A Tipat Att i Hi My 4 tei) Mt) ey i yi i iM 4 by | Ny Hh u ae aia ty AE —— a ees Hanns ita tine Wy init i i yea eee — + Whe ; x! eve My ‘ seat UE a i RT i i ha ai Le ob ath it Ree bra Ba ae t + iid 1} i Heth , akin ise . i beta ryt ii on a hai Aa ty Hae ti) fi itl fy ‘ iH Lt Hts Hitt i i te ae A ih ms ; A 2 ee Cee SCIENCE NEW SERIES. VOLUME XXXV JANUARY-JUNE, 1912 NEW YORK THE SCIENCE PRESS 1912 2235 b4 THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY, 41 NorTH QUEEN STREET, LancastTEs, Pa, ———— Sat) ee ie) CONTENTS AND#£IN DEX. ' NEW SERIES. VOL. XXXV.—JANUARY TO JUNE, 1912. The Names of Contributors are printed in Small Capitals. A., O., Meteorology, W. I. Milham, 743 IN J. 7A Birds of Colorado, W. L. Sclater, 828 ‘Abbot, C. G., The Sun, C. L. Poor, 630 ‘Abbott, C. G., Osprey, ¥F. H. Herrick, 780 Abel, 0., Paleobiologie, W. Dz. Marruew, 341 Acoustics, F. R. WATSON, 833 Aerial Engineering, A. LAWRENCE RotcuH, 41 Agriculture in Schools, L. 8S. HAWKINS, 927 Agronomist, The American, H. J. WHEELER, 81 d’Albe, E. E. F., Contemporary Chemistry, 697 Albino Race of Deermouse, W. E. CAstLe, 346 Aldrich, J. M., Water Power, 338 ALLEN, J. ee Wild Sheep in Upper Yukon, C. Sheldon, 105; Birds of N. A., R. Ridgway, 499 American, ‘Association, for the Advancement of Sci- ence, Washington Meeting, J. Zeleny, 1; Ad- dress of Vice-president of Sect. D, 41; of. Sect. H, 46; of Sect. I, 129; Sect. Zool., M. A. BIGELOW, 191; Sect. Math. and Astron., G. A. MILLER, 520; "Sect. Physics, E. D. COLE, 510; Sect. of Eng. and Mech. Sci., G. W. BISsELL, 547; Sect. Anthropology, G. G. MacCurpy, 665; Sect. Botany, 909; J. F. CROWELL, 104; C. H. Herty, 658; Philosophical Soc., 99, 755; A. W. GOoDSPEED, 785; Year Book, J. RITCHIE, JR., 869 ‘Antarctic Explorations, 447 Anthropological Soc. of Washington, T. MICHEL- Son, 355, 908, 1002; Congress, G. G. Mac- Curby, 980 Anthropology at the Washington Meeting, G. G. MacCurpy, 665 Argentine Observatory, C. D. PERRINE, 980 ARKELL, T. R., and C. B. DAVENPORT, Horns in Sheep, 375, 927 Assortative Conjugation, J. A. Harris, 740 Astronomical and Astrophys. Soc., R. H. Curtiss, 703 ATKINSON, G. F., R. SHORE, Calceolaria, 280 AvER, J., Digestion, W. B. Cannon, 693 Bacteriologists, Amer., Soc., C. EH. MARSHALL, 222 Banks, C. 8., Philippine Silk Culture, L. O. H., 274 BANKS, N., Notes on Entomology, 217; Woodland Idyls, W. S. Blatchley, 748 Baskerville, C., Chemistry, J. E. G., 189, 697 BatuHeEr, F. A., Genotype, 270 BEEDE, J. W., Red Beds of Oklahoma, 348 BENEDICT, F. G., A Fasting Man, 865 BenepicT, H. M., Meristematie Tissue, 421 BENNER, R. C., The Smoke Problem, 977 BEnTON, J. R., A Falling Cat, 104 Benzoic Acid, 577 Berry, EH. W., Paleobotanische Literatur, W. J. Jongmans, 217 Brssky, C. E., Botanical Notes, 456, 589, 829, 994; Bacteria and Plant Diseases, E. Fr. Smith, 659; Botany, J. M. Coulter, C. R. Barnes, ie, Gh Cowles, 781 BicELow, M. A., Sect. Zool. Amer. Assoc., 191 BincHAM, H., Peruvian Expedition, 756 Biochemical Problems in Bacteriology, F. P. Gor- HAM, 357 Biological, Survey, F. RAMALEY, 60; Amer. Soc., A. N. RICHARDS, 195; Wash., M. W. Lion, JR., 971 Biology, Sec., N. Y. Acad., W. K. GrEGgoRY, 595; Experimental, M. C. Hau, 755 Birp, R. M., Philos. Soe. of Wash., 908 Birds, Terms used to denote Abundance, J. D. KuseEr, 930 BISSELL, G. W., Sect. of Mech. Sci. and Engineer- ing, Amer. Assoc., 547 Blatchley, W. S., Woodland Idyls, N. Banks, 748 Chemists, Soe. of Bliicher, H., Industrial Chemistry, A. S. CUsH- MAN, 905 Boas, Radosayljevich’s Critique of, R. H. Lowi5, 537 Bottwoop, B. B., Radio-elements, F. Soddy, 542 Botanical, Soe. of Amer., G. T. Moore, 147; Soe. of Washington, W. W. STOCKBERGER, 199, 436, 716, 1004; Notes, C. E. BESSEY, 456, 589, 829, 994 Bow1iEs, O., Crystallographic Tables, 576 Bowman, J. N., Pacific Assoc. of Sci. Soe., 836 BricHaM, A. P., Assoc. of Amer. Geographers, 222 Brigham, A. P., Commercial Geography, W. M. GREGORY, 374 British, Insurance Act, 62; Association, 686 Britton, W. E., Insect Pests, E. D. Sanderson, 929 Brown, G., Melanesians, W. HoucuH, 454 Brush, George Jarvis, W. E. Forp, 409 Bryan, G. H., Aviation, W. J. HUMPHREYS, 543 Burton, T. E., Cause of High Prices, 129 Butler, Samuel, V. L. KELLOGG, 769 Burman, C. A., Physical Lab. Instruction, 61 C., H. W., Pharmaceutical Bacteria, A. Schneider, 868 CagsorI, F., Hindu-Arabie Numerals, D. E. Smith and L. C. Karpinski, 501 Caleeolaria, Spurred Flowers, G. F. ATKINSON, R. SHORE, 280 Calman, W. T., Crustacea, F. H. Herrick, 187 Campbell, D. H., The Eusporangiate, EH. C. JEFr- REY, 866 Cancer, Human and Crown Gall, E. F. Smiru, 161; Research, W. B. C., 979 Cannon, W. A., Journey across the Sahara, 455; Deciduous Rootlets of Desert Plants, 632 Cannon, W. B., Physiology, Y. HENDERSON, 504; Digestion, die AUER, 693 CarHart, H. S., Benjamin Franklin Thomas, 647 CARLSON, A. J., Physiol. Soe. of Amer., 193 Carnegie, Institution, 437; Foundation, 477 Case, E. Gs, Cotylosauria, s. W. WILLISTON, 779 CASTLE, wW. E., Albino Race of Deermouse, 346 5 Pink-eyed ‘Guinea-pig, 508; Horns in Sheep, 574 lv SCIENCE Castle, W. E., Heredity and Breeding, J. P. McM., 624 Cat, A Falling, J. R. Benron, 104 CaTTELL, J. McK., University Control, 797, 842 Cerium, B. K. EMERSON, 776 CHAMBERLIN, T. C., Agriculture, F. H. King, 72 Chance and the Prepared Mind, R. M. Prarcz, 941 Chemical, Soc., Amer., C. L. PARSONS, 79, 378, 422; New York Sect., C. M. Joycr, 595; Analyst, H. P. Taupor, 397; Engineers, J. C. OLSEN, 475 Chemistry Teaching, H. C. Jonrs, 87 Chestnut-tree Blight, M. Manson, 269; H. Mer- cALF, J. F. CouLins, 421; W. G. Fartow, 717 China Professorships, 328 CuRIsTIAN, H. A., Examinations in Harvard Med- ical School, 485 Chromosomes in Wheat, W. J. SPILLMAN, 104 Church, A. E., and G. M. Bartlett, Descriptive Geometry, C. J. Kryszr, 304 CuarK, G. A., Pribilof Fur-seal Herd, 336, 546 OuaRk, H. L., Fossil Holothurians, 274; Echini, R. T. Jackson, 986 Clark, Henry James, F. TUCKERMAN, 725 Clark, W. B., Cretaceous Deposits, F. H. KNow.- TON, 746 Clarke, H. T., Organic Analysis, J. E. GiPrn, 696 Clouds over Fires, W. N. Lacy, 215 Cockayne, L., Dune-areas of N. Z., R. J. Poon, 699 CocKERELL, T. D. A., Genotype, 304; Mollusca of Patagonia, H. A. Pilsbry, 544; Biology of the Seasons, J. A. Thomson, 967; Natural History of Selborne, G. White, 967 Coz, A. D., Sect. Physics, Amer. Assoc., 510 Cotz, F. N., Amer. Math. Soc., 119, 594 Color Variations in House Mice, L. R. Dicz, 834 Complimentary Copies of Books, V. KARAPETOFF, 452 Compton, K. T., and O. W. RicHarpson, Photo- electric Effect, 783 Convocation Week Meetings, R. T. Youne, 497 Cook, H. J., Rhinoceros from Lower Miocene, 219 Cook, O. F., Phenotypes, Genotypes and Genes, 654 ‘“Coral’’ Reefs, M. A. Howe, 837 Corn Snake in New Jersey, W. T. Davis, 416 Coulter and Chamberlain, Gymnosperms, E. C. JEFFREY, 867 Cowles, H. C., J. R. Coulter, C. R. Barnes, Botany, C. E. BEssEy, 781 Craig, C. F., Amebe, W. B. WHERRY, 993 CRAMPTON, G. C., Paramecium, 604 Crocker Land Expedition, 404; E. O. Hovey, H. L. BRIDGMAN, 893 Cronartium Ribicola, P. SPAULDING, 146 Cross Cutting of Stream Beds, F. S. DELLENBAUGH, 656 CROWELL, J. F., Cleveland Meeting of Amer. Assoe., 104 Crystallographic Tables, H. P. WHITLOCK, 819; O. BOWLES, 576 Cuénot, L., La genése des espéces animales, J. P. McM., 624 Current of Injury, J. Lors, 970 Curtis, W. C., Central Branch of Soe. of Zool., 933 Meee R. H., Astronomical and Astrophys. Soc., 70 CusHMAN, A. S., Industrial Chemistry, H. Bliicher, 905 CONTENTS AND INDEX. Dalton, Charles X., GEO. W. Rours, 444 Damon, William Emerson, G. F. Kunz, 175 Daniels, F. P., Flora of Boulder, F. RaMALEY, 145 Davenport, C. B., and T. R. ARKELL, Horns in Sheep, 375, 927 Davidson, Professor George, R. S. Houway, 258 Davis, W. T., Corn Snake in New Jersey, 416 Dean, B., A Letter of Lamarck, 110 Deer, White-tailed, A. G. RutHvEN, N. A. Woon, 863 DELLENBAUGH, F. S8., Stream Beds, 656 DELMAREE, J. B., Sclerotinia on Apple, 77 Desert Plants, W. A. UANNON, 632 Dice, L. R., Color Variations in House Mice, 834 Discussion and Correspondence, 27, 60, 103, 144, 182, 267, 304, 332, 371, 416, 452, 495, 536, 574, 619, 654, 691, 736, 775, 817, 863, 892, 927, 961, 985 Ditmars, R. L., Herpetology of Missouri, 454 Dixon, R. B., Culture of Amer. Indian, 46 Dope, B. O., Torrey Botan. Club, 200, 796 Dog, The Talking, H. M. JoHNsoN, 749 Dome Theory, A. F. Lucas, 961 Dooley, Mr., on Science, 622 DumstE, E. T., Tertiary Deposits, 906 Duncan, R. K., Industrial Fellowships, 19 East, E. M., and H. K. Hayes, Inheritance in Maize, L. H. SMITH, 342 Economie and Sociol. Soc., S. C. Loomis, 197 Electrical Work of Bureau of Standards, HE. B. Rosa, 8 Electrolytes and Nonconductors, J. Lors, 111 Elizabeth Thompson Sci. Fund, C. 8. Minor, 612 Emerson, B. K., Cerium, 776 Emerson, F. V., Physiographic Inferences, 374 EMMEL, V. E., Erythrocytes, 873 Engineering Col., Charlottenburg, E. J. JaMus, 172 Entomological Soc. of Amer., A. D. MACGILLIVRAY, 350 Entomologists, Economic, Amer. Assoe., 120; Eco- nomic, F. M. WEBSTER, 557 Entomology, Notes on, N. BANKS, 217; Congress of, 446 Erythrocytes, V. E. EMMEL, 873 Examinations, Harvard Med. Sch., H. A. CHRIS- TIAN, 485 Fartow, W. G., Chestnut-tree Blight, 717 Fasting Man, F. G. Benedict, 865 Fext, E. P., Miastor and Oligarces, 278 Pippin, E. O., Soils, 677 Fischer, M. H., Nephritis, Y. HENDERSON, 626 FisHER, E. G., Tidal Machine, 497 FisHer, W. J., Science in High Schools, 94 Fistula in Dogfish, R. C. MurpHy, 693 Flies of Genus Cordylobia, F. Knap, 662 Flora Braziliensis, E. J. NoLAN, 864; O. JONES, 864 Forp, W. E., George Jarvis Brush, 409 Forests, Devastation of, F. W. Vury, 31; G. O. SmitH, 103 Foster, W. T., Grades, 887 Franz, 8S. I., New Phrenology, 321 Fraser, C. McL., Endoerypta huntsmani, 216 Friend, J. N., Corrosion of Iron and Steel, W. H. WALKER, 660 Fundulus, heteroclitus, O. C. GuAsER, 189; and Fresh Water, J. MurpocH, 417 y. Firth, O., Chemistry, L. B. MENDEL, 745 NEw SERIES. VoL. XXXV. G., J. E., Scott’s Chem. Analysis, 189, Basker- ville’s, 189 Gacer, C. S., Wheat Rusts and Sun Spots, 74 GatLoway, T. W., Amer. Micros. Soc., 309 Gar, Name and Brain, B. G. WILDER, 691 Garrison, F. H., Medical Biography, H. A. Kelly, 777 Genes or Gens, G. H. SHuLL, 819 Geneticist, Mr. Dooley on Violence of the, 622 Genetics, W. J. SPILLMAN, 757; and Breeding, H. J. WEBBER, 597 Genotype, G. H. SHunn, 27; F. A. Barumr, 270; T. D. A. COCKERELL, 304; C. ScHUCHERT, 304; H. F. Ossorn, 340; C. 8. Scorrenp, 495; Mr. Dooley on, 622; Phenotype and Gens, O. F. Cook, 654 Geographers, Assoc., of Amer., A. P. BRIGHAM, 222 Geographical Soc., Amer., 812 Geological Soe. of Amer., E. O. Hovey, 310 Geometry, Non-Euclidean, In Encyclopedia Britan- nica, G. B. HansTEp, 736 Germ Plasm, R. A. HarpEr, 909 German University Attendance, R. TomsBo, JR., 648 GEROULD, J. H., Amer. Soe. of Zoologists, 459 GETMAN, F'. H., Absorption Spectra, H. C. Jones and W. W. Strong, 928 GitPin, J. E., Chemical Text-books, 695 Glaciers of Alaska, R. S. Tarr, 241 GLASER, O. C., Fundulus heteroclitus, 189 GoopsPEED, A. W., American Philos. Soc., 785 Gorgas, Colonel, Work of, 956 GorHaM, F. P., Biochemical Problems in Bac- teriology, 357 Grades, W. T. FostErR, 887 Grecory, W. K., Telmatherium, 546; Sect. of Biol., N. Y. Acad., 595; Anatomy, P. de Terra, 904 Gregory, W. M., Commercial Geography, A. P. BricgHAM, 374 GRUENBERG, B. C., Physiological Sex Determina- tion, 593 ; Guinea-pig, Pink-eyed, W. E. Caste, 508 Guyer, M. F., Animals and Man, V. L. Kellogg, 270 H., J. L., Trivalent, Platinum, 931 H., L. O., Philippine Silk Culture, C. S. Banks, 74 HapuEy, P. B., American Lobster, F. H. Herrick, 68; Reaction of Lobsters, 1000 Hatt, M. C., Helminthological Soc. of Wash., 635; Research Workers in Exp. Biol., 755 Haustep, G. B., Non-Euclidean Geometry, 736 Hancock, J. L., Nature Sketches, A. S. PEARSE, 37 HAnNDScHIN, C. H., Women Teachers, 55 Harper, E. H., Aerial Locomotion, W. J. Hum- PHREYS, 272 Harper, R. A., Germ Plasm, 909 Harper, R. M., Distribution of Salamanders, 115; Maps and Half-tones, 985 Harris Tidal Machine, S. Tirrny, Jr., 306; E. G. FISHER, S. TIERNY, JR., 497 Harris, G. D., Oil Concentration, 546 Harris, J. A., Assortative Conjugation, 740 Hart, C. A., Early Physiographie Influences, 693 Harvard University, Letters from, 893 HaAseMAN, L., Moth of Cotton Worm, 575 SCIENCE % Hamat, S., Norway Rat, 875 HatuHaway, A. 8., Number of Students to Teacher, 144 Hawkins, L. 8., Agriculture in Schools, 927 Heating in Culebra Cut, A. F. MacDonatp, 701; KE. H. WILuIAMS, JR., 892 Helminthological Soe. of Wash., M. C. Haun, 635 HENDERSON, Y., Physiology, W. B. Cannon, 504; Nephritis, M. H. Fischer, 626 Herpetology of Missouri, R. L. Dirmars, 454 Herrick, F. H., Crustacea, W. T. Calman, 187; Osprey, C. G. Abbott, 780 Herrick, F. H., Amer. Lobster, P. B. Hapiry, 68 Herty, C. H., Amer. Assoc., 658 High Prices, T. E. Burton, 129 Hindu-Arabie Numerals, L. C. KARPINSKI, 969 Hobbs, W. H., Glaciers, H. F. Rem, 35 Holmes, S. J., Light and Organisms, 8. O. Mast, 371; Animal Intelligence, J. B. Watson, 748 Holothurians, Fossil, H. L. CLarK, 274 Hotway, R. S., Professor George Davidson, 258 Horns in Sheep, T. R. ARKELL, C. B. DAVENPORT, 375, 927; W. E. CASTLE, 574 Houes, W., Melanesians, G. Brown, 454 House Air, G. L. MANNING, 577 Hovey, E. O., Geol. Soe. of Amer., 310; and H. L. Bridgman, Crocker Land Expedition, 893 Howarp, L. O., John Bernhardt Smith, 613 Howard, L. O., The House Fly, J. B. Situ, 216 Hows, M. A., Torrey Botan. Club, 200; ‘‘Coral’’ Reefs, 837 Hubbard, T. O’B., J. H. Lederer and C. C. Turner, The Aeroplane, W. J. HUMPHREYS, 273 HumpHreys, W. J., Aeronautics, 272; 543 Hussakor, L., Les Poissons Wealdiens, 306 Hygiene, School, Assoc., 212; as Required Course, A. W. C. MENZIES, 609 Immigrants, Changes in Bodily Form, P. R. Rapo- SAVLJEVICH, 821 Industrial Fellowships, R. K. Duncan, 19 JACKSON, C. M., Medical Teaching, 566 Jackson, R. T., Echini, H. L. Cuark, 986 James, E. J., Engineering College, Charlotten- burg, 172 JEFFREY, E. C., Pines of Australia, H. G. Smith, 865; The Eusporangiate, D. H. Campbell, 866; Gymnosperms, Coulter and Chamberlain, 867 Jennings as Philosopher, W. EH. Rivrer, 267 JOHNSON, H. M., The Talking Dog, 749 JOHNSON, R. H., Gas and Oil in Sandstone, 458 JONES, H. C., Teaching Chemistry, 87 Jones, H. C., and W. W. Strong, Absorption Spee- tra, F. H. GETMAN, 928 JONES, O., Flora Braziliensis, 864 Jongmans, W. J., Paleobotanische Literatur, E. W. BERRY, 217 Joyce, C. M., N. Y. Sect. Amer. Chem. Soe., 595 KaARAPETOFF, V., Complimentary Copies of Books, 452 KaARPINSEI, L. C., Mathematics in Ency. Britan- nica, 29; Hindu-Arabie Numerals, 969 KeEtuoce, V. L., Samuel Butler, 769 Kellogg, V. L., Animals and Man, M. F. Guysr, 270. vel SCIENCE Kelly, H. A., Medical Biography, F. H. Garrison, 777 Keyser, ©. J., Principia Mathematica, A. N. Whitehead, 106; Geometries by Young, Wilson and Church and Bartlett, 304; Teaching of Mathematics, 637 King, F. H., Agriculture, T. C. CHAMBERLIN, 72 Kwas, F., Flies of Genus Cordylobia, 662 KNowurton, F. H., Cretaceous Deposits of Mary- land, W. B. Clark, 746 Korow, C. A., Planktonkunde, A. Steuer, 585; Wellcome Laboratories, 826 Kunz, G. F., William Emerson Damon, 175 Kuser, J. D., Terms used to denote Abundance of Birds, 930 Lacy, W. N., Clouds over Fires, 215 Lamarck, Letter of, B. DEAN, 110 Lantern Illustrations, C. H. TowNsEND, 529 La Rug, G. R., Sect. of Zool., Mich. Acad., 635 L&E, F. 8., Physiologie, A. Piitter, 417 LEHMAN, K. B., Benzoie Acid, 577 Lightning Discharge, A. H. PURDUE, 270 Lilienthal, O., Bird Flight and Aviation, W. J. HUMPHREYS, 273 Linck, G., Mineralogie, C. PALACHE, 36 Lister, Lord, and Westminster Abbey, 541 Lirt.E, C. C., Sex-limited Characters, 784 Livineston, B. E., Pflanzenphysiologie, W. Palla- din, 824 Logs, J., Electrolytes and Non-conductors, 111; Current of Injury, 970 Loening, G. C., Monoplanes and Biplanes, W. J. HUMPHREYS, 273 Lomonossoff, M. W., Physical Chemist, A. SMITH, 121 Longstaff, G. B., Butterfly Hunting, F. E. Lurz, 748 Loomis, 8S. C., Economie and Sociol. Soe. at Wash- ington, 197 Lowi, R. H., Critique of Professor Boas, 537 Lucas, A. F., Dome Theory, 961 Lutz, F. E., Butterfly Hunting, G. B. Longstaff, 748 Lyon, M. W., JR., Biol. Soc. of Wash., 971 MacBrivg, T. H., Slime-moulds, 741 MacCurpy, G. G., Pleistocene Man, 505; Anthro- pology at Washington, 665; Congress of, 980 MacDonatp, D. F., Heating of Ground in Culebra Cut, 701 MacDonald, G. W., Explosives, C. E. MuNROE, 929 McGEE, W J, Water Power, 536 MacGiuuivray, A. D., Entomol. Soe. of Amer., 350 McLean, M., Pribilof Fur-seal Herd, 183 McM., J. P., Dogtrine of Descent, 642 Magig, W. F., Concepts of Physics, 281 Mannine, G. L., House Air, 577 Manson, M., Chestnut-tree Diseases, 269 Maps and Half-tones, R. M. HarprEr, 985 MARSHALL, C. E., Soc. of Amer. Bacteriologists, 222 Mast, 8S. O., Behavior of Organisms, 371 Mathematical, Soe., Chicago Sect., H. E. Sravcut, 435; Amer., F. N. Conk, 119, 594; and Nat. Sci., Federation, E. R. SMITH, 663; Research, G. A. MILLER, 877 CONTENTS AND INDEX. Mathematics, in Encyclopedia Britannica, L. ©. KARPINSKI, 29; and Astron., Amer. Assoc., G. A. MILLER, 220; Teaching of, C. J. Kmysmr, 637 MarrHew, W. D., Paleobiologie der Wirbelthiere, O. Abel, 341 Mechanical Sci. and Eng., Sect. of Amer. Assoc., G. W. BISSELL, 547 Medical, Teaching, C. M. Jackson, 566; School of Illinois, 649 MENDEL, L. B., Chemistry, O. v. Fiirth, 745 MeEnziEs, A. W. C., Hygiene, 609 Mercaur, H., and J. F. Counins, Chestnut-bark Disease, 421 Meteorology and Climatology, A. H. Paumer, 344, 870 Miastor and Oligarces, E. P. FEur, 278 MicHELson, T., Anthropological Soe. of Wash., 355, 908, 1002 Microbiology, Teaching, S. C. PREScorT, 362 Microscopical Soc., Amer., T. W. GaLLoway, 309 MitHaM, W. I., Meteorology, C. A., 743 Miner, G. A., Sect. of Math. and Astron., Amer. Assoc., 220; Mathematical Research, 877 Minot, C. S., Elizabeth Thompson Sci. Fund, 612 Montgomery, Thomas Harrison, 488 Moopis, R. L., Stomach Stones, 377 Moork, G. T., Botan. Soc. of Amer., 147; Acad. of Sci. of St. Louis, 354, 556, 714, 795 MorssE, M., Spermatozoa in Plasma, 754 Moth of Cotton Worm, L. HASEMAN, 575 Muwnrog, C. E., Explosives, G. W. MacDonald, 929 Murpbocu, J., Fundulus and Fresh Water, 417 Morpny, R. C., Fistula in Dogfish, 693 Museum, Extension, Chicago, 261; of Nat. Hist. Amer., 262 Narcotics and Hen’s Egg, A. M. REESE, 633 National Academy of Sciences, 663 Naturalists, Soc. of, C. R. STocKaRD, 78 Neave, G. B., and L. M. Heilbron, Organic Com- pounds, J. HK. GILPIN, 696 NeEutson, W. A., Tennessee Academy, 794 Nitrates in Soils, F. L. STEvENs, 996 Nouan, E. J., Flora Braziliensis, 864 Norway Rat, S. Harar, 875 Nouvrine, C. C., The Systematist, 722 (nothera nanella, H. DE VRIES, 753 Oil Concentration, G. D. Harris, 546; Lucas, 961 Oleott, W. T., Star Lore, C. L. Poor, 419 OusEN, J. C., Chemical Engineers, 475 Osporn, H. F., Genotype, 340 OstERHOUT, W. J. V., Protoplasm, 112 ANS 1M Pacifie Assoc. of Sci. Societies, 412; J. N. Bow- MAN, 836 PaLacHE, C., Mineralogie, G. Linck, 36 Palladin, W., Pflanzenphysiologie, B. EH. Livine- STON, 824 Pater, A. H., Meteorology and Climatology, 344, 870 Panama Biological Survey, 98 Paramecium, G. C. CRAMPTON, 634 Parsons, C. L., Amer. Chem. Soce., 79, 378, 422 PEARCE, R. M., Chance and the Prepared Mind, 941 NEw SERIES. VoL. XXXIV. PrarseE, A. S., Nature Sketches, J. L. Hancock, 37 PeEiRcE, G. J., The Endowed University 973 Pender, H., Electrical Engineering, F. BEDELL, 661 Pensions at Chicago, 687 PERRINE, C. D., Argentine Observatory, 980 Peruvian Expedition, H. BINGHAM, 767 Prrerson, J., Number of Students per Teacher, 452 Phenotype and Clone, G. H. SHULL, 182 Philadelphia Acad. of Nat. Sci., Centenary, 140, 517 Philosophical, Assoc., Amer., E. G. SPAULDING, 120; Society, Amer., 199, 755; A. W. Goop- SPEED, 785; Soc. of Wash., R. M. Brirp, 908 Philosophy and Psychol., 8. Soe., 309 Photoelectric Effect, O. W. RicHarpson, K. T. ComPToN, 783 Phrenology, New, 8. I. Franz, 321; F. H. Pike, 619 Physical Laboratory Instruction, C. A. BuTMAN, 61 Physics, Concepts of, W. F. Macir, 281; Sect. Amer. Assoc., A. D. CoLE, 510 Physiographic Inferences, F. V. EMERSON, 374; C. A. Harr, 693 Physiological Soc., Amer., A. J. CARLSON, 193 Phytopathological Society, C. L. SHEAR, 80 Pigmentation in Deep-sea Animals, C. E. Woop- RUFF, 591 Pike, F. H., The New Phrenology, 619 Pilsbry, H. A., Mollusca of Patagonia, T. D. A. COCKERELL, 544 Platinum, Trivalent, J. L. H., 931 Pleistocene Man, G. G. MacCurpy, 505 Poot, R. J., Dune-areas of New Zealand, L. Cock- © ayne, 699 Poor, C. L., Star Lore, W. T. Oleott, 419; The Sun, C. G. Abbot, 630 Powers of Ten, W. P. WHITE, 38 Prescort, S. C., Teaching Microbiology, 362 Presidency of Montana, 184 Pribilof Fur-seal Herd, M. McLean, 183; C. 4. TOWNSEND, 334; G. A. CLARK, 336, 540 Protoplasm, Permeability of, W. J. V. OSTERHOUT, 112 = Purvug, A. H., Lightning Discharge, 270; Radium in Northern Arkansas, 658 Piitter, A., Physiologie, F. S. Lz, 417 Quotations, 62, 184, 498, 541, 577 Radium in Northern Arkansas, A. H. PURDUE, 658 RADOSAVLJEVICH, P. R., Changes in Bodily Form of Immigrants, 821 Rainey African Expedition, 411 Ramatey, F., A Biological Survey, 60; Flora of Boulder, F. P. Daniels, 145 RanuM, A., Non-Huclidean Geometry, 697 Reactions of Lobsters, P. B. Hapury, 1000 ReEcorpD, 8. J., Tier-like Arrangement in Wood, 75 Red Beds of Oklahoma, J. W. BEEDE, 348 Reese, A. M., Affiliated Societies, 62; Narcotics and the Hen’s Hgg, 633 Rew, H. F., Glaciers, W. H. Hobbs, 35 Rhinoceros from Lower Miocene, H. J. Coox, 219 RicHarps, A. N., Amer. Soc. Biol. Chemists, 195 Richards, Ellen H., Memorial to, 176 RICHARDS, J. W., Electro-analysis, HE. F. Smith, 662 RICHARDSON, O. W., and K. T. Compron, Photo- electric Effect, 783 SCIENCE Vii Ridgway, R., Birds of North America, J. A. ALLEN, 499 Riney, C. F., Death Feigning, H. H. P. and H. C. Severin, 628 RitcHig, J., Jk., American Year Book, 869 Ritter, W. H., Jennings as Philosopher, 267 Roserts, H. F., Zeralsis, 307 Rockefeller Foundation, 213 RouFre, G. W., Charles X. Dalton, 444 Rorcu, A. L., Aerial Engineering, 41; Aerial Navigation, A. F. Zahm, 700 Rotch, Abbott Lawrence, R. DEC. Warp, 808 Rosa, H. B., Electrical Work of Bureau of Stand- ards, 8 Ross, E. A., Chinese Culture, L. F. Warp, 64 RuTHVEN, A. G., and N. A. Woop, White-tailed Deer, 863 St. Louis Acad. of Sci., G. T. Moore, 354, 556, 714, 795 Sahara, Journey across, W. A. CANNON, 455 Salamanders, R. M. Harper, 115 : Sanderson, E. D., Insect Pests, W. E. Britton, 929 Sandstone, Gas and Oil in, R. H. JoHNsoNn, 458 Sanger, Charles Robert, 532 Sees A., Pharmaceutical Bacteria, H. W. C., 6 SCHUCHERT, C., Genotype, 304 Science, in High Schools, W. J. FISHER, 94; Pop- ularizing, C. R. Orcutt, 776 Scientific, Notes and News, 22, 51, 99, 141, 177, 213, 264, 296, 329, 367, 412, 447, 490, 533, 571, 614, 650, 687, 731, 771, 813, 860, 889, 923, 957, 981; Books, 35, 64, 105, 145, 187, 216, 270, 304, 341, 374, 417, 454, 499, 542, 585, 624, 659, 693, 743, 777, 824, 865, 904, 928, 967, 986; Journals and Articles, 73, 217, 419, 631, 905; Internationalism, C. E. A. WINSLOW, 293 Sclater, W. L., Birds of Colorado, J. A. A., 828 Sclerotinia on Apple, J. B. DELMAREE, 77 SCOFIELD, C. S., Genotype, 495 Scott, W. W., Chemical Analysis, J. E. G., 189 Seal Commission, G. A. CLARK, 540 SEASHORE, C. E., The Measure of a Singer, 201 Senility in Meristematic Tissue, H. M. BENEDICT, 421 Severin, H. H. P., and H. C., Death Feigning, C. F. C. RinEy, 628 Sex-determination, B. C. GRUENBERG, 593 Sex-limited Characters, C. C. LirrLe, 784; HE. N. WENTWORTH, 986 SHeEaR, C. L., Phytopathological Society, 80 Sheldon, C., Wild Sheep, J. A. ALLEN, 105 SHore, R., and G. F. ATKINSON, Spurred Flower of Calceolaria, 280 SHULL, G. H., Genotypes, 27; Phenotype and Clone, 182; ‘‘Genes’’ or ‘‘Gens,’’ 819 Singer, The Measure of, C. E. SEASHORE, 201 StaucuHtT, H. H., Chicago Sect. of Math. Soe., 435 Slime-moulds, T. H. MacBripz, 741 SmirH, A., An Harly Physical Chemist—M. W. Lomonossoff, 121 Smith, D. E., and L. C. Karpinski, Hindu-Arabic Numerals, F. Cagort, 501 SmirH, E., Fundulus and Fresh Water, 144 SmitH, E. F., Crown Gall and Human Cancer, 161 vill SCIENCE Smith, E. F., Bacteria and Plant Diseases, C. EB. BESSEY, 659 SmirH, E. R., Mathematical and Nat. Sci. Teach- ers, 663 Smiru, G. O., Administration of Weeks Act, 103 Smith, H. G., Pines of Australia, E. C. JEFFREY, 865 SmirH, J. B., The House Fly, L. O. Howard, 216 Smith, John Bernhardt, L. O. Howarp, 613 SmirH, L. H., Inheritance in Maize, H. M. Hast and H. K. Hayes, 342 Smoke Problem, R. C. BENNER, 977 Societies, Affiliated, A. M. REESE, 62; and Acad- emies, 354, 435, 553, 594, 635, 714, 755, 794, 836, 876, 908, 971, 1002 Soddy, F., Chemistry of Radio-elements, B. B. Bouttwoop, 542 Soils, HE. O. Fippin, 677 Sommerville, 8. M. Y., Non-Euclidean Geometry, A. Ranum, 697 Spangler, Henry Wilson, 487 SPAULDING, E. G., Amer. Philos. Asoc., 120 SPAULDING, P., Cronartium ribicola, 146 Special Articles, 38, 75, 111, 146, 219, 273, 307, 346, 375, 458, 508, 546, 632, 701, 753, 783, 833, 873, 906, 931, 970, 996 Spectrum, Infra-red, A. TROWBRIDGE, 931 Spermatozoa in Plasma, M. Morss, 754 SPILLMAN, W. J., Chromosomes in Wheat and Rye, 104; Genetics, 757 Steuer, A., Planktonkunde, C. A. Koro, 585 STEVENS, F. L., Nitrates in Soils, 996 Stibnite, J. C. JoNEs, 775 Stieglitz, J., Chem. Analysis, J. E. GILPIN, 695 Sritks, C. W., Zoological Names, 146, 507, 751 SrocKaRD, GC. R., Soe. of Naturalists, t3 > STOCKBERGER, W. W., Botan. Soc. of Washington, 199, 436, 746, 1004 Stomach Stones of Reptiles, R. L. Moop1g, 377 Stonz, W., Zoological Nomenclature, 817 Students, Number per Teacher, A. S. HaTHaway, 144; J. PETERSON, 452 Systematist, Trouble for, C. C. NuTTine, 722 Tatpot, H. P., The Chemical Analyst, 397 Tarr, R. S., Glaciers of Alaska, 241 Tarr, Ralph Stockman, 531 Telmatherium, W. K. Grecory, 546 Tennessee Academy, W. A. NELSON, 794 de Terra, P., Anatomy, W. K. GREGORY, 904 Tertiary Deposits, E. T. DUMBLE, 906 Thomas, Benjamin Franklin, H. S. CarHarr, 647 Thomson, J. A., Biology of the Seasons, T. D. A. COCKERELL, 967 Thurston, A. P., Aeronautics, W. J. HUMPHREYS, 274 TierNy, JR., S., Harris Tidal Machine, 307, 497 Tomso, R., JR., University Registration Statistics, 21, 496; at German Universities, 648 Torrey Botanical Club, B. O. Dopex, 200, 795; M. A. Hows, 200 Townsend, C. H., Pribilof Fur-seal Herd, 334; Misuse of Lantern Illustrations, 529 Traquair, R. H., Les Poissons Wealdiens, L. Hus- SAKOF, 306 CONTENTS AND INDEX. TROWBRIDGE, A., Infra-red Spectrum, 931 TUCKERMAN, F., Henry James Clark, 725 University, Registration Statistics, R. Tomso, JR., 21, 496, 648; and Educational News, 26, 60, 102, 143, 181, 215, 266, 302, 333, 370, 415, 451, 494, 536, 573, 618, 653, 691, 735, 773, 816, 863, 891, 925, 960, 985; Control, J. McK. CarTEny, 797, 842; Harvard Letters, 893; Yale, 964; Endowed, G. J. PEIRCE, 973 Very, F. W., Devastation of Forests, 31 DE VRIES, H., Ginothera nanella, 753 Wallace, A. R., 487 Ward, J., The Realm of Ends, R. M. WENLEY, 586 Warp, L. F., Chinese Culture, E. A. Ross, 64 Warp, R. DEC., Abbott Lawrence Rotch, 808 Water-power Development, J. M. ALDRICH, 338; _W J McGEE, 536 Watson, F. R., Acoustics, 833 Watson, J. B., Animal Intelligence, S. J. Holmes, 748 WespseER, H. J., Genetics and Breeding, 597 WesstTER, F. M., Economie Entomologists, 557 Wellcome Laboratories, C. A. Korom, 826 WENLEY, R. M., The Realm of Ends, J. Ward, 586 WENTWORTH, EH. N., Sex-limited Characters, 986 Wheat Rusts and Sun Spots, C. S. GacEr, 74 WHEELER, H. J., The Amer. Agronomist, 81 Wuerry, E. T., Crystallographic Tables, 819 WuHerry, W. B., Parasitic Amebe, 993 White, G., Natural History of Selborne, T. D. A. COCKERELL, 967 Wuite, W. P., Powers of Ten, 38 Whitehead, A. N., Principia Mathematica, C. J. KEYSER, 106 Wuirtock, H. P., Crystallographic Tables, 819 WILbER, G. B., Name and Brain of the Gar, 691 Wiley, Dr., and the Bureau of Chemistry, 498 WILLIAMS, E. H., Jr., Heating in Culebra Cut, 892 Wiuuistron, 8. W., Cotylosauria, EH. C. Case, 779 Wilson, V. R., Geometry, C. J. Keyser, 304 Winstow, C. E. A., Scientific Internationalism, 293 Women Teachers, C. H. HANDSCHIN, 55 Woop, N. A., and A. G. RUTHVEN, White-tailed Deer, 863 Wooprurr, C. E., Pigmentation in Deep-sea Ani- mals, 591 Woods, Tier-like Arrangement in, S. J. RecorpD, 75 Xeralsis, H, F. Roprerts, 307 Yale University, Letters from, 964 Young, J. W., Concepts of Algebra and Geometry, C. J. Keyser, 304 Youne, R. T., Hellbender in North Dakota, 308; Convocation Week Meetings, 497 Zahm, A. F., Aerial Navigation, A. L. RorcH, 700 ZELENY, J., Washington Meeting of Amer. Assoc., 1 Zoological, Names, C. W. Stites, 146, 507, 751; Sect., Mich. Acad., G. R. La Rue, 635; Nom- enclature, W. STONE, 817 Zoologists, Amer. Soc., J. H. GERouULD, 459; Cen- tral Branch, W. C. Curtis, 933 SCIENCE NEw SERIES © : FRIDAY, JANUARY 5, 1912 SINGLE Copizs, 15 Cts. VoL. XXXTY. No. 888 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $5.00 Jordan’s General Bacteriology <<” Here is a work that has taken high rank from the first. Compare it with any other bacter- lology you know of—we can forecast your conclusion. It is always the same : everyone— practitioner, surgeon, veterinarian, biologist, agriculturist, botanist, sanitarian, and in- dustrial bacteriologist—all agree Jordan’s is the best General Bacteriology ever published. Octavo of 594 pages. illustrated. By EpwIn O. JoRDAN, Ph.D., Professor of Bacteriology in the Univer- sity of Chicago and in Rush Medical College. Cloth, $3.00 net. Lusk on Nutrition Daan eee In the prevention and the treatment of disease dietetics to-day is an important factor. A thorough knowledge of the subject is therefore essential. This work treats of the founda- tions and the scientific substratum of dietctics. No statement has been made without en- deavoring to give proof of its truthfulness. The work will also prove valuable to students of animal dietetics. Octavo of 402 pages. By GRAHAM LUSK, Ph.D.,Sc.D.,F.R.S. (Edin.), Professor of Physiology, Cornell Medical School. Cloth, $3.00 net. JUST READY Howell’s Physiology i new Gs ey While in Dr. Howell’s work main emphasis has naturally been given the practical side, the attention devoted to controverted questions will stimulate to individual research and ex- perimentation. The entire literature has been digested and the important conclusions summarized. This edition shows thorough revision. © Octavo of 1018 pages, illustrated. By WiLLIamM H. HOWELL, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Physiology in Johns Hopkins University. Cloth, $4.00 net; Half Morocco, $5.50 net. Wells’ Chemical Pathology ___,,,.u General patholozy is here considered from the standpoint of the chemical processes involved. Particularly interesting are the chapters on Diabetes and Uric-acid Metabolism and Gout. Octavo of 594 pages. By B. GIDEON WELLS, Ph.D., M.D., Associate Professor of Pathology inthe Uni- versity of Chicago. Cloth, $3.25 net. W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY 925 Walnut St., Philadelphia rat SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS ‘‘A Noble Vision of the Meaning of History” BOOKS BY PROFESSOR CARL HEINRICH CORNILL THE PROPHETS OF ISRAEL, Popular Sketches from Old THE RISE OF THE PEOPLE OFISRAEL. In “‘Epitomes Testament History. Translated by 8. F. Corkran. $1.00 of Three Sciences: Comparative Philology, Psychology, net.” Paper, 30 cents. and Old Testament History.” H.H.Oldenberg, J. Jastrow, wate si OF pEEnenEs oe Hoe eae ae ae C. H. Cornill. Cloth, 50cents net. (2s.6d.) arliest Times to the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Ro- THE OLD TESTAMENT. Paper, 25 cents. Imans. Translated by W.H.Carruth. Cloth, $1.50. (7s.6d.). AUIS sl ARTICLES BY CORNILL The Education of Children in Ancient Israel. Monist. The Psalms in Universal Literature. Open Court Vol. XIII., p. 1. Vol. XII., No. 507, pn. 440. The New Bible and the Old. Monist. Vol. X., p. 441. Scienceand Theology. OpenCourt. Vol. XI.,No.488,p.35. The Polychrome Bible. Monist. Vol. X., p.1. The Song of Songs. Open Court. Vol. XII.,No.505, p. 371 1a PROFESSOR CORNILL we have one of the most scholarly professors of Old Testament Theology, and at the same time aman of unusual devotion and Christian piety. Among the higher critics he is recognized as a leader, and having at- tained his results almost in spite of his own preferences, presents them with great delicacy and with unusual sympathy for the traditional interpretation. «An accomplished and conscientious scholar, and of a truly religious spirit.’’— The Outlook. “Tt is good that the church should take an interest in the past and especially good when the present is so full of press ing questions and living issues. There have been times when the church has been prone to live too much on the past but those were not times when the significance of that part was most clearly understood ; it was not the living past to which intelligent homage was paid but a dead past petrified into hard dogmas that were worshiped. In our own'time it is from the men of ‘science’ even more than from the theologians that the message concerning the meaning of the past has been expressed with greatest force. It is possible for us all now to take a large, comprehensive view of great world-movements.”” —PROFESSOR W. G. JORDAN, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, in the Biblical World. pierces] THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO., 623 SOUTH WABASH AVE., CHICAGO, ILL. Publishers and Importers of Standard Books on Philosophy, Science, and the History of Religions, Classical and Modern. Founded in 1887 by Edward C. Hegeler for the purpose of establishing religion upon a scientific basis. SEND FOR COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. SECOND EDITION, NOVEMBER, 1910 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE A BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY EDITED BY J. TicKEEN CATTELL A Biographical directory es revision if it is to maintain its usefulness. Nearly a third of the names in the present edition are new, and the sketches which appeared in the first division have in nearly every case been revised. The amount of work required to prepare the revision has been as great as that given to the first edition. There has been no change in the general plan of the work. Greater strictness has been observed in confining its scope to the natural and exact sciences, and for this reason a few names included in the first edition have been omitted. Efforts have been exerted to make the book as complete and accurate as possible. There are of course omissions, if only because some men will not reply even to repeated requests for the information needed. The thousand leading men of science have been again selected by the methods that were used before, and stars have been added to the subjects of research in the case of 269 new men who have obtained places on the list. The editor’s object in selecting this group of scientific men has been to make a study of the conditions on which scientific research depends and so far as may be to umprove these conditions. ‘There are printed tn an appendix the two statistical studies that have been made.—From the Praiibe to the Second Edition. ‘The second edition of the Directory extends to more than 6UU pages aud contains more than 5500 sketches It is well printed on all rag paper and bound in buckram withleather label. Although the work has beer nereased in size by more than 50 per cent., it issold at the same price as the first edition. Price: Five Dollars, net, Postage paid THE SCIENCE PRESS GARRISON, N. Y. LANCASTER, PA. SUB-STATION 84, NEW YORK CITY. SCIENCE ee Fripay, JANUARY 5, 1912 History of Mathematics in the Recent Edk- a —— = — == tion of the Encyclopedia Britannica: PRo- CONTENTS eam L. C. Sarees a et Oh 3 ost. i it tains: The American Association for the Advance- Qnests yeh URE ute eine ane a 5 Ines MG WO iGo Soeonsdaocondocccdods 27 ment of Science :— The Washington Meeting: PROFESSOR JOHN Scientific Books :— ZAMS IAM Panic Hee TOO BLE AOE Oia 1 Hobbs’s Characteristics of Existing Gla The Work of the Electrical Division of the ciers: PROFESSOR Harry FIELDING RED. Bureau of Standards: Dr. EDpwarp B. Rosa 8 Linck’s Fortschritte der Mineralogie, Kris- tallographie und Petrographie: PROFESSOR Progress in Industrial Fellowships: Pro- Tie Ag ae ies C. PauacHE. Hancock’s Nature Sketches FESSOR ROBERT KENNEDY DUNCAN ....... 19 in Temperate America: Proresson A. 8. Unwersity Registration Statistics: PROFESSOR PRARSE) peices sey uersiane ietlcin ess stensyate es 35 IRjopMoy MNOIWOG, dis Saocasocnqaocsecesa5 21 Scientific Not an 6 Special Articles :-— penemaa ic Nokes at eG aso ciat ts Seebch ets BE oe) On Powers of Ten: Dr. W. P. WHITE ... 38 University and Educational News .......... 26 Discussion and Correspondence :-— MSS, intended fox publication and books, etc., intended for ““Genotypes,’’ ‘‘ Biotypes,’’ ‘‘ Pure Lines’’ review should be sent to the Editor of SctmNcr. Garrison-on- and ‘‘Clones’’: Dr. GEorcE H. SHutt. The Hudson, N.Y. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONZFOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE THE WASHINGTON MEETING Tue sixty-third meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science was held at Washington, D. C., December 27 to December 30, 1911, under the presidency of Dr. Charles E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska. The meeting was the most suc- cessful in the history of the association, both from the point of attendance and from the en- thusiasm shown. Beautiful weather prevailed throughout and the people of Washington, including the many scientific men connected with the various governmental bureaus, did everything in their power to make the stay of the visitors pleasant and profitable. The total registration of members of the association was 1,306, whereas the largest previous registra- tion was that at the third Boston meeting, when the total was 1,140. A conservative esti- mate of the actual number of members of the association present in Washington would place the number at 1,800 and there were doubtless as many as a thousand more present who are members of affiliated societies and not members of the association itself. The fol- lowing is a list of affiliated and other scientific societies which met in Washington at the same time. Astronomical and Astrophysical Society of America. Geological Society of America. American Physical Society. Paleontological Society of America. American Society of Biological Chemists. American Association of Economic Entomologists. American Chemical Society. Entomological Society of America. Association of American Geographers. American Breeders’ Association. 2 SCIENCE American Psychological Association. Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology. Botanical Society of America. American Fern Society. Society for Horticultural Science. American Microscopical Society. American Nature-Study Society. American Phytopathological Society. Sullivant Moss Society. American Anthropological Association. American Folk-Lore Society. American Civie Alliance. American Economic Association. American Association for Labor Legislation. American Sociological Society. American Statistical Association. American Home Economie Association. American Physiological Association. Society of American Bacteriologists. American Federation of Teachers of the Mathe- matical and Natural Sciences. Sigma Xi. The opening reception to members of the association and affiliated and visiting soci- eties was given at the new National Museum from 8 to 9 p. m. of December 27. At the close of the reception, the association held its first general meeting in the assembly hall of the new National Museum. The meeting was called to order by the retiring president, Dr. A. A. Michelson, who intro- duced the president-elect, Dr. Charles EH. Bessey, who in turn introduced the Presi- dent of the United States, William H. Taft, who delivered the following address of welcome: I had a Christmas present a day or two ago. It was a new Encyclopedia Britannica. On the first page of it—I suppose that was the reason why I got it—there was a dedication to King George V. and William Howard Taft, president of the United States. Standing as I do in the presence of this live encyclopedia of all knowl- edge, I have the same feeling of awe now that I had when I saw that name before all the knowl- edge of the world. At first I thought somebody else ought to speak before me, but I am glad to come first, because as a welcomer it is not neces- sary for me to advance a single scientifie proposi- tion. I am here only as the Mayor of Washington to advise you that you have the freedom of the [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 city and that it is a beautiful city which you can not stay too long in. Indeed the longer you stay, the longer yeu want to stay. We have centers of science here. We have the Carnegie Foundation for Scientific Research, and one of these days I am going to read the things that come from that research, when I have plenty ef time. Then, we have a number of bureaus that I presume would be called bureaus of applied science. I don’t refer to the science of govern- ment—that is altogether too inexact a science for an assembly like this—but I mean there are cer- tain bureaus connected with this government that I hope present matters of interest to so learned and scientific a body as this. There are some of them that I would like to get my hands on and ehange, but there are limitations upon the power of the president of the United States and he can not do everything he would like. If I could change the Naval Observatory into a bureau, with a scien- tifie professor at the head of it, I would do it to-morrow, but there are conservative gentlemen connected with the coordinate branches of the government that prevent. Then, we have the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Chemistry and the Bureau of Ento- mology and the Bureau of Standards. I have no doubt there is a much longer list, which if I had only committed it to memory, I would give here for your studious consideration. But it is enough of a congeries of scientific nerves to justify a meeting of all the scientific bodies of the country here, and I hope that as the government goes on and as congress becomes more liberal, those centers of scientific research, as many of them ought to be, will be improved so as to commend them to those of you who have theories as to what they ought to be under the auspices and with the neces- sary money which the United States can devote, if it will, to useful scientifie research. There is only one other remark which I wish to make to-night. In thinking over what there was between this audience and me, of any possible common knowledge, it occurred to me it was some experience in the exercise of the judicial faculty —that is in your lives and in your branches of study and action, the search for truth without regard to the result you reach. That is what makes the administration of justice, what makes the work upon the bench so delightful—the abso- lute indifference to a result, with the weighing of the reasons pro and con and the final solution in accordance with eternal justice. The scientific man in his search for the truth of nature, in JANUARY 5, 1912] which he could wrest a rule from nature—a law— and in which he studies each individual instance to find that law, or, if he thinks he has found it, to make the instance square with the law, exercises the judicial faculty in a different branch, but with the same necessity for absolute adherence to truth in order that a useful result may be reached—no forcing of a theory, no construction of individual instances in order to make a theory, if those in- stances really don’t fit into it; and if I know the weakness of the scientist or the temptation of a scientist, it is in reference to just such cases as that. Just as the judge upon the bench, with a weakness for deciding a case in advance, because he has heard one or two things in it, and then tries to square everything else that comes along to his original theory, so, too, with you. I have no doubt that what you have to struggle against is too quick recognition of something that leads you to discover a law. Subsequent study changes your mind about it and then you have to go back and build up a new theory or law, slowly, deliberately, but with strict adherence to truth and a desire to find the truth until you finally conquer and reach a conclusion that will bear the test of every instance. Dr. Walcott, Secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution, who was to have given the second address of welcome, was absent through illness. President Bessey responded to the ad- dress of welcome, as follows: Mr. President: The members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science feel it to be a great honor to be welcomed to the capital of the country by its foremost citizen, the president of the United States. In theory at least scientific men are like the men who frequent this city. They are here for a particular purpose. They work for the good of the community. They are not working for their own advancement. They are servants of the people. In all these things we are like the men who occupy legislative, judicial or executive positions in this capital city. But, Mr. President, you will permit me to sug- gest, without unseemly egotism, that in the coming of this body of scientific men to the capital, we represent more than an invasion of an equal num- ber of congressmen, judges and executive officers. If I may be allowed to say it, the latter represent SCLENCE 3 present problems and needs, and deal only with the things of immediate importance. They are time servers often, or may be mostly in the better sense, but still servers of the present time. And no one will question the usefulness of the man who honestly and conscientiously serves his day and generation—his time. To the man of science the past, the present, the future, are spread out as the great panorama of nature on which are sketched the successive pic- tures of an eternity of change and evolution, whose beginning we do not know, and of whose end we have no conception. The politician works wholly in the present and for the present: the scientist’s work carries him back through eons of duration to the dawn of eternity, and forward through countless millenniums to a possible twilight time of the universe. I am not saying that all scientists live in the eternities in this high fashion, nor am I denying that there are great minded statesmen who live in a present which is illumined by the past, and beckoned by the future. No, I would not dare to claim so much for all who enroll in the ranks of science, and certainly we know of some men in public life whose breadth of view on the political questions of the day entitles them to the distin- guished name of statesmen. So I stand here representing a body of men, in some respects like those who are visibly engaged in conducting the government of the country, but in other respects constituting a very different body, and it is on their behalf that I thank you sincerely for the cordial welcome you have ex- tended to us. But while I speak I am reminded that in these later years you have taken into the service of the government many hundreds of trained scientific men, and that these men by their labors are help- ing you to solve some of the most difficult prob- lems that the government has had to face. With these men we who assemble here to-day have close ties and cordial sympathies. We remember that although in government service they are still scientific men, and that the problems you have placed before them are scientific problems. And we are anxious, Mr. President, that these brothers of ours shall have full opportunity for doing well the work put before them. We are glad that by the establishment of an enlightened system of laws controlling the civil service this body of scientists has been lifted out of the reach of petty personal politics. That has made it possible for 4 SCIENCE the government to secure the services of so many men of the highest scientific attainments. It now remains for you, Mr. President, as the executive head over all the scientific bureaus to see that the proper atmosphere is maintained in every bureau, and in every division where scientific men work. It has been hinted sometimes that with all that has been done so well to keep the outside poli- tician away from the scientist’s laboratory, we have not wholly sueceeded in keeping the inside Politician from creating an atmosphere quite in- imical to scientific work. For it must be remem- bered that scientific work is not all a digging out of facts as is so often supposed, but that the best of it calls for comparison, and reflection, and the careful drawing of conclusions, and this takes much time, and mental leisure, and a freedom from petty irritations. If the men who have to solve the scientific prob- lems of the government are to discharge their duties with the highest efficiency, they must have good appliances in the way of laboratories, ex- perimental stations, apparatus, reference libraries and such other material necessities as pertain to the particular work they have in hand, but more than these, far more I may say, is the necessity for a congenial and sympathetic environment. And rumor has it that this helpful environment is not always present in the splendidly equipped divisions, where it may be that the expert scientist is hampered and distracted by the necessity of making preliminary plans, and preliminary pro- jects, and final plans and final projects, and re- ports of progress, and preliminary reports, and final reports, and supplementary reports, to officials who neither understand the nature of the prob- lems nor the scientific methods of their study. We shall agree that these things ought not to be, and I am assured by the interest you have shown in the scientific work of the country at large, and especially by what you have done here in the capital that you will gladly help to free the government scientists from such trammels as may have sometimes hedged them in. Im these days when we are applying ‘‘scientific management’’ to business and the industries certainly we ought to have a scientific management of our bureaus of science. Mr. President, I regard it as a great honor to have had the privilege of responding to the wel- come extended to this Association, and doubly so when that welcome has been given by you, whom we all delight to honor, as the president of this good country of ours. {[N.S. Von. XXXV. No. 888 The annual address was then delivered by the retiring president Dr. A. A. Michel- son, on ‘‘Recent Progress in Spectroscopic Methods,’’ after which the meeting was adjourned. The addresses by retiring vice-presidents of sections were made as follows: WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON Vice-president Frankforter before the Section of Chemistry. Title: The Resins and their Chem- ical Relations to the Terpenes. Vice-president Harper before the Section of Botany. Title: Some Current Conceptions of the Germ Plasm. THURSDAY AFTERNOON Vice-president Rosa before the Section of Phys- ics. Title: Work of the Electrical Division of the Bureau of Standards. Vice-president Rotch before the Section of Me- chanical Science and Engineering. Title: Aerial Engineering. Vice-president Hill before the Section of Edu- cation. Title: The Teaching of General Courses in Science. FRIDAY MORNING Vice-president Moore before the Section of Mathematics and Astronomy. Title: On the Foundation of the Theory of Linear Integral Equations. FRIDAY AFTERNOON Vice-president Dixon before the Section of An- thropology and Psychology. Title: The Inde- pendence of the Culture of the American Indian. Vice-president Novy before the Section of Physiology and Experimental Medicine. Title: Carriers of Disease. Vice-president Burton before the Section of Social and Economie Science. Title: The Cause of High Prices. Among other addresses which were given and meetings for general discussion which were held, the following may be mentioned : On Thursday morning, there was a sym- posium on ‘‘The Ether’’ before the Ameri- can Physical Society, which was led by Professor A. A. Michelson, who was fol- lowed by Professor A. G. Webster and others. ' JANUARY 5, 1912] Dr. H. B. Talbot, chairman of the Divi- sion of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, delivered an address on Wednesday after- noon, on the ‘‘Privileges and Responsibil- ities of the Chemical Analyst.’’ On Thursday evening, the president of the American Chemical Society, Dr. Alexander Smith, addressed the society on the subject, ‘‘An Early Physical Chemist.’’ The address was followed by a lecture by Frank B. Kenrick and H. EH. Howe, on ‘“‘Hantern Experiments on Reactions in Heterogeneous Systems.”’ A symposium on.‘‘Drug Assay’’ was held on Friday morning by the Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and one on ““Mineral Wastes and Conservations’’ was held by the Division of Industrial Chemists and Chemical Engineers. President R. 8. Tarr, of the Association of American Geographers, gave his presi- dential address on Friday morning, on “The Glaciers and Glaciation of Alaska.’’ The Paleontological Society of America held a symposium Friday morning, on ““Ten Years Progress in Vertebrate Paleon- tology.”’ A symposium on “‘ Instinet and Intelli- gence’? was held on Wednesday morning by the American Psychological Association. The subject of the address of President Franz of the Southern Society for Philos- ophy and Psychology, given on Thursday afternoon, was ‘‘New Phrenology’’ and that of President Seashore, of the Ameri- ean Psychological Association, given on Thursday evening, was ‘‘The Measure of a Singer.”’ Professor J. H. Comstock addressed the Entomological Society of America on Wednesday evenine on ‘‘Some Biological Features of Spiders.’’ The Section of Botany held a symposium on ‘‘Soils’? on Wednesday afternoon, and the Botanical Society of America held a symposium on Thursday afternoon on SCIENCE 5 “‘Modern Aspects of Paleobotany’’ after the retiring president, Dr. E. F. Smith, had delivered his presidential address on “*Some Aspects of the Relationship of the Crowngall Disease to Human Cancer.”’ Dr. H. M. Beldon gave his presidential address, on ‘‘Folk Poetry in America,’’ on Thursday morning, before a joint session of Section H and the American Folk-Lore Society. In the afternoon, the joint ses- sion was in charge of the American Anthro- pological Association and a symposium was held on ‘‘ Environment and Culture.”’ Presidential addresses by Dr. F. H. Giddings, president of the American Sociological Society, on the ‘‘Quality of Civilization’’ and by Dr. H. W. Farnum, president of the American Economie Asso- ciation, on ‘‘The Economic Utilization of History,’’ were given before a joint meet- ing of the two societies, on Wednesday evening. On Friday afternoon at a joint meeting of Section K with the American Physio- logical Society and the Society of Ameri- ean Bacteriologists a symposium was held on ‘‘ Acapina and Shock.’’ The council of the American Association met daily and the following are the chief items of business transacted : Highty-seven new members were elected into the association, and the following were elected fellows of the association: Frank H. Bailey, Fred Asa Barnes, John Fritz, A. A. Hammerslog, Truman Michelson, F. Paul Anderson, Gardner Chace Anthony, Henry Sturgis Drinker, Louis Doremus Huntoon, William Christian Hood, Clement Ross Jones, John Price Jackson, James W. Lawrence, Edwin Hoyt Lockwood, Chas. E. Suche, Francis C. Shenehon, Frederick W. Sperr, James T. Beard, Wm. J. Sharwood, Lula Pace, Pliny EH. Goddard, George Byron Gordon, Guy M. Whipple, Milo B. Hillegas, Frederick EH. Farrington, Harold 6 SCIENCE A. Wilson, Frank Wenner, F. C. Brown, KE. A. Harrington, W. J. Fisher. The report of the treasurer for 1910 was presented by the permanent secretary and was accepted and ordered placed on file. The financial report of the permanent secretary was presented, accepted and ordered published. Dr. H. E. Summers was elected secretary pro tem of the council. The following resolutions were adopted: 1. WHEREAS, the will of the late Jane M. Smith, of Pittsburgh, Pa., a former life member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, contains the following bequest, namely: ‘¢Seventeenth: I give and bequeath to the Na- tional Geographie Society of Washington, D. C., the sum of five thousand dollars ($5,000); to the American Forestry Association of Washington, D. C., the sum of five thousand dollars ($5,000) ; and to the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science of Washington, D. C., the sum of five thousand dollars ($5,000). I hereby direct that each of said sums be invested and the net income thereof be used for the purpose of creating life members of said three organizations in cases where worthy and competent persons are not able to pay for such memberships. ’’ Be it therefore Resolved, That the permanent secretary of the association be and hereby is authorized to accept from the executors of Jane M. Smith, deceased, the legacy of five thousand dollars ($5,000) bequeathed by her to the Amer- ican Association for the Advancement of Science as a fund whose income may be used in the pay- ment of life-membership commutations in the association. Resolved, That this fund be designated as the Jane M. Smith Fund of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Resolved, That said sum of five thousand dol- lars ($5,000) or any instalments thereof as they may be received, be turned over to the treasurer of the association for investment in such manner as the council of the association may direct. Resolved, That the application of the income of the Jane M. Smith Fund in conformity with the wishes of the testatrix be determined by the council of the association after reference to and recommendations from the committee on policy. 2. WHEREAS, more than fifty per cent. of the [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 injurious insects and plant diseases of first-class importance in the United States have been im- ported accidentally or in the course of commerce from other countries; and WHEREAS, the United States of America is the only country among the great nations of the world which has no national quarantine or inspection service looking towards the prevention. of such in- troductions: Therefore be it Resolved, That in the opinion of the American Association for the Advancement of Science the passage of a national quarantine and inspection law directed against the introduc- tion and establishment of injurious insects and plant diseases from other parts of the world is a great desideratum at the present time. The permanent secretary was directed to trans- mit copies of this resolution to the president of the United States, the president of the senate, the speaker of the house and the chairman of the com- mittee on agriculture of the house of represen- tatives. 3. Resolved, That the permanent secretary be instructed to present for nomination to fellowship the names of those members who are members of affiliated societies, which have already been desig- nated as having qualifications for membership equivalent to fellowship in the association. 4. Resolved, That the council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ap- proves the creation of a Bureau of Astronomy with a scientific chief, which shall have charge of the Naval Observatory and of the Nautical Al- manac, and respectfully requests that every en- deavor be made to put into operation this plan in the interests of astronomy in the United States. The permanent secretary is requested to for- ward a copy of this resolution to the president of the United States, to the president of the senate and to the speaker of the house of representatives. 5. Resolved, That Section I be given permission to meet at times and places different from those of the general association, whenever the sectional committee and the committee on policy so agree. 6. Resolved, That the treasurer of the associa- tion be authorized to invest $20,000 of the perma- nent funds of the association in such interest- bearing securities as the committee on policy of the association may approve. The council instructed the permanent secretary to publish in February or March next a list of officers and members of the JANUARY 5, 1912] association. The resignations of N. L. Britton and W. H. Welch from the Com- mittee on Policy were accepted and D. T. MacDougal and W. J. Humphreys were appointed to fill the vacancies. The council authorized an increase in compensation of the present assistant to the permanent secretary from $100 per month to $125 per month. A resolution was adopted recommending that future delegates from the association to international conferences and other dele- gate bodies be requested to submit brief reports to the council. A report from Dr. Hutton Webster, delegate to the First Races Contest, was read and ordered filed, and the report of Dr. B. Shimek, delegate to the Third National Conservation Congress, was pre- sented and placed on file. The council resolved that the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence reaffirms its approval of the establish- ment of a National Department of Public Health. Senator Theodore E. Burton, Dr. Wm. Trelease and Dr. Henry B. Ward were elected to fill vacancies in the council. The following grants were allowed for the ensuing year: To the Concilium Bibliographicum ........ $200 To Mr. Frank C. Gates, A.B., for an investi- gation of the relation of transpiration to plant structure in bog plants, in collabora- tion with Professor T. C. Newcombe .... $100 The following amendments to the con- stitution were read as a formal notifica- tion in order that they may be acted upon next year under the provisions of the con- stitution : Article 31. following: “‘The permanent secretary shall publish from time to time a list of officers and members of the association together with such other matter as the council may direct. Substitute for existing article the SCIENCE 0 Article 8. In closing line omit the word ‘annual,’ Article 6. Omit final sentence. Article 19. Omit ‘‘in the annual volume of Proceedings. ’’ Same article, omit ‘‘to the printing and dis- tribution of the annual volume of Proceedings and all other.’’ Article 22. After ‘‘Education’’ add ‘“‘M, Agriculture,’’ or “(M, Agriculture and Forestry,’’ or ‘“(M, Forestry,’’ and ‘‘And the council shall have power to create additional sections from time to time when deemed desirable. ’’ Article 22. Lines 4 and 5, change from ‘‘H, Anthropology and Psychology’’ to ‘‘H, Anthro- pology.’’ Article 22. Abolish Section I. At a meeting of the general committee held Friday evening, December 29, it was resolved to hold the next meeting at Cleve- land, Ohio, the meeting to begin on the Monday of the week in which January first, 1913, falls. It was further resolved to recommend to the next general committee that the meeting for 1913 be held in Atlanta, Georgia. It was further resolved that the committee looks with favor on the plan of holding a summer meeting on the Pacifie coast in 1915. The following officers were elected for the coming year: President—Dr. Edward C. Pickering, director of the Harvard Astronomical Observatory. Vice-presidents : See. A—E. B. Van Vleck, University of Wis- consin. See. B—Arthur Gordon Webster, Clark Univer- sity. See. C—W. Lash Miller, Toronto. Sec. D—J. A. Holmes, Washington, D. C. See. E—James E. Todd, University of Kansas. Sec. F—William A. Locy, Northwestern Uni- versity. Sec. G—D. S. Johnson, Johns Hopkins Univer- sity. See. H—J. Walter Fewkes, Washington, D. C. See. I—John Hays Hammond, New York. 8 SCIENCE See. K—J. J. MecCleod, Cleveland, Ohio. Sec. L—J. McKeen Cattell, Columbia Univer- sity. Secretaries of Sections: See. B—W. J. Humphreys, Mount Weather, Va. Sec. E—Geo. F. Kay, University of Iowa. See. K—Waldemar Koch, Chicago University. General Secretary—H. HE. Summers, Iowa State College. Secretary of the Councii—H. W. Springsteen, Western Reserve University. JOHN ZELENY, General Secretary THE WORK OF THE ELECTRICAL DIVISION OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS? 1. INTRODUCTION THe Bureau of Standards has grown considerably, both in equipment and per- sonnel, since its inception in 1901. The original staff of fourteen has increased to nearly three hundred, and the material equipment has been augmented in a simi- lar ratio. Its functions also have de- veloped, although authority for all its manifold activities is contained in the brief act of Congress of March 3, 1901, which established the Bureau, and its growth has been closely along the lines laid down by the director in his first announce- ments of the policy of the new bureau. The name Bureau of Standards does not signify to the average person the wide scope of the work of the bureau, which is really a national physical, chemical and engineering laboratory. In Germany there are three similar national institu- tions, and the establishment of a fourth has been proposed; these four combined would cover the field occupied in this coun- try by the Bureau of Standards. The German institutions referred to are the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, for physics; the Normal Hichungs-Kommis- 1 Address of the vice-president and chairman of Section B, Washington, 1911. [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 sion, for weights and measures, and the Material Prufungs Amt, for engineering and the testing of materials. In addition to these three institutions, which have been in active operation for many years, a royal chemical institute for chemistry has been for some time under consideration. In England the National Physical Labora- tory occupies a field more nearly like that of the Bureau of Standards, but the Board of Trade divides with it some of these functions. The work of the Bureau of Standards is distributed among seven divisions, as fol- lows: I. Electricity and photometry. II. Weights and measures. . Heat and thermometry. IV. Opties. V. Chemistry. Vi. and VII. Engineering and the test- ing of materials. Thus, it will be seen that the work of Divisions I., I1f. and IV. correspond to that of the Reichsanstalt of Germany, and the remaining four divisions to the other three German institutions mentioned above. The work of the bureau may be broadly divided into two parts, research and test- ing, although much time is devoted to the preparation of specifications, the standard- ization of practise and the diffusion of in- formation that does not fall under either of these heads. To undertake to describe the work of research, testing and stand- ardization carried on in all the divisions of the bureau would be a task requiring more time than is at present available. I shall, therefore, limit myself to the work of Division I., and if I succeed in bringing to your minds a full appreciation of the character and importance of the work we are trying to do in electricity, magnetism and photometry, you may take this when JANUARY 5, 1912] multiplied by six as standing for the work of the bureau as a whole. 2. SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS The scientific researches which have been carried out in the electrical division, the results of which are contained in more than 100 papers published in the Bulletin of the bureau, may be grouped under the fol- lowing five heads. (a) Theory of Electrical Measurements and of Absolute Instruments——One of the first things that demanded atten- tion when the bureau was established was the fixing and maintaining of the standards for electrical measurements, and the choice and development of meth- ods of measurement. This has involved a thorough study of the theory of electrical measurements, and of the theory of the absolute instruments which are employed in the various kinds of absolute electrical measurements. Such studies naturally led to new methods and to the improvement of existing methods, and to a better knowl- edge of the theory of electrical measure- ments and of electrical instruments. The Bulletin contains twenty-seven papers under this head, including such subjects as the calculation of self and mutual in- ductance of the various kinds of coils used im the absolute instruments employed in the measurement of resistance and current in C.G.S. units, and in many other kinds of measuring instruments; the theory of dif- ferent kinds of electrodynamometers, and of a new method for the absolute measure- ment of resistance; theory of coupled cir- cuits and other problems in wireless teleg- raphy, and the preparation of a complete list of formule for use in calculating in- ductances of almost every kind of electric eircuit. (b) Methods of Electrical Measure- ment.—In the work of electrical testing SCIENCE 9 and research much attention was given to improving methods of measurement, and the Bulletin contains thirty-three papers on this subject, including the absolute measurement of inductance and of capac- ity, the measurement of inductance in terms of capacity by means of alternating currents, wattmeter methods of measuring power, the influence of wave form upon electrical instruments and upon hysteresis losses in iron, the measurement of energy losses in dielectrics, and in iron, a stand- ard method of demagnetizing iron in meas- urements of magnetic induction, methods of testing transformer iron, measurement of the ratio of transformation and of phase relations in current and potential transformers, quantitative measurements in radio-telegraphic circuits and experi- ments with high frequency circuits and various papers on methods of measure- ment in photometry. (c) Haperimental Researches wpon Con- crete Electrical Standards.—The results of absolute electrical measurements are pre- served by means of concrete electrical standards, and the practical units of elec- trical measurements as defined and agreed to by international electrical congresses are expressed in terms of concrete electrical standards, and not in terms of the C.G:S. system. The accuracy attainable in abso- lute measurements and the definiteness of legal values are both limited by the con- staney and reproducibility of the concrete standards by means of which they are ex- pressed and preserved. The principal conerete standards are (1) the mercury column, the resistance of which defines the international ohm, and the wire standards to which values are assigned in terms of the mercury ohms; (2) the silver voltam- eter which defines the international ampere ; and (3) the Weston normal cell, the concrete standard employed for the measurement of 10 _ SCIENCE electromotive forces, and the value of which is fixed in terms of the international ohm and the international ampere. These conerete standards were defined by the Chicago Electrical Congress of 1893. The principal countries of the world did not, however, adopt the Chicago specifications and numerical values unchanged, so that the international uniformity hoped for was not altogether realized. As the precision of electrical measurements increased and there came a demand for greater accuracy in electrical instruments, the old specifications became inadequate, and the differences in numerical values between different coun- tries became more and more annoying. After attention had been drawn at St. Louis in 1904 to the need of a new inter- national conference for the purpose of se- curing improved specifications for the con- erete electrical standards and uniform numerical values for the same, and after a preliminary conference at Charlottenburg in 1905, in which the program for such an international conference was carefully considered, the conference was called by Great Britain, and met in London in Oc- tober, 1908. Although considerable atten- tion has been given to the subject of abso- lute electrical measurements and the prep- aration of the concrete electrical standards in the fifteen years between 1893 and 1908, it was found at the London Conference im- possible to formulate complete specifica- tions for the three primary electrical quan- tities, and impossible to agree upon a satis- factory value for the Weston normal cell, which latter was adopted at London in place of the Clark cell, as the official stand- ard for expressing the value of the inter- national volt. The discussion at the Lon- don Conference brought out clearly the inadequacy of a bulky international con- ference, sitting for a week or ten days once or twice in a generation, as a tribunal for teen [N.S. Von. XXXV. No. 888 settling wisely such technical questions as are involved in the specifications of elec- trical standards and fixing the values of the standard cells so that it would satisfy Ohm’s law. It was recognized that this law could not be repealed or ignored, even by an international conference, and the best that could be done, therefore, was to choose a provisional value for the Weston cell (1.0184 volts at 20°) and to leave to an International Committee on Electrical Units and Standards, established by the London Conference for the purpose, the task of carrying on the investigations, com- pleting the specifications, and finding a new and more precise value of the stand- ard cell. This committee consisted of fif- members and five associate mem- bers, representing eleven different coun- tries, and during the three years that have elapsed since the London Confer- ence it has encouraged investigations in the direction indicated, and has partly accomplished its task. While the com- mittee as a whole has acted in the matter, the experimental work has been done chiefly by the national standardizing lab- oratories of England, France, Germany and the United States, and in this work the Bureau of Standards has been active. It might appear that three years is ample time in which to settle all the ques- tions necessary to the satisfactory com- pletion of the work left undone by the Lon- don Conference, and so it would be if a reproducibility of one one-hundredth of one per cent. in the standards were deemed sufficient. But when we recall the constancy of the standards of length and mass, and the regularity of the earth as a standard timepiece, we can not be content with our concrete standards of resistance and electromotive force so long as uncer- tainties exist as great as a thousandth of one per cent. As the demands for greater JANUARY 5, 1912] precision of measurement increase, the na- tional standardizing laboratory must main- tain so high a plane of excellence that those best qualified to judge have the fullest con- fidence in its fundamental standards and in the accuracy of its work. The endeavor to improve these standards is not merely a matter of doing patiently the same thing over and over again. It means a whole train of investigations, through which an intimate knowledge of the behavior of these standards is obtained, disturbing influences removed or taken account of, impurities in the materials eliminated, and measure- ments made with what a few years ago would have seemed almost impossible aceu- racy. The by-products of such researches are often of great value, and become useful in many other directions. To illustrate, let me refer to the silver voltameter, the concrete standard of elec- trie current. In 1908 it was believed by many that the chemistry of the Rayleigh voltameter was simple, and that the most recently published work upon it had cleared up a mystery of long standing, rel- ative to the disagreement of the Rayleigh and Richards forms of voltameters. Further study at the Bureau of Standards showed complexities due to the presence of filter paper which astonished chemists, and three years of continuous work have not ans- wered all the questions which have arisen as to the effect of traces of organic im- purity or of traces of acid or alkali, in the salt, or slight variations in the physical condition of the anode, or the volume and concentration of the electrolyte, or the density of the current, or the influence of dissolved gases. In addition to excellent facilities for purifying materials and ma- king chemical determinations, and an un- surpassed equipment for measuring the current and weighing the deposits, the microscope and ultramicroscope have been SCIENCE 11 brought into service. And although the outstanding discrepancies are only a few thousandths of one per cent., we have not felt justified in closing the work until the voltameter as a _ scientific instrument should be as thoroughly understood as possible. The construction of standard cells has been beset with similar difficulties. The preparation of the materials has been studied with great pains, and hundreds of cells have been set up and carefully stud- ied. To test their portability, they have been carried from country to country and around the world, and even sent through the mails to Europe and elsewhere. To try to determine the source of small differ- ences between different lots of cells, and be- tween different cells of the same lot, one component at a time has been varied, and materials prepared at different times and in different countries have been used side by side. The result has been a considerable improvement in standard cells, so that for most purposes they are satisfactory, but as standards there is still room for improve- ment. One reason for desiring more perfect conerete electrical standards is to facilitate absolute measurements. We now know the value of the absolute ampere better than the value of the absolute ohm, but during the next few years the absolute ohm will probably be realized as well as the abso- lute ampere now is. Our international electrical units are now so well fixed that one can measure electrical power in inter- national watts with great accuracy. With a better knowledge of the absolute ohm, we shall be able also under proper condi- tions to measure electrical and mechanical power in watts or in absolute units by means of electrical instruments with high precision. The work at the Bureau of Standards 12 SCIENCE on the absolute measurement of current, using an improved form of Rayleigh cur- rent balance, has been thorough and ex- haustive. To obtain a final result reliable to two or three parts in a hundred thou- sand requires that all possible sources of error as great as a few parts in a million must be examined and taken into account. It would be impossible in this form of cur- rent balance to measure directly the dimen- sions of the coils with the required preci- sion, and hence the constant of the instru- ment must be determined by electrical means without such direct measurements ; and to detect and eliminate unsuspected errors, several sets of fixed coils and sev- eral different moving coils were prepared and used interchangeably, giving the equi- valent of several balances. This, in fact, did reveal unsuspected sources of error, and although it greatly prolonged the in- vestigation, it gave results far more trust- worthy in the end. A similar story could be told of the work at the bureau on mer- eury ohms, and on the determination of the ratio of the electrical units. These are some of the researches in con- nection with electrical standards, which together constitute the third group of in- vestigations in Division I. of the bureau. Some of them are described in papers con- tained in the Bulletin, and some are in press, and some are not yet completed. (d) Improvements in Instruments and the Development of New Instruments.—In addition to new instruments developed and improvements made in existing instru- ments employed in the absolute measure- ments mentioned above, many improve- ments have been made in electrical instru- ments used for other kinds of electrical measurements. Some of these improvements have been adopted by American and foreign instru- ment makers, and some are embodied only [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 885 in instruments in our own laboratories. Among these may be mentioned the follow- ing: (1) The Bureau of Standards type of sealed resistance standard, which is used not only for resistances of highest precision in standardizing institutions, but also for precision standards in ordinary use. (2) The Bureau of Standards chrono- eraph, for measuring and recording with extreme precision the speed of a machine, as, for example, the speed of a dynamo for the purpose of obtaining the frequency of the current generated with highest pre- cision. It is used on the new apparatus for the measurement of absolute resistance at the bureau, and in connection with the absolute measurement of capacity and in- ductance, and has been adopted by the Na- tional Physical Laboratory on the magnifi- cent machine recently erected at Tedding- ton. (3) The direct reading potentiometers designed for rapid and accurate work in the measurement of current and voltage, which have been of great service in the work of the bureau, and would be more largely used outside if instrument makers had been quicker to appreciate their merits. (4) The series of electrodynamometers for the measurement of alternating cur- rent and power, which can be calibrated by direct current and used on alternating. Their range is up to 1,000 amperes, and one recently constructed, but not yet fully installed, will have a range of 5,000 am- peres. They are essentially instruments for the testing laboratory, and without them the bureau would have been unable to make many of the tests which have been successfully carried out. (5) Important improvements have been made in instruments for the accurate com- parison of resistance standards and the testing of resistance boxes, potentiometers, JANUARY 5, 1912] ete. In photometry a number of instru- ments have been developed or improved, including an automatie recording mechan- ism, a direct reading scale, a universal ro- tator, an improved integrating photometer, a direct recorder for life test work, an effi- ciency meter, ete. Many other examples of the kind may be cited. In every case, instrument makers and the public have the fullest access to all information concerning new instru- ments or improvements in old instruments. (e) Determining the Properties of Ma- terials—The fifth class of scientific investi- gations concerns the measurement of the properties of materials. Most of the work of this kind is included under the head of testing, the materials tested being in most cases samples of larger lots. But in some eases the work is done to find the average properties of a certain kind of material for the purpose of establishing a standard, or of finding how one property depends upon another. Examples of this kind are the in- vestigations on the mean resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistivity of commercial copper wire. Samples were obtained from many sources, both in America and Europe, and values obtained from measurements made by one of the largest manufacturers, whose instruments and standards had been verified by the bureau. In this way a mean value was obtained for commercial copper which was made the _ basis of a new wire table, computed by the bureau at the suggestion of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and which they at once adopted in place of their own table. These investigations also brought out a new relation between the temperature coefficient of resistivity and the resistivity itself, so that knowing either of these quantities, the other be- comes known. SCIENCE 13 Another important investigation of this kind recently undertaken is on the rela- tion between the magnetic and mechanical properties of iron and steel, with a view of ascertaining whether it is practicable to test materials for mechanical flaws by magnetic methods. Many investigations on the properties of materials employed in electrical work are needed to answer the hundreds of questions constantly arising, and some of these will soon be undertaken in cooperation with one of the committees of the American Society for the Testing of Materials. 3. ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS In addition to work of the character just described under the head of scientific in- vestigation, laboratory and field work have been conducted on several important prac- tical questions, which may be mentioned under the head of engineering investiga- tions. One of these had to do with the use of electricity in mines, and the work was undertaken for the purpose of formulating a set of rules suitable for enacting into law, or that could be utilized in revising existing laws, concerning the safe use of electricity for light, power and signals in mines. A careful study of coal mines using electricity, and of the regulations of European and other countries concerning the use of electricity in mines, was made, a great many mining engineers, mine in- spectors, mine superintendents and manu- facturers of mining machinery were con- sulted, and the results embodied in a pub- lication on the ‘‘Standardization of Elec- trical Practise in Mines.”’ Another investigation still in progress has to do with the state and municipal con- trol of the manufacture and sale of illumi- nating gas. The bureau has been making a thorough study of the methods of testing 14 SCIENCE illuminating gas for chemical purity, and for its heating and illuminating value. This has involved an investigation of the methods of testing gas and of the instru- ments employed in such tests. That is, of apparatus used or that may be used in testing for hydrogen sulphide, total sul- phur, ammonia, ete.; of gas calorimeters and of gas photometers and flame photo- metric standards. In connection with this the bureau has made a thorough study of the legal requirements in all the cities and states of the country and of the methods of testing and inspection in use, and has tried to formulate the results of these studies in such a way as to be useful in framing municipal ordinances or state laws on this subject. In this investigation a great deal of field work has been done, and some of the ablest and most experi- enced gas engineers and city and state in- spectors and members of public service commissions have cooperated with the bureau. The results of this investigation, which has already been in progress for more than two years, will be published in two bulletins, one on the specifications of different kinds of illuminating gas and the public regulation of its distribution and sale, and the other on the methods of test- ing of gas and gas meters. In this work, three of the divisions of the bureau have cooperated. Another investigation of great engineer- ing importance is that of the effects of stray earth currents (due generally to street railways) upon the corrosion of gas and water pipes and of reinforced con- erete structures. Experiments show that under certain circumstances such effects are not only real but serious. The bureau is doing a good deal of field work, as well as laboratory work on this subject, in order to learn the conditions under which the damage is greatest, and how best to [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 remedy the trouble. The first public re- port of this work was made recently at the annual meeting of the American Gas Insti- tute, and believing the bureau’s work to be of great practical value, the institute voted to appoint a committee to cooperate with the bureau, and expressed the hope that the American Street Railway Association would do the same. Closely associated with the electrolytic corrosion due to stray elec- tric currents is the electrolytic self cor- rosion, which is under some circumstances very serious and which is often wrongly attributed to railway currents. Electro- lytic boiler corrosion, and the corrosion of metal lath used in building, are other ex- amples of the same thing. These are also being investigated, and will be the sub- jects of published reports. Another subject of great practical im- portance that remains to be studied is the life hazard in electric practise, and the proper regulations by states and munici- palities for the protection of the public. Much attention is given by the Board of Fire Underwriters to the question of fire hazard, and in protecting buildings from the fire risk much has been done incident- ally to reduce the risk to life. But too little attention has been given to the pro- tection of the public from high poten- tial power and lighting circuits, and few cities or states have legislated on the sub- ject. A thorough study of this question, made with the fullest cooperation of the electrical power companies and the manu- facturers of insulating materials, would yield results of great practical value, and open the way to municipal and state regu- lation and inspection. 4. THE TESTING OF INSTRUMENTS AND MA- TERIALS Instruments and materials are tested by the bureau for the various departments of JANUARY 5, 1912] the federal government and for the states and state institutions free of charge. For municipalities and corporations and indi- viduals fees are charged, which in most cases scarcely cover the actual cost of the test, but which are high enough to exclude tests of small importance. In some eases the bureau declines to make tests, as, for example, when it is believed that the pro- posed test would not settle the question at issue, or where the work would be incom- mensurate with the value of the result, or where the test is simple and could be done as well elsewhere, and, of course, whenever the facilities or experience of the bureau are not sufficient to warrant attempting the work, or where the work already on hand is too great to permit it. But with these eases excluded, there remains a great va- riety of tests in all divisions of the bureau, which are being done for the government and the public, and many of these tests are of great practical importance. The fees charged are smaller than they would be if the tests were not generally of value to others besides those who pay for them. Most private tests, indeed, are of public advantage. For example, it is of public concern that manufacturers of electrical instruments have their stand- ards tested at the bureau, as this tends to insure greater accuracy in the instru- ments sold to the public, without add- ing appreciably to the cost. That electric lighting companies have their test meters and voltmeters standardized and gas com- panies have their meter provers and photo- metric or calorimetric standards tested is a matter of public concern, for it improves the service rendered to the public. If manufacturers of electrical machinery have insulating materials tested for re- sistance and dielectric strength, and sheet iron and castings tested for magnetic quality, and copper tested for conductiv- SCIENCE 15 ity, their customers get better machines, and the public better service. Electrical instruments tested by the bureau include standards of resistance and electromotive force, and precision resist- ance apparatus of all kinds; condensers and inductances of various kinds used in laboratory measurements and in radio- telegraphy, both commercial and experi- mental; ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters, watt-hour meters and many other kinds of measuring instruments, for direct or alter- natmg current; instrument transformers for current and voltage, including those for very heavy currents and high voltages; magnetic instruments; photometers, and various kinds of photometric standards, electric and gas, locomotive headlights, in- eluding oil, acetylene and electric; signal lamps, street lamps, ete. Materials tested include copper, alu- minum and other wires used as conduct- ors of electricity; manganin, constantin and other alloys for resistance, thermal electromotive force, ete.; iron and steel and other magnetic or slightly magnetic mate- rials for permeability, hysteresis, coercive force, ete.; sheet steels for iron losses due to alternating magnetizations; insulating materials for instruments and electrical construction; electric lamps for candle power, efficiency and life, and for the quality of the light furnished; oils to be used in standard lamps or as illuminant or for signal purposes, ete. These tests of instruments and materials are sometimes made for the purpose of see- ing whether they conform to the specifica- tions under which they are sold, sometimes for the information of the manufacturer of the given instrument or material, some- times for the information of an intending purchaser, often for the purpose of re- standardizing the instrument for regular service. A great deal of time is required to keep the equipment employed in testing 16 SCIENCE mm good condition, in order that it may give accurate and trustworthy results, and to check measurements previously made. In most kinds of testing, not half the total cost of the work is due to the time re- quired to make the actual observations and ealeulations. But that is an ievitable condition, which never can be otherwise. For, if the work is not thoroughly reliable, its value has disappeared. One of the interesting phases of this testing work is the uniformity which in some cases it maintains throughout the country in the output of different companies and the service rendered by different agencies. Before the bureau began its photometric testing, the stand- ard of candle power varied from ten to twenty per cent. between different com- panies. The 16 candle-power standard lamps of different manufacturers varied from 14.5 to 17 candles. A 20 candle- power gas lamp on the average gave less light than a 20 candle-power electric lamp, for the unit in the gas industry was based on a different standard and was smaller. Now the unit of candle-power is the same for gas and electric light, and every manu- facturer and every lighting company 1s on the same basis, for all get their stand- ards, directly or indirectly, from the bureau. Often tests are made to settle disputes, either concerning the accuracy of instru- ments or concerning the performance of a machine sold under guarantee. The confi- dence that has frequently been expressed in the justness and impartiality of the bureau’s decisions, when thus acting as a court of appeal, has been gratifying to the officers of the bureau. a 5. COOPERATION WITH ENGINEERING SO- CIETIES The bureau cooperates with many engi- neering societies and foreign laboratories [N.S. Von. XXXV. No. 888 in the work of standardizing and unifying practise, defining terms and improving nomenclature, working out uniform speci- fications and methods of tests, ete. In this work the division of Hlectricity, Magnet- ism and Photometry comes especially into contact with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the Illuminating Engineering Society, the Society for the Testing of Materials, the American Com- mittee of the International Electrotech- nical Commission and the International Committee on Electrical Units and Stand- ards. The bureau is represented on the council or committees of all of these bod- ies, and each year many subjects arise that come within the field of the bureau’s activ- ities, and in the handling of which its repre- sentatives can cooperate. Reference was made above to the new tables of resistance for annealed copper wire. Heretofore, the English, German and American tables have all been different, not only for resistivity, but also for temperature coefficient, and two different densities were in_ use. Through the efforts of two of the above- mentioned bodies and the Bureau of Standards acting together in the negotia- tions with foreign laboratories and scien- tifie societies, we are assured in the near future of international uniformity in all these quantities. Much has been accom- plished also in securing international uni- formity in electrical units, a common photometric unit in England, France and America, in comparing and standardizing measurements of electrical and magnetic quantities between national laboratories, ete. The preparation of standard specifica- tions for various kinds of materials is an important work, in which the bureau co- operates with the engineering societies and with the departments of the government. JANUARY 5, 1912] 6. COOPERATION WITH THE DEPARTMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT In addition to its cooperation with the departments of the government in the di- rection just noticed, and in doing testing in considerable quantity, the bureau cooperates with the departments also in other ways. With the War and Navy departments it cooperates in experimental work on radio- telegraphy, and several rooms in the bureau’s laboratory are occupied by repre- sentatives of the signal corps of the army, and of the Navy Department, in this work. The bureau also renders technical assist- ance to the Bureau of Navigation, of the Department of Commerce and Labor, which is charged with the administration of the law requiring all passenger ships carrying fifty passengers or more to be equipped with radio-telegraphic apparatus. Its traveling inspectors visit the lamp facto- ries and inspect for the various departments of the government a million electric lamps a year, taking samples for life test at the bureau. 7. DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION In addition to the scientific and engi- neering papers published in the Bulletin, and in the Bureau’s Technologie Series thirty-one circulars of information have been published by the bureau on a variety of subjects, and among these nine have been prepared by the Electrical Division, and several others are in preparation. Among those issued may be mentioned “«Standard Specifications for Incandescent Lamps,’’ ‘‘A Proposed International Unit of Light,’’ ‘‘Maenetie Testing,’’ “‘ Testing of Hlectrical Measuring Instruments,’’ ‘“Precision Measurements of Resistance and Electromotive Force’’ and ‘‘Trans- former Specifications.’’ A large amount of time is expended in answering letters which request informa- SCIENCE 17 tion. These come from many classes of inquirers, asking many kinds of questions, some very easy and some very hard to answer. All receive careful attention, no matter how humble the writer or how simple the question. We in our turn write a great many letters asking for imforma- tion, and we have to acknowledge the uni- form courtesy accorded to such inquiries, and the valuable information often so ob- tained. Much information is communicated also to those who call personally at the bureau, and this.is naturally an increasing quan- tity. As the apparatus, methods of meas- urement and results for the most part are open to the public, many find it advantage- ous to make personal visits. An exception is made as to the results of tests for which a fee is paid, these being held as confiden- tial and communicated only with the con- sent of the person for whom the test was made. Enough has been said to show the great variety of the work in one division of the bureau, which may be taken as typical of all. It extends from the purely scientific investigations on the one hand to the most practical of engineering problems on the other. The work in electricity, magnet- ism and photometry is distributed among three different buildings, and needs more space. The new building now under con- struction, which will be 190 < 60 feet in floor area, with four stories and basement, will afford larger and better accommoda- tions for this work. In closing this necessarily incomplete ac- count of the work of the electrical division of the bureau, let me say a few words as to the reasons for testing instruments and materials purchased by the government. Most people admit the advantage of such testing, but few appreciate how important it is, or how many sided is the question of 18 testing in connection with government purchases. It is of importance from a business standpoint, and as a matter of good engineering. It is also of great im- portanee as contributing to good govern- ment. 8.REASONS FOR TESTING MATERIALS PUR- CHASED BY THE GOVERNMENT 1. The first and most obvious reason for testing instruments, machinery and mater- ials purchased by the federal government is of course to insure the government get- ting what it pays for. But that is not the only reason, and in some cases it may not be the main reason. Such testing is done upon many kinds of materials, but for a conerete illustration we may think of elec- trical instruments or electric lamps. (1) With the results of a thorough and impartial test at hand, a government engi- neer, charged with drawing specifications for a given kind of instrument or mate- rial, knows what performance can be se- eured by such instruments, or what prop- erties can be expected in the given mate- rial, and hence is able to prepare the speci- fications intelligently. (2) With the results at hand of tests on the instruments or materials of different makes, the purchasing officer knows what makers to invite to submit bids for govern- ment requirements. If those whose instru- ments or materials are unsuited for the given purpose are not permitted to bid, ex- pense and trouble are avoided, both to the manufacturer and to the government. (3) If the results of thorough tests are available, the purchasing officer can take account of the quality as well as the price in making awards of contracts. It often happens that any one of several makes of instruments or materials can be used, and it is necessary to know the differences in quality as well as the differences in price SCIENCE [N.S. Vout. XXXV. No. 888 in order to determine which bid is best. The practise of accepting the lowest bid regardless of quality often causes dissatis- faction both to those who bid for the gov- ernment’s business and those who use the articles purchased. (4) If tests are systematically made, a conscientious purchasing officer is pro- tected from charges of favoritism or collu- sion in the performance of his duty. His answer to such intimations, whether they come from dealers or those in authority, is the certified results of tests upon which he had relied. If the tests have been made in an impartial and well-equipped laboratory established for the purpose, the results are likely to be given greater weight, and the protection to the purchasing officer is greater, than if done by the bureau or de- partment making the purchase. Purchas- ing under such a system of testing, the op- portunity and the temptation to collusion between purchasing officer and contractor is greatly reduced. Such collusion is not frequent in the government service, but it has occurred, and it is desirable to reduce the opportunity for it to a minimum. (5) Purchasing under a system of thor- ough and systematic tests protects admin- istrative and purchasing officers from po- litical pressure in connection with pur- chases, and members of congress are spared from the appeals of constituents in con- nection therewith. It has sometimes hap- pened that a manufacturer or contractor on failing to secure a government contract feels that he has been discriminated against, and in good faith goes to his congressman or senator with his grievance. The latter is placed in an embarrassing position, be- tween his desire to serve his constituent and his uncertainty as to the real facts in the case. A system of fair and thorough testing of materials in connection with public advertising removes almost entirely JANUARY 5, 1912] any occasion for appealing to a member of the legislative branch of the government concerning business transactions in the executive departments. (6) If the instruments or materials are delivered from time to time; tests are nec- essary in order to see that the deliveries are in accordance with the samples or the specifications. If deliveries are accepted without tests or inspection, or with inspec- tion only, the door is opened for deception and fraud; honest dealers or manufac- turers are at a disadvantage in competi- tion with unscrupulous ones in dealing with the government; and it may result under such circumstances that the most reliable manufacturers will refrain from bidding on government business, leaving those who are willing to misrepresent their products to compete with one another for the government patronage. The govern- ment then becomes a party to fraudulent transactions, and to a greater or less extent tends to demoralize business. On the other hand, if careful inspections and tests are regularly made, and acceptances are conditioned on meeting the specifications, manufacturers often thereby become bet- ter acquainted with the properties of their own products, honesty and uprightness in business are encouraged, a standard of quality is set for the given instrument or material which helps other purchasers be- sides the government, and the whole in- dustry may be greatly benefited. (7) If the reports of such tests are communicated to the manufacturers, as they generally are, defects in the product are perhaps sooner discovered and sooner remedied, and if the government invites the cooperation of the manufacturers when undertaking tests of types of instru- ments or of materials, the tests are likely to be fairly conducted and the results rep- resentative. SCIENCE 19 (8) In these days of commercial com- binations and gentlemen’s agreements as to prices, it sometimes happens that the government can not secure competition in price, but finds that the bids from differ- ent manufacturers are identical in price. Here again, testing the product solves an otherwise serious difficulty, for it is gener- ally possible even in this case to secure real competition as to quality, and this is quite as important as competition in price. It is thus seen that there are many rea- sons for testing the thousands of kinds of instruments, machines and materials pur- chased by the government, and for doing this, in large measure at least, in a well- equipped institution set apart for that pur- pose. The Bureau of Standards has done considerable work of this kind, but the government’s purchases are so varied and so vast, and so many requests for tests came from states, municipalities, and the public, that the work involved is very great, and only a fraction of the work is done which could be done with profit. Whether the bureau shall grow in the future as fast as the demands upon it for testing and in- vestigation increase is uncertain. But if it does only a part of the work waiting to be done, and does that part well, it will amply justify its existence, and in so do- ing save the government and benefit the industries far more than the cost of its maintenance. Epwarp B. Rosa BUREAU OF STANDARDS PROGRESS IN INDUSTRIAL FELLOWSHIPS In the issue of Scrence for Friday, May 7, 1909, I presented the main outlines and con- temporary status of a scheme of industrial fellowships initiated by me in an article in the North American Review for May, 1907. Since this statement I have made no report to this journal. I now present the establishment of a new 20 series of fellowships, not only at the Univer- sity of Kansas, but at the University of Pitts- burgh. The industrial fellowships so far es- tablished at the University of Pittsburgh and now in operation are as follows: 1. Baking.—$750 a year for 2 years. Addi- tional cash bonus of $2,000. Fellow: Wilber A. Hobbs, A.B., University of Kansas, instructor in chemistry. 2, 3. Abatement of the Smoke Nuisance (Mul- tiple Fellowship).—$12,000 a year for 2 years. Additional consideration, 49 per cent. collective interest. Fellows: Raymond C. Benner (senior fellow), Ph.D. University of Wisconsin, assistant professor University of Arizona; W. W. Strong (second fellow), Ph.D. Johns Hopkins University, Carnegie assistant and assistant in chemistry Johns Hopkins University. Other fellows to be appointed. 5. On the Relation of the Pots to Glass in Glass- making and the Elimination of ‘‘ Strea.’’—$1,500 a year for 2 years. Additional cash bonus of $2,000. Fellow: Samuel Ray Scholes, Ph.D. Yale University, H. B. Loomis fellow in chemistry Yale University. 6, 7, 8. Baking (wholly Independent of but with Acquiescence of No. 1) (Multiple Fellow- ship). —$4,750 a year for 2 years. Additional consideration of $10,000. Fellows: Henry A. Koh- man (senior fellow), Ph.D. University of Kansas, holder of National Association of Master Bakers’ fellowship; Charles Hoffman (second fellow), B.S. University of Kansas, laboratory assistant Yale University; Alfred Edward Blake (third fellow), B.S. New Hampshire College, assistant in chem- istry Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 9. Gluwe—$1,200 a year for 2 years. Fellow: Ralph C. Shuey, B.S. University of Kansas, former industrial fellow University of Kansas. 10. Soap.—$1,200 a year for 2 years. Fellow: Paul R. Parmelee, B.S. University of Kansas, curator of chemistry and pharmacy department, University of Kansas. 11. Utilization of Fruit Waste-—$1,000 a year for 2 years. Additional consideration, $10,000. Fellow: F. Alex. MeDermott, George Washington University, of Hygienic Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 12, 18, 14, 15, 16. Crude Petroleum (Multiple). —$10,000 a year for 2 years. Collective interest of 10 per cent. Fellows: Raymond F. Bacon (senior fellow), Ph.D. University of Chicago, SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 chemist Bureau of Science, Manila, assistant chem- ist Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. C.; Lester A. Pratt (second fellow), M.S. New Hamp- shire College, instructor at New Hampshire Col- lege; C. W. Clark (third fellow), M.A. Ohio State University, assistant chemist Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. C.; Hugh Clark (fourth fellow), M.A. Ohio State University; Arthur H. Myer (fifth fellow), A.M. Leland Stanford University, assistant department of chemistry, Stanford; Fred W. Padgett (scholar), University of Kansas. 17. Composition Flooring.—$1,500 a year for 2 years. 1 per cent. of sales for 5 years. Fellow: R. R. Shively, B.S. Oklahoma A. & M. College, assistant chemist Bureau of Chemistry, Washing- ton, D. C. 18, 19. Natural Gas (Multiple). —$4,000 a year for 2 years. 5 per cent. of industrial results. Fellows: Clarence L. Speyers (senior fellow), Ph.D. Harvard University, Carnegie assistant Harvard University; Roy H. Uhlinger (second fellow), M.A. University of Pittsburgh, fellow in chemistry University of Pittsburgh. 20. Cement.—$1,800 a year for 2 years. $10,000 additional consideration. Fellow: J. F. MacKey,. Ph.D. University of Toronto, former industrial fellow University of Kansas. The fellowships above listed went into op- eration September 1 of the current year. They involve the work of twenty fellows and a salary list of $39,700 a year for two years, or $79,400 in all. The work is being con- ducted in a temporary but efficient building erected at a cost of about twelve thousand dollars. At the University of Kansas, where this work has been in operation since 1907, I have to report the foundation of the following new fellowships, not yet published in ScIENCE: 10. On the Chemical Treatment of Wood.—- $1,500 a year for 2 years. Large additional con- Fellow: L. V. Redman, Ph.D., Uni- versity of Toronto. 11. On New Utilities for Borax.—$750 a year for 1 year. Fellow: B. C. Frichot, B.S., Univer- sity of Kansas. 12. On the Chemistry of Vegetable Ivory.—. $1,500 a year for 2 years. Maximum cash bonus: of $2,000. Fellow: J. P. Triekey, A.B., New Hampshire College, University of Toronto. 13, 14. On the Relation of Crude Petroleum to. the Manufacture of Soap.—2,750 a year for 2: sideration. JANUARY 5, 1912] years. Maximum cash bonus of $5,000. Fellows: F. W. Bushong (senior fellow), Ph.D., former industrial fellow at University of Kansas; J. W. Humphreys (second fellow), A.M. University of Kansas. 15. On the Chemistry of Gilsonite-—$750 a year for 1 year. Maximum cash consideration of $2,000. Fellow: W. E. Vawter, A. B. University of Kansas. 16, 17, 18. On the Chemical Treatment of Wood. —$3,900 a year. Owing to the remarkable prog- ress of fellowship No. 10 during the first year, the donating company extended its value to $3,900 a year and thus provided for the aid of two addi- tional fellows. Fellows: L. V. Redman (senior fellow), Ph.D. University of Toronto; Frank P. Brock (second fellow), A.B. University of Kan- sas; Archie J. Weith (third fellow), A.B. Univer- sity of Kansas. Altogether, both at the University of Kan- sas and at the University of Pittsburgh, there SCIENCE 21 have been so far involved $113,400 for direct expenditure in salaries in industrial research. Rospert Kennepy Duncan UNIVERSITY REGISTRATION STATISTICS THE registration returns for November 1, 1911, of twenty-seven of the leading univer- sities of the country will be found tabulated below. Seven institutions exhibit a decrease in the total enrollment (including the summer session) this year, Chicago, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Texas and Yale, although in the case of Minnesota and Nebraska the apparent loss is due to a change of classification. The largest gains in terms of student units were registered by California (966), where the summer session showed an increase of 913 students, Columbia (527), Cornell (440) and viz., Total,” Total At- Deduct Summer os J, Guna [Adendane| cron [PSL | Seta |Taah Ss [a en T191t SEER FONE TacHeanseWalil isan 190 eal GI @alliformia ......::0.0--.-2-+ «- 4051 1964 6015 291 5724 4758 3751 | 3690 Chicago..... 2666 3248 5914 524 5390 5883 5114 | 4146 Columbia .. 5669 2973 8642 704 798 TALL 5675 | 4557 Cornell eesssesecectecessenesee 4889 1152 6041 432 5609 5169 4700 | 3488 Harvard (incl. Radcliffe)| 4724 787 5511 85 5426 5329 5342 | 6013 ilninorsaesweseseeeee ...| 4570 647 5217 288 4929 4659 4400 | 3239 Indiana.. 1350 1068 2418 264 2154 2132 2113 | 11438 NICE poanedeeedbsocnce 1772 309 2081 114 1967 1957 2356 1260 Johns Hopkins... 740 335 1075 18 1057 784 698 694 Kansas..........2-.- 2019 429 2448 183 2265 2246 2086 | 1319 Michigan .......... ..-| 4783 1194 5977 525 5452 5339 5188 | 3926 Minnesota. ...........-2.022-+ 4307 476 4783 235 4548? 4972 4607 | 3550 Miissouriisesiteececesoseese ee 2273 507 2780 184 2596 2678 2558 | 1540 INebraskascssccscssececosevecss 2474 403 2877 144 2733% 3661 3154 | 2513 New York ...... ...| 3688 490 4178 123 4055 3947 3951 | 2177 Northwestern... 3387 94 3481 43 3438 3543 3113 | 2740 Q@hio State) s:..-c-22----0c-c-- 3085 792 3877 310 3567 3181 2700 | 1710 Pennsylvania.. ...........+ 4718 682 5400 180 5220 5187 4555 | 2644 IBrInGetoniertes vesssseestoene: 1543 — 1543 — 15438 1451 1314 1484 Stanfordseesessccceseececees 1634 50 1684 36 1648 1648 1541 1370 Syracuse.............--..-----| 3183 225 3408 101 3307 3248 3204 | 2207 Mexawiyse sense cusicsces sc 1935 734 2669 130 2539 2597 1446 785 Mullaney eerscnenecceusesscoaces 1192 936 2128 88 2040 1985 1171 | 1037 Virginia 804 | 804 — 804 688 757 638 Western Reserve... UBB — 1331 — 1331 1274 1016 765 Wisconsin............... 3956 1536 5492 AT7 5015 4745 3876 | 3221 Waleiay i eeearese ese 3224 = 3224 _— 3224 3287 3466 | 2990 1In all faculties, excluding preparatory or tension department. ex- 2 These figures do not include the registration in the two branch schools of agriculture, nor in any of the short courses, some of which were included in the previous years. The actual attendance this fall is practically identical with that of 1910. 3 Certain classes of students counted in previous years must have been omitted in the total for 1911, since the institution reports a gain over last year. 22 Ohio State (386). Last year there were seven institutions that showed a gain of over three hundred students, California and Columbia being among the number. Omitting the summer session attendance, the largest gains have been made by Cornell (807), Ohio (282), Illinois (241), Columbia (223), Michigan (132), New York University (118) and Vir- ginia (116). It will thus be seen that this year only four institutions exhibit an in- crease of over two hundred students in the fall attendance, as against seven in 1910 and eleven in 1909. According to the figures for 1910, the twenty-seven universities included in the table ranked as follows: Columbia, Chicago, Michigan, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Cornell, Minnesota, California, Wisconsin, Illinois, New York University, Nebraska, Northwest- ern, Yale, Syracuse, Ohio State, Missouri, Texas, Kansas, Indiana, Tulane, Iowa, Stan- ford, Princeton, Western Reserve, Johns Hopkins, Virginia. Comparing this with the order for 1911, and leaving Minnesota and Nebraska out of consideration, we find that Columbia continues to maintain its long lead, that California has passed from the eighth to the second place, that Cornell has passed from the sixth to the third place, that Michigan and Harvard have each dropped down one place, Pennsylvania two places, and Chicago four, and that Wisconsin and Illinois have advanced a place owing to the change in the Minnesota figures. The balance of the institutions now rank in the following order: New York Uni- versity, Ohio State, Northwestern, Syracuse, Yale, Nebraska, Missouri, Texas, Kansas, Indiana, Tulane, Iowa, Stanford, Princeton, Western Reserve, Johns Hopkins, Virginia. California is the seventh and Wisconsin the eighth institution to pass the five thousand mark. Jf the summer session enrollment be omitted, the universities in the table rank in size as follows: Columbia, Cornell, Michigan, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Minnesota, California, Wisconsin, New York University, Northwestern, Yale, Syracuse, Ohio State, Chicago, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Texas, SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 Iowa, Stanford, Princeton, Indiana, Western Reserve, Tulane, Virginia and Johns Hopkins, the order of the first ten institutions last year on this basis being Columbia, Minnesota, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Harvard, Cornell, Illinois, California, Wisconsin, New York University. The detailed statistics by faculties will hereafter be given in the spring, in order that the final figures for the year may be provided instead of the preliminary registration only. The number of students entering in the sec- ond term at the larger institutions is growing constantly, and as a result the final enroll- ment frequently shows a considerable increase over that of November first. The changes in attendance, equipment, ete., will also be sub- mitted at that time. The fall enrollment at a number of promi- nent colleges (for men and for women) and schools of technology is given in the follow- ing table: Institution November 1 1911 1910 1904 Amherst eseccsscceseeecsesesseencnces 464} 502) 412 Brown (incl. graduate school)...| 933] 930] 988 Bryn Mawr (incl. graduate SCHOO!) \Recmetee ee seone cease 440| 409} 441 Dartmouth (incl. eng., med., grad., stud., and commerce)...| 1,385 | 1,229} 926 TEEN ETHIOI RE bs conooneenooggeoecoDgc00000000 164} 150] 146 TER NTA aovomponosaceegse9e07609009590000 599} 616] 609 Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology.......-... Senne oG6s008 1,506 | 1,561 Mount Holyoke.............. 743 | 674 JET coosccosanesoossobeccodsc 1,611 | 1,359 Suoit here eeeeeeeereceereseeee 1,618 | 1,067 Wellesley ..........--.ceeees08+ au 1,378 | 1,050 iWresleyamiersesteeeeceeeeecosccceetiass 365 | 305 Willliamssresctesencercenccceneececses 53831 541] 443 RupotFr Tomso, JR. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS Proressor Epwarp ©. Pickrrine, director of the Harvard College Observatory, has been elected president of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, to pre- side at the meeting to be held at Cleveland, Ohio, beginning on December 30, 1912. Proressor E. L. THornpike, of Teachers College, Columbia University, was elected JANUARY 5, 1912] president of the American Psychological As- sociation at the recent Washington meeting. CotoneL Wm. P. Gorcas has been elected president of the ninth Congress of American Physicians and Surgeons, which meets in Washington in May, 1913. Proressor H. L. Fatrcuip, of the Univer- sity of Rochester, has been elected president of the Geological Society of America. Tue following have been elected foreign members of the Royal Society: Dr. Johann Osear Backlund, of Pulkowa, imperial as- tronomer of Russia; Dr. Heinrich Ritter von Groth, professor of mineralogy in the Uni- versity of Munich; Heinrich Kayser, pro- fessor of physics in the University «° Bonn; M. Joseph Achille Le Bel, of Paris, the Uhem- ist, and Klement A. Timiriazeff, professor of botany in the University of Moscow. Lorp Cromer and the Hon. Lionel Walter Rothschild have been elected fellows of the Royal Society under the statute which em- powers the council once in every two years to recommend to the society for election not more than two persons who in their opinion have rendered conspicuous service to the cause of science. Dr. Cartos Finnay, of Havana, has been elected a corresponding member of the Paris Academy of Medicine. It is stated in Nature that Professor G. Elliot Smith, F.R.S., professor of anatomy in the University of Manchester, has been awarded by the Paris Anthropological So- ciety the Prix Fauvelle, of one thousand francs, for his researches in the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. Governor Dix has requested the resignation of Dr. Alva H. Doty as health officer of the Port of New York. Two weeks before a largely attended meeting of physicians of the New York Academy of Medicine, presided over by Dr. Abraham Jacobi, had passed reso- lutions requesting the reappointment of Dr. Doty, and referring to the admirable manner in which he had filled the position for the past sixteen years. SCIENCE 23 PROFESSOR VON WASSERMANN, the bacteriol- ogist, has been appointed honorary professor at Berlin. ProFessor ZIEMANN has resigned the charge of the public health service in Cameroon, Africa, on account of his health. EK. W. Rust, A.B. (Stanford), formerly at the Southern California Laboratory, has con- tracted with the Peruvian government for eighteen months as first assistant entomol- ogist. He arrived in Peru early in December. Mr. L. H. Worrtutey, assistant state for- ester of Massachusetts, in charge of the moth work, has accepted a position in the Bureau of Entomology. He will proceed to Europe to study the conditions on the continent. Mr. Froyp B. Jenks, assistant professor of agricultural education in the Massachusetts Agricultural College, has accepted an ap- pointment in the Bureau of Education. Proressor FINKLENBURG, of Bonn, has as- sumed the direction of the hydrotherapeutic institute, Berlin, as successor to Professor Strasburger. Nature states that the presentation of a testimonial to Mr. Henry Keeping on his re- tirement from the post of curator of the Geological Museum, Cambridge, took place in the Sedgwick Museum on Saturday. De- cember 2, when Professor T. McKenny Hughes handed him a purse subscribed by old friends and students in recognition of his long and valuable services. Mr. Keeping en- tered upon his duties as curator fifty years ago under Professor Sedgwick in the old Woodwardian Museum, where the geological department was located until its removal into the Sedgwick Museum in 1904. Proressor W. E. Castur, of Harvard Uni- versity, who has left Cambridge to visit a number of countries of South America, chiefly Peru, wishes to obtain certain rodents for ex- perimental work in genetics at the Bussey Institution. Part of the expenses of Professor Castle’s trip are borne by the Carnegie Insti- tution. He expects to return to Cambridge about February 1, although his trip may be prolonged until the first of March. 24 SCIENCE Himam Bineuam, professor of Latin-Ameri- ean history at Yale University, has returned from a six months’ journey of exploration in Peru. Tr is stated in The Condor that Mr. W. Leon Dawson spent a portion of the field sea- son in out-door work contributory to his pro- jected “ Birds of California.” The Farallone Islands and the Mount Whitney region were visited. Mr. W. Barerson, F.R.S., director of the John Innes Horticultural Institution at Merton, Surrey, has been appointed the next Herbert Spencer lecturer at Oxford. The subject of the lecture, which will be given on February 28, is “Biological Fact and the Structure of Society.” We learn from Nature that the dean of Westminster, with the full concurrence of the chapter, offered to the family to permit the interment of Sir Joseph Hooker’s ashes in the abbey, on the condition that his remains were previously cremated. ‘The family has felt ob- liged to decline the offer as it was Sir Joseph’s express wish that he should be buried by the side of his father at Kew. The funeral took place at Kew Parish Church on December 15. Mr. Witwiam THynne Lynn, formerly as- sistant in the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and the author of various contributions to as- tronomy, especially on its history, died on December 11, aged seventy-six years. Dr. Daviw Starr Jorpan, of Stanford Uni- versity, one of the vice-presidents of the first international eugenics congress to be held at the University of London from July 24 to 30, 1912, has accepted the presidency of the con- sultative committee for the United States. The officers of the congress hope that it will result in a far wider recognition of the neces- sity for an immediate and serious considera- tion of eugenic problems in all civilized coun- tries. The proof of this necessity must be based on the laws of heredity, on the history of the changes in racial characteristics in the past, and on what is known concerning the effect of all the many biological and social factors which tend either to improve or de- [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 teriorate the innate qualities of mankind. If this field should be covered in a wide and com- prehensive manner in the papers presented to the congress, including an adequate discus- sion of the general nature of the reforms, moral and legislative, necessary for insuring the progress of the race, the records of the proceedings would form a presentment of the ease for eugenic reform which would assuredly be of great value to both the legislator and the social reformer. To achieve such a re- sult should be the main object, rather than the attempt to make the congress an arena for the discussion of academic questions mainly of interest to scientific investigators. Tue Society for Biological Research of the University of Pittsburgh held the first of its special meetings for the year 1911-12 on De- ecember 14, at which time Dr. George Neil Stewart, professor of experimental medicine and director of the Cushing Laboratory at Western Reserve University, presented to the society the results of some of his recent work on the rate of the blood-flow in man. This plan of special lectures was inaugurated dur- ing the year 1910-11, by addresses on the “ Hypophysis,” by Dr. Harvey K. Cushing, of Johns Hopkins University, and on “ Habit,” by Dr. J. George Adami, of McGill Univer- sity. Tue President of Venezuela has issued a decree creating a National Bureau of Sani- tation. Under its auspices will be inaugu- rated an Institute of Hygiene, which will be composed of a laboratory of bacteriology and of parasitology, a veterinary department, and a central station of disinfection. The staff of the bureau will be composed of a director, a subdirector, a bacteriologist, an engineer, a biologist, a veterinary surgeon, an inspector general, two technical aids, a secretary and two laboratory assistants. Tur Boston Transcript states that a bill in- tended to give effect to the convention be- tween the United States, Great Britain, Japan and Russia for the preservation and protec- tion of the fur seals in the waters of the North Pacific Ocean will be considered by the house committee on foreign affairs very soon after JANUARY 5, 1912] congress reconvenes. The treaty was con- cluded here last July and the final exchanges of ratifications between the governments ended two weeks ago. It now remains neces- sary only for the required legislation to be enacted. The bill to put the terms of the treaty into effect declares that no citizen of the United States shall kill or capture fur seals in the Pacific Ocean or seas of Bering, Kamschatka, Okhotsk or Japan north of the thirteenth parallel of north latitude, or kill sea otter in any of the waters beyond three miles from the United States shore line. Further, it is recited that no citizen of the United States shall equip or aid in equipping vessels to be used in pelagic sealing in these waters; that the importation of fur seal skins taken in those waters be prohibited except such as have been taken under authority of the respective governments parties to the convention to which the breeding grounds belong. Heavy penalties are provided by the bill for viola- tions of its provisions. Tue value of the total mineral output of Alaska in 1911 is estimated at $20,370,000, compared with $16,883,678 in 1910. The gold output in 1911 is estimated to have a value of $17,150,000; that of 1910 was $16,126,749. It is estimated that the Alaska mines produced 22,900,000 pounds of copper in 1911, valued at about $2,830,000; in 1910 their output was 4,241,689 pounds, valued at $588,695. The silver production in 1911 is estimated to have a value of $220,000, compared with $85,236 for 1910. The value of all other mineral prod- ucts in 1911, including tin, marble, gypsum and coal, was about $170,000, an increase over that of 1910. By using the above estimates for the output of 1911, the total value of Alaska’s mineral production since 1880, when mining first began, is found to be, in round numbers, $206,600,000, of which $195,950,000 is represented by the value of the gold output. The total production of copper in Alaska ~ since 1901, when systematic mining of this metal began, is about 56,700,000 pounds, valued at about $8,170,000. Mr. N. Hottistsr, assistant curator of the division of mammals, U. 8. National Museum, SCIENCE 25 announces the discovery of four new animals from the Canadian Rockies, in a paper just published by the Smithsonian Institution. During last summer a small party of natural- ists from the Smithsonian Institution accom- panied the expedition of the Alpine Club of Canada, to the Mount Robson region, where they made the first natural history collection ever taken in that vicinity. The paper men- tioned above is the first publication issued by the institution on this expedition, although Mr. J. H. Riley, 2a member of the party, has written a description of two new species of birds discovered on the trip, which has re- cently been published in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington; both of the birds are of the sparrow family, one a song sparrow, and the other a fox sparrow. The natural history work of the expedition was under the charge of Mr. Hollister. He paid especial attention, however, to the mam- mals, four of which he describes, a chipmunk, a manteled ground-squirrel and two bats. All the specimens come from the neighborhood of Mount Robson, which lies in one of the wild and unexplored parts of British Columbia, at about 14,500 feet elevation. Tue Bureau of American Ethnology is preparing a new work which will form a “Handbook of Aboriginal Remains in the United States, and will have to do with the ancient abodes, camps, mounds, workshops, quarries, burial places, ete., of the Indian tribes. In connection with this work, Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge of the Bu- reau of American Ethnology, is sending let- ters of inquiry to all persons thought to have any knowledge of the subject of this under- taking, as well as to all institutions and socie- ties interested in American archeology and ethnology. The letter requests all informa- tion respecting the location, character and his- tory of the remains left by the Indians, or other indications of their former occupancy. In 1891 a catalogue of prehistoric works east of the Rocky Mountains was published, but that work is both out of date and out of print. It was compiled by Dr. Cyrus Thomas and 26 SCIENCE several collaborators. A large territory was covered in the first book and judging from the large map of the eastern United States, the parts of this country most densely populated by the aborigines must have been the basins of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers and the southern shores of the Great Lakes, although there are indications of many settlements on the Atlantic coast, especially in Florida. A large map showed all the locations, and smaller maps, of which there was one for each state, indicated the nature of each site by a special symbol. In the cartographic list, one found the meanings of the symbols readily; a single house drawn in outline represented a wooden lodge, while two houses represented a village; a grave was indicated by a special figure; a mound by the same figure reversed, and so on; enabling one, with a little study, to see at a glance exactly what was located at a certain point. It is not expected that the prospective work on Indian antiquities will be issued for many months. Following the precedent of the old report, the new one in completion, will show, to even a greater and more extensive end, all available information. It is proposed to classify the former Indian remains by states and counties, and to illustrate the pub- lication with maps, photographs and drawings. UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS Tue University of Edinburgh has received from the trustees of the estate of Mr. Robert Irvine the sum of £30,000, to establish a chair of bacteriology. Tue Cambridge council has voted the closing of the streets which cross the fifty acres of land fronting on the Charles River which the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy proposes to purchase. A New plan for the administration of the College of Agriculture, Cornell University, has been enacted by the university board of trus- tees to go into effect on January 1, 1912. The management of the college will be sub- ject to the general supervision and control of the full board of trustees, and the immediate [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 supervision, instead of being in the hands of the executive committee of the board, as now, will be entrusted to a special committee of eleven persons to be known as the Agricul- tural College council. Director Bailey has consented to remain at the head of the college long enough to put the new plan in substan- tial operation. Tue Annual Farmers’ Short Course at the University of Missouri will be given this year beginning January 8 and continuing through- out the week. It is planned to give six short courses on soils and farm crops, animal hus- bandry, farm management, dairy husbandry, horticulture and poultry husbandry. The class rooms and laboratories of the Agricul- tural College will be thrown open during this week to the farmers of Missouri. The entire teaching force of the college, consisting of more than forty men, will, by lecture and demonstration, give instruction in the subjects and will describe the experiments conducted by the Experiment Station. The state board of agriculture, cooperating with the college, has provided for the evening lectures. Presi- dent K. L. Butterfield, of Massachusetts; Dean H. L. Russell, of Wisconsin; Jos. E. Wing, of Ohio; A. N. Abbott, of Illinois; Herbert Krum, of Kentucky; Uriel W. Lam- kin, of Missouri, and many others will ad- dress the farmers. The annual Farmers’ banquet, given by the College of Agriculture and consisting largely of products grown on the college farm, will be given Friday night, January 12. The beef will be from an inter- national prize winner, the cream and butter from the Dairy Department and fruits and vegetables from the Department of Horticul- ture. Governor Herbert S. Hadley will be present during the week. Tue minister of education has laid before the Hungarian parliament a bill which pro- vides for the erection of two new universities in Hungary, in the cities of Pressburg and Debreczin. Proressor BE. G. Montcomery, of Nebraska University, has been appointed professor of JANUARY 5, 1912] farm crops in the College of Agriculture of Cornell University. Dr. H. Bassett, of the University of Liver- pool, has been appointed professor of chemis- try at University College, Reading. Dr. W. R. Boyce Gisson, lecturer in phi- losophy at the University of Liverpool, has been appointed professor of mental and moral philosophy at the University of Melbourne. DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE “ GENOTYPES,” “ BIOTYPES,” “ PURE LINES ” AND “ CLONES ” In a recent issue of Sctence* Dr. Jennings ealls attention to a double meaning which has been given to the word “ genotype” by several recent writers, myself among them, and points out the desirability of limiting the word to the meaning assigned to it by its originator, Dr. Johannsen. As one of the chief offenders, I wish to publicly repent my misuse of the term and to heartily join in the movement to limit the word “genotype” as used in the literature of genetics, to the fundamental hereditary con- stitution of an individual. The use of this word both for the hereditary constitution and for the group of individuals possessing an identical hereditary constitution, will lead to much confusion if continued. The word which Dr. Jennings says is much needed “for a concrete, visible group of or- ganisms ” “all with the same hereditary char- acteristics,” has been already supplied. In a symposium on the “Aspects of the Species Question” before the Botanical Society of America at Chicago, January 1, 1908, I pointed out*® the same need and expressed a hope that some one would “come forward with an acceptable short designation” for these “elementary forms” which had been classified by de Vries as “ elementary species ” and “varieties.” A few months later I dis- covered that my wish had been fulfilled before its utterance, by Dr. Johannsen, and his word “biotype” * was immediately adopted in my 1 Science, December 15, 1911. 2 Amer. Nat., XLII., 278, May, 1908. SCIENCE 27 paper on “The Composition of a Field of Maize” * and made a part of the title of my work on “Bursa bursa-pastoris and Bursa Heegeri: Biotypes and Hybrids.”*° In view of these facts there was no excuse for my use of the word “genotype” in a taxonomic sense. Dr. Jennings also calls attention to an im- portant misuse of the expression “ pure line,” and here I must again admit a certain amount of guilt, as I was probably the first to include under this term groups of individuals related through the process of budding or any other method of vegetative reproduction. In 1904 I wrote: By the ‘‘pure line’’ Johannsen means a series of individuals related only through the process of self-fertilization. On a priori grounds it seems proper to apply the term to every series of indi- viduals that do not combine elements of two or more ancestral lines through the equivalent of a sexual process. Thus, so far as hereditary quali- ties are concerned, there should be no reason to expect in a self-fertilizing population conditions different from those in a population related through budding or other method of vegetative reproduction, provided, of course, that the self- fertilizing population has not been so recently modified by a cross as to allow the analysis and recombination of characters derived from different ancestral lines. For this early departure from “the narrow path” I have in part atoned in my recent paper on the “Genotypes of Maize,”* by re- ferring to the vegetatively reproduced potato and paramecium as “clonal varieties,’ in contradistinction to the self-fertilizing “pure >This word was first proposed in 1905 in ‘¢ Arvelighedslerens Elementer,’’ the Danish fore- runner of ‘‘Elemente der exakten Erblichkeits- lehre,’’ and was first used in English at the Third International Conference on Genetics in 1906. (See Report Third International Conference on Genetics, p. 98, 1906.) * Report American Breeders’ Association, IV., 296-301, 1908. 5 Carnegie Institution of Washington Publica- tion No. 112, 1909. ° Torreya, V., 22, February, 1905. 7 Amer. Nat., XLV., 234-252, April, 1911. 28 SCIENCE lines” of beans, barley, etc.. I might equally well have called them simply “clones,” as “clonal varieties” and “clones” should have identical meaning. The word “clone” (Greek k\wy, a twig, spray, or slip) was proposed by Webber® for “groups of plants that are propagated by the use of any form of vegeta- tive parts, such as bulbs, tubers, cuttings, grafts, buds, etc., and which are simply parts of the same individual seedling.” I believe that no violence will be done by extending this term to include animals which are similarly propagated by any asexual method, and I suggest the general adoption of the word “clone” for all groups of individuals having identical genotypic character, and arising by asexual reproduction of any sort, including apogamy (7%. e., so-called “parthenogenesis ” unaccompanied by a reduction division). For the purposes of my discussion in 1904 the distinction between “pure lines” and “clones” was of no consequence, because the particular hereditary principle then under consideration was common to both. The same thing is no doubt true of many of the recent investigations of others, but it is well to re- member that there are certain fundamental differences between “pure lines” and “clones,” which render it very important to maintain the distinction between them. I will mention but two of these differences by way of ex- ample: (1) In the “clone” it is possible to retain as a permanent feature of the group any purely heterozygous character, as for in- stance the vigorous constitution dependent upon the stimulation of heterozygosis; such a phenomenon is impossible in the “ pure line.” (2) When clonal individuals reproduce sex- ually, either by self-fertilization or by crossing with other individuals, they need not, and usually do not, produce genotypically equal offspring, because the individuals of the *Scrmnce, XVIII., 501-503, October 16, 1903. For a discussion of the spelling of the word ““elone’’? see SCIENCE, XXII., 89, July 21, 1905. ®This restriction is necessary in order to avoid confusion through the appearance of bud-muta- tions. Such a mutation if propagated vegetatively represents the origin of a new clone. [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 “elone’’ are not necessarily homozygous, as the individuals of the “pure line” generally are. The “clones” of horticultural plants are notorious for the heterogeneity of their seed- ling offspring. The investigator of inter- mittently parthenogenetic organisms like aphids, rotifers and Hieracium, and of inter- mittently vegetatively produced organisms like paramecium and many plants, can not properly assume that their races are geno- typically pure in the sense that they are homozygous, while the worker with “pure lines” can make such assumption with small probability of error, in case his self-fertiliza- tions have been controlled with adequate care during a sufficiently large number of gen- erations. There is another prevalent misconception regarding “pure lines,” to which attention needs to be called. The word “pure” in this connection does not refer to the genotypic equality of the individuals, but only to the exclusion of all crossing as a source of geno- typie differentiation. In Dr. Harris’s criticism” of Roemer’s work with peas, he points out with very evi- dent satisfaction that two of Roemer’s popu- lations are historically traceable to individual selections and that they are therefore really “pure lines” (2. e., providing, of course, that those originally selected individuals were strictly homozygous, and that no chance cross- ing has taken place since). If no genotypic changes can take place within the “ pure line” all evolution is impossible in the large num- ber of forms which naturally maintain “pure lines” by obligate self-fertilization. The only point to be made in regard to this feature of Roemer’s results, is that, if his populations were really “pure lines,” the numerous dis- tinct biotypes he discovered by the “pure line” method in those populations, were the result of mutations which have taken place since the original selections were made. The oceurrence of such mutations does not affect in the least the value of the genotype theory, nor the importance of the “ pure line” method for the study of heredity. 0” Amer, Nat., XUV., 686-700, November, 1911. JANUARY 5, 1912] Definitions: Genotype, the fundamental hereditary con- stitution or combination of genes of an or- ganism. Biotype, a group of individuals possessing the same genotype. Pure line, a group of individuals traceable through solely self-fertilized lines to a single homozygous ancestor. Clone, a group of individuals of like geno- typic constitution, traceable through asexual reproductions to a single ancestral zygote, or else perpetually asexual. Gro. H. SHULL HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS IN THE RECENT EDI- TION OF THE ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA THE new edition of the Encyclopedia Brit- annica contains numerous articles which pur- port to deal with the history of various branches of mathematics. None of these have been written by specialists in this field and the articles bear abundant evidence of this fact. The history of mathematics may well ask of the editors of such an encyclopedia the same care in the selection of writers on these topics as that exercised in the Selection of writers in other fields, ably represented in general in the Britannica by the leading schol- ars of the world. In a recent issue of SctENcE (December 1, 1911) Professor G. A. Miller has called atten- tion to certain inaccuracies and errors, espe- cially with reference to the theory of numbers and of groups. It seems to me unfortunate, in view of the general worthlessness of the historical passages, that Professor Miller has incidentally chosen for criticism one of the few correct statements. The passage in ques- tion occurs on page 867 in volume XIX., in the article on “ Numerals” in which the writer states that our present decimal system is of Indian origin. Attention is rightly called by Professor Miller to the fact that the zero appeared in Babylon long before it ap- peared in India, although the writer on “ Nu- merals” seems to be unaware of this. How- ever, the date is not 1700 B.c., as Professor SCIENCE 29) Miller states, but more than a thousand years later. Photographic reproduction of Baby- lonian tablets containing the zero appear in F. X. Kugler’s “ Die babylonische Mond-rech- nung,” Freiburg i. Br., 1900, and these tablets date from the centuries just before the Chris- tian era. Furthermore, no historian of math- ematics has made the claim that modern arithmetic is derived from the Babylonian arithmetic, as Professor Miller implies, but there is general agreement that our arithmetic comes to us from the Hindus through the Arabie writer (ec. 825 s.p.) Mohammed ben Musa Al-Khowarizmi. This subject is fully discussed in “ The Hindu-Arabic Numerals,” Smith and Karpinski, Boston, 1911. The article on “The History of Mathe- matics,” Vol. XVII., pp. 882-883, is too brief to invite comment. The incorrect statement is made: “The medieval Arabians invented our system of numeration.” Reference is given only to the works of Cantor (“1st Bd.,” “9d Bd.” and “3d Bd.”!) and to W. W. R. Ball’s “A Short History of Mathematics,” London, 1888, and subsequent editions. The latter work is in no sense an authority on the subject. The articles on “ Algebra, History,” Vol. L., pp. 616-620, and “Geometry, History,” Vol. XI., pp. 675-677, contain so many inaccura- cies and so much misinformation that selec- tion becomes difficult. I will devote myself more particularly to the longer article on the history of algebra. Some ridiculous statements made by Peter Ramus in his algebra of 1560 are quoted. Thus Ramus says: “There was a certain learned mathematician who sent his algebra, written in the Syriac language, to Alexander the Great, and he named it almucabala, that is, the book of dark or mysterious things, which others would rather call the doctrine of algebra ... and by the Indians... it is called aljabra and alboret.” This nonsense, evident on its face, as almucabala and aljabra are Arabie words, is taken somewhat seriously by this writer in the Britannica. “The uncer- tain authority,” he says, “ of these statements, and the plausibility of the preceding explana- 30 tion, have caused philologists to accept the derivation from al and jabara.” The “pre- ceding explanation,” to which reference is made, is the correct one, viz., algebra from the first part of the title of Mohammed bea Musa’s work on the subject. Very evidently the writer has only second- hand information about the works of this great Arabic writer to whom the mathemat- ical world is indebted for its knowledge of the Hindu numerals and also for the first sys- tematic treatise on algebra. This is the more to be regretted, coming from Cambridge, since the unique copy of an early (twelfth century) Latin translation of Mohammed ben Musa Al-Khowarizmi’s arithmetic is in a Cam- bridge library and the unique copy of the Arabie algebra is in Oxford and was trans- lated into English in 1831 by F. Rosen. The arithmetic was published by Boncompagni, “Trattati d’Aritmetica,’ Rome, 1857. The writer in the Britannica regards the two as a single work and his comments on the indebt- edness to Greek and Hindu sources are, of course, worthless. Incorrect is the assertion that the thirteen books of Diophantus’s “ Arithmetica ” are not lost, but this statement, it is only fair to say, may be due to a misprint. Bhaskara, a Hindu mathematician of the twelfth century, made great advances over the algebraic work of Brahmagupta (seventh century), although the Britannica states the contrary. John Pell’s algebra of 1668 does not exist nor did he any- where present the solution of the so-called Pellian, x —ay°—1. Pell did in 1668 have in print, simply under his initials, some com- ments on Brouncker’s translation of Johann Heinrich Rahn’s “ Algebra.” To Simon Stevin of Bruges is ascribed the publication of “an arithmetic in 1585 and an algebra shortly afterwards.” Both were combined in one volume in 1585, as D. E. Smith shows in the “Rara Arithmetica,’ Boston, 1909, pp. 386-388. Stevin’s fame as the first writer to give an exposition of decimal fractions seems not to be known to this writer, for the state- ment that Stevin “ considerably simplified the notation for decimals” is wide of the mark. SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 Approaches to decimal fractions appeared be- fore Stevin, but no exposition and no notation for Stevin to simplify. The revival of the study of algebra in Christendom is incorrectly attributed to Leon- ard of Pisa (1202 a.p.). Robert of Chester, an Englishman living in Segovia, Spain, translated into Latin in 1145 a.p. the Arabic algebra of Mohammed ben Musa. Only a little later Gerard of Cremona treated the same work and about the same time Plato of Tivoli translated into Latin a work deal- ing with quadratic equations by Savasorda (twelfth century). The revival of mathe- matics in Christendom begins with these men and others who like them were occupying themselves with translations from the Arabic. The statement that the work of Leonard “ con- tains little that is original, and although the work created a great sensation when it was first published, the effect soon passed away and the book was practically forgotten,” is as false as it is ridiculous. Now this writer turns immediately to dis- euss Luca Paciuolo and then states: “‘ These works are the earliest printed books on mathe- matics.” How this glaring blunder “got by ” the editors is difficult to understand. Leon- ard of Pisa’s work was not in print until 1857, when Prince Baldassare Bonecompagni *pub- lished it and even Paciuolo’s “Summa de Arithmetica ” did not appear until 1494. The first printed arithmetic is probably that of Treviso, 1478. Between that time and 1494 many important works appeared. No less than three editions of Pietro Borghi’s arith- metic (1484, 1488 and 1491) and some six editions of the three different works on arith- metic by J. Widmann (1488, 1489, 1490, 1493), are included among these books. The AI- gorismus by John Halifax (Sacroboseo) ap- peared in two editions (1488 and 14902). Philip Calandri published in 1491 an arith- metic with illustrated problems and Francesco Pellos (Pellizzati) got out an arithmetic in the year that Columbus discovered America. Peurbach’s Algorismus (1492) and others could be added to this list. The transliteration of Arabic names is en- JANUARY 5, 1912] tirely original, as, for example, Tobit ben Korra for Thabit ben Qorra. The most amusing statement is, “ Fahri des al Karhi, who flourished about the beginning of the eleventh century, is the author of the most important Arabian work on algebra.” Now Al-Fakhri, or Fakhri, is, indeed, the title of an Arabic work on algebra by one Abu Bekr Mohammed ibn Al-husain AlI- Karkhi, or Al-Karkhi, for short. But the des seems, at first, unexplainable. The proba- bility is that the des is German and some chance reference in German to the Fakhri des Al-Karkhi, the Fakhri of Al-Karkhi, undoubt- edly accounts for this Farhi des Al Karhi. Equally bad from a mathematical point of view is the surprising statement that “the Arabs accomplished the general solution of numerical equations.” The shorter article by the same writer on “Geometry, History,” contains, of course, fewer errors. We must regard it as fortunate, in view of the errors I have shown and others not noted in the article on the history of algebra, that there is no article on the history of arithmetic. In pleasing contrast to these articles mentioned is the summary of the his- tory of trigonometry by E. W. Hobson. The one man best qualified to write a sum- mary of the history of algebra and also of geometry is undoubtedly Sir Thomas L. Heath, sometime fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Even in 1910 the Cambridge University Press published a second edi- tion of Heath’s “ Diophantus” and in 1908, Heath’s “The Thirteen Books of Euclid’s Elements,” in three volumes. We may well express our surprise that the fame of Sir Thomas Heath should not be known to his Alma Mater, which stands sponsor for the encyclopedia, and that his aid was not sought for the history of mathematics in the Brit- annica. L. C. Karpinsxt ANN ARBOR, MICH. DEVASTATION OF FORESTS IN THE WHITE MOUNTAINS To those who have supposed that the Weeks bill for the preservation of the Appalachian SCIENCE 31 forests has settled a long-debated question, and that the advocates of the measure may now take a rest, secure in the belief that its execution is in the hands of a scientific man, armed both with authority and with knowl- edge, the article by Winthrop Packard in the Boston Transcript for October 7, 1911, stating the results of his exploration of the White Mountain region during the past summer will be a distinct shock. “Tumbering,” says Mr. Packard, “used to be a winter job, but there is no let-up in the rush now on to get the last spruce off the high levels of the White Mountains.” The Weeks bill “is still about to work. But meanwhile the only part of it which is really working is the joker . . . which makes it indefinitely in- operative.” An “innocent little paragraph in the Weeks bill says, in effect, that the head of the United States Geological Survey shall decide what areas are to be reserved along the head waters of the navigable rivers.” “ Meanwhile, whether it affects the naviga- tion of the Connecticut, the Androscoggin, the Saco and the Merrimac or not, the last of the good black growth of spruce, fir and hem- lock is rapidly coming off the higher slopes of the Presidential Range and the lesser ranges that surround it.” “The best of the beautiful primeval forest is still above the high-water mark of this cut- ting, but it will take only a winter or two to encompass its downfall, and the investigations of the Geological Survey may probably be depended upon to hold the Weeks bill by the throat for that length of time, if not forever. “The largest body of spruce left within sight of Mount Washington is that which lies at the head of the Rocky Branch Valley, between the Montalban Range on the west, the Rocky Branch Ridge on the east and Boott’s Spur. . . . Here are some square miles of splendid black growth. .. . It is a virgin for- est which one might suppose would last be- cause of its inaccessibility. It is walled in by mountains on three sides and is sixteen miles up a tremendously rough valley from the south. This valley is drained by a tributary 32 SCIENCE of the Saco, a stream so capricious and boul- der-strewn that it would be an impossibility to drive logs down it. But spruce and hem- lock are exceedingly valuable nowadays, and, morever, that Weeks bill threatens—or would threaten if it were not for that little joker— to prevent the slaughter of trees so near Mount Washington. So a lumber railroad has been driven with great energy up to the very center of this last refuge of the forest primeval.” In the Crawford Notch the cutting has been carried as far up as the Frankenstein Trestle. “The whole easterly slope of the Franconia Range and the valleys among the foothills of this range have been denuded. Indeed, from the summit of Lafayette almost all that the eye can see of the lower and western part of the Pemigewasset Valley has been swept clean and left a leafless, brown desert of slash. So from Carrigan Summit it shows on the southerly slopes of Bemis, Anderson, Lowell and Nancy.” It is evident from the above that the cutting of the forest is progressing at an unprece- dented rate, and this, not merely on the lower and more gentle slopes where there is a possi- bility that the growth of spruce may be re- newed, but also on the upper and steeper in- clines where the forest, when once removed, is gone, if not forever, still at least until the next Ice Age wipes out the relics of human folly, renews the mantle of drift, and restores, after the recession of the ice, those climatic conditions which make the initiation of ever- green forests possible in such situations. At the conference of governors, called by President Roosevelt to consider the conserva- tion of our natural resources, after reciting the axiom: “The great natural resources sup- ply the material basis upon which our civiliza- tion must continue to depend and upon which the perpetuity of the nation itself rests,” the conference made the following unanimous declaration: “We agree, in the light of the facts brought to our knowledge and from information re- ceived from sources which we can not doubt, that this material basis is threatened with [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 exhaustion. Even as each succeeding genera- tion from the birth of the nation has per- formed its part in promoting the progress and. development of the republic, so do we in this generation recognize it as a high duty to per- form our part; and this duty in large degree lies in the adoption of measures for the con- servation of the natural wealth of the coun- try.” It was further declared that “this con- servation of our natural resources is a subject of transcendent importance, which should en- gage unuremittingly the attention of the na- tion, the states and the people in earnest cooperation.” All of this is matter for consideration in the light of science. As abstract questions, these declarations received universal acquiescence; but diversity of opinion arises in their appli- cation, and here we enter upon a sphere of action where science and politics must com- bine. Distasteful as it may be to men of science to enter into the sphere of politics, the lesson which the laborers have been slowly learning, that the needs of industry receive no attention until pushed to the center of the political arena, must apparently be taken home by science also. One of the declarations of the governors reads: “ That sources of national wealth exist for the benefit of the people, and that mon- opoly thereof should not be tolerated.” Here this honorable body touches the crux of the whole matter. As soon as remedial legislation is attempted. the forees of monopoly show themselves to be stronger than science, stronger than governors or presidents. In fact, there is only one power that is greater—that of the people. Whenever the nation becomes so thoroughly aroused that its people act together as one man, monopoly will be overthrown. Until that time arrives, there is need for science to continue a cam- paign of education and to continue it wnre- mittingly as the governors advise. After the first flush of enthusiasm has cooled, look for reaction and apparent back track to make way for the next wave of ad- vance. The need of a new movement is JANUARY 5, 1912] already immanent. Though the campaign of education may flag, the exploiters of the na- tion’s resources, who act without regard to ultimate consequences and for self-interest only, anxious lest their special privileges may be curtailed, are not letting the grass grow under their feet. It becomes necessary for men of science to reiterate the fundamental facts, which they can do in the present instance with the cer- tainty that scientific prognostications anent the passing of the forest and its resulting woes can not be made too loud or too often. The American Association for the Advancement of Science, whose memorial in 18738 was one of the beginnings of the present conservation movement, could not do a better thing than to present at its coming session another memorial to Congress, recounting the lessons which the engineers have been learning. Professor Willis L. Moore, in his report as Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1909-10 (p. 18) says: “ After an elaborate research into all available data, the Weather Bureau, in company with many eminent engineers, concludes that on the principal rivers the floods are not higher or longer continued or the low water lower than forty years ago, while other persons hold to the opposite.” Nothing whatever is said as to changes in forestation of the river-basins investigated during the forty years, a point on which Pro- fessor Swain has commented in his review* of another work by the same author. In the more thickly settled parts of the country, de- forestation was already far advanced forty years ago. Attention to earlier records shows a very different condition. Mr. Joseph B. Walker, writing in 1872, said that “the rapid destruction of the forests ” of New Hampshire was then “ painfully apparent everywhere”; and in 1891 the same author said: “The volumes of our streams are less +<“The Influence of Forests on Climate and on Floods,’’ a review of Professor Willis L. Moore’s report, by George F. Swain, LL.D., professor of eivil engineering, Harvard University, American Forestry, Vol. 16, pp. 224-240, April, 1910. SCIENCE 33 equable than formerly. In summer they are greatly reduced. Many brooks whose flow was once perennial are no longer to be found for one half of the year. This fact is due to the total or partial denudation of the land from which they flow. So serious an evil had this become, some thirty or forty years ago, that the manufacturing companies upon the lower part of the Merrimac were forced to con- struct vast storage reservoirs, at great expense, which can be drawn upon as water is wanted. Winnepesaukee Lake and Long Pond are two of these. Total denudation at the source of our streams would convert them into destruc- tive torrents in spring and their channels into dry ditches for the rest of the year.” The last is of course an inference, but one that is not improbable. Similar occurrences have taken place in central New York. “ With the clearing away of the forests and the burning of the forest floor came a failure of canal supply that neces- sitated the building of costly dams and reser- yoirs to replace the natural ones which the fire and axe had destroyed. The Mohawk River, which for years had fed the Erie Canal at Rome, failed to yield any longer a sufficient supply, whereupon the Black River was tapped at Forestport, and its whole volume at that point diverted southward to assist the Mo- hawk in its work.” The reports of the super- intendent of public works in New York State, thirty or more years back, reiterate the pro- gressive failure of the water supply and ap- peal for the protection of the forests. We hear less of these complaints to-day simply because the railroads are in full control and many of the early canals are abandoned. But the time will surely come when this policy will be recognized as a mistake. B. E. Fernow, in a paper on the “ Relation of Forests to Water Supplies,” writing in 1892,’ cites the earlier changes in the Schuy]l- kill River: “ During the last sixty or sixty- five years,” he says, “this river has shown a marked diminution in its minimum flow. In 2 Bulletin No. 7, Forestry Division, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, 1893, p. 165. 34 SCIENCE 1816 this flow was estimated at 500,000,000 gallons per day; in 1825 at 440,000,000; in 1867 at 400,000,000, and in 1874 at 245,000,- 000. In regard to this a commission of engi- neers say in their report in 1875: This re- markable decrease, not being accompanied by any great change in the rainfall, is no doubt largely due to the destruction of the forests in the drainage area, whereby the conservative action of the woodland has been lost, and the rainfall is permitted to descend rapidly to the bed and pass off in a succession of freshets.” The same bulletin (pp. 23-122) contains an elaborate “Review of Forest Meteorological Observations,” by Professor Mark W. Har- rington, who treats the data obtained at a considerable number of German stations by an original system of curves, bringing out the fact that the forest is cooler than the neigh- boring open country by several degrees. Being cooler, the dew-point is reached more quickly in the forest, when atmospheric conditions favor rain. The forest has (1) larger evapo- ration from widespread leafy surfaces and moist shaded soil, (2) cooler atmosphere from the local evaporation and (3) greater precipi- tation. Effects (1) and (8) so nearly com- pensate that there is hardly any difference in the total run-off from a given area, whether forested or not, but a great difference in the distribution of the flow in its annual fluc- tuation. The forest question is not a meteorological problem, but one of soils, erosion and drainage. In France enormous sums of money are being expended in a toilsome effort to undo the mis- takes of the past and to reforest the steep slopes. It seems strange that “eminent engi- neers ” should not be aware of these facts, and that our country must repeat all of these un- happy blunders of older nations without profit- ing by their experience. The French writer, Belgrand, quoted by Professor Swain, touches the heart of the matter when he says: “ The forests diminish very notably the volume of earthy matter transported by the streams, because they pre- vent the erosion of the earth, and it must be [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 recognized that the impoverishment of the earth is much more to be deplored than the disasters caused by floods.” In the report of the chief of engineers, U.S. Army, for 1891 (p. 1107), Major Charles W. Raymond says: “The destruction of for- ests from the mountain crests and slopes of a watershed is undoubtedly the principal cause of the increase of the average magnitude of floods. The evidence collected during the last twenty-five years establishing this conclu- sion is well nigh overwhelming, and it is verified by repeated observations, not only in the mountains of Europe, but also in our own land”; and he refers to Colonel Torrelli, who “affirms as the result of careful observations that four fifths of the precipitation in forests is absorbed by the soil or detained by the surface of the ground to be gradually given up in springs and gentle rills, and only one fifth of the precipitation is delivered to the rivers rapidly enough to create floods. Upon the same slopes and surfaces denuded of their forests, the proportions are reversed. ... That the destruction of the forests in mountainous watersheds is followed by disastrous floods where previously such floods were unknown is not a matter of theory, opinion or probability, but it is a well-established physical fact.” “Tn France, Italy, Germany and Austria the systematic planting of mountain slopes as a means of restoring lost fertility and pre- venting the inundations following the de- struction of forests, is an established fact fol- lowed by results more satisfactory than the most sanguine anticipations.” The attempt to divert attention from the problem of the forest on the plea that it in- volves unsolved meteorological questions is an obscuring of the real question which concerns the soil. Governmental authority has been invoked ostensibly on account of increased difficulties and dangers to navigation of the rivers through neglect of their forest sources. Such perturbations of the streams do un- doubtedly result from deforestation of the mountain slopes, but of far greater impor- tance is the injury to the soil. The soil of JANUARY 5, 1912] our native land should be even more sacred than its waters, and if necessary the constitu- tion should be amended to enable the Congress to pass laws protecting the soil as well as the waters of our common heritage. Frank W. VERY WESTWOOD, MASs., November 25, 1911 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS Characteristics of Haisting Glaciers. By Wii™ Hersert Hosss. New York, The Maemillan Company. 1911. Pp. ix+ 301. The author tells us that the book consists of three articles, more or less amplified, which he has contributed to scientific magazines. This explains the general character of the book, which is divided into three parts; the first deals principally with glacial erosion; the second with the ice masses of the Arctics and the third with those of the Antarctics. The subject is treated in regard to some of its larger aspects, such as geographical distribu- tion, the general forms and the meteorological relations of the ice masses. The physical character of the ice which controls its move- ments, the relation of reservoir to dissipator, the formation of moraines and many other de- tails are absent, as might be expected from what has been said above. On the other hand, far more space is given to the question of erosion and to meteorological conditions than is usual in books about glaciers. In the first part, the subject of glacial ero- sion, both at the bottom of the valley and in the cirque wall, is considered. Here, for the first time, accounts of Matthes’s theory of nivation and Willard D. Johnson’s theory of bergschrund sapping are given to the general public. The author rejects Richter’s idea of sapping just above the level of the névé, be- cause it would produce a broad shelf, which has not been discovered; but he accepts John- son’s theory, though this method would also produce a shelf at a level only 150 or 200 feet lower. He has, however, presented convinc- ing evidence to show that the cirque is en- larged by sapping and that the forms with which we are familiar in glaciated mountains SCIENCE 35 are the result of the extension of cirques by glacier erosion. There are many ways of classifying glaciers, according to the characteristics one desires to emphasize. The author classifies glaciers in accordance with the amount of alimenta- tion, and brings out some interesting relation- ships of the different forms; but it seems that, in this matter, he has not put sufficient em- phasis upon underlying topography. The accounts of the Arctics and the Ant- areties are particularly interesting; the au- thor has evidently studied the reports of all the explorers and has brought them together in a very readable form and in such a way as to give an excellent general survey of those distant regions. He insists that there are very marked fundamental differences between the character of alimentation in the polar re- gions and in temperate zones. In the latter, the precipitation is due to moist winds being raised to cold altitudes by the mountains themselves and then precipitating their mois- ture in the form of snow. In the polar regions Professor Hobbs thinks that there are no sur- face air currents blowing across the great ice masses from the adjacent seas. It has been made out that over Greenland and over the Antarctics there are great regions of high barometer; and the reports of explorers show that they almost invariably encountered winds blowing off the surface of the ice, and when these winds attained a fair strength they car- ried with them many fine particles of snow which were swept along for considerable dis- tances. These outward air currents Professor Hobbs ascribes to the cooling and consequently increased density of the air by contact with the cold surfaces, followed by the air sliding off the great ice cap in all directions. This, of course, requires that the return currents should flow in at a higher altitude, and sink down upon the ice from above. These cur- rents, which bring but little moisture, are heated dynamically as they sink, melting and evaporating whatever ice spicules they may be carrying, and the vapor is again frozen as it approaches the ice surface. In this way he accounts for the falling snows under clear 36 SCIENCE skies, which have been described by Arctic ex- plorers. In the Arctics there is always a fringe around the ice masses where the win- ter’s snow is ‘all melted during the summer. In the Antarctics this is not the case, as the snow line extends quite to the sea level. The discussion of the various forms of ice masses and the formation and appearance of icebergs is most interesting. Glacialists will find much to interest them in this book and also many explanations with which they will not agree. For instance, the author thinks that the alimentation of the Arctic ice occurs largely at its borders and is due to the snow being driven off the ice cap by the wind and piling up, around the edges, forming a con- vex surface, like a sand dune; it is hard to reconcile this with retreating glaciation. Also, the figure on page 139 would hardly have been inserted if the author had carefully considered the lines of flow of glacier ice. The book is profusely illustrated and the il- lustrations elucidate the text; every one of them is referred to and they make the descrip- tions very vivid without the use of too many words. The reproduction, on the same scale, of plans of a number of glaciers, in plate 11, and Fig. 134, is very instructive. The numer- ous references at the end of every chapter will be very acceptable to those who desire to con- sult the original articles. Harry Firipine Rem Fortschritte der Mineralogie, Kristallographie und Petrographie, herausgegeben im Auf- trag der Deutschen Mineralogischen Gesell- schaft, von Dr. G. Linck, Jena. Gustay Fischer, Jena, 1911. Pp. 290. The German Mineralogical Society has undertaken to publish annually a report of progress in various fields of investigation re- lated to mineralogy. This interesting first yolume gives promise of a successful series. Dr. Linck is editor in virtue of his office as secretary of the society; the authors of the papers are specialists in their various fields and the presentation is intended to be popu- lar. The varied subject matter shows how wide is the field to be covered. ‘There are [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 twelve reports as follows. H. Baumhauer (Freiburg) treats of the Law of Complica- tion and the Development of Orystal Faces in Complex Zones, accepting and elaborating Goldschmidt’s work (17 pp.); O. Miigge (G6ttingen), On the Twin Structures of Crystals (80 pp.), and F. Becke (Vienna), On the Formation of Twin Crystals (18 pp.), dis- cuss very fully modern points of view as to definition and development of twinning; A. hitzel (Jena) treats of the recent literature on Velocity of Crystal Growth and Solution (13 pp.). Under the heading Mineralogy, R. Mare (Jena) summarizes the literature on the Phase Rule and its Application to Mineralog- ical Questions (30 pp.); R. Brauns (Bonn) deals with the Causes of the Color of Faintly Colored Minerals and the Effect of Radium Rays upon the Color (12 pp.); A. Bergeat (K6nigsberg), reviewing the Genetic Inter- pretation of the North- and Middle Swedish Tron-ore Deposits in Recent Literature (18 pp.), shows the modern tendency towards re- garding them as of magmatic origin; A. Sechwantke (Marburg) gives a descriptive list of new minerals which have been described since 1898, arranged alphabetically without references to literature (20 pp.). Under the heading Petrography, F. Rinne (Leipzig), on Saltpetrography and Metallography in the Service of the Study of Eruptive Rocks (37 pp.), shows the bearing of such physico-chem- ical investigations as those of van’t Hoff on the Stassfurt salt deposits upon the interpre- tation of processes of crystallization in igneous magmas; EF. Becke (Vienna), in Advances in the Province of Metamorphism (386 pp.), re- views 87 papers which have dealt with this subject in the past three years. Under Meteorites, F. Berwerth (Vienna), Advances in the Knowledge of Meteorites since 1900 (28 pp.), gives a complete bibliography of 394 entries, covering what has appeared on meteor- ites since the publication of Wiilfing’s book, together with critical reviews of many papers. Lastly H. E. Boeke (Halle) gives a brief ac- count of the work of van’t Hoff, especially as it bears upon mineralogy and geology. JANUARY 5, 1912] The book is sent free to members of the so- ciety and is also on sale through dealers. C. PALACHE Nature Sketches in Temperate America. By JosmpH Lane Hancock. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. 1911. Pp. xvii 451, 12 col. pls., 215 figs. The preface of this attractive book says that it is a “popular exposition of the facts gleaned from nature” which often presents the subject “from the artistic or esthetic point of view. This method does not sacrifice truth, which is the religion of science, but mitigates it, bringing about a wider reading cirele. . .. More consideration is given to in- sects than to other groups of animals” and “the relation of animals and plants to their natural surroundings has been kept constantly in mind.” The bearing of the subject matter on the theory of evolution is also considered in some detail. Chapter 1 is devoted to “ Evolution and Natural Selection.” It gives a brief but com- plete discussion of the most generally ac- cepted ideas concerning evolution and hered- ity with a few notes concerning their bearing on the subjects under consideration. Chapter 2 takes up “ Adaptations in Plants and Ani- mals, with Examples” and presents some in- teresting cases of particular adaptations— such as: how the milkweed profits by the visits of its insect guests; bird flowers; and the seasonal procession of flowers, insects and birds. Chapter 3 begins with a brief discus- sion of the theories of protective resemblance; the tree toad is next described, and the writer then takes up the walking-stick and various other insects and insect larve that are pro- teeted by their form, color or behavior. Chap- ter 4 is devoted to mimicry, and after dis- cussing Bates’s, Miiller’s and other theories, describes the monarch and viceroy butterflies, a bumble-bee and a robber-fly, and flower-fre- quenting flies. Chapter 5 takes up Wallace’s theory of warning colors and then passes to a consideration of several bright colored lepi- doptera and lepidopterous larve. Under the title ‘“ Animal Behavior, with Examples,” SCIENCE 37 Chapter 6 is opened with a brief statement of the author’s ideas on instinct and intelligence and a table showing the distribution of sense organs in insects; then follow brief descrip- tions of the habits of many insects, spiders and birds. Chapter 7 is devoted to “ General Observations and Sketches Afield.” It con- siders: the formulation of problems, origin by adaptation in nature, ponds, brooks, meadows, the bumble-bees’ night camp, ete. The title of Chapter 8 is “ Ecology—lInterpre- tation of Environment as Exemplified in the Orthoptera.” In it are discussed the sources of life after glaciation, habitats of plants and animals, zoogeography, nature’s reclamation of sterile ground, and various things concern- ing a number of Orthoptera. The last chap- ter consists of two parts: (1) a “ classified list of habits of various species of Orthoptera based on their egg-laying sites, to show their relation to plant formations in general” (which follows the classifications used by some plant ecologists) and (2) “ definitions of common environmental complexes, grouped under formations,’ in which seventy-six terms (including ocean, sea, lake, pond, pool, stagnant water, snow, alkali, sterile and man’s houses) are defined. The book contains many interesting de- scriptions of the habits of animals. Among the best of these the parts of chapters on the habits of the walking-stick, the castle-build- ing spider, the golden Sphex as the grass- hopper’s enemy and the habits of the green meadow grasshopper, may be mentioned. An excellent picture is presented of the life of the animals discussed. ‘The colored plates are ex- cellent, and the same is true of many of the photographic plate illustrations, but some of the latter are so dark that they fail to show the points they are intended to demonstrate. Hancock presents the theories of natural se- lection, mimicry and warning coloration in a rather dogmatic fashion and follows them with examples which have not always been indubitably proven to have been brought about in the way he intimates. A reader un- familiar with the field might easily believe that these dogmas had never been disputed, 38 for the theories and examples are presented with little comment and the writer is “ satis- fied to let the reader draw his own conclu- sions.” With what Hancock gives, the reader would doubtless conclude that everything was readily explained by the theories presented— though by this method the theories have the advantage of being clearly and definitely formulated. The reader is rather disap- pointed when he finds that the hundred-page chapter headed “ Ecology—Interpretation of Environment as Exemplified in the Orthop- tera” consists mostly of short descriptions of the habits of grasshoppers, and he looks in vain for the “ interpretation.” The general reader will probably be con- fused where such terms as lores, calamus, rachis, vanes, barbs, barbules (p. 46) and luna (p. 60) are introduced without explanation. There is frequent and somewhat monotonous allusion to a “plate photographic illustra- tion” which is often several pages from the reference. The reader would have been saved much time by a page reference. At the top of page 384 reference is made to a plate that ap- peared in the American Naturalist in 1905 but does not appear in the book! Among other loose and careless statements, such as are likely to appear in any first edition, the following may be mentioned: Humming birds are said to occur “in the tropics” and they are found only in America (p. 43). On pages 73 and 75 “this species” is discussed when no species has been mentioned; on page 86 the pronoun “them” refers to “substance.” The following sentence occurs on page 299: “The cherries were luciously ripe, and after eating a few, one is apt to feel a dislike for their pungent flavor.” “Geophilous” is used to designate animals that feed on the surface of the ground (p. 356), and one wonders how an animal like the earthworm, that eats dirt, would be classified. These defi- nitions are given (pp. 482 and 433): “ Desert: Vast sandy tracts of land, appearing in west- ern United States, where evaporation exceeds rainfall. . . . Man’s Houses: Country and City Houses; (a) basement; (b) upper floor.” SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 888 Rana catesbiana appears on page 300 as R. catisbiana and on the plate facing this page as R. catisbiant. It is difficult to understand the writer’s meaning when (p. 356), after stating that short-winged acridians are less numerous in treeless, arid districts than in humid, forested regions and that most flight- less species of locusts are plant-feeding as distinguished from ground-feeding, he says: “My own conclusions . . . is simply this: that it is a question of food supply and nutri- tion derived therefrom. In the case of short- winged forms, they are due to under-develop- ment as the result of scant food.” A. S. PEARSE SPECIAL ARTICLES ON POWERS OF TEN For expressing numerically the widely varying magnitudes occurring in scientific work, two methods are in common use. Both are adequate and accurate, but results ex- pressed by means of one are much more easily grasped and remembered than with the other. The more convenient method appears to be gaining in use. The present paper is written with the idea that this desirable change may be accelerated if the advantages of the method are stated, and thus presented to those who have hitherto not given the matter special attention. The simplest way of writing a number is, of course, to write it out in Arabic notation. But this, in general, involves the presence of numerous ciphers, which the reader must count in order to learn what the number is. There is, therefore, a gain if the writer counts the ciphers for him and records the number obtained. Hence the familiar system, where a number is given as the product of (1) a series of significant digits, and (2) ten, with an exponent (e. g., the velocity of light is 3X 10” em. per sec.). This system has still one great disadvan- tage: it calls in each case for the reading of two numbers, and thus greatly increases the strain on both the attention and the memory. And this difficulty is multiplied when the JANUARY 5, 1912] quantity expressed is less than unity, as it is about half the time. For then the exponent is negative, and the two numbers affect the resultant magnitude in opposite ways. For instance, suppose a galvanometer which requires 38 < 10° amperes to give unit deflec- tions: how will its sensitiveness compare with that of one for which both indicating numbers are numerically larger, say, 8.0X10° am- peres? The larger significant figure, 8.0, indicates a larger current, and therefore less sensitiveness, but the exponent, 9, though also larger, indicates greater sensitiveness. Really, the second is about four times as sensitive as the first, but this fact is far from evident on a first reading; yet this is a very simple case. If a reader should see an account of one of these instruments on a Friday, and of the other on, say, the next Wednesday, it would require unusually careful reading indeed to leave him with any definite idea of the rela- tive sensitiveness. The difficulty of this system can also be well stated as follows: When a number of magnitudes, say diameters of small rods, is stated, sometimes in centimeters and some- times in millimeters, it is evident that a good deal of unnecessary difficulty results, which can be avoided by sticking to one unit or the other. Now, between a millimeter and a centimeter there is the same difference as between any two consecutive powers of ten. An unrestricted system of notation by powers of ten, therefore, amounts practically to an unnecessary multiplication of the number of working units. The remedy is obvious—to diminish the number of units. This is realized in the other system, which proceeds by steps of 1,000, instead of 10. A further gain is sometimes secured by using prefixes instead of exponents to indicate the working units, since the com- bination of a word and a number is preferable to two numbers, each of which interferes with the apprehension of the other, and even more with its recollection. This system is perhaps seen at its best in the field of electricity, where, besides the units, ampere, ohm, volt, SCIENCE 39 ete., the milliampere, millivolt, microampere, microvolt, kilowatt, megohm, etc., are in com- mon use, and have almost completely displaced the reckoning by powers of ten. The advan- tages of the system have been made available in stating galvanometer sensitiveness by the scheme proposed by Ayrton. The sensitive- ness is simply put equal to the deflection pro- duced by a unit current, usually the micro- ampere. According to this scheme, the sensi- tiveness of one of the galvyanometers men- tioned above is 125, of the other, 33. Here the difficulty of remembering or comparing the two quantities would seem to be reduced to the minimum. And this illustration gives a fair idea of the value of the general method. Under it, but one thing claims attention: a single number, which need never exceed 3 digits unless the accuracy attained calls for a larger number of significant figures. Such a number is relatively easy to comprehend and to remember. The unit needs almost no at- tention, since all magnitudes between which a comparison is likely to be desirable will be expressed either in the same unit, or else in units so far apart that no confusion will occur. This choice of units is, of course, the essen- tial part of the method, and it, of course, can be realized under the form of the notation by powers of ten by those to whom that form seems desirable. All that is necessary is that those powers of ten shall be chosen which are also powers of 1,000, so that the use of 107, 10°, 10°, 10’, 10°, ete., is to be discontinued. But the use of the prefixes to denote the units seems decidedly preferable. The electrician who should be advised to abandon his micro- volts and milliamperes, and go back to “ volts 10°,” ete. would scarcely be profoundly impressed with the value of the advice. A, few special points seem worth noticing in this connection. A single prefix to denote 10° seems de- sirable. Until it appears, 10° amperes (for instance) should of course be ealled a mil- limicroampere. of course, means a millionth of a millionth, or 10%, and is illogical when used for 10°, besides “ Micro-micro,” 40 SCIENCE being less euphonious than the other. But it may be too late to stop the illogical use of py for the millimicron (mp) in the domain of opties. | There will undoubtedly be a tendency, as reckoning by powers of 1,000 comes more into use, for work in each particular line to be always expressed in the same derived unit. Here the advantage of a,common unit more than compensates for the fact that in some particular cases the unit is not quite the most convenient. For instance, workers with ther- moelements have generally found it advan- tageous to work in microvolts, and to keep to this unit even when the number of microvolts is over 10,000, that is, more than 10 millivolts. In case of doubt between two units, it is probably better to use the smaller. For this diminishes the use of fractions, and also gives records more likely to be concordant with fu- ture work, since the increase of accuracy as time goes on increases the advantage of the lower unit. In no class of quantities is more to be gained by reckoning by powers of 1,000 than with coefficients of expansion, and temperature and pressure coefficients generally. If these quantities were always tabulated in thou- sandths or millionths, instead of with a vari- able number of zeros, according to the fancy or convenience of the tabulator, a very much larger number of them would actually lie in the memory of the average working experi- menter than are now to be found there. Yet these quantities, and some others, being pure numbers, have no special name, and therefore nothing to which the prefixes, milli-, micro-, ete., can be attached. They may legitimately be designated as “ parts per mille,” “ parts per million,” ete., but these expressions are rather awkward, particularly when the whole expres- sion is “parts per mille per degree,” or some- thing like that. It would be convenient to use the fractional prefixes alone as nouns in such eases, milli meaning one part per thou- sand, and micro, one part per million. There is certainly considerable reason to wish that some leader, or committee, having sufficient LN. S. Von. XXXV. No. 888 authority, would authorize the use in this way of these terms (or something better). They have these advantages: They are brief; they would harmonize with the terms used for other physical quantities; they would tend to extend the use of powers of 1,000. For instance, at present, most observers, working to an accu- racy of (say) 10 parts per million, would pre- fer to state it as one part per 100,000, while with the word “micro” in use the almost universal expression would be 10 micros. And the use of powers of 1,000 is quite as desirable in stating errors, etc., as in most other cases. The use of fractional or multiple prefixes also sounds a little strange in those cases where, in order to adhere strictly to the O.G.S. system, the centimeter is used as the unit of all linear measurements. The real difficulty here, however, does not lie in the prefixes, but in the fact that two different fundamental units, the meter and centimeter, are in use, and that most physicists are probably more used to measuring small lengths in millimeters and microns. This difficulty would not be in- creased by the use of the term millicentimeter and microcentimeter, which are of course the logical terms to use if the centimeter is to become the practical unit of all lengths. It also seems logical to use the centimeter only where such other C.G.S. units as the absolute electrostatic and electromagnetic units would be used, and to use the millimeter and micron in eases corresponding to those where the ampere, ohm and volt would be considered appropriate. In any case, it may be well to repeat, the main and essential advantage of the newer system that is coming into use is in the re- striction of notation to powers of ten which are also powers of 1,000. And this restriction can profitably be adopted whatever may be thought or done regarding the other points mentioned in this paper. W. P. WHITE GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY, CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON, WASHINGTON, D. C., November 1, 1911 SCIENCE NEw SERIES FRIDAY, JANUARY 25 191 9 SINGLE COPIEs, 15 CTs. VoL. XXXY. No. 889 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION $5 00 OUTLINES OF APPLIED OPTICS A BOOK DEALING WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF SENSIBILITY AND PRECISION By DR. P. G. NUTTING. U. S. Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS Theory of Image Formation. Design and Testing of ©ptical Systems. Image Forming Instruments. Refractometry. The Eye and Vision. Colorimetry. Illumination. Photometry and Spectrophotometry. Radiometry and Spectroradiometry. Polarimetric Analysis. Plate Grain and Sensitometry. Interferometry. This work aims to bridge the existing wide gap between pure and applied optics. Methods and principles of measurement and design are emphasized, the necessary data and theory being given. It is full of valuable suggestions which lead to the attainment of better results in practice, and will prove a rich source of ready information. It covers a heretofore much neglected field in a very novel and interesting manner. Contains 73 illustrations drawn especially for the purpose. Octavo. Upwards of 300 pages. Nearly ready. Further particulars will be sent to any address upon application. P. BLAKISTON’S SON & CO., Publishers 1012 WALNUT STREET PHILADELPHIA i SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS ‘*A Noble Vision of the Meaning of History”’ BOOKS BY PROFESSOR CARL HEINRICH CORNILL THE PROPHETS OF ISRAEL. Popular Sketches from Old THE RISE OF THE PEOPLE OFISRAEL. In “ Epitomes Testameut History. Translated by 8. F. Corkran. $1.00 of Three Sciences: Comparative Philology, Psychology, net. Paper, 30 cents. and Old Testament History.”” H.H.Oldenberg, J. Jastrow, THE HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL. From the CH. Cornill. Cloth, 50cents net. (2s.6d.) Earliest Times to the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Ro- Musi IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. Paper, 25 cents. mans. Translated by W.H.Carruth. Cloth, $1.50. (78.6d.). JUsIC pe ! ARTICLES BY CORNILL he Education of Children in Ancient Israel. Monist. The Psalms in Universal Literature. Open Court® : Vol. XIII., p. 1. Vol. XII., No. 507, p. 440. The New Bible and the Old. Monist. Vol. X., p. 441. Scienceand Theology. OpenCourt. Vol. XI.,No.488, p.35. The Polychrome Bible. Monist. Vol. X., p.1. The sonz ofSongs. Open Court. Vol. XII.,No.505,p. 371 [* PROFESSOR CORNILL we have one of the most scholarly professors of Old Testament Theology, and at the same time &@ man of unusual devotion and Christian piety. Among the higher critics he is recognized asa leader, and having at- tained his results almost in spite of his own preferences, presents them with great delicacy and with unusual sympathy for the traditional interpretation. «‘ An accomplished and conscientious’scholar, and offa truly religious spirit.”—7he Outlook. “Tt is good that the church should take an interest in the past and especially good when the present is so full of press: ing questions and living issues. There have been times when the church has been prone to live too much on the past but those were not times when the significance of that part was most clearly Terarane ; it was not the living past to which intelligent homage was paid but a dead past petrified into hard dogmas that were worshiped. In our own time it is from the men of ‘science’ even more than from the theologians that the message concerning the meaning of the past has been expressed with greatest force. It is possible for us all now to take a large, comprehensive view of great world-movements.” —PROFESSOR W. G. JORDAN, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, in the Biblical World. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO., 623 SOUTH WABASH AVE., CHICAGO, ILL. Publishers and Importers of Standard Books on Philosophy, Science, and the History of Religions, Classical and Modern. Founded in 1887 by Edward C. Hegeler for the purpose of establishing religion upon a scientific basis. 8END FOR COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope By HENRY EDWARD CRAMPTON, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology, Columbia University Cloth, 12mo, pp. ix+311. Price, $1.50 net, by mail, $1.62 ‘¢The work is an effort to explain in simple language and within as brief a com- pass as possible the doctrine of evolution and to give as much evidence as is possible without going into a mass of detail. . - . Nowhere will be found within the same space a better exposition of evolution historically and scientifically. The author is fair enough to explain what others think on the subject and there are no polemics in the book. . . . As to some of the larger questions involved, such as the origin of matter and life, the subject of immortality or the whole of the subject of deism, the author says little and argues not at all, but merely expresses his own views. . . . As compared with German works on this subject, the present volume reads like a novel. Itisso full of life and illustration, so kindly as well as scientific, that it is certain to stimulate many readers who hitherto have either ignored, feared or hated the subject.’’-—The Book News Monthly. Columbia University Press LEMCKE & BUECHNER, Agents 30-32 West 27th Street NEW YORK SCIENCE eee Frmway, JANUARY 12, 1912 CONTENTS The American Association for the Advance- ment of Science :— Aerial Engineering: PRoressor A. Law- REN OM MOL CHalweedenietp ace neler) stetetehsictelToiar-icle 41 The Independence of the Culture of the American Indian: PROFESSOR ROLAND B. IDOCONT EW Goes acacia o bp oeds oO col ced lene 46 The Percentage of Women Teachers in State Colleges and Universities: PROFESSOR C. IE EDA NDS CHING ateyaietaici stele) sleleisteicere shee ens 55 Scientific Notes and News ................ 57 University and Educational News .......... 60 Discussion and Correspondence :— What is Biolegy and What is a Biological Survey? PROFESSOR FRANCIS RAMALEY. Physical Laboratory Instruction: CHESTER A. Burman. The Meetings of Affiliated Societies: PRorEssor A. M. REESE ...... 60 Quotations :— The British Insurance Act .............. 62 Scientific Books :— Ross’s The Changing Chinese, Oriental and Western Cultures in China: PROFESSOR LESTER F. Warp. Herrick on the Natural History of the American Lobster: Dr. PuHin. B. HapuEy. King’s Farmers of Forty Centuries: Proressor T. C. CHAM- BIORIAUNG icy hie ret ovarcheveccte chen hevetniensiecetecrte reteset nse 64 Scientific Journals and Articles ............ 13 Wheat Rusts and Sun Spots: Proressor C. SURG A GIR CPC ai ay corset ti luwefeb ai ods cele dees cial 74 Special Articles :— Tier-like Arrangement of the Elements of Certain Woods: SamurL J. Recorp. A Sclerotinia on Apple: J. B. DEMAREE ....:. 15 The American Society of Naturalists: Dr. CHARLES R. STOCKARD .................- 78 The Washington Meeting of the American Chemical Society: PRoressor C. L. PARSONS 79 The American Phytopathological Society: Dr. C. L. SHEAR MSS. intended for publication and books, etc., intended tor review should be sent to the Editor of SciENcE, Garrison-on~ Hudson, N, Y, THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AERIAL ENGINEERING? THE attention of the section was directed to aeronautics as long ago as 1886, when my distinguished predecessor, Octave Chanute, in his address at Buffalo, men- tioned the possibilities of aerial navigation, a subject which entirely absorbed his later years and which he lived to see completely realized. Again in 1904, Professor C. M. Woodward devoted a portion of his vice- presidential address at Philadelphia to a consideration of the navigation of the air, which at that time had been accomplished with dirigible balloons. Papers on aero- nautical subjects, or relating thereto, have been presented in increasing numbers to the section, reaching a maximum of eleven in 1909. Last year, the writer, as chair- man of the section, made a special effort to secure such papers through a preliminary circular, thus worded: The rapid advance in the navigation of the air during the past year has attracted serious atten- tion to scientific aeronautics. The construction of dirigible balloons and flying machines is essen- tially a mechanical problem and as such merits consideration by this section, especially since no engineering society has yet taken this action. Accordingly papers are invited relating to aero- dynamics and other branches of aeronautics and also discussing possible courses of instruction in colleges and technical schools. As a result ten papers were presented and an aeronautical curriculum was for the first time discussed here. The subject of this address, ‘‘ Aerial 1 Address of the vice-president and chairman of Section D—Mechanical Science and Engineering. Washington, 1911. 42 Engineering,’’ suggests a new field for the profession, analogous to marine engineer- ing and which may in the future prove al- most as important. So long as the spherical balloon was the sole method of rising in the air, the technical questions involved be- longed to physics and chemistry rather than to engineering, but with the advent of the dirigible balloon and the aeroplane, the mechanical engineer was called upon to provide the lightest possible motive- power and to design the framework of the balloon and the supporting surface of the aeroplane to sustain the greatest stresses with the least weight. The determination of the meteorological conditions at different heights and places and under all weather conditions belongs to the meteorologist and his observations originally made in the interest of pure sci- ence now become of practical value. The necessity of knowing the conditions which may be encountered by air-craft in their voyages through space of three dimensions will ultimately lead to the construction of flying charts at different levels but Otherwise similar to the sailing charts for the ocean. A beginning has already been made by the writer, who has pub- lished a series of twenty-four charts based on material collected by the Blue Hill Observatory in the United States and over the Atlantic Ocean. Since in the air as on the earth it is not the average, but the individual thing, which happens, an attempt is made to specialize for the time of day and season and also to show the sequence of wind-changes aloft which ac- company different barometric conditions at the ground. A knowledge of the wind, which varies with both place and level and depends upon the meteorological situation, has a far greater importance for the air- man than for the navigator, whose vessel rests on a dense and relatively stationary SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 889 medium. In general, the velocity of the wind increases with height and its direction becomes more constant, but the observa- tions at Blue Hill seem to indicate that the gusts of wind, while increasing with the average velocity, decrease as we rise in the free air and are greatest near the ground in northwest winds, where they may be double the average speed. In experiments there by Mr. 8. P. Fergusson, as many as ten pulsations per second were recorded by the most sensitive anemometers on a wide time-sheet. The uprush of air under cumu- lus clouds, which are especially strong when they become cumulo-nimbus or thunder-clouds, are dangerous to all air- eraft that depend on dynamic equilibrium, as are the eddies termed by aviators “‘holes in the air,’’ which are produced by super- posed currents having different velocities or directions. It is possible for an aero- plane to fall when traveling with the wind if the gust greatly outstrips the mean ve- locity of the current that carries the aero- plane, which our experiments show to be a frequent occurrence, because its relative motion through the air, due to its motor, and therefore the upward component which furnishes support, is decreased by the in- ertia of the flying-machine preventing it from responding to the sudden impulse. The same thing may happen when going against the wind if a sudden lull occur, and if the aeroplane pass abruptly up or down into another air stratum of different velocity. Such local currents and atmo- spheric eddies, which have long been known to meteorologists from the behavior of their kites and balloons, will now be studied wm situ and with danger by the aviator. Some of these disturbances may be counteracted by automatic control of equilibrium, but generally by increasing the speed and size of the machine and so rendering it less susceptible to the influence of those per- JANUARY 12, 1912] turbations of the atmosphere which are of limited extent and duration. To-day the most needed improvements in aeroplanes are stability in wind-eddies and safety in landing. The meteorological phenomena causing these difficulties are discussed here at some length because their solution belongs to mechanical science and therefore merits the attention of our best engineers. There is an erroneous idea that the aeroplane has been developed without lab- oratory experiments and that a study of the theory of flight, and hence the science of aviation, does not require theoretical knowledge of the different factors which influence it. The pioneers in aviation, Lilienthal, Maxim, Langley and _ the Wrights, experimented in the laboratory with surfaces exposed in wind-tunnels and on whirling-tables, and the best shapes for balloon-envelopes to present the minimum resistance to propulsion were also obtained from models. Theoretical knowledge based on experiments is indispensable to the aeronautical engineer as distinguished from the aviator. Only on such a founda- tion can we build up the new science of aeronautics and a-technology which is in- dispensable for the development of this new branch of engineering. M. Eiffel, the distinguished engineer, in describing the results of his recent work in aerodynamics says: It must be admitted that the experiments in the laboratory with small models can furnish data useful to aeronautical constructors, saving them both money and time in experimenting, For a series of laboratory experiments made on model . aeroplanes, or on wings of small size, which can be quickly and surely modified, gives the basis for later computation, either for the section of the different members depending on the strength of the material used, or for the conditions of equilib- rium and stability, having regard to the calculated or assumed weight for each member. The same thing applies to a model of a screw-propeller SCIENCE balloon, La France. 43 which tried under proper conditions may give in- formation about the action of the actual propeller. The experiments with full-sized aeroplanes are almost always disturbed by wind, which introduces very large causes of error, and the trials being made necessarily with new apparatus of uncertain operation are generally dangerous. On the other hand, laboratory experiments can be conducted at any time and under different conditions and their results enable the knowledge of the engineer to replace the inspiration of the constructor, which in new fields may sometimes lead to fortunate dis- coveries, but may also give rise to costly mistakes. The establishment of aerodynamical lab- oratories, therefore, marks the entrance of aeronautics into the domain of engineer- ing. Probably the first of these was or- ganized by Captain, later Colonel, Charles Renard at the Central Establishment for Military Aeronautics at Chalais-Meudon, near Paris, about 1884. Here important investigations on light motors and the re- sistance of bodies of different shapes to mo- tion through the air were conducted, which resulted in the first successful dirigible Experiments upon lifting screw-propellers, with a view to aviation, followed, and Colonel Renard carried on similar work until 1903, when he was succeeded by other officers and the name of the laboratory changed. Important experiments on the resistance of the air to falling bodies were made be- tween 1903 and 1906 by the eminent con- structor of the Eiffel Tower there and later at his laboratory provided with a large wind-chamber on the Champs de Mars. Of great importance are the determination of the relations between the velocity and pres- sure of the air on a normal plane and upon plane and other surfaces at varying angles of incidence, the distribution of the pres- sure over the surface and the tests of aero- plane-wings. The results of the experi- ments have been published in two large volumes with the detail and elegance char- acteristic of M. Hiffel. 44 Another experimental establishment of wider scope has recently been created in France through the generosity of a patron of aeronautics, M. Deutsch de la Meurthe. This is the Aerotechnical Institute of the University of Paris, lo- eated at Saint Cyr, near the Bue aero- drome and the Satory camp, the center of military aeronautics in France. It is planned to study all theoretical and prac- tical problems of aviation and aerostation relative to the support of bodies in the air, both at rest and in motion. The institute is primarily a testing establishment where constructors and experimenters may bring aeroplanes, or their parts, to be tested by the best devices at actual cost; and secon- darily it is an institution where aerody- namics is studied in theory and in practise by experts for the government and some of the results are published as an aid to the science. The invested capital is $100,000 and an additional annual income of $3,000 is provided by M. Deutsch. The director of the institute is Professor Maurain, who has an advisory committee composed of eminent French scientific and aeronautical experts, including representatives of the University of Paris and the Aero-Club of France and government officials. An earlier laboratory of the same nature in Russia was the Aerodynamic Institute of Koutchino, founded in 1904 by M. Ria- boutchinski in connection with the Univer- sity of Moscow. Its object is to investigate problems of pure and applied aerodynam- ics, general aeronautics and meteorology and three volumes containing results of the valuable investigations have been published. The initial cost of the plant was about $77,000 and the proprietor further donates some $27,000 a year for the researches. An aerodynamical laboratory was es- tablished at Gottingen, Germany, in 1908, SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 889 through the initiative of the Society for the Study of Motor Air-ships, aided by the Gottingen Technical Association, the gov- ernment and the Krupp gun-firm, the lab- oratory receiving in the aggregate more than $7,000 a year. Professor Prandtl, who also holds the chair of aeronautics in the University of Gottingen, is director of the laboratory, and has as advisers Ger- mans prominent in physics and engineer- ing. In Austria there are at least two pri- vate experimental laboratories. The National Physical Laboratory at Bushy Park, near London, now has an aerodynamical department with an ad- visory board composed of men eminent in different branches of science, Lord Ray- leigh being the chairman, who are ap- pointed by the prime minister. The ex- perimental apparatus for investigating general questions in aerodynamics includes a wind-tunnel, a whirling-table, two wind- towers for experiments in the natural wind, a motor-plant and arrangements for testing the permeability of balloon and aeroplane fabrics and the strength of light alloys for construction. A report of the advisory committee for 1909-10 has been published as a government blue book. There is a well-equipped laboratory in Italy for the military aeronauts and in other European countries similar estab- lishments exist, the work of which is not disclosed. From this rapid survey of the principal scientific establishments for the study of aeronautics in Europe, it will be seen that they may be divided into two classes: first, those privately endowed laboratories, which are either personal or connected with some institution but whose object is the advancement of the science and prac- tise of aeronautics; and second, those sup- ported by the government for military JANUARY 12, 1912] purposes, but which may publish data of value to constructors and students. Instruction in aeronautics is now given in many foreign technical schools and uni- versities, the best known course of study being under Professor Prandtl at the Uni- versity of Gottingen, in connection with the laboratory already mentioned. M. Basil Zaharon, a wealthy Greek residing in Paris, has endowed a chair of aero- nautics at the Sorbonne with a fund of $140,000, so that France will soon rival Germany in facilities for training students in this science. The United States is almost absolutely lacking to-day in aeronautical laboratories and technical instruction, for the brilliant researches in the past of Langley, Zahm and Nipher have not been followed by sim- ilar work since the flying machine was real- ized. Our government maintains no aero- dynamic laboratory and few of our tech- nical schools or colleges possess apparatus for this purpose, while none offer regular instruction though some investigations have been made by advanced students. The instruction in flying by the so-called avia- tion schools is, of course, unworthy of consideration, since the best of these only teach the aviator to operate and repair his machine as the automobile school does the chauffeur. It appears likely that the demand for collegiate instruction from young men wishing to enter aerial engineering as a profession will soon require the establish- ment of regular courses of study based on the European curriculum, at the comple- tion of which a degree or certificate of proficiency shall be given, ranking with that conferred in other professional courses. It seems to the writer that aerial engineering can best be taught in institu- tions that now possess departments of mechanical engineering and naval archi- SCIENCE 45 tecture, for the preliminary training would be the same as that now given in these studies and the specialization would consist in the substitution of air for water as the navigable medium. The installation of laboratories having powerful blowers con- nected with large wind-tunnels, or equipped with whirling-tables in a large enclosed space, is, of course, essential. The board of governors of the Aero Club of America have requested the committee on aerodynamics to consider the most feas- ible method of organizing and maintain- ing an aeronautical laboratory in this coun- try. This committee, of which the writer is a member, through its chairman, Dr. A. F. Zahm, has made a preliminary report containing the following suggestions. The fact that the United States Signal Corps and the Bureau of Navigation of the Navy Department will probably establish such laboratories for their officers, should not prevent the creation of a civil aeronautical institution similar to those already de- seribed in England, Germany and Russia. If the English precedent is followed, and the laboratory be maintained by the gov- ernment, it could properly be attached to the Bureau of Standards, but if privately endowed, like those on the continent of Kurope, it might become an adjunct of the Smithsonian Institution, and this would be the more appropriate because the institu- tion through its late secretary has already undertaken extensive aerodynamical re- searches and still possesses workshops and a special library. Two years ago our chairman, Professor G. F. Swain, in speaking of engineering as a profession, remarked that aeronautics was a peculiarly appropriate field for this section to occupy, because it had not been taken up to a considerable extent by the engineering societies. This is still true to- day and the object of this address is to 46 SCIENCE convince the members of this section and of our engineering societies of the impor- tance of establishing aeronautical labora- tories and courses of instruction in aerial engineering in America, in order to keep pace with their rapid development in Europe. The fundamental researches of our late associates, Langley, the physicist, and Chanute, the engineer, which first demonstrated the principles of dynamic flight, should be an incentive to further scientific work in this country towards its perfection. A. LAWRENCE RoTcu BuiuEe Hitt METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY, HypE PARK, Mass. THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE CULTURE OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN? IF one considers for a moment a map of the world, the two American continents are seen to possess one obvious characteristic in which the other great land masses do not share—isolation. From the time of the discovery America has been known as the new world, and indeed the name seems well deserved. Europe, Africa and Asia to- gether with Australia and most of the islands of the Pacific form a closely con- nected and nearly continuous area. With- in its limits races have come and gone, civilizations and cultures have risen and passed away, but each has been to some extent directly or indirectly influenced by others, and strong cultures have made their effects felt, albeit but faintly sometimes, to the furthest limits of this old world. Proceed, Acad. N. Sc. Phil., 1893, p. 461. [N. 8S. Vou. XXXV. No. 889 THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NATURALISTS THE twenty-ninth annual meeting of the Amer- ican Society of Naturalists was held in Guyot Hall of Princeton University on December 28. The eastern and central branches of the Amer- ican Society of Zoologists so arranged their pro- gram that members were enabled to attend the Naturalists’ meeting. Many members of the Association of Anatomists, which also met at Princeton, attended the program. Although the Botanical Society met elsewhere, a number of botanists were present. It may fairly be said, judging from the attendance of the sessions, that the Naturalists’ Symposium was the central fea- ture of the entire Princeton meetings. The Anatomists, Zoologists and Naturalists had a joint smoker at the Princeton Inn on Wednesday evening. The Naturalists’ dinner was given on Thursday evening at the Princeton Inn. More than one hundred persons were present, this being the largest attendance for a number of years. After the dinner the president, Professor H. S. Jennings, delivered his address on ‘‘ Heredity and Person- ality.’’ This splendid address was most enthusi- astically received and has been published in the December 29th number of SCIENCE. The scientific program of the meeting was given on Thursday, both forenoon and afternoon. The forenoon meeting was devoted to a discus- sion of ‘‘The Relation of the Experimental Study of Genetics to the Problems of Evolution.’’ The following papers were presented: BE. G. Conklin (Princeton University): The Problems of Evolution and the Ways they may be best Attacked. C. B. Davenport (Carnegie Institution): Light thrown by the Experimental Study of Heredity upon the Factors and Methods of Evolution. W. Johannsen (University of Copenhagen) : Modern Exact Genetics in relation to the Problems of Evolution. H. F. Osborn (American Museum of Natural History): Unit Characters, Continuity and Discon- tinuity, as observed by the Paleontologist. H. L. Clark (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University): Pure Lines and Phylogeny. At the afternoon session papers on Genetics were read as follows: B. M. Davis (University of Pennsylvania): Further Hybrids of Mnothera biennis and O. JANUARY 12, 1912] grandiflora that resemble O. lamarckiana (with demonstrations). W. Johannsen (University of Copenhagen): Some Mutations in Pure Lines of Beans. G. H. Shull (Carnegie Institution): New Place Effects and the Genotype Concept. R. Pearl (Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion): On the Mechanism of Inheritance of Fe- cundity in the Domestic Fowl. T. H. Morgan (Columbia University): Associa- tive and Mendelian Inheritance. BE. B. Wilson (Columbia University): Some Problems of Cytology in relation to the Study of Genetics. D. H. Tennent (Bryn Mawr College): The Correlation between Chromosomes and Particular Characters Exhibited in Hybrid Echinoid Larve. H. D. Goodale (Carnegie Institution): Castra- tion in relation to Secondary Sexual Characters in Brown Leghorns. R. K. Nabours (Kansas State Agricultural Col- lege): Inheritance in the Grous Locust (with dem- onstrations). H. J. Webber (Cornell University): The In- heritance of Characters in Peppers. All of the papers read before the Society will appear in series in the forthcoming numbers of The American Naturalist. The following were elected to membership in the Naturalists: Alice M. Boring, University of Maine; H. L. Clark, Harvard University; C. D. Congdon, Cornell Medical School; H. K. Hayes, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station; E. P. Humbert, New Mexico Agricultural Experi- ment Station; F. Payne, University of Indiana; H. D. Senior, New York University and Bellevue Medical College; L. H. Smith, University of Illi- nois; L. R. Waldron, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. The following officers were elected for 1912: President—Professor E. G. Conklin, Princeton University. Vice-president—Professor R. G. Harrison, Yale University. Secretary—Professor A. L. Treadwell, Vassar College. Treasurer—Professor W. E. Kellicott, Goucher College. Additional Members of the Executive Committee —Professor B. M. Davis, University of Pennsyl- vyania; Professor H. E. Jordan, University of Wargmia. Cuas. R. STOCKARD, Secretary 1911 SCIENCE 1 THE WASHINGTON MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY AGAIN the American Chemical Society has held the largest meeting in its history, 658 members and guests registering in Washington, and prob- ably 700 were present. The meeting opened on Wednesday, December 27, with a joint meeting of the Section on Chem- ical Education and the Division of Physical and Inorganie Chemistry, at which the following four papers were given: A. A. Noyes (chairman) : Physical Chemistry. W. D. Bancroft: Introductory Course. H. C. Jones: The Introduction of Physical Chemical Conceptions in the Harly Stages of the Teaching of General Chemistry. J. Howard Mathews: Some Applications of Color Photography in the Teaching of Physical Chemistry (illustrated). In the afternoon the address of Vice-president Frankforter, of Section C, entitled ‘‘The Resins and their Chemical Relations to the Terpenes,’’ was delivered before a large audience and was followed by an address by Chairman H. P. Talbot on the subject ‘‘ Privileges and Responsibilities of the Chemical Analyst.’’ Following Dr. Talbot, Dr. A. L. Voge, of the Library of Congress, read a paper on ‘‘Ostwald’s Proposed International Institute of Chemistry.’’ Throughout the week the society’s Divisions of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Biological Chemistry, Industrial Chemists and Chemical En- gineers, Fertilizer Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Physical and Inorganic Chemistry and the Chemistry of India Rubber, held meetings in rooms especially assigned to them. Some 500 were present at the ‘‘smoker’’ on Wednesday evening, which was fully up to. the standard of the well-known smokers of the Chem- ical Society. On Thursday evening Alexander Smith, presi- dent of the society, delivered his presidential address, entitled ‘‘An Early Physical Chemist,’’ and was followed by an interesting lecture by Frank B. Kenrick and H. E. Howe, consisting chiefly of illustrations by means of the lantern of the effect of temperature, pressure, concentration, surface tension, osmotic pressure, etc., on reac- tions in heterogeneous systems. A feature of the divisional meetings was the The Teaching of Physical Chemistry in the 80 SCIENCE Symposium on Mineral Wastes and their Conserva- tion, held before the Division of Industrial Chem- ists'‘and: Chemical Engineers on Friday. The fol- lowing papers were presented and the discussion was' ‘prolonged ‘throughout the day: J. A. Holmes: Carbon Waste. W. H. Bassett: (a) Zine Losses in Brass Manu- facture; (b) Need of Special Alloys for Special Uses.’ W. R. Whitney: New Uses to Reduce Abuses in Conservation. A. V. Bleininger: Wastes in the Ceramic In- dustry. A. D. Little: The Abuse of Brand. F. K. Cameron: Waste and Conservation of Potash and ‘Phosphoric Acid. F.\G. Cottrell: Sulphur Fumes and Flue Dust. Charles L. Parsons: Miscellaneous Mineral Wastes. | This program, together with the papers given, will be featured in the March Journal of Indus- trial-and Engineering Chemistry. The Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry held a Symposium on Drug Assaying on Friday morn- ing and on Friday afternoon a joint meeting of the Society of Biological Chemists was held with the biological chemists of the American Chemical Society, The secretary’s report showed an increase of members of over five hundred for the year, the society’s membership standing on December 1 at 5,603. During the year the society spent over $55,000 on its journals, returning to each paid member in actual cost of publications more than 100 per cent. of his dues. At the meeting of the council on Tuesday after- noon and evening the Biological Section of the society was authorized to form a Biochemical Division, electing its own officers, and two new local sections were formed; one at Detroit and one at New Haven. Interesting reports were received from the Com- mittee on Standard Methods of Analysis and from the Committee on Patent and Related Legislation. It was voted to donate the library of the Amer- ican Chemical Society to the New York Chemists’ Club on condition that members of the Society have ready access thereto. The question of the time of the annual meetings of the society was vigorously discussed, many members favoring a change from the winter season to Easter week, and a committee was appointed to take this into consideration and report to the council. [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 889 The election of the following officers was an- nounced for 1912: A. D. Little, President; C. L. Parsons, Secre- tary; A. P. Hallock, Treasurer; W. A. Noyes, Editor of the Journal of the American Chemical Society; A. M. Patterson, Editor of Chemical Abstracts; M. C. Whitaker, Editor of the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry; E. G. Love and Alexander Smith, Directors for two years; S. W. Parr, W. H. Walker, W. L. Miller and W. D. Bigelow, Councilors-at-Large for three years; C. H. Herty, Councilor-at-Large to fill the unexpired term of A. D. Little; E. G. Love, G. C. Stone and A. E. Hill, Finance Committee; Wm. MeMurtrie, C. L. Parsons and B. EK. Curry, Mem- bership Committee. Over two hundred and fifty papers were pre- sented at the meeting, abstracts of many of which will appear shortly in SCIENCE. CHARLES L. PARSONS, Secretary THE AMERICAN PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY THE third annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Society was held in Washington, D. C., December 27-29, 1911, in affiliation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science. A program of fifty-one papers was presented. Joint sessions with Section G and also with the Botanical Society of America were held. The present membership is about 240. The report of the business manager of Phytopathology, the official organ of the society, showed a small bal- ance to the credit of the journal after all the expenses for the first volume had been paid. The present editorial staff and business manager of the journal were continued for the coming year. The following are the officers for 1912: President—G. P. Clinton, Agricultural Experi- ment Station, New Haven, Conn. Vice-president—F. C. Stewart, New York Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. Secretary-Treasurer—C. L. Shear, U. 8. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Councilors—W. A. Orton, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; Erwin F. Smith, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; A. D. Selby (ea officio), Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio; L. R. Jones (ex officio), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. C. L. SHEAR, Secretary SCIENCE 8 SINGLE COPIES, 15 CTs. eat. XXXV. No. 890 FRIDAY, JANUARY 19, 1912 ANNUAL SUBSCEIPTION, $5 00 E. & A.’s Analytical Balance No. 2088 The most popular analytical balance sensitive to 1-10 milligram, on the market, for industrial and college work. Aluminum short beam carries 100 gramsin each pan ; agate knife edges and~ bearings, extra wide bowsand pans to take a 4-inch dish ; improved arrest for pans with automatic stop, in fine mahogany case with glass top, of best American workmanship. Price, Net, $48.00 Or including set of accurate, platinum-plated analytical weights, from 50 grams down to 1 milligram. Price, Net, $60.00 The best value ever offered for the money EIMER & AMEND “ints avenue NEW YORK ESTABLISHED 1851 HEADQUARTERS FOR CHEMICAL APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS i SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS ‘‘A Noble Vision of the Meaning of History” BOOKS BY PROFESSOR CARL HEINRICH CORNILL THE PROPHETS OF ISRAEL. Popular Sketches from Old THE RISE OF THE PEOPLE OFISRAEL. In “ Epitomes Testament History. Translated by S. F. Corkran. $1.00 of Three Sciences: Comparative Philology, Psychology, net. Paper, 30 cents. and Old Testament History.” H.H.Oldenberg, J. Jastrow, THE HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL. eon ne ©. H. Cornill. Cloth, 50 cents net. (2s.6d.) Earliest Times to the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Ro- SIC IN THE OLD . ?P , 25 cents. ‘mans. Translated by W. H. Carruth. Cloth, $1.50. (7s.6d.). PUES ESERIES as i ‘ ARTICi ES BY CORNILL : The Education of Children in Ancient Israel. Monist. The Psalms in Universal Literature. Open Court, 1 Vol. XIII., p. 1. Vol. XII., No. 507, p. 440. i The New Bible and the Old. Monist. Vol. X., p.441. Scienceand Theology. OpenCourt. Vol. XI.,No.488,p.35. The Polychrome Bible. Monist. Vol. X., p.1. The Song of Songs. Open Court. Vol. XII.,No.505,p. 371. IN PROFESSOR CORNILL we have one of the most scholarly professors of Old Testament Theology, and at the same time a manof unusual devotion and Christian piety. Among the higher critics he is recognized asa leader, and having at- . tained his results almost in spite of his own preferences, presents them with great delicacy and with unusual sympathy for the traditional interpretation. ' “ An accomplished and conscientious’scholar, and offa truly religious spirit.’’— The Outlook. “Tt is good that the church should take an interest in the past and especially good when the present is so full of piess- ing questions and living issues. There have been times when the church has been prone to live too much on the past but those were not times when the significance of that part was most clearly understood; it was nor the living past to which intelligent homage was paid but a dead past petrified int) hard dogmas that were worshiped. In our own time it is from the men of ‘scielce’ even more than from the theologians that the message concerning the meaning of the past has been expressed with greatest force. It is possible for us all now to take a large. comprehensive view of great world-movements.”’ —PROFESSOR W. G. JORDAN, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, in the Biblical World. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO., 623 SOUTH WABASH AVE., CHICAGO, ILL. Publishers and Importers of Standard Books on Philosophy, Science, and the History of Religions, Classical and Modern. Founded in 1887 by Edward C. Hegeler for the purpose of establishing religion upon a scientific busis. SEND FOR COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. SECCND EDITION, NOVEMBER, 1910 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE A BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY EDITED BY J. MIcKEEN CATTELL A Biographical directory requires revision if it is to maintain its usefulness. Nearly a third of the names in the present edition are new, and the sketches which appeared in the first division have in nearly every case been revised. The amount of work required to prepare the revision has been as great as that given to the first edition. There has been no change in the general plan of the work. Greater strictness has been observed in confining its scope to the natural and exact sciences, and for this reason a few names included in the first edition have been omitted. Efforts have been exerted to make the book as complete and accurate as possible. There are of course omissions, if only because some men will not reply even to repeated requests for the information needed. The thousand leading men of science have been again selected by the methods that were used before, and stars have been added to the subjects of research in the case of 269 new men who have obtained places on the list. The editor’s object in selecting this group o scientific men has been to make a study of the conditions on which scientific research depends and so far as may be to umprove these conditions. There are printed in an appendix the two statrstical studies that have been made.—From the Preface to the Second Edition. aN The seoond edition of {the Directory extends to more than 600 pages and contains more than 5500 sketcher It is well printed on all rag paper and bound in buckram with leather label. Although the work has been increased in size by more than 50 per cent., it is sold at the same price as the first edition. Price: Five Doliars, net, Postage paid THE SCIENCE PRESS GARRISON, N. Y. LANCASTER, PA. SUB-STATION 84, NEW YORK CITY. SCIENCE Fray, JANUARY 19, 1912 CONTENTS The Status and Future of the American Agronomist: Dr. H. J. WHEELER ........ 81 The Introduction of Physical Chemical Con- ceptions in the Early Stages of Teaching Chemistry: PROFESSOR Harry C. JONES .. 87 Is Science really Unpopular in High Schools? PROFESSOR WILLARD J. FISHER .......... 94 The Smithsonian Biological Survey of the Panama Canal Zone ...........-..202-0% 98 Scientific Notes and News ..............-+ 99 University and Educational News .......... 102 Discussion and Correspondence :— The Administration of the Weeks Act: Dr. GEo. Otis SmirH. Suggestions for the Cleveland Meeting: Dr. J. FRANKLIN Crow- ELL. Chromosomes in Wheat and Rye: Dr. W. J. SPILLMAN. How a Falling Cat turns over: J. R. BENTON ............... 103 Scientific Books :— Sheldon’s The Wilderness of the Upper Yu- kon: Dr. J. A. ALLEN. Whitehead’s Prin- cipia Mathematica: PRoFessor Cassius J. IESE VISER HM aptcvssiciar tscter star crohns hale Saleh oieversie srsiels 105 HDDBVAENT AM soy felch eveyer alee systicrotelc fet ananelc feveravetorare ciel srs 110 Special Articles :— The Apparent Antagonism between Elec- trolytes and Non-conductors: PROFESSOR Jacques Lors. The Permeability of Proto- plasm to Ions and the Theory of Antagon- ism: PRoFESSoR W. J. V. OSTERHOUT. Notes on the Distribution of the South- eastern Salamanders: ROLAND M. HarprR 111 The American Mathematical Society: Pro- IWASSOS 1, IN, COwi 4 o65nec0ccscuduco0cne 119 The American Philosophical Association: PROFESSOR HE. G. SPAULDING ............. 120 The American Association of Economic Ento- MOLOGISES: . ) e Howell’s Physiology NEW (4th) EDITION A Text-Book. of Physiology. By Witut1am H. Howe tt, Ph.D., M.D., Professor of Physiology in John Hopkins University, Baltimore. Octavo of 1018 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $4.00 net. THE NEW (2d) EDITION L usk on Nutrition Valuable Also to Students of Animal Dietetics The Elements of the Science of Nutrition. By Granam Lusk, Ph.D., Professor of Physiology at Cornell Medical School. Octavo volume of 402 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. McF arland ’s Biology: Medical and General Biology : Medical and General. By JoszepH McFaruanp, M.D., Pro- fessor of Pathology and Bacteriology in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia. Octavo of 440 pages, with 160 illustrations. Cloth, $1.75 net. Jordan’s General Bacteriology §—™=*=w ea eomon A Text-Book of General Bacteriology. By Epwin O. Jorpan, Ph.D., Professor of Bacteriology in the University of Chicago and Rush Medical College. Octavo of 594 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $3.00 net. Drew’s Invertebrate Zoology Laboratory Manual of Invertebrate Zoology. By Gruman A. Drew, Ph.D., in Charge of Zoologic Instruction at the Marine Biological Labora- tory, Woods Holl, Mass., with the aid of Members of the Zoological Staff. 12mo of 201 pages. Cloth, $1.25 net. W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY Philadelphia and London li SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS ‘*A Noble Vision of the Meaning of History”’ BOOKS BY PROFESSOR CARL HEINRICH CORNILL THE PROPHETS OF ISRAEL. Popular Sketches from Old THE RISE OF THE PEOPLE OFISRAEL. In ‘‘Epitomes Testament History. Translated by S. F. Corkran. $1.00 of Three Sciences: Comparative Philology, Psychology, net. Paper, 30 cents. and Old Testament History.”” H.H.Oldenberg, J. Jastrow, THE HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL. From the C. H. Cornill. Cloth, 50cents net. (2s.6d.) Earliest Times to the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Ro- INsTHE OLD TESTAMENT. Paper, 25 cents.» = mans. Translated by W.H. Carruth. Cloth, $1.50. (7s.6d.). LAYS By o iS ie oe ARTICLES BY CORNILL The Education of Children in Ancient Israel. Monist. The Psalms in Universal Literature. Open Court, Vol. XIII., p. 1. Vol. XII., No. 507, p. 440. The New Bible and the Old. Monist. Vol. X., p.441. ScienceandTheology. OpenCourt. Vol. XI.,No.488, p.355 The Polychrome Bible. Monist. Vol. X., p.1. The Song ofSongs. Open Court. Vol. XII.,No.505,p. 371. TN PROFESSOR CORNILL we have one of the most scholarly professors of Old Testament Theology, and at the same time & manof unusual devotion and Christian piety. Among the higher critics he is recognized asa leader, and_ having at- tained his results almost in spite of his own preferences, presents them with great delicacy and with unusual sympathy for the traditional interpretation. “An accomplished and conscientious scholar, and of;a truly religious spirit..".— 7he Outlook. “Tt is good that the church should take an interest in the past and especially good when the present is so full of press- ing questions and living issues. There have been times when the church has been EprOnS to live too much on the past but those were not times when the significance of that part was most clearly understood ; it was not the living past to which intelligent homage was paid but a dead past petrified into hard dogmas that were worshiped. In our own time it is from the men of ‘science’ even more than from the theologians that the message concerning the meaning of the past has been expressed with greatest force. It is possible for us all now to take a large, comprehensive view of great world-movements.” —PROFESSOR W. G. JORDAN, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, in the Biblical World, THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO., 623 SOUTH WABASH AVE., CHICAGO, ILL. Publishers and Importers of Standard Books on Philosophy, Science, and the History of Religions, Classical and Modern. Founded in 1887 by Edward C. Hegeler for the purpose of establishing religion upon a scientific basis. SEND FOR COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Recent Publications of the New York Botanical Garden Journal, Vol. XIII, No. 145. An illustrated monthly containing notes and non-technical articles of general interest. $1.00 a year. Mycologia, Vol. IV, No. 1. An illustrated bimonthly publication devoted to fungi and lichens. $3.00 a year. This number contains: Illustrations of Fungi—X, by W. A. Murrill; Cultures of Uredineae in 1910, by J. C. Arthur ; Botryosphaeria on Cotton Bolls, by C. W. Edgerton ; News and Notes. Bulletin, Vol. VII, No. 26. $3.00 pervolume. This number contains: A Biologic and Taxonomic Study of the Genus Gymnosporangium, by Frank Dunn Kern. (Sold separately at $1.00. ) Memoirs, Vol. 3. $2.00. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward C. Jeffrey, vii+138 pp., with 29 plates. Vol. 4, $2.00. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by C. Stuart Gager. vii+278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America. To be complete in about thirty volumes of four or more parts each. Subscription price for entire work $1.50 per part; separate parts $2.00. Sixteen parts have been issued, seven on fungi, eight on flowering plants, and one on ferns. Parts recently issued are: Vol. 3, part 1, issued December 29, 1910. Nectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, Chaetomiaceae, and Fimetariaceae. Vol. 25, part 3, issued May 6, 1911. Rutaceae, Surianaceae, Simaroubaceae, and Bur- seraceae. Vol. 7, part 3, to be issued in February, 1912. Aecidiaceae (continuatio). Contributions. A series of technical papers by students or members of the staff. $5.00 per vol- ume; 25centseach. Recentnumbers: 145. Notes on Rosaceae—VI, by Per Axel Rydberg. 146. Phycological Studies—V. Some Marine Algae of Lower California, Mexico, by Marshall Avery Howe. BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY SCIENCE ————————————— Fripay, Fepruary 2, 1912 CONTENTS On Some Resemblances of Crown Gall to Human Cancer: Dr. Erwin F, Smiro ... 161 The Royal Engineering College at Charlotten- burg-Berlm: PRESIDENT EDMUND J. JAMES 172 William Emerson Damon: Dr. Grorce F, KONA. “rac oapiducoaDnodounh pn OoogbOOnDHO 175 Memorial to Mrs. Ellen H. Richards ....... 176 Scientific Notes and News ..........+++0+ 177 Uniwersity and Educational News .......... 181 Discussion and Correspondence :— ‘*Phenotype’’ and ‘‘Clone’’: Dr. GEORGE H. Sauut. The Pribilof Fur Seal Herd: MARSEATII, SMICIUEAN I 3/.)-1/5/5/s/s1e eels levers a cists 182 Quotations :-— The Presidency of the Unwersity of Mon- WN sonopbgoonoonadonohonoDUpoadaouANnG 184 Scientific Books :— Calman’s The Life of the Crustacea: Pro- FEssoR FRANCIS H. Herrick. Scott’s Qualitatiwe Chemical Analysis, Basker- ville’s Qualitatwe Chemical Analysis: J. 13) EA oianbionn obban oan d OOHOOOD BAD TA CiEOE 187 Special Articles :— Changes in Chemical Energy during the De- velopment of Fundulus heteroclitus: Pro- FESSOR OTTO C, GUASER .........-22+++0- 189 The American Association for the Adwance- ment of Science :— Section F; PRorEssor Maurice A, BieELow 191 The American Physiological Society: Pro- FESSOR A. J. CARLSON .......+-+cecssece 193 The American Society of Biological Chem- ists: PRoFEssoR A. N. RICHARDS ......... 195 The Meetings of the Economic and Soctolog- tcal Societies at Washington: SEymour C. LOOMIS ij, Walon ye etches vasa arse etaveve 197 Societies and Academies :— The American Philosophical Society. The Botanical Society of Washington: Dr. W. W. Srocksrercer. The Torrey Botanical Club: B, O. DopGE, MarsHautt A. Howe , 199 MBS, intended for publication and books, etc., intended for Teview should be sent to the Editor of Sciencz, Garrison-on- Hudzon, N, Y. GALL TO HUMAN CANCER* Tue disease on which I shall speak to- day is known in this country as crown-gall, because it has been observed most fre- quently on the crowns of trees and shrubs, but it is not peculiar to thissituation. It oc- curs also on roots and shoots. This disease has been known to cultivators and to plant pathologists for many years and has caused more or less injury to a variety of plants both in this country and in Europe. Of plants subject to serious injury may be mentioned: Roses, almonds, peaches, rasp- berries, grapes. Sometimes the plants are only dwarfed or crippled, at other times killed. Recovery, especially in certain species, is frequent. In Italy the attacked grape vines are said to live about four years. It has been ascribed to a variety of causes, @. g., frosts, wounds made in culti- vating, insect injuries, fungous injuries, physiological disturbances, ete. The actual cause was not known until discovered by the writer and his associates. Team work on this disease has been carried on in the U. S. Department of Agriculture for the last eight years, 7. ¢., since February, 1904. The first successful pure culture inocula- tions were obtained in 1906. The organism was described and named by us in 1907.” 1 Address as retiring president of the Botanical Society of America, Washington, D. C., December 28, 1911. By invitation members of the following organizations were also present: Section G, of the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence; Society of American Bacteriologists, and the American Phytopathological Society. 2 Science, N. S., Vol. XXV., No. 648, pp. 671- 673, 1907; see also Centralb. f. Bakt., 2 Abt., XX. Bd. 162 Addresses setting forth the parasitic na- ture of the organism have been given be- fore this Society by Dr. Townsend, and be- fore the Society of American Bacteriol- ogists and the American Phytopathological Society by myself. I have also twice in public addresses before the American As- sociation for Cancer Research called at- tention to certain general resemblances of this disease to malignant human tumors, namely, at the Boston meeting in Decem- ber, 1909 (lantern-slide address), and again in the spring of 1910 at the Wash- -ington meeting of the Association, where I showed specimens of the disease. The whole subject so far as regards the etiology of the disease was also summed up in a big bulletin published by the Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, early in 1911.4 I may assume, therefore, that this audience is fairly well acquainted with the evidence adduced by us to prove the pathogenic nature of the organism we have called Bacterium tumefaciens, and therefore I shall not spend any time on this phase of the subject. Those who are not familiar with the evidence can easily obtain the necessary publications and if these are not convincing they may repeat the experiments. In a brief way I have also published on the newer discoveries upon which I am to speak to-day, 2. e., in a third address be- fore the American Association for Cancer Research,® an abstract of which was pub- lished by the Department of Agriculture as Circular No. 85, Bureau of Plant Indus- try, and in Zeitschrift f. Krebsforschung, °'Vide SCIENCE, February 12, 1909, p. 273; ibid., August 13, 1909, p. 223; and Phytopathology, 1911, Vol. I., p. 7. *No. 213, ‘‘Crown-Gall of Plants: Its Cause and Remedy.’’ ‘To be had from the Superinten- dent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Price 40 cents. Buffalo, April 13, 1911. SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 11 Bd., 1 Heft. Since that date the sub- ject has been studied continuously. Nu- merous sections have been prepared, and I will show you lantern slides of photomicro- eraphs made from some of these sections, so that you will be able to judge for your- selves as to the bearing of the evidence. It is hardly possible to say who first noted the superficial resemblance of over- growths on plants to animal tumors. It probably goes far back of published ree- ords, since we have in English the word “‘eanker’’ applied to certain of these over- growths, which word is only another form of the word cancer. Also in German, the word ‘‘Krebs’’ is applied indifferently to these overgrowths and to malignant hu- man tumors. It is one thing, however, to find a superficial resemblance of plant dis- eases to animal diseases, and quite another to establish any strict analogy. In fact, as histological studies on cancer have multi- plied animal pathologists have been more and more convinced that there is no real likeness between the plant overgrowths and malignant animal tumors, and this is true enough, I believe, for club-root of eab- bage, the plant disease most studied in this connection. A comparatively recent state- ment by Alfred Fischer that the only thing they have in common is the name (Krebs) may be taken as fairly represent- ing the current view.® I shall hope, how- ever, to show you before I am through that they have a good deal in common, so much, in fact, that I believe we have in these par- ticular plant overgrowths a key to unlock the whole cancer situation. In considera- tion of these discoveries many closed doors im cancer research must now be opened and studies on the etiology of the disease must be done over with a view to finding a para- site within the cancer cell, and separating °Vorlesungen wueber 1903, p. 277. Bacterien, 2te Anuflage, FEBRUARY 2, 1912] it therefrom by an improved technic of isolation. Before I show you any slides or describe further the discoveries made it will be necessary for me to refer briefly to the nature of cancer and certain other malignant animal diseases. When I first called attention of members of the American Association for Cancer Research to crown-gall in 1909, the reply of some of the members was that while I had demonstrated crown-gall to be a very interesting disease it was evidently a gran- uloma, and not a true tumor. With this conclusion I can not agree. That you may understand why crown-galls are not gran- ulomata I wish briefly to call your atten- tion to the phenomena occurring in such diseases. As example of a granuloma, we may take tuberculosis. We have in this disease a focus of infection and source of irritation in the presence of a microorgan- ism. Against this organism the body reacts with the formation in the immediately sur- rounding tissues of cell growths not unlike those which occur in the bottom and sides of wounds, namely, granulation tissue, hence the name granuloma. In this man- ner nodular growths arise, but these nodu- lar growths are limited in extent of tissue involved, are produced from the tissues immediately surrounding the bacterial nest, are not vascularized, and soon become disorganized in their interior. In tuber- culosis the blood vessels occurring natur- ally within the attacked area are obliterated and excluded from the tubercle; in certain other granulomata, e. g., syphilitic gum- mata, the vessels are not obliterated, but they are distinct in other ways, e. g., en- closed in a fibrous capsule. The disease is carried from place to place within the body by the migration of the microorgan- isms, either in the blood stream or the lymphatics or in some other way, e. g., through the digestive tract. Wherever SCIENCE 163 these migratory organisms lodge they set up or may set up similar irritations with the production of similar nodules of gran- ular tissue, the same being an effort on the part of the infected animal to overcome the disease. The point which I wish spe- cially to emphasize is the fact that in these secondary infections the granular tissue which develops is formed out of the par- ticular organ in which the parasites happen to lodge, and does not consist of cells brought to it from a distance. In this respect cancers are quite differ- ent. Parenthetically I might stop here long enough to say that I shall for the pur- poses of this address use the term cancer in a loose, general sense for all malignant hu- man tumors. First, because the crown-gall which I have studied seems to partake of the nature of different types of malignant animal tumors, and because I believe that when the cause of malignant animal tumors is discovered we shall find that many of the hard and fast lines of separa- tion which the animal histologists have erected between sarcoma, carcinoma, etc¢., will be found untenable. In cancer we have an enormous multipli- cation of certain tissues of the animal (epithelial, connective, etc.) which by con- tinued growth crush and disorganize the surrounding tissues. These growths are more or less highly vascularized, and new vessels are formed as the tumor develops, but not to an extent sufficient to carry on the growth beyond a certain point. Usually there is a great excess of parenchyma cells in such a tumor and the blood vessels are not sufficiently numerous to nourish it properly, so that after a longer or shorter period (months or years) portions of it dis- organize often into open wounds which are then readily infected by all sorts of second- ary organisms with all the well-known disastrous results. This then is one strik- 164 ing difference between granulomata and cancers, but the true nature of the can- cerous development becomes more evident in the secondary tumors. The mere fact that a primary cancer has developed on some part of the body does not constitute the chief danger, since one might have such a tumor for a long time without death supervening, unless the primary growth happened to be situated in or near a vital organ. What constitutes the peculiar ma- lignaney of cancer is the tendency to form secondary growths in various parts of the body, including the vital organs, and it is this clearly recognized danger which in modern times has led to the universal recommendation on the part of competent physicians and surgeons of the early ex- tirpation of suspicious growths, the hope being that the surgeon may be able to dis- sect out all the infected tissues and thus free the patient from the disease. This is the reason why, for instance, in cancer of the breast the surgeon so carefully removes not only the infected breast, but the lym- phatics for long distances away, that he may, if possible, reach beyond the unseen growing cancer strands. This also is why delayed operations for cancer are seldom successful. In ease of granulomata, as we have seen, it is the parasite which migrates. In case of cancers it is the cancer cell itself which migrates, 7. e., some of the body cells which under some unknown stimulation have been taken out of the physiological con- trol of the body and have become thus, as it were, parasites on their fellow cells. There are two ways in which secondary tumors are derived from the primary tumor in cancer: (1) The primary tumor growing peripherally sends out roots or strands which bore their way through normal tissues of the body, sometimes for long distances, developing from certain SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 portions of these strands secondary tumors. (2) Small groups of cancer cells are dis- lodged from the parent tumor and carried as floating islands in the blood stream or lymphatics to develop secondary tumors where they lodge. The first of these ways has been definitely established by observa- tion; the second by inference, no connect- ing strand having been discovered. Nat- urally these secondary tumors, being de- rived from the primary tumor, tend to par- take of the nature of the tissue from which the primary tumor has developed. For ex- ample, if the primary tumor be in the stomach, the secondary tumors are likely to contain glandular cells resembling those of the stomach, wherever they may be de- veloped. This is such a striking peculiarity that it is often possible for the animal pathologist to tell from the study of his sections whether the cancer is primary or secondary, and, if secondary, in what organ the primary tumor is located. In case of tumors located in an organ containing all three of the embryonic layers or developed out of cell-rests of this nature we might have in the tumors a jumbled-up mass of all sorts of tissues—skin, bone, teeth, hair, muscle, nerve, ete. This at least is one method of explaining the embryomata. Having found no parasite in the cancer cells, a majority of the animal pathologists have given up the idea that cancer can be of parasitic origin. For a generation the research workers fell back upon Cohn- heim’s hypothesis that cancers were due to the development of small fragments of tissue cut off from the parent layer during embryonal growth, to be enclosed in other tissues and lie dormant until acted on ab- normally later in life by some unknown stimulus. But while studies of the animal body show that such separation of small portions of tissue from the germinal layer is not uncommon, research workers on FEBRUARY 2, 1912] cancer are now generally agreed, I believe, that there are many phenomena connected with the development of cancer for which this hypothesis of Cohnheim offers a wholly inadequate explanation. Moreover, what induces these dormant cells to de- velop was never determined. A very favor- ite theory with cancer specialists has been that the cancer cell itself is the only para- site, and that no infections could be ob- tained on animals unless the living cancer cell were present. This hypothesis must now be abandoned owing to the discovery by Peyton Rous (1911) that sarcoma of chickens may be produced in the absence of cancer cells, 7. ¢., by cancerous fluid fil- tered free from all traces of living cancer cells. So far as I know he has not expressed any opinion as to the nature of the infec- tion which has been separated from his ground chicken sarcomata by centrifuging and also by filtration through Berkefeld bougies, but in the light of the evidence we have secured from plants I believe you will agree with me that it can be nothing else than a living microorganism, minute enough to pass through the walls of the rather coarse filter. In crown-galls I have not found the seec- ond method of formation of secondary tumors, namely, by the detachment of small fragments of the primary tumor to be carried in a stream and lodged at a dis- tance. This method we should hardly ex- pect to find in plants, owing to the fact that there is no rapid blood stream such as we find in animals, neither does it seem to be more than an epiphenomenon in tumor growth, the essential thing being the ab- normal internal stimulus to cell division. The first method of propagation, namely, by strands, occurs, however, and parallels to my mind very strictly what occurs in malignant animal tumors, é. g., in car- cinoma, sarcoma, ete. SCIENCE 165 The existence of the tumor strand in crown-gall was overlooked for a long time. But last spring in making some sections of Paris daisy plants which had been inocu- lated with the crown-gall organism and bore both primary and secondary galls, I saw on cross-section a tumor-strand in the inner wood next to. the pith between the secondary and the primary tumor and near the latter. This was about a millimeter in diameter and of a different color, 7. e¢., greenish, and easily observed by any one. Often, however, this strand is composed of a few cells only and difficult to find, even with the compound microscope. This, to- gether with preoccupation on other phases of the research, must serve to explain why it was overlooked for so long a time. As soon as I saw this parenchyma out of place I said, ‘‘ Here is a tumor strand!’’ and be- gan to examine many other plants to see if it was at all constant—finding it visible to the naked eye near the primary tumor in perhaps 20 per cent. of the plants ex- amined. The question then arose whether it was merely local, or could be traced for some distance and was of constant occur- rence in the normal tissue between the’ primary and the secondary tumors. Since then many inoculated plants have been ex- amined microscopically, and in all of them J have been able to find this tumor strand, although, as already stated, in many cases it is composed of a very few cells. In the Paris daisy it usually bores its way be- tween pith and wood, or at the inner edge of the wood wedge in the protoxylem, ap- parently along lines of Jeast resistance. (Lantern slides were exhibited, showing eross and longitudinal sections of such strands from the inoculated plants.) On this strand are developed secondary tumors, apparently either where the food supply is most abundant or where the pressure of surrounding tissues is least, 166 yet possibly other factors are involved. Frequently the growth of the strand is rapid. In very juicy favorable material in 16 days from the date of the primary inoc- ulation I have seen secondary tumors de- velop from such strands at a distance of 10 centimeters from the parent tumor. Often deep in the resistant wood the tumor strand is under great pressure. In softer parts the overlying tissues are split open, and the deep secondary tumor then comes to the surface. In the Paris daisy, when the primary tumor is on the stem, second- ary tumors often develop on the leaves, and strands of tumor tissue have been traced in numerous instances all the way from the primary tumors through the stem into the leaf, and all stages of the develop- ment of the secondary tumors observed on many plants. This tumor strand boring its way through stems and leaves appears to be as much a foreign body as the roots of a mistletoe or the mycelium of a fungus. From these strands and from these second- ary tumors we have isolated the same microorganism that occurs in the primary tumors and with subcultures from such bacterial colonies have reproduced the dis- ease. The discovery of this strand affords a satisfactory explanation for the fact that the morbid growth usually returns after excision. The second striking fact to which I wish to call your attention is that when the primary tumor occurs in the stem and the secondary tumor in the leaf the structure of the secondary tumor is not that of the leaf in which it is growing, but of the stem from which the strand was derived. If the discovery. of the strand was an accident, this latter discovery was reasoned out, knowing what takes place in eancer. I _ said immediately, if this is a tumor-strand we ought to find a stem-strueture in the leaf tumors, and the very first leaf tumors SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 cut showed typical examples of it. In secondary tumors occurring in the leaves as the result of stem inoculations the de- velopment of a stem consisting of a loose, rapidly growing parenchyma in the center, surrounded by wood wedges separated by medullary rays, beyond which is a cam- bium zone and a bark can be made out very clearly (slides exhibited). Sometimes these secondary tumors develop a very per- fect stem structure; often, however, the stem is more or less imperfect with the in- clusion of large parenchyma cells of the leaf, and with a great overproduction of stem parenchyma (medullary rays, etc.) as compared with the vascular portion. As this secondary tumor grows the surround- ing leaf structure is destroyed, and eventu- ally we may have a growth which bears no resemblance whatever to a leaf. Often, however, fragments of the leaf adhere to the surface of the tumor, and show an un- changed leaf structure. These secondary leaf-tumors then, so far at least as regards the parenchymatous portion, are composed, in great part at least, of descendants of the originally in- fected stem-cells. The growth is an in- vasion of infected cells. To what extent neighboring uninfected cells are also in- volved is uncertain. The wood always - shows hyperplasia, sometimes to a very marked degree in the vicinity of a stem tumor, and usually also in the vicinity of the tumor strand, especially if this is large. Are all of these wood cells infected? Prob- ably not. I see-no reason why we might not have changes in the plant distantly comparable to the inflammatory changes which take place in the vicinity of a. ma- lignant animal tumor, 7. e., an excessive multiplication of cells which while a part of the tumor are not its malignant portion. This must be left for further: study. ; This astonishing stem structure in leaves FEBRUARY 2, 1912] is quite parallel to that which occurs in certain cancers of secondary origin where the structure of the primary tumor is out- lined, albeit often only imperfectly. We might now inquire whether primary tumors produced on leaves do not have the same structure as those just described as secon- dary tumors. We have made needle-punc- ture inoculations on leaves of Paris daisy and have studied the structure of the tumors which develop and these do not have a stem structure but an irregular epi- thelioma-like structure derived wholly from the leaf, as may be seen from the lantern slide exhibited. What happens finally in the case of cancer happens in crown-gall, namely, the tissues not being sufficiently vascularized, and composed of a great excess of soft and fleshy cells, are easily disorganized with the production of open wounds. In case of erown-galls on the daisy and many other fleshy plants after about two or three months large portions of the tumorous tissue decay with the formation of open wounds, subject to a variety of secondary infections. It should be stated here, however, that in the crown-gall there are no abscess ecavi- ties such as we find often in granulomata or in such a disease as olive tuberculosis. Sometimes there is a multiplication of bac- teria in the vessels in the vicinity of the needle puncture, but whether these are the crown-gall organisms or not we have not yet determined. when the tumor has begun to grow rapidly no bacteria or other granular matters have been found in the vessels or in the inter- cellular spaces. The causal bacteria occur - inside the cells, which are stimulated by their presence to multiply with great rapid- “ity and without reference to the physiolog- ical needs of the plants, 7. e., the plant has no direct control over the growth. SCIENCE Certain it is that: 167 In these particulars crown-gall resembles epitheliomatous growths, while in the em- bryonal character of its luxuriant granu- lations and in its predilection for young plants and rapidly growing tissues it is more like sarcoma. The growth is a hyper- plasia rather than a hypertrophy, although occasional groups of large cells occur. There can be no doubt as to the develop- ment of new vessels in the growing tumor. This is shown clearly by the anatomy of the secondary tumors. Whether the ves- sels are ingrowths from the surrounding tissues, or outgrowths from the tumor strand, or both, as would seem to be the case, must be left for further inquiry. The anatomy is unlike that of club-root of cab- bage, where the growth consists of an enormous enlargement of a comparatively few infected cells. I think, therefore, that we have in crown- galls a striking analogy to what occurs in malignant animal tumors, namely, to re- capitulate, the cell itself a disturbing force, i. €., an enormous multiplication of certain cells of the body without reference to phys- iological needs and in opposition to the best interests of the organism; a non-cap- sulate tumor, with absence of abscess cavi- ties and of plainly visible parasites; per- ipheral growth and a_ well-developed stroma consisting of vessels and fibers; from this primary tumor the development of strands of tumor tissue upon which see- ondary tumors develop; in the secondary tumors a strong tendency to take on the structure of the organ in which the pri- mary tumor has developed; frequent if not necessary origin of the primary ‘tumor in bruises, wounds or irritated places; com- plete recovery if all the tumor tissue is extirpated, failure if it is not; in some cases spontaneous recovery. The chief dif- ference so far made out is that in case of eancer cells we know nothing whatever as 168 to the cause of the abnormal growth,’ whereas in case of these overgrowths on plants we have definitely proved them to be due to the presence of an intracellular schizomycete which we have many times isolated and reisolated in pure culture and by means of which we can reproduce the disease at will. : The question now arises whether animal tumors might not be produced by means of the crown-gall organism. I might state here that while I believe cancer to be due to some intracellular microorganism which in its physiological peculiarities, action on the cell nucleus, ete., is like the one we have discovered, I do not maintain the over- growths in warm-blooded animals to be due to this particular organism, for the reason that its maximum temperature for growth (daisy strain) is a little under the blood temperature of such animals. In thinking over the matter it seemed to me not un- likely, however, that with this organism I might be able to produce tumors in cold- blooded animals, and so four years ago I attempted to do it. I will show you only a slide or two made from an inoculated fish. I used for this purpose brook trout and in a very considerable portion of my inocula- tions I sueceeded in producing ulcers in the deeper tissues where the needle entered. In this instance the needle entered the belly wall of the fish. The wound healed externally, but at the end of 21 days when the trout was dissected there was a well de- fined: inner growth (proliferation nodule) in the connective tissue between the muscles with formation of giant cells. There were also when dissected two external sore spots, 7<¢Some unknown force, the essential nature of which has so far completely escaped our knowl- edge and our comprehension, is capable of calling forth this latent power of proliferation, and the germ [cancer cell] begins to grow out of itsclf, like a seed that has been buried in the ground.’’ (Diirek.) SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 one below the pectoral fin and the other below the anal fin, both of recent occur- rence, but no throat or gill ulcers in this fish. Similar growths were obtained in the eye-socket. I showed sections cut from one of these ulcers to one of the most distinguished research workers on cancer in this country and he said ‘‘if we had this in man we should eall it sarcoma.’’ (Slides exhibited.) I propose to repeat and extend the work on trout and therefore will say but little about this phase of the in- vestigation. In conclusion I wish to call attention to some of the peculiarities of the microor- ganism (Bacterium tumefaciens) as deter- mined by our cultural work. As well known to many of you, we prosecuted our - studies upon the crown-gall for two years before we were able to isolate the parasitic organism. ‘Ten years previous to this I spent six months on the subject with a sim- ilar negative result. Two obstacles of which we were unaware blocked the way. In the first place the organism in a viable form occurs in the tumor tissue of the daisy in small numbers only. If inoculations are made from crown-gall tissue, using about that amount of tissue we are accus- tomed to use for other bacterial plant dis- eases, and also for many animal diseases, the chances are that no colonies of the parasite will be obtained upon the plates. I have no doubt now that we made dozens of plates—yes, I might say dozens of sepa- rate sets of poured plate cultures, on which not a single colony of the right sort de- veloped. It was only when we learned to inoculate our bouillons and agar plates with large quantities of the tumor material that we were able to obtain a sprinkling of colonies of the right organism. From a young, rapidly growing tumor it is always possible to obtain the organism with proper technic and sometimes in pure cultures, but FEBRUARY 2, 1912] often only by using a hundred, a thousand, or a hundred thousand times too much ma- terial, if one were working with other organ- isms. The second obstacle is the fact that the living bacteria in the tumor tissue occur for the most part in a paralyzed condition, either as involution forms or in some other form which does not grow readily when plates are made. Cultures were made every few weeks from crown-gall tissue for two years and numerous and various bac- teria were obtained on these plates, pricked off for sub-culture, studied microscopically and culturally, and inoculated into the plant with negative results, these organ- isms being the saprophytes which usually accompany crown-gall. The plates were usually discarded after three or four days, and so the work went on. If, however, one inoculates copiously as described, and waits a week or ten days for the paralyzed organisms to recover their vigor, he will then obtain colonies of the parasite. Two questions arise: (1) Why does an organism which produces such striking re- sults occur in the tissue in such small num- bers? (2) What paralyzes it so that when agar plates are made from the tissues the colonies do not appear until the fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth or tenth day, and some- times not until the twentieth day? These questions have received a good deal of thought. After a time we discovered that when the organism is grown in bouillon or other media containing sugar an acid is produced, and it then occurred to me that this acid might be the cause of the death of a large proportion of the organisms in the cells, and of the paralyzing of the re- mainder. Peptone water flask cultures of the organism were then grown in the presence of sugar and turned over to the chemist, who reported that the acid present was acetic acid. We found that after a time all the organisms in such cultures SCIENCE 169 were dead, and a microscopic examination showed that a large proportion of them oc- curred in the form of irregular club- shaped or Y-shaped bodies, i. e., they had passed over into involution forms preced- ing their death. Subsequently we found that on adding dilute acetic acid to fresh cultures of the organism either on agar or in bouillon we could at will produce these involution forms. Ordinarily it was found on making poured plates from such cultures that all the organisms were dead, but by further experimenting we learned that if we added just the right quantity of acid, involution forms were produced and a portion of the bacteria killed, but that some remained alive and those which re- mained alive were paralyzed, coming up on the agar plates in the same slow man- ner as those from the interior of the tumors. I should have stated that al- though the organism comes up slowly from the crown-gall on agar-poured plates, sub- cultures from such colonies grow as read- ily as from any other easily cultivable or- ganism, B. coli, for example, showing clearly that the initial slow growth is not a peculiarity due to differences in culture- media or inherent in the organism, but only one due to its previous environment in the plant cell. Do the same phenomena occur in the plant cell? Recently from crown-gall of . daisy grown for the purpose, the chemist has isolated for us an acid which he says is acetic acid. We have also found in the tissues numerous bacterial Y-shaped bod- ies, such as oceur in our flasks when acetic acid is present. J think, therefore, we may assume, tentatively, at least, that an acid in small quantities is formed also in the cells of the erown-gall as a by-product of the bacterial growth, and that after a time this acid stops the growth of the multiplying bacteria within the cells ex- 170 actly as it does in the flask cultures, caus- ing them to take on involution forms and killing the majority. There is, as I conceive, a very delicate balance between the parasitic bacterium present in the plant and the activities of the plant cells. The cells of the plant are not destroyed by it, but only stimulated into rapid and repeated division. Upon its entrance into a cell, which must usually be by wounds, in our own experiments by needle-pricks, we may conceive the micro- organisms to multiply rapidly for a short time. The acid developed by this multipli- eation then inhibits the further growth of the bacteria, causing the appearance of Y- shaped bodies and the death of a certain proportion of the bacteria, sometimes nearly or quite all of them. The mem- brane of the bacterial cells which are killed is now permeable, and the bacterial endo- toxines diffuse out into the cell. The nucleus of the cell now immediately divides, under the stimulus either of the acid or of the aforesaid endo-toxines, or possibly from an excess of carbon dioxide due to the bacterial growth. There can be no doubt, I think, that carbon dioxide ex- ists in excess in these cells, because the erown-gall tissues contain an excess of chloroplasts in the absence of any other visible means of obtaining this necessary food. These chlorophyll bodies are so abundant. as often-to give a distinct green eolor to deep tissues wherein we would ordinarily expect to. find but few chloro- plasts. The next difficulty is to explain why the paralyzed bacteria carried over into the daughter cells suddenly begin a new growth. This can result, I think, only from the pouring out into the cell at the time of division of a fluid which was not previously present. init, namely, the nu- clear sap which must flood the cell as soon SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 as the nuclear membrane’ disappears. Whatever the explanation may be, the bacteria take on a new growth for a short time in the daughter cells with the repro- duction of the already outlined phenom- ena. In this way occurs within a few weeks or months an enormous overgrowth of the tumor tissue with the development of strands and of secondary tumors as al- ready described. Using rapidly growing favorable plants, it is possible by means of a few needle-pricks carrying in the para- sitie organism to obtain a tumor as large as one’s fist in as short a period as ‘six weeks. Ordinarily, however, growth is slower. Dr. A. P. Matthews, to whom I. am indebted for suggestions respecting the effect of the nuclear sap on animal cells, tells me he has observed in ease of the en- trance of sperm cells into the eggs of star fish that the sperm retained its original form until the breaking up of the nuclear wall and the diffusion of the nuclear sap into the egg cell, whereupon the sperm took on'a rapid growth. Although we are able by means of poured-plate cultures to isolate the organ- ism in a pure state from young crown-galls and reproduce the disease at wall, we can not readily demonstrate the presence of the organism in the tissues by means of the microscope. If the bacteria were as read- ily seen in crown-gall tissues as they are, for instance, in the tuberculosis of the . olive, the cause of the disease would have been discovered long ago. The organism is not an acid-fast organism, and when it stains at all a great variety of cell inclu- . sions also stain and some of these derived from the cell protoplasm or from special parts of the nucleus are confusing. Its staining is also complicated by the fact of its passing over so readily into involution forms which are proverbially difficult to. stain. I have seen occasionally inside of FEBRUARY 2, 1912] the cells of the crown-gall motile, flexuous, rod-shaped bodies which I take to be this organism, and we have occasionally stained in small numbers in the cells bodies which closely resemble rod-shaped bacteria, but ordinarily they occur in such small num- bers or take stains so vaguely and imper- fectly that this method of demonstration would not be convincing to an outsider. Also sometimes we find small groups of cells filled with what appear to be semi- disorganized bacteria, as if here the bac- teria had gained the mastery for a short time and then degenerated. We have not in the whole eight years obtained any very satisfactory slides, although many attempts have been made, using a great variety of fixing agents and of stains. As I have stated elsewhere, if we had depended on the microscope alone we should not have been able to work out the etiology of this dis- ease, and the plain demonstration of the parasite in the cells must await, I think, the development of some special technic of staining whereby we may be able to mor- dant the bacteria in such a way that they shall take one color while the contents of the host cell takes another. Even in case of the Y-shaped bodies one is seldom able to demonstrate them in the stained cells. We have obtained the best results by an indirect method, namely, by taking clean slides and burning the surface free from all possible organisms, then putting on a little distilled sterile water, and putting into this sections of young crown-galls taken from a portion of the tissue pared free from all exterior parts, allowing the contents of the cut cells to diffuse into the water for-an-hour, then removing the sec- tions, drying the fluid and staining the slide. Examining such slides under the oil-immersion objective in course of a day one finds a good many such Y-shaped bod- ies. We have found the best method to be SCIENCE 171 the systematic search of the whole slide, passing it back and forth under the objec- tive. Searched in this way, about one field in four yields a Y-shaped body. Bacterial rods have also been obtained from the tissues in this way. Various researchers on cancer have men- tioned finding rod-shaped and Y-shaped bodies in cancer cells. For example, Dr. Borrel, of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, and Dr. Reese, working in the cancer lab- oratory at Buffalo. These plant neoplasms contain both small- celled and large-celled parenchyma and a variety of other tissues, e. g., vessels and fibers. Cell division is sometimes so rapid that the cell wall can not keep pace. (Slides shown.) Frequently two and some- times more nuclei are present in a cell. A portion at least of the cell divisions are by mitosis; but not all, it would seem. Some queer things take place in the cells. We are now studying the mechanism of cell-division in these tumors and are not ready to report. To conclude, suppose we had in human cancer as its cause a microorganism multi- plying in small numbers within the cell, having a definite action on cell nuclei, readily inhibited by its own by-products, losing virulence easily, passing quickly ‘over into involution forms which are diffi- cult to stain, and which are so paralyzed that only a very small portion will grow at all, except from the very youngest cells, and these only after a considerable period of time has elapsed, and further suppose that for their growth some very special technic of isolation, or some peculiar kind of culture media were necessary, then we should have precisely the same difficult conditions of isolation and determination as have confronted us in case of this simi- lar overgrowth of plants, and ample ex- ° planation of why expert animal patholo- § gists have been unable to see the parasite 172 in their sections, and unable to cultivate it on their culture media, and consequently, have very generally reached the conclu- sion that it does not exist. Granted the existence of such an organism, and we have a ready explanation for the growth of the cancer cell in defiance of the physio- logical needs of the organism. ‘The hitherto inexplicable occasional change in the nature of the cell-growth of tumors, é. g., from epithelial to carcinomatous and from carcinomatous to sarcomatous also finds its explanation in the presence of a sensitive microorganism growing usually in the kind of eell originally infected but eapable under certain circumstances of in- vading other types of cells. Erwin FE. Situ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE [The illustrations accompanying this address will be reproduced at an early date in a bulletin to be published by the U. S. Department of Agri- culture. | THE ROYAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE AT CHARLOTTENBURG—BERLIN Diz Koénigliche technische Hochschule zu Berlin’ is the leading school for higher » learning in technical subjects in the Ger- man Empire. It is not an imperial insti- tution; but was founded and is supported by the state of Prussia. It is under the immediate control of the Prussian Uni- versity of Public Instruction. This school covers, in general, the same ground as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Troy Polytechnic, the Stevens Institute and the schools or col- leges of engineering in our own state uni- versities, including, like that of Illinois, 1This term has been translated into English in many different ways: the Royal Technical College; the Technical University; etc. I prefer the one I have placed at the head of this article. SCIENCE [N.S. Von. XXXV. No. 892 for instance, a department of architecture.? The constitutional statute as revised in 1882 declares it to be ‘‘the purpose of the Technische Hochschule to furnish a suit- able higher training for technical careers in the public service of the state and the municipalities as well as for private prac- tise in the industrial life of the nation; and further (and this is very important) to cultivate the sciences and the arts which underlie the field of technical instruc- TRON 9 The school is divided into six depart- ments: Architecture; Civil Engineering; Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Marine Engineering and Construction; Chemistry and Metallurgy; and General Science, including Mathematics and the Natural Sciences. The requirements for admission have in common for all departments the certificate of graduation from a gymnasium, real- gymnasium, or higher realschule; 7. e., the ordinary preparatory classical or scientific college of the German empire.* A year’s practical work in a shop or factory is furthermore required of those who wish to take the technical degree in mechanical or electrical engineering and in a ship yard for those who wish to take marine engineering. A shorter time otf practical work suffices for the candidates *The engineering school at the University of Illinois was organized along similar lines to those of the school at Charlottenburg. Its first dean was Dr. Nathan C. Ricker, who was a student in Germany in his early years. *The German never loses sight of the fact that the promotion of our scientific knowledge by orig- inal investigation and research is fundamental to all successful organization of higher education. *The normal age for completing this prepara- tory course is 18 years. The average age, however, and the age of the majority of the graduates is nearer 19; although many finish the course at 17 and a few at 16. FEBRUARY 2, 1912] in chemistry and metallurgy. This prac- tical experience takes the place of the school shop work in our American institu- tions. Half of this work may be made up in vacations during the course so that the whole period of study after the prepara- tory school is finished is lengthened only six months by this provision. The course of the engineering school is four years in length and leads up to a final examination, the successful completion of which entitles one to the degree of Certifi- cated Engineer (Diplom-Ingenieur). The degree of Doctor of Hngineering (Doktor-Ingenieur) may be obtained with- out further attendance on systematic courses of instruction upon the presenta- tion of a satisfactory scientific thesis “‘which demonstrates the capacity of the candidate for independent scientific work in the technical field,’’ and the passing of an oral examination. As it ordinarily requires several months’ hard work to prepare such a thesis, the candidate rarely obtains his doctor’s de- gree within a shorter time than one year aiter his degree of certificated engineer is obtained; though the law does not require any specified time to elapse between the taking of the two degrees. The thesis which is required in connec- tion with the examination for certificated engineer will not be accepted as a doctor’s thesis. With this brief statement of fact it may be interesting to compare the course and requirements of the Royal College at Char- lottenburg with our own institutions. The normal German boy should enter the eymnasium, or realschule, at nine years of age and complete the course by the time he is eighteen. If he then puts in a full year in a shop he will be nineteen when he enters the Engineering College with his shop work completed. By the time he has com- SCIENCE 173 pleted his four-year engineering course and obtained the degree of certificated engineer he will be twenty-three. By spending one year more he can take his doctor’s degree at twenty-four. As seen from the above account, he can shorten this time materially. First, by completing his preparatory course at 17 instead of 18, which is easy for the capable and industrious boy; second, by putting half of his practical year into the long va- cations, thus saving six months; and, third, by completing his thesis for the doc- tor’s degree in six months which is also thoroughly feasible. A student who pur- sues this course could obtain his doctor’s degree at twenty-two instead of twenty- four. On the other hand, the average boy takes until he is nineteen to complete his prepara- tory course; wastes six months, and often a year, in “‘enjoying his academic free- dom’’ and takes more than the schedule time for the doctor’s degree, arriving at that point in his twenty-fifth or twenty- sixth year. Now, take the American boy who is looking forward to the doctor’s degree in engineering at, say the University of Illi- nois. Suppose he graduates at a good Chicago high school. He will be eighteen years old if he has pursued the normal course, 7. €., enters the primary school at six years of age; completes the eight grades and enters the high school at fourteen, taking the regular time of four years for the full course for graduation. He must now take four years for the ordinary course, leading to the bachelor’s degree in engineering. By this time he is twenty-two. He must then take three years’ graduate work for the degree of doc- tor in engineering, making him twenty-five years of age—+z. e., one year older than the German who takes the normal time. 174 The American boy can abridge his course one full year by completing his prepara- tory course at seventeen, as he can easily do if he has brains and industry. He may cut the eollege course by another six months if he is specially well prepared, able and industrious and may thus take his doctor’s degree at twenty-three and one half. On the other hand, the average boy slips a cog somewhere like his German brother and loses time along the way. Our statis- tics show that the average age of the fresh- man entering the University of Illinois is a little over nineteen instead of eighteen as it should be; or seventeen as it might well be; or even sixteen, as it sometimes is. Many students lose again in college and must return for a part or the whole of a fifth year before getting their first degree. Such students, however, would rarely be considered as candidates for the doctor’s degree, nor would they care themselves to attempt it. It will thus be seen that the courses in the two countries run along somewhat parallel lines so far as the formal require- ments are concerned. The German realschule, or gymnasium, is, on the whole, a more thorough and effect- ive center of training than the American high school. The teachers are better edu- cated and the discipline is more severe. The German boy must work or he is thrown out of the school. The American boy is permitted to dawdle along and fool away a good portion of his time without running any serious risk of dismissal or even of be- ‘ing required to take the year’s work over again. : In the best American high schools with properly educated teachers the American ‘boy has a chance of acquiring as good a training as his German brother, or would have such a chance, if the lazy idlers in his SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 class could be put in a division by them- selves. Under the actual circumstances, he must use one year in college, and some high authorities would say two years, in order to get as far along in real mental training and effective knowledge as the German boy when he leaves the prepara- tory school. The German engineering school gives little attention to the so-called general sub- jects in its curriculum. These are taken care of in the preparatory school. No languages or history appear, among the re- quired or elective subjects. Certain gen- eral subjects which have a practical value for the engineer, like commercial law, pa- tent law, finance, political economy, etc., are listed among the possible courses to be chosen, while opportunity is also offered for courses in foreign languages—F rench, Russian, English, ete. To put our American engineering schools on a par with the German as educational institutions, we must first of all improve the quality of our preparatory instruc- tion. This will be done, not by lengthen- ing the college course, or by merely re- quiring a bachelor’s degree for admission ; but by insisting that the student who wishes to take up engineering studies should have a thorough grounding in the elements of a liberal education, including the mother tongue, foreign languages, mathematics, history and the natural sci- ences. This can all be acquired by the time the student is eighteen or nineteen years of age without spending three or four years in college after leaving the high school. Perhaps a good compromise might ‘be effected for a time by requiring one or two years of general study in an arts “eourse as a preliminary requirement for admission to the technical courses. If mathematics and physics, chemistry and drawing, were prescribed for this college FEBRUARY 2, 1912] period it might fairly enough be fixed at two years. In this way, a five years’ course, after leaving the high school, could be worked out leading to a technical de- gree, which might then in one more year lead to a doctor’s degree. The present situation is one of unstable equilibrium. Our ultimate hope lies in the development of the public high school into an effective tory instruction. Tt is interesting to note how many men come up at Charlottenburg for their final examinations and the diploma and for the doctor’s degree during the year. The at- tendance of matriculated, 7. ¢., regular stu- dents at the Hochschule during the year ending June 30, 1911, was 2,060 (average for the two semesters). Of these, 336 passed successfully the examinations for the degree of Certificated HEngineer— roughly one in six of the total number. Forty-two took the doctor’s degree in engi- neering, 2. €., one in fifty. During the week I spent in a careful study of the Hochschule and its workings I was greatly impressed by the emphasis laid on training the men to independent methods of work, and by the manifest de- sire to turn out, not highly trained arti- sans or mechanics, but independent think- ers within the field of technical pursuits— men who because of their mental develop- ment will be able to lead in whatever field they may enter. Epmunp J. JAMES CHARLOTTENBURG-BERLIN, GERMANY, January 1, 1912 WILLIAM EMERSON DAMON THE death of William Emerson Damon on December 1, in Windsor, Vermont, at the -age of seventy-three, recalls to his friends memories of his early days, when his enthusi- astic devotion. to natural history. studies in general, and more especially to ichthyology _and pisciculture, caused him to become the leading spirit in the establishment of New SCIENCE 175 York’s first aquarium. This first venture was a department of Barnum’s old Ann Street museum. It was due to Mr. Damon’s per- suasion that the irrepressible showman was induced to undertake this enterprise; however, unexpected difficulties were encountered in securing specimens from the South Atlantic, but few of the fish being alive when they reached New York. Finally a special craft was chartered and placed under Mr. Damon’s immediate control. This was in 1863, during our Civil War, and some very interesting details regarding this expedition have been furnished by Pro- fessor Albert S. Bickmore. Barnum, who had just acquired the “ Aquarial Gardens” in Bos- ton, wrote to Professor Agassiz, of Harvard, that if the latter had an assistant whom he would like to send along to collect specimens for the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, all facilities would be accorded tohim. This offer was accepted by Agassiz, who selected Professor Bickmore as his representa- tive. The little fishing-smack charted for the trip was given the high-sounding name Pacific. Its equipment, however, was of the simplest, not even a chronometer being on board, so that when, after coasting along until Cape Hatteras was reached, the course was laid due east, and the ship passed out of sight of land, there was no means of determining its exact position. Fortunately, half-way toward Ber- muda, an East-Indiaman was met, and the ad- venturous seamen were able to learn their precise latitude and longitude. On the arrival of the little craft in Ber- muda, Professor Bickmore writes: As we came near Port Hamilton, the principal harbor, a number of native boats put off to board us, for what purpose we were at a loss to imagine, until one'more skilfully managed than the others came alongside, and its black crew offered to aid us as agents. ‘‘What for?’’ we asked; to which came the rejoinder: ‘‘ Why, when we saw how you could sail in a strong breeze, we felt sure you were a ‘blockade-runner’ loaded with tobacco.’’ When the entirely peaceful intentions of the newcomers were made plain, the authori- ties facilitated their operations and some 600 176 fine specimens were secured, and safely brought to New York. The beautiful Ber- muda Islands were then but little known to New-Yorkers and the enthusiastic account of their charms given by both Mr. Damon and Professor Bickmore undoubtedly helped much to make that region popular with New-York- ers and Bostonians. To this first aquarium venture succeeded another, which was housed for some years in a building on the site now occupied by the Herald Square Theatre. A most appropriate banquet celebrated the opening of this aquarium, the menu of fifty-three courses con- sisting exclusively of fish. With this founda- tion Mr. Damon was largely interested and when, finally, the present well-equipped aqua- rium in Battery Park was established his ad- vice and council were eagerly sought and he was given a deciding voice in the choice of the director. There can be no doubt that if Mr. Damon could have found an opening enabling him to devote all his time and energies to natural history he would have earned a world-wide reputation in this field, but a leading jewelry house would have lacked his valuable services as part owner and credit-man, services extend- ing for forty years. Nevertheless, his in- terest in these studies was always great and he found time to make many contributions to the progress of this branch of science. His book entitled “Ocean Wonders” records a number of very interesting experiences gained during his early researches. During his busi- ness career he was exceedingly fond of ma- king pedestrian excursions in the environs of New York City, and thus acquired an ex- ceptionally thorough knowledge of the forma- tion of the land in this territory. His lively interest in scientific pursuits and the recognition accorded him in the scientific world is shown by his membership in the New York Microscopical Society, the Royal Micro- scopical Society of London, the New York Mycological Club, the Scientific Alliance of New York, the New York Naturalists’ Club and the New York Zoological Society. He SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 was also a member of the New England So- ciety. He is survived by a widow. Grorce F. Kunz MEMORIAL TO MRS. ELLEN H. RICHARDS Tue third annual meeting and luncheon of the Home Economics Association of Greater New York, held on Saturday at the National Arts Club in that city, took the form of a me- morial to Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, late of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and president of the Lake Placid Conference of Home Economies and the American Home Economics Association. The literary pro- gram at the luncheon was in charge of Pro- fessor Helen Kinne, of the School of House- hold Arts, Teachers College, the president of the New York association. At the last annual meeting Mrs. Richards was present as the guest of honor and gave an address on the “ Qonservation of Human Resources.” Miss Kinne in introducing one of the speakers, said that probably there was no member of the club whose life had not been touched and quickened by Mrs. Richards. For herself, she said, she had two mental pictures of Mrs. Richards, one in her laboratory at the Insti- tute of Technology, and the other in her home with the flowers. The first speaker was Miss Margaret Maltby, professor of physics in Barnard Col- lege. She told of her first contact with Mrs. Richards while she studied at the Institute in 1887 and of the constant thoughtfulness of the only woman teacher there for the girl stu- dents. She said: Mrs. Richards in an unusual degree combined the qualities of the prophet, the scientist and the practical optimist. She was constantly antici- pating lines along which.advance would be made. Her imagination was based on a solid foundation of scientific fact and her prognostications were seldom wrong. Her interests were broad and were not confined to any one science. This was shown by her study of medical books, by her use of the weather charts which came daily to her home, and by her activities in many scientific societies. With all this there was a sense of proportion, an in- stinct for what was feasible, a practical method of attack, a wonderful power of analysis, which was FEBRUARY 2, 1912] often astonishing. She was a pioneer in scientific management in the case of the individual as well as of the institution and aimed for the maximum of efficiency for the individual and the race. Environment as expressed in food, shelter and clothing was but the means to an end, the better- ment of the race. Mrs. Mary J. Lincoln, first principal of the Boston Cooking School, told of Mrs. Richards’s help in the early days of that institution (now merged with Simmons Oollege), how she sometimes lectured at the school and more often the pupils went to her. At a later period when Mrs. Lincoln was preparing a text-book for public schools, Mrs. Richards gave advice and read proof. “ Be careful, that may not be so in ten years,” “Better say, ‘so far as we know now,’” were some of her comments which prove how her own words were to be trusted. Of particular interest was the announce- ment made by Mrs. Caroline Weeks Barrett, chairman of the Ellen H. Richards Home Eco- nomics Fund committee. This committee is soon to make definite announcement regarding the memorial to Mrs. Richards which will take the form of a fund to be administered for re- search and publication for advancing the in- terests of the home. We could not think of putting up a dead thing as a memorial to Mrs. Richards, a bronze tablet or even a building. She was a living argument for home economics. How shall we keep her alive? We must give her earthly immortality through a living memorial, something which shall continue to do Mrs. Richards’s work with Mrs. Richards’s spirit. For this woman who believed in the impossible and helped it to come to pass it is not impossible for us to raise a hundred thou- sand dollars in dollar subscriptions from those who have felt her influence, to be invested by a board of trustees and used under their direction to estab- lish the Journal of Home Economics and later for lectureships, research and publication according to the needs of the time. The collection of funds by personal canvass is soon to be initiated in a country-wide campaign which will enlist commit- tees numbering over a thousand persons who will seek this uniform democratic contribution from men and women interested in advancing the wel- fare of the home through a memorial to this SCIENCE WAT woman who as scientist and social engineer did so much for the home. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS Aone the British New Year’s honors are knighthoods conferred on Professor W. F. Barrett, F.R.S., formerly professor of physics - in the Royal College of Science, Dublin, and Professor E. B. Tylor, F.R.S., emeritus pro- fessor of anthropology in the University of Oxford. M. Lippman has been elected president, and Professor Guyon vice-president, of the Paris Academy of Sciences. THE Academy of Sciences at Bologna has awarded the Elie de Cyon prize of 3,000 lire to Professor E. A. Sehiafer, of Edinburgh. THE senate of St. Andrews University has resolved to confer honorary degrees in ab- sentia upon gentlemen chosen for the degrees on the occasion of the celebration of the five hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the university in September last, but who were unable to be present. Among them is Dr. Charles D. Walcott, geologist, and secre- tary of the Smithsonian Institution. Cotumpia University has designated as Jesup lecturer for 1912-13 Professor H. T. Morgan, of the department of zoology. His lectures will be delivered at the American Museum of Natural History. Professor W. P. Montague, of the department of philosophy, has been appointed to deliver the Hewitt lec- tures at Cooper Union in the spring of 1913. Mr. Raymonp A. Pearson has resigned the office of commissioner of agriculture of the state of New York. Proressor JoHN B. Watson, of the Johns Hopkins University, has recently been granted a three years’ appointment as a research as- sociate of the Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington, in order that he may study the mi- gratory and other instincts of the sea-gulls of the Tortugas, Florida. Aw expedition to Montego Bay, Jamaica, is about to be undertaken by the department of marine biology of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. In addition to the director, the 178 investigators will consist of Professors David H. Tennent, Gilman A. Drew, Robert Tracy Jackson, H. L. Clark, H. E. Jordan, R. L. Cary and E. E. Reinke. Mr. George Gray, of Woods Hole, will accompany the expedition as collector. Proressor M. M. Mercatr, head of the de- partment of zoology of Oberlin College, has been granted leave of absence for the second semester to carry on research work in the Ma- rine Laboratory of the University of Cali- fornia. Frepprick STarR, associate professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, re- turned on January 1 from a four months’ journey through Korea. Professor Starr has been made a Commander of the Order of Leopold II., by King Albert, of Belgium. Mr. Witrrep H. Oscoop, of the Field Mu- seum of Natural History, accompanied by Mr. Maleolm P. Anderson, sailed on January 27 ¥rom New Orleans to Colon, en route to the west coast of South America and the Peru- ~yian Andes. ‘They will spend six to nine months collecting mammals and birds and ‘studying the general faunal conditions in that region. Proressor C. V. Pirer, of the United States Department of Agriculture, has re- turned to Washington after a year’s absence in the orient. Six months of this time were spent in the Philippine Islands investigating the possibilities of producing hay in the Philippines for the use of army horses. The remaining time was devoted mainly to a study of the agricultural conditions in India. Pro- fessor Piper brought back with him a large lot of seeds, principally grasses and legumes, which promise to be of value in the southern states and West Indies. Tur eighth lecture of the Harvey Society series will be delivered by Professor T. W. Richards, of Harvard University, on Satur- day, February 8, 1912, at 8.30 p.m., at the New York Academy of Medicine, 17 West ‘43d Street. The subject is: “The Relations -of Modern Chemistry to Medicine.” Proressor W. L. Tower, of the University -of Chicago, delivered a lecture on December SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 20 to the members of the Science Club of the Kansas State Agricultural College at Man- hattan on “The Modification of the Germ Plasm and Inheritance.” Proressor D. H. Tennent, of Bryn Mawr College, gave an afternoon and an evening lec- ture at Oberlin, on January 17, upon “ Varia- tion and Heredity in Echinoderms,” basing his discussion on his hybridization experi- ments and the cytological analysis of their results. Dr. Barton WARREN EVERMANN, chief of the Alaska Fisheries Service, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, lectured before the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences on Friday evening, Jan- uary 19, on “The Alaska Fur-seal and the Fur-seal Question.” He strongly approved the government policy of killing the surplus 38-year-old males, after making ample reserva- tions for breeding purposes. Proressor LarayerTte B. Menpet, of ' Yale University, gave an illustrated lecture before the Columbia University Chapter of the Sigma Xi Society on January 18, on “ Nutrition and Growth.” Proressor J. McKeen Cartrent, of Co- lumbia University, gave the foundation ad- dress at Indiana University on the morning of January 19. In the afternoon he spoke be- fore the faculties on “Grades and Credits,” and in the evening addressed the Society of Sigma Xi. On January 22, he gave an ad- dress before the faculties of the University of Illinois on “The Administration of a Uni- versity,” and in the evening discussed the question with the committee charged with framing a constitution for the university. On January 5, Professor Cattell gave an ad- dress at Lehigh University and in the even- ing addressed the faculties of Lehigh Univer- sity and Lafayette College. Tue department of Natural History of the College of the City of New York announces the following public lectures, which will be given on Thursday afternoons at 4 o’clock: February 8—Professor N. L. Britton, director of the New York Botanical Gardens: ‘‘Scenic and Floral Features of Cuba.’’ February 29—Dr. C. H. Townsend, director of FEBRUARY 2, 1912] the New York Aquarium: ‘‘The Voyage of the Albatross to the Gulf of California.’’ March 7—Dr. ©. William Beebe, curator of birds, New York Zoological Park: ‘‘ Adventures of an Ornithologist in the Far Hast.’’ March 21—Dr. R. H. Lowie, assistant curator of anthropology, American Museum of Natural History: ‘‘An Ethnologist in the Field.’’ THE Naples Table Association for pro- moting Laboratory Research by Women calls attention to the opportunities for research in zoology, botany and physiology provided by the foundation of this table. The year of the association begins in April and all applica- tions for the year 1912-13 should be sent to the secretary on or before March 1, 1912. A prize of $1,000 has been offered periodically by the association for the best thesis written by a woman on a scientific subject, embodying new observations and new conclusions based on an independent laboratory research in bio- logical (including psychological), chemical or physical science. In April, 1911, the prize was named the Ellen Richards Research Prize. The sixth prize will be awarded in April, 1913. Application blanks, information in regard to the advantages at Naples for research and col- lection of material, and circulars giving the conditions of the award of the prize will be furnished by the secretary, Mrs. A. D. Mead, 283 Wayland Ave., Providence, R. I. THE chairman of the finance committee of the New York Academy of Medicine, in send- ing out to members the treasurer’s report, states that $110,000 has been raised by sub- scription from about one fourth of the mem- bers, and that it is expected to collect about double that sum within the academy in order to pay for the real estate purchased as a site for the proposed enlarged building, before ap- pealing to the general public for funds. THE extension of the Horniman Museum, Forest Hill, consisting of a lecture hall and a new library, the gift of Mr. KE. J. Horniman, son of the donor of the museum, was opened on January 27, by Sir Archibald Geikie, K.C.B., president of the Royal Society. Mr. Ropert Witcox Sayuss, in charge of the geological section of the Harvard University SCIENCE 179 Museum, has given the sum of $5,000 to the Seismological Society of America, to aid in the publication of the Society’s Bulletin. Tue Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, has acquired recently, through pur- chase, the herbarium and botanical library of the late J. H. Schuette, of Green Bay, Wis- consin. The collection comprises 15,000 to 20,000 carefully prepared and fully labelled herbarium specimens, principally from Wis- consin, well representing the flora of the state. In addition to the general collection there is a valuable series of native American roses, the particular group of plants in which Mr. Schuette was for many years deeply interested and to which he gave critical study. Aone the dispositions of the will of Dr. O. M. Lannelongue, professor of surgery at the University of Paris, are the following: An annual sum of $100 is left to the University of Paris, the same sum to the Faculty of Medicine for assisting necessitous students, and a sum of $35,000 for the establishment of a museum, for which material had already been collected, in his native town, Castéra-Ver- duzan. Various other benefactions are con- ferred upon the town of Castéra-Verduzan. The residue of the property is to go towards the creation of some national or international work of a social or scientific order. Mr. CuHartes G. Appot, director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, has returned to Washington from Bassour, AI- geria, where he has been making astrophysical observations, in regard to the solar constant of radiation. The observing station in Bas- sour was established in July, 1911, when Mr. Abbot and his field assistant, Professor Frank P. Brackett, of Pomona College, arrived in Algeria, and observations were continued until the end of November. From previous work at Washington, Mount Wilson and Mount Whitney, it had been determined that the sun was probably a variable star, and that appar- ently its radiations frequently fluctuated from 2 to 5 per cent., during irregular periods of from five to ten days duration. Although strongly indicated by the work on Mount Wil- 180 son, the result was so important that it seemed necessary to test it further, by means of sim- ultaneous independent observations held at Mount Wilson and some other high altitude station remote from there, where an equally cloudless atmosphere existed. These dupli- cate observations would eliminate all errors due to local atmospheric conditions. Mr. Abbot made complete determinations of the solar constant of radiation for forty-four days, in Bassour, while his assistant, Mr. L. B. Aldrich, made similar measurements at Mount Wilson, Cal. The two observing stations were separated by a distance nearly equal to that of one third the circumference of the earth. Unfortunately some cloudy weather was encountered at each of the stations, but the records of about thirty days will be avail- able for comparison. If it seems necessary to make additional measurements it will be pos- sible to continue the work this year, during June, July and August. More than 200,000,000 barrels of oil, with a value of nearly $128,000,000, were produced in the United States last year, according to David T. Day, of the United States Geological Survey, in an advance chapter on petroleum from ‘Mineral Resources of the United States ” for 1910. The petroleum industry in the United States, says Dr. Day, has been characterized by a phenomenal increase each year for the last four years. Each year’s gain over that of the year before has been so re- markable as to lead to the belief that the limit of production had been reached, but the increase has continued rapidly. After vary- ing between 50,000,000 and 60,000,000 barrels annually in the decade between 1890 and 1900, the. oil output was over 63,000,000 bar- rels in 1900 and increased to 88,000,000 bar- rels in 1902. In 1903 it passed the 100,000,- 000-barrel mark, in 1904 it was over 170,000,- 000 barrels, and in 1905 nearly 135,000,000 barrels. After a slight decline in 1906 the output rose again, in 1907 reaching 166,000,- 000 barrels. It was 178,000,000 barrels in 1908, 183,000,000 barrels in 1909, and 209,556,- 048 barrels in 1910, a gain of 14 per cent. over the record output of 1909. This brought SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 the total output since the beginning of the petroleum industry to more than two billion barrels. The United States is now by far the greatest oil-producing country; in fact, it produces more than all the rest of the world together. In 1910 the wells of this country yielded nearly 64 per cent. of the total pro- duction, Russia scoring a very poor second with about 70,000,000 barrels, or 21 per cent. The production of other countries is com- paratively negligible, the third on the list, Galicia, contributing only 3.87 per cent. of the total. The excess of the petroleum pro- duction of the United States over the normal demand is shown by the fact that the 209,- 556,048 barrels produced in 1910 brought a smaller return—$127,896,328—than the 183.- 170,874 barrels in 1909, which was valued at $128,328,497. The even smaller output in 1908, 178,000,000 barrels, was valued at still more—$129,079,184. As the production has increased the average price has gone down from more than $1 a barrel in 1900 to 61 cents in 1910. These repeated great increases in oil production have been due to the successive development of four great petroleum fields farther west than the old productive centers. By 1900 the country had adapted itself to the influx of oil from western Ohio and Indiana; then came in rapid succession the develop- ment of the Gulf field in Texas and Louisiana, the Mid-Continent field in Oklahoma and Kansas, and the Illinois field. Im the mean- time California’s production had been in- creasing so rapidly that it became the domi- nant feature of 1909 and 1910, outstripping the production of any other state and prom- ising to retain this supremacy in the future. The trade effect of these developments was largely discounted by the small proportion of gasolene and kerosene yielded by the Gulf and California oils and it was only when the su- perior character of the Mid-Continent oil was recognized that the middle western con- tributions began to be taken seriously in the general trade. Geographic and technical fac- tors put California petroleum at a disad- vantage compared with the eastern supply, FEBRUARY 2, 1912] but the great production has compelled such advances in refining methods as to make it reasonably certain that California will in the future yield good refined products, including lubricating and illuminating oils. THE results of the latest tests on reinforced conerete, conducted in the College of Engi- neering of the University of Wisconsin, have just been published by the university. In this bulletin suggestions are made as to the most economical mixture of cement, sand and gravel in making the concrete. It also con- tains data concerning the strength of different forms of reinforced columns. The loads that may be safely used in designing reinforced concrete columns and the strength of columns resting upon small footings are also dealt with, and conclusions given as to the behavior of the latter. The work in this field has been in progress for about ten years at the Univer- sity of Wisconsin and the bulletin just pub- lished supplements one published about three years ago. UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS THE directors of Bryn Mawr College have formally accepted the bequest of $750,000, made by the will of Emma Carola Woeris- hoffer, of New York, who was killed in an automobile accident last summer. The whole sum has been constituted as a permanent en- dowment fund, to be named the Emma Carola Woerishoffer Endowment Fund. A _ scholar- ship has been founded at the college in mem- ory of Miss Anna Hallowell, of Philadelphia, by her family. The interest of the $2,500 which is given will be used as a scholarship for an undergraduate student each year. THE sum of $50,000 has been given to Beloit College by Mrs. Rufus H. Sage, of Chicago, and will be applied to the endowment of the chair of English literature. The total endow- ment of the college—in active, interest-bear- ing securities—is now increased to $1,251,000, aside from the value of the buildings. Tue University of California announces the establishment by Mr. F. M. Smith, of Oak- land, California, of a research fellowship for { SCIENCE 181 investigation of certain problems incident to the growth of cities in the San Francisco Bay region. Attention is to be directed especially to questions relating to the development of parks, playgrounds and other community in- terests demanding particular consideration of space available for growth. The stipend of the fellowship is $1,000 per annum, and an ad- ditional sum of $500 annually is provided for expenses of the investigation. BUILDING operations on the new auditorium of the University of Michigan, made possible by Regent Hill’s bequest of $200,000, will soon be under way. The site has been chosen with a view to commanding a convenient approach when the campus extension plans shall have been earried out. The auditorium, with its two galleries, will have a seating capacity of 5,500. M. Gerorces Lrycurs has given 25,000: franes to the University of Paris for the new Institute of Chemistry. Tue faculty of the College of Arts and Sci- ences of the University of Maine has made a change in the requirements for the B.A. de- gree, abolishing the requirement of ten hours in the classical department. Hereafter, neither Latin nor Greek will be required for ape ae to the college, nor for the B.A. de- gree. A broad group system has been adopted within which a student, under the advice of his major instructor and with certain restric- tions, may elect his own course. Tue board of trustees of the College of the City of New York has authorized the opening of the college courses to mature and properly qualified applicants who do not wish to pur- sue the full curriculum leading to a degree. In the department of chemistry special courses are offered in analytical, industrial, organic, physical and electrochemistry with opportuni- ties for investigation. Full particulars may be had by addressing Professor Charles Bas- kerville, College of the City of New York. ANNOUNCEMENT is made that the formal in- . auguration of Dr. John Grier Hibben as presi- dent of Princeton University will take place early in May. Dr. Hibben will continue to 182 give his course of lectures on philosophy under the auspices of the Graduate School, and it is expected that he will continue to give at least one course to the undergraduates. Dr. Henry Louis Smiru, president of Davidson College, has been elected president of Washington and Lee University. Mr. H. R. Futon, associate professor of botany in the Pennsylvania State College, has been elected to the professorship of botany and vegetable pathology in North Carolina Col- lege of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. Brverty W. KUNKLE, now instructor in the Yale Sheffield Scientific School, has been ap- pointed to the chair of zoology at Beloit Col- lege to assume his duties in September. In Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Belle- vue, Quebec, the following have been ap- pointed to fill the positions named: Lecturer in Biology: W. P. Fraser, M.A., Pictou, N. S. Lecturer in Poultry and Poultry Management: M. A. Jull, B.S.A., at present Live Stock Com- missioner of the Province of British Columbia. Assistant in Animal Husbandry: W. J. Reid, B.S.A. Assistant in Biology: Peter I. Bryce. DISCUSSION AND, CORRESPONDENCE “ PHENOTYPE ” AND ‘“ CLONE ” In calling attention to the frequent misuse of the words “genotype” and “pure line,” Jennings says* that the word “ phenotype” “designates a group of organisms which in outward appearance seem to belong to one type, although in hereditary constitution they may actually differ greatly. Genotype, in Johannsen’s usage, is not directly contrasted with phenotype,” ete. As I have also used “ phenotype” with the meaning indicated by Jennings, I did not recognize the fundamental misconception in- volved in the quotation given above, when I wrote my note in response to the article from which this quotation is taken. My attention has been called to this point by Dr. Jo- hannsen, and it seems best to set the matter straight at once, in connection with the at- 1 SCIENCE, December 15, 1911. ? SCIENCE, January 5, 1912. SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 tempt made by Jennings and seconded by myself, to restrict to their original meanings, the other terms introduced by Johannsen. “Phenotype ” and “ genotype,” when both are rightly used, are contrasted terms, both be- ing abstractions referring to the type to which an individual or group of individuals belongs, and not to the group of individuals belonging to that type. To illustrate the use of “phenotype” in its correct sense, reference may be made to the F: of a Mendelian hybrid. When an F, hybrid whose genotypic constitu- tion may be represented by the formula, XXAaBb, is self-fertilized or crossed with another individual having the same formula, there will be possessed by different individuals among the offspring nine different genotypes, but only four different phenotypes. The nine genotypes may be represented by the formule: XXAABB, XXAABb, XXAaBB, XXAAbb, XXaaBB, XXAaBb, XX Aabb, XXaaBb and XXaabb. The four phenotypes may in similar manner be indicated by the formule: XAB, XAb, XaB and Xab. As the “ phenotype” is the “type of the phenomenon ”—the type of that which actually appears—there must always be as many distinguishable groups of individuals as there are phenotypes; hence, the readiness with which the word “ pheno- type ” has been misinterpreted and applied to the group of apparently equal individuals in- stead of the constitution or assemblage of characteristics with respect to which such a group of individuals is apparently homo- geneous. There is at present no satisfactory word universally applicable to all groups of indi- viduals possessing the same phenotype—the concept for which the word “phenotype” itself has been misused. The words “spe- cies” and “sub-species ” used by taxonomists are applicable, at least in some cases, to groups of such phenotypically equal individuals, but no one would think at present of applying either of these words to all the numerous slightly differentiated groups which the genet- icist is now able to distinguish and with which he is obliged to work. A short and appro- priate word for all such groups of individuals, FEBRUARY 2, 1912] of whatever degree of differentiation, is greatly needed. In my discussion of “clone” as a suitable name for any group of plants or animals which has been formed from a single original individual by purely vegetative methods of reproduction, I suggested the restriction of the term to groups of genotypically identical individuals. Further consideration convinces me that this restriction is highly undesirable because it is impracticable. It would be quite impossible to know for a certainty that two twigs used as cuttings or cions from the same tree had the same genotypic constitution, and consequently there could be no security in the assumption that they were members of the same clone, if the definition given in my pre- vious note should be maintained. I wish, therefore, to offer an amendment to that defi- nition by striking out such restriction. The definition may then read: “ Clone, a group of individuals traceable through asexual repro- ductions (including parthenogenesis when un- accompanied by genotypic segregation) to a single ancestral zygote, or else perpetually asexual.” This definition puts the word- “clone” on exactly the same footing as the expression “pure line,” making it a purely genealogical term and involving no implica- tion whatever as to the genotypic equality of the individuals included in the single clone. zi Gro. H. SHULL ” THE PRIBILOF FUR SEAL HERD To tHe Epitor or Science: In Science of October 27, 1911, page 568, there appears an article entitled, “The Pribilof Fur Seal Herd, and the Prospects for its Increase,” signed by OC. H. Townsend, member of the Advisory Board of the Fur Seal Service. Dr. Townsend in his article handles rather severely certain persons “ whose opinions upon the subject are of little value.” I cheerfully admit that I am one of the persons referred to, and I shall be equally frank to say that I am sorry Dr. Townsend feels the way he does, for at the bottom we both desire the same thing, namely, the rehabilitation and preservation of the fur seal herd. SCIENCE 183 A scientist who desires his opinions upon any subject to be of value must, above all, be accurate as to his facts. In his article Dr. Townsend tells us that “The hook-worm is one of the contributing causes to heavy an- nual losses among the young seals born on sandy areas.” In view of this statement, I would like to call Dr. Townsend’s attention to the report of Walter I. Lembkey, agent in charge of the Alaskan Seal Fisheries, dated December 14, 1906 (page 274), printed as Appendix A to Hearings on House Resolutions No. 73: Inquiries have been made recently of the De- partment concerning the present effect of Uncin- aria on the seal pups, and it has been strongly intimated by certain persons that thousands of pups die annually from the ravages of this para- site, of which no report is made in the agent’s report. The fact is that Uncinaria has not now, nor has had for several years past, any known existence on the islands. This statement is justi- fied by actual and careful examinations during the last three years. Also to the report of Marold Heath’s “ Special Investigation of the Alaska Fur Seal Rookeries, 1910” (same publication as cited above, page 1223) : In earlier times the ravages of the parasitic worm Uncinaria were especially noticeable on the Tolstoi sand flat and portions of Zapadni; but in recent years, due to shrinkage of the herd, these areas have been abandoned. Very few cases were noted by Dr. Chichester in 1909, and not one was detected this year. The dead pups dissected were seemingly in a perfectly normal condition, their emaciated appearance and empty alimentary canal indicating death from starvation. On the question of the closed season Dr. Townsend is especially severe. He tells us that a cessation of slaughtering seals would be “positively dangerous,” because of the rapid increase in fighting males. I once made the suggestion to him, favorably received at the time, that as the old bulls haul out on the breeding grounds some ten days in advance of the females, it would be rather a simple mat- ter for the agent in charge and his Indians, armed with a few modern rifles, to dispose of these dangerous surplus bulls. But a far 184 better answer is found in the fact that years before the club and the gun were used upon the seals the herds throve and increased, and the more powerful bulls fought their way into the breeding grounds and did their part in creating a strong and virile race that was numbered by millions instead of the few thou- sands that are left to-day. The tide of life on the fur islands has reached its lowest ebb. Dr. Townsend himself says that “the stock of females has reached the lowest limit in the history of the Islands.” The objectionable persons, of whom I am one, have based their beliefs and opinions not on the conflicting reports of scientists, but on the broad principle that when any species of wild life has become so depleted as to be in danger of extinction, the best remedy is to let it absolutely alone. In this connection I wish to quote President David Starr Jordan, of Stanford University, and also a member of the Advisory Board of the Fur Seal Service: With men, as with animals, ‘‘ Like the seed is the harvest.’’? In every vicissitude of race of men or of breed of animals, it is always those who are left who determine what the future shall be. All progress in whatever direction is conditioned on selective breeding. There is no permanent advance not dependent on advance in the type of parenthood. There is no decline except that arising. from breeding from the second-best in- stead of the best. The survival of the fittest in the struggle for existence is the primal moving cause of race progress and of race changes. In the red stress of human history, this natural process of selection is sometimes reversed. A reversal of selection is the beginning of degradation. It is degradation itself. Natural conditions should be the rule, and all killing of selected males for commercial purposes should absolutely cease until the tide of increase in the fur seal herd has once more set toward the flood. MarsHatt McLran, Member of the Camp Fire Club’s Com- mittee on Game Protective Legislation NEw YORE, January 2, 1912 SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 QUOTATIONS THE PRESIDENCY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MON- TANA For the first time the state board of educa- tion permits me, although solely through newspaper reports, to have a statement of con- siderations which influenced its members in voting “not to renew Dr. Duniway’s contract at the close of the year, September 1, 1912.” To the extent that official propriety permits me, and without entering into controversies with my superior officers, I feel obliged to call attention to certain features of this report. The basis for the action of the state board is said to be primarily a report of the univer- sity committee, following an investigation of university affairs made in Missoula on Oc- tober 22 and 23. It should be borne in mind that this so-called investigation was made without notice to the president of the univer- sity, and at a time when he was out of the state. The summing of members of the fac- ulty, of alumni and of students, was prear- ranged by the chairman of the committee. Under the circumstances there was no oppor- tunity, and there seems to have been no ex- pectation to extend the scope of the inquiry to make it fairly representative of the prevail- ing opinions and the essential facts which ought to have been considered. Any fair- minded person is entitled to draw his own con- clusions concerning such a situation. It will conduce to clearness if the report of the committee, as published, is briefly consid- ered, point by point. Its essence is found in these statements: First: “ We find there is a spirit of unrest and dissatisfaction existing between the student body and the president’; second, “ There is dissatisfaction between the alumni and the president”; third, “ A lack of cooperation and coordination existing be- tween the president and a large portion of his faculty ”; fourth, “ We find that the president is exceedingly unpopular among the high school students of the state.” Davidson,® Dall’ and _ others have given us much valuable information concerning the coastal region; and the many expeditions by Hayes,® Brooks, and various other members of the United States Geological Survey® have added ma- + Presidential address before the Association of American Geographers, at the Washington meet- ing, December 29, 1911. * Wright, G. F., ‘‘The Ice Age in North Amer- ica,’’? New York, 1891, chapter III., pp. 36-66. * Russell, I. C., ‘‘An Expedition to Mount St. Elias, Alaska,’’ Nat. Geog. Mag., Vol. 3, 1891, pp. 53-203; ‘‘Second Expedition to Mount St. Elias,’’ Thirteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 1892, pp. 1-91. *Reid, H. F., ‘‘Studies of Muir Glacier, Alaska,’’ Nat. Geog. Mag., Vol. 4, 1892, pp. 19- 84; ‘‘Glacier Bay and its Glaciers,’’ Sixteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 1, 1894-95, pp. 415-461. i 5Gilbert, G. K., ‘‘Glaciers and Glaciation,’’ Harriman Alaska Expedition, Vol. IIT., New York, 1904. *Davidson, G., ‘‘The Glaciers of Alaska,’’ Trans. and Proc. Geog. Soc. Pacific, Vol. IIL., Ser. II., June, 1904, 98 pp. "Dall, W. H., U. S. Coast Pilot, Pacific Coast, Part I., Alaska, 1883, Washington, D. C. 8<““ An Expedition through the Yukon District,’’ Nat. Geog. Mag., Vol. 4, 1892, pp. 117-159. ® Mainly published in annual reports, bulletins and professional papers of the U. S. Geological Survey. 242 terially to this knowledge, and have ex- tended the area of observation to the in- terior. Thus, even though there is yet much to learn, the knowledge that we now possess is sufficient to warrant a discussion of the general phenomena of Alaskan glaciation ; and since this is the object that has been most in my mind during the past six years, it has naturally appealed to. me ag the most fitting topic for the presidential address which I am called upon to give.?° THE EXISTING GLACIERS Condition of the Existing Glaciers Alaskan glaciation is, and has been, of the mountain type. That is to say, moun- tain snow fields have shed into mountain valleys, and through these the glacier ice has flowed to lower levels, in some cases even to the sea. Numerous glaciers, and in former times a still greater number, have flowed beyond their valleys and spread out fan-shaped at the mountain base, giving rise to the type of piedmont glacier which Russell has made known to us through his studies of the Malaspina glacier. The main region of existing glaciers oc- eupies a roughly semicircular area sweep- ing from the southern boundary of Alaska, northward, westward and southwestward, » The personal field work upon which this address is in part based was done in 1905 and 1906 under the auspices of the U. 8S. Geological Society; and in 1909 and 1911 under the auspices of the Research Committee of the National Geo- graphie Society. To both of these bodies acknowl- edgments sre due for the generous financial sup- port given. The last two expeditions have been under the joint leadership of Professor Lawrence Martin and myself; and I wish especially to ac- knowledge my indebtedness to my colleague in two seasons of work, who was also an assistant on the first expedition. We have worked and observed together and have freely discussed all problems which have arisen. The results of our joint work are used in this address, as are also the results of other students of Alaskan glaciation. SCIENCE [N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 894 toward the Aleutian islands. From either end of this zone both the number and the size of the glaciers increase, and the eleva- tion of their termini decreases, attaining maximum development near the center of the semicircle that surrounds the head of the Gulf of Alaska. Altogether there are at least 47 tidal glaciers in this zone, the southeasternmost being the Le Conte Glacier, just north of Wrangell, and the westernmost McCarty Glacier on Kenai peninsula. Toward the ends of the glacier zone there are few and scattered instances of tidal glaciers; but in the central part of the zone they are numerous, and, where topographic conditions favor, are close to- gether. Thus in Glacier Bay there are at least twelve tidal glaciers; in Yakutat Bay three; and in Prince William Sound twenty. How many glaciers there are in this coastal area can not be even approximately estimated; but, counting large and small, tributaries and main ice streams, they are certainly to be numbered by the thousand. These vary in size from tiny ice masses in cirques, to valley glaciers two or three miles in breadth and thirty or forty miles in length; and up to the great Malaspina Glacier whose area is estimated to be 1,500 square miles. From the Kenai peninsula to Cross Sound a very large proportion of the seaward face of the mountains is cov- ered with snow and ice, and glaciers exist in a majority of the valleys, deeply filling most of the larger ones. From Controller Bay to Cross Sound a succession of pied- mont glaciers and expanded bulbs of indi- vidual glaciers spread out between the mountain base and the sea. A journey along this coast is, therefore, a constant glacial panorama. Distribution of Eaisting Glaciers The mountains which fringe the Alaskan coast as a continuous barrier, as far west FEBRUARY 16, 1912] as Cook Inlet, attain their greatest eleva- tion in the St. Hlias-Fairweather Range where peaks rise 12,000 to 15,000 feet, 18,- 000 feet in Mount St. Elias, and 19,540 feet in Mount Logan. Here, naturally, the glaciers are largest, for from this central area the general elevation, as well as the heights of the peaks, diminishes toward both the southeast and the west. Back from the coast, and roughly paral- lel to the curving mountain barrier around the head of the Gulf of Alaska, is another lofty range sweeping northward from the Alaska peninsula, then eastward and southeastward. In its highest part, called the Alaska Range, are numerous lofty mountain peaks, including Mount Mce- Kinley (20,300 feet), the highest moun- tain in North America. Between this in- terior range and the coastal mountains is a broad depression occupied by Cook Inlet in the south and the Copper River Basin in the east; but in the extreme east the area between the two mountain ranges is mainly occupied by the great volcanic group known as the Wrangell mountains, whose peaks attain elevations of from 14,- 000 to 16,000 feet. Naturally these lofty mountains of the interior are also the seat of numerous and large glaciers. But neither here, nor on the inner face of the coastal mountains, is there so full a development of ice and snow as along the coast. The snow line is higher, the glacier ends are all necessarily well above sea level, and the piedmont type of glacier is absent. The glaciers are essentially confined to the mountain val- leys, though some extend to the mouths of the valleys, and a few spread slightly be- yond them. It must not be inferred that the glaciers of the interior are insignifi- eant either in size or in number; merely that they suffer in comparison with their larger neighbors nearer the sea. Were SCIENCE 243 they the only glaciers of Alaska they would themselves attract wide attention because of their number and size. Besides being dwarfed by comparison with the coastal glaciers, these in the interior have the dis- advantage of remoteness and relative in- accessibility. They are, therefore, far less well known than the glaciers of the coast. The difference between the glaciers on the two sides of the coastal mountains may be typically illustrated by the Valdez- Klutena system, two glaciers which de- scend in opposite directions from a com- mon divide in the Chugach mountains, at an elevation of 4,800 feet. The Valdez Glacier, descending on the seaward side of the mountains, is 19 miles long and ends at an elevation of 210 feet, while the Klutena Glacier, descending toward the interior, is only 6 miles long and ends at an elevation of 2,000 feet.