pie ce aie af tee eas ue i a _ me i Hi Hh ia lta y ih ae He eit , eat % al ee sit i ee ie RH Aye i By tits BRIN il pit ease poe 5 ie ain tit ie at ij 4 i SS Ses SE ae eS peers: SES seeseee == ttt elieesaea sg e 2 ae i) Sih ra ett ae let . i ihe iit ; Hi at LC o arte BED ise HH ae Nan it et ae . re ty ae cn) Bah ht i ne ties fe sat bai AKI! Hi iit file RAK Noh RON hat fit . ne a eae ia fitike i ers aoe a ee ate ih iil LS Haha Da i Hi se! sane At zF <= Woy Ab el te ao au at Meas tdtt hint NRA 3) i i i . ! 1) ny ue a eet ait sual le He : ] _ i ans ie Ly i SCIENCE NEW SERIES. VOLUME LI. JANUARY-JUNE, 1920 SAME ET NEW YORK THE SCIENCE PRESS 1920 WS i Ke THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY, 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA. CONTENTS, AND) TPN DEOXe NEW SERIES. VOL. L.—JANUARY TO JUNE, 1920 THE NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS ARE PRINTED IN SMALL CAPITALS Aerostatie Pressure and Gravity, A. McApin, 144 Acceleration, Centripetal, and Weight, B. L. NEw- KIRK, 321 Agriculture, N. Y. State College, 317, 431 ALEXANDER, J., Blue in Snow, 465 ALLEE, W. C., Amer, Soe. of Zoologists, 214 Allegheny Observatory, 458 ALLEN, W. E., Micro-plankton, 487 Autrr, D., Sunspots and Earthquakes, 486 American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence: A Ticket to St. Louis, ScHoonmaster, 16; St. Louis Meeting, G. T. Moors, 48; Grants, 83; Dues and Salaries, 115; Financial Report, 194; Minutes of the Executive Committee, B. EH. Liv- INGSTON, 470; WVice-presidential Address, Public Health, C.-E, A. Wrnstow, 23; Advances in Dynamies, G. D. Birkuorr, 51; Biologist, Mes- sage of, W. ParrTEeNn, 93; Anthropology and Psy- chology, A. HrpLIGKA, 199; Physics in War and Peace, G. F. Hun, 221; Sexuality in Mucors, A. ¥, BLAKESLEE, 375, 403; Section A—Mathe- matics and Astronomy, F. R. Mouuton, 220; Section B—Physies, G. W. Srrwart, 352; See- tion E—Geology and Geography, R. T. CHam- BERLIN, 491, 518; Section F—Zoology, H. V. NeEax, 147; Section H—Anthropology and Psy- chology, E. K. Srrone, 418, 441; Pacific Coast Division, 457, 532; Southwestern Division, 509; Research after the ‘War, R. A. HARPER, 473 Ames, J. S., Hinstein’s Law, 253 Anesthetics, Loeal, H. G. BArgour, 497 Anglo-American Library, 480 Anopheles, F. E. Cumrstmr, 244 Anthropological Soc. of Washington, 39 Anthropology and Psychology, W. V. BINGHAM, 353 Ants and Scientists, A. Mann, 87 Aquarium, Steinhart, 136 Arctic Expedition, Canadian, 167 Aristotle and Galileo on Falling Bodies, F. Cazort, 615 Armsby, H, P., Organization of Research, 33 ArtHuR, J. C. . Rusts, 246 Ash Dune Plants, W. D. RicHarpson, 546 Atmosphere, High Levels in, A, McApim, 287, 438; J. G, Corrin, 366 Atmospheric Moisture, C.F. PEEOOKS) 440 Auroras, C. F. BrooKs, 392; JOEL STEBBINS, 485; E. D. Roz, Jr., 486 Aviation, Psychology of, H. M. Jounson, 449 Baker, F. C., Fish Food, C. Jupay, 273 Baker, H. P., Resignation of, 136 Ballisties, A. G. WrBstER, 368 Barsour, H. G., Local Anesthetics, 497 Barker, H. C., Siphon, 489 Base Maps of the U. 8., 213 Bauer, UL, A., Solar Eclipse, 201, 581 BENEDICT, F. Gy Professor Pawlow, 243 BERRY, E, W., Seward’s Fossil Plants, 47; F. H. Knowlton, Fossil Plants, 369 BincHAM, W. V., Anthropology and Psychology, 353 Biochemist in Hospitals, F. S. Hammerr, 131 Biological Surveys, 40 Biology, Course in, Y. Hmrnprrson, 64; L. L, Bur- LINGAME and H. G, Martin, 452 Bird, Banding, 456; Stomachs, Echinoderms in, H. L. CuarK, 594 BirkuHorr, G. D., Advances in Dynamics, 51 BLACKWELDER, E., U. S. Geological Survey, 346 BLAKESLEE, A. F., Sexuality in Mucors, 375, 403 Blood Serum of Limulus, L. Lors, 17 Botanic School in Regents Park, 58 Botanical, Research, J. M. Counter, 1; Achieve- ment, W. TRELEASE, 121; Station, Cinchona, D. S. JOHNSON, 235 Bovarp, J. F., Western Soe. of Naturalists, 299 Bowir, W., Board of Surveys, 233 Boyp, P. P., State Academies of Science, 575 Boyle Medal, 266 Brachiopod Fauna, Pocono, W. A. Pricz, 146 Brain Workers, Federations of, 272 Breep, RK. 8., Legume Nodules, 391 British, Research Associations, 38; Natural His- tory Museum, 88; Association, 627 Brooks, C. F., American Meteorol. Soe., 275; Rain- fall of the U. S., 324; West Indian Hurricane, 369; Auroras, 392; Rainfall Interception, 439; Atmospherie Moisture, 440; Irregularities in Temperature, 488 Brown, HE. W., Motion of the Moon, 481 Burcuss, E. 8., Raymond B. Earle, 340 BURLINGAME, L. L., General Biology, 452 Che ws we A Splendid Service, 44 Cazort, F , Falling Bodies, 615 Caleulus, Tae of, PAUSE HATHAWAY, 166 California, Acad, of Sci., 161; Inst. of Tech., 181 Catvert, P. P., Bust of E. D. "Cope, 264 Cambridge Nat. Sci. Club, 238 Carbon Dioxide, B. Harrow, 465; and Crop Pro- duetion, M. W. Srenstius, 614; Monoxide, W. M., 437 Cats, Killing, H. GONE ORES, 87 Cerebellar Localization, F. Mier, 413 CHAMBERLIN, R. T., Sead E—Geology and Geog- raphy, 491, 618 Chemical Soc., Amer., C. L. Parsons, 20, 69, 209, 342, 350, 373, 397, 444; Laboratory Supplies, W. L, Esvtasrooxe, 155; Engineers, Inst. of, 410; Industries, 628 Chemistry and Commerce, W. Haynes, 188 Chick Embryos, EH. R. Cuarx, 371 CuIpEsTER, F, H., Anopheles, 244 Chlorine, Separation of, W. D. Harxins, 289 Chromosomes and Linkage, C. W. Merz, 417 Chumley on Fauna of Clyde Sea, C. A. ‘Koro, 65 Cuark, E. R., Chick Embryos, 371 CLARK, H. me Echinoderms in Bird’s Stomachs, 594 Coast and Geodetic Survey, 10, 608 1V SCIENCE Cops, N. A., Nematodes, 640 CocKERELL, T DA AS Science and Polities, 115; Darwin, 296; Government Pensions, 392 CorFIN, Bp G., High Levels in Atmosphere, 366 COLE, F, N., ‘Amer. Math. Soe., 91, 300, 523 CouE, R., University Dept. of Medicine, 339 COLTON, A. S. , Zoology Course, 382 CoMPToN, K. P., Todine Vapors, 571 Conn, H. J., Legume Nodules, 391 Constants, Physical ‘and Chemical, 432 Cooxs, H. L., Triangulation, 211 Cope, E. D., Bust of, Pie CatvErt, 264 CouLTER, J. M., Botanical Research, 1 Crampton, C. E, Evolution of Partula, tds (Gig Wile, 142 Crop Inspection, F. A. Spraee, 113 Dapourian, H. N., Ionization and Radiation, 296 Dartmoor, Water Power and, 107 Darwin, T. D. A. CocKERELL, 296 Davidson, Mackenzie, Memorial, 360 Davis, B. M., Amer. Soc. of Naturalists, 169 Dehydrated Meat, M. H. Givens and H. B. Mc- CLUGAGE, 273 Differentials, E. V. HUNTINGTON, 320, 593; A. 8. HatuHaway, 464 Dissection, H. GunTHoRP, 543 Dolomieu, G. F. Kunz, 359 Doremus, C. A., Atmospheric Nitrogen, 635 Drinker, Pres., ‘and Lehigh University, 510 Drosophila, Intersexes i in, A. H. STURTEVANT, 325; Chromosomes and Linkage my (CL Wo Merz, 417 Duane, W., Spectrum Series, 505 Karle, Raymond B., E. 8S. Buresss, 340 Hast, E. M., and D. F. Jones, Inbreeding and Out- breeding, R. Pear, 415 Eclipse, Solar, L. A. Baurr, 301, 581 Ecologie Investigations, W. ’p, Tavuor, 283 Ecological Society, H. Moors, 66 Ecology, Journal of, 161 HIGENMANN, C, H., Vandellia and Urinophilus, 441 EINSTEIN, A., Time Space and Gravitation, 8 Einstein’s Law of Gravitation, J. 8. AMEs, 253 Electrochemical Soce., 387. Elliot Medal, H. F. ‘OszoRN, 629 Embryos, Chick, E. R. CharK, 371 Engineering School, Harvard, 361 Entomological Expedition, Cornell, 342 Entomology in the U. S. Nat. Museum, 236 Equator, Weight of Body moving along, Huntineron, 45 ESTABROOKEE, WwW. L., Chemical Laboratory Supplies, 155 Ethylene and Sulphuryl Chloride, W. FostEr, 641 Eucalyptus, Drought and, J. McMurpuy and G. J. Prirce, 118 Eugenics Congres, 363 Evolution, of Pigeons, C. O. Whitman, T, H. Morean, 73; of Partula, C. E. Crampton, A.G.M., 142; Forerunner of, M. SHIPLEY, 315 1 We F., H., Physical Chemistry of Metals, Schenck, R., 190 Faircuinp, H. L., Musical Sands, 62 Fairchild, H. 1b}, and Univ. of Rochester, 536 Farlow, William Gibson, 82 Ferry, E. S., Physics Measurements, A. DEF. P., 348 ConrENTS AND INDEX. Ferzer, L. W., Herbert Spencer Woods, 159 Fippin, E. O. ? Singing Sands, 64 Fisheries, Deep-sea, 627 Fixation ‘of Nitrogen, F. B. Wann, 247 Forest, Service, U. S., 343 ; Club, 362; Product Laboratory, 534 Formule for Dates, W. J. SPILLMAN, 513, 568 Foster, W., Ethylene and Sulphuryl Chloride, 641 GarDNER, M. W., Colored Photographs of Speci- mens, 556 GarRISON, F. H., Sir William Osler, 55 Gas, Natural, 59, 135 Genus, Use and Abuse of, W. Stonn, 427 Geological Survey, F. L. Ransomn, 173, 201, 535; es BLACKWELDER, 346; Society, Southwestern, 387 Geologists, Amer. State, Assoc. of, T. L. Warson, 19 Geophysical Union, Amer., German Physicians, 58 Gibbs, Willard, Medal, 536 Givens, M. H., Dehydrated Meat, 273 GopDARD, R. H., High Altitude Research, 141 GoopsPEED, A., Amer. Philos. Soe., 572, 595, 618, 642 Goring, Charles Buckman, J. A. Harris, 133 Gravitation, Time, Space and, A. EINSTEIN, 8; Hin- stein’s Law of, Ge AMES, 253 GREELY, A. W., E. Shaekleton’s South, 543 GREENE, C. W.. Amer, Physiol. Soe., 248 Grizr, N. M., Mounting for Jellyfishes, 297 GuNTHORP, H., Killing Cats, 87; Dissection, 543 H. O. Woop, 297, 495 H., W. A., David S. Pratt, 207 Haun, G, H., Cooperation in Research, 149 Hammett, F. 8., Biochemist in Hospital Staff, 131; Journals for Prague, 488 Hamor, W. a Mellon Institute, 625 Harxins, W. D., Separation of Chlorine, 289 HARPER, R. A, Research after the War, 473 Harris, J. A. Charles Buckman Goring, 133 Harrow, B., Carbon Dioxide, 465 Haskell, "A. (ol Graphie Charts, R. von Huun, 466 HATHAWAY, A. S., History of Caleulus, 166; Dif- ferentials, 464 Hawaii, Scientific Work in, H. F. Osgorn, 613 Hawk, P. B. , Unpalatable Food, 299 HayrorD, J. F., G. L. Hosmer’s Geodesy, 88 HAYNES, W. , Chemistry and Commerce, 188 HEADLEY, FE B., Alkali Salts, 140 Health, Public, CE. A. WINSLOW, 23 Heener, R. W., Blood-inhabiting Protozoa, 187 Helium "Atom, it LANGMUIR, 605 HENDERSON, ¥, Course in Biology, 64 Hering, C., "A Problem in Mechanics, 46 Herrick, i, J., Orthogenesis, 621 High, Altitude Research, R. H. Gopparp, 141; A. ‘McApig, 287, 438; Levels in the ‘Atmosphere, J. G. Corrin, 366 History of Science, L. THORNDIKE, 193 Howper, R. C., Unpalatable Food, 299 Hosmer, G., Geodesy, J. F. Hayrorp, 88 Hows, J. L., Conditions in Hungary, 487 HirgDLICKA, A., Anthropology and Psychology, 199 HUBBARD, B., Tertiary Formations of Porto Rico, 395 Huan, R. von, Graphie Charts, A. C. Haskell, 466 Hutt, A. E., Radiation, 507 New | Voz. LI. Huu, G, F., Physies in War and Peace, 221 Human Foot-prints, C. Stock, 514 Hungary, Conditions in, J. L, "Hows, 487 HuNTINGTON, EH. V., Weight of Body moving along Kquator, 45; Differentials, 320, 593 Hurricane, West Indian, C. B. Brooks, 369 Ippines, J. P., Louis Valentine Pirsson, 530 Illinois ‘Acad. of SO, NOs di, Ie PRICER, 327 India, Scientific Work in, 292 Influenza and Pneumonia, 162 Intersexes in Drosophila, A. H. STURTEVANT, 325 Inventions and Patents, A. Strwart, 421 Iodine Vapors, K. T. Compron and H. D. Smy7n, 571 Jellyfishes, Mounting for, N. M. Grigr, 297 Jounson, C. E., Journal of Mammalogy, 570 Jounson, D. 8., Cinchona Botan, Sta., 235 JOHNSON, HN, , Psychology of ‘Aviation, 449 JONES, D. i, Paraffine Ruler, 245; and E. M. East, Inbreeding and Outbreeding, R. PEart, 415 Jupay, C., Horizontal Rainbows, 188; Fish Food, F, C. Baker, 273 Keriny, W. E., William Dixon Weaver, 558 Keuty, W., Meteor, 568 KINGSBURY, B. F. , Origin of Notochord, 190 KLOPSTEG, P. K. , Physical Methods, 384 Knowlton, F. H. Fossil Plants, H. W. Berry, 369 Koro, C. A. , Chumley on Fauna of Clyde Sea, 65 Kunz, G. F. , Dolomieu, 359; Platinum, 399 Lapp-FRANKLIN, C., Logie Test, 414 LAMBERT, W. D, Problem in Mechanics, 271 Lanemurr, I, Helium Atom, 605 LEDOUX, A. R. , Singing Sands, 462 Legume Nodules, H. J. Conn and R. S. Brezp, 391 Lester, O. C., Oscar A. Randolph, 429 LEVENE, P. Nes Learned Societies, 261 LILLIE, R. Don ” Physies, Physiology and Medicine, 525 Link, G. K., Colored Photographs of Specimens, 556 Litre, C. C., Transplantable Sarcoma, 467 Livineston, B. E., Scientific Research by Coopera- tion, 277; Executive Committee of the Council of the Amer. Assoc., 470 Lore, L., Blood Serum Tissue of Limulus, 17 Logic Test C. Lapp-FRANKLIN, 414 Louisiana Entomological Soce., "386 M., A. G., Evolution of Partula, C. E. Crampton, 142 M., W., Carbon Monoxide, 437 McAopig, A., Aerostatic Pressure and Gravity, 144; High Levels in the Atmosphere, 287, 438 McCuueace, H. B., Dehydrated Meat, 273 McCoy, H. N., and E. M. Terry, Chemistry, J. F. Norris, 438 McEwen, G. F., Statistical Methods, 349 Mazeloskie, George, W. M. Ranxin, 180 Macoun, James M,, H. I. Surra, 478 McMurray, J. , Eucalyptus, 118 Mammalogy, Journal of, C. EK. Jonnson, 570 Manganese, 237 SCIENCE Vv Mann, A., Ants and Scientists, 87 Martin, E. G., General Biology, 452 Mathematical, ” Soc., Amer., F, N. Cour, 91, 300, 523; Assoc. of Amer., 120; Meetings, 509; Re- quirements, 317, 629 Mayo Brothers, 569 Mechanies, Problem in, LAMBERT, 27 Medical, Strike in Spain, 38; Education, 108; Dis- coveries, State Rewards for, 145; Assoe., Amer, Journal’ of 563, Meu., M. “*Petroliferous Provinees,’’ 541 MurIsINGER, "2. LER., Snow and Winter Wheat, 639 Mellon Institute, W. A. Hamor, 625; Death of Members, 340 Metals, Fatigue Phenomena in, 293 Meteor, W. Kenny, 568 Meteorological Soc., C. F. Brooks, 275 Metron, R. Prarn, 515 METz, C. W., Chromosomes and Linkage in Droso- phila, 417° MIcHAEL, HK. L., Asymmetrical Frequency Curves, 89; Statistical Methods, 349 Micropipette, OA TAYLOR, 617 Micro-plankton, W. E, ALLEN, 487 Miner, D. C., Amer. Physical Soe., 171 Miuuer, F, R., Cerebellar Localization, 413 Minuikan, R. A., Quantum Emission Phenomena, 505 Mineralogical Soc. of Amer., H. P. Wurrnock, 219 Mines, Bureau of, 83, 457, 482 Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Inst. of, 184 Moonig, R. L., Thread Moulds, 14 Moon, Brown’s Tables of the Motion of, 481 Moor, B., Ecological Soc., 66 Moors, @ Me St. Louis’ Meeting of the Amer. Assoc., 48 Morgan, T. H., Whitman’s Evolution of Pigeons, 73 Moses, Alfred J., H. P. W., 429 Mou.ron, F. R., "Section A-—Mathematics and As- tronomy, 220” Muecors, Sexuality in, A. F. Buaxesienr, 375, 403 Museum of Nat. Hist., 182; H. F. OszorN, 636 C. Herine, 46; W. D. National, Academy of Sciences, Gift to, 110; Meet- ing, 495; Publications and Membership, 508; Henry Draper Fund, 587; Museum, 587; Re- search Council, 110, 353, 409, 589 Natural Conditions, Preservation of, 316 Naturalists, Am. Soe. of, B. M. Davis, 169; West. Soe. of J. F. Bovarp, ’299 Navy, Vacancies in, 615 Neral, H. V., Section F—Zoology, 147 Nematodes, NL A, Coss, 640 Neotropical Research Sta., H. F. Oszorn, 585 NEwWEIRE, B. L. , Centripetal Acceleration, 321 Newton, A. J. , Photography, 514 New Zealand Institute, 239 Nichols, E. F., Resignation of, 458 Nipher’s ‘‘Gravitational’’ Hxperiment, Very, 102 Nitrogen, Fixation of Atmospheric, C. A. Dorrmus, 635; from the Air, 323 Nobel Prize, 208; J. ALEXANDER, 348 Norris, J. F., General Chemistry, H. N. McCoy and EK. M, Terry, 438 Notochord, Origin, B. F. Kryessury, 190 KF. W. vi SCIENCE Novzs, W. A., System of the Sciences, W. OswALD, 116 Ohio College and Exp. Sta., 386 Orthogenesis, C. J. Herrick, 621 OsEBORN, 18h, 10h, Neotropical Research Sta., 585; Scientifie Work in Hawaii, 613; Elliot Medal, 629; Scientific Men in Europe, 667 Oscillations, Small, W. WrAver, 614 Osler, Sir William, F. H. GARRISON, 55, 184, 341 Ostwald, W., System of the Sciences, W. A. Noyes, 116 P., A. DEF., Physics Measurements, H. S. Ferry, 348 P., G. J., Wilhelm Pfeffer, 291 Paleontological Soc. of Amer., 148 Paleontology at Yale, C. ScHuCHERT, 80 Pan-Pacifie Scientific Congress, 431 Paraffine Ruler, D. F. JonsEs, 245 Paris Acad. of Sci., 208 Parsons, C. L., Amer, Chem. Soc., 20, 69, 209, 342, 350, 373, ’397, 444 PATTEN, W. , Message of the Biologist, 93 Pawlow, Professor, F, G. BENEDICT, 243 PEarRL, R., Inbreeding and Outbreeding, BE. M. East and D, F. Jones, “415; Metron, 515; War and Population, 553 Prince, G. J., Drought and Eucalyptus, 118 Pensions, Government, T. D. A. CocKERELL, 392; Civil Service, 392 Pennsylvania, Graduate School of Medicine, 588 Petroleum Geologists, 468 “¢ Petroliferous Provinces, »? M. G. Ment, 541 Pfeffer, Wilhelm, G. J. P., 291 Phenolphthalein and Methyl Orange, F, M. ScALEs, 214 Phillips, Francis C., A. SILVERMAN, 455 Philosophical Soc., A. GOODSPEED, 572, 595, 618, 642 Phipps, Henry, Institute, 265 Photographs Colored, of Specimens, M. W. Garp- NER, and G. K. LINK, 556 Photography, A. J. Newton, 514 Physical, Soc., D. C. Minurr, 171; Methods and Measurements, P. E. Kuopstsec, 384; Investi- gations in Physiology and Medicine, R. A. LInuig, 525 Physicist, Polydogmata of the, G. W. Stewart, 85 Physiological Soc., C. W. GREENE, 248 Pirsson, Louis Valentine, J. P. Ippines, 530 Platinum, G. F. Kunz, 399 Polynesia, Investigations in, 430 Population, War and, R, PEARL, 553 Portland Cement, 293 Porto Rico, Tertiary Formations, B. HupBarD, 395 Prague, Journals for, F. S. HAMMETT, 488 Pratt, David S., W. A. H., 207 Preservation of Natural Conditions, 316 Price, W. A., Pocono Brachiopod Fauna, 146 Pricer, J. L., Illinois State Acad. of Sci., 327 Probable Error, E. L. Micuazt, 89 Problem in Mechanies, C. Hrrine, 46; W. D. Lam- BERT, 271 Protozoa, Blood-inhabiting, R. W. HEGNER, 187 Psychology of Aviation, H. M. JoHnson, 449 Publications for Europe, 481 ContTENTS AND INDEX. Radiation, A. EK. Hunn, 507; Ionization and, H. N. DADOURIAN, 296 Rainbows, Horizontal, C. Jupay, 188 Rainfall Interception, Cc. F. Brooks, 439 Randolph, Oscar A., O. C. LustEr, 429 RankIN, W. M., George Maeloskie, 180 RANSOME, F, hi National Geol. Survey, 175, 201 Rattlesnake, Vibration Rate of Tail of, "M. ©. WILLIAMS, 15 Research, Botanical, J. M. Counter, 1; Organiza- tion of, 18h et ARMSBY, 335 Associations, Con- ference of British, 38; in Great Britain, 134; High Altitude, R. H. GopparD, 141; Cooperation in, G. KE. HAL, 149; Scientific, by Cooperation, B. E. LIVINGSTON, O77; 5; and the Universities, 415; Competition in, 515; Grants for England, 559) ns Amer. Assoe., 563; Station, Neotropical, . OsBorN, 585; Council, National, Gift to, 105 “Meeting, 494; Anthropology and Psychol- ogy, W. V~. BINGHAM, 353; Division of States Relations, 409; Officers of, 589 RICHARDSON, W. ADs Ash of Dune Plants, 546 Rockefeller ‘Gifts, 11; to London, 609; to Uni- versities and Colleges, 610; to Rochester, 610 Rog, E. D., Jr. , Auroras, 486 Royal Society, Royal Medals of, 11 Rubber Cultivation, 82 RusseELL, H. N., Triangulation, 213 Russia, Scientific Men in, 8. Moreutis, 322; H. C. WELLS, 414 Rusts, J. C. ArtHur, 246 St. Louis, A Ticket to, ScHootmastErR, 16 Sands, Singing, H. L. Farrcui, 62; HE. O. Firrin, 64; “ASR! LEDovux, 462 Sarcoma Transplantable, C. C. Lirriz, 467 Sauropod Barosaurus, G. R. WIELAND, 528 Scaugs, F. M. , Phenolphthalein and Methyl Orange, 214 Schenck, R., Physical Chemistry of Metals, H. F., 190 ScHooLmMAstrr, A Ticket to St. Louis, 16 Scuucuert, C., Paleontology at Yale, ’s0 Science and the New Era Printing "Company, 46 Science, and Polities, T. D. A. COCKERELL, 115; History of, L. THORNDIKE, 193; State Acad. of, de det Bovn, 575 Scientific, Notes and News, 13, 40, 60, 85, 110, 136, 163, 185, 209, 239, 267, 294, 318, 344, 363, 388, 410, 433, 459, 483, 510, 537, 565, 589, 611, 630; Lectures, 60; Men in Russia, Ss. Morcuus, 322: iL, (Ge WELLS, 414; in Europe, H. F. OSBORN, 667; Workers, English Union of, 361; Congress, Pan-Pacifie, 431; “Apparatus Makers, Assoc. of, 588; Literature, Popular, J. L. WHEELER, 593 Srenstius, M. W., Carbon Dioxide and Crop Pro- duction, 614 Service, A Splendid, J. M. C., 44 Shackleton, E., South, A, W. GREELY, 543 SuHrp.ey, M., Forerunner of Evolution, 315 SHuLL, A. F., Zoology Course, 312 SILVERMAN, A, Francis C. Phillips, 455 Siugiie: Sands, H. L. Farrcuin, 62, E. O. Fiepin, 64; A. R. LEDOUX, 462 See H. C. BARKER, 489 Societies, Learned, P. A. LEVENE, 261 Sirsa, C, A., Unpalatable Food, 299 SMITH, C ine Utah Acad. of Sei, 551 New | Vou. LI. Surru, H. I., Totem Poles, 86; James M. Macoun, 478 SmytH, H. D., Iodine Vapors, 571 Snow, Blue in, J. ALEXANDER, 465; and Winter Wheat, C. LER. MrIstnerr, 639 Soil Acidity, O. B, WinTER, 18 Solar Eclipse of May 29, 1919, L. A. Baurr, 301, 581 Speetrum, Ultra-violet, D. L. Wersster, R. A. Mimuikan, W. Duans, A. E. Hunn, 504 Spitman, W. J., Formule for Dates, 513, 568 Spraae, F. A. , Crop Inspection, 113 Squier, G. Oy, Multiplex Telephony and Teleg- raphy, 445 Standards, Bureau of, 10 Statistical Methods, G. F. McEwen and E, L. MicHarL, 349 STEBBINS, J; Auroras, 485 Steinhart Aquarium, 136 Srevens, F. L., Foot-rot of Wheat, 517 Stewart, A., Inventions and Patents, 421 Stewart, G. W., Polydogmata of the Physicist, 85; Section B—Physies, 352 Strives, C., Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, 594 Srocr, C., Human Foot-prints, 514 Stone, W., Genus, Use and Abuse of the, 427 Strasbourg, Mathematics at, E. B. Winson, 243, 534 Strike, Medical, in Spain, 38 Strone, E. K., Section H—Anthropology, Amer. Assoe., 418, 441 Sturtevant, A. H., Intersexes in Drosophila, 325 Sunspots and Earthquakes, D. AuTErR, 486 Surveys, Board of, W. Bowrn, 233 Survival of the Unlike, W. TRELEASE, 599 Symbols, Unification of, W. P. WuirTE, 436 Synthetic Ammonia, 562 Tayuor, C. V., Micropipette, 617 Taytor, W. P., Ecologic Investigations, 283 Technology Plan, W. H. WALKER, 357: Telephony and Telegraphy, G. O. Squtimr, 445 Temperature, Irregularities, C. F. Brooxs, 488 Terry, E. M. and H. N, MeCoy, General Chemistry, J. F. Norris, 438 THORNDIKE, L., History of Science, 193 Thread Moulds and Bacteria, R. L, Moopig, 14 Time, Space and Gravitation, A. EINSTEIN, 8 Totem Poles, H. I. Suir, 86 Toxicity of ‘Alkali Salts, FB. HEADLEY, 140 TRELEASE, W., Botanical Achievement, 121; Sur- vival of the Unlike, 599 SCIENCE Vii Triangulation, H. L, Cooks, and H. N. RusseEwt, 211 Universities, Handwriting on the Walls of, 245 University and Edueational News, 14, 43, 62, 84, 112, 139, 165, 187, 211, 242, 270, 295, 319, 346, 365, 390, 413, 435, 462, 484, 512, 540, 566, 592, 613, 633 Utah Acad. of Sei., C. A. Smirx, 551 Vandellia and Urinophilus, C. H. EigznMANN, 441 Verner, Alfred, 607 VERY, B, W., ’Nipher’ s ‘‘Gravitational’’ Experi- ment, 102 W., H. P., Alfred J. Moses, 429 Waker, W. H., Technology Plan, 357 Wann, F. B., Fixation of Free Nitrogen, 247 Watson, T. L., Assoe. of Amer. State Geologists, 19 Weaver, W., Small Oscillations, 614 Weaver, William Dixon, W. EB. Krmy, 558 Weesrer, A. G., Ballistics, 368 WesstEr, 1D). iby, Quantum Emission Phenomena- Electrons, 504" Welch, William H., In Honor of, 266 WELLS, H. G., Scientific Men in Russia, 414 Wheat, Foot- rot of, F. L. STEVENS, 517 WHEELER, Vo We, Popular Scientific Literature, 593 WHITE, W. Re Unification of Symbols, 436 WuurLock, H. P., Mineralogical Soc. of Amer., 219 Whitman, Frank Perkins, 105 Whitman’s Evolution in Pigeons, T. H. Morean, 73 WIELAND, G. R., Sauropod Barosaurus, 528 WiuiAMs, M. C., Vibration Rate of Tail of Rattle- snake, 15 Wiuson, E. B., Mathematics at Strasbourg, 243, 534 Winstow, C.-E. A., Public Health, 23 Winter, O. B., Soil Acidity, 18 Wisconsin Academy, 388 Wood, Horatio C., 106 Woop, H. O., Amer. Geophys. Union, 297, 495 Woods, Herbert Spencer, L. W. Frrzrr, 159 Zoological Nomenclature, R. C. Stmuus, 594 Zoologists, Amer. Soc., W. C. ALLEE, 214 Zoology Course, A. F, SHuLL, 312; H. S. Couron, 382 Zuntz, Library of the Late Professor, Y. HENDER- SON, 569 si Giteteaeh ss vet fa * hh © y saa SE eae oui i” fa SCIENCE New SErRres Vex. LI, Ne. 1305 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $6.00 Fripay, JANUARY 2, 1920 BOOKS Ga Whetzel History of Phytopathology. By HERBERT Hint WHETZEL, Cornell University. 12mo of 130 pages, with portraits. Cloth, $1.75 net. Howell Physiology. By WitLiaM H. HOWELL, PH.D., M.D., Johns Hopkins University. Octavo of 1050 pages, containing 306 il- lustrations, many in colors. £dition. Cloth, $5.00 net. Stiles Human Physiology. By PERCY GOLD- THWAIT STILES, Harvard University. 12mo of 405 pages, illus. Second Edi- tion. Cloth, $2.00 net. Stiles Nutritional Physiology. By PERCY GOLD- THWAIT STILES, Harvard University. 12mo of 294 pages, illustrated. Third Ledition. Cloth, $1.50 net. Stiles The Nervous System. 12mo of 240 pages, illustrated. By PERCY GOLDTHWAIT StinEs, Harvard University. Second Edition. Cloth, $1.50 net. Herrick Introduction to Neurology. 12mo of 360 pages, illustrated. By C. JupSon HER- RICK, PH.D., University of Chicago. Second Edition. Cloth, $2.00 net. Herrick and Crosby Laboratory Neurology. 12mo of 120 pages, illustrated. By C. Jupson HER- RICK, PH.D., University of Chicago; and ELIZABETH C. CrosBy, PH.D., High School, Petersburg, Mich. Cloth, $1.00 net. W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY Seventh : Prentiss and Arey Embryology. By CHAS. W. vRENTISS, PH.D., and LESLIE B. Argy, PH.D., Northwestern University. Octavo of 411 pages, with 388 illustrations. Second Edition. Cloth, $4.25 net. Arey Laboratory Histology. By Tesi B- AREY, PH.D., Northwestern University. 12mo of 81 pages. Cloth, $1.00 net. Jordan General Bacteriology. By EDWIN Oc JORDAN, PH.D., University of Chicago. Octavo of 691 pages, illustrated. Szrth Edition. Cloth, $4.00 net. Fred Laboratory Manual of Soil Bacteriology. By HE. B. FRED, PH.D., University of Wisconsin. 12mo of 170 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $1.25 net. Stokes The Third Great Plague—Syphilis. By JoHN H. Stokes, M.D., The Mayo Clinic. 12mo of 204 pages illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. Hill Fiistology and Organography. By CHARLES Hitt, M.D., Chicago Hospital of Medicine. 12mo of 494 pages, with 338 illustrations. Fourth Edition. Cloth, $2.75 net. Bliss Qualitative Chemical Analysis. By A.R. Buiss, Jr., M.D., PH.G., Emory Univer- sity. Octavo of 194 pages. Second Edi- tion. Cioth, $2.25 net. Philadelphia and London SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS WHAT DOES P, MEAN? The symbol Py is an index of the acidity or basicity—in other words, of the concentration of the hydrogen ions—in a solution. The frequent oc- currence of references to this important quantity in current scientific litera- ture is an index of its growing importance in the chemical and biological sciences. Since hydrogen ion concentration of culture media, body fluids and of other solutions has great significance, it is important that its value be accur- ately measureable. Color, turbidity, light conditions, or the formation of precipitates should not interfere with the measurement. The result should be actual acidity, unmodified by a titrating solution. The means for making the measurement should be capable of quick and simple operation. THE TYPE K POTENTIOMETER OUTFIT fully meets these demands. It does more—it has additional features which make it in- valuable in the up-to-date research or control laboratory. It measures the entire range of acidity, from Py =0toPy=14. The accuracy is better than .01 Py, and this is limited only by the reproducibility of experimental conditions in the medium. Our circular $70 with its supplement 701 gives interesting information about the Type K equipment. These, together with a bibliography of arti- cles on electrometric hydrogen ion determinations, we shall gladly send you upon request. LEEDS & NORTHRUP COMPANY [ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 4901 STENTON AVENUE PHILADELPHIA, PA. SCIENCE Fray, JANUARY 2, 1920 CONTENTS The American Association for the Advance- ment of Science :— The Evolution of Botanical Research: Pro- FESSOR JOHN M. COULTER .............-.. 1 Time, Space and Gravitation: Dr. ALBERT EINSTEIN Scientific Events :— The Annual Report of the Director of the Bureau of Standards; Needs of the Coast and Geodetic Survey; The Royal Medals of the Royal Society; Mr. Rockefeller’s Gifts. 10 Scientific Notes and News ................ 13 University and Educational News .......... 14 Discussion and Correspondence :— Thread Moulds and Bacteria in the Devon- tan: PRorressor Roy L. Moopiz. Vibration Rate of the Tail of a Rattlesnake: MaBeEt C. Wiuuiams. A Ticket to St. Louis: ScHOOoL- IMA STUER rep aishcnc teva cle ten tMeber ay SesPotaln, slottsyesle ls, sielldvera 14 Special Articles :— The Protective Influence of Blood Serum on the Experimental Cell Fibrin Tissue of Limulus: Dr. Lro Lozs. CH,CH,OH, and homosa- oO SCIENCE 21 ligenin C,H,OHCH.OHCH, (1: 2: 4) were investi- gated. Lengthening of the side chain diminishes the local anesthetic power. Saligenin is the best of the series. It is the least irritating to the tis- sues, much less so than benzyl alcohol. It is only half as toxic as the latter, longer and in half the concentration. It is a practical surgical anesthetic, and in six tonsillectomies and one tumor removal in man proved to be as good as procaine. Lethal dose for man would be more than a liter of 4 per cent. solution. Covering the phenolic hydroxyl di- minishes the local anesthetic power. Homosaligenin is a good local anesthetic, but more irritating. The effects of drugs which inhibit the para- sympathetic nerve endings upon the irritability of intestinal loops: A. D. HinScHFELDER, A. LUND- HotM H. NorRGARD AND J. HULTKRANS. Drugs which inhibit the parasympathetic nerve endings, such as atropin, amyl nitrite, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate and saligenin cause a definite elevation of the threshold of irritability of loops of intes- tine to intermittent electrical stimuli. The nor- mal rabbit’s intestine responds with an annular contraction to a stimulus from a Harvard induc- tion coil at 10 to 12 em. After painting the mes- enteric border of the intestine with any of the above-mentioned drugs in 2 per cent. solution or emulsion the stimulus must be raised to one with the coil at 4 em. ‘This rise in the threshold, or decrease in the irritability, is probably due to the transition from response by the nerve to response by the muscle after the nerve impulse has been blocked. The same strength of impulse was re- quired after all the paralyzing drugs. The effect of fever upon the action and toxicity of digitalis: A. D. HirscH¥reLDER, J. Bicrxk, F. J. Kucera AND W. Hanson. The action of the drug was studied in cats and frogs whose body tem- perature had been raised by immersion in a water-bath. Increasing the body temperature in both cats and frogs diminished the size of the dose necessary to cause death. This is less marked at the lower ranges of temperature than in the higher temperatures, and it is most marked within one or two degrees of the thermal death-point of the animal. At 41° the lethal dose for cats is not re- duced, at 42° it is one half to two thirds the nor- mal, at 48° it is only one third to one half the lethal dose in normal animals. This proves the necessity of caution in the administration of large doses of digitalis to patients with high fever. . The toxicity of tobacco smoke from cigars, ciga- rettes and pipe tobdcco: A. D. HIRSCHFELDER, A. 22 E. LANGE AND A. C. FEAMAN. Previous investiga- tors had shown that the amount of nicotine in the smoke from a cigar or a cigarette or from smok- ing pipe tobacco bears no relation to the nicotine in the tobacco itself. ‘‘Light’’ tobacco may give smoke rich in nicotine, ‘‘strong’’ tobacco may give smoke poor in nicotine. Storm van Leuven in Holland showed that smoke from the so-called nicotine-free cigars gives a smoke that contains a good deal of nicotine. Since nicotine is not the only poisonous constituent of smoke, Hirschfelder and his collaborators studied the poisonous action of the smoke itself, or rather the poisonous action of extracts made from passing the smoke through salt solution and through ether. The amount nec- essary to kill a frog was determined. Using several popular-priced brands of cigar, cigarette and pipe tobacco, it was found that the smoke coming from a given weight of tobacco varied somewhat, but not very greatly in its poisonous action on frogs. When the same weight of the same sample of to- baeceo was smoked in the form of a cigarette and jn a pipe and as a cigar there was sometimes very little difference in the poisonous quality of the smoke, but usually that which was smoked as a cigarette was somewhat less poisonous. Neverthe- less, cigars and pipes seem much stronger than cigarettes. This is because since the burning oceurs chiefly along the surface of the tobacco, so much more tobacco is being converted into smoke at each instant in these than in the cigarettes. It is largely a question of cross section. Cigars have about four times the cross section of cigarettes, pipes nine or ten times. If all three were smoked equally fast, the smoker would get an overwhelm- ing dose of nicotine from cigar and pipe. There- fore, these must be smoked more slowly than the cigarette and can not be inhaled. If the smoker did not inhale the smoke, the cigarette would be the lightest form of tobacco. Some applications of protein chemistry to medi- cine and pharmacy: I. F. Harris. Action of trichlorotertiary butyl alcohol (chlore- tone) on animal tissue: T. B. ALDRICH AND H, C. Warp. The action of chloretone on animal tissue has not been studied, although glands of various kinds have been preserved in a sterile condition in chloretone water for a number of years, without any apparent injury to the active principles they contain. In order to test the action of a saturated aqueous solution of chloretone on animal tissue pieces of various organs were removed from the animal (dog) as quickly as possible after death, SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. LI. No. 1305 eut into small pieces and distributed among several sets of bottles containing water saturated with chloretone. One set was kept at 37°, one at 15°, while others at summer room temperature. One set at room temperature was inoculated with B. Proteus. Control tissue with only distilled water showed a high degree of putrefaction in two days. Every few days the tissues were examined and the general appearance, color, odor, ete., noted. In weneral the tissues became soft and spongy and lost much of their normal color. There was at no time a suggestion of putrefaction. In fact, eul- tures made every few days from all the bottles showed their contents to be sterile. Histological studies show that while there is no evidence of bacteria, there is evidence of autolytic changes, since some normal cell constituents are entirely lacking. It would seem that chloretone is one of the few substances (in weak dilution) that will allow autolysis to proceed under sterile conditions. ) Conclusions. (1) Chloretone in saturated aque- ous solution exerts a definite bactericdal action at all temperatures. (2) Chloretone in saturated aqueous solution prevents the development of the common molds. (3) Chloretone solution is not suitable as a fixative for histological materials. (4) Chloretone solution while acting as a bacteri- cide, does not inhibit autolytic action as evidenced iby our histological findings. (5) Chloretone solu- tion is a desirable agent for preserving glands and gland extracts from which the active principles are to be obtained. | The outlook for chemotherapy in the chemical industry of America: C. L. AusBERG. (By title.) Blue eyes: W. D. BANCROFT. CHARLES L. PARSONS, Secretary (Lo be continued) SCIENCE A Weekly Journal devoted to the Advancement of Science, publishing the official notices and pro- ceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Published every Friday by THE SCIENCE PRESS LANCASTER, PA. GARRISON, N. Y. NEW YORK, N. Y. Entered in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., as second class matter SCIENCE | Fray, JANUARY 9, 1920 CONTENTS The American Association for the Advance- ment of Science :— The Untilled Fields of Public Health: Pro- FESSOR C.-E. A. WINSLOW ..............-.. 23 TELMP ARMSBY aptsteine cismieher eeu caine cles 33 Scientific Events :— Conference of British Research Associations ; The Medical Strike in Spain; Resolutions of the Anthropological Society of Washington ; Biological Surveys of States by the United States Department of Agriculture ........ 38 Scientific Notes and News ...............-. 40 Unwersity and Educational News .......... 43 Discussion and Correspondence :— A Splendid Service: J. M. C. Weight of Body moving along Equator: PRorEssor Ep- WARD V. HUNTINGTON. An Odd Problem in Mechanics: Dr. Cart HERING ............ 44 Quotations :— Science and The New Era Printing Com- DON Y areraperayaeleyoraycioy nate tutalotakeeietskevey ace lotela ane 46 Scientific Books :— Seward’s Fossil Plants: PRoresson EDWARD RWIS ER RV me tha spices eka aside Me II i 47 The American Association for the Advance- ment of Science :— Keport of the St. Lowis Meeting: PRoressor George T. Moore MSS. intended for publication and books, etc.,intended for review should be sent to The Editor of Science, Garrison-on- Hudson, N. Y. THE UNTILLED FIELDS OF PUBLIC HEALTH? A sHorT time ago two Yale undergraduates came to my laboratory to consult me in regard to the choice of a career. One of them was a son ef a public health administrator of the highest eminence; and they particularly wanted to know something about the field of public health, what it included, what was the nature of the work involved, what were the qualifications required, and what the financial rewards and the more intangible emoluments to be expected by those who might enter upon this career. I told them what I could of the current tendencies which to me seem to make public health one of the most stimulating and attractive openings lying before the college student of the present day; but I found that the answer to their question was by no means a simple one to formulate. The public health movement has been expanding so rapidly that what was “the New Public Health” fifteen years ago in- cludes only the more conventional interests of the present day. It seemed to me as I[ talked with these young men that we needed a formulation of current tendencies in the protean field of public health and an outline of the lines of future development so far as they can safely be fore- east. It is essential that the worker in this domain of applied science should see clearly the goal toward which he is aiming, however far ahead of the immediate possibilities of the moment it may appear to be. Above all, it is desirable that we should have a definite and inspiring program to lay before the young men and women of the country who hesitate in the choice of a career. On every hand we hear the question, put by an eager young 1 Address of the vice-president and chairman of Section K—Physiology and Experimental Medi- cine—St. Louis, January 2, 1920. 24 woman to the brilliant head of the instructive District Nursing Association of Boston, “ Miss Beard, I want to go into public health. What it it?” It behooves us to answer this question; for the greatest of all needs in this field is undoubtedly the need of a personnel, larger in quantity, and better in quality, than that which has been available in the past. For these reasons I have determined to de- vote my address as retiring chairman of the Section on Physiology and Experimental Medicine to a tentative, if necessarily im- perfect, formulation of the scope and tend- encies of the modern public health campaign. I spoke of the public health movement as protean, and it is indeed true that the em- phasis in this field has shifted with a rapidity almost phantasmagoric. To a large section of the public, I fear that the health authorities are still best known as the people to whom one complains of un- pleasant accumulations of rubbish in the back yard of a neighbor—accumulations which possess those offensive characteristics which somehow can only originate in a neighbor’s yard and never in one’s own. Sanitation, the maintenance of cleanly and healthful environ- mental conditions, does indeed represent the first stage in public health. When Sir John Simon initiated the modern public health movement in London three quarters of a century ago his primary task was the elimina- tion of the masses of accumulated filth which kept alive the pestilences of the Middle Ages. When General Gorgas undertook the task of making safe and feasible the building of the Panama Canal he was in the same way con- fronted with problems that were primarily those of environmental sanitation. The re- moval of excretal wastes, the purification of sewage, the protection of water supplies and the elimination of conditions which permit the breeding of insect carriers of disease— these are always and everywhere the first tasks for the public health expert; and in the early phases of the public health movement in any country it is natural to visualize public health, primarily in terms of sanitation. There is still much to do in this most funda- mental branch of public health. That terrible SCIENCE [N. 8S. Vou. LI. No. 1306 scourge of the Middle Ages, typhus fever, was only held in control during the war by a systematic and organized attempt to destroy the louse which carries the parasite of this disease; while the infection of bubonic plague, the black death of the Middle Ages, has been spread broadcast throughout the world during the past twenty-five years, and is held in check only by a vigorous campaign against the rats, ground squirrels, and other rodents which harbor the germ of this peculiar pestilence. The control of malaria, which takes a heavy toll of strength and vitality from the popula- tions of our southern states and is estimated to cost the nation over $100,000,000 a year, is one of the mightiest tasks which confronts the sanitarian, but a task which, as the dem- onstrations conducted by the International Health Board have made clear, is easily within the range of practical accomplishment, by systematic drainage and other measures taken against the mosquitoes which carry the germs of this disease. Malaria is with us always, but there are many maladies which like yellow fever arise from endemic foci in certain par- ticular regions of the globe, and thence spread wherever the steamship and the railroad train can carry their inciting causes. Of recent years the bold idea has suggested itself of undertaking an offensive against these pri- mary endemic foci of disease without wait- ing until the invaders cross our own national boundaries. In this way General Gorgas has carried the war against yellow fever into the enemy’s own country at Guayaquil, and an organized campaign against such disease on a basis of world cooperation, perhaps through the agency of the International Red Cross, is full of promise of achievement in the future. There is much then to be done in the field of environmental sanitation, yet as the public health movement progresses the tasks of sani- tation in the narrow sense are gradually ac- complished and therefore become relatively less important. Constant attention is of course required to maintain the environment in a healthful condition, but in most civilized communities, in temperate climates, environ- mental sanitation has become a matter of routine, and the pestilences spread by polluted JANUARY 9, 1920] water and by insect carriers have ceased to figure as important factors in the death rate. As the aims of sanitation are approximately realized in a given community, the attention of the health official turns from the water- borne and insect-borne diseases to the more subtle and more bafiling maladies that are spread by direct contact from one individual to another. As typhoid, cholera, plague and typhus fever approach the vanishing point, measles, pneumonia and influenza become relatively more and more important. The control of community infections tends to re- place the sanitation of the environment in the first rank of public health problems. The pre- dominating tasks in this phase are tasks for the bacteriologist rather than for the engineer. The leaders of the public health movement in the United States fifteen years ago were concerned primarily with problems of this sort. Their interest lay in the detection of incipient cases and of well carriers—those in- dividuals who while in normal health them- selves are cultivating and distributing from their bodies the germs of specific commu- nicable diseases—in isolation, in bedside dis- infection, in the breaking by any possible means of the vicious circle which transfers the discharges of the infected individual to the mouth or nose of the susceptible victim. In the case of certain of the acute com- municable infections we are fortunately able to invoke another weapon against our mi- crobic enemies, by the prophylactic or thera- peutic use of vaccines and immune sera, and so far the production of artificial im- munity against attacks of the microbes of dis- ease has proved on the whole more effective than our attempts at breaking the chain of contagion by isolation and _ disinfection. Smallpox, for example, has dwindled from the position of the chief pestilence menacing the human race to almost the condition of a med- ical curiosity, solely and directly as a result of the use of vaccine. Typhoid fever has been practically eliminated from the army by an analogous procedure. Antitoxie serum has placed the control of diphtheria within our grasp and diphtheria persists as a cause of death simply because of the failure to recog- SCIENCE 25 nize the disease with sufficient promptness and to apply the protective measures at our disposal. In general this second or bacteriological phase of the public health movement, while it can boast such remarkable achievements as those to which reference has just been made, is still far from the complete success which has attended the applications of environmental sanitation. It may be stated with some con- fidence that there is not one of the diseases originating in the non-living environment which we do not know how to control and which it is not entirely practical to control, given adequate funds and personnel. Before some of the contact-borne diseases on the other hand we still stand almost helpless. We may be able to reduce the death rate from pneumonia by the use of protective vaccines, but there has been as yet no actual victory won sufficiently clear to admit of statistical dem- onstration. We can do much to mitigate the after effects of infant paralysis, but we have no effective method of controlling its spread. Before the ravages of a pandemic of influenza, such as swept the world in 1918, we are still practically without defense. Sanitarians have been accustomed to quote with horror the fact that bubonic plague killed 6,000,000 people in India during a period of ten years. Influenza earried off more than this number of persons in India in the four autumn months of 1918, and if this should happen again next year we should still be powerless to help. There is much then to be done in the field of the community infections, many problems yet to be solved by the bacteriologist and serologist, before this group of diseases will pass under our control. Yet the suppression of community infections, like the sanitation of the environment, is but a part of the broad public health movement of the present day. The task of the health officer is to save lives, and to save as many lives as possible, by the intelligent application of the resources placed at his disposal. If he be wise he will direct his energies and his appropriations according to the indications derived from a study of vital statistics. He will apply his resources at a point where the greatest number of lives 26 can be saved with the least expenditure of effort. From this standpoint there are two aspects of the public health program which tend, and rightly tend, to overshadow all the rest, the campaigns against infant mortality and tuberculosis. These are the two lines of endeavor which promise the largest results in actual life saving; and in both these fields of effort the part played by sanitation and bacteriology in the narrow sense is a relatively small one. We can reduce infant mortality by the pasteurization of milk, by the elimina- tion of flies, and by protecting the baby from contact with infected persons; but these are after all incidents in a broad program which involves the education of the mother in the whole technique of infant care, feeding, cloth- ing, airing and bathing. What we are really aiming at is a reform in personal hygiene. The campaign against tuberculosis offers another illustration of the same general prin- ciple. We can do something by providing a sanitary environment in which the worker is protected against vitiated air and harmful in- dustrial dusts. We can do something by con- trol of the careless consumptive and the con- sequent reduction of the menace of specific in- fection. Our main weapon against tuberculo- sis is, however, again, the weapon of personal hygiene. The principal machinery upon which we rely is designed to detect the early case and to impose upon the individual in the home or in the sanatorium a regimen of daily living that will make it possible for his own tissues to wage a winning fight against the invading microorganisms. Once more the problem is primarily a problem in the personal conduct of the individual life, and we see the teacher of personal hygiene emerging as a supremely important factor in the present- day compaign for public health. According to the Director of the Census the five principal causes of death in the Registra- tion Area of the United States for 1916, with the number of deaths caused by each were as follows: Heart diseases ...........- 114,000 Tuberculosis .............- 101,000 TE TEAO MEY CoS cqsanooaoses 98,000 SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. LI. No. 1306 Cancers aceite Of these five causes of death there are two, pneumonia and tuberculosis, in which the sani- tation of living and work places, the isolation of the infected individual, and in the case of pneumonia, the use of sera and vaccines do play an important part. Even with tubercu- losis and pneumonia, however, education in personal hygiene fills a large place in the mod- erm preventive campaign. Heart disease and nephritis may of course often be the end re- sults of bacterial infections, but the immediate problem of their control is not to be sought along conventional sanitary and bacteriolog- ical lines. In the past they have indeed been considered as beyond the range of control measures of any kind. With these diseases too it seems clear, however, that education in per- sonal hygiene offers large possibilities of effec- tive results. If the weakness of the heart or arteries be known in time the adoption of proper rules for daily living can at least post- pone the fatal result, if it can not effect or- ganic cure. It is for these reasons that the public health campaign of the present day has become pre- eminently an educational campaign. There are those who maintain that because the public health authority alone possesses the power to enforce regulations with the strong arm of the law such authorities should confine themselves to the exercise of police power, leaving educa- tional activities to develop under the hands of private agencies. The actual amount of life- saving that can ibe accomplished by purely re- strictive methods is, however, small, and such exercise of police power as may be necessary can only gain in effectiveness if it forms an integral part of a general campaign of leader- ship in hygienic living. We have now added to the function of the sanitarian and the bacteriologist that of a new figure in the public health campaign, the teacher of personal hygiene; but we can not stop here if we are prepared to follow the courageous public health official in his determi- nation to adopt whatever machinery may prove JANUARY 9, 1920] necessary for the saving of a maximum number of lives at a minimum cost. , Education in personal hygiene is in part a general propaganda applicable to all alike. There are certain fundamental principles as to food, fresh air, exercise and rest, which every one should know in order to manage wisely the delicate physical machine entrusted to his charge. Unfortunately, however, each living machine is in some respects different from every other living machine, and in many cases deviations from the normal are so marked that they demand fundamental modifications in the regimen of daily life. The man with the weak heart needs less exercise, the man with weak lungs more air and more rest, the man with diabetes a special kind of food. In addition to the hygiene for the normal, which we may teach to all, there is a hygiene for the abnormal which requires an adaptation to each specific case. But it is obvious that the teaching of this kind of hygiene demands first of all an individual diagnosis. We are here face to face with ithe problem of the relation of the physi- cian to the modern public health campaign. In the past a sharp line was drawn between the measures taken by public health authori- ties to check the spread of epidemic disease and the daily routine of the practitioner in the treatment of the individual case. The first was public health, the second private medicine. With the passing of every year it becomes harder to draw such a sharp line, more difficult to say where public health should end and pri- vate medicine begin. The history of medical school inspection offers an excellent example of the tendency to obliterate such arbitrary lines. The physician was first sent into the schools in Boston in 1894 to perform a definite police function, to detect cases of communicable dis- ease and by so doing to protect one child against the danger from another. If it had been proposed at that time to organize clinics for free treatment of disease among school children, the proposal would probably have been denounced as socialism of the most dan- gerous kind. Just so soon, however, as the physicians began actual work in the classroom they found that acute infections passing from SCIENCE 27 one individual to another played but a small part in the total burden of preventable disease borne by the children in the schools. They found defects of teeth, defects of vision, defects of hearing, enlarged glands. Nine tenths of the time of the school inspector of to-day is devoted to problems of this kind. He is no longer protecting one child against another. He is helping each child to attain its maxi- mum possibilities of health and efficiency. The discovery of non-contagious physical defects was the first step in bringing the pub- lic health movement into intimate contact with the individual child. Very soon, however, it became evident that the detection of remedi- able defects was of little value unless some- thing was done to remedy them, and the school nurse was drafted into service to follow the child into the home and to persuade the par- ents to take the measures indicated by the med- ical examiner’s report. The development of a school nursing service as an educational agency of this sort resulted in New York City in increasing the proportion of defects actu- ally treated from 6 to 80 per cent. In a cer- tain number of cases, however, a new difficulty arose. Remediable defects were present and the parents were willing and anxious to have them treated, but they were without funds to pay for the special medical care that was needed. The next step was as logical as the preceding ones. It involved the establishment of school clinics for the treatment of children unable to obtain the necessary care in any other way. So, with the establishment of nose and throat clinics, eye and ear clinics, dental clinies, for the school child the obliteration of the line between public health and private medicine was well-nigh complete. If it is good public policy ito provide for the school child whatever machinery is necessary to make possible the attainment of a reasonable standard of physical health, it is difficult to see why the same arguments do not apply to the adult as well. As a matter of fact exactly the same tendencies to provide (a) diagnosis, (b) hygienic advice, (c) treatment when necessary, are already manifest in our tuberculosis clin- ics and our venereal disease clinics, and are 28 SCIENCE . beginning to develop in connection even with diseases of the heart and arteries and cancer. If it is sound economy to provide for the early diagnosis and sanatorium treatment of tuber- culosis, it is just as sound to provide for the early diagnosis and surgical treatment of cancer. The two diseases are equally danger- ous, and equally burdensome to the commun- ity; they are equally preventable, if the right ‘educational and clinical procedures are organ- ized for their control. From both sides of the artificial boundary line between public health and private medi- cine comes the appeal for a closer correlation. The public health worker needs the physician because in so many diseases education depends on diagnosis and demands the application of medical skill. The far-sighted physician is equally eager to link up his science with the public health program, because on his side he realizes that medicine can never attain its full potentialities of service unless it is made really preventive through some type of effective pro- fessional and social coordination. It is a striking fact that in spite of the great advances in medical science diseases like heart disease and nephritis and cancer, which have been handled in the past along strictly medical lines, have shown no decrease comparable to that which has been manifested in the group of maladies with which the sanitarian has dealt. This is not because medical science is helpless but it is because medical knowledge has gen- erally been applied only when disease has gone so far that the damage is irremediable. Med- ical knowledge will be highly effective only when applied in the incipient stages of disease. When this comes to pass “preventive medi- cine” will become a reality and not merely a catch word. It is not for us to say to-day in just what fashion the reorganization of medical service which will make it effective for prevention can best be brought about. In the working out of such a schente there must be first of all, within the profession itself, effective coordination of specialties in clinical and laboratory lines to provide the type of expert service which is fur- nished by our best hospitals and which no in- [N. 8. Vou. LI. No. 1306 dividual private practitioner can possibly supply. In the second place such organized medical care must be made available not merely for the very poor and very rich but for the entire community, for those who can afford to pay the whole or a part of the cost of the service they require, and for those who can not pay at all. Finally, if medical care is to be made really preventive in its application its cost must be so distributed as to encour- age systematic recourse to the physician as an agent for the detection and control of incip- ientt disease, rather than as a last resort when illness has become too grievous to be borne. There are those who believe that these ends may be attained through group medicine and it is interesting to notice that very similar ends have actually been reached in the nursing field through private initiative as manifested in our best visiting nurse organizations. There are others who claim that medical and nursing service can best be provided in connection with a plan for sickness insurance and there are still others who urge that the insurance prob- lem should be handled as a distinct and sepa- rate one, and that the early diagnosis and pre- ventive care of incipient disease should be at- tained through a definite system of state medi- cine. The working out of the best plan for secur- ing such ends as these is a fascinating task for the publicist of the future, and it is quite pos- sible that the problem may le solved in true Anglo-Saxon fashion by no single logical pro- cedure but by diverse methods, suited to local ends and local circumstances. The remarkable developments during the past ten years in the field of industrial medicine may have a wide bearing on the general solution of our problem as a whole. Some 900 different industrial es- tablishments employ at this time 1,500 indus- trial physicians, and the plant hospitals under their charge, from first-aid dressing stations, are developing into educational centers and diagnostic clinics and laboratories for the study of industrial physiology and vocational guidance and rehabilitation. We have seen the emphasis of the public- health campaign move steadily inward from JANUARY 9, 1920] the environment to the individual. The pri- mary interest of the health officer has been transferred from the swamp and the dung heap to the control of infections and thence to the detection of non-contagious physical defects and the hygienic guidance of the individual living machine. In the development of the public health cam- paign to the realization of its fullest oppor- tunities there is taking place to-day a swing of the pendulum backward to a new interest in the environment, but an environment of a na- ture very different from the simple environ- ment with which Simon dealt. General Gorgas at Panama fully grasped the signifi- cance of the wider and more subtle environ- ment which most of us are just beginning to glimpse as an essential problem in the public health campaign. He eliminated yellow fever and malaria by the drainage of marsh lands, but he attempted to deal with pneumonia by raising the wages of the employees upon the Isthmus, for he realized that in the case of this and many other diseases the most effective weapon at our disposal is the building up of general vital resistance, which depends upon the maintenance of a satisfactory social and economic level. Dr. Emmett Holt has said that there are two causes of infant mortality—poverty and ig- norance. Jn the infant welfare movement, the anti-tuberculosis campaign and every other field of public health, we come sooner or later to a realization of the fact that education and medical and nursing service, while they can ac- complish much, can not cope successfully with the evil effects of standards of living too low to permit the maintenance of normal physical health. As I have elsewhere pointed out, in the Johnstown survey, Miss Duke tells us that the infant mortality in one ward was 271 deaths per 1,000 births against 134 for the city as a whole and 50 for the ward which showed the lowest rate and the explanation is that “ this is where the poorest, most lowly persons of the community live—families of men employed to do the unskilled work in the steel mills and the mines.” Dr. Sydenstricker and his associates SCIENCE 29 in the U. S. Public Health Service in a report on the relation between disabling sickness and family income among cotton mill operatives in South Carolina find that a monthly income equivalent to less than $12 per person (on an adult male unit basis) the sick rate was 70.1 per 1,000; with an income between $12 and $14 it was 48.2 per 1,000; with an income between $16 and $20 it was 34.4, and with an income of $20 and over it was 18.5. We can conclude from these figures and from many similar investigations that poverty and sickness are closely correlated. We can not conclude that the poverty is responsible for the excess of sickness. In some instances the relation of cause and effect may be reversed. In other cases both poverty and disease may be due to underlying inheritance. People do not usually live in the poorest quarters of a city or work at its underpaid employments by choice or by accident. In general, and on the average, we shall find in such districts and such employments a concentration of tubercu- lous stock, of alcoholic stock, of feeble-minded stock—poor protoplasm and a bad environment supplementing each other in a vicious circle. No one can perhaps tell just how far poverty in such eases is the real and effective cause of the failure to achieve and maintain a normal standard of physical health. It is clear, however, that there is a certain standard of income below which the maintenance of health is impossible; and it seems reasonably sure from the studies of Royal Meeker, of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, that a cer- tain not inconsiderable proportion of the population of the United States has to-day a family income below that figure. If an initially normal family can not gain a livelihood adequate for its minimum phys- ical needs, there is evidently a problem of social readjustments which our nation must face as a fundamental of post-war reconstruc- tion; but what shall we say of the family which on account of inherent physical or mental defects is unable to reach a minimum level under a wholly fair and equable basis of compensation? There are but two alterna- tives as I can see it; since the moral sense 30 SCIENCE of mankind repudiates the rigorous applica- tion of the principle of unhindered natural selection. We can let the combination of de- fective protoplasm and crippling environment accomplish the major portion of its work and then salvage what we can from the wreck by some form of institutional relief. Or we can apply our social energy and our community funds to make good the deficiencies in the beginning. JI have little doubt as to which will be found in the long run the cheaper way, and I am quite certain that the preventive method will prove more conducive to a high national morale. If the foregoing outline of the problems of public health be accepted as correct, it will be obvious that the field as thus visualized is no small and restricted one. The claim to so large a province will be denied by many, within, as well as without, the public health profession. The logic of the situation and the tendencies of social development are, how- ever, sweeping the public health movement forward to a future of wider possibilities than those dreamed of by its own protagonists. If we are looking to the future we must conceive our subject in terms no smaller than those of the following definition: Public health is the science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and pro- moting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanita- tion of the environment, the control of com- munity infections, the education of the indi- vidual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treat- ment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health. Public health conceived in these terms will be something vastly different from the exer- cise of the purely police power which has been its principal manifestation in the past. Even to-day it is still possible to make an effective argument for increasing health de- partment budgets by showing that appropria- tions for the protection of health are in most cities far less than those which are made for [N. 8. Vou. LI. No. 1306 police and fire protection, matters of far less moment in actual possibilities of community service. As a matter of fact the police de- partment and the fire department furnish criteria much too modest for the public health department of the future. It is rather to edu- cation that the possibilities of public health should be compared. I look to see our health departments in the coming years organizing diverse forms of sanitary and medical and nursing and social service in such fashion as to enable every citizen to realize his birthright of health and longevity. I look to see health centers, local district foci for the coordination of every form of health activity, scattered through our cities, as numerous as the school houses of today and as lavishly equipped; while the public health services of the city and state will constitute a corps of experts comparable in size and influence to the great educational organizations of the present day. In the development of the public health campaign of the future along such lines as these it is obvious that many different experts, of fundamentally distinct training, must con- tribute their special resources to the common task. Ignoring all minor specialties there must be at least the following seven types of highly qualified persons in this field: The physician The epidemiologist The nurse The engineer The bacteriologist The statistician The social worker In addition there must be inspectors to supervise sanitary conditions, housing condi- tions, food stores and the like, for whom no special training is provided anywhere in this country, but who should be offered brief prac- tical courses to fit them for the relatively modest duties which their task entails. Finally there is the administrator who organ- izes and develops the work of all the rest. The physician in the public health field practises medicine but with a difference, in that the goal before his eyes is prevention as well as cure, and that he has always in view not merely the individual but the community as well. In the infant welfare station and the school clinic and the tuberculosis dispen- sary he visualizes not merely the individual JANUARY 9, 1920] ease but its family environment and its phys- ical background. He is constantly striving to find the incipient causes of disease and to deal with those causes before they reach their deadly fruition. He must be much more than a physician in order to fulfil this task; for he must have a knowledge of bacteriology and sanitation, of health administration and sta- tisties, above all of social relationships and social machinery which the curriculum of even the best medical schools can not attempt to supply. So the public health nurse must be a trained nurse skilled in the relief of suffering and the bedside care of the sick, but she must be much more. Her work is primarily that of the health teacher, the messenger who carries into the home and interprets to the individual mother the gospel of good health. She must work largely alone, not under the immediate direction of a physician. She must know her bacteriology and her physiology, her sanita- tion and hygiene, well enough to teach their principles to others; and she too must deal with the individual, not merely as an in- dividual, but as an element in a complex social group. The bacteriologist in the laboratory and the epidemiologist in the field are two more of the specialists needed, whose work is concerned primarily with the war against the com- munity infections. The former offers aids in early diagnosis and prepares sera and vaccines for the prophylactic and therapeutic treat- ment of these diseases; the latter by his detective work makes it possible to trace out the subtle pathways of infection by which they spread from one person to another through the complex web of community life. The public health or sanitary engineer is again an engineer plus. He must have mastered the underlying sciences of physics and chemistry, of structures and hydraulics, and he must also be familiar with the tech- nical applications of his art to the particular problems of sewage disposal and water supply, ventilation, illumination and the like. The statistician correlates and analyzes the records of births, deaths and illnesses, keep- ing an expert finger as it were on the pulse of SCIENCE 31 the nation’s health. His work is the book- keeping of public health, indicating the lines of profitable expansion and furnishing us with the credit balance of lives saved to the com- munity as a result of various public health endeavors. In the case of each of these experts, and in the case of the social worker who is operating in the field of public health, there is required sound elementary education in some funda- mental branch of science with the addition of specific training in its applications to the field of public health. For the nurse who desires to become a public health nurse there are offered four-month and _ eight-month courses of special training in public health nursing. The physician who desires to be- come a public health physician, the engineer who desires to become a sanitarian, the bac- teriologist who desires to become a public health bacteriologist, the social worker who desires to apply a fundamental knowledge of the principles of social readjustment within the field of public health, must similarly undergo a special training, if their services are to be made promptly and fully available. It is for this purpose that our leading univer- sities and technical schools offer the Certifi- eate in Public Health, which like the Master’s degree is the equivalent of a year’s graduate study. The O.P.H. course gives to the med- ical graduate the special training needed to equip him for the application of medicine in the field of public health, and in the same way enables men and women who have had college training in the fundamentals of bacteriology, engineering, sociology or statistics to fit into their special places in the general scheme of health protection. To turn from these special phases of the public health campaign to the organization of the movement as a whole, it seems probable that the ideal public health administrator of the future will be the man or woman who has been first medically trained and has then specialized in a school of public health. If IT am right in my belief that the public health movement of the future will go far in the direction of including medical and nursing service within its ample bounds, it is clear 32 SCIENCE that a man who has both a medical and a public health training will possess peculiar ad- vantages as an administrator. It is for this reason that the principal eastern universities offer the highest degree in this field, the Doctor of Public Health, only to medical graduates and require that it be earned by a rigorous course of two years of academic study. It will be long, however, before the supply of doctors of public health is nearly adequate to the demand, and for some time to come ad- ministrative positions, as well as laboratory and statistical positions, and those concerned with social reorganization, will be open to the eollege man or woman of marked ability who devotes a single graduate year to study for the Certificate in Public Health. It can be said with very literal truth of the field of public health to-day that the harvest is ready and that the laborers are few. On all hands there comes to us the call for bacteriol- ogists and statisticians, for industrial physi- cians and school physicians, for public health nurses, and for health officers. The American Red Cross is inaugurating a nation-wide cam- paign for the development of health centers throughout the country. Each one of the thou- sands of health centers to be started under this plan will call for an expert personnel which does not exist at present. The state of Ohio has just conducted a civil service examination for a list of candidates for 110 positions as full-time health officers within that state, at salaries ranging from $2,000 to $6,000 a year, with permanent appointment under the civil service law; and it was necessary for the state to organize a special course of instruction in order to have anything like the number of fairly qualified candidates for the responsible positions within its gift. The science and the art of public health have progressed to a point where they can render to the public a service to be measured in the saving of hundreds of thousands of lives in this country every year. Public authorities and private agencies from one end of the land to another are realizing these possibilities of service and are ready to provide the necessary [N. 8. Vou. LI. No. 1306 funds and to give the necessary powers to properly qualified experts. The lack in the whole scheme of things at the present moment is the lack of personnel. As a prominent offi- cial of the Rockefeller Foundation said to me the other night, “ The way they are appropri- ating money for public health in the southern states frightens me, because we haven’t the men to send to them to help them spend it wisely.” We stand, I believe, at the beginning of a new phase of human history, a phase in which the physical and mental health and efficiency of the human being will be transformed by sci- ence as the physical background of civiliza- tion has been transformed in the past half cen- tury. In the name of the need that confronts us for the personnel to carry on this work I believe we have the right to say boldly to the college men and women of America that we need them in this great business. We can promise to the college graduate, whether his leanings be toward work in the laboratory, toward sanitation in the field, toward the tasks of social propaganda and social reconstruction —we can promise to the medical student, and we can promise to the graduate nurse—that each and all of them will find in the public health movement of the future careers which will compare favorably in security and in ma- terial rewards with the average return which is won by the college and medical graduate in other fields. Above all we can promise the op- portunity of a kind of service which brings a satisfaction deeper than any material reward. There are great unsolved problems waiting for the Pasteurs of the future. Influenza, pneumonia, cancer and the rest of the uncon- quered plagues will some day yield to the pa- tient assault of science, and it may well fall to the lot of young men who are entering our laboratories to-day to write the obituary of these diseases as Walter Reed did that of yel- low fever in 1900. Two of Reed’s letters to his wife after he and his associates had made the great discovery that ensured the conquest of yellow fever in the ensuing year, are so full of the solemn dignity of such a victory that I will quote them. JANUARY 9, 1920] Six months ago, when we landed on this island, absolutely nothing was known concerning the prop- agation and spread of yellow fever—it was all an unfathomable mystery—but to-day the curtain has been drawn. And later on New Year’s Eve, he wrote: Only ten minutes of the old century remain. Here have I been sitting, reading that most won- derful book, ‘‘lia Roche on Yellow TFever,’’ written in 1853. Forty-seven years later it has been permitted to me and my assistants to lift the impenetrable veil that has surrounded the causa- tion of this most wonderful, dreadful pest of hu- manity and to put it on a rational and scientific basis. I thank God that this has been accom- plished during the latter days of the old century. May its cure be brought out in the early days of the new. Yet we need not wait for any of the great discoveries of the future to make the public health campaign of the present day bear fruit. We want sanitary statesmen as much as in- vestigators. We need organizers and propa- gandists for the cause of health, capable of building wisely the great scheme of health protection of the future and of enlisting in its support the enthusiastic cooperation of the peoples of the earth To the administrator, as much as to the investigator comes the con- sciousness of a reward for his labors, fuller and more immediate than that which can be earned in many walks of life, for he can know that in a given city in a given year so many hundreds or thousands of men and women and children are alive and well who would have been in their graves except for him. What old Sir John Simon said of industrial diseases is true of every kind of preventable malady which afflicts mankind. _ The canker of ... disease gnaws at the very root of our national strength. The sufferers are not few or insignificant. They are the bread winners for at least a third part of our population. ... That they have causes of disease indolently left to blight them amid their toil... is surely an in- tolerable wrong. And to be able to redress that wrong is perhaps among the greatest opportunities for good which human institutions can afford. C.-E. A. WinsLow YALE ScHOOL oF MEDICINE SCLENCE 30 THE ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH}? THis is an age of organization. Almost within the lifetime of some of us the in- dustries, with the exception of agriculture, have passed in large degree from the individ- ualistic to the corporate form. Combinations not merely of national but of international scope exercise a large measure of control over manufacturing and commercial activities, while associations of the greatest variety— commercial, charitable, reformatory, labor— have multiplied until their name is “legion.” Almost every conceivable calling, from the midwife’s to the undertaker’s, is organized. Since science is a product of human activity its methods must necessarily be in- fluenced by the spirit of the time. In partic- ular, the successes of groups of scientific men in making important contributions to the solu- tion of the technical problems raised by the entry of the United States into the world war has led to an emphasis upon the advantages of organization and cooperation in research which was very much in evidence at the last meeting of this association. This was partic- ularly evident, perhaps among the biologists where it was, in the words of another, “the dominant note,” but the same note has been sounded by various prominent writers both before and since that meeting. It seems desirable, therefore, in view of this apparently strong trend of both public and scientific opinion, to inquire somewhat carefully into the extent to which it is justified and as to the probability that a more complete organi- zation of research will enable it to render more efficient public service. In attempting to do so I shall, of course, have reference particularly to agricultural research—im- plicitly if not explicitly. In the early history of science, research was necessarily upon an almost purely individual- istic basis. Men of genius here and there were laying the foundations of the present amazing superstructure not only without 1 Address of the vice-president and chairman of Section M—Agriculture, American Association for the Advancement of Science, St. Louis, December, 1919, 34 public support but subject’ sometimes to scorn and even persecution but more often to an indifference not reaching the level of con- tempt. By slow degrees, however, it began to dawn upon the public that the investiga- tions of these dreamers really had some sig- nificance for the practical conduct of life. Very gradually at first, but with an accele- rated velocity as time went on, the scientist came to be recognized as a useful member of society although even yet he seems too often regarded in the light of a sort of “ medicine man” who ean be called upon to work magical ineantations in times of need or peril or as a magician who, by some sort of leger- demain, can accomplish the seemingly im- possible. Along with this growing recognition of the economic and commercial value of its results, -scientifie research began in time to be re- -garded more and more as a public function and to be more or less adequately supported, ‘either by private endowment or notably by -governmental action. The latter has been ‘especially the case with agricultural research. I need not rehearse to this audience the familiar story, beginning with the foundation of the first public experiment station at Moeckern in 1852, the growth of the Eu- ropean experiment stations, the founding of the early American stations by state action, the enactment of the Hatch and Adams Acts, the increasing appropriations by the states and the enormous growth of the United States Department of Agriculture. For agricultural research it has been a period of expansion and organization upon an unprecedented scale and it is scarcely to be wondered at that the real nature of the end aimed at was some- times lost sight of in the consideration of the means by which it was to be reached nor that the proper freedom of research should have been in some degree menaced, on the one hand by bureaucratic administration and on the other by the pressure for immediately use- ful results. Tt is unnecessary to remind you that this tendency gave rise to a wholesome reaction. For several years it appeared necessary to stress the fundamental significance of the in- SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. LI, No. 1306 itiative and independence of the individual investigator but by the time the United States entered the war it may be said that this view had received fairly general recognition and there was perhaps a tendency to excessive individualism and a certain lack of coordina- tion and cooperation in agricultural research. With our entry into the war began a new era in scientific activity as well as in world poli- ties. Urgent war needs led to a concentration of scientific effort upon special problems of the most varied character and to a degree of co- operation and coordination until then un- known. The results were almost spectacular and as a natural consequence there has come a revival of interest in cooperative work and the demand for better organization of re- search which has already been referred to. Probably the most conspicuous as well as the most familiar example of this is found in the statement made by The Hon. Elihu Root be- fore the Advisory Committee on Industrial Research of the National Research Council.? He says: Scientific men are only recently realizing that the principles which apply to success on a large scale in transportation and manufacture and general staff work apply to them; that the difference be- tween a mob and an army does not depend upon occupation or purpose but upon human nature; that the effective power of a great number of sci- entific men may be increased by organization just as the effective power of a great number of labor- ers may be increased by military discipline. All other (than very great) minds need to be guided away from the useless and towards the use- ful. That can be done only by the application of scientific method to science itself through the purely scientific process of organizing effort. It remains to be seen whether peoples thoroughly imbued with the ideas and accustomed to the tra- ditions of separate private initiative are capable of organizing scientific research for practical ends as effectively as an autocratic government giving di- rection to a docile and submissive people. Similarly Whetzel? writes: 2Screnor, November 29, 1919. 8 ScIENCE, July 18, 1919. January 9, 1920] The fact remains that while the rest of man- kind has gone far along the way which we (the scientific men) have discovered and pointed out we still remain largely isolated and intrenched in the feudal towers of our individualism. Here behind moat and wall we shape and fashion those intel- lectual darts with which at our annual tourneys we hope to pierce the haughty pride of some brother baron. Yet common sense, the common good, the very progress of our profession demands that we abandon this ancient outworn attitude. And Coulter‘ says: Our isolated, more or less competitive investiga- tions have resulted in a certain amount of progress; but it has been very slow compared with what co- operation would have secured. Nor do the advocates of organization lack apparently convincing examples of success in scientific cooperation. Not to speak of the striking wartime achievements in the applica- tions of chemistry, physics and engineering, one may name such typical illustrations in the field of agriculture as those cited by Shear,® namely, the cooperative work of sev- eral bureaus of the Department of Agricul- ture upon the chestnut blight problem and upon the spoilage of fruits and vegetables in transit and especially the work of the War Board of the American Society of Phyto- pathologists, while in a related field the work of the Interallied Scientific Food Commission, although cut short by the German collapse, may also be cited. Shear speaks of this trend cooperation as a “tide in the affairs of men.” But not withstanding all these emphatic dicta, may it not be well to call a moment’s halt to consider whither this tide is carrying us and whether it really “leads on to for- tune.” May there not be a certain danger of overlooking the significance of the individual ? We must beware of being stampeded by the brilliant successes of the war time into an undue exaltation of the virtues of cooperation and organization. Both are doubtless very valuable but many of their ardent advocates seem to overlook the fact that the recent highly successful essays in cooperation which they emphasize were chiefly directed to the solu- 4 Sciencz, April 18, 1919. 5 Scientific Monthly, October, 1919, p. 342. SCIENCE 30 tion of immediate technical problems by the application of knowledge acquired largely by individual research. The striking results of war-time cooperation were very largely of the nature of inventions rather than of discover- ies. The achievements in sound-ranging, in ballistics, in submarine detection, in aviation, in gas warfare, in the control of plant dis- eases and the like were possible only as the fruition of long and patient researches into the fundamental laws of physics, chemistry, and biology conducted quietly by individuals or by little groups without public notice or applause. It is just as true to-day as it ever was that the permanent and significant ad- vances of science depend in the last analysis on the initiative and originality of individ- uals. Nothing can alter this fundamental fact. But on the other hand the fullest recogni- tion of the paramount importance of the in- dividual investigator should not blind us to the great significance of the experiences of the last few years. Let us first consider what they teach us as to the sort of problems best suited for cooperative effort. What is the field of cooperation as contrasted with in- dividualism ? As just noted, the problems of war-time co- operation were largely the problems of prac- tise and it is these practical problems which seem to offer the greatest opportunity for co- operation. Such problems, however, consti- tute one extreme of an intergrading series whose other extreme is the problems of so- called “pure” science. Using Coulter’s® terminology and speaking of the former as superficial and of the latter as fundamental problems, it may be said that in general as we pass from the superficial toward the funda- mental, cooperation becomes a less and less promising method for research. Usually the best thing that can be done for the man of scientific vision, who is capable of the most fundamental kind of research, is to supply him with the necessary equipment and facili- ties and then let him alone. Committees and cooperators are in danger of being hindrances rather than helps. Comparatively few of us 6 Science, April 18, 1919, p. 365. 36 can be ranked in that class, however. The majority of investigators must be content to be journeymen rather than master builders on the edifice of science and the rate of prog- ress of the structure depends very largely on the persistent, conscientious work of the ordi- nary investigator. The advance of science as a whole is, after all, a rather prosaic affair, including a vast amount of drudgery and requiring patient “plugging” rather than genius. Furthermore, the problems of more imme- diate importance to mankind are often the less fundamental ones or those near the middle of the series. It is for the more super- ficial or practical problems and for the ordi- nary investigator that organized cooperation seems most promising. It is investigators of this type, possessing varying degrees of initia- tive and inspiration, who can profit most largely by mutual association, particularly in connection with the more superficial prob- lems, while it is in this type of investigation that the initiative and inspiration of the in- dividual is at once most significant and most in danger of being suppressed. They, more than the genius, need the inspiration and stimulus to initiative which comes from close contact with their fellow workers. Another class of problems in which co- operation seems especially called for are those requiring the application of diverse branches of science. Such was notably true of many war problems and is perhaps particularly the ease with the larger agricultural problems of a more or less practical nature—especially regional problems such as the development of farming in the semi-arid regions, the study of plant diseases or, in a different field, such questions as sewage disposal. In brief the teaching of our war experi- ences, as I see it, is that our rate of future scientific progress will depend, not exclusively upon cooperation on the one hand nor upon individualism on the other but upon a wise combination and adjustment of the two in varying proportion according to the nature of the problem attacked and the abilities of the investigators concerned. Granting the truth of this view, a second SCIENCE [N. S. Vou, LI. No. 1306 fundamental question is, “ How can coopera- tive effort, where desirable, be most efficiently organized?” Substantially three things are to be effected. First, that effort shall be directed to really significant and fundamental problems. The issues of civilization are too vast for us to lapse into dilettanteism. Second, that the methods employed shall be sound, so that effort may not be frittered away in empirical experiments leading nowhere. Third, to secure that stimulus to zeal and persistence which comes from association in a common cause. How can these objects be realized? How can we gain the advantages of association and cooperation without sacrificing that init- iative of the individual upon which, in the last analysis, the efficiency of even practical research depends. I think we should all agree that this ean not be effected by any such bureaucratic or even military organization as would seem to be contemplated by the words of some writers—notably by Mr. Root in the passages which I have quoted. Let me re- peat a single phrase: That the effective power of a great number of scientific men may be increased by organization just as the effective power of a great number of laborers may be increased by military discipline. Such expressions as these, like a certain notorious report on academic efficiency, if taken at their face value, betray an almost ludicrous misconception of the conditions of productive scientific activity and are partic- ularly surprising in a man of Mr. Root’s breadth of view, who in the same statement has shown so clear an appreciation of the value of abstract research. Organization of this sort may serve for a works laboratory doing routine control work or perhaps for the law offices of a great firm but we can not stimulate scientific investigation by stran- gling personal initiative. The question is how investigation can be coordinated without destroying the individuality of the investi- gator. This can not be done by laying down hard and fast plans involving any sort of factory system of division of labor. JANUARY 9, 1920] And yet, as I have tried to make clear, reasonable cooperation and coordination in re- search offer possibilities for greatly increasing the rate of scientific progress. Individualism and cooperation must not be antagonists but yokefellows in the chariot of science. What then shall be the binding force which shall fuse these two ideas? Precisely the same that held together the various groups of scientific men during the war, viz.; the tie of a common interest and a common purpose. I have com- pared the great body of investigators to jour- neymen but this does not mean that they are merely “hands.” They are self-directed workers and therefore any organization of them must be democratic. They are all partners in the enterprise and sharers in its profits. The men who worked together almost night and day to devise efficient gas masks or means of submarine detection or methods of sound ranging were not workmen under the orders of a superior, but free associations of scientists with training in common or related fields of research and under the inspiration of a common patriotism. Precisely this is what is needed to achieve the victories of peace. Effective cooperation can not be imposed from above by administrative authority but can only come by free democratic action of in- vestigators themselves. In saying this I am not charging administrators with either in- difference or incompetency. The difficulty lies in the nature of things. There must be the will to cooperate. We may, I think, distinguish two distinct forms of cooperative organization which we may call for convenience institutional organi- zation and subject-matter organization. In the agricultural field, at least, much em- phasis has been laid in the past upon insti- tutional cooperation as between different ex- periment stations, between the stations and the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and to some extent at least between some of the bureaus of the latter department. Much anxiety has been expressed over the real or supposed duplication of work by the state stations and Section 3 of the Hatch Act seems to contemplate more or less coordination of experiments. It is within the memory of SCIENCE 37 some present, too, that the first conception of the Office of Experiment Stations was that of a central directing agency. While this idea was early abandoned, numerous voluntary efforts toward the coordination of projects have been attempted through committees of the Association of Colleges and Experiment Stations, one recent suggestion, that of a sort of Agricultural Research Council, constitu- ting more or less of a reversion to the early conception of the Office of Experiment Stations. On the whole, however, it may be doubted whether the results reached in this way have been commensurate with the conscientious and praiseworthy efforts put forth by the ex- periment stations and the Department of Agriculture. These institutions and to a large degree the individual bureaus largely go their own way, with the exception in the case of the stations of the restrictions involved in the approval of projects by the Office of Ex- periment Stations, and this condition seems likely to continue. Meantime the various forms of war work have afforded striking illustrations of the success of the second type of cooperative effort, iz., cooperation by subject-matter. The significant lesson of war-time organiza- tion is the efficiency with which scientific men in the same field have got together, largely independent of institutional or administrative subdivisions. I believe that this same prin- ciple can be applied to the more fundamental research problems—that scientific men may to advantage organize in this way, forming group or regional conferences which might be especially profitable for those living in somewhat isolated localities and not in such ready contact with their fellows as is the case with those situated on the Atlantic seaboard. Such free conferences, formulating the com- mon judgment of workers in identical or re- lated fields can scarcely fail to furnish both guidance and inspiration for the progress of research. In brief, I believe we can very effectively promote research by consultation and conference of those interested in partic- ular subjects or groups of subjects. We should thus have a loose organization at right 38 angles, so to speak, to the administrative organization, which would bring the collective judgment of experts to bear upon the choice of scientific problems and upon the adoption of adequate methods for their solution and which would not be in any sense antagonistic to the official organization. Much progress has already been made in this direction. For example The American Society of Animal Production has formulated a valuable set of standard methods for the conduct of feeding experiments, while the very effective work of the War Board of the American Society of Phytopathologists is familiar to us all and still another illustration is the Association of Southern Agricultural Workers. But the most significant and com- prehensive achievement in the organization of American research is one which has been prominently before the scientific public and with which we are all familiar, viz; the Na- tional Research Council. From the point of view advocated in this paper its organization is peculiarly significant because it was effected by the voluntary initiative of the investiga- tors themselves and because, therefore, it 1s thoroughly democratic in form and has been eareful both in its initiation and development to conserve the individuality of the research men. The past successes of this wise combi- nation of organization and individualism demonstrate its essential soundness and con- stitute the best guarantee of its future achievements. Henry Prentiss ARMSBY THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE SCIENTIFIC EVENTS CONFERENCE OF BRITISH RESEARCH ASSOCIATIONS A CONFERENCE of research associations—the second of a series—organized by the British Department of Scientific and Industrial Re- search, was held according to Nature on December 12 in the lecture-theater of the Institution of Civil Engineers. The Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, Lord President of the Council, appropriately presided, the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research SCIENCE [N. S. Von. LI. No. 1306 being a committee of the Privy Council. Mr. Balfour, who was warmly greeted on his first public appearance in his capacity of head of the department, delivered a short introductory address on the national need for scientific research, especially in its application to in- dustry. Three points emphasized by Mr. Bal- four were that, though man does not live by bread alone, the amelioration of the material lot of mankind can come only through prog- ress in scientific knowledge; that we must not imitate, but follow the example of the Ger- mans in realizing a helpful and close alliance between science and industry; and that in the prosecution of this aim the paramount interests of pure science must not be over- looked. Papers were afterwards read by Major H. J. W. Bliss, director of the British Research Association for the Woollen and Worsted Industries, on “ Research Associa- tions and Consulting Work and the Collection and Indexing of Information,” and by Dr. W. Lawrence Balls on “The Equipment of Re- search Laboratories.” There was a general discussion on the subject-matter of the two papers, from which it was clear that, although there is a large common measure of agree- ment among the different associations, there is also enough variety of circumstance and character to make it desirable for each asso- ciation to work out its own salvation in many problems of organization and method. It is the intention of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research to continue period- ically these conferences of research associa- tions. As the department, in fostering the as- sociations, is engaged in a novel adventure in government enterprise, the research associa- tions have to set sail on uncharted seas, with- out maps or precedent experience to guide them, and these periodical conferences must ‘be of great help to them in mapping out their courses and taking their soundings. THE MEDICAL STRIKE IN SPAIN THE Journal of the American Medical Asso- ciation states that the town of Jerez de la Frontera, which has a world reputation on ac- count of its famous wines, has just witnessed the first general strike of physicians. This JANUARY 9, 1920] strike originated because the municipal au- thorities, disregarding all statutory provisions and trusting to political influence, failed to keep their pledges, and the salaries due the employees finally amounted to 1,000,000 pese- tas (about $200,000). When the physicians be- came tired of seeing that, in this period of better compensation for labor, they were the only ones who could bring home the wages they had earned, they unanimously decided to go out on strike. The mayor and the members of the town council were very indignant at this action, their arguments running somewhat as follows: “It is very strange that the physi- cians should be so rebellious, and especially now, when the town council has just spent sev- eral thousand dollars for celebrations and bull fights, thus showing our desire to please the people and attract foreigners. do not bear in mind the fact that we can not pay their salaries, since to do so would be to show partiality in their favor; in a place where no one is paid, it is an imposition to ask for money. If we have spent so much for festivals it has been only because the bull fighters and actors would not have come otherwise; but every one understands that if we could have got out of paying them, we would not have paid them either.” These reasons did not influence the physicians, who suspended all official rela- tions with the municipal authorities, and who, while continuing their care of the poor, refused to submit any reports, would not sign any offi- cial certificates, or attend the municipal dis- pensaries, and let public opinion and the gov- ernment decide the matter. At first the local authorities threatened the physicians, at whose head was Dr. Aranda, one of the most promi- nent surgeons of Andalusia. The physicians proved adamant against all kinds of pressure that was brought to bear on them for over a month. At last the government decided to en- force the law; it dismissed the municipal coun- cil and appointed new counselors so as to help solve the situation. The result has been that the physicians will immediately receive one half of the amount due them, and the balance very shortly. This is the first medical strike that ever took place in Spain. It has received SCIENCE The physicians: 39 support not only in the country in general, but also at the hands of the government. RESOLUTIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON THE attention of the Anthropological So- ciety of Washington haying been called to an open letter published in The Nation of De- cember 20 by Dr. Franz Boas under the title “Scientists as Spies,” and after said article was read and duly considered, the following resolution was adopted and ordered to be sub- mitted to the American Anthropological As- sociation at its meeting in Boston; to Section H of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science meeting in St. Louis; and to the Archeological Institute of America at its meeting in Pittsburgh, with a request that suitable action be taken by these associa- tions. Also, that a copy of this resolution be sent to The Nation and Science, with a re- quest for its publication. Resolved: That the article in question unjustly criticizes the President of the United States and attacks the fundamental principles of American democracy; A That the reflections contained in the article fall on all American anthropologists who have been anywhere outside the limits of the United States during the last five years; That the information thus given is liable to have future serious effects on the work of all anthropol- ogists outside the boundaries of the United States; and That the accusation, given such prominent pub- licity and issuing from such a source, will doubtless receive wide attention and is liable to prejudice foreign governments against all scientific men com- ing from this country to their respective territories, particularly if under government auspices; there- fore Be it resolved, that in the opinion of the council of the Anthropological Society of Washington, the publication of the article in question was unwar- ranted and will prove decidedly injurious to the interests of American scientists in general; that the author has shown himself inconsiderate to ‘the best interests of his American colleagues who may be obliged to carry on research in foreign coun- tries; and that his action, therefore, deserves our emphatic disapproval. 40 BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF STATES BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRI- CULTURE DURING 1919 Work in biological investigations of birds and mammals by the Bureau of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and cooperating institutions, while somewhat in- terrupted by the war, is rapidly getting back to normal. The work falls into three prin- cipal divisions, namely, investigations of habits, distribution, migration, and systematic studies of birds, investigation of the habits and relationships of mammals, and natural history surveys of the states. This note deals with work under the latter head only. In Wisconsin the State Geological and Nat- ural History Survey is cooperating with the United States Department of Agriculture in the work, which is in charge of Dr. Hartley H. T. Jackson for the Department of Agri- culture, and Professor George Wagner of the University of Wisconsin for the State of Wis- consin. Work was begun May 15 and con- tinued until September 20. The principal field of cooperation was the northwestern part of the state, special attention being devoted to the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior. Mr. Harry H. Sheldon for the Biological Survey, and Mr. Arthur J. Poole for the Wisconsin Survey assisted throughout the season. In Montana, Mr. Marcus A. Hanna, as- sisted by Mr. Harry Malleis, worked the valley of the Missouri and the bordering plains and mountains from the mouth of Milk River westward, under the general direction of Mr. Edward A. Preble. The Little Rockies, Moc- casin Mountains, Big and Little Belt Moun- tains and Castle Mountains were visited dur- ing the latter part of the summer. Victor N. Householder was a member of the party during the early part of the season. The biological survey of Florida was con- tinued by Mr. Arthur H. Howell. Field studies were carried on during March and April over a large part of Lee County and in the region around Lake Okeechobee. The collections in the Florida State Museum were examined and the specimens carefully identi- fied. A collection of bird records from Florida, both published and unpublished, SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. LI. No. 1306 shows approximately 3890 species and sub- species recorded from the state. Cooperating at different times with the Bio- logical Survey in field work in the state of Washington were the following: Professor William T. Shaw, State College of Washing- ton, Pullman; Professor H. S. Brode, Whit- man College, Walla Walla; Professor J. W. Hungate, State Normal School, Cheny; Pro- fessor J. B. Flett, National Park Service, Longmire; Mr. William L. Finley and Mrs. Finley, Portland, Oregon; and Stanton War- burton, Jr., of Tacoma. The Biological Sur- vey was represented for a part of the time by Mr. Stanley G. Jewett, Pendleton, Oregon; and throughout the season by Mr. George G. Cantwell, Puyallup, Washington, and Dr. Walter P. Taylor, of the Biological Survey, the last named in charge of the work. In- vestigations were made in the Blue Moun- tains area of extreme southeastern Washing- ton, in which occurs an unusual mixture of Rocky Mountain and Cascade Mountain types; and in Mount Rainier National Park, in connection with which the cireuit of Mount Rainier was made for the first time, so far as known, by any vertebrate zoological expedition. In North Dakota Mr. Vernon Bailey worked through September and October to get data on the hibernation of mammals and on the stores of food laid up for winter by non- hibernating species. He has returned with many valuable notes to be added to his report on the mammals of the state, and with an interesting collection of live rodents for study of habits in captivity. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS Sir Witi1aM Oster, regius professor of medi- cine at Oxford University, died on December 29, aged seventy years. Dr. L. O. Howarp, chief of the Bureau of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture and for twenty-two years per- manent secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, was elected president of the association at the St. Louis meeting. Dr. Edward L. Nichols, who last JANUARY 9, 1920] June retired from the chair of physics at Cor- nell University, was elected general secretary of the association. The other officers elected and a report of the meeting are given elsewhere in this issue. Dr. SHEPHERD Ivory FRANz was elected presi- dent of the American Psychological Associa- tion at the meeting held in Cambridge last week. Proressor RatpH B. Perry, of Harvard University, was elected president of the Ameri- ean Philosophical Association at the meeting in Ithaca last week. Professor Alfred H. Jones, of Brown University, was elected secretary. At the Boston meeting of the Paleontological Society, officers were elected as follows: Prest- dent, F. B. Loomis, Amherst; Vice-presidents, C. C. Case, Ann Arbor; Ralph Arnold, Los Angeles; E. M. Kindle, Ottawa; Secretary, R. S. Bassler, Washington, D. C.; Treasurer, Richard S. Lull, New Haven; Hditor, W. D. Matthew, New York. At the Society of American Bacteriologists, also meeting in Boston, the following officers were elected: Dr. Charles Krumweide, of the research laboratory of the New York Health Department, president; Dr. F. C. Harrison, president of the MacDonald College in Mon- treal, vice-president; Dr. A. Parker Hitchens, of Indianapolis, was reelected secretary-treas- urer, and Dr. J. W. M. Bunker was chosen assistant secretary, a new position in the or- ganization. New members of the council are Dr. F. P. Gay, professor of pathology and bac- teriology at the University of California, and Dr. C. G Bull, professor of immunology at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene in Balti- more. A committee on national research was created, consisting of all the past presidents, with Dr. Bunker as executive secretary, and Dr. S. C. Prescott, of Boston, as chairman. Tue William H. Nichols medal of the Ameri- can Chemical Society will be conferred on Dr. Irving Langmuir for his work on “ the arrange- ment of electrons in atoms and molecules,” at the March meeting of the New York Section of the society. SCIENCE 41 THE Perkin medal for 1919 has been awarded by the American Section of the Society of Chemical Industry to Dr. Chas. F. Chandler, for his work on the standardization of kero- sene. The committee in making the award called especial attention also to the work Pro- fessor Chandler, as head of the chemistry de- partment of the school of mines at Columbia University, has done in training men for the chemical industry. The medal will be pre- sented to Dr. Chandler, “dean of American chemists,” at the regular meeting of the So- ciety of Chemical Industry, American Section, at the Chemists’ Club, New York City, on Jan- uary 16. Dr. Louis A. Bauer will repeat his illus- trated lecture on “The Solar Eclipse of May 29, 1919, and the Einstein Effect” at the Johns Hopkins University, Monday after- noon, January 12; at Yale University, under the auspices of the Society of Sigma Xi on the evening of January 13; and at Brown University on the evening of January 16. At the stated meeting of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences at Boston on January 14, he will give an illustrated address on “ Ob- servations of the Solar Eclipse at Cape Palmas, Liberia, and other Stations.” Ar the meeting of the Philosophical So- ciety of Washington on January 3 the follow- ing papers were read: Enoch Karrer: I. “Diffusion of light in a searchlight beam.” II. “ The contrast sensibility of the eye at low illumination.” F. E. Wright: “The contrast sensibility of the eye as a factor in the re- solving power of the microscope.” L. A. Bauer: “Further results of observations of the solar eclipse of May 29. 1919. Sm Outver Lopce delivered the Trueman- Wood lecture on “Some Possible Sources of Energy,” at the Royal Society of Arts on December 10. WE learn from Nature that on December 10, a memorial tablet with a medallion por- trait and a suitable inscription was unveiled in memory of Sir Ramsay in the presence of Lady Ramsay and a large number of friends and members of the University of Glasgow. 42 The address of presentation was delivered by Professor G. G. Henderson, of the Regius chair of chemistry, and the custody of the memorial was accepted on behalf of the Uni- versity Court by the vice-chancellor. The medallion is the work of Mr. Paulin, and is an excellent likeness; the design of the memorial is due to Sir John J. Burnet. The mural tablet is placed at the head of the great stair- ease leading to the Bute Hall and the Hun- terian Museum. It is set in an arched recess lined with grey marble, and bears reliefs illus- trating Sir William Ramsay’s numerous dec- orations and honors. Tue trustees of the American Medical As- sociation have made an appropriation of money to further meritorious research in sub- jects relating to scientific medicine and of practical interest to the medical profession, which otherwise could not be carried on to completion. Applications for grants should be sent to the Committee on Scientific Re- search, American Medical Association, 535 North Dearborn Street Chicago, before Feb- ruary 1, 1920, when action will be taken on the applications at hand. WE learn from the Journal of the American Medical Association that on the initiative of Professors Forssner, Forssell, Holmgren and Dr. Key, of Stockholm, and Professors Quensel and Petrén, of Upsala, and Lund, a meeting was held recently to organize the Svenska Sallskapet for medicinsk forskning to promote scientific research in Sweden. Already 169 members are enrolled and the officers elected. They include a number of prominent laymen, directors of banks, consuls and others besides leading professors in the medical sciences. Professor Quensel in the opening address em- phasized that the rapidly changing world has brought the necessity for new orientations and the blocking out of new routes, and he cited the saying, “If the human race can be perfected, it is in the medical sciences that the means for this must be sought.” The aim of the new society is to provide funds for medical research, and the treasury starts with a donation of 5,000 crowns from a legacy. SCIENCE [N. S. Von. LI, No. 1306 THE next annual congress of the Royal In- stitute of Public Health, which suspended these meetings during the war, is to be held at Brussels from May 20 to 24, inclusive, by invi- tation of the Burgomaster, M. Adolphe Max. Delegates will be invited from all the universi- ties, municipalities and other public bodies in due course. Meanwhile, all wishing to take part should communicate with the Hon. Sec- retaries, the Royal Institute of Public Health, 37 Russell-square, London, W.O. 1. THE magnetic-survey vessel Carnegie left Washington on October 9, on a two year cruise of 64,000 nautical miles. She arrived at her first port of call, Daker, Senegal, West Coast of Africa, on November 23, but owing to bubonic plague sailed a few days later and is now en-route to Buenos Aires, Argentina, arriving there about the end of January. Mr. J. A. Fleming, Chief of the Magnetic Survey Division of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, has been designated to represent the direetor of the department in the in- spection of the work and vessel at Buenos Aires, and he accordingly sailed from New York on December 31. The scientific person- nel of the present cruise consists of the follow- ing: J. P. Ault, in command; H. F. Johnston, magnetician, second in command; Russell Pemberton, surgeon and observer; A. Thomas, H. R. Grummann and R. R. Mills, observers. Accorpine to the Journal of the American Medical Association during a recess in ses- sions of the International Conference of Women Physicians in New York, thirty-five distinguished women physicians from foreign countries visited the Johns Hopkins Hospital recently and studied facilities at the institu- tion. The general program for the day was arranged by Dr. Florence R. Sabin, Balti- more, who received the delegates. The first inspection was of the gynecologic department, where Drs. Howard A. Kelley, Guy Hunner and Thomas S. Cullen acted as pilots. At the Harriet Lane Home, an exhibition of children’s diseases was prepared. Dr. John J. Abel, gave a short address on the general sub- ject of physiology, followed by a talk on dietetics by E.V. McCollum. Dr. George L. JANUARY 9, 1920] Streeter gave a talk on embryology. Lunch- eon was served at 1 o’clock, after which Dr. Adolf Meyer, head of the Henry Phipps Psy- chiatric Clinic, lectured on the work of his department. ‘The remainder of the afternoon was devoted to a study of the obstetric de- partments. Proressor Grorce OC. WHIPPLE, of Harvard University, as has been noted in Screncg, has been appointed director of the division of sanitation in the Bureau of Hygiene and Public Health of the League of Red Cross Societies. He has been granted leave of absence from Harvard University for the second half year and will go to Geneva in February, returning to Cambridge in Sep- tember, 1920. The organization referred to will be virtually the Health Department of the League of Nations, and it will offer ex- ceptional opportunities for sanitary engineers. Heretofore the Red Cross has chiefly engaged in relief work. It is now to add to this work that of preventing disease by improving sani- tary conditions. Professor Whipple is a member of the engineering firm of Hazen, Whipple & Fuller, New York City. Another member of this firm, Colonel Francis F. Long- ley, has been appointed associate director of the division and will go to Geneva about the first of December in order to be ready to undertake emergency work in the Balkans should typhus fever break out there. TuE fall meeting of the Bureau of Personnel Research, which was recently held at the Car- negie Institute of Technology, was attended by representatives of the following cooperative concerns: 'the American Multigraph Sales Com- pany, the American Rolling Mill Company, the Burroughs Adding Machine Company, the Carnegie Steel Company, the Commonwealth Edison Company, Crutchfield and Woolfolk, Equitable Life Insurance Company, B. F. Goodrich Company, John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, H. J. Heinz Com- pany, Kaufmann Department Stores, Miller Saw-Trimmer Company, Packard Motor Car Company, Philadelphia Company, Phenix Mu- tual Life Insurance Company E. W. Woods Company, and The Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. Dr. Bingham, the SCIENCE 43 head of the division of applied psychology of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, was one of the speakers at the meeting. A BILL recently has been passed by the Canadian House of Commons creating a fed- eral department of health and providing for a minister of health and advisory committee. The authority of the department will extend to all matters affecting health within the jurisdiction of the Dominion of Canada. At the recent Bournemouth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science a meeting was held with the object of eliciting opinions as to whether the recently formed Scientific Research Association should be continued or wound up. Professor A. Gray presided over a small attendance. It was ex- plained by Mr. A. C. Tansley, the acting sec- retary, that the functions of the new associa- tion were the establishment of adequate means of communication and coordination in science, the organization of the endowment for re- search, and publicity and propaganda. Cir- culars sent out last spring to 2,000 scientific people had elicited only 230 replies. There appeared to be a certain amount of hostility to the association on the part of leading scientific men, and there was apathy on the part of the general mass of scientific workers. No de- cision was arrived at, but Professor Gray said that they must press upon already existing bodies the desirability of conserving to the very utmost the interests of pure science. UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS A scHoon of public hygiene has been estab- lished as a separate department of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. This department, which has been under the supervision of the medical school, and which was the first school of public hygiene in America, will continue under the direction of Dr. Alexander C. Abbott as di- rector. A new $150,000 chemistry building has been completed at the State College of the Univer- sity of Montana, Bozeman. Appropriate dedi- eatory exercises will be held on January 14. Professor W. F. Coover, head of the chemistry department of the Iowa State College, will de- 44 liver the principal address. The occasion of the dedication marks the completion of twenty- five years of service in the institution by Pro- fessor W. M. Cobleigh, head of the department of chemistry. Dr. Harotp Hissert has been appointed as- sistant professor of chemistry in the research department of organic chemistry, Yale Uni- versity, New Haven, Conn. Dr. Louis E. Wis has severed his connection with E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, where he held a research position at their Jackson Laboratory, Wilmington, Del., and has accepted the position of professor of forest chemistry at the New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Dr. Hartan H. York, head of the botanical department at Brown University, has resigned to take charge of similar work ‘at the University of West Virginia, Morgantown, West Virginia. Mr. G. H. Harpy, fellow and mathematical lecturer of Trinity College, Cambridge, has been appointed to the Savilian professorship of geometry at Oxford University. Dr. JOHN CRUICKSHANK, pathologist to the Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries, has been appointed Georgina M’Robert lecturer in pathology in the University of Aberdeen. Proressor C. H. Drsou has been appointed professor of metallurgy at the University of Sheffield, in succession to Professor J. O. Ar- nold. Since September, 1918, Professor Desch has been professor of metallurgy in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE A SPLENDID SERVICE Apart from the eminent contribution rendered to science and the Pan-American spirit by Dr. Branner in the publication of his fine geological map and monograph, it is a particularly distinguished and generous service to common American interests made by the Geological Society of America at the 1‘“Qutlines of the Geology of Brazil; to accom- pany the Geologic Map of Brazil,’’? by John Cas- par Branner, Bulletin Geological Society of Amer- ica, Vol. 30, No. 2, June, 1919. SCIENCE [N. S. Von. LI. No. 1306 expense of its own treasury. For the first time the Geological Society has ventured so far afield and freely invested its resources in what might seem at passing glance purely the scientific welfare of an alien country; but it is not to be denied that the claim of fratern- ity had no little to do with the attitude of the Geological Society toward this enterprise. The bond of geological brotherhood between the United States and Brazil has been a long and strong one. Out of the little village of Aurora on Cayuga Lake, New York, came the first impulse toward the establishment of this tie, when the generosity of the late E. B. Morgan enabled a Cornell professor and some of his students in 1871 to begin the systematic study of the rock geology of the Amazonas valley. Thus started the Brazilian careers of Pro- fessor Charles Fred Hartt and his young associates, Orville A. Derby, Herbert H. Smith and John C. Branner who joined the work in 1874, and their labors are now a historical part of the development of geology on the South American continent. So per- haps it is eminently appropriate that an American Geological Society should now come to the help of one of these pioneers in Brazil- ian geology and enable him to summarize and commemorate the results of his own and his associates’ life-long work in that country. Dr. Derby became a Brazilian subject; Dr. Smith, after a life of rich experience as a scientific collector, recently met a tragic end. Upon Dr. Branner has fallen the mantle, for during his active years he has been a frequent visitor to Brazil and an unremitting student of her geology. To him thus comes the privilege of preparing the first geological map of the whole area of that vast country so far as exploration has gone, and of setting forth the conclusions drawn by himself and by many colleagues and collaborators in this great field. This note is not intended to be a review or critique of Dr. Branner’s map. It is a most illuminating production, of necessity drawn on broad lines and with a few simple explana- tory devices, thus intimating at a glance how much remains for future students of the JANUARY 9, 1920] science in this fertile land. We applaud the author on his achievement; others may ex- press this appreciation more analytically; but in this paragraph we acclaim the high-minded attitude of the Geological Society of America in making so wise a use of its money and so excellent a contribution to the common good of the Pan-American States and to geo- logical science. J. M. C. WEIGHT OF BODY MOVING ALONG EQUATOR To THE Epiror oF ScrmnceE: A prominent engineer, Dr. Carl Herring, recently proposed to me the following question: “ Does a body in motion along the earth’s equator weigh less (or more) than the same body at rest?” Since this question, in some form or other, has come up several times in recent dis- cussions, the following solution, although en- tirely elementary, may be not without interest. Let us picture the body as supported by a string from the roof of a train running west- ward at speed v along the equator, and let SS =the tension in the string. The question then is: What is the relation between S and v? Let V (=1,038 miles per hour) be the ab- solute velocity of a point on the earth’s equator (neglecting the motion of the earth in its orbit and the motion of the solar system in space). Then V-v is the absolute velocity of the train (eastward) in a circular path of radius R (—3,963 miles). Hence, by a well-known formula of kine- matics, (V-v)?/R =the absolute acceleration of the body toward the center of the earth.t Further, let W—the ordinary weight of the body (that is, the value of the supporting force S when the train is at rest on the earth’s 1Dr. Hering’s surprising statement in ScIENcE for October 24, 1919, implying that engineers do not generally recognize the idea of ‘‘accelera- tion’’ in a direction perpendicular to the path, is not borne out by an exaniination of engineering text-books, all of which (fortunately) define ac- celeration in the standard way as the rate of change of vector velocity. For further comment on Dr. Hering’s paper, see Professor C. M. Spar- row’s letter in Science for November 21. SCIENCE 45 surface), and g— the ordinary falling ac- celeration (that is, the acceleration, with re- spect to the earth’s surface, with which the body would begin to fall, from rest, if the supporting string were cut); and let # = the force with which the earth pulls the body toward the center of the earth. Then H-S = the net force acting on the body in the direc- tion toward the center. Hence, by the fundamental principle that forces are proportional to the accelerations they produce,? we have H-S Me (V —v)/R f a) W g whence ee Ww (V —v)? S=£H 7 maT (2) To determine EH, we note that if »—0O then S=W, so that B=W+t ue = (1.00345). (3) Hence finally, s=w{i1+¥[1-(1-7) |}. (4) From these equations we see that as v, the westward train-speed, increases from 0 to V, the supporting force § will increase from W to (1.00845) W, which is its maximum value; as v increases from V to 2V, S will decrease again from its maximum value to W; and if » igs increased further to about 18 V, S will become zero. For reasonable train-speeds, therefore (up to one or two thousand miles per hour!), a body moving westward will require an in- creased force to support tt against falling. For example, let v—=60 miles per hour. Then if W=—1 lb., we find S—1.000387 Ib., an increase of about 1/25 of one per cent. 2 Reasons for preferring the form F/F’ =a/a’ to the form F=ma as the fundamental equation of mechanics may be found in two articles by EH. V. Huntington: ‘‘The Logical Skeleton of Elemen- tary Dynamics,’’ American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 24 (1917), pp. 1-16; ‘‘ Bibliographical Note on the Use of the Word Mass in Current Text- Books,’? ibid., Vol. 25 (1918), pp. 1-15; also in controversial papers in ScmmncEe from December, 1914, to October, 1917. 46 SCIENCE Of course if the train runs eastward, the required supporting force will be less than if the train were at rest. In particular, if the eastward train-speed is about 16 V, S will be Zero. There are thus two speeds, one westward of about 18,700 miles per hour, and one eastward of about 16,700 miles per hour, at which the “weight” of the body as measured by an ob- server on the train (that is, the tension in the supporting string S) would be zero. Epwarp V. Huntineron HARVARD UNIVERSITY, November 22, 1919 AN ODD PROBLEM IN MECHANICS To THE EprTor or Science: In a recent dis- cussion the writer offered the following prob- lem which seems to be new and of interest, judging from the answers and lack of answers. Assuming the earth to be a perfect sphere, the net weight of a body on this earth is G—C, in which G is the force due to gravity and C the centrifugal force due to the rotation of the earth. Hence the net weight of a body at the equator when moving east at a velocity (relatively to the earth) equal to that of the surface of the earth, about 1,000 miles per hour would be G—4C, that is, less than when at rest, while when moving west at the same velocity it would be G, that is, greater than when at rest. If therefore a flywheel were revolved at the equator with that circumferential speed and in a horizontal plane, the northern part moving east, it would seem to follow that it will tilt to the south, as the southern half should be heavier than the northern half. Due to a time lag the tilting might be to the southwest. It is here assumed that its gyro- scopic tendency to get into a vertical plane has been duly counteracted and may be neglected. Or stated in a different form, suppose a light dise be revolved at this speed in a vertical plane at the equator, and to have two equal symmetrically placed, heavy masses on its rim. When the plane of rotation is north [N. S. Von. LI. No. 1306 and south it would be dynamically balanced, but when that plane is east and west it would seem to follow that the masses at the moment they are at the bottom would be heavier than when at the top and if so the disk would be unbalanced dynamically, vibrating with a period double that of the period of revolution. Its center of gravity would oscillate below its center of rotation. It is acknowledged to be possible, theoret- ically at least, to move a mass so rapidly over the earth that G—O hence the net weight then is zero; it would then go on encircling the earth, if the air friction were eliminated; the moon is an illustration. At lower speeds therefore there should be a part of this loss in effective weight. The two cases cited, if the results are as described, would afford a basis, theoretically at least, for a mechanical compass, like the gyroscope compass. Cart Herne PHILADELPHIA, October 27, 1919 QUOTATIONS SCIENCE AND THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY Old wood to burn, Old books to read, Old wine to drink, Old friends to cling to. Ir takes a near-millionaire to burn “old wood” on his hearth these days; “old books” are the delight of the bibliophile, but are poor stuff in producing the wherewithal of a print- ing establishment; “old wine” will soon be only a hollow mockery— But “old friends to cling to!” Ah! there is the kernel, the gem that glitters from the quad- ruplet! j All of which is just by way of introduction to an acknowledgment of one of the most gracious compliments ever paid to The New Era Printing Company. As the year fast nears its close, it marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of The New Era Printing Company’s production of ScrENCcE, a magazine whose contributors embrace the JaNuaRY 9, 1920] ablest men in all scientific lines in the world, and weekly finds its way through the mails to all parts of the Eastern and Western hemis- pheres. From its distinguished editor, J. McK. Cat- tell, this morning a magnificent silver vase was received as a token of appreciation for The New Era Printing Company’s efforts. With it came this letter: SCIENCE, Editorial Department. GARRISON-ON-Hupson, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1919. THe NEw ERA PRINTING COMPANY, Laneaster, Pa. Dear Mr. Hershey: In order to express recogni- tion of the admirable manner in which The New Era Printing Company has printed Science for twenty-five years, and of our friendly relations dur- ing this long period, I am sending a token of ap- preciation. Sincerely yours, J. McK. Carrenn From base tto top the sterling silver vase measures twenty and one-half inches, and is modeled and embellished along exquisitely chaste lines. It is a Lebolt production, hand- hammered, of uncommon weight, and bears this inscription : SCIENCE, 1894-1919. To The New Hra Printing Company. In Grateful Appreciation. The New Era Printing Company is con- strained to a public appreciation of Editor Catitell’s handsome remembrance. “Old friends to cling to! ”—what more apt response or hope for the years to be?—The Lancaster Daily New Era. SCIENTIFIC BOOKS Fossil Plants. By A. C. Szewarp. Vol. IV. Pp. 548. Cambridge, University Press. This, the concluding volume of the Cam- bridge text on fossil plants, is devoted to a consideration of the Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales. The final proofs were passed in the spring of 1918, but the printing was held up because of war conditions so that a number of recent contributions could not be SCIENCE 47 considered. The method of treatment in the present volume is consistent with that of the preceding volumes and the same lack of bal- anced treatment is shown in the present work. To cite but a single instance of this, six lines are devoted to the remains of Ginkgo from North America although Ginkgo is exceedingly well represented in the Mesozoic and early Eocene on this continent. As regards the subject matter, a chapter is devoted to the Ginkgoales, recent and fossil. The second chapter considers Ginkgoidium, Czekanowskia, Feildenia, Phoenicopsis and Desmophyllum—genera that are believed to be- long to the Ginkgoales. The third chapter in- cludes supposed Ginkgoalan genera of still more doubtful allegiance. The nine following chapters are devoted to the Coniferales. There is a rather full and excellent account of recent Conifers. These are grouped in the following nine families: Araucarinee Cupressinex, Cal- litrinee, Sequoiines, Sciadopitinee, Abietines, Podoearpiner, Phyllocladinee and Taxinex. They are considered as probably monophyletic, the Araucarinee being regarded as the most ancient and the Abietinee as the most modern. There are some illuminating discus- sions of vascular anatomy and the view is expressed that the cone scales in the Araucari- nee are morphologically simple ovuliferous leaves, the double cone scales of the Abietinez being derivatives of a simple form of sporo- phyll. Mesembrioxylon is proposed for the fossil woods formerly referred to Podocarp- oxylon and Phyllocladoxylon. The final chap- ter is devoted to the Gnetales and is without noteworthy features. Opinion will differ as to the necessity or desirability for some of the new generic terms that are proposed, e. g., Ginkgoites for Ginkgo leaves, on the ground that even in the Tertiary forms the confirmatory evidence of flowers and fruits is lacking: Cupressinocladus for vegetative shoots of conifers of a cupres- soid habit: and Pityites for abietineous fossils of uncertain generic relationship. There is but slight profit in compounding confusion and although a conservative attitude is war- ranted in dealing with the vegetative remains 48 of conifers there is but slight evidence in the more recent history of the study of fossil conifers to show that stem anatomy or strobilar morphology furnish any easier read or more definite criteria than vegetative habit, and from the nature of the remains we can not hope to have all of the criteria in in- dividual cases. Even the older students in dealing with foliar impressions were not guilty of more pretentious absurdities than have been put forward under the banner of anatomy during the past decade. The present volume contains 190 illustra- tions which on the whole appear rather uni- formly better than those of volume III. al- though it is difficult for the reviewer to under- stand why paper and presswork were wasted on such illustrations as that forming the frontispiece of the present volume. The bib- liography which has a certain air of complete- ness really contains not more than about twenty per cent. of the literature, but perhaps this should not be criticized since it avowedly contains only “papers and works referred to in the text.” On the whole it seems to the reviewer that Professor Seward has performed a difficult task about as well as could be expected, and despite their obvious shortcomings, which have been freely criticized, these four volumes are a mine of information for the student inter- ested in the floras of the past. Epwarp W. Berry JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE REPORT OF THE ST. LOUIS MEETING THE seventy-second meeting of the Amer- ican Association for the Advancement of Science and the affiliated national scientific societies was held in St. Louis, December 29, 1919, to January 3, 1920, under the presidency of Dr. Simon Flexner. In spite of the adverse ruling of the United States Railroad Administration on the grant- ing of reduced fares and other difficulties at- tending travel, the attendance was most satis- factory. All sections held sessions except SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. LI. No. 1306 Section C, and twenty-two affiliated societies presented attractive programs. The experi- ment of holding all meetings under one roof, namely the Soldan High School, is believed to have been a success, for the advantages of this coneentration, including registration head- quarter and luncheon facilities, more than off- set certain minor difficulties. The formal opening of the meetings of the association took place in the spacious audi- torium of the Soldan High School on Monday evening, December 29, Chancellor Hall of Washington University delivering the address of welcome. President Flexner responded fittingly, after which he introduced the re- tiring president, Professor John M, Coulter who then delivered the address on “ The Evolution of Botanical Research,’ which was printed in the issue of Scmnoz for January 2. At the conclusion of his address the re- vised constitution was read and unanimously adopted. The following changes were made in the copy of the revised constitution as it appeared in the November 21 issue of ScrENCcE. Article II. Increasing the annual dues from $4 to $5 and the fee for life membership from $75 to $100. Article V. Changing the title of Section H from Anthropology and Archeology to Anthropology and that of Section I from Psychology and Philosophy to Psychology. That the proposed Section J be designated as Section K and that the letters as- signed to sections following be dropped back one letter alphabetically in the order given. The Committee on Policy submitted an amendment to the Constitution to be acted upon at the next meeting providing for a section R, Conservation of National Re- sources. The new constitution was declared in effect at the end of the present Convocation. A reception was tendered to the members of the association at the close of this meeting. On Tuesday evening at the Soldan High School an address complimentary to the mem- bers of the association and affiliated societies and the citizens of St. Louis was delivered by President Flexner. His subject was “Present Problems in Medical Research.” JANUARY 9, 1920] Throughout the meetings the usual number of vice-presidential and other addresses were delivered covering a wide range of subjects. Many of these dealt with scientific problems of present day interest and attracted wide attention. Since the names of the speakers and their subjects have already appeared in the preliminary announcement printed in ScrmNcE and on the final program there is no need of repeating the list here. Smokers and dinners provided by the va- rious aftiliated societies were held and enter- tainment for visiting ladies in numerous private functions contributed to the social success of the meetings. Matters of general interest to members eminating chiefly from the committee on policy acted upon favorably by the council were: 1. That the amount to be paid per member to the management of ScIENcE be $3 and that it be requested to fix the subscription price of Science for non-members at $6. 2. That approval be given of certain meas- ures under consideration with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace as set forth in a letter addressed to Dr. North, but embodying substantially the following recommendation; that the British, French and Italian equivalents of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science be invited to send delegates to the meeting to be held a year hence in Chicago. 3. That the American Meteorological So- ciety be admitted as an affiliated society and that entrance fees be remitted in the case of those of its members who join the association during the coming year. The council further declared itself as looking with favor on the affiliation of any national society which is interested primarily in scientific research. 4. That the president be authorized to ap- point a committee on international auxiliary languages to cooperate with a corresponding committee of the International Research Council. 5. That Dr. George H. Perkins and Dr. C. J. S. Bethune be made emeritus life members under the Jane N. Smith fund. SCIENCE 49 6. That pursuant to certain resolutions ad- vocated by the National Physical Education Service, the American Association for the Advancement of Science will be pleased to cooperate with the National Physical Edu- cation Service in promoting physical educa- tion. 7. That the general adoption of the metric system by national and state governments be approved. 5. That the executive committee be re- quested to consider the possibility of paying the mileage of secretaries of sections to and from annual meetings. 9. That sectional officers avoid placing on their programs papers relating to acute polit- ical questions on which public opinion is divided. 10. That the association will look with fayor on any plan approved by the men of science in the country for the encouragement of research in engineering under the auspices of the government. 11. That the association endorses and “ com- mends the general purposes of The Save the Redwoods League” in its effort to preserve some of the oldest trees in the world. 12. That the Southern Educational Society be admitted to affiliation and that the ad- mission fee be remitted in the case of those members of the Southern Educational Society who join the association during the coming year. 18. That there be authorized the organiza- tion of members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in New Mex- ico, all or part of Texas and such other terri- tory as may seem advisable into a Southwest- ern Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and that Dr. D. T. MacDougal be the representative of the executive committee for such an organization. 14, That the sum of $4,500 be made available to the committee as grants for the ensuing year. 15. That the by-laws as printed in ScrENcE, November 21, be adopted, with the following amendment to be added at the end of Article 6, 50 Section 1. “State and city academies affiliated with the association may also be allowed for their expenses, the entrance fees collected through their efforts and an amount for their expenses not to exceed $1 for each member in good standing.” Under tthe head of new business Professor John M. Coulter and Professor H. B. Ward presented a verbal report for the committee on affiliation of state and local academies. The report dealt with preliminary steps looking towards the affiliation of state academies in accordance with the following general plan: - 1, That state and local academies may be afiili- ated with the association on a financial basis that will yield the associaton $4 net per member. 2. Any state or local academy which concludes arrangements for affiliation within the first six months of 1920.may be accepted for the entire year 1920, fees paid to the association before that date to be adjusted in accordance with the detailed plan. 3. Two alternative plans are considered with re- spect to membership in the academies, namely: (a) All members of the academies to become members of the association. (b) To establish two grades of membership, of which one will be national, involving mem- bership in both academy and association, the other local, consisting of academy members only. 4, The academies will collect joint dues and transmit the association’s share to the treasurer. Tt was voted that this report of the commit- tee on aftiliation of state and local academies be received and approved. Tn accordance with the provision of the new constitution which calls for an executive com- mittee of eight elected members to replace the old council, the following gentlemen were duly elected members of this committee: J. McK. Cattell, H. L. Fairchild, Simon Flexner, W. J. Humphreys, D. T. MacDougal, A. A. Noyes, Herbert Osborn, H. B. Ward. Under the terms of the revised constitution Dr. H. L. Fairchild and Dr. Franz Boas were duly elected members of the council. Dr. R. M. Yerkes and Dr. G. T. Moore were elected members of the committee on grants. The seventy-third meeting of the association SCIENCE [N. S. Von. LI. No. 1306 and of the affiliated societies will be held at Chicago, beginning on Monday, December 27, with the first general session on Tuesday even- ing. It was recommended that the four suc- ceeding meetings be held in Toronto or Buffalo, Boston, Cincinnati and Washington. Officers were elected as follows: President: Dr, L. O. Howard, Bureau of Ento- mology, Washington, D. C. General Secretary: Professor EH, L. Nichols, Cor- nell University. Vice-presidents: Section A, Mathematics: D. R. Curtis, North- western University, Evanston, Ill. Section B, Physics: J. C. McLennan, University of Toronto. Section C, Chemistry: S. W. Parr, University of Illinois. Section D, Astronomy: Joel Stebbins, University of Illinois. Section E, Geology and Geography: Charles Schuchert, Yale University. Section F, Zoological Sciences: J. S. Kingsley, University of Illinois. Section G, Botanical Sciences: R. H. True, Bu- reau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. Section H, Anthropology: G. R. Gordon, Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, New York. Section I, Psychology: E. K. Strong, Jr., Car- negie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh. Section M, Engineering: C. L. Mees, Rose Poly- technic Institute, Terre Haute, Ind. Section N, Medicine: J. Erlanger, Washington University, St. Louis. Section Q, Education: C. H. Judd, University of Chicago, | als Gerorce T. Moore, General Secretary SCIENCE | A Weekly Journal devoted to the Advancement of Science, publishing the official notices and pro- ceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Published every Friday by THE SCIENCE PRESS LANCASTER, PA. GARRISON, N. Y. NEW YORK, N. Y. Entered in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., as second class matter ‘GC SCIENCE NEw SERIES FRIDAY, JANUARY 16, 1920 SINGLE CopiEs, 15 Crs. Vor. LI, No. 1307 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $6.00 Combined Balopticon for Lantern Slides and Opaque Objects. Price, $150. 00 x Education Thru the Eye Which makes an impres- sion more quickly—word or picture ? - - Why are illustrated talks better attended than all- words lectures ? Because education comes more quickly through the eye. Visual education— , through the use of Bausch & Lomb Balopticons, par- ticularly—is recognized as the quickest means for making people understand. id not pictures bring the war to us faster, more vividly, than words ? Balopticons are Bausch & Lomb products. Could more be said of their quality ? Could the quality of their pictures Be given a better guarantee ? Bausch €2 lomb Optical ©. New York Washington San Francisco Chicago ROCHESTER, N. Y. London Leading American Makers of Photographic Lenses, Microscopes, Projection Apparatus (Balopticons), Ophthalmic Lenses and Instruments, Photomicro- graphic Apparatus, Range Finders and Gun Sights for Army and Navy, Searchlight Reflectors, Stereo-Prism Binoculars, Magnifiers and other High- Grade Optical Products. SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS THE SOLUTION OF YOUR PROBLEM OF ACCURATE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Physico-chemical methods, which are becoming increasingly necessary in the industrial and institutional research laboratory, often involve determina- tions of temperatures and temperature differences. Transformation points ; boiling, melting and freezing points; specific heat and other calorimetric determinations-—their mere enumeration suggests high accuracy and high sensitivity. THE WHITE POTENTIOMETER was designed to meet these requirements fully. It is indifferent to the severe conditions imposed upon a delicate instrument by corrosive vapors, because all ‘contacts and other metal parts are mounted inside the case. There is probably no other apparatus which will yield more dependable re- sults, which wall respond so readily to small temperature changes, and which will remain so unaffected by long continued use under adverse conditions, as a White Potentiometer equipment. Bulletin S726 completely describes the principle, design™and method of operating the White Potentiometer. It also con- tains a bibliography of the articles by Dr. W. P. White upon problems of temperature measurement. This bulletin will be sent upon request. LEEDS & NORTHRUP COMPANY ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS; A901 STENTON AVENUE PHILADELPHIA, PA. SCIENCE ——————————SS Frmpay, JANUARY 16, 1920 CONTENTS The American Association for the Advance- ment of Science :— Recent Advances in Dynamics: PROFESSOR GrorGE D. BIRKHOFF ................-055 51 Sir William Osler: LinuTENANT COLONEL F. IAN GARRISONviapobey eve ss ielato coool eteioereasiousie ys 55 Scientific Events :-— A Botanic School in Regent’s Park; The Attitude of German Physicians towards In- human Actions; Conference on Waste of Natural Gas; Scientific Lectures ......... 58 Scientific Notes and News ................ 60 University and Educational News »......... 62 Discussion and Correspondence :— Musical Sands: Proressor H. L. FarrcHinp. More on Singing Sands: EH. O. Fierin. The Initial Course in Biology: PRoressor YAN- DELL HENDERSON Scientific Books :— Chumley on the Fauna of the Clyde Sea Area: PRoFESSOR CHARLES A. Korom...... 65 The Ecological Society and its Opportunity: Dr. BARRINGTON MOORE ...............-. 66 The Canadian Branch of the American Phyto- logical Association ..............2+.++..- 68 The American Chemical Society: Dr. CHARLES EVAR SONS Eatustaratecscarsyeleneksisiare sa tenlc aie (aiene esas 69 MSS. intended for publication and books, etc.,intended for review should be sent to The Editor of Science, Garrison-on- Hudson, N. Y. RECENT ADVANCES IN DYNAMICS! A HIGHLY important chapter in theoretical dynamics began to unfold with the appear- ance in 1878 of G. W. Hill’s researches in the lunar theory. To understand the new direction taken since that date it is necessary to recall the main previous developments. In doing this, and throughout, we shall refer freely for illustration to the problem of three bodies. The concept of a dynamical system did not exist prior to Newton’s time. By use of his law of gravitation Newton was able to deal with the Earth, Sun, and Moon as essentially three mutually attracting particles, and by the aid of his fluxional calculus he was in a posi- tion to formulate their law of motion by means of differential equations. Here the independ- ent variable is the time and the dependent variables are the nine coordinates of the three bodies. Such a set of ordinary differential equations form the characteristic mathemat- ical embodiment of a dynamical system, and can be constructed without especial difficulty. The aim of Newton and his successors was to find explicit expressions for the coordinates in terms of the time for various dynamical systems, just as Newton was able to do in the problem of two bodies. Despite notable suc- cesses, the differential equations of the prob- lem of three bodies and of other analogous problems continued to defy “ integration.” Notwithstanding the lack of explicit ex- pressions for the coordinates, Newton was able to treat the lunar theory from a geo- metrical point of view. Euler, Laplace, and others invented more precise analytical meth- ods based upon series. In both cases the bodies which are disturbing the motion of the 1 Address of the vice-president and chairman of Section A—Mathematics and Astronomy—Ameri- can Association for the Advancement of Science, St. Louis, December, 1919. 52 Moon are assumed first to move in certain periodic orbits, and the perturbations of the Moon are assumed to be the same as if the other bodies did move in such hypothetical orbits. The principle of successive approxi- mations characterizes these methods. The chief other advance made was based on the following principle: if a function is a maximum or minimum when expressed in terms of one set of variables it igs also a maximum or minimum for any other set; hence, if the differential equations of dy- namics can be looked upon as the equations for a maximum or minimum problem, this property will persist whatever variables be employed. This principle, developed mainly by Lagrange, W. R. Hamilton, and Jacobi, enables one to make the successive changes of variables required in the method of suc- cessive approximations by merely doing so in a single function. Here too the results are chiefly of formal and computational importance. The last great figure of this period is Jacobi. His “ Vorlesungen iiber Dynamik” published in 1866 represents a highwater mark of achievement in this direction. Nearly all fields of mathematics progress from a purely formal preliminary phase to a second phase in which rigorous and qualita- tive methods dominate. From this more ad- vanced point of view, inaugurated in the domain of functions of a complex variable by Riemann, we may formulate the aim of dy- namies as follows: to characterize completely the totality of motions of dynamical systems by their qualitative properties. In Poinearé’s celebrated paper on the prob- lem of three bodies, published in 1889, where he develops much that is latent in Hill’s work, Poincaré proceeds to a treatment of the sub- ject from essentially this qualitative point of view. A first notion demanding reconsideration was that of integrability, which had played so great a part in earlier work. In 1887 Bruns had proved that there were no further al- gebraic integrals in the problem of three bod- ies. Poincaré showed that in the so-called restricted problem there were no further in- SCIENCE [N. 8. Von. LI. No. 1307 tegrals existing for all values of a certain parameter and in the vicinity of a particular periodic orbit. Later (1906) Levi-Civita has pointed out that there are further integrals of a similar type in the vicinity of part of any orbit. Thus it has become clear that the question as to whether a given dynamical problem is integrable or not depends on the kind of definition adopted. However, the most nat- ural definitions have reference to the vicinity of a particular periodic motion. The intro- duction of a parameter by Poincaré is to be regarded as irrelevant to the essence of the matter. From the standpoint of pure mathematics, a just estimate of the results found in in- tegrable problems may be obtained by refer- ence to the problem of two bodies, or, more simply still, of the spherical pendulum. The integration by means of elliptic functions shows that the pendulum bob rotates about the vertical axis of the sphere through a certain angle in swinging between successive highest and lowest points. But the form of the differ- ential equation renders this principal qualita- tive result self-evident, while the most ele- mentary existence theorems for differential equations assure one of the possibility of ex- plicit computation. Hence the essential im- portance of carrying out the explicit integra-' tion lies in its advantages for purposes of computation. The series used in the calculations of the lunar theory and other similar theories were given their proper setting by Poincaré. He showed that they were in general divergent, but were suitable for calculation because they represented the dynamical coordinates in an asymptotic sense. The fact that the first order perturbations of the axes in the lunar theory can be formally represented by such trigonometric series had led astronomers to believe that the perturbations remained small for all time. But the fact of divergence made the argument for stability inconclusive. It is easy to see that this question of stability, largely unsolved even to-day, is of fundamental importance from the point of JANUARY 16, 1920] view formulated above. For, in a broad sense, the question is that of determining the general character of the limitations upon the possible variations of the coordinates in dy- namical problems. We wish to mention briefly four important steps in advance in this direction. The first is due to Hill who showed in his paper that, in the restricted problem of three bodies, with constants so chosen as to give the best approximation for the lunar theory, the Moon remains within a certain region about the Earth, not extending to the Sun. In fact here there is an integral yielding the squared relative velocity as a function of position, and the velocity is imaginary outside of this region. In his turn, Poincaré showed that stability exists in another sense, namely for arbitrary values of the coordinates and velocities there exist nearby possible orbits of the Moon which take on infinitely often approximately the same set of values. His reasoning is ex- tremely simple, and is founded on a hydro- dynamic interpretation in which the orbits appear as the stream lines of a three-dimen- sional incompressible fluid of finite volume in steady motion. A moving molecule of such a fluid must indefinitely often partially re- occupy its original position with indefinite lapse of time, and this fact yields the stated conclusion. In 1901 under the same conditions Levi- Civita proved that, if the mean motions of the Sun and Moon about the Earth are com- mensurable, instability exists in the following sense: orbits as near as desired to the funda- mental periodic lunar orbit will vary from that periodic orbit by an assignable amount after sufficient lapse of time. This result, which is to be anticipated from the physical point of view, makes it highly probable that instability exists in the incommensurable case also. These three results refer to the restricted problem of three bodies. Finally there is Sundman’s remarkable work on the unrestricted problem contained in his papers of 1912 and of earlier date. Lagrange had proved that if a certain energy SCIENCE 53 constant is negative, the sum of the mutual distances of the three bodies becomes infinite. Sundman showed that, even if this constant is positive, the sum of the three mutual dis- tances always exceeds a definite positive quan- tity, at least if the motion is not essentially in a single plane. Thus he incidentally veri- fied a conjecture of Weierstrass that the three bodies can never collide simultaneously. These and other results seem to me to render it probable that im general the sum of the three distances increases indefinitely. Thus, if this conjecture holds, in that approxima- tion where the Harth, Sun and Moon are taken as three particles, the Earth and Moon remain near each other but recede from the Sun indefinitely. The situation is worthy of the attention of those interested in astronomy and in atomic physics. As we have formulated the concept of stability, it is essentially that of a permanent inequality restricting the coordinates. We may call a dynamical system transitive in a domain under consideration if motions can be found arbitrarily near any one state of motion of the domain at a particular time which pass later arbitrarily near any other given state. In such a domain there is instability. If we employ the hydrodynamic interpretation used above, the molecule of fluid will diffuse throughout the corresponding volume in the transitive case, and will diffuse only partially or not at all in the intransitive case. The geodesics on surfaces of negative curvature, treated by Hadamard in 1898, furnish a simple illustration of a transitive system, while the integrable problem of two bodies yields an intransitive system. Probably only under very special conditions does intransi- tivity arise. It is an outstanding problem of dynamics to determine the character of the domains within which a given dynamical system is transitive. A less difficult subject than that of stability is presented by the singularities of the motions such as arise in the problem of three bodies at collision. The work of Levi-Civita and Sundman especially has shown that the singularities can frequently be eliminated by o4 means of appropriate changes of variables. In consequence the coordinates of dynamical systems admit of simple analytic representa- tion for all values of the time. In particular Sundman has proved that the coordinates and the time in the problem of three bodies can be expressed in terms of permanently con- vergent power series, and thus he has “ solved” the problem of three bodies in the highly arti- ficial sense proposed by Painlevé in 1897. Unfortunately these series are valueless either as a means of obtaining qualitative informa- tion or as a basis for numerical computation, and thus are not of particular importance. From early times the mind of man has persistently endeavored to characterize the properties of the motions of the stars by means of periodicities. It seems doubtful whether any other mode of satisfactory de- scription is possible. The intuitive basis for this is easily stated: any motion of a dy- namical system must tend with lapse of time towards a characteristic cyclic mode of be- havior. Thus, in characterizing the motions of a dynamical system, those of periodic type are of central importance and simplicity. Much recent work has dealt with the existence of periodic motions, mainly for dynamical sys- tems with two degrees of freedom. An early method of attack was that of analytical continuation, due to Hill and Poin- earé. A periodic motion maintains its ident- ity under continuous variation of a parameter in the dynamical problem, and may be fol- lowed through the resultant changes. G. Darwin, F. R. Moulton and others have ap- plied this method to the restricted problem of three bodies. Symmetrical motions can be treated frequently by particularly simple methods. Hill made use of this fact in his work. Another method is based on the geodesic in- terpretation of dynamical problems. This has been developed by Hadamard, Poincaré, Whit- taker, myself, and others. The closed geodesics correspond to the periodic motions, and the fact that certain closed geodesics of minimum length must exist forms the basis of the argu- ment in many cases. As an example of an- SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. LI. No. 1307 other type, take any surface with the con- nectivity of a sphere and imagine to lie in it a string of the minimum length which can be slipped over the surface. Clearly in being slipped over the surface there will be an intermediate position in which the string will be taut and will coincide with a closed geodesic. Finally there is a less immediate method of attack which Poincaré introduced in 1912, and which I have tried to extend. By it the existence of periodic motions is made to de- pend on the existence of invariant points of certain continua under one-to-one continuous transformation. The successful application of this method involves a preliminary knowl- edge of certain of the simpler periodic motions. Periodic motions fall into two classes which we may call hyperbolic and elliptic. In the hyperbolic case analytic families of nearby motions asymptotic to the given periodic motion in either sense exist, while all other nearby motions approach and then recede from it with the passing of time. In the elliptic case the motion is formally stable, but the phenomenon of asymptotic families not of analytic type arises unless the motion is stable in the sense of Levi-Civita. In a very deep sense the periodic motions bear the same kind of relation to the totality of motions that repeating doubly infinite sequences of integers 1 to 9 such as ee ZOZON ey ere do to the totality of such sequences. In trying to deal with the totality of possible types motion it seems desirable to generalize the concept of periodic motion to recurrent motion as follows: any motion is recurrent if, during any interval of time in the past or future of sufficiently long dur- ation 7’, it comes arbitrarily near to all of its states of motion. With this definition I have proved that every motion is either recurrent or approaches with uniform frequency arbi- trarily near a set of recurrent motions. The recurrent motions correspond to those double sequences specified above in which every finite sequence which is present at all occurs JANUARY 16, 1920] at least once in every set of N successive in- tegers of the sequence. In any domain of transitivity the two ex- treme types of motion are the recurrent motions on the one hand and the motions which pass arbitrarily near every state of motion in the domain on the other. Both types necessarily exist, as well as other inter- mediate types. The precise nature of such recurrent mo- tions has yet to be determined, but Dr. H. C. M. Morse in his 1918 dissertation at Harvard has shown that there exists mnon-periodic recurrent motions of entirely new type in simple dynamical problems. Such are a few of the steps in advance that theoretical dynamics has taken in recent years. I wish in conclusion to illustrate by a very simple example the type of powerful and general geometric method of attack first used by Poincaré. Consider a particle P of given mass in rectilinear motion through a medium and in a field of force such that the force act- ing upon P is a function of its displace- ment and velocity. In order to achieve sim- plicity I will assume further that the law of force is of such a nature that, whatever be the initial conditions, the particle P will pass through a fixed point O infinitely often. _ If P passes O with velocity v it passes O at a first later time with a velocity v, of opposite sign. We have then a continuous one-to-one functional relation 1, =f (v). If » is taken as a one-dimensional coordinate in a line, then the effect of the transformation v,=f (2) is a species of qualitative “ reflec- tion ” of the line about the point O. If this “reflection” is repeated the result- ant operation gives the velocity of P at the second passage of O, and so on. But the most elementary considerations show that either (1) the reflection thus repeated brings each point to its initial position, or (2) the line is broken up into an infinite set of pairs of intervals, one on each side of O, which are reflected into themselves, or (8) there is a finite set of such pairs of intervals, or (4) every point tends toward O (or away from it) under the double reflection. Hence there are four corresponding types of SCIENCE 5d systems that may arise. Hither (1) every motion is periodic and O is a position of equilibrium, or (2) there is an infinite discrete set of periodic motions of increas- ing velocity and amplitude (counting the equilibrium position at O as the first) such that, in any other motion, P tends toward one of these periodic motions as time in- creases and toward an adjacent periodic mo- tion in past time, or (8) there is a finite set of periodic motions of similar type such that, in any other motion, P behaves as just stated, if there be added a last periodic mo- tion with “infinite velocity and amplitude” as a matter of convention, or (4) in every mo- tion P oscillates with diminishing velocity and amplitude about O as time changes in one sense and with ever increasing velocity and amplitude as time changes in the opposite sense. Here we have used the obvious fact that there is a one-to-one correspondence between velocity at O and maximum amplitude in the immediately following quarter swing. This example illustrates the central réle of periodic motions in dynamical problems. It is also easy to see in this particular example that the totality of motions has been completely characterized by these qualitative properties in a certain sense which we shall not attempt to elaborate. _ What is the place of the developments re- viewed above in theoretical dynamics? The recent advances supplement in an im- portant way the more physical, formal, and computational aspects of the science by pro- viding a rigorous and qualitative background. _ To deny a position of great importance to these results, because of a lack of emphasis upon the older aspects of the science would be as illogical as to deny the importance of the concept of the continuous number system merely because of the fact that in computa- tion attention is confined to rational numbers. Grorce D. BirkHOFF SIR WILLIAM OSLER (1849-1919) AFTER a tedious and painful illness, Sir William Osler, Regius professor of medicine at Oxford, died at his home in Norham Gar- dens on December 9, 1919. In spite of in- 56 SCIENCE termediate convalescence, a severe attack of bronchitis, due to exposure through attending a professional consultation, developed into a pneumonia with pleurisy and empyema, neces- sitating surgical drainage; and although he had been cheerful three days before his death, the end was gravely apprehended by those around him. He is survived by his widow, Lady Osler, and two brothers, his only son having been killed in the war. Sir William Osler, the son of Rev. F. L. Osler of Falmouth, England, was born at Bond Head, Province of Ontario, Canada, on July 12, 1849. A medical graduate of Mc- Gill University (1872) with the customary post graduate study in the London clinies and German universities, he became lecturer and professor of the institutes of medicine at Mc- Gill in 1874 and easily rose, without stress or undue effort, to the top of his profession. In succession, he was professor of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (18849) and the Johns Hopkins University (1889- 1904), was appointed Regius professor of medicine at the University of Oxford in 1904 and received his baronetey in 1911. On July 11, 1919, his seventieth birthday was honored by the presentation of two anniversary vol- umes made up of contributions by English and American colleagues. Due to delays in printing, the completed volumes reached him only a few days before his death. Of Osler’s scientific work, it may be said that no great physician has been more firmly grounded in the fundamental disciplines of his calling. Of the arduous years of post- mortem work at Montreal the Pathological Reports of the Montreal General Hospital (1876-80) are a permanent record, as also the eight editions of the great text-book on Practice of Medicine (1892), which has been translated into French, German, Spanish and Chinese. The disciple of Morgagni and Vir- chow is equally apparent in the hundreds of clinical papers, the larger monographs in Osler’s “Modern Medicine” (1907-10), the Gullstonian lectures on malignant endocar- ditis (1885), and the separate treatises on the cerebral palsies of children (41889), chorea (1894), abdominal tumors (1895), 1 Scrence, September 12, 1919, p. 244. [N. S. Vou. LI. No. 1307 angina pectoris (1897), and cancer of the stomach (1900). From the start he did much original investigation of high quality. At the age of twenty-five (1874), he described the blood platelets associated with the name of Bizzozero, and defined their status as the third corpuscle of the blood and their rela- tion to the formation of thrombi. Such early papers as those on the blood in pernicious anemia (1877), overstrain of the heart (1878), fusion of the semi-lunar valves (1880) reveal the born clinical and pathological observer. Osler was a profound student of all modes of aneurism, of tuberculosis, of typhoid fever, of disorders of the circulation. He was the first to emphasize the relation between mycotic aneurism and mycotie endocarditis, first de- seribed the ball-valve thrombus at the mitral orifice, the visceral complication of erythema multiforme (1895), chronic cyanosis with polycythemia, known as WVaquez’ disease (1895), multiple telangiectasis (1901), the erythematous spots in malignant endocarditis (1908), and he discovered the parasite of verminous bronchitis in dogs (filaria Osleri, 1877). But to sense the magnitude of Osler’s clinical work, it must be taken by and large in the 730 titles of the recently* published Osler Bibliography (1919). At the farewell banquet given him in New York in 1904, Osler said that he desired to be remembered in a single line: “He taught clinical medicine in the wards.” He found his great opportunity when he became phys- ician to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Dur- ing the six years intervening between the opening of the hospital (1889) and the begin- ning of undergraduate instruction in medi- eine (1893), Osler blocked out the arrange- ments for a graded whole-time upper resident staff of men of exceptional promise, a lower resident staff of one year internes, careful instruction in case-taking and clinical lab- oratory work for third year students and the appointment of fourth year students as “ clin- ical clerks,” in actual charge of patients in hospital, for three months each. The feeling of confidence and of personal responsibility acquired by these advantages was further strengthened by assigning advanced pupils to JANUARY 16, 1920] teach extempore, to read and report on for- eign literature, to cultivate the history of their profession. In his Saturday night meet- ings at his home in West Franklin Street, his aim with young students was to make good physicians of them, to make good men out of them, to teach them to think for them- selves and to be themselves. As Dr. H. M. Thomas has said, Osler “put the students in the wards, but he did not leave them there; he stayed with them’; and he adds: “ What good there is in me as a teacher and a phys- ician I owe to him.” This is the common sentiment, that he took his students with him into the upper reaches of their profession and the broad sunshine of actual life. Only Astley Cooper or Carl Ludwig could have produced such a train of loyal disciples; only Pasteur could have inspired such universal regard and affection. Space permits but a passing reference to Osler’s work on the history of medicine, to which, through his personal interest and his many unique contributions, he gave a greater impetus than any other; to his civic activities, his labors in behalf of medical libraries, his splendid service to his country in wartime. His great collection of original texts and documents relating to discoveries and ad- vanees in the science and art of medicine, the hobby of his later years, was all but com- pleted as to items, but the big human touch which would have made its catalogue one of the unique things in medical bibliography could only have been given by Osler himself. Hssentially English in character, Osler had, through his forebears, Cornish and Spanish elements in his composition, easily sensed in the “hauntings of Celtism” in his ringing eloquent voice, the suggestion of the hidalgo in his slender, aristocratic figure, the clean- cut features and the tropical brown eyes. His was the longish head of the man of action, the active practitioner against disease and pain. Osler’s warm glance and utter friendli- ness of manner told how naturally fond he was of people. He had the gift of making almost any one feel for the moment as if he were set apart as a valued particular friend, and so became, in effect, a kind of universal SCIENCE 57 friend to patients, pupils and colleagues alike. But there was nothing of the politician in him. He rather paid with his person through the demands made by importunate patients and visitors upon his time. Such an effective concentration of the “fluid, attaching char- acter” has seldom been found in a single personality, possessed, as it were, by the im- partial, non-exclusive spirit of all pervading Nature, “ which never was the friend of one,” But lit for all its generous sun, And lived itself, and made us live. Many are the tales of the clever hoaxing and practical joking put over by Osler on his boon companions and professional fellows in his salad days, but the chaffing was carried on in'such a jolly spirit that it left no sting behind. In his address on the male climac- teric, delivered on the occasion of his retire- ment from the Johns Hopkins faculty, he found to his dismay that he had chaffed a whole nation. The hazards incurred by his chance reference to Trollope’s fable about “ chloroforming at sixty” have been set forth at undue length in the public press and even on the stage. But Osler’s reasoning about the comparative uselessness of men at sixty, in the face of the imposing array of exceptions in Longfellow’s “ Morituri Salutamus,” was obviously an expression of his essential prefer- ence for and innate sympathy with the on- coming race of younger people, whose worth he had sensed many times over in his be- loved pupils. The last two years of Sir William Osler’s life were clouded by the death of his only son, Lieutenant Revere Osler, an artillery officer and a youth of great promise, who was killed in the action about Ypres in 1917. This he bore bravely, concealing his grief from his friends and busying himself with his own duties to the sick and wounded, but, the war at an end, his loneliness increased in spite of the companionship of his wife and his ever- generous hospitality to American officers and physicians. Toward the end, his intimates be- gan to realize that he had “trod the upward and the downward slope” and was done with life. Up to that time he had remained cheer- 58 SCIENCE ful, buoyant, resilient, as if, like the beloved of the gods, he was predestined to die young. Yet the supreme test was nobly borne, and to many of his pupils and colleagues, who see in the death of this great, benignant phys- ician, the loss of their best friend, the ex- pressions of ancient belief will not seem un- availing: Requiem eternam dona ei, Domine, et lux perpetua luceat et. F. H. Garrison Army Mepicat MusrEuM SCIENTIFIC EVENTS A BOTANIC SCHOOL IN REGENT’S PARK THE report of the committee appointed last April by Lord Ernle, the former president of the British Board of Agriculture, to con- sider what steps should be taken to improve the usefulness of the Royal Botanic Society in London, is now published and an abstract is given in the London Times. The members of the committee, all of whom sign the report, were: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, F.R.S., director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (chairman); Sir W. H. Dunn; Surgeon- General Sir A. Keogh, Imperial College of Science and Technology; Sir Malcolm Morris; Major R. C. Carr;Mr. Morton Evans, joint secretary of the Office of Woods; Mr. H. J. Greenwood, L.O.C.; and Professor F. W. Keeble, F.R.S., Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and Royal Horticultural Society; with Mr. G. C. Gough, B.Sce., secretary. The society was incorporated in 1839, and was granted a lease of 18 acres in Regent’s Park until 1870. This lease was renewed by the Commissioners of Woods and Forests in 1870, and in 1901 at an increased rental. The present lease terminates in 1932. The committee have formed the opinion that the Royal Botanic Society could be made more useful both from the scientific and edu- cational point of view by the establishment of: (1) A school of economic botany, at which a knowledge of the economic plants and their products including those of tropical regions, might be obtained; (2) an institute which might be made a center for research, more especially in plant physiology where the living [N. S. Von. LI. No. 1307 plant is essential; (3) a center for teaching in horticulture, the students of which could receive their necessary training in pure science at existing London colleges; (4) courses in school gardening, at times suitable for teachers in elementary, continuation, and other schools. In addition, the committee consider that the gardens might extend their present utility as a center from which colleges and botany schools could be supplied with material for teaching and research, and in which students could make use of the existing facilities for the study of systematic botany. In an appendix the committee deal with the financial side of the scheme. They consider that the suggestions need not entail, in their initial stages, any very great expenditure. Buildings should be of a temporary nature and of not more than two stories, and might be erected near the present greenhouses. After giving details of the laboratories and rooms required, the committee suggest that the staff should consist of the following: A director at a salary of £800 to £1,000, able to cooperate with the teachers of botany in London, and with a knowledge of economic problems or of vegetable physiology. An as- sistant director, salary £500 to £700, to be appointed after the director. His knowledge should supplement that of the director—e. g., if the former be an economic botanist the latter should be a physiological botanist. An assistant, salary £250 to £400, to act as curator of the museum and librarian, with a general knowledge of plant diseases. At least one of the officers should have a practical knowledge of the tropics, tropical plants, and their products. The committee estimate the total cost of the staff, with attendants, etc., at £3,000 to £3,500 per annum; the cost of the buildings, £4,000; and the cost of equipment, including books, plants, ete., £500. THE ATTITUDE OF GERMAN PHYSICIANS TOWARDS INHUMAN ACTION Ir will be remembered that a protest signed by M. Calmette and four other members of scientific organizations who had remained at Lille during the occupation by the Germans, JANUARY 16, 1920] charged acts of inhumanity, saying in conclu- sion: “ The high command in Germany willed the war, but the people in arms approved it, and resolutely waged war with the most ferociously cruel means, even the physicians with the army doing the most odious acts without a word of excuse, regret or pity.” The Deutsche, medizinische Wochenschrift of April 10, 1919, as quoted in the Journal of the American Medical Association, related that the matter was brought up in the Berlin Medical Society, and Calmette’s protest and the resolutions voted thereon by the Académie de médecine at Paris were discussed. Dr. Fuld offered a resolution that the society should go on record as expressing its regret at such happenings as were specified in the Calmette protest, but his suggestion was op- posed by Orth and others, the speakers saying that there was no proof of the truth of the statements made by Calmette, and no voting should be done on a matter of which only one side had been presented. Finally a committee was appointed to report after obtaining an official copy of the resolutions that had been adopted by the Académie. The Wochenschrift of November 6, 1919, relates that this com- mittee recently presented its report. It was in the form of a resolution which was adopted without a dissenting voice. The members of the committee were Fuld, Kraus, Krause, Morgenroth and Schwalbe, the latter the editor of the Wochenschrift. The resolution in translation reads: The Berlin Medical Society is not in a position to pass judgment on the Manifesto of the Lille pro- fessors and the Académie de Médicine and on the published justification issued by the German au- thorities, entitled ‘‘Lille under German Rule and the Criticism of the Foe.’’ But the society does not hesitate to declare openly that it condemns in the most unqualified manner all inhuman actions, wherever, whenever, and by whomsoever they may be committed. This attitude corresponds to the spirit of medicine always held high by the Ger- man medical profession, that really international spirit to which we are loyal and to which we as- sume all other physicians are loyal wherever they may be and to whatever nation they may belong. SCIENCE 59 CONFERENCE ON WASTE OF NATURAL GAS A pupiic conference of governors, public utility commissioners, state geologists, home economic experts, natural gas companies, owners and officials, and appliance manufac- turers has been called by Secretary of the Interior Lane to meet under the auspices of the Bureau of Mines at the Interior Depart- ment Building, Washington on January 15, to discuss the waste of natural gas in this country both by consumers and gas companies. As a result of the work of the experts of the bureau on this question, it is declared that in using natural gas the consumers through faulty appliances obtain an efficiency of about 18 per cent. from a gas cook stove, 25 per cent. from a house-heating furnace, and 10: per cent. from a hot-water heater, although in good practise these efficiencies can be trebled. Dr. Van H. Manning, director of the Bureau of Mines, writes in regard to the purposes of the conference: Domestic consumers waste more than 80 per cent. of the gas received. The efficiency of most cooking and heating appliances could be trebled. By making natural gas worth saving the 2,400,000 domestic consumers in the United States could get the same cooking and heating service with one third the gas; that is, make one foot of gas do the work of three and greatly delay the day when the present supplies will be exhausted and consumers must go back to more expensive manufactured gas. It is time for the public to take a new view- point on the waste of natural gas. It is time for the domestic consumer to realize that his duty is not done when he eries out against the flagrant wastes occurring in the gas fields and demands of his government that such wastes be abated; he must realize that he himself is likewise at fault and that it is time for him to set his own house in. order. Furthermore, the domestic consumer must realize that these wastes do not concern him alone, and consequently he has not the right, merely be- cause he pays for the gas, to employ it in any manner that pleases him, no matter how wasteful. Natural gas is a natural resource in which every inhabitant of this country has an equity. Those who waste the gas do so at the expense of those who would use it efficiently. Natural gas is not replaced by nature, and in comparison with the life 60 SCIENCE of the nation the duration of the supply will be brief. The public has a right, therefore, to demand that this natural asset be used to the greatest advantage of all and that no one be allowed to waste it. Nat- ural gas in each ctiy is a community asset and every consumer has a right to demand that waste- ful use shall be prohibited in the interest of the public service. This is particularly important dur- ing cold spells in the winter when the supply is in- sufficient and actual suffering may occur. Clearly, it is not right that any consumer suffer at such times because of the extravagance and waste of other consumers, even though they are willing to pay for the gas wasted. Nor can the citizens justify demands for better service from the public utilities without making provision to correct abuses in their own homes. It must be recognized that the publie has been and is to-day just as much a party to the crime of wasting this natural re- source as are the companies that produce and market it. SCIENTIFIC LECTURES Unper the auspices of the division of geology of Harvard University, Dr. James Mackintosh Bell, former government geologist of New Zeal- and, will give a series of nine lectures on topics in economic geology. These lectures are given in the Geological Lecture Room, Geolog- ical Museum, at 4.30 o’clock, and will be open to the public. The dates and titles are as fol- lows: January 5. ‘‘The Waihi goldfield, New Zea- land.’’ January 7. ‘‘The Mount Morgan copper mine, Queensland. ’’ January 9. ‘‘The Mount Bischoff tin mine, Tas- mania,’’ January 12. ‘‘The Mount Lyell copper mine, Tasmania. ’? January 14. ‘‘The Spassky copper mines, Si-” beria,’’ January 16. ‘‘The Atbasar copper mines, Si- beria.”?” January 19. ‘‘The Sadbury nickel-copper area, Ontario. ’’ January 20. ‘‘The Cobalt Silver Camp, On- tario.’’ January 21. ‘‘The Poreupine goldfields, On- tario.’’ Tue following are among the lectures to be given at the Royal Institution: Professor W. [N. 8S. Vou. LI. No. 1307 H. Bragg, six lectures adapted to a juvenile auditory on The World of Sound; Sir John Cadman, two lectures on (1) Modern Develop- ment of the Miner's Safety Lamp and (2) Petroleum and the War; Professor G. Elliot Smith, three lectures on The Evolution of Man and the Early History of Civilization; Professor Ernest Wilson, two lectures on Magnetic Susceptibility; Professor Arthur Keith, four lectures on British Ethnology: The Invaders of England; Professor A. E. Conrady, two lectures on Recent Progress in Photography; Professor A. H. Smith, two lec- tures on Illustrations of Ancient Greek and Roman Life in the British Museum; Lieu- tenant-Colonel E. Gold, two lectures on The Upper Air; Sir F. W. Dyson, Astronomer Royal, three lectures on The Astronomical Evidence bearing on Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation; and Sir J. J. Thomson, six lec- tures on Positive Rays. The Friday evening discourses will begin on Friday, January 16, 1920, at 9 o’cock, when Sir James Dewar will deliver a discourse on Low-temperature Stud- ies. Succeeding discourses will probably be given by Sir C. A. Parsons, Mr. 8. G. Brown, Professor W. M. Bayliss, Dr. E. J. Russell, Mr. W. B. Hardy, the Hon. J. W. Fortescue, Professor J. A. Fleming, Mr. E. McCurdy, Sir J. J. Thomson, and others. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS At a meeting of the Société de Pathologie exotique at the Institut Pasteur of Paris, held on December 10, Dr Simon Flexner of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Re- search, in New York, was elected an associate member. Dr. Flexner was also elected to as- sociate membership in the Société Royale des Sciences Médicales et Naturelles of Brussels, at a meeting held on December 1, and to the Société Belge de Biologie of Brussels, at its meeting of December 6. On December 22, Dr. Flexner was made a corresponding mem- ber of the Bataafsch Genootschap der Proe- fondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte of Rotterdam, Holland. OrriciaL notice has been issued by the French Academy of Sciences of the award of JANUARY 16, 1920] the Bordin prize in mathematics to Dr. S. Lefschetz, assistant professor of mathematics in the University of Kansas, and of the La- lande prize in astronomy to Dr. V. M. Slipher, director of the Lowell Observatory at Flag- staff. Former assistants of Dr. Edwin R. Le Count, professor of pathology in Rush Med- ical College, tendered him a banquet on December 17 and presented him with two paintings as a recognition of esteem and gratitude. The presentation address was made by Dr. Frank R. Nuzum, Janesville, Wis., who presided. Addresses were also made by Drs. Herman A. Brennecke, Aurora; George E. Clements, Crawfordsville, Ind.; Wiliiam H. Burmeister, George H. Coleman, Arthur H. Curtis, Morris Fishbein, Edward H. Hatton and James P. Simonds, Chicago. Surceon GeneraL Sim AtrrepD KerocH and Sir Almroth E. Wright have had the honorary degree of doctor of science conferred on them by the University of Leeds. Sm Donatp MacAnuister, superintendent of the British Medical Council, has been in- vested by President Poincaré, with the cross of the commander of the Legion of Honor. Dr. A. S. LorvenHART, professor of phar- macology and toxicology at the University of Wisconsin, was elected president of the Phar- macological Society at the annual meeting held in Cleveland last week. Mr. Exmer H. Fincu, geologist of the U. S. Geological Survey, has recently been ap- pointed chairman of the Mineral Division Land Classification Branch, U. S. Geological Survey, succeeding Mr. A. R. Schultz, re- signed. Dr. Forest B. H. Brown, research fellow at Yale University, has been appointed botanist on the staff of the Bishop Museum at Hono- lulu. Dr. Elizabeth Wuist Brown has been appointed research associate in cryptogamic botany in the same institution. Dr. P. G. AcNnew, physicist in the Electrical Division of the Bureau of Standards, has re- signed to become secretary of the American _ Engineering Standards Committee, with head- SCIENCE 61 quarters at the Engineering Building, 29 West 39th Street, New York City. Dr. ArtHur Lacuman, a well-known chem- ist of San Francisco, formerly professor in the University of Oregon, was last seen on the street at noon on December 11, 1919. Since then his family and friends have been unable to obtain any clue or any trace of his where- abouts. It seems probable that he had an attack of amnesia with loss of identity and wandered away. Dr. Lachman is known to many readers of Scrmnce. Any one having in- formation in regard to him is requested to communicate with his family or with Dr. Felix Langfeld, 272 Post St., San Francisco, California. Lancaster D. Buruine, invertebrate paleon- tologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, has accepted the position of geologist with S. Pearsons and Sons, Limited, of London, England. His first assignment is to work in the old fields of Trinidad, for which he will leave upon the first available sailing. Captain W. E. Bropuy, C.E. (Columbia, 15), formerly of the Barrett Company and later of the Chemical Warfare Service, U. S. A., has joined the engineering staff of Arthur D. Little, Inc., at Cambridge, Mass. In the early part of the war, Captain Brophy had charge of the construction and operation of the plant at Astoria, Long Island, for the manufacture of high absorbent carbon for use in gas masks and later he designed, construc- ted and operated an additional unit for the purpose at San Francisco. Dr. Hmryo Nogucui, of the Rockefeller In- stitute for Medical Research, has landed at the port of Progreso from which he will pro- ceed to Merida in order to carry on confirma- tory studies of his discovery of L. icteroides and to try on a larger scale the curative prop- erties of the specific serum prepared by him. Mr. N. H. Darton, geologist of the U. S. Geological Survey, will spend two months in the Dominican Republic early in 1920 to in- vestigate oil conditions for a New York com- pany. 62 SCIENCE At the thirty-sixth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chem- ists held at Washington beginning on Novem- ber 17 the following officers were appointed for the ensuing year: President H. C. Lyth- goe, State Department of Health, Boston, Mass.; Vice-president, W. F. Hand, Agricul- tural College, Agricultural College, Miss.; Secretary-Treasurer, C. L. Alsberg, Bureau of Chemistry Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. Additional members of the Ex- ecutive Committee are O. H. Jones, Univer- sity of Vermont, Burlington, Vt., and W. W. Skinner, Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. ©. At the annual meeting of the Washington Academy of Sciences, held on January 13, Dr. F. L. Ransome, delivered the address of the retiring president on “The Functions and Ideals of a National Geological Survey.” The sixth lecture of the series of The Harvey Society will be by Dr. Carl Voegtlin, professor of pharmacology, United States Public Health Service, on “ Recent Work on Pellagra ” at the New York Academy of Med- icine on January 24 at 830. Dr. Grorce Mactoskim, professor emeritus of biology of Princeton University, died at Princeton, on December 4 in his eighty-fifth year. Tue death is announced of Professor A. Ricco, director of the Observatory of Catania and vice-president of the International Taken in connection with the recent exhaustive researches of Brown, which seem to be complete in determining with precision the action of every known mass of matter upon the moon, the present study seems to prove beyond serious doubt the actuality of the large unexplained fluctuations in the moon’s mean motion to which I have called at- tention at various times during the past forty years. And he concludes, after examining every known cause of motion, that “if we pass to unknown causes and inquire what is the simplest sort of action that would explain all the phenomena, the answer would be—a fluc- tuation in the attraction between the earth and the moon.” This is in line with my present suggestion, but as yet we have no certain knowledge whether there is corre- spondence between the supposed attractive change and the solar emission of electrons. However, the comparison which Professor E. W. Brown has made between the variation of the moon’s mean motion in longitude and the fluctuation in height of the maxima of the sun-spot curve’ lend considerable confirma- tion to the view that the 70-year period in the moon’s motion is in fact due to a varying electric repulsion between the moon and the earth owing to the larger reception, by both bodies, of negative electrons when sun-spot maxima are highest and when, presumably, solar electronic emission is exceptionally great, with consequent slight reduction of gravitational control and loss of motion owing to electronic repulsion. We might suppose that the electrons thus received by our earth from the sun, form a fluctuating electronic “atmosphere,” outside of the denser air, but attached to the planet. Nipher’s experiment, however, favors the supposition that there is actual electronic penetration into the solid substance of the outer layers of the earth. 5 Op. cit., p. 164. 6 Op. cit., p. 169. 7See Report of the Australian meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, Transactions Sect. A, pages 311 to 321. SCIENCE 105 Professor Brown says:8 “ With some change of phase the periods of high and low maxima correspond nearly with the fluctuations above,” referring to his curve of the variations of the moon’s motion in longitude, where negative values of the moon’s motion-variation from the mean follow close after the high sun-spot maxima of 1780 and 1850, while positive lunar values (that is, increased speed from greater total attraction) are equally associated with the low solar maxima of the epochs near 1815 and 1885, or half way between the epochs of high sun-spot maxima. Nevertheless, as the electric hypothesis was then unbroached, Brown considered the connection open to doubt because, as he says, “it is difficult to understand how, under the electron theory of magnetic storms, the motions of moon and planets can be sensibly affected.” But this difficulty which was felt when the only hy- pothesis in sight was that of some sort of magnetic effect, disappears in the light of the now known efticacy of electronic penetra- tion. Similar, though much smaller varia- tions, with apparently identical period, are found in the motions of Mercury and the Earth in respect to the sun, but in these there are some discrepancies, and until these are cleared up, the proposed explanation, though plausible and perhaps even probable, can not be considered as certainly established. F. W. Very WESTWoopD ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY, WEstTwoop, Mass. FRANK PERKINS WHITMAN? Proressor WuHitmMan was of New England stock. The Whitman (originally Wightman) family came to Massachusetts in 1632. The line of Whitmans has included three clergy- men. The father of Frank was William Warren, early in life a lawyer, but later en- gaged in business, who died in 1902, at the age of eighty-two. Caroline Keith Perkins, the mother of Frank, died at the age of forty- one. She and the mother of President Taylor, 8 Op. cit., p. 321. 1 Minute adopted by the Undergraduate Colleges of Western Reserve University. 106 of Vassar College, were sisters. Her father, Aaron Perkins, served the Baptist church as minister for over seventy years. The Perkins family also settled in Massachusetts early in the seventeenth century. Professor Whitman was born and spent his boyhood years in Troy, N. Y. After attend- ing a private academy, the high school, and also for a while a private home school in Pittsfield, he entered Brown University and graduated in 1874. He was a member of Alpha Delta Phi, Phi Beta Kappa, a Junior Exhibition speaker and on the commence- ment list. After graduation he taught in the English and Classical High School of Mowry and Goff for four years, at the same time pursuing graduate studies at Brown Univer- sity, and received the master’s degree in 1877. In the year 1878-9 he studied physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at the same time making astronomical observations with E. CO. Pickering, and working on lenses with Alvan Clark. He spent the following year at the Johns Hopkins University. Dur- ing this time he was associated with Mr. New- ton Anderson, who later founded the Univer- sity School in Cleveland. In 1880 Professor Whitman was called to the professorship of physics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, where he re- mained until he came to Cleveland. His work in Adelbert College and the College for Women began in 1886, and continued until 1918, when, after a year’s leave of absence, he became professor emeritus. He acted as dean of Adelbert College from 1903 to 1906. He was chairman of the physics section of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, and thus vice-president of the association, in 1898. His vice-presiden- tial address was on the subject color-vision. Two years before he published a paper on the subject of the flicker photometer, an idea not original with him, but he developed its possibilities .and it has since been perfected by others. His scientific ability was critical rather than creative. For this critical faculty there developed few opportunities, hence his scientific activities were confined mainly to SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. LI. No. 1309 college halls. He was not a research scholar and never wished to be considered one, but he did haye a profound knowledge of the great problems of physics and astronomy, and he kept up with the research work done in these branches. He devoted much of his at- tention to the possibilities of lecture experi- ments as a means of instruction. The con- struction and administration of the physics laboratory naturally received much of his time and interest. He never failed in the mass of executive work which is required in a college, and in this field he showed the great- est capacity and usefulness. In addition to his minor interest in local organizations, he was a member of Sigma Xi, of the American Physical Society, of the American Astro- nomical Society and of the Illuminating En- gineering Society. He received the honorary degree of Sc.D. from Brown University in 1900. He was a trustee of the University School of Cleveland, and took an active in- terest in its development. During his long connection with Western Reserve, Professor Whitman endeared him- self to his colleagues in an unusual degree by his unfailing courtesy and generosity, the charm of his personality, the wisdom of his counsel, and the absolute integrity of his conduct. A righteous man, whose ear was ever open to the voice of an enlightened con- science, he inspired complete confidence and made himself a trusted leader. He brought honor to his profession, happiness to his friends, a rich service to the university; and in the halls of memory, his figure will long remain a type of perfect faithfulness. HORATIO C. WOOD Horatio ©. Woop, M.D., LL.D., emeritus professor of materia medica, pharmacy and general therapeutics in the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, died, January 3. The obituary notice in the Pennsylvania Gazette states that for three generations mem- bers of the Wood family have been on the med- ical faculty. Dr. George Bacon Wood, one of the founders of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and an uncle of Horatio C. Wood, JANUARY 30, 1920] was professor of materia medica at Pennsyl- vania from 1835 until 1850, and professor of the theory and practise of medicine until 1860, when he resigned. Dr. Horatio Charles Wood, Jr., is professor of pharmacology and therapeutics, having succeeded to one of the chairs held by his father when he retired. He is survived by these children: James L. Wood, Milford, Pa.; Dr. George B. Wood, Dr. Ho- ratio Charles Wood, Jr., and Miss Sarah K. Wood. Dr. Wood was born in Philadelphia, January 13, 1841, a son of Horatio Curtis and Eliza- beth Head Bacon Wood. His first American ancestor, Richard Wood, emigrated from Bris- tol, England, in 1682, settling first in Phila- delphia and afterwards in New Jersey. Ho- ratio C. Wood was educated at Westtown School and Friends’ Select School, and was graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1862. In his youth he developed a fondness for natural history and before studying medicine became a worker in the Academy of Natural Sciences, distinguishing himself by his orig- inal work. After spending several years in hospitals, Dr. Wood began private practise in 1865, making a specialty of therapeutics and materia medica, meanwhile continuing his nat- ural history studies and publishing numerous papers on this branch of science, especially cell botany. In his early life Dr. Wood also was a student of entomology and published - thirteen original memoirs upon the subject. He abandoned these studies after 1873 and devoted his whole attention to medicine. He was appointed professor of botany in 1866 in ithe auxiliary faculty of medicine in the university which had been established and endowed by his uncle, Dr. George B. Wood, and held this position ten years. He also made a special study of nervous diseases and upon the organization of the University Hospital in 1874 was appointed clinical lecturer, be- coming professor in 1875 and retaining this chair until 1901. He also was professor of materia medica and therapeutics from 1875 until he retired. Dr. Wood was the author of numerous med- SCIENCE 107 ical and scientific works including ‘“ Thermic Fever or Sunstroke,” 1872; “Materia Medica and Therapeutics,” 1874; “Brain Work and Overwork,” 1880; and “ Nervous Diseases and their Diagnosis,” 1874. In cooperation with Professors Bennington and Sadtler he revised the United States Dispensatory. Lafayette College conferred upon him the degree A.M., in 1881 and LL.D. in 1883. He received the degree LL.D. from Yale in 1889 and from the University of Pennsylvania in 1904. He was a member of many learned so- cieties including the National Academy of Sciences, was president of the American Pharmacopeial convention from 1890 until 1910, and was president of the Oollege of Physicians in 1902 and 1903. SCIENTIFIC EVENTS WATER-POWER AND DARTMOOR As similar problems must frequently be solved in the United States, the following may be quoted from Nature: The proposal to develop electrical energy from water-power on Dartmoor has led to a strong pro- test against interference with the amenity of the moor as appreciated by the lovers of solitary places. Mr. Eden Phillpotts first directed atten- tion to the matter by a letter in the Times of De- cember 10, in which he called on the Duchy of Cornwall, the landlords of Dartmoor, to act quickly ‘‘and help to create a body of Parliamen- tary opinion; otherwise the destructive and ill- considered enterprise may receive sanction from an indifferent House of Commons next session.’’?’ A Plymouth correspondent supplied to the Times of December 23 an account of the scope of the pro- posed scheme, and on later days other writers ex- pressed their strong disapproval of the project from local, engineering, or esthetic points of view. The scheme of the Dartmoor and District Hy- dro-electrie Supply Company is briefly to utilize the great rainfall and high altitude of Dartmoor in the generation of electricity at several power stations situated on different streams, to convey the eurrent to the neighboring towns and villages for ordinary municipal purposes, and possibly to erect industrial establishments where current might be used for electrolytic or power purposes. It is claimed that this work will furnish needed employment for the population of the district, 108 provide a continuous and economical supply of electricity for lighting, traction and heating, re- duce the congestion of railway traffic by diminish- ing the demand for coal, and generally increase prosperity and confer publie benefits more than sufficient to counterbalance any interference with agriculture, fishing rights, or the pleasure of visitors to the Moor. The general, and especially the local, public is not qualified to weigh the rival claims, and as things now stand Parliament must proceed by the old, cumbrous, and very costly method of hearing eloquent advocates and technical experts on all the points raised. At present the whole question of the water re- sources, and especially of the water-power of the British Isles is being investigated by a committee of the Board of Trade, and on this account Parlia- ment may be inclined to postpone the considera- tion of private bills dealing with water, if not of special urgency, until the committee has reported. There are few areas in England where an unused gathering-ground exists at an altitude allowing of the development of water-power, and it may well be considered inexpedient to allocate them finally before a hydrometrie survey has been carried out to enable the available power and its cost to be calculated on a sure basis before work is com- menced. MEDICAL EDUCATION _ Tue Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association, the Associa- tion of American Medical Colleges and the Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States will hold a congress on medical education and licensure at Chicago on March 1, 2 and 3. The program is as follows: MONDAY, MARCH 1, 1920 Morning Session, 9:80 A.M. Introductory Remarks by Dr. Arthur Dean Bevan, chairman of the Council on Medical Hdu- cation, Chicago. Dr. George Blumer, president of the Association of American Medical Colleges, New Haven, Conn. Dr. David A. Strickler, president of the Federa- tion of State Medical Boards, Denver, Colo. ““Present status of medical education,’’ Dr. N. P. Colwell, secretary of the Council on Medical Education, Chicago. Symposium on ‘‘The needs and future of med- ical education,’’ Dr. George EH. Vincent, president of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York City. SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. LI. No. 1309 Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur, president of Leland Stanford University, Stanford University, Calif. Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, president, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, New York City. Dr. Harry Pratt Judson, president, University of Chicago, Chicago. Mr. Abraham Flexner, secretary of the General Education Board, New York City. Monday Afternoon, 2 P.M. “The larger function of state university med- ical schools,’’ Dr. Walter A. Jessup, president of the State University of Iowa, Iowa City. “‘Wull-time teachers in clinical departments,’’ Dr. William Darrach, dean of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City. “‘Research in medical schools, laboratory de- partments,’’ Dr. Oskar Klotz, professor of pathol- ogy, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh. “‘Research in medical schools, clinical depart- ments,’’? Dr. G. Canby Robinson, dean, Washing- ton University School of Medicine, St. Louis. TUESDAY, MARCH 2, 1920 Morning Session, 9:30 A.M. ““Graduate medical instruction in the United States,’’? Dr. Louis B. Wilson, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. ‘«Tnterallied medical relations; qualifying ex- aminations, licensure, examinations, graduate med- ical instruction,’’ Dr. Walter L. Bierring, secre- tary of the Federation of State Medical Boards, Des Moines. ‘«Essential improvements in state medical licen- sure,’’ Dr. John M. Baldy, president of the Penn- sylvania Bureau of Medical Education and Licen- sure, Philadelphia. “ C,H,Cl, + SO, WitiiaM Foster PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ‘ SCIENCE [N. 8. Vou. LI. No. 1330 THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SO- CIETY. IV SATURDAY, APRIL 24 Afternoon Session—2 o’clock Witt B. Scort, D.Se., LL.D., president, in the chair Presentation of a portrait of the late Edward C. Pickering, LL.D., vice-president of the society, 1909-1917, by Vice-president Hale. Animal luminescence and stimulation: E. New- TON Harvey, Ph.D., professor of physiology, Princeton University. (Introduced by Dr. H. H. Donaldson.) The production of light by animals is due to the burning or oxidation of a substance called luciferin in the presence of an enzyme or catalyst called luciferase. It resembles the ordi- nary artificial methods of illumination by burning in that oxygen is as necessary for animal lumines- cence as it is for the light of a lamp or tallow candle. It differs in that water is absolutely es- sential for the light production and no carbon di- oxide or heat is produced—at least no carbon di- oxide or heat is produced at all comparable to that formed during the burning of such substances — as tallow, either in the form of a candle or as food, to supply heat and energy for the body. Light production by animals differs also from light pro- duced by combustion in that the oxidation product of luciferin, oxyluciferin, can be easily reduced to luciferin, which will again oxidize with light pro- duction. The reaction is reversible and appears to be of this nature—luciferin + 0 — oxyluciferin +- H,O. ‘The difference between luciferin and oxy- luciferin lies probably in this, that the luciferin possesses two atoms of hydrogen which is removed to form H.O when the luciferin is oxidized. The H, must be added to reform luciferin. Whether the reaction goes in one direction or to the other depends, among other things, on the concentration of oxygen and the presence of a reducing agent. In a mixture of luciferin, luciferase, reducing agent and an abundant supply of oxygen, the re- action ‘goes from left to right (with production of light) to an equilibrium. On removal of oxygen the reaction goes in the right to left direction with reformation of luciferin. Thus, while a firefly is flashing, oxyluciferin is produced and between the flashes oxyluciferin is reduced and is now ready to be again oxidized with light production. We may figuratively describe the firefly as a most extra- ordinary kind of lamp which is able to make its oil from the products of its own combustion. Not only JUNE 25, 1920] is it most efficient so far as the radiation (being all light) it produces is concerned but also most eco- nomical so far as its chemical processes are con- cerned. The above reactions can be demonstrated in a test tube with a mixture of oxyluciferin, luci- ferase and ammonium sulphide. The ammonium sulphide is probably represented in living cells by reducing enzymes or reductases. If such a test- tube is allowed to stand, oxyluciferin is reduced to luciferin which will luminesce only at the sur- face of the fluid in the test-tube in contact with air. When the tube is agitated so as to dissolve more oxygen of the air the liquid glows through- out. Even a gentle knock or ‘‘stimulus’’’ to the tube is sufficient to cause enough oxygen to dis- solve to give a momentary flash of light which is strikingly similar to the flash of light given by luminous animals themselves on stimulation. This suggests that when we agitate a luminous animal or when the luminous gland cells of a firefly are stimulated through nerves with ‘the resultant flash of light, in each case the stimulus acts by increas- ing the permeability of the surface layer of the cells to oxygen. This then upsets an equilibrium involving the luciferin, luciferase, oxyluciferin, oxygen and reductase within the cell, with the pro- duction of light and formation of more oxyluci- ferin. So long as the luminous cell is resting and unstimulated the tendency is for reduction proc- esses to occur and luciferin to be formed. It must be pointed out that not all sorts of stimulation can be explained in this way, as the stimulation of muscles or nerve fibers may take place in the com- plete absence of oxygen. The phosphorescence of Renilla: Grorce H. Parke, S.D., professor of zoology, Harvard Uni- versity. The common sea-pansy, Renilla, is found jn most southern waters and has long been noted for its phosphorescence. It is a dice-shaped colony of polyps whose upper surface is covered with numerous small whitish patches, the phosphorescent organs. During the day Renilla can not be excited to phosphoresce, but at night on stimulation it can be made to glow with a beautiful golden green light. The light is produced in wavelike ripples that spread out from the spot stimulated and run over the upper surface of the animal. They travel at a relatively slow rate that agrees with that at which the nervous impulses of the animal travel. Hence it is concluded that the phosphores- eence of Renilla is under the control of the nerve- net of the animal which apparently pervades the whole colony. SCIENCE 643 Feeding habits of pseudomyrmine ants: W. M. WHEELER, Ph.D., Se.D., professor of economic ento- mology, Bussey Institution, Harvard University, and Irvine W. BaILey, assistant professor of for- estry, Harvard University. In 1918 the senior author described and figured various stages of the larve of Pachysima and Viticola, two genera of Pseudomyrmine ants from the Congo. Except in their earliest stages these larve have the ventral portion of the first abdominal segment much swollen and hollowed out as a peculiar pocket, opening just behind the head. The pocket was ealled the trophothylax (Wheeler, 1920), because the food, in the form of a subspherical or lenticular, usually dark-colored pellet is placed in it by the worker nurses, so that it is within easy reach of the larva’s mouth-parts. As early as 1918 the pellet was known to consist of triturated pieces of insects, but subsequent careful analysis shows that the pellet not only in Pachysima and Viticicola but also in the two other genera of the subfamily, Tetraponera and Pseudomyrma, is merely the small pellet (‘‘corpuscle enroulé’’ or ‘‘corpuscle de net- toyage’’ of Janet), which the worker ant first moulds in its own infrabuecal pocket and which consists of the solid food-particles collected by the ant with the strigils of the fore tibize from the surfaces of the antenne and other parts of the body and carried into the infrabuceal pocket after being wiped off by the tongue and maxille. Other ants eventually spit out the pellet, which is com- monly a moulded, subspherical conglomerate of diverse particles, such as small pieces of insects, fragments of plant-tissue, fungus spores and hyphr, pollen grains, ete., and cast it away as refuse, but the worker nurses of the Pseudomyr- ming place it as food in the trophothylax of the larva. Even this, however, is not the whole story. Examination of the mouth of the larva reveals a singular, hitherto undescribed organ, evidently used for reducing the food-pellet to such a finely divided state that it can, when acted on by the digestive juices of the stomach, yield a certain amount of nutriment which the worker ant could not extract from it while it was in the infrabuccal pocket. This larval organ, which may ‘be called the tro- phorhinium, consists of two flat, opposable plates, corresponding to the dorsal and ventral walls of the buccal eavity, each furnished with very fine, parallel, transverse welts or ridges, which, under a high magnification, are seen to be beset with very delicate chitinous projections or spinules. The ventral usually has more numerous rows of these structures than the dorsal surface. The two sur- 644 faces are evidently rubbed on one another and thus triturate the substance of the food pellet, only small portions of which are ingested at a time from the trophothylax. In all Pseudomyrmine larva and in many larve of the other subfamilies, except the Doryline and Cerapachyine, the trophorhinium is beautifully developed, although in many ants (Ponerine) it must be used for comminuting parts of insects given directly to the larve by the work- ers. In its development the trophorhinium bears a strange resemblance to the stridulatory organs of the petiole and postpetiole of many adult ants. It may, in fact, function also as a stridulatory organ, when the food supply is exhausted, and thus apprise the worker nurses of the larva’s hunger. Many ant-larve, notably those of the Ectatommiine Ponerine and of most genera of Formicinm, also have elaborate but coarser stridulatory surfaces on the mandibles, so that the larva may be able to produce a variety of sounds and therefore com- municate to the nurses more than one need or craving. , On correlation of shape and station in fresh water mussels: A. E, ORTMANN, Ph.D., Se.D., cu- zator of invertebrate zoology, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Various observers have noticed that freshwater mussels differ in shape according to the localities from which they come, and that, gener- ally speaking, flat or compressed shells are found in the smaller streams, more swollen shells in the jarger ones. But these observations have been rather vague and indefinite. The present paper is devoted to the demonstration of this fact by ecare- ful measurements and their tabulation on the hand of abundant material from a great number of lo- ealities, and it has been found, indeed, that for certain species, such a law does exist, according to which more swollen specimens are found down- stream, in the larger rivers, more compressed speci- mens more upstream, and that in the intermediate stretches of a river, these extremes are connected by gradual transitions. , Evolution principles deduced from a study of the even-toed Ungulates, known as Titanotheres: HENRY FAIRFIELD OszorN, Se.D., LL.D., research professor of zoology, Columbia University. _ The Astropotheria: Wm.1AM B. Scort, Se.D., LL.D., professor of geology, Princeton University. , The middle Cambrian beds at Manuels, New- foundland, and their relations: B. F. HowELL, Jk., B.S., instructor in geology, Princeton University. (Introduced by Professor W. B. Scott.) The beds of Middle Cambrian age at Manuels, near St. SCIENCE [N. 8. Vou. LI. No. 1330 Johns, southeastern Newfoundland, are part of a once widespread sheet of marine sediments, de- posited millions of years ago off the shore of an ancient continent, which probably stretched across what is now the North Atlantic Ocean and for hundreds of thousands of years formed a land bridge between such parts of North America and Europe as were then above the sea. These beds are of special scientific interest because they contain large numbers of unusually well-preserved fossils, which prove that the creatures that swarmed in the waters then covering much of what is now New England, southeastern Canada and southeastern Newfoundland were of practically the same sort as those living in the seas which at the same period washed over many parts of Scandinavia and the British Isles. North America has probably been joined to Europe in this way several times in the geologic past, so that the animals living in the coastal waters could spread from the one hemi- sphere to the other; but it is seldom that geologists discover such clear evidence of one of these old connections as that which is presented by the Manuels fossils, The Michigan meteor of November 26, 1919. Also the glacial anticyclone and the blizzard in re- lation to the domed surface of continental glaciers: Witu1amM H. Hosss, D.Sc., Ph.D., professor of geology, University of Michigan. On Saturday evening the annual dinner of the society was held at the Bellevue Stratford Hotel and was largely attended, the following toasts be- ing responded to: The memory of Franklin: Hon. Oscar 8. STRAUS. . Our unwersities: Dr. JOHN M. CLARKE. Our sister societies: Dr. HARVEY W. WILEY. _ Ihe American Philosophical Society: PROFESSOR LESLIE W. MILLER. ArTHUR W. GOODSPEED SCIENCE A Weekly Journal devoted to the Advancement of Science, publishing the official notices and pro- ceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Published every Friday by THE SCIENCE PRESS LANCASTER, PA. GARRISON, N. Y. NEW YORK, N. Y. Entered in the post-effice at Lancaster, Pa., as second clase matter SCIENCE—ADV ERTISEMENTS ra HIGH FREQUENCY GENERATORS FOR ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS | CONSTANT SPEED, 1000 CYCLE MOTOR-GENERATOR This generator yields a current of symmetrical wave form, free from the distortions which characterize the current from the usual “induc- torium.”’ Although the wave shape is not purely sinusoidal, like that from the Vreeland Oscillator, it is still suitable for many kinds of meas- urements. The frequency is held constant at 1000 +5 cycles by means of a governor mounted on the motor shaft. As a central source of high frequency current for students’ laboratory work this generator is especially satisfactory. Its output is sufficient to supply simultaneously any number of desks up to twenty. At a cost of - $150 for the generator, the cost per desk is lower than for any other equally satisfactory source for laboratory measurements. All our apparatus for various kinds of conductivity work is described in Catalogue No. S48, which discusses at some length the question of precision conductivity measurements. Your request for this catalogue is invited. LEEDS & NORTHRUP COMPANY ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 4901 STENTON AVENUE PHILADELPHIA, PA. SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS Recent Important Works on Home and Community Hygiene FIRST AID IN EMERGENCIES By Exprince L. Ettason, A.B., M.D. Former Lecturer on First Aid in Emergencies, University of Pennsylvania. 106 Illustrations. 215 Pages. $1.75. The best and most compact book, with its convenient thumb index and illustrations, with which to meet all emergencies arising from accidents or sickness. It gives quickly under- stood directions, with special chapters on surgical principles and supplies, bandaging, hemor- rhage and drugs. HYGIENE OF THE EYE By Witt1am CAmpsetL Posty, A.B., M.D. University of Pennsylvania. 120 Illustrations. 344 Pages. Octavo. $4.50. None but an expert could give so effectively the essential points as to the structure of the eye, its care and protection in health and treatment in disease, with the intention of striking at the root of the large percentage of eye troubles and blindness in the American population. It is an authoritative and practical guide to the prevention and conservation of eyesight under all conditions and as such will prove of practical value to the members of the medical profession engaged in industrial work. HOME AND COMMUNITY HYGIENE By Jean Broapuurst, PH.D. Teachers’ College, Columbia University. 428 Pages. 1 Colored Plate. 119 Illustrations. $2.50. “This is nothing less than an encyclopedia of hygiene written in the simple style which makes it understandable and interesting to the most inexpert layman and yet so scholarly and authoritative as to command the respect of the scientific physician or sanitarian. For the professional library, for the school, for the family. It is to be commended in the heartiest and most unhesitating terms. It is of exceptional interest and practical value.”— New York Tribune. MOUTH HYGIENE By Joun Sayre Marsuatt, M.D., Sc.D. Syracuse University. Second edition, revised: 22 Illustrations. 12mo. $2.50. The importance of mouth hygiene to public health is now receiving the attention it deserves. This little handbook covers the subject thoroughly. The facts given and the sug- gestions made are of the greatest value to those interested in community hygiene as well as to individuals. The author points out the connection between oral diseases and immorality, drunkenness, crime, and insanity. ELIASON’S PRACTICAL BANDAGING By Exprivce L. Extason, A.B., M.D. University of Pennsylvania. Crown Octavo. 124 Pages. 155 Illustrations. Cloth, $1.75. All the recognized classical bandages in common use are described. The exact amount of material required is shown, how to roll, starting, requisites of a bandage and its ending—in a word, it is the most complete and practical work in existence describing the various band- ages and dressings and their application, including Adhesive and Plaster of Paris Dressings. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MILK HYGIENE By Louis A. Kretn, V.M.D. Professor of Pharmacology and Veterinary Hygiene in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and Dean of the Faculty. 41 illustrations in the text. Octavo. $4.00 net. It presents systematically, in concise form, the facts and principles which are of impor- tance in the practice of milk hygiene and describes how they may be applied in the inspection of dairy farms and in the examination of milk. It will prove of service to dairy inspectors, milk examiners, public health officials, and others interested in the production of wholesome milk. —Write for Descriptive Circular— J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Publishers Philadelphia SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS Important Scientific Text-Books PHYSICS REED and GUTHE—College Physics....... $3.25 SPINNEY—Text-Book of Physics New edition preparing. CREW—General Physics ...............+0+. 3,25 THOMPSON—Electricity and Magnetism, new CORA SoodnocqonbnonoapoRAndebODOOUG 20 SOUTHALL—Mirrors, Prisms and Lenses 3.75 ENGINEERING HUGHES and SAFFORD—Hydraulics....... $4.00 SMITH—Electric and Magnetic Measurements 2.50 SWENSON and FRANKENFIELD—Testing of Electro-Magnetic Machinery. 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HALE—Laboratory Manual of General Chem- MATHEMATICS YOUNG and MORGAN—Elementary Mathe- matical Analysis .............+eeeees $2.60 MORITZ—A Short Course in Mathematics... 2.00 SKINNER—College Algebra .............+- 1.75 PASSANO—Trigonometry ...............++. 1.50 KENYON and INGOLD—Trigonometry...... 1.50 YOUNG and MORGAN—Plane Trigonometry. 1.50 HUN and MacINNES—Trigonometry........ 1.50 ROTHROCK—Trigonometry ............+-- 1.50 MACMILLAN’S Logarithmic and Trigono- metric Tables .............22+---e00s 1.20 ZIWET and HOPKINS—Analytical Geometry 1.90 FINE and THOMPSON—Co-ordinate Geom- GUA, odosoacadocoooudcUOONOoodoDO000N0 1.75 LOVE—Caleculus ...........0.cccecccecceees 2.40 DAVIS—Calculus .........ccceeeeeeecececes 2.40 OSGOOD—Calculus ..........--eeeeeeeeeeess 2.00 CAJORI—History of Mathematics .......... 4.00 CAJORI—History of Elementary Mathe- MAPICS) = eereeieeicie cetetelclelelsleieleielele)s\eis\+s/s\0 $2.25 ES BIOLOGY ABBOTT—General Biology HERR? ogogdacebbdousodobouGoddoodudobO 5 BOTANY BASKERVILLE and CURTMAN—Qualitative JY VEAII goood cadcsoccp00gddoKda00004 1.90 GANONG—Text-Book of Botany............ 2.90 NOYES—Qualitative Analysis ............. 1.90 GANONG—The Teaching Botanist.. wee 2,00 TALBOT—Quantitative Analysis ........... 1.50 peanesncoasussencessseenen MOODY—Quantitative Analysis ............ 1.60 THOMPSON—Applied Electrochemistry 2.60 ZOOLOGY THORP—Industrial Chemistry ............. 3.75 HEGNER—College Zoology ....---ssssseees $2.90 HEGNER—Introduction to Zoology......... 225 NEWMAN—Vertebrate Zoology .........--- 3.00 GEOLOGY PETRUNKEVITCH—Morphology of Inverte- SCOTT—Introduction to Geology............ $4.00 brate Types .........--++e sees seen eee -00 HOBBS—Earth Features and their Meaning. 4.50 PHILLIPS—Mineralogy ... ......esseeeeees 4,50 SHIMER—Introduction to the Study of Fos- om ORGANIC EVOLUTION GUE goosecancoconescaaspoudD tose d0nNe ARTIN—Coll Physiograph: 5.25 LULL—Organic Evolution ...............++ $3.25 Tone Siti dae ev op MACFARLANE—Causes and Course of Or- ganic Evolution ...............+..+-- 4,00 METEOROLOGY SCOTT—Theory of Evolution............... 1.40 MILHAM—Meteorology ..........--eecereee $4.50 PSYCHOLOGY ASTRONOMY PILLSBURY—Essentials of Psychology, new $1.90 MOULTON—Introduction to Astronomy...... $2.90 GUNN doecoooson00ngaseonacpEoocen’ : MOULTON—Celestial Mechanics ........... 4.00 | PILLSBURY—Fundamentals of Psychology.. 2.20 JACOBY—Astronomy ...........2-2seeeeeee 3.00 | TITCHENER—Text-Book of Psychology-.... 2.50 CAMPBELL—Elements of Practical Astron- COLVIN—The Learning ProcesS .......e.-s 1.75 OMY le leeieisiellorcisiaicis ciciclaleleleelesis\os)e\e1010s 2.75 STARCH—Educational Psychology ......... 2.40 PUBLISHERS NEW YORK v1 SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS McGRAW-HILL Agricultural and Biological Publications DR. CHARLES V. PIPER, Consulting Editor The success of McGraw-Hill Books on Agricultural Engineering tempted us into the broader field of Scientific Agriculture and Biology. The result is this new series which aims to meet the present-day need of more ad- vanced and scientific agricultural and biological texts. PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY By A. FRANKLIN SHULL Associate Professor of Zoblogy, University of Michigan With the Collaboration of GEORGE R. LA RUE and ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN University of Michigan 441 pages, 6x9, 245 illustrations, $3.50 This book presents a general course in animal biology covering physiology, ecology, taxo- nomy, geographical distribution, paleontology and evolution, as well as morphology. It embodies the material and methods that have been developed in the course in Animal Biology at the University of Michigan. LABORATORY DIRECTIONS IN PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY 81 pages, 6x9, $1.00 GENETI7S IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE By E. B. BABCOCK Professor of Genetics, University of California and R. E. CLAUSEN Assistant Professor of Genetics, University of California 650 pages, 6x9, 239 illustrations, 4 colored plates, $4.00 A compact, authoritative textbook on the principles of genetics and their practical appli- cations. Professor Conklin, of Princeton, says, ‘‘It is in all respects, I think, the best text- book on this subject in the English language.” GENETICS LABORATORY MANUAL 56 pages, 6x9, 14 illustrations, $1.00 Scnd for copies of these books on approval McGRAW-HILL BOOK CO., Inc. 239 West 39th Street NEW YORK SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS ee —= Research Laboratory ZAE__ BE "#9. General Electric SS —- cals ———_—— THE KENOTRON A VERY HIGH VOLTAGE D.C. RECTIFIER The Kenotron, a product of the General Electric Company’s Research Laboratory, is a rectifier providing very high voltage direct current for spectroscope work, to operate small discharge tubes and for testing the dielectric strength of insulations. It is also an important part of the Cottrell Electrical Precipitation Process for collecting, recover- ing or cleaning fumes and gases present during chemical or metallurgical processes. The Kenotron depends for its operation as a rectifier upon the fact that when one of two electrodes, placed near each other in a high vacuum, is heated to an incandescent state, current can flow across the space between the electrodes only when the incandescent. electrode is negative, i. e., acts as a cathode. For large capacities Kenotrons may be operated in groups of four. Such a group hasa capacity of 200 milli-amperes direct current, at a maximum voltage of 100,000, corre- sponding to an effective value of about 71,000 volts, a.c. (about 15 kw.). Greater capac- ity may be obtained by connecting additional units in multiple with the initial set. For further details write our Schenectady (N. Y.) Office Ss S y S SS \ 3S” 9 &S General Office C e) ys Sales Offices in. ‘Schenectady, NY, pe ‘all large. cities 35B-29 vill SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS AMERICAN STANDARD HAEMACYTOMETERS WITH LEVY COUNTING CHAMBER The Levy Counting Chamber was announced in November, 1916, was patented January 3lst, 1917 (U. S. Patent No. 1,214,331, and was awarded the Edward Longstreth Medal of Merit by the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, December, 1917 AMERICAN STANDARD’ HAEMAGY:TOMETER *\.- WATH LEVY COUNTING CHAMBE No. 29984. American Standard Haemacytometer with Levy Counting Chamber with double Neubauer ruling THE LEVY COUNTING CHAMBER was the first dependable Haemacytometer Counting Chamber made in the U. S. and continues to be superior in several important characteristics to any chamber yet made either in Europe or America. It provides an increased visibility of ruling when the chamber is filled, unequalled by any tnl- ing of European make, and a new method of construction of the parallel form of cell (first sug- gested by Biirker) which entirely avoids the cemented cell of the Thoma or Biirker construction with the attendant danger of separation from the slide. The parallel or open form of chamber permits the filling of the ruled area on the cover glass by capillary attraction after the cover glass is in position on the slide, and provides a more uniform distribution of the corpuscles than is possible with the Thoma or circular form of counting chamber which is entirely closed by the cover glass. The dimensions of the ruling and the depth of the cell are guaranteed to be within the toler- ances established by the Bureau of Standards and, when so ordered, Counting Chambers are furnished with Bureau of Standards certificate at an additional price. 29991. American Standard Haemacytometer, complete with Levy Counting Chamber with Neu- bauer ruling, with two pipettes, inleathercase = -+...+-+-+--: . 15.00 29983. American Standard Haemacytometer, as above, but with Levy Counting Chamber with double Neubauer ruling ..... ea tiay) = pascnepsts Welittelbbtet evnot ie Mc iNto Mette 00 29990. Levy Counting Chamber, with single Neubauer ruling .... . Pe SM ereiaten eOO 29965. Levy Counting Chamber, with double Neubauer ruling... 1... 52+ ++:> 10.00 Prices subject to change without notice Copy of Supplement No. 53, ‘‘American Standard Haemacytometers’’ sent upon request ARTHUR H. THOMAS COMPANY WHOLESALE, RETAIL AND EXPORT MERCHANTS LABORATORY APPARATUS AND REAGENTS WEST WASHINGTON SQUARE PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS ix Cornell University Medical College 1st Avenue and 28th Street NEW YORK, N. Y. ADMISSION to the first year class will be limited to seventy-five students in the New York and Ithaca Divisions combined. Subsequent admissions to any class will be made only if the number falls below sixty, when students from other institutions may be accepted, provided they fill all of our requirements. The number of students in this College having been limited, that its adyantages may be equalized to all parts of the State and country, not more than ¢five ‘students from any one college will be admitted to the first year class. Graduates °f approved colleges are eligible. INSTRUCTION begins on September 27th, 1920. Laboratory methods are emphasized throughout the course and small sections facilitate personal contact between the students and instructor. Clinical instruc- tion is given in the Bellevue, New York Nursery and Child’s, Memorial, Manhattan State and Willard Parker Hospitals. The tuition fee is $250.00 per annum, Applications for admission to the first year should be received not later than July first. A catalogue and application blanks may be obtained by addressing the Dean. Address THE DEAN, 477 1st Ave., New York, N. Y. Washington University School of Medicine REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION Candidates for entrance are required to have completed at least two full years of college work which must inelude English, French or German, and istruction with luboratory work in Physics, Chemistry and Biology. INSTRUCTION Instruction begins on the last Thursday in September and ends on the second Thursday in June. Clinical instruction is given in the Barnes Hospital and the St. Louis Children’s Hos- pital, affiliated with the medical scheol, the St. Louis City Hes- pital, and in the Washington University Dispensary. COURSES LEADING TO ACADEMIC DEGREES Students who have taken their premedical work in Wash- ington University, are eligible for the degree of B.S. upon the completion of the first two years of medical work. Students in Washington University may pursue study in the fondarental medical sciences leading to the degree of A.ML and Ph.D. TUITION The tuition fee for undergraduate medical students is $200 perannum. Women are admitted. The catalogue of the Medical School and other information may be obtained by application to the Dean. Euclid Avenue and Kingshighway St. Louis Johns Hopkins University Medical School The Medical School is an Integral Part of the University and is in close Affiliation with the Johns Hopkins Hospital ADMISSION Gondigetes for admission must be graduates of approved colleges or scientific schools with at least one year’s instruction, including laboratory work, in physics, chemistry, and biology an with evidence of a reading knowledge of French an rman. Each class is limited to 90 students, menand women being admitted on the same terms. Except in unusual circumstances, applications for admission will not be considered after July 1at. vacancies occur, students from other institutions desiring advanced standing may beadmitted to the second orthird year provided they fulfill all of our requirements and present ex- eeptional qualifications, INSTRUCTION The academic year begins the Tuesday nearest October 1 and closes the third Tuesday in June. The course of instructon, occupies four years and especial emphasis is laid upon prac- tical work in the laboratories, in the wards of the Hospital and in the Dispensary. TUITION The charge for tuition is $250 per annum, payable in three instalments. Thereare no extra fees except for rental of micro- scope, eertain expensive supplies, and laboratory breakage. The annual announcement and application blanks may be obtained by addressing the Dean of the Johns Hopkins Medical Sckool Washington and Monument Sts. BALTIMORE, MD. SUMMER WORK FOR GRADUATES IN MEDICINE Beginning Tuesday, June ist, and ending Thursday, July 15th 2 course in medical diagnosis, including laboratory exercises in clinical pathology and demonstrations in pathological anatomy, : comapying: the greater part of each day will be offered. The course be limited to twenty students, fee $100. Applica- tions should be made to the Dean’s Office. Tulane University of Louisiana SCHOOL OF MEDICINE (Established in 1834) ADMISSION: Allstudents entering the Freshman Class will be required to present credits for two years of college work, which must include Chemistry (General and Organic), Physics and Biology, with their laboratories, and at least one year in English and one year in a modern foreign language. COMBINED COURSES: Premedical course of two yearsis offered in the College of Arts and Sciences, which provides for systematic work leading to the B.S. degree at the end of the second year in the medical course. School of Pharmacy, School of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medicine also. Women admitted to all Schools of the College of Medicine For bulletins and all other information, addreas Tulane College of Medicine P. O. Box 770 New Orleans, La. x SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE ONLY MEDICAL SCHOOL IN THE CITY OF CLEVELAND @ Admits only college degree students and seniors in absentia. @ Excellent laboratories and facilities for research and adyanced work. @ Large clinical material. Sole medical control of Lakeside, City Charity, and Maternity Hospitals, and Babies’ Dispensary, Clinical Clerk Services and individual instruction. @ Wide choice of hospital appointments for all graduates. q Fifth optional year leading to A.M. in Medicine. g Vacation courses facilitating transfer of adyanced students. q Session opens September 30, 1920; closes June 16, 1921. Tuition, $200.00. For eatalogue, information and application blanks, address THE REGISTRAR, 1353 East 9th St., Cleveland Rush Medical College IN AFFILIATION WITH The University of Chicago Curriculum.—The fundamental branches (Anatomy, Physiol- ogy, Bacteriology, etc.) are taught in the Departments of Science at the Hull Biological and the Ricketts Labora- tories, University of Chicago. The courses of the three clinical years are given in Rush Medical College and in the Presbyterian, the Cook County, the Children’s Memorial, The Hospital for Destitute Crippled Children, and other hospitals. Classes Limited.—The number of students admitted to each class is limited, selection of those to be admitted is made on the basis of merit. Hospital Year.—The Fifth Year, consisting of service as an interne under superyision in an approved hospital, or of advanced work in one of the departments is prereauisite for graduation. Summer Quarter.—The college year is divided into four quarters, three of which constitute an annual session. The summer quarter, in the climate of Chicago is advantageous for work. Students are admitted to begin the medical courses only in the Autumn and Spring quarters. Elective System.—A considerable freedom of choice of courses and instructors is open to the student. Graduate Courses. — Advanced and research courses are offered in all departments. Students by attending summer quarters and prolonging their residence at the University of Chicago in advanced work may secure the degree of M., S.M., or Ph.D. from the University. 2 Prize Scholarship.—Six prize scholarships—three in the first two years and three in the last two (clinical) years—are awarded to college graduates for theses embodying original research. The Summer quarter commences June 21, 1920 TUITION—$75.00 per quarter, no laboratory fees. Complete and detailed information may be secured by addressing THE MEDICAL DEAN The University of Chicago CHICAGO, ILL. Syracuse University College of Medicine Two years of a recognized course in arts Entrance or im seiemce in a registered college or Requirements School of Science, wich must ineiode Physics, Obeniistéy, Biology, and Freneb or German. Six and seven years’ combii- nation courses are offered. i are spent in mastering by laboratory The First Two methods the sciences € roxiiennental to Years clinical medicine. j is systematic and clinical and is devoted to The Third Year aS at ke oa br Course to diagnosis and to therapeutics. In this rear the systematie courses in Medicine, irgery and Obstetrics are completed. Q is clinical, Students spend the entire fore- The Fourth noon throughout the year as clinical clerks Year Course ip hospitals under careful supervision. ‘Bhe ia clerk takes the history, makes the physical examination and the k examinations, arrives at a diagnosis he must defend, outlines the treatment under his instructor and observes and identifies its gical nature, eral hospitals, one of which is owned and the mnicipal emi municip hospitals Summer School—A summer course in coverige & period of six weeks duxing June antl Pane case there is a sufficient nurtibe rc of priced a Address the Secretary of the College, 307 Orange Street SYRACUSE, N. v, University of Georgia MEDICAL DEPARTMENT Augusta, Georgia ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS. The successful completion of at least two years of work including English, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology in an approved college. This in addition to four years of high school. INSTRUCTION The course of instruction occupies four years, begine ning the second week in September and ending the first week in June. The first two years are devoted to the fundamental sciences, and the third and fourth to practical clinic instruction in medicine and surgery. All the organised medical and surgical charities of the city of Augusta and Richmond County, including the hospitals, are under the entire control of the Board of Trustees of the University. This agreement affords a large number and variety of patients which are used in the clinical teaching. Especial emphasis is laid upon practical work both in the laboratory and clinical de- partments TUITION The charge for tuition is $150.00 a year except for residents of the State of Georgia, to whom tuition is free. For further information and catalogue addzess The Medical Department, University of Georgia AUGUSTA, GEORGIA SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS xi School of Hygiene and Public Health The Johns Hopkins University The third session opens September 28, 1920. ‘Opportunities for instruction and ayes eauicn will be offered in Public Health Administration, Epidemiology, Bacteriology, Immun- ology and Serology, Medical Zoology, Biometry and Vital Sta- tistics, Sanitary Engineering, Physiology as applied to hygiene, including the principles of industrial and educational hygiene, Chemistry as applied to hygiene, including the analysis of foods and the principles of nutrition, Social and Mental Hy- giene, etc. The courses in these subjects are organized upon a trimestral basis, and students may enter the School as candi- dates for a degree, or as special students, at the beginning of any trimester. Men and women students are admitted on the same terms, Courses are arranged leading to the degree of Doctor of Public Health, Doctor of Science in Hygiene and Bachelor of Sciencein Hygiene. The detailsin regard to the requirements for matriculation in these courses are described in the catalogue of the School, which will be forwarded upon application. A Certificate in Public Health may be awarded to qualified persons after one year of resident study. An intensive course, comprising conferences, demonstra- tions and laboratory work and designed to meet the needs of Public Health Officers, willbe given from November 1 to De- cember il, 1920—Fee $50.00. For further information address the Director of the School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University 310-312 West Monument St. BALTIMORE, MD. Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Mass. INVESTIGATION Eatire Year Facilities for reseach in Zoology: Embryology, Physiology and Bot- any. Seventy-six private labora- tories, $100 each for not over three Months. Thirty tables are avail- able for beginnersin research who desire to work under the direction of members of the staff. The fee for such a table is $50.00. INSTRUCTION June 30 to August 10, 1326 Courses of laboratory instruction with lectures are offered in Inverte- brate Zoology, pL tctosdalony 3 Em- bryology, Physiology and Morph- ology and Taxonomy of the ae. Each course requires the full time of the student. Fee, $50. Alecture course on the Philosophical Aspects of Biology and Allied Sciences is also offered. SUPPLY DEPARTMENT Open the Entire Year Animals and plants, preserved, liv- ing, andin embryonic stages. Pre- served material of all types of animals and of Algae, Fungi, Liver- worts and Mosses furnished for classwork, orfor the museum. Liy- ing material furnished in season as ordered. Microscopic slidesin Zool- ogy, Botany, Histology, Bacteriol- ogy. Price lists of Zoological and Botanical material and Micioscopic Slides sent on application. State whichis desired. For price listsand allinformation regarding material, address GEO. M. GRAY, Curator, Woods Hole, Mass. The annual announcement will be sent onapplication to The Director, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. Lenses for Naturalists Cameras Graflex, Kodak, Foreign Cameras, Zeiss, Goerz, Cooke, and all other high grade Lenses and Motion Picture Cameras. Save 25% to 50%. Get Our Price Write at once for Com- plete Catalog and month- ly Bargain List. Experts on equipping expedi- tions for still or Motion Picture work. Write today to Graflex Headquarters of America. B ASS CAMERA COMPANY 109 E. earborn St. Chicago, Til. When in the market for anything in the line of Chemical Glassware, Thermometers, Hydrometers and Laboratory Supplies Let us give you our quotations Our Catalog gladly sent upon request Scientific Utilities Co., Inc. Manufacturers, Importers, Exporters Factory: 84 East 10th Street Office: 18 East 16th Street U.S. A. NEW YORK, N. Y. The University Laboratory Designers ALEXANDES SMITH, THOMAS B, FREAS, President Chief Designer and Treas, ~ W. L, ESTABROOHE, W. A. BORING, Gen. Manager and Sec’y. Consulting Architect This firm is prepared to offer consultation, advice, report and design on chemical lab- oratories. Complete plans may be offered or work may be done jointly with institu- tional architect. Consultation with archi- tects needing expert advice in laboratory construction is solicited. Send for booklet. Office: 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York City xii SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS Constant-Temperature Apparatus Dependable for Long, Continuous and Unattended Operation FREAS OVEN TYPE R No. 100 Size of oven inside, 12’’x12’’x12’’. Construction, heavy asbestos tran- Temperature range, from room to 175°C. site with castaluminum frames and insulated lining. Regulation, Freas Metallic ther- Operation, simply attach to lamp mo-regulator. socket. Constant within one degree over Furnished with Special Ther- long periods. mometer, ranging to 200°C, SIMPLICITY ox operation, ease of regulation, constancy and general dependability are the reasons why FREAS Ovens have been adopted by the most important laboratories of the U. S. Government, the leading educational, scientific institutions and the most progressive manufacturing plants in the country. FREAS Ovens are made in several sizes and types. They are ap- proved by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. They are strongly constructed and reliable to the utmost detail. They may be left in operation, unattended, for months at a time if required. For Sale by All Dealers in Dependable Laboratory Apparatus Sole Patentees and Manufacturers The Thermo Electric Instrument Co., *srr” Newark, N. J., U. S. A. MAKERS ALSO OF THE THELCO LINE Langmuir High-Vacuum Pump Dr. Irving Langmuir (of the General Electric Co.) has de- veloped an exceedingly inter- esting and valuable high-speed high-vacuum pump, and by special agreement with the makers, we are acting as sole distributors, for laboratory purposes. With this pump pressure as low as 10-5 bar have been ob- tained ; and there is little doubt that very much lower pressures oan be produced, by cooling the bulb to be ex- hausted, in liquid air, so as to decrease the rate at which gases escape from the walls. Some type of primary pump must be used ; capable of de- veloping a vacuum not less q ; than 0.1-0.15 mm.of meroury, The illustration shows a Langmuir pump, connected to a two-stage primary oil pump—which is op- erated by a 3 HP motor ; all three parts of the outfit being assembled together on one base. J A M ES G 5 B | D D LE If interested, write for copy of illustrated 1211-13 ARCH STREET Bulletin 881, issued November, 1917 ; PHILADELPHIA and also copy of paper by Dr. Langmuir. SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS A Kewaunee Wall Form Physics Laboratory Desk The wall form physics desk with drawers and cupboards beneath for the storage of general supplies and apparatus most frequently used, is a very serviceable piece of laboratory furniture. When installed adjacent to the apparatus room, its top affords a temporary place for apparatus. It gives the laboratory a convenient water supply, and accommodates four students during the regular laboratory periods. For all Science Laboratory Furniture, consult the Kewaunee Catalog. Sent free. LABORATORY FURNITURE EXPERTS KEWAUNEE, WIS.. Chicago Office 20 E. Jackson Blvd. New York Office 70 Fifth Avenue BRANCH OFFICES: CoLuMBUS) _ ATLANTA Datias Kansas City SPOKANE LittLte Rock ALEXANDRIA, LA. EL Paso MINNEAPOLIS DENVER San FRANCISCO Kewaunee Spring Bolt Top Construction is Specially Patented X1V SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS COMPTON QUADRANT ELECTROMETER PROBABLY THE MOST SENSITIVE ELECTRO- STATIC INSTRUMENT AVAILABLE Ask for Catalog 16 PYROLECTRIC INSTRUMENT CO. PYROMETRIC AND ELECTRICAL PRECISION INSTRUMENTS 636-640 EAST STATE STREET TRENTON, N. J. Central Electrical System of Compton Electrometer “THALOFIDE CELL” A NEW LIGHT REACTIVE RESISTANCE OF GREAT SENSITIVITY These new cells will lower their electrical resistance 50 per cent. on exposure to .25 of a foot candle when the source used isa Tungsten Filament. Special cells are constructed which will do this in .06 of a foot candle. Their recovery after exposure is extremely rapid as also is their response to the light stimulus which is in marked contrast to the Selenium Cell, especially on exposure to very low light intensities. Write for Particulars Case Research Laboratory AUBURN, NEW YORK SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS XV Standardized Products We are regularly supplying to chemical and bacteriological labora- tories the following special reagents, of the highest quality. Arabinose Acid Potassium F nthalate Decolorizing Carbon Dextrose Galactose Invert Sugar Lactose | Levulose (Fructose) Maltose Mannite Mannose Melezitose Raffinose Rhamnose Saccharose (Sucrose) Trehalose Xylose Prices Upon Request Carried in Stock by the Principal Dealers in Scientific Supplies Digestive Ferments Company DETROIT, MICHIGAN, U.S. A. Xvi SCIENCE—ADVERTISEMENTS “Che Rober” Nephelometer A precision colorimeter of highest accuracy, the standard instrument of more than forty Universities. Permanently set up on a black polished board and housed in with our lighting arrangement it serves as the most efficient nephelometer as well as a colorimeter. Colorimeter as pictured, $69.00. AMERICAN MADE Colorimeter It has: Adjustable Verniers, Fused Cups and Plungers, resisting all acids and alkalies, thus eliminating all cement troubles. Screw Threaded Rods over which the stages travel, reducing to a minimum lost motion so adherent to racks and pinions. Perfect ‘‘ Side by Side” field with the thinnest dividing line. Combined nephelometer-colori- meter complete on board with lamp- house, $120.00. ing conditions. Cc. M. SORENSEN CO., Inc., Dept. K. 177 East 87th Street NEW YORK, N. Y. Just Published A NEW EDITION OF SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED PHARMACOGNOSY By HENRY KRAEMER, Ph.B. (in Chemistry), Ph.M. (in Pharmacy), Ph.D. (in Botany), Dean of College of Pharmacy and Professor of Pharmacognosy in the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy Second Edition, Thoroughly Revised This book is designed for the use of students in pharmacy, as a handbook for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists. The book is the most complete dealing with Pharmacognosy that has ever been published and contains the necessary information on nearly all of the drugs, foods, spices and economic products which are generally used. While originally prepared for the use of the drug analyst, it is extensively employed by pharmacologists, agricultural chemists, food analysts, spice dealers, manufacturers of flavoring extracts, mineralogists and botanists. 741 pages, 6x9, 313 plates, comprising over 1000 figures Cloth, $6.00 net. JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc. 432 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd. Manila, P. I.: Phillippine Education Company Montreal, Canada, Renouf Publishing Company = Wi, Te i) van y Noite wii 3 9088 01301 4659