if re $ 7h eta Sata ae 4 io" a ‘i eyo pteee . oer) ‘ CCR a CRE ICET] s eh ey Oa Pelee ye ed Pwd de DCR Re EY Le ee ' bee Ww trod age 1k oy wie can We ta tata saint wae Art i MG ve, as Sey Wh we ii) \ Nia Va OR 19.11.98 8 » ‘ 7 ih ve 1A VO eA toe Pa acre Vanes +" ase CORN uri 9 WN ' RRA A wa Ay 4° Rita Spas ia len Ch wa yee CORRE MMC eet ee Bk Reh BA A SOR Men SEAMS TR VA bh ‘4 taser peanea tag wat SPR Re ee Pe we v We yan ee Pein! . ‘ Walla se ity ito BAIS: WN was ae 1 role q " Pra Ue ceca Y ANN RER RAO CER RAC R Re HOA Ce ree i ey sy eared shared ‘ Ae POP UCL AVE Red edie te Om Dw ae aston aidan nett ain'y tale aie ’ SA Pe a 29 " ’ A oon in " h ” a ano Pe Ce Se We ae ey sa baw PN east cage Sette benny een ae Vata by ! een on | aes EWAN Ged vs a va t vie Pa y PRR Sa ane nS aig Oa Ty Fj i ae be 4 int MV Ue e MI it vst eae , hat vit aa we Yellow t itp! “a EN seit ih Ma Ae yar HE Vega | ar} ne PoE ENN wut ‘ he ache cae WS) aneea'yee ata GNU Mast ge tty SOE Ras a6 as PON eran DER LORE eee ir tit Vaated ba aA eh ae Vai as : SPRATT AT A Je Ie eed A 1 oa 9 ” ‘iN De a Ce os 8 shia Ae Cope ge te. yaled ‘vat wiht ’ a aig ty ly yt DECOR CS Ree OnE R A RU ca oon Lieaas Pee aoke weve ‘ Viale he BTeeme te | 4 . Cree Ca A? VERE WAAC EA rye yy Hr Wyeb susie sl gh ge ee oer nary tao pay \ Cea be Apa, micah Cady Vika ty es nae ‘AN eathena n tan PC me eaten a ated tee iN rhea, int bie a it istatate it tat titre n RAgty BU ABER E D DOAN AE Pe anpay WW gen ke He ah Astitye See RC tr wi POO a aN maa eaeelide nye aya ven daly ‘ uh x A af rh bY ie y " Ai wate wy yan Malus vi i | A irss a ' ! i Pi Serpabe gee ogg he AMY Vras hry Ly eee Eben ' MQM STAT AURAL yield ARQ RS atyananen Cy fete ge Aly i) ak “wy Veet f y p Vie, ise itt at MRR NOR Ne at fey ee EG Le Qh Pee pe ped wad pew 9 4 BAU DB AD bode ty We me fee fe tein ay me ‘ eens 1 , ae) ay Ary Cryo heed et tea yp tay orn i Lyiiick| ihe Py Mev oop oe yg 4 NA eat Ane: \ rs veers PURPORT COME Tae Hig os Mw cae St ' vey rare ea ' Vela yen perc prtcgeyd stat htely KR i ane it De OR aA Cen aT ge a ah og ged ; Mi nh pan dy ee / pa PE PON LA a4 ‘ Ta ’ } bee ynes yer vy oye 1 ' i ‘ my hey LS vue we Dae ie ee | SOP PR qs i ag ONSLEC SCAU a Re ITT TG rk Pay NERS Es Hf ae ; VAATED A a oe : WV Loy ele , ' wey mals yey tas Vantey bare ply vn : ‘ ae yt by ee ot Cres ‘ ' arta y v4 te Cred Pa weg ‘, . Ppeseleagtunt, : ' ho rv , ' 1 ' tee erdals ' 1 rey {4 y's : a Px , my ole ' \ tee ’ js ' V4eb sg a) iy ’ t LA te De oa 4 4 fen Son yh \ ‘ i t . ' oe 3 i ; ' ' ? ; pies ' rely Pe es 5 ry My ’ ' TA eee is \ ' 1 \ may ks? i ar | - : 4h yy roo f i ' i 1 } Car i : i t i ; i ‘ e ‘ . a Pebt es ad web \ ‘ yy Fae ee OTA Wr 21 ba We Ba ry Pee ee Se t ‘ 1 der? Ae a thats eae ‘ ee rea 2 1a eee ie ay Cita hinted Fadl Giant baat a ale ae} rr peasy : LA ag it. ‘ ere i Pea Ye : ‘ aan tpl ytiatte vo , tay Vita ‘ Wea i bow beta tid : ‘ ‘ an ‘i ee once Wror 32) ate i , oe PA DTPA La alias ges ‘ ee va Hbak icone Pom Eien ae ord ‘ ‘ fe ' ou i Caer teeta vitae Ven ba a 7 Paya er } Daag AIG bebe ee ee PIER LICE Ree TORRE Tue aie ae PPR Ms alata h \ r Vacs wa wheb i i , tits : WR ard bach ‘ , few] SSC ie St eee ato ee sf i n bie Teka) n tiie CCA eee} aia g é , es St mee Se ie On f eh mi , oeud ‘ea Oda ii ei te ad ) sittin one oe : i’ Sea cm oc Le Tat pd hb: ‘ Fenty act | ian as Fdead altos eels sot aby Re Rat vied sie eae 8 4 tid ‘ 4 Ae EE Mar Pe WIE OR ee ah ee La a abd ve ‘ ‘ Te oc SC ce Ee Phe tad Waly n awa. an a shad ta a Vita i, ati Bu autsiear ett ret Recrnte ann Cy Ween ru Pao a el tia feaiebrae t . arenes PUM Gwe Ce Teas tinini adstetes ” a Seiten bate by PN LL HE SO wid bdegab rt whon « Pree] ee iar ae Eh wel Sd 4* te Eee at at wo w Cae ce ” 10 Ay WD ABS ' ‘ x) saa Poth re Vide ped ee bh ba Pee VOT de Peat be atin ares oa Ae RLAMER Pu ican itn rn ve WY are Ie " \ i eile tiyfe IO MOS eater Wr EY Yay Br LP Pek ar Pte ee dee lal oe a ae w Ua design n MPa 5 F ia q : Vb bot aa ee er ‘ ' 4 a ite Je) Wea’ ee Mra i nas vera ‘ Noe ieee iit 4 THE SCIENTIFIC PROCKEDINGS OF THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. detv Devries. VOLUME VI. fo Nee as DUBE ING. PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE. 1891-1892. Tue Soctety desires it to be understood that it is not answerable Jor any opinion, representation of facts, or train of reasoning, that may appear in this Volume of its Proceedings. The Authors of the several Memoirs are alone responsible for their contents. Printed at Tuz University Press, Dublzx. LIST OF THE CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME SEVEN, WITH REFERENCES TO THE SEVERAL ARTICLES CONTRIBUTED BY EACH. Avenry, W. E., F.1.C., anp T. A. Sueeoe, A.I.C. On a Combination of Wet and Dry Methods in Chemical Analysis. Part L., Beramisu, G. H. T., C.E. Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland, 1890- 1891. Table of Temperature and Specific Gravity of Sea-Water. From observations taken on board the §.5. ‘¢ Harlequin,” in 1891, . Bett, F. Jerrrey, M.A., Sec. R.M.S. On the Echinoderms collected by the 8.8. ‘‘ Fingal,” in 1890, and by the 8.58. ‘“‘ Harlequin,” in 1891, off the West Coast of Ireland (Plates XXIII., XXIV., XXYV.), Borppicker, Orro, Pu.D. Lunar Radiant Heat, measured at Birr Castle Observatory during the Total Eclipse of January 28, 1888, PAGE 99 481 520 189 1V List of Contributors. Carpenter, G. H., B.Sc. Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits by Prof. Haddon, 1888-1889. Lepidoptera from Murray Island, . A New Species of Tortrivx from Tuam, Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits by Prof. Haddon, 1888-1889. Rhynchota from Murray Island, and Mabuiag (Plates XII. and XIII.), Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits by Prof. Haddon, 1888-1889. Pycnogonida (Plate XXII.), Coxe, Grenvitte A. J., F.G.S. The Variolite of Ceryg Gwladys, Anglesey (Plate X.), The Variolite of Annalong, Co. Down (Plate XXI.), Cont, G. A. J., F.G.S., anp W. J. Sonzas, LL.D., F.R.S. The Origin of certain Marbles: A Suggestion, Dixon, H. H. Preliminary Note on the Walking of some of the Arthropoda, Gruss, Sir Howarp, F.R.S. Revolving Machinery for the Domes of Astronomical Observatories, On an Improved Equatorial Telescope, Happon, A. C., M.A., M.R.I.A. The Newly-hatched Larva of Euphyllia (Plate XI.), Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland, 1890- 1891. Introductory Note, PAGE 137 552, 112 511 124 574 484 492, 127 221 List of Contributors. Hartuey, W.N., F.R.S. A Study in Thermo-Chemistry : The Reduction of Metals - from their Ores, On the Composition of Two Hard-Water Deposits, Hickson, Sypney J., M.A., D.Sc. Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits by Prof. Haddon, 1888-1889. Notes on a small Collection of Hydrocoralline (Plates XVIII., XIX., XX.), Hout, Ernest W. L. Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. Preli- minary Note on the Fish obtained during the Cruise of the 8.8. ‘“‘ Fingal,” 1890, Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. Preli- minary Note on the Fish obtained during the Cruise of the 8.8. ‘‘ Harlequin,” 1891, . Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland, 1890- 1891. Report on the Results of the Fishing Operations, Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. Reports on the Scientific Hvidence bearing on the Hconomic Aspects of the Fishes collected during the Survey, JoHNsSoON, T., D.Sc., F.L.S. Callosities of Nitophyllum versicolor, Harv. (A New Mode of Vegetative Reproduction of Floridez) (Plate XIV.), Jory, J.. M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. The Abundance of Life, : On Shutters for Use in Stellar seen On a Mercury-Glycerine Barometer, : On a Direct Reading Electrolytic Ampere Meter, On a Speculation as to a Pre-Material Condition of the Universe, 35 43 496 121 218 225 388 155 55 196 547 559 563 v1 List of Contributors. Kinanan, G. H. A New Reading of the Donegal Rocks (Plates I. to VI.), M‘Weeney, E. J., M.A., M.D. On a Method of preparing Schizomycetes, Saccaromycetes, and Hyphomycetes as Museum Specimens, with a Demonstra- tion of Illustrative Cultivations, IRooiiay IU, IBlg5 Oda, Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland, 1890- 1891. Table of Temperature and Specitic Gravity of Sea-Water. From observations taken on board the 8.8. ‘« Fingal,” in 1890, Rameaut, Arruur A., M.A. On a Geometrical Method of finding the most probable Apparent Orbit of a Double Star (Plates VIII. and IX.), ScuarFr, R. F., Pu.D., B.Sc. The Slugs of Ireland (Abstract; see Transactions, Royal Dublin Society, Vol. IV., Part X.), Sueeoe, T. A., A.I.C., anp W. EH. Avenry, F.1.C. On a Combination of Wet and Dry Methods in Chemical Analysis. Part L., Surry, Epear A. Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits by Prof. Haddon, 1888-1889. The Land Shells, PAGE 14 160 478 95 192 99 List of Contributors. Sorzas, W. J., LL.D., F.R.S., anp G. A. J. Corz, F.G.S. The Origin of certain Marbles: A Suggestion, Sonnac, We J., Ui. D., PRS. On a Fragment of Garnet Hornfels, On Homotachus (Archeocidaris Harteana, Baily), a New Genus of Paleozoic Hchinoids, On the Structure and Origin of the Quartzite Rocks in the Neighbourhood of Dublin (Plate XV.), Stoney, G. Jounstone, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. On the Cause of Double Lines and of Equidistant Satellites in the Spectra of Gases (Abstract; see Transactions, Royal Dublin Society, Vol. IV., Part XI.), Analysis of the Spectrum of Sodium, including an Enquiry into the True Place of the Lines that have been regarded as Satellites (Plates XVI. and XVII.), On the Appreciation of Ultra-visible Quantities, and on a Gauge to help us to appreciate them, Why there is no Atmosphere on the Moon (Abstract ; see Transactions, Royal Dublin Society, Vol. V., Part L., p: 1), Wicuam, J. R. Improvements in Lighthouse Lights, with an Exhibition of proposed New Burners and their Flames, Vil PAGE 124 48 152 169 201 204 530 546 147 DATES OF THE PUBLICATION OF THE SEVERAL PARTS OF THIS VOLUME. Part 1.—Containing pages 1to 90. (Feb., 1891.) oe oe . ut 91 to 126. (June, 1891.) aie », 127 to 220. (March, 1892.) ate - » 221 to 483. (June, 1892.) aD i », 484 to 578. (Oct., 1892.) ERRATA. Page 146, lines 5 and 7 from bottom, for 6, read 8. », 169, line 4 from top, for Fepruary 17, 1892, read Janvary 21, 1891. », 546, line 4 from top, for Vol. IV., Part XIV., p. (08, read Vol.V., Part I., p. 1. THE SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY, I. REPORTS ON THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS MADE IN TORRES STRAITS BY PROFESSOR A. C. HADDON, 1888-1889. LEPIDOPTERA FROM MURRAY ISLAND. By G. H. CARPEN- TER, B.Sc. (Science and Ari Museum, Dublin). [COMMUNICATED BY PROFESSOR HADDON. | [Read Junz 18, 1890.] IXTY-SIX specimens of Lepidoptera were brought by Prof. Haddon from Murray Island, in which twenty species and varieties are represented. None of the species are new, but the collection is of interest from the point of view of animal distribution. The following list of species is accompanied by notes on the dis- tribution of the insects, and on some variations presented by Professor Haddon’s specimens :— RHOPALOCERA. Danaide. Danais limniace, Cram., var. hamata, Macl. 3 (2): The variety hamata is Australian. The type ranges from Africa to Australia. Satyride. Mycalesis blasius, Fab. (1): This species is Indian and Malayan. SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S.—VOL. VII., PART I. B 2 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Nymphahde. Messaras prosope, Fab. (2) : Australian species. Junonia vellida, Fab. (1): This species ranges fr Sumatra to Australia. Professor Haddon’s specimen differs from the Australian specimens in the Dublin Museum in having two very distinct eye-spots on the under side of each hind-wing. Rhinopalpa sabina, Cram. (2) : This is a Malayan species. Professor Haddon’s specimens are considerably smaller than those in the Dublin Museum. Diadema nerina, Fab. 3 (7), 2 (2). D. nerina 2, var. proserpina, Cram. : This is an Australian and Malayan species. The tawny- brown patches of the wings of the female are of great interest, as an approach to the entirely brown wings of the female of the allied D. misippus, the well-known mimic of Danais chrysippus. D. alimena, Linn. (1): This is an Austro-Malayan species. Pieride. Terias hecabe, Linn. (18) : This species ranges from Senegal to Papua. Some of Professor Haddon’s specimens are very small. Tachyris scyllara, Macl. @ (2): An Australian species. ‘ Catopsilia crocale, Cram. 2 (1): | This species ranges from India to Australia. CarPpENTER—Lepidoptera from Murray Island. 3 Papilionide. Eurycus cressida, Fab. (31, 2 2): Australian species. Ornithoptera poseidon, Doubl. (3 2, 2 3): This is a typical Austro-Malayan species. Very nearly allied forms occur in Northern Australia. Professor Haddon’s specimens afford excellent illustration of the great variability of the species. One of his males has the green markings along the median nervures of the primary wings very conspicuous, whilst in the other male it is almost suppressed. The three females all vary in the white markings on the primary wings, as well as in the marginal spots of the secondaries. Papilio ormenus, Guér. (3 3; 92, drd form of Wallace, 1) : This is a Papuan species, whose females are trimorphic. The darkest form of the female is very like the male (Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxy.). The specimen brought by Pro- fessor Haddon is lighter in markings than Wallace’s figure of the third (lightest) form, a partial suffusion of the discoidal cells of all four wings with black, which is shown in his figure, being almost suppressed in this specimen from Murray Island. . SPHINGES. Sphingide. Hemaris hylas, Linn. (1) : This common species ranges all over Africa, South Asia, and Australia. Zygenide. Syntomis, sp. (1). BOMBYCES. Huchelide. Deiopeia lotrix, Cram. (6) : This species ranges from India to Australia. It is very near the European D. pulchella, which is a rare British insect, and has twice occurred in Ireland. B2 4 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Argina cribraria, Clerck 2 (8): This variable species ranges over Africa, South Asia, and the Malay Islands. Professor Haddon’s specimens are of interest in having the light rings round the black spots of the primary wings nearly or quite suppressed. A specimen from Java in the Dublin Museum shows the same variation. Liprade. Artazxa lutea, Fab. S (1): Australian species. NOCTUES. Huchdide. Trigonodes hyppasia, Cram. (1): This species ranges from Africa to Australia. It will be seen that six species are typically Australian, and four Austro-Malayan. One ranges over the Malay Islands gene- rally, three range from India to Australia, and four are species with a range extending all over the tropics of the Old World. As might have been expected, the Lepidopteran fauna of Murray Island, as shown in this collection, may be characterized as pre- senting us with a mixture of Australian and Austro-Malayan typical forms, with a fairly strong infusion of wide-ranging Oriental insects. My best thanks are due to Mr. A. G. Butler of the British Museum for kindly answering several inquiries. beoe Ib REPORTS ON THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS MADE IN TORRES STRAITS BY PROFESSOR A. C. HADDON, 1888-1889. THE LAND SHELLS. By EDGAR A. SMITH (British Museum). [ COMMUNICATED BY PROFESSOR HADDON. | [Read Junz 18, 1890. ] No special attention was given to collecting terrestrial Mollusca, as the study of marine zoology was the principal object of Professor Haddon’s researches. However, a few species were collected ; but, beyond adding a little to our knowledge of their geographical range, and in one or two cases exhibiting considerable variation in size, these specimens possess slight interest. In order to give a better idea of the land shells of this district, all the forms from Torres Straits and Cape York, recorded by Mr. | C. Hedley of the Brisbane Museum, in his useful “List of the Land Shells recorded from Queensland” (Proc. Roy. Soc. Queens- land, 1888, v., p. 45), have been added, as well as the corrections noted in Mr. H. Tryon’s “ Errata”’ in the above Paper (¢. ¢. p. 181). The species collected by Professor Haddon are marked with an asterisk ; other localities than those of Torres Straits are put within brackets. Rhytida beddomet. Brazier, 1876, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i., pp. 98, 121, unfigured. Habitat.—Cape York and Albany Island. Elea splendiduta. Pfeiffer, 1845, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 128; Kiister’s Syst. Conch. Cab., p. 109, pl. uxxxv., figs, 1-8; Cox, Monogr., p. 10, pl. 1., fig. 8; Tryon, Manual of Conch., i., p. 129, pl.. xxv1., figs. 20-22; Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 973. Habitat.—Cape York and Torres Straits; (Moreton Bay). 6 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Elea rapida. Pfeiffer, 1853, Zeitschr. f. Malak., p. 54; Cox, Monogr., p. 19, pl. m., figs. 9a, 9b; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. viv., ii., p- 688; Tryon, Man. Conch., i., p. 129, pl. xxvz., fig. 18; Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. No. 1088; Hutton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii., 1874, p. 89. Habitat.—Cape York. Nanina villaris, Pfeiffer, 1854, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 146; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. viv., vol. iv., p. 47; Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. No. 1875 ; Tryon, Man. Conch., ii., p. 105, pl. xxxv., fig. 41; Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i., p. 118; iv., p. 392. Habitat.—Cape York, Albany Island, and Thursday Island. Nanina kreffti. Cox, 1864, Cat. Aust. Land Shells, p. 21 (= N. villaris, Cox, non. Pfr., Monogr., p. 2, pl. x., fig. 8); Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. viv., vol. v., p. 243; Tryon, Man. Conch., ii., p. 219, pl. uxim., figs. 98, 99; Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.,i., p. 118; iv., p. 892. Habitat.—Darnley and Thursday Islands. Nanina yorkensis. Pfeiffer, 1854, Proc. Zool. Soc., p.145 ; Cox, Monoer., p. 34, pl. ., fig. 8; Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. xi.,p. Sl, pli xve, fig. 59. Hatbitat.—Cape York (and Palm Island, lat. 16° 23’ 8.). Polita (Conulus) russelii. Brazier, 1874, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 668, pl. uxxxm., figs. 18, 14; id., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.,i., p. 120; id., Trans. Roy. Soc. N. S. W., 1874, p. 29; td., Quart. Journ. Conch., 1877, vol. i., p. 271; Tryon, Man. Conch., ii., p. 179, pl. uiv., figs. 86, 87. Habitat.—Cape York, Bet and Darnley Islands; (Fitzroy Island, Cardwell, Home Islands, Barnard Islands). Polita (Conulus) reedet. Brazier, 1876, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.,i., pp. 101, 120, unfigured. Habitat.—Darnley Island. Smitu— Land Shells of Torres Straits. 7 Polita (Conulus) nepeanensis. Brazier, 1876, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i., pp. 102, 121, unfigured. Habitat.—Nepean and Cocoa-nut Islands. Polita (Conulus) porti. Brazier, 1876, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i., pp. 104, 121, unfigured. Habitat.—Albany Island. Polita (Conulus) pampini. Cox, 1868, Monogr., p. 111, pl. xrx., fig. 9; Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i., p. 121; ¢d., Quart. Journ. Conch., 1877, vol. i., p. 271. Habitat.—Cape York, Albany Island; (Bowen, Wide Bay, Fitzroy, Palon and Barnard Islands). Charopa annulus. Brazier, 1876, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i., p. 100, un- figured. Habitat.—Dungeness Island. Helix (Trochomorpha) ophelia. Pfeiffer, 1854, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 146; Cox, Monogr. Austr. Land Shells, p. 34, pl. m., fig. 4. Habitat.—Cape York. Helix (Planispira) buxtoni. Brazier, 1879, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., iv., p. 894, un- figured. Habitat.—Thursday Island. * Helix (Hadra) bipartita, Férus. Ferussac, 1820, Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. fluv., pl. uxxv.a, fig. 1 Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 859 ; Pfeiffer and Dunker, Nov. Conch., iii., pl. cvum., fig. 12; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic., i., p. 319 ; Cox, 1868, Monogr. Austr. Land Shells, pp. 54, 56, pl. v., fig. 7; Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i., p. 124; Smith, 1875, Zool. of Erebus and Terror, ii., p. 2, pl. 1v., fig. 11 ; Semper, Reisen. Arch. Philipp., iii., pp. 159-161, pl. x1v.; H. Tryon, 1886, Ann. Rep. Queensland Mus., p. 5. 8 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Several forms of this well-known species are contained in the collection. Large typical specimens were obtained at Somerset, Cape York; smaller examples, referable to H. semicastanea’ of Pfeiffer, were also collected at that locality and others, still more aberrant from the normal form, with the spire less elevated, and the body-whorl more compressed, were met with at Mer, Murray Islands. The aperture in this form is much more contracted and semilunate. The distribution of this species and of its variety semicastanea will be found in Cox’s “‘ Monograph of the Australian Land Shells,” pp. 54 and 56. Pfeiffer’ has figured a pale unicolorous variety, but has not particularized the locality. In Cuming’s collection in the British Museum there are two similar specimens from Lizard Island, collected by Macgillivray. Habitat.—Cape York, Albany Island, C. Direction, C. Grenville, Daintree River. H. nicomede*® and H. beddome,' Brazier, from North Queens- land, appear to be allied species. Helix (Hadra) arthuriana. Cox, 1873, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 564, pl. xtvin., figs. 1, la. Habitat.—L. Island, Torres Straits. [? Long Island, A. C. H.] Helix (Hadra) mulgravensis. Brazier, 1872, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 21, unfigured. Habitat.—Mulgrave Islands. Helix (Hadra) aureedensis. Brazier, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 640, unfigured. Habitat.—Aureed Islands. Helix (Hadra) challisi. Cox, 1873, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 565, pl. xivur., fig. 3. Habitat.—UL. Island. 1 Pfeiffer, 1849, Zeitschr. Malak., p. 77; Reeve Conch. Icon. sp. 1848; Cox, 1868, Monogr., p. 56, pl. v., fig. 10; Pfeiffer, Monogr., Helic. iti., p. 222; Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i., p. 124. Islands of Torres Straits. 2 Novitates Conchologice, iii., pl. cvit., fig. 1. 3 Brazier, 1878, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., iii., p. 79, pl. vut., fig. 6 (Cardwell, Gould Island). 4 Brazier, 7. ¢., p. 80, pl. vuit., fig. 7. SmitH—Land Shells of Torres Straits. a Helix (Hadra) barneyi. Cox, 1878, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 148, pl. xvz., fig. 2. Habitat.—Barney Island. [This is evidently a misreading for Darnley Island, A. C. H. | Helix (Xanthomelon) nigrilabris. Von Martens, Malak. Blatter, xvi., p. 79; H. edwardsi, Cox, 1868, Monogr. Austr. Land Shells, p. 139, pl. xrx., figs. 8, 3a; H. meadei, Brazier, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 662. Habitat.—Blackwood Bay (Cape York), Mount Adolphus Is- land. Helix (Patula) spaldingi. Brazier, 1876, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. §. W., 1., pp. 103, 121, unfigured. | Habitat.—Cape York, Albany Island, Bet, Sue, Warrior, and Cocoa-nut Islands; var. carinata, Braz., t.c., iv., pp. 393 and 394, Thursday Island. Helix (Dorcasia) brevipila. Pfeiffer, 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 180; Cox, Monogr., p. 47, Pleven Lissa Zia, 20. : Habitat.—Cape York to Brisbane. Helix (Dorcasia) funiculata. Pfeiffer, 1854, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 147; Cox, Monogr., p. 46, pl. m., fig. 15;-Tryon, 1. c., ii., p. 214, pl. xur., fig. 16. Habitat.—Islands in Torres Straits. *Heliz (Trachia) delessertiana, Le Guillou. Le Guillou, 1842, Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., p. 188; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic., iii., p. 157; Cox. Monogr., p. 61, pl. v., figs. 8a, 8b; Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W.,1., p. 123; iv., p. 893; Helia taranaki, Gray, Pfeiffer, Symbole Hist. ~\& Helic., ii., p. 19; H. torresiana, Hombron and Jacquinot, 1853; Voy. au Pole Sud., v., p. 10, pl. 1v., figs. 24, 27. 10 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Some specimens obtained by Professor Haddon at Deadman’s Island (a very small islet on the reef at the north side of Thursday Island) are rather larger than usual, the finest example having an extreme diameter of 23 millimetres. On the contrary, another series which he collected at Mabuiag are so dwarfed, that at first I regarded them as a distinct species. ‘Their greatest diameter is only 15 mm., and yet they are quite mature shells, having the peristome properly developed. Habitat.—“ Islands of Torres Straits, from Nogo Island on the south to Warrior Island on the north” (Cox); Warrior Island, Bet, Sue, Cocoa-nut, Dungeness, and Darnley Islands, Cape York, Thursday and Albany Islands (Brazier). * Helix (Trachia) cyclostomata, Le Guillou. Le Guillou, 1842, Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., p. 141; Cox, Monogr., p. 61, pl. x., fig. 12; Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soe. N. 8. W., i., p. 124; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic., vil., p. 441; Smith, 1875, Zool. Erebus and Terror., ii., p. 2, pl. 1v., fig. 18 ; Tryon, Manual Conch.-Pulm., iv., p. 65, pl. xiv., figs. 63, 64. Habitat.—Mabuiag (Haddon). According to Dr. Cox, this species is widely distributed in ‘Queensland, from Brisbane to Cape York, and in the Islands of Torres Straits. Helix (Trachia) tuckeri. Pfeiffer, Symbol. Helic., iii., p.77; Brazier, P.L.S.N.S. W., , 123; Tryon, Man. Conch., iv., p. 65, pl. xiv., figs. 63, 64; i. Meelis Hombron and Jacaumol 1858, Voy. Pole Sud., pl. 1v., pp. 1-4. Habitat.—Albany Island, Sue, and Cocoa-nut Islands; (Cape Greville). Helix (Trachia) endeavourensis. Brazier, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 640; id., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., i., p. 123; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic., vii., p. 427. Habitat.—Mount Adolphus Island (and Endeavour River). Bulimus beddomet. Brazier, 1880, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8, W., i., p. 127; iv p. 895, unfigured. Smitu—Land Shells of Torres Straits. 1l Habitat.—Mount Ernest Island, Torres Straits [or Nagir]: (Andromache River). *Stenogyra (Opeas) tuckert, Pfeiffer. Pfeiffer, 1846, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 30; Cox, 1868, Monoer., Austr. Land Shells, p. 69, pl. xut., fig. 9; Garrett, 1887, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 185 (extensive synonomy). Habitat.—Sir Charles Hardy’s Islands (Pfr.) ; Clarence Heads, N.S. W. Generally distributed throughout Queensland and its islands, from Brisbane to Cape York (Cox). Garrett claims for it a wider range than any other land-shell, embracing Australia, the whole of Polynesia, Hastern and Southern Asia, probably the east coast of Africa, and the West Indies, where it was acci- dentally introduced with the bread-fruit plants from Tahiti. Some of the specimens obtained at Mabuiag by Professor Haddon are considerably more slender than this; variation in size, sculpture, and the acuteness of the spire has also been re- ferred to by Cox. Neither his figure nor Reeve’s (Conch Icon. Bulimus, fig. 481) is characteristic. The former has the sutures too oblique, the whorls not sufficiently convex, and the last much too long. In the latter the spire is too tapering, and the apex too acuminate. * Pupa pacifica. Pfeiffer, 1846, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 31; id., Mon. Hel., i1., p. 809; Kuster, Conch. Cab., pl. x1x., figs. 26-28. Habitat.—Mabuiag, Torres Straits (Haddon). The only locality hitherto quoted for this species is “Sir Charles Hardy’s Island.” I presume this is the “ Hardy Island ”’ given on maps, as situated off the east coast of North Queensland. Vertigo macdonnelli. Brazier, 1874, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 669, pl. rxxxi1., figs. 22, 28. Habitat.—Cape York; (Fitzroy, Barnard, and Claremount Islands). Vertigo macleayt. Brazier, 1876, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i., p. 110, un- figured. Habitat.—Bet, Sue, Nepean, Dungeness, and Warrior Islands. 12 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Tornatellina petterd. Brazier, 1876, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., 1., p. 109, un- figured. Habitat.—Darnley Island. Tornatellina grenviller. Brazier, 1876, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i., p. 109, un- figured. Habitat.—Cape York, Home and Albany Islands. Tornatelling masterst. Brazier, 1876, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S: W., i., p. 108, un- figured. Habitat.—Darnley Island. Truncatella ferruginea. Cox, 1868, Monogr. Austr. Land Shells, p.94; Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.,1., p. 182, unfigured. Habitat.—Cape York; (Cape Grenville). Truncatella yorkensis. Cox, 1868, Monogr.. p. 93, pl. xv., figs. 11-110; Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., 1., p. 182, unfigured. Habitat.—Cape York, Warrior Island, Torres Straits. Tryon (Ann. Report, Queensland Mus., 1887, p. 4), records this species from Burpengary. Truncatella teres. Pfeiffer, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 886; Cox, Monoer., p. 92, pl. xv., figs. 9-96; Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 1., p. 182; zd., Quart. Journ. Conch., 1877, vol. i., p. 274. Habitat.—Cape York ; (Fitzroy and Barrow Islands). Pupina bilingius. Pfeiffer, 1850, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 97; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, vol. vi., p. 492; Cox, Monoger., p. 100, pl. xvz., figs. 6-6 ; Pfeiffer, 1852, Monogr. Pneumonopomorum, i., p. 142; Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch., iii., pl. couxv., figs. 8-10. Habitat.—Cape York, and Islands of Torres Straits. Smiru— Land Shells of Torres Straits. 13 Pupina pfeitieri. Dohrn, 1862, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 188; Cox., Monogr., p. 103, pl. xvz., figs. 9-96; Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch., iii., pl. ccrxv., He ALTE Habitat.—Darnley Island, Torres’ Straits, Cape York ; (Lizard Island, Rocky Island, off Cape Flattery). Cyclophorus (Ditropis) beddomet. Brazier, 1876, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. §. W., i., pp. 118, 129, unfigured.} Habitat.—Cape York. Helicina reticulata. Pfeiffer, 1862, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 277; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., iii., pl. ccnxxtr., figs. 281, 232; Cox, Monogr., p. 106, pl. xvu., ‘figs. 14-146; Smith, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, pl. tv., fig. 2. Habitat.—Blackwood Bay, Cape York. Felicina yorkensis. Pfeiffer, 1862, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 277; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., iii., p. 290, pl. cczxxv., figs. 842, 848 ; Cox, Moner., p- 108, pl. xvu., figs. 16-166; Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soe. N.S. W.,1., p. 131; Pfeiffer, 1865, Monogr. Pneum., vol. iii., p. 228. Habitat.—Cape York ; (and Barrow Island). Ca ¢ Iil. A NEW READING OF THE DONEGAL ROCKS.! By G. H. KINAHAN, M.R.I1.A., &c. Puates I. ro VI. [Read NovempBer 19, 1890. ] Introduction. In the winter of 1883-84 the late Gerrard A. Kinahan spent some weeks in exploring the hill-country between Loughs Salt and Finn, in the barony of Kilmacrenan, Co. Donegal; and from the relations of the rocks he was led to believe that a tract of younger rocks, running north-eastwards from Glen Swilly to the valley of the Leannaw, lay unconformably on older, its south- eastern being more conspicuous than its north-western boundary, the latter being more or less obscured by drift and bog. At the time my health prevented me from investigating the subject, while subsequently my duties required that I should more especially examine the country near Lough Swilly. But during the year 1885 my examination of the rocks in that country led me to believe that my son’s conclusions were right, while more extended research in subsequent years has more fully confirmed them. From the memoirs and map recently published by the Geo- logical Survey,” it is evident that Dr. Geikie and the officers working under him have been under a misapprehension similar to that of the earlier surveyors of the country in the neighbourhood of Lake Superior. These American explorers supposed that the grits 1 This Paper was originally written in 1886; it has since been revised, and addi- tional facts added in confirmation of the original theory. The original Paper was not read, as the Director-General of the Geological Survey considered that it was premature, and therefore would not give the required sanction. 2 In one of these memoirs the writer’s name appears; but his description of the rocks of a portion of the Barony of Kilmacrenan has been in places so modified by the official editor that the writer cannot be held responsible for the present representation of it. Kinanan—A New Reading of the Donegal Rocks. 15. and quartzites of that country all belonged to one and the same formation, and that their lithological differences were solely due to the different amounts of metamorphism that each of them had undergone. Logan seems to have been the first to point out that this was not so; while more recently Irvine, Lawson, and others have unravelled the geology of the country north-west, west, and south of Lake Superior, proving that the great series of rocks, formerly classed together, are divisible into groups belong- ing to distinct periods of time, although in some cases the rocks in one group may be scarcely distinguishable, lithologically, from those in another. In the different American reports, but especially in the admir- able memoir by the late Dr. Irvine (“ Classification of the Early Cambrian and pre-Cambrian Formations,’ by R. D. Irvine), some of the descriptions, maps, and sections are very illustrative of what may be found in the county Donegal. Of these we may mention specially the description, map, and section of the country in the district of Marquette, Michigan, as there the proofs of the distinct ages of the rocks are so similar to what may be obtained in North Donegal that one description will do for both. The Older Period Rocks were upheaved, contorted, and invaded by granite—(a) after which they were considerably altered, and then invaded by another granite; (b) and afterwards denuded before the Later Period Rocks were deposited on them. The post-metamorphic granite veins()), although frequent in the Older Period Rocks, never extend up into the Later Period Rocks.” Furthermore, connected with the Older Period Rocks there are dykes and other intrusions of metamorphosed traps. These 1 It is very interesting to me to learn that the conclusions as to the Donegal rocks, suggested by the late G. A. Kinahan, and confirmed by myself, should, as above pointed out, be additionally confirmed by Irvine’s recently published maps, sections, and reports of the Lake Superior district ; more especially as I know of my own researches that in America, as in Donegal, the difference between the quartzites of the different formations is so slight that ordinary geologists could not detect it. 2 Tn the north portion of the county of Donegal there was a still later intrusion of granitic rocks. This must have taken place at a comparatively recent time, as the courses of elvan and felstone that branch off from the granite intrudes are very little broken or otherwise disturbed: they running continuously, irrespective of the upthrusting and other vicissitudes to which the country rocks were subjected. 16 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. in places come up against the Later Period Rocks, but never extend into them. The Older Period Rocks were faulted and displaced prior to the accumulation of the Later Period Rocks, and consequently none of these ancient faults, although in places very numerous, extend up into the newer formation. The Later Period Rocks, in a few places, can be distinctly seen to lie unconformably on the upturned edges of the Older Period Rocks. In the Later Period Rocks there are in places Boulder and other fragmentary beds, the boulders and other fragments being derived from the denuded portions of the Older Period Rocks. It is highly confirmatory of my work to find that the facts to which I have all along appealed, as proving the unconformability in the altered older rocks of Donegal, should be exactly similar to those given by some American geologists in recent publications, as indicating the unconformabilities in Wisconsin and elsewhere in the Lake Superior region. It is also remarkable that the failure of the older American geologists to distinguish one arenaceous group from another should now recur among geologists of this country. ‘This should not have been so, as I had pointed out to them the proofs of the difference in age of the distinct groups of quartzites; yet some of them have even gone so for as to say my proofs were “ physical impossibilities.”’? 1 Professor Hull, after his visit to Donegal with Messrs. Symes and Wilkinson, stated he had proved an unconformability between the Later and Older Period Rocks ; ‘but afterwards it would appear as if he was unable to trace it out, as he allowed him- self to be persuaded to say the self-evident proofs pointed out to him by me were not satisfactory. When only ashort time stationed in the county, it appeared to me that there must be an unconformability between the Later and Older Period Rocks, while there also seems to be a second and later unconformability ; the latter, however, I never had an opportunity of working out. The late Gerrard A. Kinahan, as already mentioned, made a survey of part of Kilmacrenan ; and during it he came to the conclusion that there must be rocks belonging to at least two distinct ages. At the time of his first visit he had not seen the Canadian rocks; but before his more detailed survey he had done so. Before commencing this survey he was inclined to think that Professor Hull was correct in stating that Laurentian rocks were to be found in Donegal; but, after his final examination, he came to the conclusion that, although there was an uncon- formability, the line of this unconformability, as laid down by Professor Hull, was incorrect, and that the older rocks could scarcely be the equivalents of the American Laurentians, but that in many characters they were similar to the Western Ontario Kinanan—A New Reading of the Donegal Rocks. IL Detailed Descriptions. [These descriptions will refer principally to the rocks in the barony of Kilmacrenan, as this district has been more especially studied by myself ; reference, however, will be made to some of the rocks in the adjoining baronies. | For the purposes of this inquiry it seems expedient first to give a general section of the rocks of the Older and Later Periods. There is a very continuous section across the Older Period Rocks, in a nearly north-west and south-east line, from the valley of Lough Beagh, past Lough Akibbon, to Glen Swilly, where the rocks occur in the following order :— (A) Gneiss and foliated granite series. (B) Gartan schist series— (a) Mica flag series. . (6) Gartan Lakes group, including the limestone- diorite series. (c) Sericite group. (d) Voleanic group. (e) Cloncarn quartzite. (7) Boheola group. (C) Gregory Hill series. (For General Section, see Plate I.) The rocks of the Gregory Hill series are apparently the youngest group of the Older Period Rocks ; but they are separated rocks, called at that time Huronians. Since his visit to Canada, these Western Onta- rian rocks are better known, having been very minutely worked out, especially by Dr. Lawson of the Canadian Survey, the results of the inquiry being that those rocks must be newer than the Laurentians, but older than Logan’s Huronians, they being the equivalents of one of the groups now called Algonkian by the United States Geological Survey. As pointed out by me in previous writings, if the markings in rocks in Glen- dowan found by Mr. M‘Henry are graptolites, they suggest that such rocks may be metamorphosed Cambrians, or even rocks of a later age. But we now learn that this may not be so, as in the black shales of the Penokee Gogebig iron region (Hzronians) markings supposed to be organic haye been found. If the latter supposition proves to be correct, these Donegal rocks may possibly be pre-Cambrian, but are not of Laurentian age. 1 In the adjoining baronies of Raphoe and Inishowen there are the previously referred to rocks, evidently newer than those which are now to be mentioned; these, when properly worked out, may be found to belong to a still later period. They SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S.—YVOL. VII., PART I. Cc 18 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. from the others by the narrow tract of the Later Period Rocks that extends from Mulroy Bay, south-west, to beyond GlenSwilly. To the north-west they are distinctly covered unconformably by the Later Period Rocks ; but to the eastward the latter appear to be upthrust on to them. To the southward, in the barony of Raphoe, the junction between the two is obscured by deep drift and bog ; but in some places the newer formation appears to be upthrust on to the older, while in others there is probably an ordinary un- conformability. The gneiss and foliated granite series, with groups a and 6 of the Gartan schist series, are cut off to the north-eastward (south of Glen) by the Later Period Rocks, while the rest of the group (ec, d, e, and f) are cut off both to the north-east and south-west ; the groups d to f occurring in a tract only a few miles long. Series -A consists principally of gneiss and foliated granite; but with them there are subordinate limestones and schists, with, in places, a variety of gneiss so quartzose that it may be called eneissose, or micaceous quartzite. ‘The last is of considerable importance, as the Geological Surveyors have not been able to dis- tinguish it from the later quartzites, and have mapped both as if portions of the one group, this, as already mentioned, being a similar mistake to that formerly made by the American geologists in the neighbourhood of Lake Superior. Attention should also be called to the pink, felsitic veins of segregation, as fragments of them are often conspicuous in the Boulder-beds of the Later Period Rocks. These fragments, however, may be derived from the thin, irregular veins of a similar felsitic granite in the Gregory Hill series. To the south-west, in the baronies of Boylagh and Bannagh, the rocks of these different series appear to be severally represented, they again coming out from under the Later Period Rocks. But in Fanad, between Mulroy Bay and Lough Swilly,; but especially 5 consist principally of slates, some veins being roofing slates, and finely parallel obliquely laminated sandstones. Many of the latter have the lamination so regular that the rock has the appearance as of a gigantic book while another variety is full of pebbles (Mullaghsawnites, Egan), generally the size of shot and peas, but sometimes larger. The enclosures are generally quartz, but in some places they consist largely of pink, felspathic fragments, the enclosures evidently haying been derived from the veins in the older granitic rocks and schists. Kinanan—A New Reading of the Donegal Rocks. 19 east of Lough Swilly, at the extreme north of Inishowen, the Older Period Rocks largely consist of micaceous quartzites and highly quartzitic gneiss. In the north-east portion of the barony of Kilmacrenan there is the Muckish quartzite) over which is a sericitic series as- sociated with limestones. This quartzite, and the overlying strata, seem to me to belong to the Later Period Rocks, but I am not in a position to speak positively, not having specially examined the district; but during a rapid traverse I found that there is an unmistakable inversion in the Muckish range, the older rocks now lying over the-younger ; but to the northward, in the ridge south of Dunfanaghy, they are lying in their proper order, the younger over the older. The Later Period Rocks may be grouped as follows (see Plate II. Jor the order as seen in the Inishowen promontory) :— (D) Lough Salt and Fanad quartzites, (D’) *Lough Keel and Knockalla quartzites, Great quartzite. (Z) Cranford sericitic series. (F) Lough Keel schist series, ) . : (F’) *Millford schist em eae eae: (G) Killygarvan volcanic series. (7) Killygarvan and Knoclybrin grit series. (Z) Kaintale and Lubber volcanic and limestone series. (J) Barn Hill grit series. (7) Manorcunningham series. In the country to the west of Lough Swilly these different groups of rocks have undergone considerable displacements, prin- cipally by upthrusting from the south-east, the thrusting being very conspicuous in the tracts of the Great quartzite. As succes- sive small thrusts have pushed over the north-east portions of many of these tracts on to the rocks to the northward, thus repeating the beds over and over again, so that the quartzite now appears to be much thicker than it is in reality. | A marked displacement, but of a different type, is a great downthrow to the north-west (bearing south-west and north-east), 1 On Muckish there is possibly an unrecorded outlier of Carboniferous rocks, as their debris is found in the vicinity. C2 20 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. which has brought down the great schist series against the Lough Keel and Knockalla quartzites between Mulroy Bay and Lough Swilly. However there was, subsequently to this fault, an up- thrusting from the south-east, which has pushed the Knockalla quartzites on to the younger schists, thereby increasing the complications. The complications in the country west of Lough Swilly are so considerable and intricate, that it would be nearly impossible to determine with certainty in that district by itself, the number and the true relations of the different series of the Later Period Rocks. Here some facts would suggest that the Lough Salt quartzites, with their overlying schist series, were quite distinct from, and older than, the Lough Keel quartzites and Milford schist series ; also that the Killygarvan volcanic series was of considerable thick- ness. In Inishowen, however, to the east of Lough Swilly, these rocks lie in their regular order in four or five different sections; that which is best exposed being the coast section to the north- west of Buncrana. In these sections we have a key to the compli- cated tract to the westward in Kilmacrenan.* Before and during the accumulation of the Later Rocks the sea was of unequal depths. ‘This is evident if the rocks be traversed north and south, from Knockalla to the Swilly river, as different groups of rocks are found resting directly on the Older Period 1 My first visit to the Malin promontory was under adverse circumstances, which led to a mistake on my part. At Lag, to the west of the promontory, there was evidently the basal Great quartzite; from thence for a considerable distance to the Coast Guard Station very little rocks are exposed, while further north to Malin Head the rocks evidently belong to the Older Period. Griffith’s boundary is a little north of the Coast Guard Station ; and from the road, the rocks in the little headland are seen to dip southward, while the rocks on the adjoining shore dip northward. At the time I could hardly walk, so I took Griffith’s boundary to be correct. Since then I have re- visited the place, and have found that at the headland, a little north of the Coast Guard Station, there is an anticlinal curve in the gneissose quartzite, while along the axis of this anticlinal there is a whinstone dyke, the anticlinal and the dyke giving the appear- ance of an unconformability in the cliff, as viewed from the road. During my second visit I examined the west coast carefully, and traced the gneissose quartzite with its accompanying granite intrusions southward to the Great quartzite at Lag. The latter extend nearly continuously across the promontory to the eastern coast and dip southward at a high angle, while the gneissose quartzite to the north of it is undulating, generally at low angles, thus, although of no great thickness, occupying a considerable stretch of country. Kinanan—A New Reading of the Donegal Rocks. 21 Rocks, as represented in the accompanying diagrammatic section (see fig. 3, Plate IV.).1_ Moreover, in places in the Great quartzite we find litoral deposits on different levels that must have ac- cumulated in the vicinity of land, while the Great quartzite seems to be of different thickness, as it is followed from the north-east into the country to the south-west. To the east of Mulroy Bay, at Ballyhork and Croaghan, in Fanad, there are massive Boulder-beds and finer conglomerates apparently under the Great quartzite. There is no junction be- tween them and the Older Period Rocks exposed ; but they evidently are made up of detritus from the latter. The matrix is always more or less greenish, and in general it is brittle, weathering freely; but sometimes it is very quartzose and hard, with the boulders few and far between. The latter are for the most part coarse granites similar to those found in the neighbourhood of Ballyhorrisky, to the north-west, and Glen Lough, to the east of Mulroy Bay. There are also finer granites, granitic gneiss, micaceous or gneissose quartzite, like that in the hill north of Bally- hork, hornblende rock (diorite), dolomite, and vein quartz. In general the largest and more abundant blocks and fragments are of granite ; but in some places they are principally of the gneissose quartzite and vein quartz. In Crockmore, south of Croaghan, | and in Ballyhork, there are, in the Boulder-beds, interbedded quartzites ; while to the south of Crockmore the massive Boulder- bed seems to suddenly thin out and be replaced by quartzite. Under the Boulder-bed, both at Croaghan and Ballyhork, there are dolomites and limestones, some of which appear to belong to it, while others may possibly belong to the Older Period Rocks. But the sections are so obscure that, from my brief examination, it is impossible to say anything positive as to their age.” Other Boulder-beds occur inter-stratified with the Great quartzite of the Knockanteenbeg outlier, which lies about eight 1 This explanation of mine has been said to be a ‘‘physical impossibility,”’ yet exactly a similar overlap, but, of course, on a much grander scale, occurs in Central Wisconsin, U.S. A., the Potsdam sandstone lying on the Huronians at Baraboo, while due north, near the Grand Rapids, they lie direct on the Laurentians ; the absent strata between these two localities being, in other places, thousands of feet in thickness. 2 In general limestone does not occur at the base of the Great quartzite, but near Lag, N. N. W. of Carndonagh, in Inishowen, it does occur. Here it may also 22 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. miles to the westward of Letterkenny, near Gartan Lake. Hence the rocks lie in the following order :-— 1. Micalites and hornblendites, limestones and inter- bedded (?) hornblende rocks (diorites), all dipping south-east, at from 50° to 60°. These belong to the limestone-diorite series, hereafter more especially mentioned. . Unconformability. . Greenish boulder-bed, . Flaggy quartzite, . Greenish boulder-bed, . Flaggy quartzite, . Greenish boulder-bed, . Flaggy quartzite, . Upthrust from the south-east. dipping 8.8. E., at 10°. CANAL WN In the Boulder-beds (Nos. 3 and 5) the blocks and fragments are in general not very frequent, while the exposures are capped by slight thicknesses of flaggy quartzite (Nos. 4 and 6), the inlying blocks being principally granitic gneiss and foliated granite, similar to those found in the country to the northward. But, in addition, there were observed small pieces of gneissose quartzite, hornblende rock, &c. In the Boulder-bed (No. 7) the majority of the inliers observed were of a reddish, or pinkish, fine, nearly micaless granite, similar to the vein-rocks in the granite country to the north-westward, and also to the already-mentioned irregular, thin granite veins in the rocks of the Gregory Hill series. As- sociated with these are pieces—some of considerable size—of gneissose quartzite and granitic gneiss, similar to those in the country to the north-westward and northward. In this locality, as also elsewhere, the greenish matrix seems to have been made up of the debris of the underlying schists belonging to the Oder occur ; while south-east of Glen Lough, to the west of Mulroy, there is a limestone that in one place seems to belong to the Great quartzite; while miles to the south- west, in the barony of Banagh, Mr. Kilroe has found Boulder-beds which in places are similar to those described above; but others are limestones containing boulders. These Boulder-beds of Fanad are very similar in contents and appearance to some of the shingly beaches at present existing on the western coast of the northern portion of Inishowen (Lough Swilly). Kinauan—A New Reading of the Donegal Rocks. 23 Period Rocks, the matrix in places being more or less quartzose, like as we find more or less quartzose varieties in those schists. As the Boulder-beds in the Knockanteenbeg outlier are inter- stratified with the quartzites, it seems to suggest that they are littoral deposits that accumulated in the vicinity of land. (See sectiou, fig. 1, Plate III.) A curious suggestion in connexion with these Boulder-beds has been made to the effect that they are of sole glacial origin, the blocks being brought considerable distances by ice from Archean areas ; it being even stated that the red or pinkish feldspathic rock is the same as the feldspathic rock so characteristic of the pre- Cambrian rocks of Erris, north-west Mayo. The feldspathic rocks of Erris, however, are of the peculiar and rare shade of pink rarely found but in limestones, and are only recorded as found here and in a foliated granite near Lackagh Bridge, Co. Donegal. All these Boulder-beds of the Co. Donegal are totally devoid of all the peculiarities of glacial accumulations; whether on the land or in water, while they are eminently characteristic of littoral deposits; the contained boulders and fragments being nearly always well water-worn and rounded, while the matrix in which they are embedded is sand and silt; the washings or detritus of the associated older rocks. It appears ridiculous to go hundreds of miles to look for the source of the boulders while rocks similar to them are found close at hand.’ Still further south-west, in the neighbourhood of Lough Finn, the basal-bed of the Great quartzite is also a greenish rock, but the pebbles in it are few and small, none of the exposures having any of the characters of a conglomerate; in fact, more pebbles were observed in some of the overlying quartzite than in it. However, still further south-west, near Glenties, the basal-beds are more or less similar to the Boulder-beds already described ; while to the south-west, in the barony of Barnagh, there are the Boulder-beds—some having a limestone matrix—recorded by Mr. Kilroe. These, however, have not been examined by me. 1 Dr. Hyland has since examined the boulders in the Croghan district, and from him I learn that the granite boulders have none of the characters of an Archean granite; while they are identical with the granite he found im situ in the country to the northward. 24 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. The Later Period Rocks have been considerably upthrusted; and as the junction of the Older and Later Period Rocks was a line of weakness, it lying between the hard quartzite above and the softer schist below, it may be naturally expected that it would often give way, which is found to have been very generally the case, as the Great quartzite so often was pushed over the unconformability on to the Older Period Rocks, thus obliterating it, so that the majority of the apparent unconformabilities, now to be seen, are due, not to deposition, but to displacement along thrust planes. Furthermore, the unconformability has also been obliterated or obscured by other causes, one being the intrusions of whinstone at the junction of the two formations, which in places have cut out or replaced considerable masses, especially of the Later Period Rocks, while miles of the boundary are obscured by accumulations of drift and bog; and on account of the upthrusts, ordinary faults, the intrusions, and the accumulation of superficial deposits, only a few normal unconformabilities are exposed in the south portion of the barony of Kilmacrenan. (For sections of the unconformabilities see Plates I., II., III., IV.) The unconformability between the Lough Salt quartzite and the Older Period Rocks is more or less due to the upthrusting from the south-east; and in no place is the basal-bed seen, except, perhaps, a mile north-east of Lough Salt, where there seems to be a limestone under the quartzite. This, however, is not quite clear, as the rocks have been disturbed by an intrusion of whinstone. A little south-west of this place, as also a few miles to the north- eastward, small pebbles of the gneissose quartzite are frequent in the Great quartzite. To the east of Glen, and further to the north-east, southward of Carrick (sheet 4), the Lough Salt quartzite and the Older Period gneissose quartzite are nearly in contact, and have been classed by the officers of the Survey as belonging to one and the same group of rocks; but in the latter locality the older rocks are associated with courses of foliated granite, and in the former the gneissose quartzite contains numerous granite veins ; and in neither localities can a trace of the granitic rocks be found in the Lough Salt quartzite. The north-western boundary of the Lough Keel and Kilma- crenan quartzite is generally a fault line, which is a downthrow to Kinauan—A New Reading of the Donegal Rocks. 20 the north-west, eastward of the Lurgy valley ; while it is a down- throw to the south-east westward of that valley. North-westward of the latter portion of this fault, in a few places, the lowest beds of the quartzite are in such positions that they must be unconform- able to the adjacent Older Period Rocks. These unconformabilities occur in the following places, viz. about a mile west-north-west of Kiimacrenan, nearly vertical micalites and argillites strike about east and west, slightly obliquely to the quartzites, which dip south- east at 40°. A vertical section, perpendicular to the unconform- able boundary, is represented in fig. 1, Plate TV. A little to the south-west, in the vicinity of Doonrock, nearly similar relations exist between the Older and Later Period Rocks. A little more than a mile south-west of Doonrock there are in several places quartzites that dip south-east at from 25° to 30°; while in their immediate vicinity are the Older Period Rocks that dip north-west at from 30° to 45°. A vertical section across this locality is given in fig. 2, Plate ITI. The unconformability at the Knockanteenbeg quartzite outline, shown in the section, fig. 1, Plate III., has already been described. Due south of the south-west end of Gartan Lough, at the line of this section, the unconformability seems to be due to deposition ; but a little to the south-west it is evident that the quartzite have been thrust over the basal-bed on to the older rocks. In the localities that have been described the actual junction between the older and later rocks cannot be seen on account of a covering of either drift or bog; but thisis not so in places along the south-east boundary of the Lough Keel and Kilmacrenan quartzite. In the area contained in sheet 16, between Glen Swilly and Drumabogue, the conspicuous boundary seems to be a fault which has let down the Later Period against the Older Period Rocks. But on examination it is found that, in places alongside the fault, the basal-bed of the newer rocks still exists, its preservation being due to its lower portion being incorporated with the broken upturned edges of the older. The Older Period Rocks are rolling in sharp curves, dipping at high angles to the north and south; while to the westward, across them, lies the Later Period Rocks, which dip north-west at 75°. This junction is best seen along the road near where the site of the old Roman Catholic chapel is marked on the map. 26 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. To the north-east, in the vicinity of the Treantagh Presbyterian meeting-house (sheet 10), the old rocks are perpendicular, and strike north-east at the quartzites which lie across their edges. Over two miles further north-east, to the southward of the Leannan river, there are vertical phyllites; while immediately north of them there are quartzites that dip north-north-west at from 40° to 50°. In the ravine of the Leanaun river, at Milltown Bridge, a little south-east of Kilmacrenan, the unconformability is well marked, the Older Period Rocks dipping south-east, at high angles, while lying on them, and incorporated with their broken edges, is a massive quartzite. ‘The section across this junction is represented in fig. 2, Plate 1V. As this junction is exposed only in the river ravine it cannot be examined except while the river is nearly dry. In the Knockybrin district, to the north-eastward of Letter- kenny, the western boundary of the Later Period Rocks consists, for the most part, of fault lines, along which the newer rocks have dropped down against the older; but between one and two miles north of Letterkenny (sheet 16) there is, on the west of the main fault, a small tract, and a few very small outliers, in which the quartzites were very little displaced, excepting displacements due to intrusions of later traps. In these tracts the quartzites are rolling nearly horizontally across the upturned edges of the Older Period Rocks ; and in the latter, adjoining the small quartzite outlier to the south- west, there are dykes of diorite which can be traced up to the quartzite boundary ; but there they are obliterated on account of the Later Period Rocks having accumulated on them. One of the statements put forward as a proof of the non- existence of the unconformability between the Older and Later Rocks is, that the Great quartzite (Lough Salt quartzite) is not a basal group; that in every locality where it occurs in the baronies of Inishowen, Kilmacrenan, and Boylagh, it Wes in an inverted synclinal, and that the Cranford sericitic series, with its limestones that seem to lie on the quartzite, is, in reality, the Lough Salt Lime- stone hornblendite series brought up into this position by an inverted synclinal. This statement will not, however, bear investigation. The Cranford sericitic series, which always lies on the, Great quartzite, and the Lough Salt Limestone hornblendite series, which, in a few places, is found below it, are quite distinct assemblages of rocks, Kinanan—A New Reading of the Donegal Rocks. 27 as can be seen by comparing the accompanying plotted vertical section of the two series. (Plates V. and VI.) The Cranford sericitic series is from over one thousand to one thousand five hundred feet thick, and is made up almost entirely of sericites, which have in them subordinate limestones and dolo- mites, with lenticular quartzites. In it the limestones and dolomites at the different localities occur on different horizons, and are from a few inches to many feet in thickness, usually not more than twenty feet, but in a few places they are massive. At Cranford there are massive limestones and dolomites, and these continue for over a mile towards the south-west; then for about two miles there is scarcely any limestone until the Golam quarries are reached, where the limestones and dolomites are again massive, but only for a short distance; and this is the character everywhere else; in one place being conspicuous, and elsewhere nearly disap- pearing. This sericitic series is present everywhere in the baronies of Inishowen, Kilmacrenan, and Boylagh above the Great quartzite. On the other hand, the Lough Salt Limestone hornblendite series is always a regular alternation of diorite (hornb/endites), limestone, and schist; and where well developed, as it is to the south-east of Lough Akibbon, itis about one thousand feet thick. It is not found in Inishowen in connexion with the Great quartzite; nor in con- nexion with the long exposure that extends from Ballymastoker Bay, Lough Swilly, south-west to Glen Swilly, a distance of over twenty-two miles. At Lough Salt, however, the Great quartzite has been brought into contact with this series by faults; the quartzite towards the north-east being upthrust on to it, while towards the south-west the quartzite has been let down against the limestone hornblendite series. A little south-west of Lough Salt the Limestone hornblendite series parts company with the quartzite, and for over eight miles towards the south-west it can be seen as a group underlying a thick schist series. South-east of Loughakibbon (see vertical section, fig. 2, Plate VI.) the rocks are well exposed in a continuous section, without any faults, so that by no possibility could the quartzite ever have existed here, and be now concealed by faults. South of Gartan Lake (sheet 16), the Boulder-beds in the north-east portion of the Knockanteenbeg outlier were deposited on the upturned rocks of the Limestone 28 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. hornblendite series; while to the south-west quartzites were up- thrust on to it. From Knockanteenbeg, for over nine miles towards the south-west, the series of limestones and hornblendite crosses the country independently, and it is not found in connexion with the Great quartzite until Lough Finn is reached, and here it is evident that the latter has been upthrust on to the former. From what has been shown it is evident that wherever the Great quartzite comes in contact with the Limestone hornblendite series it is purely by accident.! The statement that the Cranford sericitic series and the Lime- stone hornblendite series are one and the same group seems to me to be quite indefensible. Even if the two groups were not so essentially different, their positions, relatively to the Great. quartzite, illustrate the untenability of the statement. Every- where the Cranford sericitic series lies in a regular sequence on the quartzite, while usually the Limestone hornblendite series is absent, and in no place does it occur in a regular sequence under the quartzite. How, then, could a group that always has a regular position in regard to the Great quartzite be identical with one that has an abnormal position, such as is given to it by the supporters of the theory that its present position depends on upthrusting or other faults ? Probable Ages of the Rocks. In the ‘‘ Geology of Ireland” (1878) it is suggested that these Donegal rocks are probably metamorphosed Ordovicians and Cam- brians; while in a more recent publication (‘‘ Paleeozoic Rocks of Galway and elsewhere in Ireland, said to be Laurentians ”’—Scient. Proc. Roy. Dub. Soc., vol. u1., n.s., p. 347, 1882) it is shown that the metamorphic rocks in South Donegal, to the westward of Pettigo, must be of the same age as the metamorphic rocks of the Pomeroy district, Co. Tyrone, and therefore possibly pre-Cambrian. In a still more recent publication (‘‘ The Economic Geology of Ireland,” Roy. Geol. Soc. Ir. Proc., vol. xvii.) I state that there are 1 These details, in connexion with the rocks in the neighbourhood of Gartan Lakes, are necessary, as all account of them has been cut out of the Geological Survey Memoirs. Kinanan—A New Reading of the Donegal Rocks. 48) probably no Laurentians in Ireland, but that possibly some of the old schistose and gneissose rocks are the equivalents of the “ Gap- rocks” between the Cambrians and the Laurentians, those called by Irving and others Agnotozoic, but now called by the United States Survey (after the territory in which they are best developed) Algonkians. Dr. Lawson, however, of the Canadian Survey, has ealled them Ontarians, which he claims to have a priority. The older schistose and gneissose rocks of Ireland are, in general, possibly equivalent to one or other of the groups in these “* Gap-rocks ”’ (Algonkians or Ontarians). As to the older rocks of the Co. Donegal, in the “ Hconomic Geology of Ireland” it is stated that if the Metallic skeletons found in the black shales of Glendowan are organic remains, those rocks ought to be the equivalents of the Arenigs. Now, how- ever, such a statement must be modified, as we learn that in the black shales of the Canadian Huronians (see ante, page 17) similar Metallic skeletons have been found; and if so, it suggests that in Donegal, as in Canada, the traces of organic remains may be found in pre-Cambrian rocks. Petrologically the older rocks (which provisionally may be called Ailmacrenans, as they are best developed in that barony), that extend round the later rocks from the Pomeroy district to Pettigo and Ballyshannon, and thence northward and westward into the barony of Kilmacrenan, are members of one system of rocks; and, if one portion is pre- Cambrian (A/gonkian) all ought to be so also. It should, however, be pointed out that, as this area has been very unsatisfactorily examined, it is quite possible that in the Kilmacrenan rocks there is a discordance that would prove a distinct age for different groups. It can, however, be positively asserted that the ‘‘ Kilma- crenans” are pre-Ordovician, and they may possibly be of pre- Cambrian age. The granitic-gneiss, as Gneiss, is evidently nearer than the associated country rocks: that is, all the schistose rocks of the country were in existence, in some form or other, long prior to any portion being metamorphosed into gneiss. The origin of granitic- gneiss is still a vexed question, to which I hope to return in a subsequent Paper, but in this it cannot be entered into. The granitic adjuncts of the ‘“ Kilmacrenans” belong to at least five distinct systems. First, there are the granites, the 30 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. adjuncts of the gneiss; second, granite intruded into these rocks, and sheared along with them; third and fourth, two distinct granites intruded after the shearing; and fifth, a much more recent invasion. ‘The lateness of the last appears from the facts, already pointed out, that the dykes and courses of elvan and porphyries from the laccoliths run continuously in the northern portion of the barony of Kilmacrenan without being affected by any of the upthrusting, and rarely by any of the faulting to which the associated country rocks have been subjected.’ That the strata from the base of the Great quartzite upwards to the Barnhill grit series are of a much newer age than the ‘“‘ Kilmacrenans”’ is self-evident, as the latter were contorted, meta- morphosed, and denuded prior to the Later Rocks accumulating over them. As to the age of the Later Rocks (from the Great quartzite to the Barnhill grit series) it may be suggested that they are the equivalents of the Lower Ordovician. The rocks of the higher group (Manorcunningham series) are still undetermined as to age. These Mullaghsawnites and their associated slates, in the barony of Raphoe evidently le unconformably on the Older Period Rocks ; but in the barony of Inishowen they overlap much more recent rocks ((illygarvan volcanic series). This overlap, as seen in the hill to the south and south-east of Buncrana, may be due to upthrust- ing; but I suspect it is in part, at least, due to a second hiatus or unconformability. The Mullaghsawnites are pebbly sandstones or schistose rocks, containing quartz and feldspathic grains from the size of shot to that of large peas. Usually the grains are quartz, but in some places these are in a great measure feldspathic. Very similar rocks occur in the Upper Ordovicians (Slate series) of Cos. Clare and Tipperary, while they also occur in the supposed metamorphosed Ordovicians in the hill immediately south of Westport, Co. Mayo. In Mid-Scotland, especially in Perthshire, in rocks also supposed to be sub-metamorphosed Ordovicians, similar pebbly rocks are said to be of glacial origin ; for what reason it is hard to conceive, as no modern accumulations, due to any ice, have any characters 1 The above conclusions I came to from field observations. I learn, however, from Dr. Hyland that, after microscopical and chemical investigation, he has arrived at a classification which is very similar to, if not identical with,"mine. Kinanan—A New Reading of the Donegal Rocks. 31 in common with them, while various aqueous deposits are more or less similar. In a recent Paper by Dr. A. Geikie,' he says that the “Conne- marians,” or metamorphic rocks of Connemara (Galway), are some of the oldest rocks not only in Ireland, but also in the world. The latter statement is undoubtedly incorrect, as they evidently are metamorphosed fragmentary rocks ; while I suspect that as to age, the Donegal gneissose and schistose series are the older. Before concluding, it is necessary to mention the writings of Professor Jukes and others relative to this subject. Griffith pointed out, years ago, that there were discordances between the older rocks of Malin Head, those of Slieve Gallion, and those of the Glen Lough District, and the Later Rocks. Harkness said that the Malin rocks were the equivalents of the “‘ Upper pre-Cambrian rocks of Scotland;” Jukes suggested that the Older Rocks were possibly Laurentians; while Hull has classified the older Donegal rocks as representing different groups in the Archeans. I may again state my belief that it would be very rash to assert that any of the Irish rocks are the equivalents of the American Laurentians; but from what the American geologists. have proved I now believe we may have in Donegal equivalents. of some of the “ Gap-rocks,” that is of the Algonkians or Ontarians of those geologists. I am now convinced that Professor Hull was correct in saying that the Great quartzite of the Lough Salt Hill and of Seraigs (Finn Valley) les unconformably on the strata to the northward. He, however, afterwards went astray, from allowing his assistants to map the gneissose quartzite and the Great quartzite as one; and thereby missing all proofs of the unconformability. The old and. new quartzite rocks, however, as already mentioned, misled the early American geologists; and now, in the county Donegal, it has been a stumbling-block to the officers of the Geological Survey, from the Director-General downwards, except, perhaps, to the Petrological Officer, who, from what he has written, seems to recognize the difference between them. The evidence for an unconformability in the rocks of the county Donegal is, however, 1 «¢ Recent Researches into the Origin and Age of the Highlands of Scotland and the West of Ireland.’’—Roy. Inst. Gt. Brit., June 7, 1889. 32 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. much more plain than that between the Ordovician and Old- hamians (Bray Head series) in south-east Ireland. The statement that some of the limestones in the Derryveagh district (Gartan Lake) are conglomeritic is evidently incorrect. The limestones, in which there are small pieces of quartzose and micaceous materials, are on sheared rocks, in which the original layers and partings, by shearing, have been broken up into frag- ments, as can be proved in Scraigs and elsewhere; while the supposed inlying granite boulders are only the granitoid concretions that are found everywhere in highly-metamorphosed limestones. Summary. The officers of the Geological Survey seem to have come to the following conclusions, viz. :— All the pre-Carboniferous rocks in county Donegal belong to one series, some portions being more sheared than others. The granitic gneiss and the foliated granite were all erupted at one and the same time. Our conclusions are as follows :— These Donegal rocks belong to distinct geological periods. The Kilmacrenans (Granitic and Schist series) are possibly pre- Cambrian, and equivalents to one of the groups in the American “ Aloonkian.” The Kilmacrenans are undoubtedly capped unconformably by the Killygarvan series. ‘Thisis shown by the fact that in the basal groups of the latter (the Great or Lough Salt quartzite) there are fragments of the Kilmacrenans. There are also other proofs of their unconformability, as above-mentioned. The Manoreunningham series may also lie unconformably on the rocks of the Killygarvan series. This, however, has not been positively proved. The Granitic gneiss and Foliated granite associated with the Kilmacrenans are in part metamorphic and in part intrusive. Instead of one, there have been, at least, four or five periods of granite intrusion. One or more intrusions occurred before the Kinanan—A New Reading of the Donegal Rocks, 30 Kilmacrenans were subjected to their first metamorphism ; another intrusion took place subsequently, but prior to the accumulation of the Great quartzite, as in no place does one of the granites belong- ing thereto penetrate it. This was followed by a very recent intrusion, later than all the great disturbances. This is evident from the fact that, in the north country, the elvans and felstones from the granite laccoliths are nearly intact. EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. TO VI. PLATE J.—Generat Section or THE Donzecat Scuisrosz anp GynezrssosE Rocks. PLATE II.—Inispowren. Diagrammatic SEcrion. PLATE II1I.—Secrion or UnconrorMABILItTIEs. Fig. 1.—Section, Knockanteenbeg. Figs. 2 and 3.—Section, one mile north-east of Treantagh. (Scale, 6 inches to 1 mile.) x. Kailmacrenans. W. Whinstone. 7. Limestone. B. Baked rocks. s. Sericites. F. Faults. g- Quartzose grits. UP. Upthrusts. ec. Conglomerates. U. Unconformability. PLATE IV.—Secrion or UNcoNFORMABILITIES. Fig. 1.—Section, one mile west of Kilmacrenan. Fig. 2.—Section, Kilmacrenan. (Scale 6 inches to 1 mile.) K. (ilmacrenans. ce. Conglomerates and breccia. 7. Limestone. W. Whinstone. s. Sericites. U. Unconformahility. g- Quartzose grits. UP. Upthrusts. SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S.—VOL. VII., PART I. 34 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. PLATE IV.—Secrion or UNCONFORMABILITIES—continued, Fig 3.—Diagrammatic section, exemplifying the overlap of the Later Rocks on to the Older Rocks (Kilmacrenans) in the Knoclybrin district, north-east of Letterkenny. a. Kilmacrenans. H. Killygarvan grit series. D. Great quartzite. I. Lubber limestone and volcanic E. Cranford series. series. F. Milford schist series. J. Barnhill grit series. G. Killygarvan volcanic series. PLATE V.—VeRrticaL Sections, CRANFORD SERIES. PLATE VI.—Verttcat Sections, HoRNBLENDITE SERIES. eo) IV. A STUDY IN THERMO-CHEMISTRY: THE REDUCTION OF METALS FROM THEIR ORES. By W.N. HARTLEY, F.RB.S., Professor of Chemistry, Royal College of Science, Dublin. [Read DecemBer 17, 1890.] Norwitustanpine the number of years during which Thermo- Chemistry has been investigated by Favre and Silbermann, Andrews, Berthelot, and Julius Thomsen,! there has been very little application of the results attained to explaining the theory of metallurgical processes. This communication contains a number of thermo-chemical equations relating to practical details of the kind. Explanation of the Terms used. When one substance A combines with another B, to form a third substance C, there is a certain amount of energy lost or gained. This is termed heat disturbance, since energy can be measured in terms of heat. The change above may be put in the form of an equation— A+B=C+q heat-units. Here it must be understood that when A and B combine, as, for instance, when carbon combines with oxygen, they do not form AB, like C + O = CO, because the energy associated with A and B is not the exact quantity associated with the third substance. This latter C differs by + qg heat-units from A + B. A gramme atom is an atomic weight in grammes. A. heat-unit is the quantity of heat required to raise 1 kilo- gramme of water 1°C. 1 For information on this subject, see ‘Ostwald’s Chemistry,”’ translated by Dr. Walker; ‘‘ Thermo-Chemistry,” by Pattison Muir; ‘‘ Chimie Elémentaire,”’ par A. Ditte; also Richter’s ‘‘ Chemistry.”’ D2 36 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. The combination of mercury with sulphur may thus be repre- sented :— He + S = HgS + 4:9 heat-units (Nernst, 1888). That is, 200 grammes of mercury combine with 32 of sulphur to form 232 grammes of mercury sulphide, with an evolution of heat capable of raising 4:9 kilogrammes of water 1°C. The physical state of the reacting substances must be taken into account, and likewise the physical state—whether solid, liquid, or gas—of the products. A reaction in which heat is evolved is termed exothermic ; a re- action in which heat is absorbed is called endothermic. Tn the former the compound formed differs from its constituents by something less than the energy associated with them. In the latter case the compound differs by containing more energy than its constituents. But in the former reaction the heat disturbance is positive, and is denoted by a plus sign (+); in the latter it is a negative quantity, and is indicated by a minus sign (-). For example, when hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water, much heat is evolved, and this is explained by the following equation :— H, + O = H.O (gaseous) + 58°2 heat-units. But when oxygen combines with oxygen to form ozone there is much heat absorbed, thus :— O, + O = O; — 30 heat-units. Conditions of Chemical Change in Smelting Operations. All chemical reactions take place jonly within certain limits of temperature. At low temperatures chemical combinations generally cannot take place ; at very high temperatures chemical combinations cannot exist. Ores of the useful metals are for the most part oxides, carbon- ates, or sulphides. The carbonates and sulphides are generally converted inta oxides by the process of roasting. Smelting operations are conducted either in reverberatory furnaces or blast furnaces. The fuel is first burnt to carbon Hartitey—ad Study in Thermo-Chemistry. ov dioxide (CO,), and this gas is converted into carbon monoxide (CO) by contact with more red-hot fuel. In either case the following functions are performed :— (a) Initiation of the reducing process by heating the ore, that is by raising it to a suitable temperature. (6) Reduction of the ore by carbon monoxide gas (CQ). (c) In certain cases, in which the reducing process consists of feebly exothermic reactions, to maintain the reducing process by the continuous supply of extraneous heat. All reducing processes are not of the same nature, and it will be convenient to consider them in the following order :— 1. Reduction accomplished by means of furnace gases. 2. Reduction by carbon. 3. Reduction by another metal. 4, Air reduction processes, or those in which air, acting upon a sulphide, removes the sulphur as sulphur dioxide while the metal itself is reduced. Furnace gases, which operate in reducing processes, consist chiefly of carbon monoxide (CO), and some hydrogen. The difference in the heat evolved by the combustion of various sub- stances is considerable, as may be understood by the following equations :— (1.) H, + O =H,0 gaseous + 58:2 heat-units. (2) G@ + O-=CO sit Sees) i (G)) COO =003 yy a oe 35 GeO eOn— OOne ye 00 3, The production of the so-called “ water-gas’’ can take place only at very high temperatures because it involves a loss of heat ; the reaction is endothermic. C+ H.0 = CO + H, + (28-58°2) heat-units. As the heat evolved by the formation of water amounts to 58°2 units, and that of carbon monoxide to only 28 units, it follows that to bring 38 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. about the oxidation of carbon and the deoxidation of water, 30°2 heat-units must be continuously supplied to the two sub- stances. The reducing action of carbon monoxide will be seen by equations (1) and (3) to be superior to that of hydrogen by 10°8 heat-units, inasmuch as the former evolves 69 heat-units for every atom of oxygen removed from an oxide, while the latter evolves 58:2 heat-units. Consequently it is necessary to consider the action of carbon monoxide and of carbon in smelting processes, but not that of hydrogen. All those metallic oxides the heat of formation of which is leds than 69 heat-units are capable of reduction in a reverberatory furnace. THeRMo-CHEMiIcAL Equations. (1.) RepucTION ACCOMPLISHED BY MEANS OF FurNacE Gaszs. Smelting of Lead Ores.—Reduction of Lead Oxide :— PbO + CO = Pb + CO, + (69 — 51) heat-units. Heat evolved = 18 units. Reduction of Copper Oxide :— CuO + CO = Cu + CO, + (69 — 38-4) heat-units. Heat evolved = 30°6 units. Reduction of Ferroso-ferric Oxide :— Fe,0, + 4 CO =3 Fe + 4 CO, + (69 x 4 — 269) heat-units. Heat evolved = 7 units. The process of reducing ferroso-ferric oxide in the smelting of iron probably takes place in the two stages :— (1.) FeO, ate CO = 3 FeO oP CO., (2.) FeO + CO = Fe + CO,, but exact thermal data concerning these reactions are wanting. Hartitey—A Study in Thermo-Chemistry. 39 The Smelting of Tin Ores.—Reduction of Stannic Oxide :— SnO, + 2 CO =Sn + 2 CO, + (69 x 2 — 185°8) heat-units. Heat evolved = 2°2 units. These are all exothermic reactions, and for the most part easily realized ; the last, however, evolves but little heat, and so requires the highest temperature to be applied in order to begin the reaction. (2.) Repucrion By Carson. Zinc Smelting.—In the smelting of zine, the ore which is usually calamine, or zine carbonate, is mixed with powdered anthracite, and strongly heated in fire-clay retorts; the carbonate is first con- verted into oxide, and this is reduced; the metal, being volatile, is condensed as the vapour escapes. The reaction is as follows :— ZnO + C = Zn + CO + (28 — 86:2) heat-units. Heat absorbed = 58:2 units. Here it will be seen that the reaction is strongly endothermic, and it probably does not take place in the zinc-smelting furnace. It necessitates a very high temperature in order that 58:2 heat- units may be supplied to each molecule of zinc oxide and charcoal. It is, however, much more than probable that the CO, driven off the calamine became CO by the action of excess of carbon, and the reaction is then as follows :— ZnO + CO = Zn + CO, + (69 — 86:2) heat-units. Heat absorbed = 17-2 units. CO, + C = 2 CO + (56 — 97) heat-units. Heat absorbed = 41 units. The result as to heat disturbance is therefore the same, viz. absorption of 58°2 units. 40 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. (3.) Repucrion By ANOTHER METAL. Certain ores are capable of reduction by being heated in con- tact with another metal which is more easily obtainable, or less costly, than that to be extracted. The following are examples :— Lead Smelting :— PbS + Fe = Pb + FeS + (23-8 - 17:1) heat-units. Heat evolved = 6 units. Reduction of Mercury Ores :-— HgS + Fe = Hg + FeS + (23°8 — 19°8) heat-units. Heat evolved = 4 units. Special Action of Sodium.—Magnesium and aluminium are in- capable of reduction from their oxides, and are therefore converted into chlorides, from which compounds they may be separated by the action of metallic sodium when the material is heated sufficiently to initiate the reaction. Reduction of Magnesium from its Chloride :— Mg Cl, + 2 Na = Me + 2 NaCl + (194:6 — 151) heat-units. Heat evolved = 43°6 units. Reduction of Aluminium from its Chloride :— AICl, + 3 Na = Al +3 Na Cl + (291-9 — 160°9) heat-units. Heat evolved = 131 units. (4.) ArR-REDUCTION Procxss. It is to be observed that, in combining with sulphur, metals evolve less heat than in uniting with oxygen, and also that oxygen can decompose sulphides yielding an oxide. If the oxide is only feebly exothermic the metal will be pro- duced by the action of heated air upon the sulphide, thus :— Harriey—A Study in Thermo-Chemistry. 4] Reduction of Mercury from Cinnabar by Air :-— | HegS + O, = Hg + SO, + (69°2 — 19-8) heat-units. Heat evolved = 49-4 units. The reaction takes place easily because it is strongly exothermic. The Smelting of Galena (Lead Sulphide).—A. series of four equations is necessary to explain the process :— (1.) First Process.—The Roasting of Galena to Lead Oxide :— PbS + 3 O = PbO + SO, + (51 + 69-2 - 17°8) heat-units. Heat evolved = 102-4 units. (2.) Second Process.—The Reduction of Galena by Lead Oxide: — 2 PbO + PbS = 38 Ph + 8O, + (69:2 - 51 x 2-178). Heat absorbed = - 50-6 units. This reaction being endothermic, a large amount of extraneous heat must be applied, equal to 50:6 units. Hence the necessity for increasing the temperature of the furnace, which proceeding is invariable at this stage of the process. But a third and a fourth change are also effective in lead smelting :— (3.) The Roasting of Galena to Lead Sulphate :— PbS + 2 O, = PbSO, + (214 — 17:8) heat-units. Heat evolved = 196-2 units. (4.) The Reduction of Galena by means of Lead Sulphate :— PbS + PbSO, = 2 Pb + 2 SO, + (188-4 — 214 — 17-8) heat-units. Heat absorbed = — 127 units. This change, being very strongly endothermic, requires a great increase of temperature. 42 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. So very little attention has been paid to the heat disturbance in furnace operations that I have considered it to be worth while to put these reactions on record, so that they may be readily accessible by practical men. They are of great assistance in enabling one to clearly understand the various furnace operations ; and they show the difficulties surrounding the solution of various problems which have led to a waste of time and money on unattainable projects. pe a8 | V. ON THE COMPOSITION OF TWO HARD-WATER DEPOSITS. By W. N. HARTLEY, F.R.S, Royal College of Science, Dublin. [Read DecemBeEr 17, 1890. ] TuHEsE two deposits, which have been formed from hard waters, have some points of interest on account of their composition being in certain respects very similar, though the waters came from entirely different districts. No. 1.—This deposit was formed inside a service-pipe which conveyed water across “The Meadows” to a distillery on the south side of Edinburgh. It was presented to me about ten years ago by Dr. Littlejohn, the medical officer of health for that city. The internal diameter of the pipe was 6 inches. At first the supply of water was ample, but after some time it began to decrease, and at last was found to be insufficient; but this was not the fault of the well, which contained plenty of water. On breaking open a pipe, it was seen that a stony deposit, 14 inches in thickness, had reduced the bore from 6 inches to 3 inches. The deposit is yellowish-grey to greyish-yellow in colour. A section of it shows a series of concentric rings of different varia- tions in colours and varying thicknesses: the inner surface, that is to say, next to the running water, and therefore the last deposited, is somewhat slightly mammelated. Under the microscope it presents the appearance of an aggre- gate of translucent yellowish crystals. Of course the chief feature in the chemical composition of the deposit is the calcium carbonate, but that which is most note- worthy is the large amount of organic matter, nearly 20 per cent., which the dried deposit contains. 44 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Analysis of a Crystalline Stony Deposit in a Water-pipe, Edinburgh. Constituents. Per Cent. Lime, . : ‘ : : ; . 41°64 Carbon dioxide, . : B 3 - 30°31 Organic matter, . ‘ : j Se lee Sand and silica, . : ‘ : { 0°88 Ferric oxide, : 4 : : , 0-72 Manganous oxide, . : : : 0°68 Magnesia, . : f ‘ : . a, trace Potash, ; A 5 : 2 : 0-79 Soda, . : 3 : : 4 . a trace Water, : 5 : d : : 0°20 100:04 This analysis was made in my laboratory by Mr. J. B. Wise, Associate of the Royal College of Science, Associate of the Institute of Chemistry. No. 2.—This deposit is interesting and instructive, inasmuch as we have accurate knowledge of the composition of the water from which it was deposited, and of the length of time it took to form. The deposit was formed in an open wooden water-trough through which there must have been a considerable flow of water, at Messrs. Roe’s distillery in Dublin. The water was canal water, and the time of formation of the deposit was eighteen months. The thickness of the deposited material is 12 inches; it has taken an accurate impression of the grain of the wood with all the streaks and knots in it. It is crystalline, and with the same colour and appearance as No. 1, but the crystals may be described as opaque. Hartiey—On the Composition of two Hard-Water Deposits. 45: Analysis of a Crystalline Stony Deposit from Hard Water, Dublin. Constituents. Per Cent, timane oth ane ena nam ae ec a ey at AO OG Carbon dioxide, . ; : : . 85°25 Organic matter, . : : ; eet 208 are a Manganous oxide, : F 5 : 0:27 Ferric oxide, ; : ; : 3 0°67 Potash, , : : ; : ; 0°52 Soda, . ; i : ; 3 ; 0°87 Water, : i 4 : : : 0°74 99°95 This analysis was made in my laboratory in 1887, by Mr. John H. Purvis, Associate of the Royal College of Science, Associate of the Institute of Chemistry. It happened that at the time this water deposit was in course of formation the canal water was being analysed in my labora- tory at the commencement of every month, and the analyses were published in the Report of the Registrar-General for Ireland. Though the canal water was supplied to the Rathmines Town- ship at that time, it did not differ materially from that in the canal at other places nearer town as far as the dissolved con- stituents were concerned. ‘This was shown by analyses made at the time, and it is the matter in solution only which is analysed, and which is concerned in forming these deposits. It is true. that the small amount of suspended organic matter is carried down along with the mineral constituents, but it is more especially the amount of mineral matter in solution which is capable of being precipitated upon the removal of carbonic acid, to which I draw attention, and this is shown in the, accompanying analyses by the total solid impurity and the temporary hardness, or that amount of solid matter which can be removed by boiling 100,000 parts of the water. fic Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. d Scient 46 GLA 98:66] &1-61 99-06 91-ST 90-71 GL 9-01 | ° : G1-G Lg.9 00-4 66:9 98-7 LG-% VG Gr | x 10-61 66-91 €1-F1 LG-GT €-01 67-6 [oth | 478) Ip : F9-1 Gé-1 LG-1 96-T 6-T 90:6 £0-G ESI \\ ‘ GPO: 60. G90: ¥0- ¥G0- 1¥0- 490: 9680- : ¥00- 100: G00- 100: €00- 8000: 910+ LON €100: 100: 100: G00: €00- 100: ¢000- 8000- : 660: 960: 890- 8&0: 810- vrE0: LL¥O- G00: 9TTé 6PE- IéF- 86: FOL: 601€- G&S: GG: Z : F-08 8-SE 88-2E 98-6& 89-86 G-¥G 0:08 8-88 : “WOTqIS a Sea SHAG *r0qoqQ | ‘ysn8ny | ‘A[n[ ‘oun{ Ae ‘UGLVA, FHL @O OQOO‘OOL Add sluvg ‘TVNVO HHL WOW LOTLLSIC ° ° . ELON F - TeueULIEg > ‘Xkre1odmay, —ssoupivyy : ‘ourtoTy * TeBOIJIU PoUTqUIOd [e}07, ‘soJBI}IM PUL So}IIITU SB U9SOI}INY : : : “elmomuy ; : > ‘qesorI]IU OTMeS.1C) ; ‘moq1eo OTe S10) : : ‘Aqrmduar prpos [ByOy, NOILVULSIDUN SUNINHLVY FHL OL CHITMIAS ATUANWAOA UALVM WH AO SISATVNV Hartitey—On the Composition of Two Hard-Water Deposits. 47 One great advantage gained by Clark’s process when applied to a hard water is not only the softening of the water, but its very thorough purification from dissolved and suspended organic matter. Twenty years ago I advised the adoption of Clark’s process, under the following circumstances :— There were two sources of water—one a stream of fairly soft, but brownish peaty water, unfit for the final washing of fine linens; the other a spring of perfectly clear and colourless, but very hard water, the quantity of which was insufficient. My advice was to mix the two waters in the reservoir, and to add the necessary quantity of lime-water in the usual manner in order to complete the softening process, whereby the whole of the peaty colouring matter would be precipitated with the lime. I demonstrated the proportions which could be used, and the perfect purity of the water obtainable, but I believe this advice was not acted upon. The analysis of these deposits shows forcibly the large pro- portion of organic matter which can be removed by the simple deposition of carbonate of lime. The following figures are instructive :— The average temporary hardness of the canal water is 12 parts per 100,000 of water. Weight of sample of deposit formed therefrom, 1 lb. 10 oz. Cubic inches of deposit, 25°26. Smallest volume of the water from which this deposit could have been formed, 1354 gallons. Volume of the water which can form a cubic inch of such deposit, 53°6 gallons. Organic matter in one cubic inch of this deposit, 54 grains. Therefore, one grain of organic matter can be removed from the water without softening by means of lime, and the quantity removed may easily be doubled by using the proper proportion of lime-water. There can be no doubt that the canal water, by the application of Clarke’s simple process, might be made fit for any purpose. Beee il VI. ON A FRAGMENT OF GARNET HORNFELS. By PROFESSOR SOLLAS, LL.D., F.R.S. [Read DecemMBER 17, 1890.] Tue rock under description occurs as a thin band, not more than half an inch in thickness in the Ordovician schists adjacent to the granite of Carrickmines. The exact spot where it is exposed I do not know and cannot now discover, since Mr. Dobbin, B.E., to whom I am indebted for the fragment which came under my notice, is absent in America. ‘The specimen was of no great size, less than an inch square measured over the bedding plane: a thin slice cut at right angles to the bedding was prepared for micro- scopical examination, the remainder furnished just enough material for analysis. I regret not to have had more at my disposal, as I should have liked to repeat some of the analyses. The general appearance of the rock is that of a garnet-hornfels, light-grey in colour, speckled with minute cinnamon-coloured spots, due to included garnets. Its specific gravity as determined by Mr. Doyle, B.E., to whom I am indebted for assistance in making some of the analyses, is 2-925. It yielded to analysis the results given in column I. Te II. III. Silica, : 3 : 48608 48°78 46°52 Titanic acid, . ; traces __ traces 1-17 Alumina, . : 5 21°614 19°38 23°54 Ferric oxide, . : 10°922 2°42 1:05 Ferrous oxide, . : 2:261 — 0-71 Manganous oxide, . ID2O9O . Bley 17°54 Lime, . : : 0°514 0-28 0°80 Magnesia, ; i 0°050 — 1:18 Potash, . : : trace 301 2°69 Soda, A : : 3°021 1:57 0°30 Water. : ; 2°104 2°40 3°28 Fluorine, . : 2 — trace _ Sulphur a@e:; : _- _— 0-40 101:194 99°88 99°18 Sortas—On a Fragment of Garnet Hornfels. 49 The presence of so large a proportion of manganese is a feature of some interest, and brings to mind the “ coticule” described by Professor Renard, in which this constituent is pre- sent in even greater quantity, as will be seen from the analyses given in columns II. and III. after Drs. Mark and Pufahl.! In our rock a part of the manganese present in the coticule appears to be represented by iron oxide. With a view to determining the dis- tribution of this constituent, the mineral components of the rock were separated by means of heavy fluids: they fell out in the following order :—First, ilmenite and garnets (the latter of spe- cific gravity 4:16), then manganese mica (sp. gr. from 3:01 to 2°795), next muscovite, and finally quartz and felspar. The resi- due of quartz and felspar was unfortunately not preserved, owing to an impression that the latter mineral was not present. This is the more to be regretted, as it is possible that an analysis of the felspar would have presented features of unusual interest. Garnets.—These yielded on analysis the results given in column I.; in column II. these are reduced to molecular pro- portions, and in column III. is given the theoretical composition per cent. deduced from the formula adopted below :— Te II. III. Silica,’ 0). , He) OUROon-FO2 Th '- B6r20 Alumina, . : : UGs43 0 S162 Se W389 Ferric oxide, . ; 7°85 49 6°44 Ferrous oxide, . s 14-59) 2 0 3iue 6298 Manganous oxide, . 18°55 261 17°15 Lime, 4 : : 3°49 62 3°38 Magnesia, : 3 2°10 52 2°41 100-64 The following is the formula which most nearly agrees with the results of analysis :— 4(8 Si0,, Al,0s 3 MnO) 4(3 $i0,, AlO,, 38 FeO) 3810,, Fe,0;, 3 MgO 8 810., Fe,0;, 3 CaO The difference between the amount of ferrous and ferric oxide found and calculated may be due to errors of experiment; the 1< Renard: Recherches sur le Composition et la Structure des Phyllades Ardennais, p. 38, 1882, sep. copy.’ SCIEN PROC, R.D.S.—VOL. VII., PART I. E 50 Scientifie Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. same is true of the manganese, which may not have been obtained completely free from iron. As an additional explanation, we may point to the presence of minute included crystals in the garnets, which must have contributed some foreign material. Under the microscope, when examined in the thin slice of the rock, the garnets appear colourless and transparent, presenting most commonly hexagonal sections, sometimes square ones; thus pointing to the rhombic dodecahedron as the form of the com- plete crystal. The boundaries are frequently rectilinear and the angles sharp; but sometimes one or more corners are rounded off, and a curvilinear outline results: in some cases, when a hexagonal section is so situated with respect to the planes of foliation that a Section through Garnet Hornfels, magnified 50 diameters. G. Garnet; Q. Quartz; F. Felspar; M. Mica; I1. Ilminite. diameter joining two of its opposite angles lies perpendicular to the plane of foliation, it may be noticed that the sides parallel to this diameter retain their rectilinearity, while the angles at its extremities are completely rounded off, so that the section is bounded by two parallel straight lines at right angles to the schistosity, and two curved ends conformable with it. Occasion- ally, all the angles are removed, and the outline of the section is curvilinear. Rounding off is generally observable where a crystal projects against a plane of minor shearing. The crystals are very generally traversed by cracks, which are sometimes straight, sometimes curved, sometimes few, sometimes very numerous, Sorttas—On a Fragment of Garnet Hornfels. 51 sometimes rudely parallel to the sides of the section, indicating imperfect rhombohedral cleavage, sometimes quite indefinite in direction. When two garnets touch one another very numerous eracks start from the place of contact, breaking the crystals into an infinity of fragments. Fracturing frequently occurs without noticeable dislocation, but occasionally cases may be met with in which the fragments of an originally single crystal have become separated from each other by a considerable interval, which is now filled up with the other constituents of the rock, most fre- quently secondary quartz. ‘This clearly proves that the garnets had crystallized out before the cessation of the earth movements which produced the schistosity of the rock, possibly before their commencement. Compared with the fragments which compose the quartz- felspar mosaic of the greater part of the rock the garnets are of large size. They range from 0°18 to 0:016 mm. in diameter, while the quartz and felspar fragments are seldom more than 0-009 to 0-014 mm. in length. Thus one of the larger garnets covers an area large enough to include over a hundred of the quartz and felspar fragments, yet neither these minerals nor mica ever occur as recognizable inclusions in the garnet. In one or two instances I have observed a fragment of quartz in the very middle of what had the appearance of being a crystal of garnet; but on closer examination this seemed to be not one but several garnets which had grown together, leaving the quartz in the middle. If the quartz and felspar were already differentiated previous to the development of the garnets, it is curious that we do not find them as inclusions, and we are led to suppose either that they were “eaten up”’ by the growth of the garnets or pushed on one side. The mica very frequently “runs at” the garnet, so to speak, but ends abruptly against it, without penetrating to the interior. In- clusions—but of a different nature—are, however, far from absent. Most of the sections are crowded with foreign particles of one kind or another—minute rods, with straight parallel sides and undetermined but crystalline terminations, frequently occur run- ning parallel to one or more sides of the section. Sometimes these acquire a comparatively large size, and are readily recog- nised as prisms: they are colourless and transparent, doubly refractive, but not dichroic; they extinguish parallel to the sides K 2 52 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. of the prism. It appears to me most probable that they are some form of andalusite; in addition, very numerous grains and plates of quite irregular form are present, and occasionally cavi- ties, which are empty or filled with air: large opaque black grains, probably ilmenite, are not infrequent inclusions. Green Mica.—The wide range in specific gravity of this con- stituent (from 3:01 to 2°795) is no doubt related to differences in chemical composition, as is shown by the fact that while a gathering from one of the earlier falls (7.e. of higher specific gravity) gave only 6:52 per cent. of water on analysis, that from a later fall gave 7°8 per cent. The exact specific gravity of the gathering chosen for analysis was not determined; it gave the following :— Composition Molecular per cent. Proportions. Silica, 9.) awe ie 185:62 594 Alumina, ; en Gw2iL 159 Ferric oxide, . sr ea ei: 137 Manganous oxide, . 16°55 234 Soda, =. 2 : 2°87 47 Water, . : ; 6°52 362 99°78 The state of oxidation as it exists in the molecule was not determined for want of material, but it was noticed that, with ignition, the mica turned a deep pinchbeck brown colour, and after losing weight, as the water was expelled, sensibly gained by the absorption of oxygen. It is possible, therefore, that, as in biotite, most of the iron is present in the ferrous state, and the most plausible formula we can frame will represent that of a mineral like biotite, in which three of the rays of the silica ring have the composition— BOON = SiC /AL- 0-4, and the other three— =Ppl1 NOs 08 two of the hydrogen atoms being replaced by sodium. This Soritas—On a Fragment of Garnet Hornfels. 53 formula requires one atom more of hydrogen than was found on analysis, but probably this is due to the presence of some molecules, in which one of the rays has the formula— O—Mn Va SS De: No re7 O. In the rock slice under the microscope transverse sections of this mica appear as parallel-sided areas, with more or less jagged ends, the usual basal cleavage is well developed, but frequently much curved or distorted: the colour is bluish-green : the mineral is evidently dichroic. When the cleavage planes lie at right angles to the long axis of the polariser the colour is sage green; when parallel with it scarcely any colour is perceptible; pleochroic aureoles surround included zircons, just as in the biotite of the more normal mica schists of the district. The angle of extinction cannot be determined with any approach to cer- tainty—partly owing to the curvature of the cleavage planes, and partly because it does not appear to be uniform; in many cases it is 0°, in others 7°, 9°, or even 14°, as measured with the trace of the cleavage planes. ‘The flakes obtained by separation are rarely bounded by cleavage planes at the edge; usually their outline is altogether irregular. As they lie flat on the principal cleavage, many remain extinct during a complete revolution between crossed nicols, but some do not, patches being illuminated, while the rest of the flake remains dark. These optical irregularities are, doubtless, connected with the deformation of the crystals, resulting from pressure and shearing. A good deal of muscovite is present, and it also presents curved cleavage planes and undulose extinction. The larger part of the rock consists of a mosaic of irregular angular grains, more or less colourless and transparent, lying with their longer axes in the plane of schistosity. Some of these are quartz, with very marked undulose extinction ; others some kind of felspar, in which repeated twinning on the albite, and sometimes also on the pericline plane, can be frequently detected. Though on the whole remarkably clear and colourless, yet finely granular decomposition products are usually present, and produce a more or less yellowish tinge. 54 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. In its general character, the specimen has very little of the appearance of a crushed igneous rock; on the other hand, it closely resembles the normal mica schists produced by the altera- tion of Ordovician slates in contact with granite, and since manga- nese is known to occur in large quantities in association with the Ordovician rocks of North Wales, Iam strongly inclined to suspect that this hornfels has been produced by the contact metamorphosis of a manganese-bearing slate, which we have every reason to suppose was of Ordovician age. poor VI. THE ABUNDANCE OF LIFE. By J. JOLY, M.A., B.E., Assistant to the Professor of Civil Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin. [Read NovemBER 19, 1890.] We had reached the Pass of Tre Croci! and from a point a little below the summit, looked eastward over the glorious Val Buona. The pines which clothed the floor and lower slopes of the valley, extended their multitudes into the furthest distance, and among the many recesses of the mountains, and into the confluent Val di Mesurina. In the sunshine the Alpine butterflies flitted from stone to stone. The ground at our feet teemed with small black ants, as if the dead needles of the pines had come to life. It was a magnificent display of vitality; of the aggressiveness of vitality, assailing the barren heights of the limestone, wringing a subsistance from dead things. And the question suggested itself with new force: why the abundance of life and its unending activity ? In trying to answer this question, the present sketch origi- nated. I propose to refer for an answer to dynamic considerations. It is apparent that natural selection can only be concerned in a secondary way. Natural selection defines a certain course of development for the organism ; but very evidently some property of inherent progressiveness in the organism must be involved. ‘The mineral is not affected by natural selection to enter on a course of continual variation and multiplication. The dynamic relations of the organism with the environment are evidently very different 1 In the Dolomites of South-east Tyrol. So much of what follows was evolved in the course of conversation with my fellow-traveller, Mr. Henry H. Dixon, that I had wished this essay to be a joint one; but at Mr. Dixon’s request, I have undertaken the authorship. 56 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. from those of the mineral. This is the subject of the present inquiry ; and thus early, I ask indulgence, as one who ventures on matters to a great extent foreign to his habitual line of work. General Dynamic Conditions attending Inanimate Actions. It is necessary, in the first place, to refer briefly to the phe- nomena attending the transfer of energy within and into inanimate material systems. It is not assumed here that these phenomena are restricted in their sphere of action to inanimate nature. It is, in fact, very certain that they are not; but while they confer on dead nature its peculiar dynamic tendencies, it will appear that their effects are in some way evaded in living nature. We, there- fore, treat of them as characteristic of inanimate actions. We accept as fundamental to all the considerations which follow the truth of the principle of the Conservation of Energy.? Whatever speculations may be made as to the possible course of future events, or of events very distant from us in space, it appears certain that dissipation of energy is at present actively progressing throughout our sphere of observation in inanimate nature. It follows, in fact, from the second law of thermo-dynamics, that whenever work is derived from heat, a certain quantity of heat falls in potential without doing work or, in short, is dissipated. On the other hand, work may be entirely converted into heat. The result is the heat-tendency of the universe. Heat, being an undirected form of energy, seeks its own level, like a liquid acted on unidirectionally by gravity, so that the result of this heat-tendency is continual approach to uniformity of potential. _ The heat-tendency of the universe is also revealed in the far- reaching ‘law of maximum work’ which defines that chemical change, accomplished without the intervention of external energy, tends to the production of the body, or system of bodies, which disengage the greatest quantity of heat.? And, again, vast- 1 «¢ The principle of the Conservation of Energy has acquired so much scientific weight during the last twenty years that no physiologist would feel any confidence in an experiment which showed a considerable difference between the work done by the animal and the balance of the account of Energy received and spent.’’—Clerk Maxwell, ‘‘ Nature,” vol. xix., p. 142. See also Helmholtz ‘‘ On the Conservation of Force.”’ 2 Berthelot, ‘‘ Essai de Mécanique Chimique.”’ Joty—TZhe Abundance of Life. 57 numbers of actions going on throughout nature are attended by dissipatory effects arising from the motions of proximate molecules, friction, viscosity, and electrical effects, the last of these in turn degrading into heat by the action, unknown in its nature, of electrical friction. Thus, on all sides, the energy which was once most probably existent solely in the form of gravitational potential, is being dis- sipated into unavailable forms. We must recognize dissipation as one attendant on inanimate transfer of energy. But when we come to consider inanimate actions in relation to time, or time-rate of change, we recognize a new feature in the phenomena attending transfer of energy; a feature which has before now been observed upon, although not ‘from the present standpoint.1 It is seen, in short, that the attitude of inanimate material systems is very generally, if not in all cases, retardative of change—opposing it by effects generated by the primary action, which may he called “secondary ”’ for convenience. Further, it will be seen that these secondary effects are those concerned in bringing about the inevitable dissipation. Were they non- existent, the events of the universe would be accelerated, but it is hard to see that there would be any loss of availability in the class of actions to which I allude. As example, let us endeavour to transfer gravitational potential energy contained in a mass raised above the surface of the earth into an elastic body, which we can put into compression by resting the weight upon it. In this way work is done against elastic force and stored as elastic potential energy. We may deal with a metal spring, or with a mass of gas contained in a cylinder, fitted with a piston upon which the weight may be placed. In either case we find the effect of compression is to raise the tempe- rature of the substance, thus causing its expansion or increased resistance to the descent of the weight. And this resistance con- tinues, with diminishing intensity, till all the heat generated is dissipated into the surrounding medium. The secondary effect thus delays the final transfer of energy. Again, if we suppose the gas in the cylinder replaced by a vapour in’a state of saturation the effect of increased pressure, as 1 Helmholtz, ‘Ice and Glaciers.’ Atkinson’s collection of his ‘‘ Popular Lectures.’’ First Series, p. 120. Quoted by Tate, ‘‘ Heat,”’ p. 311. 08 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. of a weight placed upon the piston, is to reduce the vapour to a liquid, thereby bringing about a great diminution of volume and proportional loss of gravitational potential by the weight. But this change will by no means be brought about instantaneously. When a little of the vapour is condensed, this portion parts with latent heat of vaporisation, increasing the tension of the remainder, or raising its point of saturation, so that before the weight descends any further, this heat has to escape from the cylinder. Many more such cases might be cited. The heating of india- rubber when expanded, its cooling when compressed, is a remark- able one; for at first sight it appears as if this must render it exceptional to the general law, most substances exhibiting the opposite thermal effects when stressed. However, here, too, the action of the stress is opposed by the secondary effects developed in the substance ; for it is found that this substance contracts when heated, expands when cooled. Again, ice being a substance which contracts in melting, the effect of pressure is to facilitate melting, lowering its freezing point. But so soon as a little melting occurs, the resulting liquid calls on the residual ice for an amount of heat equivalent to the latent heat of liquefaction, and so by cooling the whole, retards the change. Clerk Maxwell’ observes on the general principle that less force is required to produce a change in a body when the change is un- opposed by constraints than when it is subjected to such. From this if we assume the external forces acting upon a system never to rise above a certain potential (which is the order of nature, irresistible forces are not the order of nature), the constraints of secondary actions may, under certain circumstances, lead to final rejection of some of the energy, or, in any case, to retardation of change in the system—dissipation of energy being the result.’ As such constraints seem inherently present in the properties of matter, it appears safe to summarise as follows :— The transfer of energy ito any inanimate material system is attended by effects retardative to the transfer and conducive to dis- sipation. 1 «Theory of Heat,”’ p. 131. 2 The law of Least Action, which has been applied, not alone in optics, but in many -mechanical systems, appears physically based upon the restraint and retardation opposing the transfer of energy in material systems. Joty—The Abundance of Life. 59 Was this the only possible dynamic order ruling in material systems it is quite certain the myriads of ants and pines never could have been, except all generated by creative act at vast ‘primary expenditure of energy. Growth and reproduction would have been impossible in systems which retarded change at every step and never proceeded in any direction but in that of dissipation. Once created, indeed, it 1s conceivable that, as heat engines, they might have dragged out an existence of alternate life and death. Life in the hours of sunshine, death in hours of darkness. No final death, however, their lot, till their parts were simply worn out by long use, never made good by repair. But the sustained and increasing activity of organized nature is a fact; therefore some other order of events must be possible. General Dynamic Conditions attending Animate Actions. What is the actual dynamic attitude of the organic heat engine, the vegetable organism? I speak, here, in the first place, not of intervening, but of resulting phenomena. The young leaf exposed to solar radiation is small at first, and the quantity of radiant energy it receives in unit of time cannot exceed that which falls upon its surface. But what is the effect of this energy ? Not to produce a retardative response, but an accele- rative: for, in the enlarging of the leaf by growth, the plant opens for itself new channels of supply. If we refer to “the living protoplasm which, with its un- known molecular arrangement, is the only absolute test of the cell and of the organism in general,’ we find a similar attitude towards external sources of available energy. In the act of growth increased rate of assimilation is involved, so that there is an accele- ration of change till a bulk of maximum activity is attained. The surface, finally, becomes too small for the absorption of energy adequate to sustain further increase of mass (Spencer’), and the acceleration ceases. The waste going on in the central parts is then just balanced by the renewal at the surface. By division, by spreading of the mass, by outflowing processes, the normal activity of growth may be restored. ‘Till this moment nothing 1 Claus, ‘‘ Zoology,”’ p. 13. 2 Geddes and Thomson, ‘‘ The Evolution of Sex,’’ p. 220. 60 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. would be gained by any of these changes. One or other of them is now conducive to progressive absorption of energy by the organism, and one or other occurs, most generally the best of them, subdivision. Two units now exist, the total mass imme- diately on division is unaltered, but paths for the more abundant absorption of energy are laid open. The encystment of the protoplasm (occurring under conditions upon which naturalists do not seem agreed’) is to all appearance protective from an unfavourable environment, but it is often a period of internal change as well, resulting in a segregation within the mass of numerous small units, followed by a break-up of the whole into these units. It is thus an extension of the basis of supply, and in an impoverished medium, where unit of surface is less active, is evidently the best means of preserving a condition of progress. Thus, in the organism which forms the basis of all modes of life, a definite law of action is obeyed under various circum- stances of reaction with the available energy of its environment. Similarly, in the case of the more complex leaf, we see in its extension in a flattened form, and in the orientation of greatest surface towards the source of energy, an attitude towards available energy causative of accelerated transfer. There is seemingly a principle at work, leading to the increase of organic activity. Many other examples might be adduced. ‘The gastrula stage in the development of embryos, where by invagination such an arrangement of the multiplying cells is secured as to offer the greatest possible surface consistent with a first division of labour; the provision of cilia for drawing upon the energy supply of the medium, and more generally the specialisation of organs in the higher developments of life, may alike be regarded as efforts of the organism directed to the absorption of energy. When any par- ticular organ becomes unavailing in the obtainment of supplies, the organ, no longer preserved to heredity by the action of natural selection, in the course of time becomes aborted or disappears.’ -On the other hand, when a too ready and liberal supply renders exertions and specialisation unnecessary, a similar abortion of 1 However, “‘In no way comparable with death.’’? Weisman, ‘“ Biological Memoirs,” p. 158. 2Claus, ‘‘Zoology,’’ p. 157. Joty—The Abundance of Life. 61 functionless organs takes place. ‘This is seen in the degraded members of certain parasites. During the coal-formation epoch of geological history, when carbon dioxide was abundant in the air, the vegetable world developed enormously, in response to the liberal supplies. A structural adaptation to the rich atmosphere occurred, such as was calculated to co-operate in rapidly consuming the supplies, and to this obedience to a law of progressive transfer of energy we owe the vast stores of energy now accumulated in our coal fields. And when, further, we reflect that this store of energy had long since been dissipated into space but for the intervention of the organism, we see definitely another factor in organic transfer of energy—a factor acting conservatively of energy, or antagonistically to dissi- pation. The tendency of organized nature in the presence of unlimited supplies is to ‘run riot.’ This seems so universal a relation, that we are safe in seeing here cause and effect, and drawing our conclusions as to the attitude of the organism towards available energy. New species, when they come on the field of geological history, armed with adaptations irresistible till the slow defences of the subjected organisms are completed, attain enormous sizes under the stimulus of abundant supply, till finally, the environment, living and dead, reacts upon them with restraining influence. The exuberance of the organism in presence of energy is often so abundant as to lead to its self-destruction. Thus bacteria are often destroyed in their own waste products. A moment’s con- sideration shows that such progressive activity denotes an accele- rative attitude on the part of the organism towards the transfer of energy into the organic material system. Finally, we are conscious in ourselves how, by use, our faculties are developed; and it is apparent that all such progressive developments must rest on actions which respond to supplies with fresh demands. Possibly in the present and ever-increasing consumption of inanimate power by civilized races, we see revealed the dynamic attitude of the organism working through thought-processes. Whether this be so or not, we find generally in organized nature causes at work which in some way lead to a progressive transfer of energy into the organic system. And we notice, too, that all is not spent, but both immediately in the growth of the 62 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. individual, and ultimately in the multiplication of the species, there are actions associated with vitality which retard the dissi- pation of energy. I proceed to state the dynamical principles involved in these manifestations, which appear characteristic of the organism, as follows :— The transfer of energy into any animate material system ts attended by effects conducive to the transfer, and retardative of dis- sipation. This statement is, I think, perfectly general; I cannot say that itis new. It has been, at least in part, advanced before, but from the organic more than the physical point of view. Thus, “‘ hunger is an essential characteristic of living matter ;” and again, “hunger is a dominant characteristic of living matter,’ are, in part, expressions of the statement. If it be objected against the generality of the statement, that there are periods in the life of individuals when stagnation and decay become inevitable, I answer, that such phenomena arise in phases of life developed under conditions of external constraint, as will be urged more fully further on, and that in fact the special conditions of old age do not and cannot express the true law and tendency of the dyna- mic relations of life in the face of its evident advance upon the earth. ‘The law of the unconstrained cell is growth on an ever increasing scale ; and although we assume the organic configuration, whether somatic or reproductive, to be essentially unstable, so that continual inflow of energy is required merely to keep it in existence, this does not vitiate the fact that, when free of all external con- straint, growth gains on waste. Indeed, even in the case of old age, the statement remains verbally true, for the phenomena then dis- played point to a break down of the functioning power of the cell, an approximation to configurations incapable of assimilation. It is not as if life showed in these phenomena that its conditions could obtain in the midst of abundance, and yet its law be suspended ; but as if they represented a degradation of the very conditions of life, a break up, under the laws of the inanimate, of the ani- mate contrivance; so that energy is no longer available to it, or the primary condition, “the transfer of energy into the animate 1 « Kyolution of Sex.’? Geddes and Thomson, chap. XVI. See also a reference to Professor Cope’s theory of ‘‘ Growth. Force,” in Mr. Wallace’s Darwinism, p. 421. Joty—The Abundance of Life. | 63 system,’ is impossible. It is to the perfect contrivance of life our statement refers. That the final end of all will be general non-availability there seems little reason to doubt, and the organism, itself dependent upon differences of potential, cannot hope to carry on aggregation of energy beyond the period when differences of potential are not. The organism is only partly to blame for this. It is being affected by events external to it, by the actions going on through inani- mate agents. And although there be only a part of the received energy preserved, there is a part preserved, and this amount is con- tinually on the increase. ‘To see this it is only necessary to reflect that the sum of animato energy—capability of doing work in any way through animate means—at present upon the earth, is the result, although a smail one, of energy reaching the earth since a remote period, and which otherwise had been dissipated in space. In inanimate actions throughout nature, as we know it, the availa- bility is continually diminishing. The change is a// the one way. As, however, the supply of available energy in the universe is limited (probably) in amount, we must look upon the two as simply effecting the final dissipation of potential in very different ways The animate system is aggressive on the energy available to it, spends with economy, and, miser-like, goes on putting by till death finally deprives it of all. It has heirs, indeed, who inheriting some of its gains, put them out at interest; but they, too, must die, and ulti- mately there will be no successors, and the whole must melt away as if it had never been. The inanimate system responds to the forces imposed upon it by sluggish changes; of that which is thrust upon it, it squanders uselessly, like one who has so little appreciation of the value of money that he neither desires to have it, nor cares to keep it. But, dropping the metaphor, it is seen that the path of the energy is very different in the two cases. While it is true generally that both systems ultimately result in the dissipation of energy to uniform potential, it is to be observed that the organism, which does so to a great extent under compulsion, can under certain circumstances evade the final doom altogether. It can lay up a store of potential energy which may be permanent. ‘Thus, so long as there is free oxygen in the uni- verse, our coal-fields might, at any time in the remote future, when all has for ages been buried in darkness, strike out light and 64 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. heat in the universal grave. The smallest thing may initiate the conflagration. The phenomenon of growth is not specifically mentioned in the formal statement of the dynamic attitude of the organism. Although it underlies the general attitude of the organism towards energy, it must, from the present point of view, be considered more as a means to an end than as a primary property. The peculiar way in which the organism receives the stimulus of energy is that which appears primarily characteristic of it. We might, for the sake of explicitness, picture some kind of chemical con- figuration which, upon the receipt of energy, would assume such vibratory motions as would lead to combination with sympatheti- cally vibrating molecules, even when these had to be torn by expenditure of energy from a pre-existing chemical union. And in this way, as energy is poured into the configuration, fresh power of aggregating other atoms would be conferred, that is, growth would ensue. Thus it is to the attitude assumed by the characteristic nelle lar configuration upon an accession of energy that growth is to be ascribed: as this growth is on the lines of the original configu- ration, an increase of receptivity by the organism is the result; or, finally, it absorbs energy progressively. t is necessary to observe on the fundamental distinction between the growth of the protoplasm and the growth of the crystal. It is common to draw comparison between the two, and to point to metabolism as the chief distinction. But while this is the most obvious distinction the more fundamental one remains in the energy relations of the two with the environment. The growth of the crystal is the result of loss of energy; that of the organism the result of gain of energy. The crystal represents a last position of stable equilibrium assumed by molecules upon a certain loss of kinetic energy, and the formation of the crystal by evaporation and concentration of a liquid does not, in its dynamic aspect, differ much from the precipitation of an amorphous sediment.! The organism, on the other hand, represents a more or less unstable condition formed and maintained by inflow of energy ; 1 It appears exceptional for the crystal to stand higher in the scale of energy than even the amorphous form. Sulphur is such an exceptional case. Joty—The Abundance of Life. 65 its formation, indeed, often attended with a loss of kinetic energy (fixation of carbon in plants), but, if so, accompanied by a more than compensatory increase of potential molecular energy. Thus, between growth in the living world and growth in the dead world, the energy relations with the environment reveal a marked contrast. Again, in the phenomena of combustion, there are certain superficial resemblances which have led to comparison between the two. Here again, however, the attitudes towards the energy of the environment stand very much as+and-. The life absorbs, stores, and spends with wisdom. ‘The flame only recklessly spends. ‘The property of storage by the organism calls out a further distinction between the course of the two processes. It secures that the chemical activity of the organism can be propagated in a medium in which the supply of energy is discontinuous or localised. The chemical activity of the combustion can, strictly speaking, only be propagated among contiguous particles. I need not dwell on the latter fact; an example of the former is seen in the action of the roots of plants, which will often traverse a barren place or circumvent an obstacle in their search for energy. Thus roots will find out spots of rich nutriment. It is probable that the train of stimulating energy is greatest in the direction of the rich locality; by trial this direction is found, and by increased storage and development the obstacles of the journey are overcome. Thus there is a dynamic distinction between the progress of the organism and the progress of the combustion, or of the chemical reaction generally. And although there be unstable chemical systems which absorb energy during reaction, these are (dynami- cally) no more than the expansion of the compressed gas. ‘There is a certain initial capacity in the system for a given quantity of energy. ‘This satisfied, progress ceases. The progress of the organism in time is continual, and goes on from less to great so long asthe supply of energy is unlimited, and its development unconstrained. We must regard the organism as a configuration which is so contrived as to overcome the tendency of the universal laws of nature. Hxcept we are prepared to believe that a violation of the second law of thermo-dynamics occurs in the organism, that a sorting demon is at work within it, we must, I think, assume that the interactions going on among its molecules are accompanied by SCIENT. PROC. R.D.S.—VOL. VII., PART I. 66 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. retardation and dissipation like the rest of nature. That such conditions are not incompatible with the definition of the dynamic attitude of the organism, but only involve a coefficient of thermo- dynamic efficiency less than unity, can be shown by analogy with our inanimate machines which, by aid of hypotheses in keeping with the second law of thermo-dynamics, may be sup- posed to fulfil the energy-functions of the plant or animal, and, in fact, in all apparent respects conform to the definition of the organism. We may assume this accomplished by a contrivance of the nature of a steam-engine, driven by solar energy. It has a boiler, which we may suppose, fed by the action of the engine. It has piston, cranks, and other movable parts, all subject to resistance from friction, &c. Now there is no reason why this engine should not expend its surplus energy in shaping, fitting, and starting into action other engines. In fact, in reproductive sacrifice, all these other engines represent a multiplied absorption of energy as the effects of the energy received by the parent engine, and may in turn be supposed to reproduce themselves. Further, we may suppose the parent engine to be small and capable of developing very little power, but the whole series as increasing in power at each generation. Thus the primary energy relations of the vegetable organism are represented in these engines, and no viola- tion of the second law of thermo-dynamics involved. We might extend the analogy, and assuming these engines to spend a portion oftheir surplus energy in doing work against chemical forces—as, for example, by decomposing water through the intervention of a dynamo—suppose them to lay up in this way a store of potential energy capable of heating the boilers of a second order of engines, representing the graminivorous animal. It is obvious without proceeding to a tertiary or carnivorous order, that the condition of energy in the animal world may be supposed fulfilled in these successive series of engines, and no violation of the principles governing the actions going on in our machines assumed. Organisms evolving on similar principles would experience loss at every transfer. Thus only a portion of the radiant energy absorbed by the leaf would be expended in actual work, chemical and gravitational, &c. It is very certain that this is, in fact, what takes place. Joty—The Abundance of Life. 67 It is worth, perhaps, passing observation that from the nutritive dependence of the animal upon the vegetable, and the fact that a conversion of the energy of the one to the purposes of the other cannot occur without loss, the mean energy used daily by the vegetable for the purpose of growth, must greatly exceed that used in animal growth; so that the chemical potential energy of vegetation upon the earth is much greater than the energy of all kinds represented in the animal configurations. It appears, too, that in the power possessed by the vegetable of remaining compa- ratively inactive, of surviving hard times by the expenditure and absorption of but little, the vegetable constitutes a veritable reser- voir for the uniform supply of the more unstable and active animal. Finally, on the question of the manner of origin of organic systems (into which question, however, it is not my intention to enter), it is to be observed that, while the things of the present are very surely the survival of the fittest of the tendencies and chances of the past, non-material, as well as material forms of energy, animate as well as inanimate configurations, yet, in the initiation of the organised world, a single chance may have decided a whole course of events: for, once originated, its own law secures its increase, although within the new order of actions, the law of the fittest must reassert itself. That such a progressive material system as an organism was possible, and at some remote period was initiated, may be called matter of knowledge ; whether or not the initiatory living configuration was uniquely fortuitous, or the result of the general action of the law of the fittest select- ing among innumerable chances and tendencies, must remain matter of speculation. In the event of the former being the truth, it is evidently possible, in spite of a large finite number of worlds, that life is non-existent elsewhere. If the latter is the truth, it is almost certain that there is life in all, or many of those worlds. We now endeavour to trace the progressive activity of the organism in the phenomenon of sex, and as underlying the generalisations of evolution. After which, we have to notice the phenomena of old age and death. 1 [ find a similar conclusion arrived at in Semper’s “‘ Animal Life,’’ p. 52. F 2 68 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Progressive Activity and Sex. We saw in the case of the cell how the organism got into “Physiological difficulties”! after it had attained to certain dimensions. It was evident that, in order to best fulfil a law of accelerated activity, some new departure in life-history was then required. ‘This was taken in reproduction, and it appeared as if the organism had two ways of meeting the environment according as the conditions favoured anabolism or katabolism. ‘That these, throughout nature, sum up the characteristics of maleness and femaleness, has been urged by Professors Geddes and Thomson (“ Evolution of Sex”’). From the present point of view, both are primarily methods for responding to the stimulus of energy in a progressive manner, and each of these is that best calculated to do so under the conditions which call it forth. Rest, assimilation, and large reproductive sacrifice in the case of the rich medium. Active exploration, involved in the reproduction of smaller and more numerous units, in the case of the poor medium. Thus, the often wingless female aphid, in the abundance of spring and early summer, hourly carries on a parthenogenetic and viviparous reproduction ; but in the poorer time of autumn the winged male aphid makes his appearance, and the less costly but more numerous oviparous sexual reproduction commences. The same order of nature is brought to view in Yung’s experiments on tadpoles: i.e. that starvation favours maleness, abundance female- ness.” Sometimes the activity of the male is utilised in bringing supplies to the more vegetative female. In the case of birds, the energies of the female are thus expended on the production of the necessary amount of warmth for incubation, the male bird very generally feeding her upon the nest. In short, reproduction may be regarded as one phase of obe- dience to the law of progress. It has been defined as ‘‘ discontinuous growth.” So that, philosophically, we view the entire succession as one organic whole. And we consider the organism as following 1 « Time. Fig.4. Life- Waves of a Species. so far as it may be supposed to graphically represent the dynamic history of the individual. ‘The point chosen on the curve for the origination of a derived unit is only applicable to certain organisms, many reproducing at the very close of life. A chain of units are supposed here represented: the periodicity is not necessarily ascribable to external forces, but is inherited. Drawing the tangent and normal at the beginning and end- ing of any one complete vibration the total energy consumed by the organism during life is the length # on the axis of energy, and its period of life is the length 7 on the time-axis. The mean activity is the quotient im SCIENT. PROC. R.D.S.—VOL. VII., PART I. G 82 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. If we lay out waves as above to a common scale of time for different species, the difference of longevity is shown in the greater or less number of vibrations executed in a given time, 7.e. in greater or less ‘‘frequency.”’ We cannot indeed draw the curvature correctly, for this would necessitate a knowledge which we have not of the activity of the organism at different periods of its life- history, and so neither can we plot the direction of the organic line of propagation with respect to the axes of reference as this involves a knowledge of the mean activity. However much of this we may know in the future, at present if I mistake not, such data are not available. Much might be very easily done in this direction by compara- tive estimates of the demand at various periods of life. Thus, by supplying an individual with the same sort of food throughout its life, and assuming unit weight of this food as unit of energy on the diagram, the curvature is approximately determinable. In this way the differences in the time-energy function of male and female at the various stages of life-history might be found. Observations on the latter during pregnancy would enable the curve to be traced back to the foetal period of life. The group of curves which follow (fig. 5) are entirely imaginary, except in respect to the approximate longevity of the organisms. Man as the most complex and many-sided animal is drawn as if his activity was the greatest, the Dog is put above the Tortoise, for this last is a sluggish creature, except in the heat of summer, and even then its diet and its exertions are limited. It is probable, as before observed, that to conditions of struc- tural development, the question of longer or shorter life is in a great degree referable. Thus, development along lines of large growth will tend to a slow rate of reproduction from the simple fact that unlimited energy to supply a large number of costly reproductive acts is not procurable, whatever we may assume as to the strength or cunning exerted by the individual in its efforts to obtain its supplies. On the other hand, development along lines of small growth, in that reproduction is less costly, will probably lead to increased rate of reproduction. It is, in fact, matter of general observation that in the case of larger animals the rate of reproduction is most generally slower than in the case of smaller animals, and, as we have seen, it appears that the rate Joty— The Abundance of Life. 83 of reproduction might be expected to have an important influence in determining the particular periodicity of the organism; and were we to depict in the last diagram, on the same time-scale as Man, the vibrations of the smaller living things, we would see but a straight line (save for secular variations in activity) repre- senting the progress of the species in time. The tiny thrills of its units lost in comparison with the yet brief period of man. The direct influence of the rate of reproduction on the duration of the individual is, indeed, very probably revealed in the fact that Linergy. Om ao 70 100 Time. Fig.5. Imaginary Life- Waves of Man,(r);Dog,(2);&Tortoise,(3). short-lived animals most generally reproduce themselves rapidly and in great abundance, and vice versa. In many cases where this appears contradicted, it will be found that the young are exposed to such dangers that but few survive (e.g. tortoises and turtles, &c.), and so the rate of reproduction is virtually slow. Most insects are rapid breeders, and are short-lived. Many birds, as eagles, are slow breeders, and long lived. Elephants are very long-lived, and 84 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. very slow breeders. Monkey’s reproduce slowly, and are long- lived. In the vegetable kingdom it appears on the whole as if a similar order prevailed. Annuals reproduce themselves profusely, while the larger and longer-lived shrubs and trees spread slowly in comparison. T have not in the foregoing specially referred to climatological death. Death through the periodic rigour of the inanimate environ- ment calls forth phenomena very different from death introduced or favoured by competition. But a multiplicity of effects inter- mediate in nature occur. Organisms will, for example, learn to meet very rigorous conditions if slowly introduced, and not permanent. A transitory period of want can be tided over by contrivance. The lily withdrawing its vital forces into the bulb protected from the greatest extremity of rigour by seclusion in the earth, the trance of the hibernating animal are instances of such contrivances. But there are organisms whose life-wave truly takes up the periodicity of the earth in its orbit. Thus the smaller animals and plants, possessing less resources in themselves, die at the approach of winter, propagating themselves by units which, whether egg or seed, undergo a period of quiescence during the season of want. In these quiescent units the energy of the organism is potential, and the time-energy function is in abeyance. ‘This condition is, perhaps, foreshadowed in the encystment of the ameeba in re- sistance to drought. In the case of hibernation the time-energy function seems maintained at a loss of potential by the organism, a diminished vital consumption of energy being carried on at the expense of the stored energy of the tissues. Soo, too, even among the largest organisms there will be a diminution of activity periodically inspired by climatological conditions. Thus, wholly or in part, the activity of organisms is recurrently affected by the great energy-tides set up by the earth’s orbital motion. Similarly in the phenomenon of sleep the organism responds to the earth’s axial periodicity, for in the interval of night a period of impoverishment has to be endured. Thus the diurnal 1 | kept asmall pet monkey for twenty years. She died but recently, not from old age, but from cold and dysentery. When she came into my possession she was an adult, and probably some years old. See ‘‘The Duration of Life ’’ (Weismann) for much infor- mation on this subject. Jory—The Abundance of Life. 85 waves of energy also meet a response in the organism. These tides and waves of activity would appear as larger and smaller ripples on the life-curve of the organism. But in some, in which life, love, and death are encompassed in a day, this would not be so; and for the annual among plants, the seed rest divides the waves with lines of no activity (fig. 6.). Thus, finally, we regard the organism as a dynamic phenomenon passing through periodic variations of intensity. The material systems concerned in the transfer of the energy rise, flourish, and fall in endless succession, like cities of ancient dynasties. At s/f points of similar phase upon the waves the rate of consumption of energy is approximately the same; the functions, too, which demand and expend the energy are of similar nature. That the rhythm of these events is ultimately based on harmony in the configuration and motion of the molecules within the germ seems an unavoidable conclusion. In the life of the individual rhythmic dynamic phenomena reappear which in some cases have no longer a parallel in the external world, or under conditions when the individual is no longer influenced by these external conditions.’ 1 See ‘‘ The Descent of Man.’’ 86 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. In many cases the periodic phenomena ultimately die out under new influences, like the oscillations of a body in a viscous medium ; in others when they seem to be more deeply rooted in physiological conditions they persist. It is possible, however, that in the span of years allotted to the higher organisms new conditions, such as civilization, may gradually effect a change. However this turn out, the “length of life is dependent upon the number of generations of somatic cells which can succeed one another in the course of a single life, and furthermore the number as well as the duration of each single cell-generation is predestined in the germ itself.” Such is the view which Weismann cautiously favours. Although it is perhaps useless to try to penetrate the mystery, it seems, however, conceivable, as regards the means by which the germ regulates the number and disposition of the cells constituting the completed individual, that an initiating configu- ration, followed by a very stable train of events, might be sufficient to account for the persistence of the form of a species even under certain variations of conditions. There are appearances of “ trial”’ in embryological development; and it seems hardly more requisite to ascribe to the germ the degree of directiveness necessary to regulate the disposition of the parts of the completed individual than it is to assume that the complexity of modern organic develop- ment was prefigured in the originating unicellular form, if indeed such has been the course of evolution. The “struggle among the parts”? once originated, the mutual adjustment might proceed along lines of narrow possibilities till final equilibrium was attained. And from this point of view it is hard to see any grounds for assuming the complete isolation of the germ; but, on the contrary, we might well suppose influences upon the body, oft repeated, transmitted to the germ plasma through the intermedium of the colonists composing the complex organism. Jor similarly, we can easily see how an important adaptive alteration arising in any particular higher species might set up such a train of events occur- ring among other organisms as would ultimately result in the modification of the most lowly organism. So that if the events of evolution were to occur anew this lowly organism might give rise, 1«¢Tife and Death’’; ‘“ Biological Memoirs,’’ p. 146. Joty—The Abundance of Life. 87 in course of time, to the species in its modified form: for although the train of events in the first case proceeded downwards from the high to the low organism, there is seemingly no correlation of events involved which we might not expect to be reversible in order of occurrence. The birth and growth of the individual finds, of course, its parallel in this simile, in the supposed repe- tition of evolution. But in the case of the time-limits of the individual we have a more complex predestination to account for; not only the life-history of each cell but a different. life- history for succeeding cells; for if we do not suppose changes in the life-history of the succeeding generations of cells, why and how is the power of metabolism ultimately lost ? T confess that only in the vague conception of a harmonizing or formative force derived from the germ, perishing in each cell from internal causes, but handed from cell to cell till the formative force itself degrades into molecular discords, can I form any physical representation of the successive events of life. The degra- dation of the molecular formative force might be supposed involved in its frequent transference according to some such actions as occur in inanimate nature. Thus, ultimately, to the waste within the cell, to the presence of a force retardative of its perpetual harmonic motions, the death of the individual is to be ascribed. Perhaps in protoplasmic waste the existence of a universal death should be recognised. Itis here we seem to touch inanimate nature; and we are led back to a former conclusion that the organism in its unconstrained state is to be regarded as a “contrivance ”’ for evading the dynamic tendencies of actions in which matter par- ticipates." 1 Jn connexion with the predestinating power and possible complexity of the germ, it is instructive to reflect on the very great molecular population of even the smallest spores—giving rise to very simple forms. Thus, the spores of the unicellular Schizo- mycetes are estimated to dimensions as low as 1/10,000 of a millimétre in diameter (Cornil et Babes, ‘‘ Les Bactéries,’’ 1. 37). From Sir William Thomson’s estimate of the number of molecules in water, comprised within the length of a wave-length of yellow light (‘‘The Size of Atoms,’’ Proc. R. I., vol. x., p. 185), it is probable that the spores contain some 500,000 molecules, while one hundred molecules range along a diameter. Dr. Johnstone Stoney, in a lecture delivered before the Royal Dublin Society some years ago, suggested similar reflections. 88 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. The Abundance and Activity of Life. We began by seeking in various manifestations of life a dyna- mic principle sufficiently comprehensive to embrace the very various phenomena. This, to all appearance, found, we have been led to regard life, to a great extent, as a periodic dynamic phenomenon. Fundamentally, in that characteristic of the contrivance, which leads it to respond favourably to transfer of energy, its enormous extension is due. It is probable that to its instability its nwmerical abundance is to be traced—for this, necessitating the continual supply of all the parts already formed, renders large, undifferen- tiated growth, incompatible with the retardative laws of matter. These are fundamental conditions of abundant life upon the earth. Although we recognise in the instability of living systems the underlying reason for their numerical abundance, secondary evolu- tionary causes are at work. The most important of these is the self-favouring nature of the phenomenon of reproduction. ‘Thus (“The Duration of Life”’), there is a tendency not only to favour reproductiveness, but early reproductiveness, in the form of one prolific reproductive act, after which the individual dies. Hence the wave-length of the species diminishes, reproduction is more frequent, and correspondingly greater numbers come and go in an interval of time. Another cause of the numerical abundance of life exists in the conditions of nourishment already alluded to. Energy is more readily conveyed to the various parts of the smaller mass, and hence where supplies are abundant, the lesser organisms will more actively functionate; and this, as being the urging dynamic attitude, as well as that most favourable in the struggle, will multiply and favour such forms of life. On the other hand, however, these forms will have less resource within themselves, and less power of endurance, so that they are only suitable to fairly uniform conditions of supply ; they cannot survive the long continued want of winter, and so we have the seasonal abundance of summer. Only the larger and more resistant organisms, whether animal or vegetable, will, in general, populate the earth from year to year. From this we may conclude that, butfor the seasonal energy-tides, the develop- ment of life upon the globe had gone along very different lines Joty—The Abundance of Life. 89 from those actually followed. It is, indeed, possible that the evolution of the larger organisms would not have occurred; there would have been no vacant place for their development, and a being so endowed as man could hardly have been. We may, too, apply this reasoning elsewhere, and regard as highly probable, that in worlds which are without seasonal influences, the higher developments of life, save such as are insectivorous, have not appeared; except they be evolved under other conditions, when they might for a period persist. We have, indeed, only to picture to ourselves what the consequence of a continuance of summer would be on insect life to arrive at an idea of the antagonistic influences obtaining in such worlds to the survival of larger organ- isms. Hence, it appears that to the dynamic attitude of life in the first place; and secondarily to the material conditions limiting undiffe- rentiated growth, as well as to the action of heredity in transmitting the reproductive qualities of the parent to the offspring ; the mul- titudes of the pines, and the hosts of ants, are to be ascribed. Other causes are very certainly at work, but these, I think, must remain primary causes. | That from our moral standpoint selfishness is the prevailing vice of nature, admits of little doubt. The endeavour of each species is to multiply at all costs with absolute disregard to all other interests; and cases wherein there is an appearance of unselfishness will be found to resolve themselves into but forms of a higher selfishness. We do nature no injustice in treating it, from the physical point of view, as a dynamic phenomenon, for the principle at work is to all appearance that of the prevailing of the greater force. Whether or no the whole in its evolution be under a Guidance, it is not within the province of physical science to inquire. In contrast, and yet in agreement with the abundance of life, appears the “Economy of Nature.” Economy is of course conducive to survival under conditions of competition. It leads to greatest activity in the end. Thus it is better for the bee to store honey than wax. There is no object in accumulating the latter, and hence the comb is typically roomy and strong at small expenditure of material, and the economy observable in the H SCIEN PROC. R.D.S.—VOL. VII., PARTI. 90 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. structural development of such organisms as have to contend with a niggardly, or hostile environment, reveals the same principle. On ithe {other hand some parasitic animals, to whom economy is not so essential, grow into unwieldly dimensions. Animals living immersed in the good-conducting medium, water, in general assume its temperature; and those warm-blooded animals exposed to climatic rigour, clothe themselves with non-conducting coverings. Reckless’ expenditure will not do. The environment, for all the limitless ingenuity of the organism, sooner or later, fails to supply the energy which creates its own demand, and the most rigorous economy is exacted. We well know that the abundance of the ants and pines is not a tithe of the abundance around us visible and invisible. Itis a vain endeavour to realise the countless numbers {of our fellow- citizens upon the earth ; but for our purpose the restless ants, and the pines solemnly quiet in the sunshine, have served as types of animate things. In the pine the gates of the organic have been thrown"open that the vivifying river of energy may flowin. ‘The ants and the butterflies sip for a brief moment of its waters, which are the waters both of life and of death. On its banks we see the vision of life'as of forms waxing and waning: a species victorious in the'discovery of a new weapon, or by a new means of deceiving; andthe equilibrium of the past is destroyed. A conquered species must-yield and dwindle before a conqueror. The‘old displaced by the young seek life in vain. Others fall before unpitying foes; and so, mingled with the happy murmur by the river*of life, we hear that “ chorus of sighs and groans of despair, such as Dante heard at the gates of Hell.’’? It is significant to our present inquiry that these mingling voices hail the sun at his rising, sink into silence at his setting, and so pursue, as it were, his flight round the earth. 1 Huxley. [etd VIII. A NEW SPECIES OF TORTRIX FROM TUAM. By GEORGE H. CARPENTER, B. Sc., Assistant Naturalist in the Science and Art Museum, Dublin. Puare VII. [COMMUNICATED BY PROFESSOR A. C. HADDON, M.A., F.Z.S.] [Read January 21, 1891.] Harty in June of last year (1890) Mr. D. O’C. Donelan, of Sylan, Tuam, forwarded to me some pine shoots, with small cater- pulars which, he stated, had caused much damage, in the summers of 1889 and 1890, to a plantation of firs situated partly on bog and partly on upland tracts. Some of the caterpillars pupated very soon after arrival. About the middle of July three moths (all males) appeared, and my surprise was great to find that they very closely resembled Tortriz viburnana. My caterpillars had all by this time either pupated or died, and, wishing to preserve the larva of so interesting a form, I asked Mr. Donelan for some more. He informed me that they had nearly all disappeared; but he succeeded in finding a specimen, which he kindly forwarded in August. From this my present description and drawing are taken. It may be of interest to note that it was attacked by a dipterous larva, perhaps a species of Anthomyia. My colleague, Mr. A. R. Nichols, kindly took one of the moths to London, and submitted it to Mr. W. Warren. A few weeks ago I was able to visit London myself, and had the advantage of looking up the subject at the British Museum, under Mr. Warren’s kind guidance. He has no doubt that the insect is, as yet, unde- scribed. It appears to be identical with the moth figured in Herrich- Schaffer’s “‘Schmetterlinge von Huropa,” vol. iv., fig. 419, as a variety of Tortrix steineriana, Schiff. This figure, however, is very unlike the true 7. steineriana (op. cit., vol. iv., figs. 57-8), and the author, in his Appendix (op. cit., vol. vi., p. 155), expresses his SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S.—VOL. VII., PART II. I 92 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. opinion that it is a distinct form. Heinemann (“ Die Schmetter- linge Deutschlands und der Schweiz,” vol. ii., p. 46) identifies this figure of Herrich-Schaffer’s with the Zortrix lusana of that author; but neither the figure nor my specimens agree with this opinion. Besides, the larva of 7. /usana is stated by Heinemann to feed on Vaccinium. We may, therefore, conclude that, except for Herrich-Schaffer’s unnamed figure, the moth from Tuam is new to science. I have much pleasure in describing it under the name of Tortrix donelana, as a tribute to the gentleman who discovered it. Tortrix donelana, sp. nov. Imaco, Matz (Plate VIL, fig. 1).—The expanse of the wings varies from 17 to 20mm. The costa of the fore-wing is well arched at the base, and then runs straight to the tip, which is rather pointed. The hind margin is very slightly convex, except at the anal angle, The ground colour of the fore-wings is yellowish-brown, with a bronzy appearance, which, in certain lights, gives them an olive- green sheen. Near the tip of the fore-wing is a brown costal spot, and an oblique, irregular brown band crosses the wing from the middle of the costa to the anal angle. A few thin, brown, curved lines run from the costa towards the inner margin, between the oblique band and the hind margin, towards which their convexity is directed. The distinctness of all these brown markings varies greatly, as the fore-wings of one of my specimens appear almost unicolorous yellowish-brown, with a bronzy lustre, much resem- bling ZY. ciburnana. The hind-wings have the hind-margins decidedly concave below the tip. Their upper surface is dark grey. The fringe is silvery white. Beneath, the fore-wings are blackish, and the hind-wings whitish-grey. The labial palps are of moderate length (fig. 2), and, together with the head and thorax, are covered with brown scales, those on the thorax being darkest. The abdomen is short, hardly reaching the anal angle of the hind-wing. Itis clothed with dark-grey scales, and the anal tuft is ight yellow. Larva (fig. 3).—The larva is of the ordinary Tortrix type. It is olive-green dorsally, yellow laterally, and yellowish-green ventrally, with dorsal and lateral rows of yellowish-white spots, CarpENtTER—A New Species of Tortriv from Tuam. 93 from which spring blackish hairs. Its length is 11 or 12mm. The head and the posterior part of the last abdominal segment are yellowish-brown, marked with black. Pura (fig. 4).—The: pupa is brownish-black. Each of the abdominal segments (except the first and the last) is provided with two half-rings of spines, by means of which the pupa can move in its cocoon (fig. 6). Habitat.—Tuam, Co. Galway, Ireland. Lime of appearance.—Larva: April to July. Pupa: June and July. Imago: July and August. | Food-plants.—Scotch Fir and Larch. Habits.—The larva feeds on the pine-shoots, which it seems to almost divest of their leaves (fig. 5). Mr. Donelan writes: “The caterpillar appears in two or three different ways. It fastens together two shoots, and forms a nest of web (see fig. 5); when dis- turbed, it creeps out at the top, and, falling to the ground, tries to hide in the heath, &c.; or some of the pine leaves are fastened together on a single shoot, and the nest of web is formed within. Sometimes a few of the caterpillars are found on the shoots with- out any covering; this generally happens later in the season than the former.” The cocoon in which the pupa is contained appears to be formed by the closing up of the web in which the larva had shel- tered. The cocoon is surrounded by a mass of scale-leaves (fig. 6). It seems very strange that this apparently unnoticed insect should have made its appearance in such numbers as to force attention by its damage to plantations. Mr. Donelan, who has had considerable experience of pine-woods, says it is the worst pest he has seen in Ireland. Hqually strange is its occurrence in such a remote district of the British Isles as Co. Galway. Mr. Donelan tells me that the young trees on which the larvee were found came from Scotland, and may have been originally imported from the Continent. Hence, if the identification of T. donelana with Herrich-Schaffer’s figure be correct, we may have here an insect so rare on the Continent as to have escaped obser- vation as a pine-feeder (no mention whatever is made of it in Kaltenbach’s ‘“ Pflanzenfeinde” or Ratzeburg’s “Forst-Insekten”’), but which, imported to the West of Ireland, found there so favour- able an environment as to become a dominant member of the insect fauna. ‘The fact that all the modern fir-trees of Ireland 12 94 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. have been imported (Moore and More, “Cybele Hibernica,”’ p. 151) makes the importation of the insect highly probable. On the other hand, may it be possible that we have had lately developed in our islands a really new species, an offshoot of T. viburnana, which for some unknown reason has changed its food-plant? If this view be accepted we must give up the identi- fication of 7. donelana with Herrich-Schaffer’s figure. In concluding this Paper I acknowledge, with many thanks, the kind and invaluable help I have received in its preparation from Mr. W. Warren. I am also indebted to Mr. W. F. Kirby for assistance in looking up the scattered literature of the subject. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Fig. 1.—Tortrix donelana. Male imago, x 2. Fig.2.— _,, i a Head, &c., x 2. Fig.3.— _,, ui Larva, x 2. Fig. 4.— ,, 53 Pupa, x 2. Fig. 5.—Shoot of Pinus sylvestris, showing habit of Larva of 7’. done- lana. Natural size. Fig. 6.—Cocoon of T. donelana, cut open, with Pupa within. Natural size. [ 9% ] xe ON A GEOMETRICAL METHOD OF FINDING THE MOST PROBABLE APPARENT ORBIT OF A DOUBLE STAR. By ARTHUR A. RAMBAUT, M.A. Puartzs VIII. anp IX. [Read January 21, 1891.] Tost who have ever attempted to compute the orbit of a double star by the graphical method discovered by Sir John Herschel will, I think, be disposed to criticize favourably any attempt to afford an aid in drawing the apparent ellipse of the satellite. Once the apparent orbit has been satisfactorily obtained, the construction, by which we thence deduce the elements of the real orbit, whether we follow Sir John Herschel in this step or adopt Thiele’s still more elegant method, is so singularly interesting as well for the geometrical principles involved, as for the intrinsic importance of the results obtained, that one cannot but regard with regret the amount of licence allowed to the computer in drawing the apparent ellipse through the observed positions. It is not easy to see how the most probable ellipse is to be defined. In the ordinary analytical method of solving the problem the ellipse is expressed by the general equation of the second degree, viz. ax’ + hey + by? + 2gv + WAy+1=0; and by substituting the co-ordinates xv, y of each point successively in this equation, we get a number of equations connecting the constants a, h, b, g,.f, which are then solved by the ordinary method of least squares. The geometrical meaning of the process is, however, obscure. I have, therefore, thought that a method which enables us to determine, if not the most probable, at least a very probable ellipse, cannot fail to be of interest. The method depends on Pascal’s theorem that the intersections of opposite sides of a hexagon inscribed in a conic he on a right line. 96 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. (See Salmon’s “Conic Sections,” Art. 267.) It follows from this that being given five points we can obtain as many other points on the conic as we wish, and so can construct for its centre and axes. The method of doing this is exhibited in Plate VIII. Let the five points be A, B, C, D, HE. ‘Take any one of them, #, and draw XK through it parallel to the line joining any other two, AB. Join B with one of the two remaining points, C, and let BC cut HX ina. Join DE, and let it intersect AB in f. Join af, and let it cut CD in y. Join Ay, cutting HA in F. Then F'is a sixth point on the conic, and #Fand AB are a pair of parallel chords. Hence the line @G’, joining their middle points, is a diameter. Again, draw HL parallel to GG’, to meet BC ind. Join a, and let it cut CDin y’. Join Ay’, cutting EZ in fF’. Then F’ is another point on the curve, and HL” is consequently a chord con- jugate in direction to HF. Hence FF” is a diameter, and the point O, in which it intersects GG’, is the centre of the conic passing through A, B, C, D, E. If, now, only the centre be required we may omit the rest of the construction. What we have done up to this is susceptible of great accuracy, as we have had only to draw straight lines from point to point, and to draw a pair of lines parallel to given directions. The rest of the process, however —that, namely, which is required to determine the axes—is of a more complicated nature, and consequently more liable to intro- duce error, although I think in most cases the axes, so determined, will be more reliable than those depending on the mere judgment of the draughtsman. To determine the aves we draw LA (or FB) to meet GG’ in X and AF (or BE) to meet GG’ in Y. Then, X and Y being harmonic conjugates with respect to the curve, if we take OM (=O) a mean proportional between OX and OY, the points M and NV will lie on the ellipse. Again, if through O we draw HH’ parallel to EF, and draw ME (or NF’) to meet HH’ in X’, and draw MF" (or NE) to meet HH’ in Y’; then, since X’ and Y’ are harmonic conjugates, if we take OM’ a mean proportional between OX’ and OY’, the point MW’ will lie on the ellipse, and OM and OW’ will be a pair of con- jugate semidiameters. It only remains, then, to draw through 1’ RamBaut—Orbit of a Double Star. oa the line PQ perpendicular to OW, and to take M’P and M’Q each equal to OM. We have, then, if a and 0 are the semi-axes of the ellipse, a= 3 (0Q+ OP), and b=3 (OQ - OP), while their direc- tions are those of the internal and external bisectors of the angle POQ, as shown by the dotted lines in Plate VIII. To apply this to the case of the secondary member of a double star, for which a number of places with regard to the primary have been determined, it would, perhaps, be necessary, strictly speaking, in order to determine the most probable orbit, to take every possible combination of these places, five at a time, and to take the centre of mean position of the centres so determined as the most probable centre of the ellipse, and the mean of the directions and magnitudes of the semi-axes so determined as the most probable values of these quantities respectively. But this complete treatment of the observations, even in the case of a small number of places, would entail an enormous and utterly disproportionate amount of labour. The following method will, however, be quite sufficient for our purpose. The observations of position-angles having been treated in the usual manner, and the interpolating curve drawn through them, the value of = should be read from the curves, not at every 5th or 10th degree of 0, as is the usual custom, but at such intervals that the total number of readings may be some multiple (m) of five. With these 5n values of = obtain, by means of the equation, and the corresponding values of 0, we the r and 0 of 5n points, which if the observations were free from error, would all lie on the apparent ellipse. Having thus 5x points, if we take them in » groups containing © points each, we shall get different determinations of the centre of the ellipse, the centre of mean position of which will be a very probable position of the centre. Each group of five points will also, of course, give a value for the direction, and for the mag- nitudes of the axes as is shown in Plate VIII; but, perhaps, some who have had experience in the art of computing double-star orbits will prefer to trust to the eye for these, except in cases 98 Scientifie Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. where a large proportion of a revolution has been accomplished under observation, in which case the latter part of the construction (i.e. that for the axes) may with advantage be resorted to. In the case of A Cygni, which is illustrated in Plate [X., and in which an are of only about 45° of the orbit has been described since the discovery of its duplicity, the points numbered from 1 to 10 in the figure, representing successive positions of the satellite in its orbit, lie fairly well along the curve, which such a construction has given as the apparent ellipse, and it is not easy to see how the ellipse could be altered so as to suit them better. The centre O,, and the axes O,A, and O,B, are those obtained as in Plate VIII., from the five points 1,3, 5,7, and 9; and the centre O., and the axes O,A, and O,B, are obtained from the points 2, 4, 6, 8, 10; while the centre O, and the axes OA and OB are the means of the former two, respectively, and are those with which the ellipse has been constructed. Ege) xe ON A COMBINATION OF WET AND DRY METHODS IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. Part I. By W. EH. ADENEY, F.L.C., Assoc. R.C.Sce.1., Curator, Royal University of Ireland ; and T. A. SHEGOG, A.I.C., Assoe. R.C.Sc.1., Assistant Chemist, Royal College of Science, Dublin. [Read Frsrvary 18, 1891.] Pratrner, in his work on the blowpipe,’ states that, when the oxides of the metals are fused on charcoal with borax and sodium carbonate in the R. F., some are reducible, and some non-reducible, to the metallic state; and he has suggested a general scheme for the analysis of minerals based upon the possibility of separating the reducible from the non-reducible oxides, when so treated. Plattner’s scheme involves the employment of wet as well as dry methods of analysis. About 1 decigram of the substance is mixed with about 1 part of fused borax and 1 of sodium carbonate ; the whole is wrapped in a little cylinder of soda paper, and fused before the blowpipe in a hole on charcoal. As the quantity of reducible oxides is usually too small to obtain them in a single bead, about 1 decigram of metallic silver or gold should be added, in the form of a button, to take up the reduced metal as it is formed. In this way it is stated that a preliminary separation of the reducible from the non-reducible oxides may be effected. The reducible oxides are said to be those of the following metals :— arsenic, antimony, silver, mercury, copper, bismuth, thallium, lead, tin, zinc, indium, cadmium, and nickel. The volatile metals escape, either partially or wholly, during the fusion. ‘The non- reducible oxides are those of the alkaline earths, and of chromium, aluminium, iron, manganese, cobalt (in the absence of arsenic acid, and when not present in too large quantity), molybdenum, tungsten and titanium. 1 English Edition of Plattner’s ‘‘ Manual of Analysis by the Blowpipe,’’ edited by J. H. Cookesley, pp. 116 e¢ seq. 100 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. The importance of Plattner’s scheme, if it be generally applic- able, cannot be exaggerated, for it permits the adoption of our general method of procedure for the qualitative analysis of all minerals, and avoids many of the difficulties attendant upon purely wet methods, such for example as the solution of substances, &e. ; and, owing to its comparative simplicity, it is quite possible to teach the method to students in geology and engineering, who ordinarily cannot afford to devote sufficient time to master purely wet methods of mineral analysis. Some time ago one of us framed a complete scheme for the analysis of minerals, based upon Plattner’s methods. The substance was to be fused with silver chloride, borax, and sodium carbonate on charcoal in the manner described by Plattner. In cooling the metallic end glass beads were to be carefully detached, one from the other, and separately examined by wet methods in the ordinary way. Complex minerals, such as tin pyrites and smaltine, were analysed, as directed in this scheme by Mr. F. C. Forth, a student in the Faculty of Engineering in the Royal College of Science, with excellent results. The following are the results of his analysis of smaltine:—arsenic, bismuth, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, aluminium, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, sili- ceous matter, hydrosulphurie acid, and phosphoric acid. On comparing these results with those of an analysis by the ordinary wet methods, it was found that potassium only had escaped detection. When, however, the method was tried with iron and zinc ores, unsatisfactory results were obtained—results which were in some cases not what we had been led to expect from a perusal of Plattner’s book—for instance, with the ores mentioned, the glass bead fused fairly easily, but the metallic bead immediately on reduction became quite infusible, and could not be properly separated from the glass. Plattner, in describing his process and the results obtainable by it, makes no mention of such action. Egleston, too, in his scheme makes no reference to it. 1 Egleston, in his scheme, confines himself almost exclusively to dry methods. His method of preparing the glass bead is different to that employed by Plattner. He dissolves the substance in a borax bead on platinum wire, and, when saturated, Anrney &Surcoe— Wet and Dry Methods in Chemical Analysis. 101 On examining Plattner’s work carefully, it was seen that no exact experimental evidence was given by him in support of his classification of the metals into “reducible ”’ and ‘“ non-reducible,”’ according to their behaviour on fusion with borax and sodium carbonate on charcoal, in the reducing flame. It became evident to us from these and other preliminary experiments, that Plattner’s method was not one by which easily reducible oxides and difficultly reducible oxides could under all conditions be completely separated. The same may be said of Egleston’s method. The results, however, obtained by Mr. Forth in the analysis of smaltine and tin pyrites were, as above stated, so satisfactory as to convince us of the value of the method if carefully worked out. We therefore determined to make an exhaustive series of experi- ments, in order to ascertain exactly how the various metals behave when their compounds are fused with borax and sodium carbonate on charcoal in the reducing flame in presence of silver. We were further encouraged to make these experiments by some quantitative estimations of the nickel, cobalt, bismuth, and copper in the smaltine, made by Dr. L. Davoren, who was at that time studying in the laboratory of the Royal College of Science. Dr. Davoren determined these constituents both by the ordinary wet method and by the proposed combination of wet and dry processes. His results were as follows :-— By ordinary wet method. By wet and dry processes. Per cent. Per cent. IN Ce hoa teeut anno ei O0) Se Re ant aatete ieaes degra | Copaltie me nr Oso eae beh oa CRE tn ee Ono ASTI UG nD 5 Tse ea i I. 3°33 i. 38°30 NR edn a, HTS NO io Coppers: three foie ah 1580 SEA ea Tyan MetaprR RO AAOLS) tosses it off into a porcelain dish, and repeats this operation until a number of beads have been obtained. He then treats the beads on charcoal with lead, silver, or gold in the reducing flame; separates the metallic from the glass bead, and examines each separately by dry methods. The only use he makes of the wet way is in the examina- tion of the borax bead for chromium, titanium, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, and vanadium. The metals which, according to him, may be present in the metallic bead, are— nickel, copper, silver, gold, tin, lead, and bismuth (tin, lead, and bismuth being partially volatilized). 102 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. These results led us to hope that the method might (possibly with some modifications) be found capable of employment for quantitative as well as for qualitative analysis. The questions we wished to settle by our experiments were :— I. Whether, when fused in the reducing flame on charcoal with borax and sodium carbonate, the metals antimony, tin, lead, arsenic, silver, bismuth, copper, nickel, and zinc, could be com- pletely reduced from their combinations with oxygen, with the volatile acids, hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, and hydrofluoric ; and also from their combinations with the non-volatile acids, silicie and phosphoric. II. Whether, when similarly treated, aluminium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, and iron are wholly non-reducible from their compounds ; the cobalt and iron more especially from their com- binations with arsenic and phosphoric acids. ITI. Whether, when complex substances are similarly treated, the constituent metals thereof respectively behave as in simple compounds, or whether their behaviour is modified in any way. The subject-matter of the present Paper deals mainly with questions Nos. I. and II. A considerable amount of work has also been done bearing upon question No. III., but it is proposed to deal with this, and with separations by this method, in a further paper by one of us. Appended are Tables giving the results of some of our experi- m ents. Detaits oF MANIPULATION. The Charcoal Support.—The pieces should be from 12 inches to 18 inches in length, and from 14 inches to 2 inches in dia- meter, and must be tolerably free from fissures. Our first experiments were made with charcoal of a very fair quality got from Messrs. Griffin & Son, of London. Later on, some of excellent quality was obtained from Messrs. Harrington, Bros., of Cork. The cavity into which the substance is to be introduced should be bored in the end of the stick of charcoal, and its size and shape are of importance. In shape it should be conical, the sides being Avrnry &SHrecoc— Wet and Dry Methods in Chemical Analysis. 103 slightly curved. The dimensions most convenient for the quantities we dealt with were—diameter, 14 inches; greatest depth, 14 inches. If the cavity be much larger or smaller than this, the charge cannot be worked about in the proper manner. ‘The ratio of diameter to depth should be attended to, for if the hole be too deep in relation to its diameter, the flame will be blown back, and the charge cannot be properly heated. The Source of Heat.—In our earlier experiments a lamp which burnt solid paraffin was used. This had the advantages of being very portable and not likely to get out of order. Later on an ordinary paraffin oil lamp was employed ; but, although either of these lamps will answer perfectly, we found that when coal gas is procurable it is by far the most convenient source of heat. It can be burnt at the end of a flattened tube, and if the tube be pivoted so that it can rotate in a vertical plane it will be found of advan- tage in dealing with easily oxidizable metallic beads, as will be explained later. The blowpipe used was an ordinary mouth blowpipe, furnished with a platinum jet, and fixed in a clip on a retort-stand. An indiarubber hand-blower was used for obtaining the blast. The borax used was fused in a platinum dish and powdered. It should be kept in a dry and well-stoppered bottle. The silver was at first used in the form of nitrate, but the troublesome deflagration which took place when this salt was heated, soon led to its use being discontinued. Silver chloride, mixed with the substance and borax before fusion, was next tried, and was found to work very satisfactorily. Subsequently it was found that with substances of a certain type, the most satisfactory results were obtained when the substance and fluxes were first fused together in a shallow cavity in charcoal, the oxidizing flame being employed. When fusion was complete the mass was allowed to cool, transferred to a cavity of the usual size and shape ina fresh piece of charcoal, the silver added in the form of wire or in a button, and the fusion continued in the reducing flame. Ex- periments were also made in which silver oxide was used instead of silver chloride, but no advantage was apparent. In some cases, when dealing with metals which form infusible alloys with silver, lead was added, either as litharge or as metal. The results obtained were not satisfactory, but this requires further working out. 104 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. The form in which the silver should be added depends on the nature of the substance. If the substance consist mostly of compounds of lead, bismuth, copper, arsenic, antimony or tin, silver chloride should be employed, and should be mixed with the substance and borax before the fusion. If, however, the substance consist principally of difficultly reducible oxides or oxides of nickel or zinc, then metallic silver, added after fusion, is best. In some cases the substance and fluxes were fused together in a shallow cavity, using the oxidizing flame; cooled, powdered in an agate mortar, then mixed with silver chloride, and again fused. This is very troublesome, and the employment of the silver as wire was found to give quite as good results. The sodium carbonate used was the ordinary dried and powdered material. After a great number of experiments its employment was discontinued, except when dealing with siliceous substances, as no advantage seemed to attend its use with other bodies. Quantities. —The most convenient quantities to work upon generally are 3 decigrams of substance, and 12 decigrams of borax. These quantities yield beads which can be easily worked before the blowpipe in the necessary manner, in a cavity of the dimen- sions given above. ‘The proportion of borax may be varied within reasonable limits (from 2 to 6 times the weight of substance taken) without injuriously affecting the fusion. In dealing with a body containing very large proportions of nickel or zine, not more than 1 decigram of the substance should be taken. While the fusion is proceeding, the charge must be worked round and round the cavity, the metal bead being made to run round the glass, and pick up the metals as reduced. When finished the whole charge may be allowed to sink to the bottom of the cavity, the metal bead being under the glass. ‘This somewhat protects the metals from oxidization. The fusion must be cooled most carefully in an atmosphere of coal gas (by directing a stream of gas into the cavity), as other- wise some easily oxidizable metals may become oxidized. This is especially necessary when arsenic, lead, bismuth, tin, or zinc are present. We found that the compounds of nickel, cobalt, iron, zinc, and tin, with phosphoric acid and silicic acid, behave before the blow-pipe in a similar manner to the salts of these metals with volatile acids. Avuney & Surcoe— Wet and Dry Methods in Chemical Analysis. 105 FIRST SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS. (Silver Chloride mixed with the Substance and Fluxes before fusion.) HKastry RepucrstE Merarric Oxipes. Metal. Queneities of Fluxes and Reduction. Remarks. ubstance. Deci- grams. 1. AnTimony,| Tartar emetic, . . 3]{ Practically Fusion went well, both beads complete. | easily fusible. Assay was cooled Bicarbonate ofsoda, 3 in stream of coal-gas. A very slight trace of antimony was IBOLaK Mee eu ee Le found in glass bead. Silver chloride, . 12 2. Tin, . .|Stannic oxide, . . 38] Incomplete. Tin in fair quantity was found in both beads. Both beads were Bicarbonate of soda, 38 easily fusible. In another experi- ment silica was added, but with- Borax: Sl S516 out beneficial result. Silver chloride, . 12 8. Leap, . .| Leadacetatecrystals, 3 Complete. Both beads easily fusible. Assay was cooled in coal-gas. On test- Bicarbonate of soda, 3 ing glass bead, no lead was found. | With lead, the whole assay must Boras ate ie ae) 8 be kept covered with a good re- | ducing flame during the entire Silver chloride... . 12 fusion. 4. Arsenic, . | Arsenic trioxide, 1 Complete. It will be noted that the pro- portions used are the same as those Bicarbonate ofsoda, 1 usually employed. The actual weights were taken sinall, as it BOraxe ite cee 4 was feared that the volatilisation of arsenic might be troublesome. Silver chloride, . 4 This, however, was not found to | be the case; the volatilization was very slight, and was confined to the beginning of the fusion. The fusion went easily ; the assay was cooled in coal-gas. No arsenic was found on testing the glass bead, but a large quantity was found in the metallic bead. 5. Sirver, . | Silver nitrate, . 3 Complete. Great difficulty was experienced in getting a fusible metallic bead. Bovaxs hw. trae ars ul The glass-bead, on cooling, be- came in parts white and opaque, and small quantities of metallic scale came up on its surface. On testing the glass bead, no silver was found. 106 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Eastry Repvcrstr Merarric Oxipezs. Metal. Quantities of Fluxes and Reduction. Remarks Substance. 5 Deci- grams. 6. Bismuru, 7. CopPER, 8. NICKEL, |9. Zinc, . Bismuth nitrate | Sopa Complete. crystals, Bicarbonate ofsoda, 2 IO Nun tetala Siig 8 Silver chloride, . 8 Copper te Lees Complete. crystals, Bicarbonate of soda, 3 ) SYorge: Cnamiery mee Metin ey JW Silver chloride, . 12 Centi- grams Nickel chloride, . 5 Complete. BOraxaneaea wee ) Metallic arsenic, . 15 Silver chloride, . 10 Deci- i grams, Zinc sulphate, . . 3 Incomplete. Bicarbonate of soda, 3 Borax, ce aye eG Metallic arsenic, . 1°5 Silver chloride, 12 Metallic bead was very easily fusible. On testing the borax bead, no bismuth was found. This fusion was gradually heated. The assay was cooled in coal-gas; the glass bead obtained was clear and transparent. The borax bead was tested for copper, but none was found. Experi- ments were tried, in which vary- ing quantities of litharge were used instead of silver chloride, but the reduction was in all such cases incomplete. With these small quantities the fusion went very well, both beads being sufliciently fusible. On testing the borax bead for nickel, none was found present. With larger quantities the re- sults were not’satisfactory. Other experiments were made without the use of arsenic, but in all cases the greatest difficulty was ex- perienced in getting a fusible bead, even when the proportion of silver chloride to nickel chloride was 1to 40. Litharge was tried instead of silver chloride, but though a fusible bead resulted, the fusion was not a success. Both beads were very easily fusible. The metallic bead tailed like impure mercury, and was more fusible than the glass bead. The amount of arsenic volatilized was inconsiderable. ‘The assay was cooled in coal-gas. On test- ing, zinc was found in both beads. Other experiments were made without the use of arsenic, but the metallic bead was infusible in all cases except where litharge was employed. In some experi- ments, silica was added to the charge, but without good result. Norre.—The experiments tabulated above are those which we regard as having given the most satisfactory results in each case. Avrney & Surcoe— Wet and Dry Methods in Chemical Analysis. 107 Dirricuttty Repuciste Meraruic Oxtipss. Iron, Chromium, Aluminium, Cobalt, and Manganese. Experiments were made with the compounds of the above- mentioned metals, as with the compounds of the easily reducible oxides. ‘The results were somewhat surprising. In each case, the silver immediately on reduction, became infusible, or very diffi- cultly fusible, but on heating the reduced silver for a long time, with the tip of a good oxidizing flame, it could in all cases be made fusible. Under the conditions of the experiment, it was thought pro- bable that these metals were, at least to a small extent, reduced. It seemed to us possible that a small quantity might become reduced before the substance could be dissolved in the borax; and if this occurred, we should expect the alloy formed to be infusible or difficultly fusible. To avoid such possible reduction, the substances were first fused with borax alone on charcoal, in the oxidizing flame, the elass bead was then powdered, mixed with the silver chloride, and heated in the reducing flame, the results were not more satisfactory, the metallic bead in each case became infusible soon after reduc- tion. It was found that small quantities of iron and cobalt were reduced even when their compounds were heated with borax alone in the oxidizing flame, the reduced metal was always found as a thin film or small globules on that surface of the glass which had cooled in contact with the charcoal. In each of these experiments the weight of substance taken was 3 decigrams, and of borax 12 decigrams. Some experiments were next made with cobalt chloride, to ascertain whether by decreasing the weight of salt experimented upon, this reduction could be prevented, It was found that even when a mixture of 1 centigram of cobalt chloride, and 40 centi- grams of borax were fused in the oxidizing flame, some cobalt was reduced, though only a very minute quantity. In the experiments with cobalt, the metallic bead always became very difficultly fusible ; and on solidifying it entirely lost its globular form, and flattened out in a very remarkable manner, sometimes even becoming branched. A similar flattening of the SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S.—VOL. VII., PART II. K 108 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. metal bead was observed in the case of chromium, and to some extent in that of aluminium. No experiments were made on manganese in this series. The number of experiments made with difficultly reducible oxides in this series was very large, but as the results obtained were of a negative character, we have not considered it necessary to give the details of the individual experiments. SECOND SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS. Another series of experiments was now made differing from the preceding ones in this respect. In all cases the substance and fluxes were fused together in a shallow cavity in charcoal, the oxidizing flame being employed, the beads on cooling were trans- ferred to a cavity of the usual shape and size, metallic silver added in the form of a button, and the whole heated in the reducing flame. Easitty Repvuctste Merarrtic Oxipes. Quantities of Fluxes and Srinctanas. Reduction. Remarks. Metal. Deci- grams. Antimony, . | Tartar emetic, . 8| Practically The fusion requires great care, complete. | and must be cooled in coal-gas. IMO G6 oo A A very minute trace of antimony was found in the borax bead. Silvery yay Macy ean Tin, . - .|Stannic oxide,. . 3] Incomplete. The fusion went well, though the metallic bead was somewhat Orr, 6 oo CD difficult to fuse. The assay was cooled in coal-gas. Although Silver Wy Renee sap every care was taken, it was found impossible to entirely re- duce the tin. The glass bead was quite transparent. An ex- periment was made, using the same quantities of stannic oxide and borax; but, instead of silver, 12 decigrams of metallic lead were added. This was unsuccessful, as the tin showed little tendency to alloy with the lead. Leap,. . .|Leadacetate, . . 3 Complete. The fusion went very well, but was found to require great care. IB Oraxemine) uieieenal lta, It was cooled in coal-gas. The borax bead was found to contain Swhyar, 6 S/o 12 a trace of lead, but so small as to be inappreciable. el AvrEngy & SHEcoc— Wet and Dry Methods in Chemical Analysis. 109 Kasity Repucrste Metarziic Oxipzs. Metal. ARSENIC, . SILVER, BisMuTH, CorrEr, . No. 2, Quantities of Fluxes and Substance. Arsenic trioxide, Borax, Silver, Borax, Silver, Bismuth nitrate | crystals, Borax, Silver, Copper sulphate \ 2 (anhydrous), Borax, Silver, Nickel chloride, Borax, Sodium arsenate, Silver, Nickel chloride, Borax, Silver, Deci- grams. 3 12 9 12 | oo 12 12 12 12 Centi- grams. i) 25 33 Reduction. Complete. Incomplete. Complete. Practically complete. Practically complete. Remarks. Volatilization of arsenic oc- curred at the beginning of the fusion, but soon ceased. The fusion went easily, and a perfectly transparent glass bead was ob- tained. ‘The assay was cooled in coal-gas. The glass bead was found to contain a scarcely detect- able quantity of arsenic. The fusible. silver vemained easily The fusion went very satisfac- torily. It was cooled in coal-gas. A small quantity of bismuth was found on testing the glass bead. The fusion requires care. The borax bead was of a pale bottle- green colour (proved to be due to iron). On testing the glass bead with sulphuretted hydrogen avery slight colouration was observed. The fusion went fairly well, no fumes of arsenic were seen, and its volatilization could only be detected by the garlic odour observed. The metallic bead was somewhat infusible, remaining all the time in a viscous state. The glass bead was tested for arsenic and nickel, and a mere trace of each was found present. The fusion went well, both beads were easily fusible. The borax bead contained a mere trace of nickel. Norsr.—No experiments were made with zinc in this series. 110 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. DirricuLttLy RepucintE Merariic Oxipes. Three decigrams of each substance, fused with twelve decigrams of borax in the oxidizing flame on charcoal, then nine decigrams (in the case of cobalt twelve decigrams) of silver in the form of a button added, and the fusion continued, the reducing flame being employed. Tron (Ferrous sulphate) :— The metallic bead became quite infusible, but fused when the flame was removed, a very faint trace of iron was found in the metallic bead. Cobalt (Cobalt chloride) :— The metallic bead was difficultly fusible on cooling, it flattened out in the way already described for cobalt (see first series of experiments). It was found on testing to contain a small quantity of cobalt. Aluminium (Aluminium phosphate) :— The metallic bead was somewhat infusible. Throughout the fusion a considerable quantity of metallic scale appeared on the glass bead. On testing the metallic bead, aluminium was found present. Chromium (Chromium nitrate) :— The metallic bead was very difficultly fusible: on solidify- ing, it flattened out as already described for cobalt and chromium (see first series of experiments). On testing, a small quantity of chromium was found present. Manganese (Manganous sulphate) :— The metallic bead was at first infusible, but became more fusible towards the end of the experiment. A good deal of metallic scale appeared floating on the glass bead, even before the silver was added. On testing the metallic bead, manganese was found present. It now only remains for us to make a brief reference to what has been done towards the solution of the third of the questions Avrney & SHecoc— Wet and Dry Methods in Chemical Analysis. 111 we wished to settle, namely, whether or not, when complex substances are fused with borax and sodium carbonate in the manner described, the constituent metals behave as in simple compounds. | In Dr. Davoren’s estimations of nickel and cobalt by this method, no difficulty was experienced in effecting a complete separation ; the nickel was entirely reduced, and all the cobalt was found in the glass bead. From this it was thought that the presence of an easily reducible oxide might entirely prevent the reduction of a difficultly reducible oxide. It seemed probable that if this were found to be the case with bodies so allied in chemical properties as nickel and cobalt, it would in all probability be true of the other oxides, experiments were therefore made with salts of these metals. The salts were mixed with borax, and fused in the oxidizing flame; no silver was used. The side of the glass bead which had cooled in contact with the charcoal was invariably found covered with a layer of reduced metal. When the proportions of nickel to cobalt in the mixture was greater than 1 to 1, the reduced metal was entirely nickel. When, however, the cobalt preponderated in the mixture, a small quantity was always reduced with the nickel. It will be seen that a considerable number of experiments are yet required, more especially to ascertain the behaviour of complex substances when treated in the way suggested by us; and it was our original intention to complete the necessary experiments before publishing any results of our investigation. In the midst of our work, however, one of us, having been elected to the office of Curator in the Royal University, had to resign his position in the Royal College of Science. We have since found it impossible to continue the work jointly, and we have therefore thought it advisable to publish an account of the work which has been already done. The investigation will be carried on by one of us. Lowe. XI. THE VARIOLITE OF CERYG GWLADYS, ANGLESEY. By GRENVILLE A. J. COLE, F.G.S, Professor of Geology, Royal College of Science, Dublin. (Plate X.) [Read January 21, 1891.] Tue remarkable rock styled Variolite, the Lapis variolatus of older writers,! cannot even yet be regarded as of wide distribution. While the doctors of the sixteenth century imported specimens from the West Indies as a cure for small-pox, collectors of later times have derived their material almost exclusively from the bed of the Durance. References to known European localities, most of them in Piedmont and the Western Alps, will be found in a recent paper® on the historic area of Mont Genévre; and in 1888 I was able to write that variolite, a devitrified spherulitic glass of basic character, was as yet unrecognized in Britain.* In that year, however, the rock was recorded from Ceryg (or Careg) Gwladys in Anglesey by Prof. J. F. Blake, to whose remarkable keenness of observation we are thus indebted for the discovery of a second rock new to our islands.* In the paper quoted below, the variolite is aptly spoken of as a “spherulitic diabase’’; but in the Report presented to the British Association further petrographical details are given,’ and a thin section of the rock is figured.° East summer, with the aid of directions given by Prof. Blake, I visited this locality in Anglesey in the company of Mr. L. W. 1 See Aldrovandus, ‘‘ Museeum Metallicum”’ (1648), p. 883. ? Cole and Gregory—‘“‘ The Variolitic Rocks of Mont Genévre,’’ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xlvi. (1890), p. 296. ° <¢On Some Additional Occurrences of Tachylyte,’’ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliv., p. 306. 4 «¢On the Monian System of Rocks,’’ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliv., p. 510. 5 «« Report of the Comm. to investigate the Older Rocks of Anglesey,” Brit. Assoc. Report for 1888, p. 44 of the separate Report. 6 Tbid., Pl. V., fig. 22. | Cote—The Variolite of Ceryg Gwladys, Anglesey. 113 Fulcher, who has kindly allowed me to use the whole of the material which he collected. Our examination of the rock in the field suggests certain comments on the earlier descriptions, and some new points are arrived at from the study of microscopic sections. The mass of variolitic diabase forms one of the little rocky ridges and bosses which jut out above the sand-waste on the north shore of Newborough Warren. The age of these rocks is Pre- cambrian ; the whole series has become fissile through imperfect cleavage, and has been in part broken up by earth-movement. The variolite is conspicuous by its characteristic greenish white spherules, which stand out upon the weathered surfaces above the level of the dark and gray-green matrix. A common diameter for these spherulites is 3 millimetres or less, and they nowhere approach, in this exposure, the coarse proportions of those in many rocks of Mont Genévre. But the identity of this material with true variolite is clear to anyone familiar with the types from the Durance. Despite the partial foliation of the mass, and the consequent elongation of many of the spherulites, the rock can be seen to bear the same relation to the compacter diabase that the devitrified crusts of glass do to the spheroidal rocks of Le Chenaillet or Mt. La Plane.' Thus Prof. Blake has described the variolite in Anglesey as “running into the crevices and wrapping round the surface of a purple calcareous rock;” comparison with the masses of the Western Alps shows that this appearance is due to its having developed as a product of rapid cooling on the spheroidal surfaces of a lava, the decomposition of the latter having produced the “purple calcareous’ material. Prof. Blake, in a letter to the present writer, has suggested that the importance of the limestone may have been overestimated in the field, and that this material may have arisen by chemical changes in the igneous rock. This latter view I believe to be undoubtedly correct, although as Prof. Blake suggests, the carbo- nate of lime may have been in part imported by mineral springs.” 1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlvi., figs. on pp. 311 and 312. 2 For notes on some of the limestones of this area, see the ‘‘ Report on Rocks of Anglesey,’’ already cited, p. 23. 114 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. But the calcite veins and aggregates play a far smaller part, even in the brecciated varieties of the rock, than would at first appear ; for films of calcite have arisen along all the joint-planes and irregular surfaces of division in the decomposing lavas, so that solid lumps may be picked out, apparently of limestone, but which are in reality small joint-blocks coated completely by the calcium carbonate. ‘The mass of the diabase effervesces only feebly with cold nitric acid, and with little more briskness in hot acid, the bubbles even then arising from local cracks, and not from the rock-fragments as a whole. It is, perhaps, remarkable that so much calcite, and so little dolomite, seems to have arisen in these lavas, rich as they are in decomposing magnesian silicates. A more remarkable change which has taken place in the compact diabase has resulted in a true pseudomorphosis. Silica, as Prof. Blake has noted, has permeated the rock, and the purple colour mentioned by him is, as far as my observations go, connected far more often with this chalcedonic replacement than with the calcareous infiltrations. :The calcite masses in the breccias are, however, often pink. This silica, which one would certainly associate with the action of hot springs, rising, perhaps, in pre- Cambrian times at the close of local voleanic activity, has actually replaced the igneous rock by a compact red or purple-red jasper. This pseudomorphic action takes place here and there along lines and veins, but often extends to the whole interior of one of the spheroidal masses of the diabase. The original crust of spherulitic tachylyte, now altered to variolite, has resisted this attack ; hence we find the films of ancient glass wrapping round masses of red jasper, which latter are full of shrinkage-cracks and irregular little hollows. All stages of the pseudomorphosis may occur ; but much of the material can no longer be scratched by the knife, and includes only little scattered relics of the original gray-green diabase. While in places the jasper passes into a clearer red quartz-rock, which has a specific gravity of 2°63, in great part it is full of ferric decomposition-products, which render it opaque even in thin sections. Thus one specimen, in which the flow-structure of the original lava has been preserved, has a specific gravity as high as 3°13, considerably in excess of that of the diabase in its more normal phase of alteration. Cotm—The Variolite of Ceryg Gwladys, Anglesey. 115 The fact that the variolitic crusts have escaped this replacement is only another evidence that natural glass, while it may devitrify by a rearrangement of its molecules into crystalline groups, is none the less remarkably stable against the attacks of permeating waters. The included spherulites and crystals in pitchstones and obsidians are again and again found to be hollowed out, or replaced by pseudomorphs in quartz or calcite, and this even while the glass remains absolutely fresh. At Ceryg Gwladys considerable mineral changes occurred in the tachylytic crusts when they were subjected to earth-pressures; but we may well believe that the silicification of the masses on which they had developed took place at an early period, while the crusts remained still vitreous and glancing. The variolite-crust in the present hydrated condition of its constituents has a specific gravity of 2°71; a typical specimen, with similarly small spherules, from the ridge of Le Chenaillet, Hautes Alpes, gives as much as 2°91. These, and the other determinations quoted, have been made with a Walker’s Balance in. the Geological Laboratory of the Royal College of Science, Dublin. The partial replacement of a basic lava by infiltrations of silica is a far rarer occurrence than its replacement by carbonate of lime; in the latter case, moreover, the rock becomes broken down, and we have a plexus of calcite veins rather than a massive pseudomorph. But the late Mr. Charles Darwin has described a case, remarkably similar to that of Ceryg Gwladys, as occurring in the Island of Ascension.!. The jasper in this instance is found “blending into the semi-decomposed basalt,” and occurring “ in angular patches, which clearly do not occupy pre-existing hollows in the rock.” This observation was explained by Mr. Darwin “on the supposition that a fluid removed in those parts where there were no cavities, the ingredients of the basaltic rock, and left in their place, silica and iron, and thus produced the jasper.” “T cannot doubt,” he says farther on, ‘“‘ but that the jasper of Ascension may be viewed as a volcanic rock silicified, in precisely the same sense as this term is applied to wood, when silicified.” 1 « Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited during the voyage of H.M. 8. Beagle”’ (1844), p. 46. 116 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. An apt parallel is drawn between this instance and the replace- ment of trachytic rocks by silica in Hungary ; while the source of the silica in Ascension is traced to the adjacent altered trachytes. With this high authority for the view above put forward in explanation of the phenomena of Ceryg Gwladys, we may proceed to examine the microscopic evidence as to the process of replace- ment and the condition of the variolitic crusts. Prof. Blake has kindly lent me a thin section of the variolite as described and figured in the Report to the British Association. In this an amygdaloidal structure happens to be prominent, which is more rarely seen in the eight other sections which I have had prepared from various parts of the rock-mass. Hence Prof. Blake was led to refer the varioles visible on the surface of the rock to the infilled vesicles, instead of to the spherulitic aggregations. He describes the latter, but was not in the possession of favourable means of judging as to their characters and importance. There is no doubt, however, that this Anglesey rock is a true variolite, and is not one of the amygdaloidal diabases which have been so often confused with the spherultic types. Prof. Blake mentions ‘areas now composed of an aggregate of epidote crystals, and having the external form of orthoclase crystals. There are also a few small patches of augite.”’ Certainly, there is an irregular crystal in the section which he has lent me which may be a broken pyroxene; but, with this exception, as will be seen presently, I refer all the porphyritic crystals that occur in the series of slides to the one mineral, olivine. The general structure of the variolite precisely resembles that of the types from the source of the Durance. We have the same grouping of the somewhat irregularly bounded spherulites, first in twos and threes, then in larger groups, until they are crowded together to the exclusion of the glassy matrix (Plate X., fig. 1). Hence in many parts we have merely the fan-like radial bunches (fig. 2), composed of imperfect felspars, which are characteristic of the rapidly cooled selvages of many diabases.1 But in this rock of Ceryg Gwladys we have also the far rarer case, where a true glass, a coarsely spherulitic tachylyte, has remained upon the surfaces of 1 See, in addition to the compacter rocks of Mont Genévre, the ‘‘Sordawalite,”’ studied by Loewinson-Lessing (Tscherm. Mittheil. Bd. ix., 1887, p. 61). CoLte— The Variolite of Ceryg Gwladys, Anglesey. 117 cooling after the consolidation of the basic lava, and has finally resulted in the variolite. The rock, when molten, brought up with it porphyritic crystals, which have been much corroded and penetrated by the ground-mass round them (fig. 4). They are now altered to pale green pseudo- morphs, in which yellow epidote has freely developed. In places the epidote, by accumulation of granular crystals diversely orientated, replaces the original porphyritic constituent, the boundary of which is still preserved. The six-sided form of the sections of these porphyritic crystals attracts attention, and in rarer cases evidence remains of irregular eracks traversing them, along which magnetite has developed (fig. 2). The sections have frequently four obtuse and two more acute and opposite angles, as so commonly occurs in olivine. In the latter mineral such sections arise by cutting the crystals parallel either to the vertical axis or to the base. ) hind). | (macnitied): >| Lal Ge oade ory any eee eae Cn ON PR & DO 99 », larva (well-grown), x 4. Eee ae xaVAle IMPROVEMENTS IN LIGHTHOUSE LIGHTS, WITH AN EXHIBITION OF THE PROPOSED NEW BURNERS AND THEIR FLAMES. By J. R. WIGHAM. [Read Aprit 15, 1891. ] THe gas used at present in lighthouses is made from cannel coal, and necessitates the use at each station of three kinds of coal, Cannel, Slacking-coal, and House-coal. It is evident that if gas made from common Newcastle or Wigan coal could be used it would save much trouble and expense; one kind of coal would then suffice both for gasmaking and house use, the coke produced in the manufacture of the gas being available for heating the retorts. We are all aware that cannel gas has higher illuminating power than gas made from ordinary coal, and unless the light from the latter could be increased so as to equal that from cannel, the economy and convenience above referred to would be too dearly purchased, for I need hardly say that for lighthouse purposes the maintenance of the highest possible illuminating power is of supreme importance. But upon this vital point my mind wag soon at rest, for being aware, jist, that gas made from common coal lends itself to what is termed the regenerative process, with better result as to increased illuminating power than cannel gas (the process consisting in using the heat produced by the burner for the purpose of supplying to it an atmosphere of very hot air to assist the effective combustion of the gas which is also itself intensely heated); and second, that the application of hydro-carbons to the flame of common gas produces in combination with it a greater amount of light than is obtainable from the richest cannel. I devised a novel method of burning common gas in which I com- bined both these methods of procedure, the hydro-carbon which I used being solid naphthaline, a perfectly safe and inexpensive SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S. VOL. VII. PART III. O 148 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. material. I named my new burner the “ Intensity” burner, and having made many experiments, I found that its illuminating power was 100 per cent. greater than that of its predecessors : practically double that of the most powerful gas light now used in lighthouses. You will doubtless consider that this statement is one of much importance, deserving careful investigation. I am glad that by the experiment which I will show you I can prove it to demon- stration, for by means of the 30-foot photometer which I have fixed across the Lecture Theatre you can ascertain the fact for yourselves. At the left-hand end of the photometer I have a gas burner of the kind now used in lighthouses, and at the other end the new burner which, as you see, is somewhat similar in con- struction.: When the burners were first lighted I did not add to the new burner the improvements to which I have referred, and therefore you have seen that both burners were practically the same, consuming the same quantity of the same kind of gas, and having the same illuminating power; so far we had equality of light, but when I shall add the means by which the superior light of the new burner is produced an enormous increase of illuminating power will be the result. J may mention, in passing, that it is a singular fact that when this improved burner is at full power there is a slight decrease in its consumption, due, I believe, to the slower flow of the richer gas. [The lecturer having added its improvement to the Intensity burner, and having placed the disc of the photometer at an equal distance from each light, it showed that the side next the new burner was more illuminated than the other, proving that the new burner was the more powerful. As he moved the dise towards the less powerful light each side of the disc did not become equally illuminated until it stood at the figure 4; which meant that the new burner was further from the disc in the proportion of one to two, and had therefore four times the illuminating power of the other light. At the lecturer’s request, Mr. Moss stepped forward and verified this by inspecting the disc of the photometer. At the 1 The Lecturer here showed a Lighthouse burner of the kind used in Irish Light- houses, fixed at one end of the Photometer, and at the other end one of his new ‘ 0 all. Sea Suckleback, 5 : 0 many. many. Cod, 2 5 2 0 2 (very small). Coalfish, ° : . many 0 all very small. Pollack, . 3 . few. 0 all very small. Snake Pipe-fish, : 6 1 1 0 Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Ooast of Ireland. 2389 JUNE 12. Station 36.—INISHBOFFIN HARBOUR. 1 to 5 fathoms. Sand! and weeds. Muslin trawl. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 5 1 Lump-fish, : 1 (post-larval). Freckled Goby, 5 . many. some. some. Spotted Goby, : . many. some. some. Sea Stickleback, : . many. 0 all. Corkwing, 6 : 1 0 1 (very young). Coal-fish, . ¢ - many. 0 ll Pollack, : ‘ . few. 0 ACE YY OURE Great Pipe-fish, : - many. Invertebrates.—Anemones (Anthea). Common Shrimps. Hippolyte varians. Spider Crabs (Hyas). JUNE 13. Station 87.—OFF CLEGGAN BAY. 25min. 25 foot Beam. 18 fathoms. Shells, stones, and rocks. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 6 2 Plaice, é, 3 0 2 (small). Small-spotted Dog, . ¢ 1 ae Ao Spotted Ray, : : 2 2 0 Invertebrates.—Sponges. Urchins (Z. esculentus). Sun-star (S. pappost) Trawl hitched twice. JUNE 13. 37a.—Tow Nets. OFF THE BILLS. JUNE 18. 378.—OFF ACHILL HEAD. A Short Sun-fish shot by Mr. Green. Length, 774 inches. Circumference in front of fins 99 inches. From tip of dorsal to tip of ventral fin, 99 inches. JUNE 18. Station 88.—BLACKSOD BAY. Fine sand. 14 hour. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No Immature. Plaice, z 28 28 Lemon Dab, . 4 4 0 Dab, . : 4 4 0 Common Sole, 9 9 0 Worm Pipe-fish, 2 0 2 (small). Small spotted Dog, 5 we Thornback, 2 2 0 Invertebrates.—Sponges. Suberites domunculus with Hermits. Deadmen’s fingers. (Alcyonium, deep orange variety). Common Starfish. Lingthorns (Zwidia). Henricia sanguinolenta, Brittle stars (0. albida and O. pentaphyllum). Urchins (E. miliaris). Nereis. Psamathe. Galathea nexa. Hermits (in Turritella, Nassa, and Watica shells). Spider crabs (H. coarctatus and 8. rostratus). Hdible crabs. Oyster shells. Horse mussels (IZ. modiola). Venus. Scallops (P. opercularis). Kazor shells (Solen ensis, &¢.). Philine aperta. Velutina levigata. Eggs of Squid. Ciona intes- tinalis, §¢. Botryllus. 1 Hard, white sand, interrupted by tracts of weeds. 240 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. JUNE 15. Station 89.—UPPER END OF BLACKSOD BAY. Dredge. Bottom very stony. Great Pipe-fish, . : . several. Invertebrates.—Urchins (EZ. esculentus). Venus gallina, var. gibba. Tapes. Chiton. JUNE 16. Station 40.—BLACKSOD BAY. 4 to 10 fathoms. Mud. 8 hours. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Sapphirine Gurnard, . F 1 1 0 Grey Gurnard, 5 : 2 2 0 Freckled Goby, ai se Gunnel, we John Dory, 0 : 1 1 0 Turbot, 5 5 : 2 0 2 Brill, ; : - 2 0 2 Plaice, 0 : ao Oe) a6 29 Common Dab, : 25) 22 3 Common Sole, : ; 3 ie fs Solanette, ; & . several. Spotted Ray, 6 - 20 Thornback, . 5 a 20) Invertebrates.—As in St. 38. Also Anemones (A. dianthus, orange variety). Harmathoe imbricans. Swimming crabs (P. holsatus). Mactrasubtruncata. Thracia. Natica montacuti, var. conica. Common whelks. Periwinkles, &c. JUNE 16. Statton 41.—BLACKSOD BAY. 9 fathoms. Soft mud. 2 hours. 25 foot Beam. Gross No.» No. Mature. No. Immature. : 1 0 John Dory, é 1 Brill, g } ah ae 3 0 Plaice, : i 6 OS) some. 50 Common Dab, E 5 15) 15 0 Common Sole, é 5 LO ws : Thornback, . 0 ghee 2 JUNE 16. Station 42.—BLACKSOD BAY. 9 fathoms. Soft mud. 2 hours. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, . 6 00 Turbot, 5 : : 1 0 1 Brill, - : : 2 0 2 Plaice, 4 : Be, some. j Common Dab, ‘ 5 Be Common Sole, ; . 24 Thornback, . 3 3 2 Hort—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 241 JUNE 16. Station 45.—BLACKSOD BAY. 9 fathoms. Soft mud. 2 hours. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, 6 2 38 Brill, : 3 a 2 2 0 Plaice, : 5 5 Ow some. 0 Lemon Dab, . R : 2 2 0 Common Dab, : we PL2 Se ae Common Sole, ; SP eae a ac Spotted Ray, : ‘ 4 4 0 JUNE 17. Station 44._BLACKSOD BAY. 9 fathoms. Soft mud. 13 hour. 25 foot Beam. Patent Trawl. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. it Brill, 1 0 Plaice, . é yy ill 0 21 Common Dab, - 4 4 0 Common Sole, 3 3 0 Thornback, 8 JUNE 17. Station 45—BLACKSOD BAY. 6 fathoms. Soft mud. + hour. 25 foot Beam. Patent Net. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. : 3 AA Gunnel, Brill, ‘ : 5 2 0 2 Plaice, 0 : 5 AD) Oo some. Common Dab, A ; 5 se ae Common Sole, : ee HO 10 0 Thornback, 3 é 3 uy Invertebrates.—As in other Stations in this Bay. Also, Hydroids (A. antennina. C. jgohnstoni. Hydractinia and Sertularia). Anemones. (Anthea). Choetopterus. Sea-mice (Aphrodite). Edible crabs. Swimming crabs (P. corru- gatus). Porcellana longicornis. Pinnotheres (on Ascidians). Razor shells (Solen ensis). Tellina pellucida. Sea hares (Aplysia). JuNE 18. Station 46.—OFF ERRIS HEAD. 30 fathoms. Rock. 14 hour. Long Lines. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Sapphirine Gurnard, 1 1 0 Grey Gurnard, 4 4 0 Cod, fs 4 4 0 Ling, 7 7 0 Conger, 18 ; Many small-spotted Dogs, Picked Dogs and Tope. 242 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. . JUNE 18. Station 47.—OFF BROADHAVEN. 25 fathoms. Sand. 11 hours. 25 foot Beam. Patent Net. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Plaice, 4 1 ae Common Sole, A 2 1 1 0 No Invertebrates or weeds. JUNE 20. Station 48.—INVER BAY, OUTSIDE LIMITS. 25 fathoms. Soft mud. 2 hours. 25 foot Beam. Patent Net. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Brill, eras) 1 Dab, 5 Meo 2 0 JUNE 20. Station 49.—INVER BAY, INSIDE LIMITS. 1 hour. 25 foot Beam. Patent Net. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Gurnard, 3 Turbot, Plaice, : Lemon Dab, . Common Dab, Common Sole, Small Pipe-fish, Conger, : Thornback, Se RR ORE > cootISS — CO et eS RB Sage — Invertebrates.—Norway lobsters (Nephrops). Swimming crabs (P. holsatus). Squid (LZ. media). JUNE 20. Station 50.—INVER BAY. Inside limits. 10 to6 fathoms. Dredge. Gross No. Gobins friesii, 2 Invertebrates.—Caryophyllia. Common Star-fish. Brittle Stars (0. albida and O. pentaphylium). Heart Urchins (Eechinocardium). Sea Cucumbers (C. pentactes). Scale-backs (Harmothoe imbricans). Lanice conchilegia. Lagis korani. Serpula. Spirobis. Sipunculus. Gapers (L. elliptica and UW. truncata). Pecten pusio. Cockles. (C. edule, C. echinatum, C. norvegicum, and C. minimum). Tellina tenwis and T. pel- lucida. Nucula nucleus. Venus. Lima. Anomia. Common Whelks. Dog Whelks. Trochus cinerarius. Turritella terebra. Natica mentacuti.| Hort—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 243 JUNE 23. Station 51.—KILLYBEGS. Shrimp Trawl. Gross No. Gobius friesiz, . : 1 Goldsinny, . é 9 1 Common Dab, : 5 1 mature. Invertebrates.—Synapta. -Astropecten. O.pentaphyllum. Eurylepta. Sipun- culus. Munida. Galathea nexa. Velutina levigata. Marginella levis. Ascidians, &c. JuNE 24. Station 52.—KILLYBEGS. Shrimp Trawl. Gross No. Aphia pellucida, 5 . 4 Spotted Goby, : . many. Gobius friesia ?, é . several. Freckled Goby, : . many. Dragonet, . : . several. JUNE 25. Station 58.—INVER BAY. Outside Limit. 25 fathoms. Soft mud. 2 hours. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : 5 Ne 12 i B 10 jo} eK © Az! bo Lens Renee Dab, Brill Witch, : 5 Plaice, : : ye: Lemon Dab, 5 é Pole Dab, . : aed Dab, s ; : Sole, Worm Pipe- fish, Conger, Thornback, . Sharp-nosed Skate, Small-spotted Dog, Invertebrates.—Star-fish (A. rubens and A. glacialis). Norway Lobsters (Nephrops). o- bobo oo Go rt re S . ocooogpoocecoc: (=) _ bo oO lo we DREN NANDWNNWWHHe . bo - WO 1 1 7 OO: JUNE 25. Station 54.—INVER BAY. Inside Limits. 8 to 13 fathoms. Sand. 2 hours. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 1 Grey Gurnard, ; yells 0 Brill, : ; 1 1 0 Plaice, ; a: go Le 0 12 Lemon Dab, : : 8 8 0 Common Dab, H 5 7/ 67 0 Common Sole, : ; 3 3 0 Thornback, : : 2 2 0 244 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. JUNE 26. Station 55.—DONEGAL BAY. 32 fathoms. Grey sand. 2hours. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : Angler, : S Haddock, 4 Ling, Turbot, Brill, Witch, Plaice, : Lemon Dab, Pole Dab, Common Dab. Common Sole, Conger, Tope, A Small-spotted Dog, — WORE Re Oo — Now bo — RSPR KH ODEN OWHRH KE Rr Oo [e) na ct oot @m fe) ° SoBoo @ JUNE 26. Station 56—DORAN HEAD, DONEGAL BAY. 26 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : : 7 7 0 Turbot, ; , : il 1 0 Plaice, j 3 : 1 1 0 Lemon Dab, i 1 1 0 Dab, 3 ¢ - 18 mostly small. ie Sole, é : 4 1 1 0 Conger, : 3 i 3 ‘ Small-spotted Dog, 1 Invertebrates.—Star-fish (A. rubens and A. glacialis). Astropecten irregularis. Brittle stars (O. pentaphyllum). Edible Crabs. Scallops (P. opercularis). Much Laminaria in the net. JUNE 28. Station 57.—INNISHLYRE. 4 fathoms. Mud. Dredge from Gig. Young Cod, Freckled Goby, Great Pipe-fish. Invertebrates.—Sagartia. Sertularians. Sabella pavonia. Nereis, &e. Nebalia. Amphipods. Gammarids. Common Shrimps. Prawns (P. serratus). Hippolyte varians. Hermits. Galathea nexa. Spider Crabs (Hyas and Stenorhynchus). Shore Crabs (with Sacculina). Scallops (P. opercularis, P. pusio, and P. varius). Ostrea. Anomia. Nucula. Venus. Cockles. Saxicava. Tellina. Chiton. Turritella tere- bra. Eggs ofsame. Whelks. Dog Whelks. TZrochus. Ascidians. Hort—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 245 JUNE 30. Station 58.—CLEW BAY. 22 to 18 fathoms. Fine sand. 23 hours. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard. 6 . 14 Turbot, : Brill, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Common Dab, Grey Skate, Spotted Ray, Thornback, . Picked Dog, . Small-spotted Dog, SS) WNwRrH Ore AH 1 4 0 1 26 1 1 3 : cocoorcoo Much Oar weed in the net. JuNE 30. Station 59.—CLEW BAY. 11 to 16 fathoms. Sand first, then rock. 65 min. 5 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, Brill, Common Dab, Common Sole, Thornback, Spotted Ray, Lo tl No NO eee) al So Se oooocoo A good deal of sea-weed in the net. JuLy 1. Station 60.—CLEW BAY. 18 to 17 fathoms. Fine sand. 2 hours 5 minutes 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, ‘ 5 Wo 10 0 Brill, F 4 4 0 Witch, 1 1 0 Plaice, : ; 1 0 1 Common Dab, : Si Oa 24 0 Common Sole, : 4 4 0 Thornback, 3 Sic oid Picked Dogs, 6 Small-spotted Dogs, 2 Invertebrates.—Common Star-fish. Sun-stars (S. papposa). Brittle Stars (0. lacertosa and O. pentaphyllum). Urchins (H. esculentus and E. miliaris). Spider Crabs (Hyas and Stenorhynchus). Swimming Crabs (P. holsatus). Edible Crabs. Turritella. Dog Whelks. Spawn of Squid (Loligo). Venus. Tellina. Some Oar weed in the net. 246 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Jury 1. Station 61.—CLEW BAY. 15 fathoms. Fine sand and rock. 45 minutes. 25 oot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Common Dab F g 3 3 0 Thornback. . 5 A 1 0 1 Picked Dog, . . : 1 00 ee The net burst. Invertebrates.—Sun Stars (S. papposa and S. endeca). Brittle Stars (O. penta- phylium). Hermits. Edible Crabs. Eggs of Squid (Loligo). JuLY 2. Station 57a.—INNISHLYRE ROADS. 1 to 4 fathoms. Mud and zostera. Shrimp Trawl. Many immature and small Cod, Coalfish, &e. Armed Bull-head, Dragonets, 1 im- mature Common Sole. Juxy 1. Station 62.—CLEW BAY. 16 fathoms(?) Dredge. Not much taken. JULY 4. Station 63.—40 miles off ACHILL HEAD. 220 fathoms. Fine sand. 2 hours 40 minutes. 18 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Silvery Pout (G. argenteus), several. all. a Fork Beard, ; 5 0 all. Macrurus color hyncus, A 9 90 90 Macrurus levis, i 6 | als} Pole Dab, . . several. Ae 00 King of the Herings, : 1 0 1 Grey Skate, 1 0 1 Invertebrates.—Urchins (Cidaris papillata). Brittle Stars (0. pentaphyllum). Sea Cucumbers (H. tremula). Prawns (Pandalus annulicornis?). Anamathia. Hermits (in Cassidaria shells, one with Sagartia). Arcturus. Cuassidaria tyrrhenia (living). Octopus (0. vulgaris), &c. Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 247 JuLY 4. Station 64.—30 miles OFF ACHILL HEAD. 144 fathoms. Fine sand. 23 hours. 18 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Pomatomus telescopium 3 2 0 2 Piper, 2 2 0 Norway Pout ‘(Gadus ‘esmarkii), 1 1 0 Silvery Pout (Gadus argenteus), 50 50 0 Macrurus celorhynchus, 00 ee several. Macrurus levis, : ee oO several. Witch, 7 Pole Dab, 3 Nettophichthy ys retr opinnatus, 1 King of the Herrings, 2 or oa Black-mouthed Dog, 1 0 1 Invertebrates.—Urchins (S. raschii and ©. papillata). Henricia rosea. Sea Cucumbers (H. tremula). Skate Leech (P. muricata). Anemones (Actinauge richard and Sagartia). Fusus. Squids (Rossia). Pyenogonum littorale, Ke. JuLy 5. Station 65.—BLACKSOD BAY. 5 fathoms. Fine sand and mud. 1 hour. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : 0 b) a8 - some. Brill, : A 1 1 0 Plaice, i 5 Ale} 0 13 Lemon Dab, é 3 2 2 0 Common Dab, 5 : a ae some Common Sole, is 3 6 os some. Thornback, ok} Small- spotted Dog, about 24 Invertebrates.—Oysters and Scallops (Pecten). Much weed in the net. JULY 7. Station 66.—BLACKSOD BAY. Otter Trawl, from a Hooker. Gross No. Brill, 3 ¢ A 1 Plaice, i . about 40 Common Dab, . about 40 Common Sole, , - 3 Juny 5. Station 67.—BLACKSOD BAY. 44 fathoms. Coarse sand. 1 hour 50 minutes. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, A 5 1 20 ye Turbot, ; 5 : 2 0 2 Brill, F 3 ; 3 3 0 Plaice, é . ala 0 14 Common Dab, : el) 12 0 Thornback, . ; Beall 60 Spotted Ray, j apa aD 248 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. JULY 7. Station 67a.—BLACKSOD BAY. 1 to 3 fathoms. Mud and zostera. Trawl. Corkwing, mature and immature. Young Cod, Whiting, Coal-fish, &c. JULY 9. Shrimp Station 68.—BLACKSOD BAY. 14 to 12 fathoms. Fine sand to rough sand. 2 hours. 25 foot Beam. Grey Gurnard, 1 Common Dab, 7 Ul 0 Spotted Ray, 5 5 0 Thornback, 4 1 3 Trawl torn, and came up reversed. Juxy 8. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. ‘ 1 Station 69.—BLACKSOD BAY. 9 fathoms. Sand. 1 hour. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. iL Turbot, ; 5 : 1 0 Brill, - : : 2 2 0 Plaice, : ‘ LS 0 16 Lemon Dab, . : 1 1 0 Common Dab, ‘ peal 12 0 Common Sole, : a 18 13 0 Thornback, . ‘ ; 2 1 1 Small-spotted Dog, . : 3 JuLy 10. Station 70.—54 miles off ACHILL HEAD. 500 fathoms. Grey sand. 1 hour: 18 foot Beam. Rocky ground; brought up in trawl a piece of soft sandstone, 30 x 12 x 8 inches, weighing 280 Ibs. Scorpena dactyloptera, Moro (Moro mediterranea), . 3 1 2 Forkbeard, . : . several ai oe Haloporphyrus eques, : 9) some mature 0:0 Macrurus rupestris, é 4 0 Macrurus equalis, . : 7 1 6 Grey Skate, ‘ : 2 2 0 Invertebrates.—Astropecten sphenoplax (Bell).! Phormosoma placenta. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Urchins (Echinus. Cidaris papiilata. Spatangus vaschii). Psolus. Epizoanthus. Anemones. Terebratula cranium. Fusus, &e. Rorquals (Balenoptera sp.), were seen during the day. 1 To be published in the Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society, vol. vit., (N.s.), (Part 5). Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 249 Juny 10, 1890. Station 71.—34 miles OFF ACHILL HEAD. 175 fathoms. Fine sand. 14 hour. 18 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. King of the Herrings, 2 0 0 Invertebrates.—Brittle Star (Ophiothrix). Urchins (Cidaris papillata). Galathea. Shrimp. Scaphander. Cardiun? &c. A shoal of young Poutassou (Gadus poutassow) observed at the surface. Some were caught in a tow-net. Jury 10, 1890. Station 72.—20 miles OFF ACHILL HEAD. 127 fathoms. Sharp sand. 13 hour. 25 foot Beam. : Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Ling, o 4 . ° 1 1 0 Witch, : 4 ee LO ie some. Trawl burst. Invertebrates.—Urchins (C. papillata, S. raschii, and Echinus), Sea Cucumbers (Hf. tremula). Ophiothriz. Zoanthus. Sponges, &c. Juty 12, 1890. Station 73.—KILLARY BAY. 15 to9 fathoms. Mud. 1 hour. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. R 1 Grey Gurnard, il 0 Brill, 1 1 0 Plaice, 5 some. Common Dab, 16 16 0 Common Sole, i) 5 0 Thornback, 10 10 0 Small-spotted Dog, 1 ob Invertebrates.—Sagartia miniata. Hydroids (A. antennina and 4. ramosa). Jellyfish (Chrysaora). Common Starfish (Henricia). Brittle Stars (0. fragilis and A. filiformis). Sun Stars (S. papposa). Urchins (#. miliaris). Norway Lobsters. (Nephrops). Hermits (some with sponges). Juty 15, 1890. Station 74.—OFF KILLARY. 12 fathoms. Sand and rock. 55 minutes. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Brill, : 4 4 0 Lemon Dab, 2 2 0 Common Dab, 6 > some. Small-spotted Dog, il Thornback, 2 Ae a Spotted Ray, 1 1 0 Invertebrates.—Starfish (4. rubens and A. glacialis). Brittle Stars (0. fragilis). Urchins (£. esculentes). Hydroids (A. ramosa). Deadmen’s fingers (Alcyoniwm). Scallops (Pecten). Eggs of Dog Whelk (Nassa). Edible Crabs. Ascidians (Botry/- lus, &c.) 200 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Juty 15, 1890. Station 75.—CLEGGAN BAY. 5 fathoms. Sand and stones. 10 minutes. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 1 Gobius friesii, oe ae Plaice, 5 5 é 4 od some. Common Sole, : 0 1 1 0 Smooth Hound, y 5 1 Invertebrates.—Spider Crabs (Stenorhynchus). Much sea-weed in net. Juty 15, 1890. Station 76.—CLEGGAN BAY. 7 to 12 fathoms. Sand. 25 minutes. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. Plaice, : 4 . 26, some immature. A great number were lost by the propellor cutting the trawl net. Invertebrates.—Polycera quadrilineata. LP. ocellata. Juny 16. Station '77.—CLEGGAN BAY. 7 to 12 fathoms. Sand. 45 minutes. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Plaice, - : . 55 aa a few. Common Dab, : ea SL 15 0 Common Sole, ; é 4 4 0 Small-spotted Dog, . : 1 Spotted Ray, : : 2 Juty 16. Station 78.—OFF THE BILLS. 35 fathoms. Long Lines. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Red Gurnard, ‘ Cod, Ling, Torsk, Halibut, Turbot, Conger, Nurse Hound, Picked Dog, Tope, — 1 13 2 1 1 e BEPONN HE REN wor i JuLy 16. Station 79.—DAVALAUN. 18 fathoms. Sand. 30 minutes. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Red Gurnard, x il 1 0 John Dory, . C 1 1 0 Brill, 4 ; 8 some Plaice, 1 1 0 Nurse Hound, 3 oe Re Spotted Ray, 14 14 0 Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 251 Juty 18, 1890. Station 80.—OFF SLYNE HEAD. 55 fathoms. Long Lines. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. . 1 0 Red Gurnard, Cod, . : 3 0 Haddock, 1 0 Coal-fish, 56 60 Ling, 13 1 Picked Dogs, Nurse Hound, Tope, : Grey Skate, . bo Dp Rp Worcre Juty 19, 1890. Station 81.—CASHEEN BAY. fathoms. Otter Trawl from a Hooker. 3 hauls of $ hour each. Gross No. John Dory, . : : 1 Plaice, : : 8 Common Sole, : é 6 Thornback, 5 4 Grey Skate, . 1 (weighing 150 lbs.) JuLY 25, 1890. Station 82.—6 MILES OFF GREGORY SOUND. 48 fathoms. Mud and sand. 1} hour. 26 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : 2 2 0 Haddock, . c : 5 5 0 Witch, 6 : Seale) is most. Grey Skate, . : ; 5 ie Thornback, . 4 5 5 Invertebrates.—Common starfish. Lingthorns (Lwidia). IG 0 16 very small. Witch, : owl 11 1 small. Scaldfish, Z : 3 2 2 Common Sole, : 5 1 0 Invertebrates.—Sponges, Phakellia ventrilabrum. Common Starfish. Common Shrimps. Small Macrourous Decapod Crustaceans. socardia cor (1 valve). Aveust 21. Station 116.-—BALLINSKELLIGS BAY. 5 to 8 fathoms. Sand. 1 hour. 28 foot Beam. Patent Net. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Sapphirine Guruard, . 1 0 John Dory, 3 1 1 0 Turbot, 1 0 1 Plaice, 5 0 5 Common Dab, 1 bet sts Common Sole, 2 2 0 Aveust 21. Station 117.—BALLINSKELLIGS BAY. 6 fathoms. Sand. 10 minutes. Otter Trawl. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 0 3 Turbot, 5 1 Plaice, E : 6 88) 14 21 Common Dab, 4 4 0 The Net was inside out, so that the pockets were outside. This may account for the absence of soles. Aueusr 21. Station 118.—BALLINSKELLIGS BAY. 382 to 28 fathoms. Soft mud. 1 hour. 28 foot Beam. Patent Net, with large muslin net inside. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 0 Grey Gurnard, : ‘ 1 1 Dragonet, . : : 1 od Crystallogobius, . . very many, d0 He Witch, : 6 5 9 2 7 some very small. Common Dab, ; co LO most. oe Common Sole, : : 1 1 0 Thornback, . : 2 2 0 Other small fish. Gobies, &e. Invertebrates.—Halcampa arenaria. Caryophillia. Common Starfish. Brittle Stars (0. lacertosa). 260 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Avueust 238. Station 119.—BALLINSKELLIGS BAY. 1 to 2 fathoms. 15 minutes. Clean sand. Shrimp Trawl. Dragonet, : 6 : 2 immature. Sea ‘Sticklebacks, , 5 Wrasse, : : F ‘ 5 very small. Pollack, 0 : : c 6 very small. Plaice, : ; : . 21 small. Common Dab, : : 5 3 very small. Invertebrates.—Anemones (A. cereus). Shrimps (Crangon and Hippolyte). AUGUST. Station 120.—NEAR HORSE ISLAND, BALLINSKELLIGS BAY. 1 to 4 fathoms. Sand with zostera. Shrimp Trawl. Black Goby, . : : ; many. Freckled Goby, : : : many. Dragonet, "4 : ; : 4 small. Sea Stickleback, : ‘ : 3 Wrasse, : : 4 j 11 very small. Cod, . B : : : 1 very small. Pollack, c : 5 very small. Invertebrates.—Hippolyte varians. Ts ochus zizyphinus. AUGUST. Station 121.—-NEAR HORSE ISLAND, BALLINSKELLIGS BAY. 3 to 5 fathoms. 15 minutes. Sand with zostera. Shrimp Trawl. Gobies, Dragonet, Sticklebacks, Snake Pipe-fish, Worm Pipe-fish. Station 121 4.—_INSIDE THE NYMPH BANK, OFF BALLYCOTTIN. 41 fathoms. Sand. 25 foot Beam. Patent Net, with large muslin net inside. Scaldfish. Some mature. Some very small. Many other fish. No record was kept, as this Station is not included in the West Coast district. Marcu 21, 1891. Station 122.—OFF BULL ROCK. 55 fathoms. 3 hours. Trawl capsized. Dragonet, : : ; 1 small. Invertebrates.—Hydroids. Brittle Stars (O. lacertosa and Amphiura). Frag- ments of Urchins. Nemerteans (Carinella annulata, and others). Polyopthalmus. Lagis korani, &e. Neomenia? Nebalia. Amphipods. Shrimps (C. vulgaris, C. spinosus and C. fasciatus 2). Galathea nexa. Hermits. Swimming Crabs (Portunus). Libalia. Tellina. Pinna (fragments). Scaphander. Bulla. Natica catena. Scalaria. Fusus. Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 261 Marcu 21, 1891. Station 123.—BALLINSKELLIGS BAY. 35 to 27 fathoms. Sand. 1 hour. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, 8 6 2 Whiting, 1 1 0 Brill, 2 2 0 Turbot, 1 1 0 Plaice, ; 8 7 1 Lemon Dab, . 1 Ae Common Sole, 56 48 8 Smali-spotted Dog, 1 06 ore Grey Skate, 2 2 0 Spotted Ray, 4 4 0 Thornback, 1 0 1 Invertebrates.—Common Starfish. Common Squids (ZL. fordesiz). Marcu 23. Station 124.—50 MILES W. OF BOLUS HEAD. 220 fathoms. White Coral. 25 foot Beam. 2 hours. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. (0) Scorpena dactyloptera, : 3 3 Hake, : u : 1 1 0 Witch, , ; ‘ a 7 0 Macrurus levis, 5 1 0 0 Invertebrates.—White Coral (Lophohelia prolifera), with associated Hydroids, Annelids, and Polyzoans (Retipora). Brittle Stars (O. litkent). Urchins (Echinus, Spatangus raschit, and Cidaris papillata). Sea Cucumbers (H. tremuia). Marcu 23. Station 125.—40 MILES W. of BOLUS HEAD. 115 fathoms. 1 hour. 18 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 1 0 Angler, 1 Piper, 1 0 1 Hake, 3 2 1 Witch, 1 0 1 Sandy Ray, 1 0 1 A large stone came up nearly to the surface, and then broke through the net. No fish were seen to escape. Invertebrates.—Common Starfish (one). Ophiothrix litheni. Astropecten ? Urchins (S. raschit and C. papillata). Hydroid (Eudendrium ?) 1 This coral appears to be new to the Irish Fauna. 262 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Marcu 28. Station 126.—KENMARE RIVER. 26 fathoms. Mud. 1% hours. 48 foot Beam. } Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 4 1 0) Grey Gurnard, Cod, 5 Haddock, Whiting, Ling, Plaice, : Lemon Dab, Common Dab, Common Sole, Small-spotted dog, Thornback, NWONWNWE OR bye bo NRF wN wa Orb hb bo Q-aoaooroor Marcu 28. Station 127.—KENMARE RIVER. 21 fathoms. Mud. lhour. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : pivniied | Haddock, Whiting, Plaice, Z Lemon Dab, . Common Dab, Flounder, Common Sole, Grey Skate, Spotted Ray, . Thornback, 3 @9 WOEwWNNOHMaAreE pb oC) — Newnwnwvretwhe HocoooRONNOH Invertebrates.—Starfish (A. rubens and A. glacialis). Lingthorns (L. savignit). Brittle Stars (Amphiura and O. lacertosa). Astropecten irregularis. Urchins (£. escu- lentus and Spatangus purpureus, dead). Sea Cucumbers (C. pentactes and C. sp. ?). Sea Mice (Aphrodite aculeata). Eggs of Skate Leech (Pontobdella). Galathea nexa. Norway lobsters (Nephrops). Hermits. Spider crabs. (J. dorsettiensis). Gonoplax Squids (ZL. media). Much weed (L. saccharina and L. digitata) in trawl. Marcu 28. Station 128.—KENMARE RIVER, near Blackwater. 10 fathoms. Mud. kt hour 20 minutes. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Brill, : ‘ : 2 2 0 Plaice, : . : 6 2 4 Common Dab, ; Labial 10 3 Flounder, , : : 1 1 0 Spotted Ray, 3 : 1 1 0 Thornbacks, ‘ 5 + 4 0 Net choked with mud and weeds. Invertebrates as in last Station. Hort—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 263. Marcsu 30. Station 129.—DUNKERRON, KENMARE RIVER. 4 to 5 fathoms. Mud. Thrimp Trawl. i Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Spotted Goby, : : 8 v4 ot Whiting, : 4 5 1 0 . 1 Common Dah, 3 P 5 0 5 Invertebrates.—Alcyonidiwm gelatinosum, Common Shrimps. Hermits (P. bern- hardus). Porcellana longicornis. Spider Crabs (H. araneus and I. dorsettiensis). Shore- Crabs. Common Mussels. Scallops (P. opercularis). -Astarte. Mactra subtruncata. Common Whelks. Dog Whelks (Wassa). Philine. Ascidians. Marcu 30. Station 180.—KENMARE ELNE off Sneem. 24 fathoms. Mud. 2 hours. Patent Trawl. 25 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Pole Dab, _ . d : 1 1 0 Common Dab, Ma 2 1 1 0 Thornback, : ; 1 1 0 Freckled Goby. Crystallogobius nilssonit. Scaldfish, small (In muslin bag). Marcu 30. Station 181.—KENMARE RIVER (mouth). 45 to 48 fathoms. Sand. hours. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : a eR 18 2 Piper, : : : 4 4 Angler, a 1 . I 0 Long Rough Dab, 1 1 0 Plaice, 1 0 1 Common Sole, 4 4 0 Conger, : 1 large. ae Ba Picked Dog, . 1 Ae a Grey Skate, 4 4 0 Spotted Ray, 5 5 0 Thornback, 4 4 0 Invertebrates.—Common Starfish. Astropecten. Cymothoa. Atelecyclus hete-- yodon. Gonoplax. Sea Mice (Aphrodite). Turritella. Aporrhais. 264 Station 1832.—BALLINSKELLIGS BAY. Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Marcu 31. 23 to 29 fathoms. Sand and rock. 1 hour 50 minutes. 48 foot Beam. Grey Gurnard, Cod, : Turbot, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Common Sole, Small-spotted Dog, Grey Skate, Spotted Ray, Thornback, Invertebrates.—Brittle Stars (0. acertosa). ‘Gammarids. Atelecyelus. Station 1388.—DINGLE BAY. -48 foot Beam. Grey Gurnard, Poor Cod, Pollock, Hake, : Lemon Dab, Common Sole, Thickback, Picked Dog, . Grey Skate, Spotted Ray, Thornback, Invertebrates.—Deadmen’s fingers (Aleyonium). Astropecten. Squids (L. media and Sepiola). thorns (ZL. savignii). (P. serratus). Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 3 1 2 1 i 0 1 it 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 31 30 1 1 is ae ° i 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 Crystallogobius (in muslin bag). Sea Mice (Aphrodite). Lugworms. Tellina. Marcu 31. 40 fathoms. Sandandrock. 1 hour 50 minutes. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 23 2) iL 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 2 2 0 1 oe ie 1 a0 sie 2 2 0 1 0 1 4 4 0 Common Starfish. Ling- Cushion Star (Goniaster). Prawns Tritonia hombergit. Henricia. APRIL 1. Station 134.—S. W. CORNER OF SMERWICK HARBOUR. Seine on sandy margin. Sand Smelt, Sandeels, Plaice, Herring, Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 6 5 many. qe all small. 4 0 4 6 0 6 post-larval. Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 265 APRIL 2. Station 135.—_SMERWICK HARBOUR. 6to8fathoms. Sand. Shrimp Trawl.. 20 minutes. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Common Dab, 4 3 2 1 Flounder, 3 A 5 1 1 0 APRIL 2. Station 136.—OFF LOOP HEAD. 70 fathoms. Sand. Long Lines. 1 hour: 10 minutes. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Cod, . 5) 5 0 Haddock, 1 1 0 Coalfish, 43 43 0 Ling, 3 3 0 Conger, ; 5 large. oO 00 Small-spotted Dog, 6 O00 ° Tope, : 3 Me oa Picked Dogfish, 1 O60 ae Grey Skate, 1 1 0 Shagreen Ray, 2 2 0 Thornback, 12 12 0 APRIL 3. Station 187.—CASHEEN BAY. 7 fathoms. Mud. hour. Otter Traw] from. Hooker. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. : 2 Plaice, : : 2 0 Common Sole, 2 3 il 1 0 Thornback, . a 5 1 1 0 Invertebrates.—Cotton Spinner (Holothuria nigra). APRIL 3. Station 188.—KILKIERAN BAY. 5 fathoms. Mudand coral. Shrimp Trawl.. Short-spined Bullhead, Long-spined Bullhead, Speckled Goby, Freckled Goby, Corkwing; Broad-nosed Pipefish, Thornback, 3 (2 immature), 15-spined Stickleback, 1, Pollack, 1 immature. Invertebrates.—Brittle Stars (O. nigra and O. pentaphyllum). -Antedon rosacea.. Urchins (£. esculentus). Phyllodoce viridis. Planarians. Common Shrimps. Prawns. (Pandalus). Hippolyte varians. Hermits. Spider Crabs (8. rostratus. I. dorset- tiensis. H. araneus and H. coarctatus). Swimming Crabs (P. arewatus and P. corru- gatus). Gammarids. Caprella. Scallops (P. opercularis and P. maximus). -Anomia. Common Whelks. Dog Whelks (Nassa). Turritella terebra. Ascidians. Clavel- lina, &e. 266 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. APRIL 6. Station 189. MASON ISLAND, ROUNDSTONE. Seine net. Sandeels, é : . afew. APRIL 6. Station 140.—ROUNDSTONE. Two hauls of Shrimp Trawl. Ist. Coral bottom. 2nd. Mud and weeds. _ Gunnel, Freckled Goby. Invertebrates.—Ilst haul: Antedon. Gilycera, &c. Ws 2nd haul: Common Starfish (violet variety). Brittle Stars (0. Jacertosa and OQ. albida). Glycera. Polyopthalmus. Spider Crabs (Maia squinado. S. rostratus and I. dorsettiensis). Philine. Scaphander lignarius, &c. Ascidians. APRIL 7. Station 141.—WEST OF INISHMORE (Aran Island). 52 to 56 fathoms. Mud andsand. 4 hours. Long Lines. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 0 Cod, 2 Coalfish, 4 4 0 Ling, 2 2 0 Smail- -spotted Dog, 4 bs Tope, 1 an Shagreen Ray, 1 1 0 Thornback, 6 5 1 APRIL 7. Station 142.—WEST OF INISHMORE (Aran Island). 50 fathoms. 48 foot Beam. Trawl shot upside down. Invertebrates.—Zpizoanthus incrustans (with Hermits). Lingthorns (LZ. sarsii). Synapta. Carinella annulata. Spider Crabs (Stenorhynchus). Hbalia. Scaphander lignarius. Spawn of dittoP Philine. Natica. Turritella. APRIL 7. Station 148. WEST OF INISHMORE (Aran Island). 46 to 44 fathoms. 50 min. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Gurnard, 8 4 4 ie 3 3 0 1 0 1 ae ee Dab, 1 1 0 Witch, 1 1 0 Pole ab: il 0 1 Thornback, 2 2 0 3 ae Skate, Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Ooast of Ireland. 267 APRIL 7. Station 144.—WEST OF INISHMORE (Aran Island). 4% hours. 12 mackerel caught by Glothogues off Aran Island. Apri 8. Station 145. KILLEANY BAY. Naturalist Trawl. Aprit 8. Station 146.—6 MILES S.W. OF GREGORY SOUND. 1 hour 17 minutes. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. Red Gurnard, : ; 1 1 Sapphirine, . : . 1 1 Grey Gurnard, : ay des 12 John Dory, .- c : 7 Ms Cod, : ‘ : 3 3 Haddock, : nnd 12 Poor Cod, 4 1 1 Whiting, lt 11 Norway Pout, 1 1 Pollack, 6 6 Hake, t 4 Ling, : 1 1 Long Rough Dab, 1 0 Turbot, 3 3 Brill, 1 1 Pole Dab, 4 ae Dab, . 1 1 Solanette, 1 1 Conger, : 9 56 Small-spotted Dog, 6 ie Sandy Ray, 1 1 Thornback, 6 6 Sharpnosed Skate, 1 os APRIL 8. Station 147.—SOUTH SOUND, ARAN ISLANDS. Sand. 1 hour. Gross No. No. Mature. Gurnard, - 300 3 John Dory, 1 0 Dragonet, 5 m2) Poor Cod, 1 Se Whiting, 5 5 Turbot, 1 0 Scald Fish, : ‘ 1 0 Dab, . : p 5) BY) 15 Sole, . cea E 7 4 Solanette, a 2 Spotted Ray, . 3 : Thornback, A) 2 388 fathoms. Soft mud. No. Immature. n : fo) - OCB CoOFrFSCCCOCOCONW © 25 to 20 fathoms. No. Immature. 297 268 Station 148.—7 MILES 8.8.W. OF GREGORY SOUND. Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. APRIL 9. 1} hour. 48 foot Beam. Invertebrates.—Hydroids. ten. Gross No. No. Mature. Gurnard, 5 & eae ele Angler, : g John Dory, Cod, . Haddock, Whiting, Pollack, Ling, . Long Rough Dab, Turbot, : Brill, . Witch, Lemon Dab, Dab, Skate, 6 Shagreen Ray, Thornback, . Small-spotted Dog, Picked Dog, Conger, EP ENN E EEE OH DPANNO: © ONO YE NRK eR BEE OY PRWeb large. Shrimps. Jfysis. Edible crabs. Ascidians. APRIL 9. 38 fathoms. Sand. No- Immature. - ooowococoooqooooor: w Common Starfish. Lingthorn (Zwidia). Astropec- Station 149.—5 MILES W.S.W. OF GREGORY SOUND. 39 to 36 fathoms. Sand. 48 foot beam. 1 hour. Gross No. No. Mature. Sapphirine Gurnard, 1 Gurnard, 1 ray BPN OWNER WpNH eae 3 1 1 2 2 Long Rough Dab, Brill, Pole Dab, Common Dab, Conger, Small- -spotted Dog, Picked Dog, . Shagreen Ray, Thornback, Spotted Ray, > wor: large. No. Immature. ooocorRo OHo: Hortr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 269 Apri 14. Station 151.—LOUGH ATALIA, GALWAY. Shore collecting at low tide. Freckled Gobies. Young Freshwater Eels. Very common in pools. Gunnels. Prawns. Very numerous in Zostera Beds. Beds of young mussels around piers of bridge. Apri 16. Station 152.—GALWAY BAY. 15 fathoms. Sand. Shrimp Trawl. 20 minutes. Gross No. No. Mature. -No. Immature. Armed Bullhead, Bee tades Ge Freckled Goby, Dragonet, 0 meer oe te Scaldfish,? . : 26 0 ’ all small Common Dab, : : 4 0 4 Solanette, . é = ede 5 12 Invertebrates.—Hydroids. Common Starfish (violet variety). Brittle stars (0. lacertosa). -Astropecten irregularis. Zoece. Spider Crabs (Stenorhynchus). Mask Crabs (Corystes). Hermits (in WVatica shells). Scallops (P. opercularis). Dog Whelks. Periwinkles (8. littoralis). Scaphander lignarius. Squids (Sepiola). Apri 16. Station 158.—GALWAY BAY. 17to19 fathoms. Softmud. 2 hours. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : il John Dory, 1 Dragonet, Whiting, Pollock, Halibut, Plaice, : Lemon Dab, . Common Dab, Common Sole, Solanette, . Small spotted Dog, Thornback, Smooth Hound, Invertebrates.—Hydroids (Antennularia antennina). Deadmen’s fingers (Alcyo- nium). Starfish (A. rubens, violet, and A. glacialis). Brittle Stars (O. lacertosa). Astropecten irreguiaris. Mask Crabs (Corystes). Swimming Crabs. Spider Crabs (Maia squinado, S. rostratus, and Inachus dorsettiensis). Scallops (P. opercularis). Whelks. Eggs of Whelk. Ascidians. a . CONF WHERE OF. Co RSPR Www ne Re Oe wo 5 iw) ° °° WrFnowoodoqcoocer wo We ro 1 These beds seem to furnish the supply of prawns for the Corrib river anglers. * We were informed by the Galway fishermen that we should catch great numbers of very young turbot and brill here. Perhaps they so designate small scaldfish. SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S., VOL. VII., PART IV. Z 270 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Apri 15. Station 154.—WEST OF FOUL SOUND, Aran Island. 33fathoms. Sand. 40 minutes. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, 1 0 Angler, 2 2 Poor Cod, : A 1 at 0 Whiting, : : : 1 1 0 Plaice, 1 1 0 Pole Dab, 1 1 0 Common Dab, 2 2 0 Sole, : 1 1 0 Small-spotted Dog, 1 ue MS Thornback, 1 0 1 Spotted Ray, 1 0 1 Invertebrates.—Common Starfish (violet). Edible Crabs. Two Killers (Orca gladiator) and a Basking Shark were seen at the surface. Apri 16. Station 156.—_MOUTH OF KILLEANY BAY, INISHMORE. Mackerel Nets. Set all night. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Ballan Wrasse, 5 5 1 1 0 Corkwing, . : 2 2 2 0 Coal-fish, . 5 5 2 0 2 Pollack, : ; . 9384 4 30 Aprit 16. Station 157.—-GREATMAN’S BAY. 3to4 fathoms. Coral (nwllipores). Shrimp Trawl. Freckled Goby. 5 : 1 Dragonet, . 4 : 1 Double-spotted Sucker, E 1 Invertebrates.—Anemones (A. cereus). Common Starfish (violet). Lingthorn (Z. savignii). Brittle Stars (0. Jacertosa). Urchins (£. miliaris). Sea Cucumber (white). Spider Crabs (H. araneus and S. rostratus). Swimming Crabs. Hermits. Shrimps (C. vulgaris and C. fasciatus?). Sea Hare (Aplysia). Turritella terebra, Venus gallina, &c. Aprit 16. Station 158.—Shore collecting at low tide in GREATMAN’S BAY. A few Shan- nies in the pools. Prawns very numerous. Urchins (Strongylocentrotus lividus) very numerous. The rocks are granite. The Urchin does not make holes, but seeks shelter under or between large stones. Periwinkles and Ziochus very numerous. The Peri- winkles are here collected for sale. Hoitr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 271 Apri 17. Station 159.—CLEGGAN BAY. 4to9 fathoms. Sand. 1 hour. 48 foot Beam. Net choked with weeds or mud. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. z 2 Gurnard, Ballan Wrasse, : F o) 5 0 Plaice, ; 4 «, 60 13 47 Lemon Dab, . : : 3 3 0 Common Sole, 3 : 4 4 0 Small-spotted Dog, 2 oe Thornback, 6 4 2 Spotted Ray, 1 1 0 APRIL 17. Station 160.—BOFFIN HARBOUR. 1to2 fathoms. Sandand weeds. Shrimp Trawl. Long-spined Bullheads. Spotted Gobies. Goby. Dragonet. Several. All immature. Corkwings. Several. All immature. Plaice. 1. Immature. Sea Sticklebacks. Worm Pipe-fish. Great Pipe-fish. Invertebrates.—Anemones (Anthea). Lingthorn (LZ. savignii). Scalebacks (Harmothoe). Idotea, Shrimps, Prawns. Hermits, in Turritella and Natica shells, with Podocoryne carnea on latter. Spider Crabs (ZH. araneus, S. rostratus, and I. dorsettiensis). Swimming Crabs (several species). Shore Crabs. Sea Hares. Common Limpets. Squid Sepiola). Numbers of young sandeels were seen at the sandy margins. Apri. 18, Station 161.—Long lines off BOF FIN. 45 to10 fathoms. Sand and rocks. Down all night. Gross No. No. Mature. No. inmature. Pollack, ; ; 1 1 0 Congers, : : é 4 large. rs Picked Dogs, oe Grey Skate, . 0 . 1 1 0 Thornback, . 3 ; 1 1 0 Aprit 18. Station 162.—Mackerel nets outside FORT ISLAND all night. No fish caught. Nets slimy and offensive, with dark-green vegetable matter. Vi, ® 212 Station 163.—CLEW BAY. Station 164.—CLEW BAY. Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Grey Gurnard, Plaice, , Lemon Dab, . Common Dab, Common Sole, Small-spotted Dog, Thornback, Spotted Ray, . Grey Gurnard, Whiting, Coal-fish, Pollack, Brill, Plaice, Common Dab, Common Sole, Small-spotted Dog, Thornback, Apri 18. 18 to 15 fathoms. 2% hours. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 5 9 9 0 9 1 8 1 IL 0 37 él 6 32 30 2 1 ee 22 18 4 1 1 0 APRIL 20. 18 fathoms. Sand. 48 foot Beam. 1} hours. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 8 8 0 4 4 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 a) 2 13 5 5 0 4 4 0 1 O6 ee 6 6 0 Net choked with large Jelly-fish. wl 19 12 Common Sole, ; . 214 14 0 Small-spotted Dog, . é 1 ae oo Thornback, . a “ 5 5 0 Invertebrates.—Hydroids. Astropecten irregularis. Annelids. Nemertean (Carinella annulata). Swimming Crabs. Edible Crabs. Filustra. APRIL 25. Station 177.—-OFF DOWNPATRICK HEAD. 20 to 18 fathoms. Mud and sand. 1 hour. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, c 6 3 3 Haddock, 1 1 0 Brill, 1 1 0 Plaice, ; 1 0 1 Common Dab, 18 18 0 Thornback, 1 1 0 Spotted Ray, 4 4 0 Invertebrates.—Hydroids (4. antennina). Common Starfish (violet). Bd 25 14 Common Dab, : 5 8 15 8 Common Sole, . 6 2B 23 0 Lemon Sole, . : : 2 0 0 Thornback, . 3 ; 8 4 4 Spotted Ray, : o LG 15 1 Owl Ray, . : : 1 it 0 276 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Aprit 28. Station 179.—BLACKSOD BAY. 5 fathoms. Sand. 30 minutes. Shrimp Trawl. Freckled Goby, 1 Scaldfish, 2 small. Common Dab, 9 small. Solanette. 2 1 mature, 1 immature. Invertebrates (including Station 178) —Hydroids (Obelia geniculata and Sertula- rians). Brittle Stars (0. dacertosa and O. pentaphyllum). Urchins (£. miliaris). Common Starfish (red and violet varieties). Henricia sanguinolenta. Annelids. Common Shrimps. Gammarids. Hermits (P. bernhardus). Hermits in Turritella and other shells with sponge (Suderites domuneulus). Spider Crabs (MM. squinado, 8. ros- tratus, and H.coarctatus). Porcellanalongicornis. Psammobia ferroensis. Pectunculus glycimeris (very large). Razor Shells (S. ensis). Horse Mussels. Whelks. Natica montacuti. Aporrhais pespelicant. Turritella terebra (very large). Periwinkles (L. littoralis). Philine aperta. Ascidians (C. intestinalis, &c.). Aprit 29. Station 180.—OFF BALLYNAKILL. 48 foot Beam. 14 fathoms. Sand and gravel. 1 hour. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 3 1 Grey Gurnard, Crystallogobius 1 (im tow-net on beam). Cod, 1 1 0 Pollack, 1 1 0 Turbot, A ; 1 0 1 Plaice, : Saal: 4 10 Lemon Dab, 2 2 0 Common Dab, 8 6 2 Common sole, 6 6 0 Invertebrates.—Starfish (A. rubens and A. glacialis). Astropecten irregularis. Edible. Crabs. Lingthorn (L. savignii). Spider Crabs (S. rostratus). April 30. Station 181.—OFF DAVALAUN. 48 foot Beam. 80 fathoms. Sand and rock. 38 minutes. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, 3 1 2 Cnystallogobins (in small nets), a6 oe ing, . 5 : 1 0 1 Common Dab, 7 ° 2 2 0 Common Sole, 1 1 0 Invertebrates.—Sun-stars (S. papposa). E. esculentus). Cushion Stars (Goniaster). Urchins Common Starfish. Polyzoans (Porelia). Horttr— Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 277 Apri. 30. Station 182.—-CLEGGAN BAY. 8 to 11 fathoms. Soft mud. 1 hour. 48 foot beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. John Dory, . 1 Sucker (Lepadogaster bimaculatus), 1 Ballan Wrasse, : 7 Plaice, : : 5 PY 11 Common Dab, ‘ 1 Small-spotted Dog, : 1 ‘Thornback, . : 5 1 Net choked with Oar weed and Tangles. Invertebrates.—Brittle Stars (O. Jlacertosa, and A. filiformis). Antedon rosaceus. Hermits. Trochuscinerarius. Polyzoans. Sponges (@. ciliata). Ascidians. ~I - OUuooce May 1. Station 183.— Fine Mesh Crabpot in BALLYNAKILL HARBOUR. Shore Crabs. Swimming Crabs (P. corrugatus). Spider Crabs (H. aranews). Station 184._BALLYNAKILL HARBOUR. Tow-net two fathoms below surface. Jelly Fish Sarsia tubulosa, Hybocodon, and Cydippe). Copepods. Small Annelids.. One egg of Lemon Dab. May 2. Station 185.—BALLYNAKILL HARBOUR. 3 to 2 fathoms. Sand. Shrimp Trawl. Short-spined Bullhead, g : 1 Long-spined Bullhead, 2 : Many. Freckled Goby, . 3 4 Spotted Goby, °° . : j Many. Lump-fish, . 6 3 : 1 very small. Gunnel, 0 : : 5 1 very small. Cod, ‘ : c 0 Several very small. Coalfish, é 3 5 : 12 very small. Corkwing, : : : : Many small. Ballan Wrasse, : : : Many small. Dragonet, . 0 : : 1 small. Plaice, ¢ é < 11 very small. Sea Stickleback, Broad-nosed Pipefish, Great Pipefish, Snake Pipefish, Worm Pipefish, : : Thornback, . : : ae Many very small. Invertebrates.—Worms (Polyopthalmus, Terebelia, and Nereids). Shore Crabs. (many with Sacculina). Swimming Crabs (P. puber, and P. corrugatus). Scerobicularia.. Scallops (P. opercularis). 278 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. May 4. Station 186.—BOFFIN HARBOUR. 5 fathoms. Sand. Shrimp Trawl. Gross No. Gunnel, : 5 very small. Short- spined Bullhead, | l Spotted Gobies, Daye Montagu’s Sucker, , : 1 Sea Sticklebacks, : A great number of weeds, Tangle and Oar weed. Anemones (Anthea cereus). May 4. Station 187.—-CLEGGAN BAY. 4 to 5 fathoms. Sand. Shrimp Trawl. A short haul. No fish caught. May 5. Station 188.—BLACKSOD BAY. 9to7fathoms. Sand. 1 hour 15 minutes. -48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, 1 1 0 Cod, 1 1 0 Turbot, 2 1 1 Plaice, 2 5 nS 5 0 Common Dabs, : 5 18 5 13 Sole, . : : 13 11 2 Thornback, 7 0 7 Spotted Ray, 1 1 0 APRIL 5. Station 189.—BLACKSOD BAY. 8 to 6 fathoms. Sand. 30 minutes. Shrimp ‘Trawl. Dragonets. Echinoderms and Molluscs. May 5. Station 190.—BLACKSOD BAY. 4 fathoms. Mud and sand. 1 hour 20 minutes. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 4 Grey Gurnard, : 4 0 Turbot, ; : Dal 0 1 Brill, : Sete aT 0 1 Plaice, : : ow 4d 15 26 Common Dab, é Seal 12 0 Common Sole, : 5 4 3 1 Thornback, . : 20 Ho Spotted Rays, : tec del Hort—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 279 May 5. Station 191.—NORTH OF CLEGGAN, BLACKSOD BAY. Longlines. Down all night. Gross No. Conger, | : 4 large. Small-spotted Dog, 9 Nurse Hound, 3 Tope, 1 Thornback, 1 May 6. Station 192.—BELLACRAGHER BAY. 19 fathoms. Soft black mud. Shrimp Trawl. Armed Bullhead, Gobies, Gunnell, Common Starfish (violet). Annelids (Glycera ?). Nucula nucleus. May 7. Station 198.—NORTH OF ACHILL ISLAND. 20 fathoms. Sand and rocks. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Dab, . ‘ : : 3 1 2 Spotted Ray, : j 2 2 0 Trawl hitched. Invertebrates.—Many Urchins (Z£. esculentus). May 8. Surface Net off BOFFIN. May 8. Station 195.—-OFF BOFFIN. Grey sand. Long lines, down all night. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Cod, . 1 1 0 Ling, A 1 0 1 Conger, : ; 5 large. Picked Dog, . 1 ~) 2807 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. May 8. Station 196.—DAVALAUN SOUND. 16 to 13 fathoms. Sand and rock. 15 minutes.. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Red Gurnard, 1 1 0 John Dory, , 1 1 0 Cod, . 1 1 0 Pollack, 11 8 3 Turbot, 1 1 0 Brill, 1 1 0 Plaice, 36 36 0 Thornback, 1 1 0 Spotted Ray, 1 1 0 Invertebrates.—Great masses of sponge! (Rhaphyras grifithsii). Deadmen’s. Fingers (A. digitatwm). Common Starfish. Urchins (£. esculentus). Antedon rosaceus. Cotton Spinners (H. nigra). May 8. : Station 197.—OFF INISHTURK. 24 fathoms. Sand and rock. 15 minutes. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Cod, . : : : 1 1 0 Whiting, : 1 0 Trawl hitched. Invertebrates.—Star Fish (4. glacialis). Urchins (E. esculentus). Station 198.—Surface Net off CLARE ISLAND. Station 199.—SHIP SOUND, BOFFIN. 5 to7 fathoms. Long lines, down alk night. i Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 0 Ling, ; : : 3 3 Conger, ; 4 : 3 large. Tope, : 1 Station 200.—15 MILES W. OF CLARE ISLAND. 46 to 60 fathoms. Gravel. Long lines. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Cod, . y ‘ Ling, : eas 13 0 Conger, : ‘ 1 large : Small-spotted Dog, . ; 1 Picked Dog, . 5 25) Tope, % 5 8 A ake Grey Skate, . : a abe} 13 0 Thornback, . , 4 a : 7 0 1 A broken piece measured 20 inches x 17 x §. Hort—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 281 Station 201.—45 MILES N.N.W. OF BLACK ROCK.! 500 to 375 fathoms. Sand and fine gravel. 3 hours 5 minutes. 18 foot Beam. Gross No. Sharp-nosed Skate, 3 ‘ 1 mature Fork Beard, . : es 1 rather large. Invertebrates.—Astropecten. Urchins (Cidaris papillata. Spatangus raschii, Echinus, sp. Red). Phormosoma placenta. Phormosoma? sp. (Red). Sea Cucumber. (H. tremula). Crabs (Anamathia). Hermit with associated anemone. Lamp Shell (Zerebratula cranium). Large Polynoids. The Traw] was reversed during the course of the haul. Station 202.—45 MILES N.N.W. of BLACK ROCK. 275 fathoms. Sand and rock. 1 hour.20 minutes. 18 feet Beam. Trawl carried away. No fish. A few Urchins (0. PETE) and Galathea nexa. Station 2038.—45 MILES N.N.W. of BLACK ROCK. 250 fathoms. 1 hour. Long Lines. Torsk, : : : 3 2 Black-mouthed Dog, ‘ : d 3 1 Shark (Centrophorus squamosus), 4 A : 1 Invertebrates.—Cidaris papillata. Amphipods, &c. May 14. Station 204.—DONEGAL BAY. 382 fathoms. Sand. 2 hours. 48 feet Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : . 14 14 0 Red Gurnard, : : 1 1 0 Cod, . ; j 1 1 0 Haddock, 5 z 6D) 25 0 Whiting, 3 e : 9 9 0 Pollack, , : 1 1 0 Long Rough I Dab, : : 8 8 0 Plaice, 2 : a 5) 2 Lemon Dab, 5 ; 4 4 0 Pole Dab, . : > 39 24 16 Common Dab, } . 140 140 0 Picked Dog, . A J 10) ule Ke Shagreen Ray, ; . 1 ae ors ‘Thornback, . ; : 4 0 4 Invertebrates.—Common Starfish, Lingthorn (Z. savignii). _Astropecten: rreguiaris. Brittle Stars (0. albida). Annelids. Edible Crabs. Swimming Crabss Norway Lobsters (Wephrops). Squid (ZL. media). 1 An Island off the mouth of Blacksod Bay. 282 Scientifie Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. May 14. Station 205.—_DONEGAL BAY. 30to19 fathoms. Mudand sand. 2 hours. 48 feet Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, 5 5 NG 16 0 Cod,. , A 1 1 0 Haddock, 5 : ai) all 21 0 Whiting, Aa ar i 0 Pollock, i : } 1 1 0 Ling, : 1 1 0 Turbot, 1 1 0 Brill, : ; : 1 1 0 Plaice, : A : 9 7 2 Lemon Dab, : ‘ 5 5 0 Pole Dab, . : Aa aL: 16 0 Common Dab, ; - 90 90 0 Common Sole, : 9 2 2 0 Picked Dog, . : . 48 56 OL Thornback, . ; : 1 Invertebrates.—Common Starfish. | Norway Lobsters (Nephrops). Squids (Z. media). Many Jellyfish (Aurelia aurita), in the trawl. May 16. Station 206.—OUTER HARBOUR, KILLYBEGS. 14 to 16 fathoms. Stones. and mud. 45 minutes. 18 foot Beam. Common Dab, : : e : j 1 Shagreen Ray, . : é : : 5 1 Trawl torn. Many Jellyfish (4. aurita) in net. Invertebrates.—Urchins (Z. esculentus). Station 207.—OUTER HARBOUR, KILLYBEGS. 16 to 14 fathoms. Sand and mud. 1hour. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Common Dab, Common Sole, Small-spotted Dog, Thornback, Spotted Ray, . 1 0 y 2°? 0 cM Hoo ORE oo —_ a Crystallogobius in bottom tow-net. Invertebrates,—Cushion Stars (Goniaster). Urchins (#. escolentus). Cotton: Spinners (H. Nigra). Norway Lobsters (Wephrops). Anemones (Anthea) and larval Peachia? Jellyfish (aurelia). Cydippe, Sarsia, Thaumantias, &c., in bottom tow- net. May 16. Station 208.—INNER HARBOUR, KILLYBEGS. 4 fathoms. Very dee black mud. Shrimp Trawl. Shore Crabs and Ascidians. Horr—Swurvey of Fishing Grounds, West Ooast of Ireland. 288 May 16. Station 209.— INNER HARBOUR, KILLYBEGS, S. E. Corner 54 to. 4 fathoms. Gravel and stones. Shrimp Trawl. Freckled Gobies. Young Coalfish. Broad Scaldfish (A. grohmanni). 8 very small. Much Tangle weed. Invertebrates.—Starfish (4. rubens and A. glacialis). Brittle Stars (0. penta- phyllum). Astropecten irregularis. Annelids. Common Shrimps. Prawns (Palemon), Hermits, with Sponge (S. domunculus). Galathea nexa. Spider Crabs (S. rostratus). Shore Crabs. Swimming Crabs (P. arcwatus). Porcellana longicornis. Aporrhais: pesplicani. Lamellaria perspicua. Philine aperta. May 18. Station 210.—MOUTH OF KILLYBEGS HARBOUR. 5 to 7 fathoms. Mud Shrimp Trawl. Nothing but Jelly-fish caught. Aurelia, Cyanea, and Cydippe. Station 211.—Same place and date. Triangular midwater net at surface. A few young Gadoids, probably under umbrella of Cyanea. Numerous Jellyfish, mostly Cyanea, Aurelia, and Cydippe. A few Sarsia. Shoals of Herrings round the ship. May 18. Station 212.—WEST OF ST. JOHN’S POINT, DONEGAL BAY. 30 to 81 fathoms. Sand, gravel, fine sand, and rock. 45 minutes. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : -- 15 14 1 Cook Wrasse, : , 1 1 0 Haddock, & : : 3 3 0 Pollack, : 1 1 0 Brill, é 1 1 0 Norway Topknot (Rhombus norvegicus), 1 20 00 Plaice, 2 ) 2 Lemon Dab, é : 1 1 0 Common Dab, : > DB 20 5 Common Sole, 5 5 0 Spotted Ray, I 1 0 Very young Gadoids, Flatfish, and Dragonet in bottom tow-net. Invertebrates.—Larval Actinians (Peachia, &c.).. Corymorpha. Steenstrupia. Actinula. Small Siphonophore. Ctenophores. Hydromeduse (Thawmantias, Oceania, &e.). Tomopteris scolopendra. Sagitta. Young Ophiurids. Astropecten irre- gularis. Urchins (£. esculentus). Cotton Spinner (H. nigra). Edible Crabs. Larval Norway Lobsters (Nephrops). Zoeze of Porcellana, &c. Copepods. Nebalia. Nudi- branchs (Zolis). Pteropods (Spirialis retroversus). 284 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. May 19. Station 2138.—TEELIN HARBOUR. 3 fathoms. Sand and peat. Shrimp Trawl. Small Scaldfish; very small Flatfish ; young Dabs and Plaice; very small Cod and Coalfish ; Great Pipe-fish ; a great quantity of small woolly weeds. Invertebrates.—Common Starfish (violet). Brittle Stars (Ophiwra albida). Urchins (Amphidotus). Common Shrimps. Swimming Crabs. Shore Crabs and Hermits. Ctenophores (Cydippe) and Hydromedusz (Sarsia). May 19. Station 214.—OFF TEELIN. 38 to 3% fathoms. Mud and sand. 2 hours. 48 foot Beam. Dab, ; 1 mature. The trawl-net was fouled by a large tow-net, so did not fish. In bottom tow-net—Foraminifera (Astrorhysa). Corymorpha. Hydromedusze Oceania. Sarsia. Thawmantias). Ctenophores (Cydippe’. Larval Actinians (including Peachia(?) on Thawmantias and free). Epizoanthus, with Hermits. Small Annelids. Small Crabs (Zbalia). Copepods. Philine. May 19. Station 215.—OFF THELIN. 26 to 28 fathoms. Sand. 1 hour, 35 minutes. 47 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, ; 5 BY 14 25 Whiting, : Ling, Plaice, : Lemon Dab, : Common Dab, : Bee Common Sole, Small-spotted Dog, DE ODA 7 HF ONOrA > COOFCO Station 216.—INVER BAY, inside Trawling Limits. 8 to 13 fathoms. Mud and sand. 1 hour, 15 minutes. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 9 1 Grey Gurnard, 5 Bueno All Cod, 2 : 6 2 2 0 Coalfish, : ; 3 3 0 Pollack, zi : F 1 1 0 Plaice, z 3 i waa 10 4 Common Dab, B a PB 23 0 Common Sole, 6 : 4 4 0 Small-spotted Dog, . ‘ 2 Se Thornback, . . : 4 "4 Hoir—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 285 May 20. Station 217.—OFF DORAN HEAD. 18 to 10 fathoms. Mud and sand. 2 hours. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Red Gurnard, i j 1 il 0 Grey Gurnard, c 8 8 0 Sapphirine Gurnard, : 3 3 0 Haddock, . ; 2 2 0 Brill, i ' : 1 0 1 Plaice, i ; 5 0 6 13 Common Dab, : . 66 42 24 Common Sole, : ee 3 12 0 Small-spotted Dog, . ‘ 2 Qo ie Leptocephalus, : 5 2 (in bottom tow-net). Invertebrates.—Starfish (A. rubens and A. glacialis). Astropecten irregularis. Mask Crabs (Corystes). Galathea nexa. Philine. May 20. Station 218.—_OFF ROSSNOLEAGH POINT. Mudand sand. Shrimp Trawl. Freckled Gobies. Solanette. Scaldfish. May 20. Station 219.—OFF TEELIN. 22 to 26 fathoms. Fine sand. 1 hour. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : ; 1 0 1 Haddock, : : : 4 4 0 Plaice, 4 ; ENE Oe 8 14 Lemon Dab, . : 2 1 1 Pole Dab, j : 2 2 1 Common Dab, 5 2, 22 0 Common Sole, : : 6 6 0 Small-spotted Dog, . : 1 ae ms May 20. Station 220.—DAWROS BAY. Long lines down all night. Nothing caught. SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S. VOL. VII. PART. IV. 2A 286 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. May 21. Station 221.—LOUGHROSMORE BAY. 19 to 5 fathoms. Sand, 2 hours 48 foot Beam. x Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 5 1 Grey Gurnard, : 1 0 Whiting, : : : 1 1 0 Turbot, : i : 2 1 1 Plaice, 5 : a 0 19 Lemon Dab, : : il 1 0 Common Dab, : als 18 0 Small-spotted Dog, . : 6 ac 0 Thornback, . E : 6 ue ne Spotted Ray, ; si 1 nearly all Owl Ray, . : : 2 2 Invertebrates.—Edible Crabs. Sandeels in bottom tow-net. May 21. Station 222._BOYLACH BAY. 22 to 20 fathoms. Sand. 1 hour 30 minutes. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, : 6 4 4 0 Whiting, 0 6 é 1 1 0 Turbot, 2 2 0 Lemon Dab, . : 1 1 0 Common Dab, : oS 28 10 Small-spotted Dog, 2 O° 36 Thornback, 1 1 0 May 21. Station 223.—_LOUGHROSMORE BAY. 9 to 4 fathoms. Sand. 1 hour, 45 minutes. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Turbot, 3 2 1 Brill, 2 0 2 Witch, : : : 1 1 0 Plaice, : é Besar) 0 75 (mostly small) Lemon Dab, 1 1 0 Common Sole, 4 3 1 (small) Small-spotted Dog, 2 a6 oc Smooth Hound, 2 00 Thornback, 6 5 1 Owl Ray, 2 2 0 Invertebrates.—Kdible Crabs. Urchins (#. esculentus). Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 287 May 22. Station 224.—BOYLACH BAY. 9 to 4} fathoms. Sand. 1 hour, 30 minutes. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Grey Gurnard, 2 2 0 John Dory, 1 0 1 (very small) Turbot, 1 0 1 (small) Brill, 5 0 5 (2 small) Plaice, 21 0 21 (mostly small) Common Dab, 3 3 0 Common Sole, 12 10 2 Angel Ray, 1 1 0 Thornback, 23 23 0 Owl Ray, 9 9 0 Invertebrates.—Astropecten irregularis. Common Shrimps. Edible Crabs. Squids (L. media). May 22. Station 225.—ROSSEHS BAY. 32 to 25 fathoms. Sand, rock. lhour. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 2 Grey Gurnard, : eel 10 Common Dab, , : 5 5 0 Sandy Ray, : 3 3 0 Trawl hitched, and net torn. Invertebrates.—Lingthorns (Lwidia). Astropecten irregularis. Urchins (£. escu- lentus). Edible Crabs. Polyzoans (Pored/a). Sponges (Phakellia). May 22. Station 226.—BURTON PORT. Rocks. Long lines down 24 hours. Conger, 14. Lines fouled by strong tide. May 26. Station 227.—GOLA ROADS. Sand. Long lines. Plaice, 4 mature May 26. Station 228.—GOLA ROADS. Sand. Long lines. Common Dab, 1 mature. May 27. Station 229.—N.E. of STAGS OF ARANMORE. 35 fathoms. Gravel and rock Long lines, down 15 hour. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Cod, ‘i : : 3 3 0 Ling, : ; ‘ 3 3 0 Invertebrates.—Sun Stars (S. papposa). Cushion Stars (Goniaster). Edible Crabs. Polyzoans (Poredia). 288 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. May 27. Station 230.—EAST OF TORY ISLAND. 29 fathoms. Sand and gravel. 1 hour. 48-foot Beam. Red Gurnard, 1. Trawl hitched. Invertebrates.—Brittle Stars (0. pentaphyllum). Larval Actinians. Jellyfish in bottom tow net. May 27. Station 231.—NORTH OF TORY ISLAND. Long lines. Down all night. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Cod, 2 : ; 1 1 0 Coal-fish, ; : 3 1 idl 0 Ling, : F uy Sil 31 fine. 0 Halibut, ‘ y 3 1 1 fine. 0 Skate, : 5 : 1 1 fine. 0 Bottom Fauna.—Small Urchins. May 28. Station 232.-WEST OF HORN HEAD. 9 to 10 fathoms. Sand, rock. 13 hour. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. Cod, ‘ l k 6 2 4 Turbot, 4 0 : 1 0 1 Plaice, : : : 22 6 16 Common Dab, : : 2 1 1 Thornback, ? : 2 2 0 Spotted Ray, e , 1 1 0 Trawl hitched. Invertebrates.—Urchins (Z. esculentus). Edible Crabs. Polyzoans and Ascidians on Weeds. May 28. Station 233.—SHEEPHAVEN (outer part). 22 to18 fathoms. Sand. 1 hour. 48 foot beam. Gross No. No, Mature. No. Immature. Sapphirine Gurnard, 1 1 0 Grey Gurnard, 7 7 0 Turbot, 2 1 1 Brill, 1 0 1 Plaice, 7 3 4 Common Dab, 9 9 0 Common Sole, 2 2 fine 0 Thornback, 2 2 0 Hoir—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 289 May 28. Station 234.—SHEEPHAVEN (N.W. part). Long lines, down all night. Tope, 5 Small-spotted Dog, Thornback, Station 235.—DOWNIES BAY. Grey Gurnard, Turbot, Plaice, Common Dab, Common Sole, Thornback, Sandy Ray, Gross No. 2 2 1 2 1 May 29. 1 3 46 16 3 2 1 May 29.’ 37 (some fine) No. Mature. No. Immature. 2 fine 0 2 fine 0 138 fathoms. Sand. 1 hour. 48 foot Beam. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 1 3 16 3 2 1 cooou0uce Invertebrates.—EHdible Crabs. Station 236.—DOWNIES BAY. 103 to 4 fathoms. Sand. lhour. 48-foot Beam. Grey Gurnard, Cod, , Coal-fish, Turbot, Brill, Plaice, Common Dab, Flounder, Common Sole, Small-spotted Dog, Gross No. 13 1 iL 2 1 84 17 11 23 4 No. Mature. No. Immature. 13 1 1 0 1 25 (some fine) 59 17 11 23 mostly small). - OOO, ON OCWO Invertebrates.—Spider Crabs (H. coarctatus). Squids (L. media). Polyzoans (Aleyonidium). May 29. Station 237.—LOUGH SWILLY. Long lines, down all night. Conger, 5; large. Invertebrates. Common Star-fish. 290 Station 238.—LOUGH SWILLY. Beam. Sapphirine Gurnard, . Grey Gurnard, Turbot, : Brill, Plaice, ; Common Dab, Smooth Hound, Thornback, Spotted Ray, Invertebrates.—Sponges (G. ciliata). Isopods (Idotea linearis and sp.) May 30. 8 to 12 fathoms. Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Sand. 2 hours. 48 ft. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 1 1 fine. 0 10 10 0 4 2 2 none small. 2 1 1 small. 1 0 1 small. 36 28 8 1] on 16 some. sve 2 2; 0 Hydroids. Brittle Stars (Ophiothriz). Shrimps (C. spnosus). Polyzoans (Aleyonidium and Flustra). Dog Whelks (Macira truncata). Squids (L. media). Station 239.—LOUGH SWILLY. 48 ft. Beam. Grey Gurnard, Turbot, Brill, Plaice, Common Dab, Common Sole, Small-spotted Dog, Thornback, Spotted Ray, Station 240.—LOUGH SWILLY. 48 foot Beam. Grey Gurnard, Turbot, Plaice, Common Dab, Smooth Hound, Small-spotted Dog, Thornback, May 30. 74 to 5} fathoms. Sand. 1 hour. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. ~- 1 1 0 il 0 1 1 0 1 14 Z 7 12 10% 2, 1 1 0 1 at a8 25 21 4 1 6 to 8} fathoms. Sand. 1 hour 15 minutes. Gross No. No. Mature. No. Immature. 3 2, 1 1 1 fine 0 8 0 8 small. 18 14 4 (1 very small 1 : in bottom 6 ae .. tow-net). U7 WY 0 Very small Herrings or Sprats in bottom tow-net. Invertebrates.—Hydroids (Sertularia, &c.). Annelids (Nereis, Lanice conchilegia. (0. albida). Common Star-fish. Brittle Stars Sea Mice Aprodite). Idotea linearis, Caprella. Gammarids. Common Shrimps. Hermits (P. bernhardus). Spider Crabs (H. araneus, and S. rostratus). Gaper (Mya truncata). Squids (ZL. media). Mactra. Thracia. branchialis. Helcion. Whelks. and Cyanea) in the trawl. Swimming Crabs. Scallops (P. opercularis). Ascidians. Psammobia ferroensis. Holis ruji- Jelly-fish (Awreha Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 291 JUNE 2. Station 241.—OFF MALIN HEAD. Long lines, down all night. Small-spotted Dog, Grey Skate, . Invertebrates.—Hydroids. Whelks. Gross No. No. Mature. 3 3 18 18 . 1 large ie 4 o0 3 3 No. Immature. 0 0 0 Sun Stars (S. papposa). Brittle Stars (O. nigra). JUNE 2. Station 242.—OFF PORTSTEWART. 48 foot Beam. Grey Gurnard, John Dory, Turbot, Brill, Plaice, : Common Dab, Common Sole, Thornback, Spotted Ray, Gross No. No. Mature. 102 some. 1 0 2 0 1 IL 10 0 26 17 12 9 26 26 4 2 No. Immature. many. 1 very small. 2 0 10 pow sd 292 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DENOTING THE NATURE OF THE oe Tes} 1 25 = DNS) Pe Ps) Ve Be ley SHunmaB Dp waBor g. gr. m. m.s. = Triangular Sprat-mesh and Muslin Tow-net, = Ring Tow-nets. FISHING IMPLEMENTS USED. 18 feet Beam Trawl. Ordinary mesh. lined at Cod end with Sprat mesh. 99 99 99 9 9? 25 feet ,, ss bs 99 a i 5 Comyn’s Patent Discriminating Trawl Net. 28 feet ,, S 39 59 » ” ” 32 feet ,, As op 50 op » ” 48 feet ,, 99 Ordinary mesh. Otter Trawl. Ordinary mesh. (Usually from Fishing Boats). 8 feet Beam Shrimp Trawl. (Usually from Boats). Muslin or Calico Naturalists’ Trawl. (Usually from Boats). Sides 10 feet. (Besides special stations, always used when trawling or ” 99 [lining. Mackerel Nets. Wings Herring mesh. Bunt Calico. (From Shore and Boats). Seine. Long lines. Dredge. Various patterns and sizes. EXPLANATIONS OF SOUNDINGS. = Coarse. r. = Rock. = Clean. rd e—ilveds = ‘Coral’ (usually nullipores). rh. = Rough. = Dark. s. = Sand. = Fine. s.m. = Soft mud. = Grey. sh. = Shells. = Gravel. shp. = Sharp. = Mud. i st. = Stones. = Mud and Sand. z. = Zostera (Sea-grass). 293 | a - Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. c}gSta ye, suvaTE soTNpeTY oy} Jnoysnory} usis sTyy, f “qnpe Aqyenxos aul0dEq IMA SALT, SV TONS oI” PoqrIosep sivy] sv YSy oinyeuuy Bae ee ery PT 22 8 ee Oe ee eG a |, EET, ON KO eC | eR as | Lie 0&B “8h |eq Cries fe ON, SUI 5 fa Oe | cra oOo ais | $ Giles eal ‘peoH uriog YO |Z | sw | O1/sT | 02 LI@ “87 | Sd te Sete fae epee (ee eee El ae es er |i ‘Avg [esouog |g | °s eat b0G “8h eu) | 2 Pe | eo ST ee | PO Oe Ge ee Oo are |) | GoeOS| mugeer is | eS |euion |e kam | ee wee sees Plog fea tees | Tralee. |e a ES G1 | T | ‘punogArosery yO | ¢ | ws | ge |g mdy | OPT ‘st “1681 Bo ioe uel eal eel ol es mk ‘Avg Avyey | 1 | ‘ms | CL | 1g 06 “dze eas) || 25 || 24 || 82 | oo Oil 90 | Oe foo a, 29 oa ‘peoH oudTg HO} *' | Gg | SI os T rattan) copemgy || eo 22 | ee fe ye e8 oP See ee 8h te sa ‘Keg kewqey | $ | sm | 0% | Gz $8) a2 ODE [PaO ese Re FE 3 Ie [ape gee at We ot |p i ‘anepeaeg | = Bi Gr | On GUS 2 WOOD) UTE Of) “jf PA {08 Ge Nes ap Oo Oo ae ee sea ety I ‘sIiIq 9°Y} HO | ** 2e || GB on Aye Gar dq BSc (ery eee ee ely fea eee gee ee] Tae ce ook IZ | 1 |° ‘teary oremuey | Z | sm | of je6deMm |e “Ge |™ "0681 4 “(uULT) srjnona mH T—AQAYVNUNY AAA 5 | | a4 z| 4| Hl 2 =| 2 = : OPEN teed ee OE Wises A : alolSi/e| 2) Pile ie] 2] #2) Fe | & eee | ae Oe | = | § Esl | si Se ty es | STG || eee | ee Bi es | SS OES |S | 5 Sif Ss? pe ieee et | 9 er | *ALITVOOT a | @ 2 | © Go || ener pue 33 4} Hh | _1— as a Ep 2g Bg, 5 B quoureydmy | .5 “Syviuory puv poo, FO onze Ny "sUv5IC) AT} SEU B Surystq | 3 -onpoiday Fo uoIpUOD | toquin\y Fi 4 “Koaing oy 0} ITPRINT JULISTISSY “LVIOH “I'M LSUNUG 24 ..NINDAIUVH», GXV ..TVONIA», SHG auvog S nQ NO LdaM SGUOOTY SAOLUVA AHL Wout agTIdWoO “-HOVNWOLS AO SINHLINOOD ANV SNVOUO CALLONGOUdHA AO SNOILIGNOO HLIM ‘LHYAVO NAHM GNVY BUAHA ‘HSIA JO SCNIM INVLYOdNI AUON AHL AO HOVE AO SUMH#WON AHL YNIMOHS SHINGHHOS er <= Pate Me I a) ed Se res a: ‘sqvids pue sdmanyg Pp Satie oer g & I ee ie 5 a 7 7 =| “st | os animes iS “isedOls) jonny IaluataANS iG || OS AO) OP] oc | Loar | oo 88 oe I oe FS T ee ee ao I ° . ° e ay Ww Ol = “sqeq I Tee fee (fesse (emcees lf Da Teh |paree= pees > ‘TeaTy oreuusy | = “UL L g Avy | T "GZ “0681 “(‘uury) sepiouins vjhiu—A&iIVNUAYD AAW < “sy somjopuwseacom 1 |** | °° |:: |<" (er) 7" |*° |r || g | es |i |*. “Smagaemor) 2 | ® | zi/s | 08 883 “SF = ee eos | ees Opal ete ee eee ‘uaavqdeoyg | 1 | “8 | et/eo | 82 S86 “87 S 2 ‘ae UE Gememgy, | SP Py Ok | OO ONS ae ie i ee ee = eH UGGD) jh. | PP} Oe | eee ene es | Beh eel oz | 1 |° ‘pee weg gO| zs | sm [oT/et)o 4° | ATS “8h A Or ieTere| oe eee Seto | cela te Gees | eee NS 2.) 868 16 6hI “8 3 eelagofer fer} ester} er|es |r | e | 61 | 1 | ‘punog 410919 BO] #1 | HS | se |sTdy | eT “8h S “1681 a ‘seopueg |e? | leat) ce fee |e fe fa ttt | ct | ot | a | Sea s8mregsumed | t | “8 | 8/9 | 1¢Snv) OTT “d8e = oS pees |e | es ee a eee reales ‘Keg Aowyey | tT | ms | er |te4me| 06 “dee = ee I & I oo oo oo ee I oe oo GZ if ° peop STIG, BO oe ng 0g SI OF aAL Ss ‘sjoopurg ‘us[og 5 . oe oo oe oe oo eo oo oo ° ok 2 T's / Py “GG = uosuRID ‘snyesjoy snunji0g LT I BG I Bq posyortg” | OL/F | 91 0 G a abi bo oo ey | oo eo ee [eee | em a ie er oN) |S |e Ok |G | ke He = ‘(uury) opunny oh47—-GUVNUAY ANIWIHdd VS 0681 8 : "2 A S) a eed a Saas 4 BH) of | os “ox dG) O/B) P) S| 5/8 |e | eo) Fe | sa | B Bl ee | fe wore}g : Poe le eel es 2 & @ & @ *RLITVOO'T =| 8 5 BB | rd [ae = be i SP D ° - Tu . aa Ge = Z alc quourepduy =H . ‘SyLVULEY puB poo,y Jo ainyzeNy "SULSL() OAT} REE SIE S Surysty ea -onpoidey Jo uoT}Ipuoy | Leqrunyy 295 Hortr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. *sjaepued pur sniqosoT -yeysArg ‘sisA yy ‘snavurutey 6 ‘snmmAmory[Rg *poulWIBX9 JOU JSoT[VUS OTT, "CULOTS) x “S[PopuBy PUB SUBODLISILIY) OT “quods AT19 NT» “spoepurg Z% *sqvrio pue a90z ‘spljauUy "sTeepUBY | TOT}INO Pue 0207 4c “sjpopurg Z ~ OF So OF ® OF % Ot % “ANTMNANOHAANA O+ So OF 1d 4 OO O+ *1 G il lca a = SS ot itt ret el val é1 F1/6 ¢1/01 aAtall LT FI/ST FI/S1 nN Oo NN oO : * ‘Keg Moto : ‘peoy uei0g ‘keg jesouog apis “Avg IOAUT apisino “Keg IOAUT “SqUT] apisur ‘Ave IOAUT PLOT SMUG IO ° ‘Avg posyovlq ‘Aug s uewyretg FO : ‘Leq ABMTey : ‘Aug wopurig * ‘Keg epsurq FO * qoo1DYs00) FO * ‘Keg opsurq FO | * ‘88 1°AS FO ; : ‘Log opsurg ‘Aug sstljexsuryeg “UL’S “u's oN AN “T'S 9T 9T 9T GI OL 2B2 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 296 *prjoouoine,g Sunox T oe “snUun}Iog puv snyepurd T[ oie ‘sduyg @ | ‘sdumiqg f | ‘sjoopus puvsuMerd ‘sduryg | 0% ‘spodrydury z ag “UOSTIRID | a9 ‘sjaepurg [ “dwmyggt qeigy | °° ‘speopueg § “qeiy T ne “SYIVULOY PUL POO, FO onze eel a sce Ce em RNID a 0) ell al a a oe a ee | bes |, ete alam ae lS ingles al) waa oeeel Searle ee Sp ais 8 I Saye) es ea zie & II IT |° ‘xoaty oreunuey | $/1 | “a 94 | 8z oO eB | OB ga Se se ese) lee Pea ereyall eatle, seesesl goto Dae area Ub g & Ta v He cee Ros Coa feseseee eh | asap er | 3% | ‘eq serpeysureg | T | ‘S3 LZ | 13 2eW "1681 . ee ee eo ee ee . z ZI I zie sess el eS pect a easiest ete eae I y | ‘Avg s#ypoysuypeg | 1 | “as | 08 | 1% ee oe oe O-0 ee ee ee &y 9 I ° e I ‘TL ZL SI pas aoe ene ore Oe ons aoe OD Sh I ‘IOATY aletdto yy ee moog &% SI eR eenaeon ee S| peas erie pee air = |b eae ‘eruereA HO] * |sag| 1h | PI Suny Pie ae la a E/E |et/tt| @ | ‘punog A10Se19 BO | ** | “sm | 8h | 96 A 2 | SET Soe |e eae FO Ta pega [ea g Hor re ‘Avg Aseyry | 1 “ul Bit || fail ee ee oe ee ee oe ee ee . ° ° . . 's 6 I @ laean| 8! | 8 a0] 06 || 90 | oo loo <0 |} 0 50 50 I . : “|g ‘sao | Sp G e1 ee al ea el aloes ae “" \er/g |g |* ‘eq posyouq | 1 |"™SF) G 19 j SMS) °e || Ca ee te | BR aia On fe Eg ee fo Gi ie ese “panu2juogI—AUVNAAY) AAAL) T|™ bd loo Bole ey = = le! A TA i=) SigleleleleleBl| sel ss | é e|ge| es B | Pls] se] & = © D OQ S08 5 5 Se 5/5 ° OO fe et bes ee | eee RS a ee | Bis, a . z, eee AR ALI 1YOO'T Qa 5 ° 5 is} as ‘6B * S * Fb n "SU291Q) OAT} ‘pourmexy | +S 4 fo -onpoadey FO WoIpUCH 19 q C00 NT LoL “8h 1 SD Sol “8h 66 BIT “d8% OIL “d8% 60t “4S por “YS G8 GG €4 9% 89 96 LQ “GG G9 GG Oe) Ie “ON TOT}LIY pue yuoune, Tay, SULyst Sees PTI | i EO oe SP ee | 2 ee eee ae eee eee eee SSS SS 297 Hoit—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. “stsAT T "sIsATY @ WEEE IL ‘sduntyg % sdwryg J ‘TITeUSS snpeyg Z ‘sduiyg F Ql Ga fF 9 TSS oO rt mea GI &I Ql Ge a SS tO XG | S&S Si wD rm el AN rr CB G ‘punog qinog ‘punog A108019 FO “spurysyT Wey ss ‘eLOWYSIuyT FO : ‘keg opsurg ‘Avg ssTypoysureg qlca al Lal fl id § “UL'S "I°49'9 "YS's 02/93 8& PP/9F OF 62/8% 8t/GF y [ndy 1é 1é 0& LT 9vT StI eT GET T&T "SP “SP i Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 298 *sjeopueg ee ee ee ee oe $1 ee I ee G0 [roo | oo {| 00 )9G5 jain soo I) ve fice fee fae fee Pee ty pg] ee dg oe oe eo ee oe $1 oe I oe io pe || eo" || 20 | 6 logletg oe I $1 ° ee oe ee IT ee oo a hee | oo | ee bea oe en de ope PARE OO PP SB OE Os iy | mM bg leo bole oul yy iS a B | o : 2 lf |e 12 Bie le |= Pp SiS eee | *SUBSI() OATY “pourwexg “SYMVUOIT PUB poo, JO aingVyy -onpoidey JO WolyIpuon A ee eee ee eS Toqwun yy ap ee ‘keg uvsseqg | T “UL | | |e Fanos MOE BO | is) 8 zs Qi a te es Il Teli ‘keg Aemey | % “u's os L i E/E | et/11| et |‘punog AtoSery FO | 1 | 's eZ @ it es <8 | $ On |i @ | ie 8 I ail F | ‘punog A10Se1g FO | £1 “g 2 Goce al oe aS lial fy | 9II ee @ 1OT 3s ¥9 | 9z oy ECS = = RUMOR MANO ST fe: eas “panurjzuwog— CAV NUL) AGUY) | i= ve| ee | 2 B| gs 2 & ee g *ALITVOOT a eee gs “ B z Bees 8& 02/¢3 | 8 Idy | Let *SULOY} UT ur yydoq GI "a4e(q &ST GPT 8h1 “SP “ON TOT}RIG pue yuome,duy SUrqst Horr— Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland., 299 lost So re ie) “USt I “ysl I oe ee oe ee ae $1 ee TI ee a ®0 ce ®0 re O+ re et a Six okt rl >] ret Les) t oer bi ie kag ieeeoae | Ps we | FI $02 Lal is) mo i=) a NN ct ww colt is 4 : ‘heq posyor[g ‘Aug posyovrq : ‘anepeaeq FO BE fT | * “ereadteg rei ric (oe) ret KCOLS fi | 22 88 POS ST ee Se Be ee ee ‘Su | F Gg. O6T 8 Lig \¢ Av) gst ‘1483/0 |/08 I8T "13'S '] FL | 66 O8T qa ist lst rt Lama! : ‘Avg posyovig | Z 8 c/6 | 8% SAT pH Ujeduaogyo | 1 | ‘sw | gt/oz | gz LAT “stsATl T sent ees lee tes WSs] pest lepen aa eye ll TE Q:0 - ‘Keg uoavyprorg | Z| ‘sf 61/Gz | &z OLT “TEM PCIe Pp OP Ny SAey OP bes | OP ee | Oe a we ee : : ae ae SI | 02 FOL oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe we a OL G 2 ee oe oe oe oe ee oe oe oe g Il g Sia ee Ne ee | cease eA Ti NO) | arya ts CU eG g91 ric im Society. mn Royal Dubl mgs, ¢ Proceed: Scientifi 300 ‘YS 1 ‘Brpeu oStoT tT | °° | ¢ alleen i Caer T Tele ‘Ys pue e907 1 pace O | I a ay LI I G *S* Ur O1/E1 0G L1G '8P oa aoe a ee ote OU ee Cie ; S}TUay] cee ee Ee atlas PL | 9 | episur ‘Avg qeauy | FI | ‘sur | 81/8 | 06 918 “8 oe ae oe oe oe oe eo 9/F 8 StS sue aed lec lene 5 OF goto ie ! Il ee eler | ee ron Tae ee oor alae *‘suUBaOBISNID E “SPI[SUUY |] ee ( Se liege TS, G ce ere * “area, FO | FL | “8 | 83/se | 6I GIé@ “87 siete SE ES Be lesct OL | % ee oe eo oe ee oe Zz ral ( : bays “ystg Z ‘sueooesnrg tT | *' |r | *t ét Ge leaiece el | ¢ |9Ulog s.uqor 49 FO -13-s | 08/TE | ST BIS “8h alee S| cee ees ste} oss | or/, |g | Anoquey stoqdtiry | 1 | “ws | p1/9T | ST L08 ‘8? ‘USL T ‘sntqoSorpejsdag ¢ Ces Wed Breede eel mee PR eas I il |G ee oe oo oo ve Oar oo OL Cc e | oc | an | ob PN ele eee ga ee coe eee ea m1 | L |° ‘Avg qeseuoq| o | ‘sm | 61/0g| #1 AeW| Gos “sr “anurjwogI—CUVNUAY AML m| tp] ae | ee | oe | og ES] i AZ o loleleleleieleleleclsilé e| es | zs “ON SOE eer ee a 2 |e | Bes] em |e. A | ee | Se wOTe}g : 2 | e | er ||? Se |e eS *KEIIVOO'T a 5 = g 5 | °93e%¢ [ewe : somal Ge | = ey jo no | quowteydury ‘Syeuley pur poog Fo oanyeyy SUBSIQ OAT} oe . 5 Ssulystyy -onpoidey FO uor}IpwoH | Toquin yy ' rey 301 Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. \ ‘sjoopuvg pue sdumayg | COE OO I OG. OOn | agape" | aa haa on on &q I ELE GTI Ff POP 8 SST ee | eh ee we Pe tI |S |° ‘Atmag ysnoy |“ | -s | te/9 | t eune| oFs “8% TEE Peo Pee SP ee ee eee he ce a Pie i pe. Apter | ae |p: | ea 1 Oe 68% “8h ac | co [co Il Ge jf on Io |e poe Ios | oe oe hy GENS | 8° | 8 ST POW | C8 | ee Set ae aes Bl | TERE TOF] OP HOP) PS eee ei OR Ie es) Oe ees 4 ENT | OF ae Sw Ow | CF Ee? ek ae | a sl | |° ‘AtrMg ysnoT]% | 8 | 21/8 | 08 883 “8h oc | ac! oc | oa peo || cod} ce feo pon 2 a ha EMER -f O8 ? [ST (SS Pe [Se] 221 e peo | ca toe Pe ye 8 LOL | Ge 98% 8F “‘STOUVIGI[oWeT Jo suoydig T oo | ches (rele lteerar | meee | a conde eal = I tI Peale ‘Avg soruMo( | | s SI | 66 G&G “8h ONES Bf Oe SCP eS eee az eo ae ele ley ON oy) OE NEA 1B. ote el Ae mM | © Or TE ST | Sep eee ee ee OR SY rears | iff wiih | Ske 68% “8h Se aa eae fe al eset ete eure ae elle ee re lee ta sefteneaneg PS ME Vee a Seats eee WR a ees eae a ele I | “ws | 9¢/ze | 22 G8s “8h ‘sjaopueg pue snunqlog T CL PP |S Ol Fea pia feos Wiese ea|| e i ehnael | IE or | @=\\¢ ‘Aug yousog | $1 | ‘3 4/6 | 33 $OS SP we [refs [ee fae fee tae tae [es |e. | g lg | |* “SSITTeYG 9m BO] 1 | ‘sa | ze/z9 | 06 GIL “d8z 510/381 + a 91/Fc1 | 2 = st/et| 3 |° ‘aeary oretauoy | 4] | ‘sur -| e¢/ez | ST GIL “d8Z fe/11 | 3 Zor/9t | Z or | T : er | 1.|* ‘xoaty orvmuoy | z ae 3/92 | 91 901 “d8z fer | _ GI |1 |° ‘punog qynog| ** | sz | 7% |6 ‘Sny| G6 asc Hr jt Pe ‘keg Avwyey | 2g] ‘8 FZ | 82 v8 “dos (jax) OT] @ | PH TEV HO mOs| ** | se | FFI | F AC] 49 “TST "0681 Z s) ae Ee ee oN Bo | 8 S| Ore S| Set recoyanenn| A = g *ALITVOO'T 3 Eo |S & “oye a Bee | t 6 | Bes E e queue] dur] E Surysty laa) =) | an) eee S| eee Sees geeeraltee ae |e [etl cea lc Seat G I |° {xeMeqg W0g FO | 1 9 8 |% oung| Eg -< |e eee | Seen es are Ol al eee aly 1 |° ‘deg qovfog | #1] “s | $4/6 | oo 22 ES TIGA OUTS! fe [S28 ees POO ee Po es ae oF ap oe eae 8I | 1 |° ‘punog uneyearg | + | “rs | et/91|s AeW| 96T — Ss $8 [20 PLUS oil eases | eee [eee ee (es oe [allies a 0 Eh ke ‘keg uvssaiQ | T 29 TS. | O® S81 = ee I ee oe ee $1 oe I oe p SI I (a4 a . ee 66 S oe ee oe oe oe oe P I ° I ay I S ‘S oe ary ary ve de oe £I ee I ve } I ° ‘keg Svayey Zz ‘us 6I/LI Gl ECT “S S Gale | Dee esta atten Pca Ope eee ay I Ser | 1 | ‘punog Atose1y YO | $1 | ‘s ge 16 StI . PPB | 2 ee eo Oct ee ea | ono AMOS | Ne] | OIG] 8 LUT iva) ; 2 THIET 82 eB PP? Swe Se ef So eke | BOIL || & as ‘c Vg 8e | see oa eg Toe oe |e | ee oer | @ a6 = PBeaae [ane |r eerie a ene eee let lee SE I IL | 1 | ‘punog S108e1p FO | <1 | “wes | 8g |8 Tudy | OFT = “1681 oS = ¢ Q rs UMTS fhe | PS RR ROO eS Ont ODEO ip eer eae 11 | 1 | ‘Avg s sqpeysuryeg | 1 3 | QI || ite OI Ry *(yueds * “S |gsng ‘sopouryiés) ata t |°' 12% |ételeol | lc la |e | eter) sv$er}e |° ‘aVeewysmy go] 1 | s-a8 | st/or | 11 86 S SST Ee] a a ig a PE RO OOS EE eT er lik fe ‘Avg uaeysey | *' | “rum | “* |g “sny| ¢6 S SE SUT [esl ice cas| T [feel | cyte | ee ae |e Ee iL ke > Boysyy wenay | °F | 8° oe Oe 88 | upuer @ eleserar 1 |) OF [2P ) Oo ese | P28 | Po es | Pool Hoyle | sualiane | @ H a 8 (Gann FL SSL) CRUEE TS. |) 22 | OS eae Neste) OO 20 eG 7) OO raha alle |e * ‘so[sy UeIy | ** | °° 0g 18 = *[40 ss ce eee Ted iss pees Pllc | ce | ee Sr | #1 | 1 |: “weemysuy HO] I | -ys-s | 1/08 | 62 98 OIE FO SECTS ca cme mel fee ec fe FES a leaks ‘Avg uesysey | $1 | °° 8 |6I 8 SS Sa SF BON PC ES ie ea see pa Pe aE fet * ‘unepeang | € 's gt |9t Ane | 64 SS TET) 0021 allan ma i hn aml ICRC Fy Fem tL | 1 |° ‘deg posyovig |g | ms | 6 | 9T Ip “auOpeaT Ay Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. e100) 0:) 1; ML AG £9 ‘spyeuuy T ‘sjoopurg = “squq . . es fo) auopeTy ‘snunjiog *sninseg UST i ‘Ystyq “wanu ‘SnUNPIOg “Wosursig “SVULOIVD *SnUNjLOg Cea ass Aliph Ser on ie oes rag oy eat CRIN G flee tees ee Chae Sa aod (eae nC Cele PE PEN Be OMA fe abl Reecrel Smeal ea ee |i PW 1G SUKOTE || OAS || 47 Peale a RS Sans 46 | TI See leer | oon ee a |S Be ls seat te OE pe i online a a 28 2° QI || WBNS || Be OP ee ee ee It 22 Te ee Sip oe it PO eee ye ai le ae Ie 8% Bip 4 Y 8 NTalG. *(UUTT) vnylLoue snpo5Hy—GOO 304 “‘SyIVUoY PUR poo, Fo oinzeyy “SUvSIQ) OAT} -onpordery Fo UOTIIPUOD | teqtunyy Red te Si i | ean ae | ee ee ee oa hy Gy Bs US est eee S 5 = = 1 oc,| B38 5 2 2) ® R OQ @ 08 a ea ear =sur ion iI " oo oF e) wy sou. se te as i=) poulwmlexy | os ‘IMOGIVFT VIyWSTe A " “pee eudTs FO ~ PUIBESE OH KO : ‘Avg posyovg ‘spvoy otA[ystuUy ‘(apisjno) Avg toAuT "peor shaq FO > Moquey uBog * qoo10yso0o0n FO ‘peoyy Arovueg FO ‘SSITTOIS HO : * ‘Kvg osurqg * “IOATY orvuue yy *XLITVOO'T mjc ae |rr-Sny| Gor ‘us GG | SI os oT ce |9r 4me} se, “1 whe | 2 7X: (S| ce 6 /r |% Ame ivyge “ys HK | GE 39 Ke og | 8 9 “I ¢/IT | ZLeung| gg “yg 0g | 12 Tiel OF |6I Gi ci 08/FL | 91 ans CCCI th G6 QAM fe Se “0681 A iS 3 S23 | So ‘ON Ailsa | Se WOT}L}G a oo fo) s . > a a 5 S 5 5 aed pue Sapien ae quotme;dury - Surysta = *TLyIVwUse oD supey pue snwAuolyeg T CE Rose caer Raa ee pes eas Oe ed aaa lo Gia ral ce |G “S[oOpURG PUP sIVyt SS -1ody ‘eprunyy, ‘xtaqjoryd¢ oS ee rele ieee) eee te PBL Ca SF) is 1 oe \ Te > ‘orelO HO | °° | “48 | 09/4eF < “SQUOJS PUB STEOpUY T Pe | F58) Lacs at wl ese | eek ome aE Bo OL 0g I : ‘yanqystuy Fo | = “I's GE x SP EO SP ES ee Se a et PS ih ps HOE NO) HOE |) SS | OU iS HODOUAY MBC T | 82) 8 PP | ee Se) Pe ese eel ey Ser tr 1h Weer PONE | 88 | NIG S ee ee ale rae ral Cf eheeier meer eh = UN THNEAT Cf 2° 88 OP Sees Se eka Be oe ees Teyeadyeg | 1 | 19's | $1 iS ‘sjoopurg pur sninsed rs9uevd T ee lege [ea gl is ea | oe Se eT ea Exe I : “e ploy : & oyjueX pur zoqnd snunjz10g [ oes ooeg OS galt tise se eal inten eae Seal 6 0g Tame es ‘Keg posyourg | Z% “g 0/6 = "sniqos 2° tee PS ef ee PPP PPP ee a va | OB | fo Gotan Er IO] He) SORE S -oyjeyshrg pue qua ‘sdox ts | Udon ‘seysAz0p ‘comapeg id | *' |’ Pr} yt yt] tt} et | at | ot | oe ft fe ‘Ang Avmypeyg | % | “W's | 61/11 = “epIuUn | Z AA Nee aI 20 P | Po he ene in ral Ze Z | ‘punog Arosergn HQ | ¢g | “a's | 1e/FE ‘3 TURAL TEN P| OP eye OP 22 FPO Se | eo i Ge I ie || Foes rorstoes) Sago) |, Ly) ORGS ae WEE | Pe PS Pw 8 |e Oe ae ae Bie WB | te || Goumnog Aowisane) G00) | Tee |] 8g SS “TIYTV Use SHpeBy) {f “ottop = | MM eprunyypueseysdtoy gy | “| (st jst {| | 1% | °° | on/st| se/rs | 2 - 3 6 YONp FO WNU19}g T ey Fae ae Fue PSS) pele REIN a = Oe (SOS AT SI ee I | ‘punog At0Serg YO | FI | “ws ge | : UTE ES FONE AE Pe Te eR Po ee OS ie 28 os We | & “SIRES eaae °@) {ye PR SPSS Te Oey RAR oP BO Oe ag 6o | t |* ‘exovaystay yO | FP | ‘sur | og/ze xe) ee SEED UPEOU IMU Tse ie aaa elec ealidap (At AS = sleet ST lets | OTe ves ht : “epronyy ¢ ‘ ‘sdorqdayy [ ‘oyjuey Pele PTL oa ee OG es (| Oe fe qeeener Wololge naga) |e ON, a 1 <‘syiseaz xiamjorydg Z 2% = “TESS TE See ee | ef 21 Pe scien eee tle eat emp tess] SUEr AU eet tag gun AMEE ta “STLOTGOA -1ou sdorydeyy [ “stie3 eats See Sep | | Sateal etter meee Ten |Searegiige «| + AOmecxualuOMey eT | UL. |. .9% = ioe i - Miqou0g uyqng hoy ‘shupaaorg ofyuargy way fo pspog 4Sa44 ‘spuno.4p Buaysiq fo foaing—Lr1oyy BY © r0e ‘ ets 5 Number | Condition of Reproduc- Fishing ; ral Gillieeamined! tive Organs. Nature of Food and Remarks. Implement Bla | & o sto |) els z. and Date. |. 2 | 28 S Locauity. BS aie sO is | elma ie ‘3 Station 2s 5 = ie! = & Sg er 3 z 2 = ete | es |S 0 2 + : a=} rt | a o a 2 2 a a la |e elect Ee ee eles ee || ee lea COD—Gadus morrhua (Linn). 1890. 25. 1|May 8 7 m. % | Kenmare River. Gh 9/210 a CE SO EM 5 +. | Crangon. Portunus. Bucci- ; 2g num. Fish, 25. 7 12) 22 4 | Dingle Bay, . 1 32 14 1 O° 1l¢ 1 Fish. ity 16 | 74/80 | s.m. Of Skelligs, 1s |e See 1 oie} 2 1 35 12 1 1g? i, 19| 40 Off Benacry Head, | 2 | 32/36 | 12/16 2 29 Portunus. Carcinas. Eledone. L. 14 21} 30 s.r Off Coosheroon, 1 30 1l : Sh. 35 | June12} 1/5 8. Boffin Harbour, 1} 12 5 1} 93 et ; 2g L. 46 18} 30 ns Off Erris Head, 4 | 31/40] 10/18) 2] 2 29 Pagurus. Portunus. Eledone. 25. 58 25) 25 | s.m. Inyer Bay (outside),| 1 | 23 5 . Dass Resell Sh, 5%) July 2) 4/1 | m.z. Innishlyre Roads, 2 | 13/13 ” 14] 2/23 ; : » 4} 3/33 ; Sh. 67a 1 | 8/4) mz Blacksod Bay, 2 | 32/4 é L. 78 | July 16} 35 Off The Bills, 1 36 14 1 1¢ 1 Annelids. 1¢ L. 80 18| 55 Off Slyne Head, 3 | 32 14 16 |e 39 Galatha. Eledone. Gadus. Shy 105 | Aug.14| 4? m. | .. | Valentia Harbour, 1 3 6 ) A : 4 i aaa le Paar a Lid ; = —— ‘) So — — { % Srepereey|med OLS ‘ v yee ( 1 Terebella, 1 Crangou vul- , 48. 126 | Mar.28} 26 m. | 1} | Kenmare River, 2 |33/833) 13/14) 2 2s a \ garis. 1 Nephrops nor-) \ vegicus. 48. 182 81 | 23/29 | s.shl.|} 1} | Ballinskelligs Bay, 1) »25 18 16 1¢ .» | 1 Sandeel. ‘ i 2¢ 2 Ophiothrix fragilis. 1 L. 186 | April 2} 70 Off Loop Head, 4 | 30 10 |) bn 1) WO|) 5 Xantho. 1 Nephrops. 3 Munida. 1] 37 16 1 1¢ 1 Xantho und Munida. L. 141 7| 52/50) m.s. | 44 | Off Inishmore, |e 2.9) 9 ee 2 1¢ 1 O. fragilis. Wi Bil 20 1 1? 1 Munida and Fish. 48. 146 8| 388 | s.m. | 1} | Off Gregory Sound,| 1] 33 12 1 1g|..|.. | .. | 1 Sternum of duck? 2 | 34/38 | 15/16 2 1¢]1¢ 2 Corystes and Munida. 1 Ele- done. 1 Gadus esmarlkii. 48. 148 9| 38 s. | 14 | Off Gregory Sound,| 2 | 36 19 WW} Uy oo Lg) WE} i |) oa |} Whee, 48. 149 9| 39/36] s. | 1 | Off Gregory Sound,| 1] 36 13 1 . | 1¢ 1 Munida. L. 150 9| 34/31] s.r. | 3 | Off Gregory Sound,| 2] 32 12 2 : 1lg|1¢ 2 Munida. 48. 158 15| 17/19} sm. | 2 | Galway Bay, TING 16 1 1¢ 1 Palemon, Corystes, Neph- rops, Dab and Crystallo- L. 155 15 | 27/30} s. | 2% | Off Foul Sound, 1| 36 12 1 i 1G) |e ; gobius. 48. 178 28) 9/53] s. | 2 | Blacksod Bay, 1} 30 9 Woo 5 ¢ 1¢o 1 Portunus puber and Xantho florida. 1] 345) 123) 1 1g 1 Cancer pagurus and Sandeels. 48. 180 29) 14 | s.gr. | 1 | Ballynakill, i || BB 16 1 19 ae | htes 1 Lamellibranchs. Sh. 185 | May 2} 43/2 S. Ballynakill Havb., 6) 14 Ai Go 48. 188 5) 9/7 s. | 1} | Blacksod Bay, 1 | 255) 6% WO eo |] oo |} oo 1 Dab and Sandeels. L. 195 8 | 26/16) g.s. | 10+) Ot Boftin, 1} 35 20 1 19 1 48. 197 8| 24 s.r. + | Off Inishturk, 1} 30 10 1 are leo c1RON irs | eer 1 Sandeels and stones. I. 200 9/46/60) gr. | .. | Off Clare, 1} 265 7 Uo WOW Gols \ 6 . | 1 Ophiothrix, Munida, Apor- rhais and Sandeels. ; 2) 35 WD Woo ll Bale -|..|..|29! 1]... | 1 Callionymus and Gadus esmarkii. Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 306 — —— " . 3 — u Ann, ! = — es Ae er EEA IIS Cs a GT ce | ¢ |° “peor aeW FO [ETI “| ¢0/c0|% une] The I . Bleep NESS IE oo a Se te ee ea |S Mera Geyer |r ees eae | Gee 988 “8h Bsr PUR ELIeINI ge ISAIO() [=| tens ee CuI |e | renews Cee Ti) tel GL Ir | 1 sama |e | Sot Ogre oe Coo COT cold pe ye | ee = eS ‘uoavydesys |fz1 | °° | $1/61 | 8% bes T “Ost puv pouuny ‘svAyy ‘omjueX | Bee ince of encnle Ns all eee rey | Denese allo = 86 | I 66 “sv ATT pur oyjuvy ‘snyesn.14109 snunjiog ‘snyoudyiousyg J oo Pye oo Hoo foo oo 1 eae | a + 0 | ere | ; “einiqday T SETAE Pee ele Seiillesat ile. ea) oat I = 491 | @ = “snaInsrg ee UI puv plvmmry [ “vantyduy T Ara [teresed | ur are | ecu Kareena Ae Ea 20 Sey o |: ‘proxy utoe HO | $1 | “rs | 01/6 | 82 taxa rea -ouy puvvayeren ‘snug | ‘* | jeri} ft fc | ct | tt tat | ott | fee | at |° “puepsr Aton go ifiT | “| Fr | 22 Iss “I ‘snp Adeje} V pue 2 oujuvy ‘snunqtog ‘steioN T Cf abe eoFa | el Pegs | RE aor real T | bos ial Lg I “MESIAL IE OREM C : T Sau) Tf eprunyy 1 eee sn Sh Gl ee ef ea | ee ea Gel Fe ce GI ce | 3 | ‘Wey Njossejg Ho | #1 | was | ce | Lz 666 'T ‘o1odiy[N Ny pue xvidouoy ‘snqgeno1e snunqz.og T vs CaO teh Leal eases sa vs em oa I 49 CG if bE *yerdg puv ‘ossvipy ‘O[0g | CE ae ee ee eek heel foal 90 | = tae #Z | LT | ‘(opisut) Avg aoauy | fT | ‘sm | eT/g | 02 91S ‘SF Ese | ag easea lee Serer creed [ee et sail hace "+ | E1/T | 09 |° ‘amoqueyy urpeog,| *° | ‘stm | ¢ 61 €1¢ “4S ‘Ooppey pue‘eipem osyogT | | st i{ fot} tt | ct iat | ct | pt | foe | 1 |* | “Avg yesonoq | ¢ | sm | 6T/0s | FI G0 “87 BeOS ASLO heli oe | © ne | etc Tea n= ook lake c= pcos sas pence |e Ae || wee eG ale ‘Aug jesouog | 3 | ‘8 ze | Ft Ae | 70S ‘SP “panurjuoI— QOQ rleo bole roa Ss See Earle 5 gS = Z ee 5 Z Bl = EPS “ON 2) O/B) Pl ela (s |B] a) aa | owe | & A | Sse | oo uOTyNIS See ? so. | 3 eS *ALITVOO'T = g = BB | “aed poe 0 einye “SUBSIQ) OATY (POUT sm : 5 ee euetE ‘SyIVMey puv poo I g oy cee a : 3 i HO es was -onpoiday JO WOT}IpuoOD | teqtun yy : aS I Ke co rematioyolanya ge 8 | OP Pes OP ee oe Set Et "* | 51 | @ | Spunog Atoserg Yo) | =1 | <8 sg 16 ShI ‘“8P ; PT Ss ee oe oe oe ee oe oe oe T FI fe 66 aS ‘ejooluely [ ‘“vantydumy F EG ol pe FB | oe foe | ae ee e 2 CT G 6 S Da Nef | ee eee aaa ZI | F | ‘punog AtoSerp FO | tr | ‘ms | se | 8 QPL “8h aS oo | | oe 15 q {ee | eo eo Pe | oe x ae la és ~ a) . RS - “eydATsorydg [ ‘vaintyduy T ue | econ Gai |i |Penee ce | Ones aarti colle fe he ZI % : ‘arouystuy HO | = 2.0 FP/9F | 2 ShI ‘SF a ealeTitleealror Teor etch se ier (eer leaG XG fu fe eee Clowog, HO) | Ar |} 28 0L |% Imdy | 98t “T IS Peanbnag (oon Yh | 8 Oe Wes yp OP Oe OG ea ee ar one ip 2 Seka cxoumense | 7 “UL 1 | Ce Dean eh oe : oe oe ee oe ee eu oar) I eo T al I (3 = SoOwhagstany | Ge [00 foci ec | 6b |) oo |e a0 | 0.0 Z9 | 1 |° ‘coary oremooy | 2, | -m 9z | 9c sew | OZ “SF S “1681 2 “QUIT WO NO 194V9 BIOOSTA oe ee oe oe oe oe oe ee 0-0 tf GZ I . ‘SSTT[OIC 37) FO oe “S'UL 08 61 ell “TD = “yr erp ppp ft fe] ft | er ft |: fearz ommmoy | ¢ | oe, | ec/9e| or Sey | gor “ase 2 & “AFRO, [Date aU ETO HUG) fe lee a | ca sag | eo Oo 1) Oo oop tap on | Men | - o ‘keg Avayey | 3% | ‘8 VG | 8% $8 ‘doe S STULL Te (pecece | cs leat OE |e Tes| ocala i | er |e is : “CRUD GUAT COI Os are || BOO legs 0 NG. elas GI | @ |‘punog ArosorH FO | F1 | ‘sm | gp | gs 8°93 DB Cee ye eS eee | | ew eee CLAS oOo) ee a re | Ct ANP OS) at i Se ee | Oe rae | CUBIN 2 |" Neer ieee, | | sl | es] Oe gg GG 3 tl Bates | pido fee eal eh too le Pal [feceeea ete eee 461 | 1 |‘(opisyno) Avg soauy | g | ‘ms | gg |¢gounc| eg “GZ | sa BOUSISRO iG SULLOPOUTOM Bs) 6 | st) Pp lise [ote [ey sesh ee hg 16/7 \2 Aegqersurg gor)! 41 | ms |08/ 7) ce (finest FEO | oA CTE SSI ICI Ore aa gece | 4G |e8t jee | “prom Atoeueg FQ)! “| °: OF | 61 Gti g AUIOPOUTGON F |} ee lasi si | cs lm | co | Se/ke | sz/er) » |* ‘s8meyy ou go.) 41 | ms | os/ez | ot Ae | 8 °T x ; ; ; — *(uurq) smufaho snpopyn—sxO0aavwH . Fishing Number | Condition of Reproduc- 1s Off Gregory Sound, g &. | Examined tive Organs. Nature of Food and Remarks. 1 t zi reel te F . | Ao gaan Date. | -F z s Els Locairy. B Bg Se]. eel eacleeu lies 5 Station =e £2 z 3 tS ow | 8] a] 3s] & | a allel g ° No B4|23 | 8 a) 84/85 )e)/ es] bla le] S| 8 | 2% : a |4 |F Pa st EE ese El all ee, Cop—continued. 48, 204) May 14} 32 Ss. Donegal Bay, 1 343 | 12 it 13 1 Corystes. 48. 205 14 | 30/19) m.s. | 2 | Donegal Bay, 1/ 365] 14 | 1. / 1 1g 1 Loligo media, and Haddock. Sh, 218 19 3 | ms Teelin Harbour, 60 | 1/12 48. 216 20} 8/13] m.s. | 1} | Inver Bay (inside), | 1] 24 53 fel e 1 Sole, Wrasse, and Sprat. a TL} 45) 6} 1 13 1 Portunus arcuatus, Gonoplax and Nullipore. L. 229 27] 35 | gr.r. | 13 | OffStagsofN.Aran,| 2] 32 12 2 2¢ 1 Munida. 1 Galathea. 1 Xantho. 1 Fish. , 1 37 14 1 1¢ 1 Nereis, Portunus, Xantho and Atelecyclus. L. 231 27] 14 r. | 11f/ Off Tory Island, 1) 333] 11 ilo 1g 1 Echinus, Galathaa and Ano- mia, 232 28) 9/10} s.r. | 14 | Off Horn Head, 2) 153 2 1 (2a? 0 1 Amphiura. 1 Gammarid and lee Pagurus. - 2] 163 Ha) | aba il 1 Amphiura. 5 1] 23} I abo 1 Stenorhynchus, Portunus corrugatus, Xantho and Hyas. 7 1a 28 1 1l¢ 1 Xantho, Hyas, Gunnel and Fish. L. 284 28 | 12/14 12}| Sheephaven, 1] 38 16 1 , oo |} ale 1 Lutraria. 1} 41 19 1 1¢ 1 Corystés, Lutraria and Fish. 48. 236 29} 10/43} 8s. | 1 | Downies Bay, 1] 28 9 i IEC oa L. 241 /June 2 | 22/23 11}] Off Malin Head, 3] 35 15 a0 |}oa-f} pa { i f ‘ i “fe ae - Ny ey see) — ~< ‘ t HADDOCK— Gadus eglefinus (Linn.). 1890. ; aa eet L. 8 | May 16 | 74/80] s.m. | 1} | Off the Skelligs, 4 | 18/23 | 22/43) .. | 4 . | 29) 29). 4 Echinoderms De ee) 19| 40 Off Benacry Head, | 3] 18?] 22 | 3 : : i 43 2 Echinoderms. 2 Gastero- L. 15 22 | 74/80 | s.m. | 1} | Off Dingle Bay, 4 | 15/21 4 Sais 25. 68 |June25| 25 | sm. | 2 | Inver Bay (outside),) 1} 123 $ 1 13 265, 55 26) 32 g.s. | 2 | Donegal Bay, 41/13/19 | 2/24 | .. L. 80) July 18| 55 Off Slyne Head, 1} 28 4h 0 hiura. 25. 82 25| 48 | ms. | 13 | Off Gregory Sound,) 2] 12 cs 27 \e 28 1 Amphiura 3 | 13% 1 ul) 2 1g)... 29 3 Pagurus. ” i ha and Corbula. 82P. 84 28| 24 s. | 22 | Galway Bay, 1) 153] 13 1 19 1 Ophioglypha an 28P. 106 | Aug. 16 | 26/23 ae, 2 | Kenmare River, |} 1} me 1 ; 19] 1 n iscer line. L. 118 19} 80 | ms Off the Skelligs, 1 || 26 43 3 D0 Viscera eaten out on line 1891. : 48. 126 | Mar. 28] 26 m. | 1} | Kenmare River, 1 || 63 0 1 1¢ an . Amphipods. ee 1| 14 1 1 48. 127 28| 21 m. 1 | Kenmare River, 1) 163) 14 1 : We 1 Amphiura. L. 186 | April 2] 70 - | 14 | Off Loop Head, Tee) 9 eM a6 WOH oo oa 48. 148 7 | 46/44 { | Off Inishmore, DA || Ip 2 19 ee) 1 Amphiura. 1 Ophioglypha. » 1} 18 00 1 60 |] MO oo if 2 48. 146 8} 88 | sm. | 1} | Off Gregory Sound,| 4 | 12 4 : 0 » 5 | 18 £ 3) 2 2¢| 38) ..].. | 4 Amphiura. 1 Arenicola. » 3 14 1 6 . “a , 148 9} 38 8. 2) 143 2 Amphiura. 908 ‘ n ‘> “punjaty fo ysvog 78244 ‘spuno.49 Burysey fo (OILS ANSE igs © mae Njnooy unqng Loliogg ‘shupaao0ug. oyfiquavogy , | " Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 308 — Eesqou vaqupmey tl * ‘Splpuuy Z ‘“sUlepoulypomy [ | ** -eisXidy pur spryouuy I | °° ‘ursk{dy % ‘gnunqiog [ ‘voqjowAy T ‘sprjouuy g ‘einmydmy Z ao “eUTT]OT, T “voyjourdg I ‘snunjiog [ ‘sprjouay g | °° “een WE eB TOU Vell s ‘uveovjsniy [ *sojs1og J uo ‘eIqag T ‘vantyduy T es ‘vaInIydMy T oY eee ees Tea | eee eae | Bre g 29 1G a poe is penal vaso era Tec &z co sq eo 92 pos ee tp oe bp ie ee Pee Ot AP Sita | sear CPA Fe Ne Ol eR ESSE |i dake oy Soa OTe tee | (eet cree |e Teed ep cal cla flee len || ei ella [eal ae wo foo lay | 22 Pee se |e | | a, SSO) ee fea te) el ae | at cela ee | col oo fen |e jee eed fool fo |g} 22) oe ee | oo le fos |g OS eee Aa Fa ede eR 82) be oq} a0 [oo | 60 | oe | oo te Z mM bg | we | Me io ry iS Bolle eles Zee “sueS.1() 8AT} ‘pouyuexg | © “‘SYIVULOY PUL POO, FO oinzeyy -onpordoyy FO WoT}Ipuog qequin yy AGING Se fet | 1 |° ‘Avg jesouoq | § | “19s | og/Te SO Geaal GlealeG On |S 71 | OL|* ‘Avg yedouog |g | sm | 6t/oe qe Tt Son jt Te Aen || ein ‘Avg [esouoq |g | ‘8 Ze LAL | 1 |-pH yomyeduaog yo | T | ‘sw | gt/oz Oca ar On | ai cI | 1 |° “peeHImV HO) tz] *s Pol 9% | 1 |* “PeOHIPV BO] tz] 'S FST On 1-8 OP 2 ‘keg Kemeny | Z | ‘wes | 61/21 ZI | 1 .| ‘punog Atofe1g FO| 1 | “8 | 9e/6e “panitr,uoI— M90 0d av FL 2B) eg S| se | ee eS 5 “XLII Z Be aa Be. | 3 yoo'y 3 Bo e 5 =} SI ial PI Avy GZ 02 G1 6 Indy “aqeq G06 ‘8? 66 $06 LUT 66 6c 99T GOT 66 eT 6rT “On mO14R1S pur quowoyd wy SuLysty 309 © ‘TryLVUISE SNPBH 3 SULWOTT T . rS S XS = = > ~~ (a) S S = S Ka = ~> 2 S S -S eS FS > > = é | 3 “‘SULODLISNIN [ ‘Spllsuuy Z% ‘sniqosoy[eysh19 T ° rm iene t oot toad aot NN mica dit IDS re SH 2d OD ‘punog 10801 FO * FOATYy oreuma yy * FOATY ereulUs yy > OAT oVuMU yy ‘Avg 8 Srpoysar[eq > gn So[eyeuy ry - ‘Leg posyortg > ‘spvoy ord ystUy ‘(apisqno) Avg ToAUT ‘(‘uury) suhuvjiaw snpy5—ONILIHM : > “urpoey, HO * ‘nea uvtog FO. taibs) mt cle 4 “UL’S °Uul “s'y *Z° UL “7° UL “U's "S'y "s° UL 8& ¢/F IG 8 [dy | 9pT 0g 631 8 LEI (79 66 8% 9ZT 1Z “IP | SBT “1681 91 “Sny | SOT 66 (74 L ‘VL9 z Ang |'vzg GG oun eG "0681 0% 61 0z AIL | ATS “SP “as “GG “SP “SP t 2C SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S., VOL. VII., PART Iv. 806 ‘Myaiv0g unque who ‘sburpoa01g afyuowg Number | @onditi : = I een “ F 5 ‘i = & | Examined Sond ee Nature of Food and Remarks. emen' Z| Ss cll 5 || fig [pens 5 ae yi, |eus | Ses Locauiry. 8 |)a8/z Bl a Elbe Ie : Station a8) 32) 4 cei |) ses) |) rock |) Fat) et | SN ell en le |e ‘ No Ba | 28 | 5 Bae sa re |e) Sle We ie! 2 0. | ¢ . A v jes] a pa I= = = | mia | ctht aa] a Happock—continued. 48. 149 | April 9| 39/36) s. 1 | Off Gregory Sound,| 1] 12 4 1 ne lo 1 Amphiura. 48. 183 15|17/19| s.m. | 2 | Galway Bay, 2) 16 1z 2 29 1 Amphiura. 1 Gebia. es 3 | 18 2 2 29 1 Corystes. 1 Crustacean. L. 165 20| 154 s. | 22 | Off Achill Head, | 26 6 1 1¢ 1 18. 166 20 | 154 s. | 22 | Off Achill Head, a fee) 1 1 1¢ 1 1| 16 13 1 1¢ 1 Annelid. ” 1} 20 25 1 1¢ 1 48, 177 25 | 20/18| m.s. 1 | OffDownpatrick H*'| 1 17 1} 1 1l¢ 1 Annelid. P 2 48, 204 | May 14] 32 8. 2 | Donegal Bay, 13 | 1383 Y |) it) UO oo |} 0 | on |] BS 2 Annelids. 1 Portunus. 1 Wes Cymothoa. 1 Tellina. 5 iit, | GR I aes 1} 4/19? 3¢ 2 Amphiura. 2 Annelids. 1 Cymothoa. 1 Portunus. 2 Aplysia. : 1] 183 2 1 19 1 Annelids and Aplysia. 48. 205 14| 30/19| ms. | 2 | Donegal Bay, 10 | 14 ” 8} 15 a 1¢ ” 2) 19 25 it} al a ee ” 1) 203) 3 1 19] 1 48, 212 18 | 31/30 ser: § | Donegal Bay, 1 | 13% 1 Wey al 8.0, é 3 2) 153 2 2g 1 Echinoderms. 2 Annelids. 1 Lamellibranchs. IS 1890. June 25 gE | July 2 ts 7 o bs 4 5 s Aug. 16 4 g . 1891. He Mar, 21 5 5 28 > » ” 127 28 129 380 146 | April 8 27 21 4/5 38 m.7Z. m.Z. rs — Ble = ele WHITING— Inyer Bay (outside),| 1 | 18 Inishlyre Roads, 1) 32 Blacksod Bay, 1} 13 4] 22 5 | 24/22 Kilmakalogue, 3 | Small Ballinskellig’s Bay, | 1] 184 Kenmare River, 1] 113 4} 192 1] 153 Kenmare River, 2) 64 O.|| ili Kenmare River, 1 6 Off Gregory Sound, 12 Gadus merlangus (Linn.). eo BE il Poe co {lao | oo || oa {| He . WOl o 1¢ 19] 3¢ 1¢ oa |] Le 1¢ 1¢ a0 1 Mysis. 30 1 Fish. 110 Punjoty fo nop ysagy ‘spuno.ug Buysyg fo hoaing— 608 — a es SP SL aN | OR ER Tf PRT eres nents on [xtc teen a aa ——4 = = ‘sniqosorpeysAay T “quidg Tt | STE Sho hea jis etic ie 8s eles |e PT 23 Sea eee eae eas ate | eee eet fee im | tie ‘uee, HO | F1| “8 | 82/¢e | 61 GIB “8h ee oe ee ee oe ee oe ee ee ee al Gg (79 ae oo oe eo ee oo oe oo oe oo all } a3 Bee ees eee (acetal cee | aap Ie eee ee l age calas : : "| 3% | ‘sur | 61/0¢ | #1 G08 “8? OIUERT) PO tk I OPP PO CE eo te a Sel sei Iie |B x MELO) | 2° TSB | Pe Oe ee oe ho an I iv | & e 8 } LT ‘S Be Ce ls le) ea eee cele ‘Avg yeSou0g | @ | “8 | && | FI $08 “8h I 2 EMTS EPI CSD Oe ee Oo OF ea oe ecle ere + Sunyysruy | F | “ws | #3 | 8 ACW | LEE “8h s AEs IE PRS Saas | eae ace aed Ce We 1 a S “SOONG (| Ps aie a ae el See eo rae leer lie ts Cie eee alte * ‘hog Me | #1] °s Sl | 06 DOL “8h 3 S| aig Nase eee al le eT | ee UNOS COMO) ceed ore wale ecea Bal PST “8h > & Soe ley (Se Pala we [ental ese Ep 22 ei || te ‘keg Avayey | % | ‘ws | 61/41 | 1 ESI “8h za WHEL JP 2 AP ee ee OS See Pte | OP Ie ar 91 | @% | ‘punog AtoSe1g FO| TI | “8 | 98/68] 6 6h “87 ie fd Loa kanes | Or We, tens eal ell eae ere OTe ele lot S WELL POO NG PI PO Ok I Peale aE FI | ¢ | ‘punog AroSerp YO | FT| *s se |6 8h “8h S éT ¢ Paw MG AS 9 x |p OO 200 aD espe OS I Alas eco eae vl z = Sri ulin eee ON Tos| oer ee | ecg Teele trmelee ore 1 a = Reel tea Eel Selec eee) es] tly Ir |¢ |* ‘punog yynog| #1) ‘s jot/ss|s AeM| Abt “8h 3 “panurquU0I—ONILIH A S RQ mM leo iH 4 es] = A oO real ee = | w| ez |g 5 Se | ene Z Z ao re, ON BiB] ee | & BS 5 Riles PO PEO ber as BS |e | eee eek |e Bl ss | fe uOTLIg : Poe ee | ee hee | *KEITVOO'T a|8>o|8s | ard ee ae ? eR 7 Fe Oo “SyIBMoy PUL poo, Jo ainjeNy "SUBBI() OAT poUTOLE XG || Ss a FS x ee i = -onpordey Jo uotyIpUOy | tequunyy : FES an) = E ~ a ay “a Reus EO Pe Sp Se Ok eo ees eo ei ce |r |: ‘Keg seramog | T "S| €r/01 | 63 983 ‘8h e SA eS ee ee ee ee tt OL fF Be pe fs Gace ory a6) Beni | oS || Geel ites | Ree 18 "I ja iS EEO pg PS OPO [Ee Oe | 0e | OP ee er ge lie a a RS -sqeadg | eo fee tsp fee fee fee fee dy RA ot ze | 1 “ > SSMS) TEE I OR PS Nes eal OPE SIDS eee ell elie) 86 | 1 | ‘(episur) Aeg roauy | FI | ‘sm | e1/g |g 91 ‘87 E a) Ss es a po saad he od ey ore I OF 2 “Moq.ie yy Ul[99 [, a “s°u (a) 61 SI@ ‘"us = ce eae ees ler oe ee clee lint olan I Ty | “qreH reyeudqeg| ** | «s | ¢c/f |% Ae] set ‘us S ‘sniqosoyeyshtp T pce a al vee [eee es | ena doer ST a ay G Nee Tice le so ‘keg moro | 21 g SI | 02 FOL ‘SP i re ee ee ee ee eee St ee Sage Ameen or | ee || Lie | en 9ST “WW S asta HUE) C8 OP OB ef -88 pee ee ee he sae | Coe ee | Goumnos| Anolsemg sg) @ | aes | pele |e Ost “I S eee PS Owe | oe 88 PP BF ee ee ere cg |p |* ‘eaomysruy JO | tr | “sw | og/se | 2 Il “I day “Ss9Tl0}9 2G > @ ‘suvaovjsnig g ‘sIsAy ¢ 29 | @ os Bea era leer eel AO) ag GL 9€ | GF . ss Soils | cone Pa, eee esse [ne sees onl weal | eal GS fh |e Faeeiar Clewar xO) || at Pe" OL |% tdy| 9st “I cS "1681 ~ SB Set |e a eee ae (ce) ec ager Secs ee PeeROUATS TON ee | ars cg | 81 0s «T > ONE eT Pe ee Re 8 fee Pee 8 eke | Gre Waer oom | ee ce | yf ‘v9 “4S S ea | eae egen cae es eae ees HE late 6 |% | ‘speoy ordqqsruay | ** | -m | 1/F |Z Amel veg “Ug | ‘(ovgins om ty) ae | PP pp tp ppt ft | e/e |x0t \G@ounr) sp stoqdtry | ** | cm | g | 22 69 ‘19 “UL 4 OR eee Pe ORS 2 RPO 2 aire DP, eo Giaenrap mos, [O° | 93 c/I | Zleune| 9g ‘es “4g fe E “(UUrT) snaua snpoy—HSTATY OO ee eaayantshunqie ye eee YS West | ea aS i ee yO We eone | i Pe Oke apnoea a Lavalige | 1eé CS SF COI RC (ECOL FRR] f= OSES RRO fee PO ae aco a OD £9] I | ‘Avg orommsorysnoy | Z "g ¢/61 16 = ea ee Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 312 po] Gog jf es | ena] om ee || 28 Ore ce fie ep | SOREL COTA |S Ue ie |) 7s GOL “4S eo || 06 |} Go [pene joe eco: es foe) Oo Tie i Kheg Auvotry |for c ‘keg AvMyey | 3G ‘punog Ar08019 FO | 1 ‘punog A100 FO | SI ‘punog Atosery FO | $1 ' ‘Keg wesoryqry | °° ; ‘keg opsurq | $1 ‘hog ssiqpeysureg | ** ‘hog sorpoysuyyeg | *" * ‘TOAIY orvuuey | ** L/g 61/LT 98/68 ge 8& GT GT 8 g Tudy Té “227 “T68T &@ 81 co 66 6 tt i “USh I ‘SSULLIOFT € *syeadg [| “preuiny) pue sproedn{y “syvadg JT “sniqosoT[eysAry T “s[oopuRg T “spoapurg T *((ANQ) se.cvhyna snr00Nn)..ay —A SW Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. ol4 “syeMey pue poo Jo oinqzeyy ~~ OD Psat fond ep ars (ellis eae [cee et te L 00 ro | oe oo oe oe I ee ee LT oo oo oe 00 I LT ee oo ee ee ee I 8% oe oe on oe Zz 00 Lz oo eo ee 66 00 z Jou 8 | od | Ree oo ty ae ve fice fee fee | pp fre ly TM bg leo need e by is Sl o|e\ ele lele SPs Pe ea | & g g 5 "SUBSIQ) OAT} “pouluUrexy -onpoidery jo uo4Ipuoy | 1oquin \y LI oo Pale) re eo da da Oo re Oo CO © Lon! ie) a “dpav *sqy UL FST Ay 6% e1/F1 $83 1¢/08 et/68 0F/08 8 I g I G 6 v G ON SON aS SS = I “Panurj,uo0I—MOVTIOg “soyour UL Wj.sue'T *I1aquan Ny ‘keg ssyoysumeg | T | ‘sm | zg * “s8Te7§ 8G} HO)" | *s | 08 * “oAry orvmuey | F] | sm | ez * Toary orvmuey | % | ‘ms | 97 ‘(opisjno) Avg roauy | Z% ae CZ * ‘Keg op8urq FO | FI | “Ws | 08/FL * ‘Keg esurq HO] |°s'3-p| gq ‘(opisur) Avg soauy | Fr | ‘sm | et/g . rs" " ‘keg yeouoq | = | -a8-s | 08/18 : ‘Aug [eseuog | g | ‘sw | 61/08 : ‘keg [esouog | Z *g Ze > ‘punog unvpearq | = u's | @1/9T Tease | T | ss | FT A o e| ge | ss a|/ 38 | oe ALITVOOT e 5 S ep z g 81 91 ‘Sny Gz oune ra 06 Av “0681 06 8I ia! lal ¢ Avy 66 [dy oye GIl “d8Z PIT “US GIL “d8z 901 “d8zZ €G G6 (fee a CL 9% 916 “8h GIG “87 G0G ‘8h 0G “8h 66 66 66 961 “8h O8t “87 “ON Tore} pue quotmo,duy Surysty ee ttt 10 re Go.) (ure@ pue ge, sé “urgyP)% | |@ loc Pc Wet) 9 | 2 | ae | ae |oc/ee lec/ec ier |: “sInqeungo| | ° Ge | 91 Vie at =e a a3 |e Pall ae ee ere |e ca Pe Seda IZ eo | 1 |° “peeHTIMy BO] ** | ‘sys | 221 | or 4ime| gz ‘1g2 S aS (sO UOTE ti) SOOM ef PP | PP Si Co eP fee Se ee OO wy ir i ik ‘Avg [esouog | g | ‘83 | ce | 9% GG at yw is ee ee eo ee oe ee eo ee ee o° 0g eg 66 & oo ae On ep | o> | 29 | 221 25 le lays laalen | @ i S ira lie eee (peered rae ge PO, [alc cen lias tye ale 7 |T |° ‘pee smug go) St | «a og |sleunc| 9p -“T = ‘(ur g¢ oles ‘1707 6")% | °° | or [sh jee |Pr] ** | °° | wt | a6 | se/e | ec/te| or |+ ‘Aeq e8urq FO | Zr | ‘ws | 08/4) | zz i AL S “(mr 7g 07085) % “UstEG | *° | *' |e ser] °°] °° }fT | se] % | st/e | Fe/z1| ¢ 1° ‘aooxoysoog FQ] *: | -as | og | tz AL © ME 2 (Cre Faiz ON Cp) ) 201) Nf Oe OO CT | PO a Otel tu || Coenen Masciecyep ar) || 22 |) on OF | 6I 6 #"T = VO jo te seg t te 19 1 1 9s locke) 9 | ‘punog [nog FO ‘punog Arosery FO ¢ punog Arose1y FO ‘punog Arosern FO tor ik cols i) aid 16 "Ss VST | 0G 99T FET | 02 GOT 08/12 | ST Get 18/8 | 6 OST se 16 SPI ge | 8 9F1 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 318 9¢/9F | IT Te ee i eeliete | te 2 Soars engine 0) | aie || SERS | Bede [to MD | ea] Cok Ope Hoo Ie NST Qe 2o Wp Pe OS el 8 Bile Be ‘uaavqdeoyg |izt | “8 | F1/ZT | 8% bes TT ee I & I ee ee eo oe I ee ee gg I 6 "(ar ZG pur Gf) » : (seronn For Gear) Wee? | 2° |B PSG] Se pee | ee | C8 he es | ae || B i *(pyoeu ; PT IPT “Omg 1) qq 9 “ouoprTs | °° |r |89/ >| ||} 9 |e | c | 6s/e%] at = *(SOLIVAO posvosTp ) 2S |PE YIM “or Tp 6s odny) y 2° SO IST Oo ee CP) 2898 Neel ll g = ‘UST G “OoppeH DUCE PICU) etecouOpoln Ty) Le | 24 eek | v2) ss lore | eal [ee | kel ae: Le | 1T |° “puvysy A107, HO |For | “8 | 62/1 | Lz 183 I qejowxsloyreraxilayg) |) OO 1) CP] OO Oa Oe oo foo | Om a Al 62 |T os ‘spodojeydey T Feo peste stale Se Sn a ih, 0g I ie SN ee SS OT eB aS NL. | eens me OP aie | See | Ge) Yee 663 'T 2 fos aed Tet fag fl ing eer ce Gp ju |e * “T9097, BO| t1 | “8 | 83/¢e | 61 GIé ‘Sh oppey puv preumy T S| ase [tec a | Tine |e sossae | cries ed tec eae SI Re || GPA e ‘keg pesouog | Z | ‘su | 67/02 | FI GOS SF We | oo he (er ee | ef eek tok le we ee | he lo eS eo ee oo ee oe oe ee eo oe 0Z tPF I 6 BEG ae Ca sce alee Geel a Glen eo et « 1eP ze Te Oe eS ee Ee eS eH ee GS BI CHEESE KAO) BaD PO | SI ONG G ABE Coe A “panuiquUo0gI—ONTT ™ bd leo lH iol by cn ZA A Oo ol tle elele le lel sel es |é el ge | 2 “ON Sj) Ue Pe pe eee |e |e | wee | een |B, | Se | ae WOT}EIg | : Pe Bs s Es elas 2 *RLITVOO'T a 5 = BB | 9rd puv : ene || 2 "Fe | a uote; dur “syIVMOY PUL poo Jo ornzeN "suvsIQ 2A ORCL S ; : aanuees -onpordoey fo WoryIpuo*y | 1aquinyy ate f Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 319 £ Ayrean) (-odtx “‘pleuiny pay T *g9q}SA109 T “UvadBsnIp T . 00 || Oo ue yews | ¢ Bee Renee le ae Lele . oe £y 9 BS Neti eet ee (hed ost ol Webay eTLE RES ay eves Sl ccc |e oe ac ss foes} ots | 1/7 |g |° ‘serTTexg eq) FO se Joss | 8/2 |2o7/£g] @ | (optsyno) Avg roauy “(Igl) sapropunun seprossopbodhi—ava HNQOY ONOT eg 6G 09 ) Gueyise soem byna snssopbodm@77—LAAIIVH 1 |° ‘puepsy Lop #0 i |e ‘Leg Avayey 1 |: ‘STII 903 HO 2 tll 8 213 | 1 Bl i L hee | it ie : ; : al 9 Ys || il Toe |e eae Qe Pt ye ‘STItg 943 HO *(TIMINL) auesoug snvwso.g —MASUOL onl tit SUL "T'S o¢/69 08 GG 09¢ GE 0G “Sny 61 “Sny Gz oune “068T 13 Avy el udy "1681 91 Ane ‘0681 a1 Av "1681 ot Ajue “0681 GIT “d8@ 66 6G GG 18 “'T SSI “87 She = aI 66 13 ssh esis 4h iia 2 Se ants a ‘SpI[UULY pUL SUIIEpPOUIYOT T Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. +(suir0 Mode y,) *sjoopueg T “spyouuy T “sIOURIG[eMeyT T “sToopurg | “earntyduUy T ‘vaniqdMy % *(quods Ayrvem [) » “eIMIyduULy: T Lote th GNC) th snunanus snquoyy—LOAUOAL Oo re r= O OD Yes) rica oD rica OO S re éT LT ee oo oe $1 ee eo ee oo ee bG oe oe oo ee 3 Gx eo ee ee eo $1 oo oo oe fT ee oe oe 50 Nai $I ee oe eo ee $1 eo oe eo oe ™|M bg leo b|H lon Ss |S | ow] | & Eke nse | neh || 5 Oo fo) o : 3 “SoTRULO |] “Sole TL UT 44519 AA “SoyoUL Ul Y}sue'T “oq un NT 320 ‘syIVULOY PUB poo FO o1nze Ny “SUBSIQ) CAI} -onpoadoy JO uoryIpuoy “dpar “sqy ‘(episut) Avg TOAUT : ‘Keg posyaeyg : ‘keg posyorlq : ‘keg Aemyey : ‘og epsurq : ‘keg [esouog ‘punog £10801) JO ‘punog A10Se14 FO ‘punog A10se1y FO * S1owYysIUy, FO * “TOATY OLVULUI yy “panwiuw09 —AVq HONAOY ONO'T ae Keg jesouoq Ca OC CS | [oA) GE 98/68 +F/9F St/GF *RLITVOO'T “UMOPp SINnOF “STOTT ur yydaq 6 6PI “8h 6¢ 66 6 StI ‘87 8 9M ‘87 “1681 “ON WOT}VIG ‘ayeq pue yuowmo,duy SULyST [a a eel ee ee ee ee ee ee O21 FehameeMocoy sq i4O) jokes FAVOGKYG) jf || PO jf CP POS Wieye 22 |) 28 fon | 20 1 tI oe 1h |° ‘Avg yesouog | Z | ‘sm | 61/08 | FI GOS ‘8h ae EOE} ee | 80 Se Pee ea foe | ay ee oe ee 1 ZZ | 1 |° “punog unewaeq| | “a's | e1/91/ 8 961 ‘8h < ae es Pia eS OSs a SO OOH 9 | area 3 FT | 1 |° ‘Avg posyoveig | dr | sm | 7 |¢ O61 ‘8 MS |quedg), ‘sjeepuegT ‘sqeqy | *' | ‘' [ate oo] tét] | ct] s/s | et/st| 3% |° ‘deg posyoetg | 41 | ‘8 Li6 |¢ Av] SBT “sr > ge | Teel ese |F pee eeet see dee 8 iene ‘ma | i 4° " qryeudyeg | 1 | 18's | Fr | 6% O8I ‘SF 8 “ERE OUS GB SS CS Be fee ee Se | OO ie es a eI g 2 fox ie> [os leg tec| = toe ly te | or fa a 4S g NT PSA SE | ele eS Oe a Eee ltelion nate FI | 1 | ‘Avg posyoeig) 2 | “8 | #9/6 | 82 8LI “8h es 28 1%] 22 4 88 82 | Po tee Po del Geel Bilt I ° ‘aeavypeorg | FI | “SF | 61/e% | oz QLT ‘8 B “((sromemenerotenp)) POP | ef OP | OO OP ee es eo ee oe TO Nr jammer | ee | | LI Pile 891 ‘8h & “TiS LORE) EOD) Ty} PP OE 08 Oa | So ee joe | oe a 01 6% | I | ‘punog A10se19 YO| Z1 | °s ge 16 SI “8h S ASUS CE ae Os EE Seal ie ola Oy feta lems (het agit ee ‘punog qynog | #1 | ‘S | 0z/¢3/8 LPL “8h = ‘Tyrese snpeyt “ysnge | ** | ‘* | |ee} °c] ct} ttle | ti/6 | e2 | @ | ‘punog dx08erp gO | tl | “ms | ge |8 dy | OFT “8h Sy TRIOUTS P|] OF Ol 88 Wie | Boom | ee oO Ol | #% | 1 | ‘Avg ssreysureg | z | “US's | 62/82 | Te el “8h S SEATSRGT EE IE || AS Nee pO sO Te PS ees te oir co | 1 | ‘Aeg ssypoysumeg | 1 | “s'F | Lo | 16 2°W| SBt “st Sy “1681 é | unl gee ee faseeie eae |keal| or Mets eI | 1 | ‘Avg s8qpeysurpeg | “* | °° 28 Il Ite iar °@) li ‘EROS TE | SO 0 Wace ee | ee | ee oof oe | ae Se Siar Seg uemiemyete "'s | 9/¢ | 1% 8ny | 9IT “dsz 3 OO i eee ee ee ee ee Gp | ie ORIENTA OueanGy | 8 | ee = 08 88 ‘dze a= > RSA OUCTS) Hew Eeemis| yy SO | PP | OP ee Oe om se Po i edie |) ONCOL | tal | 8 |8 69 “9% & BO a eo PR ee OS Sra ge | aks oii | > ro eRE| Pl) IO | hp 4G A Me) om Ep eS (aed Pema ee became fet Fae aes |feLeyfe " ‘Keg MeIQ} ** | “sx | 81/2z | 08 89 GG a Le Le conan Ee ped ate? j aoe eee meee | es qleneoe Ab ahs, Ls aa sys avs seal 5 |e ‘nvo—Tr UviI0em IA | ee apes | et/at | oz | ae SZ *panw1quogI—LOUU DY, [POS es freeride bit Re Cer toro foo as If Be SP ‘snmAuoTyen pur yeadg Siaeeg eles coe [races Res Eee Aiea eres cine | ace LT 20 | ee LG eta ‘ATTIAG Ysnoy | FT 8 89/9 |T sung] OFZ ‘Sr FE IUS jE |p 22) 22 | 28 are eo Noes esa se | BeuIe sue eT |i |° ‘ATrAg ysnoT | T "| 0/22 | 08 683 “8h *(soqour apie @yees)) «, — FRROUUIS PO PPP Be Oe yeh ig th 22 1 BeBe “ Spe OU| UH SEAS foe | 9° | 8P Be tee | ee fee te ee ae | Oe |e fe CATES ste | | | WS | OS 883 ‘8h &S “SSMU | OP Pe 8 EE Pee ot at a oe el |% |° ‘Aeqserumog |) 1 | ‘8 | 4/01] 6c 986 ‘SF a) ‘ BS Oise ts eg to eas areal aes 8) salle dip) Sl |B jo Aagrsewunogn | | el | 62 Ges “8h DB PT PT S *(soqout 6] 2 yu0dg) x oo | iP eal Co. 89 Pees Oye OF Pe 88 hea we Ie ‘meaeydeoyg | T “S| | S1/6e | 8 86 “SP sS Oo | Steal oa eae eer eel eer ab oS tr |1 |* ‘peop ux go | #1 | «xs | or/6 |-82 68S 8h = AOTC [ESOP Sa SE SAE db ena Sie alfejie all ‘keg youhog | 1 | “s | $4/6 | 2 bs “8h 3 > “spoopuRg T SE FSS eae sa [cee OMT [aan coal abe hn Sean aay Tee y/o e : RG qgqpopaag |e | 22 Tease ee fee | ee ar ek Bo @e ft a =e “g 60 ae oo oo oe oe $ eo g Ke ox 8 hid ° ° = Toopurg T tye 8 xen | ot q oxomsorysnoy | $1 | 8 | #/6 | IZ 6B “8h $ OOD Tf OS PS 1 COM Se Se 8 Oe Nae Se st ees the re S oT Ter} eo feo | eee te ok Mo Ee ir fe Rep weg Aor | A | Owes | Re 68S 8h 2 “s[OOPULG T SRA eu ya Ti ltrs oy cll eeeea zene eee al Re £q 61 I i: = “(09 Wey} exow) sjoopuse T |: |e len) 2 se fo | | oT ‘| 25 | 41 | 1 | ‘Avg oromsorgsnogy | Z 8 g/61 | 124° | 183 “8h aS S 2 ™M bg | ee | ie | od cs| iS S | A fan Va, is) _ al 9 lw te le Sl Sie 2 | Sl eel | ee | & a || eet || eae oN d 0) 8 |e |e ie |e | & | @ | aoe |e | B s | ee | as TOTS : oi @ pe |B |S | a eel mee | 3S : 2 eo | Se . ; s Pe 18 Sees eae | aS KIITVOOT a/5Bo| BE | 7d as Slee : E s “sued pourmexg | Ss a Selle eae quowmoeldury “SYAVUIOY, PUB POO’, FO OINZVNy Sateen) CLG PROSE 5 5 SULYST -onpoidoey JO WOTJIpuoD | 1equinyy 322 Hort—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 323 ‘sjsepurg pur syeadg T *‘s[oopueg g ‘sfoopueg | "UStaA T “OStfOT T *sTOOpULG T *(soyour G1 S )% “spoopurg Z "sTeopuLY ZG "s[oopuBg T “a}pOUL]OY T *spoapueg T “SSULLIOG, T CRT Sal Agee "2 1B] Soo ee Se aleie encase e al es ee ee ee een et he tele | Gilet ES 3 1Z ome sles eee 9% "8 8 | als _|| Gale ee Saree ae os foe | ao | fe al} Si coe Te |e Cee SCID #1 | S1/F1 se Tee ls | Come [aT SS Fe ral e1 SSE Te ie fae 81 SAW CO 8 Sell pec Pealtaeats 4G eee eal a al FI ee eal aye) 1a Se ee ala *G IZ “([opuoy) saa snqmoyy—ItiaEa ae oe A A SF TS eS ‘Avg posyovrq - ‘Keg MeO * ‘Keg MotQ > ‘Avg MoO ‘Aug [esouoq ‘(opisut) Avg IoAUT (optsyno) Avg roauy (ptsjno) Avg roauy ‘Aug posyortq ‘eq posyorpq ‘Aug posyorlq ‘Avg posyovlq ‘Avg posyorlq ‘Avg posyor[q ‘Aog wopuerg “IOATY OLVUITLO Jy ‘IOATYT OLVULTLO YT T |-sp-o ‘S°] “I°S oe] | AN N SF "33 “S° UL “U's “u's “US ria rin NN AN AN ss “U's “T'S XN AN “U's “UL'S oD I ‘Spx "Ss" UL dian AN + “UL 11/81 9T/IT 81/% 6g 81/8 G% a DB @&D © 1 Ame 0€ 0€ 9T 9T oune LG G9 66 &7 “d&t “d9G “d9G “GG ee Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 394 -(gsyvadg) sproodntp sunox T | ** “Usa T | “sqyeadg T se *s[OpULg T “sqyerdg [| “sjoopurg pure syeidg % ose “sjoapurg pur syeidg [ “OST[OT [ “Wosuety T ° ° ammyeuUwMy *sa[BUe J “SYIVULOY PUL POO FO onze NT “sUvSIQ OAT} -onpordayy Fo uoTyIpwoD 2G “soTPOUT Ul suey “1oquan NY ps ~~ Keg N2IQ - ‘punog A10se19 FO ‘punog AroSerg FO ‘punog Arosery FO > “JOATY VUE yy ‘Avg, ssry[eysureg > STOATY IIVUMUMO * “aeeurystuy FO - ‘aeeulystUy FO : ‘Lug Avayesy : * “oneleae(d * ‘hog Arertyt FO ‘ ‘keq Axeqry ‘keg posyoe[g : ‘keg posyorig | “panw1uoI—TT18 *KLITVOO'T 0G "s | 98/68 | 6 2 es ge |6 Fy, | ws | ge | 8 indy He || ut Oe || Be Te) Re Nee | ie I “1681 ‘s'u | ¢7/0Z | ST ‘83 | 81/91 | 11 30V “x0 qys's | 2/08 | 6% "S| GT/6I1 | 83 "s ar | Oi ue Ge GI “mm | 6/1 | Cr "s 6 |6 ‘so | $y |g Ane [ac Zz iS) 2( £2) Bs A ee | 6 2 Il vee Ses 2 | | B POL “8P 67I “8h 6G SPL ‘87 9FI “87 8cI “SP cc Ss GIL “d8% 86 “d8é 98 “O G8 “dae 64 GS 66 bh GG eh G6 69 “Gc 99 ~O “ONT U0T}e}g puv quote, dury SuLysty 020 Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. “speepueg [| *sjeopuRg T “s[eopueg T *spoapueg ¢@ “s[aopurg Z “s[aopuURG T “spoopueg Z ‘sproodnyy Tyeug T *s[QOpUrLg J “sjoopueg J “s[oopuvg F TURN GE [OES EYRE OOSASY Vb *sjoopurg % “s[aopueg T HJ fl ele lex: ZINES ; e Tat et oe eal ’ e ; 5a seca 58 i | peallaney, ee “| 89 ol) ae (6. || 348 tl Av i | #8 “hsileaeteg GS —_ Loon on oe * GIVMo1g 410g FO - ‘ATTTAG ysnoT © ATTIAY qsnoy g ‘keg sotuMoq ‘ ‘aaaeydeoys : ‘Avg yovpshog ‘key e1owso1ysnoT * Heoy we10og FO : ‘Aeg [vsouoq : ‘Aug [esouoq * unog unvearq ; ‘keg posyor[q : ‘keg posyorlgq "H prjyedumog FO : ‘coaeypeoig C ‘hog posyov[g Co S| onlsH din os dit re 4/6 O1/sT 0g/1e 61/08 S1/91 7 Z oune | Vhs 0g 6&3 rt 0g 8&2 66 9&8 83 88s ‘ (Ge OBS « 1Z 883 08 LIZ 81 rad val G0 8 961 g Avy | O6T «< 6 «< 83 SAT GB LUT 8 GLI 2D SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S., VOL. VII., PART. IV. Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 326 ‘soIqon G “SUIT AN OT sla fulse * “OATY orvuuey | Z | “W's | 8Z/9Z | OT 90T “d8< sae “Ys's 2 ‘ermeyeA BO] | SWE! Th | FL 'SnVy| por ‘yg ‘YStq pue suvoovjsnig @ | ** | °° 6 ‘speopurg 2 syeidg ‘uoSuetg ¢ | ** | °° a oe oe (79 20 || 00 ‘punog A108a19 FO | SI | su OF 8 °GZ (WES 4a wT Pood * peo TV BO | Er | says} Ler Ch 19% "sjeopueg T | *' | °° : > ‘Keg mog| o | “SF | 11/81 09 «9% ‘sniqosoreyshag Z | *' | f° ; ‘Avg pesouog | Z@ | ‘s3 | gE cg “cS “UST [ “SUvIODvISNIO T oe | a ‘(optsjno) Avg roAuy | Z “U's GG eo GG Selle ‘spuvysy UeIy episuy | T | “s*F | 02/eT i rn 16 MEEC peo * ‘Keg opsurq BO] 3 | “8 | 08/FL ) Gal are : ‘Keg a3 nid $3: : onions vq 9ourd FO | el P| og SI G3 "LUT6!)x —"Saapueg pe | °° * ‘Keg qsuiq yo| ¢ | 's3'P| ee } eT “OO |} C2 poo : ‘Avg o[surq | F 8 GG 4 "a ‘syoadg eal ieee : ‘IOATY aremuey | Z ‘s'u 0Z "CG *(-Aou0q) puropspbaue snssopboutpy—(AMOTA IIVS) HOLIM (op) es leo tole — a i om A vA o rio l Ble) 2) el2 lf | El eel s8 | é S| ge | 2s “ON EB Ss (|e ie | 2 es, | es =| || Sete | ise WOE} | ¢ Sg ie Se | ee fs *RLITVOO'T a 5 5 B5°| rd Wes eye |) ee BS Gal a quowre,duy “‘SyvMey pue poo, Fo ainqejy "SUVSI() OAT} Pou aS 5 3 -onpordey Jo uoTIpuog | coquiny ; eet O27 UP UL TE "YST] pur (g) wosuerg T ‘(snequeS.ie snpry 2) jog SUNITA T “Sprjeuuy T *(eutjues -1Y ¢) syeadg % *(3) uoSuer9 | ‘syerdg ¢ ‘uOsuTRIO [ Hoir—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. *syeadg JT “UST 8 - "UST OT 1 “poraox? <= mg MER Ss et 7 UR 91 | 1 mm | i ll {4 y IF ei Piglet Dit 8 S51/P1| 2 el |e “ue | Olen L I y | t0/¢ | ST EL 1/91| ot fcr | e¢ 2e1 | O1 en | 1 L1/91| 8 91/¢1 | OT ‘SST[OAY oy} FO ‘IOATY olvMUey onlH ist re ‘u's | 92/38 ‘su | 6G/Z9 SUL 08 "sm | 3/3 06 61 SI ce 66 66 2D2 66 3 SIT “d8Z 66 6 66 GIT “d8Z (a3 (79 (13 VIL “4S 6 66 GIT “d8% cc ce ce j eee = 328 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. pene (SAS a Fl oemag) , “Siejsopyiag ¢ ea aes koe ee > ‘OAT Y orewusy | ST | “ua a ‘seuroINg ‘snpndvrtg 2 x Sl eee > "OAT orvmMUdy | T “UL £¢ “| ert le@ | °° * Geary oreuuey | = “UL £9 *(‘uury) vssagupd sajoau0nalg —ADIW 1d *sjaopueg J Se Tessie ES areal cet easeheh aise | eae By ae os et | 1 | ‘Avg e1ousomgsnoy | €, | ‘8 "YStA Z ‘soproruueyq sroAq | “UP CMPITES) ILYOE TD) YL CDA HL IL >] BL PSS UW | 22] 88 Oe es | OO aa Oi || GE SQ BQ A [ee See he ag I t Eel L | BSW HOC ee | Pe ee te fe aI | 8 ai Gar i feel | Sollee ete eee sla aie oan FEC ‘| Zor |e |° ‘PeoH TV BO] | °8 mene TOF jo PP Om Se ee ee] oe Te ok eae IL ie | Toes) Atrovent) fa0) | alk | %E “BIR AOGISE) ENO) |e eee he all ey (ia san eel lk ceed ea = LT | 1 |* “extourystuy FO | 1 oe ° oe oe oe ee oe ee ee oe oe p I . ‘pea snjog JO I ee |G OBA Ce Hee 8S eo So fe SO ISTE || pret ese Stale cece ben) | cage ee IE eae deca PsN CITE G Cruse a ReaT al pea eee eT eel ame al | & LZ SA SL eas earns Messed peat eg cds eal te ae IL | T J* “peor snfog HO | @ ms “‘panurquoo—(AM AT] TIVG) HOLT AA g = ie fe B Si = et 4 he = A m o Ke So | SS | ee iets |e | el Sel ers PE a | 2s ot O 3 ns) ee = ThA nm oe oes o et oe : Cee sacle is oo | ee | © *KLITVOO a | ee S| —— ee | | ee eee "syIeWOY PUL poo Fo o1nzeyy “SUvSIQ) OAT} pourmexg | Z -onpoidoy fo wortpuoy | toquinyy g OL |6 S “ds a ANS @ “dG bh |S AGI ee ‘0681 4/6 | 12 AeW | 888 “8F 66 66 (13 FSI | 0G 991 ‘SI ge | 6 8hI “8h 77/9r | 2 INdy | Spl “8h GIL | &@ Gol “G3 (13 66 66 0GZ | 8% “PW | HBT “93 “1681 S ig ‘ON S woIye}g g S| 9ed pue a quoure,dury Suryshy 329 Horr—Survey of Vishing Grounds, West Ooast of Ireland. *STSTO “usjog ~“vroviqy, ‘sodvy, ‘snueA ‘SUBODRISNAD ‘spIleuuy “enon NT ‘eUIT[a J, ‘Sodvy, ‘SIsue WET -0g “vulpes snus, ‘sXy3qdayy ‘sodvy, “Ue, -0g ‘suveovjsnig *shyyydeNy TSI MEMMIN (6 ‘STPUBIGI[[OULL'T pUe SpI[euUY e ‘SPOUvIGIToULT Z “Spljeuuy Z ‘spaopueg Z ‘Spljouuy % ‘“sWAepouryo Z EID GUNS CE SSE OLOV ass ‘(soqout ¢T sopemag) x ‘sjeapueg = ‘spodoziyag ‘UOsUBID ‘sIOIoNT ‘sueIInTydG “eloolualy 2 “snuljeue xvuog ¢ “s[popueg xeuogy “slozoN “SUUIZCUB "SIRS OPI T OEE bp ilo oT S Sli, °° £ OT $61] °° 26 $1 ee PT Pe | 21 2G 2G $e |2¢E a Oe geen PT $e |PF $ 01/26 is ean leas @ | °° jounn 7 29° | igor g 22 Ayes oo enue 2s ee g i | & | eut I 28 anil y | 4t/% | ¢1/11 eee ecu ral 6 28 Oe ys ve Lit 06 1G OST : ‘Leg posyorlg : ‘keg posyorlg : ‘heq posyorlg : ‘Avg posyorlq - ‘Keg posyoetg : ‘Keg uessel9O FO * “moqrieyy upog > “mMoqavey, Wepjt[o » keg Anqanjatg : ‘Avg 909.104) : ‘Keq 100}104) ‘SpuvIs]T UPLY OpIsuy : ‘keg Auvoy[ry : ‘hog AvMvy ‘MoqivyyT YOIMIOWG o » ‘Keg opsurq ‘Avg sSrpoysuryegd ‘Avg, ssr[oysury[eg * Geary oremue aq | mes | B ¢ | ‘ums | O1/F fe | eras 2 € /148'qs| 81 z *$°UL 1 g | om | e1/, B | 8 ein @ | 3 enh 1 |) 8h s\0c/e1 aod Wes 6 I *s | ¢1/9 P "9s GZ I z g Z oune ch ds th ‘dos Sh ‘eh 1p “GZ Ob G2 88 “8 L8G ce 4S be ST “Bs ee oe ‘O 66 0 | (rn ee US Te “9 Me eh bh 9% ay 0) Gece ‘ sf \SOYVUL GY] LeU “SHOU ~ | sara] manana | RSS| pam iene er 53653 SoseaA MST eea| ee = ee ee ee aoa me ZI seem) e Cedy g@ fo |e [oe] SS Pt | tt ee Tt | ab | Ue loner) | * ‘heg Areyry | 1 | ‘um | 6/G1 | oI SL dG eure sna A PT ‘sisuo mopog ‘sey oormey |] |sp lcs |i js | ct |e jo | ee |etiit| ot | “Seq posyovtq| tr | 8 Ge KG 69 GZ £9 no |} co fee op fo | es | eo fon} co Bi ti | pu fe CMa PORREE | | ERO | ao 19 -& *SqOUBrG 0 Sa OS So OO Hse cra een al ae af qnoq|®i)% | * ‘Avg posyovyg | °° ga We 99 “O -Tjowey pue snyoudy -rousig ‘sninSeg ‘shyyydon | ** | * zi pe cof oo fon te |e | i | eis | er fe age pomar | it || | he G9 GZ 6 SFA oT & aR GoM Tt |} 22 | 82 [OE] eo] 22 | 88 | ee fee | a 6 fu]? > ‘Kug meg] % | ‘SF | LT/st|1 Ame} 09 gz 8 “GSROLTS TP |) CO 22-1 ye |] SOI Om | oe | Co | oo co hy er |e ie * ‘Keg moi | $2 | “s'F | 81/22 | 08 8G 93 S D 00 || 09 | 06 || Bo | OB | oo 9 | Bo oo om Oe ape EDEL CRLOET KO) |) OP) PUK | OWL | OB 99 “G% -S oyporydy “stor “gNsHTMIS| |} O° |] 8° eee oo Poo Pep oe te TP Oo | SIVAL || Gk6 |= ‘Avg [esauog | Z "$3 GE | 96 GG Ge = Zo S “SYOURIGI[[OWeLT pue sprjeuny OH | hal ame li teyecSpae| [cence fa nae bats) De fice [ v W/= | et/or | 11 cP LE 5 98 90 G9] eo | G8 oo 00 | oo Pom ee tg fa | eae) Meer egy ||] Se WG | Ge bo 9G S ‘suveoujsnig pue spyouuy | *' | ** {se} o° | cs | | c* |e | er | ét/e | 20/2] st 2S = dPGYLG Se oo oe oe eo oe oe oe oe oe oo LI/OL L cc s | a0 || 60 || 50 | oo || oo || oo |} oo || oo | O65 0 6 I |‘(optsyno) Avg zoAuy | z “u's eZ «| GZ eG GG S TATOO OU — loualoveniyap |} CP LP jeje} 22 | Co Soy OO ee | At | 1 A, |-sngoudytoue;g -oomjommpy | ** |: |é¢ let}: || | 9 1/2 | st/tt| 9 | ‘(eprsut) deg aoauy | 1 "s 18/8 | 0@ 6h “doa S i SUNN ea SES [ce | Apricot [fener a ao "* | T [* Uwoavgpeorg FO} tI | “8 Go | 8Leunt | Ly “dS? = ; “panurjuogIi—AOIVI S Q ™ bg | Be rol | ey fo] = =I ce A a ZA 9 | See) ee) ete te | Si se] ee] & 2/8) ON 6 0 5 © i = © 9 © ago @ 08 B i=) as ose f st Asya eh ee RA SS feats | tee Bi) esis) | SP ler wolzeyg s | |e Seo] ee |e *MLITVOO'T a BS S 5°] “ord pue ee peer es 5 2 BO |e quota, duty SS “SIIVULAY PUL POO JO oIN}e Ny SUVOI() OAT} LA ene) 3 SULyst yy on) -onpoadey jo UoTyIpuoy | 1oqtan py 5 oS ap) eg a a Ee ool Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Ooast of Ireland. - “epiq|e *Q pue vaniydury T ‘uel[og pur snueA ‘e[nqioy ‘eMonyT Z ‘sprouuy T “UITOY Z *STPOUPIGIT[OUL VT G ‘stseT [ ‘vaintyduy e “duanrqg T “STOUBIG -lyjowey pue sdyjydan fT “VISPIVAPT, “eIqowuuesg ‘evilodiaviq me, “Sprjouny ‘snyoory, “epnon yy MefOY «BOR, = “BUT PL “eydeudg -srumosy “y ‘usog «“eMONNY “sTserT “vMS[O, “Welog “epnon yt ‘snueA “eydeudg -v}100%[ "GC 6/8 colt oo => = ml ial II 12/93 91/Se] II II [reuus 1/21 91 81 F1/Z1 211/201 9T 12/201 So mw Ft {OD ‘moqavyy Arzu A ‘Leg Auvoy[ty ‘UeeuysIuy FO ‘Avg weoysen ‘keg Aewpes ‘spue[sy Uvly ‘uvvuysIuy TO ‘Aeg Avayey ‘hog wooyseg * ‘OneRarg ‘keg urvsso[p ‘eq uvssoip ‘Aug ursseiQ calsH GG it "Ss a “48'S Git €1 g ‘sny 61 9T GT GT 66 (73 Gh “dé (ceeecmmhancrecven (HN TI Ts SNe Ne eee ee ial aren imcers ares) aa ee TV) » ‘SyowearqrpeueyT OO Wr fy STG] 2S a See eae eae 8I | & Z ‘“euljay, [ ‘“xeuog TE WM Te Comme fy |} OOP PS ete PS So] SS ee iz To 2) es) ° “STOIC T[[OUL'| Z LZ i UOT, TL CMU MOT || 22 | 82 Sw Sw PS | es | S| eI G cI | 9 PT MATT, Sg enmeary emanate |} BO BO Nes ee ez a ts 4. | #71 | 7 8 no | oo 15 @ Op | 2 ee | PPG) tom | ehae ome! Bu) Meee etiam | OS Ee AIT °O Pil ~ “STPULRIQI[SWLT T SEO ei a (| SRE 5) Mol tae Fae kee 2 it G 9T I = S ‘(suoydig) syouvrq asia 7 S&S -[yowey pue evmiyduy Z Beis |e ah eto ; uu TL FI | @ S “suv £1 2 jOway,: «Soyeuse SO | PP SP ee le ST/Er | er/c1| o | ‘Av@ s8iexsurred | 1 g/¢ | 1% 9IT “d8< ‘Ss “e[non NT 2T S | ‘wefog ‘sprjuuy ‘sAq} a S -ydeyy ‘ojtporqdy ‘snyjueite*d ON OSA he feel aa) lH eae tsar a an La e/@ | 8I/91| @ "049 SS S | ‘usjog ‘suveonjsnrp “spry ; a : S -ouuy ‘sfyjyydon ‘eaniydmy | ‘* | °° et 06 Oe OO Oo ae | @ |) eae aie & ‘LOATY oLeMUSY | FI | “SM | EZ/Gz | ST GIL “d8< v ze “SOqOUay jouw cmmmaslony gi} PO 1) OO NS P22 | C8 | Be I SS | mG |e” $3/4% | 81/791) @ < iva} = commun ¢ || 22 ae Be 8° pee ee Pe ee | adhe AoE | ee ON One gf es S1/OT | 81 OI “d8Z = £ Ss 5 |-00 fee | oe | en | oe |) 90 | ae | es = 3 |g |° “JeATY o1wuuey | "| “at #3 | 8ST 60T “4S Ss s See UU 2 eyed | geiee esta Secu etn ceo staal |e E/eg | 91/1 | @ |° “toATY orvmuey | T a ¢/3 | 91 LOT “d8¢ ‘M209 T : = : ; S| spneumy ¢ cemydmy zg | |e jee jeclert “lg |p | 2o/Sr \En/er 9 |° ‘teary oxemuoy | z | “ass | €2/93 | 91 SnV | BOT “d8z A 2 = U “panurquog—AO1V'L “< is} a Q TM {=0) leo RH lol ky = [= A ee A S) lon eS | ce Get) Be Eis | 2S = nS E 2 | Se | Se ON GPO Ee see Per | Se BR) eee | ere | ee Bilsh | oe uony}g : Ox) See | Bel s = es ole | © *KLITVOO'T = 5 3 BS | ord pus suvSIQ) OAT} -pourwexg | ee Et ste | eae ieee : 00 ainye TSIUGEeE I selene 5 | SUuTYysT aS esa nea -onpoidoy fo WoITpuoD | Toquiny : iatial ie) “Sprpeuuy T “sTOURIGITOULBT Z ‘snunjlog % ‘Sprjauuy % YOUNG Ib ernIyduy T “earniydury ¢ “eintydury Z ‘SpOUBIGY [OMe] [ “SproUUy g “(UL FIZ © )y “PMS[OTL T “BUT[Vs SNUaA T “SPI[SUUyY T *(soqour $11 “eNS[O] T “sOULIqIT[eWLT Z ‘sjoopueg pus ‘spruuy ‘vmiyduy [ pue 91%)» “BOTPEN T Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 333 ‘(quods yon) » 7 4/8 rae a6 LI/GT 6ll LI sI 91 ral 0% C1/e1 4I1 27¢/<61 €11/G1 61 * ‘punog [NOW JO ; ‘keq AvMyey : ‘keq woaysey ‘Avg ssqjoysut[eq * “TOATY, OIVUIUO * “TOA OLVULUO * “TaATY ereuU9 yy * OAT oTewUUe yy ‘Keg, sStpoysary[eg ‘keg setpoysureg onl Cele ot re calc rq Als "sp S& OT IG 96 LG 3/1 GT g Tndy 1é 0€ 86 86 86 1G “Xe “1681 Pol “87 96T 8FI 3 66 (79 NS ee a ~~ | eeenalligaas =| brane aad |S fic Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. ed ] Scient 3984 22 4p OG TPO SO OR a 22 OS OP eb eS || pe Nase (wos | 28) ss yee | aie 69T ‘SF 66 WEDS @ | 98 P22 [99 jes ~@ | C2] Fo Co a oo te Spe le ‘We}OY ¢ “pluvmmUey 1 ‘Splpuuy [ ‘vantydmy T Se aero spa eelen| sere tales ele al G T fer | 1 S PT EOS Tou OP POP ee ee ee ee Pe i ee el |e |° ‘Avg posyovig | 41) = | L/¢ | 12 891 “8h SE it a ese ees eee face ll eye | ae 4 Oe ft ‘Avg posyortg | ** | °s 4/€ | 16 LOT “87 ‘STPOULIQITOMLYy]T Z “Sprjauuy T ied reel BOR GE see ote tbe pee haG we +l | G . “SYTOURIqI[OEMLT ¢ “SprjouUy T SEE FS ROA es) bees Pe ae eee callie eed pet = I wb 418 s "ENSOT T “SOUVIGIT[EMLT [ ‘sprjeuuy T ere Eien [SP | patepe| cao) nected ee ell peer ey zt $81 8 e ‘yUSOPL [ ‘Wouvrqrypouey T OH OND Peels Sate Pe OCS ist aybes tert a il | |o = 2 Weer Mejia) || ae | SI | 02 VIL “8h “SKMapOwMEaE: [| °2 | °° |S pw eo yee eo ek a SalenG Jie Ne Uh a *(g eoruv'Ty Jo eqny) sypeqs TOMERG TNE GUNA TG {1 °° | COB Sra Pe OP ee Oe Tee te ee ie - ‘keg motg | #3 | “8 | G1/st| ST €91 “8h d2G “SMUNJIOg Z ii leat OB Gal | eee | eos | ea lhe [PG 2 s/Z | 61/81 | @ “SOULIGI[oMLT ¢ ‘Splivmmey [ ‘vantyduy ¢ iy [seen RP (eae (teste [eerie cri cae (Da #1 | for IT is “SIPURIGI[[OWVT E “UE[OY | &T ‘ermiypduy z ‘eyddéysorgdg T ae ee cca Re [sa tee ea | ae |e ee Dh I FI | OF is £¢E HOMO T UIE | CRAM GS hnArerA {| 0) OO [ei | OO j Oo Oo oe | ee le a re | 2 We ‘Avg uvsseip | I UH 6/F | LITdyv] 6ST “8F “panurquog—HOLV IG mM res] loo bole = hy = =a tA TA fe TA oO Xs lo PLEIEIEIE/E| El od] eb |e a | ge | ee oN Beyer] a |e | 2 | Bee | om) e B | Se | Be wOLeS | PPE ee Se | Bis | 2 *RLITVOO'T Smlete Be) ed poe 2 : all eis ler ci les oo quote duy “SyIVWOY PUL poo FO o1nyeyy “SUBOT() OATT Rene eS 5 Suryst yy -onpoadoy Fo uoIpuog | roqtan jy ; oy sI3 15) Hort—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. I emeueSSSSSSsS=—=—0—0—0—OEEOSOS SOS S000 SSS) “sTouRI Pramuem puw epimers Tee ete eh Oe |e) eee | tes | 20: I ef "SISUO MA[OG G FT | gO) ese | cca ee cae a) Be 6 | ak | © S oe oe ee ee oa oe oe oe oe ay £ey L (73 EONS al ee | Os rE ee Face aa Lc fay FI | 1 |° ‘vq posyovtq | tI] °s Lig |¢ AW] 88t “SF “SWOULIGI[OWULT puvsnuni10g | Sa este [AO aa] all set coalesce omelets te =a § 0G I “ “eInTydULy T Pg (SI SC | aaa Face ee He oe G iM || i s “ENON & *STOION, T *BS0}LO0R] “OQ T Sool geep ha |gOu les steele report | cae Pap g tI cI 6 zu ee | - BS PULLS Ves Gea | ei (tee kG (eeclieoe ea e e lise (ies (2G I Bll 74 5s ‘sTOULAIqIJoMeyT % apyawmy | SueapoumoerT- | Cf | 72 f 88 | ett ee Pee eee i t “ait |B ‘Avg uesseQ | 1 | “M's | 11/8 | 08 G8I ‘8h PT “(ama 1 FIMERREEHENG) | Pe SR SP SS es ee a On 7 ss APUG QUT © |} So | oo | Oe@ | 20. Se || 92 | 00 Foo 1 @® I ve | OL |" * Tpyeudqeg | 1 | “iss | FL | 62 O8t ‘87 “SOURIGI[OMeVT] F ‘sIsula WA]OG Z ‘“spljeuuy ¢ hers alee PG gC hPa |en (area mal eeeors recta pe Ges Ike 29 | CUD || ee - a OPE SCO PG PT OF | Sea P| yy er | rr |* ‘Avg possovia| o | “s | 9/6 | 8% SLI “8h “eno 1 “80N i | 00 22 leq || c2 | 22 | ee | eo Hg £ | gr | 1 |pHxonjyedumog yo] 1 | ‘sw | gt/oz| ea LLL ‘SP “EM | EYOUEMCT EMMI ‘gndieg [ ‘susepouome |*° | 7 | ct | co} ct | ct léele 1c | i let/et| ¢ |* ‘Aeq ueaeqpeorg | Fr | ‘sy | 61/90 | 93 QLI “8P Sg EP ES Ne a ele eee dee UC Reali ale ‘uoavypeorg | “| “Ss | 1/0 | ¥% GLE 'S eo eo oe oe oo oe oe oo oe oe 6 p 6c ~ oe ae ae oe oo oe oe oe oe eo 9 91 66 BP | OO Se aa Te Ce re ee OT ales oie eMOerepeMEr eS | s 1egAC | rd GAT “WS o a oe oe oe ee oe i ’ ss eo $/2% Z e ‘Leg qLosny oe “g 0/21 8G rane "g 306 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. * “snjopradury T oo & I @o oe ee oe I eo *SpLiVUuL } “Nankerg) 1 RIDAEANENT II oi Supe be see | eisaM acca alee, fenced el “‘SISVT] T ‘snjoprydmy T £T ‘splemmeg 1 ‘sngoprydmy g | * Dig ASO On LON ie ON AO NAG ELON YL = Siclea eels al eel eect ess PT ‘guvaoRIsMIN T | T Se oe oe fee 88 Pp a PT PACH ENea TT I be PED eae Nees eal aie She nlaca te al “‘SOULIqITOMLT T ns 06 |} oo || oo || 00 || oo | 90 || 00 “uoJOT [ “sUvadRISNID | : SU euuVvel ‘epiqie “OT | *" Os ee al aaa eeu ears tS “STOURIACT[[OUvT] 1 O09 $ é, eo oo os oo Zz ee *‘STPULIGI[[OWULT T ws Si | 20 || ee fee | eo da an *eI9]SO7Z pue sIsua We[OG T | °° Sp] co ll oe | oo food a 50 “sypouUrIgIy[a SUH G TABLE WEIOS) 17 ee Bap foo Poe ff oo LST | ye ‘splpauuy e@ “eantydury ‘sista Ua[Og Z “SpyuTy G | ** B16 | Poe. Pee |e tan im ET 2) by | fle | be oH ty i j eis) el ele |el= e Sie ae | ee ‘ Be “SYIVWO YY, pue pooy fo O1Nye NT “SULSICQ OATY “Ppourlmae xg -onpoidey JO WoIpuoD | 1equinN 3 tp fe NT aG He || us fe loon |e 56 I Fi dander fee ‘Avg yesauoq | Z | ‘sm | 61/08 | FI GOS ‘SF 2G an | e ss ail Or || B “ se et | le ‘Avg [esouog | % "8 ce | FI 06 “SP €5 |12/02| af 52 Bil || & Be a6 3 | 9 Be a 91 | 0% |° ‘punog unvjearq | = | “a's | 1/91] 8 961 ‘8h fe Di Wt of ak CL | FI a = Bi | es oo 211 G 66 me Or |r |. : : ty | su | p |¢@ Av] OGL ‘SF “panurjiuog—BOIVT H| 2 A y wa | eS | § Sl ef| os “ox w@, || sel || ie || esis | (sales WOT}eI§ » oo | © *KLITVOO'T Qu 5 = 8 5 | 9d pu ay |° 5 3 8 Fe Bs quowo dur > 3 Surysty tee a nen ee ee SS Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 337 SIC ULV AT “snjgoprydmay Z “SIvIOVISNID) T ‘sprlpuuy [ ‘snjopryduy T EID IEMMAY (6 IDA (6 *saysh109 T TIER MEN 6 “SD AMMNY 6 “UOSUBID “eplunyy I “sprfeuuy % pS UOUuaAC Louver pwe eieq ah I stp werqr[ewey pue sprpeuty T. tl el fe bali) 6/9 8I 02 Ht OS ‘Aver o1owso1ysnoy ‘Avg o1owsorgsnoT ; * “uIpeT, FO * Heey uri0g FO ‘(aprsur) Avg TOAUT ; * “UTpe9aT, FO ; ‘Aeq [esouoq *(09n0) _moqiey ssoq ATTY oalsH lt) OH IH ist “r's"F | 08/1 ums | ¢T/or | o 1G 1G 06 0G 66 “panurqwoa—Aolv tg ———_f — _*(suoydra) sqouriq er eae [ anaes seal oe eae sae Goines — “yomvy ¢ <‘vinigdmy g | “* | °° |a¢g L1/9T | 81 “ £6 eed meade e ss a tesa ee et ene ee REPOS ! ee we eo 100 eo eo oo ee oo oe g I ° ‘keg goTUMOC Ges “OF *erniyduy z eo eo & I ee ee oe eo TI L oe 9I e ¢é PT - ee ee ee oe eo oe oo ee oe S 71/81 P ° ‘ueavydoeyy 93 eeg OF fee | vomquemereemigdmyy |) ee] | cle t | |e | o9 | 8 loceri es aC s "SyoUBqpeuey ¢ °S ‘SMINSVY [ ‘plvuUUVey T Pee CAUCUS -EPTATEO Ta} See So | GT i LT | & Es *podo.14 LT s “SUH [ ‘“STPOUBAqIT[oULT e I sev Statler else | eo allen alles nae fy | PL oi nS | ‘SULIepouTyoy [ “vantyqdury T £e . S I gee aa leit |eeee al ea |e eg" Berea LT = sl | % |* ‘“preH wWoH FO 01/6 | 8% 6&6 87 = oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe $ ° ‘spvoyy BIOX oe ee oe 9% 12Z.'T S ae eo ° ee oe oe °° oo ee 6s RS pest| Ge GL | @ oS oe ee ee oo ee oe eo ee oe oe £01 Z 66 S > oe oe eo oe ee oe oe oe oe eo &g Z 66 S S eo ee ee ee oo ee ee ee oo oo 2 L iG Ry & Me eee 88 pee Sep ee es pee ee eS | a Le |e. eer wetosr | ry 8 | ale Lae Be | ees = = ‘= S R Heo LS) lanl ole lelel ele [8 )2| sal #8 | é e | <8 | ee ON 2/0} 8) P fel e |e | 2 | 2 | fe] om | & B16 | eS uOTEIS SS ee Pe eee 2 “KLTIVOO'T al fo | eri ae pue Bea aa a | eee en sea g 7 FR | a queue, duy “syIvMoey pUL poo Fo o1nzeN SUvSIQ) OAT} pee ae 5 Surysty -onpoidey Fo woTIpuoD | tequny 338 339 Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. “sTOUvIq -Yjowvy pue spiruuy fT “STOURIQI[[OULT ZF ‘SpoURIqToMe’yT T "BS0].100L] “OQ T “STOULIqITOMV'T T ‘RIO T “eVUuryyeg snus, T “SqOUBIqTT[IUL “BT T “VOOP] T “elfoqouay, T ‘snjoprydury T “syouRAq “omey ¢ ‘vmimduy tf “sqpouR.aq “Teuey Z ‘spyeuny | *(suoydrg) syouvaqrjemey T ‘(suoydrg) sqoueaqryouey ¢ $1 é ‘QIBMOIS}IOT HO | * ols ‘ATTIMG YsnoT ‘ATTA YsnoT | T ‘ATTIMG Ysno7T | Z ‘keg sotmMoq | T 3 's | 48/9 | 1 oun! ope ‘Ss | #6/F1 | 08 6 "Ss | 31/8 | 08 8&3 « «“ « « « « « "8 | ¥/£0T | 62 986 « RP "SP “SP Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 340 - ae Sepyouu G | “suvedvysnIg T | ** “eprqye eqdAqsorgdg 1 | *" ‘£qoy puv snyoudyiousyg [ | 1 “sya uvIq TOWLE pue suveovjsnig ‘slolon Z | °° ‘eyiode ouligg pue spreuay T | ** “eyiede oulIyg pu sprjauuy g | *° “suUvedRJsnID pue spreuuy Z | ** ‘STPULIGIToUey] pur sprjuuyyt | ** ‘spyouuy g | * ‘SYLVUOY pUR poc,y Jo emnyzeyy sl ppc oe ro | ee ST ST |p oe PT il £61 8 C1/FI 8 01/8 ral 11/6 I é I v *(“Aouoq) sappy dasosorvue sajoouownag—(,.LTOS NOWAT,,) Va NOWAT - ‘Log posyor|g : : ‘keg Maro - ‘peo uel0g JO : ‘keg [esouog ‘(optsut) Avg ToAUT ‘(opisyno) Avg IeAUT ‘(apisut) Avg IeAUT : ‘Keg posyor[g : ‘Keep posyorlg > ‘moqieyT UepFITO > Keg Anqangatg : ‘heq Avmyey : ‘Avg opsurq TM bg | ale iH = | 2 8 @ = o|eis| Bl Bleie]e a er cee SES © 2 |e | Bie oe “SURSICQ) OAT} *poulwumex gy -onpoideyy Jo WorIpuoy | 1equiny = ior n i) < Qu So ur mis M *soTOUL ‘ml ~O {=} og os = He B *19q UN Ay *KLITVOO'T “TAOP SINOFT *110}}0q JO 9Inyzv NT “SuLOYyVy ur yydaq "aye “ON uonryg pue yuouo[d wy SULYSI o4i Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. “Sprjsuady ¢ “SpI[ouUUy Z *spljauuy G “SprIfouuy Z “‘sprounly T “eqLOqeg % “Sprpouay T (soyour OT 3)» ‘uvarfydey ‘uvorkyday “Sprjeuuy [| e mica Elon] : : Keg moo : ‘keg uesse[9 : ‘eq Avmyey ‘punog Arosery FO : ‘Avg o[surq ‘Avg ssypoysuryeg > QOaAny o1vuTae yy * “TOATY ereuMe yy ‘Avg ssypoysureg ; ‘SBITTO1S HO : ‘hog Auval[ry ; ‘heg Auvoy[tyy : ‘spuvysy] uely * ‘Keg Arey FO * ‘Keg posyorlq — _- ——o lou LI ooh GI/SI | ST 6/F 61/LT | ¢1 8& 0? 68/66 IG 96 1 66 SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S., VOL. VII., PART IY. Ee ps es — 4h oqewuny ji. | 62 | 822 IB geallae eal OO oo : Il | 1 | ‘Avg orowsorgsnoy | 2] “SY BS ee oe ieee eee ae a [ener lees 8 lee |e ‘Keg yourhog | #1 “SP “uOUIYD T I Sr | esa ell saul Ca Fecal ade Sek (OTE I | ‘Avg orotusorySnoy | zg SP ee |e | ara seer OMe serene vt |. Se ee Le eee og ea) Pe = 2 See 8) | 8h S ESP MOUUV Sai eeat|e ose |e eel aT | Stee S| aoe Gl 4! 3 Sie sl alee Kec ae) 8 fe * “area, HO | $1 "89 S DB i |} 02 28 Gay |] 9O: 09 |oo0 8 Tes alles ‘keg yesouog | = ‘SP Ss *sUvOOBISIIQ puBsploumay T | °° | *' | s* |p] co | ts | c PL | T = *(109n0) 5 sees oo foe ol ea [teak a A fects g/9 | § | qnoqrep ssoqATIry | T 4 = Bell ier fens (Te Ue) amare ena iat I > an od || ao || oc oe S I $1 SL/FII| & - Ce | ecco je eee GIES |B ||° ‘Avg [esouog | Z “Sh dS S OH fre it | SO. OF ROOF OO eed SOU 26 |y |° ‘keg yesouog | % “SP S MIEN |] PP OP] PO Sif ee oe ee a || i Ss SOMME Pai PS etl el Beek fOr | T [°° Wpeadqeg | 1 6% 8h S Bas et ae een Ae ee eal vib || © S : ; S do |s00 4/266 || 00 can |) on. >00 8 7 2 Avg posyovig | °° Iztdy | 691 “8h ‘= “panuriguoo—av(q NOWG'T ay ™m feo | pole = TA o ole lel Ble ele el cel en | 2 Sl) gf| 22 a Se le 1 | 218) ee eel A) Ss | Se uoHeg P| Pe |e Oe | BES *KLITVOO'T =@/ Bo] gs | 7d pe : ap | * 6 S| ora a quote, quay RQ “‘SyIVUINY pUe poo,y Jo oinyeNy "SULSIQ OAT} VSMEEREB Soh ae) 5 : SUIST Ame ‘3 | Ze | 9% “T'S CG GG oun ‘0681 606 66 StI O&T vIT 09 £9 GG ‘8h |F nN “dG 4s “O8T “C8T Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 344 “BAT T “OStO'T T ‘uelIEnyiog [ “epodeourmpg | “* | “* |** jf] |’ esl ** | 9 ** | 2/29| 9 |° ‘Keg posyovrg |e | “U's | O1/F | OT OF "G2 m0 00 em | eo co oo on tg oot oe | Oma eo GNaae ee i) WR Ber 3 36K (296 Ei Ol. Penguoranatye iy | 22 22 Test | 2 | oe | Po Oo rg re | OO My) | 5s UNererts)wcunreleends) aa) |] 6) EERE || (ke 11 3 aH PZ Soe Gf PP PL NSB SS eee Se Oe ge @ g | ‘Spuvys] uery episuy | T "sf | 02/E1 | ¢ to 0G PT qomeumy Bit |} C2 | OO 1 Tee |} 22 1) 22) 88 | aged 20 1 BO I) BES ‘Avg Avmyey | #¢ | ‘8 Oe [ie GUE) IGG Ge “snaInseg SHOT ene Mer al aT ae pene [Bestest eal ig bien He aekee, [Nar 00 Il I OG 99 il | A ica rd Sa ae cen eae 7 p | ‘moqiey YorAsoug | T | Gila) Il Ni6 ie 9 || ao od | o5 [oe | or | soem on ao gg lg |e Curacao @ | wea| eo jae } ae “OOD PA =| OP Oe OP Gg | os eras || COS OPA te ve Or || @ bh GCM BP OS PP 2s PP ee LB} Bela OS I Be i. COMET Gf CP | CPE! Wee ee ycce | OO ee OO a BI ‘Avg osurq | + 8 | 2% | 21 fy 6 “ONIN: OU SOMBIE Oi || 22 | O° es @ | OGy | CO C2 FOO | eee I ae ‘+ 147/26] 91 | ‘Avg sSqpoysurreg | #1 | ‘8 9 |OL Gj Uke ow) umeiaaaaa eG) @ |] fe 22 BE 2B | 2 | 22 | Pee | ee ‘* |pr/6 | 7 |* “teary orvmuey | g | ‘sm | 02 |6 a ee ‘suvImIydg | S| Usa EE San | oettee eee Mecce bee eat | Og oe ZI I |° “aeary orvmucy | 27 | mw OL |6 ¢ "AGS Poe Se We ee ee he Ph 88 OMG Gr fo FONG ecw se | ut | 2 AW) T “92 ® |e "0681 *(UUTT) mpunue sazoau0.naT—AWQA NOWIMOO ice a Ss a z a = 3S as A mt isl oS “ON Feo | ES | eo | Se Bs | ee eee pee | elge|] se none} ct is} | st BS a sa eet i ae pe ne4$ 3 Oo] 2 1 e | fe aa| or | @ *KLITVOO'T a =r == fa pue = Sheps iri ® Si) oR | ms atran (eo, Lury "SyIVULOY pUe poo FO oanzeyy "SULSIQ) OAT} LORE Oa 4 5 SuTyst] -onpoadoy Jo uontpuoy | tequnyy 345 ‘sjoeopueg ‘enon 8 "snueA “SquaQ “eprqye “Q | ** | * a sf ee Peon cate T $e |ou/eL| 93 |° > “Aeg MorQ | $¢ | ~s'3 | gt/zz . oe oe ee oo oo oo ee & SOEs fol | % 1a.|[ 00 | 00 00 |90 | 00 |po0 |) oo) 03 | oe. leans | oy oe oe oe oo oo oo oo oe ee oo G I ° ‘peor uwe10g FO oo "9° e1/OI PO PPO 22 poe eo Pee oe ee el tO Wa 8 2 Wercjebtanoor | @ | PS ae OD SOIC FOO a Oath 5 PML | ba sere o0 6 ail ‘(oprsut) keg wauy| Z | ‘sm | et/8 “SUvODEISNIO puL splfeuuy socal (earn EO) alex eet eater cel naa mech ype Il | 1/¢ | #1/e1 | 61 ey AAS | Coan Nea aus 6 6 |‘(eptsjno) Avg taAuy | zg | ‘u's | eg ‘syepsq eng ‘snunjiog ‘uome[eg | CL ROSS 5 fel Pass aN a ener Ora 7 Bm ** | Ze7 | [ |‘(aeuur) ypsSeqATTTy | °° | ‘wm $/T ‘elIVNyIeg [ *(e[[e}IIAMy, YjtA) sningeg ‘snyoudqiousyg | ** | °° est} ila fer} ** | et/s | ot | eptsut) deg sean | 1 | “sm | ¢1/g 60 |f50 |f90 |} 00 Jeg. foo |) ks OL | 2 |‘(eptsyno) Avg aeauy | Z oe oe oo oe eo oe oe eo oe oo eo Gc ° ‘keg posyorlg & "T'S 9 Bo || oe | 0F 9 poe ae pen | ee oe on i fe Weer meee Air psa |G Ho1it—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. oe oo oo oe oe oo ee oo eo ee eo ZI ° ‘heg posyor[q ‘T's “elIV[NyIOG : : : ce |° ‘Avg posyovlg “U's ‘OUNIGG ‘ostjoy ‘snan3 “eq ‘optporydy eprqye "| * : : GI |° ‘Avg posxovg TWAS ‘sISUd U9[OG “BIOvITT, ‘sngoudyioueyg ‘snand “eg “oyporydy “eyddpsorqdg | * "|S L1/ 22 61 9T 9T 91 “pues AvasyJOS | “eTjeyaIn y, “Iepye Bort NT pete lier oe |RORGaA[Resrealee ee eG B9 3/2 \11/f01] @ se EvVMOJOINeTG ‘suBedRIsNIO T Dr sia se Cede Sees Fe Geet le 6 |r |° ‘keg deayen| to] “8 | #6 | 82 $8 ‘dze “sTOURIG -T]oueyT pue suvoovjsnty | Sess ae ote | esp oon eee aoe a 3 ie a 8 ‘keg empen | = | su | 0% | GZ 8 GZ ‘erntydury ¢ Sy [ee eoocen ys eles |e ia eceea (Pe a e Eas L §1 g ¥ oe oe oe oo eo oe ee oe oo oo oe 6 13 Q RN tomel) @ || 2 |} 02 |] 29 |e} co || ea | co co te | i %6 je |° ‘keq uesseig | F | 8 | ZI/L | ST Lh “9% & “SISUO WOlOG Z sie (aac ROR elles 8 |e lleesee eet oi |G ne z # | Ff me S ee CSplOUMyPUBISUMIOpOUTyOM ge |e ee | oe PP ee 1 TW oe IG a0 Ze |g |: “Avg Axeroy FO | I “18 ZI | GT FL 92 s ‘syouviqipemey cvamimgdmy | *' |} °° |sejesi cc | jeg} a fk #L |EO1/FL| OT | * ‘eg Axeytyy | 1 ‘a =| 6/1 | ZI fh GG 8 mma OO) | C2 | 88 1G@ | OP | 3 8 Oe ta ihe | Siac) || on |S Nc ses tal |) 6 |6 69 °9Z — ‘BUTT, pue sqeIn Zz 2 26 Ee eesoyroouy Keg mog | 3 ‘sx | 2T/st|t 4me] 09 °¢ = Pg s “panuryjuoo—aV NOWWOD S Z wm | bo | Ae | oe | ee | my | 4 fd | faa AZ oS | | sles | el] eles /8 | 2] sel eS |e e| 78 | ag ‘ON g)O0)8) |e) |e |e | 2] ae | oe | B F | 86 | BS wOTeIY ; Soe aa Bab ea Ss &|a@F |e *ALITYOO'T =| eo Ss | ra pue a Sel] oleh |S tet ll zo ele yuomoedury eS “SyIVMOY pu poo, JO oanzeyy "SUBSIO 2AT} tS hc Psd 5 Surystq ‘Keg peSouog ‘st | 61/08 : ‘Avg jesouog s (35 " ‘Keg posyovig al | Oe Z s) S| gs | xs Bl |) Sse Il sais *RLITVOO'T a 5 2 Ss = lhe “ =) 06 61 6I 8I GT oT lal FI 1 Avy ‘aye 916 “87 66 6c GI@ “87 VIG “8h 66 66 GIG “8h 406 “8? 906 “8h 6¢ G0G “8h 66 66 H0G ‘87 61 “8h ‘ON M0T}R}G pur qyuowe,dwuy SULqSIT [eer ae ee eee eS SS 000 Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. ‘sprfouLy T “voJ0PT % ‘Sprpouty T “BIPM OSTIO'T T ‘snmMmseq T ‘sprlpeuuy T iT tl is @& N OW HF HH KN GG 16 ‘ueavydooyg ‘peoy Woy FO ‘speoy e[04 ‘keg sossoyy ‘keg yortsog ‘keg yortsog ‘Avg o10mso1ysno'y * “areal FO * Hea uelog FO rjca al “I'S "$°y 81/Z 01/6 8/9 e2/Zs 25/6 02/2 ¢/61 96/6 01/1 86 83 96 6G 6G 1K6 06 “SP “SP “SP “SP Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 304 =p = CULE CCL ULE Go ‘sqoURIG TPMT g “ePIqIe “O Our] “‘STOULIqITOML'T | epiqie “OQ € ui ‘SPIIVUIUIe) T “ATO *sISMo UsTOY [ “vozJOPT T ‘pIIvUMIVy [ “snunyrtoOg T ‘snaInseg @ ‘wnrpruoA0[y T ‘snainseg % TIOGA Ih ‘spyouuy T “B9j0pT & ‘snainseg T *(stoydis) sqouviqrpewey T “SYIVULOY puv poo FO oinyeyy TM bd Ios tole ial [5] =s Bl S| Pl ela le le Be Poe tee ee a 7 fo) ra) el 2 us o “SUVSIQ) OAT} “paulWeXy -onpoidey Jo UOT}IpUOD | Loequun\y “dpav “sq] UI YSTO AA Oe | 7 26/6 | ¢ ; 8 j Lig |9 |° ‘Sqtag ysnoyT | Fr | °s tet | it || 8 I tig | ¢ |: ‘Atag ysnoqT | 1 ‘§ I1/0T | 02 g/9 | 91 |° ‘ATIAg ysnoT | Z 8 er | ¢ ie Ie af || git |S ‘Leq sormaog | T gs we | ir | ® 11/01 | 7 8 G 7 ‘Avg sotuMog | T g “pant 7Uo0I—EV (. NOWWO/) is 5 go B iS ore arte | tee “| 36 © 2 *KIITYOOT Qu Ta ee mn Bo ° is} g . eR B 8/9 cea *SULO RT ur yydaq I oune 0€ 0€ 66 6g Avy ‘aye GG 66 “ON TOT}LAg pur quotme,duy SuLyst yy . OS Pe eee eee ee ee bie 88 ei fe Rouges | jm | he 6 9 1B OBI fe Ot Oe ek 88 igo | ee Meni exceeeeys Dalle] a ~~ co Be Gs = ea Ne) N *“(Tesuond) seuvbjna n09—A TOS NOWMON ‘sjoopueg [ ‘“UosuRIQ T CS) EE SHA COOL TL | Po | C2 eee |) 22 209 foe oot oo It, a et | 2 “spoeopueg T ‘dg pue SIIVOUT] BajOPT I oe oe £ oe oe oe oe ee B eo FI g 6c PROTEST, MONT GP 8 NSE OP OI ere Bo ra oO Se @ “ "(ur 2113) £e PEPE Tt GReCeLe, [Pe POS ye OOS OC Bs Foo ae a ops Hed Zoe ‘Aug sormMog | T “* | F/0L | 6 986 ‘SF OT . eet aces alll eemen (se caaiel leet Pete ea pol ek ees 6 Testes ‘keg youthog | $1 | “8s | 02/4%| 12 Se | ee “8h Pee RS ee Sel alee (Eee (eu et HS oo aL ‘Avg yosng | ¢ | ** | €1/0 |eotmdy | eat ‘s Yon) Yes) ae) ns SS Ss > BS > “SS va) S ‘Sj “> ny iS re = = S S Ss ~ FS > > S =) S 1 ial 4 ty eee Te eee Pe Saar i po Meer em AC | CUE IE OE | BY 861 “8h a ee ets leo eo ewer eligi hic eill ac . I aimee [ee Se Ie ce ete ay ce | ee | ye Ol | TI |° “toaTy eremmuey | T “uw IG | 86 “P| LEL “8P “T681 Se a 6 a eg oa or 11 |* ‘Avg posyovtg| @ | ws] 6 |9Teune| OF “eZ *(mUry) snsal saint poe NOOO ULT Sire Ses lees cea [ce St eel) 2c]. et ae oe eigen ip e soon | oo oo oo ope leone lt oa: || oo ie or |# « ee oe se oe oe oe oe oe oe oe 8/9 , SI . JTBMOPSIIOT FO. ee "9 8 Z Rasa "8h EE eee ee eo ee Pe oe on Wa Pe Wage Sacer % | au | et/h | 6 Te 92 ‘spl[eUuy pue sutepouryoy, | Sei bek MaOaT allied alerts Sines cecal a Pa SeG Ge ie ‘Aeg wa0}104 | F 8 I/F | 6 66 ~O TERT BG | O° Co PST PST Se Peep ee we PSS Se NSE eo [Nae Someta) ee) | || EE | Ge I @ GB 9G OAS] FP O° O° Swf Se f e8 P se yf Co eee | Oo. Bei oe ; ‘suveoRsnig puvspyouuy p | *' | *' }ep] sets | tt tt lt le ** |or/¢t| > |‘spuv[s] weary opisuy | t | ‘sf | 0Z/st|¢ i SKC = HUGHES Flan CRIN | PO OS SG) | a CO OE ee eye Oo irae ey |S ‘Avg Avayen | $e] 8 91 |% ounf| Te “9 S ts ee ovate) ol AS ef ee Oe Oe ee eo? GAIN Oe Saar weet | Te | CPE OB. || Lee 8I “SZ 5 | asinummegy amobhaay) epee) | 22 22 aoe feo) Se ee | ee aon oo ‘* |r [* ‘eg opsurq gO] EI | °s'3'P| o¢ | 02 Ch adc a Poa leeeeosee|oalely este ep lee [en Dia ley, = & Gees | rod eae aes ee, "* lor/er| % |° ‘deg osurq FO] € | ssp} e¢ | 02 CL 9 cS (‘urgy “quods Ajrwouojemag), | 8 | °° | °° * C1 ee Oa Sa) CO THAR || 3} Ike ‘Avg opsurq | F "s || Pil De 86 3 Tae or las [oe |e ea aaa ee 81 | 1 | ‘Avg ssrpeysureg | 1 s ¢ | Or 9 ‘O . ATOM. IE = OO AS es Sa ROS OS Se I pe eo s/o LT | t | ‘deg ssrpeysureg | tr | °s 9 | OL G GS S *Iesop}IUIG T NaS eae al Ne ac | (229 Ge cea aso tne Lf et LI I |* ‘“toary orvmuoy | Z *S°UL 0G |6 P "cS S *SIBISOT}IIIG 9 FO OO OO NSE HOB MSE | Oo I @ ime “| 6r/et| 9 = *sIVqsopyag T CR feces Linc aaa le Seen fo ceteeal ence or | eee Ug 2B FI IT '° “doar orvmusy | St | we or |6 Ae] Ss ages 5 “panuijzu0I—ATOY NOWNOD ™M bg | Ale | ole = by Ed lel A faa A iw) wile | ele] | ele 18] el e| 5 Eee) | fe o/ SS | bo “ON é (t) SL ees = 5 5 B S og = + | ° ns! |i-Gs}- |) = wa ” 08 oc a aa = WOT}ES : ® | © a | s ei) ea | Z| oe | oe Go Sa ee | Ose ie eS *RLIIVOO'T =@/8o | es | ord pue “sues, pourmexg | Boles Z Faas momo, duy “SyIvUeY pur poo Jo e1nyzeNy suvsIQ OAT} OES ES as 5 Surystq 356 -onpoidey Fo uoryIpwoy | roquinyy 2 et re “gyoUvIqT[oMeTy ¢e oD | ‘snyoutyioujg { ‘snindeg qT | ** | ** |s¢] °° | esl eel a 42/% | LI/ST | g - re ‘shqaqde Ny Te | | | pe PENS cess cel a ig Il |1 |° ‘Seg posyoetg | 1 wae | @ 1g of: YC S iis a fe oa os one us sts aa ms 9 I ‘gpeoyy ork ystauy bie omni $ Z VLG “ag 2 “Wd]OS % SS ryprormliansheenae ra Fenngaconbetshye fs | OP OP NF, | 29 We Oe Oe T OO 7 Pe Til ae 1° * ‘Keg mor | Z |-ms | 21/st| 1 Aime] 09 9 > ACme eye Bhar, PO NST Ce 08 {Ce Oe stele he ei GAA f° > ‘keg morg | 1 | ‘as | 91/11 | 08 6G 92 > PT : RS ose Tea peel | bce leeresse|ps cena | Sate | = See cep aeyf Gl | 1 |° “peop uemg yo)" | *: 29H OF6 9¢ 9% os | Dusty Verigatenae errs | OP 22 Bap | OE OO OO Se ep be 91 | F ae IN WELOINE YG fF COM OO We Oe | Oe | eB tao bee 00 ene OiGiat| @ 4° ‘keg jedouog | Z | ‘s'3 | Ze | 9% Gg aa ey Esoa@amgy (3 SO OS WS eA OS Ws ¢ OC OO te | OO Ae MAAC |) UC) Ascter ceva e | Fe oe 09 | Oe $9 ‘92 = “slO1ONT PUB BIOOTUAIW Z Sere meets A hContact eee | ee ers RG ee ** | 2/8 | 8t/L1| 3 |‘(eptsyno) Avg z0auy | % ‘U's eZ «| 8s eg °GZ S & eelleser roel be eae suanlee alles hapealers Ghee 61 | I | “(eprsut) Avg teAuy | T xe SI | 03 6h ‘dz d Sa ele acc S| ae eg em aed ee aS? ‘uoavyprorg | FI | “8 | 9% | 81 Ly “dS S CE Fae og Wel an (rail Cale | Sao pepe ecetod c l f FL | OL |: ‘deg posyovjg | 2 | ms | 9 | LT ch dG & SO NN Ot OC OO Ps 08 AU Se oN OO MLIGL || 4At || ES | GH It ww ‘dos = *sISUO Alo pue sedvy, T S PRLS) Eyton (shee || CO OO ate | eee | 0 OO eT hs aye Wo Waar inerertr | %4 fous | 3 | Oe Sh SS q oo eo eo oo eo ee eo oe ee eo eo Z e ‘keg posyorlq (6 “Ul's 6 91 CP GZ 5 ee ee ee eo oo oe oe oe ee ee oe OL ° ‘hog posyovlg 6 “t's 6 OL G2 "CZ =) jas] CPN RS tee eg lene ez Mec lls ee) rd OO eo Werer ote Ma ree | | ets | Oey | Ot Op "Sz Meee Ccue cuneate a |e eG ajo | o1 | So ea el gt bette |e i EME, —“BOoMenyG it * | Phy] so: | ot | ft | tt tt | p epee or/er |. % a RAT repel Hitcr'r | Foo eee | eee le fcr ae 2 st |%-|: ‘deg posyourg | #1 | ‘ss | 2 el 8s °c ——— . - So. oN i ae —- SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S., VOL. VII., PART. IV. — ———— Sa =r “U's i vemrgdm@y To} | Tt lee] cs ts tt ls le ft | et/t | et/er| @ | ‘seary oxeumoeyy | g | “g's | 2/92 | oT 901 “d8Z “uspogT “uermmdgt |''|1 |ée| cs} c | * | ct |e | °° | g/t [eer/ger] ¢ |° ‘ueemgsray gO | F | 83 | si/ot | IT 86 ‘d8Z ‘enon Ny T EP eve T= CAME eI | Te oe ee oa Wt | pal oe | #2/G | O12 | |e Avqumooysepi ie amt Se) ke anvil €6 sacs Sey HS) je oma POF |e fee ee | 92 ee | 85 bes |] So alee arden |e i PONG PEG | OO eS PO ON eh ” ; eNeuMAy 1 SEI COI SE OS OF Ne. NG Nee) Ore 11 - > 2% ‘3 “UnatiganaHO) fowls Gagermieny je | 2° f PON ap || 8 Oe | OOo | ap OO ae | eae i ss S R sees Le Tiel pee em a a Sal op I Gielen ‘spue[sy wery | ** | °° “108 88 ‘dze aS eo) S WOST | |r fos} | | i |e | | et/er fon en % |° | Sweemusruy BO] ** | “Gss | L/0% | 6% 98 ‘O = iS SN ECS a CeCe a bal a ee Onl? ‘Avg uooysey | #1 | *! 3 1.it iO) bay : SS “UGH MehaMiag ony “ff OO Pe Bap | Oe | oe | ee | eo ey oo Tet Id Seo 42 | ‘Avg wesseQ | ¢ “S| GL, | Oh Le 16 “sTOUB.IG ~ | Huey pue emimduy T gisele nel RO STi [ins sleet [aes leva oe a G ELI ie ‘Avg uvsseqQ | gt | “48°s Gg GI GL G3 wm S Ss ‘spljeuuy puv vantyduy T seeeel le Gael ROH Gry | hres aera ie | eon | GO ‘| Z/E1 |€81/st| ¢ i Ss S BO eget tran | so SINNER | ODES SST A POR bedi laasae-o- | A eit mallet ell ‘heg Areyry | *' | “mH | 6/S1 | ST heh S ‘sjeopurg ¢ AY ‘OUT § ‘“syouvaqyjemey ¢ git (eson aS eo a eerie (Pe sae ies EI 9T | 8 : aS ewan A | SOs OO is || 95 | Oe |feode | vo ob: eae zi i¢ |: ‘Seg posyoeig| $1} ms | 6 |6 Ame] 69 ez SS s *panurju0a—ATOY NOWNOX B (ap) feo | tole |e l= "A ‘s) ee le 5 ef 5 me 38 z 5 So | Ss ON S/O) B Pele) se |B |e] sa) og | & a | ee | Se Ose | Pep St es 72 ey Eas es bs *LLITVOOT =| 68> | 88: | eC pue | seer ace ees = |) © 1 || queued uy oO “SyIVUMeY pur poo Fo oingejy "SUBSIQ) OAT} gD OUTCTY OG ce 5 SUIYST 10 -onpoidey fo uoljIpuoy | 1equinyy Se on) _ Hort—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 359 “IOPPL]q UI Sou0}s YL g T cé ‘uUBodeIsNIN [ ‘sprlfeuuy ¢ Sea [aan CEA tse) bes ase = | Reese Syaillineen olla I 6/3 | 61/81 | F ‘spodojsexy T Fe omar Be Tee @ B22 Po Pepi lee Ole Ie | | ewon | 2 ‘PU Z ‘sprjeu ea « TVT “eprqreeqdysorgdg 1 | 3 |t |étj}* |ét jet} |e je wh | ol 4 2G ‘Suvooejsnty [ “sprsuuy p | “| T JPL IPT {ec set} ic |e T/€ | ¥e1/21} ¢ a “EESEANE DES EU OMENG igheMmge yr SO fee 00 fon 4) oo | fhe foo OO aE t oI | 1 | ‘keg ssqpeysumeg | Fr | “m 9% | 8 96I “87 ‘spypuuy tT | "| |ét |" se jes} *' |e | °° | ¥e/to | ter/st| 9 us ems | |O |e lew is@ len, eye |e | ae | ee | ee & OT Ox s : 5 Pi SuUNe GeeEsULIOpOUTGOG Ta eet, lem alesoeloop | 8) 22 Deals ell 1] as91b YAN 2S ‘SUvIIVISNID § “SULIOPOUTQOY T ee OO HOT PEE New Lewy So ek | i Sle || @ - oO ie IL oo || oe Iwas Ore | Oe | 9 | ge aes Il | 8 | ‘Avq ssrypeysuyeg | T | SF | 22 | 1G AP] Sst ‘SP “T1681 SP BP ee ee ee Sh ab I Ie fe | Nets PAM eR EengGTeEaE | TE | UH | Caled | Td SII “d8Z (‘queds a TYP) SMOMERG PT OUGAe Yh OE ee Tats OG foc Seo Be ats 8t | TI “eke [es : SUOUULUTTOULEGMeMenIN () sel = Sal eum li Te i a) Sega ars re Sere TST a COAT OBULUONe | T "g g/g | 1% 9IL “d8Z ‘pigenaange i sanaheelerhee es POOR Tp OO eb ee eae ie 4 61 | @ |- s “ME[Og pue ‘suBedeysnIyD PT : Spyeumy 1 vmmmduy g |e | Pe] | | i | es le | ett iet/er| @ |: “aearp exemucey | tr | sm | Fc | ST GIT “d8Z OCU cl ‘UETOY ‘suvsdvysnIy *eantyduy Bcorall gehded | CO Poel | Fagateal[f Eke [cat os cara Ne § 8T P s -uefog = ‘spodryd é SEaveene VOR Civae Bann Cony: | ell Te eZee ote | ete lg tie a er FI |G |° ‘“tOATY oreuusy | T ‘am =| ¢t/O1 | 8ST OTT “d8z oot oo Gc | tec fae Hesr cellar puialfeeciois|fe =r 9 I |° ‘aeaty oremuoy | ** | ‘wm 4% | 81 60T “US yet Ay pf ar] Faceplate fF Scena CCR fap] ou RUD NCHCS PU eSUPM=) 207K} Pe RS LOT “d8 a | er ne eck | | SS ee ne ee) er ee 2 F 2 ‘Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 360 , -sprau1y pue eintyduy T ‘Aug Avmyer ‘punog qynog ‘Avg wooyseg ‘Avg opsurq ‘heg ssipoysuryeq ‘IOATY OLVMUS yy ‘IOATY OTVULUO YT “panurjuoI—XTOY NOWWO) 2 aces | Bice aig cole ale li en cl Selle 22) tome “sjogemaenye gs | PP | OM hg tO | OG. Po | ae fee ees ae UAT | 8B OU See eo ee Sat | Oe Ee PT POG POG Se Se 8 eee eG Wee ea pie eee Foiled epee clio It sam | ied aTees|el eeeO @ T PHC TE mata sng YEH PP OP I O2 e Cee OO Ok | epee SB oh aes 61 | + “eUleL, T suosuni Melee ePHOUny To tla 16 o Ori | |e ie |e Mik || 8 *(soyout #1 $Z%)y *(queds £Z\|PT Ayreau $ 1). “prremurey T EO] SERS el Stql 2 18 1 8 | awit | Guinn) ex ‘sprpeuuy Z “suLepouryoy % £3 |PT yews) yt eB TSF | OP SA} 8] 82 |G oe) 28 aI | 9 ee IT ae ee P I ee ee ee I ee OL I “Splieuuaey) I ee ee $ I ee ae eo oe I ee v4 SI I “SplLIvMMey | ypqeany Te emanating? |] P| 2 NS 8 OO he OP ee Pe eae ae || ‘UOSURIN [ “SplIeMUey | “DLN. Te alana 5 jf, OSS P| OO PS NS | 2G et 8I | 2 Se Ta sence eaome [esicees| Sa encores leas ee Teas ee Oita | *mOSURIN T pyemiiny, te Camu foot Oe OR ot Oe te sare) ae || lo ElEVE EE IE El eet]? Es B oO he im i Sy 0 B ee eee | eee | ee see @ alee mae By “SYIVMOY pu poo FO oanqeyy "SUBSIQ) OAT} ‘pourmexg | -onpoidey Jo woryIpuoy | requinyy “ALITYOO'T “UAMOP SINOFT “I'S “Ys's 61/41 0z/¢z L OF *SuUOY} LT ur yydoq GT 8 € [dy Ié 1g 0¢ 86 “IPN 9} 66 6c (19 66 “ON OT}RS pue quo, duy Surysty oS on) Uses | aoe ce | eee ee | ee leer aCe er 0Gee er bani i 6 | NOG POW 82 82 | 29 | 00 Pe | eee os BES | ahaa ces |g ele [Eee ene [See SST. 91 | 61 |° ‘deg posyovig | z "s | 4¢/6 ‘spreuuy [ “emimduysg | °° | 1 |r| °° |éeléti** |p | c* | Br LI | % emmydury tT | °° {6 |st/Po} "|| it |e | tr | gor |e : verntydury J | ‘|e | ** |Z Et oe Ne eg De ate tL | + we fico fice boca elas lal ela de [a srouequeerg fat | eed ete “Sprouuy T ose alia ere Gas sveelae sales =e 8 STDIN iP syaqeueyy ye || 2 90 | ee | oo | 08. oe ay 2 eee cil ete | ch Auge posnoureiy eas) alec SENG OTE Bi eral eg ie G 61 G ‘ourlyd T “swmxepourqoy T ¢ $ ‘spIoUUY | “suIZepouryoy T II : ‘Leg posyortq 1K 6 I ‘aoTUe'T T 6 || 6 | i TOMER If PO PS Se ey ee ee ee Soe Nasu ewe |e * ‘Keg meg | #1 | °8 8I | | I SB PUL Q UUW Mele fe mca Sra ee | eel OTe eer es Tee [eal i 81 Hott—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. ‘spreuuy tT |G | °° 180/80) *" }éP] °° | 8 | s | F1/et| Zor I “sTOUeIqIOUeT T fT ‘splpuuy 7 ‘“einiyduy ¢ | I Sed fH fel se (2 setae | are soe |= |} Coral ley A T GI | 9T PT SemE RUT a Tees eee NE eT ET | SNe ealeee le vaaiieet ony Tite | pol) «a AuqeMoTa!| 7) apie enn ey : veonayen(olnnesy (4 || POS SO Wes te OOD ao hai Ge Nl a ealke Wane |) 4 POS u i. Teemu aaa em ens fet 8.) 8 1B ole el oer al op ages * ‘uesseqQ | 1 | ‘m | 6/% Be Tie ae ee ere ounog mod me | 27] -s 3 : scsi ‘ 4 : | Ss Earn i — ee re - dons =“ Pe ae ae coe ae : 2: NT WE eeatienad tere eee) co eee ngs, Royal Dubl y n Society. tv v ific Proceed Scient ‘epyouuy F ‘oyrporqdy T “our © MEANT, Yh = IVIL *(queds Ajxvou ‘Ur gy] eTeUL -9y[) ‘UST 1 “Spreuny % ‘snunwog T ‘“sprjeuuy g “wosuRdy ‘sIsvT 1 ‘spyeuuy % ‘oul I “spreuuy Z “‘spleuay T ‘oulyd 1 “spHemurey T ‘spljouuy g “exntyduy 7 ‘emmiygduy [| EPAOEUN EOL 8 BS DELL ‘SYIVMOY PUB pOOT JO eIN}UNy SWE aT AIO Giles PT SG [om 2 |e eo oe él $1 ee eae ae Oe ene al eee £1 le | aes | eriee teeter de Sj |) °° SNES A Teel|eees SH (Ow Sie WOT |= -lople lee]: $I ee ee oe aoe refer tes teg | oe oe $I oo oe £g Mm bo leo bole 2 (8) 2/2] Pe ie Pes oO *“STIVBIQ) OAT} -onpoidey jo Wor}Ipuoy ele a fer |o |° “peo ueiog HO|zZ | ‘smu y | ¢°: | e/e | et/L1| + | ‘(eprsat) eq soauy | FI | ‘sm Tee ake a Vt |° - ‘areal, FO | t1 | ‘8 Her e z £7 91 @ |po ‘Aeg pesouog | = “13° e | ¢: | £¢/S1 lgt/Ze1| ¢ |‘(4eqno) Hy ssoqATIry | I | “ms z O10 ai 91 Zz 0 ‘Avg jedouog | % °$° UL | Oop ade 8I | F lt | She |) PW az We ‘Avg yesouog | Z °s Coe aleac “Shi || %6 eeale I $71 | I a ie ean iw bs Ir |1t |° ‘deg posyoetg | Er | sm Cale eG Me || 2 @ ee “ae Oye | |, | 2 lei/suly |: ‘eq posyourg | 1] °8 I oe I FL I ° ‘aneeaeq JO | ¢ “U's z.| °° | #2/2% | 6/Sst| 2 T he ae || Hee ape Teyeadyeg | 1 | ‘14's “parwi7u0I—ATOG NOWNWOS) i fe) | Zz 8g 5 as Epil |} 5 ase 2, o Wea & 09 B =| = E o a . > Ste a na Soa a Se Bo & ALITYOOT &| Bo oo a B a 5B g =e ‘poulmexg | to S| roquin NT ; O1/ST | 02 LIS “87 S1/8 | 06 918 “87 gz/¢g | 61 GIS “St 0¢/TE | ST 618 “8F PI/9T | ST 03 ‘8F 61/08 | FI COS’ SF 6é oe «| PL $03 “8 6é 6é y 19 O61 ‘8? 66 (74 Lis |G ACW | SBI “8h og |0g I8l “8 66 FI | 6ZIHdy| O81 “8% S) rg ‘ON Se worze}g ge ajeq pur a yuowelduy Surysty ese re ce are ee ee Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Treland. 363 Horr *(soqout g{ ‘eTeUI [) x ‘sjoopurg ¢ *s[oopuLg Z ‘shqyqdeN 1 ‘shqyqdeN T -ernrgd ay % ‘eintyduy [ ‘“suepouTqoy T Fol oyewoq) » “sprlouny Z “splrewmuey | “ermniydury T *sjoopueg T “sppepueg © *g[o0pued T * (soqout ‘spleuuy 9 ‘sprouny > qui) Tt “spreuuy fT I 2S I 20 Age Saeco AI z LT ale Nig fare ** eT/FF1 = eI VE | St/e1 G LI 1/1 \91/ #1 (6 | i #1 | $91 I GI t sI ve ff Gelli 9 | Or W/é | $1/e1 eae FU/E \%o1/81 te | £02 ¥2/6 \¥81/L1 41 | $91 moet OO % oO =! Nn Ht owe nnrnanrn wo co I 9 T v | GIVMOIG 110 FO ‘ATIMY YsnoT ‘keg soruMoq ‘Keg sormMoq ‘aoavydeayg ‘keg sossoy ‘keg yortsog ‘keg o1omso1ysno'T * “UTT99T, FO aaoeatn re 41 *S OO iG 66 8 |Z oun! Ve $6/EL | 08 6&3 « cc $4/01 | 62 988 el | 63 ces 81/Zs | 8B itil G/%E | GS tad 6G 73 66 ‘ £4/6 | 03 068 66 6c 4/6 | 1% £83 92/% | 0@ 613 “SY “SP 364 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. ee oe oe ee oe oo ae ee ee aoe g G oe eo ee oe oe oe oe eo oo oe £¢ Cc (75 eS alse nent eee St So en eae aby Keay) ea 8 OST est “4S ee ee $1 ee ee oe I ee eo eo 8, I 66 oe oe ee oe oo oo oe eo oe oo ¢ I 6c aia | eget hee | ee ciel: See ete ee he | ye PUNO ano) Fle | 8 OG/SC.8 LOL ‘8% PO 00 | 00 OOH eS res OO Mage WOO OR OC Fe [i | Gets torsteme) fay) este |} HE | RG EN ein 87 “1681 (25 034¢8 “¥o0n8ee)e || co lee; c° | co | ct | led lee | °° «| Ee/te| eo |° ‘Aeq Semen] $ | uss] 1 [2 “ny | 16 “YS 26 ee [pee ea cmt ee se elo aaa "* Ige |° ‘Meg posyovtg | ¢ | “ms | O1/F | 9T Ob 9% eo ee eo $y eo oo eo ¢ oo eo oo 2 ° ‘keg Avayey Ze "9 91 z eune 1Z "CZ ‘0681 *(ossty) vgn) v2j09—A LLANV'IOS serie | Copal eee [eee les eee Te see votes lal = PI CO eo Pet eo oe Tp oe Oe ee he erent | AGG [ee SLI “8h "s193U0UL et aes OM eS ysl aces hitace Ite ais | eee ol 8e ol eles | ‘keg wosng | t | ‘8 | ¥1/o | sstdy| gat “8 -YS¥ JO ,, 070g uoweT ,, ‘1681 Io ‘qu uoweT oy} JON § "(‘Ossty) sewvosn) v909—A TOS NOWG'T § wa | by | ee | ee | oe | | | a A o lol elelelele lel eles] ef |é | ee | ee aE ee lee (PSE Se sob en | a0eh | ere | oe a) Sa | be WOTIeIS : sae eels Se) 8 Ee ey *KLIIVOO'T = 5 a BS | “7d pue d a5 E je eae aaa quome,dury “syIVULoY PUB POO, JO o1nye Ny "sUvSIQ OAT} Eon ae | Surystay -onpoidoy Jo UOIIpuoD | TequInyy : TU Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 3865- . eee a3 oP teh eo} a Sale ee eG le ecs Sle aeteal pag feel gy 2 OFA Binh 2 || cbt a Poe) DOO) eae 28 |) We mm | @ sr | 9 484/98 | F Ocmalae te | @ th | 1 i? | 9F | T 84/18 | 81 ¥/98 | & $G/tF | L 9/9 | ZI 19/08 | se FG/LP | G : ‘hog emery * ‘peoy oudTg FO > ‘peep ue10g FO : ‘hug [eSauoq ‘(aptsyno) Avg IoAuT ‘(eptsut) Avg TOAUT “peo sit ¥O ‘spuvys] ULIY OpIsuy * ‘Keg opsurq FO * ‘uoo10yso0p FO ‘peop, Arovuog FO : ‘sSTTO1S FO (‘Ang) sawwhna 126009 —AAONOO — N AN ok rin oD oD CD CD 4q Ysvopoussoy FO : ‘Aug posxpovq : ‘hug Avaey rls N Cal al a) oer etal EE EE ee VG 08/FL 6T/LT 8Z 9t Aine 9% 9% 4 03 81 g ounr 6G 8 ‘ds 6é Shs 99 “cz cq Gz Hp = 6 6h “do Cio MAT tS SG he = AL GE (epee 8. == sig ‘dS 6L4I “4S (a3 SSI ‘St m Society. ) fie Proceedings, Royal Dubl Scienti a 366 Th 00s ODOR OO haces 08 | Ce OC elm (oo 8 Connor tobe | Ee I 7°19 s6l “I ee eee tees le eee ee caieer |e (beeen? WO er yaw: ‘av88e1) BO TIT | ** ‘7g ACW] I6L “TI | 0 [0 foo 00.) G0) 0a foo | oo 85 Ge iG fe Wemekerm in| | 9 lee is AL oa | 00 || 90 | oo] 60-4) 00] 00 |] oa | 06 | oo | ae Il ‘“ BO OO ff OO OS OR SS SO | OL OS Tar Se |e ERRORS aROy SIC | eS OLS) | SI Olea CONIC OS et Pe etc fae ate a beac fae podvaslo ‘punog At0S01p FO] | “a's | 1¢/Fe | 6 Ost “T Sr ea ee tee a eae Oo ih ePUnag Aros ore) a (iit ease) al OCG Sn NG 6rI “8h Bae pies aes c| Solace | eee nie eee SGU OF 8G : 54 lf 90 || 90 || 50 [35 If-ao fos so foal oo | ee Ie “ Seale eee le melee Sareea eo | ees alot pUmlOg Arodorey WO nat 4s soem Se kG SFI “8h Pe eee ee eee ROS || CO “ TS 8 OO Pe ee | Ok ee Pe OO OMe OS | < PE SP Pe ek fee Se ee eT Gia ig [= teeeier congo sie 28 OA. 6 MNT Geis “IE “1681 2O eee ee pee pes ee ee | Sr | GP |e o eeNee cmammenr | Ti ee e1/0r | OIL “d8z Be ee ea ae Ses [et e089 -G 1 as seOAT MT eLeUaONT a7 “aes €2/9Z | 91 “SNV | 9OT “d8Z Aaa clues eee eRe pal oeeeaaeaeraa| OIE mele gD Veil 51 Sieee re Rene Reais ete ea "2108 L8 “d@e “panurju0I—AATONOY T | by] Ree | mie | ee | oy ale = Z o Ser ley] so] a |g ae z wo |e By) oe | wo “ON 4 0 © Ss ae |) tS = Cae =} B = fe) 2F oc Be ist jas | Boe | Be &) Ba | & aise | oe wolves Pes 8 ee | ee |S *KLITVOO'T | ave | gise | ced pue : Sas oes ee ke Be mera a queme[duy ‘syIvuay pue poo Jo oinyeyy sUvSI() OAT} Oe ae 5 Surystq -onpoadey fo woryIpuoy | requnyy 367 s S 2 S S SS iva) S S SS Ww S x S S S > S Ld Ae) &, > > 5 S A H Q ky “sjoapurg T “suvaoRISNAD T ‘jeepueg pue ‘snsn 7 ‘snyoudyioueyg 9 ‘Bsn, iT “s[oopueg ZI ‘sjaopueg pue sqein *(snyouhyshxo vrpay ota aulos ynq “[[e UL ayVHG 0%) x “Ysiq pue suveovjsnip oe 8% | 3 |° “PeeH TIToV FO] I # “| T | * “peor TMV FO | 2% 6 OB | eS sear eyo) || 8° 2.0 O1/L, | ¢ |‘Aveqs uemyveryg FO | °° "s 9T | I |° | ‘spueysy uery | °° = cg | I |‘peeH teyouTTYy FO | *" PS ABRIL || eh | ° Nese Wopacaey | O° 8 fe Nase erestenar ai) | °° "* | 9¢/93| G |* ‘aooroysoop FO | °° ey 8h | 1 |° ‘deg opsurq go | °° ** 1 09/8% | ad | ° ‘SSTAS FO | ** 22 1 Bee 6 IL ° ‘Avg opsurq | ** sie c) I |° ‘teary oreuruey | °° wY—-—ALVUS ADL ee eg | IT |° ‘peo uyew gO /tIT B i |i us OF |% eS eg | 3 |* ‘Atrag ysnoq ITT By Oia | eae ‘log uojng | $% ee 98 | T |*° ‘purysy orelQ ZO | I Sas O/T El ‘punog dryg |f11 | ee STR. “L's “g'3"p “U's 00¢ | OT oe |% Atue 03 | 08 03 |¢ 0Z/EI | ¢ eung On Lz 91/6 | 1% 08/FL | &% 8/08 | 1% go | 02 08/FL | 91 TO \ C0 02 [6 Ax ‘068T "13°48 | ¢¢/33 | ung Bey oF SN GRe 09/¢F | 6 1/¢ |6 nl penis aeteistce ss Paes Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 368 = [ ‘woSueg g ‘“snjepueg “Topunoy,y Pur SUNITA T “(Tye Ared stodse[O), “SUIT AA T MOSULID T ‘snun}log pur uomeleg T “snunyiog pus wowed T “StH 1 “Ost T MEHL ¢ ‘suMeIg pue sduuyg T “USt 1 ‘TOIUM T ‘Wosuery puesqery Z “YS puv speopueg T “sqeiO T oe oe on 50 Wes a) 5% oe oe oe oe oe oe oe ee $@ $I oe oe ee ee fT DM bg Ne} bole _ BIS) ElE| 3 ct : Ls) Ks} S 2 | o | 2 @ “syIvUlay PUL POO, Jo o1njeNy “SsUvBICQ) OAT} -onpoidey jo uonrpuo0y) 3 SOTBUIOT “SOTe IAL -pourmexgy Joquin yy ve r2 | b |° “toArY orvmuey | Z "sy | gt/¢7 | 08 Isl ‘SF OF FG | iT e cs 9F | I ut 837} 0g | T |* ‘toATY eremmuey | T “uw Ue 6 L3L “8h Sir | $68 | 1 e 9 66 | I |* ‘teary oxemuoy | Fy | “um 9% | 8% 9@I ‘87 OF Sr | I SS 8 ee | 1 | ‘keg seqpeysuneg| I | ‘SF | 13 | 1% Se | Sst “8P "1681 89 m9 | I : st/oe | 1¢/s¢ | “f 0% or | I Sie Pa *Ys's £01 ce | 1 |° ‘aoaTy eremuoy | ** | “p19 | 92/93] 91 °SnV | 90T “d8Z F1/Z1 | 1F/LE | @ of 4/2z |£9¢/§2| ¢ | ‘punog Aros01n HO | °° | “Su | 8h | G3 BG OST 2 ess ‘Avg usoysen | ** | °° 8 |6I 1 °O or/Le|Lc/ro1% |° ‘peop eudig go} ** | °° c¢ jest 4me| os “T “panuijuogm—ALVAG AUX) H| 2 A 'S) me as | & B se | os ‘ON ds | 03 | & Bae eo | ae UOTIEIG Soon | cna ae *ALTIVOO'T fa | Ble gs] rd pue eulse 2 |B a | quowoedury oS ry e Surysty ee ene ee eee ee ee ee SSS eee 369 61/8913 |* ‘Avg posyortg [TIT estedy | TLE 1 “1681 *("yey) snyIuhysolvuw DOY—AHLVUMS WAddV1AL = aS Ss Ss > DS wm S S = ‘peoy] Ue FO SS ‘purysy AIO T, FO s S I S I (Gyn SO | 28 Og | P81 STS TE | Ie oe 9¢ | IL |° ‘puesy erp yo] *' | a8 |09/¢h)6 Ae] 008 “T = CE Pg = a orm ile sa Os Osa ea ce 89 | 1 |° Pee Titov BO] ee | 8 | Pet 102 col "I ~ "Wovypog ; } i S jie SSiabaaaenoap Owtosewgy te | SO POP OF Wesip OP BO ee OO OBIE ste) th : ‘agjog Ho |fIT | “1s | Ot/¢ | I 19L “TI St ee oe oo oe ee eo oe oo oe 6II Ke) I (9 = sro Mere | oe | ee ee oe |e | ee | esl Foe oG/epn | P . |.punog Arosery Oo |) | a8 | Tey 7816 Ost “T » = eeonaTanOy PCO aE ee] Oh Oe Poe ets Se ee eae Ie i | SE SUNT aT cast atte [Sees [ote ate eee eee antes (e 61 Pr | I | ‘punog Atose1rg FO | $1 | °8 se 16 SPL “St 3 Oo We Poe en Pe oo Nee le | Co Po Nekolre | QO eucovantapspnone a90) || 78 00 Salone IP SPL ‘SF a “oun 1 Pee eee ee ee aa ie ie Geeereratoomey | aan |? | Ok fe eee) Ga ou . | -uesiy T ‘snmAuor[e9 MBeECODUcI nT « uoMag tT | <* | S| 1s? te es sé pt it OD Wexler lite 2 ‘eg ojsurq | $1 | “1s | OF | 18 SSI “SP 5 LT PTs Natta lal fe he MN EL | ‘ass | 62/82 | Ig esl ‘8F *sjoepurg T | Be Ul fs FES a ey ‘keg ssipoysuryeq a "7 1 fe ns OE or aaa = Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 370 - =e A A 6 8 rm | pre . rode ee 23s ea 20 Oeh a Dat ase A ie a ae Ger eal | moqaenr S39 $ | ‘wqs | o1/FT | ot 908 “8? CS alain ie ge pe 9g |1 |* ‘Meg yesouog|z% | °s ce | $1 Av | F08 “8h fh fee ee Pee Se oP Pee Pee eo ae ie ie Somers mw | ay | 99 Ree I we got “I SLE AN Pa S| ll SOL | ESOOR I sy eaHit a a3 08 | 1 | ‘punog AtoSe1H FO | T "S| 98/68 | 6 6hI ‘8h Feeder) jp |} PP PS 2 Pee Be om ese ee OS ese | OR If Te Il fpennos Aeeisiene's) saygy || 2 || os se 16 8hI ‘8h SE POC Op Was iy Dae lace IG) eos 0 og | I |* ‘exowystuy FO | FF | sm | 0¢/eo | 2 Tel “I (sane TPS ee) OP ee | 2 eT Cae ee ae lh a | Uy/Ss |= pesEedoon ross 2: OL |% dy} ost “1 “1681 “HEE || SS ee a PE OOS VOT it | YG XAOS eto 8 ‘SSTPAS FO} *' | sm | 08 | 6r‘Sny | Stl “T “0681 *(UULT) vorwoynfvwy—AVE NALUOVHS eee eo Se ae eS) ee | ee Samar Peal ARE| (OS Bil oe ee oe oe oe oe oo I oo oo eG I 66 Pee ee Oo ee ee ee Se | OS || OR ft | GommeR Aor ent) si) || @ | ee | Lee |e ost “I eS OS SH So OR ee BG | | Genes AolNey cry ai ous) | 3 [eM || Glae Cy “1681 Pe[Ode) Toe ee ee) oaeaT pec eT Coo |e Opel eo) lop a\(epreyno) AugeaeAmy || en) curse) ez ealreneunilegn. 147 ee ONE SE EEC Out) | 2] uss Ogee foe Meme | ar “0681 ‘(‘uUr]) snyouhyixo poy —ALVUS CHSON-duVHS m rd leo | ole | -) ta x || v4 o aly | Se lees | 2 2 oe] 28 F e|gs| zs “ON Pe es (a |e pe | 2 See ee ee Ble | ee vont : ‘ R | # St | 9 RSS *KLTIVOO'T a Es BB | ed [pete "s “sues. ‘poulurex eae aR gq Ota | ea quowedury yrvwmexy pue poo, Fo o1nzeyy SUB.OLQ) OAT} NLP aU ie ae) 5 g -onpordey fo UOTJIpUoD | 1equinyy . urast Se eee EEE ————E——E———E——— SE ee a ee ee eee a ee | | el eo eee 37k Hoxr1r—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. “syouesq “Tomy ‘sninseq ‘sio1oN ‘sjaopurg = *(ummuToong) ‘usjog «sis «= ‘snanseg “UST T *(uotaroeds yep Ar0\)» *sjoopueg J UST pur spodorsvy ‘suvoovjsnip Ust puv speepurg ‘spodo1sey ‘suveovJsnIQ ‘SULEpOUTyoAy “(OIG S) » gouopay “oytporydy “sTOULAq “HpemeyT Fo suoydig “uInULOONgG “sqeIg ‘epoormuery "POD T ‘sqetp § (Os 0g 18/1 Ge/FG 1g/9% 94/F1 18/9% 61/41 rae 9¢/e8 ¥e/08 Le/e¢ GI 06 Xen) oD Qo Qos BS Lk) Sh. Ge Gi P ‘keg posyovrq ‘Leg posyortq ‘eq posyorlq ‘eq posyortq ‘TMoqivyT WOPHTO ‘oqreyy WepFTO ‘Keq 1994.10 ‘Keg weslery[ yy ‘keq AeMTvy ‘Avg e[surq FO ‘Avg esurqd FO “ooLoYyso0y FO ‘Avg [501 FO ‘Avg opsurqd FO ‘soTo1S FO ‘Leg sspeysuryeg SIOATY OLVULO YI SIOATY, OLVUUMO ‘OAT OVUM YT ‘JOA OLULUO es ee eee 9T 9T 9T 9T oe 66 ee eae peo Eat ote eee Setee ie er = ‘Areqry FO *(suoydrg) vAqy % a se A We (| ee i efi a 9¢ | 9 PAIR Oe eral te Ie On eerie | ONaliosillea ee 66 | F |° ‘keg Axeyry Mune sy || 22 jf OF | 22 | Po es |r Oo | OO as Nand Weare fra Oo ONcree woem exper ‘(urge é) » ‘sninseg T leer Ste Fc apace | eG ea Poe Come ie “qeq pue (suoydig) syouriqyjemey T es aos Ectreal| fOr cred Se tll Toye aoe e: ef ‘Aeg posyorrg =a “syeadg “sae S |-pueg ‘suvoorjsniy “sprpeuny a} 92 | 98 Te foo FON sae api ws ue i 1° ‘keg posyovlq S ‘sfoopueg *(suoydrg) PL a) wD spouriqrpeuey “snqoucy SP EE SS BS PS Se Owe Be P= | Old -f BL ° ‘keg posyoryg -10ue}g ‘sninseg ‘e}tporydy £) RS BOSS Hay (Nea [ape eee ctcsea| eee alie ce leone a tO S| Loa | oae ee S10 |e oe |e * ‘Keg moi | $ | “rs le | it 19 °S@ iS “sTouRAq S -T]]oWeyT pur suveovjsnin hoes eter ESt eles ees oa eel ee | ie 6 ge | @ | - ‘Keg MOQ | Z ‘sy | 21/st|/1 4mel og ‘92 =~ MOTTA)? [DUK Saigaronmarahye ve || C2 || 2° Oe Wap pe) OD oe ee ee or | |° > ‘Keg meq | I ‘rs | 9T/TL | 08 6G “cz > S BHAI) GB ff OP. SOOO BS ete SONS IE ee ee 6r |e |° ° ‘keg morg |) #2 | “8 F | 81/ze | 08 gg "GS & po] G9] 98 | Ga fee | bo} Bo oe oot ap ae |e | eam) Aaron |e | 82 | 8 |e i eT aS ‘sdomdeg | ' ss |sojer{} | c' | | % | t | st/to] ar/oe| ¢ | ‘(pisyno)Aeqseauy| ¢ | “ms | Gs | 9% eg “9G S pe | 8 ee | Se | So [98 8 ee ee 2 ie | | Wace) Moers Ek 2 Lg 6h “d92 S a eo oe oo oo oe eo oo oe oo oo ee ° ° ‘Leg posyorlg & ‘T's 9 LT CP “des & oo ee oe oe oe oo oo oo oo 0° oo 8 ° ‘eq posyorlg ay "T's 6 LI bP "Acs = *panu17u0g—AOVANUOH J, ‘3 S 2 Ae ee a eel |e oy dé ‘0 B fo) rte He 5 5 oe om t B t >} Ss fo) = ce ot . us) uc) et om na ue we Ss ct lon Ee ar a> uoryeys | 2 Bes le tea ee Sosa eoees ee *KLITVOO'T a 5 2 S gs | eyed [press ; Soe ee | OS Geese hie 2} || So) quome[duay ‘SIVUIAY PUL PoC FO ounzeyy suvSIQ 9AT} nS: S Surysiy -onpoideay Jo uortpuoy | 1equiny | 372 373 € e Horitr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Ooast of Ireland. ee | ST | a aa aa | SE SN NT yg UO | aR 7 ee ‘sdorqdon pur xv[dou -on ‘uomereg ‘ayporydy T ‘MOSULIO T “snunjiog T ‘ayporqdy T ‘sdorqdaN 1 ‘sAqiqdeNn T BOR T ORG “OUOpa pue dumyg [ ‘snunqzlog Z (‘soqout 6% P )x ‘xejdouoy [ ‘sprouuy T ‘unuloong [ ‘xv[douox pue uomereg ‘snunjiog T "qeiy T ‘(suoydtg) sTouriqrjomey fT ‘quin T ‘sjoopueg pur vIq -95) ‘snuneaatssvd so}sf109 T ‘snanseg T ‘spod “Tqdmy pur qeiy ‘sprpeuny | “syouRIqr[[out -ey ‘sdutyg ‘spodrydary . $1 $1 6G re Te K6 98/18 401 cg 1/9 81 86/61 ¢g/TS 48/62 7e/¥8z KG Tews et/or | 2e/e¢ 61 Té rol Coy eS ie Ge) Se a ' “JOA orveuMusy * “TOATY s1vUU9 yy ° STAATYT OLBULUO * TOATY orewMUsyy ‘Avg ssrypeysuryeg ‘Avg ssipeysuryeg "+ STAY FO SIOATY OLVULU Jy > “TOATYT oLVUIT > “TOATY ereUIME yy : * ‘so[S] UBly : * ‘soisyT Wely : * ‘sa[syT uvIy : ‘keg Avmyey : > ‘so[syT Weary > Munog Ar08er9 : ‘eq weoysen ost fl cals ‘td “ud VG Ol 1G 96 LG 86/8 6o/69 86/8 S1/01 ¢/8 0& 86 86 1G “Tey “1681 Ost 6¢ “d&G 2G SCIEN. PROC. R.D.S., VOL. VII., PART IV. Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 374 *sajsh109 pue xvidouoy ‘ojtporydy T (‘soqout $z é ), ‘sdoiyda\y pue sisfp ‘eoyjOWAD T ‘MOSURIY T ‘eoyjomsg T ‘ojtporydy % (‘soyout 7g 3 )» ‘YShE 1 “vorjouhy % (‘soqout 8Z 8 ) x ‘snpoAdapayy [ ‘sprfeuuy T ‘snpoAoa[o} V pue uomareg ‘ojtporydy J ‘snpoAooya} Vy T *xetdouoy T ) ‘snInseg Z ‘uosuRID ¢ ‘voyjours) g ‘oytporydy z) 0 || gedfon poo oo a ta fee euner OU TuliGaG tere alten calun= 2 ON TE TL 88 SW fhslt I ee oe oe oe $T T ee lil Soda | eo bay 05 fet co |] oo | au |] so |e ee eT PO SE PS TE ded I Sp ietyl ceed pee tell ee OPM bell IT £1 ee oe él oe ee I oe Sr Loe opacity |e te | eer I ™M™ bd HBleo bol rx — & | | | } g 9 ee ee ltepeiiten (ect yale : el GY er | oO ‘SYIVUOYT PUB POO] FO ornqeyy ‘poulLUVx yy Taq ww Ny "SUBGI() OATL -onpoadery Jo WoTpIpUd_ se | ¢ 62/8 | § | ‘punog At0801H YO Le/oo| G |* “exourystuy FO eé te Lz/F% | @ emus] — |° ‘eloumysiuy FO 6G I Or I $ 1 |° ‘deg uvrory[tyy VG I p iii be ‘kvq wooyseyg Ge | F we | 8 |° ‘pre dooy yo Ze/es | % og/ea| 3 |" ‘hug opsurq ee | T | ‘deg ssqjeysureg ee | p |° “OATY orvmuey “panurjU0I—MOVANWUON YT, * KLIIVOO'T ht 1) rea N “UMOP SINOF, “s°Ur “m10}}0q Jo oinjen ge P¥/9F 0¢/z9 OL OF 62/8 8t/Gr “SUOYYeT ur yidaq 1é 0€ “LPL ‘aqyuq 66 i) 2 SPI ‘8? 66 66 Ge 700 66 66 88I “US 6c LET °O cé 9st “'T 66 esl “8F GSI “8F TSI “8? “ON WOT}RIS pus quowaduay Surystyy : ‘Horr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 375 * a pa OT eee rea Tear De aac anteae | MBE Cecchi ee RRS I eae STR SES | MESA [ PUR UALS DUGs ea PU cauLl alec CACMDSSSMCDT > UN -TUTSNEN | cginsosammmiony someon ea SMCaRT eNom cavemen mer iene ae ae BO OD Pot Peo oa a em Po OF ys HL Ae yee pm lenlctotednayaceeroy |) i || eras | Coiflaes | te ALL ‘8% Opes Fen se ee oe aaa Pa eal ia ticem es ye/ IG Oeil ‘uoavypeorg | TI | “SF | 61/9% | 9% QLI “8% Sel eye | oni pects letter ete (them ie tem | else ce ogy é gisur| eh easel | eeepc ea ce cee lal Olle Ue sh [Pees oes) on || od-) obehae ance|pueelieaoe pecs |r ee DG Sf oO |) 2O ff O08 00 OR OD Oe aOR eee Gyo po = Weer jamrsearer tase Pe > pike | ire 891 ‘8h BOP OH eH ORS OO PO Ce | O GIEr eI PO fe Le LOT "4S STP Pea hie ak sl eae ae etre ge) Ce * ‘Keg wag} #1 | “8 | st | 02 POL “8h yeoman je POS fe 8 STO CP 8h eh rigs I a iw vill oo fae! Pes | af ve oo hos Pos p ete tea | a he su jp os | def oo fa oe oo | oMea ton IP ay Iie , « : I ay Gas fC GN Se el lez ae VON AO is iS Fidel TGs SOI ‘Sh rere). cqmerarjou ee a aS ee ese TET RTE | | OU | Gn 1) a SPAMS epIfuy Te) fs Soe OT ie | See ae eT | ee SCF oil sy, «“ ONO Se SO a 2a ae ee Oe Tenia ieee. |p tes oN SERCO) GP OI yD I IAG 691 “4S Ci accel (macy csc |e a Me a easels Pe IS lism Or lice AON LS CL fee art SEAS ECO OR SLO) LR cere els es | GT PSL “8h SeTMREIG) JT OAS) pe | OOP OP PO OG i ST Nie feo |e 28 Souaial as cAeussRucoyay i PE OT SOOO ee et Pele eo OO era ee ‘hog Avayen | g | “ms | 61/11 | 91 So “8h Sr ote ee eee a etal ane eel 52) For) Gane PUNOR AtOcoL OEE O) | at *s | 98/98 | 6 61 “8h : PG | OR Pe PO OR ere a PP Pa Rf Th I Gaannteys Nobels ay aay Ea = 88 16 ShI ‘SF EGe|jousi| ue eo |p emalepOR poe patton =o: | cera hye “ Si a aa ead | 2 lic ee Tah i rie lee OC ITO ere | aed Ia oles LOL ‘8h 2G2 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 376 MEH EE 16 te *‘sudosoqna vfoday T io “sqouRrq -T[[PWBT pus suvoovysnig [ | °° “SYIVULIY pue poog Fo oinyeny [ 2 SFA Sip lft | ou cn 36 ae, nt eke oe eo oe I Bay $ I oe Se ae fot I ee (o2) bd leo nH H eI 2 BSP Bla lele e is) ©, oO = SS |e lg |e Eaine “*SURSIQ) OAT} ‘poururexy -onpordey Jo uorjtpuog | toquinyy “dpav “sqrt UL FYSTO MW 82 | & | ‘(eptsut) Avg toAuy 0g I |‘(teqno) “Fy s8aq AqILy Oi fw Vs ‘keg jesouog roe I 8 : ‘Leg [esouog € tS L * “purrsy ee[Q FO I + ‘punog unrpearqg I > = ‘keg posypvlg [08 |° ‘Avg posqoetg 9 e |: ‘keg posyovrg 9 | SqreH rpeadteg 91 Teele ‘keg uvsse[9 84/98 | Z 0€ 6 #13 | > 91 17 |° ‘keg posyovrg “panwt7U0I—MOVAENUON J, : Tppeadqeg “gaqouL Ul Susy “requn NT *RLITIVOO'T ist tl ++ dist re “UMOP SinO ‘sta | ¢1/8 “u's | 1/91 "sm | 61/08 s ae "3 | 09/¢7 ‘Is | ST/9T *S° UL v s L/6 8 cope ‘u's | 11/8 “13'S FI ‘s | £c/6 el eS Se | x3 Se pee. 2 o>] Se 0G ST 9 2 co OD WH 66 gz [dy “oped 916 “8h L0G “8P G06 “8h (5 VOC “87 006 ~“'T 961 “8? 16t “TI O6T “8h Go 66 88 “87 Sst “Us G8T “8F 66 O8t “8? 6 84T “8h ‘ON TOT#LAS pue quowoe[duy Sulqsiy mS "Ystq pur ‘304 oo || AOS) Smear omguinieye | UO I EO Po | ee co tesa oe | a | ae . ge | 1 % x oe oe ee oe oe oe ee oo ee oe Ze ° (a9 aS O07 uo On on OO Oar) oe oe oe od 8G p 66 7 oD If ae PC/61 | I - ~ so pop] 20 | o-oo |] Oa) eo) Geclece tor | ae | fe e ee . eo oe oe oe ee ee oe oe ie ¢ Vd Zu 3 gq |% Ayrag ysnoT | 1 | “s | ¥¢/F2 | og 68% “St me Se ee Cara OL 2. AeAMseNoT | | 88 ee | Os 883 “8h : Beale Ua usted | aa caaet ley hea ales ten all vaverA aere [cass $5 0g z i ~ ee ee oe ee oe ae oo ee ee oe 9% ° 6¢ = Se Geiea eralieca late xe ta) eran ee lee NS OTe ST a > < ee eee ee Oe ee Serco = 8 | Salon | ae 98% “8h - PE ee ee RS 06 Se AR OCH | er | Be Ges SF = "snIqosoT[eysAtQ T ke Sess | enon elect ore ve ae ; ‘raavydes if on : Bie Gacsocsg ¢ sqoutay I Ht I og | 1 qdeoyg [LTT FI/ZI | 8% ves I RK | -qemey 1 | ee Te bese, paolo SD cecal saa We a lee eG nee Sal = OCIA ‘uaavqdeoyg | T | “Ss | €1/2% | 8% 88% “SF “(UL GG > “Ust T -sypueaqyaueyy | Oe ee ee ee ell 82 | Galas | 2 Fear CeONsT NO | Bie | ee LOWE | Se G86 “8h > “SUvI0RISNA “Sprjsua we at An Pan 00 30 30 a0 66 ‘ s PDO alae geloz| ea |* ‘Keg yootdog | 41 | ‘8 | $4/6 | az HES “8h w oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe eo oe 0g e 66 | f 60 DO a0 | oo | oo re 9% Z ‘6 ‘Keg erp | 1 "as | 9T/I1 | 08 6G 8G LT PERIOUES, TE OS Oe Ee ge GT oe * ‘Keg mo | $s] “SF | 06 | 08 8g Ge Feats | OE CO Wee Oe ee eo Coe i era alta? | “ FOILS TP UP ee ee] eh hs Ve ‘Avg posyovlg | G | “HS | 6 91 ep G6 Sseopued! sresyy ssnandeq | <* |" (ae |r| |? 1" | 9 | | LI/¢ | er/9c| 88 i LP syeeyowes| Tp | OF | i |p OP eee eh Pee Ste st Saal Sipe lac = be | ve 6a | noo eo yg POC NG Or ee er eNO | ARTE) || OU | OF ey |] PC SP 8° ee ce ee ee et ®) 7% | | ‘peoH uesseIQ HO) | “US | SI | er 4&9 PT AYOEIIETS) AE SAS aS |i oe ee al la? 9, |1 |° ‘Avg ueomoy |= | 8 | Gi/r |6 NT) 6s «0 ‘0681 “(-quOy,) vymjnonw nwY—AVA CHLLOAS oo |) co on jj-00 jf 00 jog ff oo f} ao.|| oo "* | oF/0% | 92 1eM0}9 Od FO | 1 8 8 G CVG 8h “SULLIOFT 1 66 *(suoydrg) syouerqrpourery PINS? PO NSB KS Hew | oe TG | Oe 28 14708 || Gi G ‘snunjiog [ ‘seyshiog ¢ QB aly, Gp coor [ee pes oe co feo | ob ee Nadia 4 (YORE EO a 8 RO | Ouae | si? mM Eg | he | wie = rj = lem! A jan A =) : slo 2 ve PE eee = =e BE | 2 | 22 | es sone Be re (es Be |e | ve) ee wee | s he Se ie ee | eek | eee *“KLIIVOO'T a| 86 | a8) cea pue = aige| = 2 ee | tee |e quomolduy “SyLVUey pur poo Fo omnyeny "SUUSI() OAT} WORE aS 5 Surysty -onpo.idey fo UoTjIpuoy | 1oquinyy : sie | ee a etree ee Se a eee eS ‘ shing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 3879 u Horir— Survey of F *sTaopUeY JT ‘soyshi09 pue prjeuuy T *s[aopURG T ‘sjoopueg T "U0SURIO T ‘snjoAoepary T ‘snung.tog I ‘xvidou0y [ ‘splpeuuy T -(sm1q -osoyyeyshig T ‘speepueg I ‘snunjiog Z ‘wosuvip T *(pourmexe ZI) ‘sjeepurg 6 “WeTOg ¢ ‘SULIIOP] “SPOURIqT[[OUL'T ‘sqeuig ‘spodrqdwy ‘spodosy *(saoydrg) syouvaq “TeweyT ‘qviy ‘spyeuuy T *(suoyd -1g) vAyT pue suvoorisnin Z ‘s[oopurg % “STOOPURY Z *s[9epury T $1 0G 6G es} rica 1 62/61 6/79 20/26 01 ee 61 r= GN ett : ‘Keq uessorQ * ‘punog [noq FO ‘punog 108019 FO : ‘punog [nog : ‘keg opsurq ‘Avg ssqpoysureg * “TOATY oLVUMUSy, * “TOATY OLVUUE yy * SIOATY OLPUUE yy ‘Avg ssqpexsaryeg, : ‘spurs, UPIW : ‘spurs, UvIW i ‘gpuvlsy URIy : ‘spuv[syT WeLy * — ‘UveULYsTUyT HO TUnvepeAC : ‘Avg wesseip * ‘Keg Areqry BO oosH ist "110 oH lca Lol "YS's "Ys's ‘s “g “1's 6/F gg 98/68 06/93 OF 62/8% 8t/cF 86 1G “LPIA “T1681 ra Il sny 0& 0& 6ST vst 61 LbT €&T 6 68l T&T 86T Lol SGT 66 86 88 48 6c 66 98 64 Lk 175 “87 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 380 TS I ‘sjeepueg T | °° LI ee oo oo éT ° e ° J Alo Sl I oe) Gey TS CD) GY eS SJ el (x9qno) ‘AFT sSaq ATTY * “punog uneleaeg : ‘keg posyovlg : ‘Aug posyovlq : ‘keg posyovlq 7 + Fppreadyreg : ‘Leq posyovq pH pUyedumog FO : ‘keq posyorlq : > ‘Keg MeT9 “panuiuo7—AVY AaLLOAG Nn es dia ie cI 8 g Avy 63 86 G& 1Z sl udy 66 106 961 &6T O6T 88T 66 66 3 O8T “SP “SyIVMOY PUL POO Jo o1n4eNy *IOq WN | 7) tRlvo | Bolt ral ky ee ete fe | & @ *SUvSI(Q) OAT} “pourwMexy -onpordey Jo uorytpuog | 1equin yy UE ISTO AA “dpav sq] *KLITVOOT “WMOP SIMOFT “ms | F1/9T Us | 81/91 I's 0G *s°UL p 8 1/6 "13'S | FL "s | £e/6 “sm | 81/03 s LI¢ "s | c1/1 42 ge | os Sea eee Bae -9eq ‘ON WOTPLYS pue quome|duy Surystyy JN SS 38 Hortr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Ooast of Ireland. “SBIUJULOY T (eeqomt yeh) ed ea) ale oe “spoopueg T oy rs iy se Seale ee 0 “lori rely [oes cold fe a8 || 6 0g | @ 6/8 | OT ae || i foe | 1 ‘Avg soluMog : ‘Keq sossoyy * “pee IV FO * “peeH IV FO ‘punog A10se1g FO * “peo snpog #0 v~wY—- AVA ACNVS : ‘keg yovtsog ‘Avg o1ouso1ysno'y ‘Avg atomsorysnoT : ‘Avg posyor[gq - ‘Keg posyorpg “(-quoy]) 70))200.100 DIMY— AVA CHALNIVd 10 TMO ee/11 | F ep ia he | Ce oe | i cee al Omeslaa * GIeMo1g 110g FO "ATTEN ySnoT * “ATTEWg ysnoTy " “prey WOH FO : ‘keg yousog ‘Aug e1ouso1y.sno'y 4 <> alba) re okH lH or ro N 1 GN el 93/28 791 FSI 8g CII £5/6 4/6 ¢/61 fc/6 L/¢ 8 £o/tL 31/8 01/6 02/22 9/61 ae ae 66 2% Av 03 06 8 [ndy OS AeTN “T68T ZS IZ 12 Avy 83 1g ‘ady ‘1681 G oun 0& 0& 86 1G 1G G&S G63 99T GOL SFT Gol GG £66 166 SLT 891 166 “SP “87 el tical ee (en en 382 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. ‘THE COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT BAITS USED IN LONG-LINE FISHING. Except on a few occasions, specified below, the hooks used were such as are ordinarily employed in Cod Fishing. Srations 8 T0118. SS. ‘‘Fineat.’’ 1890. Station 8. 500 Hooks. Mackerel Bait. Down 1% hour in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, 125 :—Round Fish, 17 (viz. 2 Grey Gurnard, 1 Cod, 4 Haddock, 5 Ling, 5 Conger) ; 25 Skate, 83 Dogfish (Small-spotted Dogs, Picked Dogs, and Topes). Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 25; Round Fish, 3+; Skate, 5; Dog- fish, 16+. Station 9. 200 Hooks. Mackerel Bait. Gross number of Fish caught, 61:—Round Fish, 59 (viz. 83 Cod, 3 Haddock, 3 Pollack, 12 Ling, 38 Conger) ; 2 Small-spotted Dogs. Average per 100 hooks :—AII sorts of Fish, 30; Round Fish, 29; Dogfish, 1. Station 10. 320 Hooks. Mackerel Bait. Gross number of Fish caught, uncertain:—Round Fish, 3 (viz. 2 Common Sea Bream, 1 Red Gurnard) ; Dogtish, many Picked Dogs. Average per 100 hooks :—Round Fish, 1. Station 11. 160 Hooks. Mackerel Bait. Gross number of Fish caught, 33 :—Round Fish, 33 (viz. 1 Cod, 1 Haddock, 1 Pollack, 6 Ling, 24 Conger). No Skates or Dogfish. Average per 100 hooks :—Round Fish, 20 +. Station 14. 320 Hooks. Mackerel Bait. Gross number of Fish caught, 63 :—Round Fish, 21 (viz. 3 Gurnard, 1 Cod, 1 Ling, 12 Conger) ; Skate 8; Dogfish 35 (Small-spotted Dogs, Picked Dogs, and Tope). Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 19; Round Fish, 6+; Skate, 2+; Dogfish, 10+. Station 15. 480 Hooks. Mackerel Bait. Down 14 hour in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, uncertain:—Round Fish, 35 (viz. 4 Haddock, 4 Hake, 16 Ling, 7 Conger); Skate, 35; Dogfish, many (Small-spotted Dogs, Picked Dogs, and Topes). Average per 100 hooks :—Round Fish, 6+; Skate, 7+. Hortr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 388 Station 46. 420 Hooks. Mackerel and Plaice Bait. Down 1} hour in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, uncertain :—Round Fish, 34 (viz. 1 Sapphirine Gurnard, 4 Grey Gurnard, 4 Cod, 7 Ling, 18 Conger); Dogfish, many (same as Station 15). Average per 100 hooks :—Round Fish, 8+. Note.—The cod and the gurnard, and most of the dogfish, were caught on the mackerel bait; the conger and ling mostly on the plaice bait. Station 78. 420 Hooks. Plaice and Dogfish Bait. Down in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, 50:—Round Fish, 34 (viz. 1 Red Gurnard, 1 Cod, 13 Ling, 2 Torsk, 17 Conger); Flat-fish, 2, viz. 1 Halibut, 1 Turbot ; Dogfish, 14 (same as Station 15). No Skate. Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 11+; Round Fish, 8+; Flat-fish, 1 —; Dogfish, 3+. Station 80. 420 Hooks. Conger Bait. Down in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, 46:—Round Fish, 31 (viz. 1 Red Gurnard, 3 Cod, 1 Haddock, 3 Coal-fish, 23 Ling); Skate, 2; Dogfish, 13 (same as before). Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 10+; Round Fish, 7+; Skate, 1-3 Dogfish, 3. Station 113. 70 Hooks. Conger Bait. Down in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, 10:—Round Fish (Haddock), 1; Picked Dogs, 9. Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 14; Haddock, 1+; Picked Dogs, 12+. 140 Hooks. Witch Bait. Gross number of Fish caught, 10:—Round Fish (Ling), 2; Skate, 1; Dogfish, &c., 7, viz. 1 Spinous Shark, 6 Picked Dogs. Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 7+; Ling, 1+; Skate, 1-; Dog- fish, &c., 5+. 210 Hooks. Conger and Witch Bait. Gross number of Fish caught, 16:—Round Fish (Ling), 1; Skate, 6; Dogfish, 9 (Picked Dogs). Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 7+; Ling, 1—; Skate, 2+; Dog- fish, 4+. / 384 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Stations 186 to 241.—SS. ‘‘ Harlequin.’”’ 1891. Station 186. 170 Hooks. Mackerel Bait. Down 2 hours in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, 69 :—Round Fish, 46 (viz. 5 Cod, 1 Haddock, 32 Coal-fish, 3 Ling, 5 Conger) ; Skate, 15 ; Dogfish, 8 (Small-spotted Dogs, Picked Dogs, and Tope). Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 40+; Round Fish, 27; Skate, 8 +; Dogfish, 4+. ‘3 3 * 102 Hooks. Conger Bait. Gross number of Fish caught, 13 :—Round Fish (Coal-fish), 11; Dogfish, 2 (small Spotted Dog and Tope). Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 12+; Coal-fish, 10+; Dogfish, 2. Note.—The bones were not removed from the conger, and the baits were cut rather jarge. Many came up on the hooks untouched. Station 141. 272 hooks. Conger Bait. Down 41 hours in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, 20 :—Round Fish, 8 (viz. 2 Cod, 4 Coalfish, 2 Ling) ; Skate, 7; Dogfish, 4 (Small-spotted Dogs and Tope). Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 7; Round Fish, 2+; Skate, 2+; . Dogfish, 2. Station 150. 170 Hooks. Whiting Bait. Down 3 hours in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, 138 :—Round Fish, 7 (viz. 6 Ling, 1 Conger) ; Skate, 6. Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 7+; Round Fish, 4; Skate, 3+. x x * 290 Hooks. Conger Bait. Gross number of Fish caught, 17:—Round Fish, 14 (viz. 1 Cod, 2 Coal-fish, 11 Ling) ; 2 Skate; 1 Picked Dog. Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 5+; Round Fish, 4+; Skate, 1—; Dogfish, 1 —. Station 155. 560 Hooks. Conger Bait. Down 2} hours in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, 15 :—Round Fish, 15, viz. 1 Cod, 14 Ling. Average per 100 hooks :—Round Fish, 2 +. Station 161. 35 Hooks. Plaice and Pollock Bait. Down all night. Gross number of Fish caught, 9:—Round Fish, 5 (viz. 1 Pollack, 4 Conger) ; Skate, 2; Dogfish, 2 (Picked Dogs). Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 25; Round Fish, 14; Skate, 5; Dog- fish, 5. Note.—One large Grey Skate seized a dogfish already hooked. Hotr—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 385 Station 165. 221 Hooks. Conger Bait. Down 22 hours in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, 32:—Round Fish, 5 (viz. 1 Haddock, 1 Hake, 2 Ling); Skate,3; Dogfish, 24 (Small-spotted Dog, Black-mouthed Dogs, Picked Dogs and Topes), Average per 100 hooks :—-Any sort of Fish, 14—; Round Fish, 5+; Skate, 14; Dogfish, 10-+. * Ba mt i ae 68 Hooks. Whiting Bait. Gross number of Fish caught, 14:—Round Fish (Ling), 2; Dogfish, 12 (Black- mouthed Dog, Picked Dogs, and Topes). Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 20+; Ling, 2+; Dogfish, 17+. 17 Hooks. | Plaice Bait. Gross number of Fish caught, 3:—Round Fish (Ling), 1, Picked Dogs, 2. Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 17; Ling, 5+; Dogfish 11+. Station 171. 34 Hooks. Plaice Bait. Down all night. Gross number of Fish caught, 10:—Round Fish (Conger), 1; Skate, 2; Dogfish, 7 (Picked Dogs and Small-spotted Dogs). Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 29+; Conger, 2+; Skate, 5; Dog- fish, 21. Station 191. 51 Hooks. Plaice Bait. Down all night. Gross number of Fish caught, 18 :—Round Fish (Conger), 4; Skate, 1; Dogfish. 13 (Nurse Hounds, Topes, and small Spotted Dogs). Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 35; Conger, 8—; Skate, 2+; Dog- fish, 25. Station 195. 51 Hooks. Plaice Bait. Down all night. Gross number of Fish caught, 8 :—Round Fish, 7; 1 Cod, 1 Ling, 5 Conger; Dog- fish, 1. Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 16—; Round Fish, 14—; Dogfish, 2—-. Station 200. 51 Hooks. Plaice Bait. Down in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, 10:—Round Fish (Ling), 1; Skate, 1; Dogfish, 8 (Tope, Picked Dogs, and Small-spotted Dogs). Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 20—; Ling, 2—; Skate, 2-; Dog- fish, 16 -. re = * 459 Hooks. Conger Bait. Gross number of Fish caught, 61 :—Round Fish, 15, viz. 2 Cod, 12 Ling, 1 Conger Skate, 20; Dogfish, 26, as before. Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of fish, 11+; Round Fish, 3+; Skate, 4+; Dogfish, 5 +. 386 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. Station 208. 100 Small Hooks. Conger Bait. Down in day-time. Round Fish (Torsk), 1; Black-mouthed Dog, 1. 153 Large Hooks. Conger Bait. Round Fish (Torsk), 1; Shark (Centrophorus), 1. Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 2—; Torsk, 1—; Sharks and Dog- fish, 1-. Station 220. 51 Hooks. Plaice Bait. Down all night. Nothing caught. Station 226. 100 Hooks. Plaice Bait. Down 24 howrs. Conger, 14. =14 per 100 Hocks. Note.—Lines fouled by strong tide. Station 227. 100 small Hooks. Lugworm Bait. Down about 4 hours in day-time. 4 Plaice caught. Station 228. 100 small Hooks. Lugworm Bait. Down about 4 hours in day-time. 1 Dab caught. Station 229. 280 Hooks. Conger Bait. Down 14 hours in day-time. Gross number of Fish caught, 6: —Round Fish, 6, viz. 3 Cod, 3 Ling. Average per 100 Hooks :—Round Fish, 2 +. Station 231. 102 Hooks. Conger Bait, used for the second time. Down all night. Gross number of Fish caught, 35:—Round Fish, 33 (viz. 1 Cod, 1 Coalfish, 31 Ling); Flat Fish, 1 (Halibut) ; Skate, 1. Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 35—; Round Fish, 33—; Halibut 1 -; Skate, 1 —. Station 284. 180 Hooks. Conger Bait. Down all night. Gross number of Fish caught, 8 :—Round Fish, 4 (viz. 2 Cod, 2 Ling) ; Skate, 1 Dogfish, 3 (Tope and Small-spotted Dogs). Average per 100 hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 4+; Round Fish, 2+; Skate, 1—; Dogfish, 2—. ? Station 241. 210 Hooks. Conger Bait. Down all night. Gross number of Fish caught, 36 :—Round Fish, 22 (viz. 3 Cod, 18 Ling, 1 Conger) ; Skate, 3; Dogfish, 11 (Tope and Small-spotted Dogs). Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 17; Round Fish, 10; Skate, 1 Dogfish, 5. Horit—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 887 SUMMARY. Taking into consideration the occasions on which no confusion as to the Baits used can arise, we get the following figures :— Mackwret Barr.—2150 Hooks shot. 214 Round Fish and 83 Skate caught ; also a large number of Dogfish, not exactly recorded. Average per 100 hooks :—Round Fish, 9+; Skate, 3+. Concer Barr.—3409 Hooks shot. 303 Fish caught, viz. 167 Round Fish, 1 Flat- fish (Halibut), 39 Skate, and 91 Dogfish. Average per 100 hooks:—Any sort of Fish, 8+; Round Fish, 4+; Skate, 14+; Dogfish, 2+. Puatce Barr,—338 Hooks shot. 60 Fish caught, viz. 27 Round Fish, 4 Skate, and 29 Dogfish. Average per 100 hooks :-—Any sort of Fish, 17; Round Fish, 8; Skate, 1+; Dog- fish, 8+. Wuirine Barr.—238 Hooks shot. 27 Fish caught, viz. 9 Round Fish, 6 Skate and 12 Dogfish. Average per 100 Hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 11+ ; Round Fish, 3+; Skate 2+; Dogfish, 6+. Wircu Barr.- 140 Hooks shot. 10 Fish caught, viz. 2 Round Fish, 1 Skate, and 7 Dogtish, &e. Average per 100 Hooks :—Any sort of Fish, 7+; Round Fish, 1—; Skate, 1—; Dogfish, 5+. Lueworm Barr.—200 Hooks shot. 5 Flat-fish caught. Average per 100 Hooks:—Flat-fish, 2. foraserna| XXIX. SURVEY OF FISHING GROUNDS, WEST COAST OF IRE- LAND, 1890-1891. REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE BEARING ON THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE FISHES COLLECTED DURING THE SURVEY. By ERNEST W. L. HOLT, Assistant Naturalist to the Survey. (COMMUNICATED BY PROFESSOR A. C. HADDON, M.A., F.Z.8.) [Read Novemser 18, 1891.] INTRODUCTORY. In drawing up this Report I have endeavoured, as far as possible, to follow Dr. Wemyss Fulton in the arrangement and treatment of the various branches of inquiry. Such a course is manifestly for the convenience of those interested in the subject ; and, more- over, in the very valuable papers alluded to (Fulton, 8th Ann. Rep. S. F. B.) we are fortunate in possessing an excellent model. I have therefore divided my remarks under the following headings :— (i.) The Spawning Period and Distribution of Spawning Fish (p. 339). (ii.) The definition of Immature Fish, and comparison of the Habitats of Mature and Immature Fish (pp. 418, 428). (iii.) The effect of different Nets upon the capture of Imma- ture Fish (p. 454). (iv.) The Food of Fishes (p. 457). (v.) Suggestions offered as to the possible utility of some unsaleable Fish (p. 471). The results are given in tabular form when this appears desir- able. Wherever percentages are employed the actual numbers may be found in the context. Hort—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 389 All conclusions given, except where expressly stated to the contrary, are meant to apply solely to the west coast of Ireland. Unfortunately pressure of time prevents me from following Dr. Fulton on the interesting question of the Proportions of the Sexes.} The Report ends with some general conclusions upon measures for the protection of immature fish and the increase of the fish supply. For the opinions expressed in this, as in other parts of the Report, I am alone responsible. (i.) THE SPAWNING PERIOD AND DISTRIBUTION OF SPAWNING FISH ON THE WEST COAST. The observations contained in this Report show that whilst different kinds of fish have different times for spawning, and in the case of each kind the period is more or less protracted, yet on the whole the bulk of the more valuable fish spawn in the spring. With regard to the spawning grounds in relation to the territorial limits, dealt with by D. Wemyss Fulton for the east coast of Scotland, in the 8th Annual Report of the Scotch Fishery Board, 1890, the conditions are so different on the coast now under consideration that a comparison can hardly be instituted. The off-shore grounds, such as the Smith Bank, on the east coast of Scotland, which are the resort of spawning Plaice, &c., on that coast, are hardly at all represented outside the limits on our own coast. 5; It appeared to me that the main grounds to which such fish as migrate seawards at the spawning period resort at that time are three in number, viz. Donegal Bay, the ground west of the (Galway) Aran Islands, and the deeper part of Ballinskelligs Bay. Doubtless there are many others, such as the outer part of Dingle Bay ; but of these I have no personal experience. That a large number of Plaice do resort to the first three localities to spawn is a matter of which I have little doubt; but as unfortunately our observations commenced in each year too late to include much of the spawning season of this fish, I have at present no means of confirming my opinion. It seems certain that Soles visit Ballinskelligs Bay for the purpose of spawning, as they are enormously abundant on certain deep ground in that bay during the spawning season, and do not appear to be found there at any other time. On the other hand, a number of Soles do not appear to migrate at all for spawning purposes, and to a certain extent the same is true of Plaice also. Now, of the trawling grounds, on the west coast of which we have acquired or had previously any knowledge, only those westward of the Aran Islands lie outside the territorial limits.2 I have entered at some detail into the question of these limits elsewhere (p. 428), and shall therefore abstain from further remark here. 1T have only been able to refer very briefly to several important Papers by the same author in the 9th Ann. Rep. 8. F. B., 1891, since the latter did not appear until this Paper was in the press. 2Some parts of Donegal Bay are outside the limits, but the trawling ground is mainly inside them. SCIEN. PROC. R.D.8., VOL. VII., PART IV. 2H 390 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. SAPPHIRINE GURNARD—Trigla hirundo. Total number caught, 12. Number examined, 11—Males, 5. Females, 6. In March none were examined. In April 1 male and 1 female were approaching ripeness. In May 1 male was ripe and one half ripe; 2 females were approaching ripeness (1 nearly ripe) and 1 was immature. In June 2 males were ripe, and 1 female was spent, and in August 1 female was spent. In July I saw a nearly ripe female in a Dublin fishmonger’s shop, and was told of the occurrence of another with spawn running a few days previously. It would appear that spawning takes place in the summer both on the east and west coasts, but our evidence is not sufficient for any exact definition of the period. Professor M‘Intosh has recorded nearly ripe females in June on the east coast of Scotland. According to Couch, the spawning period is from January to June. RED GURNARD—Trigla cuculus. Total number caught, 12. Number examined, 8—Males, 3. Females, 5. In April 1 male was half ripe. In May 1 male was ripe, 2 females ripe, and 1 female spent. In July 1 male was nearly ripe, and 2 females ripe. The pelagic eggs were taken in the first and third weeks in April. It appears, therefore, that spawning takes place from April to July, but we have no evidence before or after that period. Cunningham found this species spawning in April and May in the neighbourhood of Plymouth. Couch found well-developed ova as early as January. DiIsTRIBUTION OF SPAWNING FisH. The ripe females were caught between 13 and 35 fathoms. A male was ripe in 10 to 13 fathoms, and another nearly ripe at 35 fathoms. The eggs were taken outside the Aran Islands and in Clew Bay. GREY GURNARD—Trigla gurnardus. Total number caught, 812. Number examined, 227—Males, 66. Females, 155. Sex uncertain, 5. Number approaching Ripeness, 48 (1 doubtful)—Males, 15 (1 doubtful). Females, 34. Number Ripe, 75—Males, 16. Females, 59. Number Spent, 80 (or 81 ?)—Males, 22 (or 23?). Females, 58. The remainder of those examined were Immature. Horr—Sureey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 391 Taste SHowrine THE Distrisution In Monrus. Month, . March. | April. | May. | June. | July. | August. Sex, «| g & g 3 g 3 ? cf gz of gz No. Examined, .. | 20/ 23] 10) 16 | 14) 56] 16} 51] 6|10; O] O Nos approaching PS Oa Gs) aOR Oy oe ste ipeness, INoamEGIpes rss sof OW] O} 9) Bw) 4) el] Oya No. Spent, so lf Le ey oe ee dey Gea ap. & (5 ?) Month, : March. | April. | May. | June. | July. Sp SGM eh eh Gh Oe MMP eee Ire ie Mery ee ll pee | 30| 13/10] 31 | 60] 42] 0] 2| 162 0 ness, Ripe, Fae .. | 45 | 48 0 | 56 | 21 | 32 | 26 | 42 0} 10 Spent, ae ne 5180) COy L228) | D3 Sloss 66H N90 (83 2) The pelagic eggs were abundant in the tow-nets from March until the end of June. It appears that the Gurnard spawns on the west coast during the months of March to July, inclusive, and probably to some extent in August and the latter part of February, but chiefly in March, April, May, and June. On the east coast of Scotland Fulton found ripe females from March to July, inclusive, and the ova have been taken in the Moray Firth by Mr. Scott as early as January. M‘Intosh and Prince, to whom I am indebted for the last reference, give April to June as the spawning period for St. Andrew’s Bay. DISTRIBUTION OF SPAWNING F su. Of the 59 Ripe females, 18, at most, were taken in depths less than 20 fathoms, of which perhaps 12 were above the 10 fathom line, viz. in Blacksod, Inver, and Downies Bays, and in Lough Swilly. 6 were between 45 and 53 fathoms, and the remainder at 20 to 88 fathoms. 2 females were nearly ripe in 80 fathoms. The ripe males, much fewer in number, were pretty evenly distributed over the different depths. Thus on the West coast spawning seems to take place mostly in comparatively deep water, i. e. in the more open parts of the sea. On the Hast coast of Scotland, according to Fulton, it takes place both in territorial and off-shore waters, and the ova have been taken in the tow-net 65 miles off shore. 392 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. PIPER—Trigia lyra. 28 Pipers were caught, and 25 examined—6 males and 19 females. In March, 4 females were half ripe. InJuly 1 female was spent. In August, 2 males were nearly ripe, and 3 were ripe, and 1 spent. 14 females were spent. The Piper appears to spawn in the summer, and probably in fairly deep water, as none were taken in less than 23 fathoms. The eggs are unknown. MACKEREL—Scomber scomber. On the ist April 1 male was half ripe, and 5 were three parts ripe. 9 females were half ripe. All 16 inches in length. On12th May at Valencia about 50 were examined. All the males were ripe. The females were half and three-quarters ripe mostly, but a few were ripe. At Broadhaven, on 18th June, 17 males at 13 inches were half ripe, three-quarters ripe, and ripe. 15 females of the same size were half and three-quarters ripe, and 1 was ripe, and 1 spent. 4 females, from 9 to 11 inches, appeared to be spent. The pelagic eggs occurred in the tow-nets at the end of April, and the beginning of May, 1891, in the neighbourhood of Boffin Island,! and off the Skelligs on the 16th, and between Arran and Moher on the 28th May, 1890. It appears that successive shoals approach the coast at different points, and spawn in its neighbourhood, the larger fish being the first to arrive. SCAD—Caranz trachurus. A male and a female were spent on 30th July off the Aran Islands. Day states that spawning takes place in June, July, and August. I examined 2 males and 5 females at Penzance on the 16th June. Both males were ripe. Of the females two were half ripe, 2 were three parts ripe, and 1 was nearly ripe. In the last specimen some of the eggs were almost transparent. I concluded that when perfectly ripe they would be pelagic, and similar to that of the mackerel, but smaller.” JOHN DORY—Zeus faber. Total number caught, 33. Number Examined, 31—Males 13. Females 18. Number approaching Ripeness, 14—Males 7. Females 7. Number Ripe 8—Males 3. Females 5. Number Spent 5—Males 1. Females 4. The remainder of the fish examined were very small and immature. 1 Several thousand mackerel had been taken in a bay on Boffin Island a few days previously, * In the most advanced the diameter was ‘84 mm., that of the single oil globule 24 to °27 mm. Hoit—Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland. 393 TABLE SHOWING THE DistTRIBUTION IN MonTHs. Month, 4 Merch. April. | May. | June. July | August. Sex, ool] g o g of z 3 e 3 g & g No. Examined, .. O} O} Si Hy) O} BSB) vy BS} vty Cy si @ No. approaching eas HOOPS) ep oratal 2a) of ope No. Ripe, .. 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 1 No. Spent, .. coll OF OF O} O} OF OF} Oh Wy Oy. Boos a The numbers are very small. It appears that the spawning takes place in June, July, and August; chiefly in July, as far as one may judge. The eggs have not been described. Day mentions that Mr. Dunn thinks that spawning takes place in winter (on the Cornish coast). DISTRIBUTION OF SPAWNING FIsH. One ripe female was taken in Ballinskelligs Bay in 5 to 8 fathoms, the others in the neighbourhood of the Aran Islands. The depth is not recorded. 2 ripe males were got off Inishmaan in 16 to 18 fathoms, the other one in Casheen Bay, at about 8 fathoms. SAND SMELT—Atherina presbyter. 2 males were ripe, and 1 female approaching ripeness on the 1st April in Smerwick Harbour. They were taken in a seine at the sandy margin. This fish is stated, by Andrews, to spawn in spring in Dingle Bay, and by Couch in June, July, and early August on the Cornish coast. The eggs are not known. I think they are demersal, as in the American genus, Atherinichthys. ANGLER—Lophius piscatorius. Hight were examined.