perrornt) \ anew sonteattp wt cbogarit i dbadeeneette® “uw aie au TY oe jarani ae , 3. oer yrvere Yo ae rn “ “ arr oo “wt swealeat ee | beeen eet yet eet nf Pie Wt Anan eh vik mana an ete ‘ 4 oie anne * she geteantem err ae pacha rash tt ‘ rd a id aaet neaeuuyidat? ni sa yit ert apead bt ee at ate paanter eta ont 19 4 ’ hacuranaeards tant © any Maula ie Miata rete) Naton sh fines frye " jiaubett ware ob thant gant Mien nr are rs ait casei altathe ves atreente py okee a aerie pan inegeed Oe ie! ; a at ) jee Jens gate Fenret ae wien, Fi gen aatsaeeiten ae eee! ' seaenet “e sda beet act it amatte fant iet in iaeieat SB RNS (itarnanse tits ane pele ude? airy! ar ane ahah fort aee nt 48 Wye) ne re ght aru ae eet onet Mavs voanetes ti ltalh yan aitaipeinedaamins Mipeoah ss cect Fagh aha ah toate a vaadiete ht spaspene vege rerreeyy yy ay emagntenavege tel Ae Tasnie A ptenthee (F sith ‘ The aa elias ai aeons wy rrr donatenet petal oP queen? rerveil aes paieree ities avn) perie) pererey) ait * ud tenaweiae poate ™ ay ee " naa etneanat Neriea dau antes vapors’ Hat aeipat 21 pe agoen as neha zi iols wert sted! fare Chal yada’ Lee iba ole on a ad ern sb anete | ie vir} voli Px) eae pretend yee neue att qn qi tentell oer nbetalt anette peeks i aie aay 4 pean ‘ (aiypaateson re by ue nanet! erent fal) ae dtorti eal seen even TOP TM toe oat ith PTET Chiba wren cs aga jatiek ou oe wens eee s iawn me ap one? ers ine new aay saves kane! sais 4 aod nuk a0 gemini ie rh saaeeea eeuan erent as eee Te ce sana teds tae Bideasyeieete Vee eal pets ak ete mere wine! arte a eaitlera le “a f ret Sinenel Seiiaaaa oe ere aos madbei ae bayer e® ne iat pu aene byawahiatl ame tenet ae lente He Sy shatee apes overt - y dant be fates i data tetyennasiot sen a jae wniee yaee diese erase Wer ae asain es piipaceet sahadan ait! c 1 Sacath etna nag inn te i rene wae qowenee Arts . 4, wads eee elena ton 4 to aaresciee® Prien. orn pide bn ’ Sight gape A oagenneat “ igs patee ie sycatl eo rae an eaier Sieaitl aie wat opener yr ud Copan oa cite ran yee a Hideaneng eee’ nan eeneee WT aad weet! *« qeueiherte ead elt vee vo aeeop at wit Fiat iee'| riper ieiasel ate “ attest al ree yt Ao ain aarienhoneatnemt dad ios the toi oh ol ve athe eer yony hott ee cee w ate innit setae: “ ee ari “ wey Tii@etbena hott : icinaupua Dane f peer cS vall aman wr f waniee tat » qonetene hasten yaa e site cadens Heh omi rele hot onto bo wave ne + latte de® , hinee pi eyt on" acdnee’ Pi eae thee ah aba hve grid nt eo fin ri orbet ’ ow “ aa eee) pom otgeger') elt ‘ pee iaret (ror oh sone oaearte pp iwel wie he Balt eta’ ia steal ar any "eae aMieslieied rere a nanerh bait Cai atamieep iit! freag qrinauiad aaa 4 ‘aay potter) epriaetial' # SAL bheld vibe fa? wantin myn iaaet eee en nn) ee writ one yale ory ” Mate 7 aialreavan ¥ Sa Mee staabretament jpgensent * hotbed a ie nates in (tee ope bat niet eae ee wr ananien ¢ se att ie Webbie vrs ron qherenrett rin sigrenieelh Orr iv aseabnabe te Ata ne ogee fie bet * aie aoe’ 6 pei “ae ae atl 9H wnenrned s+ vial ome tet wort aehant rumen eoryt a 48 yet POT adn ed EL alae yrange ee hat oo ioe Sgaipeuete 44 iain Ot) at saan ae oqage del one posnae® “ pepe get rearing oe en yee eee doasa nied ve en aedst at ( rr aseaew anil Mat wre ene neta Twaueps aan s wader ce) aes aw eeerpes St r 01 aa yin Mend nee 8 wey 7 vs hattepeyne) ae we on ae nee ros # trae pie peti net: eh eneht nw boabe shoo oe Taide Aalto orn tliat ie et siet state Lgaitanel tet Deer ofied 108 Sanienaeunne rere yatray ate err siete yPnves rir) ah pet» anh TT er for atigit heer wer Tt) ” ee ayer ar) ' Mi aee Paneer Unb HIT beth oy ‘ fottalt® gece ee avert ren ie, ¥ eT Silane ounete H Mee jour er wean 10 ne) iti weeqee eerie) ave aieie wee Wer NIL) pont pate i8 pO4 ats ait ad Wide Ad woman its S sheers Nepal i art Sipe val a * fr saga LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 570 so ILL V ele copie NOTICE: Return or renew all Library Materials! The Minimum Fee for each Lost Book is $50.00. The person charging this material is responsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for discipli- nary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN L161—O-1096 Piatizg ie the Internet Archive - < + = > arse te ay $0 ic. ees A (i ae > i wy op ) Uae aes ‘pf ab) ' ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME XII PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS oy URBANA, ILLINOIS EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Joun THEODORE BUCHHOLZ FRED WILBUR TANNER CHARLES ZELENY, Chairman i v. / 2 cop y TABLE OF CONTENTS Nos. PAGES 1. Morphological Studies of the Genus Cercospora. By Re EEL Mie ECARD SOL EEUNE f°. 2005, 5( Vince bial Ab elye sees aleia e siete 2. Morphology, Taxonomy, and Biology of Larval Scarabaeoidea. Pee Uy LLLTA ME , Are LAG Ne a. item spo som eee dae wane alae 3. Sawflies of the Sub-family Dolerinae of America North of EPSRC, wrisy TAMREDRG TAs ROSS 00 Gime in's claie vou ole bards Bie 4. A Study of Fresh-water Plankton Communities. By PR MUL, PO a oes iso, 5 dis) PAL PERE CER AU LE Te an AMC pn Aen gOS ry os ‘ies Mosk: rere ee 4, Marea | esentoe Br, ip, ss 2 & 5 : 4 . ’ 7 i 5 Sid eee te . ee mtr r N ay ms i es ‘ : 4 OP! whan MPG ied bets 4 L , . i n > " 4) Phy , ‘ & accarionanh Gita 2 . co y Wie } ay ie 5 Pp \" } , i eA (ih 7 2 . 9 ‘ 4 x . 4) a7 7 \ - a np a’ weet WY s- : a: % =¥ f ‘ hi 3 . “ ro nik. haa a qe, Led 3H Sh) > f 1 m4 - 4 ; 1 “/ a i ; You ; mu nd i) erate P Goy' . f NY Mind ‘ n mri = 4 fy oat i ¢ £ 4 4 . 7 ‘ eta - a nek . e a baa ee a a iy, fie 2). t ais ha cas >> ‘ iy ~ ‘ 47 } >. « -f +) Fe Mey tk - P AD ai oe ¥ : ey) ’ ‘ 1 twee ¢ ¢ very q , , - x 5 2 f a 4 ‘ ‘ ¢ ° aye ‘ A ¢ J n Le ” “, : a, one wey Ai ua ; Y “= aes . . { ye . ‘ ae im WONG f Shtni3 ; x J Psa hod eke a ( ri 5 | ere bi 3h A 4 i lis MOO tay oP ete es swathes Miiayiy Sse ev Oi “ii es } adic Stig) Bit es a ; id ; xt idk data ike ah) f F. ; M, Bho MR i i eee tae has ah pap he ‘Seon he : tie rs Reh: ORM ARAN et 2 6 CAN 250 © i is , « ‘ “f fi i a x ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS Vol. XII July, 1929 No. 3 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE STEPHEN ALFRED FORBES FRED WILBUR TANNER HENRY BALDWIN WARD PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL DISTRIBUTED Marcs 11, 1931 SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO WITH SIX PLATES BY HERBERT H. ROSS An elaboration of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology in the Graduate School of the University of Illinois. Contribution No. 140 from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of Ilinois, in cooperation with the Illinois State Natural History Survey. TABLE OF CONTENTS TMEROGUCEION:. 35. wie doh ss iae Aeinn diduc s b.8 lem n'a ie wa ote olde ele ates Geol in Explanation Of TOrais 0.55/06 0.01. one eles wee bie «'siaraiea whe wissen 6 «Ge pat Acknowledgments)... 2.i)cc ia se heals ohne dailies hale vole chia ls an Py lO PEW. fio cs. vials cia rca Sie wwe wR aie wie oe nies Suatdiauele mec lea ee ew, = i eee Taxonomy and nontenelature.. 3.0.1.0. e/a ene pe epee uals so eee we ee Subfamily Doleririae (0. 22S Ie eS ton be ae oe ra ee Genus Doleris.. 6 oss sage kee Ags ce bugs oh oe sw tc Moers ac ee Subgenus Dolerus) 00.62. ees oad once Se aed adh Oe eee Key for the separation of the nearctic species................005- Unicolor’Group s:.)s.25 wie 05.5 5 ie ko ae ene Se ee ee eee sieacollanise sii o\5 Salas wake CMR 2 sald Sod 8 en SUDSD: NATTALUS . oxe.35 eos Lane da de eins eek ee WMICOI OE sos eels viedo Uy sleee ds o's, Se wae ee DOTeALS «6 255 skc sc Ree eee eee soe ee eee ene Sericeus Group scsi eels, sa s aisle oie des sia we wie ove whale ele wie ble vee SEMICEUS SOS: UAE 0's:0 c's ovine ies = 2s gists ss cine oe SENICEUS SENS: Shoo nis ca daienw nas onde os bene ee SUDSp. PAarAsericeUs® s...0°0 0.05 a). 4 san subsp. centralis. 0 acc aga owes ses sae noe ee SUBSp. NEOSENICEUS 6655. sa 50,0 wi. 2 fe aleiel we wine ee Bicolor, Groups. ssi 2o-4.ac 5) oe cee oe eialoka wei wee Gl Var MIRE Se cs Ota woe ails cee nde anes ea rn COATS iene mare Sie re ee met neater niet, fo adae te wees sO ee Vat ICterUS eect etise Cae oe awee eee eae Une Meoaperstes 525. PS 0 Fe, PPS SOLU PO BICGlOre SHR fen, SAAC, OA SOD A RP eae VALSNIPTI CAs Peer See ce oe heme Pe Ue pede e ke eee eee ARCIStuS WALT, He Es LEER oe aE ET ne weet erate VAL PIMAOL OD 7 os ores sictare wr sior orate acens ie eperatesatntelnig oletee eee rete MBtIDCEES ici shed s.5-0d We ann Sarkinle Coe Gis wd vale NER Se ks 70.5. cs ae 3 Vi ate PAOLA Pes Pole eS Oe ee ee oes «Shame s bes aegis 62 4. 1S ag ARS NEA PERSO ECTS AE A) 63 ATLLEHISCUUIS a sarees Geto eee tea ae aes ore heah eye acne Ree Te ala alla aie 63 (SLUTS VOUS seers aca ts Shs vane a ay Srcneee a im yeah aay areca anal oT LT ena Pees en te 65 DOGO MASH sicra es ccseevenaveve areetns eta ero) ea Rea eter: euro en arereeets 66 Saas AG ROUEN AS 5. 5ca es ea ctena eens ehuele eae oar as uote Wo ee ws eee ake 67 BTC EE Ma's 7 ei, conchae te ict tose rates Pica CesT ORE aac Sa OG Som ee etna 67 VAP, QUPANECUS ares ots seco ne eaeeEe scale) ouliotenailels A lore aaa ae 69 Seats UNG AUIGS, hrs pros ep hae ered cee ede et i et 70 VAL SIMElANUS. 6 Soc es cau er meee lerer beet esse SRE te eter 70 ASUS. £55. LSA DAT rare cr Pen BC RIDES Sede Ney kd 71 apres. Bese BRS DR eee ae TB ee 72 BRUOROES IS os Jap ke pies < Sitoar panic | aka cabs aloda rola ce ae ae uats 74 UTITSL SEI SMULIEES sh che tenth te ante n Ru HEE DBe, RE eh he en Ze 75 SESPIMI SSNS SE. Go ists ok is en ever iat wena ere eM ase 77 Week, MOVIES cite ow shh net TOE IE Re Meee Ee Ree 78 VAR ARIES ae Or Tee ee dae Ee Be ao Ste ae ee 79 x Marti DIalisniy et: 6 42) Ne Me 2 ale as aterm aceboy Ae Ge eee oe 80 ‘ols WAT CERTICCEUSN 6 8sic 2 inna api ce NE Pied ea eS 80 has SUN Spi THOM ANS 3 Fea ie ate Mo Cea ahe estate Were 80 e SODSpy tUmMa GUSty es tora cies nth rerleen eet aie Seamer wean ata 81 = SURGE: SUAMMAIT SS iy Bcd lea Mier ea eke toate tere cee eee ee 81 < BULGOS BESEIUS Ss icrins Koei kw ee ee Bie tae ea cra ree he Bae le 82 > TICACUS's Ne ho 3s vss SR Te pis, I UI Mas ry eRaEE i OUOE COVA ripe 83 <" ATMS Re AS he civorise Melee le dialer see teas a eect ts 84 a VA OCLV IIS cia!t ey sere cits ce choreuna cbalar groans shalohere ser avane he ee ek 85 COLOTACEMSIS yess ty hp wah Ure aT teehee Ee oe 86 PPAR Fale rates oi atee ace Onl outers Malo MIN eee ee 87 INCOR AMEE oo sos Tee SEUSS tet co mine eee ae toa ate 88 MEOAPTIMISS., 2 is. LS eilo-< SA AO Me Date beeen aan ae 88 SUDSP KONO Wisyzcies cies. Eavanns ieee sae sustoly oh bys eae ee 90 ANE scalhdee RON creo andy ainsi cus tufeapeite ms pwd aetoiein ont a euh Sneath as Biheleins 91 BARON A rue rise Aes Wha, So ais, Sales Caan e chal dl iveieh BIG A us chou ae 91 SUPREMUS PCOGETUG tas rctays it tctersta cet mta toes mreranenecticy esse Chana tabesactloiet eke Onece 92 Key for the separation of the nearctic species.................-.- 93 APLICUS Ss PV WS eden Tete ces leo SUS Seka ue oe eens Eanes 93 Wax, albieinC ese. (3% \o< be: Sekis J een teen a bee dae hepa 2 95 MIA DAGUSE Ecc Me orc tnchs Sessa cn epet nei ce ob Soto rerciastte eres on ee 95 RUPEES Ma tree Abc Sica retin ch ee ocean are haan ee 96 SCTE IONS TM ee Sara Ny ave corna YW ermiein Gouee at MIELE ELT arte 97 PALS EATO LY ea es eee es eet sro ig hese ra Sites ark ere ey ore ene ar oom gual ear an over dl sync suerons fad cane? 99 LEVEE SS rg Gua at a eR ce te SS ARO tee RE eA CRED gree Ree eM PNR age fet 103 an one We Ae Li rs ® y rod ee awdtsnbewes Nie: meen ota ary canteen paaye i ea seme 5 pt RONG espee Pe er Fh ties at otha 5 Sik ee sige ss ae wee BE neue coy 211] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 7 INTRODUCTION The North American sawflies of the subfamily Dolerinae have never attracted the attention of students interested in the structure of the geni- talia, and consequently have never been studied in so thorough a manner as the Eurasian species. Two or three workers have made notable contri- butions to our knowledge of the group, but their treatises are incomplete and do not cover the additional material which has since accumulated in the subfamily. The pioneer work was done by Norton, who, in 1867, first revised the Nearctic species known to him. MacGillivray, in 1916, keyed the eastern species, but some of the characters which he chose as criteria, in particular the punctuation and sculpture of the head, the punctuation of the mesonotum, and the striation of the post-tergite (‘‘scutellar appendage” of MacGillivray), are too variable to be relied upon when applied to a large series of specimens. His key, also, does not include the western species, and it contains one or two evident mistakes, so that it is not a faithful guide to the Nearctic Dolerinae. The Eurasian species, on the other hand, have received a great deal of attention. Several European workers have made careful studies of the fe- male genitalia of the group, so that the status of the Palearctic forms is quite clear. It is interesting to note in this connection that Hartig, as early as 1837, figured parts of the saws of two or three species with such accuracy as to show us today definitely with which species he was dealing. Cameron, in 1882, used the dentation of the ventral edge of the saw of the female to aid in separating the British species. In 1913, Enslin illustrated his key to the Palearctic Dolerinae with line drawings of the lower por- tion of the saw, the lancet. A year later Morice published a comprehen- sive series of photomicrographs of the entire saws of thirty-six Palearctic species. More recently (1926) Zelochovtsev gave a series of line drawings illustrating the different types of saws, and drew from them his idea of the relationships within the group. In this paper the attempt is made to apply to the Nearctic species of the Dolerinae the same critical examination of the genitalia which has been accorded the Palearctic forms. The masking of several species under the same color and the assumption of several color combinations by the same species have given rise to many homonyms and synonyms. On account of the complexity which has thus arisen, it has seemed advisable to select neotypes for the species of which the types can not be found. This has been a difficult problem in many cases, but with regard to each one the course has been followed which will permit of retaining the largest number of 8 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [212 names already in the literature. In some cases the saws of the females are characteristic of the species, in others the sheath, but in others again neither of these are of use except for complexes within the group, and in these cases an aggregate of other characters has been used. Besides giving a mere tabulation and description of the species, an ef- fort has been made to show the natural groupings and relationships within the subfamily. The almost complete picture afforded by the saws is in most cases well substantiated by the external morphology and to quite an extent by the male genitalia. There are, however, several points in the phylogeny open to question, and it is readily conceivable that some of the ideas brought out in this paper will be changed by further studies, espe- cially of the immature forms. In order to avoid confusion with the great color variations exhibited by some species, and to express the phylogenetic relations of closely allied forms, it has been necessary to use varietal and subspecific categories. In this paper, the term variety is used for forms differing from the typical con- dition of the species in color only and showing little or no geographic iso- lation; subspecies is used for forms differing from the typical form either in structure or markedly in color and geographic distribution. In pursuing this revision, material has been assembled from all the major collections in North America, and from as many of the smaller ones as possible. Several thousands of specimens have been examined from a great many parts of the country, so that the distribution given for the various species should have some significance. The types of all but a few of the species have been studied and the genitalia removed from the ma- jority of the types and examined. The types of the species to which I did not have access have very kindly been studied for me by other persons. A few types are no longer in existence. Where so many specimens of a species have been examined and such a multitude of distribution records assembled that it is impractical to pub- lish them all, the distributional data have been greatly condensed, but not in a way to obscure the general picture of the range of the species. Where, however, only scattered records have been obtained, they have been given in detail. ‘ EXPLANATION OF TERMS The terms used in this paper for the ridges, furrows, and areas of the head distinct to the sawfly group are chiefly those defined by MacGilliv- ray (1916). For convenience, the definitions of those most frequently met are repeated here. The vertical furrows (Figure 62, f) are the furrows situated on the dorsal aspect of the head, extending from near the lateral ocelli to the posterior margin of the head. They may be distinct and trench-like, reduced in length and pit-like, or reduced to linear scars. 213) SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 9 The postocellar area (po) is the area on the dorsal aspect of the head directly behind the ocelli, bounded laterally by the vertical furrows. It may be rugose, pitted, or shining, and flat or mound-like. The postocular area (pc) is the area on the dorsal aspect of the head lateral to the vertical furrows and posterior to the eyes, and includes the upper portion of the postgenae. Some authors have called this area the vertex, but since the postocellar area is also part of the vertex proper it does not seem advisable to use vertex in the restricted sense of the posto- cular area. In this paper the term vertex is used to designate the area com- prising the entire dorsal portion of the head posterior to the eyes and ocelli. The ocellar basin (oc) is the depression in front of the anterior ocellus. This area is rarely represented in the Dolerinae, but when present is usual- ly shining and longitudinally striate. The malar space is the area between the base of the eye and the base of the mandible. For the thorax the current terms are used. The mesonotum (Figure 63) is divided into four lobes, the anterior lobe (al), consisting of two halves, two lateral lobes (il), and a posterior lobe, the scutellum (sc). The posterior margin of the scutellum is differentiated into a crescentic or triangular area (px) for which the term post-iergite is used, after Smulyan (1923). The pectus is the large flat area of the mesosternum below the meso- episternum. In most species, in addition to the regularly scattered punc- tures, the pectus has a diagonal row of closely set punctures, two to four in width, extending from the postero—lateral corner to the antero-mesal corner. The genitalia of the females play such an important part in the classi- fication of this group that all the parts are named again in this paper to avoid confusion. The posteriorly-exserted, scabbard-like structure (Fig- ure 1, sk) is called the sheath (Morice, 1912). MacGillivray’s term ‘‘saw- guides’ was a misnomer, since the lance (sens Rohwer) is the actual guide of the saw. The sheath consists of two similar chitinized plates, which form a housing for the saw. The saw (Jn and /é) is composed of two similar blades closely applied together in situ. Each blade is made up of a dorsal half, the Jance (Jn), and a ventral half, the Jancet (It) (Rohwer, 1922). The lance is unarmed, firmly fixed at its base, capable of only a pendular move- ment, and the two are fused along the dorsal margin at the base. The lancet is attached to muscles within the abdomen and is moved in a saw- like backward and forward motion, slotted into the lance, which acts as a guide. Morice (1912) has shown that the “‘saw’’ is not used, strictly speak- ing, as a saw, but rather as a probing and macerating tool, the point being used first to produce a hole, which is then widened by a probing and saw- ing motion and lengthened into a linear, bleeding slit. To correct the erroneous use of the term “‘saw,’’ Morice proposed the name scalpellum for this organ. 10 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [214 The Dolerinae exhibit a great diversity in lancet armature and it has been necessary to give names to the spines and processes which comprise it. The examination of a series of saws makes clear the origin and develop- ment of the different spurs and spines, and readily demonstrates their ho- mology, so that one system of nomenclature applies equally well to both simple and complex forms. A hypothetical saw to illustrate all types of armature is shown in Figure 2. The lance is divided into segments by an- nuli (b), which are usually distinct. The segments at the apex are often rounded or angled dorsally, giving the lance a serrate or scalloped appear- ance. The ventral edge of the lancet is divided into Jobes (/b) which are more or less toothed. These correspond closely in position to the segments of the lance, although annuli are not always present in the lancet. On the lateral face of the lancet are two rows of armature: a dorsal row of thin wing-like structures, the alae (a), extending diagonally across the dorsal half or three-quarters of the lancet and at an angle to the surface, and a row of spurs, the spurettes (sr), between the alae and the ventral margin. Each ala is produced into a sharp alar spur (ad) on its ventro—proximal angle, and frequently bears a row of spines, the alar spines (ac), along the basal margin. Where the annulus is present it often bears a row of spines, the ventral spines (x), between the ala and the spurette. Both the alae and the spurettes apparently arise as outgrowths of the annuli. The simpler saws lack armature on the lateral face and have only the ventral lobes, which are more or less strongly dentate, as in Figures 41, 42, 43, etc. The first lateral armature to appear is the series of spurettes, which originate as very small outgrowths of the annuli near the ventral margin (Figure 50). The alar spurs, which are the fore-runners of the alae themselves, next appear, arising near the middle of the annuli (Figure 49). In Figures 52, 53, and 54 the enlargement of the alar spur and the develop- ment of the ala may be easily followed. The annulus is frequently broken between the alae and the spurette in the higher forms, but some species retain it intact (Figure 3). The spurette is always most distinct at the dis- tal end of the saw, but towards the base it tends to coalesce with the ven- tral margin and becomes obscured as a tooth of the ventral lobes. The alar and ventral spines become conspicuous only in the similis group (Fig- ures 57 to 59) and in the subgenus Loderus (Figures 4 to 6). In these the saw is of a highly developed nature. For the convenience of students of other countries who may wish to use these names, Latin equivalents are given for the new terms proposed for the parts of the saw, as follows: annuli=annuli; ala=ala; lobe=lobus; spurette=spiculella; alar spur=alaspicula; alar spines=alaspinulae; ven- tral spines=ventrospinulae. In addition to this armature, the lancet possesses two other structures, a linear chitinized strip (Figure 2, r) running the length of the dorsal mar- 215] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 11 gin of the lancet and ending in its extreme tip, and a series of duct-like “fingers”’ (Figure 44) leading into the lobes. The function of the “‘rod”’ (r) is undoubtedly to assist in forming a runner with the lance, and to strengthen the lancet. The function of the duct-like structures is problem- atic, but they may very likely be ducts through which secretions are applied to the wound made in the tissues of the host plant at the time of the sawing of the egg cavity or the laying of the egg. The only parts of the male genitalia which are mentioned in this paper are the sclerites of the ventral aspect (Figure 64) for which the names es- © tablished by Crampton (1919) are used. The parapenis, or praeputinum (pp), is composed of the two large sclerites which form the central plate of the capsule; the gonocardo (g) is the crescentic sclerite below the praepu- tium; and the gonostipes (st) are the lateral sclerites adjacent to the prae- putium and bearing the claspers, or #arpes (h), on their apical margin. Within the cylinder formed by the gonocardo and gonostipes is situated the penis, composed of two paired rod-like structures. The upper portions, between the harpes, are the penis valves (v), and the lower portions, pro- jecting beneath the gonostipes, are the penis rods (#). The same sclerites are represented throughout the entire subfamily, varying only in their proportions. As a rule the type of genital capsule is constant for the groups herein treated, but there are one or two exceptions. They lack specific characters, however, so that they are of little value in identification. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his gratitude to the past workers who have made basic contributions to our knowledge of the North American saw- flies, and to the many persons and institutions who have aided in this undertaking by loaning material or giving help and encouragement. The following have assisted very greatly by the loan of material: Dr. J. M. Aldrich and Dr. Harold Morrison, U. S. National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C.; Dr. C. P. Alexander, Mass. Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.; Dr. Nathan Banks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. J. C. Bradley and Dr. P. P. Babiy, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Dr. R. H. Beamer, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans.; Dr. R. D. Bird, Aweme, Man.; Mr. E. R. Buckell, Dominion Entomological Sta- tion, Vernon, B. C.; Mr. E. L. Chambers, Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wis.; Dr. Wm. C. Cook, Agricultural Experimental Station, Bozeman, Mon.; Mr. E. T. Cresson, Jr., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr. N. C. Criddle, Dominion Entomological Branch, Treesbank, Man.; Mr. F. M. Gaige, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Mr. W. G. Garlick, Dominion Entomological Branch, Vineland, Ont.; Dr. C. P. Gillette, Colorado Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Col.; 12 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [216 Dr. R. D. Glasgow and Mr. K. F. Chamberlain, N. Y. State Museum, Albany, N. Y.; Mr. R. Glendenning, Dominion Entomological Branch, Agassiz, B. C.; Mr. G. O. Hendrickson, Iowa State College, Ames, Ia.; Dr. C. H. Kennedy, Ohio State University, Columbus, O.; Mr. Kenneth King and Mr. E. McMillan, Dominion Entomological Branch, Saskatoon, Sask.; Dr. F. E. Lutz, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.; Dr. J. McDunnough, Dominion Entomological Branch, Ottawa, Canada; Dr. C. E. Mickel, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn.; Dr. T. B. Mitchell, State College of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C.; Mr. H. A. Scullen, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Ore.; Prof. H. C. Severin, South Dakota State College, Brookings, S. D.; Mr. W. E. Shull, Univer- sity of Idaho, Moscow, Ida.; Mr. S. C. Simms, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Ill.; Dr. M. R. Smith, A. & M. College, Miss.; Dr. R. C. Smith, Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kan.; Dr. E. H. Strickland, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Dr. Myron H. Swenk, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.; and Prof. R. L. Webster, State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash. I am also indebted to M. Lucien Berland, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, for information regarding the Beauvois types; to Dr. Philip Garman of the Connecticut Agrictural Experimental Station, New Haven, Conn., for comparing specimens with the types of Dolerus similis and Dolerus albifrons; to Dr. Myron H. Swenk, for making compari- sons of specimens with the types of Loderus femur-rubrum and Dolerus piercei; to Mr. S. A. Rohwer, of the U. S. National Museum, for allowing me to use his personal manuscript notes on the Norton types; to Dr. Harold Morrison and Mr. E. T. Cresson, Jr., for putting at my disposal ample faci- lities while studying the collections at Washington and Philadelphia, re- spectively; to the University of Illinois for permission to study the Mac- Gillivray collection of sawflies; to Dr. C. L. Metcalf, my formal adviser, and Dr. W. P. Hayes, both of the University of Illinois, for helpful criti- cism and suggestions throughout the course of the work; to Mr. A. R. Park, Jr., for much valuable assistance in collecting; and finally to Dr. T. H. Frison, of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, for allowing me access to the collections in his charge, for his influence in obtaining material for study, and for most valuable help and encouragement at all times. 217) SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 13 BIOLOGY But little is known of the life habits and immature stages of the North American Dolerinae, because most of the species frequent situations seldom studied by the entomologist, some are apparently rare, and none are of more than trivial economic importance. The first records of the habits of these insects were the result of com- plaints from various sources that adults of Dolerus unicolor chewed the buds of pear trees, causing them to drop. Forbes (1885) investigated the matter and found that they ‘‘were neither biting nor piercing the buds or flowers, but that they were merely licking off the semi-fluid exudation from the surface of the bud scale.” He added: “Dissecting the specimens and examining the contents of their stomachs with the microscope, I found only a clear fluid, without a trace of solid matter, except occasional spheres’ of clusters of threads of fungus parasites..... Watching the flies with a glass, I could see that their biting jaws remained all the time closed, but that their flap-like maxillae were continually employed in mopping up the moisture from the viscid surface.’”’ He observed two species of Dolerus, which his descriptions indicate were D. unicolor and D. neoagcistus. The first rearing work to be done was that of Riley and Marlatt (1891), who drew attention to the fact that the species of Dolerus are among the earli- est sawflies to appear in the spring and are very commonly taken on grass, particularly in moist and swampy localities. They described several types of larvae feeding on grasses and bred adults of two species, D. unicolor and a specimen determined as D. collaris, neither being definitely associated with any one of their described types of larvae, but certainly from larvae feeding on timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.). The record for D. collaris, however, can not be accepted without verification, since there are several species of the same color which have all been identified as collaris by the older workers. The need for work on the immature stages was expressed by MacGillivray (1913) in the following summary: “None of the larvae of the Dolerinae have been absolutely identified for the North American forms. What are believed to be larvae of this subfamily are grass and sedge feeders. They usually occur singly or several individuals on the same stem, clasping it with their thoracic and abdominal legs.” Yuasa (1922), in studying the group, reared D. similis from larvae on the common horsetail, Equisetum arvense, and definitely established the identity of that species. In addition, he described seven other unidentified larvae which fed on grasses, sedges, or horsetail. Yuasa’s work is the most recent in the field. The European workers are almost equally in the same plight in regard to the Palearctic species of Dolerus. Of these species, which total about forty, only six have their larvae definitely known, with an additional three or 14 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS -[218 four very doubtfully established (Enslin, 1913). Of these, D. madidus and haematodes feed upon Juncus, D. nigratus, gonager, and pratensis feed on grass, and D. palustris on Equisetum. Konow (1901) lists, in addition, D. coruscans and D. gibbosus as doubtfully feeding on grasses, and keys this group of eight species by means of color pattern. During the course of an intensive collecting campaign in the spring of 1929, several habitats were discovered which appeared to be ideal for the development of several species of Dolerus. The three most interesting places were situated at Seymour, Savoy, and Ogden, all within fifteen miles of Urbana, Illinois, where this work was undertaken. Of these, the Sey- mour area was most frequently visited, about fifteen collecting trips being made there between April 14 and June 14, 1929. From 50 to 500 specimens of Dolerus were collected on each trip. The data, although far from final or conclusive, being the result of only one year’s observations, nevertheless bring out somewhat forcefully two conclusions: first, that the different species of the genus appear in a definite seasonal succession; and, second, that certain species are very definitely associated with certain ecological conditions and are useful as indicators of certain habitats. These results would be rendered more indicative if the immature stages were associated for certain with the adults, but for the present the probable identification of the larvae, based upon circumstantial evidence, is of great assistance. It is the author’s intention to continue these observations over a number of years, and to make every attempt to rear the larvae of all the species on these areas; but, meanwhile, since our knowledge of the biology of the genus Dolerus is so scant, it seems worth while to present now this introduction to a study of the subject. Lire History All the species of Dolerus which have been observed in Illinois appear to have the same life-cycle, the type common to many groups of sawflies. In spring the insect emerges as an adult from the hibernation quarters in the ground. The males appear in large numbers before more than a few fe- males have appeared, the latter becoming proportionately more numerous as the season advances, until towards the latter part of the regime of the species the females far outnumber the males. Little mating is apparent except on warm sunny days, when both sexes fly about very actively and are often seen in copulation. The eggs are laid in the tissues of the host plant, deposited in a cavity specially formed by the “saw,” or scalpellum, of the female This process was described in great detail by Morice in 1914. The young larvae, soon after hatching from the egg, become external feeders upon their host. Those feeding upon sedges or grasses clasp the lateral edges of the blade and eat portions out of the sides The young larvae of those feeding upon Equisetum also eat out lateral portions of the 219] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 15 terete siliceous needles, but the larger larvae climb to the top of a needle and chew it completely down in one gradual operation In about a month the larvae become full-grown and enter the ground, where they pass the late summer, fall, and winter In Illinois three species feeding on Equise- tum, namely, D. similis, D. aprilis, and D. apricus, dig among the roots of | thick clumps of horsetail in fairly dry, well-drained soil to a depth of three or four inches, where they form an earthen cell. No cocoon is spun, either for a hibernaculum or for a pupal case. An Equisetum-feeding species oc- curring in British Columbia performed the same operations in preparation for hibernation. In early sping the larvae transform to pupae, and shortly thereafter into adults, which dig out of the ground and assume the activ- ities of reproduction. The Illinois species have only one generation each year, as is well shown by the fact that subsequent collecting in their favorite habitats never re- veals more than a rare, stray specimen after the first wave of abundance of the species. The data borne by pinned specimens of the other species of the genus point to the same conclusion, so that the entire genus may be said to be characterized by a one-year cycle. The larvae are entirely phytophagous, their hosts being chiefly various species of grasses, Carex, Equisetum, and Eleocharis, and possibly other species of the sedge and rush families. The food of the adults seems to consist entirely of sweet secretions of plants, such as nectar of flowers and flowing sap of trees. Adults of D. unicolor and D. neoagcistus are taken in great numbers feeding on the nectar of flowers of Crataegus, Prunus, etc., or on the sap of the sugar maples. D. similis and D. aprilis are frequently taken on the flowers of willows which occur near their breeding places. It is not likely that they partake of much solid food, for the proventricu- lus, or gizzard, has not a strong grinding apparatus. HABITAT RELATIONS A detailed study of the habitat relations of the commoner species of Dolerus was made possible through the unique position of the habitats most frequented by these species. Running east, north, south, and west from Urbana are railway lines, paralleled by concrete highways, with a mul- titude of habitats, ranging from the wettest swamps to the driest of prairie situations, along the railway embankments. In certain of these areas the sawflies were found to be very abundant, and it was quite easy to go by automobile on the highways along these railroad lines and collect at a great many places of diverse ecological conditions and to determine exactly which were preferred by each species. It is remarkable that while sawflies of this genus abounded at many points along these lines of habitats, practi- cally none were present on the vast extent of farm lands stretching on either side. Unless the railroad sites were chosen for a collecting venture, 16 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [220 a worker might conclude that these sawflies were of rare occurrence in this part of the state—a conclusion erroneous in the extreme, yet doubtless ex- plaining why so many collections lack an abundance of some of the more habitat-selective species found during our excursions of 1929. The habitat relations of the species which have been observed in detail appear to be constant and precise. Not only was each species definitely associated with the occurrence of its one host, but many were limited to local areas possessing very definite degrees of ecological conditions, indi- cated by the combination of plants growing thereon. Here might be noted some of the habits of the adults which rendered their collection easy. In early spring when the first common species began to appear as adults, the ground was barren except for the stripped stalks of the weeds which had grown there the previous year, such as Solidago, Silphium, etc., and the bare stems of the willows. Upon these the adult sawflies preferred to rest; and upon cold, wet days, with which April abounded, they clung in great numbers to these slender posts, became inac- tive and almost torpid with the cold, and could be picked off with the fingers very quickly and efficiently. They clung so tightly that the picking pro- cess proved much faster than sweeping with the net. On warm, sunny days it was necessary to sweep, for they became too active to catch with the fingers. Later in the season sweeping Equisetum produced large numbers of D. similis and D. apricus. The types of habitat in which Dolerus was studied are as follows: 1. Sedge (Carex), horsetail (Equisetum arvense), and willow (Salix) com- munities. Low, semi-swampy areas. 2. Horsetail and grass communities. Dry, well-drained areas, where a firm, long-undisturbed sod was developed. 3. Grass communities. Wet prairie situations with a preponderance of the coarser grasses rather than the finer grasses of cultivation. An ideal example of the first type of habitat, sedge-horsetail-willow, was found at Seymour (Figure 72). Between a railroad embankment on one side and a state highway on the other was an area about twenty-five feet wide, swampy in the wetter seasons of the year and with a few inches of standing water in the rainy period of early spring. The plant population consisted chiefly of a mixture of a single species of Carex that was fairly luxuriant when in full growth, the common horsetail, and a scattering of the stalks of a small willow, most of which were dead. The species charac- teristic of this habitat and found in no other were D. illini and D. agcistus, which are Carex-feeding forms. D. aprilis and D. similis, which feed on Equisetum, were also abundant here but were taken plentifully elsewhere. The extreme selectivity of D. agcistus and D. illini was demonstrated by collections made along the railroad in many localities north of Urbana. Collections were made every few miles along this stretch, but a represen- 221) SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 17 tation of these two species was taken only from those areas which seemed identical with the Seymour habitat in all particulars, even to the presence of a few dead willow twigs. Spots which supported a luxuriant growth of the same species of Carex as the ideal type of habitat, but which were drier, had at most a very few specimens of Dolerus. The horsetail-grass type of habitat was exemplified by areas along the railroad at Savoy (Figure 73), situated four miles south of Urbana; at Ogden, fifteen miles east of Urbana; and also at Seymour. In these places the two apparent essentials for the prolific development of Dolerus were an old, well-formed sod and a dry, well-drained soil. At Savoy only D. aprilis and D. similis were present, but in very great numbers. On one occasion about 200 specimens were taken in 100 linear yards of sweeping. At Ogden and Seymour, in addition to these two species, D. apricus was very abundant. In these latter two places, also, a small brown larva was found feeding on Equisetum late in July, after all the others had disap- peared. It is suspected that this is the larva of D. apricus. Of the three species found in these Equisetum habitats, D. similis was least selective in its habitat preferences, for it was found in almost every kind of situation wherever there was a growth of Equisetum. D. aprilis was perhaps no more selective, but may have been missed in later collections at some points because its height of abundance was earlier. D. apricus, on the other hand, was very selective, being found only in areas in which the horsetail, grasses, and weeds appeared to be long established. The coarse grass habitats were studied very little in this survey, for after investigations were well under way little remained in these situations but larvae. In the spring of 1928, however, it was noticed that D. unicolor appeared there very early in the spring in large numbers; and subsequent sweeping unearthed a large, abundant, cream-colored Dolerus larva be- lieved to belong to this species. In captivity these larvae fed readily on any of the species of grass found in this habitat. Collected with them and feeding on the same grasses were Dolerus larvae which were white with lateral black spots (Dolerus sp. 2 Yuasa, 1922). It is possible that these larvae may be D. neoagcistus, which is an early species, and often taken at flowers with D. unicolor. Although no evidence of the fact had been noticed in 1929 collecting, there may be also a distinct forest-inhabiting group of Dolerus, for D. nor- toni has been taken in the vicinity of Urbana in original forested land only, especially in University Woods, which is a semi-swampy woodland and may harbor certain sedges or grasses fed upon by the larvae of this species. SEASONAL OCCURRENCE In this region the various species of Dolerus are among the very first of the hibernating insects to become active at the onset of spring. The 18 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [222 first individuals usually appear during the last two weeks of March, and by mid-April their numbers are manifold. By late June, however, most of the adults have disappeared, and by late July the larvae also have disap- peared, so that the active period of the group as a whole is short. In re- gions where they occur abundantly, these sawflies are undoubtedly the first group of insects to be important defoliators of the vegetation, and they must hold a high place in the economy of such areas. This is further sup- ported by the fact that in 1929, until midsummer, the specimens of Dolerus far outnumbered other species of insects taken on Equisetum and Carex; and the larvae seemed to attract a great number of parasitic Hymenoptera belonging to groups which are known to parasitize sawflies. Data on the seasonal occurrence and abundance of the adults of the species of Dolerus taken in all localities during the season of 1929 are shown in Table I, and a summary of the data for the Seymour area alone is shown in Figure 71. TABLE I—TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS OF DOLERUS COLLECTED AT ALL LOCALITIES IN ILLINOIS DURING 1929 ————— eS ee ed 15-| 23- | 1-} 8 |16-| 24-] 1- | 8- | 16-| 24- | 1- | 8- | 16-|24-| 1- | 8- 22} 31 7 15 | 23 | 30 7 15 | 23 31 7° 115 | 23 | 30 | 7 | 15 D. unicolor.......... 1 66 2 9 D. neoagcistus....... 4 3 ANTENA 2 jeneyer eos e:b ayers 139 | 20 15 D. collaris........... 1 D. aprilis........... 1 | 191 | 70 13 | 134 | 51 2 D. neoaprilis........ 3 1 4 D. agcistus.......... 53 4 73 D. apricus........... 2 155 70 | 4 D. similis........... 13 | 23 | 124) 59} 8] 9 71 | 11] 19 | 61 12 D. neoaprilis, D. collaris, and D. neoagcistus were represented by so few specimens that they may be passed over as of merely incidental interest, and as possibly being rarities in this region. Urbana is likely the extreme southern limit of distribution for the first two, but all three of these species may prove to be abundant with further exploitation. D. unicolor is the first species to make its appearance. In 1928 and 1929 the adults were flying during the last week in March, and in 1930 they were extremely abundant on March 15. In 1929 they reached their peak of abundance during the first week of April, and thereafter soon dwindled away. The next species to occur in large numbers were D. illini, D. aprilis, and D. agcistus. On April 14 these. species were all at their greatest abun- dance at Seymour; but it is doubtful if they occur as early as D. unicolor. It is very probable that the great proportion of the population of each species of this group emerges within a comparatively short time, so that the graphic curve of their rise in numbers would be very steep, as is that 223] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 19 of D. apricus. D. illini and D. aprilis were especially abundant, while D. agcistus was only moderately plentiful. D. agcistus and D. illini disappeared from the area very rapidly. In the Seymour region this wave of species had receded by about the first of May, except for a few specimens of D. aprilis, and left the field to D. similis. This latter species never reached very great numbers in the Seymour habitat but was represented in moderate quantities for about two months—a much greater length of time than any other species. This could be explained by various reasons: (1) greater longevity, (2) a natural tend- ency for different individuals to take a different length of time to develop, or (3) the selection of different hibernation sites by the larvae, so that they are subject to different temperatures in the early developmental period of spring, hence to different rates of growth, and as a result would emerge as adults over a longer period of time. It will be remembered from the discus- sion of habitat relations that D. similis is also the only species observed which was not apparently restricted to a certain type of habitat, but oc- curred abundantly wherever its food plant was plentiful, which strongly suggests the last alternative to account for its long period of adult activity. This species was much more abundant at Savoy and Ogden than at Sey- mour, and it is probably the most common species in the state, or at least second in rank to D. unicolor. The last species to appear on the scene was D. apricus. At the Seymour habitat it appeared quite suddenly on the 21st. of May, and its numbers rose in a few days to their highest point. About three weeks after its first occurrence it was rapidly on the decline, and after the middle of June it together with D. similis formed the final retreat of the adults of Dolerus for the season. 20 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [224 PHYLOGENY The phylogeny of the Dolerinae is based essentially upon the picture of the development of the saw from the simple to the complex. It may be argued that such a utilitarian attribute should be disregarded in a consid- eration of phylogeny, since it is apt to vary within natural groups without respect to relationships, due to differences in the host plants of species within the same group. In this case, however, the grouping afforded by the saws is readily upheld by external morphological characters and to quite an extent by the male genitalia, which seems to me quite significant in a group so lacking in conspicuous specific characters. Also, from the meager evidence which can be collected, host selection seems to be a link in the phylogenetic chain. While other characters alone present good cri- teria for super-specific grouping, they do not show so clearly as the saws that which is so necessary to a family tree, namely, direction of develop- ment. Zhelochovtsev (1926), using the evidence furnished by the Palearctic forms, considered the development within the subfamily to be linear, but when the Holarctic fauna is considered, there appear distinct groups which follow a line of development at divergence with the others. The point of origin of the different groups is speculative, of course, but the developmen- tal lines within the groups are distinct. The wnicolor group is regarded as the most primitive outgrowth of the Dolerinae stem. In the lowest members, e.g., D. neocollaris, the postocular area is very large and the eyes are therefore comparatively small. The saw is many-segmented, the lancet lacks lateral armature, and the annuli are represented by oblique areas of minute spines. The lobes are distinct and only very minutely toothed. In the higher forms the postocular area be- comes slightly shorter and the lobes more coarsely toothed. The sericeus group probably branched off from the main stem near the same place as did the unicolor group. In saw characters these two groups are very simi- lar, but morphologically the sericeus group is quite distinct from all other members of the subfamily, except D. frisoni Ross, in having the hind tibiae very clearly grooved on both the inner and outer sides, and, in the male, in having a triangular procidentia on the caudo-mesal portion of the eighth tergite. D. frisoni is a puzzling case which is discussed under the treatment of the species. The conformation of the pleurae and pectus of the sericeus group is also characteristic. The lancet in this group is simple, lacking lateral armature except in D. neosericeus, where rudimentary alae are de- veloped. The lobes are distinct and coarsely dentate, and annuli are usually well indicated. A subgeneric name could be applied to this group with good 225] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 21 justification, for it is certainly as definitely separated from the mass of the Dolerinae as is the subgenus Loderus, but since it appears as only one group among the many in the general perspective of the subfamily it seems unwise to split the genus further. It would appear that a dichotomous split occurs in the family tree above the point from which sprang the lower groups, one branch giving rise to the bicolor group and the other giving rise to the similis group and its allies. In the bicolor group the various steps in the development of the lateral armature of the saw are very graphically illustrated. In D. collaris (Figure 50) the annuli are distinct, with a small spurette developed at the ventral margin. In D. clypealis (Figure 49) first indications of alae appear near the dorsal margin of the lancet, the spurettes still being rudimentary. Progressing through D. neoagcistus, D. bicolor, and D. agcistus, the develop- ment of the alae and spurettes can be followed with clarity. In this group the alar and ventral spines are not developed. From the opposite stem arose the similis and neoaprilis groups, and the subgenus Loderus. The first two probably branched off close together, as the saw characters would indicate. The similis group exhibits a progressive reduction of the teeth of the lobes, a marked coalescence of the spurettes with the lobes, and a development of both alar and ventral spines. In the neoaprilis group the spurettes are distinct, the lobes have many fine teeth, the Palearctic species D. dubius has both alar and ventral spines, and the Nearctic species D. neoaprilis has only ventral spines. Loderus, which is characterized by long, emarginate eyes, seems to present a group of saws of a highly de- veloped nature, but on analysis the difference between the saws of Loderus and the similis group is not as great as that between those of the similis and unicolor groups. The saw of L. apricus suggests a close relationship with the elderi section of the similis group. The chief differences are that in L. apricus (Figure 5) the alar spurs have become separated from the alae, and the spurettes are entirely fused with the ventral lobes. The other species of Loderus contain two types of saws (Figures 4 and 6) which are ' markedly different from each other and show no clear relationship to other groups in the subfamily. It seems apparent, however, that they have arisen from the series possessing alar spines; and the long, emarginate eyes, the development of alar spines, and (in L. albifrons) the coalescence of the spurettes with the ventral lobes, suggest their position as among the most highly developed group in the subfamily. From the evidence furnished by the saws, Loderus is at most a highly specialized group comparable to other groups within the Dolerinae, and follows a chain of development from the lowest forms in the subfamily. Loderus Konow is therefore considered in this paper as being of only sub- generic rank. This viewpoint is further supported by a consideration of the character upon which Loderus is differentiated from Dolerus, namely, 22 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [226 the condition of the eyes. In the wnicolor group, particularly D. neocollaris, the eyes are short and the postocular area long; in the similis group the eyes are longer and the postocular area short, while in some species the inner margin of the eyes show a distinct tendency to be emarginate; in L. acidus and L. albifrons the eyes are no longer than in D. similis but are distinctly emarginate; and in L. apricus the eyes are very long and emar- ginate. At no point in this gradation can a line be drawn to separate the subfamily into two distinct units. The distribution of the subfamily is amazingly uniform. It is exclu- sively Holarctic, occurring in Northern Africa, throughout the Eurasian region with the exception of India and the Malayan region, and throughout North America. It is of especial interest, however, to note that almost all the groups into which the subfamily may be divided are represented throughout the Holarctic region. The greater number of the Nearctic species of Dolerus, arid all the Nearctic species of Loderus have identical structural homologues in the Palearctic region. It is evident, therefore, that the group Loderus has not developed in geographic isolation, but with the rest of the Dolerinae. It is interesting in this connection to note that complexity of saw struc- ture has progressed hand in hand with host selection. The evidence on this point is meagre, since very few of the larvae of this group have been reared, but what there is of it points out a fairly clear path. The following tabulation summarizes the host relations which have been found in the literature: TABLE II Group Species Host Unicolor D. unicolor Phleum pratense D. nigratus Festuca sp. D. gonagra Festuca sp. Unicolor? D. madidus Juncus D. haematodes Juncus and Scirpus Bicolor D. collaris Rushes (Eleocharis?) Similis D. pratensis Equisetum arvense D. palustris Equisetum arvense D. similis Equisetum arvense D. nicaeus? Equisetum arvense The species with the simple saws choose for hosts the soft-tissued grasses, the species with highly developed, complex saws have hosts of a hard, sili- ceous texture. It will be interesting to find the host relationships of the higher members of the bicolor group, of the neoaprilis group, and of the subgenus Loderus. 227) SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 23 The following diagram gives the author’s conception of the phylogene- tic tree of the subfamily: Loderus agcistus tejoniensis bicolor frisoni similis roup neoagcistus \ elderi re ae collaris i neoapr 8 ite. Saam similis get ee bicolor rou Aa oe rou ghee sericeus rou tectus x borealis unicolor Primitive Dolerinae 24 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [228 TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE SUBFAMILY DOLERINAE Dolerides Thomson, Hymen. Scandin., Tom. I, 1871, p. 278. Dolerides Cameron, Monog. Brit. Phyt. Hymen., Vol. I, 1882, p. 157. Dolerinae Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., Vol. I, 1894, p. 1. Dolerinae Ashmead, Can. Ent., Vol. XXX, No. 12, Dec., 1898, p. 306. Dolerides Konow, Gen. Insectorum, Hymen., Fam. Tenth., 1905, p. 68. Dolerinae MacGillivray, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIX, 1906, p. 628 and p. 631. Dolerinae Rohwer, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XTIT, 1911, p. 221, and p. 222. Dolerini Enslin, Tenth. Mitteleur., Deutch Ent. Zeits., 1912, Beiheft, p. 40. Dolerinae MacGillivray, Bull. No. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, 1916, p. 68. Members of this subfamily are characterized by the venation of the front wings (Figure 70), in particular the contraction of the anal cell and the presence of only two closed submarginal cells, due to the loss of the middle transverse cubital vein, or Rs of MacGillivray. The group is a com- pact one, with a distinct habitus. The body is stout, short in comparison to its width as compared with other groups, such as the Tenthredininae and Allantinae. The clypeus is slightly asymmetrical, the sinistral lobe being slightly smaller than the dextral. The greater area of the head and thorax is opaque and punctate, usually clad with whitish pile, which is especially conspicuous on the lower portion of the head. Existing determinations in the group have been found so unreliable that only records that have been seen by the author are considered valid. Par- ticularly misleading errors in the literature have been commented upon to bring them into conformity with the records in this paper. In the subfamily and generic bibliography many references have been omitted which dealt only with exotic groups, and in the bibliography of each species references to faunal or local lists have been omitted. The sub- family consists of only the one genus, Dolerus, which is therefore defined by the characteristics of the subfamily. GENUS DOLERUS Jurine Litt.-Zeitung Erlanger, Vol. I, Nro. 21, May 30, 1801, p. 163. Genotype.—Dolerus gonagra Fabricius (Subsequent designation of Latri- elle, 1810). The date of the original description of the name Dolerus, in common with many other Hymenopterous generic names, is tied up with the “Er- langen List” of Panzer, published in the daily scientific journal of Erlangen, and forgotton by entomologists until it was again brought to light by the work of Morice and Durrant (1915). These two authors have shown that the name Dolerus, accompanied by two constituent species, D. germanica and D. gonagra, was first published in this work. Rohwer (Ent. News, 1911) accredits the genus to Panzer and gives the place of original description as “Fauna Insectorum Germaniae,” Heft 82, Jahrgang 7. Morice and Dur- 229] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 25 rant (loc. cit.), however, state that this latter Volume bears the date “‘Sep- tember 3, 1910,’’ whereas the Erlangen List was published on May 30 of the same year. Latrielle (1810) set D. gonager Jur. as the type of Dolerus, and since this species was included under Dolerus in the original descrip- tion, it isa valid designation. The type set by Rohwer in 1911, viz., Dolerus pedestris Panz. (=D. pratensis L.), would be valid only if the second refer- ence were the place of the original description. The author is in accord with the arguments and opinions of Morice and Durrant in accrediting the name Dolerus to Jurine and not to Panzer. The genotype represents a member of the unicolor group as represented in this paper, which would therefore be considered as the genus in the very strictest sense should anyone elevate these groupings to subgeneric rank. Leach, in 1817, separated from Dolerus the genus Dosytheus, naming first in the latter D. eglanteriae Klug (=D. pratensis L.), which belongs to the similis group. These two genera have been considered synonymous by subsequent authors. A study of the Nearctic forms indicates clearly that these groups are worthy of only group names, and are not of generic or sub- generic rank. In 1890, Konow proposed the new genus Loderus for the species of Dolerus which had the inner margin of the eyes emarginate, but for reasons given in the treatment of phylogeny, Loderus is considered as a subgenus. KEY FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE SUBGENERA 1. Eyes emarginate on their mesal margin; malar space shorter than the length of the first antennal segment (Figure 16); tarsal claws toothless or with a small tooth (Figures 11 EAPC) ED cor RA ORE ein CAS SRO SALT EU ERRELA ie eI aa LODERUS Konow -. Eyes almost straight on their mesal margin, short, the malar space usually as long as the length of the first antennal segment (Figure 15); tarsal claws always toothed (Figures eect AA ek PN il a Ven daa eas > oie eee 4 4, Punctures of meso-episternum of medium size; pectus inclined to shining, diagonal row _ of punctures not conspicuously large or rough, lateral portion not strongly concave, usually only slightly shagreened; smaller, 9 to 11 mm. ee ee ee Len en Tee as AE LENO oes & sericeus subsp. parasericeus MacG. -. Punctures of meso-episternum very large and deeply impressed; pectus dull, diagonal row and median punctures conspicuously coarse, with rough walls, lateral portion strongly concave, very densely shagreened; larger, 11 to 12 mm. Senidie SAE ERA eRe etched lor PE aL Para een en CR FOF sericeus subsp. neosericeus MacG. 5. Pectus dull, entirely shagreened, without any shining areas................0eeeeeeee 6 -. Pectus slightly shining, sometimes slightly shagreened, but always with a gloss on the bitetrat? aces (114 S20) ALTO Gtad ELS Ee eS RR oe Lee 7 44 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [248 6. Sides of anterior lobe and meso-episternum with large, crater-like punctures; pectus with diagonal row of punctures conspicuously coarse, walls rough; procidentia low, round and knob-like, base sometimes carinate............ sericeus subsp. neosericeus MacG. Sides of anterior lobe evenly reticulately punctured; meso-episternum only moderately coarsely punctured; pectus quite smoothly punctured, diagonal row moderately fine; procidentia inverted trough-like, fairly high, ridge-like for its entire length cael gne ee aye Bec Hee kad ce ak” geet cg, a pile pad age Be ey ata Pat sericeus Say Ss. st. . Procidentia one-half length of eighth tergite, carinate for its whole length, dorsal edge slightly depressed near middle................... sericeus subsp. parasericeus MacG. Procidentia one-quarter length of eighth tergite, small, rounded and drop-like, with a faint indication of a carina at its base.................. sericeus subsp. centralis Ross ~ Dolerus sericeus Say sens. st. Dolerus sericeus Say, Keatings Narrat. Exped. IT, 1824, App., p. 320; Leconte, Writ. Thomas Say Entom., II, 1859, p. 214; Norton, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, 1861, p. 154; Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. I, 1867, p. 235; Provancher, Nat. Canad., Vol. X, 1878, p. 71; Provancher, Faun. Ent. Can., Hymen., 1883, p. 197; Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., Vol. I, 1894, p. 17; MacGillivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 69. Dolerus colosericeus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 125; MacGil- livray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 70; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 240. New synonymy. Dolerus monosericeus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 126; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 241. New synonymy. Female—Length 10 to 11.5 mm. Color entirely black. Front wings uniformly dark brown, hind wings uniformly a lighter brown. Head as for group; postocular area as long as eye, seen from above, dull, with reticulate punctures and shagreening on the unpunctured areas, with a low, narrow, transverse carina somewhat obscured by it dense punctua- tion, posterior margin with a coarse carina; postocellar area quadrate, raised above level of postocular area, more or less shining and punctate. Disk of anterior lobe shining and evenly punctured, sides fairly evenly reticulate with more or less elongate punctures, not round, smaller than in the other species, only occasionally with one or two punctures conspic- uously larger than the rest; lateral lobes evenly punctured, shining or more or less shagreened; post-tergite smooth, with or without a rounded median carina, posterior margin more or less triangular; meso-episternum with irregular reticulate punctures, not very large, with a smooth appearance; pectus shagreened, finely and minutely punctured, diagonal row of sparse, small punctures; punctuation of legs very fine and minute. Sheath long and blade-like, much as in Figure 20, but narrower, the dorsal margin straight or very slightly convex (Figure 21), the ventral margin evenly arcuately rounded, scopa lacking; setae in an evenly graduated series, not very long or coarse; cerci short, only about a quarter of dorsal length of sheath. Male.—In size, color and structure similar to female, with the following differences in structure: meso-episternum slightly less roughly reticulate; 249] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 45 hypopygium very convex, long, apex with sides straight and oblique, pos- terior margin truncate; procidentia tent-like, more or less half length of eighth segment, meson carinate, the top of the ridge straight not concave. Neotype—9@, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 10, 1887. In the col- lection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, IIl. Distribution —DELAWARE: 10’, Del. ILLINOIS: 1c, 19, Palos Park, Apr. 24, 1930 (Frison and Ross). INDIANA: 19, LaFayette (F, M. Webster). MAINE: 10’, Orono. MASSACHUSETTS: 50'0, 19. Chelsea Bay, April 21; 1<”, Amherst, April. 21,1908. MINNESOTA: 19 St. Anthony Pk. MISSOURI: 19, ‘“Mo.” NEW JERSEY: 20°0',N. J. NEW YORE: 30’, 49 9, Ithaca, Apr. to May 12; 19, Nassau, May 16, 1906; 12, Albany, Apr. 15, 1910; 167, Staten Island; 19, Syracuse, Apr. 20, 1924. PENNSYLVANIA: 39 9, Pa. RHODE ISLAND: 19, Kingston, Apr. 30, 1905. BRITISH COLUMBIA: 10%, Vernon, Apr. 25, 1919 (N. W. Ruhmann). ONTARIO: 10, Ottawa, Apr. 27, 1921 (J. Mc- Dunnough); 1%, Ottawa, May 17, 1914 (A. E. Kellett); 1%, Hastings County; 19, Sudbury; 19, Jordan, Jly. 12, 1920 (W. A. Ross); 12, Jordan, Apr. 5, 1915. QUEBEC: 10”, Lake Opasatika, Jn. 10, 1921 (H. S. Fleming) ; 19, Lake Opasatika, Jn. 1 (J. N. Knull); 19, cottage Beaulieu, Jn. 29, 1904. Judging from its distribution, this is the form studied by Norton (1867). It is also the one referred to by MacGillivray (1916) as his identified speci- mens show. This is the form of sericeus most commonly taken in the eastern states. Its salient characters are: the sides of the anterior lobe fairly uni- formly reticular-punctate with at most one or two larger punctures; the post-tergite usually fairly long, flattish and sub-triangular; the pectus dull, densely shagreened, the lateral areas only minutely punctured, the diagonal row not coarse or conspicuously large; the female with the sheath having the ventral margin evenly rounded, the dorsal margin straight or concave, the tip arc-shaped, never truncate (Figure 21), the sides shagreened; the male with the procidentia long and ridge-like, inverted trough-shaped. Dolerus sericeus subsp. parasericeus MacGillivray. Dolerus parasericeus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 125; MacGil- livray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 69; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 244. Dolerus polysericeus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 125; MacGil- livray, Bull. Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 70; Frison, Bull. Til. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 244. New synonymy. Female—Similar in size and color to sericeus s. st. Differs in structure in having six to twelve round, crater-like punctures on sides of anterior lobe conspicuously larger than the rest; meso-episternum with larger, rounder punctures; pectus usually shining, sometimes partly shagreened, the diagonal row distinct, of somewhat scattered, large punctures; post- 46 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [250 tergite variable; sheath resembling the typical form, but slightly more trun- cate, with the dorsal margin always straight (Figure 20); saw as in sericeus s. st. (Figure 46), without annuli. Male.—Similar in structure to female. Procidentia very similar to seri- ceus s. st., but differs very slightly in having the dorsal ridge slightly de- pressed near the middle. It differs from the typical form chiefly in the lesser shagreening of the pectus. Holotype.— @ , Ithaca, New York, June 17, 1897. In the MacGillivray Collection, University of Illinois, Urbana, IIl. Allotype-—o, Victoria, British Columbia, April 23, 1919 (W. Downes). Deposited in the Canadian National Museum, Ottawa, Canada. Present designation. Distribution—NEW YORK: Holotype, Ithaca. BRITISH COLUM- BIA: Allotype, Victoria; 19, Agassiz, Jn. 15, 1926 (H. H. Ross); 22 9, Agassiz, Apr. 26 and 28, 1927 (H. H. Ross); 19, Agassiz, May 8, 1927 (H. H. Ross). This form is separated from sericeus s. st. and from subsp. neosericeus by its shining pectus, and from subsp. centralis by the sheath in the female and the procidentia in the male. Dolerus sericeus subsp. centralis new subspecies Female—Length 9 to 11 mm. Color entirely black, wings brownish- infuscate. Structure typical for the group. Head coarsely punctate, postocular area particularly so; postocular area shorter than eye, seen from above, narrowed behind eye, with a transverse carina almost obscured by the large coarse punctures, median portion shining, posterior margin with a carina; vertical furrows very wide and deep; postocellar area quadrate, convex and shining, sparsely punctured. Halves of anterior lobe only moder- ately convex; sides rugose, usually with a few large punctures, but not as regularly circular as in subsp. parasericeus, but much rougher than in the typical sericeus; disk and lateral lobes densely, evenly punctured; post- tergite sub-triangular, shining, sometimes faintly striate; meso-episternum rugose-reticulate, punctures uneven; pectus lightly shagreened, glossy but not polished, lateral areas and diagonal row comparatively densely punc- tate. Sheath narrow (Figure 19), dorsal margin more or less convex, espe- cially at apex, apex biconvexly pointed. Male.—Similar in size, color and structure to female. Procidentia small, round and knob-like, only one-quarter length of eighth tergite. Holotype.— 9 , Urbana, Illinois, April 22, 1929 (T. H. Frison). Depos- ited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Il. Allotype-—o, Augerville Woods, Urbana, Illinois, April 21, 1920 (T. H. Frison). Deposited with the holotype. 251] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 47 Paratypes—29@ 9, Augerville Woods, Urbana, Ill., Apr. 29, 1920 (T. H. Frison); 19, Urbana, Ill., sweeping, Apr. 24, 1924 (T. H. Frison); 107, Cottonwoods, Urbana, Ill., Apr. 18, 1918; 12, Oakwood, IIl., May 8, 1920 (T. H. Frison); 19, Champaign, Ill., May 3, 1912 (T. H. Frison); 19, White Heath, Ill., Apr. 23, 1917; 39 9, Urbana, IIl., Apr. 29, 1928 (A. R. Park); 10, Decatur, Ill., May, 1905, frequenting peony buds (Taylor) (34944); 19, Putnam, IIl., May 5, 1929 (T. H. Frison). Deposited in the collections of Dr. T. H. Frison, the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Mr. A. R. Park and the author. This subspecies has so far been taken only in Illinois. It differs from sericeus s. st. and from subsp. neosericeus in the lighter shagreening of the pectus. The female can be distinguished by the narrower and more pointed sheath, and the male can be separated from sericeus s. st. and subsp. para- sericeus by the round procidentia and from subsp. neosericeus by the shining pectus and smaller size. Dolerus sericeus subsp. neosericeus MacGillivray Dolerus neosericeus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 125; MacGil- livray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 69; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 242. Dolerus necosericeus MacGillivray, Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, Aug. 13, 1923, p. 13; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 242. New synonymy. Female—Length 10.5 to 13 mm. Color black, wings brownish infuscate. Differs from the typical sericeus as follows: postocular area more robust and shining; sides of anterior lobe with several very large, round punctures very conspicuously larger than the others; pleurae with very large, more or less equal punctures, deeply hollowed out; pectus densely shagreened, markedly depressed between the pleurae and the diagonal row, coarsely and unevenly punctured, the diagonal row consisting of large, closely-set punctures; sheath long (Figure 18), somewhat trunctate as in subsp. para- sericeus, with the dorsal margin slightly convex, the sides shining, not sha- greened; the saw almost as in the other forms, but with the teeth twice as large as those in sericeus s. st., subsp. parasericeus or subsp. centralis. Male.—Similar in size, color and structure to female. Procidentia low, rounded and knob-like at apex, with a low, carinate extension at base. Holotype-—@, Ithaca, New York. In the MacGillivray Collection, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Allotype-—o, Mt. Washington, Massachusetts, Deposited with the holotype. Present designation. Distribution—MAINE: 19, Orono, Jly. 3, 1913. (Type of necoseri- ceus). MASSACHUSETTS: 10’, Mt. Washington; 19, Green Lodge, Jn. 17, 1905; 19, Lexington, May. MICHIGAN: 19, South Haven, Jn. 1, 1891. NEW HAMPSHIRE: 398 9, Jefferson, Jn. 14, 1895; 19, Fran- 48 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [252 conia. NEW YORK: 17,19, Utica; 19, Caatskill Mts., Jn. 25, 1904. WISCONSIN: 19, Cranmoor, Jn. 6, 1910 (C. W. Hooker). NEW BRUNSWICK: 39 9, Bathurst, Jly.6. ONTARIO: 19, Bondville, Jn. 26, 1913 (W. A. Ross). This subspecies is the largest and most coarsely punctured in the group. It is easily recognized in both sexes by the combination of the large punc- tures on the anterior lobe and pleurae and the densely shagreened pectus with the heavy diagonal row. BICOLOR GROUP Size and color various; mesopleurae usually finely, always evenly, punc- tate; pectus sparsely punctate, shining or shagreened; posterior tibiae not grooved on outer side, at most grooved very slightly on inner; sheath with a distinct scopa or thickened, truncate caudal margin (except in nortoni), the scopa being more definite in the species in which it is narrow, the edge often becoming rounded when it is wide, giving the sheath the appearance of a barrel; male genitalia short and wide (Figure 67); praeputium markedly transversely concave in most specimens, but sometimes scarcely concave at all; gonocardo wider than in sericeus or unicolor, distinctly clavate laterally; pedes various. Dolerus versa Norton Dolerus versa Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. I, 1867, p. 239; Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., Vol. I, 1894, p. 19; MacGillivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 74; Cresson, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., No. 5, 1928, p. 10. Female-——Length 11 to 12 mm. Color: head black; thorax black with the prothorax, tegulae, lateral lobes, upper and upper caudal portion of meso-episternum, dorsal sclerite of meso-epimeron, more or less of the ven- tral portion of the meso-epimeron, the metapleurae entirely or partly, and the basal plates, rufous; lateral margins of anterior lobe also sometimes rufous; abdomen rufous, except cerci sometimes, sheath and external basal portion of the gonapophyses, which are black. Wings uniformly deeply infuscate with brownish-violaceous, slightly deeper towards base. Head quadrate seen from above, eyes prominent; corners square, pos- terior margin uniformly arcuately emarginate; length of postocular area subequal to length of eye, seen from above, with an indistinct carina on posterior margin visible only near mesal portion, and with a low, rounded transverse ridge across the dorsum; vertical furrows very deep and pit- like, separated by a thick wall from posterior margin of head; postocellar area subquadrate, raised slightly; lateral ocelli equidistant from each other and posterior margin of head; vertex shining, with large, sparse punctures; front and lower parts of head quite finely, reticulately punctate; third seg- ment of antennae only slightly longer than fourth, remainder diminishing 253] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 49 very gradually. Mesonotum shining; anterior lobe uniformly convex, disk with shallow, fairly sparse punctures, sides with large, sparse punctures with rounded, polished sides; lateral lobes with sparse, shining punctures; post-tergite shallowly U-shaped, densely striate, opaque, with a sharp me- dian carina ending before the apex, which is almost truncate; meso-epis- ternum very coarsely, but evenly, punctate, the bottom of the punctures shining; pectus faintly shagreened, very sparsely punctate except for a diagonal row of denser punctures. Sheath as in Figure 25, triangular, blade-like and pointed, with a very narrow, distinct scopa; the longer setae _ pointing almost directly laterad; cerci attaining almost tip of sheath; saw simple, annuli distinct, lones plainly toothed, very rudimentary spurettes present on apical portion (Figure 48). Male—Length 9 to10 mm. Color and structure identical with female. Ninth tergite scarcely visible, hypopygium short, apical lateral margins slightly concave, posterior margin sub-truncate. Lectotype-—@, Massachusetts. In the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. (Cresson, 1928). Distribution—MARYLAND: 140, Prince George County, Jn. 28;19, Prince George County, Apr., 1896. MISSOURI: 147, St. Louis, 1877;19, Mo. NEW JERSEY: 10’, Lakehurst, April 30, 1916; 17, N. J. NEW YORK: 19, New York City. OHIO: 12, Columbus, Apr. 21, 1920 (A. E. Miller); 49 9, Hocking County, May (C. H. Kennedy); 19, Jacko County, May, 1926. PENNSYLVANIA: 1300’, Highspire, Jn. 17, 1909 (W. S. Fisher); 19, Delaware County, Apr. 22, 1894 (C. W. Johnson). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: 19, D. C., May 5. VIRGINIA: 14, Vienna, May 9, 1911; 39 9, Falls Church, Apr. 25. This large species may be confused with piercei, but can be readily separated by the darker wings and coarser punctuation of the anterior lobe. Dolerus piercet Rohwer Dolerus Piercei Rohwer, Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 1, Jan., 1909, p. 10. Female—Length 8 to 9.5 mm. Head black; thorax rufous with median half of anterior lobe, lateral lobes sometimes, scutellum and post-tergite, metanotum except basal plates, pectus and lower portion of meso-epister- num, and legs, black; abdomen rufous wth sheath and cerci black. Wings uniformly light tawny infuscate. Structure differing from versa only in the smaller punctures on the head and thorax, and in the slightly more rounded corners of the head. Punctua- tion of head almost uniform; punctures of postocular area little larger than those of front, but sparser; transverse ridge lacking. Anterior lobe opaque with punctures, those on disk minute and dense, those on sides rough and dense; pleurae finely and evenly punctate; pectus shining, finely punctate. 50 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [254 Sheath similar to versa; saw (Figure 61) similar in outline, but differing in having small, peg-like spurettes and alar spurs. Male.—Unknown. Type—@, Lincoln, Nebraska, April 19, 1902, “Immodelle” (W. D. Pierce). In the collection of the University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebr. Distribution—KANSAS: 12, Douglas Co., Apr., 1923 (R. H. Beamer). NEW JERSEY: 19, South Seaville, May 25, 1923 (J. C. Bradley). This rare species may be distinguished from versa by the finer punctua- tion of the anterior lobe and meso-episternum. The specimens with the lateral lobes rufous may be distinguished from clypealis, collaris, etc., by the black mark on the anterior lobe; the specimens with the lateral lobes black can be distinguished from clypealis, collaris, etc., by the triangular saw with the small, peg-like alar spurs and spurettes. Dolerus clypealis new species Female.—Length 7.5 to 9.5 mm. Head black, with the clypeus entirely or with the apical half rufous; thorax rufous with the metanotum, except basal plates, pectus and legs except front knees, rufous; sometimes with a black spot on lateral lobes or with scutum black; abdomen rufous with sheath black. Wings almost hyaline, with a very slight yellowish staining. Head uniformly, finely punctate, except ridge of postocular area which is partly impunctate and shagreened; postocular area robust, corners rounded, seen from above slightly longer than eye, possessing a low, trans- verse ridge, posterior margin not carinate; posterior margin of head shal- lowly evenly emarginate; vertical furrows elongate pit-like, reduced to a line at posterior margin; postocellar area one and one-half times as wide as long, slightly raised above level of postocular area; median and ocellar foveae obsolete; third segment of antennae slightly but distinctly constricted just above base, ventral side arcuate, fourth segment narrower at base, gradually widening towards apex, a fourth shorter than third, the remaining segments scarcely diminishing in length. Halves of anterior lobe uniformly convex, disk shining, moderately densely and finely punctate, lateral areas opaque with slightly coarser and much denser punctures; lateral lobes shining, sparsely punctured; post-tergite subtriangular, finely striate, ap- pearing shining when rufous, mesally carinate, posterior margin angulate, extreme tip rounded; pleurae finely reticulately punctate, dull, pectus shining, with many fine punctures; tarsal claws with a small triangular tooth. Sheath as in Figure 25, thin and triangular, apex pointed, the longer setae very divergent; scopa narrowly ellipsoidal, as in versa; cerci attain- ing apex of sheath; saw subtriangular (Figure 49); lance with about 10 segments, the dorsal margin at apex scalloped or broadly serrate; lancet with about 11 segments, ventral margin concave, the lobes coarse and prom- inent, annuli distinct, with rudimentary spurettes, rudimentary alar spurs sometimes also present; annuli without spines. 255] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 51 Male.—Not recognized. Most likely similar to and difficult to separate from that of collaris, etc. Holotype.— 2 , Gull Lake, Alberta, Canada, June 25, 1929 (E. H. Strick- land). In the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Iil. Paratypes—Mon. COLORADO: 29 9, Garland; 192, Westcliff. MONTANA:52? 9, UTAH: 19, Park City, June 18. ALBERTA: 49 9, Gull Lake, June 8-28, 1929 (E. H. Strickland); 19, Chin, May 30, 1923 (Walter Carter), NORTHWEST TERR.: 19, McLeod, June 30, 1902. In the collections of the University of Alberta, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the U. S. National Museum, the Canadian Na- tional Museum, the Illinois State Natural History Survey, and the author. This species is the only one of its general color known to have a rufous clypeus. In the final analysis, however, the saw is the distinguishing char- acter. It is most apt to be confused with collaris icterus, many specimens of which it resembles in the shape of the sheath, but it is easily separated from it and other members of the bicolor group by the saw, and from the darker winged forms by the light wings. Dolerus clypealis var. nigrilabris new variety Female.—Structurally identical with the typical form of clypealis, differing in color in having the clypeus black, and both the anterior part of the lateral lobes and the mesoscutum black. Holotype-——@, Waterton Lakes, Alberta, Canada, July 12, 1923 (J. McDunnough). Deposited in the Canadian National Museum, Ottawa, Can. Paratypes.—2 9 2, Cheboygan, Cheboygan County, Michigan, May 23, 1923 (S. Moore). In the collections of the University of Michigan and the Illinois State Natural History Survey. Distinguished from collaris, piercei, neoagcistus, etc., by its narrow, pointed sheath and the saw. Dolerus nortoni new species Female.—Size small, length 7 mm. Head black; rest of body mostly yellow-rufous, except the following parts which are black: mesonotum except anterior lobe, usually anterior half of lateral lobes, posterior portion of lateral lobes and metanotum except basal plates, pectus and ventral portion of meso-episternum, legs and sheath. Tegulae pale. Wings uni- formly clouded with deep brownish-black. Some specimens have the tip of the last tergum and the posterior margin of the abdominal segments lightly washed with black. Head reticular-rugose; eyes prominent; postocular area contracted behind eye, subequal to length of eye seen from above, with a transverse 52 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [256 diagonal ridge, lateral margin without a carina; posterior margin of head circularly emarginate; vertical furrows deep and wedge-shaped, reaching two-thirds of distance to posterior margin; ocelli slightly closer to posterior margin than to each other, sometimes equidistant; postocellar area twice as wide as long, not raised above postocular area; third segment of antennae subequal to or only very slightly longer than fourth, the remainder gradu- ally diminishing in length; the third segment only slightly constricted above base, the fourth almost columnar. Mesonotum shagreened, dull; anterior lobe flatly convex, disk punctured fairly strongly, sides quite roughly; lateral lobes finely punctuate in centre, sparsely with larger punc- tures on meson; post-tergite obtusely triangular, sharply striate, with a ridge-like median carina; meso-episternum reticulate with large, uniform punctures; pectus densely shagreened, extremely sparsely punctate; tarsal claws with a very small tooth. Sheath (Figure 26) not forming a distinct scopa, the ventral margin pod-like, narrowly pointed, dorsal margin straight, lower margin curved with a suggestion of a shoulder; five or six setae on each side very much longer than the rest, the setae not directed strongly laterad; cerci attaining about half of dorsal length of sheath; saw (Figure 51) similar in shape to that of collaris (Figure 50); alae very narrow, alar spur small, situated midway on annulus; ventral spines pronounced, nearly as long as spur; spurette small and finger-like, not coalescing with ventral margin; lobes fourteen in number, each with two to three teeth, the first one or two straight, the last one remote, finger-like and curved basad; lance with about fourteen annuli, the segments scalloped towards tip. Male—Length 6.5 mm. Color entirely black. Wings evenly gray infuscate. Structure similar to female. Punctuation throughout slightly finer. Antennae slightly bi-laterally compressed, more hairy (‘‘prickly’’) than in collaris; hypopygium with more converging sides than collaris, much as in versa, with the posterior margin slightly rounded. Genitalia as for group. Holotype-— 2, Muncie, Illinois, April 3, 1916. Deposited in the col- lection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Ill. Allotype—o, Urbana, Cottonwoods, Illinois, April 6, 1915 (T. H. Frison). Deposited with the holotype. Paratypes—ILLINOIS: 100°, 129 9, Urbana, Apr. 3 to 6, 1915 (T. H. Frison); 4¢°o’, 62 9, Normal, Aug. 18, 1879 (23); 19, Urbana, Apr. 23, 1928 (H. H. Ross); 19, Urbana, Apr. 16, 1914; 192, Urbana, Apr. 16, 1914, feeding on sap of maples; 29 9, Muncie, Apr. 3, 1916; 19, Little Wabash R., Carmi, Apr. 15, 1914; 1067, 49 9, Urbana, Apr. 4, 1908. MARYLAND: 192, Plummer’s Id., April 7, 1915 (R. C. Shannon) MASSACHUSETTS: 1 9, Wollaston, July, 1895 (Sprague). MICHIGAN: 43°’, 59 9, Ann Arbor, Apr. 3, 1921 (T. H. Hubbell); 19, Oakland 257] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 53 County, Apr. 23, 1922 (S. Moore); 19, Ann Arbor, May 6, 1893. NEW YORK: 69 9, Ithaca, Apr. 12 to 26, 1890 to 1913; 19, Ithaca. ON- TARIO: 19, Ottawa, Apr. 28, 1900. Deposited in a large number of collections. Easily separated from most specimens of other species of the same color by its small size and the absence of a scopa. In some cases, however, specimens of nortoni possess a suggestion of a scopa, in which case it is necessary to exsert the saw, which is distinctly characterized by the finger- like teeth of the ventral lobes. Dolerus nortoni var. nigritella new variety Female.—Size 7 mm. Head black, thorax black with the prothorax, anterior lobe and tegulae rufous, abdomen black. Wings brownish-black as in the typical form. Structurally identical with the typical nortoni. Holotype-—— 2 , Ithaca, New York, April 28, 1897. In the collection of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Known only from the type. Distinguished from collaris and bicolor lesticus, with which it might be confused, by its small size, lack of a scopa at the apex of the sheath, and the finger-like projections on the ventral lobes of the saw. Dolerus collaris Say Dolerus collaris Say, West. Quart. Rep. Cincinnati, Vol. II, 1823, p. 720; Leconte, Writ. Thomas Say Entom., Vol. II, 1859, p. 163; Norton, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, 1861, p. 152; Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. I, 1867, p. 236; Provancher, Nat. Canad., Vol. X, 1878, p. 71; Provancher, Faun. Ent. Can., Hymen., 1883, p. 197; Riley and Marlatt, Insect Life, Vol. IV, 1891, p. 173; Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., Vol. I, 1894, p. 4; MacGillivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 73. Female——Length 7 to 10 mm. Color entirely black, with the prothorax, tegulae, anterior lobe, and paraptera, rufous. Wings uniformly light brown infuscate. Structure, except genitalia, almost identical with clypealis, with the following differences, due in most cases to individual variation: postocular area either rotund or shrunken behind eye; mesonotum either not at all, slightly or almost entirely dull and shagreened; pectus densely or lightly shagreened; tarsal claws with a small tooth, similar to clypealis. Sheath as in Figures 27 and 28; wide, but not very thick, scopa wider than in clypealis, the ventro-caudal margin more convex; the series of long setae very numerous, projecting almost directly caudad; cerci almost attaining tip of sheath. Saw ovate-ellipsoid; lance with about 18 segments, dorsal margin only finely serrate; lancet with about 16 segments, ventral margin convex, lobes not so notch-like as in clypealis, annuli distinct, with short, sparse spines, spurettes smal] but distinct; no other lateral armature. 54 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [258 Male.—Length 6 to 7 mm. Color entirely black. Wings uniform light brown infuscate. Punctuation of head as in female; postocular area subequal to or slightly longer than eye, seen from above, with a pronounced transverse ridge; third antennal segment a very little longer than fourth, fourth and fifth subequal, the remainder subequal but shorter than fourth, these propor- tions subject to slight variation; flagellum columnar, slightly bi-laterally compressed, especially at base. Halves of anterior lobe very convex, sub- globose; punctuation of mesonotum as in female; pleurae finely, granularly punctate, pectus almost impunctate, entirely or mostly shagreened. Sternites three to six usually four times wider than long, taking curved width; ninth tergite minute, merely a narrow disk visible; hypopygium short, sides of apex almost straight, converging, apex truncate. Genitalia as for group. Typic locality Missouri. Neotype—@, Ames, Iowa, April 21, 1896. Deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, IIl. Allotybe—o, Sherman, Illinois, April 3, 1930 (Frison and Ross). Taken in copulation with female. Deposited with neotype. Distribution—COLORADO: 19, Westcliff; 19, Ft. Collins, Oct., 1900; 12, Col. CONNECTICUT: 19, Hartford; 19, Conn. IOWA: 292 9,Ames, April; 1c7,29 9, Ames, Apr. and May, 1926 (G. Hendrick- son). MAINE: 32 9, Orono, April and May. MASSACHUSETTS: 19, Wellesley, April; 19, Mass., 19, Amherst, May 6, 1918. ILLINOIS: 19, Mahomet, Apr. 3, 1929 (Frison and Park); 12, Normal, Apr. 18, 1879; many oo’, 9 9, Sherman, Apr. 3, 39 9, Seymour, Apr. 10 and 19, Palos Park, Apr. 24, 1930 (Frison and Ross). MICHIGAN: 49 9, Washtenaw County, April, 1919 to 1921 (T. H. Hubbell). MINNESOTA: 19, Ft. Snelling, Jn. 6, 1922, flood plain woods (A. A. Nichol). MON- TANA: 90’, 1492 9, Mon. NEBRASKA: 99 9, Lincoln, Holt County and West Point, April (Bruner, Dawson and Gabie). NEW JERSEY: 19, Manumuskin, May 2, 1909. NEW YORK: 19, Karner, Apr. 13, 1903; Clinton Hts., Apr. 9, 1903; 19, Ithaca, Apr. 18, 1896 (On Equisetum) 19, Fulton, 19, Ithaca, Apr. 26, 1896. PENNSYLVANIA: 19, Phila- delphia, Apr. 14, 1897;1 9 , Castle Rock, Apr. 16, 1911. SOUTH DAKOTA: 222,S. D. ALBERTA: 29 9, Edmonton, Apr. 2, 1924 (O. Bryant). MANITOBA: 30'o’, 39 9, Birtle, Apr. 24 to May 11 (R. D. Bird); 30°’, 22 2, Aweme, Apr. 24 to May 7 (E. and N. Criddle); 12, Winne- peg, Apr. 30, 1915 (J. B. Wallis). SASKATCHEWAN: 52 92, Oxbow. This species is easily confused with bicolor lesticus from which it can usually be separated by the narrowed scopa of the sheath. The only safe criterion, however, is the shape of the saw. 259] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 55 The female varies in color from being entirely black to the extreme yellowish-rufous condition described in collaris icterus. The genitalia of the females remain constant throughout the series, and the males ap- parently are always black. From this series only four phases have been given varietal names. It would be possible to assign many more to inter- mediate stages between them but it seems too hair-splitting to do so. These remarks are also true of bicolor. Some authors have considered a British species described by Donovan (1808) as Tenthredo collaris to belong to the genus Dolerus. Stephens (1829), Dalla Torre (1894) and Konow (1905) all express this view. If this were true, Say’s name collaris would be preoccupied, and a new name for it would have to be chosen. An examination of the original description of Tenthredo collaris Donovan shows that it possesses three closed sub- marginal cells, which excludes it from Dolerus. A careful comparison suggests very strongly that Donovan’s species is Mesoneura opaca (Fabri- cius), with which it agrees in wing venation and color, and which syn- onymy Donovan himself suggests in the original description of collaris. This treatment allows Say’s collaris to stand undisputed in the genus Dolerus. Dolerus collaris var. erebus new variety Female.—Structurally similar to the typical collaris. Differs in color in being entirely black, or with only faint spots of reddish on the median or ventro-lateral portions of the collar. Holotype-—@, Sherman, Illinois, April 3, 1930 (Frison and Ross). In the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, IIl. Paratypes ILLINOIS: 192, Algonquin, Apr. 26, 1894; 19, Leroy, Apr. 3, 1907 (Kelly) (38589); 19, Leroy, May 27, 1907 (Kelly) (38556); 19, Havana, sand ridges, Jn. 17, 1894 (Hart) (20212); 49 9, Rantoul, Mar. 23, 1930 (H. H. Ross); and 102 9, Seymour, 549 92, Lincoln and 2302 9, Sherman, all collected on Apr. 3, 1930 by Frison and Ross. IOWA: 19, Ames, Apr. 26, 1926 (G. Hendrickson). MINNESOTA: 19, Ft. Snel- ling, Apr. 20, 1922 (A. A. Nichol) NEBRASKA:1 9, West Point, Apr. 18 (L. Bruner). SOUTH DAKOTA: 19. In the collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, the University of Minnesota, the University of Nebraska, the South Dakota State College, and the author. Distinguished from bicolor, nigrita and idahoensis by the shape of the saw and its lack of lateral armature. Dolerus collaris var. maculicollis (Norton) Dosytheus maculicollis Norton, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, 1861, p. 153. Dolerus maculicollis Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. I, 1867, p. 238; Cresson, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., No. 5, 1928, p. 7. 56 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [260 Female.—Similar in size and structure to the typical form. Differs in color as follows: head black, thorax rufous with lateral lobes (except a posterior rufous spot), metanotum, including more or less of basal plates, pectus, more or less of lower portions of pleurae, and legs, black. Ab- domen with venter black, and sides and most of tergum rufous. Wings brown infuscate. Holotype—@, Brooklyn, New York. In the collection of the Phila- delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Distribution—COLORADO: 292, Col. MONTANA: 339 92, Mon. WISCONSIN: 12, Cranmoor, Apr. 19, 1908. ALBERTA: 19, Calgary, Apr. 21, 1912 (N. Criddle). MANITOBA: 12, Aweme, May 10, 1912 (N. Criddle); 192, Birtle, May 15, 1928 (R. D. Bird). QUEBEC: 12, Opasatika, Jn. 1 (J. N. Knull). SASKATCHEWAN: 19, Ogema, Jn. 16, 1916 (N. Criddle); 39 9, Oxbow, Jn. 11, 1907 (F. K. Knab). Dolerus collaris var. icterus MacGillivray Dolerus icterus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 127; MacGillivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 71; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 241. Female.—Similar in size and structure to the typical form, differing as follows: head black; thorax rufous with lateral lobes, pectus and legs black; abdomen entirely rufous except sheath, which is black. Wings brown infuscate. Holotype-—Q, Saranac Inn., New York, June 26, 1900 (J. G. Need- ham). In the MacGillivray Collection, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Distribution—COLORADO: 19, Col. KANSAS: 192, Douglas County (Beamer). MASSACHUSETTS: 19, Amherst, May 21, 1904. MINNESOTA: 19, Hennepin County, June; 19, Ramsey County, May 9, 1920; 19, Newport, May 12, 1922 (C. E. Mickel); 19, Fort Snelling, Apr. 29, 1922, in low prarie grass (A. A. Nichol). NEBRASKA: 19, Holt County, 62 9, Lincoln, Apr. 11, 1908 (Gable and Dawson). NEW JERSEY: 19, Ramsey, May 4, 1917. NEW YORK: 19, Nassau, May 3, 1914; 19, Ithaca, Apr. 16, 1897. WISCONSIN: 19, Cranmoor, Jn. 15. 1908 (C. B. Hardenberg). BRITISH COLUMBIA: 19, Prince Rupert, Apr. 23, 1923 (W. B. Anderson). ONTARIO: 19, Ottawa, May 5, 1923 (C. H. Curran). QUEBEC: 19, Levis (T. W. Fyles); 12, Brome County, Jly. 25, 1916 (A. F. Winn). SASKATCHEWAN: 49 9, Oxbow, Jn. 17, 1907 (F. K. Knab). These last two color phases are most likely to be confused with clypealis nigrilabris and bicolor, from which they may be told by the regular and simple condition of the saw. Dolerus neoagcistus MacGillivray Dolerus neoagcistus MacGillivray, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 55; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 242. 261] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 57 Dolerus neostugnus MacGillivray, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 55; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 242. New synonymy. ; Female—Length 6 to9 mm. Head black; remainder of body rufous except the following parts which are black: lateral lobes, meso-scutum, metanotum except basal plates, pectus, legs and sheath. Wings uniformly brown infuscate. Structure, except genitalia, almost identical with collaris, with the following slight differences: head always narrower behind eyes; posto- cellar area slightly raised above level of postocular area, very slightly wider than in collaris; anterior lobe flatter, not so strongly convex; tooth of tarsal claws small. Sheath (Figure 30) with a wide, diamond-shaped scopa, very truncate, margins sharply defined, oblique from lateral view; cerci attaining tip of sheath. Saw as in Figure 52, lance similar to Figure 55; lancet with distinct alae and alar spurs, small in size, situated distant from ventral margin; spurettes well developed, separate only on the four or five apical segments, then gradually fusing with the lobes, appearing at the base as another tooth of the lobe; lobes with from two to five teeth. Male.—Not yet definitely associated, but undoubtedly a totally black form inseparable as yet from the male of collaris, bicolor, etc. Holotype-— 2 , Southfields, New York, May 3, 1914 (F. M. Schott). In the MacGillivray Collection, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Distribution Specimens have been examined from the following localities: CONNECTICUT: Hartford. D. C.: Washington. ‘Del.’ “Ga.” ILLINOIS: Urbana, Dubois, Normal, Danville, Mahomet, Cham- paign, Centralia, Clinton, Leroy, Bloomington, Chebanse and Thomas- boro. INDIANA: Lafayette. KANSAS: Douglas County and Lawrence. MAINE: Orono. MASSACHUSETTS: Cab. John Br., West Spring- field, Arlington and Taunton. MICHIGAN: Livingston County. “Min.” MISSISSIPPI: Ag. Coll. MISSOURI: St. Louis and Mexico. NE- BRASKA: Lincoln. NEW JERSEY: Westville NEW YORK: Van Cortlandt, New York City, Ithaca, Poughkeepsie, Staten Island, Albany, Normanskill and Sea Cliff. OHIO: Columbus. PENNSYLVANIA: Castle Rock, Edge Hill, Tinicum Island and Ashbourne. VIRGINIA: Roslyn, Great Falls and Falls Church. ONTARIO: Ottawa and Jordan. Under the 1929 conditions at Urbana, IIl., this species was taken in its greatest abundance towards the end of March when unicolor was also at its height, and was taken best in areas of dry grassland, the females of neoagcistus coming to the flowering trees at the edge of the meadows. It was also taken intermittently throughout the early spring season at the other habitats studied, but never in abundance. All the records from other localities have been taken in March, April and May, mostly during the latter part of March and the early part of April. 58 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [262 This species is most closely related to collaris icterus and bicolor, from which it can only be distinguished by the teeth of the saw and the shape of the lateral armature. In a large series the small tarsal claw and the more or less angular lateral edges of the sheath will serve to distinguish if from others of its color, but these characters do not always hold good. The saw is the only reliable character. Dolerus bicolor (Beauvois) Tenthredo bicolor Beauvois, Insect. Afr. et Amer., 1805, p. 96. Dolerus bicolor Lepeletier, Monogr. Tenthred., 1823, p. 122; Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. I, 1867, p. 238; Provancher, Nat. Canad., Vol. X, 1878, p. 72; Provancher, Faun. Ent. Canad., Hymen., 1883, p. 198; Forbes, 14th. Rep. State Ent. f. 1884, 1885, p. 100; Packard, Rep. U. S. Ent. Commiss., No. V, 1890, p. 588; Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., Vol. I, 1894, p. 3; MacGillivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 72. Dosytheus bicolor Norton, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, 1861, p. 153. Female.—Length 7 to9 mm. Head black; thorax rufous with the fol- lowing parts black: lateral lobes, sometimes scutum and metanotum in part, pectus and legs; abdomen rufous except sheath. Wings uniformly brown infuscate. Structure, except genitalia, similar to and practically indistinguishable from collaris, differing only in having the punctures on the anterior lobe a trifle coarser. Sheath as in Figures 29 and 31; margins often bevelled and rounded, scopa quite wide, limits more indistinct than in neoagcistus, sheath appear- ing more tube-like, narrower in side-view than collaris, with the dorsal margin more or less convex. Saw as in Figure 53, the alae and spurs wider and larger than in neoagcistus, closer to the ventral margin, the spurettes more completely fused with the lobes, which are usually less distinctly toothed. Male.—What are tentatively considered as the males of this species, using coincidental collecting data as criteria of association, are inseparable, either by color or structure, from the males of collaris, etc. Typic Locality —“‘Etats-Unis d’Amerique.”’ Neotype.— 9, Riverton, New Jersey, May 1, 1898. In the MacGil- livray Collection, University of Illinois, Urbana, IIl. Distribution—CONNECTICUT: 19, Lyme, May 6 (Greene). KANSAS: 19, Lawrence, Apr. 24, 1923 (W. G. Garlick). MICHIGAN: 19, Cavanah Lake, May 24, 1919 (T. H. Hubbell); 192, Battle Creek. NEBRASKA: 39 9, Holt County, Apr. 26, 1909 (L. Bruner). NEW YORK: 19, Nassau, May 16, 1906; 19, Poestenkill, May 6, 1927, 19, Stephentown, Apr. 3, 1927; 19, Ithaca, Apr. 26, 1896. VIRGINIA: 19, Vienna, Apr. 25, 1911 (R. A. Cushman). ILLINOIS: 29 9, “Hl.” April; 19, DeKalb, May 13, 1930 (Frison and Ross). This species can be separated from others of the same color, such as 263] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 59 collaris, neoagcistus and clypealis nigrilabris, only on the basis of the saw, in particular the long and fairly wide alae. Dolerus bicolor var. lesticus MacGillivray Dolerus lesticus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 3, Mar., 1914, p. 105; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 241. Dolerus graenicheri MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 3, Mar., 1914, p. 107; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 241. New synonymy. Female.—In size and structure identical with the typical form of the species. Differs only in color, being entirely black except for the collar and anterior lobe, which are rufous. Type.— 2, Durham, New Hampshire, 2435 (Weed and Fiske). Hamp- ton, New Hampshire, May i, 1904 (S. A. Shaw). In the MacGillivray Collection, University of Illinois, Urbana, II. Lectoallotype—o, same data, (Frison, 1927). Distribution—MASSACHUSETTS: 19, Holyoke, Apr. 12, 1903; 19, Wellesley, April. MICHIGAN: 19, Ann Arbor, Apr. 11, 1917. MISSOURI: 19, C. Mo., (C. V. Riley), NEBRASKA: 19, Holt County; 42 9, West Pt., April 14 (L. Bruner), NEW YORK: 19, Ithaca, May. WISCONSIN: 29 2, Cranmoor, May 2, 1908. MAN- ITOBA: 192, Birtle, May 11, 1928 (R. D. Bird). ONTARIO: 29 9, Ottawa, Apr. 27, 1921 (J. McDunnough); 1 9 , Ottawa, Jly. 14. QUEBEC: 32 9, Montreal, Apr. 16 to May 14, (J. W. Buckle). Separated from collaris by the shape of the alae, and from nortoni nigritella by the sheath and saw. Dolerus bicolor var. nigrita new variety Female—Similar in size and structure to the typical bicolor. Differs in color in having the body entirely black, except sometimes a small portion of the collar which may be reddish. Holotype 2 , Algonquin, Illinois (Nason). Deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Ill. Paratypes—19, same data as holotype; 12, Ames, Iowa, April 26, 1926 (G. Hendrickson); 19, Gray’s Lake, Illinois, April 23, 1930 (Frison and Ross). In the collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey and the author. Most similar to collaris erebus and idahoensis, but is readily separated by the shape of the saw. Dolerus agcistus MacGillivray Dolerus agcistus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 129; MacGillivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 73; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 240. 60 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [264 Female.—Length 8 to 10 mm. Head black; thorax rufous except the following parts which are usually black; lateral lobes, scutum, metanotum except basal plates, pectus and legs, sometimes also a median triangular area on anterior lobe, and sometimes all the pleurae except the sutures which are always rufous; abdomen rufous except sheath which is black, and cerci which are sometimes black. Scutum apparently always black. Wings light brown infuscate, lighter than in collaris or bicolor. Structure, except genitalia, as in collaris. Postocular area always robust; pectus sometimes shining, not shagreened. Some of tarsal claws with a large tooth, sometimes almost as large as outer hook (Figure 13.) Sheath large, truncate and barrel-like (Figure 32), scopa wide, margins usually rounded; cerci attaining apex of sheath; lance as in Figure 56, very. little serrate; lancet as in Figure 54; alae very greatly developed, especially in the middle region, alar spurs blunt; spurettes also large, blunt and distinct; lobes coarsely toothed three or four times. Male——Length 7 to 8.5 mm. Color entirely black, wings very lightly brown infuscate. Structure identical with the males of collaris and bicolor; usually with the pectus shining, not shagreened and with the hind femora more coarsely punctate. Genitalia typical for group. Type 2, Lake Forest, Illinois (J. G. Needham). In the MacGillivray Collection, University of Illinois, Urbana, III. Allotype—o, Seymour, Illinois, April 14, 1929 (Park and Ross). In the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, II. Present designation. Distribution—COLORADO: 42 9, Col. CONNECTICUT: Mill- ford. ILLINOIS: Lake Forest, Algonquin, Summit, Champaign, Onargo, Paxton, Rantoul, Ashkum, Ludlow, Thomasboro, Chebanse, Snyder, St. Joseph, Urbana, Woodyard, Seymour, White Heath, Chicago. INDIANA: East Gary. KANSAS: St. Johns, Grove County, Douglas County, Wallace County, Riley County, Manhattan, Lawrence. LONG IS.: 399,L.I. MAINE: Orono. MASSACHUSETTS: Cambridge, Chico- pee, West Springfield. MICHIGAN: Douglas Lake. MINNESOTA: Wadena. MONTANA: 292 9, Mon. NEBRASKA: Ashland County, Holt County, West Point, Lincoln. NEW JERSEY: Snake Hill. NEW YORK: Utica, Richfield Springs, Lahaway Ocean County, Staten Island, Pike. OHIO: Columbus. VIRGINIA: Potomac Creek. WYOMING: Lander. MANITOBA: Husavick, Winnepeg. In the 1929 collecting campaign around Urbana, this species was found to be at its greatest abundance in the Equisetum-Carex communities along the railroads (Figure 72) during April, appearing with aprilis and illint in the first peak of the abundance of members of this genus in this type of habitat. The dates accompanying the other distribution records are of 265] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 61 a more scattered nature, ranging from April to July, mostly April and May. This species can usually be distinguished from collaris icterus, bicolor and neoagcistus by its larger size, coarser tooth of the tarsal claws, and wide barrel-shaped sheath. Small specimens, however, cannot be separated from these without the exertion of the saw, which is immediately char- acterized by the wide and spreading alae. The species can be separated from similarly colored specimens of piercei by the robust sheath. Dolerus agcistus var. maroa new variety Female.—Structurally identical with the typical agcistus. Differs in color in having more black on the thorax. Head black; thorax black except first parapterum which is rufous; abdomen beyond basal plates rufous with sheath and its basal sclerites black. Wings lightly infuscate as in agcistus. Holotype 2, Elkhart, Illinois, May 3, 1930 (Frison and Ross). In the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. Known only from the holotype. This form most resembles abdominalis, but differs in having the sclerites at the base of the sheath black, in having the pleurae more finely punctured, and in the more opaque appearance of the head and thorax. Dolerus distinctus Norton Dolerus distinctus Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV, 1872, p. 82; Cresson, ibid., Vol. VIII, 1880, p. 39; Cresson, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., No. 5, 1928, p. 5. Female-—Length 10 mm. Head black; thorax black, with the pro- thorax, anterior lobe, metapleurae and sutures of mesopleurae, rufous; abdomen with dorsum rufous except first tergite and apex of other tergites which are black, and venter and sheath which are black. Wings brownish infuscate. Structure identical with agcistus, but the scopa of the sheath is distinctly margined (Figure 32) and the spurettes are a little more distinct. Male.—Unknown, but undoubtedly similar to that of agcistus. Type 9, San Francisco, California (H. Edwards). In the collection of the Philadephia Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Distribution.—Only one other specimen besides the type has been ex- amined, namely, 19, Corvallis, Oregon, June 8, 1892. This species is separated from others of the same color, collaris maculi- collis and possibly some specimens of bicolor, by its large size and wide alae of the saw. It is separated from aécistus by the black venter and more distinctly margined sheath. It is quite possible that this species and agcistus are merely color phases of the same species, but a series of 130 females taken in the vicinity of Urbana, and another of 23 females taken 62 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [266 at Douglas Lake, Michigan, by C. H. Kennedy, shows no indication of agcistus having variants with a black venter, so that the two are kept dis- tinct. Should they prove the same, agcistus will become a race or subspecies of distinctus. Dolerus moramus new species Male—Length 8 mm. Head black; thorax black with the prothorax, anterior lobe, tegulae, dorsal margin or all of meso-episternum, and all of meso-epimeron, and metapleurae, rufous; abdomen entirely rufous, except cerci which are black. Wings uniformly brownish infuscate. Head densely punctate below vertex; postocular area slightly shorter than eye, seen from above, rubust but not extending as far laterad as the - eye, the corner rounded, the posterior margin without a carina, shining and with larger but sparser punctures than other parts of head; posterior margin of head evenly concave, but not deeply so; vertical furrows deep and trench-like, separated from posterior margin by a thick wall; post- ocellar area subquadrate, elevated above level of rest of vertex; lateral ocelli equidistant from each other and posterior margin of head; flagellum subcylindrical, columnar, first segment slightly longer than second, rest gradually decreasing in length. Disk of anterior lobe shagreened, sparsely punctate, lateral areas closely but finely punctate; lateral lobes shining, sparsely punctured; post-tergite subtriangular, the apex rounded, the latero-basal portions striate, the remainder usually shining, median carina rounded and indistinct; meso-episternum reticulately, evenly punctured, punctures intermediate in size between agcistus and eurybis; pectus more or less shagreened, moderately closely punctured; tarsal claws with a small tooth. Hypopygium short and broad, sides of apex very oblique, apical margin truncate. Genitalia as for group. Female.——Length 9 mm. Head black; thorax rufous except the following parts which are black: lateral lobes, scutum, metanotum, pectus, and legs; abdomen rufous except sheath and cerci which are black. Wings deep brownish-purple infuscate shading near apex to lighter brownish. Structure, including sheath and saw, identical with agcistus. Holotype-—c, Algonquin, Illinois, May 28, 1909 (Nason). In the col- lection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois. Allotype—@, Fox Lake, Illinois, May 15, 1930 (Frison and Ross). Deposited with holotype. Paratypes—ILLINOIS: 1¢°, Algonquin, May 20, 1909 (Nason). COLORADO: 40’, “Col.,”” Baker Collection (2181). MINNESOTA: 20°o', Hennepin County. NEW YORK: 10, Ithaca, April 26, 1896; 10’, Ithaca, May 16, 1897. In the collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Cornell University, the University of Minnesota, the U.S. National Museum and the author. 267] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 63 The male of this species can be distinguished from all other males of the genus by the color pattern of rufous and black on the mesonotum together with the entirely rufous abdomen. The female is closest to D. agcistus from which it can be separated by the darker wings. The associa- tion of these two sexes is made largely on conjecture and may prove to be erroneous. Dolerus idahoensis new species Female-——Length 7.5 mm. Color entirely black. Wings very faintly brownish infuscate. Structure, except genitalia, identical with collaris and agcistus, genita- lia identical with the latter. Postocular area robust, with a very low trans- verse ridge, no carina along posterior margin, the median portion of the ridge practigally impunctate, and shagreened; postocellar area subquadrate, slightly raised above level of postocular area; third antennal segment much longer than fourth, distinctly narrower in middle. Anterior lobe al- most uniformly convex, disk shining, sides densely punctured; lateral lobes shining, sparsely punctate; post-tergite subtriangular, distinctly striate, with a sharp median carina; meso-episternum more or less smoothly reticulately punctate; pectus fairly densely punctate, shining. Sheath with edges of scopa very rounded, stout as in agcistus (Figure 32), saw as for agcistus (Figures 54 and 56). Male—Unknown. Holotype 2 , Moscow, Idaho, May 6, 1912 (J. M. Aldrich). Deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Ill. Known only from the holotype. Distinguished from collaris erebus and bicolor nigrita by the saw, and from other species in the group by its black color. It is considered as a distinct species, rather than a color variety of distinctus, with which it agrees structurally, because of its small size and the small tooth of the tarsal claws, and because no intergrade has been found between idahoensis and distinctus or agcistus. Dolerus interjectus new species Female.—Length 6 to 7 mm. Body black, except abdomen which is yellowish-rufous, with the two apical segments entirely or clouded with black. Wings hyaline. In structure very similar to collaris. Head and thorax with white pubescence denser than any other member of group. Head densely punc- tate except centre of postocular area which is sparsely punctate and sha- greened; postocular area as long as eye, seen from above, robust, with a 64 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [268 transverse ridge; scarcely narrowed behind, corners rounded, posterior area slightly wider than long, coarsely punctate, raised a little above post- ocular area; posterior margin of head evenly concave; lateral ocelli equi- distant from each other and posterior margin of head; third segment of antennae distinctly longer than fourth, distinctly constricted just before middle, remaining segments columnar and more or less equal. Disk of anterior lobe shining, sparsely punctured, lateral areas rough, very densely punctured; lateral lobes shining, with sparse, moderately large punctures; post-tergite triangular, apex pointed, distinctly striate, with a sharp median ridge; meso-episternum smoothly but deeply reticulately punctured, the walls of the punctures rounded and smooth; pectus shining, sometimes indistinctly shagreened, finely and sparsely punctured, the diagonal row distinct; tarsal claws with a minute inner tooth. Sheath short and stout (Figure 31), scopa wide and very much rounded; setae abundant, with the usual number of long ones, pointing more caudad than laterad ,cercl attain- ing apex of sheath. Saw as for agcistus (Figure 54). Male—Length 6.5 to 7 mm. Color entirely black except for the three or four basal segments of the abdomen which are rufous. Wings hyaline. Structure similar to female, with the following differences: antennae columnar, third segment slightly longer than fourth, not constricted, the remaining segments gradually decreasing in length and thickness; pectus usually more or less shagreened; hypopygium and genitalia as for group. Holotype—Q, Potlatch, Idaho, June 20, 1907 (J. M. Aldrich). De- posited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, IIl. Allotype-—co, same data as holotype, and deposited with it. Paratypes—CALIFORNIA: 30, Redwood Cafion, Marin County, May 17, 1908. IDAHO: 40’o’, 19, same data as holotype; 12, Moscow, June 18, 1895. WASHINGTON: 192, Pullman, May 20, 1901; 12, Pulil- man, April; 19, Pullman, May 23, 1909 (W. M. Mann); 19, Pullman, May 30, 1908. In the collections of the University of Idaho, the State College of Washington, the Illinois State Natural History Survey, the Academy of Natural Sciencesof Philadelphia and the author. This species is readily distinguished from all other species of the 07- color group by having the metapleurae black and the abdomen entirely rufous except sometimes the apex. It differs from abdominalis, which it most closely resembles in color, by its small size and more finely punctured pleurae. It differs from the members of the similis group which it resembles in color by its finely and evenly punctate pleurae, its distinct sheath, typi- cal of the bicolor group, and its saw. The male can be distinguished from nativus by its smaller size, lighter wings, even punctuation of the postocu- lar area, and more truncate hypopygium. From other members of the bicolor group it may be separated by its color, and from the similis group 269] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 65 by its small size and very fine and even punctuation of the meso-epister- num. Dolerus eurybis new species Female——Length 8 to9 mm. Body yellow-orange, with the following parts black: head, lateral lobes, tegulae, pectus, legs and base of sheath. Front wings deeply chocolate-infuscate basad of stigma, apical half hya- line; hind wings similarly infuscate with apical fourth hyaline. Head below vertex reticulate, vertex more or less shining; postocular area shorter than eye, seen from above, rarely robust, usually narrowed behind eye, corner nearly angular, posterior margin with a slight carina, a broad elevation extending from base of vertical furrow to behind eye, the elevation shining and smooth, sparsely punctate, rarely with a suggestion of shagreening, punctures in the depression behind elevation large; pos- terior margin of head arcuate, transverse behind postocellar area; the latter slightly wider than long, shining, with sparse punctures, only elevated a little above postocular area; third segment of antennae constricted before middle, distinctly longer than fourth, the remaining segments very gra- dually decreasing in length. Thorax shining; halves of anterior lobe sub- carinate; disk of anterior lobe very minutely punctured; lateral areas more coarsely and densely punctured but nevertheless shining; lateral lobes polished, evenly and minutely punctured; post-tergite triangular, striate, with a sharp median carina; meso-episternum evenly reticulate with large, bowl-like punctures, much larger than in collaris or agcistus, but not ap- pearing rough; pectus polished, with minute dense punctures, the diagonal row large and distinct; tarsal claw with a very small tooth. Abdomen shin- ing; sheath blunt and barrel-like, with many short black setae at the base of the others, with the characteristic row of long ones; the scopa truncate and wide with rounded sides; cerci projecting beyond sheath; saw as for agcistus (Figure 54). Male.——Length 7 to 8 mm. Head black; thorax black except for the meso-epimeron in part and the metapleurae entirely, which are rufous; abdomen entirely rufous. Wings as in female. Structure similar to female, with the following differences: third seg- ment of antennae cylindrical, not constricted, longer than fourth, the remainder diminishing in length and width; hypopygium squarely trun- cate, short; genitalia typical for group. Holotype-—Q, Cherryfield, Maine, August 8. In the MacGillivray Collection, University of Illinois, Urbana, IIl. Allotype—o, Ottawa, Canada, July 14. In the Canadian National Museum, Ottawa, Canada. Paratypes—COLORADO: 19, Col. (Pergande Collection). MICHI- GAN: 19, ‘‘Mich.”” MINNESOTA: Wadena, Jly 4, 1922 (W. E. Hoff- 66 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [270 man). MANITOBA: 19, Teulon, Jly 10, 1923 (A. J. Hunter); 19, Rosebank, Jly. 14, 1924 (J. B. Wallis). QUEBEC: 62 9, Hull, Jly. 28, 1920 (J. McDunnough); 29 2, Hull, Jly. 19, 1914 (J. I. Beaulne); 19, St. Therese Isl., St. John’s County, Jly. 3 (G. Chagnon); 29 9, Rigand, Jly. 10, 1899; 19, Montreal, Jn. 4, 1899. ONTARIO: 17, Ottawa, Aug. 14; 10°’, 22 9, Harrington Collection. 19, Peabody Academy. Deposited in the collections of the U. S. National Museum, the Canadian National Museum, the University of Minnesota, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Illinois State Natural History Survey and the author. This beautiful species may be readily distinguished in both sexes by the color of the wings, the like of which has not yet been found in any other species of the genus. In addition, the female may be separated from agcistus by the rufous scutellum and from abdominalis by the rufous on the mesonotum. Dolerus abdominalis (Norton) Dosytheus abdominalis Norton, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, 1861, p. 153. Dolerus abdominalis Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. I, 1867, p. 237; Provancher, Nat. Canad., Vol. X, 1878, p. 71; Provancher, Faun. Entom. Can., Hymen., 1883, p. 197; Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., Vol. I, 1894, p. 1; MacGillivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 74. Female—Length 7.5 mm. Head black; thorax black except sutures of meso-epimeron and the metapleurae entirely, which are rufous; abdo- men rufous except sheath which is black. Wings evenly lightly or moder- ately darkly infuscate. Structure almost identical with eurybis. Differs as follows: punctures of pleurae very large, but not quite as large; scopa of sheath not so dis- tinct, corners more rounded, halves of anterior lobe more flatly convex. Male—Length 6.5 to 7 mm. Color similar to female. Structure identical with collaris, except some specimens which have the pleurae slightly more coarsely punctate. Hypopygium and genitalia as for group. This antigeny is based upon color only, for no other criteria, not even of association, are available. What are taken as the two sexes of this species differ in the size of the punctures of the pleurae and the shagreening of the pectus, and the two may represent different species. Typic Locality —Maine. Neotype—Q, Mt. Tom, Massachusetts, May 30, 1896. Deposited in the MacGillivray Collection, University of Illinois, Urbana, IIl. Distribution—GEORGIA: 10’, Ga. ILLINOIS: 19, N. Ill.; 19, Al- gonquin, (Nason). KANSAS:1 92, St. John’s County, July; 10’, Lawrence, May 5, 1923 (W. G. Garlick). MASSACHUSETTS: 30’, Longmeadow, May 14, 1905; 22 2, Mass., May 14,1905; 19, Amherst, Jn. 2, 1905; 1o’°, Mass. NEW YORK: 10’, Richfield Springs, May 8, 1887; 167, Long 271] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 67 Is.; 40°’, Ithaca, Apr. 26, 1896. CONNECTICUT: 20’, Hartford, Apr. 29, 1894. PENNSYLVANIA: 1c’, Delaware County, Apr. 22, 1894. This species may be separated from all other members of the bicolor group by its combination of a red abdomen and a black thorax. From the members of the similis group with which it might be confused it differs in the sheath and saw, and in having the metapleurae rufous. The male differs from eurybis in having the wings uniformly infuscate, and the meso- pleurae with larger punctures. SIMILIS GROUP Posterior margin of postocular area with a distinct carina (except in elderi); pectus shining and punctate, often diagonal row of punctures indistinct; pleurae closely punctate; post-tergite mesally carinate, usually striate; sheath without a scopa, setae slender and silky, without a few which stand out conspicuously longer than the rest, as in the bicolor group, but with all of them in an evenly graduated series; lancet with highly developed lateral armature; alar spines, alar spur and ventral spines distinct, spurette differentiated at tip, coalescing with ventral margin basally, lobes well set out, dentation much reduced. Male genitalia as in Figure 68, relatively short and wide; praeputium almost truncate at the base, the apices short compared with sericeus; gonocardo wide; pedes broad and truncate. Dolerus elderi Kincaid Dolerus elderit Kincaid, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., Vol. II, Nov. 24, 1900, p. 359, o, Q. Dolerus cohaesus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 128, 2; MacGil- livray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 72; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 240. New synonymy. Dolerus nutricius MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 159, o; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 244. New synonymy. Loderus acriculus MacGillivray, Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, Aug. 13, 1923, p. 20, 9; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 249. New synonymy. Dolerus nyctelius MacGillivray, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXX, No. 4, Dec., 1923, p. 163, o'; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 244. New synonymy. Dolerus nemorosus MacGillivray, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXX, No. 4, Dec., 1923, p. 164, 9; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 242. New synonymy. Female——Length 5.5 to 6.5 mm. Head and thorax black: legs black except tibiae which may be almost entirely black or yellowish-rufous with the apices black, and the apices of the anterior femora which are also yellowish-rufous; abdomen rufous with the apical three or four segments black. Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Head finely reticulate except postocellar area and transverse area of ‘postocular area which are shining; postocular area rotund, with a trans- verse elevation occuppying almost its whole extent, the elevation shining 68 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS {272 and only sparsely punctate, the posterior margin heavily punctured, with a carina on the mesal half, the length of the postocular area equal to eye, seen from above. Small specimens may have the postocular area obliquely narrowed behind eyes. Posterior margin of head arcuate, transverse be- hind ocelli; vertical furrows wide and deep, nearly reaching posterior mar- gin; postocellar area slightly wider than long, convex, shining, sparsely punctate, scarcely raised above level of postocular area; ocellar basin scarcely distinct in some specimens, reticulate or partially striate, its lateral wall hardly raised, in others very distinct, striate and with linear, well-defined walls; flagellum of almost equal width throughout, third an- tennal segment distinctly longer than fourth, very slightly constricted near base, but not so much as in the bicolor group, remaining segments almost subequal. Mesonotum shining; meson of anterior lobe with fine punctures, edges of disk with large, sparse punctures, lateral areas with dense reticular punctures; lateral lobes polished, finely punctured; both anterior lobe and lateral lobes very convex; post-tergite triangular, striate, with a tent-like median carina, the surface not being excavate on each side of it; meso-episternum with large, round, equal, well separated punc- tures, the walls between them polished and smooth; pectus polished, al- most impunctate, the diagonal row very faintly impressed; tarsal claws very little curved, with a very fine tooth about two-thirds distance from base. Sheath relatively thin, without a scopa (Figure 40), dorsal margin straight, ventro-caudal margin shouldered, setae fine and silky, longest in middle and gradually decreasing in size on either side; cerci almost attain- ing apex of sheath. Saw as in Figure 57, long and narrow; lance serrate above; lancet with lobes and spurrettes fused, the spurette appearing as the basal tooth of the lobe; lobes irregularly toothed with none to five teeth; alae narrow, with distinct spines; alar spur present; ventral spines present on remnant of annuli below alar spur. Male—Length 5 to 6.5 mm. Color similar to female, except that the tibiae are usually a little darker. Structure similar to female, with the following differences: antennae thicker, slightly bilaterally compressed, finely and densely setose; hypopy- gium slightly longer than wide, apex with sides oblique and posterior mar- gin almost truncate. Genitalia as for group. Type-—o, Popoff Island, Alaska, July 10, 1899 (T. Kincaid) (Harri- man Alaska Expedition). In the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. Allotype.— @ , Kukak Bay, Alaska, July 4, 1899 (T. Kincaid) (Harriman Alaska Expedition). Deposited with holotype. Distribution —COLORADO;1 9 , Durango, Jly. 8, 1899; 107,22 9, Ute. Cr., 9000 ft. Alt., Jly. 4 to 8 (Bruner and Smith); 50’'o7, 32 9, Florissant, Jly. 7, 1907; 14%, 29 9, Florissant, Jn. 16, 1907, on Salix brachycarpae 273] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 69 (S. A. Rohwer). ILLINOIS: 107, 492 9, Chicago, Aug. 7 to 20, 1904; 107, 19, Ill.; 19, Osborn, Aug. 12, 1916 (C. S. Spooner); 32 9, Garden City, 30°’, Waukegan, May 14-15, 1930 (Frison and Ross). INDIANA: 10, 492 9, Hessville, Jly. 4 to 30, 1906. MICHIGAN: 90’, 32 9, One- kama, Jly. 5, 1915; 2076’, 19, Douglas Lake, Aug. 1928 (C. H. Kennedy); 1o°, Huron County, May 17, 1922. MONTANA: 30’, 19, Gallatin County, 6800 ft. alt., June to July; 19, Bozeman, Jly. 21, 1913. NEV- ADA: 16’, Nev. NEW JERSEY: 16, Gt. Piece Midw., May 30, 1919. NEW YORK: many oo and Q Q, Ithaca, McLean, Caroline, Albany, Poughkeepsie, Otto, Slingerlands, Yonkers, Keen Valley (Essex County), from May to August. OREGON: 29 9, Corvallis, May 13, 1917; 107, Union County, Jn. 25, 1922; 8%’, 89 2, Mt. Hood; 12, Hood River. PENNSYLVANIA: 107,19, N. E. Pa., Jly. 18, 1916, on Equisetum (R. E. Cushman). SOUTH DAKOTA: 1’, 19, Harney Peak, Jly 22, 1924 (H. C. Severin). WASHINGTON: 19, Olympia, Aug. 10, 1894 (T. Kin- caid). WASHINGTON TERR: 292 9, W. T. BRITISH COLUMBIA: 20°01, 32 9, Revelstoke, Jly., 1905 (J. C. Bradley). ONTARIO: oo and 9 9, Ottawa, Brockville, Jordan, Vineland, Pelham, Bonville,from July to September. NEWFOUNDLAND: 32 9, Bay of Islands, July to August. QUEBEC: oo and 2 9, Montreal, Hull, Almer, St. Hilaire, Montfort, June to August. ALASKA: 107, 39 9, Popoff Islands, Jly. 9, 10 and 13, 1899 (T. Kincaid); 19, Kukak Bay, Jly 4, 1899 (T. Kincaid). A widely distributed species, occurring throughout the Rocky Moun- tain region from Alaska southward, and stretching across the continent to the middle Atlantic coast. In the northern mountainous regions the species has more black on the legs, particularly in the males, and in the eastern portion of its range usually has the ocellar basin less punctate and more striate, but neither of these variations seem constant enough to warrant separate subspecific names. The species is characterized by its small size, the type of punctuation of the pleurae, the very convex and shining anterior and lateral lobes, and the sheath and saw. It may be separated from interjectus, with which it may be confused, by its coarse punctuation of the pleurae and slender, thin sheath; and from yukonensis, its nearest relation, in the type of punctuation of the pleurae and the more convex, less densely punctate postocular area and more convex thoracic lobes. Small specimens of similis will have very dense punctuation on the posto- cular area and anterior lobe, and a more irregular type of punctuation on the pleurae. Dolerus elderi var. auraneus new variety Female.—Similar in size and structure to the typical eldert. Differs in color, having the abdomen entirely rufous or with the last two segments more or less black. Hind tibiae black, middle and front tibiae black, yel- low-infuscate on basal third. Wings slightly uniformly dusky. 70 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [274 Male.—Similar to the typical elderi, sometimes with the wings dusky. Holotype-—@, Boise, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). In the MacGillivray Collection, University of Illinois, Urbana, IIl. Allotype-—o, same data as holotype. In the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Ill. Paratypes—IDAHO: 107, 62 @, Boise (J. M. Aldrich); 1, Moscow, _ July 1, 1909 (J. M. Aldrich); 19, Caldwell, July 9, 1926 (C. Wakeland). UTAH: 1c, Emigrant Canyon, Wascatch Mts., 7000 ft. alt., July 8, 1911 (J. M. Aldrich). NEW MEXICO:19, Fort Wingate, July 28, 1909 (John Woodgate). Deposited in the collections of the University of Idaho, Illi- nois State Natural History Survey and the author. Apparently confined to the southern Rocky Mountain region. Dif- ferentiated on the same characters as eldert. Dolerus elderi var. rubicanus new variety Male and female.—In size and structure similar to the typical elderz. Differs in having all the femora and tibiae entirely reddish yellow. The males may have the base of the femora infuscate. Holotype-—@, Milaca, Minnesota, June 21, 1917. Deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, III. Allotype-—o&, St. Cloud, Minnesota, June 21, 1917. Deposited with the holotype. Paratypes MICHIGAN: 19, Gogebie County, July 22, 1919 (T. H. Hubbell). MINNESOTA: 1c’, Milaca, Jn. 21, 1917; 19, Rock County, Jn. 24, 1910; 1%, Ashley, Aug. 28, 1911; 19, Calhoun, Jn. 12, 1921 (W. E. Hoffman); 19, Rv. nr. Henderson, Sibley County, Jly. 17, 1922 (W. E. Hoffman); 12 Rochester, Jn. 13, 1922 (C. E. Mickel). MONTANA: 139°, Mon. NORTH DAKOTA: 19, Turtle Mts., Lake Upsilon, Jly. 14 1919 (C. Thompson). WISCONSIN: 2? 2, Madison, Sept. 1, 1916 (H. K. Harley). ALBERTA: 167, Lethbridge, Aug. 12, 1922 (E. H. Stickland). MANITOBA: 29 9, Fork River, Jly. 14, 1926 (E. Criddle); 19, Trees- bank, Jn. 26, 1926 (R. D. Bird); 29 9, Birtle, Jn. 14, 1928 (R. D. Bird); 10’, Birtle, Jn. 26, 1928 (R. D. Bird). In the collections of the University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, U. S. National Museum, Canadian National Museum, University of Alberta, Illinois State Natural History Survey, Dr. R. D. Bird, and the author. This interesting variety has so far been taken only in and around the Great Plains. It is distinct among the subgenus Dolerus in having the femora red. Dolerus elderi var. melanus new variety Male and female.—Similar in size and structure to the typical e/dert. Differs in color in being entirely black, except sometimes as indistinct fuscous area on the dorsum or basal lateral margins of the abdomen. 275] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 71 Holotype-—, Saldovia, Alaska, July 21, 1899 (T. Kincaid) (Harri- man Alaska Expedition). Deposited in the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Allotype-—c, Agassiz, British Columbia, May 8, 1927 (H. H. Ross). Deposited in the Canadian National Museum, Ottawa, Canada. Paratypes—19, Sitka, Alaska, June 16, 1899 (T. Kincaid, Harriman Alaska Expedition); 167,32 2, Mt. Hood, Oregon; 39 2, Agassiz, B.C., May 8, 1927 (H. H. Ross); 19, Agassiz, B.C., July 15, 1926 (R. Glenden- ning); 19, Agassiz, B.C., May 27, 1917 (A. E. Cameron); 10”, Friday Har- bor, Washington, May 29, 1906 (J. M. Aldrich). Deposited in the collec- tions of the U. S. National Museum, the University of Idaho, the Phila- delphia Academy of Sciences, the Illinois State Natural History Survey, the Canadian National Museum and the author. This is a melanic variety occurring in the more humid regions of the Pacific Coast. It may be distinguished from other black species by its small size, robust and shining postocular area (especially noticeable in larger specimens), type of punctuation of the pleurae, and the convex and shining anterior and lateral lobes. Dolerus nasutus MacGillivray Dolerus nasutus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, Mar., 1923, p. 65; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 242. Dolerus nugatorius MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, Mar., 1923, p. 66; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 243. New synonymy. Dolerus novellus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3,-Mar., 1923, p. 67; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 243. New synonymy. Female——Length 8 to 10 mm. Color entirely black. Head with the area between ocelli and eyes having a bluish reflection. Wings hyaline. Body with white pubescence longer than usual. Head rough and re- ticulate except postocellar area and transverse area of postocular area which are shining and sparsely punctured; postocular area subequal in length to eye, seen from above, distinctly narrowed behind eye, with a transverse ridge which is usually shining, the posterior margin rough and carinate; vertical furrows deep and pit-like, half length of postocellar area; the latter wider than long; lateral ocelli equidistant from each other and posterior margin of head; antennae as in elderi. Mesonotum shining; halves of anterior lobe sharply convex; disk with sparse punctures, sides with large punctures, sparser posteriorly; lateral lobes and post-tergite as in elderi; meso-episternum with large, crater-like punctures, reticulate; borderline between pleurae and pectus definitely marked, sharp; pectus flat and shining, fairly densely punctured, diagonal row indistinct; tarsal claws with a moderately large tooth. Sheath as in Figure 35, shaped as in elderi, with a fine carina along the dorso-lateral angle a trifle removed from the dorsal edge at base, but converging into it at apex, as is also true of 72 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [276 elderi; setae as in elderi; cerci attaining one-half to three-quarters length of sheath. Saw almost identical with that of elderi, differing only in having more prominent spurettes (Figure 58). Male.—Similar in size, color and structure to female. Genitalia as for group. Type.— 2, Corvallis, Oregon (Laura Hill). In the MacGillivray Col- lection, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Lectoallotype—o, Corvallis, Oregon, April 20, 1908 (Laura Hill). Deposited with the type. (Frison, 1927). Distribution—COLORADO: 19, Veta Pass, June 21. IDAHO:12, Kendrick; 19, Moscow; 10’, Moscow Mt., June 3, 1911. MONTANA: 392 9, Gallatin County, Apr. 5 to June 11, 1904. NEW MEXICO:30'0, Jemez Springs, May 17 to 31, 1913 (J. Woodgate); 30°06", 19, Fort Win- gate, May 7 to 14, 1908 (J. Woodgate). OREGON: 2° c", 19, Corvallis, Apr. 20 to June 8; 19, Forest Grove, May 12, 1918; 19, Springfeld;19, Albany. WASHINGTON: 20'0',32 2, Pullman, May 20 to 31. BRI- TISH COLUMBIA: 10, Agassiz, May 22, 1922 (R. Glendenning) 19, Agassiz, May 27, 1921 (R. Glendenning); 16°, Hazelton, May 18, 192- (W. B. Anderson); 10’, Vancouver; 1c’, Vernon, May 2, 1903; 107, Chilliwack, May 10, 1927. ALBERTA: 19, Banff, June 5, 1922 (C. B. Garrett). A rare species, distributed through the middle Pacific slope and the southern Rocky Mountains. This species is often confused with micaeus and elderi melanus. From nicaeus it may be distinguished in the female by the narrower sheath with the lateral carina almost confluent with the dorsal margin, the saw, the meso-episternum having circular and almost equal punctures, the sharper angle of the pectus and pleurae, and the pos- tocular area being flat and lacking a transverse ridge; in the male by the polished pectus, practically impunctate adjacent to the pleurae, the evener and more rugose punctures of the meso-episternum reaching to the very edge of the pectus and forming a marked division between pleurae and pec- tus, and the more shining lobes of the thorax. Both sexes possess a bluish reflection on the area of the head between the eyes and ocelli, if seen from certain angles and this serves as a very useful guide to the two species after one becomes accustomed to the character. From elderi melanus this species may be immediately separated by the contracted and constricted postocu- lar area, and, usually, the larger size. Nasutus, also, lacks grooves on the hind tibiae and can be separated from members of the sericeus group on the basis of that character. Dolerus apriloides MacGillivray Dolerus apriloides MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 126; Frison, Bull, Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 240. 277) SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 73 Female.—Length 10 to 11 mm. Head and thorax black, legs sometimes with front tibiae rufous, abdomen rufous with the last three segments _ black. Wings tawny infuscate, with the basal fifth of the front wing and basal third of the hind wing hyaline. Body very robust. Head roughly reticulate, except for the mesal por- tion of the postocular ridge which is shining; head wider behind eyes than through them; postocular area robust, equal to length of eye seen from above, with a transverse ridge, the posterior margin rough and subcarinate; vertical furrows relatively shallow and cuneiform; postocellar area sub- quadrate; lateral ocelli equidistant from each other and posterior margin of head; median fovea large, saucer-shaped and shining; antennae as in eldert. Disk of anterior lobe closely punctured, opaque, lateral areas with large and small punctures, reticulate; the halves gently convex; lateral lobes very closely punctured except small central disk which is almost smooth; post-tergite very stout and thick, triangular and smooth, with low, granular striations, and with a rounded median carina; meso-epis- ternum slightly depressed just above pectus, with very large, more or less irregular rugosities, presenting a rough appearance; pectus well set off from pleurae, very densely punctate except for postero-mesal corners which are shining; hind tibiae more or less distinctly longitudinally grooved, as in the sericeus group; tarsal claws with a medium sized tooth. Sheath resem- bling Figure 35, but shorter, the carina forming a sharp upper and outer angle; cerci almost attaining tip; saw as for nasutus (Figure 58). Male.—Similar in size, color and structure to female, with the hypopy- gium and genitalia characteristic of the group. Type-—9Q, Ithaca, New York, June 19, 1897. In the MacGillivray Collection, University of Illinois, Urbana, II. Allotype—o, Montreal, Canada, June 25, ——. (6689). Deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, III. Distribution—CONNECTICUT: 10%, Cornwall, May 28, 1920 (Chamberlain). ILLINOIS: 19, Fourth Lake, June 16, 1892 (Hart and Shiga); 12, Chicago, June 3, 1906 (W. J. Gerhard). INDIANA: 19, Hessville, June 18, 1911. MICHIGAN: 192, Douglas Lake, July 23, 1924. MINNESOTA: 192, Moore Lake, June 25, 1917. MANITOBA: 19, Winnepeg, July 10, 1911 (J. B. Wallis). This is a rare species taken from the central and eastern part of the continent. Because of its large size this species is most likely to be confused with neoaprilis, from which it differs in the female in the sheath and saw and in the male by the larger rugosities around the region of the depression of the pectus, which obscure the sharp margin present in neoaprilis, From all other species of the same color it differs in the rugose pleurae and robust head. 74 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [278 Dolerus yukonensis Norton Dolerus similis var. yukonensis Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV, 1872, p. 141; Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., Vol. I, 1894, p. 17; Cresson, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., No. 5, 1928, p. 10. Dolerus nuntius MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 158; Frison, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 244. New synonymy. Dolerus nundinus MacGillivray, Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 159; Frison, Bull. Til. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. IV, Feb., 1927, p. 244. New synonymy. Female——Length 7 to 8 mm. Head and thorax black except bases of tibiae which are more or less rufous; abdomen rufous at base, black at apex, segments 6 to 10 almost entirely black, and the ventral corners of the basal terga black, forming a checkered line on the ventro-lateral aspect. Wings hyaline, barely stained with tawny. Head evenly, finely reticulate, with at most a small area on postocular area less densely reticulate; eyes prominent, head reduced in width behind eyes; postocular area slightly shorter than length of eye seen from above, with a narrow ridge, not very high, and a posterior carina; vertical furrows small, shallow and elliptical; postocellar area flat, scarcely convex, punc- tured the same as the head, wider than long, not raised above level of postocular area. Mesonotum densely punctured, lateral areas of anterior lobe with large, rugged punctures; disk and lateral lobes shining but with dense punctures; post-tergite triangular, densely striate, with a sharp median carina; meso-episternum depressed just above pectus, the depres- sion with a rugged, circular posterior carina, the entire area with large, but very shallow, punctures, giving it a rough appearance; pectus shining, very densely punctate, diagonal row distinct; pectus and pleurae merging into each other gently, without a separating ridge; tarsal claws with a small tooth. Genitalia identical with nasutus (Figures 35 and 58). Male.—Length 7 mm. Color and structure similar to female; in some specimens the black is reduced on the ventral corners of the rufous ster- nites; hypopygium with the apical margin slightly rounded; genitalia as for group. Lectoallotype—@, Alaska. In the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Distribution—ALBERTA: 30°", 189 9, Banff, June 1 to 26, 1922 (C. B. Garrett); 19, Shovel Pass, Jasper Park, July 1, 1915; 16%, 19, Edmonton, June 6, 1917 and May 21, 1915 (F. S. Carr). ALASKA: 19, Yakutat, June 21, 1899 (T. Kincaid); 19, St. Paul Island, Bering Sea (E. A. Preble) (sian? 1914). Confined to the northern Rocky Mountains and Alaska. The female differs from interjectus, which it resembles in many particulars, in the saw and sheath, from elderi in having the head evenly and finely punctate, and from similis in the sheath and saw, its smaller size, more finely punctate 279) SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 75 and flatter head, and the lateral black bars on the red basal portion of the venter. The male differs from interjectus in the roughness of the pleurae, from elderi and similis in the same characters as the female. Dolerus similis (Norton) sens. lat. Considered in its widest sense, this species is remarkably variable in size and color, but very constant in structure, with the exception of the sheath. Two extreme forms of the sheath occur, a very short one, repre- sented by Figures 33 and 37, and a long one represented by Figures 34 and 38. In the central and eastern parts of the continent these two ex- tremes occur in the same series, and in the Illinois collections the extremes and many intermediates were taken many times at the same time and place. In the Rocky Mountain region all large series showed a great constancy of this character, the extremes never yet having been taken together. In addition to this, many series exhibited variations in color, especially of the legs and wings, which were encountered from only the one locality. The punctuation of the head and thorax, the shape of the saw, and the male genitalia were constant throughout the entire series of variations. It suggests that the isolation and habitats of different physiological condi- tions afforded by the mountainous area have allowed local strains or races of this species to become established, which do not yet seem distinct enough, or far enough along in the scale of evolution, to be considered valid species. The following key will separate the known varieties and races. of Dol- erus similis: LDPE LISS) 2/ GAGE cae Sa alte POR SSCS aioe ee reg eae en AT ate emt ee on a Pe See 1 wT LET SS Met aes os tok ihe cine Jos 9 a Rea haecagit ens Seater eT OA San ee 10 1. Wings uniformly infuscate, especially at base, sometimes paler at apex.............. 2 —. Wings never infuscate at base, sometimes tawny in the middle or towards apex...... 6 2. Tibiae rufous, hind pair sometimes darker at apex........... similis var. tibialis Cress. sare ME Ma SRRREAS EEN EIEN on it arti ci MS ea ve ard a ex WAT e Ghd dads ey tgsboe > Crea ES 3 3. Thorax mostly black, sometimes clouded with rufous.......................00--0. 4 —. Anterior and lateral lobes rufous, anterior lobe sometimes with a median black triangle. .5 4. Sheath shorter, as in Figure 33, the lateral carina indistinct, the setae longer and more divergent, without a visible shining area between setae and lateral portion of dorsal es 2, te weet as at Sata sina ab eh 2 we aici aibalate similis var. conjectus Ross —. Sheath longer, as in Figure 34, lateral carina distinct and straight, setae shorter, with a distinct shining area between setae and lateral portion of dorsal plates spare nachap Nine Sacssaiges cl PERT eRe penel atc, uN AeA Te Ra «See Na a a similis subsp. fumatus Ross 5. Length 7.5 to 9.0 mm.; postocular area usually finely punctate, dull; anterior lobe some- times with a black median triangle which in extreme cases migrates on to the meson of the lateral lobes; abdomen often with the apical segments black, more often entirely qetons: tibiae-entirely: Blache «oi. io. 4: donee ine « reeae « Ea similis subsp. simulans Roh. —. Length 9.5 to 10.5 mm.; postocular area shining, sparsely punctate; anterior and lateral lobes and abdomen always entirely rufous; front tibiae sometimes entirely or partly RENEE Sts YN is CE hw ME OC Oe wk on ce et similis subsp. nescius MacG. 76 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [280 6. Both anterior and lateral lobes rufous, anterior lobe sometimes with a black median —. At most anterior lobe and indefinite areas on posterior corners of lateral lobes rufous. .8 Tibiae entirely black; anterior lobe sometimes with a black median triangle sig. oh Yoh uie Goce ce MES oe De See RA GAN ol similis subsp. simulans Roh. —. Front tibiae mostly rufous, middle tibiae sometimes rufous at base; anterior lobe entirely CUES yak Rare ae om yo % “is ; ’ ; ” " , ras: ‘ Yes f = 7% i y { t i 1 a: = , “ - LIBRARY I0F THE), 5a UMIVERSOTY OF PLLINOHS a . 309] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 105 PLATE II 106 Fie. 17. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS EXPLANATION OF PLATE II Lateral view of sheath of D. tectus. . Lateral view of sheath of D. sericeus sub. neosericeus. . Lateral view of sheath of D. sericeus subsp. centralis. . Lateral view of sheath of D. sericeus subsp. parasericeus. . Lateral view of sheath of D. sericeus. . Lateral view of sheath of D. unicolor. . Lateral view of sheath of D. illint. . Lateral view of sheath of D. borealis. . Lateral view of sheath of D. versa. . Lateral view of sheath of D. nortoni. . Lateral view of sheath of D. collaris. . Posterior-lateral view of sheath of D. collaris. . Lateral view of sheath of D. bicolor. . Posterior-lateral view of sheath of D. neogcistus. . Posterior-lateral view of sheath of D. interjectus. . Posterior-lateral view of sheath of D. distinctus. . Lateral view of sheath of D. similis (short type). . Lateral view of sheath of D. nicaeus. . Lateral view of sheath of D. nasutus. . Lateral view of sheath of D. neoaprilis. . Lateral view of sheath of D. similis subsp. nescius. . Lateral view of sheath of D. similis (plesius, or long, type). . Lateral view of sheath of D. aprilis. . Lateral view of sheath of D. elderi. [310 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME XII ROSS SAWFLIES PEATE TT 311] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 107 PLATE III 108 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [312 Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fie. Fic. Fic. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III . Apical portion of saw of D. unicolor. . Ventral margin of saw of D. unicolor. . Ventral margin of saw of D. borealis. . Saw of D. illini. . Ventral margin of saw of D. illini. . Ventral margin of saw of D. parasericeus. . Lancet of D. neosericeus. . Lancet of D. versa. . Saw of D. clypealis. . Lancet of D. collaris. . Ventral margin of saw of D. nortoni. . Lancet of D. neoagcistus. . Lancet of D. bicolor. . Lancet of D. agcistus. . Lance of D. abdominalis. . Lance of D. interjectus. . Saw of D. elderi. . Lancet of D. nasutus. . Lancet of D. similis. . Lancet of D. tejoniensis. . Saw of D. piercet. ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME XII ROSS SAWFLIES PEATE LIT aA “4 UNIVERSITY. OF TLUNGS 313] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 109 PLATE IV 110 Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV Dorsal view of head of D. elderi. Dorsal view of thorax of D. elderi. Ventral view of male genitalia of D. acidus. Ventral view of male genitalia of D. unicolor. Ventral view of male genitalia of D. sericeus race centralis. Ventral view of male genitalia of D. agcistus. Ventral view of male genitalia of D. similis. Ventral view of male genitalia of D. frisoni. ABBREVIATIONS USED al =anterior lobe, dextral half p=penis rods cl=clypeux pc=postocular area jf =vertical furrows po=postocellar area g=gonocardo pp =praeputium h=harpes pr =pronotum ij=lateral lobe px =post-tergite m =membrane of wing sc=scutellum oc=ocellar basin st =gonostipes v=penis valves [314 VOLUME XII ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS PLATE IV SAWFLIES ROSS 7 4 = v ~~ ~~ 8 Dia Oe ed ae ve dn ve ® , ia { “eo ta | OF T IE oy } = Samii : . . -= . - = ru, . al = i ; — 7 ; ry : ra ie < ' r a, ¥ oP UNIVERSITY ' ; < He ~ se a a re . a ‘ “a r pts "d ¥ : = aoe Ng my ‘ - id = } 4 ia i . wt! . . ee = =) Gi =i ‘ cf 1 a = = Om = = rom 315] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 111 PLATE V 112 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [316 EXPLANATION OF PLATE V Fic. 70. Front and hind wings of Dolerus similis (Nort.). Fic. 71. Seasonal abundance of the commoner species of Dolerus at the Seymour habitat in 1929: 1, D. agcistus; 2, D. illini; 3, D. aprilis; 4, D. similis; 5, D. apricus. \ ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME XII Abundance Numerical June ROSS SAWFLIES EAE Va hog OTHE ies. a _ UNIVERSITY OF ALIS: 317] SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS 113 PLATE VI 114 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [318 EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI Fic. 72. Dolerus habitat along railroad tracks, Seymour, Illinois, April 20, 1929. Equisetum- Carex community. Fic. 73. Dolerus habitat along railroad tracks, Savoy, Illinois, April 20, 1929. Equisetum community. ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME XII ROSS SAWFLIES PLATE Vi a u memes os LE preven INDEX The names of all species, sub-species, and varieties are here listed under the four generic names, Dolerus, Dosytheus, Loderus, and Tenthredo. Those reduced to synonymy are indi- cated by italic type, and new names by bold-face type. Dolerides, 24 Dolerinae, 24 Dolerini, 24 Dolerus Guillebeau, 26 Dolerus Jurine, 24, 25 abdominalis (Norton), 29, 30, 66 acidus (MacGillivray), 93, 97 acritus MacGillivray, 77 agcistus MacGillivray, 16, 18, 29, 31, 59 var. maroa new variety, 29, 61 albifrons (Norton), 93, 96 alticinctus MacGillivray, 95 apricus (Norton), 15, 16, 17, 19, 93 var. alticinctus MacGillivray, 93, 95 aprilis (Norton), 15, 16, 17, 18, 30, 32, 84 var. nocivus MacGillivray, 30, 85 apriloides MacGillivray, 30, 32, 72 arvensis Say, 36 auraneus new variety, 69 bicolor (Beauvois), 22, 29, 31, 58 var. lesticus MacG., 28, 59 var. nigrita new variety, 28, 59 borealis MacGillivray, 27, 38 centralis new subspecies, 46 coccinifera Norton, 87 coccinifer Dalla Torre, 87 cohaesus MacGillivray, 67 collaris Say, 13, 18, 22, 28, 31, 53 var. erebus new variety, 28, 55 var. icterus MacGillivray, 29, 56 var, maculicollis (Norton), 29, 55 coloradensis Cresson, 28, 31, 86 colosericeus MacGillivray, 44 conjectus new variety, 80 conjugatus MacGillivray, 77 coruscans Konow, 14 clypealis new species, 29, 50 var. nigrilabirs new variety, 29, 51 distinctus Norton, 29, 61 dubius Klug, 21 dysporus MacGillivray, 84 eglanteriae Klug, 25 elderi Kincaid, 30, 32, 67 var. auraneus new variety, 30, 32, 69 var. melanus new variety, 28, 31, 70 var. rubicanus new variety, 30, 32, 70 115 erebus new variety, 55 eurybis new species, 29, 30, 65 Semur-rubrum Rohwer, 93 frisoni new species, 32, 91 fumatus new subspecies, 81 germanica Fabricius, 24 gibbosus Hartig, 14 gonagra Fabricius, 14, 22, 24, 26 graenicheri MacGillivray, 59 haematodes Schrank, 14, 22 icterus MacGillivray, 56 idahoensis new species, 28, 63 illini new species, 16, 18, 27, 31, 39 var. rufilobus new variety, 31, 41 inspectus MacGillivray, 77 ins piratus MacGillivray, 77 interjectus new species, 29, 32, 63 konowi MacGillivray, 90 lesticus MacGillivray, 59 luctatus MacGillivray, 93 maculicollis (Norton), 55 madidus Klug, 14, 22 maroa new variety, 61 melanus new variety, 70 minusculus MacGillivray, 96 monosericeus MacGillivray, 44 moramus new species, 29, 30, 62 napaeus MacGillivray, 93, 95 narratus MacGillivray, 35 nasutus MacGillivray, 28, 31, 71 nativus, MacGillivray, 32, 38 nauticus MacGillivray, 95 necessarius MacGillivray, 83 nectareus MacGillivray, 38 necosericeus MacGillivray, 47 nefastus MacGillivray, 77 nemorosus MacGillivray, 67 neoagcistus, MacGillivray, 13, 15, 17, 18, 29, 31, 56 neoaprilis MacGillivray, 18, 21, 30, 32, 88 subsp. konowi MacGillivray, 28, 31, 90 neocollaris MacGillivray, 27, 31, 33 subsp. narratus MacGillivray, 27, 31, 35 neosericeus MacGillivray, 47 neostugnus MacGillivray, 57 nepotulus MacGillivray, 95 116 SAWFLIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DOLERINAE—ROSS [320 Dolerus Jurine (continued) subsp. fumatus new subspecies, 75, 76, 81 nervosus MacGillivray, 80 subsp. nescius MacGillivray, 75, 76, 82 nescius MacGillivray, 82 subsp. nordanus new subspecies, 76, 80 nicaeus MacGillivray, 22, 28, 31, 83 subsp. simulans Rohwer, 75, 76, 81 nidulus MacGillivray, 90 var. conjectus new variety, 75, 76, 80 nigratus Miiller, 14, 22 var. novicius MacGillivray, 76, 78 nigrilabris new variety, 51 var. nummarius MacGillivray, 76, 79 nigrita new variety, 59 var. tibialis Cressen, 75, 76, 80 nigritella new variety, 53 var. yukonensis Norton, 74 nimbosus MacGillivray, 83 simulans Rohwer, 81 nivatus MacGillivray, 88 sp. 2 Yuasa, 17 nocivus MacGillivray, 85 stugnus MacGillivray, 77 nocuus MacGillivray, 35 tectus MacGillivray, 27, 31, 41 nominatus MacGillivray, 38 tejoniensis (Norton), 28, 30, 87 nordanus new subspecies, 80 tejoniensis Weldon, 86 nortoni new species, 17, 29, 31, 51 thoracicus Kirby, 36 var. nigritella new variety, 28, 53 thoracinus Beauvois, 36 novellus MacGillivray, 71 tibialis Cressen, 80 novicius MacGillivray, 78 unicolor (Beauvois), 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 27, nugatorius MacGillivray, 71 30, 35 numerosus MacGillivray, 90 versa Norton, 29, 30, 48 nummarius MacGillivray, 79 yukonensis Norton, 30, 32, 74 nummatus MacGillivray, 77 Dosytheus, 25, 92 nundinus MacGillivray, 74 abdominalis Norton, 66 nuntius MacGillivray, 74 apricus Norton, 84, 93 nutricius MacGillivray, 67 var. albifrons Norton, 96 nyctelius MacGillivray, 67 aprilis Norton, 84 palustris (Klug), 14, 22 bicolor Norton, 58 parasericeus MacGillivray, 45 maculicollis Norton, 55 pedestris Panzer, 24 similis Norton, 77 piercei Rohwer, 29, 49 tejoniensis Norton, 87 plesius MacGillivray, 77 Loderus Konow, 21, 25, 92 polysericeus MacGillivray, 45 accuratus MacGillivray, 96 pratensis Linnaeus, 14, 22, 24, 25 acerbus MacGillivray, 93 refugus MacGillivray, 33 acidus MacGillivray, 97 rubicanus new variety, 70 acriculus MacGillivray, 67 rufilobus new variety, 41 albifrons MacGillivray, 93 sericeus Say, 27, 31, 43, 44 alticinctus MacGillivray, 95 subsp. centralis new subsp., 43, 44, 46 ancisus MacGillivray, 95 subsp. neosericeus MacGillivray, 43, 44, niger Rohwer, 95 47 Tenthredo bicolor Beauvois, 58 subsp. parasericeus MacGillivray, 43, 44, collaris Donovan, 55 45 pratorum Fallen, 92 similis (Norton), 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22, 30, thoracinus Beauvois, 35 32,.75, 76, 77 unicolor Beauvois, 35 —_——— = a — —| =— = SS —— —— ——— —=— ——— =—— —————— ——— ————— ——— ——<————— P ——— —— SS ———= —— ——— 97146 iu il a a ——__