arched, transverse sul- cus; its margins convergent behind and emitting irregular lateral occipital keels; median keel beginning behind the arched sulcus and prolonged on to the occiput, but not reaching the pronotum ; temporal foveolz fairly well de- veloped, rotundato-rhomboidal, narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly. Pronotum neither compressed laterally nor constricted ; median keel strongly raised, cut by the typical sulcus just before the middle; lateral keels weil developed, distinctly convergent between the fore margin and the first sulcus and strongly divergent behind that sulcus, almost reaching the hind margin ; actual lateral margins of the pronotal dise indicated less distinctly than in Ph. marshalli, Uvar. ; fore margin of the pronotum rounded ; hind angle straight; the surface of the disc neither rugulose nor punctured, smooth but not shining; lateral lobes coarsely punctured and rugulose. LElytra extending a little beyond the hind knees ; their venation as in Ph. marshalli, but the 382 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on interulnar area is narrower, not broader than the discoidal area, with an irregular reticulation and an irregular false vein. Hind femora narrower than in PA. marshalli, but broader than in PA, vittata, Uvar., with the apical third attenuate. General coloration brownish with black design; the latter _ much like that of Ph. marshaili. A light buff median fascia, included between the two dark castaneous fasciz, runs across the head aud pronotum ; lateral keels of the latter pale throughout ; lateral lobes brownish, variegated and dotted with brown. LElytra with a longitudinal median row of rectangular black spots along the discoidal area and almost to the apex. Wings with the apex but feebly infumate. Head beneath, pectus, and the base of the abdomen light olivaceous; the rest of the abdomen orange- reddish beneath and above. Fore and middle legs varie- gated with brown. Hind femora on the upperside with a basal brown spot and with the whole apical half brown, except a narrow transverse fascia just beyond the middle of the femur, and a narrow pale subapical ring; the externo- median area brownish, with numerous indistinct brown points, with a row of elongate black spots along the lower carina ; the inside brownish with a faint reddish shade, with indistinct brown points ; lower sulcus greyish oliva- ceous ; the knees brown, with the upperside and lobes of a lighter shade. Hind tibiz greyish olivaceous, with brown base and numerous indistinct brownish points ; their spines black. Hind tarsi somewhat reddish. ? (paratype). Differs from the male by the far darker coloration, being almost black above, but lateral keels of the pronotum still pale; lateral Jobes with the lower margin and a stréak in the middle pale; their whole median part black. Elytra mostly shining black, with a median row of hyaline spots aloug the discoidai area; the base of the scapular area buff. Wings a little more infumate than in the male. Abdomen and the inner and lower side of the femora more orange-reddish. Hind tibie slightly reddening towards the apex. d (type). 2 (paratype). mm. mm. Length of body ........ 14 20 os GSC gate eins 's 53 25 3 5 pronotum ,... 3 4 3s Cly Gra seh. is 13 16 . hind femora... 10 3 i South African Grasshoppers. 383 The male type and the only paratypic female are from Salisbury, Mashonaland, xi, 1905 (G. A. K. Marshall). This species seems to be closely related to Ph. cruciate, Bol., and may prove even to be conspecific with it, but the question cannot be solved without the examination of Bolivar’s type, and I prefer to give here a description of my specimens which will render it possible later to establish the synonymy. If my specimens are actually conspecific with Ph. cruciata, Bol., then the insect from Zomba men- tioned above represents a distinct and undescribed species. As I have not seen both of Bolivar’s species of the genus Phorenula, I think it inadvisable to attempt to draw up a key to the species, which must be necessarily incomplete and therefore might only mislead. PacHycaRvs, gen. nov. Small and middle-sized grasshoppers, with a thick head, somewhat resembling in habitus and type of coloration certain species of the Palearctic genus Dociostaurus, Fieb. Antenne filiform, with the subbasal joints slightly com- pressed, but not at all dilated, in ? distinctly, in g very much longer than the head and pronotum together. Head large and thick, distinctly prominent above the pronotum, in ¢ strongly, in @ distinctly reclinate. Frontal ridge in the male flat or feebly impressed, gradually widened towards the clypeus, almost reaching the latter ; in the female it is more convex, with margins obtuse and disappearing shortly below the middle ocellus. Fastigium of the vertex dis- tinctly sloping forwards, pentagonal, more or less distinctly marginate and impressed; temporal foveole visible from above, longer than wide, shallow, imperfectly marginated. Occiput without median carina. Eyes shortly ovoid; their height exceeds only a little their length and is subequal to the height of the infra-ocular part of cheeks. Pronotum short, rounded, feebly selliform ; median keel. very low, in prozona undeveloped or distinctly more feeble than in meta- zona ; the first and second transverse sulci not reaching the median keel, which is cut by the typical sulcus in its middle ; hind margin widely rounded; lateral lobes dis- tinctly higher than long, narrowed downwards, with the lower margin rotundato-angulate on the middle, and both fore and hind angles obtuse, rounded. Prosternum with a low transverse swelling on its fore margin. Meso- sternal lobes perfectly transverse, about twice as broad as long, with hind angles very widely rounded; interspace scarcely more narrow than the lobes, widened posteriorly. 384 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on Metasternal lobes separated by a subquadrate interspace. Tympanum semi-open. Elytra developed, but not exceeding the hind knees; mediastinal area with a basal dilatation ; scapular area dilated, especially in the males, extending almost to the apex of elytra; discoidal area reaching beyond the middle of elytra, parallel ; interulnar area subequal in width to the discoidal. Wings hyaline, with normal venation. Hind femora short and thick ; the knee- lobes rounded. Hind tibize very slightly thickened apically, rounded above, bicarinate below, armed with 8-9 outer and 10-11 inner spines; the lower inner spur almost straight, almost as long as the first tarsal joint, slightly incrassate near the apex, which is short and recurved. Supra-anal plate of the male obtusely triangular, about as long as broad, with the sides slightly convex ; cerci rounded, obtuse, subequal to the supra-anal plate; subgenital plate short, obtusely conical. Subgenital plate of the female much longer than broad, widened posteriorly ; its hind margin with an obtuse triangular projection in the middle ; valve of the ovipositor very short, thick, and obtuse. Genotype: Pachycarus stauronotus, sp. n. To the same genus belong two more South African species: one of them has been described by W. F. Kirby as A, Pachycarus stauronotus, sp. n.; B, P. medius, sp. n. Heteropternis (sic!) pallida, Kirby (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. no. 57, 1902, p. 241, no. 4), and the other, which has been recorded by Kirby as Calliptamus minor, Walk. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1902, p. 240), has nothing to do with the genus Calliptamus, and is described below as Pachy- carus intermedius, sp. 0. Kr South African Grasshoppers. 385 Key to Species of the Genus Pachycarus, Uvar. (Figs. 2 & 3.) 1 (2). The sides of the fastigium (tempora) dis- tinctly sloping sideways, narrow and occupied entirely by the temporal foveole, which are distinctly narrowed anteriorly and imperfectly margined below. 3 (4). g. Elytra witbout false veins in the dis- coidal and interulnar areas. Fastigium of the vertex distinctly longer than broad. (Q. Discoidal area irregularly reticulated without a false vein; the interulnar area with an irregular false vein. Fastigium of the vertex slightly longer than broad.) .. stawronotus, sp. 0. 4 (8). $. Elytra with false veins in the discoidal and interulnar areas. Fastigium of the vertex only a little longer than broad. Ape ISIN IITs) cel can ca t= Pap cicy Shy Saar Gace 2 Sos medius, sp. 0. 2 (1). 2. The sides of the fastigium only feebly sloping sideways, broad, with broad obtuse margins; temporal foveole parallel, not narrowed anteriorly, obtusely but com- pletely margined all around. The media- stinal, scapular, discoidal, and interulnar areas) withtalseeviellees cess. ss oucek ces. pallidus (Kirby). Beet naw mans roe ee — A, Pachycarus stauronotus, sp. n.; B, P. medius, sp. n. 7. Pachycarus stauronotus, sp.n. (Figs. 2,A; 3, A.) &. The smallest of the three known species. Antenne reaching well beyond the middle of the abdomen. Head Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 25 386 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on longer and thicker than the pronotum, strongly reclinate and very prominent above. Frontal ridge with the margins closely approximate at the fastigium ; facial keels reaching the clypeus. Pronotum very finely and. closely punctured in the prozona, and more distinctly in the metazona, which is a little shorter than the prozona; median keel scarcely perceptible on the prozona and more distinct, though still very low, on the metazona. Elytra a little longer than the abdomen ; mediastinal area with but very feeble basal dila- tation and reaching to the apical fourth of the fore margin ; scapular area fairly dilated, extending a little beyond the end of the mediastinal, with sparse transverse nerves ; externo-median area gradually widening towards the apex, but distinctly narrower than the scapular area; discoidal area fairly broad, sparsely, though not very regularly trans- versely, reticulated ; interulnar area a little narrower than the discoidal, sparsely and still less regularly reticulated, without a regular false vein. General coloration greyish brown, with grey and whitish design. Head brown above and whitish beneath. Pro- notum brown above, with a very faint indication of a pale cross-like design (as in Dociostaurus genei, Ocsk.) ; lateral lobes with a reniform ivory spot beneath and a little behind their middle, with the fore angle white and the lower margin whitish. LElytra with a row of rather large quad- rangular brownish spots along the middle, with the base of mediastinal area and the whole of the anal area brownish. Wings hyaline, with the principal veins in the fore part brownish. Sternum and abdomen bright yellow beneath ; upperside of the abdomen bright red. Fore and middle legs spotted and fasciated with grey. Hind femora bright yellow beneath and on the inside ; the externo-median area whitish, with a row of several small brown spots along the lower margin; superno-median area brownish, with a grey spot in the middle, another smaller and less distinct grey spot adjoining the pale base, and the third one still less distinct, just before the pale preapical ring ; the median and preapical spots are also prolonged into the superno- interior area; knees black. Hind tibiew pale greyish, with black base and a brown streak in the basal third beneath ; the spines brown. Hind tarsi bluish white. 2? (paratype). Antenne extending well beyond the hind margin of the pronotum, but not reaching the middle of the abdomen. Head a little longer and distinctly thicker than the pronotum, very prominent dorsally. Facial keels not reaching the clypeus. Prozona of the pronotum with the South African Grasshoppers. 387 median keel a little more distinct than in the male. Elytra reaching the apex of the abdomen, but a little shorter than the hind femora; mediastinal area feebly dilated basally, with an incomplete false vein ; scapular and externo-median areas dilated about in the same degree as in the male ; discoidal area fairly dilated, with two rows of cells and an irregular false vein ; interulnar area slightly narrower than the discoidal, with the cells in two rows and an irregular false vein. General coloration more varied than in the male; face dotted with brown; head with a pale median line and two postocular fascize of the same colour; the pale cross on the pronotum more distinct. LElytra with more numerous brown aud black spots. Pectus and abdomen greyish yellow beneath; upperside of the abdomen red, but not so bright as in the male. Hind femora with three distinet dark brown transverse spots on the upperside, and with three indistinct oblique greyish streaks along the middle of the externo-median area ; knees grey, with pale lobes dotted with brown. Hind tibiz as in the male, but their base is grey instead of black. o (type). 2 (paratype). mm mm Length of body ........ 13 18 % Vet: oe eee 3°25 35 f pronotun , 2°75 3°25 BA Glybia, Sess og 85 12 hind femora.. 9°5 BI ” The type and several paratypes are from Petrusville, 23.1.1919; other paratypes are from Boshof, 17-18. v. 1917; Paardeburg, 31.v. 1917 ; and Dealesville to Bloemfontein, 19.v.1917. The series consists of 10 ¢ g and9 9? 9. The morphological characters are rather constant in the whole series, but the size and coloration vary. Thus, the above-described female is rather small, since there are speci- mens measuring 22 mm. in length of body. The general coloration is sometimes more brownish or even ochraceous, with more or less numerous-dark spots ; the cross-like figure on the pronotum is always more pronounced in females than in males, but also varies in its distinctness. The abdomen in some females is not reddish above. On the whole, the species is extremely like Dociostawrus genei, Ocsk., but easily dis- tinguished from it by the spurs of the hind tibie and by the form and position of temporal foveolze. 25* 358 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on 8. Pachycarus medius, sp.n. (Figs. 2, B; 3, B.) dg. Larger and more robust than P. stawronotus, Uvar. Antenne reaching to the middle of the abdomen. Head about as long as the pronotum and only a little thicker than it, strongly reclinate and distinctly prominent upwards. Frontal ridge at the fastigium narrowed, but not as strongly as in P. stauronotus. Facial keels reaching the clypeus. Metazona of the pronotum rugulose; median keel or pro- zona hardly perceptible, on metazona well developed though low. LElytra a little longer than the abdomen and almost reaching the hind knees ; mediastinal area with the basal dilatation more prominent than in P. stauronotus ; discoidal area more dilated than in that species, with an irregular but complete false vein ; interulnar area distinctly narrower than the discoidal area, with an irregular false vein ; anal area with an indication of a false vein. General coloration reddish brown, Face ash-grey. Pro- notum with a very faint indication of a paler cross ; lateral lobes with a rather indistinct oblique dark streak, their lower part somewhat paler than the rest. Sternum buff ; abdomen yellow beneath and red above. Elytra and wings as in P. stauronotus. Hind femora yellow beneath, reddish else- where, especially so on the inside ; the upperside with three grey transverse fasciz ; knees black. Hind tibiee me yellow, with brown spines. Hind tarsi brownish. d (type) mm Kengthiof body anes acts 175 5 laerki Page ore ae + oy pronotum...... 4 A livia ss cette. 12:5 a hind femora.... 12 The type is from Pretoria (W. L. Distant) ; another para- typic male is labelled Zoutpansberg (Kaessner), and differs from the type in the reddish shade of its coloration, the bind tibie being red. Both were identified by W. F. ‘Kirby as Calliptamus minor, Walk., and recorded by him as females (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1902, p. 240). 9. Pachycarus pallidus (Kirby). 1902. Heteropternis pallida, Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. no. 57, p. 241, no. 4. This is the largest and most robust species of the genus, easily separated from the other two by the structure of the South African Grasshoppers. 389 tempora. As its coloration has been already described by Kirby, I will give here only a few principal morphological characters which are entirely lacking in Kirby’s description. ?. Head subequal to the pronotum in length, but distinctly thicker, feebly reclinate. Frontal ridge convex, disappearing just below the median ocellus, very feebly narrowed at the apex ; facial keels not nearly reaching the clypeus. Pronotum with the median keel developed throughout, though on the prozona it is somewhat less sharp than on the metazona, Elytra scarcely reaching the end of the abdomen and much shorter than the hind femora ; mediastinal area very distinctly dilated, with a well-developed false vein ; scapular area well dilated, with an irregular false vein; discoidal area rather broad, with an irregular but rather thick false vein ; interulnar area much narrower than the discoidal, with a false vein; anal area with a well- developed, thick false vein. As for the coloration, it has been described by Kirby fairly correctly, though I should call the general coloration ochraceous rather than light brown, and the design on the pronotum and hind femora is not blackish but brown ; there is on the disc of pronotum a faint indication of a pale cross, not mentioned by Kirby. The hind tibiz are dark yellow ; the phrase in Kirby’s description—* hind femora with black- tipped spines ’—means, of course, not femora but tibie. The type of this species (from Figtree, Barberton) is still unique. Faureia, gen. nov. (Fig. 4.) Body distinctly compressed laterally. Antenne with the joints 8-7 distinctly flattened, feebly dilated, and almost smooth; the rest of the antennz composed of cylindrical joints, strongly and densely punctured; the antenne in ¢ slightly longer, in @ a little shorter than the head and pro- notum together. Head strongly reclinate ; frontal ridge with the sides obtuse, perfectly parallel, sightly approximated at the fastigium ; fastigium of the vertex forming a rounded angle with the frontal ridge, nearly horizontal, pentagonal with the apex rounded, in g longer than broad, in ? as long as broad, with an arched transverse impression ; its margins raised, obtuse, in ¢ feebly, in 2? more distinctly convergent backwards, not prolonged into occiput; a feeble median carinula begins from behind the arched impression and runs . towards pronotum, but does not reach the latter ; temporal foveolze well seen from above, distinctly though not deeply 390 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on impressed, marginate, more than twice as long as broad, with the upper and lower margins straight and parallel, hind angles straight, the apex obliquely Seine eee ; eyes oval: with the fore margin straight, their height exceeding the height of the infra- ocular part of cheeks more than twice. Pro- notum strongly compressed laterally ; its disc nearly flat, slightly widened posteriorly and forming straight though rounded angles with the lateral lobes ; the median keel well expressed throughout, rather thick, interrupted i in about the middle by the typical sulcus ; no distinct lateral keels, which are replaced by the smooth, stra ight lines along the ‘lateral margins of the strongly punctured disc ; fore margin of the disc very widely rounded, shghtly prominent ; hind margin rounded in the female and rotundato-angulate in the male ; lateral lobes a little higher than long, feebly narrowed down- wards, with the lower margin obtusely angulate in the middle, its hind part being horizontal, slightly excavate, and the fore part obliquely ascendant. E lytra fully developed, in both sexes extending a little beyond the hind knees, hyaline throughout; mediastinal area with the basal dilatation ; scapular area strongly dilated in the male and less so in the female; discoidal area parallel, with an irregular and in- complete false vein; interulnar area in the male a little dilated, without false vein, in the female only slightly wider than the discoidal area, with a false vein. Wings with normal venation, coloured at the base. Prosternum with a large, though feebly prominent, transverse swelling. Meso- steno lobes in 3d only slightly, in the ? distinctly trans- verse ; their 1uner margins strongly rounded ; hind angles rounded ; hind margins nearly perpendicular to the sides of the sternum ; mesosternal interspace much longer than its narrowest width, strongly widened anteriorly and posteriorly. Metasternal lobes in both sexes contiguous ; their median suture long, straight. 'Tympanum semi-open. Hind femora only feebly incrassate basally ; their apical third attenuate. Hind tibiz distinctly widened towards the apex, armed with 8-9 outer and 10-1] inner spines ; the lower inner spur almost straight, half as long again as the upper inner one and subequal to half the first tarsal joint. Supra-anal plate of the male much longer than broad, lance-shaped, with small lateral angles near the apex; cerci straight, slightly compressed la erally, a little longer than the supra- anal plate ; subgenital plate obtusely conical. Upper valves of the ovipositor without, the lower with rounded teeth ; the apices of all valves strongly curved, sharp; subgenital plate of the female much longer than it is broad, widened South African Grasshoppers. 391 towards the apex, which is rounded with a triangular median projection. Genotype: Faureia rosea, sp. n. Faureia rosea, sp. 0. 10. Faureia rosea, sp.n. (Fig. 4.) 6. Frontal ridge between the antennz slightly convex, with a few tiny impressed points ; from a little above the median ocellus downwards it is impressed and coarsely punctured ; the lowest part is again almost smooth and flat. Occiput feebly transversely rugulose. Pronotal dise coarsely punctured, especially on the metazona, where the points are smaller but more dense than on the prozona ; the middle part of the latter is without puncturation but not shining; lateral lobes rugulose throughout, with three oblong dull impressions in the fore upper part. Elytra with the media- stinal area reaching a little beyond the basal third of the fore margin, with a dilatation in the middle and a well- developed false vein; scapular area extending to the apical 392 On South African Grasshoppers. fourth, strongly dilated, with rather dense and irregular reticulation at the base and with a few sparse oblique venules in the apical two-thirds ; externo-median area feebly dilated, with sparse transverse venules; discoidal area narrow, slightly narrowed and feebly bent backwards apically, irregularly and rather densely reticulated in the basal two- thirds, where an irregular false vein is perceptible, while the apical third is entirely hyaline, with a few transverse venules ; interulnar area about twice as broad as the discoidal, with sparse, not very regular, transverse venules; axillar area with a false vein. General coloration buff. A darker fascia runs from the hind margin of the eye across the upper half of the lateral lobes of pronotum and the sides of mesonotum and meta- notum. Wings with the basal half rose, the colour gradually fading outwardly. Hind femora pale, unicolorous, with ash- grey semilunar spots on the knees. Hind tibie pale sanguineous; their base pale, with a dark streak on the upperside; the spimes white with the apical half black. Hind tarsi sanguineous. 2 (paratype). Frontal ridge less distinctly impressed than in the male. Mediastinal area of the elytra reaching the base of the apical third; discoidal area a little broader than in the male, with the irregular false yein almost reaching its apex ; interulnar area only a little broader than the discoidal, with two rows of rather large but irregular cells, separated by a false vein reaching the apex. In other respects agrees with the male type, but without the dark lateral fascia on the head and pronotum ; this fascia is not constant in both sexes and the general coloration is sometimes with a greenish shade. ¢ (type). 2 (paratype). mm. mim. Length of body .......... 19 23 _ pronotum..... ° 4 5 e Slyiee i aes seae cle es 17 20 hind femora .... 12 14 ” The male type and 9 paratypic specimens of both sexes were taken in April 1921 near Pretoria by Mr. J. C. Faure, and I have great pleasure in naming this very distinct new genus after that entomologist. There isalso one male in the British Museum, taken also at Pretoria by Mr. W. Distant and named by Mr. F. Kirby as Anthermus granosus, Stal (this is one of three specimens recorded in Trans. Ent. Soe. London, 1902, p. 101, no. 99, the two others being named correctly ). Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 393 XXXVIL—Brief Descriptions of new Thysanoptera.—XI1. By Ricuarp 8. BaGnatt, F.R.S.E., F.L.S. Tuts is continued from Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 9, vol. vii. pp. 355-368, and the following species are de- scribed :— Physothrips minor, sp. 1. Elaphrothrips antennalis, sp. 0. i andrewst, sp. 1. Dicaothrips crassiceps, sp. 1. Megathrips honoris, sp. 0. fe breviceps, sp. n. Bactridothrips serraticornis, sp. 0. Suborder TEREBRANTIA. Physothrips minor, sp. 0. 9? .—Leneth about 1:0 mm. Belonging to the P. usttatus group. Colour dark brown; fore-tibize pale yellowish, lightly shaded with grey-brown basally, intermediate and hind-tibie at tips and all tarsi pale yellow; third antennal joint pale yellow, for the most part shaded with grey. Fore-wing daik grey- brown, excepting basal fifth or thereabouts, where it is light. P. antennatus type.—lKEyes coarsely facetted, pilose ; ocelli large, interocellar sete situated between posterior ocelli, long and stout. Maxillary palpi long and slender. Antennee as in antennatus, Bagn., but joints 3 and 4 not so strongly produced distally ; 4 longer than any other joint ; 3 apparently short on account of being very broad near middle ; 5 with a very short stem-like constriction ; relative lengths of 3 to 8 approximately 39 (with stem) : 46:33:41: 8:13. Forked trichomes on 3 and 4 stout. Upper vein with a series of setee running to the distal third and two at tip; those of posterior vein long, commencing at the second setee of the upper vein. Abdominal segments 8-10 obconical ; terminal sete long and strong, those on 9 approximately 1 4 times the length of the segment. Highth tergite posteriorly without fringe. This species comes near to P. antennatus, Bagn., and P. antennalis, Karny, and is distinguished from both by the small size and the relatively shorter joint 4 of the antenne. Type. In Coll. Bagnall. 394 | Mr. R.S. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. Hab. Inpvta, Maddur, Mysore, 30. viii. 1918, and Coimba- tore, 7. ix. 1918, single females with Dendrothripoides ipomee, sp. ined., on Lpomea staphylina (Ramakrishna). Physothrips andrewst, sp. n. ? .—Length c. 1°4 mm. Belonging to the P. vulgatissimus group, having the an- tennal joints 3 and 4 long, slender, and fusiform. Colour uniform dark brown; fore-wings brown, with the basal fourth or more light, practically clear. Antenne brown, joint 2 yellowish distally, 3 wholly light greyish- yellow, and 4 basally greyish-yellow to light yellowish- brown. Anterior legs wholly light greyish-yellow, inter- mediate pair also light, but with the fore margin shaded to a deepish brown—chiefly medianly ; posterior pair with the femora dark brown, lighter distally, and the tibie greyish- yellow. Head transverse, dorsal surface irregularly transversely striated ; ocelli placed well back, interocellar sete short and stout, about equal in length to the width separating them. Antenne about 2°5 timesas long as the head, relative lengths of joints 2-8 approximately as follows :—44 : 72 (with pedi- cel): 68:44:65:5:7. Intermediate joints slender, very approximately of uniform breadth. Maxillary palpi long, relative lengths of joints approximately 21: 12: 20. Pronotum transverse, approximately 1°3 times as long as the head and about 08 as long as broad. Surface tran-- versely striated, sparingly and minutely setose, bristles at each hind angle subequal in length, long and stout, between 0°55 and 0°6 the length of the pronotum. Legs somewhat stout, especially the anterior pair; regularly setose. Hind tibies with series of spines in the distal two-thirds (or there- abouts) within, closely set, moderately long and stout, and numbering a dozen or more, the terminal pair very long and stout. Sete of fore-wing somewhat long and stout, 1+1+1 in the distal half of the upper vein, 24-26 and 12-15 on tie costa and lower vein respectively. Abdomen oblong-ovate, terminal bristles long. Easily distinguished from vulgatissimus by the coloration of wingsand legs. It comes very near indeed to the Japanese P. pallipes, Bagn., and differs chiefly in the eoloration of head and thorax, the longer intermediate antennal joints, the longer pronotum (14: 10), the longer pronotal bristles, whilst there are differences in the cheetotaxy of the head. Both pallipes Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 395 and albipes possess a stoutish pair of setee behind posterior ocelli which are not developed in this species, whilst the interocellar pair is longer and not placed so far forwards in andrewsi. Type. British Museum of Natural History (Imperial Bureau of Entomology). Hab. Invt1A, Ringtong, T. E., Darjiling Dist., India; on rose, 14. vi. 1916, 2? ? only. Reg. no. 287. Suborder TUBULIFERA. Megathrips honoris, sp. n. Syn. M. quadrituberculatus in part. In referring “Ldolothrips quadrituberculatus to the genus Megathrips 1 described a g example which, despite certain colour-differences, I presumed to be referable to the species quadrituberculatus. ‘This male example is described in this series of descriptions, Part VIII. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xvii., May 1916, pp. 406-407), but further material has produced J examples of another species of Megathrips agreeing in the type of coloration with AZ. guadri- tuberculatus and undoubtedly referable to that species. g —Length (including tube) 4:5 mm. Fore-tibize brown excepting at apex and basally; inter- mediate tibiz brown except at apex, and hind-tibie brown except the extreme base and distal third, which are yellow. Antenne more than twice as long as the head; relative lengths of joints 3 to 8 as follows:—61:50:45:33:16:14. Abdominal segment 6 furnished with a pair of lateral spine-like tubiform processes at anterior angles, slightly outwardly directed, but scarcely curved, and not quite reaching the line of the posterior margin; 8 with a pair of lateral tooth-like processes near posterior angles. Tube about 1°5 times as long as head, stout near base, but sharply narrowed in the first fourth, more strongly setose (and with longer setee) than in guadrituberculatus. ‘Verminal hairs short. Type. In Coll. Bagnall. Hab. Japan, Kobe; 1g, April 1915. Ree. no. 139 (J. E. A. Lewis). 396 Mr. R. S. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. Megathrips quadrituberculatus (Bagn.). As shown above, the § example referred to this species proves in the light of further material to be another species. Mr. Lewis captured two examples of each sex of the true M., quadrituberculatus by sweeping grass at Kobe on June 30th, 1916—so I am able to characterize the male. g.—Asin ?. Sixth abdominal segment widened before middle and furnished with a pair of stout tubiform processes curving outwards and not reaching the line of the posterior margin of 7; 7 with a minute tooth at each posterior angle, and 8 slightly widened near middle and then produced to a stout tooth before posterior angles, Differs from J/. honoris in the coloration of the tibiz, the more massive armature of abdominal segments 6 and 8, in the weaker chetotaxy of the tube, which is also longer in this species compared to the length of head. Genus Bactroruries, Karny. Syn. Krinothrips, Bagn. 1918. On account of the pressure of the past five years, due to war conditions, I am afraid that in my last contribution to this series I sto the genus AKrinothrips quite overlooking Karny’s Bactrothrips, though it was previously known to ine. Krinothrips must be regarded as a synonym of Bactro- thrips, but the description establishes the fact that Karny’s diagnosis was based upon a male example, the ¢ differing aga the @ in exactly the same way as do ¢ g of Megathrips and allied genera. Bactrothrips divergens (Bagn.). Bactrothrips longiventris, Karny, is a smaller insect than B. divergens (Bagn.), and differs in several directions, in- cluding the colouring of the tibize, which are all yellowish i in the distal half in Karny’ s species. The tubiform abdominal processes of the male appear to vary in size. I have recently received examples of B, divergens from the Imperial Bureau of Entomology (no. 163), taken in plenty on cacao in the Belgian Congo (ht. Mayné). Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 397 Bactridothrips serraticornis, sp. n. Karny has recently diagnosed the genus Bactridothrips for a Malayan insect, the male differing from that sex in the genus Bactrothrips in the longer processes of the sixth abdo- minal segment and the armature of segments 7 and 8. A single ¢ example from Ceylon was recently sent me by Mr. Green which would seem to differ from L. idolomorphus, Karny, in several particulars, 6 .—Length about 7-0 mm. Head 2°5 times as long as broad (as against 2°3 in idolo- morphus) ; antenne very slender, nearly three times as long as the head, with the joints 6 and 7 relatively longer than in idolomorphus, the relative lengths of joints 3-8 being approxi- mately 69 : 50: 43: 80:13:11, as compared with 68:48: AP 2 2 VO: 2. ‘The tibize are golden-yellow in colour, the fore-tibie being shaded with brown in the basal two-thirds and the inter- mediate and hind pairs are dark brown in the basal half and basal two-fifths (or thereabouts) respectively. All tarsi similarly yellow, with the ends (or second joints) dark brown. The horns of the sixth abdominal segment are much shorter than in ¢dolomorphus (a line diawn across their tips would only approximate the base of the teeth of the seventh segment), whilst the inner margins are noticeably and irregu- larly serrate in the basal three-fourths or thereabouts. The teeth of the eighth abdominal segment are very much stronger and stouter than those on the seventh, whilst the sides at middle are inclined to be tuberculate. The tube is approximately twice as long as the head and 8:0 times as long as broad at base; the surface is strongly setose excepting in the distal fifth, the basal half only being setose in Karny’s species. The legs are not so long as shown in idolomorphus, and upon careful measurement the intermediate and hind-tibiz (without tarsi) measure 0-9 mm. and 0°77 mm. respectively, as compared with 1°25 mm. and 0°95 mm. Type. In Coll. Bagnall. Hab. CrYLon, Pundaluoya; 1 ¢ only (Z. E. Green). 398 Mr. R. S. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. Elaphrothrips (Idolothrips) antennalis, sp. n. &.—Length about 3-7 mm. Colour blackish-brown, with the fore-femora distally and all tarsi lighter ; antennal joints 3 and 4 yellow, with the apical two-fifths or thereabouts of 4 light brown; 5 yellow in the basal half. Form much as in the North-American species Jdo/othrips tuberculatus and flavipes, Hood. Head much as in flavipes, just upon twice as long as broad; cheeks with several short spines; postocular bristles set well in and close to the eyes, long and slender, at least 1°5 times the length of an eye. First antennal joint stout compared to 2; the elongate-clavate segment 3 peculiar because of a rounded swelling of the inner margin in the neighbourhood of the basal third; relative lengths of the joints 3 to 8 approximately as follows :— 49:46:40: 28:19:18. Trichomes long and very slender. Pronotum about 0°45 the length of the head, transverse, and twice as broad as long. Mid-lateral and_postero- marginal bristles at least well-developed, but difficult to make out in the preparation ; pale. Outer postero-marginal about 0°85, the inner pair shorter and more slender, and the mid- lateral 0°5 the median length of the pronotum. Fore-legs not very strongly incrassate, fore-tarsus armed with a broad- seated tooth. Wings practically colourless, broad, and reaching to the sixth abdominal segment; fore-wings with a series of thirty-five duplicated cilia. Pterothorax broad. Abdomen heavy, broader than the pterothorax, and gradually narrowing from the fifth segment. Tube about 0°9 the length of the head ; somewhat heavy, with side subparallel to the distal third, whence it narrows sharply ; about 0°65 as wide at tip as across middle. ‘erminal hairs weak, approxi- mately 0°65 as long as the tube. Abdominal bristles long, light yellow in colour, the longest on segment 9 as long as the tube. Ninth sternite (or pleurites ?) apparently produced in the form of a pair of blunt spine-like processes, one on each side of the tube. The shape of the third antennal joint is a peculiar feature of this species. Type. In Coll. Bagnall. Hab. Japan, Kobe; 1 g, 11. vii. 1916, on grass (J. #. A. Lewis). Reg. no. 293. Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 399 Dicaiothrips crassiceps, sp. 0. ? —Length about 5-5 mm. Dark blackish brown, end of tube and tarsi somewhiat lighter. Segment 3 of antenne yellow, with a ring of light brown at base, ‘and the apex dark brown, concolorous with the following segments; wings apparently clear, at most lightly tinged (the tips only protrude over the sides of the body in the single preparation) ; cilia smoky. Head short and broad, only 1°7 times as long as broad, cheeks faintly incurved behind eyes and then as gently arched, set with a few strong spines. Eyes prominent, finely facetted, occupying about 03 the length of the head ; post- ocular bristles long, 1:5 times as long as an eye. Antenne 2°3 times as long as the head, relative lengths of joints approximately as follows :—51: 40: 35:30:19: 14. Pronotum about 0°5 as long as the head; sete well- developed, colourless, the outer postero-marginal pair about 0-8 and the mid-lateral 0°5 as long as the median length of pronctum; pair at anterior angles shorter. Pterothorax stout, transverse. Wings broad, reaching to sixth abdo- minal segment, with cilia very closely set. Femora irregu- larly spinose ; fore-tarsus with tooth. Abdomen heavy, broader than pterothorax, gradually narrowing posteriorly. Tube long and slender ; 1°2 times as long as the head and about 4 times as long as broad near base ; terminal hairs long and slender, 0°65 as long as the tube, and abdominal bristles on segment 9 yellowish brown ; very long, 1°4 times the length of the tube. Other abdominal bristles moderately long, colourless or nearly so. Recognized by the remarkably short and broad head. Only three other species are known to me wherein only the third antennal joint is yellow—namely, denticollis, Bagn., falcatus, Karny, and seychellensis, Bagn. Hab. Ixpta, Myawadi, on the Burmo-Siamese frontier, at 900 feet, 24-26. xi. 1911 (F. H. Gravely). 4303, Reg. no. 174. One @ only. Dicaiothrips breviceps, sp. n. ?.—This species closely resembles D. crassiceps, m., but tle head is not so broad compared to the length, being 1°9 times as long as broad near base. 400 On a Freshwater Sponge from New Zealand. Although the specimen is almost certainly female, the fore- legs are fully developed, the fore-tarsus being armed with a long stout tooth. The antenne are unfortunately broken off in the unique example. The tube is much shorter and stouter than in D. crassiceps, being approximately as long or nearly as long as the head, 3°0 times as long as broad at base, and about 2°5 times as broad at base as at tip. All abdominal bristles lightly coloured (colourless), those on 9 being 0°8 the length of the tube. Comes near D. crassiceps, but readily distinguished by the slightly narrower head, the shorter tube, and the shorter bristles on the ninth segment of the abdomen. I hope to describe this specimen more fully when dealing with Messrs. Alluaud’s and Jeannel’s collection. Hab. British East Arrica, Nairobi (Wa-Kikvyu et Masai) (Ch. Alluaud, 1904). XXXVIII.—WNote on a Freshwater Sponge from New Zealand. By R. KirKPATRICK. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Recorps of freshwater sponges from New Zealand are so rare that it seems worth while calling attention to any fresh discoveries, even if only of-new localities for a known species. Early in the year numerous small specimens of a freshwater sponge were sent to the Natural History Museum, London, by Mr. H. Hill, of Napier, N.Z. The specimens were gathered on the north shore of Lake Taupo. The lake, which is situated in the centre of North Island, is 1210 feet above sea-level, has an area of 140 square miles, and a depth of 300 to 530 feet. The specimens had been stranded after a gale. They are about a square inch in area and an inch high. Some specimens form thin flat crusts without visible oseules, others are conical, with one large oscule, and others, again, are irregular and meandrine (see text-figure). The texture is fairly firm, and the body permested with fine saud. No gemmules were present in this lot of material. On the Anatomy of Wypsobia nosophora. 401 Two months later Mr. Hill sent a further consignment. Gemmules were now found, and the sponge was at once recognized as EHphydatia kakahuensis, Traxler (VTermés. Fiizetek. 1896, xix. p. 102, pl. ii.). The sponge described by Traxler came from the River Kakahu in the South Island. Ephydatia kakahuensis, Traxler. a~f, specimens + natural size: a, b, ¢, conical, with one large oscule; d, lamellar; e, thinly encrusting; f, irregular; g, spined tornote oxeas, X 280; h, exceptional shape, viz. amphityle, x 280. Accordingly, New Zealand continues to have only one known species of freshwater sponge, this being found both in the North and South Jsland. It is to be hoped that Mr. Hill, who intends to dredge in Lake Taupo, will add to the number of species. XXXIX.—On the Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora. By G. C. Rosson, B.A. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) INTRODUCTION. In 1915 Leiper and Atkinson (6), in extending and con- firming Miyairi’s original conclusions with regard to the transmission .of Asiatic Schistosomiasis (= Bilharziasis), Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 26 402 Mr. G. C. Robson on the announced that part of the life-cycle of Schistosoma japont- cum was passed in the tissues of a Japanese freshwater snail. This snail was described by the present author (10) as Katayama nosophora, and a short account of the radula, shell, and operculum was given. In May 1915 Pilsbry (9) referred this form to Blanfordia, and in 1918 Annandale (2) placed the species in Heude’s Hlypsobia. There can be little doubt that the molluse in question should be referred to the genus described by Heude under that name. . As no complete account of the structure of this animal has apparently been published, and the descriptions of Heude and the present author were only slight and confined principally to external features, it has been thought desirable to issue some detailed account of its anatomy. In addition to its role as intermediate host to Schistosoma japonicum and as a member of a group of Mollusca the anatomy of which is very little known, the discovery by Cort (4) of its powers of resistance to dessication rendered the study of its respiratory system an inviting subject. It is not the object of this paper to discuss the nomen- clature of this group of Gastropoda, as the amount of informa- tion upon the structure of HE. Asiatic Paludestrina-like molluscs is too scanty to justify a taxonomic discussion. It is open to those interested in nomenclature to criticize Pilsbry’s reference of this form to Blanfordia or to inquire whether Heude’s genus should not be ealled Blanfordia; but, until we have a general knowledge of the structure of all the genera involved in this question, such discussions appear a little premature. The publications of Bregenzer (3), Seibold (13), and the present author (11, 12) serve to show that there are several ° characters of fundamental importance which eannot be neglected in the classification of the Paludestrina-forms ; and it is very much to be regretted that in his admirable survey of the freshwater Hydrobiidee of India (1) Dr. Annandale should have ignored such characters as the nervous system and female genitalia. The author is indebted to Dr. W. W. Cort, of the Johns Hopkins University, for sending living examples of the snail and for information concerning its mode of life. STRUCTURE. I. Alimentary System. The general disposition of the mouth and its adjacent area Anatomy and Affinities of Uypsobia nosophora. 403 resembles that found in the Paludestrinidee. The mandibles, the epithelium which secretes the oral cuticle, and the two lateral diverticula of the mouth are in general like those of Paludestrina jenkinsi (11) or ventrosa (12). The mandibles consist of seventeen to twenty-one columnar pieces of specialized cuticle. The secretory epithelium is continuous with that of the pharynx. Posteriorly to the mandibles the mouth widens out and is flattened over the oral cartilages. It shows the tripartite arrangement seen in other Paludestrinids. ‘The median portion hasa thin non-ciliated roof, and the lateral portions dip down beside the cartilages. The salivary glands, of which there is a single pair, open into the lateral divisions just behind the level of the radula and cartilages. hey come into intimate connection with each other across the cesophagus ; but it is doubtful whether actual organic fusion occurs. The buccal cartiliges are symmetrical and joined in the median line. Laterally they are somewhat flanged upwards, while posteriorly they are divergent. The vadula has been described elsewhere (10), while that of H. humida was figured by Heude (5). In the material forwarded by Dr. Cort there was a tendency for the animals to show one less denticulation on the two outer teeth than is shown in the original description of LH. nosophora. The stomach corresponds in its general structure with that of other Paludestrinide, though the apertures of the ceso- phagus and hepato-panereas are not so close together as in Paludestrina. The point of entrance of the cesophagus was rather variable in the individuals examined. The cuticular lining, the marked transverse ridge of the upper portion of the stomach, and the position and structure of the sty/e-sac are remarkably similar to the condition seen in Paludestrina. The communication between the pylorus and style-sac charac- teristic of the latter genus is also found in Hypsobia. ‘The layer of dark pigment-granules in the stomach epithelium of Paludestrina and Bythinella (3, 12) was not found in this genus, though its absence may be due to accidental causes. The intestine exhibits a typhlosole. ‘The rest of the alimentary and digestive system does not call for special comment. Il. The Respiratory System. The character of the gill constitutes the most remarkable feature in the structure of this animal, and differentiates 26* A404 Mr. G. C. Rebson on the Hypsobia at once from Paludestrina in this respect. The author is not inclined, however, to regard it as of very great taxonomic importance. The points of agreement between the two genera are so numerous that the specialized nature of the respiratory apparatus in Hypsobia may, ou the whole, be disregarded for classificatory purposes. As in Littorina (8) and Hemibia (5), the filaments of the gill are prolonged across the root of the mantle-cavity to the rectal border. This modification of the gill has been very fully discussed by Pelseneer (loe. cit.) ; and according to his description the condition seen in Hypsobia and Hemibia is comparable exactly to the stage illustrated by Lzttorina, in which each filament is reduced in height and continued right across the pallial cavity, but has not yet broken up into the vascular arborizations seen in Cerithidea. Fig. 1. Wi tozy © | xs te OP Iibs bo SSE, Wager ere | Saop y Wet SS i o3 2 XN | 2 . | = —= = ‘ Littt GF a ‘a Ss oh ag E 2, =S . —— OE GS 7x5 (2) & SE of/e as —< = ROE eS oe : Siar . EES NAY \\ \ WY W H. nosophora (1, hom. imm. X 4 oc.), Section through two gill-lamelle. a, afferent vessel ; e, efferent vessel. I propose to refer to the “ filaments” or “ lamellee ” of the true gill, and to call the ridges by which they are continued “ pnaractenidial” folds or filaments. There are from forty- eight to fifty-four lamella. Each of these in side-view appears as an oblong, slightly bent plate tapering to a blunt point at the right-hand end. This end is actually free, though supported by the paractenidial filaments. The vascular system of each filament consists, as usual, of dorsal afferent and ventral efferent vessels, with an intermediary system of lacune (fig. 1). In general, the condition seen resembles that in Bythinella dunkert (3) and P. ventrosa (12), though the walls are much thicker and the spaces more Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora. 405 confined than in those forms. The paractenidial folds differ from the above in having no expanded ciliated portion. Otherwise they do not differ from the true gill. The lacunar system is continuous from the filaments into the paractenidial folds (fig. 2). Au i: afferent vessels are derivatives of an irregular lacunar system communicating with the ample rectal sinus. Fig.2. A P — =<. “Se SS pehe RoW ee ES as 292 es SZ (Nie IIS o Le CDE SPN i an ee =D 99°90 96 008 DDE, Se S 9 eo * BaP =< O ee o H. nosophora. Horizontal section through base of gill-lamelle (g) and paractenidial filaments (p). All that is known of the habits of this animal points to its being amphibious. Heude says of the Chinese species that it does not live in water, but on damp rocks. No such details of the actualanode of life of the Japanese species are available but Cort (4) has shown that it will leave the water voluntarily and can resist dessication for about three months. Ill. Renal System. The kidney is rather remarkable among the Paludestrina- like forms on account of its complexity. In all the specimens examined it was possible to distinguish three areas, which wefe, however, by no means constant in their distribution or histological condition. 1. Trabecular Portion—This consists of a number of cavities separated by a trabecular system covered by the same type of epithelium as the open portion of the kidney. In the walls of these cavities are found numerous blood-spaces (fig. 3). 2. The ‘ blood-gland” is a compact stroma usually lying near the renal aperture at the anterior end and on the outer side of the kidney next to the body-wall. 406 Mr. G. C. Robson on the 3. The urinary cavity ( Urinkammer”’) resembles that found in the Paludestrinidse. It ramifies among the other organs, and is lined by acharacteristic epithelium composed of vacuolated cells with basal nuclei. HH. nosophora (+, hom. imm. X ; 0¢.). Part of trabecular area of kidney. 6=blood-spaces. IV. Circulatory System. The pericardium is situated in the usual position. No trace of a reno-pericardial aperture was found, though it is not certain that it is absent. The auricle and ventricle are“normal. The latter is very muscular and its cavity is traversed by numerous muscle- fibres. Some indication is seen of an auriculo-ventricular valve. . The distribution of anterior and posterior aorte is normal, the anterior running forwards over the roof of the pericardium for some distance, then accompanying the cesophagus to open into the cephalo-pedal sinus. The posterior aorta runs backwards between the stomach and intestine. It would appear that the portal vein enters the pulmonary vein before the latter reaches the auricle; but it is impossible to be abso- lutely certain of this point. ‘The cephalic and pedal porticns of the anterior (cephalo- pedal) sinus are incompletely separated by a_ horizontal Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora. 407 septum [ef. Robson (12) ], which, as in the Paludestrinide, passes between the pedal ganglia and the cerebro-pleural complex. V. The Nervous System. (Figs. 4 & 5.) (a) Sense-organs. 1. Osphradium.—This is a small rod-shaped organ lying, as usual, on the left-hand side of the gill. It is innervated by a conspicuous nerve rising from the supra-intestinal ganglion. Fig. 4. ve rpl. PP a4 NIA H, nosophora. Central nervous system (anterior aspect). le=left cerebral ganglion; /pl=left pleural ganglion; p=pedal ganglion; rplsright pleural ganglion ; pp=(sc.) parapodial and propodial ganglia; s?=supraintestinal ganglion ; sb/=subintestinal gan- glion ; o=osphradial nerve ; ve= visceral commissure. 408 Mr. G. C. Robson on the 2. Otocysts.—These are found in the usual position on the posterior surface of the pedal ganglia. ‘They contain a single otolith. The auditory nerve is very difficult to follow, and is apparently fused with the cerebro- pedal connective. 3. Hyes.—These are situated at the base of the tentacles and on the outer side. They consist of inner and outer cornea, a well-developed lens, and retinal layer. (b) Gunglia and Nerves. The cerebral ganglia are elongate and rather pointed ante- riorly. They are placed with their long’axes parallel to the main axis of the pharynx. They are connected in the median line by a small commissure. ‘The pleural ganglia are closely applied to the cerebral ganglia, but are not fused to the latter. There are very short but distinct cerebro-pleural connectives [cf. discussion upon the latter in Paludestrina ulve, Robson (2) i. Fig. 5. TCO 2g ro/ fee SY \ Joe H. nosophora, Cere»ro-pleural connective. rpl=right pleural ganglion ; 7eg=right cerebral ganglion ; ppe and epe= pleural-pedal and cerebro-pedal connectives. The cerebro-pedal and pleuro-pedal connectives are distinct, though very closely applied to each other. The pedal ganglia are rather round. ‘They are closely approximated, being joined by a small commissure. The supra-intestinal ganglion is joined to the right pleural ganglion by a commissure slightly longer than that figured by Bregenzer for Bythinella dunkert (3). From this ganglion are given off the osplradial nerve and a connective to the abdominal ganglion. The subintestinal ganglion is very closely approximated to the left pleural ganglion, but not fused to it. Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora, 409 The abdominal ganglion is situated between the anterior end of the kidney and the columellar muscle. The cerebral ganglia give off anteriorly ocular, tentacular, and labial nerves, and connectives to the buccal ganglia. It would appear that the penis-nerve is of cerebral origin, though it is impossible to make absolutely certain of this. It is possible that the tentacular nerve supplies branches to the musculature of the eye. Each of the pedal ganglia gives off three main nerves, the two anterior ones bearing small ganglia at a short distance from their roots. These ganglia i in their turn give off each two nerves which apparently innervate the plantar muscu- lature of the foot. VI. Reproductive System. Male Organs. The spermatozoa have long and tapering heads, differing therein from those of Paludestrina (12) and Bythinella (3), and agreeing rather with P. taylort (sc.= Amnicola) (Rob- son MS.). Whether they possess the extraordinarily long tail seen in the latter is, however, doubtful. The vas deferens, after quitting the region of the testis, becomes progressively more slender. It passes into the prostate, which is of considerable size, and on quitting the latter it passes over the floor of the mantle-cavity and up the penis surrounded by a thick layer of circular muscle. The prostate is very much folded. The cells lining its cavity are sparsely ciliated. It is difficult to be very certain about the histological elements composing this gland. In the first place, it usually showed differential staining, certain areas being more darkly stained than others. But it is impossible ‘to say whether this was due to the presence of different types of cells or different physiological states of a single type of cell. It was possible to distinguish (a) vacuo- lated cells with the nucleus somewhat flattened out and found very often at the interior end of the cell (the end next the lumen of the gland), and (4) cells with eosinophilous granular cytoplasm, with the nucleus more usually rounded and occu- pying a more median position, The penis is undivided, agreeing therefore with Paludestrina, Hemilia, Delavaya, Stenothyra, and Tricula, and differing from the Bythininee (1). It is cephalic in position. In all the examples dissected it was rather broader and stouter than that figured for 4. humida by Heude (5). 410 Mr. G. C. Robson on the Female Organs. (Figs. 6 & 7.) The oviduct follows the usual course downwards from the ovary. In the neighbourhood of the stomach it gives off a spermatheca of a rudely ovoid shape. The oviduct then becomes convoluted as in P. ventrosa, straightens itself out again, and runs parallel to the “ uterus’? and its glandular annexe along the right-hand side of the pallial cavity external to the “uterus.” It terminates in a small aperture adjacent to the uterine aperture and anus. The lower end of the oviduct is very slender and its aperture exceedingly II, nosophora, X 22. Female reproductive system. ».....= Ovary, oviduct, and spermatheca; —— — —— =accessory gland and uterus; —.-.-—,-—.-—=rectum., small, and it is very difficult to see how intromission is effected. Fertilization is internal, however, as spermatozoa may be frequently found in the spermatheca. It is similarly difficult to imagine how the fertilized ova find their way into the uterus, as they must first be shed into the pallial cavity and then be drawn into the uterus. ‘The problem is the same in such forms as Melania and Tanganyikia (Moore, 7), in which a groove connects the oviducal aperture with the brood-pouch. Anatomy and Affinities of Wypsobia nosophora. 411 The author was at one time inclined to think that a connection existed in [ypsobia between the upper portion of the “uterus” and the oviduct in the neighbourhood of the receptaculum, But the connection between the two organs at this upper level, which was found in one or two examples only, appeared to be fortuitous, and, in any case, there was no continuous passage from the cavity of the oviduet into that of the “ uterus.” Arising at a high level (occasionally adjacent to the lower end of the ovary) an extensive gland is found which passes downwards and eventually appears as an elongate mass on Bige'7, H. nosophora (X4 oc. x6 obj.). Diagrammatic transverse section through median region of pallial cavity. o=oviduct; s=rectum; v=“ uterus.” the right-hand side of the last whorl. It has a continuous cavity throughout the whole of its length, which opens to the exterior close to the anus and oviducal pore in the anterior right-hand corner of the mantle-cavity. It is impossible to discuss the identity and function of this gland without appropriately fixed material. It is evident however, that it is divisible into two parts—an upper, wholly glandular portion, and a lower portion, less glandular, with a more capacious lumen and the remarkable feature of a well- developed muscular sheath imbedded in the glandular tissue. A12 Mr. G. C. Robson on the The upper part usually stains a light blue with hematoxylin’ the lower part an intensely dark bluish purple. The author is mclined to regard the lower portion as a uterus * or brood-ponch. Although it is thick-walled and no eggs have been found in it, its lower portion in its position and relationship to the rest of the reproductive system resembles organs adapted for the reception and nutrition of the young, such as are found in neighbouring groups. Lhe spermatheca has a thick investment of circular muscle, and is usually composed of elongate secretory cells with basal nuclei. Spermatozoa were found in numerous examples, sometimes scattered throughout the cavity, sometimes clustered round the sides with their heads towards the periphery. AFFINITIES. Along with /7ypsobia Heude gave incomplete descriptions of several new genera, such as Delavaya, Hemibia, and Fe- nouilia, some of which show certain points of resemblance to [ypsobia. We have only a very slight knowledge of the structure of the other Asiatic Paludestrina-like forms. The information as to the European forms is a little more complete. It must, therefore, be admitted that these resources are scarcely adequate to enable us to form a clear concept either of the natural groups into which the Paludestrinidee (Hydrobiide, auct.) may be divided or of the limits of the family itself +. Admitting, then, that the family may be rather indefinite in its boundaries, 1t nevertheless cannot be doubted that the characters of the alimentary canal (including mandibles, cartilages, and radula), nervous system, and genitalia at once assign Hypsobia to the Paludestrinide. In what subfamily it should be placed is rather more uncertain. Some of its characters suggest that it should take its place very near Paludestrina itself, and at least in the same subfamily (vadula, mandibles, style-sac, nervous system, and male genitalia). On the other hand, the specialized respiratory system, the kidney, the female genitalia, and the character of the sperniatozoa do not seem to warrant its inclusion in the Paludestrinine. Yet among the adjacent subfamilies—Bythi- niine, Mysorelline, &c.—there is none in which it might be * The upper portion may be an albumen- or a shell-gland, but for the time being the author prefers to call it the ‘‘ accessory gland.” + The writer has had no opportunity of consulting Mr. B, Walker’s “Synopsis of the Classification of the Freshwater Mollusca of North America,” Mus. Zool. Michigan University, Misc. Publ. 6, 1918, p. 1. Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora. 413 placed with any confidence. If Heude’s figure of the nervous system is to be trusted, Hemebia—with which LHypsobia shows such remarkable likeness in its specialized respiratory system—differs from Hypsobia in this respect as well as in the shell. It would seem better to regard //ypsobia as the representa- tive of a subfamily distinct from the Paludestrinine, but approximating to them more closely than to other subfamilies the structure of which is known to us. CONCLUSIONS. (1) Hypsobia is a genus referable to the Paludestrinide, but probably representing a separate subfamily. (2) It agrees with //emibia and Littorina in showing an adaptation to an amphibious mode of life in the structure of its gill and pallial cavity, which is in accordance with what is known of its habits. (3) It possesses a crystalline style-sac exactly comparable to that of Bythinella and Paludestrina. (4) The female generative organs are peculiar in two respects—the large accessory gland with (sc.) uterine termination opening separately from the oviduct, and possibly comparable to the brood-pouch of other forms, and the muscular sheath imbedded in the glandular tissue of the latter. WORKS QUOTED. ) AnnanDALE, N. Records Ind. Mus. xxii. pt. i. p. 1 (1921). ) Mem. As. Soc. Bengal, vi. p. 806 (1918). ) BreeEenzeR, A. Zool. Jahrb. xxxix. Heft 2, p. 237 (1916). ) Cont, W. W. Journ. Parasitology, vi. p. 84 (1919). ) Hevupzr, P.M. Mémoire... histoire naturelle de Empire Chinois. Shanghai, 1880 (passim). (6) Lxrrrr, R., and Arxrnson, E. British Med. Journ., Jan. 1915. (7) Moors, J. E.S, Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci. xlii. (1899) p. 160. (8) PELSENEER, P. Arch. de Biol. xiv. p. 3851 (1896), (9) Pirspry, H. The ‘ Nautilus,’ May 19135, p. 1. (10) Rosson, G. C. Brit. Med. Journ., Jan. 1915, (11) ——. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vol. v. p. 425 (1920). (12) Quart. Journ, Micr, Sci. (In the press.) (13) Sersotp, W. Jahresheft. Ver. Vat. Naturk. Wurttemberg, Lx. p. 198 (1904). (a (2 (3 (4 (5 Note.—Miyairi’s original paper, with the first reference (without description) to this mollusc, and Iwakawa’s paper on the nomenclature and hibernation (Zool. Record, 1918) were not available for reference. 414 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotic Muscaride. XL.—Ezotic Muscaride (Diptera).—l1V .* By J. R. Matiocu, Urbana, Ill., U.S.A. I wave not adhered to my previous method in segregating the species from different continents under distinctive headings in this paper, as I have had to list a number of species under one generic name which have previously been placed in another genus, and for clarity have run the notes all under the generic name, thus preventing me from listing the species as heretofore. Subfamily Paaoniiv 2. Phaonia peregrina, sp. nu. Female.—Black, shining, with grey pruinescence. Head black. Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen faintly checkered. Legs black. Wings clear, veins yellow basally. Calyptree yellowish. Halteres yellowish brown. Eyes pubescent ; frons normal ; parafacial as wide as third antennal segment ; longest hairs on arista longer than width of third antennal segment. ‘Thorax without differentiated presutural acrostichals, with three pairs of postsutural dorso- centrals, prealar very long, some hairs adjacent to noto- pleurals, and hypopleura with some hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle. Abdomen normal. Fore tibia without a posterior bristle; fore tarsus without either long out- standing sensory hairs or erect dense curled hairs on posterior side of basal segment; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ; hind femur with strong bristles on apical half of antero- ventral surface ; hind tibia with one antero-ventral and two antero-dorsal bristles, the apical postero-dorsal bristle short and weak. Last section of fourth vein over twice as long as preceding section. Length 6 mm. Type, Willbrook, Natal, 8. ii. 1914 (R. C. Wroughton). One female. Phaonia parvula, sp. n. Female.—Enutirely black, shining, with slight brownish- grey pruinescence. Thorax inconspicuously vittate. Wings clear, both cross-veins distinctly clouded. Calyptree whitish. Halteres black. * For Part IIT., see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vol. vili., September 1921, pp. 226-2389. Mr. J. R. Malloch on Heotic Muscaride. 415 Eyes almost bares frons one-third of the head-width ; each orbit with one backwardly directed supraorbital ; para- facial at base of antenna nearly as wide as third antennal segment, becoming linear at middle of face, the latter concave in profile; longest hairs on arista shorter than width of third antennal segment, Thorax with two or three pairs of stout presutural acrostichals, three pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals, and no prealar; hypopleura bare. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle ; fore tarsus longer than fore tibia, without outstanding sensory hairs on posterior side of basal segment ; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ; hind femur with four or five long bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface, and a few setulose hairs on basal half of postero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with two antero-dorsal and two or three autero-ventral bristles, calcar long. Wings normal. Length 3°5 mm. Type and paratype, Burpengary, Queensland, 5. xii. 1899 (T. L. Bancroft). I desire to state that the poor condition of the paratype is due to an accident. When I had the specimen under the microscope, holding it by the Jong pin through the mount with my left hand, the electric lighting system suddenly failed owing to a violent thunderstorm that was raging that night and I was left in pitch darkness. In attempting to take hold of the head of the pin with my right hand to place the specimen back in the box I accidentally laid hold of the wrong pin, that upon which the specimen was mounted, in the dark, with the result that the specimen is now rather badly crushed, though recognizable. Phaonia thomsoni, sp. n. Male.—Black, slightly shining, with rather dense grey pruinescence. Head entirely black. Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen with markings as in serva, Fallen. Legs black, the knee-joints reddish. Wings clear. Calyptree whitish yellow. Halteres yellow. Eyes densely hairy, separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance but little over width of anterior ocellus ; para- facial at base of antennz as wide as third antennal segment, widened below, the vibrissal angle much produced ; cheek over twice as high as width of third antennal segment ; arista with its longest hairs equal in length to width of third autennal segment. Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals, no strong presutural acrostichals ; the pre- alar long, and some hairs on upper margin of hypopleura in 416 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hwotic Muscaride. front of spiracle. Abdomen ovate ; basal sternite hairy. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle; fore tarsus much longer than fore tibia, slender, no long sensory hairs along posterior side of basal segment; mid-tibia with four posterior bristles ; hind femur with a series of antero-ventral bristles, and some long fine bristles on basal half of postero- ventral surface ; hind tibia with two antero-dorsal and three or four antero-ventral bristles. Wings normal. Length 7°5 mm. Type, Kashmir, Gulmarg, 8500 feet, summer 1913 (F. WW. Thomson). Dedicated to the collector. Phaonia kashmirensis, sp. 0. Female.— General colour as in the preceding species. All tibize and the hind femora reddish yellow, the latter infus- cated apically. Hyes short-haired ; frons less than one-third of the head- width, with normal bristling, the interfroutalia almost bare on sides ; parafacial wider than third antennal segment ; vibrissal angle but little produced; longest hairs on arista distinctly longer than width of third antennal segment ; proboscis stouter than usual (slender and elongate in thom- soni). Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals, in other respects as in thomsoni. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle ; fore tarsus slender, longer than fore tibia, with some outstanding sensory hairs along the posterior side of basal segment; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ; hind femur with a series of antero-ventral bristles; none on postero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with two antero-dorsal and two or three antero-ventral bristles. Wings normal. Length 8 mm. Type, Kashmir, Gulmarg, 8500 feet, summer 1913 (fF. W. Thomson). This species belongs to the same group as errans, Meigen, while the preceding one belongs to a group intermediate between that group and the one containing serva, Fallén. Phaonia flavomaculata, sp. n. Female.—Shining black, with greyish pruinescence. An- tenne black, second segment brownish ; palpi brownish yellow. Thorax quadrivittate, humeri, anterior third of pleura, and the scutellum testaceous yellow. Basal abdo- minal tergite yellow except along posterior margin and on a narrow line in centre, second with two round yellow spots Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hectic Muscaride. 417 on dorsum, one on each side of median line. Legs yellow, tarsi fuscous. Wings clear, veins yellow at bases. Calyptrze and halteres yellow. Eyes with short sparse hairs ; frons one-third of the head- width above antenn, narrower posteriorly, the bristling normal; parafacial narrow ; vibrissal angle slightly pro- duced; cheek not markedly higher than width of third antennal segment, the latter fully three times as long as second ; longest hairs on arista about as long as width of third antennal segment. Thorax with three pairs of post- sutural dorso-centrals ; presutural acrostichals absent, pre- alar very long; hypopleura bare; no hairs adjacent to notopleurals. Basal sternite bare. Fore tibia with two posterior bristles ; fore tarsi slender, much longer than tibia, without outstanding sensory hairs on posterior side ; mid- femur without long bristles on ventral surface; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ; hind femur with two or three preapical antero-ventral bristles and a few setulose hairs on basal half of postero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with two antero-dorsal bristles and four or five antero-ventral setule, the calcar short, about one-sixth from apex to tibia. Wings normal. Length 10 mm. Type, Kashmir, Gulmarg, 8500 feet, summer 1913 (2. W. Thomson). Phaonia abnormis (Stein). This African species was originally placed in the genus Mydea by Stein, and named adbnormis because it has a strong postero-dorsal bristle on the hind tibia. As this is now accepted as the character for separating Phaonia from his concept of Mydea, tle specific name is rather imappro- priate now. I have seen a number of specimens from West Africa, where it is, to judge from the material sent to me, the commonest species of the genus, which is very poorly repre- sented in Africa. Genus PstLocu#TA, Stein. This genus is known to me only through a female of chalybea, Wiedemann, and Stein’s description. The species known to me agrees with Phaonia in having the hypopleura hairy on upper margin in front of spiracle, the calcar present, prealar long, pteropleura bare, and in the bristling of the frons of the female. The only characters Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 27 418 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotic Muscaride. that appear to warrant its separation from Phaonia are the almost bare arista, well-developed presutural acrostichals, and the absence of long sensory hairs on basal segment of fore tarsus. I can see no reason to accept the genus as distinct, if we do not also accept HKuphemia, Robineau-Desvoidy, as such. The specimen of chalybea before me bears a written label with the words “ Coquimbo, Aristolochia” and the numbers 82-102. Genus PrerocaNnTuus, nov. Generic characters—Belongs to the same group as Trichopticus, Rondani. Separable from it and allied genera by the presence of some long fine hairs on lower surface of first wing-vein at middle and on base of third vein above and below, and by having the lower surface of scutellum hairy—a character very rarely found in this subfamily. Genotype, Aricia sundewalli, Zetterstedt. Spilaria chetopygus, sp. v. Female.—Similar to lucorum, Meigen, in colour. Antennze and palpi black. Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen with a slender dorso-central vitta and poorly defined lateral spots black. Legs black. Wings clear, not conspicuously yellow at bases, the cross-veins not infuscated. Parafacials seen from in front much wider than third antennal segment. Prealar very short; postsutural dorso- centrals 4; sternopleurals 2:2. Fourth tergite with long but not dense bristles on disc. Fore tibia with a median posterior bristle ; mid-tibia with three or four posterior bristles; hind femur with moderately long bristles on almost the entire length of antero-ventral surface, the postero-ventral surface almost bare. Outer cross-vein more distinetly curved than in ducorum. Length 9 mm. Type and paratype, Troodos, Cyprus, July—October 1902, about 4500 feet (Miss D. M. Bate). Differs from ducorum in having the fourth tergite much more conspicuously bristled and the fore tibia with a median posterior bristle. Like all species which | have placed in the genus Syilaria, this o1ie has a series of fine hairs on hypopleura below the spiracle and some hairs on sides of scutellum which invade the ventral surface slightly. Mr. J. R. Malloch on Fwotic Muscaride. 419 Spilaria punctifer, sp. n. Female.—Black, subopaque, densely grey pruinescent. Frons opaque ; antenne black ; palpi yellowish testaceous. Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen checkered as in lucorum, Fallén. Legs yellowish testaceous, tarsi black. Wings clear, cross-veins broadly infuscated. Calyptree whitish. Halteres yellow. Frons at vertex less than one-third of the head-width, widened anteriorly, anterior orbital strongest ; orbits with short setulz laterad of the bristles ; parafacial about as wide as the narrow third antennal segment, the latter about four times as long as second; arista with very long hairs above and below ; eyes hairy. Thorax with three pairs of post- sutural dorso-centrals ; prealar very small; scutellum with short hairs below on sides; sternopleurals 2:2, the lower anterior one small ; hypopleura with short weak hairs below spiracle. Fore tibia with one or two posterior median bristles, the apical half of antero-dorsal surface with some short setule ; mid-femur with one or two bristles on antero- ventral and four or five on postero-ventral surface on basal half; mid-tibia with four irregularly arranged posterior bristles ; hind femur with four or five widely spaced antero- ventral bristles, and one near base on postero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with two or three antero-dorsal and antero-ventral bristles. Costal thorn short ; outer cross-vein straight. Length 85 mm. Type, Zomba, Nyasaland, ix. 1910, in house (Dr. H. 8. Stannus). One female. The description of this species ought to have been included in a previous part of this series, but was accidentally over- looked when the manuscript was sent to the editor. Genus Dicu#ztomytra, Malloch. In describing this genus I placed particular emphasis upon the number of postsutural dorso-central bristles, and, in fact, used this character as the basis for the generic name. I find, however, that this is not a constant character, though there are very few exceptions to the rule in the series of the genotype species before me, only one specimen having three strong bristles, the others having either two strong bristles only or two strong and two very weak bristles behind the suture. I have arrived at the decision that other characters must be used to define the genus, and, in doing so, I have 27* 420 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hzotic Muscaride. been forced to admit a large number of species from the African and Oriental regions which have always more than two strong postsutural dorso-centrals behind the suture. The presence of hairs on the sides of the prosternum and on the pteropleura, some weak setulz on base of third wing- vein on lower surface, and the forward curvature of the fourth vein apically distinguish the genus from its allies. The hind tibia has no calear, but there are at times some short setule on the postero-dorsal surface. The hypopleura is either bare or there are some hairs near the lower posterior angle, and in a few cases there aie some very short hairs on the latero-posterior declivous portion of the mesonotum in front of scutellum. Dichetomyia polita, Malloch. This species varies very strikingly in colour sometimes, being at times almost entirely glossy black, and in several examples before me yellowish testaceous with a distinctly vittate thorax and the apical half of abdomen blackened. I have before me a good series taken at Obuasi, Ashanti (Dr. W. M. Graham). Dichetomyia bifasciata (Stein). Like all the species except the genotype this one was originally placed in Mydea by its describer. 1 have before me a male of this species which bears the written iabel “ Avicia bivittata, Walker, MS.,’ and another label, presumably in the handwriting of Walker, with the name “ bivittata.” Locality, New Guinea. Dichetomyia niveipalpis (Stein). A very distinct species, which is readily recognized, at least in the female, by the large, flattened, whitish palpi. The species has somewhat similar coloration to bifasciata, the thorax being brown vittate, but the abdomen is largely blackened on dorsum. One specimen from Talum, Siam (H. C. Robinson and N. Annandale). Dichatomyia fasciculigera (Stein). I have before me four specimens from the Seychelles Islands, Sans Souci, 2. 11. 1906 (P. R. Dupont). Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 421 A yellow species without black thoracic vitte and with black marks on dorsum of abdomen similar to those of the two preceding species, Dichetomyia pectinipes (Stein). I have seen one male from Peradeniya, Ceylon, which I am certain belongs to this species. Dichetomyia apicalis (Stein). One male from Cameroon, Africa, which I consider is undoubtedly referable to this species. Dichetomyia distanti, sp. n. Male and female.—Shining rufous yellow. Frons fuscous; antenne yellow, third segment brownish apically; palpi yellow. Thorax indistinctly vittate, slightly whitish pruin- escent. Abdomen with a large crescentic spot on apical half of third tergite and all of fourth tergite black. Legs yellow. Wings clear. Calyptre and halteres yellow. Male.—Kyes almost bare; head-structure normal. Thorax with 2+38 strong dorso-centrals; prealar short; anterior intra-alar long; scutellum bare below ; prosternal and ptero- pleural hairs yellow. Basal sternite hairy. Fore tibia with a posterior bristle; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ; hind femur with two or three preapical antero-ventral bristles and some fine bristles on apical third of postero- ventral surface. Fourth vein very slightly curved forward at apex. Female.—Frons not over one-third of the head-width. Hind femur without fine bristles on apical part of postero- ventral surface; hind tibia as in male, with one antero- dorsal and one or two antero-ventral bristles and a postero- dorsal setula at middle. Length 7 mm. Type, male, and allotype, Johannesburg, South Africa, vi. 1901 (W. L. Distant). Dichetomyia fuscitibia (Stein). The tarsi and usually a part of tibiz in this species are blackened. I have before me seven specimens from Obuasi, Ashanti (Dr. W. M. Graham). 422 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. Genus Papvata, nov. Generic characters.—Similar to Dichetomyia, differing in having the pteropleura bare, the hypopleura with some long hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle, metathoracic spiracle without setulose hairs overlying spiracular flap, and the prealar bristle absent. The anterior intra-alar bristle is absent in the only specimen I have before me. Genotype, Mydea rufescens, Stein. The specimen bears labels similar to those borne by Dichetomyia bifasciata, Stein, but the name is Aricia ochromyoides, Walker, MS. Genus SPILOPTEROMYIA, Nov. Generic characters.—Similar to Papuaia. Differs from it in having the hypopleura bare. Prosternum bare ; ptero- pleura with some hairs in centre, scutellum with the hairs invading ventral surface from the sides; no hairs along lower margin of metathoracic spiracle; third wing-vein setulose at base below ; anterior intra-alar and prealar present, but not strong; fourth vein distinctly bent forward at apex; hind tibia without postero-dorsal bristles, the apical dorsal bristle very short. Genotype, Spilogaster apicata, Stein. I have before me two specimens from Colombia, South America (Dr. A. Balfour). In order to make clear the distinctions between the three genera just dealt with, I append a synopsis of the characters for their separation. All have the pteropleura hairy in part :— ]. Prosternum with hairs on sides; meta- thoracic spiracle with setulose hairs along lower margin and overlying the spiracular flap..... PRS RNS osteo . Dichetomyta, Malloch. Prosternum hare; metathoracie spiracle without setulose overlying hairs ...... 2. 2. Hypopleura with hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle; scutellum without hairs on sides ...... ciel chalts Se PO no Papuaia, gen. noy. Tiypopleura bare; scutellum with hairs on sides which invade ventral surface laterally ......cccceseessesscesesss Spilopteromyia, gen. nov. Limnophora spreta, sp. n. Male.—Black, slightly shining, with dense whitish pruin- escent markings on thorax and abdomen. ‘Thorax with Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 493 three contiguous black vittee in front of suture, the usual spaces between the vittse brownish, the area laterad of the vittee and a small transverse spot in front of suture on each side of median line whitish pruinescent; vittee behind suture contiguous on anterior half or more, a patch of whitish pruinescence on each side of median vitta just in front of scutellum; pleura largely whitish pruinescent, margins of sclerites blackish; scutellum whitish on margins apically. Second and third abdominal tergites each with a pair of large subtriangular black spots, which are narrowly sepa- rated centrally and extend from anterior to posterior: margins; fourth tergite with a large subquadrate black central spot and a less distinct brownish spot on each side. Legs black. Wings brownish. Calyptre and _halteres yellowish. Eyes at narrowest part of frons separated by about width of anterior ocellus; parafacial very narrow; longest hairs on arista longer than width of third antennal segment. Anterior two pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals weak. Bristles on posterior margins of second, third, and fourth tergites, and median bristles on fourth strong; basal sternite with a few hairs. Fore tibia unarmed at middle; mid-femur with some long fine hairs on basal half of postero- ventral surface ; mid-tibia with a posterior bristle; hind femur with some fine hairs on basal half and four or five long bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface, the basal half of postero-ventral surface with some bristles ; hind tibia with one antero-dorsal and one antero-ventral bristle. Fourth vein distinctly curved forward apically. Female.—Differs from the male in having the opaque black frons about one-third of the head-width, the thoracic vitte more brownish, and the dorsal spots on abdomen larger. Length 6-7 mm. Type, male, allotype, and one male paratype. Thereso- polis, Brazil, ix. 1887. I believe this is the species recorded from Brazil by Stein as corvina, van der Wulp. I have before mea paratype of van der Wulp’s species and it has the arista much shorter- haired, the abdomen differently marked, and the wings hyaline. Genus EMMESINA, nov. Generic characters—Most closely related to M/ydea, the third wing-vein bristly at base, prosternum bare, and hind 424 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. tibial calcar lacking, but the eyes of the female are not more widely separated than are those of the male, the genital segments of that sex are not spinose, the fifth sternite of the male is almost transverse at apex, the prealar bristle is absent, the third vein is slightly curved forward apically, and the arista is subnude. Genotype, the following species. Hmimesina annandalei, sp. n. Male and female.—Blackish brown, slightly shining, grey pruinescent. Antenne and palpi black. Thorax with three contiguous brown vittee, the dorsum appearing almost entirely brown. Abdomen dark brown, with a wedge-shaped grey pruinescent area on each side of each tergite at anterior margin. Legs pitchy black. Wings faintly brownish. Calyptree and halteres yellow. Male.—Eyes bare, facets larger in front ; frons narrow, but about twice as wide as width across posterior ocelli ; interfrontalia distinct on entire length ; orbits uniform in width, with fine bristles on their entire length, a pair in line with anterior ocellus directed forward; parafacial linear ; cheek about as high as width of third antennal segment, the latter about 2°5 as long as second; arista swollen at base. Thorax without strong presutural acrostichals, and with four pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals, the anterior two pairs weak ; both intra-alars weak, the anterior one conspicuously so. Abdomen elongate-ovate ; hypopygium small. Fore tibia with one posterior bristle; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles; hind femur with about seven fine bristles on antero-ventral surface, postero-ventral surface bare ; hind tibia with one antero-dorsal and antero-veutral bristle. Female.—Similar to male, the genitalia normal. Length 4°5-5 mm. Type, male, allotype and one male paratype, Bulsit Besar, Siam (H. C. Robinson and N. Annandale). Subfamily Awrvowriyz. Pegomyia magna, sp. n. Female.— Black, slightly shining, densely grey pruines- cent. Antennze and palpi black, apex of second segment of former reddish; frons black. Thorax when seen from behind with two broad fuscous vitte laterad of the dorso- centrals, a narrow brown central vitta, and a faint dark line along the bases of the dorso-centrals. Abdomen checkered, Notes on Australasian Rats. 495 with a dark dorso-central yitta which is visible from almost any angle. Legs yellow, tarsi black. Wings clear, veins yellow basally. Calyptre and halteres yellow. Frons slightly less than one-third of the head-width ; orbits each with three supraorbital bristles and two infra- orbitals ; cruciate interfrontals lacking ; parafacial at base of antenne wider than the rather broad third antennal segment ; longest hairs on arista distinctly longer than width of third antennal segment; palpi narrow. Thorax with about three pairs of closely placed presutural acro- stichals; prealar very long; sternopleurals 1:2. Fore tibia with one anterodorsal and one posterior bristle well apicad of middle ; basal segment of fore tarsus slender, as long as next three, second, third, and fourth segments dilated, of about equal width, fourth less than twice as long as wide; mid-femur with two anterior, one antero-ventral, and three postero-ventral bristles basad of middle ; mid-tibia with one antero-dorsal, one postero-dorsal, and two posterior bristles ; hind femur with six antero-ventral bristles, a wide space between third and fourth, and one or two postero- ventral bristles; hind tibia with one antero-ventral, two antero-dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles. Costal thorn short; last section of fourth vein not longer than preceding section. Length 11 mm. Type, Lower Ranges, North Khasi Hills, Assam, 1878 (A. Chennell). One female. The largest species of the genus known to me. XLI.—WNotes on Australasian Rats, with a Selection of Lectotypes of Australasian Muride. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) WHILE determining a rat from Mt. Compass, in the neigh- bourhood of Adelaide, sent to the British Museum by Prof. Wood Jones, I have had occasion to study the various South-Australian species described by Grey and Gould, which were largely based on the material sent home by Capt. (later Sir) George Grey. These specimens have been somewhat indiscriminately labelled Mus (now to be called Rattus) fuscipes and greyt, 426 Mr. O. Thomas— Notes not to mention the larger forms related to R. lutreola. But examination shows that no §.-Australian specimens are really referable to fuseipes, which seems quite peculiar to Western Australia. The 8.-Australian series, however, is none the less divisible into two, one, the true R. greyi, of which I now designate no. 41. 1266, one of the co-types, skin and imperfect skull, as the lectotype, being the form sent home by Prof. Wood Jones, so that this native rat at least is still existent. It is the smaller of the two species, the molars are deci- dedly smaller, the supraorbital edges are not ridged, even posteriorly, and, externally, the fur, though long, is not so excessively long as it is in the other species. At least eight of the Museum specimens are referable to greyt, all received in 1841-1845, Prof. Wood Jones’s example being the first additional specimen that has come home. The other South-Australian species belongs to a type of rat widely distributed in the interior from Adelaide to North Queensland, in which latter region it has received the name of culmorum. It would appear to be divisible geographically into three forms, from Queensland, Interior New South Wales, and South Australia respectively. ‘The three are alike in most essential characters, but there is a progressive increase southward in the softness and length of the hair, and a decrease in the size of the bulls ; the more southern forms also have greyer bellies and shorter feet. Rattus culmorum vallesius, subsp. n. General characters of true culmorum, but the fur thicker and softer; hairs of back about 15 mm. in length. Colour above very much the same, but below the belly is much egreyer, the hairs slaty for most of their length, while in culmorum they are either wholly whitish or else merely have their extreme base greyish. Feet rather shorter than in culmorum. Skull essentially similar to that of culmorum, but the tooth-row is shorter and the bullee rather smaller. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body (on skin) 160 mm. ; tail (as recorded by Sir T. L. Mitchell) 140 ; hind foot 28; ear 19. Skull: greatest length 36°5 ; condylo-incisive length 35°2 ; zygomatic breadth 20; nasals 13°5 ; interorbital breadth 5; palatal foramina 7'5; bulla 8-3 ; upper molar series 66. Hab. Interior of New South Wales. Type from Duck Creek, Macquarie River, Upper Darling; 31° 10’ S., 147° 40’ E. A skull in the Gould collection from the Darling Downs. ; on Australasian Rats. 427 Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 47, 8.14.5. Collected on February 7th, 1846, during Sir T. L. Mitchell’s 1845-46 expedition into Tropical Australia. Two specimens. **Qoba” of the natives.—Sir T, LD. Mitchell. Rattus culmorum austrinus, subsp. n. Fur again still longer than in vallestus, the hairs of the back commonly 20 mm. in length, while the longer piles overtop them by some 10 mm. General colour rather greyer and less definitely fawn-coloured. Below equally grey, as distinguished from the whitish of eulmorum. Skull with teeth as in vallesius, but the bulle are still smaller. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body (skin) 155 mm. ; tail 120 ; hind foot 28. Skull: condylo-incisive length (c.) 34; back of parietals to gnathion 32°5; zygomatic breadth 18; nasals 13 ; inter- orbital breadth 4°5; palatal foramina 7°5; bulla 7-4 ; upper molar series 6°8. Hiab. South Australia; type probably from Kangaroo Island *. Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 55. 12. 24. 336. Collected by Dr. J. B. Harvey and presented by him in 1841 to the Zoological Society’s Museum. Five further specimens pre- sented by Sir George Grey, and one (a lectoparatype of R. grey?) in the Gould collection. Evidently a common rat in South Australia in the forties, -but whether it still exists in any out-of-the-way part of the colony we have no evidence to show. All the forms of cu/morum are readily distinguishable from greyt by their distinctly beaded supraorbital edges, their larger teeth, and much larger bulle. Allied in a general way to culmorum is the following new species from Melville Island, North Australia :— Rattus melvilleus, sp. n. Most like R. tunneyi of the mainland of North Australia, but considerably larger. Fur coarse and harsh, liberally mixed with flattened semi- spinous hairs ; hairs of back about 13 mm.inlength. General * I am informed by the authorities of the Zoological Society that Dr. Harvey’s address in 18389 was Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, while it was Port Lincoln in 1842, As the specimen was sent to the Zoological Society’s Museum in 184], it is probable that it was obtained at or near the former place, 428 Mr. O. Thomas—WNotes colour more strongly ochraceous than in the allied species; an indistinct ochraceous-buff line edging the upper colour, this line particularly noticeable along the cheeks and sides of the neck. Under surface dull buffy whitish, the hairs mostly whitish to their bases. Ears almost naked, their fine hairs white. Hands and feet white. Tail very thinly haired, brown above, slightly lighter below. Mammez normally 2—3=10 as usual, but on one side of one female there appears to be an additional. pectoral mamma. Skull like that of 2. tunney?, but considerably larger, more strongly built, and more heavily ridged. Palatal foramina surpassing the first third of m*. Bullee very large. Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— Head and body 173 mm.; tail 135; hind foot 30; ear 19. Skull: greatest length 40; condylo-incisive length 39-4 ; zygomatic breadth 21°8; nasals 15 x 5°2 ; interorbital breadth 5°8 ; breadth across parietal ridges 15 ; palatal foramina 9-2 ; bulla 10°2 ; upper molar series 7°5. Hab. Melville Island, off the Northern Territory of South Australia ; type from Biro, Apsley Strait. Type. Adultmale. B.M. no. 13.6. 28.33. Original num- ber 14. Collected 27th November, 1911, by Mr. J. P. togers. ‘Three specimens, of which one is not fully adult. Readily distinguishable from all other members of the group by its large skull and large bulla. Rattus mondraineus, sp. n. Nearly allied to &. fuscipes of Western Australia, with which it shares the general size, long loose fur, and brown colour. But, externally, the colour is greyer, the buffy sub- terminal rings on the hairs (which give the brown tone to fuscipes) being less developed, so that the blue-grey of the underfur is more perceptible. Under surface lighter, the ends of the hairs more whitish. Throat noticeably more whitish than rest of under surface. Hands and feet whitish above, without tinge of brown. ‘Tail as in fuscipes, mode- rately haired, brown above and below. Skull with the nasals of normal proportions, not so unusually narrowed behind as they are in fuscipes. Inter- orbital region broader, its edges squarish, not sharply angular, and not ridged. Palatal foramina of medium length, rather narrow. Buile rather small. Molars decidedly smaller than in fuscipes. Dimensions of the type (taken on the skin) :— Head and body 160 mm.; tail 138; hind foot 30. on Australasian Rats. 429 Skull: greatest length 37°5; condylo-incisive length 35°5 ; zygomatic breadth 18°5 ; nasals, length 13°7, breadth at halt their length 3:8; interorbital breadth 5°2 ; breadth of brain- case 16°3; palatilar length 16°8 ; palatal foramina 7°2 x 2°2; upper molar series 6. Hab. Mondrain Island, off Esperance, south coast of Western Australia. Type. Old male. B.M. no. 7. 7.18.3. Collected 29th April, 1906, by J.T. Tunney. Presented by the Western Australian Museum, Perth. Two specimens. This island rat is alone related to £. fuscipes, a species which, in spite of various references from other parts of the continent, I believe to be strictly confined to Western Australia. The new form, while very similar externally, may be readily distinguished by the cranial details above described. This species and the true R. greyi of S. Australia are exceptions to the statement made by me™* that all Australian members of Rattus have supraorbital ridges; but it is quite evident that they really are Rattus, and not Pseudomys. Hydromys nauticus, sp. n. Size rather small, about as in #. beccari’. General colour above dark greyish brown, near “ hair-brown,”? the middle dorsal area more blackish, quite black on the forehead, crown, and nape. Sides greyer. Under surface drabby, the hairs pale slaty at base, with “ pinkish buff” ends. Hands pale brownish. Feet almost naked, their fine hairs dull whitish. Tail, as usual in the northern forms cf the genus, with nearly half of the short-haired portion white. Skull about as in H. beccarti, with similarly broad heavy muzzle. Incisors very pale yellow in front. Molars rather small. ; Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— Head and body 265 mm.; tail 215, its white terminal portion 79; hind feot 50; ear 22. Skull: greatest length 55; condylo-incisive length 52°5 ; zygomatic breadth 27; breadth of muzzle on premaxillo- maxillary suture 10°8; nasals 17 x 6°6; intertemporal breadth 6°8 ; breadth of brain-case 20 ; palatilar length 25; palatal foramina 61x 3:7; upper molars 8:1; breadth of m* 2°8. Hab. Aru Islands ; type from Dobo. Type. Old female with worn teeth. B.M. no. 10.3. 2.14. Original number 758, Collected 8th April, 1909, by W. Stalker; presented by the New Guinea Expedition. * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vi. p. 604 (1910). 430 Mr. O. Thomas—WNotes “ Caught on the fore-shore at night.”—W. S. This species differs from the Key-Island species, 17. beccarii, by its much darker colour, especially below, that animal having the under surface of a buffy whitish. In fact, so far as colour ig concerned, it more nearly resembles the N.-Australian species H. caurinus and the Melville-Island form next to be described. Hydromys melicertes, sp. n. Apparently a small island representative of 77. caurinus. Size and general appearance very much as in the geogra- phically distant H. nauticus. Colour above rather greyer than hair-brown, the crown and median dorsal area not specially darker. Sides lighter grey. Under surface very pale grey, “pale olive-grey,” the hairs pale grey for the greater part of their length, their tips faintly buffy. Hands and feet dark brown. Tail with the proportions of black and white as in H. nauticus. Skull as in ZZ, nauticus, except that the muzzle is more slender. Nasals narrow. Anteorbital foramina less high. These differences, however, may in part be due to age. Incisors strongly orange in front. Molars small, about as in nauticus, much smaller than in caurinus, Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— Head and body 232 mm.; tail 206; hind foot 54; ear 20. Skull: basilar suture to gnathion 40; zygomatic breadth 25; nasals 16°8x5°5; breadth of muzzle on premaxillo- maxillary suture 8°3; interorbital breadth 6°8; breadth of brain-case 19 ; height of anteorbital foramen 5:8; palatilar length 23°5; palatal foramina 5°8; upper molars 8:2; breadth of m! 2°9. Hab. Melville Island. Type from Biro, Apsley Straits. Type. Young adult female, the teeth fully up, but little worn, B.M. no. 13.6. 28.37. Original number 15*. Collected 9th December, 1911, by J. P. Rogers. “Trapped near the mangroves, among which the natives say it lives."-—J. P. PR. Although geographically so close to the N.-Australian H. caurinus, this animal is of the same small size as the more distant Aru-Island form, from which it differs by its unblackened head and fore back, its browner feet, aud its more slender muzzle. on Australasian Rats. 431 Conilurus melibius, sp. n. Closely allied to C. penicillatus, but with shorter feet. Size about as in penicillatus. Colour of body quite the same buffy grey, with a more strongly buffy patch on the occiput and nape, this coloration being common to both pen?- ceillatus and hemileucurus. Under surface dull whitish, the hairs white to their roots. ands and feet white. Tail greyish, blackening distally to a point three-fourths of its length, then abruptly white for its terminal fourth, tufted as in the allied species. Skull, as compared with that of hemdleucurus, of which alone good specimens are available, smaller, more strongly bowed, with less concave interorbital, the supraorbital edges evenly divergent behind, while in hemileucurus the inter- orbital region is comparatively parallel-sided, evenly concave in front and behind. Palatal foramina to the middle third of m'. Molars small, as in penzcillatus, considerably smaller than those of hemz/eucurus. Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :-— Head and body 154 mm.; tail 177; hind foot 37; ear 23. Skull: greatest length 38°2; condylo-incisive length 35°4 ; zygomatic breadth 21; nasals 15 x 3:9 ; interorbital breadth 6°7; palatilar length 18; palatal foramina 9; upper molar series 7°3; breadth of m? 2°3. Hab. Melville Island, N. Australia; type from Biro, Apsley Straits. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 13. 6. 28.36. Original number 3. Collected 9th October, 1911, by Mr. J. P. Rogers, This species differs from C. penicillatus, with which it shares the comparatively small teeth, by its much shorter feet, that animal having the feet of tle same length as in the larger-toothed C. hemileucurus. ‘To this latter I now refer a good series from the 8. Alligator River, collected in 1903 by J.T. Tunney, and hitherto referred to C. pentcillatus. It is interesting to notice that in this series some specimens have broadly white-tipped tails, as in the type of hemileucurus, and others with this organ wholly black, as in the original penicillatus. The inconvenience and confusion that is always liable to arise from species being represented by a number of co-types (as exemplified by the presence of both R. c. austrinus and RR. greyi among the co-types of the latter form) have made me think it advisable to draw up the following list of lectotypes of such Australian Muridee as were described on two or more 432 Notes on Australasian Rats. co-types. This was commonly the case with many of Gray’s and Gould’s species, and the reduction to a single specimen of each for use as a type will certainly tend to the simplifica- tion of future work on the group. These lectotypes have been carefully selected after com- parison with the original descriptions and with the fine figures given by Gould. In one or two cases the same specimens have already been selected by me in previous papers, but it seems advisable, for the sake of completeness, to repeat the selection here. Genus Hypromys. H, fulvolavatus, Gould. Lectotype ¢. 56. 10.28.14. Murray R., 8. Australia. J. Gould. Suliginosus, Gould. @. 56. 10. 28. 15. K. George's Sound, W.A. (J. Gilbert). Gould Coll. Genus Uromys. U. cervinipes, Gould. ©. 652.12.15.1. Stradbrook Isld., (F. Strange). Gould Coll. rufescens, Alst. O11 F182) -Dukexoth York Isld. Rev. G. Brown. Genus Ratrvs. assimilis, Gould. 3g. 58.11.24.10. Clarence R., N.S.W. (F. Strange). Gould Coll. ~ R. = brown?, Alst. QO. 77.07. 18.26. Duke, tof Yorks Isld. Rev. G. Brown. greyt, Gray. dg. 41.1266. 8. Australia. met, oll, leucopus, Gray. @. 67,5.6.4. Cape York (Da- mon). Higgins. lutreola, Gray. do. 41.1258. Mosquito Isld., Hun- ter R., N.S.W. Gould Coll. sordidus, Gould. co. 658.11. 24.6. Darling Downs, N.8.W. Gould Coll. vellerosus, Gray. go. 47.3.1.2. 8S. Australia. Sir G. Grey. velutinus, hos. OF hla looks Tasmania. A. Simson. Genus PsEuDoMYs. Ps. albocinereus, Gould. 44,7.9.16. Perth, W.A. W@W. Gilbert). Gould Coll. delicatulus, Gould. 42.5, 26.17. Port Essington (J. Gilbert), Gould Coll. gouldt, Waterh. @. 5.12. 24.149. Hunter R., N.S.W. (Gould). Zool. Soc. Mus. lineolatus, Gould. 58. 11. 24.4. Darling Downs, N.S.W. Gould Coll. nanus, Gould. 44,9, 30.10. Victoria Plains, W.A. (J. Gilbert). Gould Coll. novehollandia, Waterh. 43, 2.24.1. N.S.W. Gould 2 Coll. On Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 433 Genus LEPORILLUS. I, apicalis, Gould *, @. 53.10.22.15. 8S. Australia (E. Strange). Gould Coll. Genus Noromys. N, cervinus, Gould, 53. 10, 22.7. 29°6'S., 141° E. (Sturt). Gould Coll. gouldi, Gould. 7.1.1. 135. W. Australia (J. Gilbert). Tomes Coll. longicaudatus, Gould. 44, 7.9.15. Moore’sR., W.A. (J. Gilbert). Gould Coll. Genus CoNILuURUS. C. constructor, Og. OF (6302020. 1. N.SsWaiGG ley). Linnean Society. XLI.—On Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus dredged by the ‘Challenger’ in 1874 at Kerguelen Island. By W.G. RIDEWOOD. [Plate XII. ] THE genus Cephalodiscus was founded upon material dredged by the ‘Challenger’? in January 1876 from Station 311 in the Straits of Magellan ; the material was described in 1887 by M‘Intosh and Harmer in the Reports of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition (12), but preliminary accounts were published in 1882, 1883, and 1885 (10, 11, 3). For many years this material of Cephalodiscus dodecalophus remained the sole representative of the genus, and it was not until 1903 that Andersson (1) announced a rediscovery of Cephalodiseus by the Swedish South-Polar Expedition, and Harmer (5) ) notified the securing of new species of the genus by the ‘Siboga’ Expedition, Since that year numerous species have been founded upon material obtained by the ‘Siboga’ Expe- dition (6), by Dr. Gilchrist (13), by the ‘ Discovery’ lix- pedition (9, 14), by the Swedish South-Polar Expedition (2), by Dr. Schepotieff (19), by the Second French Antarctic Iixpedition (3, 4), by the Scottish National Antarctic Kxpe- dition (7), and by the British Autaretie (‘Terra Nova’) Hixpedition (16). Up to the present time sixteen species of Cephalodiscus have been described, but some of the specific names may have to be regarded as synonyms (see 16, p. 14, footnote). A synopsis of all the species of Cephalodiscus at present known * The Museum received from Gould two specimens of this animal, though he stated that he had only one. It seems, therefore, advisable to nominate the specimen that best tits the description as the lectotype. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 28 434 Mr. W. G. Ridewood on is given on pages 66-77 of the ‘Terra Nova’ Report (16), together with a list of all recorded specimens and details of the localities from which they were severally obtained. A key for the ready identification of the various species was published last year in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ (18). The first-recorded specimens of Cephalodiscus densus were obtained on the Swedish South-Polar Expedition of 1901- 1903, and were described by Andersson in 1907 (2); other specimens have since been secured on the British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Expedition of 1910-19138 (16), and on the Australasian Antaretic Expedition of 1911-1914 (17). It is of particular interest now to be able to record the dredging of material of this species as far back as 1874—that is to say, two years before the classical material of Cephalodiseus dodecalophus was obtained. While, however, the specimens that form the subject of the present communication must be admitted to be of exceptional interest, by reason of the fact that they were obtained earlier than those of Cephalodiscus dodecalophus, they nevertheless do not constitute the first specimens of Cephalodiscus dredged, for it is almost certain that material of Cephalodiseus nigrescens was obtained on the ‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror’ Antarctic Expedition in either 1841 or 1842 (15). Previously recorded material of Cephalodiscus densus shows that the species has a wide distribution in the Antarctic seas, specimens having been obtained in Ross Sea by the ‘ Terra Nova’ Expedition, off Graham Land by the Swedish South- Polar Expedition, and off Queen Mary Land by the Austral- asian Antarctic Expedition. It is interesting to be able now to add to these a fourth locality—Kerguelen Island. Should Gravier’s species Cephalodiscus anderssont prove to be the same as Andersson’s Cephalodiscus densus, the known distri- bution of the species is not thereby greatly extended, for the localities from which Gravier’s material and Andersson’s material were obtained are on the west coast and east coast of Graham Land respectively—see map, pl. vi. in ‘ Terra Nova’ Report (16). ‘The material now under consideration is contained in two bottles, and, though all was obtained from the same locality— Kerguelen Island, Stat. 149, January 1874,—the subsequent histories of the two parts of it prove to have been different. The larger bottle contains seven fragments, four of which might have come from the same colony ; these are of a sandy- grey colour, ‘he other three pieces are of a rather more rufous tint; they are ‘‘dead,”’ with no zooids in the tubes, aud the common coeneecial substance between the tubes is Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 435 partly perished, so that the tubes readily separate from one another. Photographs of the two best pieces of the grey material are reproduced in P]. XII. ‘The largest piece (B) is viewed from the internal or torn surface, 7. e., the surface by which it was connected with the rest of the colony ; on the external or natural surface the tubes are shorter. The upper photograph (A) is a top view of a smaller piece, having shorter tubes. The material in this, the larger bottle, was in the first instance sent from Edinburgh, where the distribution of the ‘Challenger’ material took place, to Mr. 8. O. Ridley, to whom was entrusted the writing of the report upon the Monaxonid sponges of the expedition, The original ‘ Chal- lenger’ label, still on the bottle, reads :—“ Sponge ; 17 Jan. 1874; Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, 25 fms.” Inside the bottle is a parchment label giving the same particulars, although the “Jan.” of the date looks like “ Jun.,” and might be taken to stand for “June”; even in the external label the month of the date looks like “Jane.” ‘The ‘ Chal- lenger, however, was not at Kerguelen Island in June, but in January. ‘There is, further, a small parchment label bearing the words “Chall. 159, Royal Sound, Kerguelen, 25 faths.”” But Station 159 is between Termination Land and Melbourne, with date March 10th, 1874, and depth 2150 fath.—so that there is evidently here a clerical error, the 159 being a mistake for 149, which is the Kerguelen Island Station, According to the “Summary of Results,” part 1, p. 460, the ‘Challenger’ was off Kerguelen Island from January 9th to January 29th, 1874, and “a great many soundings, dredgings, and trawlings were taken .., in depths varying between 20 and 150 fathoms,” This bottle of material was sent back by Mr. Ridley on June 4th, 1883, marked ‘‘ Hydroid?.” When the part of the Challenger’ Collection known as the “ Supplementary Collection”? was despatched from Edinburgh to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) in 1890, the material referred to was registered as 90.4.11.13—2. e., the thirteenth specimen registered on April 11th, 1890. It was still regarded as a kind of Hydrozoan allied to Spongicola fistularis, and re-= mained among the Hydrozoa until it was recognized by Mr. R. Kirkpatrick in February 1919 as a form of Cephalo- discus. Mr. Kirkpatrick reported his discovery to the Director of the Museum, Sir Sidney Harmer, who, in July 921, was good enough to hand the bottle over to me for a description of the contents. A few days afterwards, by a strange coincidence, Sir Sidney Harmer submitted to me the second bottle, which had just IR* 436 Mr. W. G. Ridewood on been received from Prof. W. C. M‘Intosh in a collection of specimens taken over from him by the Museum. In the letter that accompanied the collection Prof. M‘Intosh writes :—‘* There are also some annelids, a few of which require working up, a Cephalodiscus? from Kerguelen, and sundry other things.” The original ‘Challenger’ label on the bottle bears the words ‘ Kerguelen, 20-60 fms.” in ink, and in pencil, in Prof. M‘Intosh’s handwriting, “ Cephalo- discus? and a curious Polyzoan.” The Polyzoan, which is attached to the ccencecial tubes of the Cephalodiscus, is, I am informed by Sir Sidney Harmer, probably Beania ma- gellanica. This second bottle has a capacity of 70 c.c. only, and the eight fragments that it contains are all small. Judging from the difference in the records of the depth—20-60 fath. on this bottle, and 25 fath. on the larger bottl—it would seem that the two lots of material did not come up in the same dredging; indeed, it is possible that they were not obtained on the same day, for the ‘ Challenger’ remained off Kerguelen Island for three weeks. Of the two best pieces in the larger bottle, shown on Pl. XIL., the larger (B) measures about 57x44 x 30 mm. The coeneecial tubes vary from 20 to 45 mm. in length, and have a uniform internal diameter of 1:0 mm. The external diameter of the upper parts of the tubes that stand out freely, and are not connected by common ceencecial substance, is 16 or 1:7 mm. Some of the tubes are bulbous at their lower, blind ends, the greatest diameter observed in a bulb being 14mm. The long tubes show a few concavo-convex septa, irregularly disposed, but confined mainly to the lower ends. The extent to which the free part of a tube stands out from the common ccencecial substance varies considerably, mostly within the limits of 10 and 30 mm. Sand-grains occur embedded in the walls of the tubes and in the common coencecial substance. The upper ends of the tubes differ from those of Cephalo- discus densus dredged by the ‘Terra Nova’ in occasionally showing a lateral lip. The majority of the tubes resemble those represented in the accompanying text-figure, a and b, and have the terminal ostium transverse or oblique, without any marked lateral extension; in this respect they resemble the tubes of the ‘Terra Nova’ material (16, p. 42, text-fig. 4), although there is a larger proportion of strongly oblique ostia than in the latter. But some of the tubes have a laterally extended ostium (text-fig., ¢), or a tongue-shaped lateral process (g), or even a funnel-shaped ostium (d). A peculiar feature, represented im the text-figure, e, f, g, suggests that in Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 437 some of the tubes there has been a cessation and subsequent resumption of growth, for the more terminal parts are paler and more transparent than the rest, with a sharp line of demarcation between the two. In the ‘Terra Nova’ material of Cephalodiscus densus some groups of tubes were found to be flanged externally (16, p. 41, Cephalodiscus densus from Kerguelen Island. Upper ends of ccencecial tubes, about x 6. and pl. v. fig. 6), and an explanation of the origin of the flange may be afforded by the occurrence of infundibuliform ostia such as here shown in the text-fig., d. If the growth of such a tube were resumed, and the new part were narrow, like that shown in the text-fig., e, the margin of the funnel would 438 Mr..W. G. Ridewood on then appear as an external flange set at some distance below the upper end of the tube. The other specimen figured (P]. XII., A) measures about 28 x 44x30 mm. None of the tubes are more than 20 mm, in length, and the ostia are almost all transverse, like those shown in the text-fig., a. The zooids agree in size with those of Cephalodiscus densus described in the ‘Terra Nova’ report (16). In the table below, the first numeral represents the length in millimetres from the tips of the arms to the cecal end of the body—that is to say, the total length of the body, not counting the stalk ; the second stands for Hie length from the bases of the Ae 2. €., the anal region of the body: —to the ceeal end ; the third is the average widt h of the body. The constancy in the ea measurement is evidently associated with the uniformity in the internal diameter of the ccencecial tubes from which ‘ie zooids were extracted :— 5:8 34 0-9 5:2 3°6 0-9 57 41 0-9 48 30 0-9 56 4-0 0-9 46 3 0-9 There is no reason to suppose that anything but alcohol was employed for the preservation of the material, and con- sidering that, except for an occasional inspection, the specimens have been untouched for nearly fifty years, the condition of the zooids is remarkably good. For general purposes alcohol still remains one of our most satisfactory preservative fluids ; in the ‘Terra Nova’ material of Cephalod/scus densus it was noted that the zooids were in a better state of fixation in the alcohol-preserved material than in that preserved in formalin solution (16, p. 47). Tn colour the zooids are ochreous, but if removed from the tubes and kept in alcohol in the light they become darker and assume a greenish-brown tint. Four selected zooids were ent into serial sections, but they present no new features. The notochord measures from 0:24 to 0°29 mm. in length and from 0:02 to 0°03 mm. in sagittal diameter; the cavity of the basal part is discontinuous, there being four or five irregular partitions. The arms are in most cases sixteen, but two zooids were found to have seventeen, two eighteen, and one nineteen. In two of the zooids examined one of the marginal arms, next to the edge of the oral lameila, was a diminutive, arrested arm with not more than ten or twelve pairs of tentacles (cf. 16, p. 45, text-fig. 6, H). The tentacles in a fully- developed arm consist of forty to fifty pairs. In the tubes of the piece of colony shown in Pl. XIL., B, there occur three kinds of zooids—those with two ovaries, Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 439 those with two testes, and those with an ovary and a testis. The gonads vary in their state of maturity in different zooids. The young ovaries are rather longer and straighter than those figured as C and D in text-fig. 7 of the ‘ Terra Nova’ Report (16, p. 46), and the pigment-granules around the ovidueal aperture are black rather than red. In the material in the smaller bottle, received from Prof. M‘Tntosh, all the zooids that were examined had ripe gonads, Free ova occur in this material; they are found among the buds, in the deeper end of the ccencecial tube, there being not more than one ovum in any one tube. ‘The ova are free, and not attached by a stalk; they measure 0°9 mm, in length and 0°6 mm. in width, and the two ends are similar. In two cases where a free ovum was present in the ccenccial tube among the tangle of buds it was found that the zooid in- habiting the tube was hermaphrodite, and the ovary and testis were both ripe (¢f. 16, p. 47, and 17, p. 23). It would be interesting to ascertain if a free ovum ever occurs in a tube inhabited by a male zooid—probably not ; the present material is too limited in bulk to permit of a more extended search in this direction. The greatest number of buds found attached to any one zooid is eighteen ; this group includes buds of all stages of development, from the very young stage before the appear- ance of the red line of the shield up to a large bud with small tentacles appearing on tlie arms (¢f. 16, p. 47, text-fig. 8, c and K). The youngest buds, however, are not buds of the main zooid, but arise from the side of the extremity of the stalk of a large bud—that is to say, the larger buds begin producing the next generation of buds before separating from the parent zooid. The largest bud of the group of eighteen just mentioned had two small buds of its own. REFERENCES. (1) AnpErsson, K. A. “Kine Wiederentdeckung von Cephalodiscus.’ Zool. Anz. xxvi. 1903, pp. 368-369. f (2) “Die Pterobranchier der Schwedischen Stidpolar-Expe- dition, 1901-1903.” Wiss. Ergebn. Schwedischen Siidpolar- Expedition, v. (Stockholm, 1907) pp. 1-122, 8 plates. (3) Gravigrr, C. “Sur une espéce nouvelle de Cephalodiscus (C. an- derssoni, nov. sp.) proveuant de la Seconde Expédition Antarctique Frangaise.” Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1912, xviii. 3, pp. 146- 150, 2 text-figures, ‘Deuxiéme Expédition Antarctique Francaise, 1908-1910; Sci. nat., Documents scientifiques; Ptérobranches.’ Paris, 1913, . 71-86, 5 text-figures. (5) Harmer,S.F. “On new Localities for Cephalodiscus.” Zool. Anz. xxvi. 1903, pp. 593-594, (6) “The Pterobranchia of the ‘Siboga’ Expedition, with an by (4) 440 On the Jerboa of Museat. Account of other Species.” Résultats des Explorations entre- prises aux Indes Néerlandaises Orientales en 1899-1900 a bord du ‘ Siboga,’ livr. xxii, monogr. 26 bis, Leiden, 1905, pp. 132, 14 plates and 2 text-figures. (7) Harner, S. F., and Rrpewoov, W.G. “The Pterobranchia of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902-1904.” Trans. Roy. Soe. Edinb. xlix. 3, 7, 1913, pp. 531-565, 2 plates and 5 text- figures, (8) Lankxester, E.R. Article “ Polyzoa,” Encycl. Britann. ed. 9, xix. 1885, pp. 429-441. (Contains the first published figures of Cephalodiscus, made from drawings supplied by Prof. M‘Intosh.) “On a new Species of Cephalodiscus (C. nigrescens) from the Antarctic Ocean.” Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 1905, Ixxvi. B, pp. 400-402, 1 plate. (10) M‘Inrosu, W.C. “ Preliminary Notice of Cephalodiscus, a new Type allied to Prof. Allman’s Lhabdopleura, dredged in H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ ” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) x. 1882, pp. 3387-548. (9) (11) . “ Preliminary Note on Cephalodiscus, a new Form allied to Prof. Allman’s Rhabdopleura.” Rep. Brit. Assoe. (Southampton, 1882) 1883, pp. 596-597. (12) “Report on Cephalodiscus dodecalophus.” ‘Challenger’ Reports, Zool. xx. 62, 1887, with an Appendix by 8. F. Harmer, pp. 48, 7 plates and 6 text-figures. (13) RrpEwoop, W.G. “A new Species of Cephalodiscus (C. gilchristz) from the Cape Seas.” Marine Investigations, South Africa, iv. (Cape Town, 1906) pp. 178-192, 3 plates and 5 text-figures, “ Pterobranchia; Cephalodiscus.” National Antarctic Expe- dition [‘ Discovery ’|, Nat. Hist. ii, (London, Brit. Mus.), 1907, pp. 1-67, 7 plates and 17 text-figures, (14) (15) ‘On Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens supposed to have been dredged in 1841 or 1842.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) x. 1912, pp. 550-555, 1 text-figure. (16) British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Expedition, 1910; Nat. Hist. Reports, Zool. iv. 2, Cephalodiscus (London, Brit. Mus.), 1918, pp. 11-82, 5 plates and a map, and 12 text-figures. (17) Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-1914, Sci. Reports, ser. C, iii. 2, ‘‘ The Pterobranchia,”’ 1918 (Sydney), pp. 25, 2 plates and 3 text-figures. (18) “A Key for the Ready Identification of the Species of Cephalodiscus.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) v. 1920, pp. 407-410. (19) Scueporinrr, A. “Die Pterobranchier des Indischen Ozeans.” Zool. Jahrb., Abth. Syst. xxviil. 4, 1909, pp. 429-448, 2 plates. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII. Photographs, of the natural size, of two specimens of Cephalodiscus densus, Andersson, dredged by the ‘Challenger’ in Royal Sound, Ker- guelen Island, Jan. 17th, 1874, froma depth of 25 fath. A, top view; B, side view. XLUI.—The Jerboa of Muscat. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) WHILE determining an example of Jaculus loftusi obtained near Baghdad by Major Cheesman, my attention has been drawn to the examples trom Muscat presented by Dr. Jayakar aud hitherto referred to the same species. But with six ae rIpEWwoop, Ann. % Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. VILL. PISXIT: Cephalodiscus densus, Andersson. ‘ Challenger’ Expedition ; Kerguelen island, Jan. 17th, 1874. Nat. size. On a new Short-tailed Opossum from Brazil. 441 sknlls of true loftusi, ranging from Karyatein (Carruthers) to Mohammorah (Loftus), before me, and three of the Muscat form, I find that there are certain cranial differences between the two and would suggest that the latter should be distin- guishedas Jaculus loftusi vocator, subsp. n. External characters quite as in loftus7, but, the specimens being or having been in spirit, the exact tone of colour cannot be observed. Skull of about the same size as in loftusi. Anteorbital foramina smaller, of more equal breadth above and below, not expanded above as in loftusi; greatest breadth across the two foramina in four specimens of loftusz 15°8, 16°2, 15°2, and 154, in three specimens of vocator 14°2, 14:0, and 14:0. Front edge of zygomatic plate outside the foramina more vertical, nearly at right angles (88°, 89°) to the line of the tooth-row, while in lof/twst it slants back considerably (75°, 76°). Interparietal smaller, averaging about 4°5x5°4 as compared with 5°5x7:0 mm. Other characters apparently quite as usual. Dimensions of type, measured on the spirit-specimen :— Head and body 95 mm.; tail 164; hind foot 57 ; ear 21. Skull: greatest median length 29°7; greatest diagonal length to back of bull 32 ; greatest breadth across face 22°4 ; interorbital breadth 12 ; bimeatal breadth 23°2 ; anteorbital foramen, height 5:4, breadth across the two foramina 14:2 ; upper molar series 4°8. flab, Coast region near Muscat ; type from Sohar, others from Seeb. Lype. Adult male in spirit. B.M. no. 0. 5. 22: 3. Presented by Dr. A. 8. G. Jayakar. Although the two co-types of loftusi (of which 55. 1. 6. 82 may now be formally selected as a lectotype) have the zygomatic plate broken away, enough remains to show that the anteorbital foramina are of quite the same shape as in our series from Karyatein. XLIV.—A new Short-tailed Opossum from Brazil. By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Monodelphis theresa, sp. n. Most nearly allied to WM. theringi. Size about as in theringi; fur similarly short and close, hairs of back about 4 mm, in length. Coloration on the 442 On a new Cotton-tail from Colombia. same general plan, but the ground-colour is dark grizzled grey, which, however, is only present on the anterior two- thirds of the body, the head and rump deep chestnut-rufous. Dorsal lines almost obsolete, the median one represented by segments of a few millimetres on the nose and nape and an ill-defined line on the posterior back ending level with the hips ; the outer lines only about an inch in length, ill-defined and scarcely perceptible. Under surface soiled greyish, the ends of the hairs drabby white. Cheeks, like crown, rich rufous ; chin pale rufous. Hands brown. Feet with the outer side of the metatarsus brown, inner dull whitish; digits naked. Tail brown above, lighter below. Skull not so flattened as in ¢heringi, more of the general shape of that of americana, the brain-case comparatively high and rounded. Dimensions of the type (measured on a spirit-specimen) :— Head and body 80 mm.; tail 36; hind foot 14; ear 10. Skull: greatest length 25:2; condylo-basal length 25; zygomatic breadth 13°5; nasals 10X3°8 ;_ interorbital breadth 5:4 ; palatal length 14°5; maxillary tooth-row 10-7; three anterior molariform teeth 4°6. fTab. Theresopolis, Organ Mts., Brazil. Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21.8.6.2. Received in exchange from Prof. J. P. Hill. This pretty little species is readily distinguishable from M. theringi by its rufous head and rump, its greyish fore- back, and its obsolescent dark dorsal lines. XLV.—A new Cotton-tail (Sylvilagus) from Colombia. By OLpFIELD THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Tue British Museum owes to Frére Nicéforo Maria of Medellin an example of a fine Sylvilagus which seems to be different from any described species, It may be called Sylvilagus nicefori, sp. n. A member of the short-eared group, the tail almost obsolete. Fur fairly soft, hairs of back about 23-25 mm. in length. General colour dark, mixed buffy and blackish, the buffy comparatively pale, not strong and ochraceous. Sides paler buffy. Under surface dull whitish anteriorly, dull bufty posteriorly, the hairs slaty at base. Forehead and nape buffy ochraceous, the nape-patch extending beyond the ends of the short ears. Proectote blackish, slightly suffused with i i i i On a new Willow-Titmouse from Northern Italy. 443 buffy ; metentote dull whitish, its edges inconspicuously buffy. Sides of head grizzled greyish, very slightly suffused with buffy. Chin dull whitish, interramia white. Neck-band broad, the ends of the hairs deep buffy, the underfur dark slaty blackish. Front of fore limbs and upper side of feet ochraceous, inner side of thighs buffy, not white as in apolli- naris. Tail almost obsolete, its situation marked by a small tuft of brownish hair amid the buffy of the rump. Skull about as large as that of S. purgatus, larger and, especially, broader than that of S. salentus. Interorbital region flat, parallel-sided, not broadened anteriorly. Post- orbital processes well developed, slender. Bullee small. Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— Head and body 420 mm.; tailabout 5; hind foot 76; ear 45, Skull: greatest length 75; condylo-incisive length 68 ; zygomatic breadth 36°5 ; nasals, oblique length 31°5, greatest breadth 16°3 ; interorbital breadth 16; intertemporal breadth 12; palatal foramina, length 18-7, breadth 7; breadth of palate between anterior premolars 11°3; cheek-tooth series (alveoli) 14°5. Hab. Medellin. Type from San Pedro, another specimen from Concordia (J. K. Salmon). z Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.7.1.26. Original num- ber 12. Collected December 1919. Received in exchange from Frére Nicéforo Maria. This Sylvilagus is nearly allied to S. apollinaris of Bogota, but is duller-coloured, with less prominently white under surface, especially posteriorly. From S. salentus, Allen, of which Mr. Anthony has kindly furnished me with some additional details, it is distinguished by its broader nasals and interorbital region, and its even shorter tail. XLVI.—On a new Willow-Titmouse from Northern Italy. By Percy R. Lowe, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S. In July last, during a short visit to the Valtournanche Valley in Northern Italy, I shot six willow-tits one morning on a steep forest-grown slope at an elevation of 7000 feet, and was struck by their peculiar and very dark appearance. Two of the birds were fully adult and much worn, while the remaining four were birds of the year in fresh plumage ; but both young and adults exhibited the same striking dark coloration. On comparing them with our series of the Peele atri- capillus group in the British Museum, I could find nothing A444 Mr. C. Chubb on new like them, nor, as Dr, Hartert informed me, had they anything comparable in the fine series at Tring. I propose, therefore, to distinguish this new form by the name of Pecile atricapillus elene, subsp. n. Adult. Differs from P. a. montanus in having the upper parts smoky grey washed with olive-brown—the top of the head and the nape pure dull black, as compared with brownish black,—the white cheek-patches more restricted, and the black of the throat extending further on to the breast (as in P. a. atricapillus). The underparts are greyer and the flanks only very faintly washed with fawn. Freshly moulted wing- and tail-feathers in the adults are dark slaty in coloration, darker than in P. a. borealis and very much darker than in P. a. montanus. In the four “ birds of the year” the general coloration is still darker, the contrast between young examples of P. a, elene and P. a. borealis being very striking and obvious indeed (mantle dark olive-grey, as contrasted with pale grey- brown). Young P. a. elene are very noticeably darker even than young birds of the Japanese form P. a. restrictus, while, as an indication of their dark coloration, they are darker than P. palustris pecilopsis, Sharpe. Type in Brit. Mus. ? juv. Breuil, Valtournanche, N. Italy, 27..vii. 21. Coll. P. R: Lowe. Reg. Brit. Mus. 1921. 35297; I note little in the measurements as between P. a. borealis and P. a. elene. In choosing a juvenile example as the type, I do so because it seemed to be possible to gain a more accurate perception of colour-differences in fresh-plumaged juveniles, and it is just as easy to compare juveniles with juveniles as adults with adults of various races. XLVII.—On new Forms of South-American Birds. By C. Cuuss, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S. Sturnella magna monticola, subsp. n. Adult male. Differs from S. magna meridionalis, Sclater, and S. magna paralios, Bangs, in being chestnut-brown on the upper surface instead of blackish and the general measurements smaller. Forms of South-American Birds. 445 Total length 230 mm., exposed culmen 32, wing 106, tail 70, tarsus 38, middle toe and claw 33. Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but smaller. Wing 98 mm. Hab. Mount Roraima, British Guiana. The type, as also the female described, are both in the McConnell Collection, and were collected by Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima during his expedition in Oct. 1898. Sturnella magna praticola, subsp. n. Adult male. Differs chiefly from S. magna monticola in its smaller size, brighter coloration on the under surface, and more white in the tail. Total length 225 mm., exposed culmen 30, wing 101, tail 62, tarsus 38, middle toe and claw 33. Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but smaller. Wing 93 mm. Hab. Abary River, British Guiana. The type and the female described are both in the McConnell Collection, and were collected on the Abary River in Sept. 1906. Saltator cayanus tnterjector, subsp. n. Adult male. Differs from S. cayanus cayanus in being paler grey on the sides of the face, sides of the neck, and sides of the body. It is darker, however, on these parts than S. cayanus bolivianus. ‘ Bill bluish black; feet brown; iris dark blue” (A. Robert). Total length 210 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 96, tail 88, tarsus 26. Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 95 mm. Hab. Matto Grosso, South Brazil. The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected at Serra da Chapada (900 metres), Matto Grosso, in June 1902, by A. Robert, during the Percy Sladen Expedition to Brazil. Saltator cayanus bolivianus, subsp. n. Adult male. Differs from S. cayanus cayanus in being paler on the under surface, the lower throat cinnamon-buff instead of fawn-colour, the breast, sides of body, and thighs pale ash-grey instead of dark lead-grey, the abdomen cream- white instead of pale buff; the under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts are also much paler, and the white supraloral streak wider. ‘Bill black; feet slate-colour ; iris dark brown” (P. O. Simons). 446 On new Forms of South-American Birds. Total length 211 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 1083, tail 93, tarsus 25. Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 95 mm. The type and female described, which are in the British Museum, were collected at Chulumani, Bolivia, 2000 metres, Jan. 1901, by P. O. Simons. Hab. Bolivia. Saltator cayanus santaritensis, subsp. n. Adult male. Allied to S. cayanus cayanus, but differs in being paler in general coloration both on the upper and under surface, and differs from S. cayanus bolivianus in having the fawn-colour on the lower throat continued down the middle of the breast and middle of abdomen to the under tail-coverts. Total length 217 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 102, tail 99, tarsus 26. Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but smaller. Wing 96 mm.. The type, which is also in the British Museum, was collected at Santa Rita, Ecuador, by “ Villagomez per” C. Buckley, Salvin-Godman Collection. Hab. Santa Rita, Ecuador. Piranga saira macconnelli, subsp. n. Adult male. Differs from P. satra saira in having the general coloration paler. General colour of tlhe upper surface orange-red, somewhat brighter on the top of the head and upper tail-coverts, darker on the back, wings, and tail ; inner webs of upper wing-coverts and bastard-wing dark brown, darker and inclining to black on the inner webs of the flight- quills, which have the margins rose-pink ; inner webs of tail- feathers reddish brown ; entire under surface bright scarlet- red, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; under surface of flight-quills hair-brown with rose-pink edges; lower aspect of tail similar to its upper surface. Total length 182 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 97, tail 75, tarsus 23. flab. British Guiana. : The type is in the McConnell Collection, and was collected in the Upper Tukutu Mountains, 1908. Adult female. General colour of the upper surface dull yellow, titged with green on the back ; inner webs of flight- quills dark brown margined with pale yellow; sides of face, throat, and underparts bright yellow. Wing 90 mm. The female described was collected by the late Henry Bibliographical Notice. 447 Whitely at Quongo, November 18, 1887, and is now in the British Museum. . Immature male. Similar to the adult in its first plumage. The first signs of the male plumage in the present bird are the approach of orange-red feathers on the sides of the face, throat, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and tail. The young male described is in the McConnell Collection, and was collected in the Takutu Mountains. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. The Life of Alfred Newton. By A. F. R. Woxtasron,. Tere must be few ornithologists of any standing within the British Empire who have not been waiting with what patience they might possess for a ‘Life of Alfred Newton’ to appear. And now, at last, after unavoidable delays, it has appeared, and Mr. A. F. R. Wollaston must be heartily congratulated on having drawn for us, out of the mass of facts and correspondence which it was his difficult task to sift and condense, a life-like sketch of the man as he was, and of the great influence which he exerted for the good of orni- thology. In his capacity as a Professor of Zoology in the University of Cambridge, Alfred Newton could never be said to have reached the high-water mark of academic fame; but as an English ornithologist he occupied an authoritative position which was not only somewhat peculiar, but which it is safe to say will never be surpassed for many a long day. In the comparatively narrow circles of ornithology he made himself famous and ever memorable, first, by his ‘ Dictionary of Birds’ and its masterly Introduction, probably one of the best things which has ever been written by an ornithologist ; secondly, by his enormous correspondence and the unsparing, unselfish way in which he imparted his knowledge of birds, bird-lore, and bird- literature to those who sought his aid; thirdly, by his Sunday evening gatherings in his college rooms at Magdalen; and, fourthly, by his whimsicalities. Newton did not suffer fools gladly, but once his friend you were always his friend. Like all notable men he had his little ways, his little peculiarities, and his little prejudices. It is probable that these only endeared him the more to those who really knew him. With his passing the curtain may be said to have been rung down upon a stage across which passed a school of leisured men who may be said to have revivified the study of ornithology in the British Isles, and also by their indefatigable and enthusiastic efforts laid a sure and solid foundation upon which their younger and no less enthusiastic followers of the more modern school are surely building worthily and well. Of the older school, Newton may be said to have been the inspiration and the doyen. Not only did he travel 448 Bibliographical Notice. and collect and write about his discoveries, but he was probably the prime mover in the launching of the British Ornithologists’ Union and its well-known quarterly journal ‘The Ibis,’ which may be said to have been conceived in his rooms at Cambridge. To the devoted band of ornithologists who put their heads together to launch that publication upon the world those must have been happy days. They were the spacious days of ornithological adventures, expeditions, and research in the open field; spacious days of discovery ; days of the constant recording of new species as con- trasted with subspecies ; days of romance, when it was still possible to live buoyed up by the hope that one might discover the Great Auk alive and ‘in the flesh”; days when maps had still many vast spaces to be charted and foreign countries were veritable eldorados for the happy ornithologist eager to ransack them of their treasures. Newton may, in a sense, be said to have been born and bred upon one of these happy hunting-grounds in the form of his father’s estates at Elvedon, where he first acquired, with his brother Kdward, his taste for ornithology. In those early days of the last century the great Bustard, though on the verge of extinction, still survived in the brecks of Norfolk—the last of the resident stock was killed in 1838,—and Montagu’s Harrier might be fairly commonly met with in the fens of Cambridgeshire. In such an early environment there need be little wonder that the ornitho- logical factor in Newton’s mental complex soon developed. It led him, in spite of physical disabilities, further afield—to Norway, Lapland, Spitzbergen (when an expedition to that boreal region was in the nature of a considerable adventure), Iceland, the West Indies, the Orkneys, and Faroe Islands, and on many yachting excursions along the west coast of Scotland. By the happy accident of his brother Edward’s position at Mauritius he was led to study, through the acquisition of a fine collection of fossil bones, the extinct Dodos of the Mascarene Islands, and as a result we have his article on the Dodo in the ‘ Dictionary of Birds,’ an exposition which ‘‘may be cited as an illustration of the learning and the exhaustive criticism with which he could discuss a matter which strongly appealed to him,” to say nothing of the almost complete skeleton which is one of the cherished possessions of the Cambridge University Museum. It would be beyond the scope of these few remarks to dwell on the fact of how much that Museum owes to Newton’s efforts. Indeed, we would rather recommend Mr. Wollaston’s book for the admirable way in which he has been able to catch the spirit of the ornithological period through which Newton lived and worked, and to depict for us the very nature of the man as he was, than as a serious attempt to record in an exhaustive way his work as a zoologist. The book cannot fail to fascinate any reader who has a soul above the mere systematic side of ornithology, and for whom the memory of such men as the Newtons, Tristram, the Godmans, Selater, Wolley, Lilford, Gurney, Salvin, Taylor, Eyton, and a host of others of their time marks a very notable and a very happy period in the history of British ornithology. Percy R. Lowe. THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [NINTH SERS.) No. 47. NOVEMBER 1921. XLVIII.—Revision of the African Species of Hedybius, Er., and its Allies, with an Account of their accessory & -characters [ Coleoptera}. By G. C. Cuampion, F.Z.S. [Plates XII. & XIV. ]} Turis paper is based upon a study of the species of the Malachiid genera Hedybius, Er., Idlops, Hr., and Philhedonus, Gorh., represented in the Cape Town Museum, the Durban Museum, the British Museum in London, and the Hope Collection at Oxford. The Cape Town material, which includes the types of the various forms described or named -by Abeille de Perrin in 1900 and examples of most of the species here enumerated, has been communicated by Dr. L. Péringuey, who has allowed me to retain co-types or duplicates for our National Collection. These genera, like many others of the group, are based almost entirely upon 3 -characters, and it is therefore impossible in some cases to locate with any certainty a ? example when that sex only is available for examination. Again, the head, antenne, prothorax, or pygidium is sometimes differently coloured, or otherwise maculate, in the two sexes, at least in the genus Hedybius. The result is that several species have been described two or three times under different names, Paired examples of various 8. African forms sent by Dr. Péringuey, and the abundant material obtained by Ann. G Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 29 450 Mr. G. C. Champion on Dr. Marshall and the late H. C. Dollman in Rhodesia, &c., have fortunately enabled me to allocate one ¢ and several ? ¢, described as new species, to their respective partners. Illops and Hedy bius have 5-jointed, and Philhedonus 4-jointed, anterior tarsi in ¢; the antenne are distinctly 11-jointed in each of them, in both sexes, a character separating these genera from Hapalochrus. Under Hedybius, Erichson included species with simple anterior tarsi in ¢ and others with the second joint prolonged or raised at the apex above the base of the third in the same sex; H. hirtus, F. (=oculatus, Thunb.), is here taken as the type, although only one-fourth of the species now known agree with it in the tarsal structure, the others, which would be almost equally well placed under Iilops, having the tarsi formed as in Attalus. Two im- portant ¢-characters in Hedybius have hitherto been over- looked: (1) The strongly binodose and sulcate superior apices of the anterior femora (H. marshalli, Gorh.) ; (2) the presence of a shining black area above or beneath one or two of the basal joints (usually on 3 and 4) of the antennze (H. amenus, Gorh., &c.), in addition, in some cases, to a sharply-defined line or apical marking on the upper surface of five or more joints in the same sex. Another ¢ -pecu- larity in certain Hedybw is the tooth (H. dentatithoraz, Pic, &c.) or notch (H. marshalli) at the sides of the prothorax, which is wantmg in @. The extraordinary erosion, plication, or armature of the head in the males of these insects is difficult to describe ; but it may be stated that, in the species with a central tuft of hairs on the anterior margin of the prothorax, the head is plicate or raised immediately in front of it. The structure of the head in this sex separates the numerous species belonging to the second section of Hedybius from Aftalus s, str., the latter, as defined by Abeille de Perrin in 1891, having the *‘frous in mare simplex,” e.g. formed as in the 2. The elytra of the ¢ are without apical plication or excavation in all the species enumerated in the present paper; one of them, however (H. jlavocinctus), has a sharp humeral plica in this sex. ILtoprs. Illeps, Exrichson, Entomographien, p. 87 (1840); Abeille de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix. p. 170 (1900) [type ZL. corniculatus, Er. }. Hedonistes, Gorham, P.Z. 8. 1905, 1. p. 278, A genus scarcely separable from the second section of Hedybius, and only differing from it in the greatly thick- ened or dentate fifth and sixth antennal joints in the @. = the African Species of Hedybius. 451 The elytra are coarsely punctured (as in Hedybius diversi- pennis, Pic), and the second joint of the auterior tarsi in 3 is raised above the base of the third, as in Atéalus. 1, Illops corniculatus. Illops corniculatus, Fr. loc. cit. p. 88 (¢)1; Ab. de Perrin, loc. cit. pp. 165, 170 (5 2) ?. Malachius trabeatus, Fairm. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxviii. p. 654 (Q) (1894) *% Hedonistes letus, Gorth. P. Z. 8. 1905, ii. p. 278 (5 2) *. gd. Antenne (Pl. XIII. fig. 1a) long, joints 1-4 testaceous, the others black, 1 elongate, much thickened, 2-4 short, rapidly widening, 3 and 4 subconnate, 5 and 6 greatly dilated, 5 transverse, obliquely articulated to 4, 6 broader than 5, oblong-subquadrate, shining, somewhat concave above, 7-11 narrow, 11 very elongate ; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 1) with a very deep, smooth, inter-ocular excavation, the latter with two small dentiform tubercles in front and another in the centre, and a stout, erect prominence on each side anteriorly, the vertex sharply, triangularly raised and deeply sulcate down the middle, the raised space preceded by two small porrect fascicles of yellowish hairs ; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 slightly thickened, 2 at the apex raised above the base of 3. Hab. S. Arrica, Cape of Good Hope’ (type of Erichson), Willowmore* (Dr. Brauns), Matjesfontein?* (#. Simon), Maritzburg, Natal (Mus. Cape Town). The above description of the ¢-characters is taken from specimens from Willowmore, whence Gorham’s type of H. letus was obtained, the latter agreeing well with Erichson’s diagnosis of the same sex. Various ? ? doing duty for J. corniculatus in the British Museum and in the Hope Collection at Oxford are, however, referred to a different species, 7. duplocinctus. This is a hairy, nigro- violaceous insect, with a granulate prothorax and very coarsely punctured elytra, the latter with a suturally- interrupted ante-median fascia and the apex orange-red. Two ¢6 and four ? ? of J. corniculatus have been communicated by Dr. Péringuey, and these are all I have seen. M. Simon found it in numbers on an Alrip/ex, in the - dried-up bed of a river, on a stony arid plateau, 30 leagues N.E. of the Cape. In the accompanying fig. 1 (Pl. XIII.) the head is drawn forward from its normal position. 29% 452 Mr. G,. C. Champion on 2. Lllops dentiger, sp. un. gd. Extremely like J. corniculatus, Ey., and very similarly coloured—nigro-cyaneous, the elytra with a suturally- interrupted ante-median fascia and the apex orange-red, the antennal joints 1-5 and clypeus testaceous ; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 2) opaque, densely, rugulosely punctate, broadly depressed and strongly, transversely, sinuato- lamellate anteriorly, the ridge hollowed in the middle and near the sides above (appearing quadridentate when viewed from behind), and preceded by a deep transverse sulcus ; eyes convex, prominent; antenne (Pl. XIII. fig. 2a) long, joint 1 very elongate, stout, 2 short, narrow, con- stricted at the base, 3 and 4 stouter than 2, subtriangular, 5 much broader, triangular, dentate at the outer apical angle, 6 produced into a long, curved, pointed tooth at the apex externally, 7-11 narrow, 11 elongate ; prothorax transversely subcordate, convex, closely, rugulosely punctate (smoother than in JI. corniculatus) ; elytra very coarsely, closely punctate ; anterior tarsi as in J. corniculatus. Length 45 mm. Hab. 8. Arricas, Seymour, Cape Colony (Mus. Cape Town). Two males. Separable at once from J. corniculatus, 3, by the very differently formed head and antenne, the latter with the basal half testaceous, the less rugose prothorax, the more prominent eyes, and wholly opaque head. 3. Illops duplocinctus, sp. n. ?. Broad, robust, shining, clothed with long, semierect, soft, pallid hairs ; nigro-violaceous or nigro-cyaneous, the clypeus and the antennal joints 1-4 or 5 testaceous, the other joints and the legs black, the elytra orange-red, with a basal and subapical fascia (which are narrowly connected along the suture) violaceous. Head much narrower than the prothorax, closely, rather coarsely punctate, deeply excavate in the middle anteriorly ; antennz short, rather stout, joint 2 very short, 4 and 5 somewhat twisted and broader than the following joints. Prothorax transversely cordate, rugosely punctured at the sides, sparsely so on the disc. Elytra much broader than the prothorax, very coarsely, closely punctate, smoother at the base and apex, the punctures here and there transversely confluent. Length 43-5 mm. the African Species of Hedybius. 453 Hab. 8. Arrica, Cape of Good Hope (Mus. Brit., Mus. Owon.). Five 9 ?: three, labelled “C.G.H.,” in the Oxford Museum ; two in the British Museum—one obtained from the Entomological Club in 1844, without locality, the other, purchased with the Bowring collection in 1863, labelled ** Java,” obviously in error. These insects are named in each collection J. corniculatus, Er., 2, from which they differ in their much larger size, the non-granulate disc of the prothorax, aud the greater extension of the reddish coloration on the elytra. The metallic, less rugose head, the much smoother disc of the prothorax, and the more coarsely punctured elytra separate them from J. dentiger, with which I was at first inclined to associate them. HEpyYBIUvs. Hedybius, Erichson, Entomographien, p. 92 (1840) [type Cistela hirta, F.= Cantharis oculata, Thunb. |. Forty-two species are enumerated under this genus, nearly all the described forms, including males of thirty-two of them, being represented in the material examined. H. ethiopicus, Pic (1907), type 3, from Uomba, Ethiopia, and H. limbati- pennis, Pic (1915), types ¢ 2, from Abyssinia, are unknown to me. ZH. (Flabellohedybius) maculatipennis, Pic (1917), type ¢, from Chindar, an insect with transversely plicate apices of the elytra, must belong elsewhere. 4H. cavifrons, Boh. (=ferov, Ab., and natalensis, Gorh.), is a Dino- metopus. The following Table will assist in the identification of the species of Hedybius, of which the ¢ g are available for examination; five others are known from the ¢? only, and three from imperfectly described ¢ g, aud their correct position is therefore uncertain :— gd *. 1 (14). Anterior tarsi simple. [ HEpynrvus s. str.} 2 (8). Prothorax cristate in the middle in front, testaceous, maculate on disc; elytra and abdomen metallic; legs testaceous........ Species 1. 3 (2). Prothorax not cristate in front. 4 (9). Elytra uniformly metallic. 5 (6). Elytra tuberculate; prothorax testaceous, sharply nigro-bivittate; legs testaceous; GMAOINGH MHCERUITC ne tes cee) cess oe sah Species 2. * The structure of the ¢ anterior tarsi in Nos. 6, 7, 87 has not been described; 9 2 only known of Nos, 28, 30, 35, 36, 38, 454 6 (5). 7 aCe): 8:7); 9 (4). 10 (11). 11 (10). 12 (18). 13 (12). 14 (2). 15 (16). 16 (15). 17 (36). 18 (35). 19 (384). 20 (21). 21 (20). 22 (23). 28 (22). 24 (25). 25 (24). 26 (29). 27 (28). 98 (27). Mr. G. C. Champion on Elytra not tuberculate. Prothorax metallic, except in front; legs partly or wholly black or metallic: species Malachiitorm, 22% .\.!iic alsexe eee ot sae oe Prothorax testaceous; antenne partly testa- ceous, joints 1 and 2 or 1 only with a shining black mark above ; head cristate .. Elytra not uniformly metallic. Elytra immaculate, whitish or testaceous, like the restiot {he hody|. iss asieeieee ees ok ne Elytra maculate. Prothorax, legs, and antenne testaceous ; elytra whitish, with longitudinal or inter- rupted black markings on disc ....,,.... Prothorax and legs black; elytra metallic, with a common median space or transverse lateral patch testaceous or orange-red ... Anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 a little stouter and longer than those following, 2 raised at the apex above the level of 3 or prolonged over the base of the latter, nigro-pectinate at tip. [Subgen. HepyBIINUvS, n. | Anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 imbricate; prothorax and elytra green, the former testaceous at the base; posterior tibie partly black; abdomen metallic.......... Anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 not imbricate. Elytra uniformly metallic (except in No, 22, vars.) ; prothorax testaceous, in most of the species nigro-maculate on the disc. Legs (except in No. 29) testaceous, wholly or in part. Terminal dorsal and ventral abdominal seg- ments without projecting hooks or spines. Antenne pectinate or acutely serrate, stout ; prothorax very little broader than long in No. 18, cristate or horned in front, testa- ceous (maculate in No. 14).............. Antenne serrate, dentate, or subfiliform; prothorax transverse, not cristate. Anterior femora binodose and sulcate at the apex above ; prothorax notched at sides Anterior femora simple. Prothorax dentate laterally; antennal joints 7-11, and the others in part beneath, black, in No. 16; antennz testaceous, joints 3 and 4 each with a shining black area beneath, EAT PO WI Was cr ap API ethene Sa RPS AiG. Sy Prothorax rounded or subangulate laterally, slightly notched in No. 27. Antennz maculate or lineate above. Antennal joints 1-11 or 5-11 nigro-maculate at the apex above, 3 and 4 each with a black shining area beneath in No. 18 Antennal joints 1-11, 1-5, or 3-7 nigro- lineate above, 3 and 4 each with a shining black area beneath in No. 21 ..,......... Species 3, 4. Species 5. Species 6, 7. Species 8. Species 9-11. Species 12. Species 18, 14. Species 15. Species 16, 17. Species 18-20, Species 21-28, 29 (26). 30 (31). 31 (30). 32 (33). 33 (32). 34 (19). 35 (18). 36 (17). 37 (40). 38 (39). 89 (38). 40 (37). 41 (42). 42 (Al). 43 (44). 44 (43), the African Spectes of Hedybius. Antenne in great part or entirely testaceous above; the joints 3 and 4 in No. 25, and 4 only in No. 26, with a shining black area beneath. Fifth antennal joint dilated, triangular ...... Fifth antennal joint not dilated. Pygadvare Wot auleate. is. ie sees oa cde medias Pygidium sulcate (emarginate in No. 29) .... Terminal dorsal and ventral segments of abdomen furnished with projecting black hooks or spines; prothorax cristate in No. 31, or angularly raised in No. 32, in the middle in front ; legs wholly or in part black in Nos. 31, 32, testaceous in No. 338.. Legs black; prothorax red, sometimes nigro- maculate on the disc anteriorly; elytra subtuberculate in No. 54, finely punctured in Nos. 35, 36; abdomen black in Nos. 34, AD CECO! UNO yas ovdta Mls Ene Gietetays. ctAe tye atte Elytra maculate or fasciate. Legs wholly or in part, prothorax, and elytra rufous or testaceous, the elytra violaceo- or ceruleo-maculate at base and at or towards apex. Elytral puncturing coarse; head with a CONErAMSPIMOMHs aera nas) Stet. coin aos Elytral puncturing fine ; head without spine . Legs black or metallic. Prothorax and elytra violaceous, the latter each with a broad orange lateral patch.... Prothorax at sides or base testaceous or rufous. Elytra maculate, without humeral plica Elytra narrowly unifasciate, with humeral PUUUCY ose cote ayer ste thes sy oasis scarey Sa aca dead cictatcr « 1. Hedybius hirtus. Q. Cistela hirta, Fabr. Spec. Ins. i. p. 149 (1781) }. Hedybius hiatus, Blair, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) v. p. 162 (1920) 2: 2. Cantharis oculata, Thunb. Dissert. iii. p. 202 (1801) *. 3. Hedybius oculatus, Wy. Entomographien, p. 98 (1840) + 455 Species 24. Species 25, 26. Species 27-80. Species 31-33, Species 34-36, Species 37. Species 38, 39. Species 40, Species 41. Species 42, 3. Antenne moderately long, stout, tapering towards the tip, testaceous in their basal half, the other joints black or more or less infuscate, 4-10 triangular; head (as in @ ) testaceous, nigro-maculate at the base in some specimens, nar- rower than the prothorax, depressed between the eyes, trans- versely angulato- or sinuato-plicate above, and sometimes raised in the centre beneath the prothoracic tuft (Pl. XIII. fig. 3) ; prothorax testaceous,, with two small black spots on the dise and often two other smaller spois near the base, and furnished with a spimiform, porrect or upwardly-curved, matted fascicle of long black hairs in the centre in front ; 456 Mr. G. C. Champion on elytra blue cr bluish-green, rugulose, and rather closely punctured; anterior tarsi simple, 5-jointed. 9. Antennz short, rather slender, coloured as in head flattened, in some specimens slightly tumid between the eyes above, this tumid space depressed in the ceutre. Var. 1. Prothorax usually with four small black spots ; head and antenne as in ¢ of //. hirtus; head in 2 witha stout, transverse, mesially-interrupted ridge between the eyes above. Hedybius quadrimaculatus, Pic, L’Echange, xix. p. 178 (¢ 2) (1998) 5. Var. 2. Smaller, the head nigro-maculate or black at the base, the two black spots on the dise of the prothorax some- times coalescent and forming a transverse patch, which is produced into a dentiform projection in the centre behind, the two basal spots constantly present; the elytra less uneven and more closely punctured; head and antennze of ¢ as in H. hirtus; cox testaceous. (¢ ?.) ? Hedybius simplicifrons, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xxy. p. 2 (2) (1917) °. Hab. S. Arrica (Dr. Smith, in Mus. Brit.), Cape of Good Hope'’®*°° (coll. Fry; Mus. Oxon.; C. Darwin), Pirie Bush (Mus. Brit.), Saldanha Bay, Houwhoek, Caledon, Giftsberg, Cape Town, Willowmore, Algoa Bay (J/us. Cape Town), Rapenburg, Cape Flats, Ceres (R. E. Turner : x. 1920), Reenen, Bedford (Mus. Durban). The males of this variable insect, a long series of which is before me, agree perfectly inter se in the structure of the head; but some of the larger females (from Pirie Bush, &c.) exhibit an unusual development of the vertex, which is wanting in the type. The two additional spots on the pro- thorax are evanescent, and those on the dise are sometimes coalescent. “The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the abdomen are metallic. The type (2?) of H/. hirtus is contained in the Banksian collection in the British Museum, and it is still in a fair state of preservation. H. simplicifrons, Pic, seems to be based upon a similar 2 , with the coxee testaceous. The Var. 2 is represented by 5 ¢ ¢ and 6 9 ?; it has been found at Ceres, Cape Province, and at Houwhoek in the Caledon district. . the African Species of Hedybius. 457 2. Hedyhius verrucosus, sp. 0. ?. Klongate, broad, widened posteriorly, shining, some- what thickly clothed with long, erect, blackish hairsintermixed on the elytra with closely-set whitish pubescence ; blue or bluish-green, the head (except at the extreme base), antenne, prothorax (two rather broad, laterally-angulate, black vitte on the disc excepted), coxze (the anterior pair excepted), and legs testaceous; the head and prothorax very sparsely, minutely punctate, the elytra closely, finely punctured and “rather strongly verrucose. Head comparatively short, much narrower than the prothorax, transversely depressed between the eyes anteriorly; antenne short, serrate. Prothorax much broader than long, couvex, rounded at the sides. Legs hairy. 6. Antenne longer and stouter, joints 4-10 more or less infuscate above, 4-10 rounded at their inner apical angle; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 4) not, or scarcely, wider thanin ?, with a broad, deep, transverse excavation between the eyes above, which is limited on each side by an oblique sinuous ridge, the excavation (two testaceous spots excepted) black and opaque within, bifoveate in front, and interrupted at the middle by a short longitudinal plica; prothorax somewhat produced in the middle in front; anterior tarsi simple, 5-jointed. Length 5-54 mm. (¢ 92. Hab. S. Arnica, Grootfontein, Middelburg, Cape Province (Mus. Brit.: 3 ¢ ‘i Willowmore cand Hex River (Mus. Cape Town: 3 2), Transvaal (ex coll. Fry). Twelve examples seen, five of which are males: six from Willowmore were captured by Dr. Brauns on Aug. 15th, 1902 ; four from Grootfontein, received at the British Museum during the present year, are labelled as having been found with H. clypeolus, Er. The simple anterior tarsi and the relatively small head bring this species near H. hirtus, F. ( = oculatus, Thunb.), from. which it is separable by the sharply angulato-bivittate prothorax and the verrucose elytra, the g with a black cephalic cavity and a non-cristate prothorax. 3. Hedybius billbergi. 3. Malachius billbergi, Thunb. in Schénherr’s Syn. Ins. i. 2, p. 79 (1806) ?. Hedybitis elongatus, Er. Entomographien, p. 96 (2) (1840) *, 458 Mr. G. C. Champion on Var. Hedybius elongatas, var. luteonotatus, Pic, L’Echange, xxvii. p. 157 (6) (1911) *. Hedybius sp.?, Dixey & Longstaff, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 380 + g. Head (Pl. XIII. fig. 5) broad, testaceous between and before the eyes, black at the base, the epistoma metallic; with a very deep oblique excavation on each side between the eyes and a transverse one in the centre, the former bordered externally by a very prominent oblique ridge and tlie central one by two small tubercles in front. Antenne (PI. XIII. fig. 5a) long, joints 1-6 (except 1 above and the basal half of 5) testaceous, 7-11 black, 2 short, 3 much longer and stouter, 4 shorter than 3, dentate within, 5 elongate, abnormal, constricted at the middle, and with the basal portion dentate within, 6 not longer than 4, subdentate, 7-11 elongate, 7-10 widened, subtriangular, 7 slightly dentate at the tip within. Anterior tarsi simple. 9. Head smaller, metallic; antennze short, rather slender, joints 1-6 (except 1 above) more or less tes- taceous. Hab. S. Arnica, Blauwberg, Saldanha River, and Kalk Bay (Mus. Cape Town), Cape of Good Hope? (Mus. Brit.), Rapenburg, Cape Flats (R. H. Turner: x. 1920), Simons Bay‘ (G. B. Longstaf, in Mus. Oxon.) ; Ki. Arnica’. A long series of both sexes of this common Cape insect has been lent me by Dr. Péringuey. The ¢ is readily dis- tinguished from the same sex of H. smaragdulus by the abnormally formed, basally maculate antenne, and the metallic epistoma ; the ? by the paler basal joints of the antenne. Thunberg’s type (¢ ?) has paler tibize and tarsi, but no reliance need be placed on this character, the tarsi, at least, being testaceous in some of the examples before me. 4, Hedybius smaragdulus. Hedybius smaragdulus, Kx. Entomographien, p. 96 (¢) (1840). g. Head (PI. XII. fig. 6) broad, bluish-black at the base, for the rest (the labrum excepted) flavo-testaceous, deeply excavate and transversely trifoveate in the middle, obliquely raised on each side between the eyes, the flavous portion smooth. Antenne (PI. XIII. fig. 6 a) long, black, joints 2-5 sometimes obscurely reddish, 2 very short, 3 and 4 mode- rately elongate, subequal, 5 much longer than 4, 6 shorter, not longer than 3, 7-11 elongate, 7-10 wider than the preceding joints, subtriangular. Anterior tarsi simple. the African Species of Hedybius. 459 2. Head smaller, metallic; antenne short, rather slender, joints 6 and 7 subequal. Hab. S. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope (Mus. Brit., coll. Fry), Cape Town, Blauwberg, Saldanha Bay (Mus. Cape Town), Rapenburg (R. E. Turner: x. 1920). I have seen numerous examples of this species, including ten males. It occurs with the much commoner H. billbergi, and is distinguishable therefrom by the smooth, flavous epi- stoma, and the normally-formed antennz (joint 5 being simply elongated) of the g. The red space on the anterior part of the prothorax is perhaps more strongly bilobed posteriorly than in H. billbergi. Three smaller females from Cape Town (Péringuey), nigro-zneous in colour, thickly clothed with whitish pubescence and long, erect, darker hairs, with more densely rugulose elytra, and the anterior and posterior margins of the prothorax very narrowly tes- taceous, may represent another allied species ? 5. Hedybius variicornis. 1. Gorh. Hedybius variicornis, Boh. Ins. Caffraria, i. p. 467 (¢ 2 ) (1851) P. Z.S. 1905, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vil. p. 369(¢ 2) (1901) ?; 277 *. iis fasciculatus, Ab. de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 178 (3d 2) (1900) *; Pic, L’Echange, xxiii. p. 181 (1907) *. 6. Antenne long, moderately stout, variable in colour, usually with the basal four or five joints testaceous—a shining black spot or streak on the upper surface of 1 and 2, or on 2 only (wanting in one Natal 3), excepted,—the other joints infuscate or black, 8 and 4 immaculate beneath, equal, 5-11] elongate ; head (PI. XIII. fig. 7) about as broad: as the prothorax, flavous in front, the base and inter-ocular excavation black, the latter deep, bifoveate and obliquely plicate within, bordered on each side by a small angular elevation, and bearing a matted or scattered tuft of long, erect, black hairs in the middle ; prothorax, apical half of abdomen, and legs (except the tarsi and posterior femora in some specimens) testaceous or rufo-testaceous; elytra blue or green, densely punctured ; anterior tarsi simple. ?. Antenne short, rather slender, varying in colour as in g; head with the basal half black; pygidium black. Hab. 8. Arnica, River Gariep*; Salisbury ?%, Lonely, and Mwengwa, Rhodesia; Makapan*, Bulawayo®, Transvaal ; Malvern, Frere, and Estcourt, Natal; Nyasaland. I have seen about eighty examples of this species, in- cluding the types of Boheman and Abeille de Perrin, twenty 460 Mr. G. C. Champion on males in all. It is recognizable amongst the allied forms by its small size, reddish prothorax, and the nigro-macuiate one or two basal joints of the antennz; the ¢ with the inter-ocular excavation bifoveate and bearing a tuft of erect black hairs, and the anterior tarsi quite simple. Paired examples from Mwengwa are contained in Dollman’s collection. In one ? from Bulawayo the prothorax has an oblong blackish patch on the disc. 6. Hedybius lividus. Hedybius lividus, Gorh. Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii. p. 598 (¢ 2) (1883). 3. “Capite fronte lamelli duplici dentiformi approximata; epi- stomate retrorsum in cornu duo producto, antennis articulis tertio ad sextum serratis intus nigro acuminatis.” Hab. Asysstnta (Mus. Genoa; Mus. Brit.). A § captured by Raffray is contained in the British Museum. It is narrower than H. albipennis, Gorh. (¢) ; the prothorax is more angulate laterally and the erect inter- mixed hairs on the elytra are soft, fine, and wholly pale. Dr. Gestro lent me a ¢ of it some time ago, but this specimen is not available now for study. The anterior tarsi in this and the following species are probably simple in the two sexes, as in H. formosus ; their structure was not noted by Gorham. 7. Hedybius albipennis. Hedybius albipennis, Gorh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii. p. 360 (So) )FQ901): 3. “Antennis sesquilongioribus, ad apicem magis infuscatis ; * capitis vertice lamina transversa irregulari utrinque subinvoluta, occipite ab oculis fortiter excavato, in medio quasi bicarinato, postice elevato plano.” Hab. 8. Arnica, Salisbury [type] and Bulawayo, Rhodesia (Dr. G. A. K. Marshall), Kashitu, north of Broken Hill, N.W. Rhodesia (H. C. Dollman: 26. iv. 1915). A robust, broad, testaceous insect, with whitish elytra, the abundant pubescence on the latter intermixed with long, scattered, erect, black sete, a character separating Hf, albipennis from the very closely allied Abyssinian H. lividus. Highteen specimens are before me, all ¢ 2; the ¢-type was retained by the author, and it has pre- sumably passed into the collection of M. Pic. the African Species of Hedybius. 461 8. Hedybius formosus. Malachius formosus, Reiche, in Galinier’s Voyage Abyss., Ins. p. 290, t. 17. fig. 8. Hedybius formosus, Gorh. Ann. Mus, Genova, xviii. pp. 597, 598( gd 2) (1883). Hedybius formosus, var. bi-interrupta, Pic, L’Echange, xxvi. p. 5 (1910). &. Head (Pl. XIII. fig. 8) flavous, very broad, wider than the prothorax, the inter-ocular excavation deep, sharply defined, divided by a strong, sinuous, transverse ridge, and bordered laterally by an angular, externally-convex, vertical, supra-ocular elevation, the excavation with a small, smooth, triangular cavity in the middle, in front of which is a short convex plica ; antenne rather slender, long, serrate ; pro- thorax angularly dilated laterally, the margins strongly reflexed; anterior tarsi simple, 5-jointed; pygidium testaceous. 9. Head not so wide, flattened, black in its basal half; antenne more slender, short; pygidium black ; prothorax less angulate at the sides. Hab. Asyssinta (Mus. Genoa; Mus. Brit.). One & and two ? ¢ seen. There appears to be a long series of it in the Genoa Museum. UH. limbatipennis, Pic (1914), from the same country, is said to be near the present species. 9. Hedybius maculifer. ©. Malachius bimaculatus, Boh, Ins. Caffraria, i. p. 465 (1851) (nec Erichson, 1840) }. Hedybius (2) maculifer, Ab. de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix, pp. 164, 174 (2) (1900). 3d. Head (PI. XIII. fig. 9) as wide as the prothorax, testa- ceous in its anterior half, very deeply, transversely arcuato- excavate between the eyes, the excavation obliquely plicate on each side in front, extended in the middle anteriorly, and with a small raised point in the centre; antennze short, rather stout, moderately serrate, joints 1-4 testa- ceous beneath; anterior tarsi 5-jointed, simple. ?. Head black, flattened. Hab. 8. Arrica (Mus. Cape Town), River Limpopo’, Hamman’s Kraal, near Pretoria’. Dr. Péringuey has lent me the type (? ) of H. maculifer, Ab., and also two males of the same species. The former agrees well with the description of H. bimaculatus, Boh., the type of which must be 2. Asmall (length 3-3} mm.), 462 Mr. G. C. Champion on hairy, nigro-violaceous insect, with a large orange-yellow, outwardly-dilated patch at the sides of the elytra before the middle, as in H. (Malachius) erichsoni, Boh. The cephalic cavity is deep and broad, and the vertex is without tubercles. The antennz are short in both sexes. 10. Hedybius flavinasus, sp. n. 3. Moderately elongate, rather convex, shining, closely pubescent without longer erect hairs intermixed ; black, the basal joints of the antennz testaceous, the head in great part flavous (the base only black), the elytra violaceous, with a common, broad, angulate, outwardly-diiated orange fascia before the middle; the head at the base and the pro- thorax closely, very minutely, the elytra finely, distinctly, punctured. Head (Pl. XIII. fig. 10) as broad as the pro- thorax, the flavous anterior portion glabrous, almost smooth, and with a deep, transverse, arcuate excavation between the eyes anteriorly, the epistoma also excavate down the middle and bearing an erect compressed spine in the centre behind; antenne rather short and stout, serrate. Prothorax transverse, convex, rounded at the sides. Elytra com- paratively short, slightly widened posteriorly, broader than the prothorax. Anterior tarsi 5-jointed, simple. Length 24 mm. Hab. S. Arrica, Bulawayo, Matabeleland (Dr. G. A. K. Marshall: xii. 1903). One. male. “Closely related to H. maculifer, Ab. (= bimaculatus, Boh., nee Er.), and with similar ¢-characters ; the elytra much more finely punctured, and with a complete orange ante-median fascia, the hairs much shorter and less erect. 11. Hedybius trilobatus, sp. un. 3. Moderately elongate, slightly widened posteriorly, shining, sparsely cinereo-pubescent, the elytra with long, soft, pallid, semierect hairs; black with a slight bluish lustre, the antennal joints 2-4 in part, the head (the basal portion behind the median cavity excepted), the elytra (except at the base and apex), and the dorsal surface of the abdomen to about the middle, testaceous or orange-red, the rest of the elytra nigro-violaceous—the basal fascia narrow, widened towards the suture, the apical patch broader, bi- excised anteriorly ; the basal portion of the head and the prothorax sparsely, minutely, the elytra closely, rather the African Species of Hedybius. 463 coarsely punctate. Head (text-fig. 1) a little broader than the prothorax, the frontal excavation broad, very deep, almost smooth and opaque within, trilobate anteriorly—the median lobe erect, the others oblique, angulate, compressed, dentate at the tip,—limited on each side by an angular supra-ocular prominence, and basally by a bisinuate ridge ; antennze very long, rather slender, the outer joints elongate, subfiliform. Prothorax transverse, obliquely narrowed posteriorly. Elytra moderately long, much wider than the prothorax, parallel at the base, rounded at the tip. Legs rather slender; anterior tarsi 5-jointed, simple. Length 34 mm. Text-fig. 1. Head of Hedybius trilobatus, 3g. Hab. Souru Arxica, Cape of Good Hope (Mus. Brit., ex coll. Fry). One male. Separable from the males of H. maculifer, Ab. (=bimaculatus, Boh., nec Er.), and HH. flavinasus, the only allied S. African forms known to me, by its larger size, the very long antennz, the more extended, anteriorly trilobate froutal excavation, the greater development of the rufo- testaceous purtion of the elytral surface, the coarser puncturing of the latter, &c. These insects bear some resemblance to various species of Dinometopus, which have a basally-constricted longer prothorax, &c. 12. Hedybius clypeolus. Hedybius clypeolus, Er. Entomographien, p. 95 ( 2) (1840). Hedybius coronatus, Fairm. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 181 (¢ 9)”. 6. Antenne moderately long, strongly serrate, black, joints 1-5 partly testaceous (1 nigro-lineate above, 2—5 black along their inner edge); head broad (PI. XIII. figs. 11, 11 a), flavous in front, the inter-ocular space and vertex tes- taceous, nigro-maculate before and behind the lateral prominences, the latter also with a black spot within, the inter-ocular cavity very deep, limited on each side by a stout, vertical, horn-like elevation, which is produced into AG 4 Mr. G. C. Champion on a curved hook at the tip, the face large, tumid, truncato- bideutate above, each tooth bifid at the apex; prothorax strongly transverse, metallic green, the anterior and lateral margins narrowly, the basal margin rather broadly, testa- ceous ; elytra green or bluish-green, densely rugulosely punctured, subparallel; abdomen metallic; legs set with very long hairs, testaceous, the posterior tibiz to near the tip, and the intermediate tibiz at the base, black, the posterior tarsi sometimes infuscate; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 imbricate, 2 nigro-pectinate at the tip. ?. Antenne short, rather slender, feebly serrate, testa- ceous to near the tip; head angularly viridi-bimaculate at the base. Length 54-65 mm. (2 9.) Hab. 8. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope’ (type of Erichson : ?), Grootfontein, Middelburg (Mus. Grit.: 3), Kimberley, Prieska (Mus. Cape Town : g 2), Damara? (types of Fair- maire: 6 ?). Nine specimens of this species are before me: 5 ¢ ¢ and 4 9 9.. The latter agree with Erichson’s description of H. clypeolus (his type wanting the posterior legs), except in their rather larger size, and the two sexes with Fair- maire’s H. coronatus. The ¢g anterior tarsi appear at first sight to be 4-jointed, owing to the second joint being articulated to the first near the base. The posterior tibiz are ln great part black in both sexes. The Grootfontein examples were found with H. verrucosus upon a species of Melanthus. Figs. 11, lla@ (Pl. XII.) show the head from in front and behind. * 13. Hedybius lamelliger, sp. nu. 3g. Elongate, subopaque, the elytra shining, clothed with long, erect, black bristly hairs intermixed on the elytra with an abundant whitish pubescence; head (the inter- ocular cavities and base excepted, which are black), antenne, palpi, prothorax (the black fovea in front excepted), and legs (except the intermediate tarsi in part, and the posterior tibize and tarsi entirely, which are infuscate) testaceous or flavous ; scutellum, metasternum, and abdomen metallic, the elytra blue; the prothorax almost smooth, the head very finely, the elytra densely, rugulosely punctured. Head (Pl. XIL1. fig. 12) broad, a little narrower than the pro- thorax, long as seen-from in front (owing to the broad clypeus, and the vertical trifid face), with two large, black, sharply-defined, plicate, subtriangular cavities between the the African Species of Hedybius. 465 eyes above, the cavities separated by an elongate, parallel- sided, concave lamella, which is curved upwards into a short horn-like prominence behind ; antenne long, stout, joints 3—d strongly serrate, 6-10 pectinate. Prothorax nearly as long as broad, rounded-subquadrate ; deeply transversely foveate, binodose, and angularly raised in the middle in front, and with a tuft of short hairs arising from the central prominence. LElytra parallel, blunt at the tip. Legs hairy ; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 extending over the base of 3 above, black at the apex. Var. g. Antennal joints 3-10 strongly, acutely serrate; prothorax shorter, transverse ; elytra green. ?. The basal half of the head, an elongate, scuti- form patch on the dise of the prothorax, and the elytra green; the prothorax obsoletely bi-impressed in the centre in front. Length 5-54 mm. (¢ ?.) Hab. 8. Arnica, Ceres [type, ¢ |], O’Okiep [ ¢ ?, var.] (Mus. Cape Town). The specimen, 3g, selected as type was captured by Mr. L. M. Lightfoot in 1918, the others, 2 g 3 and 1 9, were found in November 1885. The variation in the ¢ antennal structure is unaccompanied by any difference in the form of the head in the same sex, and the Ceres and O’Okiep examples must therefore be treated as forms of the same species. H. lamelliger is not very closely allied to any of the Hedydiz described by Gorham and others, but the following, H. plicatilis, is nearly related to it. 14. Hedybius plicatilis, sp. n. &. Elongate, somewhat shining, thickly clothed with whitish pubescence intermixed with long, erect, blackish hairs ;"bluish-green, the head (except the frontal cavities and base, which are black) and prothorax (except a large triangular patch on the basal half of the disc, the transverse fovea in front, and a streak along the sides extending from the middle forwards, which are black or metallic) flavous, the antenne (a streak on joints 1 and 2 excepted) and palpi (the tip excepted), and the intermediate tibiz and tarsi, testaceous, the posterior tibize and tarsi slightly infuscate ; the head and prothorax very finely, the elytra densely, rugulosely punctured. Head (Pl. XIII. fig. 13) broad, nar- rower than the prothorax, with two extremely large, deep, oval excavations between the eyes above, the excavations separated by a long narrow lamella, which is raised and Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii, 30 466 Mr. G. C. Champion on spoon-shaped reg and bordered on each side by aslender rectangular plica (the three together forming a cruciform flavous prominence), the space in frout of the two excava- tions raised (the face appearing long and bifid above, as seen from the anterior aspect); antenne long, stout, pectinate. Prothorax transverse, obliquely narrowed from the middle to the base ; abruptly depressed, deeply trans- versely foveate, and produced into a flattened, raised, horn- like prominence in the centre in front, the fovea preceded by an angular elevation. LElytra wider than the prothorax, subparallel, bluntly rounded at the apex. Anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3, black at the tip. Length 5 mm. Hab. 38. ArxicA, Beaufort West (Purcell, in Mus. Cape Town). One male. A very remarkable insect, difficult to describe, and comparable only with H. lameliiger, from which it 1s at once distinguished by the shorter, posteriorly-narrowed, sharply trimaculate prothorax, the metallic femora, and the elongate cavities on the head (these appearing triangular when viewed in profile), which are separated by a narrower anteriorly-depressed lamella, this being bordered by J-L- shaped flavous folds, together forming a cruciform elevation. 15. Hedybius marshall. Hedybius marshal, Gorh. Aun, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 81(¢ 2) (1900)?, ? Hedybius inarmatus, Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1917, p. 284 (2)? gd. Antenne very long, rather slender, wholly testaceous, joint 3 perceptibly longer than 4, 3 and 4 without smoother area beneath ; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 14) very broad, in great part testaceous, the inter-ocular excavation extremely deep, transversely nigro-lineate within, the vertical juxta-ocular prominence compressed, dentiform, rather small, and sepa- vated from a larger, oblique, black elevation behind it by a deep oblique groove ; prothorax transversely subquadrate, notched at the sides before the base, with an extremely large, broad, triangular, opaque space on the disc, extending from near the anterior margin to the base, for the rest testaceous ; elytra blue or bluish-green, densely punctate ; abdomen and legs testaceous ; anterior femora thickened, obliquely suleate and strongly binodose at the apex above ; anterior tarsal joint 2 slightly raised over the base of 3, nigro-pectinate at tip. the Ajrican Species of Hedybius. 467 ?. Antenne short, rather slender, testaceous ; head with an anteriorly-bilobed black mark on each side at the base ; prothorax shining, rounded at the sides, with two coalescent oblong black spots on the dise ; pygidium testaceous, some- times obsoletely sulcate at tip and with a small black spot on each side. Hab. 8S. Arnica, Estcourt!, Natal (Mus. Brit.: 3 ¢), Port Natal?, Mpanzi Mvoti (Afus. Durban: ¢ ). Six ¢ ¢ and five 2 ? seen, the latter corresponding with the description of H. inarmatus, Pic. The males have two black angular elevations on each side of the head, and a laterally-notched prothorax, the dise of which is almost covered by a very large, triangular, opaque, black patch. The head is nigro-maculate on each side at the base in both sexes. The two small spots on the pygidium and the apical depression are conspicuous in one of the females from Estcourt. 16. Hedybius curvidens, sp. n. 3. Elongate, shining, clothed with pallid or whitish pubescence intermixed on the elytra with erect, black, bristly hairs ; antenne (Pl. XIII. fig. 15 6) about as long as the body, moderately stout, tapering outwards, joints 1-6 (a black line on 1 above, and on 1-5 beneath, excepted) testa- ceous, for the rest black, 3 and 4 short, 4 triangular, longer and wider than 3, 5 elongate, twice the length of 4 and broader than 5, parallel-sided, 6-10 elongate-subtriangular ; head (Pl. XIII. figs. 15, 15 a) broad, flavous, the base, eyes, and median cavity black, the cavity very deep, broad, opaque within, and limited anteriorly by an irregular V-shaped ridge, in front of which are three fovez, the flavous raised walls of the excavation curving backwards on each side above the eyes and terminating in a stout, sinuate, sharp tooth; prothorax transversely subquadrate, dentate at the sides behind the middle, the lateral margins obliquely reflexed and ciliate anteriorly, the dorsal black patch very large, scutiform, dentate in the middle behind, the rest of the surface testaceous; elytra subparallel, blue, densely, rugulosely punctured ; metasternum metallic; abdomen and legs (except the tarsi of the intermediate pair, and the bases of the tibiz, apices of the femora, and tarsi of the posterior pair, which are black) testaceous ; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3, black at the tip. ?. Antenne short, rather slender, joints 1-5 (a darker 30* 468 Mr. G. C. Champion on streak on 1 above excepted) testaceous, 6-11 black; head black in more than its basal half; prothorax rounded at the sides, the dorsal black patch reduced to two oval spots ; elytra slightly widened posteriorly ; pygidium nigro- maculate. Length 5-54 mm. (¢ ?.) Hab. Navat, Ulundi, Drakensburg (Dr. G. A. K. Mar- shall: 8 3: 1. 1893), Frere (Mus. Cape Town: 3 2). Two males and three females.