MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES
Vol. i.
BOTANY.
Nos* i, a and 3.
SCIENCE STUDIES.
I . A CENTURY OP BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN HONTANA, 1805-1905:
COLLECTORS. HERBARIA AND BIBLIOGRAPHY,
BY J. W. BLANKINSHIP.
II. SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OP flONTANA. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
BY J. W. BLANKINSHIP.
HI. COMMON NAMES OP HONTANA PLANTS.
BY J. W. BLANKINSHIP, AND HBSTES
1'XMtI.ISHBD QUARtKRLT BY THB C BOZEMAN, MONTANA.
,
icr
•* • ^»» * ^
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
BOTANY.
Vol. 1, No. 1, November 1, 1904,.
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN
MONTANA, 1805-1905: COLLECTORS,
HERBARIA AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
BY J. W. BLANKINSHIP, PH. D.,
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY.
BOZEMAN, MONTANA.
PUBLISHED BY THE COLLEGE- FOUR TIMES A YEAR.
ANNOUNCEMENT.
These Science Studies of the Montana Agricultural College are in- tended to afford a medium for the publication of papers dealing es- pecially with pure science and general education, and are co-ordinate with the bulletins of the Agricultural Experiment Station, which consider the subject of science only in its economic aspect. The two phases of pure and applied science are so closely interwoven that any careful work in one usually necessitates the accumulation of more or less data in the other, for the publication of which these two parallel series are necessary.
Avant Courier Publishing Company, Bozeman, Montana,
THE BITTERROOT (LEWISIA REDIVIVA, PURSH).
THE STATE FLOWER OF MONTANA.
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Vol. i. No. i. November i, 1904.
Application has been made for entrance as 2d class matter at Bozeman, Mont, postoffice.
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION
IN MONTANA.
Collectors, Herbaria and Bibliography. BY J. W. BLANKINSHIP.
PREFACE.
In the study of the flora of a region it is very desirable, and indeed necessary for scientific accuracy, to know what collections have been previously made in that region, where these are deposited and what publications based upon them have been issued, so as to determine range of species, consult types and avoid unnecessary duplication, while having at hand the conclusions of previous botanists in the case of the many doubtful forms found in a flora relatively new and unworked. The present paper is an attempted summation of the first century of botanical effort in Montana and, while the lists published can hardly claim to be complete and errors of reference perhaps unavoidable at a point remote from the larger botanical "libraries, it is hoped that the data here assembled may prove of value to others concerned with the botany of this region and encourage the study of one of the most interesting and unique floras in the United States
It appears that four out of the ten collections made previous to 1862 went to Europe along with the publication of the species contained and that all the others, for the first three quarters of the century, remained in the Eastern United States, but, since 1880, a large part of the collections made have remained, in duplicate at least, in this state, principally at the Agricultural College, Bozeman. These latter now include the private herbaria of R. S. Williams, AY. T. Shaw, Mrs. E. W. Scheuber, Peter Koch, Mrs. I. M. Kennedy. J. W. Blankinship, F. A. Spragg, Mrs. J. E. Light and the World's Fair Collection of 1893, and duplicates of the collections made by F. ]). Kelsey, E. N. Brandegee, Mrs. G. R. Finlay, Mrs. H. F. Henshall. Rydberg & Bessey, L. M. Umbach, M. J. Elrod, W. W. Jones
4 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
;ttid others, so that hereafter no one can hope to do special work in ilic flora of this state without having previously consulted these local herbaria, which increase in size and value every year.
Owing to the fact that all the early collections made in Montana are found in the Eastern herbaria under the names of other states, as the word "Montana" was not applied to this region till 1864, it will be found helpful for other students of our flora at these herbaria to know the names by which it was called previous to that date.
MONTANA.
WEST OF CONTINENTAL DIVIDE, j EAST OF CONTINENTAL DIVIDE.
Oregon Country, 1790-1846. Louisiana (France) till 1762.
(In dispute between Great Britian Louisiana (Spain), 1762-1800. and the United States). Province of Louisiana (France), 1800-3.
District of Louisiana (U. S.), 1803-5. Territory of Louisiana, 1805-12. Oregon Country, (U. S.), 1846-48. Territory of Missouri, 1812-21.
Territory of Oregon, 1848-53.
The Indian Country or Northwest Ter-
ritory, or specially the "Mandan District," (1849), 1821-54. Territory of Nebraska, 1854-61.
Territory of Washington, 1853-1863. Territory of Dakota, 18G1-1863. Territory of Idaho, 18G3-1864. Territory of Montana, 1864-1889. State of Montana, 1889—.
It is intented to include, as far as practicable, the names of all those who have made botanical collections of any importance within the present bounds of Montana, to indicate the routes they pursued, as an aid in the determination of "type localities," to specify the place where their collections are now deposited, as far as known, and to mention the title and place of publication of all works dealing wholly or largely with the flora of this state.
As far as known, notice is made of all collections numbering 100 or more specimens, deposited in some accessible herbarium, or which may be of special interest from their early date or from reference to them in botanical publications, following the order of historical sequence up to 1905. It is hoped that any errors or omissions found will be communicated to the author and in particular it is desired to know the place of deposit of all Montana collections not here noted or information of other publications based upon them.
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
Bozeman, Montana, Nov. 1, 1904.
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA.
I.— BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS MADE IN MONTANA.
Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark expedition, made the first collections within the present state of Montana. The route of this expedition was np the Missouri, Jefferson and Beaver- head rivers, down the Bitterroot and across through the Lolo Pass (Apr. 28 to Sept. 3, 1805), returning (the Lewis party) by way of the Big Blackfoot, the Lewis & Clark pass, down Sun river, up the -Marias to its head-waters and down the Missouri (June 29 to Aug. 7, 1806), all the Montana specimens except one or two being col- lected on the return. Some 33 of the specimens brought back were from Montana and of these about two-thirds were new to science. These were published in Pursh's "Flora" and enumerated again by Meelian (Proc. Acad. Phila. Jan. 1898: 12-49), while the collection itself is in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.
[Thomas Nuttall seems never to have been within the bounds of the present state of Montana, although authors have mistakenly referred many of his specimens collected in Wyoming and Idaho to this state. He ascended the Missouri river with John Bradbury in 1810 as far as the eastern part of Mercer county', North Dakota* and accompanied the \Yyeth Second Expedition** of 1834-6, which passed far south and west of this state.]
David Douglas, an English horticulturist and botanical explorer, may possibly have reached the extreme western limits of the state about 1826, though his own account (Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 82-177 and Trans. Hort. Soc. London, 7: 513) does not make this at all certain.
Alexander Philipp Maximilian, Prince of Neuweid, travelled up the Missouri JRiver as far as the Gate of the Mountains, 1832-34, the botany of the expedition, published as an appendix to his "Travels",** ; being elaborated by Nees von Essenbeck.
*Bradbury's Travels in the Interior of America, 1809-1811. Early Western Travels by R. G. Thwa.it.es. Cleveland, O. 1904.
**Townsend, J. K.: "Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands, Chili, Etc., with a scientific appendix." Philadelphia. 1839.
***Reise in das innere Nordamerica iv> den Jahren 1832-1834, 2 vols. Coblenz, 1841. French edition, Paris, 1843; English edition, London, 1843.
6 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Nathaniel J. Wyeth, a Boston fur-trader, on his return from his first expedition, appears to have ascended the Clark's Fork (called by him the Flathead) to its junction .with the Missoula, thence up that stream and the Bitter Root through the Big Hole Basin to the Salmon River in Idaho and eastward to the Big Horn River, following down this and the Yellowstone to the Missouri (April to August, 1833).* His collections were described by Xuttall and are in the Academy of Sciences at Philadelphia, a duplicate set being at the New York Botanical Garden.
Charles A. Geyer, a German botanist, collected in Montana in 1844. His route appears to have been up the Clark's Fork to the Flathead mission and from there up the Bitter Root and down the Jefferson and Yellowstone in the path Clark marked out. His plants were taken to Europe, determined by Hooker, and distribut- ed to various herbaria, Kew or the British Museum and the Gray Herbarium securing the more important sets. Geyer himself gives a general account of the country (London Jour. Bot. vols. 4 and 5) and Hooker describes his plants (London Jour. Bot. vol. 6 and Hookers Jour. Bot. vols. 3, 5, 7 and 8).
T. A. Culbertson in 1850 collected along the Missouri as far as the mouth of Milk River, but principally about the mouth of the Yellowstone.** His collection is probably in Porter's private herbari- um and more or less of his specimens in the older herbaria. The re- sults of his work were published by T. C. Porter (5th Ann. Rep. Smith Inst. pp. 133-136).
J. G. Cooper, a physician attached to the Stevens Expedition of 1853-4, appears to have made collections in the state from Ft. Ben- ton to Helena and westward, though they appear to have been few and fragmentary. Sets of these plants are at the Gray Herbarium, the New York Botanical Garden and the National Museum. He issued a single paper on the trees of the state (Am. Nat. 3 : 1870).
*"The Correspondence and Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth, 1831-36" in "Sources of the History of Oregon," Vol. 1, Pts. 3-8. Eugene, Ore., 1899. Oregon Historical Society.
"•*Culbertson, T. A. "Journal of an expedition to the Manvaises Terres and the Upper Missouri in 1850."
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 7
F. V. Hayden, the geologist of the "Hayden Survey", collected somewhat in botany on the Lower Yellowstone and the Big Horn in 1853-4. and with the Warren -Expedition of 1855-57, which ascended the Yellowstone to the mouth of the Big Horn and thence across to Ft. Benton. He also made collections with the Raynolds Kxpedition of 1860, which ascended to the headwaters of the Mis- souri and the Yellowstone. The plants of this latter expedi- tion were determined and the results published by Dr. George Engelmann (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 12: 182-212. Phila. 1862), which is largely a reprint from a previous paper by Hayden (Rep. Sec. War for 1858. 2:726-747).
George Suckley, a physician, who accompanied the Stevens Ex- pedition of 1853-4, collected along the Missouri and Milk rivers as far as Ft. Benton, his plants being determined and the results published by Dr. Gray (Pac. Ry. Surv. 12, Pt. 2: 40-49. 1860). His type collection is probably at the Gray Herbarium with duplicates at the National Herbarium, Washington, and the New York Botani- cal Garden.
John Pearsall accompanied the Mullan Expedition of 1858-62, which followed the route up the Prickly Pear from Ft. Benton to Helena and thence westward along the line now marked by the Northern Pacific railway and the Coeur d'Alene branch into Idaho. lie probably collected fewer than a hundred specimens in the state and these appear to be now in the Gray Herb, and the N. Y. Bot. ( iarden.
David Lyall, an English Naturalist of the North American Bound- ary Commission ("Oregon Boundary Commission"), collected a number of species in 1861, in northwestern Montana or near the Canadian line, then being established, west of the Continental Di- vide. His type collection is at Kew, but a number of his speci- mens are at the Gray Herb. He published his results in London in 1863 (Jour. Linnsean Soc. 7: 124-144).
Winslow J.- Howard seems to have collected somewhat in the "Rocky Mountains of Montana" about 1866, as a number of his specimens are found in the Gray Herbarium and at least one species (Oniphalodcs Hoivardii, Gray) was named for him.
Robert Adams and G. N. Allen were here with the Hayden Survey
8 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
in 1871, collecting along the Upper Yellowstone, Gallatin, Madison and Jefferson rivers, their plants being determined and results pub- lished by Porter in the Hayden Survey for 1871 (pp. 477-498). Their collections are with the Porter Herbarium at Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. and a duplicate set at the N. Y. Bot. Card.
John M. Coulter, now Professor of Botany in the University of Chicago and whose "Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany" still re- mains our text-book on the flora of the state, was here with the Hayden Survey in 1872-3, but collected only along the Upper Yel- lowstone and mainly within the present limits of the Park. His determinations appear in the Hayden Survey for 1873 (pp. 747-792), while his specimens are probably in the National Herbarium at Washington and at the University of Chicago.
J. A. Allen, Naturalist of the North Pacific Railroad Expedition of 1873, ascended the Yellowstone to Pompey's Pillar, thence across to and down the Musselshell to the Big Bend and back down the Yellowstone. His plants were determined by Dr. George Vasey and a set is doubtless in the National Herbarium. He published: his report, which contains a considerable list of Montana species, in Boston (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 17: 70-86. 1874).
C. C. Parry accompanied the Jones Expedition to the Yellowstone Park in 1873 and some of his collections are probably from the Up- the Yellowstone in Montana. All his private herbarium extant is at the Iowa State University, Iowa City, Iowa, but there are duplicate sets in the older herbaria. His "Botanical Observations" was published (Amer. Nat. 8: 9, 102, 175, 211, with a reprint) at Salem, Mass, in 1874.
Elliott Coues, then connected with the army as surgeon and nat- uralist on the United States Northern Boundary Commission, in conjunction with the Canadian naturalist, George M. Dawson made collections along the northern boundary of the state in 1874, the species being determined and published by dickering (Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey, 4: 801-830. Washington, 1878).
V. Havard, an army surgeon, took part in a reconnoissance in 1877 up the Yellowstone to Pompey's Pillar and thence northward across the Musselshell and Judith Basin to the Missouri and again, in 1879, UP the Missouri and Milk rivers to Ft. Assinniboine and on
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 9
to Great Falls. A report of his collections was published in Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. for 1878, App. QQ, pp. 1681-1687, and in that for 1880, App. SS, pp. 1-20. His collections should be in the National Herbarium and there appears to be a set at the Gray Herbarium.
Sereno Watson of the Gray Herbarium made a trip into western Montana in 1880, collecting data in regard to the forestry of the re- gion for the loth census. His route was from Garrison to Dillon and westward throught the Big Hole Basin and down +he Bitter Root to Missoula and out by way of the Lo Lo pass. He made a con- siderable collection, now at the Gray Herbarium, while his report is published by Sargent (loth Census. 9: 564-566. Washington, 1884).
Robert S. Williams, while engaged in Other business, made ex- tensive collections extending over some 19 years (1880-1899), in- cluding Lichens and Mosses, as well as flowering plants. His plants came mainly from the Little Belt and Highwood mountains, Great Falls (1880-1891), Columbia Falls and adjacent Rockies (1892- 99) and Teton county (1897). His private collection is at the Montana Agricultural College, Bozeman, Montana, but duplicate sets of his plants have been distributed at the Nat. Herb., N. Y. Bot. Gard., Gray Herb., Mo. Bot. Card., Univ. of Mont., and other her- l>aria, and he has published several papers dealing with our flora.
Frank Tweedy, a topographer in the U. S. Geological Survey, while working in southern Montana and the Yellowstone Park, made extensive collections in this state, which are mainly in his private herbarium at Washington, with partial sets at the N. Y. Bot. Card., Coll. of Pharmacy, N. Y., Nat. Herb., Gray Herb., and at Mont. Agr. Coll. He collected during the years 1881-2 and 1886-91 within the Crow Reservation and the counties of Carbon, Sweet Grass, Park, Gallatin, Madison, Beaver Head, Silver Bow, and Jef- ferson. He published a Flora of the Yellowstone National Park (Washington 1886).
William M. Canby, a banker of Wilmington, Del., was here in 1882-83 with the Northern Transcontinental Survey along with Charles S. Sargent, who was studying the forestry of the state. The collections of the former are now at the College of Pharmacy, York City and those of the latter at the Arnold Arboretum,
10 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Jamaica Plains, Mass., of which he is Director. Their route extended from Helena to the Flathead Agency, past the Flathead Lake and up the N. Fk. of the Flathead River, over the Cutbank Pass and back over the Lewis and Clark Pass.
F. W. Anderson, son of an English minister of Great Falls, col- lected about Great Falls, Ft. Benton, Little Belt and Highwood Mountains, Helena and Sheridan (1883-88). Most of his personal collections are in the herbarium of the College of Montana at Deer Lodge, but his Fungi and Algae appear to have been secured by the New York Botanical Garden with the herbarium of J. B. Ellis. He published a number of papers on the flora of the state, mainly on the Fungi and Algae in connection with Kelsey.
E. W. Hilgard, now Director of the California Agricultural Ex- periment Station at Berkeley, was engaged in making a soil survey of the state in 1883 in connection with the Northern Transcontinen- tal Survey and collected a series of plants in the plains region, chief- ly along the Milk river, Judith Basin, Musselshell and the Yellow- stone, but most of this collection was destroyed by fire, the remain- der being at the University of California.
J. B. Leiberg, while in the service of the Northern Pacific Railway in the interest of tree-culture, made collections as far west as Glen- dive and later published his notes on the botany of the region (Bot. Gaz. 9: 103-107, 126-129. 1884). He also worked up the forestry of the Bitter Root Forest Reserve in 1898 in the employ of the U. S. Geological Survey which published his report (i9th Ann. Rep. L\ S. Geol. Surv. 5: 253-282).
J. S. Newberry collected along the Northern Pacific Railway in 1884, publishing a brief note on the botany (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, 3: 242-270. 1884).
F. Lamson Scribner was here in 1883 with the Northern Transcon- tinental Survey under W. M. Canby and devoted his attention par- ticularly to studying the grasses. He made collections at Lima, Dillon, Garrison, Helena and Bozeman and made a trip from Town- send to White Sulphur Springs, Monarch and Ft. Benton. His own private collection was destroyed by fire but there is a duplicate set at the College of Pharmacy, New York. He published a paper*
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 11
on the agricultural grasses of the state (4th and 5th Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Science, pp. 87-93. Newburg, N. Y. 1885).
A. B. Seymour, now connected with the Cryptogamic Herbarium of Harvard University, made a trip through the state in 1884 along the line of the Northern Pacific Railway collecting parasitic fungi. He stopped at Billings, Livingston, Bozeman, Helena, and Thomp- ><>n Falls. Sets of this collection are in his private herbarium, at the I'niv. of Illinois, in whose interest he made the excursion, and at Harvard University. A list of the plants collected was published in Boston in 1889 (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 4: 182-191).
F. D. Kelsey, a Congregational minister at Helena, took up botany as a recreation and did much to arouse interest in this science over the state. He collected mainly in Lewis and Clarke, but also in Deer Lodge, Ravalli and Jefferson counties and as far east as Bil- lings, his work extending from 1885 to 1892. It was under his di- rection that the World's Fair collection of 1893 was made and this is now in the herb, of Mont. Agr. College, but all his private her- barium is at Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, where he was pro- fessor of botany after leaving Montana. In conjunction with An- derson he published a number of papers on the flora.
W. T. Shaw made a small collection of plants about Bozeman in 1892 and previously at Deer Lodge; these are now in the herb, Montana Agricultural College.
F. W. Traphagen, while connected with the College of Montana at Deer Lodge was largely instrumental in building up the herbarium of that institution. His collections (1887-1890) were mainly from that vicinity and are deposited with that institution, a duplicate bet being at the N. Y. Bot. Garden.
Mrs. Emma W. Scheuber of Livingston (Miss Emma J. Ware), then a teacher, collected in Deer Lodge county and on the Big Blackfoot, at Philipsburg, Beartown, Granite (1888-1892) and later about Livingston. She donated her collections to the Agricultural College, Bozeman.
Georg Dieck of Zoeschen bei Merseburg, Germany, collected in Central Montana (Deer Lodge) in August, 1888 the plants being de- termined and results published by J. Freyn (Deutsch Bot. Monats.
12 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
8: 73-79, 176-182. 1891). Collection here apparently unimportant.
Peter Koch, a banker of Bozerr-an made extoir-ix c collections in- Gailatin county (1888-1894 > an:\ at out Cooke City and the Granite Range (1897 and 1899). He donated his entire collection to the Mon- tana Agricultural College.
M. A. Carleton, now connected with the Department of Agricul- ture at Washington, took part in the Garfield University (now Friend's University at Wichita, Kansas) Expedition, which was in Montana in August, 1889, collecting along the Oregon Short Line, at Helena and the Gate of the Mountains, -the chief set of plants remain- ing at that institution, but duplicates are in his private herbarium at Washington and at the University of Chicago. The plants were named by Prof. J. M. Coulter and the results published by Carleton (Kans. Acad. Sci. 13: 50-57. Topeka, 1893). Relatively few species are from Montana.
Mrs. Irene M. Kennedy of Columbia Falls made collections about Belt and Great Falls (1884-89), in the Flathead region (1892-1900), and at Midvale and Columbia Falls (1890-1898) and has donated them to the Agricultural College, Bozeman.
J. W. Blankinship, Professor of Botany in Montana Agricultural College, collected on the Big Horn river near Custer Station in 1890 and later over nearly every part of the state (1898-1904), flowering plants mainly, but also largely of parasitic fungi and other Cryptogams. The collections are in the Agricultural College, Boze- man and a number of papers chiefly of an economic nature, have been published. Various sets of this collection have been distri- buted to the principal herbaria.
F. N. Notestein, who succeeded Dr. Traphagen at the College of Montana, did more or less collecting in the vicinity of Deer Lodge (1890-1895) and his specimens are with that institution.
Mrs. Mary L. Alderson, collected about Bozeman (1889-92) and later about Bald Butte, where she now resides. A part of her collection is in the herbarium Montana Agricultural College.
E. N. Brandegee, now President of the State Board of Horticul- ture, has a large private herbarium, mainly from Lewis and Clark county (1892-1900) with duplicates in the herb. Mont. Agr. Coll.
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 13
Mrs. G. R. Finlay of Bozeman has done more or less botanical work in that vicinity (1893-1903) and donated many specimens to the Montana Agricultural College.
Mrs. Laura A. Fitch made collections about Sheridan and Virginia City (1892?) some of which are at the Mont. Agr. Coll., but her pri- vate herbarium is at the Univ. of Mont., Missoula.
J. H. Sandberg, assisted by D. T. MacDougal and A. A. Heller,
made a small collection of plants at Thompson Falls, Bonner and Glendive in 1892 (Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 204-287. Washington, 1895)- for the National Herbarium and Dr. MacDougal collected about Flathead Lake, the Mission Mountains and McDonald Lake in the summer of 1901, the specimens going to the N. Y. Bot. Card.
Mrs. J. E. Light sent a collection of nearly 100 specimens collec- ted in 1892 in Custer county to the World's Fair collection of 1903. These are at the Montana Agricultural College. The Montana Ladies' World's Fair Collection of 1893 was made up by the ladies all over the state, for besides Mrs. Scheuber (Miss Emma Ware), Mrs. Alderson, Mrs. Finlay, Mrs. Fitch, Mrs. Kennedy and Mrs. Light, already mentioned, there were also Mrs. Jennie Moore of Butte, Mrs. Ida Christie of Silver Bow Co., Mrs. McNulty of Madison Co., Mrs. E. Muth of Lewis and Clark Co., Mrs. Hodgeman and others who took part in the work. This collection is now a part of the herbarium of the Montana Agricultural College.
P. A. Rydberg, now Curator of the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, was here with C. L. Shear in 1895 in the employ of the Division of Agrostology at Washington, collecting mainly for- age plants. Their route was from Dillon, to Deer Lodge, Helena, Bozeman and return. Their plants are in the Div. of Agrost. at Washington and the N. Y. Bot. Garden. Dr. Rydberg returned un- der the same auspices in 1896 accompanied by J. H. Flodman of Wahoo, Neb. and collected from Bozeman, the Spanish Peaks and Bridger Range, to Monarch and the Judith Basin, returning along the Crazy Mountains to Livingston. Their collections were dis- tributed as before. The next summer Dr. Rydberg returned in the interest of the New York Botanical Garden and had as his assis- tant this time E. A. Bessey of the University of Nebraska. Their route extended from Bozeman via the Spanish Peaks, and the Mad- ison Valley to the Park and return by way of the Yellowstone. The
14 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
type collections are at the N. Y. Bot. Card., but duplicates have been widely distributed, the Gray Herb, and the Mont. Agr. Cpllege, among others, receiving sets. Based mainly upon these collections Dr. Rydberg issued his "Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park" (New York, 1900) and numerous other papers on our flora.
H. S. Jennings, Professor of Botany in the Montana Agricultur- al College, made a small collection about Bozeman in. 1897 and this is in the herbarium of this institution.
E. V. Wilcox made collections in the Absaroka Mountains in 1897 and in various parts of the state in 1900, for the Department of Ag- riculture at Washington and these specimens are in the Nat. Herb, and Dept. of Agr. at Washington and in the N. Y. Bot. Card.
David Griffiths in the employ of the Division of Agrostology at Washington and T. A. Williams, Professor of Botany at the Agr. Coll. of S. Dakota made a tour through the state in 1898, stopping at Billings, Red Lodge, Missoula and the Bitter Root Valley. Dr. Griffiths came again in 1890 with E. F. Lange, a teacher of Superior Neb., stopping at Billings, Selish, Flathead Lake and various points along the Great Northern to Great Falls. The collections are in the U. S. Nat. Herb.
Mrs. Hester F. Henshall has done more or less collecting about Mt. Bridger and the U. S. Fish Station near Bozeman (1898-1903) and many of her specimens are in the herbarium of the Montana Agricultural College.
H. B. Ayres, worked up the forestry of the Flathead Forest Re- serve in 1898 and that of the Lewis and Clark Forest Reserve in 1899 for the Geological Survey, which published his reports (2oth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. 5: 245-316. and 2ist. 5: 27-80.)
Aven Nelson, Professor of Botany in the University of Wyoming and Elias Nelson, his assistant, collected across the southern part of Madison County from Monida to the Park in 1899 and their col- lections are at that institution and variously distributed.
Wyatt W. Jones, Burle J. Jones, Jacob Vogel, E. J. S. Moore and Amy M. Cooke, students in the Mont. Agr. College, made important
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 15
collections in various parts of Gallatin county (1900-1903) and sets of their specimens are in the herbarium of that institution.
Frank A. Spragg, while preparing his thesis in botany at ihe Mont. Agr. College, collected in 1900 and 1901 in Fergus coumy and re- gion adjacent, largely grasses, which are in the herbarium of the college.
H. C. Cowles, Professor of Botany in the University of Chicago, with some 19 students spent some time collecting along the Great Northern Railway and at McDonald and Flathead Lakes in August, 1901, the chief set of the specimens going to the University of Chi- cago.
L. M. Umbach, Professor of Biology at Northwestern College, Naperville, 111., made large and important collections in Montana in 1901 and 1903, principally in the Lake McDonald region, and at Big Fork and Midvale. His collections are at that institution, but there are duplicate sets at the N. Y. Bot. Card, and Mont. Agr. Coll.
M. J. Elrod, Professor of Biology at the L'niversity of Montana, and some of his students collected about Missoula and the Flathead Lake region (1899-1904), their collections going to the University of Montana with duplicates at Mont. Agr. Coll. and the N. Y. Bot. .Card.
Wilson P. Harris of Brooklyn, N. Y., collected Lichens and Mosses in western Montana, principally about Missoula and the Flathead Lake, in the summer of 1901 under the auspices of the New York Botanical Garden. The Lichens were determined by Prof. Bruce Fink and Mrs. Isaac Harris and the Mosses by Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton. Sets of this collection are at the New York Botanical Ger- den, the University of Montana and in the herbaria of Mr. Harris and his mother, while the results of his work appear in Bull. No. 19, Univ. of Mont., Missoula, 1904.
Harry N. Whitford with others from the University of Chicago worked in the same locality in 1902, paying particular attention to forestry.
T. J. Fitzpatrick of Iowa City, Iowa also made an extensive bo- tanical collection in the Mission Mountains and Flathead Lake region in 1902.
16 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Millie M. Smith, a teacher from Forsyth and Arthur Lehman from Lewistown also collected there in 1904.
Besides those in this list who have collected in Montana, there are doubtless many others whose names rightly belong- here. A few of these names whose collections I have not been able to place are as follows: Swallow, "in the high mountains of Montana;" R. W. Springer, 1882; E. Douglas, Helena, 1894. Any information relating to the collections made by these and by others not here listed will be gratefully received.
II.— BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The following list is intended to include all publications dealing wholly or in large part with the botany of the state of Montana, arranged alphabetically by authors, with brief notes as to their rjature and importance.
Allen, J. A. "Notes on the natural history of portions of Mon- tana and Dakota." Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 17: 1-61. Bos- ton, 1874. An annotated list of the plants collected by the expedi- tion, arranged by orders.
Anderson, F. W. "Pastoral Resources of Montana." Rep. Com. Agr. 1888: 311-324. Washington, 1889. A sketch of the general physical features of the state, its climate, agriculture and botany with an enumeration of some 55 of the chief forage grasses.
Anderson, F. W. "Brief Notes on a few common fungi of Monta- na." Jour. Mycol. 5: 30-32. Washington, 1889. Notes on 14 of the more common leaf-fungi of the state.
Anderson F. W. "Supplementary notes." Jour Mycol. 5 : 82-84. 1889. Brief notes on 53 species of the fungi of Helena, Mont.
Anderson, F. W. "A preliminary list of the Erysipheae of Monta- na." Jour. Mycol. 5: 188-194. 1889. Mentions 13 species with their hosts and distribution.
Anderson, F. W. "The fruit of Ribes aurcum, Pursh". Bot. Gaz. 14: 289. Crawfordsville, Ind., 1889. A mere note on variation in color.
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 17
Anderson, F. W. "A new Fomes from Northern Montana." Bot. Gaz. 16: 114. 1891. Describes and figures F. Ellisianus, Anders, on Shcphcrdia.
Anderson, F. W., and F. D. Kelsey. "Common and conspicuous algae of "Montana." Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 18: 137-146. New York. 1891. Notes on some 62 species, four of which are described as new.
Anderson, F. W. See J. B. Ellis.
Ayres, H. B. "The Flathead 'Forest Reserve." 2Oth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. 5: 245-316. Washington, 1900. Contains an exhaustive treatment of the economic forestry of that section with a detailed description of the whole region.
Ayres, H. B. "Lewis and Clark Forest Reserve, Montana". 2ist Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. 5 : 27-80. Washington 1900. A valuable paper on the forestry and topography of this region.
Blankinship, J. W. "Weeds of Montana". Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 30: 1-70. Bozeman, Mont., 1901. An enumeration of the weeds of the state with a general discussion of the subject.
Blankinship, J. W. "Report of the botanist". Bull. Mont. Agr. Exp. Station. 32: 38-44. 1902.; Ann. Rep. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. 9: 68-79. 19°3> and 10:64-68. 1904. Contains many short papers on the ecpnomic botany of the state.
Blankinship, J. W. "Shade Trees and Ornamental Vines of Mon- tana." Ann. Rep. Mont. Farmers' Institutes, 1 :2O2-2io. Helena, 1902. An enumeration of the species commonly used for this pur- pose in the state.
Blankinship, J. W. "Poisonous Plants of Montana". Ann. Sess. N. W. Woolgrowers' Assoc. 5 : 49- 54. Helena, 1902. A preliminary discussion of the subject.
Blankinship, J. W. "The Loco and Some other Poisonous Plants cf Montana". Bull. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. 45: 73-104. 1903. A gen- eral report of the five chief groups of plants poisonous to stock in the state with a special study of the loco question with means for avoidance and eradication.
Canby, W. M. "Erigeron Tweedyi, n. sp." Bot. Gaz. 13:17. 1888. Carleton, M. A. "List of plants collected by the Garfield Univer-
18 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
sity Expedition of 1889." Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 13: 50-57. To- peka, 1893. Gives a list of the species collected, a number of which are from Montana.
Chesnut, V. K. "Some poisonous plants of the northern stock ranges." Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr. 1900: 305-324. Washington 1900. A general discussion of the subject, including conditions in Montana.
Chesnut, V. K. and E. V. Wilcox. "The stock-poisoning plants of Montana/' Bull. Div. Bot., U. S. Dept. Agr. 26: 1-150. 1901. An extended account largely experimental, of the plants known or suspected of being poisonous in the state.
Chickering, J. W. "Catalogue of Phaenogamous and Vascular Cryptogamous plants collected during the summer of 1873 and 1874 in Dakota and Montana along the 49th Parallel by Dr. Elliott Coues. U. S. A. : with which are incorporated those collected in the same region at the same time by Mr. George M. Dawson." Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Sur-v. 4: 801-830. Washington, 1878. A list of species by orders with localities and dates.
Cooper, J. G. "The sylva of Montana." Am. Nat. 3: 405-422. 1870. An enumeration of the trees of the state with their distribu- tion through the two biological regions.
Coulter, J. M. and others. "A catalogue of plants collected in 1872 in portions of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and Utah." Hryden Surv. 1872: 747-792. (Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 6:747-792). Washington, 1873. Contains a general description of the botany of this region with an ordinal enumeration of the species and localities, those of Montana being from the region adjacent to the Park.
Coulter, J. M. "Manual of the botany of the Rocky Mountain Re- gion." New York and Chicago. 1885. This is still the only man- ual available for the systematic study of the flora of the state.
Coulter, J. M. and E. M. Fisher. "New and Noteworthy North American Plants." Bot. Gaz. 18: 299-303. 1893. Several new Montana species described.
Douglas, David. "A sketch of a journey to the northwestern parts of the continent of North America, during the years 1824, 5, 6, & 7.'"
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 19
Hooker's Comp. to Bot. Mag. 2: 82-177. London, 1836. Contains many botanical notes, particularly relating to economic botany.
Eaton, D. C. "An undescribed Heuchcra from Montana." Bot. Gaz. 15: 62. 1890. Describes H. Williamsii, Eaton.
Ellis, J. B. and B. T. Galloway. "New western fungi.'' Jour. Mycol. 5: 65-68. 1889. Describes 12 new^ species from Montana and one is given in the paper following.
Ellis, J. B. and B. M. Everhart. "Notes on a species of Coprinus from Montana." The Microscope, 10: 129-131. Trenton, N. J., 1890. 1 )cscription of C. sclerotigenus, E. & E.
Ellis, J. B. and F. W. Anderson. "New species of Montana Fungi." Bot. (lax. 16: 45-49, 85-86. 1891. Describes 12 new species.
Elrod, M. J. "A biological reconnoissance at Flathead Lake." lUiU. University Mont. 10: 1-182. Missoula, M"nt., 1902. Pp. 126- 129 and 147-149 are devoted to the botany of the region.
Engelmann, George. "Plants collected during the exploration of the Upper Missouri by F. V. Hayden in 1853." Trans. Am. Phi). Soc. 12 (n s.) : 182-212. Phila. 1862. An% annotated list of species, partly from Montana. Mainly a reprint from a similar paper by Hayden in Rep. Sec. War. for 1858, 2: 726-747.
Everhart, B. M. See J. B. Ellis. Fisher, E. M. See J. M. Coulter.
Freyn, J. "Ranunculaceae aus clem westlichen Nordamerika, ge- sammelt in Auftrage Dr. Dieck's-Zoschen." Deutsche Bot. Monats. 8: 73-79. 176-182. Review in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 18: 98, 99. 1891. A number of the species mentioned are from Montana.
Galloway, B. T. See J. B. Ellis.
Geyer, Chas. A. "Notes on the vegetation and general character of the Missouri and Oregon territories, made during a botanical lourney from the state of Missouri, across the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific during the years 1843 an<^ l844- London Jour. Bot. 4: 479-492, 653-662, (1845); 5: 22-41, 198-208, 285-310, 509-524 (1846). See W. J. Hooker.
20 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Gray, Asa. "Catalogue of the plants collected east of the Rocky Mountains." Pacif. Surv. 12, Ft. 2: 40-49. Washington, 1860. An anno- tated list of species, partly from Montana.
Griffiths, David. "Some northwestern Erysiphaceae". Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29: 190-301. 1902. Refers to a few Montana species.
Harris, W P. & C. W. "Lichens and Mosses of Montana." Bull. Univ. Mont. 19: 308-330. 1904. An enumeration of 67 species of Lichens and 37 species of Mosses with 7 plates.
Harvey, P. F. "Climate and diseases of northern Dakota and Montana." Published originally in the Medical Record,' the notes pertaining to the botany of the region are republished in Bot. Gaz. 4: 171, 172. 1879. Notes m the main are unimportant from the botan- ical standpoint.
Havard, V. "Botanical outlines of the country marched over by the Seventh United States Cavalry during the summer of 1877."' Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., App. QQ. 1878: 1681-1687.
Havard, V. "List of the plants found on the plains of western Dakota and eastern Montana during the summer of 1877 and spring of 1879." Ann- ReP- Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., App. SS. 1880: 1-20. Washington, 1880. Gives a general description of the region and a list of the species collected.
Hayden, F. V. "Plants collected during the exploration of the L'pper Missouri by F. V. Hayden". Rep. Sec. War for 1858. 2: 726-747. An annotated list of species, partly from Montana, de- termined by Engelmann (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 12: 182-212. 1862).
Holzinger, J. M. "A new Hypnum from Montana." Bryologist, 4: 12. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1901.
Hooker, W. J. "Catalogue of Mr. Geyer's collection of plants gathered in the Upper Missouri, the Oregon Territory, and the in- tervening portion of the Rocky Mountains." London Jour. Bot. 6: 65-79, 206-256 (1847); Hooker's Jour. Bot. 3: 287-300 (1851); 5: 257-265 (1853) J 7: 371-378 (1855) ; 8: 16-19 (1856). A list of the species collected with notes; many new species described.
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 21
Kelsey, F. D. "Study of Montana Erysipheae." Bot. Gaz. 14: 285-288. 1889. Notes on nine species, one new.
Kelsey, F. D. "Notes on the Fungi of Helena, Montana." Jour My col. 5 : 80-82. 1889. A list of 74 parasitic species with their hosts.
Kelsey, F. D. "F. W. Anderson, Sc. D." Bot. Gaz. 17: 78-81. 1892. Kelsey, F. D. See F. W. Anderson.
Leiberg, John B. "Notes on the flora of W. Dakota and E. Montana adjacent to the Northern Pacific Railroad." Bot. Gaz. 9: 103-107; 126-129. 1884. An article descriptive of the country and climate with many botanical notes of interest.
Leiberg, John B. "Bitterroot Forest Reserve". I9th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. 5: 253-282. Washington, 1899. Treatment mainly economic and statistical, but contains much botanical information.
Lyall, David. "Account of the botanical collections made by David Lyall, Surgeon and Naturalist to the North American Bound- ary Commission". Jour. Linnaean Soc. 7: 124-144. London, 1863. Divides the region into "districts" arid devotes considerable space to forestry.
Meehan, Thos. "The plants of the Lewis and Clark Expedition across the continent, 1804-1806". Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila. Jan. 1898: 12-49. A description of the original Lewis and Clark collection, determined by Robinson and Greenman, with the original labels and Pursh's treatment.
Maximilian, Alexander Philipp, Prince of Neuweid. "Reise in das innere Nord Amerika in dem Jahren 1832-34." Coblenz, 1841. The botany by Dr. Nees von Esenbeck in the appendix contains many Montana species.
Mitten, Wm. "The Bryologia of the Survey of the 49th Parallel of Latitude". Jour Linnaean Soc. 8: 13-55. London, 1864. Discus- ses the mosses and hepatics of the Boundary Survey, part of the Lyall collection coming from near the Montana line; many new species described.
Nees von Essenbeck, C. G. "Classification systematique cles plantes rapportees de ce voyage sur le Missouri, disposee par M. le
22 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
president Nees von Essenbeck a Breslau". Being Appendix G in the French edition of Maxmilian's "Travels". Contains a general list of species with many new, but few localites are given and those from Montana are therefore not separable.
Nelson, Aven. "The flora of Montana". Bot. Gaz. 30: 61-64. 1900. A review of Rydberg's "Flora."
Newberry, J. S. "Notes on the geology and botany of the country bordering the Northern Pacific Railroad." Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 242-270. 1884. Only about a page devoted to Montana under the subject "Forests of the Rocky Mountains".
Nuttall, Thomas. "A catalogue of new and interesting plants collected in Upper Louisiana and principally on the river Missouri. Xorth America." London, 1813. Reprint in Pittonia, 2: 116-119. ["Fraser's Catalogue"].
Nuttall, Thomas. "A catalogue of a collection of plants made chiefly in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains or Northern Andes, toward the sources of the Columbia river, by Mr. Nathaniel B. AVyeth, and described by T. Nuttall. Jour. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. /: 5-60. 1834. Gives a list of the plants collected with extensive notes and many new species, mainly from Montana.
Parry, C. C. "Botanical observations in western Wyoming with notices of rare plants and descriptions of new species collected on the route of the Northwestern Wyoming Expedition under Capt.- W. A. Jones." Am. Nat. 8: 9, 102, 175, 211, and a reprint Salem, Mass. 1874. 25pp. Contains somewhat of the botany of this state adjacent to the Park.
Porter, T. C. "List of the plants collected by Mr. T. A. Culbert- son on an expedition to the Mauvaises Terres and Upper Missouri in 1850." Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. 5: 133-136. Washington, 1850. A list of species with localities and dates, a few being from Montana.
Porter, T. C. "Catalogue of plants collected during the expedi- tion to the headwaters of the Yellowstone river in 1871." HaydcMi Surv. 1871 : 477-498. Washington, 1872. An ordinal catalogue of species, many from Montana..
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 23
Pursh, Frederick. "Flora Americae Septentrionalis." London, 1814. Describes the plants collected by the Lewis and Clark Expe- dition, some 33 species being from Montana and a;,o;u't two-thirds of these l^ung new. Noteworthy as being the first species des- cribed from the present state of Montana. See also Thos. Meehan.
Rose, J. N. "Notes on some western plants." Bot. Gaz. 15: (•3-66. 1890. Devoted largely to the Montana species of Tweedy, several new species being described.
Rydberg, P. A. "Rarities from Montana." Bull. Torr. Bot, Club, 24: 188-192; 243-253; 292-299. 1897. Contains many new species.
•
Rydberg, P. A. "Caespitose willows of Arctic America and the Rocky Mountains". Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 1 : 257-278. 1899. Discusses a number from Montana.
Rydberg,P. A. "Phytogeography of Montana" (abstract). Bull, Torr. Bot. Club, 27: 292-294. 1900. A brief synopsis of thexsubject,
Rydberg, P. A. "Catalogue of the flora of Montana and the Yel- lowstone National Park." Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card, i : 1-492. 1900. Contains an annotated list of all the species known to the state with descriptions of the species not found in Coulter's "Manual." A large number of new species described.
Rydberg, P. A. "Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora." Bull, Torr. Bot. Club, 27: 169-189; 528-538 ; "614-636 (1900); 28; 20-38; 266-284; 499~5I3 (I9°l) 5 29: 145-160; 232-246; 680-693 (1902); 30: 247-262 (1903); 31: 299-410; 631-655 (1904). Mentions many new species from Montana.
Rydberg, P. A. and C. L. Shear. "A report upon the grasses and forage plants of the Rocky Mountain region." Bull. U. S Dept, Agr., Div. Bot. 5: 1-48. Washington, 1897. Contains many notes on the grasses of Montana.
Sargent, C. S. "Report on the forests of North America." loth Census, 9: 564-566. Washington, 1864. Includes an important paper on the forestry of the state, written mainly by Watson.
Scribner, F. Lamson. "Notes on the Grasses of Montana" in
24 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Vasey's "Agricultural grasses of the United States", pp. 7-10 Washington, 1884.
Scribner, F. Lamson. "Agricultural grasses of Central Montana." Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 4 & 5: 47-56. Newburg, N. Y., 1885. Also a reprint of the most important part of the paper in Beal's "Grasses of North America", i: 87-93. Lansing (Mich.), 1887. A valuable paper on the grasses of the state.
Seymour, A. B. "List of Fungi collected in 1884 along the North- ern Pacific Railroad." Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 24: 182-191. 1889. Many of the species mentioned from Montana.
Shear, C. L. See P. A. Rydberg.
Spragg, F. A. "Forage conditions of Central Montana." Bull. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. 36: 1-40. 1902. A list of the species found in that section of the state with extensive notes and their grouping into plant-formations.
Stuart, Granville. "Montana as it is." 175 pp. New York, 1865. Contains a large amount of valuable notes on the plants utilized by
the Indians.
«
Tweedy, Frank. "Flora of the Yellowstone National Park." 78 pp. Washington, 1886. Includes a two-mile strip of Montana along the north and west boundary of the Park. An annotated list of species with a description of the region.
Vasey, George. See F. W. Anderson and F. L. Scribner.
Warren, G. K. "Preliminary Report of explorations in Nebraska and Dakota, 1855-1857." Washington, 1859. PP- I52~I73- ReP- Sec. War 1858. 2: 726-747. Reprint, Washington, 1875: 107-125. See F. V. Hayden.
Watson, Sereno. "Report on the forests of Montana." loth Census, 9: 564-566. Washington, 1884. See C. S. Sargent.
Wilcox, E. V. "Larkspur poisoning of sheep." Bull. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. 15: 35-51. 1897.
Wilcox, E. V. "List of plants of known or suspected poisonous
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 25
properties which occur within the state" and other papers. Bull. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. 22: 15-56. 1899.
Wilcox, E. V. See V. K. Chesnut.
Williams, R. S. "The flora of a Montana pond." Bull. Torr. Bot Club, 19: 192-194.
Williams, R. S. "Two new species of 'Grimmia from Montana." Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27: 316-317. 1900. Describes G. Brittoniae and G. tcnuicaulis with plates.
Williams, R. S. "Preliminary list of Montana mosses." Bull X. Y. Bot. Card. 2: 351-380. 1902. A list of the species found in the state with localities and extensive notes, describing three new species.
Williams, T. A. "A report on the grasses and forage conditions of the Eastern Rocky Mountain region." Bull. U. S. Dept Agr., Div. Agros. 12: 1-78. Washington, 1898. Includes Eastern Montana.
Wyeth, N. J. See T. Nuttall.
ADDENDUM.
V. K. Chesnut, Professor of Chemistry and Geology in Montana Agricultural College, did some collecting for the U. S. Dept. of Agr. during the summers of 1900-1904. His collections are in National Herbarium at Washington with diplicates at the N. Y. Bot. Card.
26 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABREVIATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CITED IN THIS AND THE NEXT NUMBER.
Agardh Syn. — Agardh, J. G., Synopsis Generis Lupini, Lundae, 1835. Am. Jour. Sci. — American Journal of Science and Arts, New Haven,
Conn., 1818 — .
Am. Nat. — The American Naturalist, Salem & Boston, Mass., 1867 — . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. — Annals of the New York Academy of Science,
New York, 1876—.
An. Rep. Chief Eng. — Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C.
An. Rep. Mont. Farm Inst. — Annual Report of the Montana Farm- ers' Institutes, Helena, Mont., 1902 — .
An. Rep. Smith. Inst. — Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institu* tion, Washington, D. C.
An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. — Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.
An. Sess. N. W. Woolgrowers' Assoc. — Annual Session of the Northwestern WToolgrowers' Association, (5th, Helena, Mont., 1902).
Bib. Ind. — Watson, S. : Bibliographical Index to North American Botany, Washington, D. C., 1878.
Bot. Gaz. — The Botanical Gazette, Crawfordsville, Ind., and Chi- cago, 1875—.
Bot. Reg. — Edward's Botanical Register, London, 1815-47.
Bot. Calif. — Brewer & Watson, Botany of California, 2 vols. Cam- bridge. Mass.. 1876-1880.
Bot. Wilkes' Exp. — United States Exploring Expedition un- der Charles Wilkes, vol. 17, Botany, Philadelphia, 1862-1874.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. — See "Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist."
Bryologist, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Bull. Div. Agros. — Bulletin U. S. Department of Agriculture, Divi- vision of Agrostology, Washington, D. C., 1895 — .
Bull. Div. Bot. — Bulletin LT. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Botany, Washington, D. C., 1886-1901.
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 27
Bull. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. — Bulletin of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman, Mont., 1894 — .
Bull. N. Y. Bot Gard.— Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, New York, 1894 — .
Bull. Torr. Bot. Club.— Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, New York, 1876—.
Bull. Univ. Mont. — Bulletin University of Montana, Missoula, Mon- tana, 1894 — .
Bull. U.'S. Geol. & Geog. Surv.— Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Washington, D. C.
Calif. Acad. Sci. — California Academy of Sciences, Proceedings. San Francisco, Calif., 1854 — .
Comp. Bot. Mag. — Hooker's Companion to the Botanical Magazine, London, 1835-36.
Cont. Nat. Herb. — Contributions from the U. S. National Herbari- um, Washington, D. C., 1890 — .
Deutsch. Bot. 'Monats. — Deutsche Botanische Monatschrift, Arn- stadt, Germany, 1883 — .
Erythea, A Journal of Botany, Berkeley, Calif., 1893-1900.
Flora — Rydberg, P. A., Catalogue of the Flora of MontanA and the Yellowstone National Park. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. I, New York, 1900.
Fl. Am. Sept. — Pursh, Frederick: Flora Americae Septenlrionalis, 2 vols., London, 1814.
Fl. Bor. Am. — Hooker, W. J. : Flora Boreali-Americana. 2. vols, London, 1833-40.
Fl. N. Am. — Torrey & Gray : A Flora of North America, 2 vols., New York, 1838-43.
Fl. N. W. Am. — Howell, Thos. : Flora of Northwest America, Port- land, Oregon, 1903.
Grasses, N. Am. — Beal, W. J. : Grasses of North America. (Vol. 2} New York, 1896.
Hayden Surv. — Hayden, F. V.: Annual Report of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Washing- ton, D. C., 1868—.
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
111. Fl. — Britton & Brown : An Illustrated Flora of the Northern U. S., Canada and the* British Possessions. 3 vols. New York, 1896-98.
Jour. Bot. — Hooker's Journal of Botany, London, 1869.
Jour. Linn. Soc. — Journal of the Linnaean Society, London, 1857 — .
Jour. Mycol. — The Journal of Mycology, Manhattan, Kans., Wash- ington, D. C. and Columbus, O., 1885 — .
Jour. N. Y. Micro. Soc. — Journal of the New York Microscopical Society, New York, 1885 — .
Kans. Acad. Sci. — Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Topeka, Kan.
Lewis & Clark Exp. — Coues, Elliott: History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis & Clark, 4 vols., New York, 1893.
Lond. Jour. Bot. — London Journal of Botany, London, 1842-48.
Man. R. M. Bot. — Coulter, J. M. : Manual of the Rocky Mountain Region, New York, 1885.
Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. — Memoirs of the New York Botanical Gar- den, 1900 — .
Minn. Bot. Stud. — Minnesota Botanical Studies, Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., 1894 — .
Mon. Pot. — Rydberg, P. A.: A Monograph of the North American Potentilleae. Memoirs of the Department of Botany of Columbia University, Vol. 2., New York, 1898.
Pac. Ry. Surv. — Reports of the Exploration and Surveys from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. 13 vols. Washington, D. C., 1855-1860.
Pittonia, A series of Papers Relating to Botany and Botanists, San Francisco and Washington, D. C., 1887 — .
Proc. Am. Acad. — Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, 1846 — .
Proc. Acad. Phila. — Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1843 — •
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. — Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., 1880 — .
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. — Proceedings of the Boston Society of
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA. 29
Natural History, Boston, Mass., 1841.
Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. — Proceeding's of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. 4th and 5th Meetings, New burg, N. Y., 1885.
Rep. Com. Agr. — Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C, 1862-1889.
Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. — Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo., 1890 — .
Rep. Sec. War. — Report of the Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Rhodora, Boston, Mass., 1889 — .
Sllva — Sargent, C. S. : Silva of North America, 14 vols., Boston,
1891-1902. Syn. Fl. — Gray and others : Synoptical Flora of North America,
Washington, D. C., Cambridge, Mass., and New York, 1878 — . Syst. — Linnaeus: Systema Naturae. Ed. 12, 3 vols. Holmae, 1766-
68. ioth Census — Sargent, C. S. : Report on the Forests of North
America, 2 vols., (ioth Census, vol. 9). Washington, D. C. 1884. Torreya — Lancaster, Pa., 1901 — . Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. — Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society, Philadelphia, Pa., 1769 — . Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. — See "Kans. Acad. Sci." Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. — Transactions of the New York Academy of
Sciences, New York, 187$ — . Year Book U. S. Dept. Agr. — Year Book of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 1894 — .
30
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
INDEX.
Adams, Robert 7
Alderson, Mrs. M. L 12, 13
Allen, J. A 8, 16
Allen, G. N 7
Anderson, F. W 10, 16, 17, 19, 21
Ayres, H. B 14, 17
Beal, W. J 24, 27
Bessey, E. A. 13
Blankinship, J. W 12; 17
Bradbury, John 5
Brandegee, E. N 12
Britton, Mrs. E. G 15
Canby, W. M 9, 10, 17
Carleton, M. A 12, 17
Chesriut, V. K 18, 25
Chickering, J. W -. . 8, 18
Christie, Mrs. Ida 13
Cooke, Amy M 14
Cooper, J. G 6, 18
Coulter, J. M 8, 12, 18, 19, 23, 28
Coues, Elliott 8, 28
Cowles, H. C 15
Culbertson, T. A 6, 22
Dawson, G. M 8, 18
Dieck, George - . • 11, 1;'
Douglas, David 5, 18
Douglas, E 16
Eaton, D. C 19
Ellis, J. B 10, 17, 19
Elrod, M. J 15, 19
Engelmann, George 7, 19, 20
Everhart, B. M 10
Fink, Bruce 15
Finlay, Mrs. G. R., 13.
Fitch, Mrs. L. A., 13
Fitzpatrick, T. J., 15
Fisher, E. M., 18, 19
Flodman, J. H., 13
Fraser's Catalogue, 22
Freyn, J 11, 19
Galloway, B. T., 19
Geyer, C. A., 6, 19, 20
Gray, Asa, 7, 20, 27, 29
Greenman, J. M 21
Griffiths, David, 14, 20
Harris, Mrs. Isaac, . -. 15
Harris, W. P. & C. W., 15, 20
Harvey, P. F 20
Havard, V 8, 20
Hayden, F. V., ..7, 19, 20, 22, 24, 27
Heller, A. A 13
Henshall. Mrs. H. F'., 14
Hilgard, E. W., in
Hodgeman, Mrs., 13
Holzinger. J. M 20
Hooker, W. J 6. 19, 21), 27
Howard, W. J 7
Howell, Thomas, 27
Jennings, H. S., 14
Jones, B. J 14
Jones, W. W., 14
Jones Expedition, 8, 22
Kelsey. F. D 10, 11, 17, 21
Kennedy, Mrs. I. M., 12, IS
Koch, Peter, 12
Lange, E. F 14
Lehman, Arthur, 16
Leiberg, J. B 10, 21
Lewis, Meriwether, 5, 21, 23
Light, Mrs. J. E 13
Lyall, David 7, 21
McDougal, D. T 13
AicXulty, Mrs., 13
Maximilian, A. P., 5, 21
Meehan, Thomas, 5, 21, 23
Mitten, Wm 21
Moore, E. J. S., 14
Mcore, Mrs. Jennie, 13
Mullan Expedition, 7, 8
Aluth, Mrs. E., . . . .' IS
Noes von Essenbeck, C. G., .... 5, 21
Nelson, Aven 14, 22
Nelson, Elias, 14
Newberry, J. S., 10, 22
Notestein, F. N., 12
Nuttall, Thomas, 5, 6, 22, 25
Parry, C. C., 8, 22
Pearsall, John, 7
Porter, T. C 6, 8, 22
Pursh, Frederick, 5, 21, 23, 27
Robinson, B. L., 21
Rose, J. N., 23
Rydberg, P. A., 13, 14, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28 Sandberg, J. H., 13
A CENTURY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN MONTANA.
31
Sargent. C. S 9, 23, 24, 29
Scheuber, Mrs. E. W., 11, 13
Scribner, F. L., c 10, 23, 24
Seymour. A. B., ! 11, 24
Shaw. W. T., 11
Shear. C. L., 13, 23, 24
Smith. Millie M., 16
Spragg, F. A., 15, 24
Springer, R. W., 16
Stuart. Granville, 24
Suckley, George 7
Swallow, 16
Traphagen, F. W., 11, 12
Tweedy, Frank, 9, 24
Umbach, L. M., 15
Vasey, George, 8, 24
Vogel, Jacob, 14
Ware, Emma J., see Mrs. E. W Scheuber.
Warren, G. K.,' 7, 24
Watson, Sereno 9, 23, 24, 26
Whitford, H. N., 15
Wilcox, E. V 14, 18, 24, 25
Williams, R. S .. . _ 9, 25
Williams, T. A., 14, 25
Wyeth, N. J., 5, 6, 22, 25
VOL. i. FEBRUARY, 1905. NO. 2.
*
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
BOTANY.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA: ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
BY j. w. BLANKINSHIP, PH. D.,
PLATES I-VI.
BOZEMAN, MONTANA. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE COLLEGE.
NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES DESCRIBED.
Ammannia alealina, page 87. Arabis Kochii, p. 57. Arenaria lateriflora tenuioaulis, p. 51 Astragalus adsurgens albifolius, p. 71 Astragalus adsurgens pauperculus,p.72. Astragalus amphidoxus, p. 72. Astragalus divergens, p. 73. Bupleurum purpureum, p. 89. Carum montanum, p. 91. Draba oligosperma microcarpa, p. 59. Eriogonum ovalifolium depressum, p. 49 Impatiens ecalcarata, p. 84. Limim rigidum tenerrimum, p. 85. Lupinus aphronorus, p. 76.
Lupinus axillaris, p. 76. Lupinus Jonesii, p. 79. Lupinus Rydbergii. p. 78. Petasites dentata. p. 102. Physaria macrantha. p. 60. Ranunculus Flammula varians, p. 56. Ribes camporum, p. 63. Sagittaria arifolia tenuor, p. 40. Sagittaria paniculata, p. 40. Salix Fernaldii, p. 46. Saxifraga Greenei, p. 65. Sedum subalpinum, p. 61. Viola praemorsa altior, p. 83. Zygadenus alpinus, p. 44.
PLATES.
I. Saxifraga Greenei, Blankinship; p. 67. Impatiens ecalcarata, Blankinship; p. 67.
II. Astragalus divergens Blankinship; p. 75.
III. Bupleurum purpureum, Blankinship; p. 90. TV. Carum montanum, Blankinship; p. 92.
V. Crepis nana, Richardson; p. 105.
VI. Sagittaria paniculata, Blankinship; p. 106.
AVANT COURIER PRINT.
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Vol. 1, No. 2. BOTANY. Plates I-VI. Issued April 25, 1905.
Application has been made for entrance as 2d class matter at Bozeman, Mont, postoffice.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA:
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
BY J. W. BLANKINSHIP.
jt
PREFACE.
The botanist in the American agricultural college must treat his subject, both in his teaching and in his scientific research, from two standpoints, that of pure science and that of its economic application, <<:id no successful achievement can be hoped for in the latter without a foundation in the larger data and wider knowledge of a more extensive study of the subject in its general phases. The basis of any accurate v.-ork in pure or applied botany is a good herbarium and technical li- brary as well as a general knowledge of the physical, agricultural and biological features of the region considered, and these collections and library are the more necessary at a point remote from other scientific institutions. Hence special effort has been made by the Montana Agricultural College to build up a good herbarium of both the Phanerogams and Cryptogams of the state and to secure a good botanical library for their more accurate study, while the greater part of our collections have either been named by specialists or taken to the Gray Herbarium or the New York Botanical Garden for iden- tification.
Based largely upon these collections, Rydberg issued his "Cata- logue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park" ( 1900), the only complete enumeration of our species ever attempted, but since its publication many new species have been described from this state, while the extensive collections brought together in the her- barium of the Montana Agricultural College, including in part at l?ast nearly every private collection recently made in the state, afford many times the number of specimens heretofore available for the study of the flora of this region, thus enabling a number of errors, due to paucity of "material, to be corrected, and extending by several hundred the number of species indigenous to the flora of the state or recently introduced within its bounds.
In the present list, with a few exceptions, no attempt has been
36 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
made to pass upon the validity of the various new species recently- described from this state, as the idea of the limitation of species must and ever will remain, in large part, a matter of individual judgment, dependent upon the data at hand, the experience of the botanist, and the relative closeness with which he desires to draw specific lines in the case of the many intergrading species or the larger polymorphic forms. The recent tendency toward the more critical study of species and their consequent segregation should be encouraged, as the basis for a better knowledge of our flora ; the more critical recon- struction of species, based upon a wider knowledge of specific varia- tion and the physical and biological factors of isolation tending to differentiate them in their respective habitats, must be left mainly to the botanist of the future, working with larger collections and aid- ed by the accumulated knowledge of the present explorers. Yet, there are certain causes of error in this recent tendency toward sep- aration that may easily be avoided and the most important of these is the failure to recognize the confluence of related species. Forms intermediate in character between two other well marked species, are probably mere intergrades or hybrids between these species,, particularly, if these forms be few and occur only at points of contact between them and such forms are neither species nor vari- eties, as frequently described. Then, single aberrant specimens confined to one or few localities in a well-explored flora, can hardly be more than evanescent sports, soon to be swamp- ed by cross breeding, unless such variation affect the organs of reproduction, or give it peculiar strength to resist untoward in- fluences; a "mutation" form, according to De Vries.
On the other hand, we may be greatly aided in our judgment of a species by rembering that, aside from their difference of char- acter, upon which the botanist usually basis his judgment, there will also be found some factor of isolation tending to prevent the free intercrossing of the two species, for sexual sterility between closely related species appears to be far more rare than commonly supposed. This factor of isolation may be difference in range, or altitudinal dis- tribution, due to climatic or geographical barriers; difference in hab- itat, due to adaption to different physical and chemical conditions of growth ; or it may be adaption to different methods of fertilization, to different times of blooming or to some peculiar habit of growth. Cross-sterility doubtless does exist in many cases, but can not be re- lied upon at all in botany as a criterion of species: it is indicated by ah absence of these intergrading forms or hybrids anc), usually, by
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 37
marked difference of character between the species. This taxono- mic-ecological branch of botanical science is destined to yield much of interest in the future and prove of the greatest aid in systematic discrimination, when this critical reconstruction of species becomes of more inportance.
This is the more necessary, because by far the greater number of species have been described from a few fragmentary specimens, called the "type," which may perchance occur anywhere in the wide gamut of the variation of the species, owing to accident of dis- covery, and very frequently this type and description is thus far removed from the normal type of the species represented by the vast majority of the individuals composing it, while the works on system- atic botany continue to describe this bibliographical "type" long after material has accumulated for more accurate description. The tendency of recent authors to thus fix ^upon a type for their species, when material is at hand from which to draw a wider description, is unfortunate, unless they are sure the type selected fairly repre- sents the normal of the species.
In the present paper the species I have described as new are suffi- ciently distinct in character to be readily recognized and there ap- pears to be some factor of isolation tending to differentiate them from the nearest related species, while the intergrading forms appear to be relatively few, and I have described as varieties those forms less distinct in character, not having any marked factor of isolation and \vith more numerous forms connecting them with the dominant species.
I wish here to thank the management of the Gray Herbarium at Cambridge, Mass, for the facilities for comparison and bibliographical reference so kindly placed at my disposal in this work and the many local botanists of Montana, whose contributions have materially aid- ed in elucidating the many knotty questions of specific variation and distribution. It is hoped that these studies may render possible the publication of a practical manual of the botany of the state for the use of the high school student and others interested in our native flora, as the delight of the study of our native plants is greatly marred and the labor vastly increased by the poor facilities for determination 13OW at hand.
38 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
ORDINAL LIST OF SPECIES NEW OR WRONGLY RE- FERRED TO MONTANA.
In the following list the genera and species are arranged alphabet- ically tinder the orders, which follow the Engler and Prantl sequence. Species new to the state are given in full-face type ; those wrongly referred to Montana in Italics. Species given on the identification cf some botanist other than the author have the name of that author- ity in parentheses after the author of the species. The specimens cited under each species are in the herbarium of Montana Agricul- tural College, unless some other is given, or the localities are quoted from publication, and are collections made by the author, unless the name of some other collector is given. Species introduced in Mon- tana are starred (*). An index to the bibliographical references- will be found on pages 26-29 of the preceding number.
CONIFERS.
Abies amabilis, Forbes; Rydberg, Flora, 12. I find no evidence that this species occurs in Montana, or in fact east of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon.
Abies grandis, Lindl. White Fir; Silver Fir. Frequent in the forests west of the Continental Divide in Montana.
Granite Canyon, near Missoula, Aug. 5, 1880, S. Watson (Gray Herb.) ; Columbia Falls, Aug. 4, 1892, R. S. Williams. See also- Sargent, Sylva, 12: 118; Ayres, 2ist Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. 5 141 ; 2oth Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. 5 : 248, 285, 329 ; Leiberg, i9th, 5: 268.
Juniperus communis Canadensis, Loud. A low upright or spreading juniper, 6-12 dm. high with longer (10-15 mm.) leaves than the prostrate alpine form (var. montana, Ait.). Apparently more frequent in the mountains than the smaller variety.
Bozeman, June, 1902, Peter Koch; Belton, July 27, 1900; Phii- ipsburg, Sept. 30, 1902, G. T. Bramble, and many other localities.
Juniperus occidentalis, Hook.; Rydberg, Flora, 13. Though careful search has been made in nearly every part of the state, there is yet no evidence that it is found here. If it occurs, it will probably be in the mountains adjacent to Idaho in the Bitter Root region. Common on dry hillsides in adjacent Idaho.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 3»
Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red Cedar. As far as the charac- ters serve to distinguish, the eastern /. Virginiana seems to be fairly common in the mountainous parts of the state in the damper situations, as well as on the dry exposed rocks. It has the spire- shaped habit, annually maturing fruit and slender, elongated branch- lets of that species, while the darker, blue-green, often glaucus color of its foliage distinguishes it at sight from the widely spread- ing habit and yellow-green foliage of the species common on the dry plains (/. scopulorum, Sargent). The fruit of the first is prevail- ingly ellipsoid, that of the second usually somewhat bilobed by the enclosed divergent seeds. Apparently intergrading forms occur. Bozeman, Oct. 8, 1900, E. J. S. Moore; Leonia, Sept. 14, 1900; Kalispell, Sept. 9, 1899; Homestake, June 22, 1902.
Larix Lyallii, Parl. Mountain Larch. Two small areas near the head of the South Fork of the Flathead River and along the higher peaks of the Bitter Root Mountains. 2ist Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. 5: 41; 2Oth Ann. Rep. 5:248, 249, 335; 336 (Ayres).
Picea alba, Link. ; P. Canadensis, B. S. P. Common in the forests west of the Divide. Called here "White Spruce".
Essex, Aug. 21, 1896, R. S. Williams, 1085; Kalispell, Sept. 9, 1899; Belton, Aug. 19, 1902; St. Ignatius, Sept. 7, 1899.
Finns contorta, Dougl. ; Rydberg, Flora, 10. There is no evi- dence that the true P. 'contorta occurs in Montana and it is doubtful, if the typical form is found east of the Cascade Mountains.
Tsuga heterophylla, Sargent; T. Mertensiana, Carriere. Com- mon in the forests west of the Divide. Called here "Hemlock". Columbia Falls, Oct. 27, 1894, R. S. Williams; MacDonald Lake, Aug. 31, 1892, R. S. Williams; Belton, Aug. 19, 1902; White Pine, Sept. 8, 1904.
Tsuga Mertensiana, Sargent; T. Pattoniana, Seneclauze. Sev- eral small areas have been noted on the higher mountains west of the Divide. 2oth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. 5: 355 (Bitter Root Mts.) ; 2ist Ann. Rep. 5: 40 (Beaver Cr. east of McDonald Peak); Sargent, Silva, 12: 79 (Divide between Thompson and Little Bitter Root Creeks, H. B. Ayres, 1893).
NAIADACEJE.
Potamogeton filiformis, Pers. Gravelly Range Lake, Lewis £ Clark Co., Aug. 1902, Owen Byrnes, No. 40.
40 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Ruppia occidentalis, Wats. Gravelly Range Lake, Lewis & 'Clark Co., Aug. 1902, Owen Byrnes, No. 39.
ALISMACE^.
Sagittaria arifolia tenuor, n. var.
Scapes equaling the rather short peduncled leaves, which have the median lobes narrow and acute and basal narrow and spreading. Phyllodia not infrequent; otherwise like the type. This might be mistaken for 6\ latifolia c of Smith, except for the short, erect beaks to the akenes.
Flathead river, July 20 and 23, 1900; Flathead lake, Aug. 1897, M. J. Elrod; Three Forks, Aug. 24, 1903.
Sagittaria latifolia, Willd. ; Rydberg, Flora, 19. It is still doubt- ful if this species occurs in the state and no specimens appear yet to have been collected within our limits, those so referred being the next, which is difficult to separate from it except in mature fruit.
Sagittaria paniculata, n. sp.
Large, 2-6 dm. high, growing in shallow water, roots tuberous; leaves thick, 10-18 cm. long, ovate with spreading basal lobes, equal- ing the median in length, latter gradually narrowed to an acute apex; petioles stout, exceeding the scapes: inflorescence verticillate- paniculate, 3-4 lower whorls pistillate; bracts scarious, ovate-lance- olate, 10-20 mm. long; peduncles 5-10 mm. long; flowers 18-22 mm. in diameter, filaments equaling or shorter than the anthers : fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter: akene obovate-cuneate, 2.5-3 mm. long") beak minute, erect or slightly retrorse. [PLATE VI.]
.S\ arifolia, Nutt. differs from this in its smaller size (1-2 dm. high), smaller, thin leaves (5-10 cm. long), abruptly rounded to an obtuse apex with basal lobes shorter than the median, its slender petioles shorter than the scapes, its racemose inflorescence with shorter (5-10 mm.) bracts, its smaller (7-10 mm. diam.) fruiting heads and smaller (2 mm.) akenes.
In general habit it approaches more nearly 3\ latifolia^ Willd., but differs from it in the shorter beak to the akene and short filaments, which are similar to arifolia with which it intergrades. It is not a hybrid between the two, for latifolia is not known in this region.
Found throughout the plains region of the state. Box Elder Cr., Valley Co., July 14, 1900; Three Forks, Aug. 24, 1903; Wibaux, Aug. 15, 1903; Miles City, Aug. 16, 1903; Bozeman, Aug. 31, 1898.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 41
GRAMINE^E,
Andropogon provincialis, Lam. In swales anl lowlands in the extreme eastern part of the state.
Wibaux, Aug. 15, 1903; Upper Little Big Horn River, July 13, 1890; Crow Agency, July 14, 1901; Miles city, Aug. 16, 1903.
Aristida fasciculata Hookeri, Trin. & Rupr. Beal, Grasses of N. Am. 2:207. "Montana, Scribner, 83."
Aristida. longiseta robusta, Merrill. Square Butte, Meagher Co., July, 16, 1901, F. A. Spragg, Xo. 422.
Bouteloua curtipendula, Torr. Swales and lowlands in the •extreme eastern part of the state.
Arden, July 15, 1900; Wibaux, Aug. 15, 1903; Big Horn River, Aug. 10, 1890; Forsyth, July 24, 1901.
Bromus .llciitcusis, Trin. Rydberg, Flora, 61. I\'oi *omui in Montana. See B. inarginatiis below.
Bromis ihermis, L. Smooth Brome Grass. Now generally cultivated in the state and often escaped.
East Helena, 1904, W. Passavant; Bozeman, 1902.
Bromus marginatus, Xees. B. Alcutciisis, Rydb., Flora, 61. Common in mountain meadows. Shear, Bull. No. 23, Div. Agros., U. S. Dept. Agr. 54.
Bromus marginatus latior, Shear, 1. c., p. 55 with references under "Wyoming".
Bromus marginatus seminundus, Shear, 1. c. with references.
Bromus polyanthus, Scribn., Bull. Div. Agros., U. S. Dept. Agr. 23 :$6 with references.
Bromus Richardson! pallidus, Shear, 1. c. 34.
:::Bromus tectorum, L. Not infrequent as a weed by roadsides and in waste places.
Missoula, Aug. '98, H. C. B. Colvill ; Columbia Falls, Sept. 9, 1899.
Bromus vulgaris, Shear, 1. c. 44.
:::Bulbilis dactyloides, Raf. Becoming established in the low plains eastward and called the "Little Buffalo Grass" to distinguish it from the "Buffalo Grass" (Bouteloua oligostacliya, Torr.). Intro- duced from eastward.
Wibaux, July 9, 1901 ; Forsyth, July 24, 1901 ; Miles City, Aug. 16, 1903.
42 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
*Cenchrus tribuloides, L. Columbia Falls, Mrs. J. J. Kennedy. Doubtless introduced.
Elymus Virginicus submuticus, Hook. — (F. L. Scribner). Bozeman, Aug. n, 1898. In low thickets.
Hordeum caespitosum, Scribn. In wet places, common. Bozeman, Aug. n, 1898; Denton, July 19, 1901, F. A. Spragg.
Hordeum pusillum, Nutt.
Forsyth, June 29, 1898; Great Falls, July 9, 1891, R. S. Williams; Billings, June 1898, F. W. Traphagen; Arrow Cr., Meagher Co., July 3, 1901, F. A. Spragg.
*Panicum nitidum, Lam. Columbia Falls, Mrs. J. J. Kennedy. *Panicum sanguinale, L. "Crab-grass." Sparingly introduced. Bozeman, Sept. 25, 1900. In lawns.
Panicum virgatum, L. A form found in the extreme 'eastern part of the state differs from the typical eastern form in its small size (3-5 dm.), shorter leaves (10 cm.), shorter panicle (3-12 cm.) and shorter divisions of the panicle, but is probably only a depau- perate form here at its extreme range westward.
Wibaux, Aug. 15, 1903; Miles City, Aug. 16, 1903. A similar form also in North Dakota.
*Poa annua, L. In dooryards and waste places, infrequent. Bozeman, 1902; Lake McDonald, Sept. i, 1903; St. Ignatius,. Sept. 7, 1899.
Poa lepticoma, Bong. — (F. L. Scribner). Mystic Lake, July 27, 1898.
Poa Montanensis, S. & W. — (F. L. Scribner). Bozeman, July I, 1898.
Poa nemoralis glauca, Beal, Grasses of N. Am. 2 : 553. "Montana, Williams."
Poa Patterson!, Vasey. — (F. L. Scribner). Lava Peak, Mystic Lake, Aug. i, 1898.
*Setaria verticillata, Beauv. Wibaux, Aug. 16, 1903.
Sitanion rigidum, J. G. S.
Sqaare Butte, Fergus Co., July 15, 1901, F. A. Spr.igir ; Taylor Peak, Fergus Co., Aug. 13, 1901, F. A. Spragg.
Trisetum canescens, Buckl. Mountains near Columbia Falls, July 17, 1892, R. S. Williams.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OP MONTANA. 43
CYPERACEAE.
Carex arcta, Boott. — (M. L. Fernald). Low meadowy "Big Fork, Aug. 15, IQOI, L. M. Umbach, 220 ('01).
Carex canescens subloliacea, Laestad. — (M. L. Fernald), Along sloughs, Lake McDonald, Aug. 20, 1901, L. M. Umbach.t 324 ('oi).
Carex limosa, L. — (M. L. Fernald). Sloughs, Lake McDonald, Aug. 20, 1901, L. M. Umbach, 298 ('oi).
Carex retrorsa, Scwein. — (M. L. Fernald). Big Fork, Aug. 9, 1901, L. M. Umbach, n ('oi).
Cyperus erythrorhizos, Muhl. Columbia Falls, Irene M. Ken- nedy, (1899?).
Eleocharis palustris glaucescens, Gray. Bozeman, July 2, 1898. A small, slender form with smaller akenes. Ours appear to have the mature akenes sulphur yellow, instead of brown and the tuber- cles more acute.
Eleocharis palustris vigens, Bailey, Jour. N. Y. Mic. Soc. 5 : 104. "Culm stout, thick, very spongy, constricted at the summit, nearly as thick as the ovate spike", which is nearly always pale, not deeply colored as in the type. Savoy, July 18, 1900. A rather low form.
Eriophorum russeolum, Fries. In bogs about mountain ponds and lakes.
Columbia Falls, Aug. 20, 1896, R. S. Williams, 1063; Summit, July 25, 1894, R. S. Williams; Lake McDonald, Aug. 30, 1903, L, M. Umbach.
Scirpus atrovirens pallidus, Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. g:i4, Miles City, Aug. 16, 1903.
Scirpus fluviatilis, Gray. Common in sloughs along the Mis- souri in Valley Co. Box Elder Cr., July 14, 1901.
(Scirpus Nevadensis, Wats.). Found north and south of Mon- tana and should occur in this state.
Scirpus rubrotinctus, Fernald, Rhodora, 2:20. Bozeman, July 14 1898; Mt. Bridger, Aug. 1903, Mrs. H. F. Henshall. Most of the vS". microcarpus, Britton in Montana belongs here, though the true S\ microcarpus has been found both north and south of this state and doubtless occurs here also.
44 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Scirpus rubrotinctus confertus, Fernald, Rhodora, 2: 21. G. N. Ry., Teton Co., Aug. 27, 1897, R. S. Williams.
Scirpus Torreyi, Olney. Has light-brown or greenish -yellov*, triquetrous akenes ; otherwise resembling v$\ Amcricanns, Pers. Com- mon in wet alkali places throughout the plains region eastward.
Billings, Aug. 16, 1903; Townsend, Aug. 12, 1899; Miles City, Aug. 16, 1903; Malta. June 9, 1901; Steele, Aug. 24, 1901; Custer Station, Aug. 24, 1890.'
Smilax ecirrhata, Wats.? Box Elder Cr. near Calais, July .u, 1900, in coulee thickets with .9. hcrbacca and may possibly be only depauperate forms of that species, though it has the typical rounded, 5-veined, cuspidate 'leaf of ecirrhata, which is found in the parts of North Dakota adjacent. Only infertile specimens collected.
Smilax herbacea, L. Found with the last; its ultimate range westward.
Tofieldia intermedia, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27:528. Segregated from T. glutiiwsa, Hook, and includes all the Montana specimens.
Veratrum speciosum, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27: 5.31. Segregated from V. Calif ornicnm, Durand and includes all the Montana specimens.
Xerophyllum tenax, Nutt. See Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27: 529. Apparently confined to the Flathead region of the state, as far as our specimens here go to show, while X. Donglasii, Wats. is found in the higher mountains over the western part of the state. Columbia Falls, June 14, 1894, R. S. Williams; Belton, July 27, 1900, common.
Zygadenus alpinus, n. sp.
Small, il/2-2 dm. high, subacaulescent with one or two scarious, linear bracts, lowest sometimes leaf-like : leaves short (6-12 cm.) and narrow (2-4 mm.) : raceme 4-6 flowered : bracts ovate, scarious, acute. purple-lined, as long as, or half shorter than the peduncle : perianth segments cream-colored, ovate, obtuse, clawed, about 6 mm. long; gland obcordate and sharply defined : ovary adherent only at the very base, I cm. long and 4 mm. wide, styles about 3 mm. long.
Related to Z. clcgaiis, Pursh, but smaller in all its parts, nearly
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 45
acatilescent and fewer flowered, while it grows only in alpine and subalpine situations. It also grows isolated, while cicgans in the lower valleys is found mainly in clumps.. It appears to be the northern counterpart of Z. Color adocnsis, Rydberg, from which it differs in its smaller size, wider and shorter bracts, different perianth segments and smaller and narrower capsule. It appears to inter- grade with Z. clegans at intermediate situations, but its easily recog- nized characters and different altitude clearly separate it here.
Spanish Peaks, 9000 ft., July 20, 1901, Jacob Vogel ; Sperry Gla- cier, 8000 ft., Sept. i, 1903; Head of Cottonwood Cr., Tobacco Root Range, 9000 ft., Aug. 10, 1902.
Zygadenus gramineus, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27: 535. A segregate with the next from Z. vcncnosus, Wats.
Zygadenus intermedius, Rydberg, 1. c. A segregate from the next.
Z \gadcnns I'cncnosits, Wats. All the Montana specimens of this species have been separated under the two species last men- tioned above.
ORCHIDACE^:.
Corallorhiza striata, Lin ell.
Columbia Falls, June 21, 1894, R S. Williams, 1033; Hall's Peak, Mission Mts., June 20, 1902, M. J. Elrod ; Garnet, June 15, 1901, Mrs. E. W. Scheuber.
Habenaria multiflora, (Rydb.) ; Pipcria mnltiflora, Rydberg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28: 638. A segregate from H. cicgans, Boland.
SALICACE^.
Populus acuminata, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 20:46, Leaves ovate-acuminate ; petioles 3-6 cm. long : lateral nerves about 8. Owing to the frequent intergrading of the species of Populus and the intermediate characters of this species between dcltoidcs and angustifolia and a related intergrade of balsamifcra and angustifolia, ' it is doubtful if this be more than a hybrid and further study is necessary to decide.
Yellowstone, 1878, V. Havard (Gray Herb.) ; Big Horn Mts., Aug., 1859, F- v- Hayden (Gray Herb.) ; Big Timber, July 13, 1901.
46 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Populus balsamifcra caudicans, Coulter, Man. R. M. Bot. 339, and others as to the Rocky Mountain species. P. candicaus, Aiton is found in the United States only in cultivation or localities adja- cent, to which it has escaped. The true P. balsamifcra, L. has a somewhat smaller but similar leaf, quite glabrous beneath, and is common in the mountains from 4000 to 6000 ft. altitude. The ''lance- leaf" cottonwood, often mistaken for balsamifcra, is a hybrid between balsamifcra and angustifolia and is found only where the other two species occur. P. angustifolia, James occupies a somewhat lower al- titude along the eastern side of the Continental Divide intergrading above with balsamifcra and below with dcltoidcs.
Populus trichocarpa, Hook. This is the common cottonwood west of the Divide. The leaves are very similar to those of P. bal- •samifera and hence the two have been confused in this state, but the fruit is woolly, instead of glabrous, like the latter. In the typical tricJwcarpa the leaves are thicker, the veins more salient beneath and the apex more acuminate than in balsamifcra, while they are conspicuously yellow or brownish white beneath, instead of greenish white, as in the latter. Along the Clark's Fork and its tributaries P. tricJwcarpa is frequent in the valley lands and is a tree of noble proportions with a straight trunk, branched mainly near the top and with thick, deeply furrowed, whitish bark.
Missoula, July 31, 1903; Libby Creek, July 26, 1900; Columbia Falls, July 20, 1901; Flathead Lake, July 23, 1900: Saltese, Aug. 9. 1901; Troy, July 25, 1900; Belton, July 27, 1900; St. Ignatius, Sept. 7, 1899; Deer Lodge, Sept. 5, 1899.
Salix Barrattiana Tweedyi, Bebb. — (W. W. Rowlee). Spanish Peaks, July 20, 1901, Jacob Vogel.
Salix bella, Piper, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27: 399. -(C. V. Piper). Columbia Falls, May 25, 1893, R. S. Williams, 972. This was referred to S. Sitchcnsis, Samson by Rydberg (Flora, 472), but this and several other species have since been separated from it.
Salix exigua, Nutt. — (W. W. Rowlee). Separated from S. longifolia, M-uhl. Bozeman, June 26, 1899; Garrison, Sept. 4, 1899.
Salix exigua virens, Rowlee, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27:255.
Salix Fernaldii, n. sp.
Leaves elliptical, rarely ovate, rounded at apex and base; sometimes acute at apex, 4 cm. long by two wide,
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 47
glabrous and scarcely impressed-reticulate above, sericeous and veins prominent beneath, often nearly glabrate in age; peti- oles 1-3 mm. long: aments 2-3 cm. long: capsules short avoid, 2-3 mm. long, sessile. A low, procumbent shrub, 3-9 dm. high in al- pine and subalpine situations in the Rocky Mountains from Mon- tana northward.
•Hitherto confused with .5\ z'cstita, Pursh, from which it differs in its thinner, narrower, rounded or pointed leaves, which are less ret- iculate above and less silky pubescent below ; its longer aments and smaller capsules, as well as by its difference in range. 6". vcstita, Pursh is separated from this by its thicker, broader, retuse leaves; prominently impressed reticulate above and villous sericeous below, its shorter aments and larger (4-6 mm. ), more acuminate capsules^ while its range appears to be restricted mainly to Quebec and Lab- rador. Xamed for M. L. Fern aid of the Gray Herbarium, who first called attention to this Rocky Mountain species.
Stanton Lake, 7500 ft., Aug. 7, 1894, R. S. Williams, No. 103! ; Single-shot Mountain, Teton Co., 7000 ft., July 4, 1897, R. S. Wil- liams and three other localities in the state quoted by Rydberg (Fl. 112) under 6". vcstita.
Salix flava, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28: 273. Near S. lutca, Nutt. "Boulder River, 1888, F. Tweedy, 63".
SaJix iasiandra, Bcnth. — (W. W. Rowlee). A small or medium sized tree with rough grayish bark, but trunk very smooth and straight when young. Mountain canyons mainly.
Belgrade, May 31, 1901 ; Garrison, Sept. 4, 1899; Bridger Canyon, May 15, 1901; Spring Hill, May 20, 1901, W. W. Jones.
Salix lasiandra caudata, Sudw. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 20: 43. (W. W. Rowlee). Columbia Falls, May 27, 1897 and Oct. 3, 1893, R. S. Williams, 974.
Salix lasiandra Lyallii, Sargent. "Thompson Falls," Holzinger, Cont. U. S. Xat. Heil- 3:251.
Salix padophylla, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 28:499. S. padifoUa, Rydberg 1. c. 28: 272. Nearest 6\ Mackcnziana, Barratt. "10 miles east of Monida, 1899, A, & E. Nelson, 5427.''
Salix perrostrata, Rydberg. — (W. W. Rowlee). Not hither- to found west of the Black Hills. Here a shrub 6-10 feet high.
Bozeman, May 6, 1901, W. W. Jones; St. Mary's Lakes, July 5, 1897, R. S. Williams; Square Butte, Fergus Co., July 16, 1901, F.
48 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
A. Spragg: Bridger Canon, June 26, 1899; Lower Basin of the Gal- latin, July 8, 1898; Highwood Canon, June 22, 1888, R. S. Williams, 802; Columbia Falls, May 27, 1893, R. S. Williams.
Saliv SitcJicnsis, Rydberg, Flora, 472. In the splitting of this species all the Montana specimens referred to it come under 5". bclla, Piper.
Salix subcaerulea, Piper, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27:400. (W. W. Rowlee). This seems to be the extreme range of the species east- ward bringing it nearly to the Continental Divide.
Columbia Falls, June, 24, 1894, R. S. Williams; same June 5, 1893.
Sali.r vcstita, Rydberg, Flora, 112, and all other authors, as to the species of the Rocky Mountains, is 6\ Fcrnaldii above.
Salix Wolfii, Bebb. -(W.( W. Rowlee). Near Cold Spring, Teton Co., July 16, 1897, R. S. Williams.
CLPULIFER;E.
Betula occidentalis, Hook. See Fernald, Am. Jour. Sri. 14: 167-194. If the brown-barked canoe birch of the Northwest; be separaU'-l from the white-barked B. papyrifcra. Marsh., as suggested by several recent botanists, then this must bear the name of B. occidentalis, Hook, and the small tree common in the mountain Ci-iH.ns of the slate hitherto bearing that narro will b»- 'K-IO.VU as B. microphylla, Bunge, (B fontinalis, Sargent). B. occidentalis > Hook, is not infrequent in the forests at Columbia Falls, Belton, White Pine and other localities in the western part of the state and though they look very different and are distinguished by the lumbermen, it is not yet certain that the two species are distinct.
Quercus macrocarpa depressa, Engelm. "Scrub Oak". Sar- gent (loth Census. 9: 140) says, "West to the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana", but no specimens seem to have been collected in the state and diligent search down the Missouri and Yellowstone to Ft. Buford has failed to reveal it. It certainly occurs on the Little Missouri in Xorth Dakota and it probably is found on that stream as it crosses the extreme southeastern corner of the state, as has been reported by various parties acquainted with that section. It should be looked for in the coulee thickets back from that river.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 49
URTICACE/E.
Ulmus Americana, L. "White Elm." Frequent in the bottoms and coulee thickets along the Missouri River from Box Elder Cr. near Calais and eastward. Forms deep forests in the bottoms at Arden and is often of large size. Grown for shade in many parts of the state, but rarely hardy above 3000 feet.
*Urtica dioica, L. Leonia, Sept. 16, 1900; Libby, July 26, 1900.
POLYGONACE^E. Eriogonum brevicaule, Nutt. Custer Station, June 30, 1890.
Eriogonum ovalifolium depressum, n. var.
Leaves 5 mm. long; peduncles 2-4 cm. high; heads single on the peduncle, small and few-flowered : involucres 2 mm. long, 5-flow- ered : pedicels 2 mm. long: sepals ij/2-2 mm. long, white or pur- plish tinged., while in the species these characters are at least twice as large and the involucres about 2o-flowered. In dense, caespi- tose, hemispherical clusters on dry decomposed rocks at about 10,000 feet altitude.
Doubtfully more than an alpine variety of the species, as connect- ing forms seem frequent in collections and the characters are alike except in size.
Black Butte, Tobacco Root Range, Aug. n, 1902; Old Hollowtop, July 9, 1897, Rydberg & Bessey, 5338; Nyack, Aug. 25, 1902, M. J. Elrod ; the last two collections not so characteristic as the first.
PoLygonum acre, HBK. Flathead Lake, Aug. 1897, M. J. Elrod, 260. Rare here.
*Polygonum aviculare, L. Yard- Grass ; Goose Grass. The typical form with narrow acute leaves seems to be frequent in moister localities west of the Divide, but replaced eastward by P. littoralc. Link. A common weed in dooryards and by roadsides.
Columbia Falls, July 20, 1900; Missoula, Sept. 6, 1899; Thompson Falls, Aug. 6, 1901.
*Polygonum erectum, L. A common weed in many localities in the eastern part of the state. Often prostrate in hard dry ground. Malta, Sept. 9, 1900; Wibaux, July 9, 1901; Big Timber, July 13, 1901 ; Calais, July 14, 1900.
Polygonum jejunum, Greene, Pittonia, 5: 198.
"Spanish Peaks, Madison Range, July 14, 1896, J. Ff. Flodman, No. 368; Indian Creek, 1897. Rydberg & Bessey, No. 5357."
50 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Polygonum prolificum, Robinson, Rhodora, 4: 68. In alkali places. Lake Bowdoin near Malta, Aug. 25, 1903.
Rumex confinis, Greene, Pittonia, 4: 306. — (Wm. Trelease). One of the segregates of R. occidentalis , Wats., differing from the true Dccidentalis in being a much larger plant with larger leaves and much larger fruit valves. Noted in but one locality in the state, growing in ditches by the railway and may have been introduced from west- ward, where it is more common.
Libby Creek, Flathead Co., July 6, 1900.
CHENOPODIACE^.
Endolepis ovata, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 30: 248. Separated from E. Suckleyana, Torr. "Glendive, 1892, J. H. Sandberg."
AMARANTACE^:.
*Amaranthus chlorostachys, Willd. A weed introduced from westward. Columbia Falls, Sept. 9, 1899; Troy, July 25, 1900.
NYTAGINACE^.
Abronia nudata, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29: 683. "Colgate near Glendive, 1892, Sandberg, MacDougal & Heller, 1016."
Allionia nyctaginea, Michx. In cultivated ground apparently introduced. Calais, July 14, 1900; Wibaux, July 9, 1901.
PORTULACACE^:.
Claytonia multicaulis, A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27:259; C. Virginica, Rydberg, Flora, 138, and other authors as to the Rocky Mountain species. This species differs from C. Virginica, L. in its somewhat wider, sessile cauline leaves, white petals with a yellow base within and anthers pink. Nelson describes it fairly well, ex- cept the cauline leaves are not rarely above or below the middle of the stem and the petals are not "white with pinkish or purplish veins". The inflorescence is more racemiform than in C. lanceo- lata, Pursh and peduncles are nodding before and after anthesis.
Common in the mountain valleys from 4 to 7000 feet altitude and intergrading above with C. lanceolata, Pursh (7-9000 feet). If this prove distinct from Nelson's C. multicaulis, it may be ca-led Clavionia tricolor.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 51
daytonia Virginica, L., as to Montana specimens, is C. multi-
fcutlis, Nels.
Lewisia triphylla, Robinson, Syn., Flora, i 1269. Occurs in alpine situations, resembling a small form of Claytonia multicaulis. The localities below greatly extend its range eastward.
Granite Range, Carbon Co., Aug. 1899, 11,500 ft., Peter Koch; Lake Plateau, Carbon Co., Aug. 1899, 9000 ft., Peter Koch.
Montia perfoliata, Howell. All the specimens quoted by Ryd- berg (Flora, 139) seem good M. parviflora, Howell, which is separat- td from perfoliata by its smaller sepals, petals and seeds ; the latter species does not occur east of the Divide and is rare in damp, shady places west of it.
Plains, June 6, 1902; Thompson Falls, June 7, 1902.
*Portulaca oleracea, L. A rare weed in gardens. Craig, July 29, 1900; Bozeman, Aug. 18, 1898; Glendive, July 9, 1901.
CARYOPHYLLACE^.
Arenaria capillaris formosa, Regel. Ahpine and subalpine sit- uations. Flat-top Mtn., Teton Co., 7000 ft., July 5, 1897, R. S. Williams; Sperry Glacier Camp, 6000 ft., Sept. I, 1903.
Arenaria congesta, Nutt. In alpine and subalpine situations. Mt. Bridger, 9000 ft., July 3, 1900; Mt. Hyalite, 10,000 ft., Aug. I, 1902; Monida, 7000 ft., June 26, 1902.
Arenaria lateriflora tenuicaulis, n. var.
Like the type except in its capillary, spreading stem with longer internodes and its linear-lanceolate or linear oblong acute leaves with usually sparser pubescence.
Swan Lake, near Big Fork, Mont., July 6, 1902, Walter Lehman, 154. and I would include the nearly glabrate form from Peel's Riv- ?r near the mouth of the Mackenzie, N. W. T., Miss E. Taylor, in- stead of placing it with the variety glabrcsccns, Robinson (Syn. Flora, i : 238). Apparently an arctic and subalpine variety, rare in Montana.
Arenaria verna, L. The typical glabrous form.
St. Mary's Lake, July 4, 1897. R. S. Williams; Single-shot Mts. Teton Co., 7000 ft., July 4, 1897, R. S. Williams; Forks of Cut-bank Cr., July 27, 1897, R. S. Williams; Divide Mtn., Teton Co., July 16,
52 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
1897, R. S. Williams; Mt. Henry, Midvale, 7500 ft., July 16, 1903,. L. M. Umbach, 405.
Cerastium arvense angustifolium, Fenzl. A form with rigid narrow, fascicled leaves collected by F. A. Spragg, near Lewistown, July 26, 1901, seems best referable here.
Cerastium arvense oblongifolium, Hollick & Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 14 : 47, t. 63. "Montana, Scribner", Syn. Flora, 1 : 230.
*Cerastium vulgatum, L. A weed common in many places west of the Divide. Kalispell, JuK 21, 1900; Troy, July 25, 1900; Col- i!n;bia Falls, July 20. 1900 Brrax, .A-I^VSI n, 1901 ; Thompson l.fis, August 8, 1901.
Lychnis montana, Wats. In alpine and subalpine situations. Horsefly Pass, Crazy Mts., 8200 ft., July 20, 1902; Mt. Hyalite, 10,- roo ft., Aug. i, 1902.
Sagina nivalis, Fries. Found near melting snow at Maynard's Camp, head of Cottonwood Cr., Tobacco Root Range, 9000 ft., Ajg. 10, 1902.
Silene Antirrhina vaccarifolia, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 31:407. "Big Horn River, 1891, F. Tweedy."
Silene Douglasii viscida, Robinson. Camp below $4»er;y Glaci- er, 6140 ft., Sept. i, 1903; Black Butte, Tobacco Root Range, 10,- ooo ft., Aug. u, 1902; Cut-bank Canyon, Teton Co., July 27, 1897, U, S. Williams; Head of Butcher-knife Cr., Little Belt Mts., 7.800 ft.. Ar.g. 14, 1901, F. A. Spragg, 808.
*Silene noctiflora, L. An occasional weed in gardens and waste places. Bozeman, 1898, 1904.
Silene Suksdorfii, Robinson. Black Butte , Tobacco Root Range, 10,000 ft., Aug. n, 1902.
*Spergula arvensis, L. A weed in grain fields, rare. Bozeman, July, 1898.
Spergularia salina, J. & C. Presl. Common in alkali flats, Bow- doin Lake, Malta, Aug. 25, 1903; Billings, June 30, 1903.
Stellaria borealis, Bigelow. Plains, June 6, 1902 ; Middle Cr. Canyon, July 30, 1902. The variety corallina, Fenzl. seems far more common than the type in this state.
*Stellaria graminea, L. A weed which should be found fre- quently in door yards and waste places. Helena, E. N. Brandegee.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 53
*Stellaria media, Cyrill. Not infrequent as a weed in door- yards and lawns in the larger towns. Plains, Aug. 7, 1901 ; Helena, Aug. 12, 1898, E. N. Brandegee; Bozeman, Aug. 18, i<
RANUNCULACE^:.
Anemone Canadensis, L. In low woodlands along: the Missouri River. Culbertson, July n, 1904, and region adjacent.
Anemone Drummondii, Wats.? "Rocky Mts. Summits at 8000 ft. Lat. 49 degrees N." Dr. Lyall, 1861 in Gray Herb. I am inclined to refer this specimen to A. Tctonensis, Porter, as in my opinion this and all other specimens of Drummondii from the Rocky Mountains are the former species. The two appear to intergrade westward, but Drummondii is properly a species of the Coast Range and southward.
Anemone lithophylla, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29: 152. "Little Belt Mountains 9 miles from Barker, 1896, J. H. Flodman, 459-"
Anemone globosa, Nutt. is A. multifida, Poir. I am unable to see that the Montana form of this species differs essentially in pube- scence or other character from the South American forms of the type, so that Nuttall's globosa seems quite untenable, even as a variety.
Aquilegia formosa, Rydberg, Flora, 155. ^All the specimens from Montana referred to this are probably the red-sepaled form of A. flavescens, Wats., which is common in the mountains along with the form with yellow sepals ; its long curved spurs and yellow or pinkish sepals separate it from formosa with straight spurs and deep carmine red or scarlet sepals. The latter species appears not to be within our limits.
Clematis Scottii, Porter (Rydberg, Flora, 160) is C. Wycthii,, Nutt. below.
Clematis Wyethii, Nutt., Jour. Acad. Phila. 7: 6. Rydberg says it is "common .in Montana." (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:155), but it is not commonly separated from Douglasii and is doubtfully distinct.
Delphinium bicolor Montanense, Rydberg, Flora, 157. Is not "glandular pilose," but viscid pubescent and is in part at least the early spring form of D. Menziesii, DC., and in part apparently an in- tergrade between D. bicolor, Nutt. and Mcnsiesii, both of which are
54 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
common in the state and appear to intergrade in many localities. A subalpine form of Mcurjicsii, growing in loose limestone shingle on Mt. Bridger (8500 ft.), has long ligneous roots like bioolor, but other- wise agrees well with Mensiesii.
Delphinium diversicolor, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:149. "Rattlesnake Creek, Beaverhead Co., 1887, F. Tweedy, 34."
Delphinium elongatum, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:148. Nearest D. glaucum, Wats. "Lima, 1895, Rydberg."
Delphinium glaucescens, Rydberg and var. uiulticaulc, Ryd- berg, Flora, 157. These appear to be a form of D. occi- dentale, Wats. (D. scopulorutn sitbalpiiiuin. Gray), tending apparently toward D. scopulontin, Gray in its small flowers, pubescent ovaries and more dissected leaves. D. occidentale. Wats, is not "glandular," but viscid pubescent along the inflores- cence and Nelson's form of subalpinum differs from Watson's type of occidental, chiefly in the smaller size and larger, deep-blue sepals, Watson's type of occidentale being a larger, branching plant with paler flowers, evidently tending toward D. glaucum, Wrats. None of the specimens under the variety subalpinum in the Gray Herbarium have glandular pubescence.
Delphinium Nuttallii, Gray. In alpine and subalpine situations. Camp below Sperry Glacier, 6000 ft., Sept. I, 1903; Little St. Mary's Lakes, Sept. i, 1903* L. M. Umbach ; Hall's Peak, Mission Range, July 20, 1902, M. J. Elrod ; Plains, June 6, 1902.
Delphinium occidentale, Wats. See D. glaucescens, Rydberg above.
Delphinium pauciflorum, "Nutt. Common on dry wooded upland benches along the lower Clark's Fork. Plains and Thompson Falls, June 27, 1902'.
Delphinium pauciflorum depauperatum, Gray. In alpine situ- ations. Mary Baker Lake, Sperry Glacier, 8000 ft., Aug. 22, 1901, L. M. Umbach. I am inclined to regard this as a variety of D. Nut- tallii, Gray, as it more nearly approaches it in habitat and will proba- bly be found to intergrade with it. In this state, at least, D. pauci- florum, Nutt. is a species of the lower forests westward and appar- ently occurs nowhere in this immediate vicinity, yet in the finely dis- sected leaves and small follicles the variety more nearly resembles pauciflorum with which it has been placed.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 55
Myosurus apetalus, Gray. In the bed of a dry pond. Gardiner, July 4, 1899.
Ranunculus acriformis, Gray. Monida, June 26, 1902 ; Coppero- polis, Meagher Co., July 23, 1902; Sunset, June 17, 1896, Mrs E. W. Scheuber.
Ranunculus alpeophilus, A. Nelson is R. inamoenus, Greene. Rvd- berg (Flora, 164) seems to have taken a form near his own sixicola for Nelson's species.
Ranunculus cardiophyllus, Rydberg, Flora, 165, is R. inamoenus, Greene.
Ranunculus circinatus, Sibth. In ditches and slow streams, fre- quent. Gallatin River, July 27, 1898; Big Coulee Cr., Sweet GrioS Co., June 15, 1892; Broadwater, Helena, June 14, 1898, E. N. Brandegee.
Ranunculus Cymbalaria alpinus, Hook. Near the Continental Divide, Empire, Aug. 1902, Owen Byrnes.
Ranunculus ellipticus, Greene. See R. glaberrimus below.
Ranunculus erenwgenes, Greene. The characters given by Greene (Erythea, 4: 121) for this species will hold equally well for European and Asiatic specimens of A5, sceleratus, L., and even the rank, fleshy, fistulus, large- flowered form, which he regards as the typical European sceleratus, occurs occasionally here in situations which preclude its' introduc- tion. All our specimens come under R. sceleratus, L.
Ranunculus Flammula intermedius, Hook. In wet places, in- frequent. Flathead Lake, July 23, 1900; Belton, Aug. 19, 1902; Columbia Falls, June 25, 1894, R. S. "Williams; Thompson Falls, Aug. 6, 1901; Midvale, July i, 1903, L. M. Umbach.
,„ Ranunculus Flammula varians, n. var.
Stems filiform, 10-20 cm. long, creeping and root- ing at the nodes; leaves ovate, rarely oval, 5-12 mm. long, on petioles nearly twice that length; petals 4 mm. long: otherwise as in R. Flammula reptans, Gray, from which it differs main- ly in its ovate leaves. Crow Creek, Mission Mts., Aug., 1897, M. J. Elrod, 234. A similar but larger form with leaves 1-2 cm. long and 8-12 mm. wide, collected in wet places at Lake McDonald, Aug. 30, 1903, appears to be the same verging toward the variety intermedi- us, Hook.
56 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Ranunculus glaberrimus, Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. i: 12; R. ellip- tiais, Greene, Pittonia, 2:10; Rydberg, Flora, 163. It is very prob- able that two species are included in Hooker's description of R. glaberrimus, or have been classified as such, but there is no reason for the separation and renaming the one with entire basal leaves, for this is clearly the form Hooker made most prominent in his descrip- tion and represented in his figure (T. V.). If any renaming is done, it should be the one with trilobed basal and entire cauline leaves, which is not found in Montana. The common spring buttercup here is the R. ellipticus, Greene, which is therefore a synonym for R. glaberrimus, Hook.
Ranunculus Helleri, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29: 159. "Sperry Glacier, 1901, F. K. Vreeland, mo."
Ranunculus Macounii Oreganus, Davis; R. Oreganus, Howell. A smoothish, thin -leaved form of Macounii with smaller flowers and heads, in swales about Lake MacDonald, Aug. 29, 1903, L. M. Umbach, 773.
Ranunculus Montanensis, Rydberg, Flora, 166. This appears to be a rank, large-flowered form of R. acriformis, Gray.
Ranunculus orthorhynchus platyphyllus, Gray; R. maximus, Greene. Borax, Missoula Co., Aug. 8, 1901, also in Yellowstone Park.
Ranunculus saxicola, Rydberg, Flora, 164. A form of R. Eschscholtsii, Schlecht., tending somewhat in leaf form toward R. eximius, Greene, but having pubescent akenes.
Ranunculus sceleratus, L. ; R. eremogcncs, Greene, Common in wet places.
Thalictrum polycarpum, Wats. Said in the Synoptical Flora (i :i6) to "extend apparently to Montana." What evidence Dr. Gray had for this statement is uncertain, for there is nothing in the Gray Herbarium to support it and recent collections seem to show that the species ranges little eastward from the Coast Range.
BERBERIDACE^:. Berberis Aqui folium, Rydberg, Flora, 170, is the next species.
Berberis repens, Lindl. Rydberg (Flora, 170) decides that ;he names of these two species of western Berberis have been transposed on the ground that Pursh's figure of Aquifolium (Flora Am. Sept;
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 57
219) is B. repens, Lindl., except the detailed drawing of one leaflet, which has the more acute apex and fewer and larger serrations of the true Aquifolium of the Pacific Coast. The figure perhaps repre- sents parts of two species, but the botanist must go, as a final re- sort, not to the figure and description, but to the plants from which they are drawn. Lindley (Bot. Reg. t. 1176) clearly distinguishes the two species and says that the plants- of Menzies in the Bank- sian Herbarium were the types from which the figure and descrip- tion of Pursh were taken and that these are B. Aquifolium — not his B. re pens, but thinks that probably those of the Lewis collection were the latter. The plants of the Lewis and Clark Expedition have recently been gone over at the Gray Herbarium by Robinson and ( .reenman (Proc. Acad. Phila. 1898: 12-49) anc^ they say (p. 48) the Lambert Herbarium specimens from this collection are Aquifoli- 11111. Pursh in his description of Aquifolium calls the leaves "nitida," which is true only of Aquifolium. B. repens has normally but 3-5 leaflets, B. Aquifolium has 7-11; Pursh's figure represents seven leaflets and the type locality is the Great Rapids (Dalles) of the Columbia, where Aquifolium occurs and not repens, so there is not sufficient ground for changing Lindley's interpre- tation.
CRUCIFER^:.
*Alyssum calycinum, L. A rare weed here. U. S. Fish Sta- tion, Bozeman, May 30, 1902, Mrs. H. F Henshall.
Arabis arcuata subvillosa, Wats. Meadows at Midvale, July 4, 1903, L. M. Umbach, 263; Mt. Bridger, 8500 ft., July n, 1903; Bozeman, June 28, 1899.
Arabis Kochii, n. sp.
Annual or biennial, 2-4 dm. high, finely stellate pubescent below, glabrous above, except the peduncles and calyx, stem usually simple and erect : radical leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire, rarely somewhat denticulate; cauline linear-lanceolate or oblanceo- late, entire, more or less sagittate at base : flowers becoming reflex- eel ; petals purplish, 4-6 mm. long, twice the length of the sepals: pods straight, rarely somewhat arcuate, 4^2 cm. long, i-il/2 mm. Avide, valves i -nerved below, narrowed above to the sessile stigma: p'-.-duncles. abruptly reflexed and mostly appressed, seeds in one row, orbicular, narrowly winged, as broad as the valves; cotyledons accumbent.
58 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
N^ar A. Holboclii, Hornem., with which it is commonly confused, but differs from this in being lower and more slender, stems glabrous above, less sagittate cauline leaves, pods about half as long and wide and more appressed and seeds in one row. From A. arcnata snbi'illosa, Wats, it is separated by its lower, more slender habit and its smaller, appressed, straight pods. In appearance it closely resembles A. c.i'ilis, Nelson (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 26:123), but differs in its sagit- tate cauline leaves, narrower pods and winged seeds.
Frequent in dry rocky glades in the mountains from 5-7000 ft... while the larger wide-fruited A. Holboclii belongs to the plains and lower valleys. Named for Peter Koch of Bozeman, Mont., who so long collected industriously the flora of this region and gave his work to advance the cause of science.
Plains, Missoula Co., June 6, 1902; Lower Canyon of the Gallatin River, 5500 ft., July 5, 1898; Lower Basin of the Gallatin, 6000 ft., July 6, -1898; Bridger Canyon, 5000 ft., July 20, 1898; Lombard, June I, 1901.
Barbarea stricta, Amirz. Flowers smaller and a paler yellow, fruiting raceme strict, separating it from B. vulgaris arcuata, Fries, which also occurs here, but less frequently.
Spring Hill, July 3, 1903, Amy M. Cooke; Evaro, June 8, 1902; Yellowstone, E. N. Brandegee.
*Brassica campestris, L. A frequent weed in old fields and waste places. Bozeman, July 22, 1898; Craig, July 29, 1900; Sales- ville, Sept. 2, 1892, W. T. Shaw.
*Brassica juncea, Cosson. A rare introduction. Bozeman, July 27, 1903, Amy M. Cooke.
*Brassica nigra, Koch. Not infrequent as a weed in fields and waste places. Great Falls, 1900; Alhambra, July 24, 1898, E. X. Brandegee; St. Ignatius, Sept. 7, 1899; Wibaux, July 9, 1901; Crow Agency, July 15, 1901; N. Boulder, June 25, 1899, C. D. Flaherty.
Cardamine acuminata, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:237; C. hirsiita aciuninata, Nutt. Middle Cr., June 3, 1900; Gallatin River, June 28, 1899; Columbia Falls, June 2, 1894, R. S. Williams, 338; Belt R. Canyon, June 21, 1885, R. S. Williams; Bozeman, July 23, 1898.
*Conryngia perfoliata, Link. Introduced in a few localities, Hinsdale, June 13, 1901 ; Midvale, July 19, 1903, L. M. Umbach. ,
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 5£
Drapa alpina, L. Mountain sides, Midvale, July 12, 1903, L. M. Umbach, 312. A large (15 cm. high) subcaulescent form near D. hirta, L.
Draba borealis, DC. Specimens collected by R. S. Williams at St. Mary's Lake, July 4, 1897, are densely csespitose and appear to> belong here rather than with D. incana, DC.
Draba Breweri, Wats. Dry rocks; subalpine. Horsefly Pass, Crazy Mts., 8200 ft., July 20, 1902; St. Mary's Lake, July 4, i897L R. S. Williams.
Draba cana, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:241. Most American forms of D. incana, L., are split off under this name; dis- tinguished by its more narrow, pubescent pods.
Draba Fladnizensis, Wulf. The following seems best placed here: Divide Mt., Teton Co., July 1 6, 1897, R. S. Williams.
Draba oligosperma microcarpa, n. var.
Differs from oligosperma in its smaller (2 mm. long, instead of 3-4 mm.), more orbicular and often more pubescent pods and smaller flowers, and from D. andina, Nelson, in its smaller pods, longer (4-6 mm.) and narrower leaves and racemose inflorescence. One of the confluent glacialis group to which it is desirable to call attention.
Black Butte, Tobacco Root. Range, 10,000 ft., Aug. n, 1902; Dewey, June 24, 1902; Horsefly Pass, Crazy Mts., 8200 ft., July 20, 1902.
Draba saximontana, A. Nelson. "Monida, Madison Co., June 16, 1899, A. & E. Nelson."
*Eruca sativa, Lam. Resembles Brassica alba, Boiss. Our speci- mens appear to be 2-3 feet high and nearly glabrous, but the fruit is glabrous and wider (6 mm.) than is normal with the species. Not before reported as a weed in America. .Collected in the vicinity of Kalispell, Sept. 9, 1898, by Dr. E. V. Wilcox.
*Hesperis matronalis, L. Occasionally escaped from ornamen- tal cultivation. Bozeman, 1891, W. T. Shaw; i<
Lepidium pubicarpum, A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 30:189. Distin- guished from L. apctalum, Wrilld. by its much lower, branching habit and by being puberulent throughout, even to the pods.
Dwelle's, Upper Madison River, July 30, 1899, A- & E- Nelson; Bozeman, July 2, 1898.
60 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Lesquerella Ludoviciana, Wats. Petals frequently purplish. Wibanx, May 25, 1902; Great Falls, June 9, 1885, R. S. Williams; Martinsdale, May 26, 1880, R. S. Williams.
*Nasturtium Armoracia, Fries. A not infrequent escape fro its cultivation. Helena, July 9, 1900; Bozeman, Aug., 1901.
Physaria macrantha, n. sp.
5-8 cm. high with a long, deeply penetrating root : petals 10-14 mm., long, bright yellow: fruit didymous and much inflated, often large, 10-14 mm- diameter. In dry stony subalpine localities, 7-9000 ft. altitude, and appears to intergrade with P. didymocarpa, Gray, which grows at lower elevations and has smaller (7-8 mm.) and paler colored petals and smaller (7-10 mm.) fruit.
Hills near Granite Butte, Sept., 1902, Owen Byrnes ; Midvale, July 9, 1903, L. M. Umbach; Mt. Bridger, 8500 ft., July n, 1903; Dewey, June 24, 1902.
Sisymbrium decumbens, (Rydb.) ; Schoenocrambc decumbens, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 31 1409. Separated from 3\ lini folium. Nutt. "Melrose, 1895, Rydberg, 2671 ; Sheridan, 1895, L. A. Fitch."
*Sisymbrium altissimum, L. The "Tumbling Mustard" is be- coming a common and troublesome weed in many sections of the state. Great Falls, July 10, 1900; La Salle, June 24, 1901, W. F. Jel- lison; Belgrade, Oct. 20, 1904; Missoula, June 5, 1892.
Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. In the eastern plains, frequent. Great Falls, R. S. Williams, May 24, i885;*Custer Station, May 30, 1890; Forsyth, June 29, 1898; Fergus Co., July 5, 1901, F. A. Spragg.
Sisymbrium incisum Californicum, (T. & G.) ; Sophia California. Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:238. Dewey, Beaverhead Co., June 24, 1902.
Sisymbrium viscosum, (Rydb) ; Sophia viscosa, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:238. Distinguished from 5". incisum, Engelm. by its viscid pubescence throughout and narrower siliques. Deep Cr. Canyon, Big Belt Mts., Aug. 14, 1899.
Smelowskia Americana, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:239. The American forms of S. calycina, C. A. Meyer are separated under this name.
Thelypodium Nuttallii, Wats.? Some two feet high with
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 61
branching inflorescence. Has the leaves and general habit of Nuttal- lii, but the flowers are smaller, with petals about 6 mm. long and apparently white.
Hallett's Ranch, Helena, Aug. 15, 1892, E. N. Brandegee.
CRASSULACE^E.
Sedum frigidum, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28:283. The American forms of S. Rhodiola, DC. (S. roseum, Scop.) are thus sep- arated as a distinct species.
Sedum subalpinum, n. sp.
Perennial, 5-10 cm. high, glabrous, except the leaves, branching from the base : leaves terete, sometimes flattened, 4-7 mm. long, usu- ally densely pulverulent under a lens, mainly aggregated in basal rosettes : cymes contracted, 2-4 cm. in diameter : petals 5 mm. long, equalling the short, thick, erect follicles : bracts, sepals and petals often purplish. Rocky ledges in alpine and subalpine situations, Sooo feet and upwards, passing below into S. stenopctalum. Colorado and Oregon, northward in the mountains.
S. stcnopetalum, Pursh, is distiguished from this species by its greater size (10-18 cm.), fewer basal rosettes: leaves 8-12 cm. long: cymes diffuse and divisions divergent, 4-8 cm. in diameter: petals 8 mm. long, equalling the erect, slender follicles, and it is found in the lower mountains from 3-8000 feet. The smaller size, more abun- dant basal rosettes, smaller leaves, cymes, flowers and fruit and higher altitude readily separate subalpinum from this species, though the two appear to have been confounded in most herbaria.
Sperry Glacier, 8000 ft., Sept. i, 1903; Beef Straight, Jefferson Co., June 30, 1902; Mt. Hyalite, Gallatin Co., 10,000 ft., Aug. i, 1902; Horsefly Pass, Crazy Mts., 8200 ft., July 20, 1902; Mt. Bridg- er, 8500 ft., July u, 1903; Monida, 7000 ft., June 26, 1902.
PAPAVERACEJE.
Argemone alba, Lesteb. Apparently native in the eastern plains. Custer Station, June 23, 1890; Forsyth, July 24, 1901; Mey- ers, 1902.
Papavcr nudicaulc arcticnm, Elkan. ; Rydberg, Flora, 475. Is P. pyginaeiiin below.
Papaver pygmaeum, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:159; P. nndicaule arcticum, Rydberg, Flora, 475. Also at Sperry Glacier, Sept. i, 1903, 8000 ft.
€2 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
SAXIFRAGACE^:.
Heuchera alpina, n. comb., H. cylindrica alpina, Wats. Horse- fly Pass, Crazy Mts., 8200 ft., July 20, 1902; Monida, June 26, 1902.
Heuchera saxicola, E. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 30:118. Separates tmr Montana form commonly referred to H. ovalifolia, Nutt. as the above species, which is characterized as "villous and viscid glandu- lar" and ovalifolia proper as "wholly destitute of villous hairs." Tor- rey & Gray (Fl. N. Am. i 1581) seems to have used the latter term to distinguish this species ffom H. cylindrica, Dougl., previously described and it is not at all evident that he did not mean our species.
Leptarrhena amplexifolia, R. Br. Mountain sides, Holzinger Basin, Sperry Glacier, Aug. 22, 1901, L. M. Umbach, 356.
Mitella stauropetala, Piper, Erythea, 7:161. Differs from M, trifida, Graham in being larger throughout, raceme secuncl, petals twice the length of the sepals and divided half down into three filiform divergent lobes; trifida having relatively few flowers, petals scarcely exserted and very shortly lobed. Close to M. I'iolacca, Rydb.. of which it may be the normal form, but differs from it in its larger size, more numerous flowers and petals trifid into long, filiform, di- varicate segments. In leaf and pubescence they seem identical and in fruit can only be distinguished by size. Petals often a beautiful violet. Evaro, June 8, 1902, low wet places ;• Mt. Hyalite, 8000 ft., Aug. i, 1902.
Parnassia Kotzebuei, C. & S. In bogs at the outlet of the Lower Basin of the Gallatin River, July 7, 1898. 3-15 cm. high, staminodia 5 and fairly typical of the species. Not heretofore found south of the British boundary.
Ribcs aurcum chrysococcum, Rydberg, Flora, 204. There is no basis for separating the yellow-fruited forms of R. aurcum from the black-fruited ones, as variation in fruit-coloration is not infrequent. There are red and white fruited forms of Actaca arguta, Nutt., rod and yellow fruited forms of Shcphcrdia argcntea, Nutt. and S. Caiia- dcnsis, Nutt,, as well as red and black fruited Primus dcmissa, Walt). In regard to the yellow, red and black fruit of Ribes aurcum see Bot. Gaz. 14:289 and 15:24. Yellow appears to be the normal color of the fruit here.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 63
Ribes camporum, n. sp.
Infra-axillary spines 1-3, short; more or less prickly and densely canescent on the younger branches: leaves usually small, 1-2 cm. long, deeply 3-5 lobed, lobes deeply and often acutely incised, cor- date or truncate at base, thick, densely canescent with short hairs, especially below when young, veins impressed above, salient be- reath; petioles about the length of the blade, Ian ate: peduncles short, 1-2 flowered; pedicels and calyx glabrous: bracts and bud scales glabrous and ciliate : flowers 8-10 mm. long; calyx-tube cylin- tiric, about the length, or a trifle longer than the lobes, greenish- white or somewhat purplish : petals spatulate or oboval, about half the length of the calyx lobes; stamens equaling the petals: fruit glabrous, apparently red when ripe, 6-8 mm. diameter. A shrub 6-12 dm. high on dry cliffs and broken uplands throughout the plains region east of the mountains.
Apparently R. Cynosbati, MX. var. y of Hooker (Fl. Bor. Am. 1 :23o) and R. o.vycantlwidcs, L. var. y of Torrey & Gray (Fl. N. Am. i '.546), but all the specimens consulted seem to show the calyx, pedicels and fruit glabrous, though there may be variation in this respect. Certainly different from R. setosum, Lindl., which has larger, thinner, nearly glabrous, crenately dentate leaves, much less conspicuous veining, longer pedicels and calyx-tube nearly twice longer than its lobes. R. sctosnin is a shrub of the lowland thickets, while R. camponnn is found on the dry upland cliffs. It is also very differ- ent from R. sa.rosum, Hook., which has larger, glabrous leaves, 4-6 flowered peduncles, larger flowers, fewer prickles and the pubescence •\\ holly lacking; the range of the latter also is west of the Continental Divide. R. camponim appears to extend from the Saskatchewan southward to Colorado in the plains east of the mountains.
Big Horn River, 7 miles south of Custer Station, May 3, 1890, No. 9: Glasgow, July 17, 1900 (in fruit) ; Wibaux, May 25, 1902.
Ribcs cchinatiini, Lhidl. ; Rydberg, Flora, 202. It does not seem possible to separate the western form of ' R. lacustrc, Poir, from the eastern one, as the characters given do not hold.
Ribcs Hudsoniiinnni, Richards. All Montana specimens so re- ferred are R. pcliolarc, Dougl., which has larger leaves, longer race- mes and glabrous calyx. Hndsonianttm is more northern and appar- ently does not reach our limits.
Ribes lacustre, Poir. includes R. cchinatum, Lindl. See above.
64 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Ribes lentum, Coville & Rose, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 15:26-29 (F. V. Coville) ; R. lacnstrc inollc, Gray. In subalpine situations.
Head of Cottonwood Cr., Tobacco Root Range, 9000 ft., Aug. II, 1902; Single-shot Mts., Teton Co., 7000 ft., July 4, 1897, R. S. Williams.
Ribes leptanthum, Gray. A small rigid-branched, spiny shrub, 2-3 ft. high, in dry rocky places, 6000-8500 ft. altitude in the moun- tains east of the Divide. R. sa.vinwntannm, E. Xelson (Bot. Gaz. 30:119)?
Rocky Canyon, Bozeman, May 26, 1900, 6000 ft. ; Horsefly Pass. Crazy Mts., July 20, 1902, 8000 ft. ; Wilder, July 9, 1897, R. S. Williams.
Ribes Icucodcrmc, Heller, seems the same as R. irriginim, Dougl.
Ribes longiflorum, Xutt. in Erasers Catalogue. See Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 15:23. The yellow-flowered currant of the Mis- souri and its tributaries in the plains has longer ( 16 mm.) flowers and the lobes of the leaves acute and straight margined (R. lon^i- flonnii, Xutt.), while the mountain form Ifas shorter (11 mm.) flow- ers, the lobes of the leaves obtuse and incurved toward the apex (R. aurcurn, Pursh). Wibaux. May 25, 1902; Box Elder Cr., Valley Co., July 14, 1900; Fergus Co., Aug. 2, 1901, F. A. Spragg.
Ribes Purpusi, Koehne, (ined?). ( F. Y. Coville). An unarmed phrub wr<h whitish bark and thin glabrous leaves; flowers 2 or 3 .in axillary, usually drooping, racemes; calyx tube campanula: e, greenish >r rarely purplish, with lobes equaling or longer than the tube: petals white, half shorter than the lobes of the calyx; stamens exserted and calyx lobes reflexed on maturity : fruit black, naked. Along shady streams.
Limekiln Canyon, Bozeman, June 18, 1900: Middle Cr. Canyon. July 31, 1902; Flarhead-Brackett Cr. Divide. July 16, 1902.
Saxifraga austromontana, Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 27: 380; v$\ cognata, F- Xelson; Bot. Gaz. 30:118. Our Rocky Mountain species of 6\ bronchia/is, L. has been separated as the above, but an ex- amination of any considerable number of Siberian and East Asia specimens will show their great variability and relative approxima- tion to the American forms in leaf and flower, so that separation is questionable.
Saxifraga caespitosa minima, n. n. ; S. nwschata forma annpacta,
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 65
Mert. & Koch ; 5. acanlis, Gaud. The small, condensed, more c;f.<=pi- tose form of S. cacspitosa, L., 1-3 cm. high and 1-3 Jiowered, in al- pine situations.
Single-shot Mountain, Teton Co., 7000 ft., July 4, 1897, R. S. Williams; Mt. Hyalite, 10,000 ft., Aug. I, 1902; Mt. Henry, Teton Co., June 28, 1903, L. M. Umbach.
Saxifraga Columbiana, Piper, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27: 393. One of the segregates of S. integrifolia, Hook., characterized by hav- ing narrow, obovate-oblong petals, shorter than the calyx lobes and calyx-tube aclnate to the ovary, which is immersed in a lobed disk.
Bozeman, May, 1887, Peter Koch; Mt. Bridger, May 16, 1901; Plains, June 6, 1902; Thompson Falls, June 7, 1902; Columbia Falls, June 7, 1893, R. S. Williams.
Saxifraga exarata, Vill. Much more lax than 6\ cacspitosa, L. and the basal leaves are not aggregated, as in that species ; flowering stems weak and ascending. In the spray of the falls with S. dcbilis, Engelm.
Middle Cr., Gallatin Co., July 7, 1901, W. W. Jones; same locality, July 30, 1902.
Sftjrifraga integrifolia, Hook. By the splitting up of this com- posite species the true integrifolia is not found in Montana, but is native further west. See Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7:79 and Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 23:366.
Saxifraga Greenei, n. sp.
S. niralis of most authors, as to the Rocky Mountain species. Apparently annual or biennial from a short, fibrous-rooted cauclex ; acaulescent : leaves ovate to ovate-elliptical, coreaceous, crenately serrate, 15-20 mm. long by about two-thirds as wide, usually with some rusty tomentum beneath, obtuse at apex and narrowed abrupt- ly into a winged, often ciliate petiole of about the length of the blade; scape about 10 (3-16) cm. high, densely glandular-puberu- lent above; flowers nearly sessile in dense terminal head?, bracts linear, scarcely equaling the glabrous calyx: calyx short-turbi- riate, the tube about as long ats the ovate erect acute or obtuse seg- ments, and adherent to ovary; petals elliptical or oboval, narrowed to a sessile base, 2 mm. long, twice the length of the calyx segments,. white, lateral nerves rarely confluent above: carpels widely diver- gent above on maturity, deep purple : bracts and calyx segments usually purplish.
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
The true S. nivalis, L. is a species of the Arctic regions and is readily separated from* this species of the Rocky Mountains by its glabrate, canescent or sparse purple-glandular pubescence ; its wider, more rounded, thinner serrate-dentate leaf-blades; wider calyx-tube and shorter petals. The nearest relative of S. Grccnci in the Rockies is S. rhomboidea, Greene (Pittonia, 3:343), which is a much larger plant with interruptedly spicate inflorescence, longer (4 mm.) petals , more viscid pubescence and found in lower situations (3-8000 feet).
'Mt. Hyalite, Aug. i, 1902, 10,000 ft.; Black Butte, Tobacco Root Range, Aug. 1 1, 1902, 10,000 ft. ; Dewey, June 24, 1902, 9000 ft. ; Flat- top Mountain, Teton Co., July 5, 1897, 7000 ft., R. S. Williams; Red Lodge, June, 1899, J. M. Kay; Old Hollowtop, near Pony, July 9, 1897, Rydberg & Bessey, 4267; Lake Plateau, Aug. I, 1897, Peter Koch.
In alpine and subalpine situations throughout the Rocky Moun- tain region, passing in lower situations into S. rhomboidea and proba- bly in the extreme north into 6". nivalis. [PLATE I, A and B].
Sa.vifraga nivalis, Rydberg, Flora, 194, and other authors as to the Kocl.v Mountain specimens. All specimens so nn tried ?rom this region must be divided between S. rhomboidea, Greene, and the smaller S. Greenei above. The true S. nivalis is confined to the Arc- tic regions.
Saxifraga Marshall!!, Greene, Pittonia, i: 159. 5\ occidentalis, Wats., Proc. Amer. Acad. 23 1264, in part ; .S. sa.nmontana, E. Nel- son, Erythea, 7:168; S. Idahocnsis, Piper, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27: 394. A careful study of this group convinces me that these are all one species. Small (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 23:362) would limit 6\ occidentalis, Wats, to the specimens cited from Vancouver Island, which have larger petals (4 mm. long), sepals nearly always erect even in fruit, glabrous stems and leaves rufous-tomentous beneath and marked by Watson "n. sp.," although in publication he first cited the Rocky Mountain specimens of Drummond, which are identical with those here considered and previously described by Greene as S. Marshallii. Nelson and Piper appear to have in mind only the form with purple-glandular pubescent stem, nearly glabrous leaves and small flowers. Our species appears to vary considerably in the size of the petals (1.^2-3 mm.) and hight of the plants (1-3 dm.), but none appear to have the "oval green spot on each side of the midnerve toward the base" of the petals, mentioned by
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA.
67
PLATE I.
SAXIFRAGA GREENEI, BLANKINSHIP.
A. Plant natural size.
B, Flower X 5.
IMPATIENS ECALCARATA, BLANKINSHIP.
C. Leaf natural size.
D. Flower X 2.
68 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Greene. It differs from 3\ Calif oniica, Greene (Pittonia. 1 1286) i» its usually smaller size and flowers, its glabrous leaves and cymose, instead of racemose, inflorescence. From ,S\ refle.ra, HOOK., with which it is usually confused, it is separated by its purple-glandular (not hoary) pubescence and pure white, instead of orange-spotted petals. The reflexed sepals, glandular (not viscid) pubescence and peduncled flowers at once distinguish it from 3\ Virginiensis, Michx. Upper Sand Coulee, May 30, 1888, R. S. Williams, 700; Missoula, 4500 ft., June 7, 1897, M. J. Elrod ; Bozeman, May 30, 1901, W. W. Jones; Spanish Creek, 1901, Jacob Vogel ; Alt. Hyalite, 10,000 ft., Aug. I, 1902; Sperry Glacier, 6-8000 ft., Sept. I, 1902, in the latter situation growing with S. Notkana, Aloe.
Saxifraga Sierrae, Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 23:36^; Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7 178. Like 6\ rhomboidca, Greene, but the calyx-tube is shorter, petals equaling the calyx-lobes and the leaves are wider. From 6\ Columbiana, Piper, it is distinguished by its sepals often erect in anthesis, calyx-tube more adherent below, pe- tals wider, leaves wider and abrupt at base and inflorescence long, branching and divergent below.
Bridger Canyon, Bozeman, May 16, 1898, Airs. R. M. Wilcox; Sedan, June n, 1901, B. Jones.
Saxifraga Oregana, Howell, Erythea, 3:34. Related to the last but much larger (6-i2dm.) with long (3-2ocm.), lanceolate to oblong, nearly entirejeaves and petals twice the length of the calyx- lobes. Missoula, Alay n, 1897, M. J. Elrod, 54.
Saxifraga reflexa, Rydberg, Flora, 193, is S. Marshall!^ Greene,, though none examined have the orange-spotted -petals mentioned by him.
Saxifraga rhomboidea, Greene, Pittonia, 3 :343 ; 5. reflcxa, Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 23:367. One of the segregates °f 6\ nivalis, characterized by its larger size (2-5 dm. high), stems densely glandular puberulent or somewhat viscid-pubescent, long- turbinate calyx-tube, large (4 nun. long), conspicuous white petals, twice as long as the lobes of the calyx, and flowers in glomerate cymes. Common in the lower mountains of the state.
Bozeman, Alay 26, 1901 ; Canyon of the Gallatin, July 5, 1898; Spanish Creek, Alay 30, 1901, Jacob Vogel; Alt. Hyalite, Aug. I. 1902; Bozeman, May 26, 1901; Canyon of the Gallatin, July 5, il
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 69
Saxifraga Rydbergii, Small; Rydberg, Flora, 194. Mt. Brid- ger, Bozeman, May 3, 1903, Faith Jackson; Mt. Hyalite, 10,000 ft., Aug. i, 1902.
Saxifraga . comosa, . Britton ; 5". stellaris comosa, Poir. With 6". Notkana, Moc. and apparently intergrading with that species. Sperry Glacier, 6000 ft., Sept. i, 1903.
ROSACES.
Amelanchier Cusickii, Fernald. Leaves serrate from near the base, glabrous when young; petals 2 cm. long. West of the Divide. Missoula, May, 1897, M. J. Elrod, 40; Plains, June 6, 1902.
Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt. ; Rydberg, Flora, 222. Though common southward in Wyoming, there is no evidence that it has ever been found in this state.
Crataegus flabellata, Rydberg, and C. macracantha, Rydberg, Flora, 228. All Montana specimens referred to these species apt ear to be C. Piperi, Britton ; neither of the two species mentioned appear to •cross the plains.
Crataegus Piperi, Britton, Torreya, i :33- See C. flabellata above.
Geum macrophyllum, Willd. Mountains, infrequent. Rumsey, July 15, 1892, F. D. Kelsey; Spanish Basin, June 23, 1897, Rydberg & Bessey, 4406; Bozeman, June 28, 1899; Upper Madison River., July 1 6, 1899; Kalispell, Aug. 27, 1903; Swan Lake, June, 1902, M. J. Elrod.
y
Ivesia alpicola, Rydberg; Howell, Fl. N. W. Atn. 1:182; H. •Cordoni alpicola, Rydberg, Mon., Pot. 152. Mt. Bridger, 9000 ft., June 26, 1899.
Potentilla filipes, Rydberg, Bull. Bot. Club, 28: 174. "Bridger Mts., 1896, J. H. Flodman."
Potentilla fissa, Nutt.; Rydberg, Mon. Pot. 198. Rather fre- quent in the mountains on dry cliffs.
Rocky Canyon, Bozeman, May 25, 1900, B. Jones; Spring Hill, July 3, 1903, Amy M. Cooke ; Plains, June 6, 1902.
Potentilla glandulosa monticola, (Rydberg), Mon. Pot. 199. "F. D. Kelsey, 1891."
Potentilla Nicollettii, Sheldon. Great Falls, July 10, 1900.
70 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Potentilla nivea Altiaca, Rydberg, Mon. Pot. 86. Flat-top Mtn., Teton Co., 7000 ft., July 5, 1897, R. S. Williams.
Potentilla Norvegica, L. This narrow-leaved, rugose fruited form seems more common here than the villous, wider-leaved P. Monspdiensis, L.
Bozeman, Sept. 22, 1897; Kalispell, Sept. 8, 1899; Billings, June
Potentilla Pennsylvanica strigosa, Pursh. Eastern plains main- ly. Rocky Canyon, Bozeman, May 26, 1900; Big Coulee Cr., Sweet Grass Co., June 15, 1901; Wibaux, July 9, 1901; Stanford, July 5, 1901, F. A. Spragg, 217; N. Boulder, Jefferson Co., June 25, 1899, C. D. Flaherty.
Potentilla rhomboidea, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 23 1248. Ridge above Bannock, 7000 ft., July 19, 1880, S. Watson, 114 (Gray Herb.).
*Poterium annua, Nutt. In waste places, well established at Arlee, Aug. 5, 1901.
Prunus emarginata, Rydberg, Flora, 477, is P. trichopetala^ (Greene) below.
Prunus trichopetala, (Greene) ; Ccrasus trichopetala, Greene, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 1905 ; Prunus emarginata, Rydberg. Columbia Falls,. May 28, and Aug. 20, 1894, R. S. Williams, 1005.
Prunus Virginiana, L. Various authors have referred this species to Montana by including in it P. demissa, Wfalp. and this is even followed by Sargent (Sylva, 4:42), though he enumerates the chief points of distinction. The two are perfectly distinct as species and need never be confused even in the herbarium. P. demissa is a shrub or small tree, rarely attaining a diameter of 5 inches, the young twigs are usually more slender, the leaves are smaller, thicker, paler beneath, less acuminate and with the tips of the teeth normally somewhat incurved and the fruit is smaller (16 mm.), sweet and edible when ripe, though slightly bitterish and astringent. The latter is the common "choke cherry" in Montana, but the true P. Virginiana occurs in some localities west of the Divide as a good-sized tree 8-10 inches in diameter. The twigs are thicker and it has larger, thinner more acuminate leaves, with straight or salient teeth, and larger fruit.
Columbia Falls, Sept. 6, 1892, R. S. Williams; Plains, June 6, 1902.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 71
Rosa acicularis, Lindl. Not infrequent along streams in the mountains. Fruit large with prominent neck and edible.
Columbia Falls, Sept. 9, 1899; St. Ignatius, Sept. 7, 1899; Leonia, Sept. 16, 1900; Kalispell, Sept. 8, 1899; Mystic Lake, Aug. I, 1898: Bridger Canyon, Bozeman, July 20, 1898; Lower Basin of the Galla- tin, July 8, 1898.
Rosa blanda, Rydberg, Flora, 477 and others, as to western speci- mens. The true R. blanda, Ait. appears not to extend westward as far as Montana (Crepin, Bot. Gaz. 22:12) ; the western form usually re- ferred to that species is R. Nutkana, Presl.
Rosa pisocarpa, Gray. Not rare in the mountains. Mt. Brid- ger, Aug. 23,. 1898; Columbia Falls, July 20, 1900; Flathead Lake, July 23, 1900; Kalispell, Aug. 27, 1903; Belton, Aug. 19, 1902; Gar- rison, Sept. 4, 1899.
Spiraea Douglasii, Rydberg, Flora, 206, is S, Mensiesii, Hook. The tomentulose 5\ Douglasii seems not to extend eastward to our limits.
Spiraea Menziesii, Hook ; S. Douglasii Mensiesii, Presl. Fre- quent in the western part of the state.
Troy, July 25, 1900; Libby Creek, July 26, 1900; Lolo Cr. Canyon, S. Watson, Aug. 19, 1880, No. 99 (Gray Herb.) ; White Pine, Sept. 8, 1904.
LEGUMINOS^E.
Astragalus aculealus, A. Nelson, -Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 26:10; Rydberg, Flora, 249. The wisdom of separating the red-flowered forms of A. tegetarius, Wats, from the ones with the flowers "ochro- leucus, the k%el purplish" of Colorado, is doubtful, judging from a comparison of the types of both, as such slight variation in color is rarely sufficient basis for founding a species.
Astragalus adsurgens albifolius, n. var.
Larger than the type; leaves canescent with a white sericeous pubescence, like that of A. terminalis, Wats.; petals white or cream- colored, or possibly purplish when young; calyx and fruit white, somewhat lanate with short hairs ; otherwise like the type.
Field on 7-mile road, Helena, July 19, 1898, E. N. Brandegee; Alhambra, July 24, 1898, E. N. Brandegee; Canyon Ferry, June 22, 1898, E. N. Brandegee.
72 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Astragalus adsurgens pauperculus, n. var.
15 cm. high of less, spike 1-2 cm. long, flowers about 12 mm. and legume about 6 mm. long. This is the other extreme from variety robustior, Hook., much smaller than the normal form in hight, leaf, •^flower and fruit. On dry, gravelly ridges.
Billings, July 7, 1902; Garfield Peak, Wyo., July 24, 1894, A. Nel- "Son, 646. Intermediate forms have been found at Bozeman and Big Timber.
Astragalus adsurgens robustior, Hook. This ranker, nearly erect form with less nigrescent calyx is not rare in the plains east- ward.
Melville, July 21, 1901.
Astragalus amphidoxus, n. sp.
Perennial, caespitose /rom a long, thic-< taproot: branches oS- cending, 12-18 cm. long, sparsely hirsute, slender: stipules broadly ovate or triangular acute, connate below; leaves 5-8 cm. long includ- ing the petiole of one-third that length ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, ovate ob- long to linear, acute, thin, nearly sessile, the younger often revolute in drying, 1-2 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide : inflorescence 6-8 flowered in a lax raceme, about equaling the leaves; peduncles long (3-6 cm.): bracts 2 mm. long, linear to lanceolate : calyx pubescent with some short, black hairs, teeth linear, about equaling the tube ; corolla violet, 8 mm. long; similar to the larger flowered forms of vexiliflexus which it resembles in habit and with which it appears to intergrade :. le- gume flat, straight, sessile, about 3-seeded, 5-8 mra. long, somewhat oblique.
Near A. miser, Dougl. (Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. 1:153 note), but it is yet doubtful just what this species is. Nuttall's description (Tor1 rev & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1 : 338) differs from Douglas's in the obovate leaflets and Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. 6:228) describes it as cinereous pubescent (like A. vexiHiflc.rus, Sheld.), instead of subpubescent (Douglas) or somewhat hirsute (Nuttall) and 'the leaves, as with Douglas, as broad-linear to oblong and obtuse, not obovate and acute, as with Nuttall. Watson (King's Rep. 5:444) and Howell (Flora N. W. Am. 153) follow Gray in their description of the species. A..amphido.Tits differs from A. miser, Dougl. in having more leaflets (6-8 instead of 5-6) ; and sparsely hirsute instead of cinereous pube- cence; from Nuttall's in its oval-oblong to linear, acute leaves (not obovate) and from Gray's in being hirsute pubescent, instead of cin- ereous pu'bescent, and the peduncles not exceeding the leaves. In
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 73
this confusion as to A. miser, it seems best to describe our plant as new, until the identity of A. miser, Dougl. be determined.
Sky High, Union ville, 6000 ft., July 10, 1898, E. N. Brandegee. A form collected by F. L. Scribner, Shield's River, Mont., June 6, 1883, No. 27, and distributed as A. panciflonis, Hook, seems intermediate between this and A. vcxilliflexus, Sheld.
Astragalus arietinus, Jones, Proc., Calif. Acad. II. 5:653. See A. iodanthus below.
Astragalus atropubescens, Coult. & Fish., Bot. Gaz. 18: 30. "Deer Lodge, June, 1892, F. D. Kelsey."
Astragalus decumbens, Gray. In dry open places, frequent. Bozeman, June 18, 1900; Kalispell, July 21, 1900; St. Joe Cr., En- nis. June 18, 1899, W. W. Jones; Columbia Falls, July 4, 1894, R. S. Williams, 1003.
Astragalus divergens, n. sp.
Caespitose from a perennial, woody, deeply penetrating caudex, 10-15 cm. high, somewhat caulescent with short, divergent branches terminating in long (5-10 cm.) naked peduncles twice as long as the basal leaves ; sericeous pubescent throughout with short appressed hairs: leaves pinnate, 9-13 foliate, 3-5 cm. long with broadly deltoid- ovate stipules or the upper lanceolate, more or less connate and the lower scarious ; leaflets elliptical to linear-oblong and acute, sessile or nearly so, 4-6 x 1-2 mm.: raceme aggregate, 6-12 flowered; bracts linear, about equaling the pedicels: flowers 8 mm. long; calyx cam- panulate, dark pubescent, teeth linear-lanceolate, about half as long as the tube; standard purple (blue in drying) or white and purple- lined, emarginate, about a third longer than the keel, the latter with an attenuate, inflexed and deeply colored tip; wings white: mature legume 15 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, straight and nearly terete, i-celled, coriaceous, stipe at maturity about equaling the calyx.
Nearest A. decumbens, Gray to which it has usually been referred, but differs from that species in its more caespitose, subacaulescent habit, wider and shorter leaves, subcapitate inflorescence, smaller purple or purplish flowers and nearly terete, stipitate pod. The true A. decumbens, Gray is a strictly caulescent and much larger plant, with longer and narrower leaves, flowers about twice as large and scattered in a lax raceme and with longer, compressed, sessile fruit. In habit and situation it closely resembles A. cacspitosns, Gray and A. simplicifolius. Gray, with which it was found on high dry grav- elly uplands near Big Coulee creek, about 30 miles northeast of Big
74 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Timber, Sweet Grass county, June 15, 1902.
The species belongs to the plains, like A. dccumbcns with which it appears to intergrade. A. Nelson's "No. 198, Laramie Hills, Wyo., June 9, 1894" seems to belong here and "No. 7085, Steamboat Mtn., Sweetwater Co., Wyo., June 10, 1900" also, though the latter has narrower leaves and hook-tipped, mottled fruit. E. Nelson's "No. 4374, Willow Creek, Wyo., July i, 1898," seems intermediate be- tween this and A. dccumbcns. [PLATE II. ]
Astragalus Geyeri, Gray. Sandy roadsides with A. pictus filifoH- us, Gray. Glendive, June 27, 1903 ; Miles City, May 26, 1902.
Astragalus glareosus, Dougl. Fair-grounds, Helena, June 8, and 25, 1898, E. N. Brandegee; Monida, June 16, 1899, A. & E. Nel- son, 5416.
Astragalus iodanthus, Rydberg, Flora, 244. All specimens re- ferred to this species in Montana appear to be A. arictiinis, Jones.
Astragalus leptaleus, Gray. Extends northward to the Sas- katchewan (Macoun). Head of Cottonwood Creek, Tobacco Root Range, 9000 ft., Aug. 10, 1902.
Astragalus Macounii, Rydberg, Flora, 243, is A. Robbinsii Jcs- supi, Eggleston & Sheldon (Minn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. 1:155); A. Blakei, Eggleston (Bot. Gaz. 20: 271).
Astragalus pictus filifolius, Gray; A. ccramicns, Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Stud, i :i37. Glendive, June 17, 1903. Sandy roadsides, rare.
Astragalus prunifer, Rydberg, Flora, 239, is A. caryocarpns, Ker, which varies considerably in the color of the flowers, width of leaves and size of pod; neither ought Nuttall's A. crassicarpns be taken up, as its characterization in Fraser's Catalogue is insufficient and may as well apply to A. Mexicanus.
Astragalus Robbinsii Jessupi, Eggleston & Sheldon. See A. Macounii above.
Astragalus simplicifolius, Nutt. Leaves silvery canescent, sim- ple, shorter than in A. cacspitosus, Nutt., and peduncles shorter and pods thicker and more strongly keeled. On dry upland plains. Big Coulee Cr., Sweet Grass Co., June 15, 1902.
Hedysarum occidentale, Greene, Pittonia, 3:19. Leaves larg-er than in H. borcalc, Nutt. and loment segments few, larger and sparsely hispidulous.
Leonia, Sept. 14, 1900; Midvale, July 4, 1903, L. M. LTmbach, 270.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA.
PLATE II.
ASTRAGALUS DIVERGENS, BLANKINSHIP.
A, Plant half natural size. C. Mature legume X 3.
B. Flower X 6.
D. Legume, section X
76 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Lupinus alpestris, A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 26:127. Differs from L. pseudoparviflorus, Rydb. in its larger flowers, less gibbous calyx, usually denser raceme and leaflets pubescent on both sides. It is found in mountain meadows 7-9000 ft. altitude, while parviflorus is a native of the forests from 5-7000 ft. in the moun- tains.
Middle Cr., Gallatin Co., 8000 ft., July 30, 1902; Tobacco Root Range, 8000 ft., Aug. 9, 1902.
Lupinus aphronorus, n. sp.
Herbaceous perennial, much branched below, about 2 dm. high : leaflets 6-8, narrowly oblanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, silky canescent or subvillous with appressed hairs on both sides ; stipules subulate, petioles about as long as the leaflets: calyx scarcely gibbous ; stan- dard blue with white or yellowish center, 10 mm. long, pubescent keel white, tipped with blue, ciliate : bracts linear, deciduous: fruit not seen.
Differs from L. flexuosus, Lind. in its smaller size, small leaflets, shorter and denser verticillate racemes, and shorter (4 mm.) pedi- cels as well as its higher altitude. Resembles L.candicans, Rydberg, but has larger flowers, pubescent standard and ciliate keel.
Divide of Horsefly Pass, Crazy Mts., 8000 ft., July 20, 1902.
Lupinus argenteus argophyllus, Wats. These more silky pube-, scent forms are more frequent eastward. Wibaux, July 9, 1901 , Six- teen JVIile Cr., Aug. 15, 1899; Deep Cr., Smith River Divide, Aug. 14, 1899; Judith Basin, July 24, 1901, F. A. Spragg; E. Flathead Cr., June 22, 1901, W. W. Jones.
Lupinus axillaris, n. sp.
Herbaceous, erect perennial, 2-4 dm. high, with short, appressed sericeous pubescence, sometimes villous and spreading on the lower stem; leaflets 8-10, oblanceolate, acute, 3-4 cm. long; petioles near- ly twice as long; stipules lance-linear, I cm. long;, axils of cauline leaves with 2-3 supernumerary leaves of equal size : inflorescence rather lax with 1-4 flowers in verticels: bracts subulate; pedicels 8 mm. long; calyx slightly gibbous; flowers blue or purplish, 10 mm. long; standard often with yellowish center, glabrous; keel verging to white below, minutely ciliate above : legumes 3-5 seeded, short villous or woolly.
Nearest L. Rydbcrgii below, of which it may be a more cauline var- iety, with supernumerary axillary leaves, but inhabits the dry east- ern plains.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 77
Miles City, May 26, 1902; Custer Station, May 25, 1890; Lombard, June i, 1901, the latter connecting with L. Rydbcrgii.
Lupinus caespitosus, Nutt. In dry gravelly situations. West Gallatin River W. of Bozeman, June 3, 1900; Head of Cottonwood Cr., Tobacco Root Range, 9000 ft., Aug. 10, 1902.
Lupinus candicans, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28:35. "E. V. Wilcox, 1900, 451; Boulder, 125 & 129 in part; Big Tim- ber, 385; R. S. Williams, Highwood Mts., 42; Columbia Falls, 1897.'*
Lupinus cyaneus, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28:35. Com- mon in the lower canyons and mountain forests, 5-7000 ft., with L. pseudoparviflorus, Rydb.
Bridger Cr., July 25, 1902; Porcupine Cr., Crazy Mts., July 18, 1902; Limekiln Canyon, Bozeman, July 27, 1901; Bridger Canyon, July 25, 1902.
Lupinus decumbcns, Torr., Rydberg, Flora, 231. Torrey's de- scription is insufficient to separate this from L. argcnteus, Pursh., which varies greatly in laxity of spike, abundance of leaves and size of flower and I agree with Britton & Brown (111. Fl. 2: 296) in reducing decumbcns to a synonym.
Lupinus flavescens, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:245; L. sulphurcus, Dougl. in part. ''Medicine Clay Prairies," Wyeth." Doubtfully in Montana ; probably in Washington or Idaho.
Lupinus flexuosus, Lindl. ; Agardh, Syn. 34; L. s>:'iceus, Ryd- berg, Flora, 230 and recent authors. This is the most common lupine on the dry plains and uplands of Montana and has usually been confused with L. sericeus, Pursh., which is characterized by its coarsely villous and subsilky, spreading pubescence, while L. flexuosus has pubescence short, silky and appressed, as with our species. It is more difficult to separate L. flexuosus from L. ornatus Dougl., but in general the latter has leaves fewer and more scatter- ed, leaflets larger and flat, pubescence short silky appressed, raceme longer, denser and more acuminate, verticels often 6-flowered, flow- ers larger (14-16 mm.) and standard less pubescent. L. flexuosus is characterized by its densely leafy stems, leaflets smaller, often conduplicate, less silky, subvillous and appressed, rarely somewhat spreading pubescence, shorter and more abrupt raceme, with flowers more scattered and smaller (10 mm.) bracts and pedicels longer and more densely pubescent standard. The former appears to be found mainly west of the Divide, where the two seem to intergrade and
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Westward. Bozeman, Aug. 30, 1899; Columbia Falls, July 20, 1900; Kalispell, July 23, 1900; Missoula, June 30, 1903 ; Arlee, Aug. 5, 1901 ; Leonia, Sept. 16, 1900; Libby Cr., July 26, 1900; Ennis, July 17, 1899; Big Timber, July 15, 1902; Melville, July 21, 1901.
Lupinus Hellerae,Rydberg, Flora, 231. See L. canlcsccns above.
Lupinus laxus, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 30:258. "Forks of the Madison, 1897, Rydberg & Bessey, 4442 &
Lupinus minimus, Dougl. Flat-top Mtn., Teton Co., 7000 ft.. July 5, 1897, R. S. Williams; Mt. Henry, Midvale, 7-8000 ft., July 16, 1903, L. M. Umbach, 94, 175, 304, 398; Upper Marias Pass, east side, 7000 ft., Aug. 4, 1883. W. M. Canby, 67 (Gray Herb.).
Lupinus ornatus, Dougl. See L. flc.vnosus, Lindl. above. Thompson Falls, Aug. 6, 1901 ; Big Fork, Aug. 25, 1901, L. M. Um- bach, 589.
Lupinus pulcherrimus, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 30:258. "Divide between McDonald and Camas Lakes, 1901, F. K. Yreeland. 996; Little Belt Pass, 1896, Rydberg, 3318, J. H. Flodman, 620; Baltic, 1900, E. V. Wilcox, 58."
Lupinus Rydbergii, n. sp. : L. HcHcrac, Rydberg, Flora, 231.
A short-caulescent, herbaceous perennial, 2-3 dm. high : leaves mainly radical on long (5-10 cm.) petioles; leaflets 8-10, oblanceo- late, acute, 3-4 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, coarsely canescent to sub- Villous with white appressed pubescence: racemes 8-14 cm. long and about 3 cm. in diameter, exserted above the leaves on peduncles about half as long: bracts linear, deciduous; pedicels 5-7 mm. long; •calyx slightly gibbous: corolla blue or purplish, 10 mm. long': stand- ard with white or yellowish center, naked ; keel ciliate, white below : legume 3-5 seeded, densely silky villous. Dry ridges and uplands of the lower mountains mainly. Certainly near L. HcHcrac, Heller. but differs in its smaller flowers and pubescence. The tvpical Hcllcrac has not yet been found in the state. Near L. a.rillaris above.
Big Coulee Cr., Sweet Grass Co., June 15, 1902; Mcim'a. June 26. 1902; i6-mile Cr., July 24, 1902; Dewey, 7500 ft., June 2.1, 1:902; Sedan, June 7, 1902, W. W. Jones; Columbia Falls, May 22, 1897, R. S. Williams. ,
Lupinus Scheuberae, Rydberg, Bull, Torr. Bot. Club, 29:244.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 79
Gurnet, Granite Co., July 20, 1901, Mrs. E. W. Scheuber, No. 135.
Lupinus sericeus, Pursh., not Rydberg. See L. flc.vuosus, Lindl. In the western part of the state, rare. Plains, Missoula Co., June 6, 1902; Monida, June 26, 1902.
Lupinus Jonesii, n. sp.
A herbaceous perennial with many simple stems from a branching cundex, puberulent, erect, slender, 2-4 dm. high: petioles appressed to stem or little divergent, lower 2-3 times as long as the leaves; stipules lanceolate-subulate, 8-12 mm. long; leaflets 8, narrowly ob- lanceolate, about 30 mm. long and 3-5 mm. wide, thin, glabrous above, appressed puberulent below, often conduplicate, apex acute : racemes short pedicled, often dense, 4-7 cm. long, 2 cm. wide attenu- ate above ; bracts linear about as long as the pedicels, silky cane- scent, as is the1 gibbous calyx: flowers small, 8 mm. long, pale blue; standard glabrous with a white or yellowish center, wings and keel more or less white below, keel rarely somewhat ciliate ; fruit silky villous, 3-seeded. Referred to L. dcciuubcns, Torr. by some authors.
Easily distinguished from the related L. alpcstris, Nelson, and L. pscudaparviflorus, Rydberg by its smaller size, more slender stems, smaller, narrpwer leaves, narrower, more condensed raceme and smaller flowers, as well as its more alpine situation. Often grow- ing in large clumps.
Monida, June 26, 1902; Lower Basin of the Gallatin, July 8, 1898; Head of Porcupine Cr., Crazy Mts., July 18, 1902. Also collected in the Yellowstone Park at the Yellowstone Falls, July 8, 1899, and near the Norris Geyser Basin, July 7, 1899. Named for Wyatt W. Jones, whose collections have aided materially in the representation of the botany of this region.
The slow means of dispersion of Lupinus tends to develop local variations in many places and only more careful study in the field and herbarium will determine which are good species and varieties and which are mere hybrids or integrades, that the obscure na- ture of many of the characters of the genus now render doubtful.
*Medicago denticulata, Willd. A bad weed in alfalfa fields, oc- casionally. Utica July 29, 1904.
*Medicago lupulina, L. Occasionally introduced as a weed. Clyde Park, July, 1903, W. C. Simcock ; Columbia Falls, Mrs. I. M. Kennedy; Bozeman, Aug. 8, 1904.
80 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Oxytropis Bcsseyi, (Rydberg) ; Aragallus Bcsseyi, Rydberg, Flora, 250 is A. Blankinshipii, Nelson, Erythea, 7:58. The types of both were collected within a few miles of each other. The fruited speci- mens of Nelson were pathogenic, infected with Uredo, causing the ovary to remain undeveloped and an abnormal calyx, the legume in the species usually exceeding the calyx ; otherwise they are identi- cal.
Oxytropis Cusickii, Greenman, Erythea, 7:116. (J. M. Greenrnan). Mt. above Stanton Lake, Aug. 7, 1894, R. S. Williams. Hitherto known only from the Wallowa Mts., of East Oregon (Cusick).
Oxvtropis multiceps, Xutt. Dewey, June 24, 1902 . Big Coulee Cr., Sweet Grass Co., June 15, 1902.
Oxytropis Parry', Grav. Our specimens have the leaves some- what larger, mainly elliptical and a sparser pubescence, than ir- the type, but otherwise appear identical. Sperry Glacier, 8000 ft., Sept., I, 1903.
Oxytropis podocarpa, Gray. Just north of Yellow Mln., 'JYton Co., June 21, 1897, R. S. Williams, 1086. Good specimens in both fruit and flower.
Oxytropis villosa. ^Rydb.) ; Aragallus rillosus, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28; 36. "Craig. 1900, E. V. Wilcox, 378."
Pctalostcmon mnltiflontm. Xutt.; Rydberg, Flora, 238. Possibly an immature form of P. oUgofhylluin. Rydb. There must be some er- ror in referring P. multiflorum, Xutt. to Montana, as it has not hitherto been found anywhere near our limits and is a more south- ern species.
Pctalostcinon I'illosinn, Xutt. I question the occurrence of this species in the state, although a specimen in the Gray Herbarium is labelled "Montana, L. F. Ward", but may have come from east of our limits and there are no "sand hills" (Rydberg, Flora, 238) in the state.
Petalostemon violaceum pubescens, Gray. This with more pu- bescent stem and leaflets is the usual form in the plains region of the state, though the typical glabrous I'iolaccwii occurs sparingly (Hel- ena, E. X". Brandegee).
Bear Tooth, Aug. 21, 1898. E. X". Brandegee; Great Falls, July 10, 1900; Wibaux, Aug. 15, 1903; Fergus Co., F. A. Spragg, 1901.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 81
Trifoliwn andinum, Nutt. ; Rydberg, Flora, 235. Nutall never collected in Montana and all specimens of his collection so referred are in error. He ascended the Missouri River with the Bradbury Expedition of 1810, which did not go beyond Mercer Co., N. D-3.U-. and accompanied the second Wyeth Expedition of 1834-6, which passed through southern Wyoming, Utah and Idaho, nearly on the line of the present Union Pacific Railway. This specimen doubtless came from the collection of the latter expedition, and is not within our bounds.
Trifolium brachypus, (Wats.) ; T. longipes brachypus, Wats., Bib. Ind. 264, not T. subcaulcsccns, Gray. Dwarf, 3-7 cm. high, leaves shorter and less acuminate than in T. longipes, Nutt. and peduncles shorter; in alpine situations, near melting snow. Head of Cotton- v/ood Cr., Tobacco Root Range, 9000 ft., Aug. 10, 1902.
Trifolium latifolium, Greene, Pittonia, 3 :223 ; T. Ion gi folium lati- folinm, Hook. Common in coniferous forests on the river benches in the extreme western part of the state.
Thompson Falls, Aug. 6, 1901 ; White Pine, Sept. 8, 1904.
Trifolium macroccphdum, Poir. ; T. megaccphalum, Nutt. Rydberg (Flora, 234) follows Coulter (Man. R. M. Bot. 54), who accepts 1'ur-h's (Fl. N. Am. 479) "At the headwaters. of the Missouri", now a part of Montana. The recent revision of the collect ion of tho Lewis & Ckrk i-. \pedition (Proc. Phila. Acid. 1898: 11-49) shows the ori- ginal label of this specimen to -have been "A species of clover near Fockford camp, on high hills,. April 17, 1806", which was the Rock- fort camp at the Dalles of the Columbia (Coues, Lewis and Clark Ex. 3 : 950-953) and nowhere near our limits. The species has not been found in Montana. Boise, Idaho is the nearest locality yet found for the species.
Trifolium Montancnsc, Rydberg, Flora, 236. I doubt the possi- bility of separating this from T. Parryi, Gray, as the type of the lat- ter species is the small form, 7-10 cm, high, and there appears to be 'little relation between size and leaf-width, though the size and length of the involucral bracts correspond fairly well. Moreover, while our Montana plants are usually small with leaflets broader than in the type of Parrvi, the narrow leaved forms occur, as on Mt. Hya- li'te, along with the other form and the larger bracted forms are found, as on the Spanish Peaks, having the low size and wid^.-r leaf.
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Trifolium Parryi, Gray. See T. Montancnsc before.
*Trifolium procumbens, L. The hop clover is an occiu-.>n«'il weed in gardens. lio^r man, Oct. 7, 1903. Introduced with garden seed.
*Vicia sativa, L. Introduced at Plains, Aug. 9, 1901.
MALVACE^.
:*Hibiscu3 Trionum, L. A weed occasionally introduced in gardens. Bozeman, Sept. 26, 1901, Mrs. A. B. Carow.
Malva rotundifolia, L. Not infrequent as a weed in waste places. Plains, Aug. 7, 1901.
Sidalcea campestris, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1 : 77. In moun- tain meadows at Chisholm's Camp, head of Middle Cr., Gallatin Co,. Aug., 1888, Peter Koch; same locality July 31, 1902. This is a rare species of the Pacific Coast west of the Cascades and its occurrence here in great abundance in an isolated mountain park is remarkable.
VIOLACE^:.
Viola arenaria, DC. ; V . canina puberula, Wats. ; V . uwnticola, Rydberg, Flora, 264. Small forms with characteristic incised stip- ules not rare.
Rocky Canon, Bozeman, May 26, 1900; Philipsburg, May 20, 1903, G. T. Bramble.
Viola aurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. 2: 185; V. Thorii, A. iSielson, Bot. Gaz. 30: 193. Very distinct from V. praemorsa, Dougl. with which it has been confused and its occurrence at this extreme locality has led t6 its being regarded as a new species.
Bridger Mts., Baldy, 8000 ft., June 26, 1899, in limestone "breaks" near the "saddle" ; good typical specimens ; same range farther north, June i, 1901, E. J. S. Moore. See V. praemorsa below.
Viola monticola, Rydberg, Flora, 264. The characters separating this from V. arenaria, DC. will not hold with our specimens, though the stipules are often entire.
Viola praemorsa, Dougl. ; V. rallicola, A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 26: 128; Rydberg, Flora, 262. The redescription is doubtless •due to the confounding in most books and herbaria of V. praemorsa, Dougl. with V. aurca, Kell. The former, as figured by Lindley {Bot. Reg. t. 1254), is clearly our common yellow spring violet here; the leaves are identical and the premorse root is characteristic, but
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 83
the figure shows the flowers larger and the peduncles longer than the normal, due doubtless to cultivation. V ' . aurea, Kellogg. (Proc. Calif. Acad. 2:185, fig. 54) is quite a different species. Praemorsa has leaves entire, inconspicuously serrulate or somewhat undulate and, except one or two of the earliest, pinnately nerved, is much less cau- line, and has a praemorse root while aurea more frequently has pal- mately nerved and sinuate-dentate leaves, is decidedly cauline and lias a long perpendicular, branching rootstock. There is a similar confusion between V. praemorsa and V . Nuttallii, Pursh, and Hooker's figure (FI. Bor. Am. i 179) seems nearer V . flavovirens, Pollard, while his var. major can hardly be anything else. V . Nuttallii can easily be distinguished by its longer, narrower, more tapering leaves, narrowed into the petiole at base and by its long, deeply penetrating roots, very different from the thick, premorse root of praemorsa. The latter is common in the valleys and plains of the state below 5000 ft., passing above into the mountain V. flavovirens, Pollard, while V. aurea is subalpine at 8000 feet and above. V. Nuttallii occurs with V. pra'cmorsa, but on dry sandy hillsides and dry uplands; praemorsa affecting the flats and moister situations.
Viola praemorsa altior, n. var. A tall, diffuse form of praemorsa with larger leaves on long petioles and less cordate at base, stems often produced and exceeding the leaves and roots often long and fibrous like Nuttallii. Resembles V . 'flavovirens in leaf but is clearly only a rank form of praemorsa growing in loose shady soil or culti- vated land. Bozeman, June 20, 1899; Ma7> 18, 1901; Sweet Grass River near Melville, June 16, 1902; Lombard, June I, 1901.
Viola renifolia, Gray. In damp woods. Belton, Aug. 19, 1902.
Viola retusa, Greene, Pittonia, 4: 6. Our specimens differ from Greene's description in having the peduncles longer than the leaves, the petals white, varying to blue, and by no means always retuse. Not the same as V ' . cognata, Greene, which is found here about moun- tain brooks and springs in more or less shady places.
In wet alkaline flats along Beaver Cr., Wibaux, May 25, 1902; Custer Station, May 29, 1890.
Viola sarmentosa, Dougl. Yellowstone, July 9, 1802. "R. N. Brandegee.
84 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
GERANIACE^:.
*Erodium circutarium, L'Her. Introduced from the Pacific coast and frequent in localities below.
Thompson Falls, Aug. 8, 1901 ; Plains, June 6, 1902.
Floerkia proserpinacoides, Willd. ; F. occidentalis, Rydberg, Mora, 268. The characters separating occidentalis from prosperinacoides will not ;ir,M as to these specimens. Here a weak, decumbent or trail- ing \:ne, 3-5 dm. long, abundant in wet sLd ly plac<s. Evaro, June 8, 1902.
Geranium nervosum, Rydb., Bull. Torr. Dot. O ».!-•. 2S: 34. The fact that this is intermediate in character between G. incisiim, Nutt. and G. Richardsonii, F. & T., is found growing with those species and is :el?r.ively rare would seem to indicate a hybrid between them. Flathead Cr., Gallatin Co., July 16, 1902.
Irnpatiens aurella, Ryclberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28: 34.. At a. spring on the road between big Fork and Swan Lake, Mission Mts., Aug. n, 1894, .Millie M. Smith. Fairly typical, having the salient toothed leaves and the small, narrow, deep yellow flowers and long" recurved spur of that species.
Irnpatiens biflora, Walt. These appear to have the small flow- evs .;nd often unspotted corola of /. aurella, Rydberg (Bull. Torr. Po*. Citi'b, 28: 34), but the leaves are crenate serrate and in other respects resemble biflora.
Prickly-Pear Canon, July 23, 1887, R. S. Williams, 688; Wood- lawn, Sept. 10, 1899, E. N. Brandegee; Child's Ranch, July 29, 1898, E. N. Brandegee.
Irnpatiens ecalcarata, n. sp.
9-12 dm. high: leaves ovate to ovate-elliptical, about 10 cm. long by 5 wide on petioles of equal length, usually acute at base and apex, distantly serrate-dentate, teeth and apex mucronate, light green above, paler beneath, thin : cymes 2-6 flowered in the axils of the upper leaves ; bracts linear- lanceolate, 3 mm. long: flowers 12-15 mm. long and nearly as wide, orange or pale-yellow, unspotted, the saccate sepal shallow and rounded at base, spurless, about 13 mm. long and 10 deep, lateral sepals oblique-elliptical, hooked cuspidate at apex, 6 mm. long: petals
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 85
5, the lower lateral irregular, 12-14 mm- long, the upper lateral ob- lanceolate, rounded at apex, 6 mm. long, upper (anterior) petal or- bicular to reniform, notched at apex: capsule 18 mm. long, 2-4 wide, irregularly nodulose.
Near /. aurea, Muhl., but differs from that species in its ovate, serrate-dentate leaves and its smaller spurless flowers, in which it approximates /. aurella, Rydberg but has the saccate sepal very dif- ferent.
Found in abundance along the damp shady margin of a small stream about half a mile east of Plains, Missoula county, Aug. 9, 1901. A similar specimen collected by Dr. Lyall in the "Columbia Valley, 1860" has been referred to /. bi flora by Trelease, as was a re- lated form found on "moist shady banks near the Missouri River, Montana, alt. 3600 ft., Sept. 7; 1883" by F. L. Scribner (No. 18), but this latter specimen does not exhibit the characteristic serrate den- tation of the leaves and has shorter petioles. The altitude given would place this locality in the vicinity of Hilger's at the Gate of the Mountains. [PLATE I, C and D].
*Tropaeolum peregrinum, L. Canary-Bird Flower. - Not rare- ly escaped from ornamental cultivation. Helena, E. N. Brandegee.
LINAGES. Linum rigidum tenerrimum, n. var.
Tall and slender, diffusely branching above with long internodes, about 3 dm. high: leaves 2-3 cm. long: capsules larger and more -acute : sepals longer, more attenuate and persistent than the type.
This tall, diffuse form is very different in appearance from the low, rigid, more common plant of the dry upland, but is frequently found with it and intergrades are common. The variety is more usual in low situations.
Big Horn River, June 15, 1890; Custer Co., July I, 1892, Mrs. J. E. Light ; Wibaux, July 9, 1901 ; Rainbow Falls of the Missouri, July 12, 1888, R. S. Williams, 145 in part.
*Linum usitatissimum, L. The cultivated flax is fre- quently persistent in old fields.
Bozeman, July 22, 1898; Wibaux, Aug. 15, 1903.
EUPHORBIACE^:.
Euphorbia Arkansana Missouriensis, Norton, Rep. Mo. Bot. Card., 11:104; E. dictyospcrma, Rydberg, Flora, 267, and authors as to the Montana specimens. Frequent in the eastern plains.
86 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
E. dictyospcrma, F. & M. See last above.
Euphorbia maculata, L. A nearly glabrous form approaching E. serpyllifolia, Pers., but with characteristic spotted leaves. Forsyth, July 24, 1900.
Euphorbia petaloidea, Engelm. Wibaux, July 9, 1901 ; Tusler, July 7, 1901.
Euphorbia serpens, HBK. Great Falls, Oct. 24, 1886, R. S. Wil- liams, 160, in part; Miles City, Aug. 16, 1903.
CALLITRICHACEJE.
Callitriche Bolanderi, Hegelm. A species close to C. palnstris, L. but larger, with larger, rhombic-ovate leaves and styles longer than the fruit. Apparently not hitherto reported east of the Cascade Mountains, so its occurrence here on the Continental Divide is sur- prising. Bernice, Sept. 7, 1900, 6000 ft.
ANACARDIACE/E.
Rhus occidentalis, (Torr.) ; R. glabra occidcntalis, Torrey, Bot. AVilkes Exp. 257; R. glabra, Rydberg, Flora, 479. Differs from R. gtabra, L. in its longer (3-4 dm.), less spreading leaves, usually larger number of leaflets (15-19), which are less acutely serrate and decidedly less glaucus beneath, shorter calyx and linear-oblong anthers. It is also separated in range vrom I\. glabra, not being found east of the Continental Divide, so that with the characters given, it appears to be a good species. Extends from Washington eastward up the Clark's Fork into Montana, but very local in distri- bution in the valley of that stream, as if introduced. It occurs at Ravalli, Jocko and Paradise Valley.
Rhus Toxicodendron, L. Occurs in the typical form, both shrubby and climbing and should be included in our flora, even if the dwarf form (R.Rydbergii, Small) be regarded as distinct. Kalispell, July 21, 1900.
AGERACE^E;
Acer Douglasii, Hook.; A. glabrum Douglasii, Piper. Not in- frequent in the forests west of the Divide, sometimes attaining a diameter of six inches. Distinguished from the common shrub mapie (A. glabrum, Torr.) by being a medium-sized tree, by its larger leaves (8-12 cm. long) and larger fruit. Belton, July 27, 1900.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 87
Acer glabrum tripartitum, Pax. ; Rydberg, Flora, 270. Whatever may be the validity of this variety elsewhere, its occurrence in Mon- tana is doubtful, though the young shoots of A. glabrum are not rarely trifoliate, and occasionally there is a similar tendency in the foliage of the whole shrub, such sporting forms are so rare and fol- iage so mixed on the same shrub that they can hardly be called even a variety in this region.
Acer grandidentatum, Nutt. Described from a specimen collec- ed by Nuttall on the "Bear River of Timpanagos" in southwestern Wyoming or southeastern Idaho — not "N. Montana," as in the Syn. Fl. i : 440; Sargent, Sylva, 2 : 100; Rydberg, Flora, 270 and elsewhere, for Nuttall never was in the present limits of the state of Montana. See remarks under Trifolum andinum, Nutt. (p. 81). "Headwaters of the Columbia River" locality arose from the reference of a speci- men of A. barbatum, Dougl. collected in "Valleys near springs on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Columbia" (Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i : 248) from Hooker (Fl. Bor. Am. I : 113), a specimen which Hooker afterwards renamed correctly A. Douglasii (Lond. Jour. Bot. 6: 77), so all references of the species to Montana are in error. A. grandidentatum ranges northward to Evan- ston, Wyo. (Nelson) and Pocatello, Idaho (Henderson).
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. Often in ornamental cultiva- tion, apparently indigenous along the Missouri and lower Yellow- stone. Poplar, July 12, 1900; Arden, July 15, 1900; Glendive, 1903.
Vitis vulpina, L. Not infrequent in the bottoms of the Little Big Horn River and reported thence down the Big Horn and Yel- lowstone Rivers.
Crow Agency, July 15, 1901.
LOASACE^
Mentzelia nuda, Torr. & Gray. Probably not rare in the sandy eastern plains. Miles City, Aug. 16, 1903.
LYTHRACE^E.
Ammannia alcalina, n. sp.
A low annual, 8-12 cm. high, glabrous, divaricately branching from the base : leaves oblanceolate, narrowed abruptly to an acute or ob- tuse apex, sessile and somewhat auriculate at base, often purplish,
£8 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
2-3 cm. long: flowers 1-3 in each axil, apparently apetalous, stamens 4, included; style much less than half the length of capsule, I mm. long, often nearly sessile : capsule globose, 4 mm. diameter, enclosed 'by the prominently 8-veined calyx. In wet alkali flats. - T-ske Bowdoin, near Malta, Aug. 25, 1903; Milk River, Aug. 19, "(1853-4), Suckley (Gray Herb.).
Differs from A. coccinea, Rottb. in its small size, stem not fleshy at base, leaves usually wider and more abrupt at apex and short style. More nearly related to A. Koehnci, Britton, but much smaller, apeta- lous and of different range. The Milk River specimens of Suckley are called A. lati folia, L. by Watson (Bot. Calif. 1:214). A related specimen from the Columbia River, Oregon (Suksdorf), but petal- iferous, is called A. coccinea, Rottb. by Koehne, even though the styles are less than one-fourth the length of the capsule (Gray Herb.).
ONAGRACE^:.
Epilobium palustre, L. Mountain near Columbia Falls, Aug. 20, 1904, R. S. Williams.
OEnothera andina, Nutt. ; Sphaerostigma andimim, Walp. ; Ryd- berg, Flora, 281, and various authors; apparently not yet found in Montana. The Blackfoot River, where Nuttall collected it, is in southeastern Idaho. It should occur in this state, as Macoun has it from several localities in Assiniboia, just north.
OEnothera brachycarpa, Gray. Watson, Rev. Oen., Proc. Atner Acad. 8:586; Coulter, Man. R. M. Bot., 104; Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 23:183, and others, following Watson, who seems to base his assertion on a specimen in the Gray Herbarium collected in Mon- tana by Winslow J. Howard about 1866, which is corcainly only an rnfruited specimen of OE. caespitosa, Nutt. and is mounted on a sheet with OE. Wrightii, Gray. The two may be easily distinguished by the larger flowers, winged fruit and dense canescence of Oil. bntcJiv- (arpa and the smaller flowers, usually tuberculate, cristate fruit and nearly glabrous leaves of caespitosa. OE. brachycarpa is a much more southern species.
OEnothera deprcssa, Greene, Pittonia, 2:216. See OE. nniricata be- low, i
OEnothera muricata, L., Syst. 12 ed, 263; OE. bicnnis mnricata, Lindl., Bot. Reg. t. 1604; OE. deprcssa, Greene, Pittonia, 2: 216; Onagra deprcssa, Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 23 :i7o; Rydberg, Flora,
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 89
279; 0. strigosa, Rydberg, Flora, 278. This is the common strigose, muricate, western form of OE. bioinis, L. and, as it has a distinct range from the type and well marked characters, had best be regard- ed as a species. Greene's OE. deprcssa was grown in the botanic .garden at Berkeley, California from seeds of the common erect Mon- tana plant, collected by myself at Custer Station, Aug. 19, 1890 and which is still in my herbarium and differs in no respect from the 0. strigosa, Rydb. The peculiar form 6f ,,the plant described by Greene is due to cultivation and new climatic conditions. Here an erect annual or biennial in low ground and occasionally a weed in fields and waste places, like OE. bicnnis, L.
OEnothera strigosa, (Rydberg), Flora, 278. See OE. niuricata above.
UMBELLIFER^:.
Angelica Dawsoni, Wats. ; Thaspinm aureum involucratum, Coulter & Rose. Columbia Falls, July 12 & Aug. 18, 1894, R. S. Williams; Borax, Aug. 8, 1901.
Angelica Roseana, Henderson, Cont. Nat. Herb. 5:201; 1. c. 7: 159. Tree limit, Spanish Peaks, July 20, 1901, Jacob Vogel ; Head of Cottonwood Cr., Tobacco Root Range, 9000 ft., Aug. 10, 1902.
Bupleurum purpureum, n. sp.
B. ramtnculoidcs, A. Nelson, (?) Bull. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta. 28:115.
Perennial from a long ligneous rootstock, branched above and producing about three (1-5) erect or somewhat spreading stems 3-10 cm. high; glabrous and somewhat glaucus: basal leaves numer- ous, linear-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long and 3-6 mm. wide ; cauline one to three, shorter and wider, sessile and more or less clasping, ovate- oblong to elliptical, 2-5 cm. long, not prominently nerved : involucre of 4-5 ovate, acute, unequal bracts; those of the involucels about 6, obovate to elliptical and relatively wide and obtuse, rarely acute, 3-nerved: primary rays of umbel about 5, unequal, 2-12 mm. long; secondary rays 10-12 very short; umbels 5-7 mm. diameter: flowers about half as large (1-2 mm.) as in B. Aincricaniun ; petals and sty- lopodium dark purple, rarely yellow, anthers yellow: carpel with prominent ribs and well-marked strengthening cells, oil-tubes 1-3, usually 3, in each interval.
Xot infrequent in alpine situations and appears to intergrade with J3, Amcricannm in intermediate altitudes. It is readily distinguished
90 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
PLATE III.
B
BUPLEURUN PURPUREUM, BLANKINSHIP.
A. Plant natural size. C. Fruit X 15.
B. Flower X 15.
E. Bracts of ir volucel X 5.
H. Mericarp, section X 1~,
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF" MONTANA. 91
from this species by its low, subcaulescent habit, shorter leaves, the wider, obtuse bracts of the involucels, smaller heads, smaller, dark purple flowers, shorter mericarps with fewer oil-tubes in the inter- vals and its alpine situation.
Mt. Hyalite, Gallatin Co., 10,000 ft. alt., Aug. I, 1902; Black Butte, Tobacco Root Range, 10,000 ft. alt., Aug. n, 1902; Bridger Mts. 9,000 ft. alt., Aug. 29, W. W. Jones. [PLATE III.J
Carum montanum, n. sp.
Roots fusiform, fascicled, fleshy: stems erect, 8-12 dm. high, glabrous and channeled: leaves with wide inflated, clasping petioles, 2-3 dm. long, odd-pinnate with about 5 pairs of leaflets ; leaflets ir- regularly cleft into several lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate di- \ergent divisions, 4-8 cm. long and 5-10 mm. wide; uppermost usual- ly simply pinnate with linear-lanceolate leaflets; umbels 13-17 rayed; primary rays 2-4^ cm. long, secondary 4-8 mm. ; involucre of 2-4 filiform bracts, 5-10 mm. long; involucels of short linear bractlets, as in C. Gairdneri: petals prominent and sepals evident, as long as the stylopodium, the latter depressed conical and style I mm. long: the oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals: fragrant.
Distinguished from C. Gairdneri, Gray by its larger size, larger leaves and pinnately incised leaflets with lanceolate or oblanceolate segments, its larger fruit and longer styles. Near C. Oreganumf Wats, from which it is separated by its long, lanceolate incised leaf- lets, short linear bractlets of the involucels and its larger size.
In low thickets, Bozeman, Aug. n, 1898; Flathead-Brackett Cr.>
Divide, Aug. 18, 1899; Hills of Lapwai, Clearwater Valley, Idaho,
June 18, 1895, L. F. Henderson, 4868 (Gray Herb.). [PLATE IV].
Conioselinum scopulorum, Coult. & Rose ; Ligusticum scopulornm. Gray. Borax, Coeur D'Alene Mts., 5500 ft., Aug. 8, 1901, in low ground.
Cymopterus Parryi, Jones; Coulter & Rose, Cont. Nat. Herb. 7: 182. "Gallatin Co., Tweedy, May, 1888".
Cymopterus tcrebinthinus, Rydberg, Flora, 292, is Pterixia thap- soides, Nutt.
Glycosma ambigua, Gray; Washingtonia ambigua, Coult. & Rose. Broadwater swamp, Helena, June u, 1898, E. N. Brandegee.
Osmbrrhisa divaricata, (Rydberg) ; Washingtonia divaricata, Rydberg, Flora, 290, is 0. obtusa, Fernald (Wash- ingtonia obtnsa, Coult. & Rose, Cont. Nat. Herb. 7:64).
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
PLATE IV.
B
CARUM MONTANUM, BLANhlNSHIP.
A. Lower leaf half natural size. B. Fruit X 12.
C. Same, section.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 93
Rydberg transposing this and 0. divaricata, Ntitt. and redescribing the latter as Washingtonia intermedia, Rydberg, Flora, 289. The true 0. divaricata, Nutt. is rare in Montana.
Osmorrhiza intermedia, (Rydberg) ; Washingtonia intermedia, Ryd- berg, Flora, 289, is 6. divaricata, Nutt.
Osmorrhiza Leibergii, (Coult. & Rose) ; Washingtonia Lcibergii, Coult. & Rose, Cont. Nat. Herb. 7:66. Camp below Sperry Glacier, 6,000 ft., Sept. i, 1903.
Osmorrhiza obtusa, Fernald ; Washingtonia obtusa, Coult. & Rose ; W. divaricata, Rydberg, Flora, 290. Frequent in the state in low shady places.
Peucedanum circumdatum, Rydberg, Flora, 286, is P. montanum t (Coult. & Rose). The true P. circumdatum, Wats, is found only west- ward of our limits.
Peucedanum Cous, Rydberg, Flora, 285, is P. montanum (Coult. & Rose, Cont. Nat. Herb. 7:215), as to the Montana specimens.
Peucedadum Cusickii, Wats. Beaverhead Co., near Dewey, 7,000 ft., near melting snow, June 24, 1902. Although the specimens are without mature fruit and the flowers seem yellow on drying, the small size,- finely dissected, glabrous leaves and glabrous stem will hardly permit its being placed elsewhere.
Peucedanum montanum, (Coult. & Rose) ; Lomatium montanum, Coult. & Rose, Cont. Nat. Herb. 7:215; Peucedanum circumdatum, Ryd- berg, Flora, 286; P. Cous, Rydberg, Flora, 285 in part. Common in Jhe mountainous parts of the state. The acaulescent form is now separated from the caulescent P. circumdatum, Wats., as P. montanum.
Peucedanum orientale, (Coult. & Rose) ; Lomatium orientate, Coult & Rose, Cont. Nat. Herb. 7 :22O. Custer Station, Apr. 24 and May 3, 1890; Miles City, May 26, 1902. Dry uplands.
Pterixia thapsoides, Nutt. ; Cymoptcrus tcrcbinthimts, Rydberg, Flora, 292. Common on dry hillsides in the mountains, 3-5000 ft. Difficult to distinguish from P. tcrebinthina. "Leaf-segments green- er and not so rigid," can be said only of the species in flower, as in mature fruit the leaves are quite as pale and rigid as in P. terebin- thina, though the fruit is characteristic.
Bozeman, May 14, 1900; Flathead-Brackett Cr. Divide, Aug. 18,
94 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
1899; Helena, June 15, 1899, E. X. Brandegee.
Zizia aurea, Koch. Flathead-Brackett Cr. Divide, Aug. 18, 1899: Arrow Cr., R. S. Williams, Sept. 1886, Coulter & Rose, Cont. Nat. Herb. 7:91.
CORNACE^.
Cornus Baileyi, Court. & Evans, Bot. Gaz. 15 137. This is the com- mon dogwood west of the Divide, C. stolonifcra, Michx. being there much mor,e rare. It is easily distinguished from the latter by its larger size (often 8 feet or more high), brownish-green bark, 'pur- plish only on the younger twigs; large (7 x 12 cm.), broadly ovate leaves, somewhat woolly pubescent below, and fruit with a peculiar broad flat seed. Forms with nearly orbicular flattened and pointed seeds occur, but otherwise like the type. The seeds of C. stolonifcra in Montana are nearly always strongly oblique.
Belton, July 27, 1900; Troy, July 25, 1900; Columbia Falls, Sept. 1 6, 1892, R. S. Williams.
ERICACE^.
Gaultheria Myrsinites, Hook. Spanish Peaks, 8-9000 ft., Sept. 20, 1901, Jacob Vogel; Mt. Hyalite. 10,000 ft., Aug. i, 1902.
Menzicsia urccolaris, Rydberg, Flora, 297, is M. glabclla, Gray. It is clearly an error to refer nrceolaris to Montana. Collections made in Dearly every part of the state fail to show it and the specimen Ryd- berg cites (Kelsey, Granite, 1902) is good M. glabclla, Gray, though its filaments are glabrous, like most other species of glabclla in the state. The leaves and young parts of the true urccolaris are strigose- hirsute, the leaves more acute and the flowers nearly twice as large a?, in glabella.
Phyllodocc hybrida, Rydberg and F. intermedia, Rydberg, Flora, 298, appear to be, as the author suggests, mere hybrids between Bryant hus cnipctrifonnis. Gray, and B. glanduliflorus , Gray, as they oc- cur only where these two species are growing together and their characters are intermediate between them.
Pyrola bracteata, Hook. ; P. rotundifolia bractcata, Gray. Easily distinguished from P. uliginosa, Torr.. by its taller, red scapes, large bracts and denticulate, acutish leaves.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 95
Belton, Aug. 21, 1903, L. M. Umbach, 723; Big Fork, Aug. 11, 1901, L. M. Umbach, 143; Summit, Sept. 12, 1902.
Pyrola secunda pumila, Paine. Smaller than the type; the lat- ter found mainly west of the Divide ; frequent.
Lower Basin of the Gallatin, 6000 ft., July 7, 1898; Spanish Basin, Aug. 25, 1899; Middle Cr. Canyon, 6506 ft., July 31, 1902; Gould, Oct., 1902, Owen Byrnes, 71; Indian Cr., July 21, 1897, 8000 ft., Rydberg & Bessey, 4646; Jack Cr. Canyon, July 15, 1897, 7000 ft., Rydberg & Bessey, 4644.
Vaccinium caespitosum arbuscula, Gray ; V . arbuscula, Howell, Fl. N. W. Am. 411. Our form has narrow, oblanceolate, acute leaves, but appears to belong here. Forms appear to pass into V. myrtil- Icridcs, Hook., with which Rydberg seems to have placed it.
Evaro, June 8, 1902 ; Gallatin Co., Mrs. M. L. Alderson ; Belt Park, Aug. 16, 1886, R. S. Williams, 538.
Vaccinium Canadense, Kalm. In open woodlands. Belton, Aug. 19, 1903, L. M. Umbach ; Aug. 19, 1902.
Vaccinium crythrococcum, Rydberg, Flora, 301 ; V. Myrtillus micro- phyllitm, Hook. Must give place to V. scoparium, Leiberg, below.
Vaccinium Myrtillus, L. Frequent in the mountains, but at <i somewhat lower altitude (5-8000 ft.) than V. scoparium, Lieberg, with which it intergrades.
Porcupine Cr., Crazy Mts., 8000 ft., July 18, 1902; Tobacco Root Range, 8000 ft., Aug. 9, 1902 ; Columbia Falls, Aug. 30, 1895, R. S. Williams, 492; Belt Park, Aug. 13, 1886, R. S. Williams, 492.
Vaccinium scoparium, Leiberg, Cont. Nat. Herb. 5: 103; V. cr \thrococcum, Rydberg. Common on shady mountain slopes.
PRIMULACEyE.
Primula Americana, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28:500. Separated from the European P. farinosa, L.
Erythraea Douglasii, Gray. Big Horn River near Custer Sta- tion, Aug. 24, 1890.
Frasera speciosa angustifolia, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 31 : 632. "Lima, 1895, Shear, 3369."
96 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
OLEACE^E.
Fraxinus viridis, Michx. The green ash is common along the lower Yellowstone River from the Big Horn River eastward and down the Missouri from Hinsdale. Crow Agency, July 15, 1901; Arden, July 15, 1900; Poplar, July 12, 1900.
CONVOLVULACE/E.
Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr. Parasitic on alfalfa; probably in- troduced from Utah. Livingston, Aug. 8, 1898, and other localities.
Cuscuta inflexa, Engelm. Parasitic on Sali.v and Glycyrrhiza. lepidota along the banks of the Missouri. Poplar, July T2, 190,0 ; Glasgow, July 17, 1900, on Salix; Great Falls, July 10, 190^. on G7y- cyrrhisa lepidota.
E volvulus argenteus, Pursh. Big Horn River near -Gustcr Sta- tion, July 2, 1890; Billings, June 3*0, 1902.
Ipomoea leptophylla, Torr. Big Horn River, near Custer Sta- tion, Aug. 10, 1890. Dry hillsides, not infrequent there.
HYDROPHYLLACE2E.
Romanzoffia Sitchensis, Bongard. Mt. Henry, Teton Co., Aug. 15, 1897, R. S. Williams; Sperry Glacier, 8000 ft., Sept. -I, 1903, in spray of falls; Stanton Lake, 7500 ft., Aug. 7, 1894, R. S. Williams,
.032.
BORRAGINACE^:.
*Cynoglossum officinale, L. Big Timber, July, 1900, V. K. Chesnut; July 13, 1901. A weed in waste places; infrequent.
Hthotropium spathulatum, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Pol. Club. 30:262. Separated from H. Curassaricitin, L., and includes all the Montana specimens.
Krinitzkia pustulata, n. n. ; Orcocarya of finis, Greene, not Krin- it"*',a af finis. Gray. Resembles K. gloincnita. Gray, but easily distin- guished by its larger size, its coarse hispid pubescence with promin- ent pustulate-based hairs, its more spreading scorpoid racemes and its narrower, tuberculate (not rugose) nutlets. A species of the eastern plains, while K. gloincrata is more frequent in the mountains ;md foothills.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 97
Wibaux, July 9, 1901; Glendive, July 9, 1901; Arden, July 15, ^900; Culbertson, June n, 1901; Billings, July 7, 1902; Trail Cr.. Park Co., July 2, 1899; Livingston, July, 1886, F. Tweedy, 1172.
Lappula trachyphylla, Piper, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:540. "Winslow J. Howard in Montana."
*Lithosperum arvense, L. Bozeman, June 11, 1901, W. W. Jones.
Mertensia membranacea, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28:33; M. paniculate, Rydberg, Flora, 336. "Electric Peak, 1897, Rydberg & Bessey, 4864."
Mertensia paniculata, Rydberg, Flora, 336, is M'. membranacea, Rydberg, above.
Mertensia subpnbcsccns, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 30: 261. To segregate this from M. Sibcrica, Don merely on leaf pubescence is questionable, unless there be some biological factor of range, habi- tat or period of blooming to separate them, which is doubtful.
Myosotis macrosperma, Engelm. Big Fork, June 29, 1902, M. J. Elrod.
*Symphytum officinale, L. Streets and waste places, intro- duced; rare. Bozeman, July 13, 1898.
VERBENACE/E.
Verbena stricta, Vent. Frequent in the bottoms along the Little Big Horn River at the Crow Agency, July 14, 1901.
LABIATE.
*Hyssopus officinalis, L. Escaped from gardens ; infrequent. Kalispell, July 21, 1900.
*Lamium amplexicaule, L. Occasional as a weed in gardens. Ennis, Aug. 20, 1900.
Lycopus Virginicus, L. In sphagnum bogs at the head of Lake McDonald, Aug. 29, 1903, L. M. Umbach. There common.
*Nepeta Glechoma, Benth. Occasionally escaped from ornamen- tal cultivation. Livingston, May 24, 1892, Miss E. Gay; Bozeman 1902.
*Salvia lanceolata, Wilid. Streets of Helena, introduced. Sept. 19, 1903; Sept. to, 1898, E. N. Brandegee.
98 . MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
SOLANACEJE.
*Hyoscyamus niger, L. A weed in the streets and waste places introduced. Billings, E. V. Wilcox, May, iq-x:; Big Timberr June 15, 1900, V. K. Chesnut; Bozeman, Sept., 1900.
*Physalis ixocarpa, Brot. ; P. uequata Jacq. f. Persistent in old gardens after cultivation. Bozeman, Aug. 18, 1898.
Physalis heterophylla, Nees. ; P. Virginiana, Gray. Apparently native. Forsyth, July 24, 1901.
SCROPHULARIACEJE.
*Linaria vulgaris, Mill. Frequently escaped fiom ornamental cultivation. Crow Agency, July 15, 1901 ; Missoula, 1903; Columbia Fall, Sept. 9, 1899.
Mimulus Langsdorfii alpinus, (Gray) ; Mimulus luteus alpinus, Gray. Mt. Hyalite, 10,000 ft., Aug. I, 1902.
Orfhocarpus pachystachyus, Rydberg, Flora, 362 is O. tenuifolius, Benth., as shown by the yellow corolla not exceeding 18 mm. in length. 0. pachystachyus, Gray seems never to have been found except in the original locality, where it was collected by Greene. See Pittonia, 4:101.
Penstemon Wilcoxii, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28: 28. "Kalispell, 1900, E. V. Wi'lcox, 370 & 368".
*Verbascum Blattaria, L. The moth mullein is common as an introduced weed in many places along the railroad between Missoula and Thompson Falls. Thompson Falls, Aug. 8, 1901.
*Veronica Byzantina, B. S. P. Occasionally as a weed in gar- dens; imported with garden seed, but rarely persistent. Bozeman, Sept. 29, 1900.
OROBANCHACE^:.
Aphyllon uniflorum, Gray. Columbia Falls, July 10, 1895, R. S. Williams; Belt R. & Martinsdale, June 6, 1884, R. S. Williams, 3 & 239; Mt. Hyalite, 8500 ft., Aug. i, 1902.
LENTIBULARIACEJE.
Utricularia minor, L. Ditches near the Sweet Grass River, Melville, June 21, 1901. Not in bloom but can hardly be any- thing else.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 99
PLANTAGINACEJE.
*Plantago lanceolata, L. Occasionally introduced with grass and garden seed. Bozeman, Aug. 8, 1904.
Ptantago spinulosa, Dene. ; P. Patagonica spinulosa, Gray. Re- ported in Montana by E. L. Morris, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28: ny.
CAPRlFOLIACEyE. Sambucus Canadensis, Rydberg, Flora, 370, is i". glaiica, Nutt.
Sambucus glauca, Nutt. Common in low ground west of the Divide. Missoula. June 25, 1897, M. J. Elrod; Flathead Lake, July 27, 1900; Plains, Aug. 7, 1901 ; St. Ignatius, Sept. 7, 1899; Troy, July 25, 1900; Leonia, Sept 14, 1900.
VALERIANAGE^E,
*Valerianella macrocera, Gray. In hill pastures back of Plains, June 6, 1902. Probably introduced by sheep from the west.
COMPOSITE.
Achillea Millefolium, L. The typical, more glabrous eastern plant is not infrequent in the region west of the Divide. Swan Lake, June, 1902, M. J. Elrod, 112.
*Ambrosia trifida, L. Frequent as a weed along the Great Northern R. R. from Havre eastward; probably introduced.
Arden, July 15, 1900; Poplar, July 12, 1900; Savoy, July 18, 1900; Chinook, Sept. 10, 1900; Havre, July 28, 1900; Crow Agency, July 15, 1901.
Antennaria arida humilis, E. Nelson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23: 710; A. foliacca humilis, Rydb., Flora 414.
"Brdger Mountains, Rydberg & Bessey, No. 5H9-"
Antennaria coryrubosa, E. Nelson ; Rydberg, Flora, 413, is A. nardina, Greene, according to Nelson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23: 707.
Antennaria foliacca, Rydberg, Flora, 413, is A. reflexa, E. Nel- son, according to the latter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23: 703.
Antennaria foliacca, Rydberg, Flora, 413, is A. oxyphylla, Greene, in part at least (Pittonia, 4:284).
100 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
A. foliacea humilis, Rydberg, is A. arida hinnilis, E. Nelson, 1. c.
Antennaria Howellii, Greene Pittonia, 3: 174. "Montana", IL Nelson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23: 713; Columbia Falls, June 8, 1894, R. S. Williams, 1019; Thompson Falls, June 7, 1902.
A. nardina, Greene, Pittonia, 4:82; A. corymbosa, E. Nelson, 1. c.
Antennaria oblancifolia, E. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 30:121. Br.idger Mts., June 26, 1899.
Antennaria oxyphylla, Greene, Pittonia, 4: 284; A. foliacea, Ryd- berg, Flora, 413. "Spanish Basin, Gallatin Co., Rydberg & Bessey, No. 5148".
Antennaria pulvinata, Greene, Pittonia, 3: 287; A. media, Ryd- berg, Flora, 410, in part at least. Tiger Butte, 1887, R. S. Williams, 729, as cited by E. Nelson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23 : 702.
Antennaria pulvinata albescens, E. Nelson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23:702. Bridger Mts., June 18, 1897, Rydberg & Bessey, 5162, as quoted.
Aplopappus Andersonii, (Rydb.) ; Stcnotus Andersonii, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27:615. "Belt Mts., 1886, F. W. Anderson".
Aplopappus integrifolius pumilus, ( Rydberg) ; Pyrrocoma intcg- ri folia pumila, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27:626; P. Hoivcllii, Rydberg, Flora, 382. "Butte, 1895, Rydberg".
Aplopappus rigidus, (Rydberg) ; Pyrrocoma rigida, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27, 624. Separated from A. carthamoides, Gray. "Columbia Falls, 1894, R. S. Williams".
*Arctium Lappa, L. The burdock is not rare as a weed in a few localities. Big Timber, July u, 1901; Libby Creek, July 26, 1900.
*Artemisia annua, L. An introduced weed in waste places at Billings, Aug. .29, 1904.
Aster angustus, Torr. & Gray; Brachyactis angnstns, Britton. Frequent in alkali soil.
Great Falls, Sept. 16, 1886, R. S. Williams; Havre, Sept. 15, 1900; Chinook, Sept. 10, 1900; Malta, Sept. 9, 1900; Columbia Falls, Sept. 17, 1894, R. S. WTilliams; Custer Station, Aug. 24, 1890.
Aster crassulus, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28 : 504.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 101
Aster hesperius, Gray. (G. H. Shull). Kalispell, Sept. 8, 1899; Leonia, Sept. 14, 1900.
Aster Nelsonii, Greene, Pittonia, 4:219. (G. H. Shull). Boze- man, Aug. 26, 1898; Steele /Teton Co., Aug. 20, 1901.
Aster ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Wibaux, Aug. 15, 1903. Rare.
Aster Sibericus, L. Common along the gravel margins of the Flathead River, July 27, 1900, and of the Koutenai above Leonia, Sept. 14, 1900; also Tenderfoot Cr., Teton Co., July 31, 1891, R. S. Williams.
Balsamorrhiza floccosa, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27:629. Separated from B. Hookeri, Nutt. "Spanish Basin, 1897, Rydberg & Bessey, 5175."
Bidens frondosa, L. Eastern plains, rare.
Sand Coulee, 1886, R. S. Wiliams; Box Elder Cr., Valley Co., July 14, 1900; Crow Agency, July 15, 1901.
*Centaurea Cyanus, L. The corn-flower is a frequent escape from ornamental cultivation. Bozeman, 1902; Missoula, 1903.
Chrysopsis villosa discoidea, Gray. "Canyons of W. Montana3 Watson." Syn. Flora, i :i23.
*Cichorium Intybus, L. The chickory is introduced in a few localities and promises to be permanent. Holt, July 23, 1900.
*Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. The Scotch thistle is frequent along railroads and in many localities in the western part of the state. Kalispell, July 21, 1900; White Pine, Sept. 9, 1904, and other localities.
Erigeron Nelsonii, Greene, Pittonia, 3:294. (G. H. Shull). Bozeman, July i, 1898.
*Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. Occasional as a weed about green- houses. Bozeman, Apr. 19, 1901.
Helianthus Maximiliani, Schrad. Frequent in low ground along the Missouri River from Malta eastward.
Missouri River, near Calais, July 14, 1900; Malta, Sept. 9, 1900; Upper Little Big Horn River, July 13, 1890.
Lactuca Canadensis, L. Big Fork, Aug. 8, 1904, Millie M. Smith.
102 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
*Madia filipes, Gray. An abundant weed introduced in waste places in the extreme western part of the state.
Troy, July 25, 1900; Thompson Falls, Aug. 8, 1901.
*Madia dissitiflora, Torr & Gray; M. sativa disitiflcra, Gray. A weed introduced from westward along- the railway. Thompson Falls, Aug. 8, 1901.
Petasites dentata, n. sp.
P. sagittata, Gray, in Brew. & Wats., Bot. Calif., i -.407 ; Syn. Fl. i: 376; not Tussilago sagittata, Pursh, Fl. N. Am. 531. In Pursh's. description of the latter the radical leaves are said to be "oblongis acutis sagitatis integerrimis, lobis obtusis," which cannot apply to the common Rocky Mountain species with broadly ovate-hastate, repand-dentate radical leaves meant by Gray. T. sagittata of Pursh is from Hudson's Bay. M. L. Fernald of the Gray Herbarium first noted this species as distinct from that described by Pursh, but I do not find it elsewhere distinguished.
Petasites sagittata, Rydberg, Flora, 484 and authors, as to the Rocky Mountain species, is P. dentata above.
Pyrrocoma Howellii, Rydberg, Flora, 382 is Aplopappus integrifolius pumilus.
Rudbeckia ampla, A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28:234. Appears to include all the Rocky Mountain R. laciniata, L.
Rudbeckia laciniata, Rydberg, Flora, 416, is the last.
Senecio alpicola, Rydberg, Flora, 447, is S. saxosus, Klatt. (J. M. Greenman).
Senecio altus, Rydberg, Flora, 443, is 5'. sphaeroccphalus, Greene. (J. M. Greenman).
Senecio atriapiculatus, Rydberg, Flora, 442 ; apparently identical with S. Hookeri, Torr. & Gray. (J. M. Greeman).
Senecio Balsamitae, Rydberg, Flora, 446 is S'. flavovirens, Rydberg.
Senecio debilis, Nutt. ; 5. nephrophyllus, Rydberg, 446? (J. M. Greenman). Fair Grounds, Helena, July 23, 1898, E. N. Brandegee; Big Blackfoot River, July 13, 1883, W. M. Canby.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 103
Senecio exaltatus, Nutt. (J. M. Greenman). Thompson Falls, June 7, 1902.
Senecio flavovirens, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27:181, is the western form of S. Balsamitae, Muhl. and includes all Montana species referred to the latter (Flora, 446).
Senecio Hookeri, Torr. & Gray. Apparently Rydberg's S.
atriapiculatus.
Senecio integerrimus, Nutt. (J. M'. Greenman). Between Bozeman and Belgrade, May 29, 1898, collector doubtful.
Senecio lugens, Richardson. (J. M. Greenman). Lower Basin of the Gallatin, July 8,
Senecio nephrophyllus, Rydberg, Flora, 446; apparently 5. debilis, Nutt. (J. M. Greenman).
Senecio ovinus, Greene, Pittonia, 4:110. (J. M. Greenman). Sperry Glacier, 8000 ft., Sept. I, 1903; Mt. Hyalite, 10,000 ft., Aug. i, 1902; McDonald's Peak, Mission Range, July 19, 1893. W. M. Canby.
Senecio saxosus, Klatt. ; S. petraeus, Klatt.;6\ petrocallis, Greene; 6". alpicola, Rydberg, Flora, 447. (J, M. Greenman).
Black Butte, Tobacco Root Range, 10,000 ft., Aug. n, 1902. Northernmost range yet reported.
Senecio sphaerocephalus, Greene, Pittonia, 3:106; 5". altus, Rydb. (J. M. Greenman). Brackett-Flathead Cr. Divide, 7000 ft., June 26, 1902.
Solidago multiradiata scopulorum, Gray. Mountain near Stanton Lake, 7000 ft., Aug. i, 1894, R. S. Williams; mountain near Nyack, 9000 ft., Aug. 25, 1902, M. J. Elrod.
*Sonchus arvensis, L. Imported from the East with shrubbery. Bozeman, July 30, 1904. Apparently not maturing seed here.
*Sonchus oleraceus, L. Much more rare than 6". asper, Vill. Prickly Pear Canyon, July 28, 1887, R. S. Williams; Bozeman, July 30, 1894.
Stcnotus Andersonii, Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27 :6i5- See Aplopappus Andersonii before.
"Belt Mts., 1886, F. W. Anderson, 3561."
104
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
*Troximon heterophyllum, Greene. Dry hill pastures back of Plains, June 6, 1902. Apparently introduced by stock from the Pacific Coast.
*Xanthium spinosum, L. Well established as a weed at a sheep camp east of Victor, Bitter Root Valley, R. Parkhurst, Sept. ?5, 1900. Probably brought in by sheep from the Pacific Coast.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 105
?
CREPIS NANA, RICHARDSON.
A. Plant natural size.
B. Single head X 2.
C. Flower X 3.
D. Mature fruit X 7.
106 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
• PLATE VI.
Drawing by Miss E. A. DuHamel.
SAGITTARIA PANICULATA, BLANKINSHIP.
A. Plant about half size. C. Stamen X 5-
Flower natural size. D. Akene X 7.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA. 107
INDEX.
page. page.
Abies 38 Bupleurum 89, 90, 91
Abronia 50 Callitrichaceae 86
Acer 86, 87 Callitriche 86
Aceraceae 86 Caprifoliaceae 99
Achillea 99 Cardamine 58
Actsea _. 62 Carex 43
Alismacese 40 Carum 91, 92
Allionia 50 Caryophyllacese 51
Alyssum 57 Cenchrus 42
Amarantaceae 50 Centaurea 101
Amaranthus 50 Cerastium 52
Ambrosia 99 Orasus 70
Amelanchier 69 Cercocarpus 69
Ammannia 87, 88 Chenopodiaceae 50
Ampelopsis 87 Chrysopsis 101
Anacardiaceae 86 Cichorium 101
Andropogon 41 Claytonia 50, 51
Anemone 53 Clematis 53
Angelica 89 Cnicus 101
Antennaria 99, 100 Compositae 99
Aphyllon 98 Coniferae 38
Aplopappus 100, 102, 103 Conioselium ' 91
Aquilegia 53 Conryngia 58
Arabis . ' 57, 58 Convolvulaceae 96
Aragallus 80 Corallorhiza 45
Arctium 100 Cornaceae 94
Arenaria 51 Cornus 94
Argemone 61 Crassulaceae 61
Aristida 41 Cratsegus 69
Artemisia 100 Crepis 105
Aster , 100. 101 Cruciferae 57
Astragalus 71, 75 Cupuliferae 48
Balsamorrhiza 101 Cuscuta 96
Barbarea 58 Cymopterus 91, 93
Berberidaceae 56 Cynoglossum 96
Berberis 56, 57 Cyperaceae 43
Betula 48 Cyperus 43
Bidens 101 Delphinium 53, 54
Borraginaceae 96 Draba «"!)
Bouteloua 41 Eleocharis 43
Brachyactis 100 Elymus 41!
Brassica 58 Endolepis 50
Bromus 41 Epilobium 88
Bryanthus 94 Ericaceae 94
Bulbilis . . 41 Erigeron 101
108 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
page. page.
Eriogonum 49 Liliaceae, 44
Eriophorum 43 Linaceae, 85
Erodium. 84. Linaria, 98
Eruca 59 Linum, 85
Erythrsea, 95 Lithosperum, 97
Euphorbia, 85, 86 Loasaceae 87
Euphorbiaceae, 85 Lomatium, 93
Evolvulus, 96 Lupinus, 76-79
Flcerkia, 84 Lychnis 52
Frasera, 95 Lycopus 97
Fraxinus, 96 Lythraceae, 87
Galinsoga, 101 Madia, 102
Gaulthera, 94 Malva, 82
Gentianaceae, 95 Malvaceae, 82
Geraniaceae 84 Medicago 79
Geranium 84 Mentzelia, 87
Geum, 69 Menziesia, 94
Glycosma 91 Mertensia 97
Glycyrrhiza, 96 Mimulus, 98
Graminese, 41 Mitella, 62
Habenaria, 45 Montia, r 51
Hedysarum 74 Myosotis, 97
Helianthus, 101 Myosurus, 55
Heliotropium 96 Naiadaceae, 39
Hesperis, 59 Nasturtium, 60
Heuchera, 62 Nepeta 97
Hordeum, 42 Nyctaginaceae, 50
Hydrophyllaceae, 96 OEnothera 88, 89
Hyoscyamus 98 Oleaceae, 96
Hyssopus, 97 Onagra, 88, 89
Impatiens, 67, 84, 85 Onagraceae, 88
Ipomcea, 96 Orchidaceae, 45
Ivesia, 69 Oreocarya, 96
Juniperus 38, 39 Orobanchaceae, 98
Krinitzkia, 96, 97 Orthocarpus, 98
Labiatae, 97 Osmorrhiza, 91, 93
Lactuca 101 Oxytropis, 80
Lamium, 97 Panicum, 42
Lappula, 97 Papaver, 61
Larix, 39 Papaveraceae 61
Leguminosae, 71 Parnassia, 62
Lentibulariaceae 98 Pentstemon, 98
Lepidium, 59 Petalostemon, 80
Leptarrhena, 62 Petasites, 102
Lesquerella, 60 Peucedanum, 93
Lewisia, 51 Phyllodoce, 94
Ligusticum, 91 Physalis, . 98
SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA OF MONTANA.
109
page.
Physaria, 60
Picea, 39
Pinus 39
Plantaginaceae, 99
Plantago, 99
Poa, 42
Polygonaceae, 49
Polygonum, 49, 50
Populus 45, 46
Portulacaeae, 50
Portulaca, 51
Potamogeton, 29
Potentilla, 69, 70.
Poterium, 70
Primula, 95
Primulacese, 95
Prunus -. 70
Pterixia, 91, 93
Pyrola 94, 95
Pyrrocoma, 100, 102
Quercus, 48
Ranunculaceae 53
Ranunculus, 55, 56
Rhus, 86
Ribes, 62-64
Romanzoffia, 96
Rosa ? 70, 71
Rosacese, 69
Rudbeckia, 102
Rumex, 50
Ruppia, 40
Sagina, 52
Sagittaria, 40
Salicaceae, 45
Salix, 46, 47, 48, 96
Salvia 97
Sambucus, 99
Saxifraga, 64-69
Saxifragacese, 62
Schcenocrambe, 60
Scirpus, 43, 44
Scrophulariaceae, 98
Sedum, 61
Senecio, 102, 103
Setaria, 42
Sheperdia, 62
Sidalcea, 82
Silene 52
page.
Sisymbrium, 60
Sitanion 43
Smelowskia, tjl>
Smilax 4 i
Solanaceae, 98
Solidago, 103
Sonchus 103
Sophia, 60
Spergula, 52
Spergularia, 52
Sphaerostigma 83
Spiraea, 71
Stellaria, 52, D3
Stenotus, 101, 103
Symphytum, 97
Thalictrum, 56
Thelypodium, p>0
Tofieldia, 44
Trifolium, 81, 82
Trisetum, . 42
Tropaeolum, 85
Troximon, 104
Tsuga, 39
Tussilago 102
Ulmus 49
Umbelliferae 89
Urtica, 49
Urticaceae, 49
Utricularia, 9S
Vaccinium, 95
Valerianacese, 99
Valerianella '. . 99
Veratrum, 44
Verbascum, 98
Verbena, • • 97
Verbenaceae, 07
Veronica, 9S
Vicia S2
Viola, 82, 83
Violaeese, 82
Vitaceas, 87
Vitis, 87
Washingtonia, 91, 93
Xanthium, 104
Xerophyllum, 44
Zizia, 94
Zygadenus, 44, 45
VOL. i. flAY, 1905. NO. 3.
SCIENCE STUDIES.
BOTANY.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS. BV J. W. BLANKINSHIP, AND HESTER F. HENSHALL.
Frontispiece: The Bitter=root.
BOZEMAN, MONTANA. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE COLLEGE.
t - NOTICE.
I WOULD REGARD IT AS A FAVOR, IF THE READER WOULD CALL. MY ATTENTION TO ALL ERRORS AND OMISSIONS IN THE FOLLOWING LISTS, AS IT IS DESIRED TO SECURE AS MANY AS POSSIBLE OF THE COMMON NAMES OF OUR NATIVE MONTANA PLANTS, AS WELL AS INFORMATION IN REGARD TO THEIR USES AND ADAPTABILITY TO PURPOSES OF ORNAMENTAL CULTIVATION, FOR USE IN FUTURE PUBLICATIONS.
J. W. BLANKINSHIP.
AVANT COURIER PRINT.
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Vol. 1, No. 3. BOTANY. Issued May 6, 1905.
Application has been made for entrance as 2d class matter at Bozeman, Mont, postoffice.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS.
BY J. W. BLANKINSHIP AND HESTER F. HENSHALL.
-.*-
PREFACE.
-j*
The present list of the popular plant names of some of the more common or striking plants of Montana has been, gradually brought together by noting down the names heard in common use through- out the state and is intended to supply a want not met by any of the text books dealing with our flora and to give aid and encourage- ment to the amateur and student of our native flowers and trees, for whom the scientific names may be hard to remember. No at- tempt has been made by the authors to invent names for the de- serving, but unnamed beauties, which bloom about us, nor have we gone to books to find the names elsewhere in use for any particular species ; we only try to portray faithfully the names originated or applied in local usage, though many of these have been simply transferred from similar or related plants in other regions and have thus become established among us.
The question is often asked, "Why are these hard scientific names necessary?" By reference to the list of common names in the in- dex following it will be seen that the same common name is often applied to two or more very different species in different parts of the state and to still other species in other countries or states, so that jiny discussion of our flowers by their common names would scarce- ly be understood outside of the limited locality where the paper was written, while it is intended to have only one scientific name, ex- pressed in Latin, for each species in every language and in all coun- tries and thus secure accuracy of expression otherwise unattainable. Hence it is that, while common names may be very helpful in the local' study of a flora, they cannot supply the place of their Latin equivalents in papers intended for general circulation.
We would now remind you of the fact that only a small propor- tion of our flowers have yet received common names and that you have just as much right to christen them as any one else, while the
chances are that the name you apply, if found eminently appropri- ate and frequently mentioned, is apt to become permanently estab- lished and even to displace another less characteristic.
The common names of plants aptly portray the genius of a peo- ple. They express disgust at unwarranted intrusions and disagree- able dispositions and flout before us the appearance of the ugly and misshapen. They advertise their evils habits and warn us against their unknown dangers. Some plants harp upon the fact that they furnish food for this or that animal, or have an unfortunate habit of lying in wait and poisoning some unsuspecting herbivore, never thinking that from the point of view of the plant it is acting strict- ly in self-defence. We also find their good qualities often mention- ed, as well as their various and peculiar habits of growth or seed- dissemination, while their friendship for their late friends and ad- mirers, the noble Red Alan, and often even their Indian names, yet cling to them in our popular nomenclature, as a badge of honor and a well-earned recognition of their former services. But it is from their relationships and resemblances, real or imagined, that the greater number of popular names are derived and it is a common habit of an immigrant people to christen the strange plants of their new homes with the names of the loved flowers of their former land and to keep up the old names of the weeds that follow in their footsteps. Yet, the genius of a people finds its most natural ex- pression in the new names given to these new species which bloom around them and it is here that we see the comic, the poetic, the in- dignant hatred, the love and the wild, free happiness of childhood and the country home so often displayed, and we can trace in these names the love of beauty and grace, the boundless admiration and the deepest appreciation of the human heart for the purity, simpli- city and elegance of these gentle flowers of Nature, so lavishly dis- played before us, to charm our minds and hearts away from the ceaseless toil and the evil passions of this social edifice we have built about us — to give us rest and inspire us with higher, purer and nobler aims than those we now attempt.
For convenience of reference two alphabetical lists are given, one of the common names with their scientific equivalents, the other of the scientific names followed by their corresponding common names.
Valuable assistance in compiling the present work has been render- ed by Airs. E. W. Scheuber of Livingston, Mrs. M. L. Alderson of Bald Butte, Mrs. R. R. Finlay, Amy M. Cooke and Wyatt W. Jones of Bozeman, and the many students of botany at the Montana Agri- cultural College, who have each year contributed to extend the list of names here given.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS. 117
COMMON NAMES.
Aconite; Aconitum Columbianum, Nutt.
Adder's-tongue ; Erythronium grandiflorum, Pursh.
Alder; Alnus tenuifolia, Nutt.
Alfalfa Dodder; Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr.
Alfilaria; Erodium dcui'<rium, L'Her.
Alkali-grass; Distichlis spicata, Greene.
Alpine Fir; Abies lasiocarpa, Nutt.
Alpine Pine; Finns albicaulis, Nutt.
Arrow-leaf; Balsamorrhiza sagittata, Nutt.; Sagittaria arifolia, Nutt.
Artichoke; Carum Gairdneri, Gray; Helianthus Maximiliani, Schrad.
Ash-leaved Maple; Negundo aceroides, 'Moench. '
Aspen Poplar; Populus tremuloides, Michx.
Atabasco Lily; Calochortus species.
Baby Blue-eyes; Pentstemon acuminatus, Dougl.
Badgers; Anemone patens Nuttalliana, Gray.
Balm; Balm of Gilead; Populus balsamifera, L.
Balsam; Balsam Fir; Abies lasiocarpa, Nutt.
Baneberry; Actgea spicata, L. and A. rubra, Willd.
Barberry; Berberis repens, Eincll.
Kazzle-weed ; Iva axillaris, Pursh.
BearJDerry; Lonicera involucrata, Banks.
Bear-grass; Xerophyllum tenax, Nutt.; X. Douglasii, Wats.
Bee Flower; Cleome integrifolia, T. & G.
Beggar-ticks; Echinosperum floribundum and other species.
Bell-flower; Campanula rotuhdifolia, L.
Big-root; Balsamorrhi/.a sagittata, Nutt. Ipomcea leptophylla, Torr.
Bindweed ; Polygonum Convolvulus, L.
Bird-bills; Geranium Carolinianum, L. and G. Bicknellii, Britton.;
Dodecatheon conjugens, Greene and other species. Birdseed; Lepidium apetalum, Willd. Biscuit-root; Lomatium cous, C. & R. and other species. Bitter-root; Lewisia rediviva, Pursh. Black Currant; Ribes Americanum, Mill.
Blackeyed Susan; Gaillardia aristata, Pursh.; Rudbeckia laciniata, L. Blark Haw; Crataegus Douglasii, Lincll. Black Moss; Alectoria Fremontii, Tuckerm. Black Mustard; Brassica nigra, Koch: Black Pine; Finns scopulorum, Lemmon. Bladder-pod; Physaria didymocarpa, Gray.
118 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Blanket-flower; Gaillardia aristata, Pursh.
Blazing-star; Liatris pnnctata, Hook.
Flue Anemone; Anemone patens Xuttalliana, Gray.
Blue Bean; Lupinus species.
Blue Camas; Camassia esculenta, Lincll.
Blue-bells; Mertensia oblongifolia, Don.; Campanula rotunclifolia, L.
Blue Clematis; Clematis Columbiana, T. & G.
Blue Columbine; Aquilegia cserulea, James.
Blue-eyed Grass; Sisyrinchinm species.
Blue Flag; Iris Missouriensis, Nutt.
Blue Flax; Linum Lewisii, Pursh.
Blue-joint; Blue-stem; Agropyron occidentale, Scribn.
Blue Larkspur; Delphinum Menziesii, DC. & D. bicolor, Nutt.
Blue Lupine; Lupinus leucopyllus, Dongl. and other species.
Blue Pea; Blue-weed; Lupinus species.
Blue Sage; Artemisia cana, Pursh.
Blue Tulip ; Anemone patens Nuttalliana, Gray.
Blue Violet, Viola adunca, Smith.
Box-Elder; Xegundo aceroides, Moench.
Brake Fern; Pteris aquilina, L.
Bread-root; Psoralea esculenta, Pursh.
Brown-cup Mariposa Lily; Calochortus Gunnisoni, Wats.
Brown Lily; Fritillaria atropurpurea, Nutt.
Buckbush; Symphoricarpus species.
Buchthorn; Neillia malvacea, Greene.
Buffalo-berry ; Shepherdia argentea, Nutt.
Buffalo-grass; Bouteloua oligostachya, Torr. ; Bulbilis dactyloides,
Raf. Buffalo Pea; Astragalus caryocarpus, Ker. Oxytropis Lambertii,
Pursh.
Buffalo Rye; Elymus condensatus, Presl. Bull-berry; Shepherdia argentea, Nutt. Bull-grass; Eleocharis palustris, L. Bull Pine; Pinus scopulorum, Lemmon. Bull Thistle; Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. Bulrush; Equisetum arvense, L. ; Scirpus lacustris occidentalis,
Wats, ; Typha latifolia, L.
Bunch-grass; Agropyron divergens, Nees. Festuca ovina, L. Burdock; Arctium Lappa, L. Bur Ragweed; Franseria Hookeriana, Nutt. Bur-reed; Sparganinm species.
COMMON NAMES OP MONTANA PLANTS. 119
Bush Honeysuckle; Lonicera Utahensis, Wats.
Buttercup; Ranunculus glaberrimus, Hook, and other species.
Butterfly Lily; Calochortus species.
Butterfly Weed; Gaura coccinea, Nutt. ; Asclepias speciosa, Torr.
Cactus; Opuntia species.
Calipso; Calipso borealis, Salisb.
Cama?; Camassia esculenta, Lindl.
Canada Thistle; Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm.
Cancer-root; Aphyllon faciculatum, Gray.
Cane-grass; Phragmites communis, Trin.
Canoe Birch ; Betula papyrifera, Marsh.
Careless Weed ; Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt. ; Amaranthus retroflexus, L.
Carpet-weed; Euphorbia glytosperma, Engelm.
Catnip ; Nepeta cataria, L.
Cat's-eye; Anemone patems Nuttalliana, Gray.
Cat-tail; Cat-tail Flag; Typha latifolia, L.
Cedar; Thuja plicata, Don.; Juniperus scopulorum, Sarg.
Cheat; Chess; Bromus racemosus, L. Si B. secalinus, L.
Chickv/eed; Cerastium vulgatum, L. ; Stellaria media, Smith.
Chmese Lettuce; Lactuca Scarioli T_.
Choke Cherry ; Primus demissa, Walp.
Clarkia; Clarkia pulchella, Pursh.
Cockle; Saponaria Vaccaria, L.
Coltsfoot; Petasites sagittata, Gray.
Columbine ; Aquilegia.
Ccmfrey; Symphytum officinale, L.
Compass Plant; Lactuca Scariola, L.
Cone-flower; Lepachys Columnaris, T. & G. ; Rudbeckia laciniata,L.
Coral-vine; Cuscuta arvensis, Beyrich.
Cotton-weed; Lactuca pulchella, DC.; Epilobium paniculatum,
Nutt. Cous; Cous-root; Lomatium cous, C.& R. ; L. montanum, C. & R.
and other species.
Cowbane; Cicuta occidentalis, Greene. Cow Cabbage; Heracleum lanatum, Michx. Cow Cockle; Saponaria Vaccaria, L. Cow Parsnip ; Heracleum lanatum, Michx. Cowslip; Anemone patens Nuttalliana, Gray. Crane's-bill; Geranium Carolinianum, L. and other species. Crocus; Anemon-e patens Nuttalliana, Gray. Cucklebur; Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Pursh; Xanthium Canadense, Mill.
120 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Currant; Ribes species.
Cushion Cactus; Mamillaria vivipara, Haw.
Daisy; Townsendia Parryi, Eaton.
Dandelion; Taraxacum officinale, Weber.
Deadly Nightshade; Solarium nigrum, L.
Death Cama's ; Zygadenus venenosus, Wats.
Devil's Darning-needles; Stipa comata, F. & R. ; S. spartea, Trin.
Devil's Walking-stick; Fatsia horrida, Benth. & Hook.
Diamond Willow ; Salix Mackenziana, Barratt.
Dock; Rumex crispus, L. ; R. salicifolius, Weimm.
Dodder; Cuscuta.
Dog Fennel; Anthemis Cotula, DC.
Dog-tooth Violet; Erythronium grancliflorum, Pursh.
Douglas Fir ; Pseiulotsuga mucronata, Sudw.
Douglasia; Douglasia montana, Gray and other species.
Dragonhead; Dracocephalum parviflorum, Nutt.
Elder; Elderberry; Sambucus glauca, Nutt.
Elecampane; Balsamorrhiza sagittata, Nutt.
Elephant's Head; Pedicularis Groenlandica, Retz. .
Elm; Ulmus Americanus, L.
Engelmann's Spruce; Picea Engelmanni, Engelm.
Evening Primrose ; CEnothera caespitosa, Nutt. ; OE. pinnatifida,
Nutt.
Fairy Pinks; Orthocarpus tenuifolius, Benth. False Flax; Camelina sativa, Crantz. False Solomon's Seal; Smilacina species. Field Draba; Draba nemorosa, L. Field Mustard; Brassica Sinapistrum, Boiss. Fir; Abies; Pseudotsuga.
Fireweed; Epilobium angustifolium, L. ; Erigeron Canade-ise, L. Fishweed; Potamogeton species. Five-finger; Potentilla,
Flowering Sage; Bigelovia graveolens, Gray. Flowering Spurge; Euphorbia marginata, Pursh. Forgetmenot; My'osotis alpestris, Schmidt. Foxtail; Hordeum jubatum, L. Frog-sprouts; Equisetum laevigatum, A. Br. Frost Grape; Vitis vulpina, L. Garlic; Allium species. Golden Aster; Aplopappus acaulis glabratus, Eaton; Chrysopsis vil-
losa, Nutt.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS. 121
Golden Daisy; Chrysopsis villosa. Xutt.-
Golden Rod; Solidago species.
Goosegrass; Polygomun aviculare, L.
Grama Grass; Bouteloua oligostachya, Torr.
Graisse de Boeuf; Shepherdia argentca, Nutt.
Grass Cactus; Yucca angustifolia, Pursh.
Greasewood; Bigelovia graveolens, (iray; Saicobatus vermiculatus,
Torr.
Green Ash; Fraxinus viridis, Alichx. Green Dogfennel; Matricaria discoidea, DC. Ground Cherry; Astragalus caryocarpus. KIT.; Solan um ' triflorum,
Nutt.
Ground Hemlock; Taxus brcvifolia. Xutt. Ground-nut; Claytonia multicaulis, Xelson. Ground Plums; Astragalus caryocarpus, Ker. Ground Vervain; Verbena bracteosa, Michx. Grouse-berry; Vaccinum scoparium, Leiberg. Gumweed ; Grindelia squarrosa,. Dunal. Harebell; Campanula rotundifolia, L. Headache-weed; Clematis Douglasii, Hook. Hedge Mustard; Sisymbriura officinale, Scop. Hemlock; Tsuga heterophylla, Sarg. Henbane; Hyoscyamus niger, L. Honey Clover; Melilotns alba, Lam. Hop-vine; Humulus Lupulus, L. Horehound; Marrubium vulgare, L. Horsemint; Monarda scabra, Beck. Horsetail; Equisetum arvense, L. Horseweed; Ambrosia trifida, L. ; Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt.; Erigeron
Canadensis, L.
Houndstongue ; Cynoglossum officinale, L. Huckleberry; Vaccinium mebranaceum, Dougl.
Indian Hemp; Apocynum androsaemifolium, L. ; A. cannabinum, L. Indian Millet; Eriocoma cuspidata, Nutt. Indian Pea; Astragalus caryocarpus, Ker. Indian Pink; Castilleia ; Cleome integrifolia, T. & G. Indian Turnip; Psoralea esculenta, Pursh.
Ironweed;, Artemisia biennis. Willd. ; Epilobium angustifolium, L. Jacob's Ladder; Polenicnium czeruleum, Gray. Jerusalem Oak; Chenorjodium P.otrys, L. Joint-weed; Equisetum hevigatum. A. llr.
122 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Jonny-jump-ups ; Dodecatheon conjugens, Greene and Viola adun-
ca, Smith. Juneberry; Amelanchier alnifolia, Xutt. ; Symphoricarpus occidcn-
talis. Hook.
Juniper; Juniperus Sabina procumbens, Pursh. Kalispell; Heuchera glabella, T. & G. Kinnikinink; Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng.; Cornus stolomiera,
Michx.
Knotgrass; Polygonum avicnlare, L. ; P. littorale, Link. Kitten-tails; Synthyris rubra, Benth. Lady-slipper; Cypripedium. Lamb's-quarter ; Chenopodium album, L. Larb; Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. Larkspur; Delphinium.
Leopard Lily; Fritillaria atropurpurea, Xutt. Lion's-beard ; Anemone patens Xuttalliana, Gray; Clematis Doug;-
lasii. Hook.
Little Buffalo-grass ; Bulbilis dactyloides, Raf. Little Sugar Pine; Pinus monticola, Dougl. Lobelia ; Zygadenus species.
Loco-weed; Loco; ( )xytropis Lambertii, Pursh and other cpt ci?s. Lodgepole Pine; Pinus Murrayana, Murr. Love-vine; Cuscuta arvensis, Beyrich. Maple; Acer.
Maple-leaved Goosefoot; Chenopodium hybridum, L. Marigold; Actinella acaulis, Xutt. Mariposa Lily; Calochortus species. Mayflower; Anemone patens X:uttalliana, Gray. Mayweed; Anthemis Cotula, DC. Meadow-sweet; Galium boreale, L. Milfoil; Achillea lanulosa, Xutt.
Milkweed ; Asclepias speciosa, Torr. ; Lactuca pulchella, DC. Missoula Pine; Pinus ponderosa, Dougl. Monkshood; Aconitum Columbianum. X'utt. Montana Edelweiss; Gentiana frigida, Haenke. Moose-grass; Xerophyllum tenax, XTntt. Moss Phlox; Phlox Hoodii, Rich. Moss Pink; Phlox Hoodii, Rich. Moss Rose; Lcwisia rediviva, Pursh. Moth Mullein; Verbascum Blattaria, L. • Mountain Alder; Alnus sinuata, Rvdb.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS. 123
Mountain Ash; Pyrus sambucifolia. C. & S.
Mountain Birch; I>etula microphylla, Bunge.
Mountain Clover; Trifolium species.
Mountain Laurel; Ceanothus velutinus, Dougl.
Mountain Lily; Calochortns Nuttallii, T. & G. ; Lilium montanum,
Nelson.
Mountain Mahogany; Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nutt. Mountain Maple; Acer glabrum, Torr. Mountain Pink; Douglasia species. Mountain Primrose; Oenothera csespitosa, Nutt. Mountain Thistle; Cnicus eriocephalus, Gray. Mountain Timothy; Phleum alpinum, L. Mullein; Verbascum Thapsus, L.
Narrow-leaved Cottonwood; Populus angustifolia, James. Nettle; Urtica gracilis, Ait. Nigger-head; Rudbeckia occidentalis, Nutt. Nut Pine ; Finns albicaulis, Engehn. ; P. flexilis, James. Oak-leaved Goosefcot; Chenopodium glaucum, L. Old-man; Artemisia frigida, Willd. Old-man Graybeard; Cnicus eriocephalus, Gray. Old-man's Whiskers; Geum triflorum, Pursh (in fruit); Clematis
Douglasii, Hook, in fruit. Oregon Grape; Berberis repens, Lin ell. Ox-eye Daisy; Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L. Paint-brush f Castilleia. Paint-cup; Castilleia species. Paper Birch; Betula papyrifera, Marsh. Partridgeberry ; Symphoricarpus species. Pennycress ; Thlaspi arvense, L. Pepper-grass; Lepidium apetalum, Willd. Pig's-feet; Astragalus caryocarpus, Ker. in bloom. Pigweed; Amaranthus retroflexus, L. ; Chenopodium album, L. Pigweed Pursely; Amaranthus blitoides, Wats. Pin Clover; Erodium cicutarium, L'Her.
Pine-grass; Xerophyllum tenax, Nutt. & X. Douglasii, Wats. Pink Violet; Viola Canadensis, L. Pitch Pine; Pinus albicaulis, Engelm. Plantain; Plantago Asiatica, L. ; P. major, L. Prison Oak; Rhus Toxicodendron, L. ; R. Rydbergii, ?mali. Pomme Blanche; Pomme de Prairie; Psoralea esculenta, Pursh. Porcupine Grass; Stipa comata, F. & R. ; S. spartea, Trin.
124 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Poverty-weed; Iva axillaris, Pursh ; Monolepis chenopodioides, Moq.
Prairie Apples; Astragalus caryocarpus, Ker.
Prairie Bean; Thermopsis rhombifolia, Xutt.
Prairie Star; Tellima parviflora, Hook.
Prickly Lettuce; Lactuca Scariola, L.
Purple Heather; Bryanthus empetriformis, Gray.
Prickly Pear; Opuntia polyacantha platycarpa, Coult. and oilier
species.
Prince's Pine; Chimaphila umbellata, Nutt. Quaker Bonnet; Lupinus species. Quaking Asp; Populus tremnloides, Michx. Rabbit-weed; Bigelovia graveolens, Gray. Racine amare; Lewisia rediviva, Pursh.
Ragweed; Ambrosia artemisisefolia, L; Erigeron Canadensis-, L. Rayless Dogfennel; Matricaria discoidea, DC. F^ttlesnake-weed; Ecbinacea angustifolia, DC. Rattleweed; Astragalus frigidus Americanus, Gray with dry fruit. Red Cedar; Juniperus scopulorum, Sarg. and J. Virginiana. L. Red Columbine; Aquilegia flavescens, Wats. Red-cup Mariposa Lily; Calochortus Nuttallii, T & G. Red Fir; Pseudotsuga mucronata, Sudw. Red Haw; Crataegus coccinea, L. Red-head Louisa; Lewisia rediviva, Pursh. Red Huckleberry; Yaccinnum scoparium, Leiberg. Red Loco; Oxytropis Blankinshipii, (Nelson). Red Monkey-flower; Mimulus Lewisii, Pursh. Red Willow; Cornus stolonifera, Michx. Reed Grass; Phragmites communis, Trin. Ribgrass; Plantago Patagonica gnaphalioides, Gray. River Cottonwood; Populus deltoidcs, Marsh. (Eastern plains.) Rock-rose; CEnothera csespitosa, Nutt. Rockweed; Balsamorrhiza sagittata, Nutt.
Rosinweed; Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal. ; Madia glomerata, Hook. Rush; Equisetum l?evigatum, A. Br. Russian Thistle; Salsola Kali Tragus, Moq.
Rye-grass; Aoropyron tenerum, Vasey; Elymus condensatus, Presl. Sage-brush; Artemisia tridentata, Nutt.; A. cana, Pursh and other
species.
Salmonberry ; Rubus Nutkanus, Moc. Salsify; Tragopogon porrifolius, L. Saltgrass; Distichlis spicata, Greene.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS, 125
Salt Sage; Iva axillaris, Pursh.
Sand Lily; ]\Jcntzelia ornata, T. & G. and M. loevicaulis, T. & G.
Sand Puffs; Abronia micrantha, Chois. and other species.
Sand Rose; CEnothera aespitnsa, Xutt. ; Lewisia rediviva, Pnrsh.
Sarsaparilla ; Apocynum aitdrossemifoltum, L. ; Aralia nudicaulis, L.
Sarvice-berry ; Amelanchier alnifolia, Xutt.
Scorpion-weed; Phacelia leucophylla, Torr.
Scotch Thistle; Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd.
Scrub Pine; Pinus scopulorum, Lemmon.
Sedge; Carex species.
Sego Lily; Calochortus species. .
Shadberry; Amelanchier alnifolia, Xutt.; Rubus Nutkanus, Moc.
Shepherd's Purse; Capsella Bnrsa-pastoris, Moench.
Shoe-strings; ( )xytropis Blankinshipii (Xelson) and other species.
Shooting-stars; Dodecatheon conjugens, Greene and other species.
Shrub Maple; Acer glabrum, Torr.
Silkweed; Asclepias speciosa, Torr.
Silver-bush; Ekeagnus argentea, Pursh.
Silver Plant; Eriogonum ovalifolium, X'utt.
Skeleton-weed; Lygodesmia juncea, Don.
Skunkweed; Polemonium cseruleum, Gray.
Slough Grass; P>eckmannia erucseformis, Host.; Carex species; Hor, deum jubatum, L.
Small Bunch -grass; Festuca ovina, L.
Snake-root; Steironema ciliatum, Raf.
Snapdragon; Mimtilus Langsdorfii, Don.
Snow-on-the-mountains ; Euphorbia marginata, Pursh.
Soap-root; Soapweed; Yucca angustifolia, Pursh.
Sour Greens; Rnmex venosus, Pursh.
Sow-thistle; Sonclms asper, Vill.
Spanish Bayonet; Yucca angustifolia, Pursh.
Spatlum; Lewisia rediviva, Pursh.
Spear-grass; Stipa comata. F. & R. : S. spartea, Trin.
Spider Plant; Cleome integrifolia, T. & G.
Spotted-cup Lily; Fritillaria atropurpurea, Nutt.
Spring Beauty; Claytonia lanceolata, Pursh & C. multicaulis, Nel- son.
Spring Daisy; Townsendia Parryi, Eaton.
Spring Lily; Leucocrinum montanum,, Nutt.
Spruce; Picea species.
Spurry; Spergula arvensis, L.
126 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Squaw Cabbage; Montia parvifolia, Howell.
Squaw Feather; Castilleia.
Squaw Lettuce; Montia asarifolia, Howell.
Squaw-root; Carum Gairdneri, Gray.
Squirrel-tail Grass; Hordeum jubatum, L.
Stagberry; Symphoricarpus species.
Star-flower; Tellima parviflora, Hook.
Star of Bethlehem; Leucocrinum, montanum, Xutt.
Star-strikers; Erythronium grandiflorum, Pnrsh.
Sticktights; Echinospermum species.
Sticky Currant; Ribes cereiim, Dougl.
Strawberry Pig-weed; Chenopodium capitatum, Wats.
Stinging Nettle; Urtica gracilis, Ait.
Stinkweed; Cleome integrifolia, T. & G. ; Solanum triflorum, Nutt.
Sulphur Plant; Eriogonum subalpinum, Greene.
Sunflower; Helianthus annuus, L. and other species.
Swamp Birch; Betula microphylla, Bunge.
Swamp Potato; Sagittaria arifolia, Xutt.
Swsmp Sego; Camassia esculenta, Lindl.
Swan Potato; Sagittaria arifolia, Xutt.
Sweet Alyssum; Thlaspi alpestre, L.
Sweet-Clover; Alelilotus alba, Lam.; Trifolium Rydbergii, Greene.
Sweetgrass; Glyceria fluitans, R. Br. and G. aqnatica, Smith.
Sweet Sage; Artemisia frigida, Willd.
Sweet Sumac; Rhus trilobata, Nutt.
Sweet William; Phlox longifolia, Xutt.
Syringa; Philadelphia Lewisii, Pursh.
Tall Larkspur; Delphinium glaucum, Wats.
Tall Ragweed; Ambrosia trifida, L.
Tall Rye-grass; Elymus condensatus, Presl.
Tall White Primrose; CEnothera albicaulis, Xutt.
Tamarack; Larix occidentalis, Xutt.
Tansy Mustard; Sisymbrinm incisum, Engelm. ; S. canescens, Xutt.
Tarweed; Madia glomerata, Hook.
Tickle-grass; Panicum capillare, L.
Tickseed; Echinospermum species.
Tiger Lily; Eritillaria atropurpurea. Xutt.
Tobacco-root; Valeriana edulis, Xutt.
Tongue-grass; Lepidium apetalum. Willd.
Trailing Juniper; Juniperus Sabina procumbens. Pursh.
Traveler's Joy; Clematis ligusticifolia, Nutt.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS. 127
Tree Moss; Alectoria Fremontii, Tuckern. (black); Bazzania trilo-
bata, (yellow), Gray.
Tule; Scirpus lacustris occidentalis, Wats. Tumble-grass; Panicnm capillare, L. Tumbleweed; Amarantbus albus, L. Tumbling Mustard; Sisymbrium altissimum, I .
Turkey's Beard; Xerophyllum tenax, Xutt. and X. Douglasii, Wats. Twinberry; Lonicera Utahensis, Wats. Umbrella Plant; Eriogomim subalpinum, Greene. Velvet-leaf Sunflower; Balsamorrhiza sagittata, XTutt. Venus' Slipper; Calipso borealis, Salisl). Virginia Creeper; Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Micbx. Virgin's Bower; Clematis lingusticifolia, Xutt. Wappatoo; Sagittaria arifolia, Xutt. Water Birch; Betula microphylla, Bunge. Water Hemlock; Cicuta occidentalis, Greene. Water-leaf; Hydrophyllum capitatum, Dougl. Water Lily; Xuphar species and Sagittaria species. Water Parsnip; Cicuta occidentalis, Greene. White Birch; Betula papyrifera, Marsh. White Cedar; Thuja plicata, Don. White Clematis ; Clematis ligusticifolia, Xutt. White Fir; Abies grandis, Lindl.
White Lady Slipper; Cypripedium montanum, Dougl. White Larkspur; Delphinium glaucum, Wats. White Loco ; See Loco. White Melilot; Melilotus alba, Lam. White Pine; Pinus flexilis, James; P. monticola, Dougl. White Sage; Artemisia Ludoviciana, Xutt. White Spruce; Picea alba. Link. White Sunflower; Wyetbia belianthoides, Xutt. White Violet; Viola' Canadensis, L. White Water-lily; Sagittaria species. Wide-leaved Cottonwood; Populus deltoides, Marsh. Wild Arnica; Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal. Wild Artichoke; Heliantbus Maximiliani, Schrad. Wild Asparagus; Lygodesmia juncea, Don.; Equisetum laevigatum,
A. Br.
Wild Baby's-Breath ; Gavophytum caesium. Xutt. Wild Begonia; Rumex venosus, Pursb. Wild Buckwheat; Polygonum Convolvulus, L.
128 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Wild Candytuft; Arabis Xuttallii, Robins.
Wild Clematis ; Clematis ligusticifolia, Xutt.
Wild Clover; Trifolium species.
Wild Cucumber; Echinocystis lobata, T. & G.
Wild Currant; Ribes species.
Wild Flag; Iris Missouriensis, Xutt.
Wild Fleur de Lis; Iris Missouriensis, Xutt.
Wild Garlic; Allium species.
Wild Ginseng; Aralia nudicaulis, L.
Wild Gooseberry; Ribes setosum, Lindl.
Wild Grape; Yitis vulpina, L.
Wild Heliotrope; Phacelia Menziesii, Torr.
Wild Hollyhock; Malvastrum coccineum, Gray.
Wild Honeysuckle; Lonicera ciliosa, Poir.
Wild Hop ; Humulus Lupulus, L.
Wild Hyacinth; Brodirea Douglasii, Wats.
Wild Hydrangea; Rumex venosns, Pursh.
Wild Lettuce; Lactuca pulchella, DC. .
Wild Lily; Lilium montanum, Xelson.
Wild Lily of the Valley; Smilacina species.
Wild Liquorice; Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Pursh.
Wild Mint; Mentha Canadensis, L.
Wild Morning-glory; Convolvulus Sepium, L.
Wild Mustard; Brassica Sinapistrum, Boiss.
Wild Oats; Ayena fatua, L.
Wild Onion ; Allium species.
Wild Parsley; Lomatium montanum, C. & R.
Wild Parsnip; Leptotaenia multifkla, Xutt. and other UmbiH'it-rs.
Wild Pea; Yicia Americana, Muhl.: Lupinus flexuosus, Lindl.
\Vild Peppermint; IMentha Canadensis, L.
Wild Phlox; Phlox Icngifolia, Xutt.
Wild Plum; Primus Americana,. ^larsli.
Wild Potato; Solanum trinortim, Xutt.
Wild Red Geranium; Geranium incisum, X'utt.
Wild Red Raspberry; Rubus strigosus, Michx.
Wild Rice; I^riocoma cus])i(lata, Xutt.
Wild Rose; Rosa species.
Wild Rye; F.lymus Canadensis, L.
Wild Sarsaparilla; Aralia nudicaulis, L.
Wild Strawberry ; Fragaria species.
Wild Sunflower; Helianthus annuus, L. and other species.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS. 129
Wild Syringa; Philadelphia Lewisii, Pursh.
Wild Tansy; Achillea lannlosa, Nutt.
Wild Thistle; Cnicus undulatus, Nutt.
Wild Tomato ; Solanum triflorum, Nutt.
Wild Tuberose; Leucocrinum montanum, Nutt.
Wild Turnip; Brassica campestris, L.
Wild White Geranium; Geranium Richardsonii, F. & T;
Willow; Salix species.
Willow Herb ; Epilobium angustifolium, L.
Windflower; Anemone patens Nuttalliana, Gray.
Wintergreen; Pyrola uliginosa, Torr.
Wire-grass ; Eleocharis palustris, L. ; Juncus Balticus, Willd. and
other species.
Wolfsbane; Aconitum Columbianum, Nutt. Wormwood; Artemisia biennis, Willd. Yamp; Carum Gairdneri, Gray. Yardgress; Polygonum aviculare, L. Yarrow; Achillea lanulosa, Nutt. Yellow-bell; Fritillaria pudica, Spreng. Yellow Columbine; Aquilegia flavescens, Wats. Yellow Currant; Ribes aureum ; Pursh. Yellow Daisy; Chrysopsis villosa, Nutt. Yellow Flax; Linum rigidum, Pursh. Yellow Lady Slipper; Cypripedium parviflorum, Salisb. Yellow Melilot; ]\lelilotus omcinalis, Willd. Yellow Monkey-flower; Mimulus Langsdorfii, Donn. Yellow Pea; Thermopsis rhombifolia, Nutt. Yellow Pine; Pinus ponderosa, Dougl.
Yellow Primrose; CEnothera muricata, L. (O. strigosa, Rydb.)., Yellow Rose; Potentilla fruticosa, L. Yellow Sage: Bigelovia graveolens, Gray. Yellow Snapdragon; Thermopsis montana, Nutt. Yellow Thistle; Sonchus asper. Vill. Yellow Tree-moss; Bazzania trilobata, S. F. Gray. Yellow Violet; Viola praemorsa, Dougl.
Yellow Water-lily; Nuphar advena, Ait. & N. polysepalum, Engelm. Yew; Taxus brevifolia, Nutt.
130 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES. Species starred (*) are introduced and are mostly weeds.
Abies grandis, Lindl. White Fir.
Abies lasiocarpa, Nutt. Balsam ; Balsam Fir ; Alpine Fir. . Abronia micrantha, Chois. and other species. Sand Puffs. Acer glabrum, Torr. Mountain Maple; Shrub Maple. Achillea lanulosa, Nutt. Milfoil ; Wild Tansy ; Yarrow. Aeonitum Columbianum, Nutt. Monkshood ; Wolfsbane ; Aconite. Actaea spicata, L. and A. rubra, W'illd. Baneberry. Actinella acaulis, Nutt. Marigold. Agropyron divergens, Nees. Bunch-grass. Agropyron occidentale, Scribn. & spp. Blue-joint; Blue-stem. Agropyron tenerum, Yasey. Rye-grass. Alectoria Fremontii, Tuckerm. Black Moss ; Tree Moss (on Con-
ifers).
Allium Sibericum, L. & spp. Wild Onion ; Wild Garlic ; Garlic. Alnus sinuata, Rydb. Moutain Alder. Alnus tenuifolia, Nutt. Alder. Amaranthus albus, L. Tumble-weed, from its tumbling habit in
the winter. Amaranthus blitoides, Wats. Pursely ; Pigweed Pursely, from its
resemblance to the Eastern Purslane (Portulaca olcracea). '-Amaranthus retroflexus, L. Pigweed ; Careless-weed. -Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, L. Ragweed. •f Ambrosia trifida, L. Tall Ragweed ; Horse-weed. Amelanchier alnifolia, Nutt. Sarvice-berry ; Juneberry ; Shad-
berry.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. Virginia Creeper. Anemone patens Nuttalliana, Gray. Cowslip ; Wind Flower ; Cat's
Eye ; Blue Tulip ; Blue Anemone ; Badgers (when peeping through
the ground in early spring) ; Lion's Beard (from its feathery
fruit) .
s::Anthemis Cotula, DC. Mayweed ; Dog Fennel. Aphyllon fasciculatum, Gray. Cancer Root ( a reputed remedy for
this disease).
Aplopappus acaulis glabratus, Eaton. Golden Aster. Apocynum androsasmifolium, L. Sarsaparilla. Apocynum cannabinum, L. and A. androsaemifolium, L. Indian
Hemp.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS. 131
Aquilegia casrulea, James. Blue Columbine.
Aquilegia flavescens, Wats. Yellow Columbine; Red Columbine. Arabis Nuttallii, Robins. Wild Candytuft. Aralia nudicaulis, L. Wild Ginseng; Wild Sarsaparilla. ''Arctium Lappa, L. Burdock.
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. Larb (L'herb) ; Kinnikinink. '•'Artemisia biennis, Willd. Ironweed; Wormwood. Artemisia cana, Pursh. Blue Sage. Artemisia frigida, Willd. Sweet Sage; Old Man. Artemisia tridentata, Nutt. and A. cana, Pursh. Sage-brush. Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nutt. White Sage.
Asclepias speciosa, Torr. Milkweed; Silkweed ; Butterfly Weed. Astragalus caryocarpus, Ker. Ground Plums; Prairie Apples; In- dian Pea; Buffalo Pea; Ground Cherry; Pig's-feet (when in
bloom). Astragalus frigidus Americanus, Gray. Rattleweed (from the dry
fruit).
*Avena fatua, L. Wild Oats. Balsamorrhiza sagittata, Nutt. Big Root; Velvet-leaf Sunflower;
Arrow-leaf ; Rockweed.
Bazzania trilobata, S. F. Gray. Yellow Tree Moss (on Conifers). Berberis repens, Lindl. Oregon Grape; Barberry. Betula microphylla, Bunge. Mountain or Swamp Birch; Water
Birch.
Betula papyrifera, Marsh. White Birch; Paper or Canoe Birch. Beckmannia erucaeformis, Host. Slough Grass. Bigelovia graveolens, Gray. Greasewood; Yellow Sage; Flowering
Sage ; Rabbit Weed.
Bouteloua oligostachya, Torr. Buffalo-grass; Grama-grass. "Brassica campestrrs, L. Wild Turnip. "Brassica nigra, Koch. Black Mustard.
-Brassica Sinapistrum, Boiss. Wild Mustard; Field Mustard. Brodiaea Douglasii, Wats. Wild Hyacinth. "Bromus racemosus, L. and B. secalinus, L. Cheat ; Chess. Bryanthus empetriformis, Gray. Purple Heather. Calochortus apiculatus, Baker and other species. Atabasco Lily;
Sego Lily ; Mariposa Lily ; Butterfly Lily. Calochortus Gunnisoni, Wats. Brown-cup Mariposa Lily. Calochortus Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Red-cup Mariposa Lily;
Mountain Lily. Calypso borealis, Salisb. Calipso; Venus' Slipper.
132 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Camassia esculenta, Lindl. Camas ; Swamp Sego; Blue Camas.
*Camelina sativa, Crantz. False Flax.
Campanula rotundifolia, L. Blue-bells; Harebell; Bell-flower.
*Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Shepherd's Purse.
Carex species. Sedge; Sloug-grass.
Carum Gairdneri, Gray. Squaw-root; Yamp (Ind.) ; Artichoke.
Castilleia spp. Painted-cup; Squaw Feather; Indian Pink; Paint Brush.
Ceanothus velutinus, Dougl. Mountain Laurel.
*Cerastium vulgatum, L. Chickweed.
Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nutt. Mountain Mahogany.
Chenopodium album, L. Lamb's quarter; Pigweed.
*Chenopodium Botrys, L. Jerusalem Oak.
^Chenopodium capitatum, Wats. Strawberry Pigweed.
Chenopodium glaucum, L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot.
^Chenopodium hybridum, L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.
Chimaphila umbellata, Xutt. Prince's Pine.
"Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L. Oxe-eye Daisy.
Chrysopsis villosa, Nutt. Golden Aster; Golden Daisy; Yellow Daisy.
Cicuta occidentalis, Greene. Water Hemlock; Water Parsnip; Cow- bane.
Clarkia pulchella, Pursh. Clarkia.
Claytonia lanceolata, Pursh. and C. multicaulis, Nelson. Spring Beauty ; Ground-nut.
Clematis Columbiana, Torr. & Gray. Blue Clematis.
Clematis ligusticifolia, Nutt. Virgin's Bower ; White Clematis ; Traveler's Joy ; Wild Clematis.
Clematis Douglasii, Hook. Lion's Beard ; Headache-weed ; Old- man's Whiskers.
Clconc integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Indian Pink; Stinkweed; Bee Flower; Spider Plant.
Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm. Canada Thistle.
Cnicus eriocephalus, Gray. Mountain Thistle; Old-man Graybeard.
:: Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. Scotch Thistle; Bull Thistle.
Cnicus undulatus, Nutt. Wild Thistle.
Convolvulus Sepium, L. Wild Morning Glory.
Cornus stolonifera, Michx. Red Willow; Kinnikinink.
Crataegus coccinea, L. Red Haw.
Crataegus Douglasii, Lindl. Black Haw.
Cuscuta arvensis, Beyrich. Love-vines; Coral-vines.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS. 133
*Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr. Alfalfa Dodder.
: ^ynoglossum officinale, L. Hound's-tongue.
Cypripedium montanum, Dougl. White Lady's Slipper.
Cypripedium parviflorum, Salisb. Yellow Lady's Slipper.
Delphinium glaucum, Wats. Tall Larkspur; WThite Larkspur.
Delphinium Menziesii, DC. and D. bicolor, Nutt. Blue Larkspur.
Distichlis spicata, Greene. Alkali Grass; Salt-grass.
Dodecatheon conjugens, Greene and other species. Shooting-stars: Bird-bills.
Douglasia montana, Gray. Douglasia ; Mountain Pink.
Draba nemorosa, L. Field Draba.
Dracocephalum parviflorum, Nutt. Dragonhead.
Echinacea angustifolia, DC. Rattlesnake Weed.
-: Echinocystis lobata, Torr. & Gray. Wild Cucumber.
Echinospermum floribundum, Lehm. and other spp. Beggar Ticks; Stick-tights ; Tickweed.
Elaeagnus argentea, Pursh. Silver-bush.
Eleocharis palustris, L. Wire-grass; Bull-grass.
Elymus Canadensis, L. Wild Rye.
Elymus condensatus, Presl. Rye-grass; Tall Rye-grass; Buffalo Rye.
Epilobium angustifolium, L. Ironweed; Fireweed; Willow Herb.
Epilobium paniculatum, Nutt. Cottonweed.
Equisetum arvense, L. Horsetail; Bulrush.
Equisetum laevigatum, A. Br. Wild Asparagus; Joint-weed; Frog- sprouts ; Rush.
•::Erigeron Canadensis. L. Ragweed; Fireweed; Horsewe;.-.
Eriocoma cuspidata, Nutt. Wild Rice; Indian Millet.
Eriogonum subalpinum, Greene. Sulphur Plant; Umbrella Plant (with other species).
Eriogonum ovalifolium, Nutt. Silver Plant (A supposed indication of silver ores in the rocks beneath).
*Erodium circutarium, L'Her. "Alfillaria; Pin Clover.
Erythronium grandiflorum, Pursh. Star-strikers; Dog-tooth Vio- let; Adders-tongue.
Euphorbia glyptosperma, Engelm. Carpet-weed.
-Euphorbia margmata, Pursh. Flowering Spurge; Snow on the Mountains.
Fatsia horrida, Benth & Hook. Devil's Walking-stick.
Festuca ovina, L. Bunch Grass ; Small Bunch-grass.
Fragaria spp. Wild Strawberry.
134 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Franseria Hookeriana, Xutt. Bur Ragweed.
Fraxinus viridis, Michx. Green Ash.
Fritillaria atropurpurea, Nntt. Tiger Lily ; Leopard Lily ; Spotted Cup Lily; Brown Lily.
Fritillaria pudica, Spreng. Yellow-Bell.
Gaillardia aristata, Pursh. Blackeyed Susan ; Blanket-flower ; Gaillardia.
Galium boreale, L. Meadow-sweet.
Gaura coccinea, Nutt. Butterfly Weed.
Gayophytum caesium, Nutt. Wild Baby's-Breath.
Gentiana frigida, Haenke. Montana Edelweiss.
Geranium Carolinianum, L. and G. Bicknellii, Britton. Crane's Bill; Bird-Bills.
Geranium incisum, Nutt. Wild Red Geranium.
Geranium Richardsonii, Fisch. & Trautv. Wild White Geranium.
Geum triflorum, Pursh. Old-man's Whiskers (when in fruit).
Glyceria fluitans, R. Br. & G. aquatica, Smith. Sweet-grass.
Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Pursh. Wild Liquorice; Cucklebur.
Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal. Rosin-weed ; Wild Arnica ; Gum-weed.
Helianthus annuus, L. and other spp. Sunflower ; Wild Sunflower.
Helianthus Maximiliani, Schrad. Wild Artichoke.
Heracleum lanatum, Michx. Cow Parsnip: Cow Cabbage.
Heuchera glabella, T. & G. Kalispell.
Hordeum jubatum, L. Foxtail ; Squirrel-tail Grass ; Slough-grass.
Humulus Lupulus, L. Wild Hop ; Hop-vine.
Hydrophyllum capitatum, Dougl. Water-leaf.
Ipomoea leptophylla, Torn Big Root.
Iris Missouriensis, Nutt. Blue Flag; Wild Flag; Wild Fleur de Lis.
Iva axillaris, Pursh. Bazzle-weed ; Salt Sage ; Poverty weed.
Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt. Careless Weed ; Horseweed.
juncus Balticus, Willd. and spp. Wire-grass.
Juniperus scopulorum, Sarg. Red Cedar.
Juniperus communis alpina, Gaud, and J. Sabina procumbens, Pursh. Juniper; Trailing Juniper.
Lactuca pulchella, DC. Milkweed; Wild Lettuce; Cotton-weed.
Lactuca Scariola, L. Prickly Lettuce ; Chinese Lettuce ; Compass- Plant.
Larix occidentalis, Nutt. Tamarack.
Lepachys columnaris, Torr. & Gray. Cone-flower.
Lepidium apetalum, Willd. Bird-seed; Tongue-grass; Pepper-gra>:s.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS. 135
Leptotaenia multifida, Nutt. Wild Parsnip.
Leucocrinum montanum, Nutt. Spring Lily ; Wild Tuberose ; Star
of Bethlehem. Lewisia rediviva, Pursh. Bitter-root; Red-head Louis?,; Racine
amare (Fr.) ; Spatlum (Ind.). Liatris punctata, Hook. Blazing Star. Lilium montanum, Nelson. Mountain Lily. Linum Lewisii, Pursh. Blue Flax. Linum rigidum, Pursh. Yellow Flax. Lithospermum angustifolium, Michx. Indian Paint. Lomatium ambiguum, Coult & Rose, L. cous, C. & R. (and L.
montanum, C. & R.?). Cous; Cous Root; Biscuit Root; Wild
Parsley.
Lonicera ciliosa, Poir. Wild Honeysuckle. Lonicera involucrata, Banks. Bearberry. Lonicera Utahensis, Wats. Bush Honeysuckle; Twinberry. Lupinus leucophyllus, Dougl. and other species. Blue Lupine;
Wild Pea; Prairie Bean; Blue Bean; Quaker Bonnet; Blue Pea;
Blue-weed.
Lygodesmia juncea, Don. Wild Asparagus; Skeleton Weed. *Madia filipes, Gray. Little Tarweed. Madia glomerata, Hook. Tarweed ; Rosin-weed. Malvastrum coccineum, Gray. Wild Hollyhock. Mamillaria vivipara, Haw. Cushion Cactus. *Marrubium vulgare, L. Hprehound. Matricaria discoidea, DC. Green or Rayless Dogfennel. "Melilotus alba, Lam. Sweet or Honey Clover; White Melilot. -Melilotus officinalis, Willd. Yellow Melilot. Mentha Canadensis, L. Wild Mint; Wild Peppermint. Mentzelia ornata, T. & G. Sand Lily. Mertensia oblongifolia, Don. and other spp. Blue-Bells. Mimulus Langsdorfii, Donn. Snapdragon ; Yellow Monkey-Flower. Mimulus Lewisii, Pursh. Red Monkey-Flower. Monolepis chenopodioides, Moq. Poverty Weed. Montia asarifolia, Howell. Squaw Lettuce. Montia parviflora, Howell. Squaw Cabbage. Myosotis alpestris, Schmidt. Forgetmenot. Neillia malvacea, Greene. Buckthorn.
Negundo aceroides, Moench. Box Elder ; Ash-leaved Maple. 5i Nepeta cataria, L. Catnip. Nuphar advena, Ait. and N. polysepalum, Engelm. Yellow Water
136 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Lily.
CEnothera albicaulis, Nutt. Tall White Primrose.
QEnothera caespitosa, Nutt. Evening Primrose ; Mountain Prim- rose ; Rock Rose.
CEnothera muricata, L. (O. strigosa, Rydb.). Yellow Primrose.
CEnothera pinnatifida, Nutt. Evening Primrose.
Crthocarpus tenuifolius, Benth. Fairy Pinks.
Opuntia polyacantha platycarpa, Coult. Prickly Pear; Cactus.
Oryzopsis. See Eriocoma.
Oxytropis Blankinshipii, (Nelson). Red Loco; Shoe-strings.
Oxytropis Lambertii, Pursh. Loco-weed; White Loco; Buffalo Pea.
*Panicum capillare, L. Tumble-grass ; Tickle-grass.
Pedicularis Groenlandica, Retz. Elephant's Head.
Pentstemon acuminatus, Dougl. Baby Blue-eyes ; Mayflower.
Petasites sagittata, Gray. Coltsfoot.
Peucedanum. See Lomatium.
Phacelia leucophylla, Torr. Scorpion Weed.
Phacelia Menziesii, Torr. Wild Heliotrope.
Philadelphus Lewisii, Pursh. Wild Syringa.
Phleum alpinum, L. Mountain Timothy.
Phlox Hoodii, Rich. Moss Pink ; Moss Phlox.
Phlox longifolia, Nutt. Sweet William.
Phragmites communis, Trin. Cane Grass; Reed Grass.
Physaria didymocarpa, Gray. Bladder Pod.
Picea alba, Link. White Spruce.
Picea Engelmanni, Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce.
Pinus albicaulis, Engelm. Nut Pine ; Pitch Pine ; Alpine Pine.
Pinus flexilis, James. White Pine ; Nut Pine.
Pinus monticola, Dougl. White Pine ; Little Sugar Pine.
Pinus Murrayana, Murr. Lodgepole Pine.
Pinus ponderosa, Dougl. Yellow Pine; Missoula Pine.
Pinus scopulorum, Lemmon. Bull Pine; Black Pine; Scrub Pine.
Plantago Asiatica, L. and *P. major, L. Plantain.
Plantago Patagonica gnaphalioides, Gray. Ribgrass.
Polemonium caeruleum, Gray. Jacob's Ladder; Skunkweed.
*Polygonum Convolvulus, L. Wild Buckwheat; Bindweed.
Populus angustifolia, James. Narrow-leaved Cottonwood.
Populus balsamifera, L. Balm of Gilead; Balm.
Populus deltoides, Marsh. Wide-leaved or River Cottonwood.
Populus tremuloides, Michx. Quaking Asp; Aspen Poplar.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS. 137
Potamogeton spp. Fishweed.
Pteris aquilina, L. Brake Fern.
Potentilla spp. Five-finger.
Potentilla fruticosa, L. Yellow Rose.
Primus Americana, Marsh. Wild Plum.
Prunus demissa, Walp. Choke Cherry.
Pyrola uliginosa, Torr. Wintergreen.
Pseudotsuga mucronata, Sudw. Red Fir ; Douglas Fir.
Psoralea esculenta, Pursh. Indian Turnip; Bread-root; Ponime Blanche or Pomme de Prairie (French Voyageur).
Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schl. Mountain Ash.
Ranunculus spp. Buttercup.
Kibes Americanum. Mill. Black Currant.
Ribes aureunr, Pursh. Yellow Currant.
Ribes cereum, Dougl. and R. viscosissimum. Pursh. Sticky or Vis- cid Currant.
Ribes setosum, Lincll. Wild Gooseberry.
Rhus Rydbergii, Small and R. Toxicodendron, L. Poison Oak.
Rhus trilobata, Nutt. Sweet Sumac.
Rosa spp. Wild Rose.
Rubus Nutkanus, Moc. Salmonberry ; Shadberry.
Rubus strigosus, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry.
Rudbeckia laciniata, L. Black-eyed Susan; Cone-flower; Nigger- head.
Rudbeckia occidentalis, Nutt. Nigger-head.
*Rumex crispus, L. and R. salicifolius, Weinm, Dock.
Rumex venosus, Pursh. Sour Greens; Wild Begonia; Wild Hy- drangea.
Sagittaria arifolia, Nutt. Arrow-leaf; White Water Lily; Swan or Swamp Potato; Wappatoo (Ind.).
Salix spp. Wallow.
Salix Mackenziana, Barratt. Diamond Willow.
Salsola Kali Tragus, Moq. Russian Thistle.
Sambucus glauca, Nutt. Elder ; Elderberry.
Saponaria Vaccaria, L. Cockle ; Cow Cockle.
Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Torr. Greasewood.
Scirpus lacustris occidentalis, Wats. Bulrush ; Tule.
Shepherdia argentea, Nutt. Buffalo Berry; Bull-berry; Graisse de Boeuf (Fr.).
^Sisymbrium altissimum, L. Tumbling Mustard.
138 MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCIENCE STUDIES.
Sisymbrium incisum, Engelm. and S. canescens, Nutt. Tansy Mus- tard.
Sisymbrium officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard.
Sisyrinchium spp. Blue-eyed Grass.
Smilacina spp. False Solomon's Seal ; Wild Lily of the Valley.
Solanum nigrum, L. Deadly Nightshade.
Solanum triflorum, Nutt. Stinkweed ; Wild Potato ; Wild Tomato ; Ground Cherry.
>1:Sonchus asper, Vill. Yellow Thistle; Sow-thistle.
Sparganium spp. Bur-reed.
:;Spergula arvensis, L. Spurry.
Steironema ciliatum, Raf. Snake-root.
*Stellaria media, Smith. Chickweed.
Stipa comata, F. & R. and S. spartea, Trin. Spear Grass ; Porcupine Grass ; Devil's Darning-needles.
Symphoricarpus occidentalis, Hook. June Berry; Buckbush; Stag- berry ; Partridge-berry.
*Symphytum officinale, L. Comfrey.
Synthyris rubra, Benth. Kitten-tails.
Taraxacum officinale, Wreber. Dandelion.
Taxus brevifolia, Nutt. Ground Hemlock ; Yew.
Tellima parviflora, Hook. Star-flower; Prairie Star.
Thermopsis montana, Nutt. Yellow Snapdragon.
Thermopsis rhombifolia, Nutt. Prairie Bean ; Yellow Pea.
Thlaspi alpestre, L. Sweet Alyssum.
*Thlaspi arvense, L. Pennycress.
Thuja plicata, Don. White Cedar; Cedar.
Townsendia Parryi, Eaton. Spring Daisy ; Daisy.
:: Tragopogon porrifolius, L. Salsify ; Oyster Plant.
Trifolium Rydbergii, Greene. Sweet Clover.
Trifolium spp. Wild Clover, Mountain Clover.
Trillium ovatum, Pursh. Tril-lium ; Wake Robin.
Tsuga heterophylla, Sargent. Hemlock.
Typha latifolia, L. Cat-tail; Cat-tail Flag; Bulrush.
Ulmus Americana, L. Elm ; White Elm.
*Urtica gracilis, Ait. Nettle ; Stinging Nettle.
Vaccinium membranaceum, Dougl. Huckleberry.
Vaccinium scoparium, Leiberg. Red Huckleberry; Grouse-berry.
Valeriana edulis, Nutt. Tobacco Root.
*Verbascum Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein.
*Verbascum Thapsus, L. Mullein.
COMMON NAMES OF MONTANA PLANTS. 12f
Verbena bracteosa, Michx. Ground Vervain.
Vicia Americana, Muhl. Wild Pea.
Viola adunca, Smith. Blue Violet; Common Blue Violet.
Viola Canadensis, L. White or Pink Violet.
Viola cognata, Greene. Mountain Violet.
Viola praemorsa, Dougl. Yellow Violet ; Common Yellow Violet.
Vitis vulpina, L. Wild Grape; Frost Grape.
Wyethia helianthoides, Nutt. White Sunflower.
Xanthium Canadense, Mill. Cucklebur.
Xerophyllum tenax, Nutt. and X. Douglasii, Wats. Bear-grass; Moose Grass ; Turkey's Beard ; Pine Grass.
Yuc.n angustifolia, Pursh. Soaproot; Soap-weed ; Spanish Bay- onet; C;ass Cactus.
Zygadenus venosus, Wats. Death Camas; Lobelia.
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