IO PROB mt a Ag cal oo tente tat fa cay } F TESTSOO TOEO O UN IOHM/18lN ————aa—_ 7 2p Aa | a * ss ie I< orecathe i by sea De ed te ns wily hla Oe ee ‘i bets bee te 5 ghess 1 - ok 7% cee ° Be eel 1 ah F) % Pf — 7 . Wo ies » *) A od ‘) Dus mes i! op ule ale 1a ee Gs Po ee sy ¥ vitae E 7 had aiven ¥ i i “Wiels E + dif Ee vi ae ohare ae & ail ~— ‘ i énuht ‘ an mg Seeerhey * DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM 7 J. A. Fleming, Director ‘ Scientific Results of Cruise VII of the CARNEGIE during 1928-1929 aes under Command of Captain J. P. Ault METEOROLOGY-I of the Carnegie, 1928 - 1929 WOODROW C. JACOBS KATHERINE B. CLARKE 2 \ _ CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON PUBLICATION 544 WASHINGTON, D. C. 1943 bs Be a LASAL OS CD GER Cay se Hf —- A DEPARTMENT OF :\TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM J. A. Fleming, Director Scientific Results of Cruise VI of the CARNEGIE during 1928-1929 under Command of Captain J. P. Ault METEOROLOGY-I Meteorological Results of Cruise VII of the Carnegie, 1028 sou WOODROW C. JACOBS KATHERINE B. CLARKE Ves 0 wv: fe oA CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON PUBLICATION 544 WASHINGTON, D. C. 1943 This book first issued January 22, 1943 PREFACE Of the 110,000 nautical miles planned for the seventh cruise of the nonmagnetic ship Carnegie of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, nearly one-half had beencom- pieted upon her arrival at Apia, November 28, 1929. The extensive program of observation in terrestrial magnet- ism, terrestrial electricity, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography, mérine biology, and marine me- teorology was being carried out in virtually every detail. Practical techniques and instrumental appliances for oceanographic work on a sailing vessel had been most successfully developed by Captain J. P. Ault, master and chief of the scientific personnel, and his colleagues. The high standards established under the energetic and re- sourceful leadership of Dr. Louis A. Bauer and his co- workers were maintained, and the achievements which had marked the previous work of the Carnegie extended. But this cruise was tragically the last of the seven great adventures represented by the world cruises of the vessel. Early in the afternoon of November 29, 1929, while she was in the harbor at Apia completing the stor- age of 2000 gallons of gasoline, there was ar explosion as a result of which Captain Ault and cabin boy Anthony Kolar lost their lives, five officers and seamen were in- jured, and the vessel with all her equipment was de- stroyed. In 376 days at sea nearly 45,000 nautical miles had been covered (see map p. 145). In addition to the ex- tensive magnetic and atmospheric-electric observations, a great number of data and marine collections had been obtained in the fields of chemistry, physics, and biology, including bottom samples and depth determinations. These observations were made at 162 stations, at an av- erage distance apart of 300 nautical miles. The distri- bution of these stations is shown in map, _ which deline- ates also the course followed by the vessel frorh Wash- ington, May 1, 1928, to Apia, November 28, 1929. At each station, salinities and temperatures were obtained at depths of 0, 5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 1000, 1500, etc., meters, down to the bottom or toa max- imum of 6900 meters, and complete physical and chemi- cal determinations were made. Biological samples to the number of 1014 were obtained both by net and by pump, usually at 0, 50, and 100 meters. Numerous phys- ical and chemical data were obtained at the surface. Sonic depths were determined at 1500 points and bottom samples were obtained at 87 points. Since, inaccordance with the established policy of the Department of Terres- trial Magnetism, all observational data and materials were forwarded regularly to Washington from each port of call, the records of only one observation were lost with the ship, namely, a depth determination on the short leg from Pago Pago and Apia. The compilations of, and reports on, the scientific results obtained during this last cruise of the Carnegie are being published under the classifications Physical Oceanography, Chemical Oceanography, Meteorology, and Biology, in a series numbered, under each subject I, II, Ill, etc. A general account of the expedition has been prepared and published by J. Harland Paul, ship’s surgeon and ob- and contains a brief chapter on the previous cruises of the Carnegie, a description of the vessel and her equip- ment, and a full narrative of the cruise (Baltimore, Wil- liams and Wilkins Company, 1932; xiii + 331 pages with iii 198 illustrations). The preparations for, and the realization of, the pro- gram would have been impossible without the generous cooperation, expert advice, and contributions of special equipment and books received on all sides from inter- ested organizations and investigators both in America and in Europe. Among these, the Carnegie Institution of Washington is indebted to the following: the United States Navy Department, including particularly its Hydrographic Office and Naval Research Laboratory; the Signal Corps and the Air Corps of the War Department; the National Museum, the Bureau of Fisheries, the Weather Bureau, the Coast Guard, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California; the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Har- vard University; the School of Geography of Clark Uni- versity; the American Radio Relay League; the Geopiys- ical Institute, Bergen, Norway; the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, Engiand; the German Atlantic Expedition of the Meteor, Institut fur Meereskunde, Berlin, Germany; the British Admiral- ty, London, England; the Carlsberg Laboratorium, Bu- reau International pour 1’ Exploration de la Mer, and Laboratoire Hydrographique, Copenhagen, Denmark; and many others. Dr. H. U. Sverdrup, now Director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California, at La Jolla, California, who was then a Re- search Associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washing- ton at the Geophysical Institute at Bergen, Norway, was consulting oceanographer and physicist. In summarizing an enterprise such as the magnetic, electric, and oceanographic surveys of the Carnegie and of her predecessor the Galilen, which covered a quar- ter of a century, and which required cooperative effort and unselfish interest on the part of many skilled scien- tists, it is impossible to allocate full and appropriate credit. Captain W. J. Peters laid the broad foundation of the work during the early cruises of both vessels, and Captain J. P. Ault, who had had the good fortune to serve under him, continued and developed that which Captain Peters had so well begun. The original plan of the work was envisioned by L. A. Bauer, the first Director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institu- tion of Washington; the development of suitable methods and apparatus was the result of the painstaking efforts of his co-workers at Washington. Truly, as was stated by Captain Ault in an address during the commemorative exercies held on board the Carnegie in San Francisco, August 26, 1929, ‘““The story of individual endeavor and enterprise, of invention and accomplishment, cannot be told.”’ On the last cruise of the Carnegie, meteorological observations formed an important part of the work. In formulating the program in meteorology, the Department was privileged by the consultation, advice, and guidance of Chiei C. F. Marvin of the United States Weather Bur- eau and various members of his staff, by Professor C.F. Brooks, Director of the Blue Hill Meteorological Obser- vatory, and by Dr. H. U. Sverdrup of the Geophysical Institute of Norway at Bergen, also associated with the Carnegie Institution of Washington as Research Associ- ate. Dr. Sverdrup gave additional constructive counsel during the visit to Hamburg, Germany, of the Carnegie early in the cruise. At Hamburg additional meteorologi- cal equipment was installed with the help and advice of iv PREFACE Dr. Erich Kuhlbrodt, then of the Deutsche Seewarte, who had charge of the meteorological work done on the Meteor Expedition. Daily determinations in accordance with standard forms supplied by the United States Weath- er Bureau, continuous records of certain of the elements, and some experimental developments of apparatus were made throughout the cruise by members of the scientific staff of the Carnegie, particularly J. H. Paul and O. W. Torreson. The data resulting from the observations and records of atmospheric pressure, air temperature, sea-surface temperature, humidity, evaporation, and miscellaneous meteorological phenomena were reduced, tabulated, and analyzed at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism in Washington during 1931-1933 by Katharine B. Clarke. She prepared accounts of the preliminary results of sev- eral aspects of the discussions of the material for pre- sentation before meetings of the American Geophysical Union, the American Meteorological Society, and the Fifth Pacific Science Congress, and these were published in various scientific journals. Miss Clarke had the ad- vice and guidance of Professor Brooks throughout. The preliminary tabulations and discussions were later submitted for critical examination to Dr. H. U. Sverdrup, who meanwhile had become Director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California and who had continued as consultant on the oceanographic and meteorological work of the Carnegie. After careful review, he entrusted the preparation of the final manuscript and discussion to his assistant W. C. Jacobs of the United States Weather Bureau, who in con- sultation with Dr. Sverdrup and Miss Clarke prepared the manuscript for final publication. The final manu- script was received in Washington in August 1938; thus pertinent papers printed since then were not considered. To the combined efforts of all the above mentioned in- vestigators and the cooperation of their respective in- stitutions we are indebted for a valuable contribution to marine meteorology. The present volume is the fourth in the series of “Scientific results of cruise VII of the Carnegie’’ and is the first of the Meteorological Reports. J. A. Fleming Director, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism CONTENTS Page LRUPTEIGSON 5.9060 -5.0'R 66 0 O10 Ei CanOIoIC OIOnoIEECIS 1 PEMOSDNETICHENCSSUNCT gc ss te we ss se 2 Instrumentsiand Methods ............... 2 PISCE SOMME Meee me wete neta cree elie.) cine. 2. mtae 3 CORGMGON 26 o as oo 56" Se GEO Grd oicicion cEeIene 12 Air Temperature <5 & diplo"e clo Go Sino a CCOEe 13 instrumentsiand: Methods: -2.....-2.0.s0.+6 13 DISCUSSION Mem weteke ret eleks je: isifa) =. 2) e016 «sus 15 (COME oopieaocdo56 000-0 Gold cio meIocno 26 Nea-SUrraCcewmemiperatunes 20. Sic: eee eee ee oe 27 Instrumentsiand Methods’ 22... .. 2.6... 27 DEEN 5 cos peo Goss es adc ol oD Food Cy Conclusion ..........----2e ++ eeeeeee 38 Lefrerrelslay. cigeare: 6-6 6.8 NOS) ONS CHG ERG CAA enna 39 Instruments! and Methods; ................-s 39 Discussion of Vapor Pressure ............ 41 iscassion of Relative Humidity ........... 46 COTGINSON 5 6 0,00 0. 6 aide Eee CRORES aEnenOne 51 EE WAPONACIONUC Na eieiensresc ele ciaire ce a ievelicle © aw woe 52 instruments'and) Methods: 5 .05.)-. 62.266 20 - 52 DNECUSEION 4 Go o.6 6 an oGied og 00 0 Con OMe ONC 52 Page Evaporation (Concluded) .6-).0 1-453 eee ee 52 Conclusion. cc ccuscsue: casesrer heh itiaeks ees caer 52 Miscellaneous Meteorological Phenomena ...... 55 GeneralyRemarkSiggageue) oieicnctcn none ae mer as 55 Niptis Wioeerectio Decco ote Do Patou oo 6 cate b 55 Statevofjthe!Seay av. cecwer = vt cuenousenener es cece one 55 Reainb all 5%) oreo as ehcnaie ot one ce usheneierenceenenoae 55 Thunderstorms x.) 5. c.si..cis. dis, chicane iis ede sl oe 56 Clouds® 2.2) sine Joes ious, chet cliotenecees iemen cena 57 1 ol as oartipermo D-O¥ard.ot i UDIOD ce Oke Geto ale Occ 57 Optical Phenomena ©. i cas ieins. sists) icuce eee aie 58 SuMMATY oes wc egern. cts cuchemencweree her vere aoe CNET 59 Literature: @itedicy = ci-per-ekersiene cnet ieee aen nee 61 Appendix: I, -AbstractiofeGLog “5 s<.4 . © slene serene 63 Appendix II, Greenwich Mean Noon Observations .. 81 Appendix III, Tables of Hourly Values of Atmospheric Pressure, Air Temperature, Sea-Surface Temper- ature, Vapor Pressure, and Relative Humidity . 92 Figures 1 - 62 * — ™ 2 ’ , ° a - jae gia. INTRODUCTION The meteorological data which are discussed here comprise the ordinary meteorological observations tak- en on board the nonmagnetic ship Carnegie during its seventh cruise (1928-1929). The Carnegie had become well known to scientists throughout the world for its magnetic surveys of all oceans during cix previous cruises from 1909 to1921. Before embarking on the seventh cruise, however, the vessel was refitted and equipped for special oceanographic and meteorological work, as well as for magnetic and atmospheric-electric observations. The ship was primarily a sailing vessel (600 tons) with hermaphrodite brigantine rig, but also had an auxiliary motor capable oi developing 6 knots. The crew consisted of seventeen men; the scientific ‘staff, including Captain J. P. Ault, numbered eight, two of whom, Dr. J. H. Paul and Oscar W. Torreson, handled the meteorological work as part of their duties. The route covered by the Carnegie and the uncom- pleted parts of the cruise are shown in figure 1. It was originally intended that the cruise should occupy the greater part of three years (from May 10, 1928, through 1931), but this program was abruptly halted when the vessel caught fire and burned while anchored at Apia, Western Samoa, November 29, 1929. Complete meteorological observations and records of sea-surface temperature and of the state of the sea were made each day at noon (GMT), the data being en- tered on forms supplied by the U. S. Weather Bureau. One copy of these forms was forwarded to the Weather Bureau and another was retained on the Carnegie. The complete series of these noon observations is given in tabular form as appendix II of this report (table 76). In addition to the observational work outlined above, the meteorological program of the Carnegie called for continuous recording of atmospheric pressure, sea-sur- face temperature, and wet- and dry-bulb temperatures on deck and at two levels above the deck, and for period- ic measurements of evaporation and the determination of upper-air winds by means of pilot balloons. Also, at each watch the ship’s officer entered.a record of prevail- ing and special weather conditions in the log; most un- fortunately, the original logbook was destroyed with the Carnegie. Abstracts of the log had been prepared and mailed to the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Washington, D. C., each time the Carnegie touched port. This abstract has been extremely useful in determining average weather conditions for certain days of the cruise and for locating positions. The abstract is included in this report as appendix I. In order to facilitate regional studies of the Carnegie data, the route covered by the cruise has been divided into twenty-two parts, which have been chosen on the ba- Table 1. Groups used in compilation and discussion of meteorological data, Carnegie, 1928-29 F a No. Mean ro 2 1928 2 2, I South Greenland July 29-Aug. 6 9 56.3 N 40.7 W U Southeast Newfoundland Aug. 7-10 4 42.8N 47.8 W Ul Southwest Azores Aug. 11-23 13 29.0 N 42.0 W IV Northeast Venezuela Aug. 24-Sep.16 24 11.8N 43.0 W Vv Caribbean Oct. 2-10 9 13.8 N 71.0 W ava) Gulf of Panama Oct. 26-Nov. 6 12 4.0N 81.0 W VII Galapagos (a) Easter Island Nov. 7-Dec. 21 at 16.5 104.3 W 1929 9 (b) Easter Island Feb. 18-28 11 IBS 119.4 W 1928 Vill Southwest Juan Fernandez Dec ae 31 10 37.28 96.7 W 1929 Ix Chile Jan. 1-14 14 24.78 83.3 W x West Callao Feb. 6-17 12 12.38 88.2 W XI Tuamotu Mar. 1-31 24 16.88 147.9 W Xi Marianas Phoenix Island Apr. 22-May 31 35 oN 168.7 E xin Japan (a) June 1-30 ig 34.3 N 143.1 E (b) July 1-3 3 fit 39.6 N 149.4 E XIV Alaskan Peninsula July 4-21) 19 47.7N 179.5 W XV Northwest America July 22-28 7 41.5 N 131.8 W XVI California Sep. 4-8 5 34.1 N 126.3 W XVII Hawaii (a) Sep. 9-16 8 27.8 N 136.6 W b Sep. 17-Oct. 7 12 938 27.0 N 155.1 W (c) Oct. 8-25 18, 25.2. N 140.7 W XVI Christmas Island Oct. 26-Nov. 18 24 0.1S 150.5 W Totalidays! scasascmesesccsenee 325 4 Days omitted as follows: Dec. 6-12, 25 in 1928: Mar. 13-20, May 6, 21-24, June 8-23, Sep. 23-Oct. 1 in 1929. b Including two dates July 14 on crossing 180° meridian. 2 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE sis of the similarity of sea-surface temperatures; that is, consecutive days of similar sea-surface tempera- tures have been placed in one group. The mean positions, number of days, and dates included by these groups are presented ir table 1, and the eighteen areas defined by the periods have been plotted in figure 3. Three groups (numbers VII, XIII, and XVII) have been subdivided into seven subgroups (VIla, VIIb, XIIla, XIIb, XVIIa, XVIIb, and XVIIc) owing to the fact that the Carnegie spent two or three periods in each of these areas. Acknowledgments A complete enumeration of all those who generously offered advice and assistance in carrying out the mete- orological program of the Carnegie, and who aided in bringing this work to its final published form, would hardly be possible. No report of the meteorological work of the Carnegie, however, should fail to mention Dr. J. H. Paul, the observer-in-charge of the meteoro- logical program of cruise VII of the Carnegie, for his painstaking care in obtaining and recording data; Dr. H. U. Sverdrup, who began the compilation of data, for his constant assistance throughout all stages of the work; Dr. C. F. Brooks, for his many helpful suggestions; Dr. J. Bartels, of Germany, who, during a year as research associate with the Department of Terrestrial Magnet- ism, also gave advice and directions concerning the in- terpretation of results, particularly with reference to the chapter on atmospheric pressure; and finally, Dr. J. A. Fleming, Director of the Department. Apprecia- tion is also due the staff members of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and the faculty of the University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, for their interest and assistance. La Jolla, California September 21, 1937 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS Barometers Throughout the entire cruise the Carnegie carried two barometers, one mercurial and one aneroid. A stand-: ard marine mercurial barometer of the Kew type (U.S. Weather Bureau No. 7272) was mounted in the chart room of the vessel, 3.96 meters from the port rail, 6.25 meters from the starboard rail, and 1.98 meters above load water line. A scale error of -0.409 mm was deter- mined by the Instrument Division of the U. S. Weather Bureau in April 1928. The corrections for temperature and gravity were made according to the formula [-0.0001634 /(1+ 0.0001818t)] 760t+ a where t. is the reading of the attached thermometer and a is a variable correction for gravity dependent on lati- tude. Whereas the mercury readings were corrected on board for temperature, height above the sea (+0.20 mm), standard gravity, scale errors, and capillarity, there is no record of control observations between this instru- ment and mercurial barometers at the ports visited. It was impossible to determine whether any change in the correction constants had occurred during the cruise by obtaining a series of control observations at a later date, inasmuch as most of the instrumental equipment, includ- ing the barometer, was destroyed when the vessel burned at Apia, Western Samoa. Mercurial barometer observations were made daily at noon GMT, and the height of the mercury column was read to the nearest 0.1 mm. Each observation usually consisted of twenty distinct readings, the mean of the twenty being taken as the final value. On days when con- siderable ‘‘pumping’”’ of the mercury was evident, how- ever, aS many as forty readings were taken, and every effort was made to obtain an equal number of readings at the bottom and top of the “‘pumping range.’’ Theattached thermometer was read at the beginning and end of each series of mercury readings, and the mean of the two was used for obtaining the correction for temperature effect. A Paulin type aneroid barometer (no number) was suspended in the chart room approximately 3.4 meters above load water line and was used by the various ob- servers in atmospheric electricity, pilot-balloon work, and navigation. This instrument was compared daily at noon GMT with the standard mercurial barometer. The differences between the two instruments seldom ex- ceeded 0.5 mm, but when the air temperature fell much below 10°, the sensitivity of the aneroid was considera- bly decreased, apparently because of the thickening of the castor-oil lubricant. No doubt this difficulty would have been eliminated if the instrument had been thor- oughly cleaned by immersion in benzine and all traces of oil removed from moving parts. This barometer, however, was not used for routine pressure observations, and consequently these errors are of little significance. Barograph The barograph, a sylphon-vacuum-chamber type with seven-day clock movement constructed by Julian P. Friez and Sons, of Baltimore, was mounted on a shelf in the cabin approximately amidships and 1.07 meters above load water line. The barograms were graduated to read from 715 mm to 795 mm, and the time scale was changed in such a manner that the values of pressure could be read at every full hour, local mean time. The corrections to be applied to the hourly readings of the barograph were computed from the corrected standard mercurial readings at noon, and the differences between barograph and corrected barometer readings at this hour each day were plotted directly on the barograms and curves drawn through these points. If the pressure changes during the week were irregular, an average cor- rection for the week was Computed and applied as a cor- rection to the hourly values for that week, but if the curve of differences showed a regular change, owing either to a buckling of the paper or to a shift in position on the drum, the correction to be applied to each hourly value was obtained directly from the plotted curve of differences. . ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 4 3 » DISCUSSION Departures from Normal Regional Values of Pressure The mean daily values of atmospheric pressure as determined on the cruise of the Carnegie can be expect- ed to have little climatological significance, inasmuch as the time spent in any region with more or less homo- geneous climate was short. Therefore, we are hardly justified in assuming such day-to-day observations made on board a rapidly moving vessel to be truly repre- sentative of pressures within a fixed region, no matter how large this region may be. It has been possible, how- ever, to determine the departure of Carnegie pressures from monthly normals which have been computed from pressure data previously accumulated over the North Atlantic Ocean and the North and South Pacific oceans. Continuous observation of air pressure was obtained for a period of 344 days during the cruise. The correct- ed hourly values of barometric pressure arranged chronologically are presented in appendix III (table 77); the position of the vessel at local noon is entered at the left of the table. From these values it has been possible to determine departures of pressure from predetermined values of normal pressure for the various regions, by months, as given by Bartholomew's Physical Atlas, British Admiralty charts, Pilot Charts of the U.S. . Hydrographic Office, Hoffmeyer charts, publications of the Japanese Imperial Marine Observatory, and the Deutsche Seewarte charts. These sources usually gave very nearly the same normal values for the various re- gions, but where there was disagreement the most re- cent, and presumably most accurate, source was chosen. The normal values of atmospheric pressure for the At- lantic Ocean have been determined from the monthly means of many more observations than have the monthly Le normals for the Pacific Ocean. The Atlantic normals, therefore, should more nearly approach the true nor- mals for the region. Table 2 contains data concerning the differences be- tween the Carnegie mean pressures and the normal mean pressures for the twenty-two groups outlined in table 1. From these data the following general conclu- sions may be drawn: 1. Pressures were slightly above normal during the first part of the cruise from Hamburg to Iceland, and until the Gulf Stream was crossed. 2. Pressures were slightly below normal for the part of the cruise between the Gulf Stream and Barbados. 3. Pressures averaged about normal over the Carib- bean Sea and the South Pacific Ocean until the South Pa- cific High-Pressure Belt was reached, although for eight days during December 1928, when the vessel was very nearly in the center of the South Pacific High-Pressure System, the barometer averaged 5 mm higher than the normal for that region. 4. Throughout the western part of the cruise in the Pacific, which lay largely in the equatorial and trade- wind belts, the observed pressures were near normal for those belts. 5. During June and July 1929, between latitudes 35° and 52° north and longitudes 141° east and 150° west, the mean values of atmospheric pressure averaged from 2 to 6 mm higher than the ten-year mean for this region as given by the tables of the Japanese Marine Observa- tory [see 1 of section of references, p. 61]. This condi- tion indicated a greater northwesterly extension of the North Pacific High-Pressure Belt during these months. 6. Pressures on the outward cruise from San Fran- cisco to Apia averaged slightly below normal, which would indicate that the condition mentioned in the previ- ous paragraph continued throughout this period. Table 2. Comparison of Carnegie and normal values of atmospheric pressure for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Differ - No. [Mean | Carnegie o °o mm wien if July-Aug. 9 56.3 N II August 4 42.8N il August 13 29.0 N IV -—s— Aug.-Sep. 21 11.8N Vv October 9 13.8 N VI Oct.-Nov. 12 4.0N VII 8 Nov.-Dec. 35 16.5 S b February tf 13.1S VI December 8 37.28 Ix January 14 24.78 x February 12 12.38 XI March 21 16.88 XII April-May 32 9.7N XU a) June 13 34.3 N b July 3 39.6 N XIV July 19 47.7N XV July 7 41.5 N XVI September 5 34.1 N XVII a September 8 27.8 N b Sep.-Oct. 8 27.0 N c October 14 25.2 N XVIII Oct.-Nov. 20 0.18 mm 40.7 W 762 759 +3 47.8 W 766 764 +2 42.0 W 763 765 -2 43.0 W 760 762 -2 71.0 W 759 759 0 81.0 W 758 759 -1 104.3 W 763 762 +1 119.4 W 759 759 0 96.7 W 770 765 +5 83.3 W 763 763 0 88.2 W 760 760 0 147.9 W 759 759 0 168.7 E 759 759 0 143.1 E 760 758 +2 149.4 E 765 759 +6 179.5 W 763 760 +3 131.8 W 764 764 0 126.3 W 761 763 -2 136.6 W 762 764 -2 155.1 W 765 765 0 140.7 W 760 763 -2 150.5 W 757 758 -1 4 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Maxima and Minima of Pressure The absolute maximum pressure during the cruise (773.7 mm) was recorded at 21h, December 26, 1928, at latitude 40° south in longitude 97° west, near the center of the South Pacific High-Pressure Belt. The absolute minimum pressure (744.9 mm) occurred between 11h and 12h on June 6, 1929, at latitude 35° north in longitude 141° east, while the Carnegie was hove to on the south- ern edge of a typhoon. The highest daily mean pressure also occurred on December 26, 1928, the same day on which the absolute maximum pressure was recorded. The lowest daily mean pressure occurred on June 7, 1928, at latitude 50° north in longitude 8° west. Between 21h and 22h on this date the pressure (746.2 mm) averaged only 1.3 mm higher than the absolute minimum pressure recorded on June 6, 1929. On this date, however, the rate of fall was only 4 mm in twenty-four hours, whereas at the time of the typhoon, the barometer fell 12 mm during 11h on June 5 to 11h on June 6, 1929. Another very rapid pres- sure fall was recorded on May 22 and 23, 1928, while the Carnegie was crossing the North Atlantic. During this period the barometer fell from 764.9 mm at 23h on May 22, to 753.0 mm at 23h on May 23, afallof 11.9mm. On this occasion the wind blew from the northezst with Table 3. Mean atmospheric pressure for latitude ranges, Carnegie, 1928-29 Latitude No. Mean range days pressure ° ° mm 55-65 N 17 758.50 45-55 N 38 760.01 35-45 N 32 762.99 25-35 N 38 761.44 15-25 N 32 760.85 5-15 N 43 759.10 5N-5S 29 758.66 5-15 S 45 758.47 15-25 8S 33 760.44 25-35 S 22 765.54 35-45 S 9 771.08 otalidays) 338) 9 eerccace Mean all latitudes 761.55 Mean all days 760.72 gale force, indicating that the Carnegie at the time was on the northern periphery of an unusually well-developed extratropical cyclone (see appendix III, table 77). Data concerning the greatest mean maximum pres- sures for the several ranges of latitude are presented in table 4. This table shows that the greatest mean pres- sures occurred in the two subtropical high-pressure re- gions; the greatest daily maximum pressure occurred in the range of latitude 35° to 45° south (771.9 mm), and the next highest mean pressure occurred between lati- tudes 35° and 45° north. The lowest mean daily mini- mum pressure occurred in the range of latitude 55° to 65° north. Daily Amplitudes of Atmospheric Pressure The data on atmospheric pressure have been collect- ed and summarized for each ten-degree range of latitude beginning with latitudes 65° north and 45° south. These values may be taken as representative of the con- ditions for the approximate latitudes 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, and 60° north and 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40° south (the mid-points of the latitude ranges). The mean hour- ly values of pressure within each of the ranges of lati- tude have been corrected for noncyclic change deter- mined from the difference between the mean values of pressure at 00h and at 24h. The correction has been ap- plied linearly to the mean values for each of the twenty- four hours, one-half of the difference being applied at OOhand at 24h. Theresults of these computations are pre- sented tabularly in table 5 and graphically in figure 4. The last two lines of table 5 give respectively the average departure and the amplitude (difference between highest and lowest mean departure). The unperiodic daily amplitude measured by the dif- ference between the mean daily extremes is seen to be greatest between latitudes 45° and 65° north (table 6). It is to be noted that this is in direct contrast with the periodic daily amplitude measured by the difference be- tween the highest and lowest hourly means, which is smallest in these latitudes. This can be explained by a consideration of the frequency of certain ranges of am- plitude according to latitude (table 6). The greater fre- quency of days with amplitudes less than 4 mm south of latitude 30° north, and the greater scattering of the ranges north of this latitude, account for this increase in unperiodic amplitude with increasing latitude. Table. 4. Mean and extreme values of atmospheric pressure for latitude ranges, Carnegie, 1928-29 65°N- | 55°N- | 45°N- | 35°N- | 25°N- | 15°N- pie 55°N | 45°N | 35°N | 25°N| 15°N 5°N Latitude range 5°S- 15°S Mean mm mm mm mm mm Daily 158.! 5 760. 1 762.4 761.5 760.8 759.1 Cay yee OE a Ayala Maximum 160°2 761-°9" 76325) 76228" “76128 76022) 160!0) 9 17596) seGl.b)) OG. 4emmniLeo Minimum 19652 %58.4> 761-5 T6022 475958 oeoe Doub OLS Ota O re Amplitude 3.5 3.5 2.0 PAs .0 2.3 2.7 2.4 Poa iy end, Absolute 4, Maximum 767.4 770.1 769.9 769.6 764.8 762.4 763.0 763.7 766.6 769.2 773.7% Minimum 747.7 746.2 751.3 744.96 757.7 753.7 753.8 753.9 755.6 759.8 766.2 Amplitude 19.7 23.9 18.6 24.7 ail 8.7 9.2 9.8 11.0 9.4 ea) 4 Absolute maximum of cruise, Dec. 26, 1928, at ain in latitude 40° south, longitude 97° west. Absolute minimum of cruise, June 6, 1929, at 115 and 12h in latitude 35° north, longitude 140° east, on southern edge of a typhoon. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Table 5. Diurnal variation of atmospheric pressure for latitude ranges, Carnegie, 1928-29 Latitude range, number of days of record, and months involved Ray aae eee on geen | 35°N-25°N | 25°N-15°N, | 15°N-5°N mMT | 65°N-55°N | 55 °N-45°N | 45°N-35°N, | “38 days, 32 days, 44 days 17 days, 40 days, 35 days, May-June May and May and duty vey ||P May ;Aue: | May-Sepy ||) “Aug-cOct.°| Aug.-Oct. | “Aug: -Nov. h mm mm mm mm mm mm 0 +0.03 +0.04 +0.04 +0.24 +0.42 +0.31 1 - 0.07 0.00 - 0.05 +0.23 +0.12 - 0.06 2 - 0.22 - 0.08 - 0.18 +0.01 -0.13 - 0.44 3 -0.32 - 0.09 - 0.31 - 0.15 - 0.26 - 0.60 4 - 0.352 - 0.10 - 0.322 - 0.15 - 0.31 -0.54 5 - 0.25 0.00 - 0.24 - 0.12 - 0.15 - 0.38 6 - 0.14 +0.09 - 0.13 +0.03 +0.04 - 0.06 7 - 0.06 +0.172 - 0.02 +0.19 +0.33 +0.30 8 +0.08 +0.16 +0.07 +0.39 +0.53 + 0.66 9 +0.18 +0.11 +0.24 +0.494 +0.61 +0.86 10 +0.23 +0.14 +0.324 +0.494 +0.664 +0.81 11 + 0.302 +0.174 + 0.23 +0.36 - +0.47 +0.64 12 +0.28 +0.12 +0.17 +0.14 +0.13 +0.21 13 +0.14 - 0.01 +0.12 -0.17 - 0.31 - 0.25 14 +0.08 - 0.11 +0.06 - 0.42 - 0.67 - 0.64 15 -0.11 - 0.09 +0.11 - 0.55 - 0.85 - 0.64 16 - 0.21 - 0.19 -0.11 - 0.642 - 0.902 - 0.902 17 -0.11 - 0.204 -0.21 - 0.63 - 0.82 - 0.73 18 - 0.04 - 0.19 - 0.15 - 0.53 -0.59 - 0.41 19 +0.04 - 0.202 -0.11 - 0.27 - 0.24 - 0.09 20 +0.06: - 0.05 +0.05 - 0.01 +0.14 +0.28 21 +0.14 +0.08 +0.17 +0.29 +0.47 +0.58 22 +0.18 +0.07 +0.16 +0.40 +0.63 +0.69 23 +0.19 +0.14 +0.11 +0.32 +0.60 +0.60 Mean pressure 758.49 760.10 762.37 761.46 760.85 759.07 Average departure 0.16 0.11 0.15 0.30 0.43 0.50 Amplitude 0.65 0.37 0.64 1.13 1.56 1.76 Latitude range, number of days of record, and months involved 5°N-5°S 15°S-25°S, ° ° ° ° LMT 29 days, 33 days 25°S-35 'S, 35 S-45 S, 2 22 days, 9 days, Apr.-May Nov. and Nov. -Jan mee Oct.-Nov. : Jan.-Mar. ; 4 7 h mm mm mm mm mm 0 +0.27 +0.39 +0.32 +0.17 +0.13 1 -0.11 - 0.04 -0.11 - 0.07 - 0.08 2 - 0.44 - 0.38 - 0.48 - 0.33 - 0.28 3 - 0.56 - 0.54 - 0.66 - 0.54 - 0.362 4 - 0.49 - 0.51 - 0.64 - 0.49 - 0.32 5 - 0.27 - 0.31 - 0.44 - 0.26 - 0.27 6 +0.14 0.00 - 0.12 +0.02 -0.15 Tf +0.61 + 0.46 +0.31 +0.31 +0.06 8 +1.09 +0.385 +0.71 +0.38 +0.20 9 +1.244 +1.012 +0.834 + 0.40 +0.21 10 +1.15 +0.98 +0.75 + 0.38 +0.20 Bl +0.81 +0.74 +0.59 + 0.35 +0.312 12 +0.28 + 0.36 +0.18 + 0.23 +0.29 13 - 0.28 -0.11 - 0.22 +0.04 +0.18 14 - 0.28 - 0.57 - 0.53 - 0.16 +0.06 15 -1.19 - 0.90 - 0.76 - 0.40 - 0.05 16 - 1.252 - 1.074 - 0.822 -0.574 - 0.14 Li - 1.08 -1.01 - 0.72 - 0.55 - 0.28 18 - 0.70 - 0.75 - 0.43 - 0.44 - 0.31 19 - 0.28 - 0.37 - 0.08 - 0.16 -0.18 20 +0.20 +0.06 +0.33 +0.09 +0.05 21 +0.54 +0.41 +0.59 +0.34 +0.23 22 +0.64 + 0.63 +0.71 +0.452 +0.27 23 +0.58 +0.64 +0.59 +0.33 +0.20 Mean pressure 758.66 758.47 760.45 765.56 771.09 Average departure 0.63 0.54 0.50 0.30 0.20 Amplitude 2.49 2.08 1.65 1.02 0.67 a Extreme mean vaiues. 6 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 6. Unperiodic amplitudes of atmospheric pressure classified according to number of days and latitude range, Carnegie, 1928-29 Unperiodic Latitude range daily 25°N- 5°S- Se mm_— ‘ 0- 2 7 17 28 27 29 28 11 31 29 20 7 2- 4 3 13 5 5 3 16 18 14 4 2 2 4- 6 6 5 2 3 onc sec Soc oa acc aK és 6- 8 1 3 1 “08 8-10 ae 1 2 5 10-12 = 1 aoe or Total 17 40 35 38 32 44 29 45 33 22 9 Table 7. Unperiodic daily amplitude of pressure, Gauss, 1901-03 Latitude Amplitude | Latitude Amplitude = mm = mm 50N 0.73 0 1.99 40N 0.83 10S 2.01 30 N 1.08 20S 1.50 20 N 1.74 30S itl 10 N 1.86 40S 0.94 The periodic daily amplitude of pressure measured by the difference between the highest and lowest mean hourly values is, as shown in table 5, clearly dependent on latitude. This fact may be emphasized by comparing the values given in the bottom line of table 5 with the values of the periodic daily amplitude observed on the Gauss [2] in the Atlantic Ocean. The only exception to this decrease in amplitude with increase in latitude oc- curred within the range of latitude 45° to 55° north, in which the small diurnal range of 0.37 mm was recorded. This unusually small value, which will appear conspicu- ously in the amplitude of the 12-hour pressure wave, is probably related directly to the small diurnal range of temperature in these latitudes. Diurnal Pressure Oscillations * General Discussion Table 5 gives the hourly values of the diurnal ine- qualities of pressure for the various latitude ranges. For each range in latitude the departures have been sub- jected to Fourier analysis and the result has been ex- pressed in one of the following forms: (aycos t+ b;sin t) + (agcos2t + bo sin2t) + (ag cos 3t - bg sin 3t) + (aq cos 4t + basin 4t) = cysin (t+ $4) + C9Sin (2t + $9) + c3 sin (3t + $3) + cgsin (4t + $4) (1) where a and b are the Fourier coefficients, c the ampli- tude of the oscillation, t the time from local midnight expressed in degrees, and ¢ the time, also expressed in degrees, which fixes the phase of the oscillation in local time. The Fourier quantities so obtained for the vari- 2 Much of the material in this section has appeared in Beitr. Geophysik, vol. 39, pp. 337-355 (1933). ous ranges of latitude represent the amplitudes and phase angles of the pressure waves (table 8). The 24-hour Period The 24-hour wave, represented by cj and ¢j in (1), appears to be chiefly dependent on temperature. Therefore, as would be expected, the amplitudes and phase angles as computed from the Carnegie data are very irregular, because of changes in season, variation in meteorological conditions, and differences in location with respect to land and water bodies. With regard to the amplitudes it is sufficient to state that the Carnegie data show that such values are greatest near the equator (0.453 mm), and decrease toward the poles as the peri- odic waves become masked by the pressure waves ac- companying cyclonic and frontal movements. The phase angles are fairly regular throughout the ranges of lati- tude between 15° north and 25° south, the maximum pressure occurring between 05h 32m and 06h 24m (7° to 354°), local mean time. From similar pressure obser- vations over the ocean, Hann [3] and Meinardus [4] found that the phase angle (#1) crossed into the third quadrant (180° to 270°) at about latitude 30° north. According to the Carnegie data, however, this transition appears to occur between latitudes 35° and 45° north (table 8). The 12-hour Period The 12-hour pressure oscillation appears to have been given more attention by investigators than have the 24-, 8-, and 6-hour periods. Because this wave is less dependent on local temperatures than the 24-hour wave, it tends toward greater regularity with regard both to amplitude and to phase angle. Simpson [5] has shown that this double diurnal oscillation of the barometer can be regarded as consisting of two vibrations: one the re- sult of waves traveling around the earth from east to west, and the other of an oscillation between the poles and equator. According to Simpson [5], the first (paral- lel to the circles of latitude) may be represented by the expression C2 = 0.937 cos3@ sin (2x - 154°) (2) and the other (parallel to the meridians) by C’g = 0.137 (sin@@ - 1/3) sin (2x-105°-2a) (3) A small seasonal variation exists, with maxima at the equinoxes and minima at the solstices [5, 6, 7]. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 7 Table 8. Results of Fourier analysis (harmonic coefficients) of diurnal waves of atmospheric pressure for latitude ranges, Carnegie, 1928-29 Latitude range and number of days of record 15°N-5°N, 44 days 25°N-15°N, 32 days Coefficients in mm aj -0.094 -0.022 -0.104 +0.079 +0.142 + 0.022 ag +0.138 +0.068 +0.140 +0.224 +0.262 +0.253 ag —0.009 +0.014 +0.027 +0.007 +0.009 +0.024 a4 +0.034 +0.014 -0.032 -0.023 +0.006 +0.009 by - 0.059 +0.098 - 0.032 +0.256 +0.295 +0.191 bg - 0.184 - 0.109 - 0.158 - 0.355 - 0.567 - 0.718 b3 - 0.014 - 0.044 - 0.035 +0.001 - 0.019 - 0.002 bg +0.005 - 0.011 0.000 - 0.006 - 0.030 - 0.031 Amplitudes in mm cy 0.111 0.100 0.109 0.267 0.328 0.192 C9 0,230 0.129 0.212 0.420 0.625 0.761 c3 0.017 0.046 0.045 0.007 0.021 0.024 C4 0.034 0.018 0.032 0.024 0.030 0.032 Phase angles in ° 4 238.0 347.5 252.8 17.1 25.7 6.6 42 143.3 147.9 138.5 147.8 155.2 160.6 $3 213.0 162.6 142.6 83.8 153.4 94.6 o4 81.6 128.0 270.0 256.8 168.0 164.2 Latitude range and number of days of record 5°N-5°S, SeS—1onse 15°S-25°S, 29 days 45 days 33 days 25°S-35°S, 22 days 15°N-15°S, 118 days 35°S-45°S, 9 days Coefficients in mm ay - 0.022 - 0.038 +0.002 - 0.085 — - 0.098 - 0.0134 a +0.277 +0.358 +0.252 +0.239 +0.185 +0.2964 ag +0.015 + 0.042 +0.050 - 0.010 +0.023 +0.0272 a4 - 0.005 +0.002 - 0.009 +0.062 - 0.010 +0.0024 by +0.452 +0.366 +0.146 +0.110 - 0.008 + 0.3362 bo - 0.882 - 0.725 - 0.716 - 0.415 - 0.207 - 0.7752 bg +0.011 - 0.041 - 0.031 - 0.113 - 0.090 - 0.0112 by - 0.013 - 0.014 - 0.006 +0.033 +0.003 - 0.0192 Amplitudes in mm cy 0.453 0.368 0.146 0.138 0.099 0.336 C5 0.924 0.809 0.759 0.479 0.278 0.829 cy 0.019 0.059 0.059 0.114 0.093 0.029 cy 0.014 0.014 0.011 0.071 0.010 0.019 ; Phase angles in ° o1 357.2 354.1 0.9 322.3 265.1 357.8 $2 162.6 15327 160.6 150.0 138.2 159.1 $3 54.3 134.6 122.3 185.2 165.7 112.2 o4 201.0 171.3 233.6 62.0 285.6 174.0 4 Means of values for ranges 15° N-5° N, 5° N-5° S, and 5° S-15° S, from which c and ¢ were determined. The harmonic dial, which has been described by Bartels [8], illustrated in figures 6-10, 21, is a conven- ient device for diagrammatically representing these har- monic coefficients. One hour is represented on the cir- cumference of the circle by 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° for the 24-hour, 12-hour, 8-hour, and 6-hour waves respec- tively. It is thus possible to show the phase angles and amplitudes of the several waves on a single diagram. A circle whose radius represents the probable error of the computations has been drawn around each point so plot- ted; the value of the radius has been determined by inter- polation between values of standard deviation for a sin- gle day. This method has been developed by Bartels [9] for pressure data for Potsdam and Batavia. The primary values were (0.16 mm/YN) for latitudes 15° north to 15° south, (0.20 mm/VN) for +20°, (0.24 mm/VN) for +30°, and (0.28 mm/VN) for +40°. The nu- merator represents the interpolated standard deviation for a single day, and the denominator the square root of the number of days (N) of observation. The probable er- ror, pg, implies that there are as many deviations great- er as there are smaller. For comparison, the data of the Carnegie and Gauss [2] are plotted together on a single harmonic dial which is in figure 6. The phase angles in this figure appear very regular; the mean for latitudes 35° north to 35° south falls within a range of 12° 08’ (25.6 minutes of time). Except within the ranges of latitude 15° north to 15° south and 15° to 25° south, the values of the Gauss for the amplitudes of these pressure oscillations are greater than similar values computed from the data of the Carnegie. This result is not of great significance, 8 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 9. Comparison of 12-hour waves of atmospheric pressure observed ou Carnegie, 1928-29, and on Gauss, 1901-03 (Values computed from mean of all data within the indicated latitude range) Gauss Latitude : Phase Ampli- ae: angle a :. . mm mm - mm mm 55 N--5 N 147.9 0.129 OORT" Beeek Seas Re eeeees 45 N-35 N 138.5 0.212 0.047 155.6 0.329 0.075 35 N-25 N 147.8 0.420 0.039 156.0 0.511 0.058 25 N-15 N 155.2 0.625 0.035 154.9 0.708 0.050 15 N-15S 159.1 0.829 0.015 154.6 0.818 0.021 15 $-25S8S 160.6 0.759 0.036 155.6 0.701 0.052 25S-35S 150.0 0.479 0.051 160.5 0.496 0.038 35 S-45S 138.2 0.278 OS09 Sie eee ee ee eos e ns eceeeee Table 10. Comparison of 12-hour waves of atmospheric pressure from observations at sea and as computed by Simpson Mean latitudes mm mm 15 N and 15 S@ 159.1 0.829 0.015 20 N and 20 s3 158.2 0.692 0.020 30 N and 30S 148.9 0.450 0.026 40 N and 40S 138.3 0.244 0.036 mm mm mm 156.3 0.852 0.011 154 0.924 153.1 0.662 0.016 154 0.770 150.3 0.501 0.023 154 0.609 158.1 0.338 0.012 154 0.422 2 Values determined from means of all data obtained within 5° north or south of indicated latitudes. © After Simpson. however, for the two sets of observations are not com- parable with respect to either season or longitude. A similar comparison has been made of the 12-hour wave as computed from the Carnegie data, and as com- puted from data averaged for various mean latitudes by Hann [10] from observations made on the Challenger, Novara, Saida, and Donau (table 10). In order to obtain means for latitudes comparable with the ranges of lati- tude selected for assembling the data of the Carnegie, Hann’s values have been averaged for each 10° of lati- tude by taking the mean Fourier coefficients, ag and bog, and computing new values of ¢2 and C2. The number of observations is large; therefore radii of the probable- error circles are small. Simpson’s values, on the other hand, were obtained by assuming the required latitudes for the equatorial part of the 12-hour vibration (equation 2), and it was thus impossible to construct probable-er- ror circles for his data. Figure 7 emphasizes the fact that the amplitude of the semidiurnal pressure wave is smaller over the oceans than over land areas. Simpson’s formula was consiructed chiefly from pressure observations at land stations. At latitude 40° north, the amplitude obtained from Hann’s values is 80 per cent of that computedfrom Simpson’s formula. At this latitude the Carnegie values for the amplitude of the pressure wave indicate only 58 per cent of the computed value. The amplitudes at other latitudes average around 85 per cent of Simpson’s values. The harmonic dials given in figures 6 and 7 show clearly that the amplitude of the 12-hour wave decreases with increasing latitude. Various investigators, notably Hann [11], Schmidt [6], Margules [12], Jaerisch [13], and Meinardus [4, p. 454], have attempted to evolve a mathe- b From observations on the vessels Novara, Saida, Donau, and Challenger. matical formula which would express this rate of de- crease in amplitude with latitude. The general form for all the suggested formulas has been to place c¢ equal to a constant multiplied by some power of the cosine of lat- itude. The constants were usually computed from pres- sure data obiained all over the world, irrespective of land or ocean position, and tended to be heavily over- weighted by data from land observatories. All these previously determined formulas, except that of Meinar- dus, obtained from observations on the Gauss, and that of Margules (who assigns no value to the constant fac- tor), give amplitudes much too large for purely oceanic areas. Moreover, none of these earlie' formulas as- sume the amplitude to be a function of longitude or sea- son. Simpson [5, p. 12], in 1913, by combining his equa- tions for the equatorial and polar vibrations (equations 2 and 3), developed the following formula which sets forth Cg as a function of longitude as well as of latitude, wherein A is longitude east of Greenwich Co = [ {0.937 cos? sin 154° + 0.137 (sin2@ - 1/3) sin (105° - 2a )}2 + {0.937 cos%¢ cos 154° + 0.137 (sin2@ - 1/3) cos (105° - 2a 2 1/2 4 In order to determine how closely values for the amplitude of the pressuré wave, as computed from Simp- son’s formula, agree with the Carnegie values, the mean longitude and mean latitude positions corresponding to each of the Carnegie values for Cg were computed. Only the Carnegie values from the Pacific Ocean west of lon- gitude 180° and south of latitude 5° north have been used in these computations. As shown in table 11, the differ- ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 9 Table 11. Comparison of computed and observed amplitudes, cg, of 12-hour waves of atmospheric pressure at sea 0°6N 11°7'S 17°98 30°6S 110°3W 126°7W 130°2W 100°2W mm mm mm Mean position mm mm Computed? 0.982 0.915 0.837 0.606 0.405 Carnegie 0.924 0.809 0.759 0.479 0.278 Difference 0.058 0.106 0.078 0.127 0.127 P.E., Carnegie 0.030 0.024 0.035 0.051 0.093 4 After Simpson Table 12. Monthly distribution, number of days, atmospheric-pressure observations within each latitude range, Carnegie, 1928-29 : coum: 17 40 32 vA ences between Simpson’s values and the Carnegie values, in three cases out of five, are greater than twice the probable errors of the latter. A comparison of the two sets of data indicates that the constants of Simpson’s formula are too large for accurately representing con- ditions over the ocean. These differences, it is true, may in part be due to seasonal effects. Simpson’s values were intended to represent a year- ly mean, whereas the Carnegie values translate a rela- tively few days of observation unsystematically distrib- uted over a few months (table 12). For example, the Carnegie values at latitudes 30° 36’ south and 38° 30’ south are probably lower than the yearly mean value for these latitudes, since the Carnegie observations in this region were made during the southern summer months of December and January, when the amplitude of the 12- hour wave is at a minimum. The small quantity of available pressure data from oceanic areas does not justify time spent in constructing a formula which would express the amplitude of the 12- hour wave at any season and position over the ocean. It is possible that these differences between the results of the Carnegie and those of Simpson may be partly region- al in character, and therefore not representable by sim- ple formulas. It seems probable, however, that Simp- son’s formula gives amplitudes several hundredths of a millimeter too high for oceanic areas. Data from thirteen islands fairly well distributed with regard to latitude [14] have been compared with the Carnegie results at corresponding latitudes. The num- Latitude range GS se re 25°N | 15°N 15°S | 25°S 558 355 soc aa 2 4 8 21 2 con 2 22 1 6 snc 7 2 no oct 7 eae 15 s6¢ 13 4 sa6 2 22 14 5 2 see ane 12 9 44 29 45 33 22 9 ber of island stations suitable for this study was limited by the fact that data, in order to be comparable, had to fall within the same months as the observations made by the Carnegie. This comparison of the 12-hour wave at islands with the data from the Carnegie is presented in table 13 and is illustrated graphically in figure 8. The 12-hour pressure waves at each of the island stations, except Lerwick, Mauritius, Mangarewa, and Samoa, show amplitudes greater than the mean ampli- tudes over the ocean at corresponding latitudes. There is reason to suspect that the amplitude computed from the Carnegie observations at the mean position, 20° south, is too large for this comparison, since it is greater than the amplitude at either Mauritius or Mangarewa, which are in about the same latitude. This is probably due to the unsymmetrical monthly distribution of the days in- cluded in the mean value for the Carnegie. The number of days recorded for November, February, and March was five, four, and twenty-two respectively. Since the amplitude of the 12-hour wave varies with the season and is greatest at the equinoxes, the mean may be heavi- ly overweighted by days of fairly high amplitudes as com- pared with the mean for the islands where the monthly distribution of days is about the same. On the same ba- sis, however, it is not possible to explain the large am- plitude at latitude 60° north compared with the smaller amplitude at Lerwick. Of the seventeen days of obser- vation on the Carnegie, fourteen were in July and three in August, a time when the amplitude is at a minimum in these latitudes. Moreover, with only one exception, 10 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 13. Comparison of 12-hour waves of atmospheric pressure at approximately same latitudes on islands and at sea (Carnegie values from mean of observations on all days when ship’s position at local mean noon was within 5° north or 5° south of given Jabba) Station 2 mm mm Lerwick 60.1 N 2 years May -Aug. 122 0.102 Carnegie 17 days July -Aug. 143.3 - 21.3 0.230 - 0.128 Jersey 49 N 10 years May-Aug. 139.2 0.250 Carnegie 50 N 40 days May -Aug. 147.9 - 8.7 0.129 +0.121 Ponta Delgada 37.8 N 7 years May-Sep. 148.1 0.384 Carnegie 40 N 35 days May-Sep. 138.5 + 9.6 0.212 +0.172 Taiwan 25.0 N 10 years May-June 161.6 0.633 Carnegie 30 N 38 days Aug.-Sep. 147.8 +13.8 0.420 +0.213 Port-au-Prince 18.5 N 6 years May, Aug.-Oct. 161.3 0.778 Guadeloupe 16.0 N 9 years May, Aug.-Oct. 153.9 0.668 Means 17.2N 157.8 0.721 Carnegie 20 N 32 days May, Aug.-Oct. 155.2 + 2.6 0.625 +0.096 Manila 14.6N 12 years May, Aug.-Nov. 161.2 0.895 Jaluit 5.9 N a May, Aug.-Nov. 166.1 0.848 Means 10.2 N 163.6 0.870 Carnegie 10 N 44 days May, Aug.-Nov. 160.6 + 3.0 0.761 +0.109 Batavia 6 Ss 2 Nov., Jan.-Apr. 158.5 0.965 Samoa 13.8 S 6 years Nov., Jan.-Apr. 160.0 0.720 Means 9.98 ce 159.1 0.842 Carnegie 10 S 45 days Nov., Jan.-Apr. 153.7 + 5.4 0.809 + 0.033 Mangarewa 23.3 S 2 years Nov., Jan.-Mar. 168.2 0.676 Mauritius 20_S a Nov., Jan.-Mar. 162.3 0.722 Means 21.6S 165.1 0.698 Carnegie 20 S 33 days Nov., Jan.-Mar. 160.6 + 4.5 0.759 - 0.061 Easter Island 27. 6S 1 year Nov.-Feb. 166.3 0.493 Carnegie 30 S 22 days Nov.-Jan. 150.0 +16.3 0.479 +0.014 Mean\difference}incamplitude)(island=sea)uc---s-s-sesceeeeeseeeeee ete ee neat eee ne Eee aee eee +0.063 2 Not given in reference. these seventeen days were cloudy to overcast, with fre- quent light mist, or otherwise affected by meteorological conditions which would lead one to expect a small ampli- tude [15]. In addition, the probable error of the seven- teen observations of the Carnegie in latitude 60° north is estimated to be 0.073 mm, whereas the difference be- tween the values for Cg as computed from the data at Lerwick and those of the Carnegie is only 0.128 mm. For mean latitudes other than 20° south, the days in which observations were made by the Carnegie are more symmetrically distributed among the months used in the computations; therefore it can safely be assumed that the value of -0.06 mm, computed as the mean difference between island stations and oceanic locations, is proba- bly near the true value. Simpson [5, p. 12] maintains that the phase of the to- tal semidiurnal wave at any position on the earth can be quite closely determined by tan A = 0.937 cos3¢ sin 154°+ 0.137 (sin2¢ - 1/3) sin(105° - 2A) (5 0.937 cos3¢ cos 154°+ 6. 137 (sin2¢ - 1/3) cos (105° a As in equation (4), the righthand members of equation (5) contain as variables only the latitude ¢, and the lon- gitude A. For the purposes of comparison, the mean longitudes corresponding to the Carnegie ranges of lati- tude were supplied in this formula and the phase angles for the mean positions computed. The computed and observed phases given in table 14 indicate no systematic difference between the observed phase angles and those calculated after Simpson’s formula. Unfortunately, lo- cal mean time instead of apparent or ship’s time was used in all computations for the Carnegie. According to the equation of time this error could not be greater than 8° in phase (16 minutes of time) and in most cases it would be considerably less than this. In this connection it is interesting to compare the mean yearly phase angles of the 12-hour wave at Easter Island, Samoa, and Jaluit with those computed after Simpson’s formula per equation (5) [14]. These results (table 15) indicate that in each case the observed phase angle is greater than the calculated; for example, the maximum amplitude occurs earlier than is indicated by Simpson’s results. When the mean yearly phase angles for the island of Jersey (49° N, 2° W) and for Lerwick ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 11 Table 14. Phases of 12-hour waves of atmospheric pressure over South Pacific Ocean, Te 1928-29 aha Latitude Phase angle 0.6N 9.8 110.3 W 96.6 29 162.6 153.6 + 9.0 11.78 8.3 126.7 W 95.2 45 153.7 155.1 - 1.4 17.958 9.5 130.2 W 84.7 33 160.6 155.2 + 5.4 30.6 S 9.5 100.2 W 33.1 22 150.0 153.6 - 3.6 38.5 S 5.1 99.3 W 12.4 9 138.2 154.5 - 16.3 2 Observed maximum amplitude occurs earlier than computed for positive difference, and later for negative difference. Table 15. Comparison of mean yearly phase angles of 12-hour wave of atmospheric pressure for Easter Island, Samoa, and Jaluit with those computed from Simpson’ s formula Easter Island 2758 109 W Samoa 14S 172 W Jaluit 6N 170 E (60° N, 1° W) are compared with those calculated for these locations, however, the observed phase angles (149°4 and 138°5, respectively) are smaller than those calculated. Summarizing the discussion of the 12-hour wave of atmospheric pressure, the following general conclusions may be presented: 1. The amplitude of the 12-hour wave is less over the ocean than over land areas; the magnitude of the differ- ence is of the order of 0.1 mm. 2. A comparison of the differences in amplitude at oceanic islands and for mean positions over the ocean indicates that the amplitude at island stations is of the order of 0.06 mm greater than at purely oceanic sta- tions. 3. There appears to be a greater difference between the time of maximum amplitude of this wave between high and low latitudes over the ocean than is indicated by values computed after Simpson’s formula. The 8-hour Period As shown in figure 9, the phase angles and ampli- tudes of the 8-hour wave also show remarkable regular- ity. The phaseangleof this oscillation, for a given peri- od of the year, is opposite in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, and changes phase for any given hour be- tween winter and summer [15, p. 175]. The amplitude is greatest at latitude 30°. In summer the first minimum occurs at about 02h; in winter the first maximum occurs at this hour. Other maxima and minima follow at 8-hour intervals. The amplitude is smallest during the fall and spring months, and is always small at the equator. It is rather difficult to analyze the Carnegie pres- sure data for this third harmonic, inasmuch as the cruise was so planned that the vessel was in each Hem- isphere during the summer months, in order to avoid the stormier winter season. The Fourier coefficients of the 8-hour wave, however, have been determined and 158.8 153.9 4.9 160.0 156.4 3.6 165.6 155.4 10.2 plotted in figure 9. The figure includes notations of the months during which the observations were made within each range of latitude. During the southern summer at latitude 30° south, the amplitude would be expected to be at a maximum; this is confirmed by the large ampli- tude (0.114 mm) shown on the harmonic dial for the mean position 30° south, during the months of November, De- cember, and January. At the mean position latitude 30° north, observations were made during the months from May to October; the mean amplitude, therefore, is small (0.007 mm) since it is a resultant of waves of opposite seasons. The preponderance of observations made during the summer season is apparent in figure 9. The crests of the first wave at all mean positions in the Southern Hem- isphere and also at latitudes 20°, 40°, and 50° north oc- cur between 05h 33m and 07h 17m (first minimum, therefore, around 02h), as would be expected during the summer season in either Hemisphere. These results are in agreement with the conclusions drawn by Hann [16] and Sverdrup [17] from their careful analyses of the 8-hour pressure oscillation. The 6-hour Period The 6-hour pressure oscillation has been discussed thoroughly by S. K. Pramanik [18], who has compiled data from 136 stations well distributed with respect to season, latitude, and proximity to sea and land bodies. He concludes: 1. The mean annual amplitude, a4, does not vary a great deal with latitude between +50°, though it appears to have a maximum at about latitude 25°. 2. There is considerable seasonal variation in a 4> the winter greatly exceeding the summer values,- more particularly at inland stations. The mean winter and summer values between +59° latitude are respectively 0.051 mb and 0.011 mb at coast stations, and 0.059 mb and 0.009 mb at inland stations. The winter amplitude 12 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 16. Comparison of mean phases of 6-hour waves of atmospheric pressure between latitudes 15° north and 15° south after Hann and Pramanik, and from Carnegie, 1928-29 Mean angle Source (phase Remarks Carnegie, ali data 174.0 118 days, chiefly summer Hann, oceanic data 139.6 430 days, all seasons Pramanik, coastal stations 105.0 8 stations, summer Pramanik, stations on land 294.4 4 stations, summer has a maximum (about 0.061) at about 25° latitude and decreases to about 0.022 at 5° latitude, but decreases little up to about 50° iatitude. 3. The annual mean phase Ag, is fairly constant from latitude 20° up to about 50°, its value being about 225° for coast and inland stations alike. The phase de- creases toward the equator, being about 140° in 5° lati- tude. 4. The phase in summer is very irregular, in win- ter it is regular, being 200° or 210° from about 15° to 50° latitude, but decreasing somewhat toward the equa- tor. 5. The phase appears to be considerably less over the oceans and oceanic islands than at land stations, though the amplitudes are of the same order. 6. There appears to be no regular dependence of amplitude and phase on altitude. 7. There are considerable variations of amplitude and phase at individual stations in any latitude, particu- larly in summer. The results obtained by Sverdrup [17, p. 211) show a surprisingly close agreement with Pramanik s conclu- sions. Considering the small amount of Carnegie data, and the preponderance of observations made during the sum- mer months, it would be unreasonable to expect any great degree oi regularity in the Fourier coefficients for the 6-hour wave (fig. 10). The distribution by quad- rants of the eleven values of $4 illustrates this irregu- larity. They occur in the first, second, third, andfourth quadrants in the order 2, 4, 4, and i, respectively. Pramanik found the distribution of ¢4 in these quadrants for thirty-one coastal stations during the summer months to be 8, 6, 11, and 6, respectively. Table 16 gives the results of a comparison oi the Carnegie phase angle for a mean of data between latitudes +50°, with some data from Pramanik [19] averaged for these lati- tudes where the seasonal effect should be small. There appears to be close agreement in phase between the Carnegie values and the coastal observations of Pramanik, but there is a marked difference between these values and the phase at his inland stations. The mean amplitude of this wave for all the Carne- gie Groups (as determined from the means of the values of aq and bggiven in table 9) is 0.007 mm. This is very nearly the same value (0.008 mm) arrived at by Praman- ik for his coastal stations in summer, and exacily the same amplitude that he obtained for the mean value in summer, for thirty-four inland stations. It is interest- ing to note that this apparent condition of an amplitude independent of ocean or land position, and of a phase angle smaller over sea than over land, is the reverse of that found for the 12-hour period. For the latter it ap- pears that the phase angle is independent of iand or ocean position, and that the amplitude is greater over land than over the sea. CONCLUSION In concluding the section on atmospheric pressure, it might be well to repeat that the amount of Carnegie data is relatively small and thus the-probable errors of the computations must be relatively large. These results should, however, serve to change some previous con- cepts which have been derivedthrough a similar use of inadequate data, and it is probable that further pressure observational work at sea will lead to some modifica- ions of the views which have been presented here. AIR TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS Thermometers The only mercurial thermometer used for obtaining air temperatures during the cruise of the Carnegie was contained in the Assmann aspiration psychrometer. The dry-bulb tube (P.T.R. No. 2451-1928), mounted in the instrument screen, was a standard instrument and needed no corrections throughout the ranges of temper- ature encountered on the cruise. The ASsmann psy- chrometer was read daily at noon (GMT), and the dry- bulb readings were used primarily for correcting the air-temperature records ofthe recording thermometers. Meteorological Screen The instrument screen was of the Stevenson type (fig. 11) and was mounted on the quarter-deck amid- ships, just forward of the wheel with the center of the screen 6.4 meters from the counter rail, 3.2 meters aft of the engine-room hatch, 3.7 meters from each side of the rail, and 3.7 meters above load water line. Previous investigations have shown that the heating and cooling of a vessel’s surface makes it very difficult to obtain accurate air-temperature readings within an ordinary thermometer screen on board. Lutgens [20] ‘thus found errors up to 7° in the meteorological observa- tions taken on board the Pangani, and Spinnangr [21], in studying the temperature measurements during a voyage on the S. S. Bergensfjord, found errors of 1° to 2°. Other investigators have reported similar results. These acknowledged errors have led Russeltvedt [22] to suggest that two or more screens mounted on oppo- site sides of the vessel are necessary for accurate air- temperature measurements. No doubt the uncorrected air-temperature observa- tions on board the Carnegie are highly errcneous owing to the fact that only one instrument screen was usedand this was placed far from the rail. As will be explained, however, by using temperature measurements obtained at considerable heights above the deck and observing the diurnal variations between these and the deck observa- tions, it has been possible to apply corrections to the deck temperatures and to obtain results which shouldbe reasonably accurate. Thermograph The Negretti-Zambra capillary ventilating record- ing psychrometer, which will be discussed in greater detail in the chapter on humidity, was housed in the Stevenson screen and the recorded dry-bulb readings used in the temperature studies. This instrument was calibrated daily at noon against the Assmann psychrom- eter. From time to time difficulty was experienced with the recording pens; the pen points had to be replaced at frequent intervals as the constant vibration of the appa- ratus soon wore them smooth. When the recording ap- paratus was first mounted in the Stevenson screen, the pens were adjusted to give true readings directly on the thermogram, but in regions of high humidity it was found that the wet- and dry-bulb pens would come into contact with one another. To obviate this difficulty 13 the wet-bulb pen was later lowered one degree on the trace and an “‘offset’’ correction applied. In foggy or rainy weather the thermogram paper absorbed so much moisture that the traces became blurred. The traces of the Negretti-Zambra instrument were scaled at each hour, local mean time, and corrected from the Assmann readings. These hourly temperature data appear in appendix III, table 78. Hartmann and Braun Electrical-Resistance Thermographs While the Carnegie was in Hamburg (June 22 to July 7, 1928) the firm of Hartmann and Braun installed three pairs of wet- and dry-bulb electrical-resistance ther- mometers at various heights above the deck (fig. 2). It was intended that these be used to record lapse rates from deck to crosstrees and masthead. The first pair of thermal elements was located in the Stevenson screenon the quarter-deck, 3.6 meters above sea leve!. The sec- ond pair was housed in a small naturally ventilated screen, 1.4 meters above the crosstrees on the mainmast and 21.9 meters above sea level. The third pair was at- tached near the main truck in a similar screen, 34.6 meters above load water line. From each of these ther- mal elements a single-strand, two-conductor cable led to the multiple recording apparatus in the control room on the quarter-deck. The electrical recording apparatus had a separate pointer and distinctively colored ribbon for each ther- mometer. On the Carnegie, the pointers corresponding to the pairs of thermometers were “‘offset’’ on the rec- ord sheet so that the elements in the deck screen record- ed 3° too high, those at the crosstrees 1°5 too high, and those at the masthead according to the zero scale of the sheet. This procedure was followed in order to prevent the dots on the thermogram from becoming too confused for reading. Some difficulty was experienced because of blotting and blurring of the trace when new ribbons were first installed. The clockwork of the apparatus was excellent, and it was seldom necessary to reset the thermogram to the proper time mark. Corrosion and the constant working of the rigging caused frequent breaks in the cable running from the masthead and crosstrees. This was largely due to the fact that the cables were attached directly to the hemp rigging. Doubtless this difficulty would have been elim- inated if suitable conduits had been used. Temporary repairs to the cable were not made at sea when these breaks occurred, because of the probability of changing the resistance in the electrical circuit from a constant to variable. In each case, as soon as suitable cable could be obtained, an entire new length was installed and the resistance again measured before the apparatus was put into operation. These thermometers were calibrated from time to time against readings of the Assmann psychrometer; those in the Stevenson screen were compared daily. It is evident that the value of the recorded tempera- tures depends on the efficiency of the ventilation of the screens, which in turn is a function of the wind speedand direction. Unfortunately, all wind records of the Carne- gie were lost when the vessel was destroyed, and thus no 14 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE corrections to the recorded air temperatures based on such observations could be made. The Hartmann and Braun traces, therefore, could not be used for obtaining continuous records of lapse rates. Evaluation of Thermograms The corrections to the Negretti-Zambra and the Hartmann and Braun thermographs were found by means and applied tothe reading of the thermographat that hour. I 1928 July 29-Aug. 6 Aug. 7-10 Aug. 11-23 Aug Oct. Oct. Nov Feb Dec . 24-Sep. 162 2-10 26-Nov. 6 . 7-Dec. 21) | 22-28, 1929 . 22-31C¢ 1929 Jan. 1-14 Feb. 6-17 Mar. 1-314 Apr. 22-May 312 June 1-30f July 1-3 July 4-218 July Sep. Sep. Sep. 17-Oct. 7h Oct. 22-28 9-16 11-251 Oct. 26-Nov. 14 Local mean hours i ee i en sn Lin eee 9.55 17.54 25.82 26.44 27.69 25.09 20.82 25.61 16.89 19.51 23.39 27.36 26.54 20.23 15.11 9.75 14.32 18.09 22.20 24.68 22.48 26.80 9.59 17.44 25.83 26.48 27.71 25.10 20.76 25.64 16.92 19.47 23.43 27.33 26.54 20.05 15.06 9.67 14.14 18.07 22.39 24.66 22.61 26.78 9.50 17.44 25.81 26.50 27.73 25.08 20.80 25.67 16.98 19.48 23.38 27.25 26.53 19.95 15.10 9.64 13.99 18.08 22.37 24.63 22.61 26.69 14 20 9.50 17.13 25.75 26.61 27.97 24.95 20.97 25.65 17.13 19.80 23.52 27.22 26.58 20.12 15.17 9.61 14.20 18.11 22.41 24.57 22.62 26.68 of the noon readings of the Assmann psychrometer. As soon as the air temperatures were obtained with the Assmann instrument, the pens were removed from the traces on the thermograms, and these readings entered directly on the sheet. The final corrections were used for constructing a curve which was entered directly on the thermogram, showing the correction as a function of time. From this curve the correction at any hour was read Table 17. Mean hourly values of air temperature in degrees centigrade for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 (Corrected for noncyclic change) days Local mean hours atitude Longitude se 0; mia 2 ° ° ° ° ° Re ho Nmnwnpy wr oO me DO ome Te aC CIC CIC CO SCI en HNO HUIRM&® YHwWY NEM CHMDODW AZZA ZAZAZAZAAy ZANHN ANH AZwAwmwzzAwy 40.7 W 9.67 9.66 9.60 47.8 W 17.72 17.65 17.59 42.0 W 25.89 25.83 25.84 43.0 W 26.57 26.50 26.46 71.0 W 27.88 27.88 27.87 81.0 W 25.17 25.06 24.99 104.3 W 20.88 20.80 20.82 119.4 W 25.76 25.69 25.61 96.7 W 17.04 16.93 16.86 83.3 W 19.59 19.51 19.52 88.2 W 23.47 23.31 23.36 147.9 W 27.57 27.25 27.31 168.7 E 26.51 26.49 26.57 143.1 E 20.68 20.50 20.37 149.4 E 15.58 15.36 15.40 179.5 W 9.94 9.94 9.89 131.8 W 14.35 14.37 14.13 126.3 W 17.91 17.86 17.94 136.6 W 22.99 22.54 22.50 155.1 W 24.43 24.53 24.71 140.7 W 22.73 22.62 22.48 150.5 W 26.82 26.81 26.84 9.59 9.64 9.91 10.41 10.55 10.69 10.73 17-19) 17226 L766) Lez S 1 Sib) 18.43) 18237 25.78 26.03 26.16 26.62 26.93 27.22 27.31 26.84 27.30 27.78 28.31 28.60 28.50 28.50 28.25 28.53 28.67 28.50 28.59 28.91 28.94 25.06 25.23 25.29 25.41 25.42 25.72 25.84 21.21 21.44 21.69 21.92 22.01 22.10 22.13 25.81 26.24 26.38 26.43 26.61 26.76 26.96 LIAS) 158) Le eelieioe 17-99) 18:08) elseat 20.16 20.37 20.62 20.98 21.23 21.31 21.46 23.80 24.05 24.29 24.52 24.68 24.92 24.87 27.63 28.07 28.38 28.58 28.69 28.84 28.91 26.85 27.17 27.46 27.71 27.95 28.06 28.16 20.19 20.35 20.62 20.68 21.13 21.18 21.08 15.45 15.60 16.24 16.34 16.33 16.07 16.04 9.54 9.49 9.55 9.65 9.85 10.00 10.15 14.32 14.43 14.28 14.65 14.70 15.00 15.16 18.01 17.94 17.94 18.13 18.70 18.50 18.60 22.58 22.78 22.95 23.12 23.33 23.49 23.59 24.91 25.41 25.72 25.96 26.10 26.26 26.11 22.71 22.89 23.01 23.16 23.10 23.12 22.94 26.84 27.40 27.75 27.97 28.06 28.20 28.04 AIR TEMPERATURE 15 Table 17. Mean hourly values of air temperature in degrees centigrade for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29--Concluded (Corrected for noncyclic change) Local mean hours ee I 10570) 1050" 10877 ~ 10:60 ~~ 10255 U 18.39 18.54 18.59 18.51 18.62 Ill 27.27 27.24 27.21 26.95 26.61 IV 28.44 28.25 27.80 27.52 27.21 Vv 29.04 28.79 28.52 27.94 27.87 VI 25.77 25.73 25.78 25.52 25.27 Vil 3} 22.08 21.81 21.65 21.46 21.24 b 27.02 26.77 26.49 26.40 26.28 vul 17-93 sD N82 4748 Ix 21.80 21.53 21.16 20.85 20.61 x 24.95 24.69 24.35 24.29 24.05 XI 28.59 28.29 28.05 28.02 27.87 XII Zot eAatO) 20tG Aino 20d0 xi ay 21.12 21.09 20.96 20.86 20.60 b 16.06 15.96 15.90 15.85 15.83 XIV 10.16 10.07 9.99 9.85 9.72 XV, 15.34 15.42 15.32 15.29 15.27 XVI 18.97 19.06 19.00 18.87 18.49 XVII {2 23.83 23.81 23.67 23.43 23.05 b 25.92 25.68 25.08 25.09 24.79 (c 22.97 23.07 22.99 22.89 22.57 XVIII 28.03 27.95 27.78 27.51 27.20 10.24 10.03 9.93 9.87 9.72 10.06 18.21 USS ial eS8 lee O0) 17-90 26.25 26.10 25.99 26.07 25.95 26.33 27.05 26.87 26.84 26.79 26.65 27.28 27.74 27.71 27.70 27.70 27.90 28.16 25.11 25.11 25.15 25.13 25.18 25.29 21.11 21.04 20.96 20.96 20.89 21.30 26.04 25.98 25.89 25.86 25.84 26.13 17.33 17.22 17.20 17.06 16.99 17.40 20.22 19.89 19.80 19.71 19.65 20.31 23.76 23.69 23.65 23.55 23.51 23.96 27.59 27.55 27.58 27.43 27.42 27.85 DieGl 2ieOd) 2eGle ston Glee waletit eleds 20.31 20.24 20.19 20.25 20.33 20.55 15.67 15.54 15.39 15.43 15.60 15.67 9.64 9.67 9.71 9.71 9.81 9.80 15.04 14.82 14.60 14.44 14.42 14.65 18.36 18.25 18.23 18.14 18.06 18.29 22.74 22.63 22.63 22.66 22.64 22.90 24.69 24.71 24.72 24.70 24.57 25.08 22.65 22.66 22.62 22.64 22.79 22.79 27.11 27.03 27.01 26.96 26.89 27.28 Days omitted as follows: (a) Aug. 25, 26; (b) Dec. 3-12; (c) Dec. 25, 26; (d) Mar. 4, 13-20, 26: May 6 (5) Det 18, Correcting for Excessive Daytime Deck Temperatures An examination of the original Hartmann and Braun records indicates a diurnal variation in the apparent lapse rate between deck and crosstrees (masthead rec- ords were too incomplete for use). As has been suggest- ed, this diurnal variation was no doubt due to the heating of the lower deck thermometer during daylight hours, and from this variation it was possible to correct the mean deck temperatures to values less affected by radi- ation and absorption. Likewise a diurnal variation in differences between temperatures recorded by the Hart- mann and Braun dry-bulb at the crosstrees and the Negretti-Zambra dry-bulb in the deck screen was dis- covered. The amplitude of this latter variation, how- ever, was not as great as the differences between the two Hartmann and Braun thermometers, presumably be- cause the Negretti-Zambra instrument was better venti- lated. It has seemed justifiable to use curves of these dif- ferences for computing corrections for the daytime hourly mean air temperatures recorded by the Negretti- Zambra dry-bulb. The curve of differences during day- light hours between the Negretti-Zambra dry-bulb tem- peratures on deck and the Hartmann and Braun dry-bulb temperatures at the crosstrees (means for groups) has been applied as a correction to the mean values of air temperature. The resulting mean hourly values for GroupsI to XIIIb, corrected for noncyclic change, are given in table 18. Data from the Hartmann and Braun instruments were not complete enough to make these 11, 20-25; (f) June 8-24; (g) Two dates July 14 on crossing 180° meridian; (h) Sep. 20-Oct. 2; corrections for the remaining groups. To illustrate the result of applying such corrections, two Groups, VIla and IX, have been selected and the cor- rected and uncorrected data plotted in figure 13. The dotted line represents mean air temperature as read from the Negretti-Zambra dry-bulb and corrected from the Assmann readings. The dashed line represents the Negretti-Zambra data corrected by means of the differ- ences between the Hartmann and Braun deck and cross- trees temperatures. The unbroken line represents the air temperatures corrected for the mean differences be- tween the crosstrees temperatures (Hartmann and Braun) and the deck temperatures (Negretti-Zambra). This has been accepted as the most acc ‘rate value which can be obtained from the available data. These corrected mean values will be used in many of the air-temperature an- alyses. DISCUSSION General Remarks The importance of maritime meteorological results increases with the number of observations andthe length of the period during which such observations are made. The present results of temperature observations on board the Carnegie, therefore, cannot claim to have a value comparable with those of continental and island meteorological observatories, since the area explored by the Expedition was large, the duration of stay in any given region short, and the climate, particularly with reference to air temperature, heterogeneous. 16 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 18. Mean hourly values of air temperature in degrees centigrade for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 (Corrected for radiation and for noncyclic change)* No. | Mean_——————s| Local mean hours _ Group Dates aes | days |" Latitude | Longitude | 0 [| 1 | 2 1928 I July 29-Aug. 6 9 56.3 N 40.7 W 9.67 9.66 9.60 0 Aug. 7-10 4 42.8N 47.8 W 17.72 17.65 17.59 I Aug. 11-23 13 29.0 N 42.0 W 25.89 25.83 25.84 IV Aug. 24-Sep. 15 21 11.8 N 43.0 W 26.57 26.50 26.45 Vv Oct. 2-10 9 13.8N 71.0 W 27.88 27.88 27.87 VI Oct. 26-Nov. 6 12 4.0N 81.0 W 25.17 25.06 24.99 VII (3 Nov. 7-Dec. 21¢ 35 16.5 S 104.3 W 20.88 20.80 20.82 b Feb. 22-28, 1929 7 13.18 119.4 W 25.71 25.65 25.57 VI Dec. 22-314 8 37.28 96.7 W 17.04 16.93 16.86 1929 Ix Jan. 1-14 14 24.7 S 83.3 W 19.59 19.51 19.52 x Feb. 6-17 12 12.38 88.2 W 23.52 23.35 23.40 xI Mar. 1-31 21 16.88 147.9 W 27.57 27.26 27.31 x Apr. 22-May 31 32 9.7N 168.7 E 26.51 26.49 26.57 x10 (a June 1-308 - 18 34.3 N 143.1 E 20.68 20.50 20.37 b July 1-3 3 39.6N 149.4 E 15.58 15.36 15.40 Local mean hours Grow i3 I 9.55 9.59 9.56 9.50 9.59 9.64 9.91 10.34 10.38 10.39 10.27 II 7,04 At.44 17.44 17.13" 17-19 17-26) 17:66 Lit) LTS 17289) 1768 I 25.82 25.83 25.81 25.75 25.78 26.04 26.13 26.15 26.11 26.26 26.32 IV 26.44 26.48 26.50 26.61 26.84 27.30 27.71 27.68 27.64 27.49 27.60 v 27.69 27.71 27.73 27.97 28.25 28.53 28.39 28.08 28.10 28.39 28.46 va 25.09 25.10 25.07 24.95 24.95 24.94 24.92 24.91 24.80 25.06 25.20 (B} 20.82 20.76 20.80 20.97 21.21 21.44 21.67 21.71 21.66 21.64 21.64 b 25.58 25.61 25.64 25.63 25.79 26.23 26.37 26.35 26.33 26.28 26.31 Vur 16.89 16.92 16.98 17.13 17.13 17.44 17.48 17.33 17.53 17.60 17.72 Ix 19.51 19.47 19.48 19.78 20.06 20.12 20.25 20.44 20.54 20.46 20.49 x 23.43 23.47 23.41 23.54 23.72 23.88 24.03 24.06 24.00 24.08 23.99 XI 27.36 27.33 27.25 27.22 27.63 28.07 28.38 28.50 28.40 28.36 28.28 xu 26.54 26.54 26.53 26.58 26.85 27.17 27.24 27.35 27.55 27.58 27.71 XII . te} 20.23 20.04 19.95 20.12 20.20 20.35 20.48 20.40 20.79 20.92 20.92 b 15.11 15.06 15.10 15.17 15.45 15.60 15.80 15.87 15.70 15.51 15.59 Local mean hours ieee ee a a roi on oe ies I 10.22 10.16 10.24 10.12 10.15 9.98 9.92 9.93 9.87 9.72 9.92 pa 17.64 17.77 17.85 17.87 18.11 17.84 17.70 17.68 17.88 47-20 47-87 Il 26.34 26.46 26.53 26.44 26.30 26.18 26.10 25.99 26.07 25. z IV 27.70 27.71 27.42 27.24 27.02 26.95 26.87 26.84 26.80 26.65 27.04 Vv 28.66 28.60 28.50 27.94 27.87 27.74 27.71 27.70 27.70 27.90 28.05 VI 25.19 25.27 25.49 25.36 25.22 25.12 25.11 25.15 25.13 25.18 25.10 vil tR 21.67 21.55 21.49 21.35 21.15 21.10 21.04 20.96 20.96 20.89 21.21 b 26.32 26.25 26.18 26.25 26.24 26.07 26.01 25.92 25.90 25.88 26.00 Vi 7267 17260) 1776 | ATA) 17848) TESS) A270) 17-06) 16:99 trea Ix 20.83 20.87 20.87 20.79 20.61 20.22 19.89 19.80 19.71 19.65 20.10 x 24.15 24.16 24.09 24.18 24.03 23.73 23.65 23.61 23.51 23.47 23.77 xi 28.15 28.00 27.88 28.02 27.87 27.59 27.55 27.58 27.43 27.41 27.77 XI 27.88 27.78 27.76 27.78 27.70 27.61 27.63 27.61 27.67 27.77 27.24 xi a 21.07 21.09 20.96 20.85 20.60 20.31 20.25 20:19 20.25 20.33 20.49 b 15.71 15.63 15.83 15.85 16.83 15.67 15.54 15.39 15.43 15.60 15.53 ee EEE eee 2 Radiation corrections from differences between Negretti-Zambra dry-bulb in deck screen, and Hartmann and Braun dry-bulb at crosstrees. Days omitted as follows: (b) Aug. 25, 26; (c) Dec. 3-12; (d) Dec. 25, 26; (e) Mar. 4, 13-20, 26; (f) May 6, 11, 20-25; (g) Jume 8-24. AIR TEMPERATURE Although a study of air temperatures at sea, and a consideration of differences between sea-surface andair temperatures is of great importance in problems of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation in oceanic regions, a few temperature observations made during short periods over extensive reaches of ocean surface can be expected to have little climatological significance. With these facts recognized, the discussion of air tem- peratures in this section of the report will be curtailed and only the more important features and relations to other elements will be mentioned. The temperature re- lations between sea surface and atmosphere will be dis- cussed in greater detail in the chapter on sea-surface temperatures. The eighteen main groups into which the Carnegie air-temperature data have been divided are not present- ed as separate and distinct climatological regions, but merely as convenient devices for facilitating the discus- sion of such data. Mean Air Temperatures for Groups The mean hourly values of air temperature for the various groups are presented in tables 17 and 18. These mean values seem to indicate that air temperature is largely a function of latitude. No doubt if the individual groups were smaller, it would be possible to show mi- nor variations in the mean temperatures which were the results of ocean currents or of certain continental in- fluences. It may be observed, however, that the mean 17 air temperature for the Tuamotu Island Group (27°85) is considerably higher than the mean temperatures for the Coastal Peru and West Callao Groups (20°31 and 23°96, respectively), which are in approximately the same latitude. Obviously the mean air temperatures of the latter twoGroups are greatly affected by the cold Coastal Peru Current. Similarly, the California and Japan Groups present mean temperatures lower than the mean temperatures for their latitudes because of the effects of the California and Oyashio currents. Variation of Mean Air Temperature with Latitude Data concerning the mean air temperatures for the various latitude ranges are presented in figure 14. It may be observed that the mean air temperature increas- es rapidly from mean latitude 45° to mean latitude 10° north, and that there is then a decrease toward the equa- tor. Evidently air temperatures between latitudes +5° are greatly influenced by the low sea-surface tempera- tures encountered by the Carnegie within this range of latitude. The air temperature-latitude curve in the Southern Hemisphere presents a somewhat similar profile al- though, in contrast with conditions in the Northern Hem- isphere, the mean temperature falls off very slowly be- tween mean latitudes 10° and 20° south. This apparent condition was no doubt brought about by the plan of ob- taining temperatures in this region -- the Carnegie re- Table 19. Difference between temperature readings in degrees centigrade of Hartmann and Braun instruments on deck and on crosstrees for ten days when sky was overcast (particularly during midday hours), Carnegie, 1928-29 Day Local mean hours | 1-2 | 2-3 | 3-4 [4-5 | 5-6 | 6-7 | 7-8 | 8-9 [9-10 | 10-11 [11-12 1 1 1 1 1 1. 0 1 1 1 1. 1928 Oi F wlrnoarn NORwAE ae ek al alguien aaa ata me) wWNOM weianmes I alla a bt pt tt pe wo | Oop Pema nume en ie ee | ORND Deity wlryryrwo om | 12-13 | 13-14 [14-15 | 15-16 | 16-17 | ' i=] — i Foro OFFOFO WMA womvowoe rroo corceeses wreaks woohtwo BROS COFCO NEAIM WOORONO WOimCO Ahi tories Ep OF eee oO K E pS oo ee oa e co ie co la bo i 1 ail 1.7 2.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.2 0.7 2 ley 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.4 ee 4 1.4 1.5 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.6 2 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.4 0.8 2 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.3 8 0.8 1.4 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.8 4 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.8 0.9 3 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.1 3 1.7 lei 1.4 1.0 1.3 0.6 2 1.4 1.4 1.2 ila3 1.0 0.9 Local mean hours | 17-18 | 18-19 | 19-20 | 20-21 | 21-22 | 22-23 | 23-24 Cie OCD wie Bee O See O ° 6 1.0 1.2 1.8 1.4 a! 1.3 0 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.0 2 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.0 3 1.1 Sr 1.5 1.2 0.9 1.2 1 1.5 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 3 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 8 1.0 1.1 tot 1.4 1.4 1.3 4 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 2 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.9 2.0 4 1.5 isi 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.5 i -_ bt _ ro -_ ow _ tS oo _ oo 18 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE mained within the Peruvian Current throughout a con- siderable range of latitude, thus experiencing a greater uniformity of both sea-surface and air temperature. There is a more rapid decrease in air temperature beyond mean latitude 20° south. Dry-Bulb Lapse Rates Between Deck, Crosstrees, and Mainmast As has previously been explained, it was not possi- ble to obtain continuous records of lapse rates from the Hartmann and Braun records at various heights above the deck because of the impossibility of correcting these records for radiation effects. It was hoped, however, that it would be possible to study lapse rates on days when an Assmann calibration was made with the Hart- - mann and Braun instruments. Unfortunately, these data are extremely fragmentary because of the loss of many original records. The lapse rates recorded were usual- ly normal, but three specific cases have been selected for discussion because they all are decidedly superadi- abatic. These data are presented in figure 15. Miss Clarke has previously discussed these unusual lapse rates [23] as follows: 1. July 29, 1928, at 12h, off the coast of Iceland: The dry-bulb at the masthead (34.6 meters above sea level) was 1°5 lower than the deck dry-bulb, a lapse rate equal to four times the dry adiabatic. The weather was cloud- y with a moderate northwest breeze, sea moderate with surface temperature of 11°6. 2. January 14, 1929, at 10h local mean time, enter- ing the port of Callao: There was a dry-bulb tempera- ture lapse of 2°1 from deck to crosstrees and of 0°5 from crosstrees to masthead, a total lapse of 2°6 in 35 meters or seven times the dry adiabatic. Wind was south southeast, force 3, weather cloudy, sea-surface temper- ature 18°8. 3. March 12, 1929, at 11h local mean time, approach- ing the island of Tahiti: The dry-bulb lapse rate was 2°0 from deck to crosstrees and 0°8 from crosstrees to masthead, a total of 2°8 or seven times the dry adiabatic. Weather was squally with gentle northwest breeze. Sea- surface temperature was 28°3. If the deck readings are ignored, the lapse rates be- tween crosstrees and masthead are respectively two, four, and six times the dry adiabatic. : It is not implied that these excessive lapse rates represent actual conditions over the ocean. In all prob- ability the observed values were greatly influenced by radiation from deck, shelter, and sails, but it is possi- ble that such conditions might prevail over a small area for short periods of time. Maxima and Minima of Air Temperature The absolute maximum and minimum air tempera- tures for the various groups are presented in table 21 without comment except to state that in most cases these absolute extremes of temperature were recorded during clear, calm weather, and for this reason were probably influenced by deck temperatures to some ex- tent. Quite frequently the maximum and minimum air temperatures during a 24-hour period occurredat times when the vessel was not under way, and thus when deck Table 20. Difference between temperature readings in degrees centigrade of Hartmann and Braun instruments on deck and on crosstrees for nine days when sky was partly clear to cloudy (particularly during midday hours), Carnegie, 1928-29 Local mean hours [4-5 | 5-6 | 6-7 | 7-8 | 8-9 | 9-10 | 11-12 ° Y 1928 ° ° ° ° ° Re Oct. 5 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.2 Nov. 14 1.9 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.1 Nov. 20 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.8 let! 1.6 iki 0.9 0.8 0.7 Nov. 27 1.5 0.5 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.5 0.3 0.6 0.3 Dec. 1 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.6 Dec. 18) lei 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 0.6 0.1 Dec. 25 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 alent 1.3 1.4 ile 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.8 1929 Jan. 4 1.5 1.4 1.2 Iot/ 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.4 0.5 Jan. 13 1.1 1.3 ail 1.2 rust 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.5 0.0 Mean 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.5 1928 i Z fo} ' ' 2/99 S99090F wlreu > 0100 Rt O10 ! oe ry) P a ' a o-~] PON NMOO o|ss 99°90FrRE ~] ID “A PWOoONN® Ll ro CooCoOorFe olo~wm YwApwDOo rH 0 oO ie) i" foe] o|oo S999990 wlor Local mean hours rie-17 [17-18 [18-19 [19-20 [20-21 [21-22 | 22-28 [29-24 Le ee — Dl lad 7 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.2 6 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.3 2 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.6 9 ee 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.5 0 isi 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.5 9 1 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.4 a) 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.7 ular 1.5 sil 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 ° AIR TEMPERATURE Table 21. Absolute maximum and minimum air temperatures in degrees centigrade for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 I 9 13.1 8.4 3.6 0.8, II 4 25.1 11.9 4.5 2.9 m 13 28.2 23.9 3.0 1.5 IV 21 30.6 24.2 5.0 1.3 Vv 9 30.5 25.1 3.5 1.3 VI 12 29.2 22.3 4.2 1.0 VII a 35 24.2 18.0 4.8 0.6 (3) 7 28.0 24.5 2.0 1.2 VII 8 22.6 14.9 3.2 1.3 Ix 14 25.2 17.7 5.7 1.2 xx 12 27.6 21.1 4.6 1.0 XI 21 31.0 24.1 5.0 1.4 XII 32 31.2 24.2 3.3 0.8 XIII a 13 26.2 15.9 4.0 0.9 {a} 3 18.2 13.4 2.4 1.3 XIV 19, 14.1 6.32 3.4 0.42 XV 7 17.6 ies 3.5 1.6 XVI 5 21.8 14.2 3.5 1.3 XVII a 8 25.8 20.7 4.0 ial 8 27.5 22.5 4.0 17 c 14 25.9 19.2 4.0 0.6 XVIII 20 32.5) 24.0 5.2 0.9 2 Absolute minimum values for cruise. Absolute maximum values for cruise. ventilation was at a minimum. The absolute maximum temperature of the cruise (32°5) was recorded on November 14, 1929, at 13h in lat- itude 11°6 south, longitude 163°4 west. The absolute minimum temperature (6°3) was noted on July 8, 1929, during 19h to 20h in latitude 46°9 north, longitude 163° west. The greatest daily range of air temperature (5°7) was registered off the coast of Chile on January 2, 1929, during a period of nearly dead calm. The mean daily maximum and minimum tempera- tures for the various groups are listed in table 22. The highest mean maximum air temperature and also the highest mean minimum, 29°4 and 26°6 respectively, were recorded in the Caribbean Group between October 2 and 10, 1928. The lowest mean maximum temperature (10°6) occurred in the Alaskan Peninsula Group between July 4 and 21, 1929, whereas the lowest mean minimum air temperature occurred in the South Greenland Group for the period between July 29 and August 6, 1928. As shown in table 23, there appears to be consider - able variation in the time of occurrence of maximum and minimum temperatures between the various Groups. No doubt much of this variation can be assigned to the un- symmetrical distribution of data with respect to season, latitude, and distance from continental land masses. In addition, since the diurnal and interdiurnal variations of air temperature are everywhere small and, in many cases, the number of days of observation few, there is considerable opportunity for chance variations. In fact, merely raising or lowering the mean hourly temperature a fraction of a degree at some given hour within a Group would, in several instances, retard or advance the time 19 Table 22. Mean daily maximum and minimum air temperatures in degrees centigrade for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 c XVIII No. Mean Group days Maximum 2 Daily range# 9 11.2 8.8 2.4 4 19.9 16.1 3:8 13 27.5 25.2 2.3 21 28.9 25.7 3.2 9 29.4 26.6 2.8 12 26.5 23.9 2.6 35 22.3 20.2 2.1 7 27.1 25.4 ee 8 18.5 16.3 2.2 14 22.1 19.0 3.1 12 25.2 22.9 2.3 21 29.2 26.5 2.7 32 28.1 26.2 1.9 13 22.0 19.3 2.1 3 16.8 14.9 1.9 19 10.6 9.2 1.4 7 15.6 13.2 2.4 5 19.4 17.0 2.4 8 24.1 22.0 2eL 8 26.5 24.0 2.5 14 24.0 21.7 2.3 20 28.6 26.2 2.4 23.90 21.54 2.36 Weighted mean 2 Unperiodic. Table 23. Hour of mean maximum and minimum air temperature in degrees centigrade for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Mean maximum Mean minimum temperature 4 ° h i h I 16 10.77 6 9.50 II 18 18.62 6 17.13 Til 13 Sica: 6 25.75 IV 11 28.60 3 26.44 Vv 14 22.04 3 27.69 VI 13 25.84 6 24.95 VII R 13 22.13 4 20.76 b 14 27.02 2-3 25.61 VIII 13 18.21 2 16.86 IX 14 21.80 4 19.47 x 14 24.95 1 23.31 XI 13 28.91 1 27.25 XII 13 28.16 1 26.49 XOII @} 12 21.18 5 19.95 b 10 16.34 4 15.06 XIV 14 10.16 8 9.49 XV 15 15.42 5 13.99 XVI 15 19.06 1 17.86 XVII : 14 23.83 3 22.20 b 12 26.26 24 24.43 (c 15 23.07 3 22.48 XVIII 12 28.20 6 26.68 Weighted meanvelseae 6) esncces Ree aneadeead 2 Periodic. 20 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE of maximum or minimum temperature for the group by for all Groups occurs most frequently at 13h, and that many hours (table 17). the most frequent hour of minimum temperature occur- The frequencies of hours of occurrence ofmaximum | rence is 05h. The curve for the distributionof maximum and minimum air temperatures are presented in tables temperatures by hours is interesting in that there is an 24 and 25, which show that the maximum temperature apparent secondary maximum frequency at midnight. Table 24. Frequencies of hours of maximum air temperature by groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Local mean hours ae Sac. i ae 2 oe eee cat nm 1 al ge, tur donee Bi 1 mo geben 4 424 ASS See IV fom ee ae le My ae Me eee Taal: lent | Vv : ( eee en a ee i ee | ue - oe Ge | 1 Sy Gh Se es | A Ee 1 ; vol (a) Ane : ee ee a a oe oo ee (b) ae ee 3 a SS) UY ee bees ee ag, Fe via -2 1 .. as er aes nal ge eae mane = eee Ix es: ee ar ae ape ee ey ee 15 ee x a Hee 3 : ee io ae a a eee rs ih Gg mee (So a Ce oS a ee a Sa ee de ok se ee SS oo oe es ae ae OS Ee eee = 4 xi e) or at sna ee a ee eR, ieee os iy ee my 06306€U4 44 1 23. 23) 3 ese is 2 xv = s i £F Sy eee i 1 XVI a es tae Se pa : xvo (a) . Se, oh - ee {2 33,2 ~fuie eS. (b) . 62 or ae SO Oe ee ee ae (ce) 1 1 i 3-22 a Se eee ig xvl 1 i: 2.93 412g Sn eee ae ps Tot 6 2 2 6 1 2.1 1 12°30 48. GS 14. 64 382 at ee ses Tal Ser, ae a Oe Se Oe A Ps: Wks chek ty 21 Ge ee a et we ot So ere [a 2S; 2a ss 2 af Bal Le ie al We to 2a Se eS 20 8 i 1 a Ar eee Wee 80 te os) ee oe oe eee ee Se Bete ae ok ee ager Se 1 2 4. ha Ae car Wet tae pee vu Gk 2°. 5-8 1S ote SR =a Bo es Cy ee ms. Ss oS OS Se pai ae er) a eee WHEY Apis). 2: 1 ae OE og oa ae ie 3h em Sih 2 38 Se Se eas pe 2 1 £3 ; rer Tee wat mer hae ee eee 1 1 fi iia ; TR Se ee S622 Sl ee de ae oe a 2 rp I ig) 7 ih i i ae ee ee Se ae oe ee eet 2. cer ies xml GAS cc is Ey SAE! + As C2 Sore o> do py es corte Ae ae a es 1 24 Stoo S20; 2) 4 4 SS SE ee ; 1: ..) 4oe es BV fee 2 i ef ee ee PPD a Eg ge | je Te Gees eee ie | : wt xvo Bye 2 wie: Caiete 2°95 201. Ue eee en ee eee im 4° 2°08 4 2 Boo Se) ee eee ee eee isa -2. 8 4 a8 8. ee ae ee Se ice yf eee 3 2 3a bre OSS ee ee ee 1 1 Total 41 47 49 51 53 58 41 24 12 9 5 5 0 1 4 3 4 3 8 12 9 19 14 4 AIR TEMPERATURE Obviously this apparent condition is unreal and arises from the fact that the data have not been corrected for noncyclic changes in this case. In a vessel which is moving from warmer to colder latitudes there is a pos- sibility that the variation of air temperature may be greater, owing to its motion, than the usual diurnal var- iation of temperature. This would tend to place the max- imum temperature for the 24-hour period at 00h, or the first observation of the day. Similarly, on a vessel which is moving from colder to warmer regions, there would be a tendency to record the maximum tempera- ture at 23h, or the last observation of the 24-hour peri- ed. This fact demonstrates the necessity for properly evaluating meteorological data obtained on shipboard be- fore attempting to interpret such data. Taking these data on the whole, the results do not agree well with those drawn by Visser [24] and Braak [25] for several tropical regions. From observations made during three cruises of the Snellius inthe Nether- lands East Indies during 1929-1930, Visser has made note of the fact that the maximum air temperatures in this region occur between 18h and 20h, and the minima at 06h. These results apply to data recorded in areas more than 100 km from the coast, and should thus be comparable with the Carnegie results. Braak, using air- temperature data obtained between Ambon and Batavia, found the highest air temperatures occurring between 16h and 20h. Visser does mention the fact, however, that this retardation of maximum temperature does not occur to such a degree on the open ocean as is obvious from different instances quoted in Hann’s Handbook [26]. No doubt the extreme retardation of maximum temperature in this region is due to excessive rainfall. Diurnal Variation of Air Temperature 7 General Remarks A study of the frequency distribution of the unperiod- ic diurnal amplitude of air temperature indicates that the daily range over the oceans is usually small when compared with ranges in continental or insular areas. Table 26 shows that the diurnal variation of temperature on the Carnegie was less than 3° on 71 per cent of the days. This result is not surprising when we consider the efficiency of the ocean as an energy-absorbing and stor- ing unit. Diurnal Variation of Mean Hourly Air Temperature for all Days As shown in figure 16, the mean hourly air tempera- tures for all days of the cruise present a fairly smooth curve with a definite maximum at 13h and the minimum at 05h. These results compare well with the frequencies of hours of occurrence of maximum and minimum air temperatures (tables 24, 25). Variation of the Diurnal Amplitude of Air Temperature with Latitude Assuming all heat-transport factors equal, we should expect the diurnal amplitude of air temperature over the ocean to be greatest within the ranges of latitude where- in air temperatures are highest, and conversely. Com- paring figure 14 with figure 18, however, it is found that this is not the case with the Carnegie air-temperature Table 26. Frequency distribution of the unperiodic diurnal amplitude of air temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29 Temperature | No. {| Percentage {| Cumulative range days of total | percentage = 4 32 10 i00. =: 110 Total 306 100 data. Figure 18 shows that the diurnal amplitude of air temperature on the Carnegie varies inversely with mean wind velocity. Obviously, large diurnal amplitudes are due in great measure to insufficient ventilation of the thermometer screens during periods with low wind ve- locities. For this reason it is impossible to determine with accuracy the comparative amplitudes of the diurnal variations in air temperature for the various latitude ranges over the ocean from the Carnegie data. Effect of Wind on the Diurnal Variation of Air Temperature As has just been indicated, wind appears to be the most important single factor in determining the ampli- tude of the diurnal variation of air temperature over the sea; that is, a smaller amplitude appears with the higher wind velocities. The reasons for such effects (in the case of air temperature) are two: one the mixing of sur- face layers of air due to greater mechanical turbulence, and the other the result of better ventilation of the ther- mometers. Although the wind data are not available in detail, it has been possible (from data in the log ab- stract) to select fifty-three days in tropical regions with an average wind force equal to or greater than 4 on the Beaufort scale, and fifty-three days within the same gen- eral regions, with wind force less than 4. The results give an amplitude of 1°79 for days with a wind force equal to or greater than 4, and one of 3°05 for days with wind force less than 4. An attempt was made to undertake a similar study of the effect of cloudiness on the diurnal variation of air temperature, but it was found that the records of cloudi- ness in the log abstract were not complete enough to al- low the division of a sufficient number of days into ap- propriate groups. Diurnal Waves of Air Temperature and Pressure Compared Investigators appear to agree that the diurnal varia- bilities of pressure are directly related to the rhythmic heating and cooling of the atmosphere. In this connection, therefore, it has seemed valuable to summarize the Car- negie air-temperature data in the same manner as the pressure data. The hourly values of air temperature, as given in table 78 of appendix II, were collected for each ten-de- gree range of latitude as was done for the pressure data. The departures of the mean 24-hourly air temperatures from the mean daily temperatures were determined for each range of latitude, and the mean diurnal variation 22 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 27. Results of Fourier analyses of diurnal variation of air temperature for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Coefficients Group __.| Se eas | as eS °E 2G AG 7G 1G 1e nC SG I -.458 + .095 -.038 + .024 -.416 +.101 + .059 -.064 Il -.277 +.107 -.008 + .058 -.507 +.150 + .096 -.092 Ill -.609 +.181 -.012 +.018 -.410 + .209 -.004 -.066 IV -.974 +.334 -.030 -.046 -.279 -.003 + .031 -.049 Vv -.563 + .222 +.112 -.043 + .007 + .063 -.084 +.100 VI -.289 +.107 + .033 -.022 -.164 +.114 -.046 -.028 VII } -.621 +.188 + .007 -.016 -.120 -.012 + .003 +.016 (b -.541 +.151 +.017 -.027 -.246 + .039 -.032 +.031 Vill -.539 + .105 + .009 + .013 -.167 -.015 + .012 + .002 Ix -.956 +.173 + .073 -.026 -.371 +.119 -.028 + .028 x -.703 +.187 -.006 -.022 -.209 + .036 -.019 + .003 XI -.672 +201 -.023 -.016 -.138 -.049 + .052 +.010 xi -.507 + .168 -.082 -.055 -.534 -.195 -.079 -.077 XII & -.369 + .251 + .084 +.051 -.210 +.129 + .056 -.005 b -.410 + .192 + .082 -.001 -.169 -.109 +.134 -.037 XIV -.059 +.154 + .007 + .025 -.118 +.160 -.037 + .022 XV -.331 -.013 + .032 +.018 -.480 +.120 +.014 + .045 XVI -.307 -.018 -.015 -.023 -.323 +.198 -.064 -.082 XVII a) -.522 + .142 +.106 -.020 -.344 +.150 -.048 -.030 y -.743 #08105) -.078 -.084 -.011 -.033 + .033 +.016 c -.240 +.100 +.059 - -.019 -.032 -.035 -.004 -.058 XVII -.637 +.245 + .007 -.083 -.197 + .006 + .063 -.036 Phase angles SP elt ery, | ese ea sleeetea, FS ee (aa a “Ee °C “6 [c fe} °o ° °o I 0.619 .139 .070 .068 227.8 43.2 327.2 159.4 of 0.578 .184 -096 .109 208.7 35.5 355.2 147.8 I 0.735 .276 .013 .068 236.1 40.9 251.6 164.7 IV 1.013 .334 -043 -067 254.0 90.5 315.9 223.2 Vv 0.563 -231 -140 .109 270.7 74.2 126.9 336.7 VI 0.332 .156 .057 .036 240.4 43.2 144.3 218.2 Vil ~ (a) 0.594 .156 .036 -041 245.5 75.5 152.0 318.9 (b) 0.632 .188 .008 .023 259.1 93.7 66.8 315.0 Vill 0.564 .106 -015 -013 252.8 98.1 36.9 81.3 Ix 1.025 .210 .078 -038 248.8 55.5 111.0 cries | x 0.733 -190 .020 -022 253.4 79.1 197.5 277.8 XI 0.686 .275 .057 .019 258.4 100.3 336.1 302.0 XII 0.737 “avi .114 -095 223.5 139.3 226.1 215.5 XII a 0.424 .282 -101 .051 240.4 62.8 56.3 95.6 b 0.445 .221 sly -037 247.6 119.6 31.5 181.5 XIV 0.132 eaee .038 -033 206.6 43.9 169.3 48.7 XV 0.583 oL21 -035 -049 214.6 353.8 66.4 21.8 XVI 0.446 .199 .066 -085 223.5 354.8 193.2 195.7 XV a) 0.625 .206 -116 -036 236.6 43.4 114.4 lee fs 0.743 .307 -085 .086 269.2 96.2 292.9 280.8 2} 0.242 .106 .059 -061 262.4 109.3 93.9 198.1 XVII 0.667 .245 .063 -091 252.8 88.6 6.3 246.6 corrected for noncyclic change. These corrected mean hourly departures of air temperature are given in table 28, and the mean diurnal curves in figure 19. Unfortu- nately, the number of days included in each range of lat- itude for the pressure and temperature data are not mospheric pressure in order to obtain the Fourier quan- tities for the 24-, 12-, 8-, and 6-hour waves (table 27). Figure 20 has been prepared to show the mean am- plitudes of the 24-, igs 8-, and 6-hour oscillations of air temperature and pressure for the several ranges of equal owing to instrumental difficulties previously des- latitude. One conspicuous feature of this diagram is the cribed, with the result that more days are included in large diurnal amplitude of air temperature, cj, com- the means of pressure than in the means of temperature. | pared with the semidiurnal term, ¢9. Between latitudes The mean hourly departures of air temperature were | +20°, the 24-hour term averages 2.8 times larger than analyzed in the same manner as the departures of at- the 12-hour term. It appears necessary, however, to AIR TEMPERATURE Table 28. Mean hourly departures of air temperature in degrees centigrade according to 657-550N 6 days 55°-45°N, 21 days, 45°-35°N, 26 days, June-Sep. LMT i—g 0 -.41 +.01 -.17 1 -.46 +.06 -.33 2 -.55 + .03 -.44 3 -.65 4 -.03 -.47 4 -.59 -.12 -.50 5 -.53 -.18 SS 6 -.59 -.23 -.49 7 -.51 -.27 -.39 8 -.36 -.34 -.31 9 -.15 -.26 -.09 10 +.39 -.08 +.12 11 +.53 +.12 +.32 12 +.57 +.34 + .46 13 +-.02 +.434 + 52 14 +.694 +.432 +.99 15 +.59 + .42 +.644 16 +.68 ade +.644 17 +.51 +.16 SH | 18 + .44 +.09 +.39 19 +.25 -.06 +.08 20 + .08 -.11 -.07 21 -.11 -.15 -.14 22 -.15 -.16 -.14 23 -.25 -.09 -.10 24 -.41 +.01 -.17 Mean 10.12 9.92 17.80 Average departure +0.44 +0.18 +0.35 Amplitude 1.34 0.77 1.16 1.30 1.19 1.66 15ie= 2m, 31 days, LMT April-May Nov. and Oct.-Nov. Jan.-Mar. h eG <6 A O: 2C 2¢ 0 -.36 -.46 -.34 -.62 -.50 1 -.41 =i} -.582 -.66 -.59 2 -.40 -.48 -.51 -.69 =6 24 3 -.43 -.50 -.47 -.69 -.60 4 a -.49 -.52 sikh -.61 5 AD 2 RRS -.56 +.73 -.55 6 -.42 -.50 -.55 -.42 -.44 t -.19 -.30 -.28 -.11 -.32 8 +.14 ele +.07 Fen || +.05 9 fuses) roen if | +.36 +.34 peo 10 + .44 + .62 +.63 + .62 +.38 11 == 78! +.86 +.01 +.80 +.57 12 +.682 +.95 +.78 + .84 + .66 13 +.684 +1.012 +.882 +.93 +.75 14 + .64 +.85 +t +1.042 +.824 15 +.50 eEeoy| +.51 +.78 +.74 16 +.41 +.29 + .26 +.61 +.62 17 +.12 +.20 +.19 + .40 +.36 18 -.14 -.03 +.01 rely) Se ailty 19 -.11 -.23 -.19 -.14 -.01 20 -.26 -.35 -.22 -.34 -.16 21 -.26 -.42 -.22 -.45 -.25 22 -.32 -.44 -.32 -.48 -.39 23 -.34 -.44 -.36 -.56 -.50 24 -.36 -.46 -.34 -.62 -.50 Mean 24.02 25.89 25.71 20.82 16.98 Average departure +0.38 +0.48 +0.42 +0.55 +0.46 Amplitude a5: 1.54 1.46 1.81 1.44 e6CcK—_aRep#)}=—waqoeweawowaeaeaeaeaeaee—e—e—e—e——— 2 Extreme mean values. 23 24 Table 29. Harmonic coefficients of diurnal waves of air temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29 Latitude range and number of days of record METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE 35°N-25°N, | 25°N-15°N, Desig- 65°N-55°N, | 55°N-45°N, | 45°N-35°N, nation 6 days, 21 days, 26 days, | ieee med oe CANE: July-Aug. July-Aug. June-Sep. Aug.-Oct. Aug.-Nov. Aa Nay Coefficients, °C ay -0.460 -0.143 -0.369 -0.486 -0.441 -0.725 ag +0.097 +0.129 +0.100 +0.205 +0.165 +0.280 a3 -0.022 -0.014 +0.054 +0.058 +0.007 +0.008 a4 +0.021 +0.033 +0.035 -0.024 -0.030 -0.026 by -0.444 -0.159 + 0.384 -0.266 -0.201 -0.176 bg + 0.044 +0.192 +0.095 +0.101 +0.021 +0.002 b3 +0.049 -0.001 +0.015 -0.023 +0.008 +0.014 b4 -0.061 +0.019 -0.047 -0.027 +0.025 -0.022 Amplitude, °C cl 0.639 0.213 0.533 0.554 0.484 0.746 c2 0.106 0.231 6.138 0.228 0.166 0.280 c3 0.054 0.014 0.056 0.062 0.011 0.016 c4 0.064 0.038 0.059 0.036 0.039 0.034 Phase angle, ° $1 226.0 222.0 223.9 241.2 245.5 256.4 $2 65.6 33.9 46.5 63.8 82.8 89.6 $3 335.8 265.9 74.5 111.6 41.2 29.7 $4 161.0 60.1 143.3 221.6 309.8 229.8 5°S-15°S, 15°S-25°S, ° ° ° ° Pai 38 days, 31 days, | “Segara” | odars.” |-15°N-15°S, Nov. and Nov. and Nov. -jan. Dae 117 days, Jan.-Apr. Jan.-Mar. Coefficients, °C al -0.517 -0.678 -0.598 -0.791 -0.631 -0.640 4 a2 +0.167 +0.252 + 0.226 +0.158 +0.098 + 0.233 2 a3 +0.027 -0.026 -0.016 +0.062 +0.032 + 0.003 2 a4 -0.034 +0.001 -0.035 -0.008 -0.036 -0.0202 bi -0.140 -0.139 -0.187 -0.245 -0.285 -0.1524 b2 +0.017 +0.034 -0.015 + 0.037 +0.037 +0.0182 b3 +0.014 + 0.039 +0.030 + 0.004 + 0.005 +0.022 2 b4 +0.014 +0.009 +0.002 + 0.026 +0.009 0.0002 Amplitude, °C cy 0.536 0.692 0.627 0.828 0.693 0.657 co 0.168 0.254 0.226 0.162 0.105 0.234 C3 0.030 0.047 0.034 0.062 0.032 0.022 C4 0.037 0.009 0.035 0.027 0.037 0.020 Phase angle, ° oy 254.8 258.4 252.6 252.8 245.7 256.6 $92 84.2 82.3 93.8 76.8 69.3 85.6 63 62.8 326.3 331.9 86.3 81.1 7.8 $4 292.4 6.3 273.3 342.9 284.0 270.0 ' 2 These are means for latitude zones 15° N-5° N, 5° N, 5°N-5° S, and 5° S-15° S, and from these amplitudes, c, and phase angles, ¢, were determined. apply certain corrections to these coefficients since, as has been brought out in the discussion of the measure- ment of air temperature on board ship (p. 13), the air temperatures recorded in the Stevenson screen on deck are probably too high during daylight hours to represent correctly temperature conditions within the free air at Similar heights above the sea (3.6 meters). In order partially to offset this effect, the corrections to the air- temperature data (from the diurnal variability of the differences between dry-bulb at deck and crosstrees) have been arranged according to ranges of latitude, cor- rected for noncyclic change, and subjected to harmonic analysis. The coefficients, a and b, have then been sub- tracted from similar values of the original analyses, and the corrected amplitudes, c and ¢, computed. These corrected temperatures and amplitudes, cj and cQ, are shown in figure 20. Corrections were not determined for c3 andc4. Using these corrected values we findthat between latitudes +20°,,the 24-hour term averages four times larger than the 12-hour term. One cannot claim great reliability for these corrected values (table 30), though they more nearly represent the actual unaffected air temperatures, and demonstrate the necessity for ob- taining true values before drawing conclusions regarding relations between the diurnal oscillations of pressure and temperature. Correcting the Fourier coefficients of AIR TEMPERATURE 25 Table 30. Corrected values of Fourier coefficients, amplitudes, and phase angles of the 24-hourly and 12-hourly oscillations of air temperature, Carnegie, 1928-292 Desig- nation Latitude range and number of days used in determining corrections Coefficients, °C aj -0.390 -0.202 -0.247 -0.371 -0.293 -0.429 aQ + 0.056 +0.057 -0.014 +0.106 -0.036 +0.110 bj -0.159 -0.096 -0.366 -0.234 -0.162 -0.117 b2 -0.097 +0.051 + 0.002 +0.004 -0.005 -0.034 Amplitudes, °C cl 0.421 0.224 0.442 0.440 0.335 0.445 c2 0.112 0.082 0.014 0.106 0.036 0.115 Phase angles, ° o1 247.8 244.6 214.0 237.8 241.1 254.7 $2 150.0 48.2 278.1 87.8 262.1 107.2 Coefficients, °C al ‘ -0.274 -0.429 -0.442 -0.453 -0.460 -0.3772 ag +0.072 +0.094 +0.106 +0.024 +0.035 +0.0925 bi -0.111 -0.128 -0.119 -0.197 -0.362 -0.119 b2 -0.038 -0.046 -0.147 -0.042 +0.027 -0.039 Amplitudes, °C C1 0.296 0.448 0.458 0.494 0.585 0.395 C2 0.081 0.105 0.181 0.048 0.044 0.100 Phase angles, ° 1 247.9 253.4 254.9 246.5 231.8 252.5 $2 117.8 116.1 144.2 150.3 52.4 113.0 De ee 2 Corrections obtained from difference between dry-bulb readings in screen on deck and at the crosstrees. These are means for latitude zones 15° N-5° N, 5° N-5° S, and 5° S-15° S, and from these amplitudes, c, and phase angles, ¢, were determined. air temperature for excesses during daylight hours in tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean (between latitudes +15°) decreases the amplitude c2 by almost one-half and increases the phase angle, $9, by 27°. The maximum amplitude thus occurs almost one hour earlier. It now appears that previous measurements of air temperature on board vessels at sea have been too high, at least by several tenths of a degree, and that ampli- tudes obtained from the uncorrected temperatures over the ocean are in error. If this is the case, then certain theoretical considerations regarding the dynamics of these oscillations, such as Chapman’s [27], will need modification. From data obtained during the Meteor Expedition (1925-1927), Kuhlbrodt and Reger [28] found the diurnal variation of air temperature to be of the order of 0°3, somewhat smaller than is indicated by the Carnegie am- plitudes for cj. The diurnal variation of temperature is large com- pared with the semidiurnal variation, in direct contrasi with the case of pressure. In the latter case, the ampli- tude of the 12-hour wave is greater than that of the 24- hour. Within latitudes +20°, the Carnegie mean ampli- tudes of the 12-hour waves of pressure average roughly three times the amplitude of the 24-hcur wave. The dif- ference in phase between the 12-hour pressure wave and the 12-hour temperature oscillation averages approxi- mately 72°, which is equivalent to stating that the time of maximum pressure occurs 2.4 hours earlier than the time of maximum air temperature. For uncorrecied data (table 27), the phase differences are more irregu- lar, but between latitudes +20° the time of maximum pressure averages only 1.5 hours earlier than the time of maximum air temperature. Bartels [9, pp. 17-19] has considered the relations between the 8-hour terms of pressure and temperature for certain European stations. Chapman [27], Pramanik [19], and Topping [29] have collected and analyzed data for several land stations during January and July. They found the phase to be fairly regular in summer and the amplitude generally greater in winter. Bartels found the amplitude of this temperature wave for Potsdam to be least at the equinoxes. The Carnegie coefficients of the 8-hour temperature oscillations are so irregular that they cannot be said to verify any of the above conclusions. The amplitudes and phase angles of this wave as given by Chapman, Pramanik, and Topping for Mauritius and Ascension for January are: Mauritius (20° 06’ south), c©3= 0°35 C, ¢3=35°; Ascension (7° 55’ south), c3 = 0°38 C, ¢3 = 45°. According to the Carnegie observa- tions, the amplitude of this oscillation is considerably smaller than the values given above. The Carnegie ob- servations for mean latitudes 15° to 25° south (31 days, November and January - March) and for mean latitudes 26 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE 5° to 15° south (38 days, November and January - April) show: latitudes 15° - 25° south, c 3=0°034C, $3=331°79; latitudes 5° - 15° south, c 3=0°047C; $3=32673. For equatorial and tropical regions, between lati- tudes +20°, the amplitude of the 8-hour temperature os- cillation, as computed from the Carnegie data, is about one-tenth the amplitude of the 12-hour oscillation. There appears to be little regularity in the differences of phase between the two temperature waves; the maxi- mum pressure varies from 3.8 hours earlier to 2.8 hours later than the maximum temperature. Between latitudes +20°, the time of maximum pressure averages 2.3 hours earlier, a result which compares favorably with the fig- ures of Bartels [29] for Potsdam, where the pressure maximum in summer averaged 2.0 hours earlier than the temperature maximum. Finally, brief mention should be made of the 6-hour variation in temperature. The only extensive work on this variation has been conducted by Pramanik [18], who concludes that the phase, $4, is fairly uniform with a slight seasonal variation from a mean of 204° in sum- mer to 250° in winter. The mean annual amplitude, c4, is a maximum (0°23) at latitudes +25° (approximately), decreasing to 0°10 near the equator and to 0°05 at lati- tudes +50°. He found the amplitude smaller in summer than in winter and smaller at coastal stations than in- land. The irregularity of the Carnegie Fourier quantities for this 6-hour term precludes any detailed comparison with Pramanik’s data. Figure 21, however, serves to indicate one conspicuous difference between the Carne- gie values for c4 and Pramanik’s values for several stations in corresponding latitudes also under summer conditions [18, p. 55], that is, the small amplitude of the term from the Carnegie observations when compared with the large amplitude determined for these coastal stations by Pramanik. CONCLUSION The Carnegie data show that both spatial and time variations in air temperatures over the ocean are usual- ly small. Owing to the slightness of such variations, however, it becomes increasingly evident that the accu- racy of air-temperature measurements on board ship must be increased before detailed studies of these vari- ations can be undertaken. Quite frequently the air tem- peratures recorded on the Carnegie show marked dis- crepancies, due, no doubt, to local heating and cooling of the vessel and thermometers; and, not many adequate temperature analyses could be made in view of the con- sequent inaccuracy of the data. It is to be hoped that greater attention will be given on future expeditions to the details of air-temperature measurement at sea, and that these Carnegie results may serve to stimulate in- vestigation and experimentation in this field. SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE. INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS Sea-Water Thermograph A continuous record of surface sea-water tempera- tures at a depth of approximately 2 meters below the surface was maintained by means of a mercury-in-steel bulb-and-capillary type sea-water thermograph with 24- hour movement (fig. 22). The recording apparatus for this instrument was located on a shelf in the chemical laboratory and communicated, through a lead capillary tube, with a large-volume mercury bulb in a protecting shield mounted on the hull of the vessel. The bulb was located 14.45 meters forward of the center of the rudder stock on the starboard side, 1.65 meters from the bot- tom of the keel by a vertical projection, and 1.71 meters out from the starboard edge of the keel. Under condi- tions of average draft, it was 2.29 meters below the sea surface. The thermometer bulb, itself, was 66 cm in length. Owing to the relatively small volume of mercury contained in the capillary tube as compared with the vol- ume of mercury in the bulb, considerable changes of temperature in the chemical laboratory produced no ap- parent effect on the recorded sea-water temperatures. The traces were changed daily, usually at noon (GMT). Canvas Bucket and Sea-Water Thermometer In order to control the thermograph records, the temperature of the surface sea water was measured by the bucket method immediately before each change of thermogram at noon. This method consisted of lower- ing a canvas bucket into the water until the upper rim was about 60 cm beneath the surface, then quickly haul- ing the bucket to the deck, and measuring, with a sea- water thermometer, the temperature of the water con- tained. The canvas bucket was approximately 30 cm in depth by 15 cm in diameter. The thermometer (P.T.R. No. 373) was a standard instrument and needed no cor- rections throughout the ranges of sea temperature en- countered on the cruise. Very few adjustments of the thermograph were nec- essary, as the difference between bucket and thermo- graph readings remained practically constant from day to day. Occasionally, however, there appeared to be a slow but steady change in this difference owing to un- known causes, and therefore it became necessary to re- set the recording pen of the thermograph on two or three occasions. In areas where the sea-surface tempera- tures were undergoing rapid changes, such as along the boundaries of well-developed ocean currents, or during calm, clear weather, these differences appeared to be somewhat erratic, owing probably to a lag in the record- ing mechanism of the thermograph. When the surface temperatures were changing rapidly, a mean of several bucket readings was used to determine the correction at that period. Figure 23 shows two interesting thermograms from the cruise. The upper trace (A) was obtained on the western edge of the Coastal Peru Current and indicates rapid variations of as much as 2°5 in about 10 minutes, presumably owing to the mixing of cold and warm water ’ masses; the lower trace (B) shows the characteristic rapid changes of smaller amplitude recorded during calm, clear weather in the tropics. Evaluation of Thermograms The thermograms were scaled at each full hour, local mean time. The differences between the thermo- graph and bucket readings at noon (GMT) were deter- mined as has been described, and these values were used as corrections to the hourly thermograph readings. It is realized that the probability of error in values ob- tained by the bucket method is greater than in the case of individual values obtained from the thermograms [30] therefore the corrections to be applied have been smoothed considerably, except in instances where it is evident that the differences were due to a shift in posi- tion of the thermogram on the drum or to rapid changes in sea-surface temperature. At the lowest sea tempera- tures, the bucket thermometer readings averaged from 0°8 to 0°9 higher than the thermograph temperatures, and at the maximum sea temperatures they averaged from 0°1 to 0°2 higher. Comparing sea-surface tem- peratures so obtained with those measured at each oce- anographic station (fig. 1) with the reversing thermom- eters, it is found that no difference greater than 0°5 oc- curred and at more than half of the stations this differ- ence was less than 0°1. DISCUSSION General Remarks When it is considered that the heat capacity of sea water is 3300 times greater than that of dry air at stand- ard pressureand temperature, it can readily be seen that the temperature of the sea surface controls, to a great ex- tent,-the temperature and vapor content of the overlying air. A knowledge of temperature conditions at the sur- face of the sea is therefore of fundamental importance to any study of marine meteorology. For these reasons, the observation and recording of sea-surface temperature was made a part of the routine meteorological work on board the Carnegie, and, as a result, corrected hourly values of sea-surface temper- ature are available for 330 days during the cruise. All days when the vessel was in harbor have been omitted. Mean Sea-Surface Temperatures for Groups The hourly values of sea-surface temperature given in table 79 of appendix III have been summarized for the Groups outlined in table 1 and figure 3. These Groups were originally defined by Miss Clarke, and were con- structed mainly on the basis of homogeneity of sea-sur- face temperature. Unfortunately, it is impossible to designate arbitrary geographical boundaries on the sur- face of a constantly moving and changing sea, and to ex- pect the areas described by these boundaries to be true climatological entities throughout any given period. It has been necessary, however, to divide the data region- ally in some manner for purposes of analysis, and it is believed that Miss Clarke’s classification should serve this end. The hourly values corrected for noncyclic change, and the mean sea-surface temperatures for each 27 28 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Group are given in table 31, without comment, inas- Departures of Sea-Suriace much as no unusual or unexpected features appear to Temperatures from Normal Values exist. Obviously, the mean sea-suriace temperatures for the various groups are determined largely by sea- The mean values of sea-suriace temperature for son, latitude, area of the Group, and the relation of the various Groups have been compared with published ocean currents to the greatest number of observations tables and maps of sea-suriace isotherms such as the within the group. Atlas of the Atlantic Ocean published by the Deutsche Table 31. Mean hourly values of sea-surface temperature, in degrees centigrade, for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 (Corrected for noncyclic change) Local mean hours Groups 1928 ° ° Ut 04 =e: Xo I July 29-Aug. 6 9 56.3 N 40.7 W 10.33 10.41 10.47 Ol Aug. 7-10 4 42.8N 47.8 W 19.60 19.71 19.57 pint Aug. 1i-Aug. 23 {3 29.0N 42.0 W 26.38 26.30 26.29 IV Aug. 24-Sep. 152 21 11.8N 43.0 W 27.43 27.43 27.41 V Oct. 2-10 9 13.8N 71.0 W 28.31 28.35 28.41 au Oct. 26-Nov.6 - 12 4.0N 81.0 W 26.52 26.53 26.50 I (a) Nov. 7-Dec. 21) 35 16.58 104.3 W 21.65 21.63 21.63 (b Feb. 22-28, 1929 7 13.18 119.4 W 26.12 26.13 26.19 Viil Dec. 22-31¢ 8 37.28 96.7 W 17236, | Ws32) had 1929 Ix Jan. 1-14 14 24.78 83.3 W 19.89 19.84 19.82 D8 Feb. 6-17 12 12.3 88.2 W 23.81 23.84 23.85 XI Mar. 1-314 21 16.8S 147.9 W 28.22 28.23 28.20 XI Apr. 22-May 31& 32 9.7N 168.7 E AO oT AAT ES IT xu (a) June i-30! 13 34.3 N 143.1E 20.68 20.38 20.31 b July 1-3 3 39.6 N 149.4E 15.43 15.16 14.95 XIV July 4-218 19 47.7N 179.5 W 9.12 9.04 9.09 XV July 22-28 7 41.5 N 131.8 W 14.57 14.56 14.63 XVI Sep. 4-8 5 34.1 N 126.3 W 19.00 18.86 19.07 XVII a Sep. 9-16 8 27.8N 136.6 W 23.39 23.42 23.38 ry) Sep. i7-Oct. 74 8 27.0 N 155.1 W 25.37 25.40 25.30 c Oct. 11-251 14 25.2N 140.7 W 23.60 23.66 23.62 XVIII Oct. 26-Nov. 14 20 0.1S 150.5 W 27.78 27.79 27.80 Local mean hours Srowpe | rato AcoL oS Wee [tsa eae ae Te °G “G °c °E Xa e 4G “te ve “Ee I 10.46 10.44 10.36 10.38 10.28 10.23 10.31 10.47 10.57 10.64 10.69 Il 19.38 19.09 18.83 18.66 18.87 18.81 18.49 1840 18.69 18.32 18.83 Ill 26.28 26.21 26.19 26.20 26.23 26.21 26.26 26.33 26.39 26.42 26.44 IV 27.40 27.40. 27.36 27.85 27.38 27.41 27.48 27.63 27.69 27.77 27.79 Vv 28.38 28.39 28.41 28.40 28.43 28.51 28.49 28.53 28.52 28.62 28.62 vI 26.48 26.52 26.52 26.52 26.56 26.58 26.64 26.65 26.66 26.66 26.64 ta 21.63 21.65 21.68 21.70 21.69 21.69 21.70 21.77 21.84 21.92 21.95 26.19 26.18 26.19 26.27 26.26 26.24 26.23 26.23 26.22 26.24 26.29 vill 17218 W723) 23) a2 1739) 4a VCO 158) Go) NGOs kT-69 Ix 19.80 19,82 19.89 19.91 19.93 19.95 19.97 20.05 20.18 20.26 20.23 x 23.91 23.96 24.01 23.97 23.97 23.94 23.94 23.95 24.01 24.09 24.23 XI 28.27 28.22 28.18 28.15 28.10 28.11 28.15 28.22 28.27 28.39 28.52 XII Bus) OR OO Oa Pe Pa ORY A I) eo) ces a 20.26 20.31 20.37 20.42 20.47 20.50 20.34 20.09 20.28 20.52 20.54 15.01 15.14 15.19 15.48 15.44 15.60 15.70 15.02 15.01 15.30 15.42 XIV 9.02 9.04 9.03 9.02 9.00 8.91 8.96 897 8.96 8.97 9.05 XV 14.63 14.71 14.77 14.68 14.45 14.39 14.36 14.57 14.59 14.47 14.61 XVI 19.21 19.15 19.20 19.20 19.26 19.15 19.07 18.95 18.96 19.00 18.96 (a 23.33 23.43 23.36 23.32 23.38 23.30 23.23 23.25 23.30 23.37 23.42 (b 25.33 25.85 25.33 25.32 25.38 25.41 25.42 25.49 25.52 25.58 25.57 (c 23.72 23.75 23.69 23.70 23.73 23.74 23.67 23.63 23.65 23.69 23.75 XVII 27.82 27.81 27.78 27.79 27.77 27.74 27.75 27.78 27.86 27.92 27.96 SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE \ Table 31. Mean hourly values of sea-surface temperature, in degrees centigrade, for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29--Concluded 29 Local mean hours pe Laban aer | a7 te ven eeeor | ean eer as | Meee 1e 16; XG 2¢ Xe °C XG °C we AG ac I 10.54 10.46 10.48 10.47 410.60 10.64 10.62 10.47 10.43 10.48 10.46 U 19.04 19.68 19.79 19.35 19.71 20.02 20.00 20.06 20.17 19.78 19.30 It 26.47 26.50 26.50 26.45 26.34 26.34 26.31 26.39 26.40 26.43 26.35 IV 27.93 27.96 27.88 27.81 27.72 27.66 27.58 27.56 27.52 27.44 27.58 Vv 28.66 28.59 28.56 28.42 28.47 28.38 28.35 28.30 28.30 28.32 28.44 VI 26.62 26.61 26.63 26.58 26.56 26.52 26.52 26.48 26.54 26.54 26.56 Vii a 21.95 21.95 21.89 21.82 21.78 21.73 21.63 21.62 21.57 21.53 21.73 b 26.28 26.28 26.29 26.24 26.28 26.25 26.19 26.18 26.18 26.18 26.22 vill 17.85 17.68 17.68 17.64 17.54 17.38 17.44 17.37 17.34 17.25 17.45 Ix 20.24 20.27 20.14 19.88 20.01 19.85 19.97 19.86 19.85 19.85 19.97 x 24.08 24.09 24.13 24.22 24.11 24.04 23.98 23.93 23.88 23.82 23.98 XI 28.55 28.60 28.58 28.53 28.41 28.34 28.27 28.26 28.25 28.25 28.30 XII 27.51 27.48 27.48 27.47 27.47 27.44 27.41 27.39 27.41 27.41 27.38 x1 @ 20.46 20.21 20.27- 20.18 19.94 19.97. 19.99 19.95 20.09 20.22 20.30 b 15.15 15.54 15.10 15.23 15.68 15.71 16.06 16.02 16.09 15.88 15.43 XIV 9.08 Ont 8.10 9.10 9.02 9.08 9.06 9.04 9.09 9.13 9.04 XV 14.75 14.94 15.14 15.22 15.35 15.25 14.75 14.87 14.73 14.64 14.73 XVI ‘18.95 18:97 19.01 18.88 18.82 18.56 18.65 18.67 18.81 18.84 18.97 XVII (a 23.51 23.69 23.77 23.64 23.63 23.47 23.53 23.42 23.45 23.40 23.43 b 25.58 25.52 25.46 25.39 25.38 25.34 25.39 25.42 25.37 25.30 25.41 E 23.70 23.71 23.64 23.55 23.53 23.47 23.50 23.57 23.57 23.61 23.64 x 28.01 28.01 27.99 27.92 27.85 27.81 27.80 27.77 27.76 27.75 27.83 Days omitted as follows: 26; (e) May 6, 11, 20-25; 20- Oct. 2; (i) Oct. 18. Seewarte, values for 5° squares published by the ‘‘Ma- rine Observer,’ 1926, Pilot Charts of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans issued by the United States Hydrograph- ic Office, Memoirs of the Imperial Marine Observatory, Japan, 1930, and Réseau Mondial (1925) values for 10° Squares. Though the data from which these normal val- ues of sea-surface temperature have been computed are meager, especially for parts of the Pacific Ocean, it is interesting to find that the Carnegie mean values for the various Groups and the values given for the approximate mean positions of these respective Groups in the publi- cations cited seldom differ more than 1°. From this it can be inferred that temperatures of the ocean surface are remarkably uniform when compared with air tem- peratures. This reasoning, however, does not minimize the effect of persistent small differences in temperature On ocean currents, evaporation, air temperature, and stability. Even the departures of individual observations of temperature from normal monthly values appear to be everywhere small, as may be shown by comparing the revyersing-thermometer records of surface tempera- tures with monthly normals scaled from the isothermal charts of Schott and Schu [31]. From the simultaneity of change of surface temper- ature and salinity, Helland-Hansen [32] has concluded that unperiodic variations in sea-surface temperature must be chiefly the result of displacement of the surface layers. Although the series of Carnegie observations in such regions is short, the available data seem to bear out this conclusion; for example, the average areal sea- surface temperatures generally appear to depart from the normal temperatures by more than one degree only (a) Aug. 25, 26; (b) Dec. 3-12; (c) Dec. 25, 26; (f) June 8-24; (2) Two dates July 14 on crossing 180° meridian; (h) Sep. (d) Mar. 4, 13-20, along the boundaries of ocean currents where shifting and mixing of water masses are taking place. Maxima and Minima of Sea-Surface Temperature The absolute maximum sea-surface temperature re- corded during the cruise was 30°2 and occurred at 14h and 15h, November 14, 1929, in latitude 11°6 south, lon- gitude 163°4 west, while the vessel was approaching the Samoan Islands. The region around these islands was one of consistently high sea-surface temperatures dur- ing the two periods that the Carnegie spent in these wa- ters (March-April and November 1929). A maximum temperature of 30°0 was recorded at 14h, March 29, 1929, in latitude 15°3 south, longitude 163°3 west, and one of 29°9 during 11h and i2h, April 26, 1929, in lati- tude 6°7 south, longitude 172°4 west. Sea-surface tem- peratures averaged above 29° throughout most of this part of the South Pacific Ocean. Temperatures averaged considerably lower in the North Pacific Ocean; the absolute maximum was 28°38. The highest sea-surface temperatures in the North At- lantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea were 29°1 and 29°2 re- spectively (see table 32). The absolute minimum sea-surface temperature of the cruise (6°4) was recorded in the North Pacific Ocean at noon on July 8, 1929, in latitude 46°S north, longitude 163° east. Average temperatures almost as low -were recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean, but occurred in higher latitudes. The absolute minimum (6°9) was re- corded at 06h, July 14, 1928, in latitude 64°1 north, lon- gitude 11°4 west. It may be remarked again that these 30 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 32. Absolute maximum and minimum Table 33. Mean daily maximum and minimum sea-surface temperatures by groups, sea-surface temperatures by groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Carnegie, 1928-29 Gros aa ae p | Maximum® | Minimum® | Daily range Maximum °C °C °C x rc cc I 11.01 9.73 1.28 I 11.6 8.5 3.1 0 21.82 17.08 4.74b 0 26.1 10.8 15.3 I 26.74 25.93 0.81 peat 27.5 24.6 2.9 IV 28.09 27.25 0.84 IV 29.1 26.2 2.9 Vv 28.770 28.08> 0.69 Vv 29.2 27.9 1.3 VI 26.86 26.28 0.58 VI 28.1 24.8 3.3 vu. vo @) 22.70 21.15 1.55 (a) 24.7 17.3 7.4 ) 26.43 25.96 0.472 (b) 27.4 25.0 2.4 vill 18.10 16.40 1.70 vul 21.2 14.3 6.9 Ix 20.76 19.26 1.50 x 22.1 13.8 8.3 x 24.50 23.37 1.13 x 27.4 21.1 6.3 xI 28.73 28.02 0.71 XI 30.0 27.3 ee xu 27.75 27.08 0.67 XII 29.9 23.4 6.5 xu x10 {a} rt ei 19.01 2.56 a 24.5 14.7 9.8 16.37 14.07 2.30 3 16.7 13.1 3.6 XIV 9.552 8.612 0.94 XIV 15.3 6.42 8.9 XV 15.79 13.29 2.50 44 17.6 10.0 7.6 XVI 19.70 17.88 1.82 XVI 21.6 13.9 ok xVil XV (a) 23.95 23.06 0.89 (a 25.2 21.4 3.8 tP} 25.79 25.08 0.71 (b 27.1 23.3 3.8 c) 24.00 23.19 0.81 (c 26.4 21.8 4.6 28.16 27.48 0.68 XVII 30.2> 26.3 3.9 Weighted = mean 23.570 22.402 1.168 2 Absolute minimum sea-surface temper- =. Tish i i Sa, oc eee ature of cruise. @ Minimum value. > Maximum value. © Unperiodic. D Absolute maximum sea-surface tem- perature of cruise. Table 34. Mean maximum and minimum sea-surface temperatures and hours of occurrence for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 extreme temperatures were all recorded in the open ocean, all harbor temperatures having been excluded. As indicated in table 33, the mean daily maximum sea-surface temperature appears to be highest in the Caribbean Group. This condition is more apparent than h ne h ai °- Group real, for if the Christmas Island Group had been divided I 13 10.69 8 10.23 at some line south of the equator, without a doubt the bef 22 20.17 12 18.32 southern portion would present as great an area with a I oe ae0 5 aoe higher mean maximum temperature. IV 1 -96 6 F se a E J : v 14 28.66 21-22 28.30 Table 34 indicates that there is considerable varia- 7 Se ; 2 iar VI 11-12 26.66 3, 21 26.48 tion in the time of occurrence of maximum and minimum vu mean sea-surface temperatures between the various (a) 13-15 21.95 23 21.53 Groups. This variability among Groups was even more 13, 16 26.29 1 26.13 pronounced than was found to be the case with air tem- vi 4 17.85 3 17.18 peratures. The diurnal variation of sea-surface temper- x 15 20.27 3 ae ature is generally so small, however, that it is often rs 7 Se yg aaa masked by chance variations and by noncyclic differ- Ei Zi aes XII 14 27.51 8 27.26 ences. Nevertheless, the frequency distribution of hours xa of occurrence of maximum sea-surface temperatures a 13 20.54 18 19.94 indicates, very definitely, a maximum frequency of oc- fs 22 16.09 2 14.95 currence at 15h, two hours later than was shown by a XIV 23 9.13 8 8.91 similar treatment of air-temperature data (table 35). xV 18 15.35 9 14.36 This result agrees very well with the data assem- as 7 19.26 19 18.56 bled during the three cruises of the Snellius [24, p. 14], 5 2 , a 16 23.77 9 23.23 which show a maximum between 14h and 16h for each b 12,14 25.58 2. 123 25.30 SRS c 4,13 23.75 19 23.47 An attempt was made to determine the frequency XVII 14-15 28.01 8 27.74 4 Periodic. SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE distribution of hours of minimum-temperature occur- rence. but it was found that the data produced 2n almost complete scatter, with no concrete evidence that the minimum temperature tended to occur at any given hour between 17h and 09h. The explanation for this interest- ing result is obvious. As the surface layers of the sea cool by radiation to the sky, the surface particles be- come heavier than those particles immediately beneath the surface, and, as a result, a state of instability is produced. It may safely be assumed that as rapidly as the surface layers are cooled, they sink and are re- placed by layers from below. The net result of such 2 mechanism would be to preserve 2 more or less uni- form and stable sea-surface temperature for 2 consid- erable period. There is a slight indication that the max- imum frequency occurs at 09h, but when it is considered that the frequencies at 03h, 04h, 05h, 06h, O7h, and 08h are respectively 52, 52, 51, 55, 50, 56, and 57 cases, it can readily be seen that such evidence is hardly conclu- sive. The most that can be said is that the minimum sea-surface temperature occurs most frequently be- tween midnight and 09h. The Snellius data [24], however, indicate that the minimum sea-surface temperature in — re- gions tends to occur at 06h. Diurnal Variation of Sea-Surface Temperature General Remarks Table 36 shows the small diurnal variation of sea- 31 surface temperature over the ocean. From the fre- quencies of amplitude as computed from the Carnesie data, it can be stated that the apparent diurnal variation of sea-surface temperature is 1~ or less, approxim2te- ly 60 per cent of the time; between 1° and 2°, 28 per cent of the time; and over 2°, only 12 per cent of the time. Meinardus [33] found the corresponding v2lmes from the Gauss def2 to be 63, 23, and 14 per cent re- spectively. One may conclude from these dat (666 dys of observations) that on approximately 60 per cent af the deys the diurnal variation of sea-surfizce tempera- ture will be less than 1°, and that on about 85 per cent of the days it will not exceed 2°. It is the belief of the writers, however, that these data are not conclusive, and that the actual diurnal veri- ations of sea-surface temperature are somewhat less | than the above values. An examination of the hourly se2- surface temperature data indicates that lerge diurnal variations in such temperatures are, in every case, the result of 2 change of water mass, for example, of the vessel's moving from warmer to colder water, or the contrary. Owing to such influences, it thus appears im- possible to establish the amplitude of the diurnal veria- tion of sea-surface temperature from the Carnesie d:i2 with any degree of certainty. Variation of Sea-Surface Temperature for all Days The mean hourly sea-surface temperatures, cor- rected for noncyclic change, are plotted in figure 24. These data appear to present 2 well-defined maximum at 15h, with a less well-defined minimum at 05h. It is Table 35. Frequencies of hours of occurrence of maximum sea-surface temperature, Carnesie, 1928-29 I — = ee : = 2 IV a = > a 1 2 Vv see = 1 1 1 2 VI 2 2 - 6 6 ~ 4 vu a 1 3 1 1 2 6 Vit = se a 1 1 1 x 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 XI 1 1 a 1 xi 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 xi (a) 1 1 me i (b) ae = =<: x XIV 2 2 : 1 : XVI aa XVII (a £ ~Aa 1 - me aos (b < pee 2 2 1 2 2 (c) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 XVII 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 <2 = — a 2 1 1 a 1 2 3 3 4 4 3 1 = 1 3 8 ll ) 2 1 == 2 4 4 2 1 1 = 1 2 1 1 2 3 = — 7 9 8 T 6 3 < 6 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 — <— 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 2 3 3 3 1 2 1 1 2 4 4 2 1 2 =< 3 4 6 3 3 2 3 1 2 2 ll 10 9 5 3 < 3 — 1 1 = < ¥ 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 2 = oe — 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 aoe —_ = 1 1 — 1 3 4 2 3 1 <— 2 2 1 1 = — a3 = 1 2 4 3 3 — 1 1 5 7 ll 9 9 7 3 4 < & 32 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 36. Frequency in days of unperiodic daily amplitude of sea-surface temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29, and on Gauss, 1901-03 Vessel Carnegie 55 142 66 Gauss 104 109 54 Table 37. Diurnal amplitude of sea-surface temperature according to ranges in latitude, Carnegie, 1928-29 Range in Diurnal Range in Diurnal latitude amplitude latitude amplitude ° ° “Ye ° ° °6E >45 N 12 5N- 5S 1.0 45 N-35 N 2.3 58-155 0.9 35 N-25 N 1.2 15 §-25 S 0.7 25 N-15 N 0.8 25 §-35 S 1.1 15 N-5N 0.7 35 S-45 § 1.6 INE orn oc 2's EE ict-fale ocrelote 1.15 interesting to consider that the minima for sea-surface and air temperature occur at the same hour, but that there is a lag of two hours in the sea-surface maximum. Variation of the Diurnal Amplitude of Sea-Surface Temperature with Latitude Table 37 shows the variation in the daily range of sea-surface temperature with latitude. It appears that the amplitude generally increases with latitude, although it may be noted that the amplitude is somewhat greater at the equator than between latitudes +5° to +25°, and that the amplitude at mean latitude 40° north is unusual- ly large. The explanation for the maximum at the equa- tor appears to be that the amplitude within the range of latitude +5° is greatly influenced by the number of ob- servations made on board the Carnegie in the vicinity of the Galapagos Islands, where noncyclic changes in sea- surface temperatures were large. Similarly, the ampli- tude between latitudes 35° and 45° north appears to have been greatly affected by observations made within the California and Kuroshio currents, where, again, non- cyclic effects were important. The curve produced by the data in table 37 would probably be more regular if more data were used in computing the means. The elimination of all days with a range of sea-sur- face temperature greater than 3°, however, does not appreciably affect the results. Effect of the State of the Sea on the Diurnal Variation of Sea-Surface Temperature Since mixing of the surface sea waters should tend to reduce the daily amplitude of sea-surface tempera- Amplitude in °C 26 25 16 24 30 15 330 336 tures, a comparison of the differences between the un- periodic amplitude for days with moderate-to-rough sea and for days with a smooth sea has been made for the purpose of determining to what extent this is true. Owing to the loss of the logbook of the Carnegie, it has been possible definitely to select days with 2 smooth or rough sea in only thirty-four cases. All these were days when the vessel was in tropical waters between latitudes +20°. The results give a value of 0°6 for the seventeen days with moderate-to-rough sea, and 1°4 for the seventeen days with smooth sea. Although it is real- ized that seventeen days of observation are not suffi- cient to determine this relationship satisfactorily, it is believed that the difference between the two sets of data (0°8) is sufficiently large to be conclusive. Van Riel [34] found that the change in the state of the sea from mean smooth to mean moderate reduced the daily range in temperature about 0°2. Information concerning the methods of determining the state of the sea for Van Riel’s data is not given, but it is assumed that these data were probably more accurate than the corresponding Carnegie data, and thus that his range is most nearly correct. Effect of Cloudiness on the Diurnal Variation of Sea-Surface Temperature It was considered especially interesting to observe the effect of cloudiness on the diurnal variation of sea- surface temperature, but, again, the loss of the Carne- gie logbook makes it difficult to separate the days into appropriate groups. Ten days have been chosen, how- ever, which were summarized in the log abstract as “clear days’’ (cloudiness less than 0.2) with wind force less than 4, Beaufort scale, and also ten cloudy days (cloudiness greater than 0.8) with wind force less than 4. These twenty days were all in the tropical Pacific Ocean between latitudes +20°. The mean daily range of temperature for the ten cloudy days proves to be 0°66, and for the ten clear days, 1°24. These values compare favorably with those de- termined by Schott [35] from observations on a sailing vessel and by Meinardus [4, p. 522] from the Gauss data (table 38). The mean 24-hour values, corrected for noncyclic change, were computed for each of the above ten-day groups and the results are shown in figure 25. The small periodic amplitude of 0°1 for the cloudy days is in decided contrast with the amplitude of 0°8 for the clear days. According to these curves, the minimum sea-surface temperature occurs at 07h on the clear days, and on the cloudy days at 02h. The maximum sea- SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE 33 surface temperature on the clear days occurs at 15h, and on the cloudy days at 17h and 18h. Effect of Wind on the Diurnal Variation of Sea-Surface Temperature In a similar manner, the mean unperiodic amplitude has been computed for days with various wind veloci- ties. In the abstracts of the ship’s log, the wind force was usually given more explicitly than the cloudiness. Therefore, it has not been difficult to select fifty-four days in tropical regions with an average wind force equal to or greater than 4 on the Beaufort scale, and forty-six days within the same latitudes with wind force less than 4. These selections were made without regard to other meteorological conditions. The results give an amplitude of 0°65 for days with a wind force equal to or greater than 4, and one of 1°03 for days with wind force less than this value. The mean diurnal courses of sea-surface tempera- ture for these same groups were computed, corrected for noncyclic change, and the resulting curves are shown in figure 25. The periodic amplitude on windy days amounts to 0°11, and on relatively calm days to 0°84. The maximum of the mean sea-surface tempera- ture for windy days falls at 15h and the minimum at O7h. Qn calm days, the maximum occurs at 13h, and the min- imum at 23h. From these data we can conclude that wind, rough sea, and cloudiness are conducive to small diurnal ranges in sea-surface temperature. The reasons ap- _ pear obvious. Harmonic Analysis of Sea-Temperature Data A more detailed study of the diurnal variation of sea-surface temperature is possible from an examina- tion of the results of Fourier analyses of the mean diur- nal curves for each of the groups of Carnegie data. From the mean hourly departures, the Fourier coeffi- cients for the 24-hour, 12-hour, 8-hour, and 6-hour terms have been determined and the results given in table 39. The amplitudes and phase angles, used as polar co- ordinates, were plotted on harmonic dials to facilitate Study. It was immediately obvious from a preliminary examination of these figures that the coefficients for Groups II, XIlIa, XIIIb, and XV were extremely irregu- lar, falling completely out of phase with the greater number of diurnal curves, and exhibiting amplitudes much larger than average. The reasons for these ir- regularities are not difficult to explain; namely, Group Il includes four days in the region of the Gulf Stream where the diurnal variability of sea-surface tempera- ture is no doubt completely obscured by noncyclic changes; Group XIlla and Group XIlb include sixteen days of observation in the Kuroshio Current, where the mean is affected bv rapid mixing of water masses of very different temperatures; and Group XV embraces five days of changeable temperatures due to the cross- ing of the California Current where, again, the diurnal eon are masked by the large unperiodic varia- tions. For these reasons, the above-mentioned Groups will Table 38. Mean unperiodic daily amplitude of sea- surface temperature, tropical latitudes, clear days and cloudy days, wind force less than 4 Beaufort Scale, Carnegie and Gauss and after Schott Cloudy days Clear days Amplitude Amplitude Source Cc Cc Carnegie 0.66 10 1.24 10 Gauss 0.88 28 1.02 19 Schott 0.93 ? 1.59 a Mean 0.82 1.28 not be considered in this discussion. According to values derived for $1, the maximum sea-surface temperature, cj, occurs between noon and 17h except for Groups XVI and XVIIc, which show max- ima in the morning, Presumably these two Groups were also affected to some extent by large regional var- iations in temperature. By averaging the Fourier coef- ficients, a1 and bj, for the remaining sixteen Groups, it is found that the mean amplitude and phase angle are 0°12 and 228° respectively. In other words a mean max- imum amplitude of 0°12 occurs on the average at 14h 48m. The Carnegie amplitudes and phase angles of the 24- hour and 12-hour terms have been compared with values for these terms derived from Gauss and Challenger [4, p. 509, table 95a] observations in corresponding lati- tudes and the results are presented in table 40. The Carnegie amplitudes average somewhat lower than the Gauss values, in all probability because of differences in observational methods. The mean amplitude of the Carnegie, Gauss, and Challenger 24-hour term is prac- tically the same but the first crest of the double diurnal oscillation occurs, according to the Carnegie data, at 02h 06m, or approximately three-quarters of an hour later than is indicated by the Gauss and Challenger data (01h 16m and 01h 24m, respectively). Sea and Air Temperatures General Remarks It is obvious that the direct thermal influence of the air on surface sea waters is smali as a result of the low specific heat of air. Probably for this reason, among others, the relations between sea and air temperatures have not been given adequate attention by oceanographers. On the other hand, the direct effect of sea-surface tem- peratures on the temperature of the air immediately above the surface is powerful and important. For this reason, a knowledge of the differences between sea and air temperatures is of extreme importance to the mete- orologist, and a study of these differences is essential in any consideration of the thermodynamical properties of maritime air masses. In view of the importance of such a study, the relation between sea and air tempera- tures will be considered in detail. 34 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 39. Results of Fourier analyses of mean diurnal variation of sea-surface temperature for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Coefficients eae a a a a a Xe) °o ° oo ° 2c 2) Cc Cc Cc Cc aC I -.038 + .033 -.098 +.034 -.098 + .022 + .027 +.014 Il +.019 -.060 + .065 -.139 -.519 +.031 -.038 + .066 Ul -.038 +.058 +.014 -.007 -.104 +.025 -.019 -.021 IV -.169 +.031 -000 -.018 -.185 + .069 -.002 -.009 V -.135 + .023 +.002 -.004 -.003 + .047 -.003 + .022 aes -.072 + .027 +.013 +.004 -.005 -.003 +.005 -.013 (a) -.148 +.014 -.005 +.015 -.048 + .063 -.006 +.009 b -.052 -.027 + .003 -000 -.015. +.009 -.010 + .009 VI -.220 + .049 + .033 -.009 -.118 +.011 + .002 -.001 IX -.179 +.060 -.010 + .008 -.054 +.035 -.038 +.011 X -.111 -.046 -.027 + .022 -.064 + .049 -.006 -.005 XI -.087 +.018 +.001 -.009 -.148 +.105 -.017 -.013 om + .002 +.021 +.008 +.010 -.092 + .040 + .N06 + .008 } -.052 +.105 +.068 +.090 +.169 + .083 -.079 +.050 (b +.131 -.076 -.003 -.028 -.194 -.307 -.177 +.066 XIV + .037 + .008 +.013 + .002 -.045 + .033 -.021 -.009 XV + .020 -.183 -.016 + .035 -.270 + .098 +.050 -.072 XVI -.046 -.022 +.048 +.001 + .208 +.090 -.030 -.026 XVII a -.008 -.051 +.037 -.007 -.141 + .086 -.021 -.011 b -.095 + .050 -.013 -.008 -.029 + .009 -.015 +.013 c -.039 +.017 +.006 -.015 + .076 + .042 -.035 + .004 XVIII -.068 +.012 -.002 -.002 -.056 + .074 -.015 -000 vs Amplitudes Phase angles rou eee ec ee |e ae 5C “C 1c a es nC 1G 1G 2G I -105 -040 -102 -037 201.2 56.3 285.4 67.6 Il - 734 -068 .075 .154 135.0 297.3 120.3 295.4 10 -111 -063 -024 -022 200.1 66.7 143.6 198.4 IV -251 -076 -002 .020 222.4 24.2 180.0 243.4 Vv -135 -052 -004 -022 268.7 26.1 146.3 349.7 va -072 .027 -014 -014 266.0 96.4 69.0 162.9 iS .156 -065 -008 -017 252.0 12.5 219.8 59.0 b -054 -029 -010 -009 253.9 288.4 163.3 360.0 Vill .250 -050 -033 .009 241.8 77.3 86.5 263.7 Ix -187 .070 -039 .014 253.2 59.7 194.7 36.0 xX -128 -067 .028 .023 240.0 316.8 257.5 102.8 XI 172 -107 .017 -016 210.4 Gleu/ 176.6 214.7 ga .092 -045 .010 -013 178.8 27.7 126.9 51.3 tR) sillrits .134 -104 -103 342.9 51.7 139.3 60.9 b) .234 .316 clint .072 146.0 193.9 181.0 337.0 XIV -058 .034 -025 -009 140.6 13.6 148.2 167.5 XV .271 .208 -052 .080 175.8 298.2 342.3 154.1 \ XVI" .213 -093 -057 .026 347.5 346.3 122.0 177.8 XVII a .141 -100 -043 -013 183.2 329.3 119.6 212.5 b -099 -051 -020 -015 253.0 79.8 220.9 328.4 c -085 .045 -035 -015 332.8 22.0 170.3 284.9 XVUlI .088 .075 -015 -002 230.5 9.2 187.6 270.0 obtained similar results from data compiled during two summer months in the North Atlantic [32, p. 9]. He found that the mean séa temperature exceeded the mean air temperature on 68 per cent of the days of observa- tion. Moreover, his mean air temperatures were not corrected for overheating of the thermometers during daylight hours, and are undoubtedly too high fairly to represent air temperatures at similar heights above the sea surface. Sea- and Air-Temperature Differences A comparison of the daily means of sea and air tem- peratures, as obtained on the Carnegie, attests to the well-known fact that the sea surface is generally warm- er than the air during summer months. From the daily means of the entire cruise it was found that the mean sea-surface temperatures exceeded the mean air tem- peratures on 61.5 per cent of all days. Helland-Hansen SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE 35 Table 40. Amplitudes and phase angles of diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations of sea-surface temperature from observations on Carnegie, Gauss, and Challenger (Carnegie groups II, XIV, XV, XVII, XVIII, and XXI omitted; Carnegie Ampli- Phase tude angle See Ad. Schmidt) [eet Me Gauss eee eas Challenger : Ampli- Phase Ampli- Phase oe ee ace eee mete | Xo. ays Palate te "Ta tala lel" eel Rea Re en 35 N-15 N 0.11 nae 200 a 1325022 ane ne a1 SIF) ea Cee eiiwee! Lees . 15N- 5N 0.18 0.06 302 25 307 0.31 0.13 230 66 16S ee a es 5S$-25S 0.12 0.05 241 0 1215 0.18 0.04 237 50 Be ted acpi terre ne ceee, cence icnens All latitudes 0.12 0.04 228 27 248° 0.17 0.06 225 52 2019 0.19 0.03 226 48 651° @ Atlantic Ocean. } Pacific Ocean. oceans. © All oceans. It should be remarked that the investigations car- ried out on board the Carnegie took place either in the tropics or during the summer months in higher lati- tudes. Thus all observational work was done under con- ditions where such temperature relations would be ex- pected, and for this reason the results given in this sec- tion are not presented as being wholly representative of _ average conditions throughout the year. The difference between mean sea and air tempera- tures on the Carnegie was never as great as 270. In only two areas, the Gulf Stream and the Gulf of Panama, -were mean sea-surface temperatures more than 1:0 higher than mean air temperatures. A maximum mean difference of 1°6 was recorded within the Gulf Stream, as might be expected in view of the high water tempera- tures of the current and its comparative narrowness. A difference of 1°5 between mean sea and air tempera- tures in the Gulf of Panama may be explained by the fact that during the entire twelve days of this series, the wind was consistently from the southwest --from a region in which sea-surface temperatures only a few hundred miles away were as much as 8° lower than in the Gulf. Thus, air considerably colder than Gulf water was con- stantly being imported. It is also interesting to note that of the means for the Groups which include that part of the cruise from Japan to San Francisco, those for air temperature appear to have been slightly higher than those for sea-surface temperature. Differences were small: from 0°1 to 0°7. The winds usually had a southerly component during this part of the cruise. It may be assumed that air masses were Tp (Tropical Pacific), or at least greatly modified Npp (Transitional Polar Pacific). In one other area, that centered off the coast of Chile approximately on the western edge of the Peruvian Cur- rent, the mean air temperature was 0°11 higher than the rather low mean sea-surface temperature. As shown by Visser [24, p. 12] and Braak [36], sea- surface temperatures in the tropics are usually higher than air temperatures, throughout all months of the year. Visser noted a difference of +0°84 as the mean for all months during the three cruises of the Snellius (1929- 1930) in the Netherlands East Indies; and Braak, on his voyage between Batavia and Ambon, found a mean differ- ence of +1:05. ¢ Atlantic and Pacific oceans. d Atlantic and Indian Table 41. Variation with latitude of mean difference between temperatures ofsea and air, Carnegie, 1928-29 Range in Mean Range in Mean latitude sea - air latitude sea - air ° °o X63 ° ° Xe >45N +0.97 5N- 58S + 0.43 45 N-35 N -0.23 5 S-15S +0.14 35 N-25 N +0.24 15 S-25S +0.34 25 N-15 N +0.13 25 S-15S +0.21 15 N- 5N +0.50 35 S-45 S -0.16 PGR rtninee +0.256 Variation of Sea-Surface and Air-Temperature Differences with Latitude As indicated in figure 14, the mean sea-surface temperature exceeds the mean air temperature through- out all ranges of latitude except between latitudes +35° to +45°. Apparently these two ranges mark the discontinu- ity between the warm southern and cool northern waters. It may be noted that the mean sea-surface tempera- ture for all days (21°93) is exceeded by the mean air temperature for all days (22°70). This condition may be explained by the fact that the recording of sea-surface temperature began shortly after the Carnegie left Hamp- ton Roads, whereas the recording of air temperature did not begin until after the Carnegie left Hamburg. There- fore, the mean values for all days are not comparable, in that the Carnegie mean sea-surface temperature for all days is affected by the greater number of observa- tions in the higher latitudes (35° to 45° north). The mean difference, however, between sea-surface and air temperatures (sea minus air) for all ranges of latitude is +0°256. Diurnal Variation of Sea- and Air-Temperature Differences From the corrected hourly means of sea and air temperatures for the various Groups, a study of the di- urnal variation of the temperature differences has been made. From the literature concerning previous investi- gations along this line, it was expected that the diurnal 36 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 42. Diurnal variation of weighted means and differences between temperatures of sea and air (uncorrected) in groups I to VII (a), Carnegie, 1928-29 Local mean hours G rou days Rit rar ae ey es Sao 2¢ =C ae os 2¢ °C cc °C °c we xe AG I 9 +0.66 +0.75 +0.87 +0.91 +0.85 +0.80 +0.88 +0.69 +0.59 +0.40 +0.06 +0.02 84 4 +1.88 +2.06 +1.98 +1.84 +1.65 +1.39 +1.53 +1.68 +1.55 +0.83 +0.49 +0.54 UI 13 +0.49 +0.47 +0.45 +0.46 +0.38 +0.38 +0.45 +0.45 +0.18 +0.10 -0.29 -0.54 IV 21 +0.86 +0.93 +0.95 +0.96 +0.92 +0.86 +0.74 +0.54 +0.11 -0.30 -0.68 -0.91 V 9 +0.43 +0.47 +0.54 +0.69 +0.68 +0.68 +0.43 +0.18 -0.02 -0.18 +0.03 -0.07 vt 12 41.35 +1.47 +1.51 +1.39 41.42 +1.44 +1.57 +1.50 +1.35 +1.35 +1.24 +1.24 6 (a)35 +0.77 +0.83 +0.81 +0.81 +0.89 +0.88 +0.73 +0.48 +0.25 +0.01 +0.15 -0.17 ROtal: WOSe aie esccsmn!eansiesy cieaciessag Kaose anche mate censpemne cease tocaaaccta naccec cen cence oon eee eee nee nee mais Weighted means +0.82 +0.89 +0.90 +0.90 +0.90 +0.87 +0.81 +0.65 +0.40 +0.16 -0.05 -0.15 bs a ae ae Local mean hours ore 200) [ai | aa ea eee “¢ aC aC: aC xC ac aC 26 2¢ cc 2¢ 3.0 38 12.4 100.0 12.4 Total 306 UO osanadon eocése0 est in the SouthGreenland Group. It might be mentioned that the prevailing winds during most of the period that the Carnegie spent in the South Greenland Group were from some northerly direction, and thus it may be as- sumed that much of the air imported to this region dur- ing the period was Polar Continental. The frequencies of hours of occurrence of maximum and minimum vapor pressure are illustrated in tables 48 and 49. It can be seen that the data are quite scat- tered, although there is positive indication that the max- imum vapor pressure tends to occur around 14h with the greatest frequency. This result appears reasonable in that the period falls between the most frequent hours for maximum sea-surface- and air-temperature occurrence (15h and 13h respectively). There is also a slight indi- cation of a tendency toward a secondary maximum fre- quency at 06h. We should expect this hour also to pre- sent the maximum stability in the air immediately above the sea surface. Under such conditions it is conceivable that this hour might frequently be one of maximum vapor ‘pressure in that convection would not be mixing the Table 51. Mean unperiodic diurnal amplitude of vapor pressure for ranges in latitude, Carnegie, 1928-29 Range in | Ampli-| No. | Range in | Ampli- latitude tude jdays latitude tude |days ° ° ° mm >45.N 0.8 27 5N- 5S 1.8 34 45 N-35 N 2.2 26 5 S-15S 1.8 37 35 N-25 N 2.3 40 15 S-25S 2.0 31 25 N-15 N 1.9 32 25 S-35 S 2.1 24 15 N- 5N 2.2 46 35 S-45 S 1.4 9 Mean and GAEL 7 aatonassogne 1.8 306 moist surface layers of air with drier air aloft.2 We should expect this effect to be most pronounced during clear, calm weather and especially when the sea-surface temperature is very near the surface air temperature. The minimum vapor pressure seems to occur around 05h with the greatest frequency, simultaneously with the most frequent hour for minimum air-tempera- ture occurrence. This is exactly the result which would be expected under average conditions. Diurnal Variation of Vapor Pressure General Remarks Table 44 contains the mean hourly values of vapor pressure for the various Groups of Carnegie data. It will be noted that there is considerable variation in the 4 There is also a strong possibility that a tendency to wash-down the decks of the Carnegie at about this hour would frequently account for such maxima. 44 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 52. Results of Fourier analyses of diurnal variation of vapor pressure for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Coefficients Group Ll we Seo mm I -0.098 +0.026 -0.009 -0.193 +0.039 -0.015 II -0.354 +0.189 +0.018 -0.151 -0.100 -0.095 Ill -0.392 +0.095 +0.028 -0.374 +0.014 +0.057 IV -0.341 +0.098 -0.011 -0.064 +0.062 -0.013 V -0.317 + 0.037 + 0.095 + 0.092 +0.055 -0.035 VI -0.165 +0.015 +0.024 -0.058 -0.039 -0.046 VII 8} -0.081 -0.019 -0.009 +0.021 +0.050 -0.017 b) -0.102 +0.127 -0.009 +0.047 +0.010 -0.012 Vil -0.179 +0.075 +0.015 +0.025 -0.013 +0.031 Ix -0.305 + 0.036 +0.058 -0.313 +0.028 -0.067 x -0.253 +0.071 +0.013 -0.032 -0.064 +0.016 XI -0.102 +0.066 +0.044 -0.004 -0.024 +0.017 XII + 0.008 +0.111 +0.012 -0.177 -0.053 -0.005 XII + 0.004 + 0.118 +0.073 -0.010 +0.061 +0.047 b) -0.085 +0.038 +0.014 +0.017 -0.032 -0.029 XIV + 0.048 +0.068 +0.013 +0.008 +0.006 -0.006 XV +0.013 -0.007 -0.001 -0.211 +0.014 -0.023 XVI +0.114 -0.104 +0.071 -0.051 + 0.045 -0.034 XVII (a) -0.079 +0.037 +0.068 +0.062 -0.031 -0.053 (b) -0.053 +0.089 -0.029 -0.020 +0.169 +0.048 (c) -0.058 +0.029 +0.005 +0.101 + 0.034 -0.064 XVIII -0.006 +0.130 + 0.036 +0.101 -0.064 +0.040 rou —— . c2 $3 mm mm mm ° s ? I 0.216 0.047 0.017 206.9 Bool 211.0 II 0.385 0.214 0.097 246.9 117.9 169.3 li 0.542 0.096 0.063 226.3 81.6 26.2 IV 0.347 0.116 0.017 280.6 Bi fat | 220.2 V 0.330 0.066 0.101 286.2 33.9 110.2 VI 0.175 0.042 0.052 250.6 159.0 152.4 Vil {3} 0.084 0.054 0.019 284.6 339.2 207.9 b 0.112 0.127 0.015 277.9 99.8 25.8 VIiil 0.181 0.076 0.034 224.3 52.1 139.1 Ix 0.437 0.046 0.089 262.8 132.0 39.1 x 0.255 0.090 0.021 272.2 110.0 68.9 XI 0.102 0.070 0.047 294.7 85.5 216.9 XII 0.177 0.123 0.013 177.4 1555 112.6 xII 3 0.011 0.133 0.087 158.2 62.7 Slee b) 0.087 0.050 0.032 281.3 130.1 154.2 XIV 0.049 0.068 0.014 80.5 85.0 114.8 xXV 0.211 0.016 0.023 176.5 333.4 182.5 XVI 0.125 0.113 0.079 114.1 293.4 115.6 XVII 3} 0.100 0.048 0.086 308.1 130.0 127.9 b 0.057 0.191 0.056 249.3 27.8 328.9 c) 0.122 0.045 0.064 320.1 40.5 7525 XVIII 0.101 0.145 0.054 356.6 116.2 42.0 se a elie ee cae] mm mm mm mm mm curves of mean hourly vapor pressure between the Diurnal Variation of Vapor Pressure for all Days Groups even when corrected for noncyclic changes, pee Only by using the observations of a large number of which would indicate that the diurnal variation of this days can a true picture of the diurnal variation of vapor element is so small that it is usually masked by chance | pressure over ocean surfaces be formed. For this rea- variations. Only in those groups which contain a large son, the mean hourly values of vapor pressure for ail number of days of observations do the diurnal curves of days of the cruise have been computed and the results vapor pressure appear to be consistent. presented in figure 31. It would be expected that the di- HUMIDITY urnal curve of vapor pressure would follow the curve of mean hourly air temperature very closely. The Carne- gie data appear to bear out this conclusion (compare fig. 31 with fig. 16). Although the curve of mean hourly va- por pressure is somewhat irregular, there definitely appears to be a well-defined maximum at 13h, as was the case with air temperature, and a less well-defined minimum at 05h. Variation of the Diurnal Amplitude of Vapor Pressure with Latitude As shown in table 5i, the diurnal amplitude of vapor pressure appears to vary with latitude in much the same manner as the diurnal amplitude of air temperature for the ranges of latitude north of the equator, with maxima at mean latitudes +10° and +30°, and with minima at mean latitudes +20° and at the equator. It may also be observed that the amplitude at 10° mean south latitudeis less than at mean latitude 10° north in both cases, sig- nifying that identical conditions tend to produce maxima and minima in the diurnal amplitudes of both air tem- perature and vapor pressure. Effect of Wind on the Diurnal Amplitude of Vapor Pressure The mean unperiodic amplitude of vapor pressure has been computed for fifty-two days iz tropical regions between latitudes +20° with a wind force equal to or greater than 4, Beaufort scale, and for fifty-three days within the same latitude range with wind force less than 4. The results give an amplitude of 1.69 mm for days with wind force equal to or greater than 4, and one of 2.02 mm for days with wind force less than 4. Obvious- ly the wind tends to reduce the daily range of vapor pres- sure, presumably because of the more thorough mixing of the surface layers of air. Harmonic Analysis of Vapor-Pressure Data As shown in table 52, the amplitudes and phase an- gles for the 24-hour, 12-hour, and 8-hour terms are ex- tremely variable between the various Groups. There appears to be some regularity, however, in the time of occurrence of the maximum, which generally appears about 13h. The average periodic amplitude of vapor pressure for all Groups is 0.2 mm. Table 53. Variation of vapor pressure with differences between sea and air temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29 At Vapor No. Temperature days a 6 mm >+1.0 17.73 16 +0.6 to +1.0 16.22 31 <+0.6 17.44 41 < -0.6 16.45 54 -0.6 to -1.0 13.63 18 >-1.0 12.69 14 Mean and total 15.69 174 Weighted mean 16.17 sista 45 Variation of Vapor Pressure with Sea- and Air-Temperature Differences In order to determine the effect of differences of sea and air temperatures (sea minus air) on vapor pres- sure, a sampling of the data has been made and the dis- tribution of vapor pressures for various ranges of sea- and air-temperature differences has been determined for 174 days of observations. An attempt was made to obtain a true sampling, care being exercised to secure equal numbers of days with given representative tem- peratures and vapor pressures. It is realized that such a method is faulty and might lead to erroneous interpre- tations. Two separate sets of data were first analyzed, however, (82 and 92 days respectively), and both sets of data, separately, produced essentially the same results, although in one case the difference between the mean values at ranges +0.6 to +1.0 °C and less than +0.6 °C was small, the two values being almost equal. It is obvious from figure 33 that vapor pressure in- creases as the sea temperature becomes higher than air temperature, and lower as the air temperature becomes successively higher than sea temperature. Helland- Hansen [32, p. 12], from observations on the Michael Sars, has reached the same conclusions. A plateau in the curve (fig. 33) might well be expect- ed between the ranges +0.6 to +1.0 °C and less than +0.6 °C, as here the differences would be slight and affected by chance variations. The authors, however, hesitate to present further interpretations of this curve in view of the possibilities of inaccuracy due to faulty sampling. Variation of Vapor Pressure with Latitude Data concerning the mean vapor pressures for the various ranges of latitude are presented in figure 32. Comparing the curve in figure 32 with the curves for mean sea and air temperatures (fig. 14), it may be noted that the profiles are identical except between mean lati- tudes 30° and 40° south. Evidently, either the mean va- por pressure within the range of latitude 25° to 35° south is too low, or the value for the range 35° to 45° south is too high. It may be remarked that there were only nine days of observations within the range 35° to 45° south, and thus it is quite possible that the values for this range are too high. An examination of the log abstract was made in order to determine the type of weather which prevailed during the period that the Carnegie spent in these latitudes (December 21 to 29, 1928). It was found that the entire period was cloudy or foggy, winds prevailed from a northerly direction, and there were fre- quent intermittent rains. No doubt a longer series of observations within this range of latitude made under less persistent meterological conditions would give a lower mean value for vapor pressure. A Comparison of Mean Vapor Pressure for Rain Days and Rainless Days Owing to the loss of the Carnegie precipitation data when the vessel was destroyed, it is impossible to cor- relate changes in vapor pressure with amounts of pre- cipitation. Data have been compared, however, for per - iods of thirty-one rain days and thirty-one fair days, all within the tropics between latitudes 20° north and 20° south. An attempt was made to secure a true sampling 46 of the data; for each rain day selected there has been chosen a fair day within the same region and with sim- ilar air temperature. The results give a mean value of 21.20 mm for rain days, and one of 19.19 mm for fair days, showing that precipitation has a significant effect on vapor pressure. Variation of Vapor Pressure with Air Temperature It has been shown that the quantity of water vapor on rain days depends to a considerable extent on precipita- tion; on rainless days it must depend largely on airtem- perature. The curve shown in figure 34 was construct- ed using vapor-pressure and air-temperature data for approximately half the days of the cruise (150 days), and represents vapor pressure plotted as a function of air temperature. As we should expect, the profile of the curve is similar to that of the saturation curve of vapor pressure. It appears to depart more widely from the saturation curve at the intermediate temperatures (15° to 25°). This is not surprising when it is consid- ered that these temperatures were obtained largely within the subtropical belts, where humidities are low with respect to air temperatures. The curve in figure 34 may be quite closely repre- sented by the empirical equation: e = 0.03t2 - 0.27t + 7.6 where e is vapor pressure expressed in millimeters of mercury, and t is air temperature (3.6 meters above the sea surface) expressed in degrees centigrade. Vapor pressure was not plotted against sea-surface METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE temperature since it seems obvious that a similar curve would be represented. DISCUSSION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY Mean Relative Humidities for Groups The mean hourly values of relative humidity for the various Groups are presented in table 54. It appears that the values are highest in the Groups in equatorial regions and in higher latitudes, and lowest in the Groups in the subtropical belts. This result is what would be expected when it is considered that relative humidity is a function of both vapor pressure (specific humidity) and air temperature. Thus, whereas vapor pressure depends to a great extent on air temperature, relative humidity is a function of the differences between these two ele- ments. These differences appear to be greatest within the subtropical or trade-wind belts, where air moving toward the equator is being rapidly heated but is in- creasing its moisture content very slowly. Maxima and Minima of Relative Humidity The absolute maximum and minimum relative hu- midities for the various Groups are presented in table 55. As has just been indicated, the extreme maximum values are found in the higher latitudes and in equatorial regions. Relative humidities of 100 per cent were re- corded on four days during the cruise for a total of six hours. These all occurred during July 1929, in the Alas- kan Peninsula Group. The absolute minimum relative humidity (53 per cent) was recorded at 16h, November 14, 1929, in lati- Table 54. Mean hourly values of relative humidity inper cent for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 (Corrected for noncyclic change) No. | ~~ Means ._ Local mean hours Group Dates a days [Latitude [Longitude | 0 | 1 | 2 1928 C I July 29-Aug. 6 9 56.3N 40.7 W 86.8 87.4 86.2 ll Aug. 7-10 4 42.8N 47.8 W 80.1 80.6 80.1 Il Aug. 11-23 13 29.0N 42.0 W 82.4 82.2 81.9 IV Aug. 24-Sep. 152 21 11.8N 43.0 W 81.2 81.3 81.6 Vv Oct. 2-10 9 13.8N 71.0 W 80.0 79.8 80.6 aNd Oct. 26-Nov. 6 12 4.0N 81.0 W 86.5 86.8 86.7 (a) Nov. 7-Dec. 21) 35 16.58 104.3 W 81.4 81.6 82.0 b Feb. 22-28, 1929 7 1351S 119.4 W 74.7 74.5 74.9 Vin Dec. a c 8 S21S 96.7 W 87.9 88.6 88.1 Ix Jan 1-14 14 24.78 83.3 W 77.4 77.0 75.6 x Feb. 6-17 12 12I3IS 88.2 W 78.4 79.1 78.9 XI Mar. 1-314 21 16.88 147.9 W 76.8 17.4 17.3 a Apr. 22-May 31€ 32 9.7N 168.7 E 81.0 80.4 80.1 (a) June 1-30! 13 34.3.N 143.1 E 88.0 88.7 88.2 (b) July 1-3 3 39.6 N 149.4E 81.5 81.2 80.6 XIV July 4-218 19 47.7 N 179.5 W 95.3 95.5 96.1 XV July 22-28 7 41.5N 131.8 W 86.0 84.9 85.3 XVI Sep. 4-8 5 34.1N 126.3 W 81.2 80.8 78.7 XVII (a Sep. 9-16 8 27.8N 136.6 W ThlAl 70.6 71.0 tb Sep. 17-Oct. 74 8 27.0 N 155.1 W 76.0 76.5 75.0 c Oct. 11-251 14 25.2 N 140.7 W 80.4 80.8 81.1 XVIII Oct. 26-Nov. 14 20 0.18 150.5 W 79.3 79.3 79.4 HUMIDITY Carnegie, 1928-29--Concluded Local mean hours SE _ ee Table 54. Mean hourly values of relative humidity in per cent for groups I 87.0 86.9 87.1 88.0 86.6 85.8 85.6 84.4 84.0 83.9 84.3 TIGeiG-o 79.3 79.3 82.1 82.0 82.5 83.8 82.0 82.8 80.0 79.8 In 82.4 82.1 81.6 81.9 83.7 82.8 82.1 81.3 80.5 79.3 79.4 TV WiSl.4 81.8 81.2 81.3 80.1 78.6 Mele 76.2 74.9 75.8 75.8 ie eh 81.0 80.5 81.1 80.0 78.5 78.2 78.8 77.7 {tf 77.9 VI 86.2 86.9 87.4 88.5 87.1 87.2 87.3 86.2 86.0 85.1 84.8 vil ®) 82.1 83.3 83.1 80.4 80.4 78.9 77.3 76.7 76.3 75.8 75.7 (b) . 74.3 74.6 74.3 74.8 74.7 73.6 72.4 72.6 71.8 71.1 69.7 vit 88.4 88.1 87.7 87.0 87.7 85.5 85.5 86.3 84.5 84.0 84.0 IX 76.2 76.3 76.3 75.9 74.9 74.6 73.3 72.2 Cilall 72.5 72.2 X 78.3 78.8 78.4 78.5 77.8 77.5 76.4 75.7 75.2 74.2 74.3 XE 1-0 77.4 77.2 77.2 75.5 74.1 72.7 72.5 72.3 71.2 70.7 XI 80.1 80.6 79.9 80.2 79.4 78.7 77.7 77.4 76.4 76.2 76.4 XII a) 89.2 89.5 89.2 88.6 88.0 87.6 86.5 86.1 84.3 84.0 84.4 b) 82.6 84.0 83.4 83.1 82.8 81.5 78.2 77.6 78.3 80.7 79.0 XIV 95.3 95.3 95.3 95.7 96.3 96.4 95.9 95.5 94.3 93.8 92.9 XV 85.2 85.5 87.2 84.8 83.9 83.9 84.2 83.5 84.0 81.7 80.3 XVI 77.0 79.2 78.6 78.5 79.8 78.6 78.2 76.1 73.0 75.4 75.2 XVII a) 17.3 71.5 7 1BU 71.9 71.2 70.1 71.2 69.5 67.4 67.1 66.9 b) 76.6 75.5 75.3 74.5 73.2 Taio 70.3 69.3 69.1 69.6 69.8 (c 82.1 81.4 81.4 81.7 80.6 79.8 79.2 oe 78.6 79.1 80.1 XVI 78.5 78.8 wed. 78.7 78.3 77.0 75.4 74.6 73.6 73.0 73.9 Seas IST ete tte aake a] IOC 20 | ane | aa [eas | Oe sen | 84.4 85.8 86.0 85.3 86.1 87.1 87.8 87.6 89.0 86.20 Lie ioso 78.2 77.2 78.2 77.4 wood 78.7 19.7 79.9 79.9 80.05 I = 78.2 79.4 79.2 81.0 81.6 82.2 82.9 82.9 82.3 83.0 81.55 IV 176.3 76.0 UU 78.1 78.9 78.9 79.5 79.8 80.0 81.3 79.04 V6.5 77.7 78.1 80.1 80.6 80.3 79.7 80.3 80.2 79.9 79.41 on 84.7 84.4 84.4 85.6 86.2 87.2 87.0 86.8 86.7 86.5 86.35 II fs 76.5 77.6 77.8 78.8 79.6 80.1 TEEU 80.7 80.9 81.1 719.57 b) 70.0 70.6 71.7 71.8 72.3 73.0 73.3 74.4 73.7 73.5 73.08 Vol 84.2 84.8 84.4 84.5 85.8 85.9 86.4 86.3 86.8 87.4 86.31 PROS AGS 72.7 74.1 75.1 75.2 76.2 UU tet 77.3 77.5 75.11 X 73.6 74.2 75.5 76.4 76.4 77.6 78.0 77.8 78.4 78.7 77.06 XI 73.0 73.9 73.3 73.8 74.4 75.2 75.8 75.7 76.8 76.5 74.98 XII ==76.9 t9 78.5 79.1 Hoel 80.1 80.8 81.1 80.7 81.2 79.24 XI f fa 83.7 84.3 85.3 85.4 86.3 87.2 87.5 87.8 87.8 87.8 86.94 b) 79.1 79.8 79.5 80.9 79.2 79.6 80.6 82.4 81.7 81.2 80.80 XIV =: 93.2 92.4 93.3 93.7 94.2 94.9 95.4 95.4 95.5 95.6 94.90 XV 81.6 80.9 82.8 82.1 81.3 83.4 83.8 86.1 86.4 86.1 84.04 XVI 74.1 72.4 75.2 76.2 77.7 77.0 77.4 77.6 77.9 78.2 17.37 XVII a) 66.6 66.4 66.5 66.5 67.7 69.4 70.3 70.1 70.4 70.0 69.50 b) 70.0 71.4 74.1 73.8 74.2 75.2 74.1 74.1 74.4 74.8 73.36 c 79.5 79.4 79.6 79.6 79.7 79.2 80.1 80.4 80.5 79.8 80.14 XVII Ss 732..4 73.0 73.6 75.2 76.4 76.5 77.1 77.3 78.3 78.5 76.70 Days omitted as follows: (a) Aug. 25, 26; (b) Dec. 3-12; (c) Dec. 25, 26; (d) Mar. 4, 13-20, 26; Ai May 6, 11, 20-25; (f) June 8-24; (g) Two dates July 14 on crossing 180° meridian; (h) Sep. 20-Oct. 2; i) Oct. 18. tude 11°6 south, longitude 1634 west, the same day on which the maximum sea-surface and air temperatures _ were recorded. As shown in table 56, the Alaskan Peninsula Group presents the highest mean maximum relative humidity (98.4 per cent), whereas the lowest mean maximum (73.6 per cent) is recorded during the Carnegie’s first stay in the Hawaiian Group (Group XVIla). These two Groups also present the highest and lowest mean mini- mum relative humidities (91.0 per cent and 64.2 per cent respectively). As indicated in table 54, the relative humidity in all Groups is high when compared with similar values for continental areas. The mean relative humidity for all days is 80.17 per cent, and the mean daily range is only 11.59 per cent. 48 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 55. Absolute maximum and minimum relative humidity for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Daily range Geoup Maximum Maximum Minimum o/o o/o o/o o/o I 98 17 14 0 96 69 a1 10 pant 90 65 19 5 IV 92 61 19 5 Vv 90 65 14 4 VI 97 74 18 6 vl (a 99 64 31> 7 te) 78 65 13 5 VIII 99 68 22 5 Ix 93 58 17 8 x 90 57 20 4 XI 92 65 20 6 XI 93 66 20 6 XII a) 99 716 17 5 3} 91 74 15 8 XIV 100» 81 17 3a XV 97 73 22 11 XVI 87 63 21 ist XVII a 82 57 14 6 = 88 58 20 5 c) 92 63 23 9 XVII 92 534 21 5 2 Absolute minimum value. Absolute maximum value. Table 56. Mean maximum and minimum relative humidity for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 G Mean ks Maximum © Daily range© o/o o/o o/o I 91.3 81.8 9.5 I 87.2 73.0 14.2 Ill 85.5 77.0 8.5 IV 85.7 73.0 12.7 Vv 84.2 74.3 9.9 VI 91.8 81.2 10.6 VII {R} 87.5 73.0 14.5 b 76.7 68.1 8.6 Vill 91.9 80.3 11.6 Kx. 81.0 68.4 12.6 x 81.3 70.9 10.4 XI 80.9 69.1 11.8 XII 84.9 74.2 10.7 XIII {a 92.6 80.6 12.0 b 86.7 75.7 11.0 XIV 98.45 91.05 7.42 XV 92.9 Tien 15.85 XVI 84.2 69.6 14.6 XVII a) 73.62 64.22 9.4 3 79.8 66.5 323 c 86.0 fe ar XVIII 82.7 71.0 U7. Weighted mean 86.02 74.43 11.59 4 Minimum value. b Maximum value. c Unperiodic. The frequencies of hours of minimum relative hu- midity are given in table 58, which shows that the mini- mum value occurs at 13h with the greatest frequency, coinciding with the hour of maximum temperature. An attempt was made to determine the most frequent hour of occurrence of maximum relative humidity, but it was found that the data presented an almost complete scat- ter. There is slight indication of a maximum frequency at 04h, however; the values at 03h, 04h, 05h, 06h, 07h, and 08h are 24, 41, 31, 36, 28, and 22 cases respective- ly. Diurnal Variation of Relative Humidity General Remarks As shown in table 59, the diurnal variation of rela- tive humidity is small, as was also found to be the case with sea-surface and air temperatures, and with vapor pressure. On 76 per cent of all days of the cruise, the diurnal variation was less than 15 per cent, certainly an insignificant mean variation when compared with rela- tive-humidity ranges in continental or even insular areas. Diurnal Variation of Relative Humidity for all Days It would be expected that the diurnal curve of mean hourly relative humidity would present a mirror image of the curves of vapor pressure and air and sea temper- ature. Figure 31 demonstrates that this supposition is true in the case of the Carnegie data. There appears to be a well-defined minimum relative humidity at 13h with a less-pronounced maximum at 04h. Comparing the curves of vapor pressure with those of relative humidity, it may be observed that an unusually high value for vapor pressure exists at 04h, which undoubtedly gives a some- Table 57. Hour of mean maximum and minimum relative humidity, Carnegie, 1928-29 Group | Larr | = Means mr ere a h o/o h o/o I 23 89.0 12 83.9 II 9 83.8 16 17.2 I 7 83.7 14 78.2 IV 4 81.8 11 74.9 Vv 6 81.1 14 76.5 VI 6 88.5 15, 16 84.4 vu a 4 83.3 13 75.7 {a 2 74.9 13 69.7 Vill 1 88.6 Pe ils} 84.0 Ix 20, 21 dikiexd 11 Lilet xX 1 79.1 14 73.6 XI 1 TT.4 1) 10.7 XII 23 81.2 12 76.2 XI a 4 89.5 14 83.7 {3 4 84.0 10 77.6 XIV 8 96.4 15 92.4 XV 22 ?, 86.4 13 80.3 XVI 0 81.2 15 72.4 x va 6 71.9 15 66.4 b 3 76.6 ill 69.1 c 3 82.1 11 78.6 XVII 2 79.4 12, 15 73.0 @ Periodic HUMIDITY 49 Table 58. Frequencies of hours of occurrence of minimum relative humidity, Carnegie, 1928-29 Local mean hours TOU CrowPToTaT2[3[4[s5]6 [7 [8] 9 | 10 [a1 [12 [13 [14 [15 [16 [17 [18 [19 [20 [21 [22 [23 I or ar eas ar Ie enna eae Oe ne! nies ay tee paeee 1 Tite GO Ua EE eS ae 7S tin a ta a IV 1 ef Te acs WR ee WR Noe A ng UE Re Uae ae V UO VAM AE Tae AE Wr es rere, gs | vi: io ad pee a Upaké ker caren 1G 7 age eas (As Tae | baat vi @o2 2121 223 ioe SP Are LOM10; ie 16 eo) A eee a Ree aye Sy oo ee eee Ue eee Wa 1 Ae Lig 7 We eee see es Te Tm vil i... ia sy NE AGS ahs Fao Siac Ne 5. tee ay 2 Ma Meese ed ics, Wey ce Uae) ate oop cian cepa oe Be ome ce ee igh 20S 31 ae ae Se tt 1d 8 i 4 8, rT eT 8 8 ee ee cee hae oe Doalgwed” “1h sous ae CO Sie sean Tue 1 xi (} 2 ewer vier tar /Gtt ath 4, 5) Ms eae 1 1 i < ae teat 21 ed 2° Ree nes xIV re Mes Wer Sh eR A oa i Beier ay wh Xv 4 4 ioe ae ta GA el ay a CTC het ee XVI es ae ae ey he ee ee ap eT Wotaleigsii = 5 9 -8 8 4 10 8 16 37 45 52 63 53 44 33 24 13 13 7 8 1 8 Table 59. Frequency distribution of the unperiodic diurnal amplitude of relative humidity, Carnegie, 1928-29 Range in No. |P af ee Cumulative per cent days eis percentage < 5.0 7 2.3 2.3 100.0 5.0 - 10.0 106 34.7 37.0 97.7 10.0 - 15.0 120 39.2 76.2 63.0 15.0 - 20.0 53 17.3 93.5 23.8 > 20.0 20 6.5 100.0 6.5 Total 306 MED edokcno — “enodaina what higher value for relative humidity at this hour. Otherwise we should expect the hour of maximum rela- tive humidity to coincide with the hour of minimum air temperature (05h). Variation of the Diurnal Amplitude of Relative Humidity with Latitude Data concerning the variation of the diurnal ampli- tude of relative humidity by ranges of latitude are shown in table 60. It is an interesting fact that the variability of relative humidity between mean latitudes 10° and 40° north is a constant (12 per cert). Such a result may be partially explained on the basis of the fact that the curves of variability of air temperature (fig. 18) and va- por pressure, according to ranges of latitude, are com- pletely out of phase between these ranges, whereas they tend to approximate the same phases in the Southern Hemisphere. Effect of Wind on the Diurnal Amplitude of Relative Humidity As has been done in the cases of air temperature Table 60. Mean unperiodic diurnal amplitude of relative humidity for ranges in latitude, Carnegie, 1928-29 Range in | Mean in| No. Range in} Mean in| No. latitude | per cent|days latitude | per cent |days >45 N 8 27 5N- 5S 11 34 45 N-35 N 12 26 9S-158 12 37 35 N-25 N 12 40 15 S-25 S 12 31 25 N-15 N 12 32 25 S-35 S 14 24 15N- 5N 12 46 35 S-45 S 11 9 Mean and total _............. 12 306 and vapor pressure, the mean unperiodic amplitude of relative humidity has been computed for fifty-two days in tropical regions between latitudes 20° north and 20° south; with a wind force equal to or greater than 4, Beaufort scale, and for fifty-two days with a wind force less than 4. The results give a diurnal amplitude of 9.96 per cent for days with wind force equal to or greater than 4, and one of 12.85 per cent for days with a wind force less than this value. This result compares favor- ably with the results of similar treatment of air-tem- perature and vapor-pressure data, that is, higher wind velocities tend to reduce the diurnal amplitudes of all three elements. Harmonic Analysis of Relative-Humidity Data As shown in table 61, the amplitudes and phase an- gles of the 24-hour, 12-hour, and 8-hour terms are ex- tremely irregular between the various groups of Carne- giedata,as was also found to be the case with vapor pres- sure. The time of minimum air temperature and vapor pressure, however, and the time of maximum relative humidity, appear to occur with considerable regularity, the maximum relative humidity occurring between mid- 50 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 61. Results of Fourier analyses of diurnal variation of relative humidity for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Ee Coefficients row a ee es a o/o o/o o/o o/o o/o o/o I +1.57 -0.35 +0.19 +0.20 -0.22 -0.57 0 -0.52 +0.53 +0.38 +1.64 -1.29 +0.10 im +1.25 -0.41 +0.37 +0.79 -0.80 +0.22 IV +2.78 -0.75 +0.16 +0.86 +0.37 -0.20 Vv +1.44 -0.80 -0.21 +0.27 0.00 +0.22 VI +0.70 -0.53 -0.13 +0.72 -0.67 +0.06 vu (a) +2.85 -0.89 -0.15 +0.88 +0.50 -0.09 (b) +1.71 -0.48 +0.09 +1.09 -0.39 +0.18 Vu +1.74 -0.09 +0.05 +1.00 +0.11 +0.16 Kx +2.70 -0.68 0.00 -0.15 -0.41 -0.25 x +2.12 -0.53 +0.13 +0.82 -0.35 +0.16 xI +2.63 -0.65 +0.10 +0.72 +0.37 -0.28 XII +2.10 -0.60 +0.16 +0.01 -0.22 -0.19 xu (a) +2.02 -0.73 -0.08 +1.16 -0.18 +0.06 (b) +1.44 -0.71 -0.33 +0.98 +0.46 -0.92 XIV +0.87 -0.18 +0.16 +0.86 -0.81 +0.22 XV +1.87 +0.06 -0.08 +1.18 -0.67 -0.24 XVI +2.12 -0.36 +0.61 +1.37 -0.66 +0.15 XVII (a) +1.72 -0.45 -0.15 may By iy ( -0.75 -0.04 (b) +3.00 -1.00 +0.16 -0.06 +0.87 +0.15 (c) +0.82 -0.26 -0.22 +0.60 +0.47 -0.26 XVUI +2.73 -0.54 +0.13 = oe bey | -0.16 -0.09 = Amplitudes Phase angles roup ee a (a) se o/o o/o o/o i é $ I 1.58 0.41 0.60 82.7 237.8 161.6 Ul 1.72 1.39 0.39 342.4 157.7 15.3 i 1.48 0.90 0.43 57.7 207.1 59.3 IV 2.91 0.84 0.26 72.8 296.3 141.3 Vv 1.46 0.80 0.30 79.4 270.0 316.6 VI 1.00 0.85 0.14 44.2 218.3 294.8 vi (a) 2.98 1.02 0.17 72.8 299.3 239.0 (b) 2.03 0.62 0.20 57.5 230.9 26.6 vill 2.01 0.14 0.17 60.1 320.7 17.4 x 2.70 0.79 0.25 93.2 238.9 180.0 x. 2.21 0.63 0.21 68.9 236.6 39.1 XI paid 0.75 0.30 74.7 299.6 160.4 XI 2.10 0.64 0.25 89.7 249.9 139.9 xi (a) 2.33 0.75 0.10 60.1 256.0 306.9 (b) 1.74 0.85 0.98 55.8 302.9 199.7 XIV 1.22 0.83 0.27 45.3 192.5 36.0 XV 2.21 0.67 0.25 57.7 174.9 198.4 XVI 2.52 0.75 0.63 57.1 208.6 76.2 XV (a) 2.47 0.87 0.15 44.2 211.0 255.1 (b) 3.00 232 0.22 91.1 311.0 46.8 (c) 1.02 0.54 0.34 53.8 331.1 220.2 XVII 3.01 0.56 0.16 65.1 253.5 124.7 night and 06h. The small diurnal amplitude of relative nus air) on vapor pressure have been used to obtain the humidity (1 to 3 per cent) is striking in comparisonwith | variation of relative humidity due to these differences. the much greater range observed over land. The results of these computations are presented intable 62 and figure 34. These data indicate an asymmetrical variation, since the minimum value for relative humidi- ty occurs within the range (sea minus air temperature) +0°6 to +1°0. There is a slight indication that relative The same days used for determining the effect of humidity tends to increase as the differences between differences between sea and air temperatures (sea mi- | sea and air temperatures increase in either direction Variation of Relative Humidity with Sea- and Air-Temperature Differences HUMIDITY 51 from the minimum value mentioned. Variation of Relative Humidity with Latitude The mean values of relative humidity for the vari- ous ranges of latitude are presented in figure 32. It may be observed that the values are lowest in the subtropical regions between mean latitudes +10° and +30°, and high- est at the equator and in higher latitudes. These results are in accord with the conclusians which have been reached through similar treatment of air-temperature and vapor-pressure data, that is, the differences be- tween air temperature and vapor pressure (specific hu- midity) are greatest within subtropical regions. Hourly values of the various meterological elements for certain groups of consecutive days have been plotted and two representative diagrams are reproduced as fig- ures 35 and 36. The first is for seven days during Feb- ruary 1929, while the Carnegie was in tropical waters of the South Pacific between longitudes 112° and 126° west. The prevailing weather was cloudy to partly cloudy with easterly winds and moderate sea. The plot of figure 36 is for seven days during July 1929, in the North Pacific between latitudes 38° and 46° north, longitudes 123° and 143° west. The prevailing weather during this period Was mostly overcast with frequent rainstorms and much drizzle, fog, and mist. Winds were variable. The general features of the curves can be readfrom the figures. Air and sea temperatures show a strong tendency to follow one another. The curve of differ- ences between sea and air temperature correspond closely to the curve of air temperature. There also ap- pears to be a positive correlation between short-period changes (1 to 3 hours) in relative humidity, but an in- verse relation for the long-period (seven-day) variation. The closest correlation between differences of sega and air temperatures seems to be with relative humidity or Saturation deficit. This was verified by determining the Table 62. Variation of relative humidity with differences between sea and air temperature, Carnesie, 1928-29 At Relative No. (sea - air) humidity | days "e€ o/o >+1.0 84.71 16 +0.6 to +1.0 77.81 31 <+0.6 78.31 39 < -0.6 80.99 50 -0.6 to -1.0 86.84 18 >-1.0 91.06 i4 Mean and total 83.29 166 Weighted mean saturation deficit (E - e) for several series of days. In- variably the two curves of sea temperature minus air temperature and saturation deficit followed each other very closely in both short- and long-period variations. CONC LUSION The Carnegie data indicate that variations of vapor pressure and relative humidity over the oceans are al- Ways small and, in individual instances, highly irregular. Only by examining large quantities of humidity data can Significant conclusions be drawn concerning the relations between sea-surface temperature, air temperature, and vapor pressure. Many of the results presented in this chapter, therefore, are to be considered qualitative only, since a sufficient quantity of data is not available to establish the various relations quantitatively. It is quite possible that additional humidity observations over the sea will serve to change some of the views which have been presented here. EVAPORATION INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS Evaporimeter The rate of evaporation from a pan of sea water was calculated at intervals on board the Carnegie from meas- urements of the changes in salinity of a sample of sea water. The evaporimeter, a thermometer-right-angle type (Richter and Wiese No. 16), consisted of a copper vessel (fig. 37) within which was fitted a glass container capable of holding 2000 cc of sea water and exposing a surface of 263 cm2. The whole apparatus was set in gimbals to offset the effects of the natural rolling of the ship. A set of gimbal stands was mounted on each side of the stern near the rail, and by exchanging the evapori- meter and rain gage it was possible to keep the evapo- rimeter always on the windward side of the vessel. Supplementary Instruments and Observations The Assmann psychrometer was used for obtaining wet- and dry-bulb temperatures at the evaporimeter, and a standard Tycos anemometer (DTM No. 4), record- ing wind speed in feet per minute, was used to determine total wind movement. The thermometers used in the psychrometer were standard instruments, as previously described. Throughout the duration of each series of measure- ments the following observations were made at each hour: (1) ship’s course and speed; (2) wind speed and direction at the evaporimeter and at the rail; (3) wet- anddry-bulb temperatures at the evaporimeter and at the rail; (4) sea-surface temperature; (5) temperature of the water in the evaporimeter; (6) state of the sea; (7) state of the weather; (8) pitch and roll of the vessel; (9) amount and type of clouds; (10) atmospheric pressure; and (11) the amount of precipitation during the hour. Precipitation was measured in inches by a standard rain gage. Methods of Determining Salinities The salinity of the sea-water samples in the evapo- rimeter was determined by means of the salinity bridge used in oceanographic work, except when the salinity was greater than could be recorded on the scale of the bridge. In such cases, the titration method was used. The depth (h) of evaporation ir. millimeters was de- termined by the following formula from Wist [37] h = Cs6/(S2 - S1) / S2 where 6 is the specific volume of distilled water at the mean temperature of the water in the evaporimeter; C is the constant of the vessel, and is equal to the quotient of the volume and the evaporating surface (for the Car- negie data this is 76.05 mm); S1 and Sg represent the sa- linities in parts per mille at the beginning and end of the run; and s is the density of sea water at Sj and ty (begin- ning temperature). The values of s were obtained from Knudsen’s Hydrographical Tables®. Actually, for salinities between 30 parts per mille and 40 parts per mille, and for temperatures between 4 English edition, Copenhagen (1901) 52 -2°0 and 30°0, the formula can be simplified by using the value 1.027 for the product of s and 6. The error resulting from the use of this mean value does not amount to more than 2 per cent of the actual value. The amount of precipitation during the run has been added to the resulting depth of evaporation as deter- mined from these measurements. Evaluation of Data Although the observer, Dr. J. H. Paul, chose calm, fair weather in which to carry out the measurements, it was often necessary to discontinue runs when rolling or pitching of the vessel, or vibrations caused by running the main engine, brought about the possibility of water's being splashed from the evaporimeter. Even though ev- ery precaution was taken to insure the accuracy of the results, there remains the possibility that, unknown to the observer, water was splashed out of the container or added to that already present by salt spray, dew or spray from the water used in washing down the decks. These seem to be the chief sources of observational errors. It is possible, however, to calculate the probable inaccuracy of the results due to the accidental addition or subtraction of sea water from the evaporimeter dur- ing the run. If it is assumed that the change in height of the water in the vessel owing to the above causes amounts to +5.0 mm (a generous allowance), then by taking the mean values of Sj and S2 as 36 and 40 parts per mille respectively, it is found that h = (263 x 0.5 cc/263 cm2) 1.027 (0.040 - 0.036) /0.040 = +0.5 mm This is 6 per cent of the mean value of h (7.8 mm) fora vessel containing exactly 2000 cc of water at the above mean salinities. Because of these uncertainties, as well as the pres- sure of carrying out other programs of the Carnegie’s work, it became necessary to discontinue the evaporation observations after January 9, 1929. DISCUSSION One of the major problems of marine meteorology is that concerning the quantity of water evaporating from the surface of the sea. Consequently, preparations were made before the Carnegie left Washington for determin- ing evaporation rates of sea water from a pan on board the vessel. It was not until July 19, 1928, however, that conditions were obtained which were favorable for be- ginning these measurements. Between this date and January 9, 1929, a total of twenty-three successful evap- oration series were made. Nine of these were made in the North Atlantic Ocean and the remaining number in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Most of the series were carried through 24 hours; five through 48 hours. The results of the*twenty-three series are presented in table 63. The uncorrected evaporation values range from 2 mm to 10 mm with a mean of 6.22 mm. Accord- ing to Wiist [38], these values must be reduced by multi- plication with the factor 0.53 to represent fairly actual evaporation from the surface of the sea. The mean of the twenty-three Carnegie series corrected in this man- EVAPORATION Table 63. Twenty-four-hour values of sea-water evaporation, Carnegie, 1928-29 Dura- tion of Run No. Latitude | Longitude ° 1928 : hrs 1 July 19-20 63.8 N 21.8 W 24 2 Aug. 18-19 27.0 N 38.9 W 24 3 Aug. 20-21 23.3 N 39.9 W 24 4 Aug. 21-22 20.6 N 33.2 W 24 5 Aug. 22-23 18.0N 38.2 W 24 6 Aug. 24-25 15.6 N 38.0 W 24 7 Aug. 28-29 10.8 N 37.3 W 24 8 Aug. 30-31 9.4N 37.0 W 25 9 Aug. 31-Sep. 1 8.0 N 36.1 W 24 10 Nov. 9-10 1.58 86.3 W 24 11 Nov. 10-12 1.98 89.3 W 48 12 Nov. 12-14 1.58 93.3 W 48 13. Nov. 14-15 2.18 95.0 W 17 14 Nov. 19-21 6.6S 106.6 W 48 15 Nov. 27-28 25.6S 115.5 W 24 16 Nov. 28-29 27.4S 115.2W 24 17 Dec. 3-4 31.6S 111.8 W 24 18 Dec. 5-6 27.5S 109.1 W 24 19 Dec. 18-19 32.3S 107.6 W 24 20 Dec. 22-24 38.9S 102.6 W 48 21 Dec. 26-28 39.758 95.9 W 48 1929 22 Jan. 1-2 32.08 88.9 W 25 34 23 ‘Jan. 5-6 30.0S 85.9 W 24 Mieanss = 9 RERESTRD Oo Shesdeccee 7 seecess Se OP OSes) Oo] OR ROR MOR WRAP ROI IwW ID I0O Mean air temper- ature at rail at sea- surface (ew) Calculat- ed after ae accord- |Sverdrup ; ing to hshaps Wiist ew -e (hy x .53) wea mm mm mm mm 1 90 3.8 34.83 35.39 1.23 0.76 1.992 1.05 0.68 2 76 4.8 37.02 37.06 0.08 6.60 6.68 3.54 5.07 3 75 5.4 36.97 41.92 9.22 0.38 9.60 5.08 6.10 4 79 6.1 37.00 41.88 9.10 1.02 10.12 5.37 4.89 5 85 4.5 36.63 39.47 5.62 0.51 6.13 3.25 2.54 6 82 1e3 36.28 39.25 5.91 0.00 5.91 3.14 0.87 7 83 1.8 36.13 37.54 2.93 3.05 5.98 3.17 1.61 8 83 5.7 35.46 36.78 2.80 3.81 6.34 3.36 5.01 9 83 5.0 35.44 34.74 -1.57 4.06 2.49 1.325 4.08 10 81 4.0 34.39 37.07 5.06 0.00 5.06 2.696 2.14 11 73 3.2 34.11 43.12 14.62 0.00 TAS 3.88 2.33 12 80 - 2.4 34.57 39.36 9.50 0.00 4.75 2.52¢ 1.00 13 83 Sh 34.78 35.70 2.01 0.00 2.84 1.50f 1.15 14 75 4.3 35.26 45.06 16.99 0.00 8.50 4.50 3h13 15 80 3.8 36.18 39.88 7.25 0.00 7.25 3.83 2.65 16 72 4.2 36.06 41.17 9.69 0.25 9.94 5.26 3.87 17 78 3.2 35.39 38.99 7.21 0.00 21 3.82 2.00 18 73 4.7 35.73 37.59 3.86 0.25 4.11 2.16 2.93 19 74 2.3 34.93 37.69 5.72 0.00 5.72 3.03 1.54 20 91 5.2 33.99 37.21 6.76 0.00 3.38 1.79 0.54 21 88 3.6 33.90 37.73 7.93 0.00 3.96 2.108 0.70 22 67 0.4 34.61 37.99 6.95 0.00 6.48 3.43 0.40 23 81 3.0 34.53 37.59 6.36 0.00 6.36 1.51 1.39 Means 79.7 3.73 35.40 38.70 5.321 0.90 6.22 3.30} 2.46} 2 salt per in air. b Evaporimeter not moved on account of spray. c Heavy dew during night. Volume of vessel 1791 cc.- © Little direct sunshine during run. Vessel upset, sample coilected at once. 8 Heavy dew during first night. Weighted mean. Means for days with wind speed > 2.5 m/sec, 3.22 and 2.84. 53 54 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE ner is 3.30 mm. This is greater than the mean deter- mined by Wust, who gives a value of 2.64 mm as the mean 24-hour depth of evaporation for all oceans. The maximum corrected 24-hour value (5.37 mm) was measured on August 20-21, 1928, in mean latitude 20°6 north, mean longitude 38°9 west; the minimum 24- hour value (1.05 mm) was recorded on July 19-20, 1928, in mean latitude 8°0 north, mean longitude 36/1 west. Careful measurements of wind velocity, vapor pres- sure, sea-surface temperature, and air temperature were made coincidentally with the evaporation meas- urements. From these data it is possible to compute theoretical evaporation rates according to recent for- mulas developed by Sverdrup [39]. For wind measure- ments and vapor-pressure determinations conducted at a height of 3.6 meters above the sea surface, the fol- lowing equation is used h= 0.149 (ew- a) u where ew is the vapor pressure at the immediate sea surface expressed in millimeters, eg is the vapor pres- sure at a level 3.6 meters above the surface of the sea and also expressed in millimeters, and u is the mean wind speed expressed in meters per second. As stated, the mean corrected 24-hour evaporation value for the Carnegie data is 3.30 mm. Ascomputedfrom Sverdrup’s equation, this value is 2.46 mm. On eliminating the five measurements conducted during periods when the mean 24-hour wind speed was less than 2.5 meters per sec- ond, the corrected Carnegie value is 3.22 mm, whereas the mean as computed after Sverdrup is 2.84 mm, indi- cating a better agreement for periods with the higher wind velocities. This agreement is all the more re- markable when the uncertainty of evaporation measure- ments on board ship is considered. The number of periods of evaporation measurements is too small to determine the variation of evaporation with the various meteorological elements with any de- gree of certainty. It was found, however, that cloudiness tended to decrease the evaporation rates slightly, obvi- ously by lowering the sea-surface temperatures. The mean for days with an average cloudiness greater than 0.5 is 2.66 mm per 24 hours (corrected value), whereas the mean for days with average cloudiness less than 0.5 is 2.79 mm per 24 hours. This variation is so slight, however, that it can hardly be taken as conclusive. The most consistent variation appears to exist with air-temperature changes.? The Carnegie data show an increasing rate of evaporation with increasing air tem- perature up to 25°, but the rate decreases for tempera- tures over 25°, apparently because of the fact that the higher temperatures occurred only in the tropics, where vapor pressures tended to be high also. Since much of the original Carnegie meteorological data was lost when the vessel burned, it is impossible to present further corrected data on evaporation rates as related to the various meteorological elements. CONCLUSION The efforts made to secure accurate evaporation data on board the Carnegie illustrate some of the many difficulties which are encountered in such observational work at sea. The results also emphasize the necessity for detailed observations of humidity and wind gradients over the sea surface. With fragmentary data available, it is difficult to correct the measurements of evapora- tion from the small container to represent amounts evap- orated from the sea surface [40]. @ Sverdrup’s equation indicates that air temperature should be a secondary consideration. Wind speed, vapor pressure and sea-surface temperature are the control- ling factors. MISCELLANEOUS METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA GENERAL REMARKS The original meteorological program of the Carne- gie [41] called for hourly observations of wind direction and speed, and state of the sea and weather, four-hour reports by watch officers of wet- and dry-bulb temper- atures and special observations of atmospheric refrac- tion (by dip-of-horizon measurers at 08h, 12h, and 16h, and by sextant observations on the Sun or Venus when these bodies were near the zenith), occurrence of thun- der and lightning, cloud forms and amount, dust content of the air, etc. Owing to the loss of the original logbook, -however, it has been impossible to study these data in detail and to present separate chapters on each of these elements in this report. Nevertheless, certain data, in- cluding those concerning rainfall, thunderstorms, fog, and optical phenomena, have been entered in the log ab- stract and are included here. Data on clouds, wind, and state of the sea are avail- able only from the reports of the Greenwich mean noon observations. It is realized that these noon observa- tions are not comparable as between the various regions with respect to local time; therefore, too much empha- sis should not be placed on regional variations in these data. It appears desirable, on future expeditions like that of the Carnegie, to record the noon observations ac- cording to local time rather than at Greenwich noon. WIND As has been explained, the data on wind speed and direction are available only for the observations at Greenwich mean noon, and therefore these data are not strictly comparable as between the various Groups. Wind speed has been reported according to the Beaufort scale of wind force. Table 64 shows the frequency of occurrence of the various Beaufort numbers for all Groups. It may be mentioned that the wind force was 4 or less on 83.9 per cent of all days of the cruise. The mean wind force for the various Groups of Car- negie data are presented in table 65, which indicates that wind velocities were highest (4.3) in the Alaskan Peninsula Group for the period between July 4 and 21, 1929, whereas the lowest mean value (2.2) is recorded for the Hawaiian Group for the period between Septem - ber 9 and 16, 1929. The mean Beaufort numbers for the various ranges of latitude are given in figure 18. Wind velocities ap- Table 64. Wind-speed frequencies of Beaufort numbers at noon (GMT) for all groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Percent- Percent- | Beau- fort age of fort age of No. total days No. total days 0 18 4.9 5 42 11.4 1 28 7.6 6 13 3.6 2 52 14.2 7 3 0.8 3 88 24.0 8 1 0.3 4 122 33.2 Total 367 100.0 55 pear to show maxima at mean latitudes 20° south, at the equator, 20° north, and 50° north, and minima at 30° south, 10° south, 10° north, and 30° north. The highest mean velocity (4.1) appears within the range 45° to 55° north. Data concerning the prevailing wind directions for the various groups are presented in table 66. STATE OF THE SEA Data concerning the state of the sea have been re- ported according to the International Scale, andare pre- sented in this report in a manner similar to that of the wind data (tables 67, 68, and fig. 18). The state of the sea appears to vary directly with wind speed. RAINFALL The days on which precipitation was recorded com- prise the only data concerning rainfall entered in the ob log abstract. These log entries indicate that precipita- tion occurred on 112 days during the cruise, or on 34 per cent of the total days. As indicated by the data in table 69, there is considerable variation between the Groups in the percentage of days with rain. This, how- Table 65. Wind speed: Mean Beaufort numbers at noon (GMT) for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Mean No. : Group wind aes | as | force 1928 I July 29-Aug. 6 9 3.2 0 Aug. 7-10 4 3.8 III Aug. 11-23 13 3.4 IV Aug. 24-Sep. 15 # 24 2.3 Vv Oct. 2-10 9 3.6 VI Oct. 26-Nov. 6 12 3.4 vil a Nov. 7-Dec. 21> 38 Sel b Feb. 22-28, 1929 7 3.6 VIII Dec. 22-31 ° 10 3.4 1929 Ix Jan. 1-14 14 2.9 x Feb. 6-17 , 12 3.4 XI Mar. 1-31 24 2.4 XII Apr. 22-May 31° 35 3.5 XI a) June 1-30! 14 2.4 te} July 1-3 3 3.3 XIV July 4-218 18 4.3 XV July 22-28 7 4.1 XVI Sep. 4-8 5 3.0 XVII a Sep. 9-16 8 YD b Sep. 17-Oct. 75 12 3.8 c Oct. 11-251 16 3.6 Oct. 26-Nov. 14 24 2.6 Total and mean 318 ace Days omitted as follows: (a) Aug. 25, 26; (b) Dec. 3-12; (c) Dec. 25, 26; (d) Mar. 4, 13-20, 26; (e) May 6, 11, 20-25; (f) June 8-24; (g) Two dates July 14 on crossing 180° meridian; (h) Sep. 20-Oct. 2; (i) Oct. 18. 56 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 66. Frequencies of wind directions at noon (GMT) for groups, Carnegie, 1928-297 1928 I July 29-Aug. 6 500 3 oa0 506 1 3 2 ond 9 I Aug. 7-10 1 Baa 1 wae aes 1 1 noe B66 4 Ul Aug. 11-23 we 1 5 1 1 2 3 aes 13 IV Aug. 24-Sep. 15 6 2 6 Sac 2 3 2 1 2 24 Vv Oct. 2-10 1 1 6 1 500 550 are ae 9 VI Oct. 26-Nov. 6 ie ie 2 7 1 1 1 12 vu a Nov. 7-Dec. 21 2 3 151 8 9 2 1 a 1 38 &} Feb. 22-28, 1929 505 6 1 FeO ene AAG ode 7 Vill Dec. 22-31 2 1 2 2 1 a - 2 10 1929 Ix Jan. 1-14 il 506 8 3 1 ace 1 14 xX Feb. 6-17 see mae oe 6 6 6o6 eee So 12 XI Mar. 1-31 2 1 10 5 en6 1 2 3 24 XII Apr. 22-May 31 560 8 21 3 2 200 1 35 XII (} June 1-30 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 S66 2 14 b July 1-3 500 ae S00 2 1 a 500 a0C 3 XIV July 4-21 50 2 Sc0 3 6 2 4 1 5 18 XV July 22-28 =—3 ts : 1 Sac 3 cee 7 XVI Sep. 4-8 eee a0 1 aac 4 5 XVII a Sep. 9-16 2 1 1 2 1 1 8 b Sep. 17-Oct. 7 2 7 3 was oe ale 5 12 c Oct. 11-25 1 4 2 wes 4 1 3 1 16 XVUl Oct. 26-Nov. 14 5 4 5 5 1 se 4 24 Total 19 33 85 53 43 25 25 18 17 318 4 From abstract of log. Table 67. State of sea: Frequencies of International Table 68. State of sea: Mean International Numbers at noon (GMT) for all groups, Numbers at noon (GMT) for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 Carnegie, 1928-29 Inter- | No Percent- } Inter- | yo Percent- No Inter- national | iV. age of jnational aDee age of Group GPa national No. y total days | No. y total days yS | Number 0 22 6.0 4 83 22.6 1928 i 46 12.5 5 22 6.0 I July 29-Aug. 6 9 3.7 2 76 20.7 6 5 1.4 Il Aug. 7-10 4 2.8 3 111 30.3 7 2 0.5 ll Aug. 11-23 13 2.8 SSS IV Aug. 24-Sep. 15 24 2.0 Total Se 367 100.0 Vv Oct. 2-10 9 gall VI Oct. 26-Nov. 6 12 3.3 ever, is not significant since the number of days spent ya Nov. 7-Dec. 21 38 2.8 by the Carnegie within each Group were relatively few. {} Feb. 22-28, 1929 7 3.3 There is also considerable variation in the percent- Vill Dec. 22-31 10 2.4 age of days with precipitation between the ranges of lati- 1929 tude (table 70); the maximum value (40.0 per cent) oc- Ix Jan rire u a6 curs in the range 5° to 15° north, and, significantly x Feb. 6- ; : XI Mar. 1-31 24 2.0 enough, the minimum value (14.8 per cent) occurs in the XII Apr. 22-May 31 35 3.0 range 5 to 15” south. XII Table 71 indicates that rainfall takes place some- a June 1-30 14 2.3 what more frequently during nocturnal hours, principal- {B} July 1-3 3 2.3 ly before midnight. XIV July 4-21 18 3.6 XV July 22-28 ul 3.7 XVI Sep. 4-8 5 2.2 THUNDERSTORMS XVII Real thunderstorms were observed only four times 5 aa aan ea a ae on board the Carnegie. This is not surprising when it is c Oct. 11-25 16 2.8 considered that the summer months were spent in each XVIII Oct. 26-Nov. 14 24 2.0 hemisphere. Thunder was recorded on the following dates: (1) October 9, 1928, latitude 11° 23’ north, longi- Total and mean 318 2.7 MISC ELLANEOUS METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA 57 tude 78° 31’ west; in the afternoon and from 19h to mid- night. (2) October 27, 1928, latitude 5° 44’ north, longi- tude 79° 54’ west; in the morning. (3) October 28, 1928, latitude 4° 15’ north, longitude 79° 39’ west; in the morn- ing. (4) March 26, 1929, latitude 16° 08’ south, longitude 158° 22’ west; in the morning. Lightning was observed on sixteen days during the cruise, or on only 5 per cent of the total days (311). These data are presented in table 72. Table 69. Frequency of days on which rain occurred for groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 4 No. with | No. with- | Total 1928 I July 29-Aug. 6 i 8 9 sal Aug. 7-10 1 3 4 Il Aug. 11-23 0 13 13 IV Aug. 24-Sep. 16 5 19 24 v Oct. 2-10 3 6 VI Oct. 26-Nov. 6 9 3 12 Vil a Nov. 7-Dec. 21 11 29 40 b Feb. 22-28, 1929 1 6 7 Vil Dec. 22-31 1 9 10 1929 1D.¢ Jan. 1-14 3 Be 14 x Feb. 6-17 3 9 12 xI Mar. 1-31 14 11 25 XII Apr. 22-May 31 17 18 35 XIII 8} June 1-30 5 9 14 July 1-3 0 3 3 XIV July 4-21 9 10 19 xv July 22-28 5 3 8 XVI Sep. 4-8 1 4 5 XVII a Sep. 9-16 1 7 Pets Sep. 17-Oct. 7 6 6 12 c Oct. 11-25 9 7 16 XVUI Oct. 26-Nov. 14 6 18 24 Total 111 212 323 2 From abstract of log. Table 70. Number of days on which rain occurred for ranges in latitude, Carnegie, 1928-29 4 nue : : Percentage Ranges in Total | No. with- | No. with 65 N-55 N 19 15 4 21.1 55 N-45 N 41 27 14 34.1 45 N-35 N 43 30 13 30.2 35 N-25 N 43 30 13 30.2 25 N-15 N 36 23 13 36.1 15N- 5N 50 30 20 40.0 5N- 58S 34 25 9 26.5 5S-15S 54 46 8 14.8 58-258 35 20 15 42.9 5S8-35S 26 18 8 30.8 35 S-45S 9 7 2 22.2 Total 390 271 1D eee Means: All latitudes 29.9 All days 30.5 4 From abstract of log. CLOUDS Data on the number of tenths of sky covered by clouds have been taken from the observations at Greenwich mean noon. Here, again, owing to the variation in local time at which these observations were made, it is not possible to make detailed comparisons. These cloud data are presented in tables 73 and 74. From table 74 it can be seen that cloudiness is at amax- imum at the equator and within the range of latitude 45° to 55° north. FOG Data concerning the number of days with fog, andthe duration in each instance, are given in table 75. Fog Table 71. Diurnal variation of rainfall for groups by quarter-day periods, Carnegie, 1928-2 Group|No. quarter -day periods (local mean hours) Tota 00-06 | 06-12 | 12-18 | 18-24 | 00-24 | ‘ays ihe val 1 1 1 4 1 10 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Iv 0 3 0 5 8 5 vV oO 1 3 0 4 4 ViGe6 8 8 7 29 9 vu {a 6 3 2 7 18 11 1 0 0 0 1 1 vil +O 0 1 1 2 1 Tk. 0 0 1 3 4 3 xX: 1 1 1 0 3 3 XI O65 2 4 7 18 14 xX 66 5 7 10 28 17 xi a) 3 1 1 3 8 5 fs 0 0 0 0 0 0 SV 7 6 6 8 27 9 XV 4 2 1 3 10 5 XVI 1 0 1 0 2 1 XVII a) 0 1 0 0 1 1 b) 2 0 3 2 7 6 c) 6 3 5 7 21 9 XVII 3 3 4 1 11 6 Total 52 41 50 65 208 112 Table 72. Frequency of ade on which lightnin tning was observed, by groups, Carnegie, 1928-29 No. days Group? Dates neat Lighting y observed 1928 mi Aug. 11-23 13 1 IV Aug. 24-Sep. 15 22 1 Vv Oct. 2-10 9 8 VI Oct. 26-Nov. 6 12 2 xI Mar. 1-31 25 3 XII Apr. 22-May 31 32 1 Total 311 16. 2 prrom abstract of log. PNo days with lightning were recorded in the groups which are not listed above. 58 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 73. Mean cloudiness for groups from Table 74. Mean of cloudiness for ranges in latitude observations at noon (GMT), Carnegie, 1928-29 from observations at noon (GMT), Carnegie, 1928-29 Mean ; No. Range in wee Rang ein No. 1928 ° ° ° ° I July 29-Aug. 6 9 0.79 65 N-55 N 18 0.68 5N- 5S 34 0.71 II Aug. 7-10 4 0.45 55 N-45 N 36 0.86 58-158 47 0.48 Ill Aug. 11-23 13 0.46 45 N-35 N 41 0.73 15 S-25S 33 0.61 IV Aug. 24-Sep. 15 24 0.52 35 N-25 N 41 0.57 25 S-35S 26 0.62 Vv Oct. 2-10 9 0.68 25 N-15 N 33 0.44 358-458 8 0.65 VI Oct. 26-Nov. 6 12 0.88 15 N- 5N 50 0.61 Vil (2) Nov. 7-Dec. 21 44 0.70 Totaly weet 8. fy wacesacerene 367 | Gsstewe b Feb. 22-28 7 0.53 Means: Allvlatitudesic.-.--cesesiaeeeee 0.628 Vill Dec. er 10 0.68 Alindays:. | 9. 250s2 eee eee 0.634 Ix Jan 1-14 be eat Fs ee as or 0.46 Table 75. Fog reports, Carnegie, 1928-29 XII Apr. 22-May 31 35 0.43 XII Began (3) June 1-30 4. 069 | or | Temperature XIV ie 4-21 10 1.00 date Latitude | Longitude Air Water XV July 22-28 7 0.89 ay cage ‘3 é XVI Sep. 4-8 5 0.90 1928 6h m Cc Cc XVI May 30 03 00 49 07 N 16 01 W 12.0 13.0 (a) Sep. 9-16 8 0.54 June 4 01 00 5015 N 12 30 W 13.0 13.0 b Sep. 17-Oct. 7 12 0.36 Aug. 1 03 00 58 21 N 37 14 W 11.5 11.0 tb} Oct. 11-25 15 0.74 Dee. 22 08 00 3649S 10404 W 17-5 17.0 . 26-Nov. 14 20 0.48 1929 2S Gerace | July 5 00 4247N 155 58 E = 11.0) 400 311 0.64 July 6 9 4425N 15843 E- 10.0 9.0 Totalandimean July9 2300 4711N 16750E 7.9 7.4 July 11 2300 4514N 17236E 9.0 8.8 (light to dense) was recorded on sixteen days during the | July12 1840 4534N 173 18E 9.7 9.0 cruise. It is significant to note that all but four of these July 4 14 4 ne ie N it ue E tate ae days were during July 1929, while the Carnegie was in le iat 08 no 48 a N 178 22 = ana ae the North Pacific Ocean between Japan and San Francis- july 15 0730 5022N 173 04 WwW 9.5 85 co. July 17 1850 5233N 15954 W 10.0 9.7 July 18 0100 5234N 15815 W 9.7 9.6 OPTICAL PHENOMENA July 28 0605 3814N 123.27 W 12.2 11.5 Visibility, solar radiation, halos, coronas, and the blueness of the sky were not included in the observation- al work of the Carnegie. The optical observations were made incidentally and reported only briefly in the log ab- stract. The aurora borealis was observed on three nights during the cruise, namely, on August 3, 4, and 6, 1928, between latitudes 48° and 58° north in the North Atlantic. MISC ELLANEOUS METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA 59 Table 75. Fog reports, Carnegie, 1928-29--Concluded ann He Latitude uaneline Character of fog 1928 h m ; °c 5c June 1 07 00 50 05 N 1315 W 13 13 Passing banks light to moderately dense June 4 12 00 S016N 1205 W 12 13 Moderately dense banks Aug. 1 18 00 5813N 4004 W 10.0 11.0 Light and in short banks ee ae 18 00 3712S 10355 W 18.0 17.5 Light narrow banks July 5 23 00 43 10N 15702E 10.9 10.1 Dense mist to light fog July 8 15 15 4659N 163 27E 7.5 7.0 Dense mist to light fog July 9 24 00 4711 N 16753 E 8.0 7.5 Light July 12 09 10 45 11N 17253 E 9.5 8.0 Moderately thick July 12 23 25 4548N 173 35 E 9.5 8.8 Thick July 13 23 30 4714N 17605E 10.1 8.3 Moderately thick July 14 19 00 4825N 17935E 10.0 8.5 Light July 14 23 00 4952N 174 37W Bail 8.2 Light July 15 09 50 5027N 17251 W 10.0 8.7 Light July 17 23 00 592 34N 15845 W 9.5 9.5 Moderate July 18 11 45 52 34N 155 41 W 10.5 10.0 Light July 28 12 50 3752N 12251 W 14.0 12.0 Very thick SUMMARY One of the principal objectives of the seventh cruise of the Carnegie was to obtain exact meteorological in- formation from some of the rarely visited areas of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. For example, from some parts of the South Pacific --an area approximating that of the United States -- the United States Weather Bureau a few years ago was receiving but one vessel report per year per 3,000,000 square miles. Observations made on vessels such as the Carnegie, therefore, bulk largem the total scientific knowledge of these parts of the earth’s surface. As stated by Brooks [41, p. 195]: “Since there is no prospect for fixed observations Over vast stretches of ocean, our knowledge of ocean climatology must be built up by continuing to collect weather data here and there over the oceans wherever and as often as scientific vessels can be sent.... It is periectly true that observations made with a moving ob- Servatory can do no more than note a sample of the cli- mate of each spot passed over. And it is also obvious that unless such samples are recorded now, more next time, and more another time as the vessel passes that Way, we shall never have enough of the samples on which to base a general idea of the annual course or ranges of the climatic elements. Each series of samples in itself does not have the value that a corresponding series of depth determinations enjoys, it is true. But that is the nature of what is being observed and does not indicate that this unexcelled opportunity for observing shall not be embraced to the utmost.” From this viewpoint surely the seventh cruise of the Carnegie was important and successful. At the same time it is felt by the writers that the climatological as- pects of the cruise are quite secondary when compared with the valuable information gained through the several particular meteorological investigations which were made. Though these findings were only incidental, and their circumstances more casual than deliberate, they are none the less important. The writers have been at pains to cali attention in the text to the unusual, the problematical, and the erroneous rather than the usual and expected results. These latter data may be obtained from the tables and figures. Specifically, these Carnegie results show the need for increasing the accuracy of air-temperature meas- urements on board ship, and at the same time they il- lustrate several possible methods for accomplishing this end. In addition, the results demonsirate (1) the need for additional studies of wet- and dry-bulb lapse rates between deck and masthead, (2) the need for further in- vestigations into the relations between sea-suriace and air temperatures and humidity, (3) the practical diffi- culties in conducting evaporation studies at sea with present-day equipment, (4) the necessity for improve- ment in the dependability of hydrometeorograph equip- ment, (5) the need for accurate wind, precipitation, and psychrometric observations, and (6) the fallacy in rec- ords of the noon observations according to Greenwich meridian time. It is to be hoped that future scientific expeditions to remoie parts of the oceans will undertake such programs and profit by the experiences andresults which have been set forth in these few chapters. It is unfortunate that much of the Carnegie meteoro- logical data are in such form that they do not lend them- selves to interpretation, and that they cannot, therefore, be embodied in specialized studies. It is only through the study of such material as this, however, that we can gain a knowledge of the difficulties of collecting meteor- ological data at sea and further expeditions are therefore to be encouraged. It is to be specifically recommended to future expe- ditions of this type that they: i. Be equipped with two or more sets of equipment for measuring and recording air temperature and hu- midity, to be mounted on opposite sides of the vessel. Only by following such a procedure will it be possible to correct these records for overheating and undercooling of the thermal elements. 2. Record the noon observations at local mean noon 60 SUMMARY rather than according to Greenwich meridian time. 3. Carry surplus equipment in stock wherever elec- trical recording apparatus is used. 4. Plan to carry out frequent checks of the recording instruments and obtain periodic psychrometric observa- tions at several heights above the deck of the vessel. 5. Mount several Robinson Cup or Dines anemome- ters at similar heights above the deck for the purpose of obtaining wind records to correspond to temperature and humidity measurements. 6. Make periodic observations of cloud types and amounts, and estimates of their direction of movement and altitude. 7. Undertake a systematic program of precipitation measurement, preferably with recording equipment. 8. Obtain continuous records of solar and sky radia- tion. 9. Undertake periodic ascents into the upper atmos- phere by means of radio meteorograph equipment. 10. Make periodic counts of dust particles and con- densation nuclei in the atmosphere, and determinations of the CO2 content of the air. 11. Continue investigations of wind velocities and di- rections at different heights above the sea surface through balloon drifts and cloud motions. 12. Continue evaporation studies at sea with a view toward improving methods and equipment. It is to be remarked that such a program as outlined above, in addition to the regular program of observations of atmospheric pressure, sea-surface temperature, state of the weather and sea, and optical phenomena, would require the constant attention of several full-time ob- servers. It thus appears that such a program could best be done on a vessel which was primarily equipped for meteorological work, and which would conduct intensive surveys of small areas. Extensive meteorological and climatological studies could be conducted, as previously, in conjunction with oceanographic or other scientific investigations made over wide areas of the ocean surface. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. LITERATURE CITED . Kobe, Mem. Mar. Obs., vol. 2, p. 190 (1930). Deutsche Stdpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903, vol. 3, Mete- orologie vol. 1, 1. Halfte, p. 448 (1923) Hann, J. v. Wien, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wissensch., Abt. Ila, vol. 128 (1919). Meinardus, W. Deitsche Sidpolar-Expedition, 1901- 1903, vol. 3, Meteorologie vol. 1, 1. Halfte, p. 453 (1923). 22. 23. 24. 25. Simpson, G. C. The twelve-hourly barometer oscillation. Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc. vol. 44, pp. 1-18. London (1918). Schmidt, Ad. Met. Ztschr., vol. 7, pp. 182-185 (1890). . Hann, J. v. Wien, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wissensch., Abt. Ila, vol. 127 (1918) Bartels, J. Ztschr. Geophysik, vol. 3, pp. 389-397 (1927). Jour. Terr. Mag., vol. 40, p. 5, (1935). Bartels, J. Abhandl. Met. Inst., vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 32, 50. Berlin (1927). Hann, J. v. Met. Ztschr., vol. 15, p. 374 (1898). Hann, J. v. Wien, Denkschr. Akad. Wissensch., vol. 55, p. 76 (1889). Margules, M. Wien, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wissensch., Abt. Ila, vol. 102, pp. 11-56 (1893). Jaerisch, P. Met. Ztschr., vol. 24, p. 484. (1907). Values for Lerwick have been taken from Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc., vol 58, p. 70 (1932); for Jersey, Ponta Delgada, Taiwan, Port au Prince, Guadeloupe, Manila, and Mangareva from Wien, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wissen- sch., Abt. Ila, vol. 127, pp. 352-362; for Mauritius and Batavia from Wien, Denkschr. Akad. Wissensch., vol. 55 (1889); for Easter Island from Met. Ztschr., vol. 31, p. 404 (1914); for Samoa from Met. Ztschr., vol. 30, p. A (1913); for Jaluit from Met. Ztschr., vol. 14, p.57 1897). Bartels, J. Wien-Harms, Handbuch der Experimental- physik, vol. 25, Geophysik 1, p. 173 (1928). ast J. v. Wien, Denkschr. Akad. Wissensch., vol. 95 1918). Sverdrup, H. U. The Norwegian North Polar Expedition with the Maud, 1918-1925, vol. II, Met. pt. I, p. 209. Bergen (1933). Pramanik, S. K. Mem. Roy. Met. Soc., vol. 1, no. 3. London (1926). Pramanik, S. K. Mem. Roy. Met. Soc, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 43, 45, 49. London (1926). Litgens, R. Hamburg, Aus d. Arch. Seewarte XXXIV, vol. 8, pp. 13, 67 (1911). Spinnangr. juli 1930. Norsk Tidssk. for Sjgvesen. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 40. 41. 61 Russeltvedt, N. Measurement of temperature on board ships. Geofys. Publ. vol. XI, no. 10, Oslo (1936). Clarke, K. B. Mon. Weath. Rev., vol. 59, no. 5, p. 185 (1931). Visser, S. W. The Snellius-Expedition, vol. III, Met. Obs., pp. 10-11. Leiden (1936). Braak, C. Drachen-. Freiballon- und Fesselballon- beobachtungen. Verhandl. Kon. Mag. Met. Obs. 3. Ba- tavia. (1921-1929). Hann, J. v., and R. Suring. Lehrbuch der Meteorologie, 4. Auflage. Leipzig (1926). Chapman, S. Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc., vol. 50, pp. 165-195, esp. 181 and 189 (1924). Kuhlbrodt, E. and J. Reger. Deutsche atlantische Expe- dition, (Meteor 1925-27), vol. 14, 2. Lieferung (Ab- schnitt B). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin (1938). Chapman, S., S. K. Pramanik, and J. Topping. Beitr. f. Geophysik, vol. 33, p. 259 (1931). Brooks, C. F. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 18, no. 20 (1928). Schott, G. and F. Schu. Ann. Hydrogr., vol. 38, pp. 2-25 (1910). Helland-Hansen, B. Physical oceanography and meteor- ology. Rept. Sci. Results Michael Sars N. Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition, 1910, vol. 1, pp. 1, 8 (1931). Meinardus, W. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expediticn, 1901- 1903, vol. 3, Met. vol. 1, 1. Halfte, p. 515, table 97. (1923). Van Riel, P. M. Utrecht, Meded. Verhandl. 30, Ned. Met. Inst. no. 102 (no date). Schott, G. Petermanns geogr. Mitteil, Erganzungsheft no. 109, p. 11 (1893). Braak, C. Het Klimaat van Nederlandsch Indié. Verhandl. Kon. Magn. Met. Obs. 8, ptsI and II. Batavia (1921- 1929). Wist, G. Verdff. Inst. Meeresk., N. F. A, Heft 6, p. 11 (1920). Wist, G. Verdff. Inst. Meeresk., N. F. A, Heft 6, p. 11, (1920) and: Oberflachensalzgehalt, Verdunstung und Niederschlag auf dem Weltmeers. Landerkundliche Forschung. Festschrift Norbert Trebs (1936). Sverdrup, H. U. Jour. Marine Res., vol. 1, pp. 3-14 (Nov. 1937). Giblett, M. A. Proc. Roy. Soc., A., vol. 99, pp. 472- 490 (1921). Brooks, C. F. Meteorological program of the seventh cruise of the Carnegie, 1928-1931. Mon. Weath. Rev. vol. 57, pp. 194-196 (1929). APPENDIX I ABSTRACT OF LOG * COM AD ope _ 1928 June 18 19 20 21 ° ' Noon position ABSTRACT OF LOG Remarks Washington, D. C. to Plymouth, England Total distance, 3669; time of passage, 29.3 days; average day’s run, 125.2 miles >) 2 miles» 2 miles Washington, DHCD, Socec BAco. -_Gacoe St.Marys River ..... enon, aabeo St.Mary’s River ..... Soue neeahc StiMarycs/River “cj.00 secs | ssese St.Mary’s River ..... hea ese Newport News ___...... goso = -ag000 Newport News oooh occo. codec Newport News _...... Fach = oaone Newport News __...... coo9. coed Left Colonial Beach Steamboat Co. pier under tow at 09h 00m. Anchored at entrance St. Mary's River, Chesapeake Bay, at 00h 20m off Kitts Point. Swung ship for declination-observations and deviation. Clear. Light variable breeze. Atmospheric-electric observations. Clear. Light NW air. Atmospheric-electric observations. Clear. Calm. Atmospheric-electric observations. Clear. Calm. Under way 20h 30m with pilot. Anchored at 08h 30m. Overcast. Fresh northerly breeze. In drydock of Newport News Shipbut ans and Drydock Co. at 10h 10m. Cloudy toclear. Fresh northerly breeze. In drydock. Overcast. Rain. Strong NE breeze. In drydock. Overcast. Rain. Calm. Under way at 13h 15m with pilot. Took departure from Cape Henry -at 18h 20m. Gentle SE breeze. Partly cloudy. Clear to cloudy. Smooth to moderate sea. Moderate southerly breeze. Cloudy to overcast. Moderate to choppy sea. Moderate to fresh breeze, S ina.m., NE in p.m. Partly cloudy. Moderate sea and northerly wind. Overcast, rain. Gentle to fresh northerly breeze. Moderate sea. Overcast, rain. Fresh northerly breeze. Choppy sea. Partly cloudy. Moderate to fresh NW breeze. Moderate and broken and choppy sea. Partly cloudy. Moderate sea. Rain squalls. Moderate breeze, NW in a.m., SW in p.m. Cloudy, rain. Strong southerly breeze to moderate gale. Roughsea. Partly cloudy. Fresh southerly breeze. Roughto choppy sea, squalls. Cloudy. Fresh southerly breeze. Moderate choppy sea. Squalls. Cloudy. Moderate southerly breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudy. Moderate sea. Moderate to gentle SE breeze. Overcast. Rain. Moderate to strong NE breeze. Moderate to rough sea. Overcast. Heavy rain. Strong NE breeze to fresh gale. Rough sea. Cloudy. Fresh NE breeze. Moderate sea, broken, and choppy. Cloudy. Fresh northerly breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudy. Fresh NW and SW breezes. Moderate to rough sea. Overcast. Strong northerly breeze to moderate gale. Choppy sea. Clear in p.m. Moderate sea. Moderate southerly breeze. Overcast. Fog. Rain. Moderate southerly breeze and sea. Overcast. Fog. Rain. Moderate sea. Gentle SE breeze. Cloudy to overcast. Misty. Moderate sea. Moderate E to SE breeze. Cloudy. Fresh to strong easterly breeze. Moderate to rough sea. Cloudy to overcast. Fog. Rain. Strong to light SE breeze. Choppy sea. Cloudy to overcast. Fog. Rain. Gentle to strong easterly breeze. Choppy sea. Cloudy to overcast. Moderate easterly breeze. Moderate sea. Southerly swell. Cloudy. Squalls. Light to fresh SE breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudy to overcast. Gentle southerly breeze. Rain. Moderate sea. Slightly cloudy in a.m., overcast in p.m. W to SW light winds in a.m. Moderate sea. Rain and strong wind in p.m. Anchored in Plymouth harbor at 20h 30m. Plymouth, England to Hamburg, Germany Total distance, 614 miles; time of passage, 4.1 days; average day’s run, 149.8 miles Newport News .... see anes 3715 N 28609 134 244 7.5 3817N 29156 282 61 6.4 3743.N 29637 221 89 69.0 3700N 29940 149 220 44.8 3704N 30324 179 295 30.0 3748 N 30650 170 231 18.3 3812N 31021 168 225 27.6 3911 N 31429 202 36 19.8 4038N 31811 191 16 19.4 4201 N 32113 161 337 15.3 4404N 32354 170 19 9.2 45 29N 32640 146 310 11.5 4435.N 326 53 54 212 27.2 4351 N 32818 75 229 10.2 4313N 328 30 40 260 31.5 4400N 33135 144 153 15.4 4550N 33429 164 176 13.3 4811N 33852 230 66 14.7 4850N 34110 101 197 12.4 4937N 34424 138 340 4.7 5023N 346 29 92 12 2.9 5006 N 346 54 24 42 3.9 4932 N 34753 51 289 10:2 5012N 347 29 43 159 5.0 5016N 34755 17 160 16.6 4955 N 348 52 42 4 3.8 5010N 34956 44 295 3.1 5012N 352 04 82 6 6.3 4959N 35457 112 100 toy, Plymouth? |) ----) ee - seca ae °' miles ° miles Plymouth ey ye -sesrniccee) mascens 5029N 35859 126 20 6.3 5139N 224 146 120 15.8 53 23 N 424 128 40 12.6 Took departure from Plymouth Breakwater at 16h 38m. Cloudy. Moderate sea. Gentle W to SW dnd S breeze. Overcast. Gentle to moderate SW to W breeze. Smooth to moder- ate sea. Partly cloudy. Moderate W to NW breeze. Moderate sea. Partly cloudy. Moderate northerly breeze in morning. Gentle southerly breeze in afternoon. Moderate sea. 64 APPENDIX I 65 Plymouth, England to Hamburg, Germany--Concluded Date Remarks Noon | Noon position | me Lati Longi- Day’s Current tude tude run Dir. east 1928 S Seecemiless cas miles June 22 Mouth of Elbe River, Germany 137 18 6.3 Arrived at Elbe lightship no. 1 at 10h 12m. Overcast. Moderate ; southerly breeze. Moderate sea. 22 Hamburg {iis Geser Geeseceas Picked up pilot at Elbe lightship no. 1. Picked up tug at Altenbruck Towed 54 miles to Hamburg Harbor, Jonas Dock, Vorsetzen. An- chored at 20h 00m. Hamburg, Germany to Reykjavik, Iceland Total distance, 1329 miles; time of passage, 13.0 days; average day's run, 102.3 miles 1928 Se ce emiles) | cs miles July 7 Hamburg CIS. ados> gated Left Hamburg Harbor at 07h 00m. Under tow from Harbor to 8 Helgoland. Took departure from Helgoland at 08h 35m July 8. Partly cloudy. Gentle westerly breeze. Moderate sea. Tow dis- tance 96 miles. 14 6405N 34822 79 5 15 6328N 34507 93 337 16 6320N 34246 64 £431 17 6257N 34136 39 84 Cloudy to overcast. Squalls. Strong SW breeze in morning. Very light NE air in afternoon. Rough sea to moderate. Partly cloudy. Light easterly air in morning. Gentle to moderate SW breeze in afternoon. Smooth to moderate sea. Partly cloudy. Moderate westerly breeze. Moderate to choppy sea. Overcast in morning. Rain. Cloudy in afternoon. Moderate west- erly and fresh NW breeze. Moderate choppy to rough sea. 18 6233N 34009 46 153 14.4 Cloudy in morning. Overcast and misty in afternoon. Moderate W to NW breeze. Moderate, choppy sea. 19 6338N 33800 87 64 12.8 Overcast. Misty to drizzling. Moderate NW breeze. Moderate sea. Squally. 20 Reykjavik 61 150 16.0 Overcast and drizzling. Gentle westerly breeze. Smoothsea. At anchor in Reykjavik harbor at 08h 00m. 8 5409N 7 38 5 49 3.0 Partly cloudy. Gentle westerly breeze. Moderate sea. 9 55 21N 513 110 42 9.6 Partly cloudy. Fresh to light WSW breeze. Moderate to smooth sea. 10 5800N 225 185 56 16.0 Cloudy in morning. Overcast and drizzling in afternoon. Fresh W . to SSW breeze. Moderate to choppy sea. 11 6029N 024 162 67 20.2 Overcast and misty. Fresh W to SW breeze. Moderate to choppy sea. 12 6216N 35459 169 43 14.2 Partly cloudy. Strong SW breeze. Moderate to choppy sea. 13 6316N 35040 133 34 a$-2 Partly cloudy. Strong SW breeze. Choppy, rough sea. 1c 1-2 hte ow lop Mer} Reykjavik, Iceland to Barbados, B.W.I. Total distance, 5715 miles; time of passage, 51.8; average day’s run, 110.3 miles 1928 ae ° ' miles ° miles July 27 Reykjavik ..... Acaos pashan Left at 12h 00m with own power. Partly cloudy. Moderate sea and moderate NE to N breeze. 28 6231 N 33342 156 154 7 Cloudy in early morning and evening. Clear during day. Moderate : sea. Moderate northwesterly breeze. 29 6040N 32845 180 144 14 Cloudy to overcast. Moderate sea. Moderate north breeze. 30 5917N 32545 122 180 14 Overcast in morning. Cloudy in afternoon. Light to moderate N to W breezes. Smooth to choppy sea. 31 5754N 32550 83 72 6 Cloudy to overcast. Moderate to gentle NW to SW breezes. Moder- ate sea. Aug. 1 5815 N 32410 57 359 15 Fog, mist, and drizzling rain. Overcast. Gentle SW to NW breezes. Moderate sea. 2 5816N 32118 91 153 2 Overcast and misty. Calm to fresh E and NE breezes. Moderate : to choppy sea. Squalis. 3.5752N 31427 219 324 4 Aurora borealis in early hours. Cloudy until evening then overcast and misty. Strong NE to E breezes. Choppy to rough sea. 4 5430N 31059 233 292 15 Aurora borealis in late evening. Overcast in morning. Cloudy in ’ afternoon. Strong E to NE breezes. Rough sea. Squalis. 5 5138N 31028 174 244 14 Clouds on horizons. Moderate NE to NW breezes. Moderate sea. Iceberg abeam at 19h 35m. 6 4826N 31151 199 137 12 Cloudy. Moderate WNW breeze. Moderate sea. Aurora borealis in late evening. 7 8 4554N 31207 153 172 5 Clear during day. Few clouds on horizons in early evening. Mod- erate to fresh NW to W breeze. Moderate sea. 43 14N 31306 165 17 9 Cloudy, but principally on horizons. Moderate NW breeze in morn- ing and moderate sea. Gentle NE breeze in afternoon and smooth sea. 9 4210N 312 39 67 139 2 Cloudy. Light NE breeze in morning and smooth sea. Moderate to fresh SE breeze and moderate sea in afternoon. 10 3948N 31111 156 343 25 Cloudy to overcast. Rain and mist in middle of day. Fresh to strong SE breeze and rough sea in morning, gentle breeze in afternoon. 11 3838N 31114 70 8691 15 Cloudy. Calm to gentle W breeze. Moderate sea. 66 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Noon | Noon position | L_Noon position | tude east Reykjavik, Iceland to Barbados, B.W.I.--Concluded | Current | 1928 Aug. 12 Sep. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ono NTI no Ff, &O ND —_ - © 12 Lati- tude ° 36 58 N 36 48 N 35 14.N 33 36 N 3110N 29 45 N 2754N 25 39 N 23 59 N 21 46N 1912N 16 35 N 15 48N 1456N 13 55 N 13 22 N 1154N 10 49 N 9 28N 8 11N 926N 950N 1107N 11 23 N 11 33.N 1140 N ‘1118N 11 36N 11 45 N 1210N 13 13 N 13 09 N 13 17 N 13 02 N 12 54N 13 01 N Carlisle Bay, Barbados 311 42 313 34 315 41 317 45 318 56 319 24 320 32 321 01 320 23 320 22 321 31 322 10 322 03 321 50 321 58 322 00 322 08 322 36 322 52 323 52 323 20 323 20 322 52 321 57 319 10 317 24 315 42 314 54 313 53 312 15 310 19 309 24 307 39 305 40 303 43 301 31 Day’s run miles 103 91 139 142 157 88 126 137 105 134 167 162 47 54 61 33 89 70 83 97 81 24 82 57 164 105 103 51 60 99 130 55 102 117 115 128 miles 157 17 85 33 90 16 64 15 117 23 160 17 264 7 310 6 65 5 292, 11 255 6 215 12 206 20 218 20 161 2 184 17 184 9 158 12 122 10 79 17 57 25 113 17 60 15 227 18 264 18 344 1 202 25 296 33 214 12 257 20 20 22 257 20 305 18 319 3 286 12 329 11 Cloudy on horizons. Light to gentle W and SW breezes. Moderate to smooth sea. Squalls in early morning. Cloudy on horizons during day. Moder- ate S to W breezes. Moderate sea. Cloudy. Squalls in early morning. Moderate SW breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudy on horizons and occasionally overhead with squalls and lightning. Moderate westerly breeze. Choppy sea. Cloudy. Squalls in afternoon. Fresh to light W to NW breeze. Mod- erate sea. Cloudy. Squalls in early morning. Clear overhead during day. Light to gentle N to E breeze. Smooth sea. Cloudy on horizons with distant squalls. Gentle to fresh E breeze. Smooth to moderate sea. Cloudy on horizons. Moderate to gentle SE breeze. Moderate to smooth sea. Cloudy, with squall conditions. Moderate to fresh breeze in morn- ing, gentle in afternoon. Moderate sea. Cloudy on horizons. Fresh E breeze. Moderate to choppy sea. Cloudy. Fresh to moderate E breeze. Moderate sea. Squalls; threatening during day. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Moderate E breeze and moderate sea in morning. Light ENE airs and smooth sea in afternoon and evening. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Calm to light E airs. Smooth sea. Cloudy. Light ESE breeze in morning; calm thereafter. Smooth sea. Started main engine at 19h 20m. Cloudy. Light E airs in morning. Light W breeze in afternoon. Smooth sea. Rain in morning and evening. Stopped engine at 08h 10m. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Calm to light west airs. Smooth sea. Started main engine at 19h 25m. Clear in early morning, cloudy thereafter. Squall in evening. Light W to SW airs and breeze. Smooth sea. Stopped main engine at 08h 00m, and started again at 20h 10m. Cloudy. Light variable airs, to calm. Smooth sea. Squalls morn- ing and evening. Stopped engine at 05h 55m and started again st 20h 15m. Cloudy. Calm to light and gentle SW breezes. Smooth to moderate sea. Stopped engine at 11h 20m. Rain at midnight. Squalls throughout day. Gentle to fresh Bester breeze. Moderate to choppy sea. Overcast and raining, morning and evening, otherwise cloudy. Gen- tle W breeze until evening, then calm. Moderate sea. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Light to moderate westerly breeze. Smooth to moderate sea. Squall at midnight. Rain morning and evening with lightning in evening. Cloudy during day. Gentle westerly breeze, tocalm. Moderate to smooth sea. Squall in early morning. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Light to mod- erate NE breeze. Smooth to moderate sea. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Moderate to gentle NE breeze. Moder- ate sea. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Gentle NNE to NxE breeze. Moderate sea. Heavy squall at 19h 00m. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Light NxE breeze to light NNE airs. Moderate to smooth sea. NE swells. Clear in morning, cloudy in afternoon. Light NE airs to calm. Smooth sea. NE swells. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons, until evening; then rain squalls. Gentle to light northerly breeze. Moderate sea. Heavy squalls during morning, cloudy thereafter. Moderate to fresh westerly breeze. Moderate to choppy sea. Squalls threatening in morning, then cloudy chiefly on horizons. Moderate to light SW breeze. Choppy, moderate sea, calm in evening. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Light ENE airs to light ENE breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Gentle E breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Gentle SE breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Gentle ESE breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Gentle ExS breeze. Moderate sea. Sighted island at 16h 30m. Partly cloudy. Gentle ExS breeze. Moderate sea. At anchor in Carlisle Bay at 08h 35m. APPENDIX I 67 Barbados, B.W.I. to Balboa, Canal Zone Total distance, 1361 miles; time of passage, 9.7 days; average day's run, 140.3 miles Lati- Lough uae , tude Sa Am't. miles ° miles Remarks 1928 Oct. 1 Barbados cco. 6005 doe Left anchorage at 11h 30m. Partly cloudy. Moderate sea and gen- tle NEXE breeze. 2 1441N 29837 141 245 17 Near the islands of St. Lucia and Martinique during morning. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Moderate sea and moderate to light NE breeze. Lightning in east. 3 1446N 29624 129 277 22 Cloudy in morning, overcast.in afternoon, with heavy shower in mid- afternoon. Lightning from NE to NW all day. Moderate to smooth sea. Gentle to moderate NNE to ExS breeze. 4 1501N 29353 147 339 15 Cloudy in morning with lightning in SW in early hours. Overcast and squally during midday, clearing somewhat in afternoon. Mod- erate sea and moderate to light E breeze. 5 1519N 29147 124 321 18 Partly cloudy. Lightning in NW and N morning and evening. Mod- erate sea and moderate easterly breeze. 6 1510N 28845 176 303 16 Cloudy during day, clearing in evening. Lightning in NW in early morning. Moderate sea and moderate ESE breeze. 7 1427N 28553 171 277 14 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Moderate sea and moderate E breeze. 8 1334N 28331 147 306 37 Partly cloudy in morning. Overcast with rain in mid-afternoon, clearing in evening. Hazy in evening and lightning in S. Moderate sea and moderate to fresh ESE breeze. Sei23N) 281 29) 177) 317, 22 Cloudy and hazy in morning. Overcast with rain, thunder and light- ning in afternoon. Lightning in evening. Moderate sea and moder- ate to gentle easterly breeze. Hazy in evening. 10 1015 N 280 46 81 36 18 Cloudy, with rain squalls, in morning. Cloudy in afternoon and even- ing. Lightning in SW in evening. Light easterly to SW breezes. Moderate to smooth sea. 11 Colonand Balboa 68 .... .... At anchor in Colon breakwater at 04h 00m. Cloudy all day. Light SxE and S breeze up to 04h 00m. Left Colon anchorage at 11h 00m with tug and docked at Balboa wharf at 19h 30m. Balboa, Canal Zone to Easter Island Total distance, 4788 miles; time of passage, 41.9; average day’s run, 114.3 miles 1928 iia ° ' miles ° miles Oct. 25 Balboa eee eee wees = “Left dock at 10h 40m under tow. Ran 10 miles to Taboguilla Light abeam, at 12h 27m. Then took departure. Cloudy and hazy. Mod- erate sea and moderate NW breeze. Lightning in NW in late even- ing. 26 632N 27954° 152 222 30 Cloudy in early morning. Overcast after 06h 00m, and all day, with rain squalls. Clear in evening. Moderate NW breeze changing to calm and, in evening to light SE and SW airs and breezes. Moder- ate to smooth sea. 27 544N 28006 49 115 3 Cloudy to overcast all day, with occasional short rain squalls. Clearing in evening. Lightning and thunder in east during morning. : Gentle to moderate westerly breeze. Moderate sea. 28 415N 28021 90 86 13 Cloudy to overcast all day, with rain squails and drizzling rain. Lightning and thunder in morning. Moderate to choppy sea. Vari- able moderate to light breezes, changing to calm in evening. 29 408N 28007 15 98 9 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Light to moderate southwesterly breezes. Moderate sea. Rain squalls from 16h 45m to 19h 00m. 30 253N 279 52 76 94 16 Cloudy to overcast with occasional rain squalls after 04h 00m, and all day and evening. Moderate SW breeze. Moderate to choppy sea. 31 432N 27812 140 50 26 Cloudy, with frequent rain squalls throughout 24 hours. Fresh to : moderate SW breeze. Choppy to moderate sea. Malpelo Island abeam at 07h 02m. Nov. 1 603N 27701 116 76 13 Cloudy, with rain squalls all day. Clearing in evening. Gentle to moderate SW breeze. Moderate sea. 2 438N = 277 43 94 128 23 Overcast, with frequent rain squalls throughout 24 hours. Fresh SW breeze changing to light W and SW in evening. Choppy to moderate sea. 3 341N 27831 75 104 21 Cloudy to overcast. Squally. Rain squalls during morning. Moder- ate to fresh SW breeze. Moderate to choppy sea. Malpelo Island sighted at daybreak. 4 227N 27858 77 78 15 Overcast to cloudy. Moderate to gentle SSW to SWxW breezes. Mod- erate to chceppy sea. 5 135N 27912 54 78 12 Overcast in early morning, clearing somewhat during day. Gentle to light SSW to W breeze. Moderate sea. 5 6 O46N 27848 £55 8 5 Overcast and hazy in early morning. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons, during day. Calm until 10h 00m, then gentle southwesterly breeze. Smooth to moderate sea. 7 O27N Aa 89 192 9 Hazy in early morning. Cloudy until evening, then overcast and 68 Dec. a Fo , OO Ne 1928 Dec. 12 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Balboa, Canal Zone to Easter Island--Concluded Noon position Current Remarks ° miles miles drizzling. Moderate southwesterly breeze. Moderate sea. 1298 277 37 66 247 11 Overcast morning and evening; cloudy during day. Moderate SSW to light S breeze. Choppy to moderate sea. 119S 27505 152 262 16 Overcast in morning, otherwise cloudy chiefly on horizons. Gentle S breeze. Moderate to smooth sea. 139S 27255 131 253 55 Cloudy. Light to moderate S to SxE breeze. Smooth sea. 153S 27055 121 287 34 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons.- Gentle to moderate S breeze. Moder- ate sea. Sighted Galapagos Islands in early p.m. 116S 26841 138 257 28 In vicinity of Galapagos Islands all day. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons, Light to moderate S to SE breeze. Smooth to moderate sea. 131S 26646 116 287 34 Overcast all day, hazy in evening. Gentle to light southeasterly breeze. Moderate to smooth sea. SE swells. 146S 265 41 67 287 29 Overcast in early morning, clearing during day, cloudless in even- ing. Calm, to gentle SSE breeze. Smooth to moderate sea. SE swells. 230S 264 15 96 269 12 Overcast in early morning, clearing overhead during the day. Gen- tle SSE to moderate SE breeze. Smooth to moderate sea. 304S 26144 154 276 10 Drizzling rain at 04h 00m. Cloudy to overcast all day and evening. Gentle to light SExS breeze. Moderate sea. SE swells. 315S 26007 98 280 17 Clear between 04h 00m and 08h 00m, otherwise cloudy. Light to ° moderate southeasterly breeze. Moderate sea. An unusual mete- or appeared in ENE at 04h 45m, stopped at 35 altitude, and faded away. 401S 25720 173 293 22 Clear in very early morning, otherwise cloudy. Moderate to gentle SExS breeze. Moderate sea. SE swells. 435S 25451 152 308 30 Cloudy to overcast in very early morning; thereafter cloudy on hori- zons. Moderate to fresh SE to ESE breeze. Moderate sea. SE swells. 657S 25308 176 248 18 Clear, changing to cloudy on horizons. Moderate ESE to ExS breeze. Moderate sea. 914S 25134 165 250 15 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Moderate to fresh ExS to ESE breeze. Moderate sea. 1157S 24945 195 261 14 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Fresh ESE breeze. Moderate sea. 1412S 24804 167 256 16 Cloudy. Squally in afternoon and evening. Moderate ESE breeze. Moderate sea. 1644S 24657 165 259 10 Cloudy and squally all day, with drizzling rain at 19h 00m. Fresh to moderate E to ESE breeze. Choppy sea. 1914S 24552 162 252 10 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Fresh to moderate easterly breeze. Choppy to moderate sea. Easterly swells. 2142S 24534 149 247 14 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Moderate to gentle easterly breeze. Moderate sea. Easterly swells. 2320S 24513 100 258 10 Squally in early morning, with rain at Olh 00m. Clearing to cloud- less in afternoon. Gentle easterly breeze. Moderate sea with easterly swells until noon, then SW and southerly swells. 2448S 244 35 94 282 15 Cloudy. Gentle to moderate easterly breeze. Moderate sea. South- erly swells. 2636S 24440 108 261 16 Cloudy and squally in very early morning; rain at 02h 30m. Cloudy on horizons during day, drizzling rain in late evening. Moderate to gentle ENE breeze. Moderate sea, southerly swells. 2804S 24451 89 247 18 Cloudy to overcast with rain squalls during morning, then cloudy to clear. Light to gentle northeasterly breeze. Moderate to smooth sea. 2912S 245 13 70 156 6 Cloudy to clear. Light to gentle northeasterly breeze. Smooth sea. 3034S 245 44 86 162 Uf Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Light to gentle northeasterly breeze. Smooth sea. Southerly swells. 3132S 24716 97 215 6 Overcast in mid-afternoon, otherwise cloudy. Gentle to moderate N to NW breeze. Moderate to smooth sea. Southerly swells. 3123S 24956 137 139 16 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Squally in late evening. Moderate to fresh NW to WXN breeze. Moderate to choppy sea. 2854S 25119 165 76 20 Overcast, with rain squalls in very early morning, then cloudy. Fresh to moderate W to SW breeze. Moderate sea. Easter Island 1 fe eres eee Sighted Easter Island at 03h 40m. Cloudy. Moderate to light south- westerly breeze. Moderate sea. At anchor in Cook’s Bay at 08h 55m. , Easter Island to Callao, Peru Total distance, 3334 miles; time of passage, 32.9; average day's run, 101.3 miles S , ° , miles ° miles Easter Island moot. “qane CD30 Ran 10 miles from anchorage in Cook’s Bay, then took departure off Needle and Flat Rocks at 17h 06m. Cloudy. Gentle E to NEXE breeze. Moderate sea. APPENDIX I Easter Island to Callao, Peru--Continued pr. |am'e, miles ° miles Noon position —| Day’s = Longi- rae tude | ™? east 1928 i alas Dec. 13 2810S 250 49 {Ol case anda Hazy morning and evening. Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Light NE to E breezes. Smooth sea. Northeasterly swells, in morning, changing to southwesterly in afternoon and evening. Squally in evening, with rain at 20h 30m. 14 2922S 25107 73 193 21 Clear overhead in early morning, thereaiter cloudy to overcast, with occasional rain squalls. Light to gentle E to NE breezes un- til mid-afternoon, then moderate gale. Smooth to moderate to rough sea. Northeasterly swells. 15 3108S 25029 112 265 17 Cloudy to overcast throughout, with frequent rain squalls. Moderate E gale to strong E breeze, changing in afternoon to fresh south- easterly breeze. Rough to choppy sea. 16 3202S 249 06 89 259 8 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Moderate to fresh to light southeaster- ly breezes. Choppy sea. Southeasterly swells. 17 3145S 25035 78 23 12 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons, until evening; then clear. Light to mod- erate SE to E breezes until early evening, then calm. Moderate to smooth sea. Southeasterly swells. 18 3153S 251 02 25 200 10 Cloudless until noon, then cloudy on horizons. Calm to light north- erly airs until mid-morning, thereafter moderate northerly breeze. Smooth to moderate sea. Easterly swells in morning. 19 3227S 25237 87 154 8 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons, until evening, then overcast, with driz- J zling showers. Light to gentle northerly breeze until evening, then moderate northeasterly breeze. Smooth sea until evening, then moderate. Southerly swells. 20 3403S 25318 102 105 13 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Hazy in afternoon. Moderate to gentle northeasterly breeze. Moderate sea. 21 3517S 254 37 98 218 11 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons, and hazy. Squally in evening. Heavy dew early morning and late evening. Moderate northeasterly breeze. Moderate sea. Southerly and westerly swells. 22 3651S 25555 113 241 9 Overcast and foggy except in early morning and late evening; then cloudy and hazy. Moderate NEXN and NE breeze. Moderate sea. Southerly swells. 23 3840S 25706 122 204 22 Overcast to cloudy. Hazy. Moderate northeasterly breeze. Moder- ate sea. 24 3954S 25859 114 186 17 Cloudy and hazy until noon, thereafter overcast and hazy. Moderate NNE to moderate and gentle N breeze. Moderate sea. 25 4019S 261 02 97 166 12 Cloudless in afternoon, otherwise cloudy on horizons. Gentle N to ~“ NNW breeze. Moderate sea. Heavy dew in late evening. 26 4026S 262 30 68 142 12 A few clouds on horizons, otherwise clear. Calm during morning, otherwise light N to NW airs and breezes. Smooth sea. 27 3954S 26346 66 109 11 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Gentle to moderate northwesterly breeze. Smooth to moderate sea. Heavy dew in very early morning. 28 3826S 26552 131 140 12 Cloudy and hazy in morning; overcast and hazy in afternoon and evening, with occasional showers. Moderate westerly breeze until late evening; then light SW breeze changing to calm. Smooth sea. 29 3638S 26655 119 359 10 Overcast and rain in very early morning; calm. Thereafter cloudy, chiefly on horizons, with moderate SE to ESE breeze. Moderate sea. 30 3432S 26810 140 283 13 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Moderate ESE to E breezes. Moderate sea. Rain 13h- 14h. 31 3230S 26959 152 265 4 Cloudy in morning; cloudy to overcast thereafter. Moderate south- easterly breeze in morning; calm to light variable airs thereafter. Moderate to smooth sea. SE to SW swells. Remarks Jan. 1 3210S 27056 52 288 11 Cloudy, chiefly on horizons. Gentle to light SE breeze in early morning, otherwise calm. Smooth sea. Small easterly swells in morning. 2 3154S 27110 21 .... ....* Cloudy, chiefly on horizons, Light southerly airs in morning, chang- ing to northerly in afternoon. Smooth sea. 3 3155S 271 45 30. .... ....* Calm until midday. Light northerly airs thereafter. Cloudy, chief- ly on horizons. Smooth sea. 4 3145S 27245 53 .... ....* Overcast to cloudy until midday, thereafter clear or only cloudy on horizons. Light northwesterly to southwesterly airs and breezes. Smooth sea. 5 3102S 273 25 54 ........* | Cloudy, chiefly on horizons, until late evening, then rain squalls. Light southwesterly airs in morning, changing to moderate south- easterly in afternoon, Smooth to moderate sea. 6 2851S 27437 146 319 6 Clouds, chiefly on horizons. Moderate to fresh southeasterly breeze. Moderate sea. Overcast and rain squalls in late evening. 7 2657S 27604 137 264 14 Overcast, with squall conditions. Drizzling rain and rain squaHs in afternoon and evening. Fresh ESE to SE breeze. Moderate and choppy sea. 8 2458S 27745 150 324 8 Overcast in morning, clear to cloudy in afternoon; overcast in even- ing. Moderate SE breeze. Moderate sea. 710 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Easter Island to Callao, Peru--Concluded 14 23 06S 212758 19078 16 42S 140658 1216S Callao 23 Current ~~ Remarks Overcast. Moderate to gentle SE breeze. Moderate sea. Overcast, with occasional small breaks in clouds. Moderate to fresh SE breeze. Moderate sea. Overcast, with occasional small breaks. Moderate to fresh SE to ESE breeze. Moderate sea. Overcast in morning, cloudy in afternoon. Moderate ESE to SE breeze. Moderate sea. Overcast in early morning, then clearing to clouds on horizons in afternoon. Moderate southeasterly breeze and moderate sea. Heavy dew in early morning. Cloudy to clear to overcast during day. Moderate to smooth sea. Gentle southeasterly breeze, chang- ing through light E airs, to calm. At anchor in Callao harbor at 15h 22m. *Current data unreliable, as ship’s speed insufficient to register on log. 1929 Feb. 5 o oOo 131 10 il 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 u ' Callao 11548 1009S 9578S 10 26S 1045S 10 39S 1100S 12 33S 1423S 15 49S 15 16S 1446S 14198 13 34S 13 00S 1231S 12 36S 12 31S 12 418 12 46S 13 03S 13 28S oe , miles 161 185 175 161 186 150 156 137 119 130 166 140 109 114 169 329 336 310 257 279 330 302 255 287 305 273 273 291 283 124 196 357 261 122 319 236 Callao, Peru to Papeete, Tahiti Total distance, 4470 miles; time of passage, 35.8; average day's run, 124.9 miles miles ao Be Ff Dm FF WO WHO HD US Left anchorage in Callao harbor at 15h 20m. Ran 7 miles to San Lorenzo Island abeam at 16h 32m; then took departure. Cloudiness 7 to 8. Light southwesterly breeze. Smooth sea. Hazy. Cloudiness 3 to 7, and hazy. Gentle S to SE breeze. Moderate sea. Light dew in early morning and late evening. Cloudiness 1 to 5, chiefly on horizons. Gentle southeasterly breeze. Moderate sea. Hazy in afternoon. Cloudiness 3 to 7, chiefly on horizons. Moderate S to SSE breeze. Moderate sea. Hazy in early morning. Clouds 7 in morning. Clouds 1, on horizons, in afternoon. Moderate southeasterly breeze in morning to light southerly airs in after- noon. Moderate to smooth sea. Cloudiness 1 to 8, chiefly on horizons. Light southerly airs in morning and evening; calm during day. Smooth sea. Nearly overcast before 08h 00m, otherwise cloudiness 1 to 2 only on horizons. Gentle to light S to SE breezes. Smooth sea. South- erly swell. Cloudiness 2 to 4, chiefly on horizons. Moderate S to SE breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudy to overcast after early morning hours; a few clouds on ho- rizons before 04h 00m. Moderate to fresh SE breeze. Moderate sea. Partly cloudy, amount 2 to 5, except just before noon; then nearly overcast. Fresh to moderate SE breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudy to overcast, amount 9 to 10, up to noon. Squaily. Drizzling rain at O7h 00m. Clearing overhead after midday, clouds 2 to 5. Hazy. Moderate SE to E breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudiness 3 to 8 in morning; 8 to 10 in afternoon and evening. Mod- erate ESE to ExS breezes. Moderate sea. Hazy. Cloudiness 6 to 9 in morning; clearing somewhat in afternoon with cloudiness 2 to 5. Moderate to fresh easterly breeze. Moderate sea. Short drizzling rain at 05h 00m. Cloudiness 1 to 7; hazy. Moderate E and ExS breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudiness 2 to 3, on horizons. Moderate ExS and ESE breezes. Moderate sea. Cloudiness 2 to 5, on horizons, until late evening, then clouding over to amount 9. Moderate ESE to gentle ExS breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudiness 2 to 7, chiefly on horizons. Gentle to moderate easterly breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudiness 3 to 6, chiefly on horizons. Moderate easterly breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudiness 5 to 6, chiefly on horizons. Moderate easterly breeze. Moderate sea. Cloudy and partly cloudy; amounts 1 to 8. Moderate to gentle E to NE breezes. Moderate sea. Cloudiness 2 to 5, chiefly on horizons, until evening, then aimost overcast. Gentle to moderate ENE to E breezes. Moderate sea. Cloudiness 9 to 4. Gentle to moderate easterly breeze. Moderate sea. Easterly swell. Drizzling rain and a rain squall between 01h 00m and 03h 00m. Cloud- iness thereafter 1 to 5, chiefly on horizons. Moderate sea. Fresh to moderate ENE to E breezes. APPENDIX I Callao, Peru to Papeete, Tahiti--Concluded Noon position »_| Current a s Day Lati- pout “| run a tude east Amt. 1929 al! ° ' miles ° miles Feb. 28 1452S 23350 143 282 10 Cloudiness 3 to 9. Moderate easterly breeze. Moderate sea. Mar. 1 1633S 23156 149 303 5 Cloudiness 1 to 4, chiefly on horizons. Moderate to gentle easterly breeze. Moderate sea. 2 1701S 23013 102 108 Clear to cloudiness 1 to 4. Gentle easterly breeze. Moderate sea. 3 1707S 22818 111 141 Cloudiness 1 to 2, on horizons. Gentle easterly breeze. Moderate : sea. Easterly swells. 5 6 3 5 1712S 226 39 94 122 8 Cloudiness 1 to 5, chiefly on horizons. Gentle E to SE breezes. 4 2 Remarks Moderate sea. Cloudiness 2 to 4, chiefly on horizons. Gentle ESE to ENE breezes, Moderate sea. Northeasterly swells. Cloudiness 1 to 4, chiefly on horizons, except in early evening, then cloudiness 9. Light northeasterly breezes to airs in morning; calm in afternoon. Started engine at noon. Smooth sea. Rain squall at 0ih 30m. i 1724S 22107 129 195 5 Sighted Tatakoto Island at 05h 30m. Cloudiness 2 to 6, chiefly on horizons. Calm until late afternoon, then light SSE airs. Smooth sea. Hazy. Engine running. SLU 4SiS. 219 0 TS es) cae Sighted Amanu Island at 05h 15m. Cloudiness 1 to 6, chieily on ho- rizons. Light SE airs in morning. Light ESE breeze in afternoon. Smooth sea. Ship hove -to from 08h 30m until 16h 00m while scien- 5 tific staff ashore. Running with engine, until 17h 10m. 9 1736S 21758 (ipl eects eT Cloudiness 2 to 5 until noon, 8 to 9 after noon. Gentle to light east- 1705S 22437 117 335 1713S 22322 72 199 erly breezes. Smooth sea. Started engine at 20h 00m. Hazy in evening. 10 1802S 21555 119 167 4 Cloudiness i to 10; overcast and squally in afternoon. Rain from 18h 00m to-20k 00m. Variable NE to SE breezes. Smooth to mod- erate sea. Stopped engine at 07h 10m. 11 1805S 214 20 90 189 1 Cloudiness 8 to 10; squally. Rain squalls in mid-afternoon. Gentle northwesterly breezes until 20h 00m, then calm. Running engine after 15h 47m. Smooth to moderate sea. LAAT SS 201559) 135. 270 1 Cloudiness 6 to 10; squally. Lightning in SE in early morning. Light showers before 05h 00m. Mehetia Island abeam and distant 2 miles at noon. Gentle northwesterly breezes. Smooth to moder- ate sea. Heavy rain squalls during evening. Engine running. 13 Papeete OE cee” coe Cloudiness 10; squally. Light NW airs to calm to light E airs. A Smooth sea. At anchor in Papeete harbor at 09h 55m. Note: cloud amounts expressed in scale from 0 for cloudless to 10 for overcast. Papeete, Tahiti to Pago Pago, Samoa Total distance, 1274 miles; time of passage, 12.2; average day’s run, 104.4 miles 1929 gd ° *' miles ° miles Mar.20 Papeete Bone) Sk0S. ecu Left anchorage in Papeete harbor under own power at 03h 35m. Ran 3 miles, then took departure at 04h 33m. Cloudiness 8 and 9. Rain squalls in evening. Moderate to gentle easterly breeze. Mod- erate sea. Southeasterly swells. 21 1646S 209 16 HAS) Base Once Cloudiness 2 in very early morning; thereaiter 6 to 9, with rain squalls in late afternoon. Gentle to light northerly and westerly breezes. Southeasterly swells. Started engine at 05h 55m, stopped at 08h 00m. 22 1736S 20815 77 «136 6 Cloudiness 7 to 9 with rain squails during morning, otherwise cloud- iness 2 to 4, chiefly on horizons. Moderate northwesterly breezes in morning; light westerly airs in afternoon. Moderate, choppy sea. Started engine at 20h 00m. 23 1710S 20719 60 26 2 Cloudiness 1 to 3, on horizons. Light westerly to easterly airs, to calm. Stopped engine at 08h 00m, started at 12h 37m, stopped at 15h 45m. Smooth sea. 24 1654S 206 20 59 329 7. Cloudiness 2 to 5 before noon, 5 to 8 after noon. Rain squalls in late evening. Light, to gentle, to moderate easterly breeze. Smooth sea until evening, then moderate. 25 1632S 20359 137 252 7 Cloudiness 7 to 10 with lightning in NE and NW in early morning and in evening. Moderate to gentle easterly breeze. Rain squalls in evening. Moderate sea. 26 1608S 20138 138 157 9 Cloudiness 5 to 9, with rain squalls at intervals throughout 24 hours. Moderate E and ExN breeze. Moderate sea. Thunder in morning. 27 1542S 19926 129 240 2 Cloudiness 5 to 10, with rain squalls in very early hours and threat- ening all day. Variable light to moderate E to N breezes. Moder- ate to broken sea. 28 1532S 19800 84 180 7 Overcast in morning, with rain squalls very early. Cloudiness 5 to 7 in afternoon, 4 to 2 inevening. Gentle to light E breezes until even- ing, thencalm. Moderate to smooth sea. Started engine at 21h12m. 72 1929 Apr. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26, 27 28 29 30 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE S , 196 40 194 20 192 07 189 58 Sc , Papeete, Tahiti to Pago Pago, Samoa--Concluded miles 79 139 129 125 40 miles 80 270 341 294 233 miles 4 6 2 Cloudiness 2 to 4, chiefly on horizons. Caim to light variable airs. Smooth sea. Engine running. Cloudiness 3 to 6, with rain squalls in afternoon. Calm, or light variable airs. Smooth sea. Engine running. Cloudiness 5 to 8 until late evening, then cloudiness 2. Rain squalis in early evening. Calm in early morning, changing to light and gentle northerly breezes in forenoon and, in afternoon, to light westerly breezes. Smooth sea. Engine running. Sighted Manua Islands at 03h 00m. Cloudiness 3 to 6. Light to gen- tle northwesterly breezes. Smooth sea. Engine running. At anchor in Pago Pago harbor at 19h 33m. Pago Pago, Samoa to Apia, Western Samoa ° miles Left Pago Pago harbor under own power at 14h 10m. Light SW to W breezes until evening, then calm. Moderate to smooth sea. Cloud- iness 3 to 4, chiefly on horizons. Engine running. Cloudiness 3. Hazy. Light W airs, to calm. Smooth sea. Engine running. At anchor in Apia harbor at 08h 15m. Apia, Western Samoa to Guam, Marianas Islands Total distance, 3914 miles; time of passage, 28.8; average day’s run, 135.9 miles 13 07S 12 4458 1120S 8408S 7398S 64458 5 08S 3478 1468 022N 230N 422N o ‘ 188 12 188 23 188 24 188 57 188 11 187 35 187 37 187 19 186 31 185 58 184 54 183 37 miles 42 25 83 164 76 65 96 83 130 135 144 136 312 260 254 321 272 244 194 260 272 283 336 166 miles 21 16 Let go moorings in Apia harbor at 1ih 25m. Took departure at ilh 35m. Shut down engine at 13h 13m. Cloudiness 6 to 4. Light northwesterly breeze in early afternoon, changing through calm to light northeasterly airs and breezes in late afternoon and even- ing. Smooth sea. Cloudiness 4 to 6. Gentle easterly breeze. Smooth to moderate sea. Found two stowaways on board at 08h 00m. Returned to Apia and transferred stowaways to harbor tug at 18h 45m. Cloudiness 3 in very early morning on horizons, increasing to 8 by noon. Overcast in afternoon and until late evening. Gentle to mod- erate easterly breeze until mid-afternoon, then varying between moderate breeze and calm. Rain squalls in afternoon and evening Hazy in late evening. : : Cloudiness 5 to 7 in morning, 4 in afternoon, chiefly on horizons. Moderate to fresh E to SE breezes. Moderate sea. Cloudiness 4 to 7 in morning, 2 to 5 in afternoon. Easterly breeze, moderate in morning, gentle to light in afternoon. Moderate sea until late evening, then smooth with easterly swells. Rain squalls at 11h 30m and 14h 00m. Cloudiness 8 to 9 in morning, with occasional rain squalls before 06h30m. Cloudiness 6 to 4 in afternoon and 10 in late evening, with rain squall at 21h 45m. Light northerly airs to calm in morn- ing; light NE breeze in afternoon. Smooth sea. Easterly swells. Hazy and misty during day. Engine running. Cloudiness 8 and 9 in morning and evening, 4 to 6 during day. Light northerly airs to calm. Smooth sea. Easterly swells. Squally in evening. Engine running. Cloudiness 3 in early morning, 5and6 during day, 8 inevening. Calm in morning, light NW airs and breezes in afternoon, calm in even- ing. Smooth sea. Squally and hazy in mid-afternoon. Engine running Cloudless and calm until 05h 00m, thereafter cloudiness 4 and 3 and northeasterly breeze, increasing through day from light, in early morning, to moderate in evening. Smooth to moderate sea. Engine running. Cloudiness 3 and 4, only on horizons, until noon, increasing after noon to 9 in late evening. Gentle to moderate E to NE breezes. Moderate sea. Rain squalls at 22) 50m and 23h 40m. Cloudiness 4 in early morning, decreasing to cloudless in mid-aft- ernoon, then increasing to overcast in late evening. Fresh to moderate E to NE breezes. Moderate sea. Cloudiness 5 to 8 in morning, 4 thereafter. Gentle to moderate to fresh northeasterly breezes. Moderate to choppy sea. Rain squalls at intervals from early morning to late evening. Cloudiness 4 in early morning, thereafter 8 to 10, with rain squalls during morning and heavy showers between 16h 00m and 18h 30m. Hazy all day. Freshto moderate northeasterly breezes. Choppy sea. APPENDIX I Apia, Western Samoa to Guam, Marianas Islands--Concluded Noon position Current 1929 ee ° ' miles ° miles May 3 629N 18216 149 231 4 Cloudiness 8 to 10 until late evening, then 6. Squally in morning. Rain squalls at 13h 30m, 15h 32m, 20h 45m. Fresh to moderate NE breeze. Moderate and choppy sea. 4 810N 18107 122 258 10 Cloudiness very variable, ranging in amount from 4 to 9. Rain squalls at 14h 15m, 15h 00m, and 18h 15m. Moderate to fresh northeasterly breeze. Moderate sea. Hazy. 5 1047N 17926 185 259 20 Cloudiness 6 in early morning, thereafter 4. Squall conditions all day, with rain squall at 16h 50m. Fresh to strong northeasterly breeze. Choppy sea. oceoeccoate —-oeotecss sooo! ado. AS Omitted, because the 180th meridian was crossed. 7 1331N 17720 205 269 26 Cloudiness 3 to 6. Light rain at 04h 00m. Strong ENE breeze ir early morning, changing during day through fresh to moderate in evening. Squally in afternoon. Hazy in evening. Choppy sea. 8 1523N 17443 194 253 12 Cloudiness 3 to 4, chiefly on horizons, until noon, 9 in early after- noon, and 4 to 5 thereafter. Rainsquall at 22h 10m. Moderate to fresh NE to ENE breezes. Moderate sea. 9 1628N 17149 179 232 10 Cloudiness 5 to 3, chiefly on horizons. Fresh NExE and ENE breezes. Choppy, moderate sea. Squally in evening, with driz- zling rain at 22h 10m. Hazy. NE swells. 10 1829N 16900 202 215 13 Cloudiness 10 in early morning, clearing to 3 by mid-morning, clouding over to 8 before noon and clearing to 3 in late afternoon. Squally in early morning. Fresh to moderate NEXE and ENE breeze. Choppy to moderate sea. Hazy in afternoon. 11 1919N 16624 156 218 Lf Cloudiness 2 to 4 in morning, 7 to 2 after noon, chiefly on horizons. Moderate ENE breeze. Moderate sea. Sighted Wake Island at 08h 00m. Hazy in early morning. 12 2017N 16340 165 348 3 Cloudiness 3to 10 up to noon and 6 to 3 thereafter. Moderate to gentle ENE and NExE breezes. Moderate sea. Light rain at 03h 05m and squally during morning. 13 2013N 16108 142 244 12 Cloudiness 2 to 7 in morning and 4 to 2 in afternoon, chiefly on ho- rizons. Moderate northeasterly breeze. Moderate sea. 14 1930N 15827 158 292 12 Cloudiness 3 to 5, chiefly on horizons. Gentle to fresh ExS breeze. Moderate sea. 15 1839N 15602 145 313 12 Cloudiness 4 to 9 during morning, 3 to 5 after noon, chiefly on hori- 7 zons. Gentle to moderate ExS and SExS breezes. Moderate sea. . Horizons hazy in early morning. Lightning in S in early morning. Rain squall at 10h 30m. 16 1728N 15325 165 316 20 Cloudiness 1 in early morning, thereafter 5 to 6. Moderate ExS to - SExS breezes. Moderate sea. Heavy rain at 23h 20m. 17 1608N 15052 166 297 14 Cloudiness 5 to 9 except for few hours in mid-afternoon, when practically cloudless. Squally in very early morning. Moderate to fresh ExS to SE breezes. Moderate sea. 18 1454N 14812 171 328 23 Cloudiness 2 in early morning; increasing amount of thin clouds to 9 by noon; thereafter cloudiness 8 to 10. Moderate ExS and E breezes. Moderate sea. 19 1402N 14556 142 276 8 Cloudiness, chiefly on horizons, 3 to 8 in morning, 3 to 5 after noon. E Moderate to gentle E breezes. Moderatesea. Sighted Rota Island at 09h 00m and Guam at 17h 00m. Hazy in morning and evening. 20 Port Apra,Guam 89 .... .... Cloudiness 3 in early morning. Light southeasterly breeze. Smooth sea. Started engine at 05h 50m outside Port Apra. Pilot aboard at 06h 00m. Moored in Port Apra at 08h 00m. Port Apra, Guam to Yokohama, Japan Total distance, 1447 miles; time of passage, 13.2; average day’s run, 109.6 miles 1929 Sa = smiles, = miles May 25 Port Apra “np. ceo aoe Let go moorings at 13h 45m, ran one mile under own power, and took departure at 14h 08m. Cloudiness 4 and 5, chiefly on hori- zons. Moderate ENE breeze. Moderate sea. 26 1605N 14407 161 289 9 Cloudiness 2 to 5, chiefly on horizons, except in mid-afternoon, when cloudless. Moderate ENE to E breezes. Moderate sea. Rain at 01h 45m. 27 1833N 14359 148 262 8 Cloudiness 6 to 1, chiefly on horizons. Moderate E breeze. Moder- ate sea. Drizzling rain at 04h 25m. 28 2131N 14413 179 334 7 Cloudiness 1 to 5, chiefly on horizons. Moderate to gentle easterly breeze.-Moderate to smooth sea. 29 2326N 14405 115 323 10 Cloudiness 7 in very early morning, decreasing through day to.1 in late evening. Gentle to moderate E to SE breezes, until mid-aft- ernoon, then southeasterly light breezes to light airs. Squally in early morning with rain at 00h 05m. Light dew in evening. Run- ning with engine after 19h 23m. 74 31 June 1 11929 June 24 25 26 27 28 29 26 24.N 28 29 N 30 10N 31 03 N 32 42 N 33 57 N 34 52N Yokohama METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Port Apra, Guam to Yokohama, Japan--Concluded 2 ’ 144 09 144 25 144 00 143 56 144 18 142 13 141 12 140 39 miles 109 71 127 101 57 145 91 61 82 ° 228 152 298 132 63 307 30 44 miles 15 14 14 18 21 15 38 Remarks Cloudiness, chiefly on horizons, 4 to 6 before noon, 3 to 4 after noon. Calm in very early morning, then light to gentle southeast- erly breezes. Squally in early morning. Hazy in morning and evening. Smooth sea. Stopped engine at 07h 05m. Cloudiness 4 to 8 until mid-afternoon, thereafter 2 on horizons. Gentle S breeze decreasing in force to light airs in afternoon and evening. Smooth sea. Heavy dew in morning, light in evening. Engine started 18h 00m. Cloudiness 6 to 10. Light southerly breezes in early morning, in- creasing in force to strong in late evening. Smooth sea in morn- ing, changing through day to rough in late evening. Heavy dew in morning. Rain at 23h 45m. Engine stopped 06h 00m. Overcast before noon, thereafter cloudiness 7 to 9. Hazy all day. Fresh SWxW breeze until mid-morning, changing to moderate westerly breeze and decreasing in force through afternoon to calm in late evening. Choppy, moderate sea. Started engine midnight. Cloudiness 8 to 10 until late evening, then 6. Very hazy all day. Light westerly airs in early morning, increasing in force to mod- erate in evening. Choppy, moderate sea. Northwesterly swells in Fare! morning. Started engine at 12h 10m. Stopped engine 08h m. Cloudiness 8 to 10 until late evening, then 5. Moderate to fresh southwesterly breezes. Choppy, moderate sea. Hazy all day. Southwesterly and westerly swells. Stopped engine at 05h 38m. Started engine at 15h 00m. Cloudiness 4 in very early morning, thereafter 8 to 10. Gentle to moderate W to SW breezes. Moderate sea. Hazy all day. Wester- ly and northerly swells. Sighted Miyake Island at 18h 30m. Saw reflected ray from Nojima Zaki Lighthouse (SE Japan) during evening. Stopped engine at 15h 55m. Drizzling rain after 23h 06m, with rapidly falling barometer. Started engine at 17h 20m. Overcast in morning, with drizzling rain in early morning; cloudi- ness decreasing after noon to 3 in evening. Moderate southerly breezes in early morning increasing in force to fresh gale by mid- day and decreasing to moderate breeze in evening. Rough sea. Stopped engine at 02h 00m, started at 04h 45m, stopped at 09h 45m and hove to on southern edge of typhoon. Overcast all day, and hazy. Gentle to fresh NE breeze after 01h 30m. Moderate sea. Got under way with sails at 01h 35m. Started engine at 10h 55m and ran in to Yokohama harbor. Anchored out- side breakwater at 19h 45m. Yokohama, Japan to San Francisco, U.S.A. Total distance, 4839 miles; time of passage, 34.9; average day’s run, 138.7 miles ° ’ Yokohama 34 44N 36 00 N 36 41 N 36 46 N 37 45 N io ’ 141 04 142 05 143 38 145 23 145 27 miles 98 91 85 85 59 66 47 33 237 294 miles 44 42 18 Took departure from Honmoku Buoy, Yokohama harbor, under own power, at noon and ran 33 miles to entrance to outer bay at 17h 50m. Overcast, hazy, rainsqualls. Gentle to moderate northeast- erly breezes. Smooth to moderate sea. Easterly swells in late evening. Overcast and drizzling in early hours, clearing to amount 7 by noon and to amount 4 by late evening. Hazy all day. Calm in early morning, changing to gentle easterly breezes before 06h 00m. Moderate sea. Cloudiness 4 in early morning, increasing steadily to overcast by noon; thereafter overcast. Hazy throughout. Light ESE airs and breezes up to noon, thereafter light SSE breezes. Smooth sea. Heavy dew in morning, light dew in evening. Southeasterly swells. Cloudiness 4 on horizons in early morning and late evening, other- wise overcast. Hazy throughout. Gentle to light SSE breezes during morning, changing through S to SSW by mid-afternoon. Light airs to calm after 15h 00m. Smooth sea. Swung ship for declination in afternoon. , Hazy throughout. Cloudiness 7 to 9 throughout. Heavy dew in early morning. Calm until 08h 00m, thereafter light easterly airs and breezes. Swung ship for horizontal intensity and inclination from 09h 00m to 19h 00m. Smooth sea. Cloudiness 9 to 10 (overcast) throughout. Hazy after midday. Gen- tle easterly brezzes until late afternoon; light airs to calm there- after. Smooth sea. Started engine at 18h 57m. APPENDIX I Yokohama, Japan to San Francisco, U.S.A.--Continued Day's] Current | | Current | 19998 5! Seeleomiless > smiles June 30 3806N_ 14700 76 98 9 Cloudiness 7 to 4 in morning; 7 to 10 thereafter. Hazy. Light south- easterly airs throughout, except for few hours gentle breeze in afternoon. Smooth to moderate sea. Southeasterly swells. Stopped engine at 12h 50m. July 1 3843N _ 147 42 49 336 8 Cloudiness Fito 6, chiefly on horizons. Slight haze in early morn- ing. Light to gentle SE breezes. Moderate sea. Southeasterly swells in morning. 2 3950N 14929 106 35 9 Cloudiness 9 in early morning, decreasing gradually to 3 in early evening, then increasing to 7 in late evening. Gentle to light south- easterly breezes. Moderate to smooth sea. Southeasterly swells in morning. 4022N_ 15103 79 32 15 Cloudiness 7 to 9 during afternoon, otherwise overcast. Gentle southeasterly breezes. Smooth sea. 4122N 15316 116 57 isl Overcast throughout. Misty and drizzling in evening. Gentle to mod- Noon position Remarks 3 4 erate southeasterly breeze. Moderate sea. 5 4235N 15533 126 309 9 Overcast throughout, with mist, fog, and drizzling rain. Moderate SExS breeze. Moderate sea. 6 4345 N 15812 135 355 7 Overcast throughout, with mist, fog, or drizzling rain. Gentle to moderate SSE breeze. Moderate sea. 71 4530N 15940 122 14 9 Overcast throughout, with fog or drizzling rain. Gentle to moderate d southerly breeze. Moderate sea. 8 4656N 16258 161 35 9 Overcast throughout, with mist, fog, or drizzling rain. Moderate to gentle S and W breezes. Moderate sea. 9 8 Overcast throughout, with mist or fog. Moderate W breeze until 8 4702N 16634 148 153 evening, then light northwesterly breeze. Moderate sea. 10 4643N 16927 120 185 Overcast throughout, with mist or haze. Moderate to gentle NNE breeze. Moderate sea. Northwesterly swells in evening. 11 4600N 17141 103 235 10 Overcast throughout, with mist or fog. Moderate to gentle NNE to NE breezes. Moderate sea. Northwesterly swells in morning. 12 4516N 17258 69 266 6 Overcast throughout, with thick fog. Gentle to light southeasterly breezes. Smooth sea. W and NW swells in morning, E to SE swells in afternoon. 13 4622N 17408 82 5 9 Overcast throughout, with mist or thick fog. Light to gentle south- i easterly breezes in morning, moderate to fresh southerly breeze after midday. Smooth to moderate and choppy sea. Rain during morning. Southeasterly swells in morning. 14 4807N 17806 192 15 9 Overcast throughout, with mist, fog or rain. Fresh southerly breeze. Choppy sea. 14 4914N 18320 218 18 13 Overcast throughout, with mist, thick fog, or rain. Strong to mod- erate SxW breezes. Choppy, rough sea. 15 5032N 18718 172 63 us Overcast throughout, with thick fog in morning; hazy thereafter. Fresh to strong SxE breeze. Moderate, choppy sea. 16° 5125N 19241 210 14 10 Overcast throughout; heavy mist in evening. Fresh to strong south- erly breeze. Choppy sea. 17 5222N 19814 214 26 8 Overcast throughout, with mist, fog, or haze. Strong SxE and S breeze. Choppy sea. 18 5233N 20423 225 47 16 Overcast throughout, with thick fog or mist. Fresh S to SW breezes Choppy sea. Southwesterly swells. 19 5157N 20935 195 116 7 Overcast throughout; drizzling rain in early morning, mist there- after. Fresh SWxW breeze. Choppy sea. Southwesterly swells. 20 5013N 21354 192 126 5 Overcast throughout; misty until evening, then drizzling rain. Fresh to strong SWxW and SW breeze. Choppy sea. Southwester- ly swells. 21 4759N 21717 189 299 13 Cloudiness 9 to 10 (overcast), misty and hazy. Strong SW to W breeze. Choppy sea. Westerly swell in afternoon. 22 4558N 22015 171 311 14 Cloudiness 7 in morning, increasing to 10 (overcast) in evening. Rain in early morning and late evening. Moderate to fresh W to WSW breezes. Moderate sea. 23 4416N 22225 137. 295 10 Cloudiness 9 in early morning, decreasing to 4 by noon, remaining : so until late evening, then increasing to 9. Drizzling rain at in- tervals up to 08h 00m, then hazy until noon. Clear after midday, Moderate WxS to WSW breezes. Moderate sea. 24 4234N 22446 144 339 8 Overcast throughout, with rain at intervals throughout. Moderate to fresh SW to S breezes. Moderate sea. 25 4039N 22739 173 283 11 Cloudiness 8 to 10 (overcast) in morning, overcast thereafter. Hazy during day. Drizzling rain and mist in evening. Fresh southerly winds to mid-day, moderate to gentle westerly thereafter. Mod- erate sea. 26 3936N 23028 144 240 12 Cloudiness 7 just before midday, otherwise 9 to 10 (overcast). ° Drizzling rain and mist in early morning. Moderate to strong N breeze. Moderate to choppy sea. W swells in early morning. 76 1929 July 27 28 28 oo sn wo 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Honolulu 38 49 N 37 56 N METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Yokohama, Japan to San Francisco, U.S. A.--Concluded Noon peemen , 234 14 237 04 San Francisco Ke ' Y , San Francisco 37 07 N 35 30 N 33 47 N 32 25 N 31 36 N 30 23 N 29 19N 2812N 27 44.N 26 58 N 26 40 N 26 27 N 26 13 .N 25 07 N 24 02 N 23 21 N 2251N 22 16 N 21 44N 236 21 235 02 233 40 232 08 231 13 229 06 227 27 225 40 224 33 222 13 220 52 219 24 217 56 216 22 214 26 211 18 208 37 206 23 204 20 miles 182 143 28 miles (76) (330) 116 294 123 92 112) 155 68 121 131 240 107 70 114 198 66 234 124 47 75 280 80 351 80 49 108 34 124 24 177 76 151 98 129 54 119 23 106 254 207 Current miles 20 17 Cloudiness 6 to 9 until midday; overcast thereafter. Hazy in late evening. Strong NNW breeze in morning, decreasing in force through afternoon to light in evening. Choppy to moderate sea. Started engine at 21h 30m. Overcast; haze and fog until noon. Light NNW airs to calm. Mod- erate to smooth sea. Heard Point Reyes fog signal at 08h 45m. Sao San Francisco harbor at 16h 00m and dropped anchor at im. San Francisco, U.S.A. to Honolulu, T. H. Total distance, 2186 miles; time of passage, 20.1 days; average day's run, 108.8 miles miles 5 15 14 Took departure under own power from pier 16, San Francisco har- bor at 10h 00m and streamed the log at 13h 45m, through the Golden Gate. Ran 12 miles to Bell No. 5 at 15h 18m, thence 64 miles to the noon position on Sep. 4. Smooth sea, easterly swells in the evening. Overcast and hazy all day. Calm to gentle breeze. Smooth to moderate sea. NW swells. Light airs and light S breezes in forenoon and gentle W breezes in the afternoon and evening. Main engine stopped at 08h 00m, started at 13h 50m, and stopped again at 18h 10m. Moderate sea all day with moderate NW breezes. Cloudiness 10 most of the day with a minimum of 5 at 16h 00m. Moderate sea; gentle NW breezes. Light drizzle in morning and in late afternoon with the sky overcast much of the day. Sea moderate in a.m. with NW swells, smooth thereafter. Light and gentle NW breezes. Sky overcast nearly all day. Smooth sea; gentle NW breezes. Cloudiness 7 to 10. Started main engine at 12h 55m, stopped main engine at 20h 05m. Sea smooth in morning with gentle NW breezes. Sea moderate with gentle to moder..te NNE breezes in the afternoon. Sky partly cloudy. Sea moderate with gentle to moderate NNE breezes. Sky partly cloudy. Sea smooth with light to gentle N and NE breezes. Morning sky overcast, partly cloudy in afternoon. Sea smooth. Light airs to light ExS breezes in morning; calm in afternoon. Sky overcast in morning, clear in afternoon. Main engine started at 11h 20m. Sea smooth. Light SE airs. Sky clear in morning, partly clear in afternoon. Engine stopped 18h 45m. Sea smooth. Light S breezes. Sky partly clear, a little rain at 06h 30m. Main engine started 12h 45m. Main engine stopped at 04h 45m, started at 19h 15m, then stopped at 23h 08m. Sea smooth. Light S airs to gentle S breezes. Sky partly cloudy. Main engine started 04h 40m and stopped 10h 00m. Smooth sea. Gentle SE breezes. Sky partly clear in morning, and partly overcast in the afternoon. Main engine started at 18h50m. Smooth sea in morning with light SE breeze. Moderate sea in the afternoon and evening with moderate NE breezes. Sky clear all day with horizon partly cloudy. Sky overcast in evening, rain at midnight. Stopped engine at 06h 45m. Moderate sea, moderate NEXN breezes. Rain at 01h 20m. Mostly clear near midday with horizon cloudy and partly clear in after- noon. Sky clear, horizon cloudy in evening. Moderate sea, moderate NEXE breezes in forenoon. Sky mostly overcast during afternoon, squally near midnight. Moderate sea, moderate ExNE breezes in forenoon, moderate ExN DEgeuee in afternoon. Partly cloudy with overhead clear most of e day. Moderate sea, moderate ENE breezes during first part of morning with gentle breezes ExNE and NExE during the rest of the day. Horizon partly cloudy in the early morning and late evening with sky about half overcast during the day. Sea moderate. Gentle ESE breezes in morning and gentle ExS breezes in the evening. Few drops of rain in early morning with squalls. Sky partly cloudy during the day. Started engine at 07h 50m. In harbor at 10h 00m. \ APPENDIX I Honolulu, T. H. to Pago Pago, Samoa Total distance, 5,777 miles; time of passage, 47.2; average day’s run, 122.2 miles Noon position +o Longi- Day's ee tude run Di Am’t aaet ir.| Am't. Remarks 1929 °' miles ° miles Oct. 2 Honolulu harbor Left the dock at 10h 00m assisted by tug. Left tug at 10h 25m and 2 2116N 20154 (14) .... occ ran 14 miles to bearings at noon. Moderate sea with fresh ENE breeze. Cloudiness 6 to 10 with rain squalls in the evening. 3 2332N 20028 157 174 12 Moderate sea, moderate to fresh ENE breezes in morning, fresh E breezes first part of the afternoon and moderate NExE breezes in the evening. Horizons cloudy, overhead clear during the morning and rain squalls at 16h 00m. 4 2626N 19928 182 198 16 Moderate sea and fresh ENE breezes. Few drops of rain at 15h 24m. Cloudiness 4 to 5, overhead clear during the morning; cloud- iness diminished to 3 by evening and to 2 by 24h 00m. 5 2908N 19846 165 220 12 Moderate sea. Moderate to fresh ENE breezes. Cloudiness 3 to 5 during the morning, with the sky about half overcast in the after- noon and a few drops of rain at 13h 30m and at 16h 18m. The sky was partly cloudy in the evening. 6 3142N 19900 154 214 13 Moderate sea during the day; smooth sea in the evening. Moderate to gentle E breezes in a.m. and gentle to light E breezes in p.m. The sky was more than half overcast all day. 7 3246N 199 16 64 324 8 Smooth sea with swells. Light E breezes and light E airs in a.m. f and light NEXE airs and light NE breezes in the afternoon and evening. Sky clear in early morning, cloudiness 3 to 4 during the day and squally near midnight. Started the engine at 11h 18m. 8 3416N 200 02 98 230 10 Smooth sea during the day with moderate sea in the evening. Light NE breezes and NE airs and gentle ExS breezes in the forenoon, with light to gentle SE breezes in the afternoon and moderate to fresh SW breezes in the evening. Sky cloudy mest of the day with a short drizzle at 18h 42m. Stopped engine at 11h 48m. 9 3405N 20307 153 290 10 Sea moderate and choppy. Fresh to strong SW breezes during the day, with fresh to gentle NW breezes in the evening. The sky was overcast and squally all morning with a short rain squall at 06h 12m. Sky overcast during the afternoon with a little rain at about 17h 00m. 10 3335N 20531 123 233 10 Sea smooth during the early morning, swells during the day, and moderate sea in the late evening. Gentle NW breezes to NW airs during the day with light S airs to gentle S breezes in the first part of the evening and gentle to moderate SxW breezes during the latter part of the evening. Engine started at 09h 00m, stopped at 20h 12m. 1l 3339N 20820 141 236 8 Sea moderate in a.m. and choppy in p.m. Moderate to fresh SW breezes all day. The sky was partly cloudy in the forenoon and mostly overcast in the afternoon with a little rain at about 18h 00m 12 3317N 21218 200 258 10 Sea choppy in a.m. and moderate in p.m. Strong to fresh SxW and SW breezes in a.m. with a moderate NW breeze in the first part of the afternoon; calm at 15h 00m. Gentle to moderate SW breezes during the rest of the day. The sky was overcast all day and there were occasional rains. 13 3326N 21436 116 255 7 Moderate sea in a.m. and swells inp.m. Gentle to fresh NW breezes in a.m. with light NW, W, and WSW breezes in the after - noon and evening. The sky was overcast and squally in the morn- ing, and partly cloudy for the rest of the day. 14 3334N 21652 114 237 9 Moderate sea. Gentle and moderate SW breezes in a.m. with fresh SSW and SxW breezes in p.m. The sky was partly cloudy all day with a few drops of rain at 23h 30m. 15 3148N 21915 161 330 18 Choppy sea. Fresh SW breezes in a.m. with breezes NW, NNW, ; NxE, and NEXN, moderate to fresh during the rest of the day. The sky was partly cloudy in the a.m. and completely overcast in the afternoon and evening with rain from 12h 30m to 13h 00m and from 15h 30m to 16h 36m. 16 2903N 22041 181 279 21 Sea moderate to choppy. Fresh NE breezes all day and light SW breezes in the evening. The sky was overcast and cloudy most of the day with a few drops of rain at 03h 30m and rain from 16h 30m to 17h 30m and a drizzle from 20h 30mto 21h 48m. Engine started at 18h 48m, stopped at 19h 42m, and started again at 20h 06m. 17 2722N 22152 119 302 13 Moderate sea in the early morning and smooth sea the rest of the day. Light SSW and SxW breezes in a.m. with light S airs the first part of the afternoon and calms the rest of the day. The sky was mostly clear all day. Engine: stopped at 08h 00m and started again at 10h 42m. 18 2601 N 22254 98 313 7 Smooth sea all day. Calm in early morning, variable light airs to light breezes from the SE quarter the rest of the morning and light ExS breezes in the afternoon with gentle ExS and ExN breez- 78 Date Nov. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE | Noon Position | Position Lati- tude 2457 N 23 10 N 2115N 1818N 1611N 13 34.N 12 39 N 1119N 10 05 N 8 36 N 744N 703 N 6 43N 5 46 N 452.N 418N Longi- tude east ° 222 15 221 40 221 25 221 59 222 55 223 19 222 28 221 21 220 17 219 16 218 38 217 29 216 39 215 20 213 13 210 44 ee run Dir miles 373 334 1123295 116 337 180 306 138 306 159 296 74 188 104 109 97 70 107 95 64 92 80 75 54 72 97 28 137 53 152 16 Honolulu, T. H. to Pago Pago, Samoa--Curtinued Am’t. miles 16 16 16 21 29 24 16 34 30 32 19 15 12 32 Remarks Moderate sea. Gentle ESE breezes in a.m. and gentle to moderate ENE breezes in the afternoon. The sky was almost wholly over- cast during the early morning hours, with rain squalls and rain from 02h 06m to 02h 18m, from 03h 06m to 03h 12m, and from 0f 18m to 06h 42m. The sky partly cleared near midday but later became overcast. There was a drizzle from 03h 42m to 03h 48m and from 22h 42m to 22h 48m. Moderate sea. Moderate ExS breezes most of the day. The sky was more than half overcast all day but the cloudiness decreased to 3 in the evening. There were frequent drizzles and rains in the early morning. Moderate sea and gentle to moderate E breezes in a.m. and moder- ate breezes from the E, ExN, and ENE inthe p.m. The cloudiness was about 8 all day. Moderate sea in forenoon, choppy thereafter. Breezes: moderate to fresh from the E, ExN, ENE, and NExE. The sky was about half overcast most of the day. Choppy and moderate sea. Moderate to fresh NEXE breezes. The cloudiness was 10 in the early morning and the late evening with an average of 5 during the day. Seas: choppy, moderate and broken. Breezes: moderate to fresh EXN, ENE, and NE until 13h 00m with light N airs in the afternoon and light SxW breezes in the evening. The sky was almost wholly overcast all day with a drizzle from 00h 12m to 01h 54m, a few drops of rain at 02h 00m and more rain from 18h 18m to 18h30m. Engine: started at 17h 06m, stopped at 21h 48m, and started again at 23h 12m. Sea smooth to moderate. In the forenoon there were light breezes variable from the SW quarter and light E airs and calms during the rest of the day. The sky was overcast nearly all day withfre- quent rains and squalls all day. Engine: stopped at 08h 00m and started at 13h 42m. Smooth sea. Light NW airs to light NW breezes during the day and calms all evening. Engine: stopped at 08h 00m and started again at 13h 00m. Smooth sea with light E airs and calms all day. The sky was most- ly clear all day but there were rains between 16h 00m and 18h 00m and squalls near 24h 00m. Engine: stopped at 08h 00m and started again at 12h 00m. Smooth sea. Variable light airs and light breezes from the SE quarter in the a.m. with variable light to gentle breezes from the NE quarter the rest of the day. The sky was about half overcast all day. Engine stopped at 08h 12m. Smooth sea the first part of the day and moderate thereafter. Var- iable light to gentle E breezes all day. The sky was about 0.5 overcast all day with a little rain at 02h 42m and at 06h 54m. Sea smooth to moderate. Variable light to gentle breezes from the SE quarter all morning increasing to moderate and fresh breezes from the same quarter and changeable light breezes from nearly all quarters during the evening. The sky was partly cloudy in the morning and mostly overcast in the afternoon with rains in the evening and a heavy rain from 22h 00m to 23h 00m. Smooth sea with light SW and SE airs and calms during the fore- noon and variable light airs to gentle breezes from the SE quar- ter in the afternoon. The sky was more than half overcast all day with rain from 00h 00m to 01h 12m and rain from 12h 24m to 12h 48m. Engine: started at 01h 12m, stopped at 02h 12m, and started at 03h 12m, and stopped again at 19h 30m. Sea smooth in a.m. and moderate in p.m. Breezes light to moder- ate from SE, SExE, and SxE in the morning and the first part of the afternoon and moderate SSE and SEXE breezes all evening. The sky was mostly overcast nearly all day; there was a drizzle from 04h 48m to 04h 54m and rain from 09h 12m to 09h 30m and from 12h48m to 14h30m. The sky was partly clear in the evening. Moderate sea with moderate SEXS breezes. The sky was complet- ly overcast most of the day. Moderate sea all day and smooth sea all evening. Moderate SSE and SxE breezes all morning, calm all afternoon and most of the evening with light SExS airs near midnight. The sky was nearly all overcast all day but was partly clear in t.e evening. Engine started at 16h 00m. APPENDIX I 79 Honolulu, T. H. to Pago Pago, Samoa--Concluded | Noon position | | Noon position | Current Lati- aap = , Remarks tude oe ae Amt. 1929 = eimiless = miles Nov. 4 302N 21012 82 13 13. Smooth sea in morning and moderate sea all evening. Light to gen- tle SExS breezes in a.m., and gentle to moderate SE breezes all afternoon and evening. The sky was partly overcast all day. Engine stopped at 08h 00m. 5 0O48N 20832 168 349 12 Moderate sea with moderate and fresh SEXE and ESE breezes all day. The sky was mostly clear all day. Crossed the equator at about 18h 30m. 6 149N 20736 167 356 21 Moderate sea in early morning and choppy the rest of the day. Fresh ExS breezes in a.m. and fresh ExN and ENE breezes the rest of the day. The sky was partly overcast all day. 71 #452N 20636 193 315 19 Moderate sea with moderate NE breezes. The sky was mostly clear in the morning and evening; but was partly cloudy near mid- day. ; 8 638N 20455 145 31 5 Moderate sea and moderate NE, NEXE, E, and ENE breezes in the afternoon. The sky was mostly clear all day. 9 805N 20305 140 20 16 Moderate and gentle ENE, NNE, and NE breezes. The sky was part- ly cloudy all day. 10 900N 201 56 87 116 8 Moderate sea in forenoon and smooth sea in the afternoon with gen- tle NE breezes most of the day. The sky was partly clear. Sight- ed Penrhyn Island at 05h 12m. At Penrhyn Island from 09h 48m to 18h 00m. Engine for short intervals 07h 30m to 18h 00m. Engine: started at 18h 12m and stopped at 19h 54m. 11 924N 20058 62 58 15 Smooth sea with gentle NE, N, ENE, and ExN breezes. The sky was partly clear most of the day. 12 1024N 19856 135 22 15 Moderate sea in the morning and in the evening with smooth sea near midday, with moderate to gentle ExN, NE, and NNE breezes. The sky was mostly clear all day. Arrived at Tauhunu village Manahiki Island at 12h 24m and left the island at 17h 42m. En- gine at intervals 12h 00m to 18h 00m. 13 1058N 198 02 63 126 13 Moderate sea most all day with smooth sea in early morning and late evening. Light to gentle NExE breezes in the forenoon and moderate to light NNE breezes in the afternoon. The sky was about 0.5 overcast except near 08h 00m when it was completely overcast, with rain from 06h 12m to 07h 42m and from 09h00m to 09h 12m. 14 1135 N 196 36 92 95 13 Smooth sea with light NNE airs in the forenoon and calms in the afternoon. The sky was mostly clear. Started the engine at 08h 42m. 15 1203N 195 03 95 65 17 Smooth sea. Light S airs and light E breezes in the forenoon and light NE, SE, and S airs in the afternoon. The sky was mostly clear all day. Engine: stopped at 08h 00m and started again at 13h 48m. 16 1250N 19301 128 30 10 Smooth sea with light SSE breezes and light S airs in the forenoon and calms most of the afternoon. The sky was almost wholly ‘ clear all day. 17.1337N 191.37 95 109 14 Smooth sea with calms and light SW, W, and WxN airs. The sky - was mostly clear all day. Engine: stopped at 08h 00m and start- ed again at 11h 48m. 18 1413N 18934 124 56 13 Smooth sea with calms and light WNW airs to gentle WNW and NW (17) breezes. The sky was mostly clear. Ran 17 miles from noon position to moorings in Pago Pago harbor at 15h 00m. Note: Left Pago Pago for Apia about 15h 00m, Nov. 27, arriving at Apia about 08h 00m, Nov. 28. Under en- gine power all the way with head winds on first leaving Pago Pago, 80 miles. APPENDIX II. GREENWICH MEAN NOON OBSERVATIONS Explanation of abbreviations, symbols, and numbers for meteorological results in table 76. Results were reported on Weather Bureau Forms according to “Instructions to marine observers--United States Weather Bureau. The data include: (1) wind direction -- “‘true;’’ (2) force according to Beaufort Scale; (3) temperature in screen from Assman Aspirated Psychrometer; (4) sea-surface bucket observations; (5) state of sky--Beaufort Scale. METEOROLOGICAL SYMBOLS Letters describe conditions at actual time of observation (Beaufort Scale) Upper Atmosphere Lower Atmosphere Precipitation b blue sky v visibility (exceptionally clear) d drizzling ce cloudy sky (detached clouds) z haze Pp passing showers © overcast sky m mist r rain f fog r heavy rain Electric Phenomena r very heavy rain 1 lightning Wind h hail t thunder q squally SYMBOLS @ solar halo I€ thunderstorm = fog =° mist aw gale @ continuous rain (intensity may be indicated by < distant lightnings without audible thunder attaching “‘exponents’’ 0 or 2 to the symbols) CLOUDS WIND FORCE (Beaufort Scale) 0 stratus st 0 calm 1 cirrus ci 1 light airs 2 cirrostratus cist 2 light breeze 3 cirrocumulus cicu, 3 gentle breeze 4 altocumulus acu 4 moderate breeze 5 altostratus ast 5 fresh breeze 6 stratocumulus stcu 6 strong breeze 7 nimbus nb 7 high wind (moderate gale) 8 cumulus cu 8 gale (fresh gale) 9 cumulonimbus cunb 9 strong gale 10 nimbostratus nbst 10 whole gale 11 storm 12 hurricane SEA 0 calm Oo SWELL 1 very smooth 1 2 smooth sea ile Y) 1 no swell 3 slight sea 23 2 slight swell 4 moderate sea 35 3 moderate swell = rather rough sea 5- 8 4 rather rough 6 rough sea 2-12 5 rough 7 high sea 12-20 6 heavy 8 very high sea 20-40 7 very heavy 9 precipitous sea 40 8 abnormal * Height of wave, crest to trough, in feet 81 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE ULOUTO=y Sa “NOCIO mrp “WS yOT ye UNstP ISON Go “UIUZI 7z@q mre at Oe ie Wea Sxm OT mM Jogo Cube OLG any O10 0°99L g “A 9FGZE€ NIO8S 6660 Ié€ z € MSM 6 A no-4se 5) Tables 988 0'0T ZL9L z SXM GPSZE N6I16S L960 O8€ ‘4 € MNN- 8 MN 3s co) cue 1976 POT €°S9OL i NXMN #1626 NOGO9 8001 62 z i MXN T N ae | Cale O LM can 2 POL P MXN C086 NIb29 EEO 82 ¢ g M 8 NXM NO-3S og Teche chOL ma Pany 0°6SL € Mm 80888 NI€E9 EOI 61 (4 S NxM OT NXMN 38 0) Cul GOL GALT T'29L - 7 NXM 600P§ N8E2Z9 G6EOI BI € paar ee | MN ¥ N {SB=38 og 9IT 66 ZO 67S g MNN OSTPS N*$S29 SPOTL LT z Sie ee ASG sf, MS noe-19 aq 2 PRG esi 0'8SL v MSM 9F2PE N6ZE9 OGSOI OT z esotea” 10 ee é nov-jse aq 60l 986 ran at 8°6SL 0 ape HAAS MOSS COM Ge c p MSS 8 é fo-3se og 96 18 6'8 8°0SL I ANN 28h NSGOP9 GOTT #1 b L SxMS 9 ASS NOv-JSTD = og 8°6 28 8°6 L'8hL c MSS O0SOSE NSTE9 OTIT 6&1 oe c MSS 9 AS ys-noe ag G'6 L'6 101 CSL 9 MSS 60SSE N*I29 LEIL 2 € € MSL AS yse-noe og ViOle Lar) 8.00 T'9SL ’ M¥MS 9f 668 N6Z09. 8SII . 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P S LGS86l NLI9P 2e22 2b z Gg? is) ass) Or eas i pro ¢8 86 TOT PI9L g aSS 20102 NIbpp g9¢2e 9 Ant Di 2 On. os uur ae acces > POT 2 wold goejins Ti nN ainssoid spno[D JUOQ--SUOT}JeAJAaSqO UOOU Uva YOTMUseIH 9g), BIQUL PUTM 89 APPENDIX II TFOMPMOMOMAHNAMMANANMMNNNAANANN NMNAUNMAMANMAMAMMOMANN aN Reh hwazew is nnn TFANTANMMOONANDTHNOCHMMMMODAHARONNNANSO AQMP MAM MMMANON HOO snl MAUDPONDOANOGOONDBDHBOMNMMBMBORBOOCOAWO FROM OMPHMMNHMOMNMANSY - 7,uy Seacrest tttsdtdtnendtditdnntnddddnd woJy SuyAow no no-noay no-noqo No-noe-fo ndIj-noe quno-no noajy no-noa1j noay nog no nodj noajy noay nouy ¢noay PAO 22 and-yse no-quno ¢qund-jse no-jse Ndaj-ys1o nd-4sto Nodaj-quno quno no-jsv No-19 no4s no gno ¢nojs éno équno gno no no no no wi0g Pepn[suo0D--suosjyeA Jasqo uOOU UveUT YO;MUsIIH “g) aIqey woaocdacd NANNNANNNNANANNANN KF Oroerrerrannoad NE-OCOMDMONSMAMINDOODOOND NANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NANNNNNA ANTRADMOMANMOMMABNONDNANMMOMAHO WHOA MANNANNANMMNMOOMININ OOP OC oO ° N 202 0 POOMMINEDOOMS WHO MOS Hoo wt wo in ANANNNANNANANATAANAA BRB ORE HH OPODSOSBSBCBORANANMOOOS ANNAN RRNA RAT AANNNANNAAA WDMMAAMNOMMOPNOTODEANDDNNCAOs OMIM Oo oO ) aoevyans| qing -Basg “PM TAAMDDOHENMOMOAO v4 £ i 8 8 L £ 0 0 6 (4 6 14 9 G 6 0 T I 9 £ T S v 6 0 S 9 0 L S -“SOOSOOOREEOOrrrrr PONASCHABDCOANAANHANNOTHOBHOOSOM OTS NANNNNNNARNNNANNANNNNNNNANNNNNS NANNANNNNNNNNNNNNNAS L°OSL g°Gch 8°SGL 8°SGL 8°9GL L°LGL 0°9SL @° SSL €°7Sh @°SGL 6°SSL 9°SGL ene 2"hSL L'bSh G°ScL TANOMMOVMOWONONOCOYHMeMAMMNONMM SD ODMH NMMOM MMM MINANAHNOCO wsroomowrno t=} 5 nl - ¢ LO T 0€ ZZZZZAZZZAZALZAZLZAZAZLZZAZAZAZSZAZZAZZZ AZAZAZAAZAZnNnNNNNNNRNRNNNVNN SASSO a Sa Ss Sy Se i EG eS DONNA O Atos © ool cP 00 8% 00 9¢ 00 c0 10 80 T0 PT 10 02 10 be 10 62 10 Ge 10 cP 10 6h 10 TS 10 9F 10 60 20 80 20 91 20 ve 20 L@ 20 Ze 20 SE 20 88 20 Zb 20 Lb 20 IS 20 Sg 20 1S 20 Lb 20 9% 20 6h 20 0S z0 ZS 20 9b 20 OF 20 Se 20 8% 20 ST 20 £0 20 6h 10 6E 10 9% 10 81 10 LI 10 SI 10 wm Y “AON APPENDIX III TABLES 77-81. HOURLY VALUES OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, AIR TEMPERATURE, ‘ SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE, VAPOR PRESSURE, AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY Crossed 180° meridian on May 5, 1929, eliminating May 6, and on July 14, 1929, making two dates, July 14 Table 77. Hourly values of atmospheric Date ree ares Values in mm at local ¥ a a GO S28 0.3 : May 16 37.8N 306.9 61.1 60.9 60.5 60.3 60.2 60.2 60.2 60.2 60.1 60.2 60.3 17 38.2N 310.3 595 59.4 59.5 59.1 59.2 59:3 59.4 59.7 60:1 60/3 60:1 18 S39-2.N (314.4) 59:4 59.4 = 50i1) 5e.7 158:5 58/0) 5810 58.0) 5725) e208 57S 19 40:6.Ni\ S18:2) (57.0 510 “O70 Sor SO) ST byt 57-4) 575) soe ae-t 20 42.0N 321.2 57.1 57.0 56.5 56.7 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.8 58.0 57.8 57.9 21 44.0N 324.0 59.1 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.5 59.9 60.3 60.7 60.9 61.1 61.2 22 45.5N 326.7 64.4 64.4 64.4 644 64.4 64.3 64.8 65.0 65.4 65.5 65.7 23 45.0N 326.9 64.0 63.8 63.0 62.5 61.5 61.0 60.9 60.7 60.1 59.7 59.2 2a AS1OIN) /328:4° 1520.7 52's) 510) e51.8 50:3 51S | ies aol aeeie 7 a oiecenen aD 25, 43:2 Ni 8928:6 9 55-1.) 5510) (5409 54-9) 5510) 55.8 | bid) Sesh) aoce | one menaned 26,4410 331.6 157-6 | 57-6) 57-6) “57.6 “57:5 57.6 57.9 58.0 Seu (58:4 5827 27 45.8N 39455 56.8 56:4 (56.0) 559m 5b.6) 15555 55.0 5510) 54.7, | spd sale 28 48.2N 338.9 50:9 51.0 50/8 51:07 51,0) 51.0 51.0 51.0 51.0 510 51.0 290 /4816\N S41:2% “5010: 50:1 \50/2)" 55016) bic2) 51-8" 52th bose enoaet | sosere cose 30 49.6N 344.4 58.7 585 58.8 589 59.0 59.0 58.9 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.4 31 50.4N 346.5 61.1 61.0 60.8 60.8 61.0 60.7 60.8 60.8 60.7 60.7 60.6 June. 1 50:0 N 346:9 57-4 57:3 (57.1) 5720 57.0) 57-2. 574) 2580) 58.1) J58o1 soot 2 49.5N 348.0 60.7 61.0 60.7 60.7 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.4 61.9 62.0 62.0 $.550.2.N $47.4 6157 -— 61-9. GUS 9 61.2." CIA -Glete elt i611) {eli i6tstey6ns 4° 50.5N 347.7 59.9 59.3° 59.1 58.9 58.3 58.3 58.1 57.6 57.2 57.0 56.9 5 49.9N 348.9 53.5 53.3 53.0 52.9 52.9 52.8 52.9 53.0 52.9 52.7 52.3 6 50.2N 350.0 52.7 52.1 51.9 516 51.4 51.7 51.7 51.4 51.0 50.8 50.7 7 50.2N 352.0 50.2 50.0 49.7 49.2 49.1 49.0 48.8 48.7 481 47.9 47.9 8 50.0N 354.9 46.9 47.1 48.0 48.1 48.6 49.0 49.4 50.0 50.3 50.7 50.8 19 50.5N 359.0 58.1 57.9 57.4 57.0 566 56.2 56.2 56.1 56.1 56.1 56.2 20 51-7N 2:3 56.8 56.2 56:2 56:3 56.4 56:7 56.9 57.1) 57:4 50:40 (58i1 21 53.4N 4.4 63.2 63.7 63.9 64.0 64.1 64.5 64.9 65.1 65.4 65.6 65.7 July 8 54.1N 7.6 65.4 65.9 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.5 66.9 67.2 67.3 67.4 10 58.0N 2.4 60.9 60.6 60.4 60.2 60.2: 60.0 60.1 60.1 60.3 60.4 60.4 11 G05N 0.3 55.6 55.3 55.1 54.4 54:8 54/9 54:5 54:8 55.2) 5515) | 55:6 12) 62.3.N 3550) 55.4 55.3 55:8 55-2 75500 55:3) 5528 855.8) sooshe on ene 13 63.3N 350.6 50.7 50.7 50.5 50.3 50.0 49.7 49.4 49.3 49.3 49.2 49.2 14 64.1N 3486 49.3 49.3 494 495 49.6 50.1 50.3 504 50.9 51.1 51.1 15 .6S:5 Nj 2945.2 54:5) (5512 ones (55 4am sess Sree ocd 58 bei OonteeonS JOUGS:S.N, 342.6 (58:5, “5813' “58it 5719 5719) 5BlO) “isei2\ “58:8 e5e!s) oels 5 17 63.0N 341.4 57.4 56.4 55:55 55.3 546 544 54.4 54:2 54.0 5412) 54:5 18 62.6N 340.0 60.3 59.9 59.7 59.5 59.5 59.5 59.5 60.2 60.4 61.0 61.4 19 63:6. N (33810) (59:5 59:4 59:3 59:3 5953" 59.8 59:2) “5o:f) 5912) Seine 5s 28 62.5N 333.7 64.3 64.2 64.0 63.8 63.8 63.7 63.8 63.9 64.2 64.1 63.8 29 60.7N 328.8 64.5 64.4 645 64.4 64.5 64.7 64.8 65.0 65.2 65.4 65.5 30 59.3N 325.8 67.4 67.4 67.3 67.3 67.2 67.2 67.2 67.2. 67.3- 67.2 66.8 31 357.9.N 325.6 (65.8 (65:6' 765.6) 465-3) 65.3 65.3, 965.9) (65.3) 65's 9 (65:4 G54 Aug. 1 58.3.N 3242 61.1 60:2 5913. 58.8 458.2 58.0 57.7 57.8 57.2 57el 956.9 2 /58:3N 321.31) (5612) 56:9, "S6!90 (57:0 = 570) 57.0 “bral U5Tte Sora ome u mone 3’ S7.0.N> 3145 58.9 59.1. 59.2 /69.3' (59:4. 59:7 59:9) 59:4 959.2 598° 5918 A 545 N 311107" 54:5 (54S 54 M54) 7543 2/5510 655.91) 556) peel eee moet 5 51.6N 310.4 61.9 62.0 62.0 62.1 62.4 62.9 63.1 63.2 63.4 63.4 63.7 6 48.4N 311.8 64.6 64.6 64.5 64.7 64.9 64.9 65.0 64.9 65.0 65.7 65.6 7 45.9 N 312.1 (671 67:0 61 67:2 67.2 (6712) 672 6rd) 67458 6703) ere 8 43.2N 313.0 66.4 66.3 66.2 66.0 65.9 66.2 66.4 66.5 66.5 66.6 66.8 9 42.2N 312.7 66.4 66.2 66.1 65.8 66.1 66.3 66.4 66.5 66.7 67.3 67.4 10 39.8N 311.1 65.8 65.3 64.6 63.9 63.5 62.9 62.2 60.6 61.6 61.4 60.9 11 38:6. N S11.2 “‘61i6 61:5 61.4 61:3 61.5 617 (ei%9) 62/0 G2%2) 62.477 62.5 12 37.0N 311.6 63.7 63.6 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.6 63.8 64.2 64.3 64.4 64.5 13 36.8N 313.4 63.5 63.5 63.3 63.0 62.7 62.6 62.6 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 14 35.2N 315.6 61.6 61.6 61.2 60.8 60.8 60.8 60.9 61.1 61.3 61.6 61.7 15 33.6N 317.7 60.8 60.7 60.6 60.6 60.6 60.7 60.9 61.1 61.5 61.6 61.8 16 31.2N 318.8 62.8 62.8 62.7 62.8 62.8 62.8 63.2 63.6 63.7 64.1 64.6 17 29.8N 319.4 65.0 64.9 64.8 64.7 64.7 64.7 64.7 64.9 65.0 65.1 65.2 18 27.9N 320.5 64.8 64.7 64.5 64.1 63.8 63.9 64.0 64.3 64.6 64.7 64.7 19 25.7N 321.0 63.7 63.6 63.1 62.8 62.7 62.8 62.9 63.0 63.6 63.7 63.7 20 24.0N 320.4 63.9 63.8 63.7 63.3 63.2 63.4 63.6 63.7 63.7 63.8 63.7 21 21.8N 320.4 64.1 64.1 63.9 63.6 63.5 63.4 63.5 63.9 63.9 64.0 64.0 22 19.2N 321.5 63.5 63.0 62.7 62:3 62.2 62.2 62.2,8 62.3 62.5 62.5 62.6 23 16.6N 322.2 61.1 60.8 60.5 60.1 59.9 59.9 59.9 60.0 60.1 60.4 60.8 24 15.8N 322.1 60.2 60.1 59.7 59.6 59.4 59.4 59.5 59.9 60.0 58.2 60.2 25 14.9N 321.8 60.1 59.9 59.8 59.4 59.0 58.9 59.1 59.3 59.8 59.9 60.7 26 13.9N 322.0 60.8 60.6 59.9 59.9 60.0 59.9 60.2 60.5 60.7 61.0 61.4 27 13.4N 322.0 61.8 61.7 60.9 60.8 60.8 60.8 60.8 61.4 61.8 62.4 61.9 28 11.9N 322.2 60.4 60.2 59.4 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.5 60.3 60.4 60.4 29 10.8N 322.6 60.4 60.3 59.7 59.5 59.4 59.5 59.5 60.0 60.4 60.7 61.3 30. 9.5N 322.8 60.7 60.4 60.3 60.3 60.2 60.3 60.4 61.0 61.4 61.5 61.6 pressure, Carnegie, 1928-29 mean hour, 700 + tabular value 60.2 60.1 57.1 58.2 57.9 61.5 66.0 58.7 52.1 56.1 58.9 54.0 51.0 60.1 60.1 57.1 58.3 57.8 61.6 66.0 58.1 52.5 56.3 58.9 53.4 50.6 54.7 60.0 60.1 60.1 60.2 57.1 58.1 58.0 61.9 66.0 57.8 52.9 56.4 58.6 53.1 50.3 55.2 60.0 59.9 58.2 61.6 60.4 54.1 51.1 50.2 47.9 50.9 56.3 59.9 65.9 66.8 60.1 56.3 53.5 48.3 51.2 59.0 58.6 55.7 61.5 59.2 64.3 66.1 66.2 65.0 56.2 97.0 58.1 58.1 64.0 65.5 66.7 66.5 66.6 60.5 62.6 64.1 61.7 61.6 61.7 64.7 65.2 64.6 63.4 63.8 63.8 61.7 60.0 59.6 60.5 60.9 60.6 59.4 59.7 60.6 60.0 60.1 57.2 58.1 58.1 62.0 66.0 57.0 53.5 56.7 58.3 52.9 50.2 55.7 60.0 59.1 58.2 61.5 60.3 53.6 50.9 50.3 47.8 51.0 56.2 60.2 65.8 66.3 59.7 56.3 52.3 48.2 51.2 60.1 58.6 56.0 61.4 59.3 64.3 66.2 66.2 64.7 56.1 56.5 57.7 58.9 64.0 65.5 66.6 66.4 66.6 60.5 62.8 63.9 61.7 61.4 61.7 64.7 64.9 64.2 63.2 63.1 63.3 61.4 59.9 59.4 59.9 60.7 60.4 59.2 59.4 60.3 60.0 60.1 57.0 58.0 58.1 62.3 66.0 57.2 54.2 56.7 58.2 52.9 49.9 56.0 60.1 58.9 58.2 61.5 60.1 52.8 51.1 50.5 47.8 50.8 56.1 61.0 65.7 66.3 59.3 56.4 50.4 47.9 51.2 60.1 58.6 56.4 61.2 59.3 64.3 66.3 66.1 64.4 55.6 56.4 57.2 59.1 64.1 65.6 66.5 66.4 66.6 60.6 62.7 63.7 61.6 61.4 61.7 64.5 64.8 63.8 63.0 63.0 63.2 61.2 59.6 59.2 59.7 60.2 60.0 58.8 59.4 60.3 60.0 60.3 57.1 57.8 58.1 62.5 65.8 55.6 54.0 56.8 58.0 52.5 49.2 56.1 60.2 58.8 58.3 61.2 60.1 52.3 51.7 50.5 47.7 50.4 56.2 61.1 65.4 66.0 59.0 56.4 49.5 47.7 51.2 60.1 58.6 57.3 60.6 59.1 64.3 66.4 66.1 64.1 55.3 56.4 96.8 59.6 64.2 65.7 66.5 66.4 66.8 60.9 62.9 63.6 61.6 61.0 61.7 64.5 64.7 63.7 62.9 62.9 63.0 61.1 59.3 59.0 59.5 60.0 59.7 58.6 59.4 60.2 60.0 59.9 57.2 57.7 58.1 62.0 65.7 55.0 54.1 56.8 57.8 52.4 49.4 56.5 60.4 58.5 58.9 61.4 60.1 52.0 52.0 50.7 47.5 49.8 56.4 61.2 65.1 65.6 58.5 56.5 50.4 48.1 51.3 60.2 58.6 57.6 “60.5 59.3 64.3 66.5 66.1 64.0 95.3 56.5 56.3 60.0 64.2 66.2 66.4 66.4 66.6 60.9 63.2 63.6 61.4 60.8 61.9 64.5 64.7 63.6 63.0 63.0 63.0 61.0 59.2 58.8 59.6 60.1 59.6 58.8 59.7 60.2 \ 60.1 60.0 57.2 57.6 58.3 63.0 65.7 54.4 54.2 56.8 57.7 52.0 49.1 57.0 60.8 58.4 59.1 61.3 60.1 52.1 52.4 50.8 47.1 49.0 56.8 61.5 65.0 65.3 58.0 56.6 50.6 48.2 51.9 60.2 58.5 58.4 60.3 59.3 64.4 66.5 66.1 63.6 55.5 56.8 56.1 60.2 64.3 66.3 66.5 66.5 66.6 61.3 63.4 63.5 61.6 60.8 61.8 64.5 64.7 63.6 63.3 63.2 63.0 61.0 59.4 59.0 59.7 60.5 59.7 58.8 60.3 60.4 93 58.0 60.2 64.4 64.4 62.0 56.2 61.8 61.1 62.3 63.8 94 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 77. Hourly values of atmospheric Date | Lati- ene Values in mm at local 1928 Y . Aug.31 8.2N 323.8 62.0 61.5 60:7° 60.6 60.8 60.9 61.3 61.5 62.2 62.4 62.4 Sep. 1 9.4N 323.3 62.0 61.4 61.3 60.4 60.3 60.4 60.6 60.7 61.3 61.4 61.3 2 9.8N 323.3 60.4 60.1 59.9 59.6 59:6 59.5 59.5 60.3 60.5 60:5 60:5 4° AT4N 32250 (58:9 58:7 58:0) 58:1 58:1 58:6 58:7 95858" 5819! 59:0) 15920 5 11.6N 319.2 58:7 58.5 58.2 58.2 58.3 -58.5 58.8 59.6 5916 59:6 59:7 6 11.7N 317.4 59.7 59.6 59.0 58.9 59.2 59.3 59.7 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 7 113N 315:8 59:0 58.7 58.4 58.4 58.7 58.8 59.2 59:6 59.7 59.7 59.0 8 1U-6N 314.9 57:9 57.8 57.7 57.8 58:0 58:3 58.8 59:6 59:7 59:8 59:8 9 11.8N 313.9 60.5 59.9 59.8 59:7 59:8 59.8 59.9 60:5 60.9 61:0 61.0 10 12.2.N 312.2 60.2 59.8 59.6 59.2 58.9 58.8 58.9 59.3 59.7 59.8 59.7 11 13.2N 310.3 59.4 59.1 58.4 581 581 58.5 59.1 60.0 60.2 60.2 60.2 12 13.2N 309.5 59.5 59.1. 58.8 58.7 59.0 59.2 59.5 60.1 60.5 60.6 60.6 13 13.3N 307.6 58.9 58.3 58.1 58.0 58.2 58.2 58.6 59.1 59.2 59.6 59.9 14°13.0.N (305.7 - 58:3 59.1 57.9 58:0 58:1 5836 59:0 59:51 59:2— 5953) 95912 15 12 303.7 59.3 59.0 59.0 59.0 59.1 592 59.7 59.9 60.3 60.6 60.6 16 13 301.5 60.2 60.0 59.8 59.6 59.6 59.7 60.0 60.2 60.4 61.0 61.2 Oct. 98.6 61.0 60.6 60.3 60.1 60.1 60.2 604 60.9 61.1 61.9 61.1 aad ie) for) ~ a o — a ive} co oi © i) oa oO So a co oOo uo © Oo oa wo on on oOo © fez) Oo _ for) Oo for) for) oO wo Dec. 1 4 298. : 4 296. cl 5 293. : 5. 291. c 5 288.8 : 4. 286.0 59.8 59.4 58.9 58.7 58.7 58.8 59.0 59.1 59:9 60.0 60.1 26 «6. 280.1 56.1 55.8 55.6 55.4 55.7 56.3 . 57.2 57.4 59.2 59.1 57.9 27. ~«O«SS. 279.9 56.9 56.3 56.1 56.0 56.3 56.4 56.8 57.4 57.6 58.2 58.3 28 «4. 280.2 57.3 56.9 56.4 56.2 56.3 56.4 57.1 57.6 58.4 58.2 58.6 29 «4. 280.1 57.2 956.7 56.4 56.3 56.3 56.3 56.6 57.0 57.9 57.9 57.5 30 2. 279.9 56.9 56.6 56.1 56.1 56.1 56.3 57.1 57.7 58.5 58.9 58.8 31 4. 278.1 58.1 57.9 57.2 57.2 57.3 57.4 58.0 583 59:1 59.3 59.2 Nov. 1 6 277.0 57.9 57.4 57.0 56.9 57.0 57.1 57.9 581 58.5 58.9 58.7 2 4 27.1 S81 57.5 57.2 57.1 57.3. 57.3 58.1 58:4 58.9 59.3 59.5 Seas 278.5 59.1 58.3 58.3 58.3 58.4 58.5 59.0 59.2 59.9 60.0 59.9 6a0 278.8 614 61.2. 61.2 61:2 61:5) 61-5) 617 6273 16236 62°77) (6256 tf (v 278.0 61.2 60.9 60.8 60.5 60.6 60.7 60.7 61.5 61.7 61.7 61.5 al 277.7 61.2 60.9 60.4 60.2 60.3 60.6 60.9 61.8 62.2 62.4 62.4 yale 275.2 61.4 60.8 60.3 60.3 60.4 60.9 61.3 62.2 62.5 62.7 62.5 105 “1 273.0 61.4 61.2 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.8 61.3 61.5 62.2 62.4 62.5 Li oe 201°0 62:1 61:6 613! ‘6122, 6123) 6125" 6210) 623" 62:6 62'8) 6238 LZ 2687 62:2 619) 6186) 6125) 615) G19) 6251) 6273) 63:00) 63:0) 63"0 ? Le 266.9 60.9 60.5 60.2 60.1 60.2 60.4 63.1 . 61.5 62.0 62.1 62.2 ul 2 Loleras 264:2, 61:3) 6029)» (6058) 60:7 GOL) GI (G1E3)) 161716251 Gata G20 16) <3: 26178 60°55 6051 595% 59:6 59:7 60!2) 6058) 616) 61-9) 62:25 62-0 Lies: 260.2 59.8 59.3 59.0 58.6 58.7 59.1 59.4 60.0 60.3 60.4 60.5 18m A: 257.4 60:1 59.9 59.5 59.0 59.1 59.3 60.0 60:1 60:9 61:0 60:9 19 4. 254.9 59.6 59.2 58.8 58.7 58.6 58.7 59.2 59.7 59.7 59.7 59.0 20 7 253.1 58.9 58.6 58.5 58.4 58.5 58.8 59.3 59.8 60.0 60.5 60.6 2l 69 251.6 60.0 59.6 59.2 59.2 59.4 60.1 60.4 61.1 61.8 61.9 61.9 22 12 249.8 61.9 61.1 61.0. 60:9 60:9 61.1 61-8 62:2) 62°59 62°59 62:9 23 14 248.1 62.5 62.0 61.6 61.6 61.8 62.0 62.3 63.2 63.7 63.7 63.7 24 16 247.0 62.7 62.3 61.7 61.5 61.4 61.6 62:2. 62.8 63.2 63.4 63.5 25 19. 245.9 63.3 63.1 62.3 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.6 63.5 64.1 64.2 64.3 26 21 245.6 64.6 64.3 63.8 63.5 63.4 63.4 64.4 64.7 65.3 65.2 65.0 "27 23 245.2 64.0 63.8 63.5 63.4 63.4 63.7 64.0 64.6 64.8 64.9 64.9 28 24 244.7 65.2 64.7 64.3 64.3 64.6 64.9 65.1 65.3 66.0 66.1 66.2 29 244.7 66.6 66.3 66.2 66.1 66.3 66.7 67.0 67.4 67.6 67.6 67.6 9 0 8 9 1 2 1 1 2 4 5. 6 8 9 0 _ > Pow wwwwwwwwnNnhd wry NNNNNMR Ree pressure, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued APPENDIX II mean hour, 700 + tabular value 15 i 11 63.2 12 62.3 60.5 60.4 13 14 61.9 61.1 60.4 59.8 59.7 59.5 58.7 58.3 59.1 58.8 59.1 58.8 57.7 57.6 58.9 58.8 60.0 59.9 58.1 57.8 59.5 59.1 59.3 58.9 59.1 57.8 58.4 58.3 59.5 59.3 60.7 59.9 60.0 59.8 59.4 59.0 59.2 58.7 59.1 58.9 59.0 58.4 58.8 58.1 57.3 56.3 57.3 57.0 57.3 56.4 55.8 55.0 57.1 56.2 57.9 57.0 57.3 56.8 58.1 57.4 58.3 58.0 61.3. 60.5 60.0 59.5 61.1 60.5 60.9 60.3 61.4 60.7 61.3 60.9 61.1 60.2 61.0 60.4 60.9 60.4 60.6 59.6 60.4 59.7 59.8 59.1 59.4 58.9 57.7 57.1 59.0 58.8 60.5 60.3 61.4 61.0 62:9 “61.7 62.9 62.4 63.8 63.5 64.3 63.9 64.7 64.1 65.8 65.7 66.7 66.6 65.9 65.5 66.0 65.8 67.3 67.1 66.4 66.1 64.2 64.2 60.1 59.8 63.1 63.2 65.2 65.2 64.9 64.6 64.7 64.3 65.2 65.2 68.2 68.1 69.9 69.7 71.8 71.8 72.8 72:7 73.1 72.8 61.2 59.9 59.4 58.0 58.7 58.8 57.7 58.7 59.7 57.5 59.0 58.5 57.5 58.2 59.2 59.7 60.9 59.9 59.4 58.0 58.7 58.8 57.8 58.7 59.7 57.7 59.1 58.6 57.6 58.2 59.2 59.3 59.2 59.1 58.5 58.6 58.2 57.4 55.5 56.2 55.9 54.7 56.1 56.6 56.4 57.9 57.7 59.8 58.7 60.3 59.7 60.2 60.2 59.9 59.9 59.8 58.7 58.8 58.4 58.1 57.3 98.5 60.0 60.7 61.0 62.1 63.2 63.8 64.0 65.4 66.2 65.2 65.8 67.0 65.4 63.4 59.8 63.0 64.7 64.4 64.1 65.1 68.0 69.7 71.7 72.5 72.6 60.9 72.6 72.6 61.5 60.5 60.4 58.8 59.5 59.7 58.7 59.8 60.4 58.1 20 21 22 61.6 62.3 62.3 60.8 60.9 61.0 60.7 60.9 60.5 59rt) 095) (o98t 59:7 59:9 59.9 59.8 59.8 59.8 58.9 58.8 58.7 59.9 60.7 60:8 60.8 61.0 60.9 59.0 59.1 59.3 60.1 60.3 60.4 59.7 59.9 59.8 59.1 59.2 59.1 59.5 59.9 60.0 60.2 60.9 60.5 60.4 60.8 60.9 60.0 60.1 60.3 59.2 59.1 59.9 59.1 59.3 59.7 59.0 59.9 60.2 59.5 59.6 60.0 58.7 58.9 59.0 57.0 57.3 57.3 57.3 57.4 57.8 57.2 57.7 57.6 56.5 57.1 57.2 58.1 58.5 58.5 57.8 58.4 58.5 57.9 58.5 58.5 60.0 60.1 60.1 59.3 ° 59.7 59.8 61.1 61.5 61.5 60.4 60.9 61.2 61.5 62.0 61.9 61.1 61.4 61.5 6122) 16129" «6221 62.1 62.3 62.3 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.0 61.5 61.5 61.0 61.5 61.7 60.1 60.7 60.6 59.4 60.0 60.1 59.9 60.1 60.2 59.3 59.4 59.9 58.8 58.8 58.9 60.1 60.6 60.6 61.5 61.6 62.1 62.0 62.6 62.8 62.3 62.7 63.1 62.5 63.1 63.3 64.3 64.5 64.7 64.9 65.0 64.9 65.1 65.6 65.7 66.4 66.5 66.6 67.0 67.3 67.5 66.2 66.6 66.9 66.4 67.0 67.2 68.0 68.1 68.2 66.1 66.1 66.2 64.2 64.1 64.2 60.2 60.3 60.9 64.0 64.3 64.4 65.9 66.2 66.2 64.4 64.5 64.7 64.8 65.2 65.4 65.9 66.2 66.4 68.9 69.3 69.4 70.2 70.4 70.5 ano, aed) 12-6 73.2 73.3 13.3 73.0 73.2 _73.2 60.6 60.2 58.4 58.4 58.3 66.5 67.2 68.1 66.1 65.7 64.6 73.3 73.1 95 96 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 77. Hourly values of atmospheric Date | Lati- cover Values in mm at local tade | east | 00 | o1 | o2 | 03 | of | 05 | o6 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 1928 : - Dec. 26 40.48 262.5 131° 7239 25. T25 .T29: 30. WA. 73220 1s22) 1525 7333 27 39.9S 263.7 73.4 73.3 wai, doo 73.2 73.2 (RE Ber ey 5 br 13-2 ase 28 38.4S 265.8 72.3 72.1 11.8 (eS Tiss 71.2 71.1 71.0 70.8 70:6. 70.3 29 36.6S 267.0 69.0 68.5 68.2 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.6 69.0 69.1 69.2 30 345S 268.2 69.1 68.9 68.6 68.3 68.3 68.8 69.1 69.2 69.2 69.1 69.1 yess: 32.5S 270.0 68.2 68.2 67.6 67.3 67.5 67.9 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.2 68.2 Jan. 1 32.2S 270.9 68.1 67.9 67.6 67.5 67.6 67.7 68.1 68.3 68.3 68.4 68.6 Ae 1 ig cS 68.2 67.9 67.8 67.7 67.7 67.8 67.9 68.3 68.3 68.3 67.8 3 3198S 271-7 66.6 66.1 65.9 65.6 65.5 65.6 65.9 65.9 66.0 66.1 66.1 4.31:88S 272.7 65.3 65.0 64.9 64.6 64.6 64.7 65.0 65.1 65.4 65.7 65.9 5 31.0S 273.4 65.7 65.4 64.8 64.8 64.8 64.9 65.3 65.7 65.7 65.8 65.7 6 28.9S 274.7 65.4 65.4 65.2 64.6 64.5 64.9 65.2 65.2 65.3 65.2 65.2 7 27.0S 276.0 64.9 64.4 64.0 63.9 63.9 64.0 64.2 64.6 64.6 64.9 64.9 8 25.0S 277.8 63.5 63.3 63.1 63.0 63.3 63.5 63.8 64.3 64.4 64.4 64.4 9 23.1S 278.8 63.4 63.1 62.6 62.4 62.5 62.6 62.7 63.0 63.0 62.7 62.7 10 21.4S 279.5 62.1 62.0 61.7 61.6 61.7 62.4 62.5 62.6 63.1 63.0 62.8 11 19.1S 280.7 62.3 61.9 61.5 61.0 61.1 60.9 61.5 61:6 GL7 G18 Gi27 12 16.7S 281.4 60.1 59.5 59.1 58.7 58.8 59.0 59.5 59.8 60.4 60.4 60.4 13 14.1S 282.1 59.5 59.2 58.9 58.6 585 58.5 58.8 59.3 59.8 60:0 60.1 14 12.3S 282.8 59.2 ~-58.7 584 582 57:9 57.9 58:0 585 58:9 58:9 58.9 Feb. 6 11.9S 281.4 59:6. 59:3 59c2 59.0 59.0 59.1 59.3 60.0 60.1 60.3 60.3 7 10.2S 280.1 60.4 60.1 5957 59.7 59:3 ‘59.8. ~ GOs 61.1 61.7 61.8 61.8 8 10.0S 277.8 60.5 60.2 59.7 59.4 59.3 59.5 59.6 60.0 60.5 60.6 60.6 9 10.4S 275.8 59.5 59.1 58.7 58.6 58.6 58.8 58.9 59.1 59.4 59.7 59.6 10 10.8S 275.0 59.3 59.0 58.7 58.5 58.4 583 586 59.0 59.6 60.3 60.4 11 10.7S 274.1 60.0 59.4 59.1 58.8 58.7 58.8 59.2 59.9 60.3 60.3 60.2 12 11.0S 272.6 59:9 59:3 594%. 592 59.1 59.1 59.3 59.4 59.9 60.1 60.3 13 12.6S 270.3 60.0 59.9 59.4 59.1 58.9 58.9 59.0 59.3 59.8 60.1 60.2 14 1448S 267.8 60.1 59.9 59:5 59:3 59.3 59.7 60.1 60.3 60.9 61.3 61.2 15 15.8S 265.1 61.6 61.1 60.9 60.8 60.9 61.0 61.2 61.7 62.2 62.4 62.4 16 15.3S 262.4 62.1 61.9 61. 61.2 61.1 61.0 61.4 61.9 62.4 62.8 62.9 17 14.8S 259.2 62.4 62.0 61.7 61.1 61.1 61.2 61.5 61.9 62.3 62.7 62.9 18 14.3S 256.7 61.9 61.6 61.1 60.7 60.7 60.9 61.1 61.3 61.7 62.1 61.7 19 13.6S 254.1 60.4 59.9 59.7 59.6 59.7 59.8 60.0 60.5 60.7 60.8 60.9 20 13.0S 251.8 59.5 59.0 58.7 58.5 58.5 58:7. 5921 59.7 60.0 60.0 59.9 21 125S 249.9 59.3 58.7 58.5 58.4 58.4 58.6 58.9 59.3 59.8 60.2 60.2 22 12.6S 247.7 60.4 59.9 59.6 59.6 59.7 59.7 60.0 60.7 61.0 61.3 61.5 23 12.5S 244.9 60.6 60.1 59.7 59.6 59.7 59.7 60.0 60.5 61:0. G13 61.0 24 12.7S 242.4 59.4 59.1 58.7 58.1 58.1 58.2 58.4 58.7 59.4 59.6 59.6 25 12.8S 240.6 59.5 59.0 58.8 58.7 58.7 59.1 59.3 59.9 60.3 60.3 60.3 26 13.0S 238.7 59.5 59.1 58.3 58.1 58.1 58.1 58.6 59.0 59.9 60.1 60.2 1135S 235.9 59.7 59.5 59.1 598.9 58.9 59.1 59.5 59.9 © 60.5 60.7 60.7 28 14.9S 233.8 60.2 59.5 59.0 58.9 58.7 58.8 58.9 59.5 59.9 60.1 60.1 Mar.1 16.5S 231.9 59.9 59.7 59.3 59.2 59.3 59.7 59.8 60.3 60.7 60.9 60.9 2 17.05 2302 60.9 60.5 60.0 59.9 59.9 59.8 59.8 60.3 60.4 60.7 60.7 3 8718S 2283 61.1 60.7 60.4 60.3 60.2 60.7 60.9 61.2 61.6 61.9 61.7 4172S 226.7 61.9 61.5 61.1 60.7 60.5 60.7 61.2 61.7 62.1 62.1 61.7 5 17.1S 2246 61.1 60.7 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.4 60.7 61.0 61.5 61.6 61.5 6 1472S 223.4 60.4 59.7 59.4 59.0 59.0 59.5 59.6 60.1 60.6 60.8 60.6 7 1748S 221.1 60.5 60.0 59.8 59.7 59.7 59.9 60.4 60.6 60.9 61.0 60.7 8 17.8S 219.2 59.5 59.0 58.9 58.7 58.9 59.0 59.7 60.3 60.5 60.6 60.5 9 17.6S 218.0 60.5 59.9 59.8 59.8 59.9 60.5 60.7 61.3 61.7 61.9 61.8 10 18.0S 215.9 61.5 60.9 60.6 60.3 60.2 60.6 60.7 61.0 61.5 61.5 61.5 11 18.1S 214.4 61.3 60.6 60.5 59.8 59.8 59.9 60.4 61.2 61.4 61.4 61.4 12 17:95. 2120 60.4 59.9 59.4 59.5 59.5 59.6 59:6 60.2 60.5 60.6 60.6 13 175S 210.4 60.2 59.8 59.6 59.4 59.6 59.6 60.0 60.4 60.6 60.6 60.7 * 21 16.8S 209.2 57.0 56.2 56.0 55.9 56.0 56.2 56.4 57.0 57.6 58.0 58.0 22 17.6S 208.2 57.7 572 51:0. S65. “S655, 373 57.4 57.8 58.9 59.4 59.2 23 17.2S 207.3 59.0 586 58.2 58.1 58.2 58.5 59.0 59.2 60.0 60.1 60.0 24 16.9S 206.3 60.2 59.9 595 59.5 59.6 59.7 60.1 60.2 61.1 61.2 61.2 25 16.5S 204.0 60.2 59.5 59.2 59.1 59:0" 59:0 58:9. 593. 595 59.5 59.3 26 16.1S 201.6 58.8 57.9 575 57:4 57:4- 57:6 57:9 583 58.3 58.3 58.3 27 15.7S 199.4 57.5 57.1 56.8 56.5 56.5 56.5 56.5 S73 5375 57.5 57.3 28 15.5S 198.0 57.1 57.0 56.5 56:5. S64) 561. 365 57.1 57.5 57.8 57.5 29 1538S 196.7 56.7 56.5 56.3 563. 56:3 56:6 S574. Giz STR S73 5s 30 14.7S 194.4 56.7 56.4 56.3 56.1 56.2 563: 56:50 SID “Sis. Si5 57.2 31 14.7S 192.1 57.2 56.9 56.5 56.5 56.6 56.8 57.1 575 57.9 58.3 57.9 Apr. 1 14.4S 190.0 57.8 57.3 57.1 56.7 56.7 56.9 57:3 57.6 57:9 S82 583 22 12.7S 188.4 58.1 57.9 575 57.1 57.0 57.0 57.1 57.6 58.1 58.9 58.9 23 11.3S 188.4 58.7 «S16 «4245S713, si2 57.4 57.6 57.6 583 584 58.7 58:7 24 8.7S 189.0 57.8 574 57.0 569 57:0 573 5157. (584 58.5 58.2 57.9 pressure, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued mean hour, 700 + tabular value 73.4 73.2 70.2 69.1 69.2 68.1 68.5 67.3 65.9 66.1 65.7 65.3 64.5 73.4 73.1 73.3 73.1 73.3 73.0 73.3 72.7 69.3 68.8 68.3 67.2 APPENDIX III 73.2 72.3 69.2 68.3 68.2 67.6 73.2 72.5 69.2 68.8 68.4 68.0 73.7 72.5 69.2 69.0 68.7 68.3 68.5 66.9 65.5 65.9 65.4 65.1 64.3 63.5 62.4 62.4 60.8 59.5 59.3 58.5 60.5 60.1 61.0 73.6 72.4 69.2 69.1 68.6 68.3 EO) EE FE a A = 73.5 72.3 69.1 69.1 68.4 68.2 68.6 66.8 65.4 65.9 65.5 65.1 63.7 63.5 62.5 62.5 60.5 59.6 59.2 58.6 60.6 60.3 61.1 97 Mean mm 773.18 772.94 770.32 768.73 768.74 767.89 768.09 767.38 765.62 765.41 765.24 764.94 764.21 763.54 762.30 762.14 760.94 759.37 758.98 758.25 759.72 760.28 759.48 758.75 759.11 759.11 759.30 759.46 760.48 761.63 761.89 761.66 760.77 759.79 759.01 759.10 760.22 759.56 758.65 759.18 759.22 759.61 759.30 760.03 760.31 760.95 761.13 760.32 760.00 759.89 759.60 760.98 760.97 760.42 759.64 760.10 757.30 757.92 759.23 760.12 758.95 797.71 756.75 756.78 756.80 756.65 757.18 797.25 758.22 757.59 757.14 98 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 77. Hourly values of atmospheric Lati- | Longi- Values in mm at local tude tude | east | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 [| 05 | 06 | o7 | 08 | o9 | 10 Apr. 25 7.6 188.2 Bio) (562999 156:9) 95628" 56270 5r0) es alee saDleo) 6 Dore oclne 626 26 «6.7 187.6 SiO eke | OGLO) 16c0) 06:5) 06.0) 0Ge on -Olmm Di Ole DI come al 29 «1.8 186.6 Diplo uO) O6.66) G24) 56:05) soGcD) DOlLOn noire Deon DEO DnAG May 1 2.5 184.9 57-4. (Stel) 5627) 56:55 S56c7) 56:8). (563) Y5NzS) 58-0 56,0 N Duo 2 4.4 183.6 58:0) (5725) Sie) 50-0) 9 57.0) oiea Soe Oe Oueo) ee DOtan EDS eo bt6 a} 182.3 S07 ois) 5625) 56:20 5653) 1561018 56.6) 65.4 oNeGu OD ommmceO. 4 82, 181.1 aes area) | Otis) bel yet bes) Se is} i Gb Le 5 10.8 180.5 590} 58:5) ASSIA e aie ete MOGs OG)4 DOLD DoS en DONO OLG Crossed International Date Line leeks 177.4 59.6 59.0 58.7 58.8 59.2 59.4 59.8 56.4 56.7 56.7 56.4 8 15 174.7 60.2 59.7 59.4 59.4 59.5 59.9 60.4 60.8 60.8 60.9 60.8 9 16 171.9 59:9' 59°56 (59°2> 595 ~ 595 59525 5925) 160:0)" (60:2) G03) G022 10 18 169.0 60.1 59.6 59.4 59.4 59.7 60.2 60.3 605 60.8 60.8 60.8 11 19 166.4 61.0 60:5 60:3 60:2 60.2 60:3 60:5 G1.1 61.4 615 61-4 12 20. 163.7 655 6155) 461627 560597 76059) SGle2) V6 6leS ee 62.0. Garon Gea 13-202 161.2 62:4 ‘61:9 61.7 61.7 GI.% 6158 69:9 62.6 - 62:7 Gath 16227 14 19. 158.5 6127 61-5; (6151 60.8 60.9 61.2 61.4 61.7 61.9 61.8 61.7 15 18 156.1 GLO) (60:7, 60:5) (GO!4” (60'5 96057) V60l7 Gied. 61035 61s) G6 irer LGPL: 153.4 60:7 360:6" (6053) —60!3) (6053) {60.755 .G0l7 (60:9) sGioi 6174 Gren ie Ge 150.9 60:7 60:6 60:5) “GOL (60:2 ‘60:5 GOT 60:9: “GIS 61:0) “G1z0 18 14. 148.3 60.7 60.5 60.2 59.9 60.0 60.4 60.6 60.9 61.0 61.0 60.9 19 14. 146.0 60:8: ~60:3) 35929) 5937) 95915" 7596) 95959) 60!5) GOL SGOT] GOT, 20) e83 144.6 59°7- «S9%4> °5922) 58585 258270 258.6. 958.650 08-709 5-0) Gen o9L0 26 16 144.2 58:9 58:7 58.4 58:52 (58:1. (58IF 5855 5837 58:9) 5970) 59°0 at 18 144.0 5957 159%6" 15925) | 5975) 15925) 95926) 16020" 160-5) 60'5)) 60.68" (60:5 PA}, 74h 144.2 61-1 «61:0 (60:9) (60:9) 60:9 “GI (6122) 161-2) 61-25 6122) 56029 29 23 144.2 61:7 ‘6121 611 Gil (61:2 (6122 614) (6:2) 6123" 6ie2) V6ie% 30 a 144.1 615) (61:5) 16120)2 (60238) (6120) 6120) {6iel 612 Giese Glebe ole 144.4 60.9 60.5 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.5 60.9 60.9 60.9 60.9 MOODIONOOOIHNN PHWRTDHROOHUOYUONHWwWOO RO ZAZAAZAAAZAAZAAAZAAAZAAZAAAAZAAZAAZAAZAZ AAAAAAAAAAAAZA AAAAAAAAAZAAAAAAAAAAASAAAAZ vnnvN June 1 144.0 59.8 59.6 59.4 59.3 59.3 59.1 59.2 59.2 59.2 58.9 58.3 2 143.9 54.4 54.4 54.5 54.7 55.4 55.7 56.2 56.5 56.6 56.9 57.2 3 144.3 58.8 58.5 58.6 58.6 58.7 58.8 58.9 593 59.5 59.4 59.3 4 142.3 57.7 57.3 57.0 56.2 56.1 55.9 56.2 56.2 56.1 56.1 55.9 5 141.2 56.6 56.5 56.3 56.2 56.1 56.3 566 56.7 56.8 57.1 57.4 6 140.2 55.0 54.3 53.4 52.7 52.4 51.0 50.4 48.9 48.4 47.4 46.4 7 139.9 51.6 52.5 53.0 53.9 541 54.4 55.0 55.0 55.4 55.9 56.0 25 141°0 ‘61-4 60:9’ 60:8 60:7 (61-2 G6i-4 614) (617%) “61°9) 1GI9F 6220 26 142.1 63.6 63.6 63.7 63.8 64.0 64.3 64.0 64.1 64.3 64.3 64.4 27 143.6 64.4 64.3 64.2 64.0 63.9 63.9 64.3 64.4 64.4 64.3 64.3 28 145.4 63.7 63.6 63.5 63.4 63.3 63.3 63.5 63.6 63.7 63.7 63.8 29 145.5 64.8 64.7 64.6 64.5 64.5 64.5 64.6 64.8 64.9 64.9 65.0 30 147.1 64.6 64.4 64.6 64.4 646 64.8 64.9 65.1 65.3 65.6 65.6 July 147.7 66.5 66.5 66.4 66.4 66.5 66.6 66.8 66.8 66.8 69.9 69.9 149.5 65.8 65.6 65.6 65.5 65.4 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.5 65.3 151.1 64.3 64.3 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.3 64.2 64.4 64.3 64.2 64.2 153.1 63.8 63.7. 63.7 63.6 63.7 63.8 63.8 63.6 63.6 63.5 63.4 155.6 63.3 63.2 63.2 62.7 62.5 62.6 62.9 63.1 63.1 63.3 63.3 158.3 63.0 63.0 62.9 62.9 63.0 63.3 63.4 63.4 62.8 62.6 62.6 159.6 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.4 60.7 60.6 163.0 56.0 55.5 55.3 55.1 55.2 55.2 55.1 55.0 54.8 544 54.3 166.6 53.3 - 53.0 52.8 52.8 52.9 53.1 52.9 53.1 52.7 52.4 52.3 169.5 53.0 53.4 53.7 54.1 54.1 54.2 54.8 55.2 55.3 55.0 55.5 UTT% (59:3 15955) (59.7% 16054) i606) (608%) 61-2) GIG) 16156) GiG iGask 173.1 65.4 65.4 65.6 65.7 65.8 66.2 66.2 66.5 66.7 66.9 66.7 174.1 67.0 66.9 66.3 66.0 65.5 65.6 65.5 65,5 65.5 65.3 65.4 178.1 65.2 65.1 65.0 65.2 65.1 65.1 65.1 65.2 64.7 646 64.5 183.3 63.1 63.1 63.0 63.0 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.3 63.4 63.7 187.2 64.6 64.5 64.5 64.4 64.4 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.4 65.3 65.1 192.7 68.7 69.0 69:0 68:9 69:0 69.3 69.8 70:0 69.9 69.8 69.8 198.2 10:0 70:0 70:0 70 TO 70S! ‘TON “70S 6929) G98" 6927 204.4 69.7 69.7 69.7 69.7 69.6 69.5 69.5 69.3 68.8 68.5 68.4 209.6 67.0 66.9 66.4 66.3 66.1 65.8 65.7 65.4 65.1 64.3 64.0 213:9' 62:1 -62/0)) (61:9) «61:9 °61°8) ‘61.7 ‘(6126) (6122). 96170) 609) 60:6 21 217.3 59.5 59.6 59.6 59.5 59.4 59.5 59.7 59.8 59.9 59.9 59.9 22 220.3 62.0 61.9 61.9 61.9 62.0 62.0 62.1 “62.2 62.1 62.1 62.2 / 23 222.4 63.0 62.9 63.0 63.0 63.1 63.4 63.4 63.7 63.8 64.0 64.1 24 224.8 65.6 65.9 66.0 66.1 66.1 66.3 66.4 66.7 66.8 66.9 67.1 25 227.7 65.6 65.5 65.4 65.3 65.4 65.5 65.6 65.9 66.0 66.0 66.2 26 230.5 66.5 66.4 66.4 66.4 66.4 66.5 67.0 67.2 67.2 67.3 67.3 234.3 65.5 65.2 64.6 64.4 -64.0 63.7 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.2 63.2 237.2 61.9 61.8 61.6 61.6 61.7 61.9 62.1 62.3 62.5 62.6 63.0 WOWwWWwW LEAL AERO AL PP PP PP Ph PP hb coco WWWWWWWWWHWWWD MPOWONELAHADONNNROODDUIAWDIMBUNWNHOOCG DABWOPPLPLLNYRH OO VORUDWOSNHNOAHRUNENWONTOORORDWROT pressure, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued mean hour, 700 + tabular value ag] tes) ts raf 15, [te | te [ae fre [zo | a [2a | 2s | 57.9 57.6 57.4 57.8 58.1 58.2 59.0 59.4 60.2 60.6 65.6 66.8 65.4 64.4 63.5 63.4 62.4 60.2 54.2 52.1 56.1 62.5 66.8 65.5 64.3 63.6 65.2 69.7 69.7 68.6 64.0 60.7 60.1 62.2 64.2 67.1 66.3 67.4 63.2 63.1 57.5 57.2 56.9 57.2 57.8 57.7 58.5 59.0 65.5 66.7 65.3 64.4 63.4 63.3 62.4 59.7 94.1 52.1 56.3 62.7 66.9 65.3 64.2 63.7 65.4 69.6 69.7 68.4 64.0 60.7 60.3 62.2 64.2 67.0 66.2 67.4 63.2 63.1 56.9 56.6 56.4 56.7 57.0 57.4 58.1 58.2 56.5 56.3 55.7 56.0 56.5 57.0 57.5 57.5 56.1 55.8 55.6 55.9 56.2 56.5 57.2 57.3 APPENDIX III 56.5 56.6 56.2 56.4 57.4 57.3 57.6 57.9 56.8 57.1 56.6 57.0 57.7 57.8 58.3 57.9 57.7 57.7 57.2 58.0 58.0 58.0 57.7 57.4 58.3 58.2 58.5 59.3 59.4 58.1 57.8 57.4 58.3 58.3 58.4 59.3 59.3 Mean mm 757.25 756.98 756.75 757.15 757.52 757.40 758.10 758.45 758.89 759.92 759.46 760.21 760.67 761.67 761.89 761.01 760.47 760.50 760.45 760.38 759.60 758.52 758.67 759.89 760.83 761.01 760.88 760.38 757.54 757.00 758.37 755.92 756.31 749.10 755.70 761.86 764.01 763.95 763.77 764.66 765.39 766.80 764.98 764.14 763.40 762.94 762.28 759.28 754.35 752.46 756.00 762.34 766.50 765.34 764.19 763.65 765.87 769.46 769.72 768.53 764.28 760.74 760.21 762.23 764.04 766.38 765.99 . 766.67 763.02 762.10 100 1929 Sep. 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Oct. Nov. METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Longi- Lati- Date tude ° ° 37.0N 236.3 35.5 N 235.0 33.8 N 233.7 32.4N 232.1 31.6N 231.2 30.4N 229.0 29.3 N 227.4 28.2 N 225.7 27.TN 224.6 27.0N 222.3 26.7N 220.9 26.5 N 219.4 26.2N 217.9 25.1 N 216.4 24.0N 214.4 23.4N 211.3 22.9N 208.6 22.3 N 206.4 21.7N 204.3 23.5 N 200.4 26.4N 199.5 29.1N 198.8 31.7N 199.0 32.8N 199.3 34.3.N 200.0 34.1 N 203.1 31.8N 219.3 29.1 N 220.8 27.4N 221.9 26.0N 222.9 25.0N 222.2 23.2 N 221.7 21.2N 221.5 18.3N 222.0 16.2N 223.0 13.6N 223.5 12.7N 222.5 11.3N 221.3 WNNEROODODADRHOW RO DI-10cC ak pe pet et pe 59.5 60.8 61.5 61.0 61.0 61.8 62.9 62.2 61.6 62.4 62.8 62.6 59.5 60.6 61.2 60.8 60.7 61.8 62.9 61.6 61.0 62.1 62.3 62.1 62.6 63.7 64.1 62.8 61.0 61.1 61.5 62.5 62.8 63.5 66.0 68.6 67.4 60.5 57.6 62.1 62.9 62.9 62.4 61.1 61.0 60.6 59.3 58.3 57.7 58.8 59.4 60.3 58.7 56.2 55.4 54.4 54.6 55.4 56.0 55.5 95.1 55.0 55.5 95.1 54.3 54.7 95.7 57.1 56.6 55.6 55.4 54.8 59.6 60.6 61.1 60.7 60.6 61.7 62.7 61.6 61.0 59.6 60.6 60.9 60.7 60.5 61.8 62.6 61.5 61.0 62.1 62.0 61.6 62.4 63.7 64.1 62.5 60.7 61.0 61.0 62.2 62.7 63.2 66.0 68.4 66.8 59.9 57.5 62.4 62.9 62.8 62.1 60.8 60.6 60.1 5.9.2 57.8 58.2 58.6 59.7 60.1 58.0 56.3 55.4 54.3 54.5 55.5 55.9 55.3 55.1 55.2 55.6 55.3 54.4 54.9 55.8 57.1 56.7 55.7 55.0 54.9 Table 77. Hourly values of atmospheric 59.9 60.7 60.9 60.7 60.7 62.1 62.7 61.5 61.1 62.3 62.2 61.6 62.4 63.8 64.2 62.6 60.6 61.1 61.1 62.3 62.8 63.3 66.0 68.4 66.7 59.9 57.9 62.6 63.0 63.0 62.3 60.8 60.7 60.3 99.3 58.3 58.4 58.8 59.8 60.5 58.2 56.4 55.7 94.5 54.8 55.6 56.3 55.5 55.4 55.5 56.1 55.4 55.0 55.3 56.6 57.5 56.8 55.9 55.3 55.2 60.2 60.9 61.0 60.8 60.9 62.3 62.8 61.6 60.6 61.0 61.4 60.9 61.3 62.8 63.0 61.7 60.9 61.2 61.6 61.0 61.5 62.9 63.0 61.8 61.1 61.6 61.6 61.0 61.6 63.1 63.2 Values in mm at local | oo for | o2 | os | o | os | os | ov | o8 | 09 [ 10 APPENDIX III 101 pressure, Carnegie, 1928-29--Concluded mean hour, 700 + tabular value 61.6 61.6 61.6 61.5 61.3 61.0 60.8 60.6 60.6 606 60.8 60.7 60.8 760.65 61.8 61.6 61.6 61.4 61.2 61.0 60.9 60.8 60.7 60.9 61.3 61.4 61.5 761.11 61.6 61.4 61.2 61.0 60.8 60.7 60.6 604 604 60.7 61.0 61.0 60.9 761.08 61.1 61.1 60.8 60.7 60.6 604 60.4 60.4 605 60.9 61.2 61.0 61.0 760.82 61.6 61.4 61.2 60.8 60.7 60.5 60.5 606 60.9 61.3 61.7 61.7 61.7 761.08 63.2 63.0 62.8 62.6 62.1 62.1 62.0 62.0 62.4 62.9 63.0 63.0 62.9 762.48 63.0 62.8 62.5 62.0 61.7 61.6 61.5 61.4 61.7 61.9 62.3 62.4 * 62.4 762.46 61.9 61.6 61.5 61.0 60.9 60.8 60.8 60.8 61.1 61.6 61.8 61.8 61.8 761.54 62.0 61.9 61.6 61.4 61.1 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.6 62.0 62.3 62.4 62.5 761.59 63.1 62.8 62.6 62.1 61.8 61.8 61.8 61.8 62.0 62.8 62.9 62.9 762.47 62.8 62.6 62.0 61.8 61.7 61.5 61.5 61.6 61.8 62.6 62.6 62.6 762.29 62-5 62.3 62.0 61.8 61.6 61.4 61.3 626 62.8 63.8 63.9 64.0 762.99 63.4 63.2 62.8 62.7 62.6 62.5 62.5 62.6 62.8 63.8 63.9 64.0 762.95 64.9 646 63.9 63.8 63.8 63.6 63.7 63.9 64.2 65.0 65.1 65.0 764.24 64.4 63.8 63.0 62.8 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.8 63.0 63.8 63.8 63.8 763.78 63.0 62.6 61.8 61.3 60.6 60.8 60.8 61.0 61.5 62.0 62.1 62.0 762.20 61.5 61.2 60.6 60.1 59.9 59.9 60.0 60.2 60.5 61.5 61.6 61.6 760.96 61.9 61.6 61.0 60.6 60.55 60.5 60.6 60.8 61.4 62.1 62.1 62.0 761.37 61.7 61.5 60.8 60.6 60.4 60.1 60.1 60.2 60.7 61.5 61.7 61.6 761.15 63-7 63.8 63.1 62.6 62.4 62.4 62.6 62.8 63.0 63.8 63.8 63.7 762.98 63.8 63.7 63.2 62.8 62.7 62.8 63.0 63.2 63.5 64.0 64.0 64.0 763.30 64.7 64.4 64.3 63.9 63.8 63.9 64.0 64.2 64.4 65.8 66.0 66.0 764.29 Gio sOie bles) 67-05 67.0) 6%-1 (6%2 (67-6 6729 68.4 68.8 68.9 767.19 69.4 69.1 68.7 68.3 68.2 68.0 68.3 68.5 68.9 68.7 68.6 68.4 768.74 65.7 65.2 64.4 63.6 63.1 62.8 62.5 62.4 62.4 62.1 62.1 61.9 764.85 HOPS 5 9298 59-3) 092) 59225 593) o9N7 6051) (6027 61.5 62.0 62.1 760.25 59'6 09-0 5959) O9Fa) O98 | 09:9) 6053) 6057 61cr 62.2 62.3 62.3 758.84 63:75 63:3 — 62:9. 6257 62:6 62:3) 62:5 62:9 63-1) 63.4 63.5 63.4 762.95 63.8 63.1 62.8 62.4 62.3 62.1 62.1 62.3 62.8 63.1 63.3 63.3 763.02 63.8 63.1 62.7 .62.3 62.1 62.1 62.3 62.5 62.7 63.1 63.2 63.0 762.99 Gea GPR IGE se! ill) (ail) (illery file 61.8 62.0 62.0 762.10 61.3 60.9 60.4 60.1 60.1 60.1 60.3 60.5 60.9 Giles) tails Glee 761.02 GizS= = Giele 60:9) 60:5) 60!5 = (60/5, (60:5) (6028!) G1-0 61.5 61.6 61.6 761.10 60:3 59.7 59.3. 59.0 58.8 58.8 59.2 59.4 59.6 59.9 60.0 59.9 760.05 597) (9 (585 58 5729 5709) S8i2) (5833 58:8 : 59.5 59.3 759.14 5Bl3 DDO.) a0) 96.95) 56.8) 57.4) foo) 18:0 58.6 58.7 58.5 758.08 5915 5953. 5912 58:5 58.2) 58:5 58.7 «5827 59.3 59:7 59.9 59.9 759.00 5915 Shi eS) 5S3r) 58:2) 58tbe" 58:9 §59°3° 5927 60.3 60.3 60.3 759.31 61:2, 60:5 60:0 59:4 59:3 59.5 59:7 60.3 60.8 61.5 61.5 61.5 760.47 GOT O00 Os Ole O9bL | 59 5927, 59°95 1605 60.7 60.6 60.4 760.40 Teo Giisy = EGE bal ee) SO ahi 58.0 58.0 57.9 757.89 57.4 57.2 56.2 56.0 55.4 55.3 55.4 55.7 56.6 57.4 57.4 57.2 756.73 56.4 65.2 55.2 54.5 543 544 54.7 55.2 55.4 56.0 56.0 56.0 755.82 55:7 55:2. 54:3 54:0 53:9 53:7 53:8 54.1 5474 55.2 55.3 55.3 754.86 bore 045n 6 O40)" 5358.) 5329) bast 0 54°40 5429)) 55.0 56.1 56.2 56.2 755.10 57-3 56:6 56:0 55:3 54.7 54/8 55.2 56:0 56.2 57.0 57.0 56.9 756.08 5i-See 6.0) 0653)) 50-0) 55-0) 0.3) 00.0) 00.6) eoGan 56.7 57.0 57.0 756.42 56.6 55.8 55.1 54.9 545 545 54.7 55.3 55.6 56.2 56.3 56.2 755.80 DOM Dorae ofan ose) (O40) 54230) 5425) 00.1) 90-0 56.1 56.1 55.8 755.43 aa BEG; He ay a GES Ee bes a) Sleds Ove lee oes 755.98 56.3 56.0 55.3 54.8 54.5 545 54.9 55.3 55.5 56.3 56.3 (56.3 755.88 55.5 55.3 54.5 54.3 54.1 54.0 543 55.0 55.2 55.6 55.6 55.4 755.33 55.55 55.4 55.2 54.9 545 54.5 546 55.1 55.3 55.6 56.1 56.1 755.20 560 55.5 55.0) 54:7 54.7 54:8 55.4 55:7 56.3 56.7 56.6 56.4 755.71 is) BGE EGC! —fGal “Gaal Bae GHn wel bir) 58.4 58.5 58.5 756.96 50)4mn sa On 6-0) GONG LON OGLOmtOO-ONNlolied 58 (57:8 57-8 757.58 57.6 57.4 56.8 56.2 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.1 56.6 56.7 56.8 56.6 756.86 56.3 55.7 55.0 54.7 545 541 544 546 54.9 55.7 56.3 56.4 755.63 55.9 55.5 55.1 545 54.3 54.3 544 54.6 55.2 56.1 56.1 56.1 755.45 5610). 55860) 05.00e7 4-470 94-0) 153.9) 0329) 04.0) 043 54.9 55.2 55.1 755.04 & Annan ooo 1 1 tt AACA A HAVA TAM UI AAAAAIAAIAIANRAAIAIAD BWMWWMAIBWMAD AANDDOARNNDHOOWAPA ONODRWOURWIANNNDOWDOWDWODT CHDNANDARAHED ol oO an Table 78. Hourly values of air From dry-bulb readings, Negretti-Zambra thermograph, Values in °C, | oo [ot | oz [os | o | o | 06 | o7 | 08 | o9 | 10 ° 1928 328.8 325.8 31 57.9N 325.6 29 60.7N 30 59.3.N July O-NADOMMNNADNOMONROOM PAA HHOMMO trio SHOSHBOAKHADHODOKFEKOOOK OE ODOEEEOrT Sess BRM HNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNN ONE EEE GHNODEOCONMOOMANDHAMWNONMM OM tH SHPAGDAIAAGHAGOHOOGEOOGHOOOR EE OL ONS BAHN NANNNANNANANNNANANN SCAM OMDPANMIRMBDAONNOWONOADAMNMNAAMNE THOM Siatejene Masiegal sit altetardtetelisitel=eltaltepsce: tenia pena ei fels etal tS i 8b ec iept Mtl ales e QED EAC I COCO a ea ee Pe Oe CCC e) alae as CaieiCe) MAM NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN AOMPDHOONMHOOMNANDOHHEMAMDMWNHOOHOMN SSBAGDAAGHS AGH GHOGOGOGOWIGOGiGOOOGE BOS AAA AA NAAN ANNAN AAA NAIA AIA CT NOMMNOPDOANNGCOMNANANOCHrABAErAMOMONMOODHO SOBAGDHAGHSOGHGOGOOGGHOOKGOVGGGOWGIHOGSS BAAN ANANNNANNNAN ANNAN AA OTM OMDANDDAHOHOHOHONE- TROOP HAHO RHO SSHAGHAGCGCAMGGGGOGGOGOGOHHOHOSOOW AA ANANNANANNNANNANNANNANN NAN ADOMO-ONHTONEMErOSCOCHHONRHDHOMOMErHOORMN PRPS CFT CMT TO PATS ey WG VEIL LETC RST) EDP IT Poe CP TL PS CPIM Vt et RoR Pa D219 913) LD 6B LCS 6 CO EO OED ED ILD CO ILE ICS LCD O19 CO 16D LOD SOILED MAB NNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Wile pel eet pea MaKe naan Sele IOLA 6 ok ale Pec Peter Melee fe ns6 ia wikis gle Ges B ieiB lS hes @ SHAFAAGGAGCOPGGOGOGOCGGGCOOBHO GOH HSRC AAAANANANNAANANANANANNANAA AOOARBWANGOE-OBDMOONGTMANTAMARADHNOMMOrM SHAAGHAKGHOGCSCHOHOGCOOOSOOKHBDNONOLIBOID = AAAANNANANANNANANNANNNAA NA DOMINDNANDOHANE-OVCDE-NONNOMDOCONNONMN SWHAADG GOSH GGOOGGCGGOGHSHSOOSOR BOT AAANANANANANANANNANANNANAA AA STAPH OAAMAN FAA MNOEFDHOHnOOCHANBRNANANNANS NN Be HTNNNNNNNANNNNNANANS OP OD 69 09 OD 69 69 OD 69 OD 09 69 03 09 09 OD 0D 0 0 OD OD OD 0D OD OD OD OD OD OM OD oD ZZAZLZZAZLZZAZLZALZAZAZLZALZAZZAZLZLZAZLZLZAZLZALZAZ £26IRIN OW AANIDOCLAGQADQAMOMAQNAAUWADIVe DOMPHDADMOMNNANDODP OM YMHARD-MNOPARONMNMWMMHOMDGD INO LO LOLO PHAM MMMM MMANNANN See eed ANMMNOO-DHOTGAAMWNOOPAROHAMNMMINOL- DRO SASS HBB NNNNNNANNNNN OOD Aug. MAO MINN 11ND SHO CO OOK ABORBAGHBrDHOHO ANAAANNANAANAAA OnAMMN FH HMOMOONKAH tH LEE BSODDROEAGAADHOW ANAANANANANAAAAA WODOTWDONNOON HON O IDOL OREKA0KnKOrenr ANCAAIAINANAANANAAA MMOMNOMMMODMOOMN WOCOrErroerceerrrre ANAANNAANANANAANAAA AN MOM MEONTMOMNO eS PTE TR LH Tay PLINER BERT IWDOOREKKOCOREEErwoer NANNNNNNNNNNNNNS CSMOMNAMONRDONNO rH WOSOKDEEOOrorroor AAAANANANAAIAAAC PRR AN BNO NOE NOY eS NNANNNNNNNNNNNNN SN MODONFMNOE-NANMNONWE es WOBOrKnOrrrroor ANNANNANNANAAAN ST MONNOE-AOMMHNNO er ininint Ee OOoOrrrroor ANANANANANAAAAA MMNHMONNOTNMONE IN IDWOOFrFOrrhinrorre ANAANNANANANAAAC NANNNANNANNNNNNNNNNS MONNMH-MOMMNODM™ OH ANANANN TM tent tH OOOO 69 OD 6D 6) OF 09 OD OD 0D 0 OD OD OD OD OD ZLZAZLZALZZAZAZAZZAZZAZS MOAYUWOM YONAAAINIOAR DOORN MHA NMMOMMN Se ee eter AN MDMINOMDRMONMNOY HID Se onion hoe ee ae Sep. TOMDANOE-NANNNANMODN DOGWHAADHOMnInNe tO ANANANAAANNAANA WMWOWOtRDODOrnownndst OCOOr-aonmnnwmoortnnoewso MNNANANNANNANANAN -ONTFONOHMOMDHODM AO-DOAHO-inDNNOe ANI NANNNNNNNANNNNANNN SCIWMMODOMNMNOHHOMO DOHHHHOOOrRE Tne ANAAAAANANAAANAAA OS OTS SO ORCC et ea a a FODDNDNNOOEEdtinintiD ANNANNANNANNANNANNNN WONMAMONDADAMNMM MH KODDENHODOrdTOMmMW AANNAAAANAAIANAANAC THORN NOCHBHAANENMNANN ODODE NDNHOSOINOINIS ANAAAAAAAANATAAAA MNONDNGCOCOMNEANMIO OURO SOR SOE USO St OO DOWD DDADHNDNONnNMS NANNANNNNNNNNNN SN MHAONDNCOMABDNNANO RODOr HHO rOtoMON dS ANAAAAAAANANNAATA MNDAMRNOTBRINMHHOM LOrOrndoraonmomnw AAANANANAAAAAAAA LOrarnnornosmon NANAANANANAAANAAA QUADQQCOMM AVIA DOMADOMRHMOORDOOM®H AARMRADDODDODOrDOOrer NANNNANNANNANNNANANANN EAE ALE LL TEL TL 2 ROOQAMARTAONIAK TSTHOWMAMHOWOMStHIAN SH De Be Oe Be Be Be Oe | NMAMOOr-DRDOOr DRO rs ANNNNO OS Oct. sTOoOMW ss NANNN LO 6 SLO Sh ANNNN 102 temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29 corrected from Assmann-psychrometer readings local mean hours a Te [as [Ts [te [a [ts [9 [20 Tan [ez Tas | Cy ET SO CCC a Ra EE PN LO RCL eC Dit MPC DL I BSAHOGHAG OOM GGHGCGOGKOGHOGOGHOOO BE OOS AA AANAAANANANANANNANANNANAN A AMMO AHO DE-NANMOTMOOMAMMANTHHOMONN HO FODSGAGGOFGOGGOLGHGCOGGH OOK OBS FA AA AANNAANANNANANANANAANNNANA MALO MMHODMECOMONAPMHNAMONYMHAHMHNTOrHO BSHSGABCIGGOGOCGGGEOGOGOHOR OEE EGOS FH AA AAANANANNANANANANNANNA NANA OOO MHA AE OMAP N TM AMMMAN TAN MIN OMN HIND Shab incey elie) be bi simin phan Poa) a beleL wai tebe aa te llaees aera wate) spmels ia! ele aera ao Ne Pen et arene cre ene MMM NNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN OM OM HOMANMONANND HN HIOWMANN ODA tH OOM OLIN PSBOOAGHAGGGCOCHGCOGCOHOROrEE BOS BH AAA AANNAANANNNANAN NNN NANA OSCAHDOAMOADHAOTMOOCOCMOPrDONTRHDOOnE NOOK SSOBSCOHHEAHOOFEEEOODDOOOFEOLFOE HOO AS AAA ANAANANANANNANNNNN NAINA DAMM-ORDOMMAMMONMNIAMNORHONMDNDANTRHNOEONDM 4 BABSGAGCOWOR EE KEKE GCOCRON KN GOES A AAA ANANANANANANANANANAA NANA OSONOMIME-OOMHOHOMIONANTOCODHOMNNDA- NM rH Ce EEA Fan) ALY eb LT ae IT PIT TC SLO MNT THT ghd Pe WRT EEL ISAT DES LL Eye Uc SHHOCHHDOOPOEKEOOEE OOK OLONDHROKONS ne PAAR NNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ONOGOODPHANOMMHRAONANANOMDDHHHOMRMORDOWOM BABSCCHIBLOHOE EE OOrEOOLELOOGOFOrE FO ARAN ANANANANAANANNAANAN OANA SCNOMOMWOANDHPAPONOCMMHHOMNIANHAANNMOONMOE Ost SABOCHHEOPODOMOOMOFEE EE OAXDROrEEE SS BSH NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMONNN NOOMH-OMNE-NDONONOOHPMHANMMMONREENMY SHROSCHMODHORP RE OOE EEE EEE AODRDOEER FAR AAA RAAANANANANNAANNAA AANA O-OPMOMOMHOMNNROOWMMMNNONFRODOOMR HID SADCCHOHAHOLOREOREEEEEE ADO RDOEE FS AAR HANANANNNANANNNANN NANA NANA SAHSODSCAHAYKHOOPE EEE EOL OLrOLEoandor FAAS AAA ANANAANANNANN ANNAN AANA AA IDIN OM MOF KOrrrrrne AKANAANANANANANAAA CON lO SH tH OD COLD D HD NI OY CO Hip Oh Rr Oorroerrrree AANANNANNANAANAA A OID OO SMH DORM O HONE KOrrnkrrerra ANANANANANAANNAA ‘ OHM iINMMDOOWMODN tHe TOnrroOrrorrerra AANAANANANAANAAAAS ON OnHHONOAMM rH HONORE Er oOrrorere AANANANAANANAANAAA O-ADOMNMNANOCMOMN SOO EE KOrraonrre AAANANANNANAANAA NPOMWMW-AOWAHMOANM io HOO EEE ODE DOr OO ANAANANANAAAAAS 4 N00 09 rt 10 OD LL SH SH LD OO HD LW OF OSE HORr OOOH AANAAANANANANAAA PONMAHMANHROTWMIO COM DHODHHAErDOOAHC ANANANNANAAAAANA 6 69 1 © 09 09 60.19 (0 09 SH SH 40 COOL AHDODAALAGDDOW ANNNANNANNNANNNNON SDNOHWMMAMAMNARHODO OGHORHDROSOSOLASIHAD AAAAAANAMBAANDAAN MMNROMWOTHNOONOMAIO OLE BOBIROSOLAGOARG ANAANAANMOOAAANAA A SCOMNAPNAMINN HOt ID EEE ABORGRODEARWAG ANAAANANMAANANAAC DK ODHOOr KOS tHinInID ANAAAANAANANAAA A NAWNONANNN OND Otro DEK DHDODOOM In Hididid ANNANANNANAIAAAS AMNONMANNOMOM-MMO OL OE NDNDOOrEindtinine ANANAANANAAAAA A MOMONMN HOME OE HO WOO HOHOOEEintinin© AANNAANAANAAAAAA MAROMMNHONE-ANWNON Cigrt re onorrrntinno ANAAAANAANNAANANAA THR EHMONMANMNDOON Dig OE OOOO OM In Hin tO AANANNANANNAANIAS ONAN OLN SH HAO Om rm 00 1G E00 60 09 CO OOO xt HOI AANANAANNANANNAAA FANN TRO FRONDE NAO tt DRODRODOOE HH Ono NAAAANAANAAANAAAA ADOOCDODOMMNAM MHA DHOOHODDOM SH HINO AAANAANANANNAANA ANANMNOWWOMNODMUO AD tH BOLASCRBHDHHOH HAVO ADAADAANAANNIANAA TMIOIRBDODANDHRONOMNM BRHODBAAOHOOHAWO AAANANAANAANAIAANAA AN MOMMRMAMNMRMMOAN SSOHDAAOHOBDHDOMB MOINS AAANANAIANNAANAAIAIA He HOWM-MYMYNONME-MO SOKAAAHHO OI OE HO AANAANAUAAAAANAAA 0 OL tH OD NANNN QO sine © OD LO st oD NANNN 103 104 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 78. Hourly values of air Darel Lae ones Values in °C, tude | east | 00 [ or [ o2 [ o3 | of | 05 | o6 [| o7 | 08 [ 09 | 10 1928 F : Nov. 6 0O.8N 278.8 23.3 23.3 23.0 23-3 20.1 23°51 22:3 22:4 23°52) 23.3 23:3 7 05S 278.0 22.3 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.0 23.9 21.9 22.5 22.4 22.3 23.0 Sele oS adie 1953) S195) 1928 9 205” = 20:05 20:0) SASS 5 SLO 6 20h e200 ez Ore 9 1.3S 275.2 18.7 18:4 18.3 18:3 184 184 187 19:2 19.2 19.3 19.3 10 1.6S 273.0 1950 1S OF OIA 1922) 92) 1953" 20Ft 20M 2022) 20to 11 i9S 271.0 205 202008 20:0 919592 1929) SOO S920 23 eeecOro mie de 12 1.3S 268.7 1973, 1953, 19:3" 2953 1923" 1953) OFA, IST9h 2052) 2029) 2 2ir0 13 15S 266.9 184. 1183) 1833) S485) 188) LOSS Sra 8 119'6) 2008 2084 14 %.8S 265.7 19'S) SU8ES! > SES A182) | SAT Tei GOST OES LOE elo ra eel or9) 15 2.5S 264.2 19:2) 1952) 19-2, 19.2) 19.2) 193 19.4" 200 2053 2056 2087 16 31S 261.8 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 19.4 196 19.4 20.12 20.6 20.4 21.4 17 3.3S 260.2 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.6 20.7 206 21.2 21.3 21.8 22.1 22.1 18 4.0S 257.4 21.1 21.1 21.0 20.9 20.9 21.1 21.5 21.7 22.2 22.8 22.2 19 46S 254.9 22.3 22.3 22.4 21.8 22.0 22:3 22.9 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.3 20 7.0S 253.1 22.2 22.2 22.1 22.1 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.3 23.0 23.1 23.2 21 9.2S 251.6 23.0 22.9 22.9 22.9 22.9 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.5 23.7 24.0 22 12.0S 249.8 23.2 23.1 23.1 23.1 22.9 23.1 23:3 23.4 23.7 24.1 24.1 23 14.2S 248.1 23.2 23.2 23.1 23.0 23.2 23.2 23.7 23.4 23.1 23.0 23.9 24 16.7S 247.0 22.6 23:0 23.1 23:2 23.2) 23.1 22.2; 23.2 23:2 23.6 23.6 25 19.2S 245.9 23.1 23.0 23.0 23.1 23.0 22.2 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.3 26 21.6S 245.6 220 220% 22 22 a5. 2225) 2285) 214 29 22h 2286 27 23.3S 245.2 22.3 21.2 22.1 22.4 2272 22:9 22:9 23.1 23:3 22.7 22:6 28 24.8S 244.7 22.4 22.3 22.3 22.2 21.3 21.2 21.8 22.2 23.1 23.1 23.2 29 26.6S 244.7 22.6 22.7 22.3 22.5 22.4 22.3 22.4 23.1 23.2 22.7 23.2 30 28.1S 244.9 22.1 22.1 22.1 22.55 21.9 21.9 204 19:55 19:4 21:2 21.7 Dec. 1 29.2S 245.2 22.1 22.0 21.8 21.8 21.9 21.9 22.1 23.2 23.3 23.3 23.3 2 30.6S 245.7 22.1 22.1 22.0 22.0 21.9 22.0 22.0 22.6 23.2 23.3 . 23.2 3 31.5S 247.3 22.1 22.1 22.0 21.8 21.7 21.9 21.8 22.1 22.6 22.2 22.3 4 31.4S 249.9 22.1 22.1 22.2 22.1 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.3 5 28.9S 251.3 21.8. 22.1 21.7 22.1 21.3 (21.7 22.2 22.3 22.3 22.4 22.7 13 28.2S 250.8 22.0 22.6 22.0 22:5 22:5 23.0 22:9 22:8 . 23:3 «24:3 "2427 14 29.4S 251.1 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.5. 21.8 22.5 22.9 22.0 22.5 23.2 15 31.1S 250.5 18:9 19.2 1913 188 18:9 18:5 18:7 19:0 29.2) 19%4.9 1905 16 32.0S 249.1 19%0" 1829)" 3118.5, Sto S24 TS8'5) SEO. t'923 1 0 anne Oa eenloso 17 31.8S 250.6 1951 1859" 9527 LOE 1878) 1827) SOFA Orsi e194 tO a0) 18 31.9S 251.0 19.2 19.2 19.3. 19.3 19:3 19.4 20.0 20:5 20.9 20:5 20:6 19 32.5S 252.6 20.0 20:0 20.0 20.1 20.1 202. 20.5 204 20.9 21.7 22:6 20 34.0S 253.4 18:5 18.0 18:3 183 18:5 18.7 19:3 19:3 19:95 20:2 . 20:3 21 35.3S 254.6 19:4 19.3 19:3 19:3 19:3 19:4 19:6 19:5 20:0 20:4 20:4 22 36.9S 255.9 854, TB, 723) AA SUA TS) TO eiGie ali? 4) 5 eAUieOr eels 23 38.7S 257.1 W7:2) S082; Al! eG29)— GIO) Glo 16285 SIGE eGh ia Gatton 24 39.9S 259.0 16/0 “1651 91653" 62S" GES) G24) | e625) 16 F4 Ele 1626) 626 25 40.3S 261.0 14:9 1478 3458 14:8 1457 1428 429° 91522) 31520, W528) er6r0 26 40.4S 262.5 1478 14:6 914:6 “14i5) 1475)" 94t5 14e7 154) 1592 1655 aries 27 39.9S 263.7 15:6, 5:6 15:6 “1527 15.8 l6l2) 16:4) 1674) 5164 16:4 1654 28 38.4S 265.8 HGS 1676, G27) SIGEB SIG t9 1629) eta eA el et ro) 29 36.6S 267.0 16:4 165) “16:4 8165) “16S 16r “GT3” G27 728 180 see 30 34.5 S 268.2 17ed) UTES NTS) TA) 7e3) Nc BEA S74) SO SAO Aeon: 32.5S 270.0 1822) S729) 78s S80) 11Si2 A8t4 | 011845 SSG ES Se Oleh oso Jan. 1 32.2S 270.9 1953 1953 19:3) 19:2. 19:2 1953 20:1 20:6 2154 ~21%4 2a%2 r4 Sal RY 74zfilea 20.1 20.0 20.1 20.0 19.8 19.9 20.7 21.3 21.3 21.9 22.5 33 SUA RE Prater 19535) SISEA SON SOFIE LOST OS 20 Se 2a 2 Ca Oe 4 31.8S 272.7 11930) 1970) SLO 19S 11910) 1980) SE 194 O59 02 O Seo 5 31.0S 273.4 19.9 19.7 19.4 19.2 19.2 19.3 19.9 20.2 20.1 20.2 20.3 6 28.9S 274.7 20.3 20.3 20.2 20.1 20.0 20.0 20.1 21.0 21.4 21.8 21.8 7 27.0S 276.0 1954 TOR ON 11982,” 1953) 1920) 11953) S1926)5 19t3) 7 1o'6 ors 8 25.0S 277.8 1853 ~18:1 §18i6 18'5) S182 e18'3) 18"6) 11858) 1910) e192 2020 9 23.1S 278.8 EU SIGH altsfoy alts aIG)@) ali) SIG rts ier IE aI Sey) 10 21.4S 279.5 18:9 1819 188 918'9' £829) 1950 —=19%0) 1950" ~=1981 19%) esis 11 19.1S 280.7 119%0) 1970) 189 18%9) TOLO EL9t0) S19 “OE Or TSA e959 12 16.7S 281.4 19.9 19.9 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.4 20:5 20.6 20.7 21.0 21.1 13 14.1S 282.1 21-3 “2103 2074 205) g2ik5) e213 2ik4 -20%6) | e21k9 aon 22.6 14 12.3S 282.8 21.1 21.0 20.9 20.8 20.6 20.6 20.4 20.9 21.3 22.0 22.6 Feb. 6 11.9S 281.4 Qlel, (202) > T21E8 52223 e2erOP 2310) 23h 8 23%5 23 oe eas One aoeS 7 10.2S 280.1 23.0) 2246 2256 2247 82288" 2229) i2StO)e 423n7 e248 aso) 0.0 8 10.0S 277.8 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.0 24.1 © 24.2 24.8 24.9 25.1 25.2 9 104S 275.8 24.0 23.9 23.9 23.9 23.9 24.0 24.0 24.3 24.2 24.7 25.0 10 10.8S 275.0 24.0 23.9 23.9 23.9 25.0 24.1 24.1 244 24.8 25.8 26.1 11 10.7S 274.1 24.8 24.7 246 24.4 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.8 24.9 25.9 26.6 12 11.0S 272.6 24.1 24.1 24.0 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.8 24.3 24.2 246 24.7 13 12.6S 270.3 2318) (2307 2356) 2315) 2St4) 23749 62316) 2356s acne es Om eoe 14 1448S 267.8 22.9 22.6 22.5 22.4 22.3 22.4 22.4 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.3 APPENDIX II 105 temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hours J (aC a xe} 24.3 24.7 24.3 23.8 24.1 24.3 23.6 23.1 22.8 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.5 23.28 22.4 23.1 23:1 23:2 2257 22.8: 21:9 21°73 21% 20/9 2016 20:3) 20:1 22.02 20-2, 2052/5 49°59) 9195) 19.4 1193') 19:2" 11951 1920) 1930) 11859) sis) 18's 19.60 19f4 eS to 20S 2053 20h 1987 19'6" 1922) 1952 19%2 98a 1981 Oe 19.16 20.7 20.6 21.1 21.1 205 20.7 20.9 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.3 20.3 20.3 20.10 20.8 20.7 20.9 21.1 20.9 21.0 20.9 20.3 20.1 19.9 19.8 19.5 19.3 20.34 Aieleacelom ealcon es tale l 2056) 41928) 5 1953) 1952) Ort) 8s 18 5 sir Bis) 19.80 204° 20:9 21-1 21.6 21.3 20.3 19:3 18.8 19.1 19:1 19.2 19:2 19.3 19.53 2ON 2052) cecOel) tol) 19k6) 19ST) 1945 | 119935 19 r2) 192 192 19s 1982 19.29 20.8 20.8 20.9 21.2 20.7 20.00 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.06 21.8 22.0 21.7 21.7 21.6 21.5 21.2 21.0 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.75 22.2 22.1 22.1 22.0 21.6 21.1 21.2 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.2 21.2 21.1 21.33 22.4 22.3 22.5 22.8 22.5 22.4 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.3 22.2 22.2 22.2 21.95 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.1 22.9 22.7 22.7 22.5 22.3 22.3 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.65 23.2 24.0 24.12 23.2 22.7 22.7 23.1 22.9 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 22.84 24.1 24.1 24.1 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.37 24.1 241 241 23.9 23.4 23.3 23.3 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.1 23.1 23.2 23.43 24.1 24.2 24.1 23.3 23.2 23.3 23.1 23.1. 22.8 22.4 22.2 22.3 22.2 23.18 23.2 23.2 23.9 23.5 23.3 23.1 22.5 22.6 22.8 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.1 23.12 23.4 23.3 23.3 23.2 23.0 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.0 22.9 22.9 22.8 22.5 23.03 23.2 23.1 22.4 23.0 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.7 22.3 22.2 22.1 22.5 22.5 22.53 23.2 23.3 23.5 23.6 23.3 23.2 23.2 23.1 22.8 22.6 22.5 22.5 22.4 22.78 23.3 / 23.2 23.2. 23.2 23.1 23.1 23.0 22.9 22.6 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.5 22.62 23.2 23.2 23.0 23.1 22.6 22.6 22.4 22.4 22.2 22.1 22.2 21.8 21.5 22.57 22.2 22.7 23.1 22.7 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.3 22.2 22.1 22.2 22.2 22.2 21.91 23.2 23.3 23.7 23.7 23.5 23.1 23.1 23.0 22.5 22.4 22.4 22.3 22.2 22.71 23.4 23.5 23.4 23.2 23.2 23.1 22.7 22.6 22.3 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.61 22.9 23.1 23.2 23.2 23.0 22.9 22.6 22.3 22.2 22.1 22.1 22.1 22.1 22.35 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.4 22.4 22.3 22.2 22.1 22.1 22.2 22.2 22.1 22.23 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.2 23.2 23.1 22.5 22.7 22.7 22.6 22.6 22.5 22.50 24.3 23.7 23.8- 24.0 23.5 23.4 23.4 23.3 23.4 23.3 22.0 22.7 22.5 23.20 22.5 23.4 23.5 23.7- 23.7 22.5 22.4 19.8 19.4 19.4 193 19.3 18.9 21.88 USSG 9 Se 9 2S eto ay See oe iO = | 1858) 818-5 8:45 BIS) sey 18.72 19.6 19:6 20:3 20.3 20.3 20.4 20.2 19:9 19.4 19:3 .19.3 19.3 19.1 19.39 20:4 20.6 20.7 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.3 19.9 194 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.2 19.69 21.0 20.8 20.8 20.9 21.1 20.8 20.5 20.3 20.2 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.21 Za0-aeteO) yadee, Ales 20:9) 720:5,5 20.3 20:3 2050) 195 195) 192 19T 20.53 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.4 20.4 20.47% 20.2 20.2 20.00 19.8 19.6 19.6 19.5 19.60 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.5 20.5 20.5 19.6 19.4 19.1 18.7 18.6 185 18.4 19.62 Udit Ae eT A ethan eG) 74> RT 2 12s 1678) 7.3 eT. Ss OLT3 17.36 165 to Se etbeo 9 16:6 916'5 16:6" 16:4. 16:4 “16.31 9116.2) 46:2) 16-71 1529 16.60 16:6; “16:5° 29655 16:4 16:3 15-7 15:5 15:4 25.3 2552° 15.1 15.1 14.9 16.02 1G 22a lOese Ges 6-0) 1653“ V6'2e 61538) 15.40 ba bes set 615.0) 14.8 15.44 Vises to) elo. ek7e9) VETO) 5. 12 Go 1653 9-9 15. 1527 16.14 Aee deka ae ies) LS TAS: 1720) S167) 1656 eelG on 16.6. = 16570 16.7 16.55 1810) SeUsi4 18'4, 18h) Sia a5 eS 175 2 ees eiic2 16:5) 11674 17.36 Sou oe LOlSe 19°2) e186) Bt) 1829) S18I6 eel oalosaree ier | Toi iT. 17.71 19241953) 192 185) 86) 190) 19:0" Bis eta eats) 11853) 18:3! 11833 18.38 20r3 ee cOLOm atc O 19:45 19235 2083) a 2014) O'S TOA 92D) 19L5 194 Or4 19.27 23:2 23:4 22:4 23.6 24.7 23.4 23.2 22.8 22:4 21.2 20:5 20:4 20:3 21.37 22h Sea lest 2e on 25 2) ere S 20-4) 20rd 20s se 20s2. 2061) 1959) 19 Seen atS 20.88 ; 11953! 71922)" S19 SLR 20.21 20.1 20.0 20.0 19.9 20.25 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.70 20:0) 91959) 19%2 stot 20.77 LOIGw Sais = 18.8) 1826 19.20 11950) USO 1950 19 1 19.22 19FL UO 1901829 19.48 WA UG Cay ale) {a af) 19.45 19:9 19:9 19:9 20.0 19.60 Paley Ales} lee Sapp ler 21.19 : : “ : 21.91 1 e2 et S20) sea ltee. 20.60 23.3 23.2 23.1 23.1 23.55 24.2 24.3 24.2 24.1 24.09 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.0 24.59 i] Oo nS dD o me i] oO _ _ ive} oo _ oO oo i . . S a nN f=) f—) _ ive) oO RPNN RR Ree NN Ne Nww hor PS Poo CORR ODDOOOFMr WO AOCODWWwwr-j CAIWOWNNORRRE OD i] _ for) i] — fo>) i] _ a i) = i) nN for) > nN for) [o*) nN I o nN =i wo NS a lop) i) ~ _ N oO for) NN for) o NNMNMNNNNNDY 106 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 78. Hourly values of air Patio ces Values in °C Date "| = tude . fae | east [00 2] 01] 02] 03!) 04 1] Nos oer Nor rosie Masa [axo 1929 Feb.15 15.88 ae 22.9 22-0. 22:6 22:6 ©22:6 23:0 22:9) “22:2. (22%8)" 12374 =94ip 16 15.3S 262.4 Zea ‘22-8 «aest ~a2c9) 92320 72810)) (23.0) 285s oat sasiGe =2Sr3 17 14.88 259.2 2a.4 “2200) (20.1) (23-0) 9 2oc4) (22.0.5 92322) 7 9320)) 9937409 9396s 9 22 12.6S 247.7 24:6. (24)5 24:5) 12416 (2497 24 O24e 2459) 2520) aoe abel 23. 12.5S 244.9 24:9 24.8 24.8 24:8 24.8 25:0) 25:0 25.1 25:7- 26:2 (26:0 24 12.7S 242.4 20-8) 20ee epeay delle aol Ol or oiaDeo) 50D CDR OnE a DEO mma Gmt 25 12.8S 240.6 26:0) (2529) 2529) 2529) 992559) 25:9 2528) 25°98) 2622) e266 ee 26 13.0S 238.7 26.0) 26:0 25:9) 25:9") 72599) 2579) 12579) 12620) 2629) 22625) 26s an 032518) 235.9 26.2, 26-2 25:9 26:0. 26.1 2631 (26:2 26:5) S20) 2% aioe 28 14.9S 233.8 26:2. (26:2 26:1 2621) 2263) 12672) = -2622;" 926.3) 2629) 9 727-OeereO Mar. 1 16.5S 231.9 2629) %26:8) 26:8" 2657) 26-8) (2627 5 26.6 420) 27-8 sane Oe em abeo 2 17.0S 230.2 ate0) §2639: (26:8 52637) 2726:7 26:6) 92629) 273. aie cain sayin 3° LSS) 2283 21.0 (20.0! 26:9 (26:9. §26°9) (2619. 126%9 (27a) 24> VOA8 = 92856 5 17.1S 224.6 2008 Galea) taal) 2 ene 200 2629) Ziel S25 ee One oes G 1%22'S' | 223-4 2Usd aed 2ited) aie V2Teo. SATeae sake) yateo wae Zot eaGre W 1748S 221.1 208 2H | 22 2S ee) Ae 20) 2te8 28s 28a ato 8 17.8S 219.2 2.0 ailed Aiea ateor van Vowels S2tcan uno) eookOme econ cone 9 17.6S 218.0 2te9! V2s9) S28 QTE = ied SAG ano lao) steed eeaOlOmetoOrS 10 18.0S 215.9 28:0! 28:0) (28:0) 28:0" 280) (284 2861 282) 2829 2oe 29> 11 18.1S 214.4 2UeL) pailed, 2759)" (2a 2651" (26.0) 82623) 26545 2722 2726) eeenno UP ales} PAP a) ate “26.6 226.8) “aue0) aileoe) 2588) 6 a6 LON an Olan One olO;mmeaorS 21 16.8S 209.2 26.1. 26:8 (26:9) (21:0) “2ic3 “S22. 282 aA e280 t28eo es aged 22 17.6S 208.2 228 DS OTT OES a 279) 2759). 2655 2669) e620) eG Ome een 23> Lines 202d 26.9 - 26:9 26:9 26.9) «26:9 26:9 26°59. 2727 28°56 28:0) 72810 24 16.9S 206.3 PA ey rates eras PAPAS ie PA) PA Pari) = Are) = Py 25 16.5S 204.0 28.0. 28:0 28.0 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.4 28:5 28.8 28.9 26 16.1S 201.6 28.2 261 2853» 29:8 26 | 2729) (28:0) 28h 42724) 2819) 2087, 27 15.7S 199.4 28:5) °25:0 26225" <2id. vai) 7 279)” 3280" 82822) W285) 2828 e5O 28 15.5S 198.0 2823) §26:0) “2621 226'6=) 2658) 220) (ais aiiew) | oeo) eon eon 29 15.3S 196.7 28:0) 2820) 2820) 2810) 2779 G2729)) 29) 28255 29k4 2583) 2 olG 30 14.7S 194.4 2802. 28.2 = 280 “2810 828 2810) 280 2887) 29Fs ee 2Oaeeasee 31 14.7S 192.1 20-1 «=2852) 2821 28h 928:05 2729) 2729 92823" S282 288 eater Apr. 22 12.7S 188.4 29:0, 29:0) (2971 = 29:4) 29"0) (28:9) 2829) 528595 295) 280 28 23 11.3S 188.4 2u.0 224 -329:9'" 280) “V28il § 2828). (28338) 28.45 2910) Zor 2002 24 8.7S 189.0 29.0 28.9 29.1 28.9 28.9 28.5 28.7 29.1 29.1 29.4 29.6 25 7.6S 188.2 28.0 28:6 92858 (28:2) (2873). i2%40 92720 (26e7 ave) Aion AGO 26 6.7S 187.6 26:6 26:6 < 2701) [275 S298) (2129 = (2890. 28545 B20ts eS0i3) exaOre: 27 5.1S 187.6 28-1 28/0), (28:0) 279) 2929) 2729) 2 2 283 Oe ese 28 3.8S 187.4 21-8 29-58 © 28:0) | 27290 Senet 26 aie, Vasel) 228° oes aeolO 29 1.8S 186.6 21-0 20.6) Sie 206 a etiet 20s a2teo Aes e2O.Omaoel aoe 30 0O4N _ 185.9 26:6. 27-0) 1270 2 27 2720) 20 VA7e0 S2eh) -eekhoee meneD May 1 2.5N_ 184.9 aed = 20S 2ied alatenateOl, vaiee) 826.6" 26.1 @26-Gmmiel-omemenes 2 4.4N = 183.6 av6 “229! (27.9) “28 22m “2028 +1258). (2729) 28s area) wrote 3 6.5N 182.3 24 (29.2) —2iols QO S20 23 - Vera ONG) Sao aie teo.O 4° 8.2N 181.1 22) Quek 2 QO 2ne0! V2T20) 269k Aree VATS ark) seastO 5 10.8N 180.5 au. . 42120) ~“26:9) (27:0. 2629) “2628 (26585 (26:9) (27 .Veee2ics) are Crossed International Date Line ‘ 7 13.5N 177.4 26-4 26°54) 926:2"" -26c105 92528) 25:45 2528s 262226 sGr e029) meta 8 15.4N 174.7 29.9 26.0 26:0 26:0 26:0) 25:9) 26:0 (26:1 2638 26:2) 926:5 9 16.5N 171.9 26:3. 2650). §26:0) (26:0) (26:0 26:0 26/0) (2651 726:0) 26:2 2622 10 18.5N 169.0 20.9 (20-9 ©2028 25rie (2050) | 2d. aore nec Oncol ON 2650) AG. 12 20.3N 163.7 2620) 925295 258) eo eoal) con eto con 4 ooo 2 ann, 13 20.2N 161.2 2556) 2525) 32585) (258s = eb ea eom le coed ee aonle 2020 eGle mma Grs 14 19.5 N 158.5 26:0' (26:0) -'26:0) 925.8) 252% 72527 20.8 2624) 26-55 °2629) 26-9 15 18.7N 156.1 26.2 26.3 26:2| 26:3 26.3 26:3° 26:0 25.9 25:8 26:0) °26:7 16 17.5N 153.4 200. 220) 2720) p26aey 2628) cbr Bue OeOe 1 ta-Oll nated seat mmPeteS 17 16.1N 150.9 2120 2920" S270" santO).. S20 oareOn 2720) 2720) Ae ear a rae 18 14.9N 148.3 27.3 (271 S27 (ATS SOs 2nkO™ eaueOF (2762 (20k VASO w28r3 19 14.0N 146.0 2M) vated: “2S “OUeemaieen menee otael wateOl elo Om mcoolmmcoel 26 16.1N 144.2 28.2) 228 (295: AteOmeetot, ewadkO) “atet ‘acel “28i3 (28's ae2ero 27 18.6N 144.0 28:3 28:1 28:0) 27-8) 2728 227-8 2729) (2822) 284 288) 288 28 21.5 N 144.2 28:2, 28:2, “28510 228h 5 (2810 2779) 28h 8282 22889 eo oe 29 23.4N 144.2 28:5) 28.1" 2871 2527-9) eats satek 9 20-3) VAT eatin) eo OleeaGeL 30 25.3N 144.1 26:9 20:8 © 26°2 | 26:3) 26:3. 2651 2655) (east <2ia) Veer 128a7 31 26.4N 144.4 26:9) 26:5 S262 25a eereore) Onl | Abe on enna Oconee Og June 1 28.5 N 144.0 24.4 24.4 24.5 24.4 244 242 24.2 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.4 2 30.2N 143.9 23:0) 122-2) 2230) s2006) S283.) 200, 20 2180) 2089)" 20 oeeeZz0rs 3 31.1N 144.3 20:0) 19:9, "19!8. 1916 -aol6! 19'67 9S 9h.” (20/0) ea0t2) se 20r3 4 32.7N 142.3 20.4 20.4. 20:3 20.2 20:2 20.2 20:3 20:4 20:5 20.7 21.0 5 34.0N 141.2 2201 (2258. — 2226'.- 2250) 226 one oi eae oe aac oteD 6 34.9N 140.2 21:2. 21:0) 20:5) 2034. "20:4. 2052 ©2052) © 20:2) 2052) e205 e210 t APPENDIX III 107 temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hours ° 24.1 241 23.8 241 23.9 23.4 23.6 23.0 22.9 22.9 22.9 22.9 22.8 23.15 23.4 24.3 24.6 24.2 - 24.0 24.0 23.9 23.6 23.3 23.5 23.5 23.4 23.4 23.49 24.1 24.7 24.8 24.8 242 24.0 24.2 24.0 23.7 23.6 23.6 23.5 23.4 23.64 25.3 25.7 26.0 26.0 25.9 25.2 25.1 25.0 24.9 24.9 24.9 25.0 25.0 25.05 25.9 26.0 26.4 26.1 26.2 25.7 25.6 25.6 25.5 25.6 25.4 25.3 25.3 25.49 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.5 26.2 26.1 26.0 26.0 26.1 26.02 Cipla tend aikel 26.0 | 26.0 - 26.6) 2603. 2653 | 26:2) 2651. 26¢0 26.41 Z6-0ea0.0 20.0) avot 26:9) 92658) 26:9 26:7 267452693) 26:3 26:3 26.3 26.40 2t.0 27.8 27.9 27.9. 27.0 27.0 26.9 26.9 26.7 26.5 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.74 27.0 27.0 27.5 28.0 27.7 27.5 27.3 27.2 27.0 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.85 28-9 28:9 28:9 29:0 28:0 27.7% 27.6 27.3 27.1 27.1 27.0 27.0 26.9 27.51 27.6 28.3 28.5 28.0 27.8 27.7 27.6 27.5 27.3 27.3 27.2 27.2 27.1 27.40 28.4 28.7 28.9 29.0 28.8 27.9 27.6 27.5 27.4 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.1 27.60 28.7 28.9 28.8 29.0 28.8 28.8 27.9 27.9 27.5 27.3 27.4 27.4 27.3 27.76 aocom 20-9) 294° 2837 2951 «29.1 290i 285) Be 28:0) 28:0! 2729 28-0 28.11 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.2 28.8 28.1 28.0 27.9 27.8 27.8 27.7 27.6 28.06 28.3 28.4 28.4 28.5 28:7 28.8 28.3 28.1 28.0 27.9 27.9 27.9 27.9 27.90 28.9 29.0 29.0 29.0 28.8 286 28.4 28.2 28.1 28.0 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.25 29.2 29.1 28.1 29.3 27.0 26.0 26.4 25.9 25.1 25.7 26.2 26.6 26.9 27.64 26.9 26.9 27.6 26.0 25.9 24.8 25.2 26.0 26.2 26.8 27.0 27.0 27.0 26.68 Zoe raseO, Ate 20-0) 27-5) 27-8 28:0 28:0. 27:8) 27-1 26:8 240 2474 27.12 BOmmcoro 20.08 2007 26.1 297-0) 272) o2iel 26:55 92629 2a 26.8 aia 27.38 2GOmm26Oe c2ireon 28:0) 28:1 2892. 28°39 277 27:4 253 22) 2ie 27:0 27.37 Spec aoeac20e0N 29sTa 29825) 829/019 28:9 28 Tarn alee anata) 2000) (2ue0 27.98 28.6 28.8 28.8 285 28.1 28.1 28.2 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.2 28.2 27.8 27.91 29:3 29.4 29.1 29.0 28.9. 27.8 28.3 27.9 27.9 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.2 28.35 29.7 27.9 29.2 28.9 29.0 28.6 28.6 27.3 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.33 28.9 28.9 29.0 28.9 28.9 26.9 27.8 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.5 28.6 28.0 28.12 29.7 29.6 29:7 - 29.7 29.7 29.5. 29.2 29:0 28.8 28.5 28.4 28:0 28.0 28.33 30.0 30:6 31.0 30.4 29.0 29.7. 29:0 28.9 28.8 28.7 28.5 (28.4 28.3 28.91 29.6 2957 --30:4~ 9 28:2 27.7 28:0". 28:7 28.0" 26.7 - 26.9 27.5 27.8 . 27.9 28.34 29.7 29:5 29.2 29.1 . 28.9 29.1 28.8 28.5 28.7 28.0 27.9 27.9 28.0 28.46 29.2 29.5 29.5 29.4 28.0 25.2 25.6 25.7 26.0 26.2 24.7 25.3 26.2 27.84 29.3 29.4 29.2 29.1 29.1 29:1 28.6 28.7 28.9 28.9 28.8 29.0 29.0 28.66 29.7 28:0 29.2 27.0 27.1. 28.3 29.0 .28.9 28.8 28.6 28.9 28.9 28.8 28.77 28.4 29.9 30.4 31.2 30.0 30.1 28.6 28.2 28.1 28.1 28.0 27.6 27.2 28.43 BOLOe 298 estas ch 2766s, 2814020918 § 2910") 2970) 28:0) 27:9 «28:0. 28.1 28.43 S11 80s 30202" 3014 2751-2727) 28:0 28.1 . 128.0 28:0 27.9 (27.8 27.9 28.45 29.1 29.2 29.1 28.7 28.6 285 28.6 28.4 28.1 28.0 28.0 27.9 27.9 28.29 28:25 020.0). 2022-°. 26-0). 28:0) 284). 228.0 9 27-8.. 27.6 2. 2.7. 20.7 | 271 27.83 DiLOo Se ata S2teB 29S. 2a tens Med -Alegn mated =a A 27,5 27.6 27.34 27-9 28:1 = 27-9-- 28:5. 28.1 728.1. 28:3 28.1 28-0 27-9 «927.8 ~=—26.6 27.1 27.58 28:2 26.0° “2852 285) (283° -2834 ~26.1 25:4 26:0. 26.3 26.9 27.1 27.0 27.44 28:2 28:2 28:3: 270 ~ 27.7 27.0 27-0 26.9 26.9 27:0 26.1 26.3 27.0 27.31 ied eeeateo 20-8 28-0 1269) 27. 2723) 26:9 24-8 26228 266 27-0) 27.1 27.10 21-3) 140-3= 20-08 atel 26:8) (26,8 26:5. 2603: 26:5, 92633 26:3 26:6 26.5 26.87 Piet OmmcteOn 826.85 26:5) 25.9) 25.7, 26-08 .26:0) 20:9. 26.0) 25.1 125.8 26.23 26.9 26.7 26.4 26.4 26.1 26.0 26.1 26.0 26.0 25.9 26.1 26.2 26.0 26.18 26.1 26:3 26.7 26.7 26.2 26.2 26.1 26.0 26.0 25.9 25.4 25.8 25.5 26.07 26.5 26.5 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 25.98 Dora aCe cba 2660) 26raze e260 25295) 2558 82585) 92520) 2525) 92520) 25-5 25.60 26.4 26.7 26:4 26:55 26.4 26:1 26.3 26.2 26.1 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 25.97 26.9) 2-0) 12720) 7 26:9). 26:6) 26:7 2616 °26:6 2614 26:5 26:6 2627 26:7 26.45 BOM ete ATO eveOl aren 2%ele -2720— 2720), -2760n (270) Zire 20-3 26.66 Py real Oly CE PA PTs PAG tier ee Aries Ale Patel artes 27.32 earY PR eared SPAS es As alte 27.34 2855) 2850) 2899) 2261) 28 28) 2851) 2800 6-28:0)) 2728 e2ie8) Vanes S2n.8 27.78 28.4 29.0 29.0 28.9 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 27.96 29.0 29.0 29.0 28.9 28.4 28.4 284 28.4 28.2 28.2 28.1 28.2 28.5 28.29 28:9 28:9 28:9 28:6 28:6 28.7 28.8 28.5 28.5 28:3 28:2 28.2 28.3 28.39 29e 2951] 9291) 12981 29'0)) 2910) 92992 2910) S287 284 28:4 | 28.7) 2887 28.64 Oeslee sos 285 2850 2 O aS Ome 26st 282715) 2785. 28 Qe 2636 27.76 DO eareon 2055) 6 298 29Nn 262m 2teb) 27) aitea) ied S220) 2678) = 22-0 27.32 DENS 2G Gi ATT OTA (2ueouemeiele2tel = 126-9)0 2662 2526) 25.3 2052 2a 6 26.08 B62) 926.0) (25.3) 25:35 2bek, 24°20 24°0) 23:6) 2323 23-2, 23h 23-2) 238-2 24.39 2099 21:0 20.8 20:7 20.9 21:1 20.7 205 20.2 20.2 20.1 20.1 20.0 20.93 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.9- 20.9 20.7 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.3 20.5 20.5 20.23 Oieee 214 2187 22!0)) 22108) 22508 2d 2 aks 2210) 2282, 2252 (22:8) 22.6 21.25 SAS 2353) 2525) 2505) = 23!6) 2364 222. 2162 2057 21:0 «20297 21-0 22.65 ZieOn aleve eto) 2162) 2087 2059) 21h 2019) 20.5) 2015 20:3) 2052) 20.1 20.70 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE 108 Table 78.. Hourly values of air Values in °C, | oo Jo: | oz | os | o4 [ 05 | o6 | o7 | 08 | o9 | 10 Longi- tude tude ener Lati- Date ° ° 1929 June 9N 7N ON 7N 8N 8N 1N OCMOMANMDNWMAMAPARNIMMDDAMNOMDOPrING BOG AASHOM EE GSSBAIGSPAOAAAANTOOOS Se en OO oe oe ee Be oe oe ee oe oe oe on D-OMNONOHMAMMR-NOANDONAANMANDOMO WA KOPTAHSODOM KE AGAGGSOBABOAAANTOOON Se oe oe oD oe Soe ih oon Bien heen th oe oe oe oe oe SANDOR EAANNNOCENMDAMHONMMOMMIMMO ROPTANSOSHOM EE GOSGAGGIIAAIAATNOON 5 eh oe oe ee el be oe oe oe oe oe oe oe ONMAE BRANNAN ANNMN OF EHHOANANNMNANBDAMS COTASSBOM EN GSBISIAIAAMAANTOCON Sn hn Dh oon hoe hn Bn oe oe oe ee NABDNANDODANRMANANOMNARNMONANTHOWNNNAT OWGASCCHSOE EE ASBROBAADAAAAATOOON De oe oe oe oe Dc ee Oe oe Do ee FHONALAHMANMANMARMHOWNAANMME WORK CHTASSBAL EE AGIHSCOCBAA AHH AoKHON So hoe Re oe Dh Do Sn oon Oh con Don Dh oe hoe FANMEAHAAMNMHMONROMTHMONDOWAANN CGHTASOBIM EN AIDHOBSBAAAAAAKOCON Sen Dh oh oe ol Sn Ih on i oe ho Dh on nh oe MOODOINDMONATMOAMOMDHMNDHAMEONONDOr Ci ONG enea kel ECHO Co Sentatsherltes al Gs iy e360 hen ien inion hen inon! SB Boe Bh oe Be ee De oe Dh DHrONAHOONOMANWANDHODKNANTMANNOMD CHKHIBSSSSEEKAIAGSSBOGAAAAAAGOHON Soe Phe hh oe on onl Sn Boe hn oe De Dh on De APMANARWANHHARMRBMAOMMDHEOONNMWMAHAHDHO SHOESSSBMEEAGSCOBOAGHAAAATOHOS De Dh oe on ee oe oe Be oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe LGBT ASSCTMHHABSSHBIGHOGA HA HOOM Se I oe oe ee bn oe Bo oe oo oe oe oe oe oe SPHONOMMONOOCOOMEEErDDHNOHOOHANANANMMO RN BNR HHT NNNNNNNNNNS ZZLZZLZZZAZLZZZLZAZLZAZAZLZALZAZLZAZZAZLZAZAZAS OH eOOtARAOMOMANAINTHOONSCOMOMODA DHOANMNODOOMODRHOANANNDODOYDNODOO OMIT HIGH HPBMAMWOMONMNONMOMO DHT AMOMOY ao ANMHMOOPOHOHAMMHNONOErDRHOTAAMAHIOOLCO BAAR HNNNANNNNNE AM MADOHWONMANRDOOMANDMOOM HE OSHBAAUIIMANMCOMONOLOH BARAT ANNANNANAANAAAAA ATAE-MOMNBAE-DHONMHODOME CO HHOBABAAANMAMHOIHHOrOr AAR HANANAANANAAANAN HMORMRHOREOCOMNHNE NDE PEEK OBHHHANDIMHIINOCOOS SAAR AAANANANAANAAAAA MA DODHHWOMNOrOHOME IH WEEK DOBOHAAANIIY HOH HOOS BHA HANANANANANNAANANAA ORMD-RWe-RAOMORMHOTHODORDOMD WOK OBSSCAAAANU HH wio tin BAAR HAANNANAAANNANAAANA ANADDDROMONOCOMErDANDONEO IKKE ASOCANAANTY THIS BARA AANAAANAAANANNAAAA ARMADNMRDDOONARMDHOHnDDOME DOLE GBORAANKO YH HII BAH RHANAANAANAANNAAAA -DORMDDRDADHORMONME DONA WOK BOSCHANSCOY HII oO MSR HNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN AD DDADDODNORDMNAMN-OMWMAT PORE BODNHAAAIAIMYHIOMOO ARAMA HANANNAAANANANANAAA MOF DHRAORMDMNERBDORDRODMORT TORE ABOSCHAANAANIIYHIHOOS MARR NNNANNNANNNNNNNNNNS NNO ADDDDWDOODORDODONHIN BOL DRBOSHANIIYIIYWOOS RRR ANNNNNNNANNNANNNNNNS OMMANHMErMTNORDrOtTHOOWN MMAMMMANANANNAN RAHAT OOOO NANNANNANNNANNNNNANNNANANNS ZAZAZZZAZLZZAZALZZAZLZZAZLZAZAZASY TFNOMNTFODDrrODONMNAYAN Te MMMM MMANNANANANANNANAANIAN POOF-ODRBOHAMMNOOF-ORBOHANS Res HNNNEN a. i) n ADDMWRBONOCAMOONAMY OOWYGHAMABANTIIOOD AANAAANAANHANANAAAA D-ODMNORDONOOHMMNE OOWMGSONSBANKAMOE AAAAAANAAANNAAAA OAM DMODOOMNHODM ee OOWHYTOMHDANSCAAMES AANANANNHANAANAA ADOHONE-OT-HNDINNO LTH OMANGDAASCNHAS AANANAAANTANAAAAA . DDOANMNMAOMONWMNO WO HTISOMINBANSCNTAN AANAANAAANHANAANNAA DHOONANHOOMHODNONSO LWT MI ONIMBANSCNAAS ANANAAANANHANAANAA WBDDWDMODOODOOrODrS LTT OMMBANSOAHNSD AAAAAAANHANANNAA FDDMDINDOMWE-ADODODO WTI OAGBONOANHNG AANANAANNHANAANNAA -rDOONDDNE-RHORDO WITT SOANAGBORHACHE ANAAAAAANHANAAAAA ANM-E-ODHTDADNOROOOMNO WTO ONACOKHAANS NANAANANAANANANA AD-KHAAHDDNMHORDOME-O Hott SOANSCSONSCATNG ANANAAANAANANNAA SDADMWABMONWORDOHNAN Re ODAMMWRMOORHRHRHNANANNAN NAMA NANNANNNANNN ZZZZAZAZAZZAZLZAZLZAZAS MOHANMMMNMMAAEr-OM NANNMMMMMMMMANANN MMO OCMOHANANMMNOOErRDOr Res NN vay oO fe) 109 Mean APPENDIX III ANNAN See eA ela ots) [PaaS] Ante fs | aoa | temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hours HN AASSCBOEKDGOGBIGSOHBOA AI HOOMIF Se oo oe Dh on Oe I oe oe ee oe OHAGASORDOMEORSOGIGSHSr Ar AG woo TIF sn hh ono oe De en oon oe oe oe ee oe el SUIGISIQSieaGol EIEN AS Cn CsCs Gre ke hche GICs ey bon ihenihon thon ion inen! Boe Boe Bh oe eh oo CCI SCH OMMCICICI SDHC Cp oN ale talons CO) ben ihan lion ion thon ion! eB oh oe oe he on hon De FEeMMNNADMNAHRMOALrMNMNNONOMOMHAMOWMN CAINS el @) CAL CICI COS COMO OS ee halte GR os ee Sateen oe oe el So oe cn Bh oe Dn on Be De eo oe OOMOORDARMMANARIANDHMAMNAMANMOMANMOWN QOS EI OO EAs GCI CMS Cop EIGN She elO Gs soy CoV ares Cy) bon ienihon then ion iton! Se he co he Oe Oo AMANCOEANANANRANDNOENOGTNNOMO Tet HAooO DOIN SEH CICI CIDP DENS a eIGS GU Ce yiay ao Ce) Se on hn oe De So on Bh a i oe he Dh oe Oh oe hn Doe ne oe) EAS GI) CoS CIS SOOO SOO sheloOGoto las es) en ion then ion heel on! pe ce De DD De oe oe Do ol PAMONMNANONRHDRDONPHNANBDINANOOCONWALLE FOTN TRODBDDOrRHODOOCOCOHANNHNOEPEON ben ihen lian inoe hen inen! Re Fedde ABDNOCOHNDONOCBIANAPONOHNAAOAMNALD Beles Ut SIS CNEICI ES) CHE MS) CHESS SOS STG Icha) Pe ba SS Selon eho eo So Re De Boe De Be he oo DOMOMMMNOCODNMNONNANAMNMNOCMTAErNNADWADWD FOPHOORDDODrARAHAOROCOOSCOCHHANNMOLPOM So oh oe on oo Ae FAs * NAOCMMAMACODMNMNNOBANDAMRMMOMMDRBDOON A eS hr ea aE ESOS OR NSS ra eal NEN ORO ee 5 I eo ol Sen Be en oe Be Do ol CHORSSCHANMOHHHHHCoIS BAAR AANAANAANANAAAANAA MOMNDDODDHONNOHODNOANE O&O CHOBSOSCHANM OHH HINOODOE BAH ANNANNANAANNANNANNANNS MARDOM-DONHDHNOHRODOMNAMNMNNGD OLORBOSCHANG ATH IHD HOOo BRA AANANNNANAANNANANANANNA MOMr-DDODHHMMARHOO-RDOMRDHO CHORDSOSCHANGMHHTH HH HOD FAH RANANNANANANANNANANAAA MODDODDDME-RAODMHOrA-AAMNY OCLHOBSOSCHAAKIIMYTHOIDOOD FA AH ANANNANAANANANAANAA DHRAODDDHOrODOHNDRD-OHON OCLOBOHNHANMMAYHHHGCOCODR SAAR HANAANAANANAAANAAAN PA Ar AAODARHE-OMMDOODNE MO CHBOHNHHHOMOY WHI HOOOS AA AHANANANANANAANANAA MOPDDOODAAAMANNROMDrOPrW OCHHSONANMIH HH TWIG SOSS FAA HAANANANAANAANANAAA ACD STOeerrORDrDODANONMANOPM es CHDOHHNASH HH HHO OCoOrT AA AAANANANANANNAANA AO rFODr-DONDNNDADHrOCOrnONns WODOHHADMIMHHONOOrDS AAA ANANANANNANAANNANANS OSNDHNEENODOOODGOOMWNE ANE WOSDSOHKHAY IH IIHT E HOOK AD BA AANAANANNAANANANNANAAA NMADORDOOO™-ONORDHNE OWE SODBSOAAGIMMHTHTOMOCOrA MMM ANNNNANNANNNANNANANNNNNS HORMMRDODNDNE-OMMAMOM Or HTH DSSCHHAIAMIMMHTOMOOBNA AAANANANANAANNANNAANNAN LI tHIANNANSCSCNONTANS AANANANAANANAANNNAA AMD-OMWMOMARDRABHOMN ltt AGN SCOn ORHAN ANAAAANAAAAANAAA AAPA OMEMNBDODORDO re OtttAIaInscononnanae AANANAANAANAANAANNAA NOCMADHE-DADRDDNOOCHO OnstaIndInSnonANIEG AANAAANANANANANANNANNA NODODDMr-OCHOBDArNTA CMWootAIdNnOnOnAAIA ANAANANNANANNAAN NANDNAORDWOOMAANMS OW OtOnHHOHnHSOSHAIA AANANANANANAANAAN TOME DHARAAPWODDONMMD CWYTHAIISSHAnBHAGA AANNANANAATATANNAN FRANDOO-E-OAANDROND loti At SCONGHIAMA AANAAANAAAATHANAAA ADOMMNE-RAOnAOrOnMHO COoTKITAAANSCHBHAIS ANAANANANRANNAANNNA SY TODO OWOMNDDODWRANDNONS Lom mtatannonyaned AAANAANNTANANANANA WO DANODDANDOOPNO rs LOCKBTATOnNOnTAIE ANANANANANANAANAAA ANTANODE-OMODDONME SH Ce CwBnsASCONontAdE AAANANNANAAANAAA DODMINNNMMBMOMDONHON COMBHOCHMASONSOHIIO AAANANAANAANAANANA 110 Nov. METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE lel etl el el ad ee BPRODDORPHOWRARU AIWDOHNWHRO ROWROHERODDOWDO YWHYRHWIARNwY ZAZAZZANNNNAAAYA™AZA ASAAAANAAYAYAYN™NYP™T 23.4 24.6 25.7 25.0 24.8 26.0 26.2 26.9 26.3 24.2 26.4 27.8 26.3 26.6 26.5 26.7 27.0 27.0 27.5. 28.0 27.6 28.0 28.0 27.5 24.6 24.4 24.8 24.9 26.1 25.8 26.9 26.7 24.0 26.8 27.7 26.1 26.5 26.4 26.5 26.9 27.0 27.5 27.9 27.7 28.0 27.9 27.6 23.4 24.8 24.8 23.8 25.1 26.1 25.8 26.9 26.2 24.4 26.9 27.6 26.0 26.3 26.5 26.5 26.9 27.0 27.5 27.9 27.7 28.0 28.0 27.7 23.4 24.8 24.6 | oo | or | o2 | os | 0% -23.4 23.7 24.9 24.3 24.3 23.3 24.9 24.2 24.6 25.5 26.1 25.9 26.0 26.6 25.2 Table 78. Hourly values of air 23.3 25.0 24.5 25.0 25.6 26.1 26.1 26.2 26.8 25.0 26.1 26.8 26.1 26.1 26.0 26.6 26.8 26.9 27.6 27.7 27.8 28.0 26.9 27.5 23.6 25.1 24.4 24.8 24.0 25.2 25.0 24.4 26.5 27.4 27.5 27.1 27.5 26.2 25.7 27.3 26.4 26.7 26.7 27.3 27.8 27.7 29.1 28.7 28.8 28.0 25.7 29.5 24.4 25.2 25.2 24.0 27.2 28.1 28.0 27.1 28.1 27.0 25.8 27.2 26.7 26.8 26.9 28.0 28.3 27.6 29.4 28.6 28.8- 29.0 26.1 29.9 Values in °C, | 05 | o6 | o7 | o8 | o9 | 10 24.4 25.6 26.0 24.0 27.6 28.2 28.1 27.5 27.8 27.1 APPENDIX III 111 temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29--Concluded local mean hours 2G 24.2 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.2 24.3 243 24.3 23.91 ZO cEcORe Asay 20.1 20-0) aol 25h 25-1) 2522) 2582)” 25830 958s) 2b a7 25.10 2651 (20.8 26:0 26:5 26:2 26.4 26:3 26.3 25.9 25:7 25.8 25:4 25.8 25.47 24.4 24.8 23.2 23.0 23.7 23.6 23.5 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.4 24.6 24.9 24.20 2iiGueeeS.0 20.08 20:8) 2873) 2026) 26.15 (260) 2620) 26:0) 265 26 268 26.47 28.7 28.8 28.2 28.0 28.8 29.6 27.4 25.4 26.0 26.0 26.2 26.2 26.3 27.03 28.1 28.6 28.9 283 27.9 26.1 26.8 25.8 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.8 26.84 Ai ZR) dust els a ee ae ree Pari ea edie Ry pIrisiles eX) 26.96 26:9 27.2. 26.1 26.5 26.5 26.2 26.7 26.6 25.5 24.8 24.0 24.2 24.1 26.30 Pipa mance a6. 92653 2618 9626.9) 92710) 270) 27 2721 2751) 26%) 26:9 26.17 20:9 26.9 25.9 25.9 26.2 27.2 27.5 27.5 27.6 27.5 27.6 27.8 27.8 26.71 iolemedee eae eaten Sotelo sated 20eO) 211.0) 2629) (2619) 2618) 26.8) 2635 27.15 BieOmmeateOneeateO) 82%eG 0-6) (ae6) 20-3) 2-1 92710) | 2628" 2678) 2627. 2627, 26.73 26.9 26.8 271 27.0 27.0 26.9 26.8 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.7 26.6 26.67 26.9 27.0 26.9 26.7 266 26.6 26.6 265 26.6 26.6 26.7 26.7 -26.7 26.56 CieOoneOne Ane iano) Aneto ated | eeGul 2GOeeeaTeOW e2ne0) VAN Oe 2720) 227-0 27.08 ZO NeeAoOmtcO.G | 2060) 2Ne4) S2NoTe wena eden) eeatad) © Gated 2TASt a vatoy | otal! 27.52 PASO) PAST SPT) WPA) PA ra ee Pee rare rails = ei Pat se tielay Caries) 27.49 29.4 29:6. 29.9 29:9 29:8 29:0 28.5 28:2 28:1 28:0 28:0 28.0 28.0 28.47 20-0em 20-08 (28.1, = 2852)” “288! ABS s CA SOe aa Tate Sada atel: 20t, ata 27.98 29:2 29.0 29.0 29:2 29:0 28:9 28.2) 28:0. 28:0 27:9 27.9 27:9 28.0 28.29 29.4°. 29.4 29.0 29.0 _ 28.9 28.9 29.0 28.6 28.4 28.2 28.1 28.2 _ 28.1 28.47 28:1 - 28.9. 29.1. 29°51 29:0 28:9 28:6 28:0 27:9 27:9 27:9 27-8 277-7 27.86 SIeGm tole oas0) S129) | 3102) (3016) 20 em eBiOh a 2ei4 2k S29) 27-8) 2ST 29.16 Table 79. Hourly values of sea-surface Values are thermogram readings Tatio. | Lonet- Values in °C, Date tude 1928 . May18 39.2N 314.4 18.4 20.00 20.3 20.0 202 19.9 20.2 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.6 19 40.6N 318.2 17.55 17.9 17.2 160 15.9 15.6 15.9 160 160 16.2 16.2 20> 42/0.N) 32162) 16:1 159) 16:05 16.0 16:0) 1529 156) ba 15r4 5b bee Ale 44:05N) 9324.0) 14:9) 1570) 4st) 4s 1428) 1429) 14265) 15.0) eS 5 2 Lond 222 TA5E5ING 32657 ol5e50 586) 9 15 69)e 61555) 61529) 5150) 1424s 4 81459) 424 1420 23 45.0N 326.9 15.5 15.5 15.6 15.12 15.1 15.0 15.0 149 146 146 14.6 24 43.9N 328.4 15.2 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.3 15.1 15.8 16.0 161 16.1 16.0 25, 43.2N 328.6 15.2 15.2 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.60 14.9 14.9 15.0 15.0 15.3 26 44.0N 331.6 15.6 15.5 15.5 15.0 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.9 15.3 14.3 14.3 27 45.8N 3345 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.8 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.7 13.6 13.6 13.8 28 48.2N 338.9 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.3 13.1 12.9 13.0 13.5 13.2 13.1 29 48.8N 341.2 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.8 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.9 12.9 13.0 June 1 50.0N 346.9 125 125 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.6 2 49°5N ~348°0) 13c2) 12°58 13:6" 13et ta ASA SZ) 1322" 1322) AS 1372 3) D0°2IN © (347-45 129) ase 2 UAT 26 L2G 2tG 2a en 2 Glace 4 50.5N 347.7 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.4 12.4 12.5 12.7 By 4920 N) 34879 2s O el acOme el 2-6) eel aeo) lila el cei) snl 2cO let 2s OMe Om ana 6 5052)Ny (35020) =1207) 12-6 1226 1258) 258) LASS) 229) i 26 aa eto t. 90:2N 352.0) 12:9 12:9 12:6 12:6 1277 12:6 12°6 1227 1258 1228) 1229 Be BOOM SEO IB wee GIRS IB IA) TI) TG)! TIS 19 50.5.N -359.0 12.4 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3° 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.8 20. 51.7N Zee 1266) T2424 1228 28 a6 L226 1226 220 AG el 229 21° 53.4N 4.4 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.6 July gd 54.1N 7.6 15.55 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 15.0 146 145 13.9 13.5 13.5 11 60.5 N (Oks) calles) valilesy alates alien) alae} alter4 alles ala} alah ME) 12 62.3N 355.0 10.4 104 104 104 10.4 10.4 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.7 13. 63.3N 350.6 9.7 9.9 10.0 9.6 9.5 9.5 Obi 9.6 9.8 10.0 9.7 14© 64.1N 348.6 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.1 8.9 8.0 6.9 8.4 9.1 9.3 9.5 15f 63.5N 345.2 9.9 9.9 9.9 9:9) LOSE 0:2 1052) 10°27 1026 LOPS 10:9 16>) (6353°N (34236 10°6 1026 1025) 1026) 1056) 105) 1087 0) 114 ees re GeO Gehl ality able} alle lass allyl ate aie tile NG} TS US oes IRI eo) aT alae aller aller? alas alter able alee alee allay alse 1S GEG RT see) ahi) hep) GS TP) AGT IAS) TM) TAR AS! GAB 888A iO msl ls} sali 29) GOST N 9132878) 05) IES SI aa OS a 2d SO 5923 Na 32028 91058 1058) Se OR 110 ee 11 Tee 2 ch Oe Ll etc SOON) S25) Goee Oe 1120) 1058) 1 0lS a1 eet OS 91029 el OS ee ties Aug. 1 58.3N 324.2 10.5 10.9 10.8 10.8 11.1 106 10.5 10.5 10.5 106 10.3 2) 9823)N) 532153) TOL) Ti te AO eG) 10 10) 1058 1019 10lSett0 3 S7.9N 314.5 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.9 9:0) = 9:2 4 54.5N 311.0 8.9 9.3 9.6 Ser 9.9 Gan al{e(a) 9.8 9.1 9.6 9.9 5 51.6N 310.4 10.2 10.0 9.7 9.6 8.8 8.7 (aul 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.5 65) 48°24 N 3it8 TOs 11020): 10255 1085) 10265) 1026) 1025) 110545 11029 iO ead. 7D 45.0\Nie S12. 105, 2 1912 1203. 4018 | ao: MNT 1S) Ons sesemaiiee 85 43 52N@ S30 ia toe LTS eral Gai 6 L1G Gsm Olomme ton mum lonL 9, 42-2N 31207 2058 2180) 215 2163) 23) 203 213 21 a 2 21C6 UO “SERBS Gitte Oly PAS Pane) Pe) GST PS RG YEG BAGS 11 38.6N 311.2 24.9 24.6 24.6 24.7 24.7 246 24.6 246 246 24.7 24.8 12 37.0N 311.6 25.6 25.6 25.5 25.2 25.1 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.6 25.7 13 36.8N 313.4 26.1 25.9 26.0 25.7 25.2 25.3 25.7 25.7 25.8 25.9 26.0 14 35.2N 315.6 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.1 25.8 15 33.6N 317.7 26.6 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.4 26.3 26.4 265 26.4 26.4 26.4 16 31.2N 318.8 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.7 26.8 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.8 27.2 17 29.8N 319.4 27.2 27.2 27.1 27.1 26.9 27.0 26.7 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.9 18 27.9N 3205 27/0) 27:0 26:9 27.1 26:9 26:57 §27-0) 27.0) 27:0) 269) 27:0 19 25.7N 321.0 26.8 26.8 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.5 26.8 26.9 20 24.0N 320.4 26.7 26.8 26.8 26.6 26.7 26.7 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.6 26.8 21 21.8N 320.4 26.8 26.5 26.5 26.5 265 26.5 26.4 26.4 265 26.5 26.5 22 19.2N 321.5 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 25.9 26.0 23. 16.6N .322.2 26.0 26.0 26.1 26.1 26.0 26.1 26.0 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.2 24) 15eSN) 32251) 2683) 2612) 2622) 2612 26822662 2652) 2636.5 eG CeO 27 13.4N 322.0 26.9 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.6 26.7 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.7 27.0 28 «11-9N 322-2) 2750) 26:9 27:0 (27-2 2762) 27-2) 2782 22 ance Aes aa 29. 10.8N 322.6 27.2 27.4 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.3 4 Small, rapid fluctuations in surface temperature morning hours; cloudy, moderate breeze. D small, rapid fluctuations in surface temperature between 13h and 20h; cloudy, fresh. © Carnegie at Plymouth June 9-18; at Hamburg June 22-July 7; at Reykjavik July 20-27. d Gradual fall of 2°3 between 00h and 17h; leaving Helgoland. © Sharp fall and rise of 2° between 04h and 08h. Another sudden fall and rise of 1°5 between 14h and 17h; squalls during day. f Small, rapid fluctuations between 11h and 24h; partly cloudy 112 temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29 corrected from bucket readings local mean hour 2 DOE aE Ra Bers Ee Ee a EES 20S 20-0 20.6) 20soy 20.35 8) 1929) 1850) 18535 18-6) 19.0) 82 toy ire 19.63 1623) )16:3) 15:9) 91650) 1652 16:6 17.3 16:9) 16.9 16:3 1653 16:4 16:3 16.42 15. LoLGe Lovo LOdee 604 1626) 16:0" (16:2) 16220 165) 1529) 1b29) od 15.88 Tors ls 4 5tby 1525) | 1522) 1150) 15.3) 15.2) St Se 15S1e 1520) 1520 15.08 dora lors eloeaeelone | lot 1528) 1526) 1545 15748 15h 15:65 1526)5 0 15.6 15.30 T4646 14:6) sss 1a iat 14 143) 4 ta os oe toed 14.72 Gr2 Ge oro) 15:6) 8 15.2 1bs2° bee) 2) 1bk2) bia) 1522) ba) 1522 15.53 15st Loese 15-98 152855 1578) 21568) 1528) 158) bay lise) 1528) 1528) 1587 15.40 14.6 15.4 15.0 145 144 15.0 148 149 13.9 14.3 143 14.0 13.9 14.74 13%8 1328) «1328 «6-139 «1329 «(13.7 «= 13.8 «=o 4.0 «13-6 «6 13.5 13.50 1355 13-5 13.76 1322 «13'4 1352) 13-1 129) 1279) 289) 12-8) «= 12-8 dae 2212-6 13.07 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.3 13.2 12.9 12.8 12.8 12.7 12.93 Mean _ ow — = oo _ i tS wo ys i) . a ie tue oedercteraseg: ex verients oO iat oad woo ae es a ed as ee oe se et a a’ a ian’ alee’ Ree eM RR ODD Ot RR RRM RROD DD Ot RRR RENN RRR OOO OW Ww Sell eel ert ond ORR RENE ROODDODO, a ee lll ell eA oe eel ell ce cel ad Pee et et et tt et DHE ROWONWWWOIPENEHOOMOUIHOO CF RRNODIOROWON WaMNOKoONOUIN< ed a ts Pe ee ta ee _ _ Pe _ WNMWONDEHOHBWIHOWOORANUUINDOO WNAWRWIANAUIARHO ee ee Re ao ee a ey ROR NPONNNONRFODRTWWrN wre NR ORADOOIOHPWOPhr-J HORDOWO ROR WO OR on a _ _ _ _ DWMMDANTNAAAMNDIMNUVIMARoOfFOOKOOr RR RRM RR OOO Or CO NOCWNRRPWWNOTOINRHRKOrP RN RPE OIN OS OCWOENOADAIONUNN- i —_ _ DMAMWDAAAANINMIIIIAIIBDKHOMROHDOUOOrF RRR ONRFRKHODOOO NWRFROOCOFRUNOOINONUWEHwAOATMO Pe OW OF COD-T-IR O00 WAMDMNTATAAANDWMBDNAIMNeHHDOOF OOF RPORF ORR RODD OO i SCOMKROWDOCOCKHNOACMOWWORRrPOUOr-I-] CONOR OAAIOAMOODNM _ NNNNMNNNNNNNNNNNNNEFH _ ond —_ i et et = ee ABDAMDIIAIARVIAR PANE AOR CO Orr VAR MNONCOHOONHOHWHONOROHO WWARRIBRANYAIROO NNNNNYNNNNMNNNNNNNERE NNNNNYNNNNNNNNNNE EE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNEE NNN NNNMNNNMNYNNNNNNEE NNNNYNNNNNNNNNNNNNEE NNNNMNNMNNNNNNNNNNNEH NNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNEHE Apna stare cman . woe (eu mesos nts NAIMNKHODOONNNAOCOWORFRORFRWOOHE ROO DDOWHWOTWODOMNMNO WY RKOENWPRENNWHHODHOUPINOH BPE RWOMmPhIwWwWOo GI CIC CRIS IE VUE § Las SUNOSTOSOOBRHOOWWARENDUNODRRO WiIwwrnoDDhOIRRD0.OLO ID AABHHAAIIAHHAAIAESIRMOOOOr ON PHOWXDODONRNOHEREROUNOONDS NOwWWwWHONUP PORN _ ° on _ AA MARAABAITANIIAAIAIABEHONSOGOOOr SREB Les Ot Te euleRe aie ate eel whe a arrh eae cies iste alnye kia Mer waver hoi a Gacteos Gad eae TS WOUNTONENORFP FE NODWANNOADANOO WWMWARDOMTMOHDPL-IO0 NNUNNNMNNMNNNNNNNNNNRRe NMNNMNNYNNNNNNNMNNNNNNEe NN NNNMNNNYNNMNNNYNNNNNRR Ee NN NMNYNNMNNNNYNNNNNNNRRE NNNNMNNNMNYNNNNNNNNNHe AWRBONDOCONTOKH PLONE NWRHADAOCO TRU PWRrO-TO-I12 POM ww Ne AAD wt NNN a3 mon Nw a3 a0 Neen 0 69 CO orn NNN ~I~I00 Nop New AIA4 D~ae Ne a3 mo NNN A343 rena NNN a44 Oi mmr A434 imp ne a4 a Ne 3-3 im 0 ne 343 wp i) J or) © gentle breeze. & Sudden fall of 2°8 between 18h and 19h; approaching Reykjavik. h Very irregular fluctuations with rise of 7°5 between 12h and 20h; in boundary zone between Gulf Stream and Labrador Current; clear, moderate breeze. i Rapid rise in temperature of 3° with irregular fluctuations between 06h and 08h; entering Gulf Stream. / Small, rapid fluctuations in temperature between 10h and 18h; partly cloudy, calm to light airs. 113 114 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE 1928 Aug.30 9.5N soe 27.4 310) 1S!2N 32388) 127722 Sep. 1 9.4N 323.3 27.1 2 9O8N 32353 27.1 3 11.2N 322.9 27.5 Ave Tie4on) 6 S22!08 2772 5 11.6N 31912 27.3 6 11.7N 317.4 27.6 7 11.3N 315.8 27.6 8 11.6N 314.9 27.7 9 11.8N 313.9 28.1 LOPS 122 Neo 1252280 11 13.2N 310.3 27.6 12 13.2N 309.5 27.6 13. 13.3N 307.6 27.7 14 13.0N 305.7 27.6 15 12.9N 303.7 27.7 16 13.0N 301.5 27.6 Oct. 22 14.7N 298.6 28.1 3 14.8N 296.4 28.2 4 15.0N 293.9 28.2 5 15.3N 291.8 28.6 6 15.2N 288.8 28.4 7 145N 286.0 28.5 8 13.2N 283.6 28.0 On Bean) | 281h4e eet 10. 10.3N 280.7 28.5 2625 1GLUNi 260et) 28k 27 5.7N 279.9 27.2 28 43N 280.2 26.7 29 4.1N 280.1 26.7 3 2.9N 279.9 26.6 31 4.5N 278.1 26.4 Nov. 1 6.1N 277.0 26.7 2. AEN 2777 2720 3 3.7N 278.5 26.6 4 25N 278.9 26.2 5 1.6N 279.2 26.1 6 0O.8N 278.8 25.7 % O5S 27810 24.7 8 5S “27787 9312 9 138 27512 19:3 10 1.6S 273.0 19.4 hl, ARG) HAN rly, 12> 13S 268.7 19.4 13° 15S 266.9 17.6 14 1.8S 265.7 19.0 15 25S 264.2 19.4 16 3.18 261.8 20.3 17 3.38 260.2 20.7 18 40S 257.4 21.3 19 46S 254.9 22.4 20 ~7:0S 25351 22:4 21 9121S a510G6 234 22 12.08 249.8 23.7 23 142S 248.1 23.7 24 16.78 247.0 23.7 25 19.2S 245.9 24.1 26 21.68 245.6 23.6 27 93:38 245.2 23.1 28 24.88 244.7 23.2 29 266S 244.7 23.2 30 28.18 244.9 22.7 Dec. 1 29.2S 245.2 23.0 Tq 30.6S 245.7 22.4 13° 2828S 250.8 23.6 14 29.48 251.1 23.8 15 31.1S 250.5 21.5 a4 Carnegie at Barbados September 16-October 1; at Balboa October 11-25. 27.3 27.1 27.2 27.1 27.6 27.2 27.6 27.7 27.5 27.7 28.0 28.1 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.6 27.8 27.8 27.1, 27.1 27.2 27.0 27.6 24.0 21.7 27.2 27.1 27.2 27.0 27.4 27.1 Table 79. Hourly values of sea-surface 27.1 27.2 27.2 26.9 27.3 27.2 27.5 27.7 27.4 27.7 27.8 28.0 27.5 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.8 27.9 27.1 27.2 27.2 26.9 27.3 27.1 27.5 27.7 27.4 27.7 27.8 27.9 27.5 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.8 28.0 27.1 27.2 27.2 27.1 27.3 27.3 27.6 23.7 21.3 27.1 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.3 27.5 27.6 27.8 27.6 27.7 27.9 27.7 27.5 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.9 28.1 23.6 21.2 tions especially during midday hours; off Galapagos Islands; partly cloudy, gentle breeze. Values in °C, Longi- Lati- Date tude east | 00 | o1 [ 02 | 03 | 04 [ 05 | 06 | o7 | 08 | o9 | 10 27.4 27.2 27.2 27.3 27.5 27.5 27.6 27.8 27.7 27.8 28.0 27.7 27.4 27.8 27.6 27.9 27.9 28.1 27.9 27.3 27.2 27.5 27.6 27.6 b Small, rapid fluctua- © Small, rapid APPENDIX III 115 temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hour a OO OL xo) RUcO Pate at ate anale 9 an.G: “ais 20. “ated 2723) | 202) 27 2k o27i2 27.40 AU Sales) Alesh jaie0) Ane0 ated 27:36 20:2 i274) 27.20) 2722) 27:2 are 27.25 aAaS ea Ate) Ate Aiea 9 ANA 2762 27-2 27.0 26:9. 2750) 27.1 27.1 27.18 AteOm aeteOn Atal) TATeoF 2047 27-00 G2N-o) “Q76G) 27:6) 27:65 27h%, 27k) ATs 27.35 mieO) 2G) = 26:0) 27-8) 20:65 2.) 2735) ATA 27-4) 27-3. 2052 272, OTE2 27.47 At Omecicte anon anon 2t-OF arse; -Atc8e 2te6) 266 2026 2725) ano) a4 27.48 SiS ra ieOerateO e2Be0) 2aeOn” 28:00) -27Be anes 20eBe 20 BTA ors 2725 27.67 28.2 28.2 28.3 28.0 28.3 28.2 28.2 27.9 27.8 27.8 27.7 27.6 27.5 27.88 28.0 28.2 28.2 28.4 28.1 28.4 28.5 28.3 28.4 27.9 28.0 27.7 27.7 27.86 27.9 27.9 28.0 28.0 27.9 28.8 28.1 28.0 28.1 28.0 28.1 28.0 28.0 27.91 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.7 28.5 28.5 28.3 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.0 28.1 28.12 Zien ab.0k 28:0) [2810 2810) 2830) 2850) 92810) 2758) 27:8) Ai 26) 26 27.91 BOmmatale yanO at O erate) 2090) 208) ATG 206) 20:6 ATG) eaw.be 206 27.60 SOsieemab tle si2oe eaGsam aba) aGele 2c.00 | (28:00) e279) 52728) 2728) C2728) 2758 27.83 ZUeOmeRANGOn aNCOo Mat atele 200 eatsO. eatse) satel Qtel Qe" Qtr ate6 27.67 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.1 28.1 28.0 28.1 28.0 27.9 28.0 28.0 28.0 27.7 27.84 28.0 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.2 28.2 28.1 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 27.8 27.7 27.94 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.5 28.3 28.2 28.1 28.2 28.2 28.3 28.2 . 28.2 28.13 28.6 29.2 286 28.6 285 28.4 28.3 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.38 28.6 28.8 28.9 28.8 28.8 28.7 28.6 28.6 28.5 28.3 28.3 28.2 28.3 28.51 28.5 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.5 28.4 28.3 28.4 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.6 28.44 28.2 28.2 28.3 28.6 28.7 28.6 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.1 27.9 28.3 28.4 28.30 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.7 28.6 28.6 28.5 28.5 28.3 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.4 28.49 28.7. 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.6 28.5 28.4 28.3 28.3 27.9 28.54 28.6 28.7 28.7 28.6 28.4 286 28.6 28.6 28.4 28.3 28.3 28.2 28.1 28.44 28.5 28.5 28.6 28.6 28.5 28.4 28.2 28.3 28.2 28.2 28.4 28.3 28.4 28.33 28.5 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.6 28.7 28.7 28.8 28.7 28.3 28.6 28.58 27.4 27.4 27.3 27.2 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.4 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.2 27.48 27.2 27.2 27.1 27.0 26.8 26.7 26.7 26.6 26.6 26.7 26.6 26.8 26.8 26.97 2657 2657 262% 2627 2657 «26.7 26:7 26570 26270 26270 «262% 26572627 26.75 27.2 27.1 27.1 27.0 26.7 27.1 26.8 26.9 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.79 26.5 26.55 26.5 26.5 26.4 26.6 26.4 26.3 26.5 26.5 26.3 26.3 26.4 26.51 27.0 27.0 27.1 27.0 27.1 27.0 27.0 26.9 26.9 27.0 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.77 27.2 27.2 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.0 26.9 27.1 27.0 26.9 26.9 26.9 27.0 27.03 27.1 27.0 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.7 26.6 26.6 26.92 26-5 26.6 26.6 26.7 26.6 26.4° 26.4 26.3 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.45 26.2 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.2 26.1 26.1 25.9 25.9 26.0 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.14 26.0 25.8 25.8 25.7 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.4 25.4 25.3 25.7 25.7 25.87 25.1 25.4 25.4 25.3 25.3 25.3 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.1 24.9 24.9 24.8 25.20 23.2 23.1 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.59 22.3 22.3 21.9 21.1 20.9 20.7 20.2 20.2 19.6 19.6 195 19.4 19.4 21.58 US tolO ee 20ste 1928) 19°95 20:0" 1929) 198 1928) 1958 =19'6) 19.4) 19:3 19.52 20:6 552057 20s2) 21-2) Alc4e e206) 20% 20-8 21-8 207 6 21-7) = 21.8, 21.7 20.77 20:9 20:9 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.0 20.9 20.8 20.6 20.3 19.1 194 20.98 ASFA LO Ge 128 O58 Oras ONS 1858 et8i2) ASA) 3) Ta 6) LIST 18.92 AGES ora Olas a Olb 31923> 991974) 19:3 19t2/ 102) 19 9r2) 19.2) 19.1 18.75 19:0 19.2 193 19.4 19.4 194 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.3 19.10 19.8 19.9 20.1 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.1 20.1 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.3 19.83 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.61 BOLCe20-O al On atolen (aioe 20 athe") 2362 21-3) e2k-si- 2183) 20s Ais 20.95 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 21.78 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.7 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.1 22.1 22.48 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.6 22.7 22.7 23.0 23.1 23.4 23.3 23.4 22.54 23.3 23.4 23.4 23.5 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.8 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.50 23.9 23.9 24.0 23.8 23.8 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.6 23.6 23.7 23.76 24.0 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 23.9 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.93 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 23.8 23.8 24.0 24.0 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.98 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.70 23.6 23.6 23.4 23.4 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.41 23.5 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.6 23.6 23.5 23.3 23.2 23.1 23.1 23.2 23.39 23.3 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.7 23.6 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.30 aae2, 23.8) 2363 (23-3 23.3 23.2)- 23-1) 23.1 23s 2207 23.0) 23-1 23.0 23.20 23.2 23.3 23.1 23.0 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.1 28.1 23.1 22.97 23.0 23.1 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.0 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.94 23.1 23.2 23.3 22.9 23.2 22.9 22.9 23.0 22.8 22.8 23.0 22.8 22.7 22.82 24.3 24.2 24.3 24.2 24.3 24.2 24.1 24.2 24.2 24.0 24.0 24.0 23.9 23.92 23°Gs sea esa! «(2328 “23-8 23:8- 2337) 23.2) (23 235 227 «| 2282) aT 23.48 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.0 20.8 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.6 20.6 20.2 21.05 fluctuations during midday hours; overcast, gentle to light breeze. da Carnegie at Easter Island Decem- ber 6-12. 116 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE ; Longi- Date Lati- tude 1928 a Dec.16 32.0S 249.1 20.1 17 31.8S 250.6 20.6 18 31.9S 251.0 20.9 19 3258S 252.6 19.4 20 34.0S 253.4 19.4 21 35.38 254.6 19.2 22 36.98 255.9 18.4 Th} SS Oaisl GS} 24 39.98 259.0 15.3 26 40.4S 262.5 14.8 27) © 3991S) 26387 155 28 3848S 265.8 16.7 29 36.6S 267.0 17.7 30 3458S 268.2 18.6 31 32.5S 270.0 19.4 1929 Jan. 12 32.2S 270.9 20.3 2 SIKOIS i eaiiel 2059 3 31.98 271.7 20.8 4 31.88 272.7 20.6 RONG RRL) OOS 6 28.98 274.7 19.9 Te DTAOISH me aG20n 1916 8) 2510'S) av7ien 19M 9) 238eS) 27818) 1982 10 21.4S 279.5 18.8 11 19.18 280.7 18.9 12 16.7S. 281.4 19.7 Ne MWR) BAT Oey 145 1238S 282.8 21.5 Feb. 6 11.98 281.4 21.1 WeelOMoTSH 2808238 8 10.08 277.8 23.9 9 10.48 275.8 24.8 10, 10.88 275.0 25.1 119 10.78 274.1 25.5 LO MOVS 27206 12407 13 12k6S) 27083) 242 14 14.4S 267.8 23.1 15 16.8S 265.1 22.8 16 15.38 262.4 22.9 1? TOE POA O39 22 12.68 247.7 25.0 23 12.58 244.9 25.3 24 12.78 242.4 25.7 25 12.8S 240.6 26.1 26 13.0S 238.7 26.3 27 13.58 235.9 26.6 28 14.9S 233.8 26.7 Mar.1 16.58 231.9 27.3 1 SuROS BO Ge 5 ya PRG ape 5 17s 22496 97:5 6€ 17.28 223.4 27.8 nt 1nvais) 22d 28%4 8 17.8S 219.2 28.2 9 17.68 218.0 28.2 10 18.0S 215.9 28.1 11 1818S 214.4 28.0 1 URS Al) OBO) 21° 16.88 209.2 28.2 22° 1716S) 208'2) 28:3 23m) W72's) 20783) 28m 24 16.98 206.3 28.7 25 16.5S 204.0 28.6 27 15.7S 199.4 28.7 28 15.58 198.0 28.6 29 15.3S 196.7 28.6 30 14.7S 194.4 28.7 tude Bane 01 02 20.0 20.5 20.7 19.4 19.5 18.8 18.0 16.4 15.5 14.6 15.3 16.7 17.8 18.6 19.4 28.6 29.0 Table 79. Hourly values of sea-surface 19.8 20.5 20.7 19.5 19.7 18.7 17.3 16.3 15.7 14.7 15.4 16.7 17.8 18.4 19.3 28.6 28.6 19.3 20.1 ile \st/ 22.4 26.7 26.9 27.3 27.4 27.6 27.5 27.8 28.6 28.2 28.2 28.3 28.2 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.3 28.8 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.5 20.2 19.6 20.4 19.3 23.3 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.4 27.6 27.5 27.8 27.8 28.2 28.0 28.2 28.1 28.2 28.2 28.4 28.3 28.7 28.5 28.6 28.5 28.4 28.6 Values in °C, 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 10 20.1 20.8 20.7 19.7 LOR, 19.0 17.0 16.1 15.8 14.7 15.4 16.6 17.9 19.1 19.4 20.5 20.6 20.6 20.5 20.2 19.7 19.5 19.1 19.1 19.2 19.0 21.3 21.6 19.5 23.3 23.3 24.9 24.8 24.9 25.2 24.5 23.9 22.8 22.7 23.3 23.5 25.2 25.6 26.0 26.3 26.3 26.8 27.1 27.5 27.3 27.6 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.2 27.8 28.1 28.2 28.4 28.3 28.6 28.4 28.6 28.5 28.3 28.7 20.2 20.8 21.0 19.9 19.2 19.2 16.7 16.2 16.3 14.8 15.7 16.8 18.4 19.2 19.9 20.2 20.9 21.0 20.2 19.1 19.4 16.7 16.1 16.4 15.0 16.0 lyfe 18.7 19.4 20.2 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.7 20.2 19.8 19.4 19.2 19.1 19.2 19.2 21.4 20.8 19.2 23.3 23.1 24.9 24.7 25.2 25.2 24.3 23.9 22.8 22.8 23.3 23.5 25.2 25.6 26.0 26.3 26.4 26.7 27.1 27.4 27.4 27.6 27.6 27.9 28.1 28.1 28.2 28.1 27.8 28.1 28.2 28.2 28.4 28.6 28.3 28.5 28.6 28.3 28.9 20.3 21.1 21.1 20.5 19.2 19.3 16.9 15.8 16.4 15.4 15.8 tio 18.7 19.4 20.4 a Very rapid fluctuations of as much as 2°5 within 15m, between 10h and 24h; western edge of Hum- boldt Current. gie at Callao January 14-February 5; at Papeete March 13-20. Irregular fluctuations between 09h and 19h; fall in temperature of about 5°5. © Carne- d Calm, clear day with characteristic APPENDIX Ii temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hour iN nc ST [TO Oe se aC 20.4 20.4 20.3 20.3 20.2 20.0 20.2 205 20.6 206 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.26 a1-Oelo2ee 20.9 Peete 22 21s 21-2) 202) 2a att ait 2180) 210 20.93 lel eos] 0 LOmm 0/68 meaOst Lolo) ee LOh7e SLO COR ml OsG gue l OG MmL Oro! me LOlo 20.45 20.7 20.5 20.2 20.3 20.2 20.0 19.8 19.7 .19.3 19.2 193 19.5 19.4 19.81 LOPS elo cml Onvemelorss 19ST) ONT) VI TOlb) 81958 19165 1955) e194" 9545 1973 19.50 LOPS O:4 926) ONT 1958) 9 1199) 1953" 1920) 1887) 1853) 18°48. 3) 18s 19.04 weit) abrir abiios3 ark alefey alien ) IGG) al aI Mr a ae 17.05 15.7 15.4 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.5 15.3 154 15.4 155 15.4 15.3 15.80 16.4 16.3 16.3 164 15.0 145 146 146 143 14.4 14.3 144 14.4 15.45 15.5 15.8 15.9 16.2 16.3 15.9 15.7 16.0 15.9 160 15.8 15.6 15.8 15.38 1GEZ 16°45 1655) 16.4) 1653 1652, 1623) 16:3) 16°53, 16269 1676 1627 16:7 16.01 Ap ome la om Omni comet Ons ke Gh lyons Ton STEOn MAB elu On ee Lule mmndatent 17.20 USS O.Oe 6-9) es LO-d) = TOlS 956)" 819555 1956) 18790 1188) Sis) 1S 8 NSs7 18.60 TOPO LO sel Oe eee LO L958) 2051 52020) 11928) > 1978) 20105 19s OL 1954 19.35 20.3 20.7 20.8 20.6 20.9 21.0 21.2 20.8 20.3 20.4 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.16 21.3 21.9 20.5 206 22.9 22.8 20.6 22.0 20.6 22.0 20.8 20.5 20.8 20.90 21.3 21.2 21.1 21.2 21.3 20.6 20.55 20.8 20.7 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.7 20.82 AleceecledateOn weaken ealsG 2008) AO ate 2057 2087 2087" 20912028 20.95 20.7 20.8 21.2 21.4 21.0 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.0 20.9 20.7 20.5 20.2 20.78 20.5 20.4 20.4 20.2 20.3 206 20.5 203 20.0 20.5 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.27 LOL Ome LO Ome Ol Om L OLS mL ONs sm O s(n uh ul Onis mmeUO st mel OL OmemLa sO 19.78 ice ey a aI GG IG sy IG ey ales} GSI eS alee} aI) alts 19.42 LOR Ziel Oe Oech 9rd) | LOPZ) 19 l2) OTS) 19:4 194 1913) 192) 9 Sian 1952 19.18 Ee cee Op Ame Oe Aneel Orc eel Oo) 2eeee LO: aera eens Ze Ol neeL Onl SCO mel oS 19.13 leit, ste ale) ales ali aes Ie als ai alt IG a) aa) aie ak 19.12 ORS elo Oe elo. 9 O° Ch9°9) STOPS O28 sO Ss LO nT set Os e988) L926) ee LOLD 19.42 21.5 21.4 21.3 21.3 21.2 21.1 20.9 20.9 20.9 21.0 21.0 21.4 21.8 21.01 indecleOnmratel ola. e2i04) 2105) 21a 2neo 216) ads 209n At 2ik5 21.54 Otel OrceeelO-9 eel S.06 e165. 01458) tS O41 14 ON 1s-9) 13-9 1529) 13e8 17.53 23.5 23.5 23.4 22.9 22.9 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.0 23.0 23.0 22.92 23.2. 23.5 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.4 23.6 (23.7 24.1 24.2 24.2 24.2 23.9 23.56 25.0 25.0 25.1 25.1 25.2 25.1 25.1 25.0 25.0 24.9 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.77 24:9 25.1 25:2 25:4 25.6 25.7 25.7 25.5 25.38 25.2) 25.2) 25.1 25.2 25.08 25:7 25.8 25.9 25.7 25.6 26.4 27.4 26.7 26.0 25.7 25.6 25.6 25.4 25.54 25.4 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.4 25.3 25.1 25.0 24.0 24.8 24.8 25.28 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3. 24.3 24.2 24.2 24.1 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.38 PR PENG) BYE) PRG) DEG) ORR DENI ORIG = PENG CRAG DEG sl PR 23.83 22.8 22.8 22.9 22.9 22.9 22:8 22.9 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.7 22.7 22.7 22.83 22.8 22.9 22.9 22.9 23.0 23.1 23.1. 23.1 23.1 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 22.91 23.3 23.2 23.2: 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.4 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.24 23.4 23.5 23.5 23.6 23.6 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.7 23.49 25.2 25.2 25.4 25.4 25.5 25.5 25.3 25.5 25.6 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.28 25.6 25.6 25.7 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.7 25.7 25.56 26:0 26:0) 26:0 26.1 26-1 26:1 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 26:0 26.1 26.2 25.97 26.5 26.6 26.6 26.6 266 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.5 26.5 265 26.4 26.4 26.40 262426 oe 26eo 262580 26-5) 2625) 2685) 2625) 26°55 26159 2656 2657 2657 26.46 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.71 ipl alana ae e2Tsoe iaeoe ied) ate) waved 2723) VATS) 2 2lese eetee tale 27.13 ies eon ane) we2NeO) 20.6) 2ieO. 2) 20) an.) sraeO) 1 At.On 20) | eao 27.45 ZrO Orem deol rc On en On wec-G) ecteOn mianOn es aneOn laleon alee leo) eile 27.47 Pare Pfs ert AR ED) ith let aor PAU) PA earls 4 ett) 27.62 ILO ee Tate) Neato 2tcO) meat-On ane! saneO) | caheOualeS) aaleon sales 27.66 28.2 28.2 28.8 28.7 29.6 29.7 29.8 29.1 29.1 28.3 28.3 28.9 28.5 28.39 28.3 28.9 29.6 296 29.5 29.6 29.5 29.0 28.7 28.6 28.6 28.2 28.2 28.58 28.7 28.7 29.0 29.1 28.9 28.9 28.6 28.6 28.5 284 28.4 28.4 28.3 28.45 28.4 28.4 28.5 28.4 284 285 28.3 28.3 28.2 28.2 28.1 28.2 28.2 28.24 28:2) 28:2 2832 «282; 2813, 28:2 «28:2 28-2 QT 2028 28.20 «28 27.9 28.13 DIPS ate oe eoteO mee ein a ta ATCT ie cei eeley seialie aneO) alan) werditeOn sree 27.87 28.2 28.3 28.2 28.1 28.2 28.4 28.4 28.5 28.5 28.4 28.4 28.3 28.5 28.24 28.3 28.3 28.4 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.25 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.0 28.0 28.0 281 28.1 28.17 28:7 28:6 2932) 92993' 2915 29'4" 29'2' 2858 28:7 28:8 28°57 28:7 28:9 28.64 29.1 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.8 28.7 28.6 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.5 28.6 28.66 28.4 285 285 28.6 28.6 28.5 28.6 285 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.4 28.52 28.5 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.61 28.6 28.7 28.8 29.0 28.9 28.8 28.8 28.7 28.8 28.7 28.7 28.6 28.6 28.65 28.3 29.5 29.6 30.0 29.9 29.7. 29.5 29.4 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.6 28.6 28.82 small, rapid changes in temperature during late afternoon. © Small, rapid fluctuations in temperature during late afternoon; clear, calm. f Small, rapid fluctuations in temperature during late afternoon; clear, calm. 117 2911 2915 2956 2956 2916 2915 29.5 2913) 2915 29. 29. 29.1 291 29.06 118 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 79. Hourly values of sea-surface ae tone Values in °C, tae | Me [ooo oe eo [oe or [| oe [a0 1929 Mar. 31 14.7S 192.1 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.0 28.9 28.8 28.7 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.6 Apr. 222 12.7S 188.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.3 29.3 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.2 23 1123'S| 188-4 -2951_- 293° 29:3'- 29:3) 2913 29:35 29:3) 2953) 2953) 2982) 29Fn 24 B21S| 11890) “2941 2954" 293) 2953 -29!3) 29:3, 2922) 29:2) 29928 129.2 aoee 250. 7iGiS L882 2919" (29r0' (292) (29%) S20 | 29s 290 20m 20% 29.0 29.0 26¢ Coens ASG (295s 129c1— 29M 290 ON aoe 20 202029 Oeecont 29.1 274 5.1S 187.6 28.9 29.1 28.8 28.7 28.7 28.6 28:4 284 28.4 28.4 28.6 28 3338S 1187/4 28:1 288 28:2 28:2 28: 28:0 (2851 2831) (28:0) 28s) 92821 29 18S, 186:6 280 °2810' §2728 (2728) “2787 W2TeTe CAA eaeGe (20-6 ee jal Ge eo 30 OL4N 185.9 2732 27:2 2752) 27:2) “2721 27-0) (26:9) (26:9) 2628) 26:8) 2688 May 1 25IN §184:9° 27:2: 27:2) 27-2) (2ne2, wrk ac 22) SaaS eho ec ateom aeO 2 44N 18356 42769) (2748) (27:8) (2727) 20st) V2Tei ws aie uae va On ea Om eto: 3 GOIN (18283) 42726) 27ST 2a QT SOTTO CANO eR sails ait ee Om a mec 4 SiON = TSU 276 arb 25 Bb TS Pie al CON eA teed At eel fo Re 5 1058.N. 18055) 21722) (2722) (27298) 22 272 270) 27209) 26:9) 926-9 2628 aore Crossed International Date Line 7 13:50N 17'7=4)) 22622) 92655) 726-4 26:2) §26:2) ©26:2) (26:2) 26:2)" 926228 26-2 2Gee 8 .15/4N 17427 26:0) 2529 (25:9) «25:9 2650" 2650) 26:0) 26:0)" 226:0) 425-9) 2on0) 9 16:5.Ni ~17029) (2651 2642) 2621" = (25898 258 abate 25 6 abner ede eto 10 18}5N) 169!0) 2610) 26:0! 2620) 925%9) 925285) s2ba7) S25 eT 25ers 20rd) noel cond 12) 20%3IN) “16327 (2526) 2575) 2505" (25.6e 2587) 25s 2be) edn 2k con eaoed 13 20:2'N 1612) (2528! 2528) 2549) (25.9) S25 SO5eT 25 eT 25ers con emaoeo 14 TS'SEN 15855 22687 2626)" 26:4" 2623) 82623 26e2) 26 ce conto 26.1 26.2 15 18.7N 156.1 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 16 LSN (153:4 2733' 2723) (27220 2782" analy A aioe Gaon aN onal Gee 17 16S1IN 15019) (2723) VATS, 27ESt QUEST VOTESP AANA Vath on eo melen et ee sma 18 14:9.N (14893 2756) 2726 27:6) “276e <2r-6 276) S205) sao areoD aeo ede 19 W450\N (14650 (2727) DIST. QTR @QTSS SATs ANT, Atte evel eailath ree memento) 262 16:0:N 144°9. (28:2. (28:2 “28'9) (2a se 2852822) 28tae 28st acels 28 2 abe 27 18:6 N 144-0) 2853'..-285 28:1 “28525 2651-12831 28st S28 28h eaSSi se 2eak 28) “S20:5°N° 14422, (28:27 22897 2827 28°70" 28". 52826) “2887. —28'6) 22822. 6 28:3) 283 29, 23.4N 144.:2°.28:6 28:7 28:6 _28°5°. (28:5) 27:4 2756) 20-22-23) ATESE e283 SO-, (2523°N) 614439) 2.25:8:" 26.3" 26:9) 9-925-07 26:0) 62623; 2eoean beG.G5.eeG.08 ~eOsime AGG 31 26:4°Ni | 144-4 025-9." 25:3! °24!0\ 2307: 239) 23857) Bares OSG) eae, 2359) 223.9) June 1 28.5N 144.0 23.55 24.1 24.2 24.2 241 23:9 24.2 240 24.0 24.1 24.0 2 SO'2iIN ~ 143%9) 20:7 20:5. 20/5° 22015. <20'5) 92024) = 220:5" 2055) 20) 204 20:3 3 SLLIN 144.3. (2035. 20:4, _ -20{3' 220°3)-.20'4) -20'5) 20:3) 22051) [201 20s) 20a 4 S257 N 442:3: 2051 (20:3) ~20:35 20:3) 7202) (20'0) 20s S200 202 208s 20D 5 34:0'N 14122) 21:9) 22.3 (2274 ©2235) = 2a37> (2320) - 2852-2353) S23'3) (ad:3) aoe 6. 34.9N 140.2 19.9 19.1 18.5, 1835 (185 18/8. — 2828), —29:0. 218:8\ — 18:5 18.9 mf 34:9N 139.9 18:3. “18:3 18:2 180° 18:2 18:2 ~“1slo. “185-195 Was SL 5tG 25 $34.7N 141:0 24:5 24.5: 24.2 ‘24:4 24:3 24:1 22243 240° 24.1 2472) -224'53 26 36.0N 142.1 23.4 20.0 20.0 20:1 20.2 20:1 19.4 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 27 36.7N 143.6 19.1 18.9 18.8 18.5 18:8 - 192°) 19:6 “VOk8! 19s 41928; 2022 28 S36.8N 145.4 20:5 20:0' 2050 20:4 (19:9'- 19/8! 20:0' 19:8 -20:0' 91978 19:8 29, 37.8N 145.5 20.0 19.5 19'5> 19!9° (20:1 2053 ~20:4. “20:4 22055, 2015) =20:5 302 S81N 1471 20:7 21:0 2017 19:0) 19'0) 19/0 19:0) “elo tsis) a7 1555 July 1 38.7N 147.7 15.0 14.9 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 15.4 15.5 15572-1650) +1620 2 39:3)N) -149°5" 26:0) 1527) 15:5 15409 1525 1525) 15.4 15:2) 1522, 15tt 13.1 3 40/4N 15921 15:0 14:6 1435) “1457, — 1459) S15!0) 15:5 15.5 1528) 1589 i298 A 41°3(N 153-2 1523 14.5 14.1 13.1 13.8 14.0 13.9 13.5 1225) 285 13.2 5 42.6N 155.6 10.4 10:2, ‘10!4 “10:35 110"4) Hols) s1022) L083, 2103) 10's ors 6 43.8N 158.3 10.1 9.4 10.2 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.3 9.6 9.6 7, 45.4N 159.6 7.9 7.9 Lat! 7.8 7.6 7.5 Nea Len 7.0 6.9 6.9 8! 46.9N 163.0 7.2 {felt tel 7.0 7.0 Wak teal 7.2 ies) 7.9 6.8 9 47.0N 166.6 7.4 tes tee 7.2 7.3 1.3 T3 7.4 tial tir: 7.2 10 46.7N 169.5 7.6 TS 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 qs 7.3 7.3 Tas 7.4 11 46.0 N 171.7 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.6 fers) 7.4 7.5 12 45.3N 173.1 8.9 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 13. 46.2N 174.1 8.7 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.2 142 48.1N 178.1 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.2 14 492N 183.3 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.1 8.1 15 50.5N 187.2 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.1 16 51.4N 192.7 8.2 8.2 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.8 8.8 4 Carnegie at Pago Pago April 1-5; at Apia April 6-20; at Guam May 20-25. > Characteristic small, rapid fluctuations during afternoon; partly cloudy, calm during midday. © Characteristic small, rapid fluctuations during afternoon; partly cloudy, calm during midday. d Characteristic small, rapid fluctua- tions during afternoon; partly cloudy, calm during midday. © Small irregular fluctuations in temperature during entire day; partly cloudy, calm to gentle breeze. f Carnegie at Yokohama June 7-24. & Very irreg- APPENDIX III 119 temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hour u[wi[s[u@[selel[m[@elelolalazfs |“ Cc 28.7 28.9 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.1 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.8 28.7 28.6 28.8 28.85 29.1 29.1 29.2 29.2 29.3 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.20 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.1 29.2 29.1 29.1 29.23 29.2 29.2 29:3 29.4 29.2 29.2 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.25 29.0 29.1 29.3 29.4 29.4 29.2 29.5 29.5 29.5 29.3 29.2 29.1 29.1 29.20 29.9 29.9 29.4 29.6 29.0 29.1 29.5 29.7 29.5 -29.0 29.3 29.3 29.0 29.25 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.2 29.1 29.2 286 286 28.6 28.4 28.5 28.4 28.4 28.72 28.2 28.2 28.4 28.4 28.5 28.5 28.4 28.4 28.2 28.2 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.21 MicOeeaieo rateol (ate0 20.6 26.6 29.60 27.6 20-4 20-3) 2753) 27-2) 27:2 27.59 26.5 26:8 26:9. 27.1 27.2) 27.2 O7.2 27.2 2902, 27.2 29:2) 27.2) 27:2 27.06 miPDmeralemetatsOo eateO) “28.0! 27/9) 299 62720)) 2729) 29) 27-8)" 20-8 27.8 27.59 SU-CMcLOmatOn weaneOn auc. (ANete (Ate 2iat atale Oto eatel wto) 20.6 27.68 aieG 20.6 “27.6 27:6 27.6 27.6 27:5 27.6 27:6 27:6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.63 Miemeatece ane, aid ated 27.4) 2053 (27:3) aes 2453) 2753) (2723) (2782 27.40 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.77 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.20 26.0 26.0 26.1 26.1 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.9 25.8 25.9 25.9 26.0 26.0 25.95 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.9 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.1 26.0 26.0 26.1 26.1 26.1 25.90 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.8 25.9 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 25.8 25.79 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.8 25.9 25.9 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.9 26.0 25.74 26.1 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.4 26.4 26.5 26.5 26.04 26.3 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.6 26.7 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.7 26.8 26.8 26.50 {COG 0b brane Lost Gor) 16.002 16:3) 1627) 16:6) 657 16:5 16:5" 16:5 15.85 CRON WAMDPN UO OOF COISMDOTWAADRDIOCOW ANOPWAOHE Pe POOP COTM MOTAIIDIOOW ANOPKRODAATNIINOWO COTM OMATATARIOOW ANOWPEAHDONANHL LD COIS MMOTIAAWMRDOW CWDOWURODWOD-IN 0 CoOTODDAAAMRnRDOWU DWWKORPUIDOOPOTMOONO WMD DOOTA1AINRDOONW WWO K-10 0 O10 -1 0 3-901 WOIMMOOJIAIMRRDOOND ONOLUISOCMOPOAWOrO COMO MOTAIAIMRBOONDA OCONOKUIIDODLOUORDUOS OWD1D DO OTIMRRBWOONAD OFM ORR UTIWIWOOUODHN COOIDOHDMODIAIMRRMWDOr Or OO mB ODOC WOO Or WOdDIDnnmnwnmojTAIAIwDor OCONON FTAIDWNH PEO WOMmDmamnmno-lI~IjIoor COWOrR PAO -AIWNWN PND ~I oO oO . . PRS EL OF CEO TG CEAesCs Heat icra che CLES Ea COe OL TET CH Ch Pree NES Cooke VES CH CRE Dy CELUI PROPS Chae ries Beat Mai pine Ta Ie SUS CS Tie REIS Pie OC We PSS EEE IRR Se AL TAC aL OCCA Dat pear TL CIS CREA Rc Tite eta et pet To a Deak A a on) SIDES EOS OA COSI OR ar Br Cet Se ular fluctuations beginning at 20h and continuing to 22h on 26th; in boundary zone between Japanese Cur- rent and cold on-shore currents. Sudden fall in temperature of 5°8 between 08h and 09h 30m with small, rapid fluctuations until 15h; cloudy, light airs. Lowest sea-surface temperature of cruise re- corded at 12h; south of Aleutian Islands. METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE 120 Table 79. Hourly values of sea-surface 10 Values in °C, 09 08 07 MNO RAINOMON SHO ASSSOnAMWOrON Be ee ee ee I oe De MOOr-HONDONNO ARDOOHAMMNOP OS SO De BD on on ho NO-rEHRONDONHN ARHOCHAMMNOrOO Soo Ree Dc oe ee Ee oe MOODr-HONNMONNS ARDOOCMAMMOPrOO ee ee MOOr-NONMRMNMINO ARSOnANHOrON Se Bie oe oe oe oe Oo oe ADOOCHAAMMWOLPON Se ee oe Dh oe he ee oe oe | NE-O- HOA MNNN ADBDOOHHAMMOPON Sa BB oe De oe he Bh | MOODrHDHMHHON ARDOOCHHAMHOPMON Sn On Oo oe Do NOOP RE AAHAADA BRCOnHMTOE OA be he ee ee ee NMOODOHOnRMOREO AQASSCnHOTOE IOAN AA be oe oe Oo oe oe oe | NPOAMMVNOr-MOIMN MMN NAN OOD OD NANNNANNANSN So nn AZLZZAZLZAZAZ4Z424 SCNSCOMOrDON ° MAMA HNOMONORBDONNINAMN CHARBOHAAANKAYHiWSO MAMA NNNNNNNANNNNNN MPA ANOMODDDRNNONMD| ODABSOAAAAMANMTOWW BAR HANAANNAANANAA A MTMORDWDNODDDRDONMO OHBRBOAAAAKIIHHOWIS FARA AANAANAAAAAAA MADMARDODOM-RDOOD- NANO COHRASHAAANAOMOWIO BAR HANANANANAANN AS DARMBD™-OMORDODDODNINO CDHRBOHAANANKMMtTOWI BARA ANANAANANAA WIND RDDDMNOA-ARDNNLO OCH AOBOHAANAIAMHiNWID AAA HANANNANAAAA AA OPOOODME-RAORBOONMO OF DSOSHAANN YH PAA AAANAANNAAANNAAA OMAODOMNMMDDRDOPrNMNMO OLABSCHAAAN OHI AAA HANNNAAANAA AIA OMDOOMIHMMDDONRONMIOD WE BSOHRNANS HHS BAA AANANNANANAAAA STHRODONMODOHONWO PEOSSCHAAANST Hi BAAAANAANANAANA AS ANAARMINAMDDRDOONNO BE BSOSCHANAG IYI FHA AANANANNANAAAN A MO-ANOVWEOMAMHOMWH oO COOMA BLOTANSOBroOdH AMAIMMANANAAKH dda NANNANNANAANNANAA ZZZALZAZZAZZAZLZZZLAZALZSZ CHOMOTONEOrMNnANOS SIMAHOBDOEE COON NIM OOM ANANANANAAAA COLI ICA) LY RTI RIOR METAL POL A Taat PON EY oe EL et CIR Lt NANNANNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NY ‘ MmHOMONMMOMONAMAMOODRANAMNMA rr OOWYGOAAAAANINIOOTININ NOLEN OO ANAAANNANANANAANNANNANANANAA PHOMAMNMEKMAMONHRHMOE-EAMMMHAMNAAO OGHLHRMANAACAIININITONHOrEL we AANAAAANANANANANANNAATANNAAA OPOMAME-NAMONWAWRHNOWORBOWHMNRMAD COOL GANTANGTHIMOTKOINOOREEOT ANANANANANANAANANNAANANANANANS HAMMAN EANMONAAHNNONWTRHRORDADO COGTLUAANAAANIAINTINCOOSOREOr AAANANAIANANNANAANANANAAAAN TMOODOOODMAMNMAMNAROOCHMOMNRBORDAN COOBYLAANAANAANIIIMTHOOOOKNOE ANAAANNNANNANANANAANAANAANN A TO-OMOr-MMHOMMWRHOOMOMONHE-ONM COWL AANANAAIIINWNDSOLEOOr AANANNANANAANAANANNANAANAA PAUP OMADNMWMWNOMNDODOOMNAMNWOOCOHO OOGLLAAAAANIIIIWO DOSE EOS AANANANANANANANANANANNANANANA A MNE-OMDNOMMANDME-OBWHMNNHOON AE OOWMGANAIAAANANDNIMBOOOLE KOE AANANNAANANANANANAANANANANANA TMO-AMDONTMMNOANAPOOMANMNAMWONS CSOGIYAANAANAANIAAINIGINOODSOLOOE AAAANNANNANANANANNAANANAA NS MMONNOE-ONDMAMANAGTEEMONMMWAWHOMO OOGIVAANAANTAMIIINOOSDOLOOr ANANANNNAANANANNAANANAANAA AS TNOIDOMMMOMAMOANE-NOOMNMNMNMNNOAWO SHADARBDOAPORDOHNTANMMNFHODOEO SDRAKWRWRDODBHAHANNANANNAANAN Rise NAA AANANNNANNNNNNNANNANNANN ZZLZZZLZAZLZZAZLZAZLZLZAZ2ZAZLZAZ“LZALZLZ4L44 QATAR OM ACOMMIMONAMAOH Yor ah MORANMMMMARDE-IMHRADOMNHOOrE Oo ANNMMMMMMMANNANNANN Rae es aQ -Q MODM“MOO-HANMPMOO-RDOHRNMDPMOOLrORDOr RRA NNNANNNNNNNN OO yey Oo 2} SCE ErOMOAMAMNNHMO Orrroorrannnng ANNANAAAAANAAA SCE EFNMOMNOmMaANwWO tHe Orr oOoorr-nnnownon NANNNNNNNNNANNANSN COrNIMDMOMNM WIN oO [-°]l ell Seell Sel ONl Sell ello o-oo) NANNNANNNNNNNNN SN SCDOOMOMOON OO HIN OE KE COrKDHODHO ANANAANANAAIAAA SHDODHDMAMMMMNO OE EKorKrnnnnoan ANANANANANANANAAN OAM HOMMMMM HOO Ore erorrnnnnne NANNANNNNANNNANANN SN MAAN NOMMNMOM OH HOO Ore rrorrannnna ANAAANANAAAAAANA ARODMOMAMO tH tio SOrOrKrorrnnnnnan ANAANAANANAAIAAA ADO MONMNOM MNO OrMOK KOE KE DHDONWOS ANANANAANANAAA NOOrWOMN Rt Ow COrOrrOrrnnwnnoaon NANNNNANNNNNNNN MOOFrMErMOHAMMMOWO DOGOKEOrEDODHON ANANANAANANAA A uo} ANMMWNOEFDRHOHNMNS on Ihe Iho on > ° 4 4 Small, rapid fluctuations in temperatureall duringday; approaching San Francisco; overcast, light b d Highest -October 2. Carnegie at San Francisco July 28-September 3; at Honolulu September 23 © Characteristic small, 1apid fluctuations during late afternoon; light airs, clear to partly cloudy. airs tocalm. 121 APPENDIX III temperature, Carnegie, 1928-29--Concluded Mean uj[2[s[e[s>el[m[e[s]»[al,#fs | local mean hour ajera re lel@ lex Chandi) pra eila tecnica yh ABOOnrnAONNOe- he Ao Se hn Bh oe ee oe oe oe on ee HOMRMNONDHANNAND ASOnnOTOE KAW Se ee De oe Bh MONOMNOnONKHOLP BASOSOnHnOWOE ew Be ee Be Be Be Be oe MOMOMRDOM NONE BOSOnHnATOEEAW So oe De ee oe oe oe oe oe el MIIMNAMAHONTA OME ASCCHATOrE HK Bn he ee Be oe oe De Do MOMPMODHRHONMNOME BSSSCHAMOE Er OW Se oD oe ee oe oe De oe | OPHONDOMHOrN AHOCOCANTHNONMEOW Se oe Boe on oe Dh oe oe MMNOAMODHMOOWOAD BOSOSCHAGKE Ew x SI De BD oo Dh ho MMMNAMMORMADOMWN ASCOnnAMMHOrOS Be oe oe oe Oe oe oe MMMONANDOOrINOD Oa aC Tes Ch OD al OE SO ADOOCHANMNOMON, bn Be oe oe I eo AMMOANM OM MEO HDOOCHANMPOMION Sn I ee en hn Bo Doe MANDO BH NO HOE CO BOSCSCHnNAMOHOrnNN De De oe oe oe Be oe | MMOD HAOMO A SHO BSSOnAHWTOrOR Se Bo oe ee Dol CBSOSHANAM OY Hin AAAANNAAAANANA AC SCOOCMPDAMONHODHMINA OBSONHAAT HH Hin AAAANANANNANAANAANAAA AMAMONDAMOE-HARAONMIND CDSOHHAANSW HOt IIS AAAANANANNANANAA AC ADAMIMOPARWANNDO HAMM D WOSONnHAAY HOI HANAN AANAAN AANA DOODWOMHODMODARAMAND WDKROnnAK OW Hin WIS AAHANANAAAANAA AI SOMOMOOMONNIMBOMNGD LOBOnnAI YYW PAA ANNAAANNANAA A THADMMMOMOCHE-MOBMMNC CODON dH it x HI 115 AAAANANANANANAANAAAA A KHONADHOMNODDMDOMND ODHDONHANMH HHI WII AHH ANANANANAANANAAA OMAHOMOPONDMORMMIMA COROKNHAGY Hii AAHANANNANANAA AA 09 09 OD et HOO SH SH HOD CO OO OD © OCWOBONHAANM HHH IDO AAA ANNANANAANAANAA NOON WO © HOO HOD CO HCO OO CBBOHHANGY OTIS AAA AANANANNANAA A MONMOWO ME THOME MMO COBONNHAAM TOT HIDIDS FAH ANNANANNANNNAA NONANANTONONROMNONMN COBAAAAAII IT Hin FAA HANANNANANANAAA OWL RIAANANCTADINIMNOOOOLOOrD AANAANANANANAIANNANANNNAAAAA OONMIODODHHODONDPE-MODOWMHOMAHAOO OOMITIANAAAKHANDMAINWOOOOL EOLA AAANANAAANANAANANNANNANNAN ADANMNOARMDAPORHOMOPOHNAHONOHOO OOWIHOIAAAANTADIIMTHOCOOLDNNO AANAANAANANNANAAANANAAAAANA A DONME-ONMAAMAPOMME-MNMAMADHOS OOIHAIANANTHANIIMOIMWGOOCOLE HHH AAANANANNANAANANAAANNANAAA DONM-NANOOMDE-MONMNMNMNAMNAHON OMOGWTGANANTANIAMNIWHOSOOL EDD AANAAANANAANNAINANNANAANANA A CSCONMOANANMDDANO-MMMOMNDNROnM LOWY IAAAATAMIMIMIMHHODOLE DOO AAANANANANANANANANNANANNAAA AMAA MOMMMMNDOHE-E-MMMMHARON TRIO LOMO GIANAATHAWIM OHH OOOE DH OO AAANANANANANAANNTANNANNANAAA ‘ OMAMME- MAMBO NDRMMAMMANRAHHNAIO OWS HANA AAA T0909 Od HID OOO 000 0 ANAAANANANANANNANAANNANANAAAA SCMIMMMNAMHMODHAMRBDONMMNOHONHNS LOOT IAAAAAT IIIT OOLE NHN AAANANANANANAANANNANNANANANAAA ANOMPANMPMMHODAMROMWMONWAHAOD LOWY UANAANANINMIMMOOHEEWAWWO AANANNANANANANNANAANANAAAA COOMMMMMDAMMAHOrDOHOMDMNANDONMHMY LOMO PGI AANAAAMI OOO HNO EE WOW AANANANANANAANANANNANNANANAAS COMMMMMMNRBHADODDOOOHARORANO LOWY RMANTTHAANIMONMINOMOOL NOOO AINAANANANANANAANAIANANANANANAA HO MAUNMNMANDNNORMMWE-ORMDRBONDONS OOOLHCIAATAANIDMIMOHIO IDOLE OOO AAANANANATANAANANANANNAANANANAA DOr ror rannnnnn ANANAANANANNAAA SOF Fnrnnonmnnowoed DOrr-Orrnnndnwnownd NANNNNANNNNNNNAN SOrFDONDOMNMOO Kr OOK OLE DNHDHDHOD ANAANANANANAANAA SCOrFDONMNOMMNOOrT DOL KOrroNnNnNDoOaD ANAAANNNANAANNAAA SCOrrNnnHOnnNNnr-on DOM KOrrnnnnnana AANAANAAAAANAAA AO MOAHOMNOM-OM DOK OrEDnsnnnnna ANANANANANANAAA ANE ErONTHOMNODON OLE KOrKDNDDHHDOD ANAAANNAAAAAAA AOMrOSNTDOMNOOM TH Ore rorrannnnnnd ANANAANAANAAA AICO MPT EOMNNOMNME EEN OF Er rorrannnnnns AANANNANANANAS ALO OMHAWHOMME-OON Ome OrFrr-aonnnnwno NANNNNNNNANNNN OD SCOFrDMOMOMNNOON OLE rorrnnnnnne ANCAAANANAANAIAAS SCOFrE-MAMOMNONMYD OK KK Sor nnnnnoa ANAAANANANANANAA SCF OMNAMMAMNOIN HOH OK KoOorrDDNDNHD ANAAAANAAAAAAA sea-surface temperature of cruise recorded at 14h and 15h; approaching Pago Pago; clear and calm, : Carnegie at Pago Pago November 18-27, and destroyed by fire in Apia harbor November 29, 1929. Note Table 80. Hourly values of vapor a i) Q qf a N te é a 3 we o o ol 3 ° o | fo) H fy Values in mm, | oo | o | o2 | os | o | o | 06 | o7 | o8 | o | 10 i Longi- Date rane tude east ° ° 1928 July 29 60.7N 328.8 ont 325.8 31 57.9N 325.6 30 59.3N ON & © EB 9 80 09 © 09 4 00 00 HH eH CO CO HN OD HO DO DOM NCO BOE EEK AGAONSSCSCHANGDHONODAANNANANAAA AAA AAANAAANAN RH HAANANN AAA BOM KEE GBONDAOHANANHOSOOONN HAAR ANA AAA ANANAANAANAANHANNANAAANAA Ow St et © OD SHEN tN et NI OO CO OD Ht BO HOD DO CO SH i BOM EEK GORE SOSOHANATKBODRDONNY NAN AAA AANNAAN AAR HANNAN AAA Det HON MD Hr OO es et ONO HOD OO IN FLO HN OM OH HOM COKE EK OBOHOSSHAAANACIADSCRBAORHHADHOAKNHH ARAAANAANAAR ARRAN NAAN COAMODANOMAMMHANE PHODDANOWM™-MODNWDOMNMONA DOME ARSOSHORDSORHAHODOLGOCOnnANHNA AA AAAANNANAARHANNAAAAAAA © OD 6 OD) HOO HN OD ODE NOD SHE OD MONOID MY A HH OD EE OM OEE KK GGBAAGHSOBIDAANAKBOEADOSdndAAHON MAN FANN NAN NR BHR NNNN NNN AAOMODHOM- AMMAN HORN DWM OWOMINE HOW BEE KK CHROSOHOBSOKNAANGDEDOOdNNH FHA AA HANNAN AAA ANA AAA AAA COS ODHOADAMMO&- EMME ODO ON He OM tH do BOX MK GHOSHORSGCHANTIDBORONON nN AAA AAAN NAAR ARAN AAA AANA SCOF-F-OCOPMHAANMOOMMNONE OM MDMORDOMNANINIO DOM KKK HONWHORHANHODADBDHBOnHSOONANHS AAA AANAAN AAA AHR HOOWMOMOPHAHM™= HMOWDMOINANNAAHODONMOOONDOYO BOM KK AHONMNAOSCHAANNSCADIAONAHAAKHHS AAA AANAN NARHA AAA A™ OOM ADIN O OM OM MIN OND © OO HN <0 00 60 XH CO HID Te PRR) UC Ota, Re eT Meee “Pea PT Pikng eaee We =o CPC Ne VY LF De i ee ene POT ee PCN er ee BY 69 UO HOD AO NE MHD HIN O MH HID AY HY OOO YOO PATO AM ANH HIM OHDOKROOKHANNHANANNAN OOD et eS St St et St et SIN NNN NNN NNN NN ©YD YD CVD OD CD OD OD OD OD OD OD OD OD 0) OD 09 0 OD 09 OD OD & 09 0D OD OH) OD OD O_O OD A A i A A A A AA A £2 OY HIN OMA AMMO OOMANYONYY AM OMYOQOAR MAING 00 00 B= . 000) [/ 01) )]/ co2 [oss] 04] os aes i] corsa Rosmlmoomeimra 1928 ° 5 Nov. 6 O.8N 278.8 16.7 16.7 16.5 16.7 16.5 16.3 17.5 17.6 18.2 18.3 18.5 7 O.5S 278.0 16.9 16.8 16.6 16.6 17.0 16.9 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.3 8 1.58 277.7 15.6 15.6 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.2 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 9 1.38 275.2 14.0 13.5 14.2 13.7 14.8 143 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.5 10 1.6S 273.0 13.9 13.9 14.1 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.4 14.9 14.9 15.0 14.7 11 1.98 271.0 13.6 13.5 13.3 13.7 135 12.4 12.5 13.6 14.2 13.5 13.4 12° 13S 268.7 12:8 12:7 1257 12.7 12:7 19-7 1259 13:7 13:2 13:3 13.2 13 1.58° 266.9 12.8 13.0 12.9 12.7 13.1 12.8 12.9 13.8 13.7 13.7 13.8 14 1.88 265.7 13.1 13.7 13.2 13.2 13.0 12.9 12.8 14.2 13.9 13.8 13.8 15 25S 2642 144 14.4 14.4 14.7 146 14.4 14.5 15.0 15.1 15.1 15.0 16% 34S 261.8 15.2 15.2 “1502 1692 15:8 18:4 15:7 162 164 45:5 46.0 17 33S 2602 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.8 ,16.6 16.6 16.1 163 15.7 15.7 414.8 18 40S 257.4 1516 153 15:6 15:79 15:8 1610 1610 61 14.9 13%8) 5.5 19 46S 254.5. 135 14.1 15.2 15.7 15.7 13.9 14.1 15.9 15.9 14.9 15.6 20 70S 2531 16:0 1516 15.7 15:7 15.6 15:5 -16.0 161 15:7 160 . dele 21 92'S 251.6 168 169 169 17:0 18:4 20:1 169 1710 16.7 16.6 ° 16.8 22 12.0S 249.8 16.6 16.6 16.8 16.8 17.5 18.1 17.5 16.8 16.6 16.6 16.9 23 1428 2481 15:9 161 16.3: 165 166 164 15.2 16:8 163 168 16.4 24 16.7S 247.0 17.0 16.8 16.8 16.7 16.9 16.8 15.5 15.3 16.4 16.4 16.5 25 1928 245.9 15.8 15.9 162 165 16.4 166 16.7 165 16.4 16.2 1610 26 2168S 245.6 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 14.7 16.0 15.4 27 23:3S 245.2 16.1 16.0 15.9 16.0 16:8 16:9 169 15:5 1657 165 16.1 28 24.8S 244.7 16.7 16.4 16.9 17.6 17.4 16.3 16.8 17.4 16.8 16.8 16.4 29 26.6S 244.7 15.8 16.0 15.9 16.3 15.5 15.6 15.55 15.2 15.5 15.4 15.6 30 28.18 244.9 16.0 15.9 16.0 14.0 15.6 163 15.5 14.7 15.1 15.1 15.9 Dec. 1 29.2S 245.2 15.4 15.3 14.8 14.6 14.6 14.7 14.8 15.3 15.4 15.6 15.4 2 30.8 245.7 14.8 14.8 14.4 14.2 14.3 145 14.4 14.4 15.1 15.1 15.0 3315S 247.3 15.4 15.4 15.7 15.7 15.9 15.8 15.8 15.7 15.4 15.5 15.6 4 3148 249.9 15.9 15.9 16.0 16.0 15.9 16.0 16.3 16.4 16.8 16.6 16.7 5 28.9S 251.3 17.1 17.0 175 17.4 17.7 #175 17.6 17.7 17.5 17.5 17.5 13 28.28 250.8 18.9 15.9 15.8 16.0 15.7 16.7 17.0 16.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 14 29.4S 251.1 16.5 155 15.8 15.5 15.7 16.55 15.8 15.9 15.7 15.0 15.5 15 31.18 250. 14.0 14.1 14.2 13.9 14.0 13:8 14.0 14.2 13.9 13.9 14.0 16 32.0S 249.1 12.5 12.6 11.8 12.7 12.2 12.9 12.7 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.3 17 31.8S 250.6 145 15.5 15.5 15.7 15.8 15.7 11.7 11.6 11.4 11.7 12.5 18° 319S 25110 1158 108° 118° 117 die 105 115. 12) 12%) ia ie 19 3258 2526 14.2 143 145 144 14.6 145 15.1 14.9 14.8 14.7 14.5 20 34.08 253.4 12.4 11.4 13.2 13:7 14:1 144 14.7 15.1 15.0 1510 15.5 21 35.38 254.6 16.0 15.9 15.9 15.9 15.9 15.8 16.0 14.9 15.5 15.6 15.5 22 36.98 955.9 15.0 146 141 14:0 144 144 141 1491 1492 1414 144 23 38.7S 257.1 14.0 14.0 13.8 13.9 13.7 13.7 13.5 13.4 13.3 13.1 413.1 24 39.98 259.0 12.2 12.4 12.4 125 125 12.6 126 12.4 12.2 125 12.7 25 40.38 261.0 11.0 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.6 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 26 4048 262.5 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.1 12:3 11.8 120° 12:7 27 39.9S 263.7 1212 12.2 12:2 1293 12:1 11:9 1215 1255 1258 1255 12/6 28 38.48 265.8 12.6 12.7 12.5 12.7 12.6 12.8° 12.9 13.1 12.9 13.4 13:3 29 36.6S 267.0 12.9 13.0 12.9 13.0 12.9 12.4 12.4 12.6 12.3 12.9 12.8 30 34.585 268.2 12.6 124 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.1 12.7 12.8 12:9 12.7 oa} 3255S) 270.0. 121 12°93 12:2 1979 12% 12!6 124 oo 1286) 30 1986 Jan. 1 32.2S 270.9 12.8 12.8 12.7 12.7 12.9 12.8 13.3 13.4 13.9 13.9 13.8 231.98 “270.1 12°38 4219 12:1 499° 19is" tee 12 127) 130 se 149 RUCK pe SiGe oh Sbepeonhiyt MIKy ie Sip SRL eel Shes 4 $1.88 (272.7 119° (1210) 11.9) 117 109) te 1 es) tO 5 $1.0S 273.4 12.1 12.2 12:2 12.4 12:4 12.7 13.2 13.2 13.3 13.5 13.6 6 28.98 274.7 14.2 14.2 12.9 14:1 13.6 14.0 14.3 144 14.4 14.6 14.8 7270S 2760 13.6 13.6 1355 19:0 1217 12:7 12% 19:9 128° 19:4.) 1258 @62510S) 92778) 1-7 1200 S115) Ion 10 dOL7 AO ko) to eit ato 9 2318 278.8 12.4 12.1 1213 1916 19:4 125 9:9 (13: 182° 156° 13.3 10 21.48 279.5 13.6 12.7 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.1 1312 13.2° 1355 13.4 13.4 11 19.18 280.7 13.55 12.7 12.6 1255 19.4 13.5 13.8 13.9 13.9 12.5 12:8 12 16.78 281.4 192 1259 12:3: 49)8 12!97 42:8 19° 19!4 43.0 8 19:00 19-8 13 14.18 282.1 15.3 1518 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.5 15.6 15.2 15.8 15:6 16:2 14 1253'S (262.6 16.0 15/8 ~ 15:8 15.9) 6/0" 15°7 «15:8 15a ios ie mee Feb. 6 11.98 281.4 17.0" 16:8 15.7 164 162 <16:5 16:6 166 4.17.0 170) 17:9 7 10.28 280.1 18.2 17.9 18.0. 18.0 17.8 17.2 17.7 17.8 18.6 18.4 18.3 8 10.08 277.8 18.8 18.8 19.0 19.0 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.1 18.9 18.8 -18.9 9 10.4S 275.8 17.8 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.7 17.8 17.7 17.7 17.9 18.0 18.3 10 10:8 - 275.0 16.2 “164 16945 164 Twa 74 dae ie ts) ie res Ii 1078 274.1 Lt 17a 14a 17S 17i3 1S Sasa 15) ek tro 12 11.08 272.6 17.1 17.3 17.0 17.0 16.8 17.0 16.3 17.8 17.2 17.2 17.1 18 12.68 270.3. 16.4 165 16.4 16.4 16.6 16.6 16.9 165 17:3 16.7 16.8 14.14.48 267.8 16.7 16.6 16.3 16.0 15.9 15.4 162 162 16.4 16.4 16.4 Table 80. Hourly values of vapor APPENDIX III 125 pressure, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hour il Woolen ob ee ee en Cc iehes Ge) aera NE) alfa ale) Aes) GIG) alee alee 17.50 AieseeetGcOn 116295) 16:9) 1628" 1659.) 16-9" 1623 16:20 1623) 1610) 1621) 1529 16.75 15.4 15.3 15.0 14.9 145 144 14.3 14.2 14.1 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.9 14.89 ac Gee 144 14s 146) 1456) 1425) 4ib) 14i4o 1423)” 145 4 14eis 13%9 14.28 14.9 14.8 148 14.7 145 13.7 14.5 14.0 14.1 13.6 13.6 13.0 12.9 14.20 13:3 13.4 13:3 13.3 13.3 134 13.4 13:6 13:7 13:7 13:4 13:4 13:1 13.40 ASE Age 2. Orel SON Sede 14585 13S St 1354) 1s see 1 2toh Sl 3201322 13.16 [StOmeel Oatmemeloooe el4ia 14.10 1307 114.0) TAI 13198 1329) Sst 1329. 2k7, 13.51 14:0 14.1 143 14:0 13.5 13.9 14:2 141 14.3 14.3 14:3 14.4 14.4 13.81 1530 15:0 14.9 14:9 149 15.1 14.9 149 14.9 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.84 15.8 16.1 162 15.9 163 160 161 16.2 163 163 163 165 16.5 15.92 Tas ie 4 Se 145305 ora 15:5) 15.6 11456) 14 TART AS16708 1528) | 1428 15.59 15.4 15.8 15.5 16.3 15.5 16.2 15.6 15.5 15.6 142 15.6 15.5 15.2 15.50 deo toe) to.2) 1bs2) 1558) «C1627 1625 1626" 11652) 1622" ««1670) -1620) 1650 15.51 NIGES e628 16245 162655 1720) 170) 11659) 1639) 1658) 1628) 1626; | 1625) 1628 16.35 AGroee Gale 16-85) 1658)" 11688) 1676) 16:8) 167 16s7) NGA 1627 16:4 16.3 16.91 1G G6 e 16235 15:9) 16'6) 16.4." 1657 1624 1627 1626) | 16:6) 1628) 1627 16.73 TEC G.4LO-G5 L720) 165%) 165%) 16t9) Liss et6:9) WGTSh re2i 1655) 161 16.47 16.3 164 164 15.6 15.9 15.4 168 15.9 166 164 166 164 16.5 16.35 1GSO 162200 15:6) 16.6" 1620) 16:0) 2525) G0o%5) 1527 bb) 1555) | 1525) 1525 16.01 1beGoel oOo tozo 10.6 1558 1523 15a | 16:72 1659) 16:3) 163)" 1oa7 ) 1528 15.88 16:6 51657 16:6 16:5 «1654 1654 16:6 16:8 16:5 16:1 16:3 16:6 16:2 16.40 1Gton 16:45 158). 91529) 1527 15.5 «14:9 1520 15-3) 525) 1429) fb23) 1525 16.16 1oreelonse Gad | 16-5) 11529) 15:6" 1652) 1529) 15285 57 1526) 1620! 116-0 15.81 1558) 1557 «15:5 «1622; «155 152215351528) «1556 15-4 1553) 15.5) 15.3 15.52 1poeeelors lo. bs 14ey 7 4 V4 143) 1445) 14°55) 1423" O31 1520 14.90 15p2eetorO) 1520) 1553 1525) 155 1545 be 1553) 1553) 1be6) 1526) 15-6 15.02 15pGeee15toee 15255 15865 91536) 15'5) 15°69 1526) 1525) 525 5rd) Los) 15.9 15.60 POGOe Late TOM Aiesee kted) ol Sue aie Lies) we liielen slic ane aie ACT-O 16.72 teteeieon) lte8 dese Ata e799) Te 1-5) 820) 5 eb) ATG 17.59 WGs0eLGson 16.109) 1623) 16.69) 1652) 15-55 16545 oo elon 15291) 1529) 16-8 16.20 15eoetorOne 1529 1653) 1625) 16:6) 1527 523) 15 14eS) 142s 4 1420 15.50 1329 oe ise) 13/65) 13°9)- 1356) 1353 138%) 13k” 13220 PS 1S” Ase 1253 13.65 120 eZee eo IESE” SIMO s 20 2st 2S Ie ie sss 15530) L552 12.48 HOES 12ts ae 1274) 1283) 1282) take) es 4 ea a aS ICD 12.76 2a 2 oe aeo el 2:Gee tartan 1206, 9 1258 12S 3 40 13.4 Sat louie 4-0 12.51 144 144 142 13.8 13.9 13.9 14.0 14.0 140 14.3 141 13.1 12.6 14.22 15.7 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.4 16.2 {6.0 15.9 15.8 15.8 15.9 15.9 15.9 15.12 1 S2O Olt o Ome toed 1520) 1613) 861539) 1558) 15-2 1520) )1o20) 9 1o50 15-0 15.60 14.1 14.0 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.0 140 140 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.0 14.15 1320S OS lt Set S 220 13 le 13.0) elton 1227 eer 2t6he at 26) 1254 1223 13.19 Wty UP Sy ae a alae) atts ater ate aie alesh ables) aller 12.08 OPO ee eS eel el Olam L OD LOlD LOST tle5 ity eos IS Ties ICS 10.99 ops alo ate tde oe 4 SET AES 220 a tte a 19) 1220) 12r2 12.23 {oto eel 2 olen lose Lotte teen 1223) ES TIT | Tt 2t0FF 12205) 1222) 1223 12.28 1325 oP ome Shonen] Ot ee oe S ene ooo el 3 4am gaa 13 Ol tonte me lord.) 13.055 1209 13.08 1) iSjal G0) SIPEG) SB} GIB} SL GIB aI GI ae apy aay alee) 12.83 US nt ON eeLOe Tool Teelolo me 20 a0 toca tao) 12s SSS 1253 12.35 fStbeel Socom oan 1S One loco ot> ee aes) wl stoeet228. 03:0) 9 1351) 9 1350) 913-0 12.81 1360 1421 1337, 1329 1401 1325) 1376) 12:8) 3/6 13-0) 13 lara f2°3 13.28 I TSH TBM I) TG) TIBI S IG) GIR apse A SIA ae 12.96 1) 1G) TAG SIA SIG SIG ae ae AIP ess lye aay 12.13 PD Cmel 1eG esl ies me oties tinGme 22.0 el oes eit 9 1220) allo ese oS 270 11.72 14boeet4e30 AAty ee t4at 14th 14!6, 147 4s 14i4 1482 Tara) 147378 Are 13.66 1Atp el 4e4 ARG 1520) 4eb 47 4) 143) 144 1496 aa alt 1356 14.30 Tat sip Ge TIEEY Ly Gy GIB) A AY psa ae ara alas) 12.75 POLS ye One 1129p 10k Di 1584 13145 1323) 28s) aka 1204) acs ei2to 1225 11.84 Sto) 1388) 1484 45 sr 14:4) 1373) 1328) 13st 1376 13% 12.8 13.3 13.25 iat GG TY. TB) Tey Tie Sa SIGIR gyn} PA albert 13.33 ASLO acOn shen 1326) (Ste set 13265) 1374.) 91320) 1324) 1352) 1351 130 13.22 S25 leon 13) Opn 14eeee oe Om etor siecle 1457 et 4Gun to. 2) et O.O melo Ommelo se: 14.02 164 1614 16545 16S Gh7,) 1Gt4 6's 1625 6a 6h 1651 162257 1658 15.96 1GtS 163) 1684 1624 Gh 1o2oee 1512 14:9 1430 145 ato 1422)) 1474 15.60 WED eAe es 10528) 18:4) 1823 1826 84) 17-8) 180) 8:0) 11852) 18s 1823 17.43 Teles 1858") 8:7 «187, “sis 18!9) 9's) «18i8) -18i8y 8t9) si _ 18-7 11920 18.44 ies) SIZ) TOG, SI SIGE] MER) Ry are aI) ial acts) 18.92 1eSue Leieetors)) 1723) 16toe Gre 16.2) 16r2) 7 1529)) 1528 15.8 15.8 8 1620 17.25 eo elGeSmetGuien dorm) £529) 1628 = 16:5) 16:58 e16°8ie 16281720) 9 tO) 720 16.87 TSS S 4 Oeope 18.0) LS 2h LieSe POlQ ee tie Bee tee era) eon Ghia LES 17.66 NaS el ete Luh Om el 724 169 GEGpml Osun loro el 6r2ne o16!5) 16545 Gs 1674 16.87 iy TWAS Te) TERY eh ae ee er alee GE alierss BIG 17.00 G25 6.61 G4 ee 6-0 oe Ome one GOL O-ameeel Oe Od cond. 16.21 126 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 80. Hourly values of vapor 1929 Feb. 15 1 265.1 1958 16:0) 1622) (Ades, 16:25 15-1) 1651) 1650 165) 16-8 U7 16 1 262.4 16:2 16:55 162 162 16:7 16:5 16:5 16:7 A172 1655) 16:7 i We 259.2 17:0) 1624)" 2716) SIGS Wes) A 2) CET Teo eae elven, 22 1 247.7 7-0 1629) Ara TOD ES i ies UTES 8 Oreo) ted 23 1 244.9 ATO ATS) STS TG. TAS 1850) 1852— E759) ETES) eo se 24 1 242.4 18.7 18.4 18.6 185 18.0 18.4 18.8 18.6 18.7 181 18.3 25 1 240.6 18:2 184 A180 8 18:4 i184 18:6 TON 19 “TOM A9Is 26 1 238.7 19.2 19.4 18.6 184 184 184 18.2 182 18.8 19.2 19.5 Ait L 235.9 18.8 18.8 195 18.9 194 185 19.0 19.2 194 1972 19:2 28 1 233.8 19.5 19.3 19.4 19.2 19.6 19.3 18.8 194 19.1 19.3 19.6 Mar. 1 1 231.9 19:3 19.4 - 19:4 8:2 19:0 18:9 ORS eto 4 Lo Ae oeG Zen 230.2 19°45 19°51 18:0) “T950 19F2 1956 18.9 19.3 20.2 19.5 3. 1 228.3 19.6 -19.6 19.8 19:0 19.3 19:0 18:9) 1982) 1829) 1925 5 1 224.6 20.5 19.7 19.7 19.9 19.8 19.6 20.5 20.4 20.6 20.4 6 1 223.4 20.2 20.4 21.1 20.8 20.9 20.8 20.4 20.5 20.8 20.5 rae 221.1 20.3 20.1 419.2 19.5 20.2 20.6 20.3 19.6 19.6 20.2 8 1 219.2 20:1 - 1928) 20:0) (1Ss7 39°40 19%4 19.5 19.3 19.6 20.1 9.4. 218.0 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.9 21.1 20.6 20.8 20.4 20.9 20.3 10) 1 215.9 21.3 21.5 20.9 20:9 21.7 21.5 20.6 21.8 21.0 22.1 1 ae 214.4 19.7 20.0 20.2 21.1 21.5 20.5 19:7 19:9) § 1928 = 2004 12 1 212.0 20.6 21.3 21.5 21.4 21.3 20.6 21.2 21.0 21:1 20.8 21 1 209.2 21.7 21.9 22.4 21.6 21.5 21.5 21.2 21.9 22.4 22.6 22 1 208.2 22.2 22.3 21.8 22.2 22.3 22.1 21.3 21.2 21.1 21.2 23 1 207.3 20.4 20.9 21.1 20.7 19.8 20.0 20.3 20.4 20.2 20.6 24 1 206.3 20.8 20.9 21.3 21.1 20.8 20.7 21.2. 21.1 21.0 21.2 25 1 204.0 22.8 23.0 22.4 22.4 23.0 22.9 23.2 22.8 23.2 23.4 27 1 199.4 24.2 20.6 22.2 23.3 23.7 22.9 22.9 23.8 24.0 24.0 28 1 198.0 23.1 21.6 21.5 22.2 21.5 22.4 22.6 22.5 22.4 22.5 29 1 196.7 22.4 22.1 22.1 22.3 22.1 22.1 22.4 23.1 22.8 23.2 30 1 194.4 22.3 22.3 22.8 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.8 22.4 23.2 31 1 192.1 22.6 22.55 22.4 22.6 22.4 22.3 22.5 22.5 22.0 22.0 Apr. 22 1 288.4 23.7 23.5 23.1 23.5 23.1 23.2 23.8 23.6 23.0 23.6 23 1 188.4 22.0 22.6 22.9 22.8 22.8 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.7 23.0 24 189.0 23.9 23.8 23.9 24.2 24.0 22.8 23.9 24.1 23.9 24.2 25 188.2 23.3 22.7 22.8 22.7 24.1 22.9 22.5 22.3 21.9 22.6 187.6 22.6 20.7 21.0 21.6 21.4 21.7 22.4 22.6 22.9 22:8 27 187-6 201 201 2121 2058 21:0 20.8 21.8 22.3 23.0 23.2 28 187.4 21.0 21.0 21.1 21.0 21.1 21.1 20.9 21.8 21.9 21.4 29 186.6 21.8 22.1 22.6 22.5 21.8 21.9 22.0 22.6 22.6 22.8 30 185.9 23.3 23.1 22.1 21.4 21.8 21.6 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.1 184.9 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 23.1 23.0 183.6 23.4 23.1 22.9 22.4 23.0 22.4 182.3 22.7 23.2 23.1 23.1 22.9 22.6 181.1 23.0 21.8 22.7 22.0 22.2 21.4 180.5 21.6 22.0 21.3 21.2 21.3 21.0 LUT AD 20:6 e989) 1 SES O87 toe 7 Oe 174.7 20.5 20.3 20.1 20.3 20.1 20.0 AVES ~~ 2053) 2073/1958 1956" 19:9) 9's 169.0 20.3 20.2 20.0 20.4 204 19.8 163-7 4 19:6) S27 S87) SET 18385 S827 161.2 19.6 18.9 18.6 18.9 18.6 18.6 158.5 19.9 20.1 19.8 20.0 19.9 19.9 156.1 21.6 21.2 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.6 153.4 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.3 21.3 150.9 22.0 22.2 22.0 21.6 21.8 21.8 148.3 21.9 22.0 22.0 21.2 21.1 21.2 146.0 22.2 21.6 21.5 21.5 21.3 21.1 144.2 22.2 22.5 22.7 22.3 21.8 21.5 144.0 22.1 22.2 21.9 22.0 22.0 22.2 144.2 21.2 20.8 20.9 20.0 20.7 20.8 144.2 22.6 22.4 22.2 22.1 22.8 21.6 144.1 23.8 21.7 21.6 21.6 22.4 21.3 144.4 23.4 22.8 22.6 22.4 22.1 21.5 144.0) «21:4 (21-4 (214 aie te 282 143.9 19.0 186 18.0 17.9 174 16.9 144.3 14.9 14.7 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.7 142.3 16:4 16:1 15:7 15:9 16:3 16:2 141.2 18.8 18.8 185 185 18.4 18.3 140.2 iat, led kia 659 eae G20) eetGcs 139.9 14.8 14.2 13.1 13.1 12.5 12.7 141.0 AGS Oe 6-9 6-6 a6 lone May June NWOOONHN ON PWRUMHOHOHOAUNWURNONUPO ROOK IDIOT YAWN yINONRDOHORDOPNEHOM WNOdDIUDHDOWo Ree eee DD NNN NM NN NYY MRE ERE RENUNNNN NN NN NNYNYNN NNN NNN N NN NYN YN NEN NR eee IND OOD Dr NOR RR RRR RRO COO 0 OMEN NN NRORNN PN NNNNWNRKFOOKFRFORFRODOODNOWOM Ny PEP PVAOD AAGHOD—PAIDOGOCCDAANWSOD PN CMWIRIOENY PRANTAROIIAIOOIIIIIIIA POOVONNN POG MONDO OMAI ORO WYDWEAHEROUNORODIOWRA PRO DOODWOHUR UWWHDRDOODDWOOWWUWHIWWO w on wo oo ° Nw oo Oo ) ay wo N ~ WWOWWWWWWN NNNNE RRR RRR RMR RRR ee APPENDIX III 127 pressure, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hour egies (es [a6 [a] | feo fa fey | 2c Hoc memGt 6-0) 147° 16:2 16:5 16:5 16:4 16.2 1674 164 16:2° 16:5 16.17 f6tat-0) G70 G39 15.9 «16:2 «617-20 «61620 «6G 616.6 16:6 17:0 17.1 16.58 Tiecmides: | AG9— ORT 17-2 22 10 ST (TO 02) TA 6:9: 16.6 17.17 PeOgeei-O 820 VSO L759 872) PG TES 17S LT 7:9 «61S (TS 17.55 18.4 18.5 17.8 18.0 184 17.8 182 18.2 184 18.2 185 18.0 18.4 18.02 ieteeeto.s) 10.8) 190° 19:0 19:0 —18°0 179 ie (17-8 17 18:2 18/0 18.39 poeOeeites 19s 19/5 ~19°2 19:1 1914 19:3 18:9 19) 1953 18:3 18:5 18.84 ica 1959 «G2 19T «= 18.4 = 1914- 19:53 1951 19:2 19:6 19.4 19:4 191.3 19.05 fesse f8s9 88:5 1858 19:35 19:4 19:3 18:8 19:1 1910 19:4 192 19/1 19.05 19:4 19:4 19.4 18.8 19.1 19.0 18.8 19.2 18:9 18.8 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.19 Pei toed 20 2031 19:5 19:4 919'0 19:3 187 19:4 28:9 FO TOF 19.28 20.3) 1957 19:2 ° 20:4 20:3 19:6 19:5 -19.4 19:8 19:6 19:9 20.0 19.7 19.54 19:8 19.8 19.7 20.4 20.2 19.2 19.3 20.3 19.4 19.3 20.2 20.2 20.3 19.59 20.2 20.3 20.55 206 20.9 19.6 20.4 20.6 20.9 20.9 19.9 20.5 19.5 20.23 20-4 20.7 20.6 21.0 20.4 196 196 19.8 19.1 19.1 206 206 19.8 20.35 20.1 20.1 20.0 20.1 20.3 19.6 20.0 20.2 20.2 19.9 19.4 19:8 20.0 19.98 19.7 20.22 204 19.9 20.2 205 21.0 20.1 20.2 20.4 20.4 20.2 20.8 20.02 203 20:1 20:1 20.6 20.5 20.6 20.9 20.8 205 20.9 21.1 20.7 21.1 20.65 miler, i2d-o) ~ 18:9 20:3 21.1 20:3 1916 (19:6 20:0 19:6 19.1 19:6 19.3 20.63 mabe 1957 §20:8 21.2 20:7 20:0 19:6 19:6 20:0 19:7 19.6 19.6. 20.1 20.17 219° 21.1 20.7 21.1 20.8 21.0 20.9 19.8 21.0 21:2 20.8 20.7 20.4 20.97 22.0 21.8 21.8 21.6 21.1 20.7 21.3 22.0 20.9 20.4 21.0 21.2 22.2 21.60 20.5 20.9 21.4 21.9 21.8 21.4 20.6 20.9 20.3 20.7 21.0 20.6 20.7 21.30 20.8 20.7 20.9 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.2 20.6 20.4 20.7 20.5 20.8 20.6 20.67 22.0- 21-7 21.7 21.6 22.2 22.0 22.3 22.0 22.2 22.6 22.7 22.5 22.9 21.65 23.2 23.3. 23.3 23.5 22.2 22.0 22.7 22.9 22.9 23.6 22.8 23.8 23.7 22.99 24.0 24.0 24.3 23.4 24.0 21.7 22.5 23.7 22.7 23.1 23.2 23.5 22.8 23.25 22.2 22.0 21.8 22.0 22.8 20.9 21.8 21.9 22.2 22.2 22.8 22.6 22.3 22.19 23.0 22.7 22.5 22.8 22.3 23.0 22.5 22.2 22.0 22.5 22.8 22.6 22.5 22.51 22.8 22.6 21.8 22.7 22.6 22.4 22.55 23.0 22.9 22.8 22.7 22.4 22.3 22.55 23.8 23.3 23.0 23.1° 22.4 23.5 23.4 22.2 22.3 22.6 22.5 22.9 22.6 22.66 24.0 23.7 23.9 23.1 21.9 22.0 22:3 21.9 21.2 22.0 20.6 21.0 21.5 22.78 23.4 23.7 23.4 23.5 23.9 23.9 23.9 23.7 23.9 23.8 24.0 24.1 23.3 23.21 24.0 23.0 24.2 23.3 22.7 23.7 23.3 23.4 23.4 23.5 23.4 23.6 23.0 23.64 23-44 2353 23:2 23.0 23.4 23.2 22:7 22.2 22:6 23.0 22.8 22.8 23.0 22.89 22.4 21.7 23.2 22.6 22.3 22.8%,23.3 22.0 21.4 22.8 22.7. 21.5 21.1 22.16 22.0 21:8. 2230 22:2 214 20:1” 22.4 21:5 22.1 22:3. 22:3 22:4 21.0 21.78 21:9 22:0 22:3 22:3 22.3 °+22:4 22.5 22.4 22:4 22.3 22.1 22.1 22.1 21.76 220 220% $2239 2278 2216 22:6 22°4° 22:7 22:6 22.8 -22:8 22:8 23.3 22.51 a2t6) 2210) §2155 “2153 21.8 21:8 21.8 21:8 21:9 22:2 22:4. 22:9 22.8 22.12 2e.1 23.4 22.9 23.0 23.4 23.2 23.5 23.6 23.2 23.3 23.3 23.0 23.5 23.08 ato 23-0! 2259 2312) 2350 22:8" 23:2 (22.4- (2253, 22°55 22:4 22.5 22.6 22.82 oe 0) eee 2208) (2292) 22's 22%6) 92193 215). 21:8 21:3 22.4 22.9 22.40 Dorie pia eho 224 215. 220: 2210) 27 21:6 0 22:2 22.4 - 22.2 21.8 22.05 2050 2087 2151 «2112; 20'6 2056-21. 20:3) 2155 21:2 21.2 20.3 20.6 21.01 20:5 2071 2151 2018. 21.0 2055 19:9 20:3 20:3 20.9 20.3. 19.5 20.9 20.25 20.4 19.6 20.1 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.2 20.1 20.1 20.2 20.1 20.7 20.8 20.18 20.6 20.7 205 21.0 20.0 20.2 21.3 20.6 20.6 20.5 20.6 20.2 20.4 20.29 Tot ols) isty 92) AON “194 asi7 1827) «6(18l7) | 61837) 6187 19.1) 19.6 19.36 1810 19:2 1912 18:9 18:3 18:5 18.4 19:2 18.9 18.8 19.3. 19.5 19.7 19.01 18:9 19.6 19.7 18.8 19.6 19.9 19.8 20.0 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.8 19.9 19.32 20.6 20.1 19.8 19.8 20.9 19.6 19.6 19.8 19.7 20.6 20.9 20.8 21.0 20.18 ieee oie) 2082) OTe) VW ote2. 2166 202 8 21G «2i-4@ -20t2) 2h 207 21.40 Dose 2 1e0n tA e228 SING) 2169-2 62234 216) 22.2) 2253 2215) 922.6 21.75 22> 209 2088) 203 2152 2053 TG’ 20:3. 21:8 22:6. 22.6 22:3, - 22:6 21.76 2019. 2158" 32:0) 2014 29%4 22:4 9219 22'4 °22:3° 22°55 22.5 21.8 © 22.2 21.79 2369" 2293 (2253' §22'2 21°6, 21:5 22:0 22:6 22:8 22:6 22:6 22.6 22.6 22.02 2129 21:9 21:9 22:0 224° 22:51 22:4 . 211 21.6 21.4 22.0 21.2 22:0 21.89 21.6 22.0 22.0 22.1 22.0 21.9 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.3 22.3 20.8 21.9 21.94 29 22) “2273! 2293 21:6 21:9 -=22:2 2253 (22'5- 22:4 22:6 22.1 22.3 21.67 Bato 2155 22'0 2210) 225) (2234 )22'6. 23:0 (23-1 (23-1 23:4 23:5". 2307 22.27 220) 216) 22:50 225 (22:3) 2210 22: 22:1 22:3 22°53) 2252 22:5 23-7 21.98 O24 2074 (2258 «499258 6-223 22:3 49225 462214 22:2) 2253 21°9 22.0 215 22.25 iste 20:8 5 2150 21:0) “20/4 “205. 19:9 ~19:9 19:9’ 19:8 49:5. 19:8 19:6 20.72 fess, tga 1546 1550) 1449 1438 44:9 15:0) 15:0 145 14:7 14:3. 14-8 16.14 1520) 15.3 1555 15:9 160 i164). 15/9 16% 16:2 16:3 16:3 16.5 16:7 15.48 toigee ie OL 1722. 17 NST ree lgc8) LUSe L729. 18a. ABNF 16.98 Posies tee ota AST) (Tp le ty 4 eS 726) 1687 ©1659 1679). 17-0 17.83 fr te) 69! $1655; 15.5) 4532) 15/0) 14°99" 1510) 1551. 15:1 14°78" 1459 1G:345 —. en ies hee ties, dee AG te 09) 1059) 1G: 1G” 1b es 12.10 moles 629) ES AGS AGS AGH AG TAG 16.6) 1S) 13 18 OMe 16.82 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE 128 Table 80. Hourly values of vapor Values in mm, 03 oo fo [we Longi- tude east Lati- AZAZZAA Orn or ° Soorea 02 69 60 69 OD OL ORO QAANAANS a a 5 ol a THODAMNTAHROHTMOMNAMErNDDRNDOHROOrDON NOBABAHSCSr Er HOHDDHHDHOAGBDBGOCHONS ae 5 on I oe Oh oe Oh oe oe MO ANDMONMDNOMMNODAD-MNM-OHONNHReAHOne OBC SOS Ch SOs PESO ON DN OSU OE rnin Chr (http Onan Unto, = OTC ier mite NCy ety NACBAHRMARWOM-E--rDDDDDDDDAMRWAMIMARDOHOND ae 5 on oe oe oe M-AMHMRWNUMWNGANPHOMO-YMNAME-MOOONFAHHOON NOBDABOOr EEE HDHDNHDHOODHDGBAGGAARHONS 5 nin 5 nono onl TOMPHAMWMOMAMARWBONMNAWDONMNHODrNIAMDrH NCSCAHBDDODEErErErADADDRBDDDDAMMARWDROOCHO weet 5 on on ho OMODNNWDINTHAMOOCOMDNOMOMAHAME- HON NOAMRDDOE-ErrDARRBDDDDARAMAMADAROHRHO re ree MODTOMWRAMNOMMNONTHODONErNRAOONMNDNWEAOM NOSCAHRBDDDHDOEE-E-DDDDDDDDMBRABOMHONTHO wee wae MODHMOMAMAADHAMNOMMNOAMNN-OMMOE-MNOWDEe-AD NOSCARAMDODOD---DDADDDDADARMMRAOBRBHOnHAD ree aan WMONOPANMGPHMOMMNOOHMWONRDOPrHOMDHOW ASSCBABOOr EK HHAGHNDDHDAGDAGAGRONAS Sn ono 5 on oe oe oe ONOCHrAHANOCEEEONMNNARDOCODEAWMNRHOrONMEN NOOSCAMBABDOOEE-ErDDRADDDDDAMAMMADODRBONCO Sn on ol Son on he ae ONTADPMHONIMRHONENMDEE-OMNNE-NONTAOS NOCSCABDOE-EEDDRABDDDAAMAMMMAARONOCOSO Se Do oe Sn oo ONMANNA-HWDOMOORBOODOMNODONMNMNORDWM EBAMIDAMNMORBDAMIWNONE-NDWRMNE-ONME- OME TIHMOMONMNMONOOCOCOREEEDDRMRHOOHRANANNANANNMMO MN HNN RHNNNNANNNNNNS ZZAZZAZZZZAZZAZLZAZLZAZAZZAZLZAZLZAZLZAZLZALS MOTROQQTACMHOMANARITOONSOOMORO|N BDBHOANMNOLPOOMNODHRDOANANNDDOWNORDSH OOAGGHIGGGAHG HAG BWNOMOMNMNNMMNO DAH GHH HWY ANMPHNOOrDHOAAMNMMMWNOPDORBOHNAMWNOLO Ms HANNAN NNANNN July THO OCErNORDOCONNAD-NOMHOAE DH SHAONAIANDMHOCSDOONOOOAD De ce eB ee ce oe Ee oe Be ee oe IDOTHANANRHODNOEL MONASH SAGAANHIOTHSrMOCOCSSCHGGS bc Bn ee oo oe | LOTANROMDMOMNANDMONNMOON CSCHMONMANMMHMOWODOODOODAAO 5 he Bh oe Be Oe Oh oe Dn ee oe oe oe oe oe oe ee oe | SCNARHOHOOErABMMNDONAAMNWN BHO AMAATHTHOOOKOOSOrAAaD Oe Oe Oe ce Oe Oe ee ee ee ee ADOMMNDONDROMOONOANAMAOEeO SCANNMANTOAMNOOLrODOrOAGD So Dh oe Boe oe oe eho oe ee oe ee ee ee MOOMHAHMOODNANMNNANNODOMMOE&O MAMNANMNANMOMMNNOr OOO DOD Se AMOD-RMDODOONNHNDODDOOML BARAAAANHOHOKOSODHID Ss on Oe on Oh Oe Oe ee Be De ee oe ee AMAOMD-NABODODMNADDONONLE BHANNTRNANMMOHOLF Or ODOORD Oe Be Be ce re Oe ee Be De Oe oe | OMA OM MAO MOAHMNNDOOMOGD CAMNANMANMMOOP OOO AAD® bc DB ce Do nh oD eo PNOMDNMOMMNHONABDNDMNONI SHHOANAANMIAE OK OHOOKAGAOG Be nn Be ee ee Bo oo OMAOMODDONNNOCHAWHWOAHNDO SHHMMANADNHECOrOKONDAGS i ee ee ee ee | NOMANOCHHONAGTAGWMONNH OMMNANTMD-NOANOOrOMHDOWN MMMMMANNANNANAN TAA AH OOCOO NAUNNANNNANNANNNNNNNNNANS ZLZAZZZZAZLZZZLZAZAZAZLZZAZLZZS] OD XO 102 IE OE IAI SHOE 09 FIMNTHODDrErODOONMNMANTH MMOMMMMANNNNANNANNANNNANANANA STOOE-DRHROHAMMNOM-DHRBOHNSY RRNA a o n SOM OMMHOMWRMrOMNANODE ABSOS- ADE HKnSHHHr HOS Sn nD on cen he on a oe he oe oe ee | ON-OONr FAOOMNWME-NDHOLr COrronrrnnonnnroowo Bh ec ee oe eo | SCHODAMNANRHAONMORMOOD OrrronmDotnonntr-or~wo DD ee ne oe oe Dh oe | ADAODNOMARANMDORDEe-N CO COr-Oronaoar-nnonntonr wo Shain hoe nih on oe hon he ee hone ee | NOMMAOMHANOCHOOHRHHEO AO-Orrnwmnotmonnororr eieeihen ten heehee then ihen ie heehee hh | Brorrardovgisnoncorr SI a ee De he oe ee | FROONNHE NOOCHANCOOMET Or-errnr-ottoroornorr SB Oe Be oe oe De oe oe oe oe TMADM HFM OE--NOMANDNMMWNOD AEE KONEKYHoONOMrOre Se ee ee oe Be ee ee | OOD-DOWMOMHHMOHOCOn KS OrOorrarewvnootonrorne Sn en ae cn on Pc ee Oe eee ee | WDNOME-MOBONOMAMHAMAWM D BMOrrarrtiaotwonrore Seer en kh hr OMMON-OMTENNHONANNW O A-Orrnvowmnnnotonr-orr SB oe on oe he oe De oe eo | WIND OMIN|G MORAMDANEINOO DPADAMRMNODNMOKROHANHANM SMARROOHHHHANAATAAYA NARA NNNANNANNANNANNNNANS ZAZZZZLZZAZZLZZZAZAZLZS IQA OOK MHODHHONAMNA einsobide als pas ianehedtijohe a acs anette ucabenerehereleoe iene NDORBAAGDIMMMHAMINMDHOS AANA AOMMMANAANNA MMO OF-OCHAMHNOL ARONA SNR RRR HNN N SN ~ 2) ° 129 APPENDIX III pressure, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hour WOON CORMDDOOME-DDARADDDDAMRROARRBOMOON TBANAANANMMMMOFOrODRRMD CFPOrE-rOrNnNnANoOdtetroor ag nae a one So a a cn on ce Oh oe DD on oe oe ee oe oo hha hh oh kr hk -Oonnr ODOM MNOANNHAMNANRMOOMDONROMENNONOCON SCOr-—OOMMOHHHMORDNE-DROr AE DODMNDONIODNNErODMDO Lr WO AA SSBABDOGOE SKK AHAGHGHGIAGGHASMACN ANAANANSHOHOr COKE OOGDGR SOrrroernadntrtooooD SI oe ee oe Sn Ih en fh oo th oe ha be oe ee oe ee oe oe Be Be re ee eo Boe oe Bh oe | AMMOW AA™-OMRAOOMWMOM-MHADNODONDOWONMONDOSH CANDOR OAPNAHONMAE-ADONE SNODMOCMWMNANDHMNE-AMDOWM INO SSBIAADHOM KE KGAGHGHHAIAGAGAGSISSN ANAANGAMTIHTIHEOCOOOKGASCH BOOK Er MrOoNntEHOoOOLS 5 oe I oe oe oe oe Ae oe ee on oe be Oe ee oe ee Be oe i ne ee Oe eee oe oe rNDO’ DRBADOONMHOHMHMOMODMWMNMBMHOMHARNMHHRAONDN SDADRMDANBMNONANANRDOMAr-DODMNO OMARDORDOWODDD--MONN oe tAN SION Ep CAE CMI IC ICIC INCHCAPE ICM GMS olay MAMANNMMMMODNOMMOOOORr- AD OL OM-HOONMWMOMOOMrE © Pee ihan Ihon oe aed Sn BD OO De en eo hh hh nde! ANMNOO DOMMNIOAUMMOHMAMARBDNWNORMHONMNE-ONDOMOAd CE PTHHOMMAPNMONDOMOnEINwO AMO MOMNOE-EHADDOHRDOMVOAWNA OM-lIANN Site |CdCaE NCIC OO CIEICIC MIC IC ICICI CIC CD CMI Nall MANMMAMMMMOMINDDODHDADO D-OOMmH-OnMMMOMOO OL O Sn Don oe oe Sc nc ne Dn ee Be De oo Dh ee | MAONDO SCROMANMDHANHARNMAARONHANMOOAT SCIMAMNMAMNMOMO MAD atte Ome DO CSOMADOr-ONMORD-AOMNAND OMr--NN ISCO CIES EI CIE CIE IC IONE ICME NEM Nes ley AAMMMMMAMMMNONMOOODOODMDD BD-rOreNHMOONMHME HOOOM So hn Phe Doe he bn cB OD hn oe Oo ee oe oe hh hh ANNE NS MA-MAMMOMMNAMOOCENO-DARANNMNAMAAMNAHRDNOOW ADTMOMOOMONDOMNNOLD ONO rir SCAMOMMMDDHOM-MWNE- DOO -roned AAPGAROM KKM HAAGHOHOHOHAGHISAIAT SHHAMMMAIAIMOMIADOGCHSBOH GBLHHSONNHDONNTEHOOoOrE 5 eB oe oe oe wnnete baltak wish Neath iWon K Ia ctrl eK MIs) i ee ee oe oe oe oe moron MNTAPMMOANDTAMMHODO-ADNMNE-HANMOON DH SCOMOMNHHOMEHKHANEKHROHNFO WPHHANOCMWOANNMBDOFrKE AHO rreone AABIABAGM KKK GIHAGHGCHGIAGHAASONIAT IHOANAIAIMANDHOrMOODOHGAS HW BHHHOWTOONNYE OK rOore Se oe nD oe Se oe oe oe N Be ee ee ee oe ORDMOO KODA HAHNOMANAHMDOODAMDNWNODHOrNMON ANA HNOMOONMNMNAMOANDHAOND AA ONDDOMNTDOErODDND OOGOAG ASDAGGOM KKK GHGOGOGGGHAGOGOGHSAAA SHAAN ATHOLOOCOGHHACN BAGHGHMHSNCSHOHOOOrS Sono nthon eel Se oe TNA ANN NHN Br ee en oe Do ee eo MOM AN Ser AHNNMNONANNORDHNORDOOMNDMBNOWOWDOE DNIMOMHAHONRONNONMN DHOOM MPOMN OO HHINM OO OD Ht rt et ronondt eS CdCI NCACH AIA CICHCICICI CIC DENNEN ICC MIC heal) CHAMMAMMMANHOM-OMONDROr BPOMrDDMDONDOINONMOO OLD So then Dhan hore Dae FN NH FPN NNN NNN NNN NNN N FD NNN NNN Ne ANMQPNG SCH KeAHOPMOPVNOIAOMAOM-AMRANDABMWHAMARDY NODORDOOMORDAALEMAMDOWM BEANRHOCOHMANMANA Bheten ae be ae ier a pacing ere Geek ce iam Sor senda era aaa POS ORES Ri re leis enon ies el=vel-aie petals s(n Lalig aor aic | celal ahaha ae) ate? are) me eistmaiate ree ie lish ta ieielaiieknnp ayes | liehvnntale eine) Me: o8*nis)iey Asie lehaiemreltevcrmy Te eile r-ovns CUS Ene eoe IC) salle CICACACICIEICIC ICN CIEICIC IOI Weal) CANMAMNMMNIMDPHOP-O-OOrARDD BDBODOAOr-MBOMOMONWOINO OM So Ion Phe oes ol Sn nn OD OD De ne ne ee oe EOIDND NOOCAADO----DRADDDDDDRARADDDRAHNGO CHMMAMMAMNHNOE-OFOMNErROD DODDDHDOMrONONONOrOUWO rl aS Wee FRR FN NNN NNN NNN HHH TN NT NSN NNN NNN OMNIS TOHOCAMAMNAHMANDOHODORDORN-AMOO-NNM TMOMIANMIANMITRDHOMNOANANY TANDDWMAAAROMAMMOIINDAr O 52D SUS ST Se IC OOO Sr LOO Ee CTE) OPEL RCL RECT TET LOL PCY wm a pm Tea LAC TT TON AS WAAL VA NM PAL ISOC TOA NAR NAP NT A Yu EPRI NO TT RET TDR A DRC PA Tia es a Tear de gy a rt et et ret et erie Sn Dh on he oe oe MANN NNN HNN tt et et et et et 130 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 80. Hourly values of vapor 1929 Oct. 24 13.6N 223.5 11828 1930). 194 ASG. 19595 2051) 62053) | 20°45 20.3 AO eal 6 25 12.7N 222.5 20:8 20:7 18:9 2031 19:5 194 1924 (2050° 20°50) 19.9) 19F2 26 11.3N 221.3 18:8" | T8i9 18S e829) Oka 1858) 1S Ge eee LO One oLO medOnS 27 10.1N 22C.3 20.6 19.9 20.1 19.5 20.5 20.6 206 20.8 20.7 20.7 20.8 28 8.6N 219.2 21.5 21.5 21.5 20.4 20.5 203 20.6 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.6 29) TN 208.6 2173" 92053 20:99 20320 2150 202) (2059 205% aia S22) 210 30 T.1N 217.4 21.2 21.6 21.6 21.2 21.4 21.4 21.3 21.2 22.1 22.2 22.2 31 6.7N 216.6 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.4 20.5 20.9 20.4 20.3 20.9 21.1 21.0 Nova 1 (5:8°Ni 9211523) 217 22-0 21-3) 20a 20 Aa) ede alee elon elcome oLnO 2° 4:9N 213.2 21.8 2127 21.7 27:3 21.5 214 21°99 21-2'~ 2073 20:8) 2120 3 4.3N 210.7 21.2 21.0 21.0 20.5 20.4 20.4 204 205 204 20.7 20.4 4 3.0N 210.2 20.3 20.8 20.9 20.4 20.4 205 19.9 20.3 20.1 20.2 20.4 5 O.8N 208.5 21.1 20.8 20.9 20.9 20.6 21.0 20.6 21.0 20.8 20.9 21.1 6 1.8S 207.6 21.2 21.1 21.3 21.3 21.1 21.3 21.3 20.9 21.3 22.1 21.9 7 49S 206.6 20.9 20.7 206 206 19.9 204 20.1 20.1 19.9 20.2 20.2 8 66S 204.9 20.5 20.5 205 20.6 20.4 20.2 19.7 20.4 20.7 20.6 20.3 9 81S 203.1 20.6 20.6 20.8 20.8 20.6 20.8 20.6 21.8 21.7 21.6 21.4 10 9.0S 201.9 22.1 22.1 21.4 20.7 20.4 20.4 20.9 20.4 21.5 21.0 20.6 11 94S 200:9 20:9 20:7 21-7 21-2 21.7 21-1 20:8 2059 22:09 21:9 ~2ic7 12. 10.3S 198:9 21.3 20:3 20.5 21:7 21-9 21.5 21:9 2173 22:4 21°78 21%5 13 11.0S 198.0 21.5 21.2 21.3 21.2 21.0 21.2 21.1 20:6 21:5 21.0 21°8 14 11.6S 196.6 1974 1958) F20F2 989) ee 20k2 OB Oo 20S 200 20.6 Z0rs APPENDIX Ill 131 pressure, Carnegie, 1928-29--Concluded local mean hour es A ST nes tees [aw |e rane es | ° ALL One Len mera leO alo tae-0) ee all-Ou old ee 206) wail meal Te er de'y 20.88 2OL0 Lolo LOE L920) 1856) 187 S186) Slt S788) 18:3) 18's) 18i6 19.28 19.8 20.2 20.3 19.8 19.1 20.2 21.0 19.8 19.9 20.5 20.6 20.6 20.8 19.66 AUG emclelea0s3 e20ite ated ato, 2aek aie (2100) 200) sates) ais) 2ir4 20.88 21ss eal 8) 2icl 21-0) 2054) 19:9, 62056; 20:2, 20:2) 2150) 62087 21k 212 20.94 a¥-8 20.9 22:3 21:6 21:0 20:8 20:9 21.1 20.8 21.0 21:1 21:6 21.4 21.18 aS aleve Gaeed) alent 253 2183 i214 ore 6 2a%6. 2181) = 20:2 2087, 2027 21.42 20 4eecO On meaiole oe 20:0) ciate) S20e3) 2922" - 20:2) (21!) Vana)” (ada B23is" 2183 20.90 ZAC OAL Ome eclne er ol.6) aio) | 2053) | 2078 2156 2iet) 209) 22s 2252) 2210 21.66 20.8 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.2 20.8 20.0 20.3 20.7 20.6 20.6 21.0 21.1 21.05 20.3 20.55 20.5 20.2 20.0 20.2 20.2 19.9 19.8 19.7 19.9 19.9 19.6 20.32 20.4 20.4 20.3 20.3 20.3 20.6 19.7 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.7 21.1 20.43 Z20°9R e209 ater S210) 20e3) 2033 204 203) 213 212122) 21:0) 222 21.03 Table 81. Hourly values of relative From corrected Negretti-Zambra 1928 July 29 60.7N 328.8 90 91 88 96 96 95 96 93 88 88 89 30 59.3N 325.8 90 89 89 88 88 90 91 91 91 86 85 31 57.9N 325.6 82 85 84 84 85 85 87 86 83 82 79 Aug. 1 58.3N 324.2 92 91 92 92 93 94 96 96 98 98 96 2 58.3N 321.3 92 95 95 91 88 83 85 85 83 81 84 3 57.9N 314.5 84 84 85 85 85 85 85 84 83 84 81 4 54.5 N 311.0 85 90 87 85 86 87 88 83 85 87 83 5 51.6N 310.4 83 82 77 84 84 85 82 82 83 82 82 6 48.4N 311.8 85 81 81 80 79 81 83 80 79 83 81 7 45.9N 312.1 86 88 88 87 87 87 86 86 87 87 85 8 43.2N 313.0 a 77 77 76 76 75 78 78 79 83 81 9 42.2N 312.7 80 78 78 TT 76 TT 74 74 76 69 72 10 39.8N 311.1 77 79 77 75 78 78 90 90 88 96 90 11 386N 311.2 87 89 86 90 87 86 84 84 85 85 85 12 37.0N 311.6 86 85 84 83 84 84 83 82 80 83 80 13 36.8N 313.4 85 82 87 88 85 82 84 87 89 89 85 14 35.2N 315.6 86 85 85 86 84 84 85 88 87 86 87 15 33.6N 317.7 86 89 85 88 88 88 88 89 89 86 84 16 31.2N 318.8 87 87 87 86 86 86 83 86 85 85 86 17 29.8N 319.4 83 86 84 84 84 85 84 81 79 82 81 18 27.9N 320.5 79 79 79 78 79 78 78 TT 75 80 78 19 25.7N 321.0 78 78 78 78 tit 77 80 88 83 80 81 20 24.0N 320.4 74 71 71 72 72 70 72 81 84 69 74 21 21.8N 320.4 82 81 79 75 76 76 76 76 76 78 73 22 19.2N 321.5 at 78 79 80 82 82 84 83 82 81 83 23. 16.6N 322.2 82 80 82 85 85 83 84 86 83 83 80 24 15.8N 322.1 85 85 85 83 88 87 87 83 79 78 75 25 14.9N 321.8 81 82 83 83 84 83 85 89 92 83 81 26 13.9N 322.0 86 87 84 85 87 85 91 85 85 82 79 27 13.4N 322.0 86 86 85 85 83 84 86 84 84 84 81 28 11.9N 322.2 80 82 83 81 82 82 83 83 80 80 81 29° 10.8N 322.6 88 87 87 89 87 85 86 87 85 84 83 30 9.5N 322.8 83 84 84 83 83 82 85 84 81 80 78 31 8.2N 323.8 89 86 84 87 90 85 84 83 83 81 83 Sep. 1 9.4N 323.3 85 85 84 84 87 86 84 84 86 81 79 2 9.8N 323.3 85 84 82 83 83 83 83 83 80 78 76 3 11.2N 322.9 84 86 91 86 84 84 85 82 79 80 79 4 11.4N 322.0 85 85 88 85 86 89 83 82 78 77 76 5 11.6N 319.2 81 80 78 79 79 79 78 77 75 77 76 6 11.7N 317.4 79 77 at TT ttl 77 78 77 76 73 71 7 11.3N 315.8 82 82 83 83 81 81 81 77 77 77 73 8 11.6N 314.9 77 TT 79 80 80 79 81 84 71 70 - 70 9 11.8N 313.9 76 17 77 78 79 79 79 79 77 75 72 10 12.2N 312.2 79 717 79 82 86 80 84 83 89 84 83 11 13.2N 310.3 80 81 78 80 80 78 79 73 73 73 75 12 13.2N 309.5 79 80 80 78 78 79 80 78 78 73 75 13 13.3N 307.6 81 83 83 78 79 79 77 75 76 74 73 14 13.0N 305.7 71 71 74 74 73 73 71 71 70 65 66 15 12.9N 303.7 75 76 75 77 75 77 76 76 74 75 76 Oct. 2 14.7N 298.6 76 77 77 17 77 76 77 75 68 68 72 3 14.8N 296.4 78 78 79 79 77 79 79 ae 77 77 79 4 15.0N 293.9 78 76 80 78 78 76 79 78 79 76 81 5 15.3N 291.8 77 76 77 73 76 74 79 78 75 75 76 6 15.2N 288.8 81 81 80 81 83 82 81 81 80 81 77 7 14.5 N 286.0 81 81 80 81 83 81 82 79 79 80 79 8 13.2N 283.6 81 83 82 82 83 81 81 81 79 81 82 9 114N 281.4 80 80 82 83 81 84 84 84 83 82 81 10 10.3N 280.7 84 83 85 90 88 89 86 85 85 83 81 26 6.7N 280.1 85 86 82 81 81 87 87 89 90 94 93 27 5.7N 279.9 92 95 90 93 94 95 94 94 95 95 94 28 4.3N 280.2 89 88 88 88 89 89 91 94 91 92 92 29 4.1N 280.1 87 87 87 82 83 86 85 78 81 80 79 30 2.9N 279.9 88 88 91 91 90 88 93 92 92 93 91 31 4.5N 278.1 87 87 90 92 93 88 87 85 89 83 84 Nov. 1 6.1N 276.0 91 93 93 90 91 91 89 85 86 88 85 2 4.6N 277.7 86 86 86 87 91 96 97 88 88 86 81 3 3.7N 278.5 93 93 93 90 87 87 87 87 84 86 90 4 2.5 N 278.9 81 80 81 81 81 80 83 81 82 85 79 5 16N 279.2 81 80 82 82 85 85 83 85 83 81 81 humidity, Carnegie, 1928-29 wet- and dry-bulb readings local mean hour 2 a | ° 89 89 92 92 91 89 90 86 86 91 93 92 91 90.9 78 80 81 80 80 83 84 83 85 85 85 86 85 85.5 80 82 80 80 83 87 90 91 91 91 91 90 90 85.3 98 93 93 94 90 93 94 92 90 89 90 91 94 93.3 84 84 84 86 86 83 82 86 87 87 90 87 95 86.8 83 85 87 87 87 87 86 84 85 85 88 88 87 85.2 80 80 80 81 79 84 80 78 78 82 80 81 85 83.1 81 79 78 82 79 80 82 81 85 86 85 86 86 82.3 83 83 84 84 84 85 85 86 87 86 86 86 86 83.2 86 82 85 81 77 73 76 75 78 76 76 77 77 82.2 85 83 79 79 77 76 75 76 80 79 79 80 78 78.5 70 72 73 76 77 nt 78 74 74 tH 78 80 80 75.7 90 83 82 82 82 83 84 85 85 83 86 83 85 83.8 85 83 82 83 81 79 83 83 87 87 88 88 88 85.2 79 77 78 77 79 78 81 88 82 83 83 83 83 81.9 88 87 84 84 84 84 87 87 90 88 87 87 88 86.2 84 84 90 84 85 85 86 84 89 88 89 88 87 86.1 86 82 83 83 83 83 87 88 86 88 87 86 86 86.2 84 83 83 83 83 83 84 86 87 84 82 83 83 84.7 80 80 83 78 80 79 77 ttl 78 79 78 78 80 80.8 76 77 77 78 82 78 75 76 4EU 84 82 85 82 78.7 78 77 72 73 74 76 76 75 75 75 76 74 76 77.3 73 71 71 65 71 73 75 75 71 76 78 74 76 73.3 73 73 74 73 72 73 79 78 78 77 77 76 78 76.2 80 80 717 77 79 80 84 85 87 85 87 83 88 81.8 81 77 78 79 79 79 79 79 82 83 83 83 83 81.6 75 73 71 71 74 75 76 75 HE 78 78 79 80 79.0 81 78 77 76 77 tis 83 83 84 84 85 86 85 82.6 79 78 74 73 72 73 82 79 82 84 84 86 87 82.0 73 74 74 71 69 74 74 75 78 79 79 79 79 79.4 79 81 86 83 81 80 78 79 82 80 80 79 83 81.2 78 80 81 80 75 a 88 87 83 84 85 84 83 83.9 76 84 83 80 80 80 78 80 82 82 85 89 91 82.4 80 80 80 88 78 85 85 85 85 85 84 83 86 84.1 79 83 86 82 81 89 ~ 90 89 87 87 89 86 86 85.0 79 82 82 85 82 83 84 82 83 83 83 85 87 82.5 80 79 79 80 83 82 83 91 84 87 87 85 85 83.5 17 77 77 78 78 79 80 80 80 80 THe 79 79 80.6 77 73 75 76 74 73 74 74 76 76 ng 76 77 76.5 66 72 73 77 75 80 80 78 82 83 82 80 81 77.0 74 73 74 75 77 77 74 78 77 77 tee 77 78 Ula 68 68° 66 69 70 a 71 71 72 75 74 75 76 73.9 ral 71 71 71 73 72 73 76 80 83 80 83 86 76.6 83 84 83 82 83 82 82 83 79 78 80 78 79 81.8 74 75 76 76 75 78 78 77 78 78 79 79 82 77.3 72 72 71 71 74 75 75 74 74 74 75 75 80 75.8 72 71 70 72 73 74 70 74 71 73 73 74 72 74.9 65 65 62 61 65 69 69 70 70 71 73 73 76 69.5 75 75 72 74 75 76 tft 77 74 74 76 80 78 75.6 65 69 75 74 74 76 77 77 77 77 78 717 78 74.8 77 73 77 73 72 76 84 82 79 74 74 Hh) He) 77.2 86 80 81 77 81 79 84 80 80 74 75 78 78 78.8 74 76 77 73 76 72 78 82 80 81 83 81 80 77.0 75 77 75 74 77 78 80 80 83 81 81 82 82 79.7 san, 78 77 77 77 82 81 83 82 82 83 81 82 80.3 82 80 79 81 82 80 81 79 79 81 81 82 81 81.0 83 80 82 84 83 83 81 85 85 88 86 84 83 83.0 80 81 78 76 78 79 77 79 80 82 84 83 84 82.5 92 92 90 90 88 87 89 88 89 89 90 88 89 88.2 94 92 88 93 95 92 90 87 91 90 89 89 88 92.0 93 93 91 91 92 93 93 90 88 88 87 90 88 90.3 79 78 75 75 74 80 88 92 91 89 92 91 88 83.6 94 89 94 90 87 86 86 89 87 89 87 88 90 89.7 86 86 85 85 83 84 85 85 83 85 88 90 91 86.7 90 91 87 87 89 89 88 86 92 88 88 86 87 88.8 81 80 84 83 83 85 85 87 91 93 93 92 91 87.5 85 85 82 81 82 79 81 85 84 84 83 82 83 85.5 79 80 83 83 84 80 81 84 82 84 83 81 81 81.6 79 77 78 76 76 78 79 82 84 79 79 78 78 80.5 134 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 81. Hourly values of relative Date rong’ Values in per cent, tude [east | 00 | o1 [ 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 [ 06 | o7 | 08 | o9 | 10 1928 2 Nov. 6 0.8N 278.8 78 78 77 78 78 77 86 87 85 85 86 7 0.5S 278.0 84 83 83 83 86 86 86 84 86 86 82 8 15S 277.7 90 92 89 88 89 87 88 89 87 87 86 9 13S 275.2 86 85 90 87 90 90 88 87 87 86 87 10 16S 273.0 84 84 85 83 84 85 86 84 84 84 81 11 1.95 271.0 77 717 76 78 78 71 72 76 717 72 72 12 13S 268.7 76 76 76 76 76 76 77 78 75 72 71 13 15S 266.9 81 83 82 80 82 79 78 81 80 78 77 14 1.8S 265.7 78 87 84 83 80 79 Us 85 84 81 79 15 2.55 264.2 87 87 87 88 87 86 86 85 84 83 82 16 3.1S 261.8 86 86 86 86 93 90 93 92 89 86 84 17 3.38 260.2 90 90 90 92 90 91 86 86 80 79 74 18 40S 257.4 83 81 84 85 85 86 83 82 74 67 77 19 46S 254.5 67 70 75 80 80 69 67 77 75 70 73 20 7.0S 253.1 80 78 79 79 78 77 80 80 75 75 78 21 9.2S 251.6 80 81 81 82 88 95 79 79 77 76 75 22 12.0S 249.8 78 78 79 79 84 85 82 78 76 74 75 23° 14.2S 248.1 74 75 77 78 78 77 69 78 77 80 74 24 16.7S 247.0 83 80 79 78 79 79 17 72 77 75 76 25 19.2S 245.9 75 75 77 78 78 83 79 78 T7 75 74 26 21.6S 245.6 97 98 98 98 99 98 78 84 75 80 75 27 23.38 245.2 80 85 80 80 83 81 81 73 78 80 78 28 24.8S 244.7 82 81 84 87 92 86 86 87 79 79 77 29 26.6S 244.7 77 78 79 80 ee Lit Te 72 73 75 73 30 28.1S 244.9 80 80 80 68 79 83 86 87 89 80 82 Dec. 1 29.2S 245.2 77 77 76 75 74 75 74 72 72 73 72 2 30.6S 245.7 74 74 73 72 73 73 73 70 71 70 70 3 31.5S 247.3 77 77 80 80 82 80 81 79 75 77 77 4 31.4S 249.9 80 80 80 80 80 80 81 82 83 83 83 5 28.9S 251.3 88 85 90 88 93 90 87 87 86 86 84 13° 28.2S 250.8 84 77 tee 78 77 79 82 81 74 72 70 14 29.4S 251.1 81 Litt 77 76 77 84 77 76 80 74 73 15 31.1S 250.5 86 85 85 86 86 86 86 86 83 82 82 16 32.0S 249.1 76 77 74 79 77 81 77 74 73 72 72 17 «©931.8S 250.6 87 94 93 95 97 97 69 69 67 69 71 LS Ssh SIS 2500) = 71 71 71 70 69 68 66 68 66 68 68 19 32.5S 252.6 81 82 83 82 83 82 84 83 80 75 71 20 34.0S 253.4 78 74 84 87 88 89 88 90 88 84 87 21 35.3S 254.6 95 95 95 95 95 94 94 88 89 87 86 22 36.9S 255.9 94 95 95 94 94 95 97 99 95 95 95 23° 38.7S 257.1 95 95 94 96 95 95 94 94 93 92 93 24 39.9S 259.0 89 90 89 90 90 90 89 88 86 88 89 25 40.3S 261.0 87 85 86 86 85 83 83 82 81.8 = 480 26 40.4S 262.5 93 94 94 95 96 96 97 94 87 86 86 27 39.9S 263.7 92 92 92 92 90 86 89 89 91 89 90 28 38.4S 265.8 88 89 88 88 88 89 88 88 87 88 88 29 36.6S 267.0 92 92 92 92 94 90 89 88 81 81 82 30 34.5 S 268.2 85 84 82 83 83 83 77 80 78 77 76 ingen 32.5S 270.0 177 80 80 79 Ud 79 78 80 76 76 79 Jan. 1 32.2S 270.9 76 76 76 76 77 76 75 74 73 73 69 A sph) patil 70 70 69 70 71 70 66 67 68 69 70 3 631-98" 27-7 72 72 70 70 69 68 65 62 64 64 64 4 31.8S 272.7 72 73 72 70 72 70 68 66 65 65 63 5 31.0S 273.4 69 71 72 75 75 76 76 75 75 76 76 6 28.9S 274.7 79 79 73 80 78 80 81 77 75 75 76 7 27.0S 276.0 81 82 81 78 76 77 76 76 76 72 71 8 25.0S 277.8 74 Ut 72 69 65 68 68 68 68 67 63 9 23.1S 278.8 75 74 75 76 75 76 78 79 80 79 75 10 21.48 279.5 83 78 80 80 81 80 80 80 81 79 an il 19.:1S 280.7 82 77 77 76 81 82 83 84 82 74 74 12 16.7S 281.4 76 74 70 73 73 71 72 74 71 70 74 13. 14.1S 282.1 81 81 80 81 82 82 82 79 80 79 79 14 12.3S 282.8 86 85 85 86 88 86 88 85 84 81 79 Feb. 6 11.9S 281.4 90 89 80 81 78 78 78 76 78 78 78 7 1028S 280.1 86 87 88 87 85 82 84 81 79 78 77 8) 10:0'S) 277.8) 83 83 84 84 84 85 85 81 80 79 79 9 1048S 275.8 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 78 79 TT 77 10 10.88 275.0: 172 74 74 72 77 76 ys 76 73 70 69 11 10.7S 274.1 73 73 75 76 76 76 76 74 74 72 68 12 11.0S 272.6 76 77 76 76 76 77 74 76 76 74 73 13 12.6S 270.3 74 75 75 76 77 77 77 76 79 79 79 14. :14.4S 267.8 80 80 80 79 79 76 80 77 78 78 76 APPENDIX III humidity, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hour 135 ie 80 78 80 82 80 80 82 80 84 86 83 85 84 81.6 86 80 80 79 81 82 86 86 86 87 88 90 90 84.6 87 86 86 88 86 86 86 86 86 85 86 86 86 87.2 87 85 84 82 83 84 85 87 86 85 85 85 84 86.0 81 81 79 78 80 75 78 79 79 77 76 73 72 80.5 73 73 72 71 72 72 73 76 78 78 78 79 78 75.0 70 64 74 71 81 76 79 81 81 79 82 80 83 76.2 17 74 74 74 74 77 83 86 84 84 79 83 76 79.4 79 79 81 82 79 81 84 84 86 86 86 86 87 82.4 81 81 81 79 81 86 84 84 84 85 85 85 85 84.3 81 81 83 82 84 83 86 87 88 89 89 90 90 86.8 73 72 72 78 80 83 78 78 78 81 85 84 79 82.0 76 78 76 78 76 80 78 77 78 71 78 77 76 78.6 73 72 71 72 75 80 80 81 80 80 80 80 80 75.3 79 75 73 78 82 82 80 81 80 79 78 78 79 78.5 72 72 74 78 78 76 78 78 78 78 78 77 76 78.6 73 74 72 72 77 76 78 77 78 78 78 79 78 77.4 67 73 74 79 78 78 80 80 82 83 86 82 80 77.5 76 77 74 72 74 72 82 77 80 77 78 77 78 77.0 74 75 73 78 76 76 73 73 75 74 74 75 91 76.5 74 75 77 74 76 74 75 80 84 81 82 77 77 82.8 78 78 76 76 76 17 78 79 79 78 80 81 80 79.0 77 UU 74 74 74 73 71 72 74 76 73 74 76 78.5 73 74 79 78 Lis 76 80 78 79 79 78 82 83 77.2 79 76 73 78 77 75 77 78 78 77 76 77 76 78.8 73 71 69 69 68 67 67 68 71 71 71 75 75 72.2 71 69 70 72 73 73 75 74 76 76 78 78 78 73.2 75 73 73 73 74 74 76 77 77 78 78 79 80 77.2 84 83 84 83 86 86 86 86 87 86 86 86 85 83.3 84 83 84 84 83 84 85 87 84 87 85 85 86 86.0 72 75 73 73 76 75 72 76 72 70 80 77 82 76.0 76 70 73 74 75 80 77 89 89 85 85 84 86 79.0 82 81 81 84 91 90 91 87 84 82 83 82 76 84.5 70 71 67 67 67 67 68 69 69 70 78 91 92 74.1 68 68 66 67 66 66 68 68 67 68 68 68 69 74.4 67 68 68 68 70 69 71 71 75 76 78 78 79 70.6 71 73 75 73 75 77 79 79 80 84 83 79 76 78.8 87 90 90 91 91 90 90 90 90 91 93 93 94 88.2 86 86 87 87 88 90 93 94 92 93 94 94 94 91.3 95 94 95 95 95 94 94 95 95 96 94 95 94 95.0 92 92 93 92 94 92 93 92 91 91 91 90 91 92.9 89 88 87 86 85 89 89 89 87 88 88 88 88 88.3 79 82 80 77 75 76 80 88 89 91 92 91 94 83.9 90 90 78 93 95 75 81 79 83 85 88 90 91 89.0 85 84 85 84 82 82 85 83 83 85 85 86 87 87.0 87 85 85 84 84 88 90 90 89 89 90 92 92 88.1 81 82 77 717 82 81 80 81 83 83 82 83 84 84.5 73 72 76 77 79 76 73 74 78 76 17 76 78 78.0 75 75 73 77 75 70 68 78 76 17 77 17 77 76.5 64 66 68 64 60 63 64 62 67 69 72 69 69 69.9 69 71 66 58 71 75 75 73 74 72 73 73 73 70.1 65 67 67 63 63 69 72 71 72 73 74 73 74 68.5 64 63 63 60 60 59 61 62 64 68 68 68 69 66.0 77 75 73 71 73 70 71 74 77 78 78 79 78 74.6 73 73 74 76 75 76 78 77 82 83 83 85 82 717.9 69 72 75 72 76 mae 84 80 79 79 78 74 Uti 76.6 60 67 67 70 77 76 76 74 75 75 75 76 75 70.9 75 79 82 80 76 81 76 80 79 82 82 78 81 78.0 78 75 76 76 78 77 75 77 80 80 78 80 81 78.8 74 74 75 77 77 74 78 717 75 77 76 75 74 11.3 68 75 67 71 73 76 76 76 77 81 82 82 82 74.3 78 78 78 78 80 82 83 84 82 83 83 84 86 81.0 82 80 80 83 81 85 85 90 89 93 93 93 93 85.8 78 75 75 75 74 78 78 80 82 84 85 85 86 80.0 75 75 79 79 80 81 84 83 83 83 82 83 84 81.9 79 79 82 81 81 80 81 81 82 83 82 80 80 81.6 77 77 79 72 70 69 70 68 70 70 70 70 71 75.1 69 63 62 61 57 62 63 65 70 70 71 72 72 69.5 69 70 70 68 72 75 77 76 75 75 76 77 717 73.8 73 73 75 ttt 75 74 75 74 73 74 74 74 74 74.8 83 80 17 79 82 83 82 82 84 81 18 82 80 79.0 76 {it 77 17 78 77 76 15 78 719 78 79 79 77.9 136 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 81. Hourly values of relative mare ati- renee Values in per cent, tude | east | 00 | o1 | o2 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 1929 > = Feb. 15 15 265.1 Tite 78 719 17 719 72 17 80 79 78 Yt 16 15 262.4 78 79 78 78 19° 78 78 {hs 76 76 78 17 14 259.2 78 80 83 78 80 87 80 84 81 79 19 22 12 247.7 13 73 74 73 74 713 74 74 76 46) 72 23 12 244.9 76 73 74 75 74 76 76 75 72 70 73 24 12 242.4 17 76 7th 17 76 76 78 76 76 712 72 25 12 240.6 72 73 72 72 73 73 75 76 75 73 72 26 13 238.7 76 77 74 73 73 73 73 72 71 74 75 27 13 235.9 74 74 78 75 76 13 74 74 73 Les 71 28 14 233.8 76 76 76 76 76 76 74 76 72 72 13 Mar. 1 16 231.9 72 73 73 69 We 72 72 712 69 68 66 2 te 230.2 73 72 68 72 73 75 72 69 69 72 69 3 17 228.3 73 73 74 71 72 71 72 70 70 67 66 5 M76 224.6 75 73 73 74 74 1) 74 76 74 72 70 6 17 223.4 74 75 78 77 17 717 76 74 72 69 “fil if 17 aai 72 73 71 71 74 77 76 72 69 68 67 8 Ny (A 219.2 73 63 74 73 72 72 72 71 68 69 70 9 17 218.0 74 74 74 75 76 74 73 74 fal 70 68 10 18. 215.9 75 76 74 74 76 75 74 72 73 69 71 11 18. 214.4 73 74 72 76 85 81 78 76 73 72 74 12 Ute 212.0 17 81 81 80 19 82 83 79 1H 74 te 21 16 209.2 85 83 84 81 719 19 79 17 uit 76 74 22 17 208.2 79 19 78 79 719 78 81 80 84 719 80 23 17 207.3 Mat 79 719 78 74 75 75 73 70 71 72 24 16 206.3 76 76 78 78 el qh 78 17 76 74 71 25 16. 204.0 81 81 719 19 81 81 81 80 78 78 78 27 15 199.4 83 87 87 87 86 81 83 80 81 81 80 28 1B 198.0 80 85 85 85 81 84 84 81 80 76 73 29 15 196.7 719 78 78 78 78 78 719 17 75 74 75 30 14 194.4 78 78 80 78 719 79 78 76 74 13 76 31 14 192.1 79 719 719 79 719 79 80 78 76 74 719 Apr. 22 1 188.4 79 78 76 78 Ut 78 78 80 717 81 81 23 1 188.4 82 82 81 81 80 17 78 77 75 75 76 24 189.0 80 80 19 81 80 78 81 79 80 78 78 25 188.2 19 tft 17 79 83 84 86 86 83 79 80 26 187.6 86 79 78 78 76 rau 78 77 74 71 70 27 187.6 74 74 74 74 74 74 81 81 77 72 71 28 187.4 75 75 74 74 76 76 m5 73 75 74 71 29 186.6 78 80 81 81 78 79 79 78 80 78 80 30 185.9 89 87 82 719 81 81 82 82 81 82 80 May NOOONENN PORUBRHOOHKUOITUNWUUNRUONOR ROOEIRYWO WHHOTNUINONRADOHOROENEHON ONODINMRADWO Z2ZZA“AZ“ZAZZy AZAMZNYSYAMAYUAYSAYNANNYURZANANyYNN™AYSZANYAUMZMAZAN™AN™NPUZY}™Y™NZAy ZANNUUNAUAUUNR NRNNNNNURURNURANNRNRNNNNANRANN NANNNNANHNNM _ fos) > oo co i) co tS fos} tS oo tS fos] a fo} a fos} for) io] co io) foe} Co is) io=] uo > i ih mI +S OO PAAGEAOAD PPA IDOOOOHRBNIWOOD LN Or WUD TOFD nN a Wwwwwwwhd NON NR RRR Re eRe NMR ee Ree 26 144.2 77 80 82 80 78 78 78 75 77 74 72 144.0 177 78 77 78 78 79 77 75 75 73 73 28 144.2 74 73 73 70 73 74 74 75 70 69 74 29 144.2 77 79 78 78 84 80 79 79 74 74 74 30 144.1 92 87 85 84 87 84 78 79 79 75 72 31 144.4 88 88 89 91 92 90 91 90 89 89 90 June 1 144.0 94 94 93 94 94 93 95 93 92 90 87 2 143.9 90 92 90 93 92 91 90 91 90 90 92 3 144.3 85 84 87 88 88 86 86 84 85 85 85 4 142.3 91 90 88 90 92 91 90 91 91 90 89 5 141.2 91 90 90 90 89 88 86 82 85 85 81 6 140.2 94 95 95 94 94 59 95 96 96 95 94 7 139.9 85 85 79 81 79 81 82 81 82 88 86 25 141.0 84 82 82 80 86 89 86 84 81 78 78 APPENDIX Il 137 humidity, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hour 1 eC es (OE ET ihe 71 72 72 65 73 76 76 78 78 78 78 78 79 76.1 75 75 72 75 71 72 77 74 76 76 76 78 79 76.3 77 74 72 73 76 77 75 77 77 78 79 78 77 78.3 74 72 71 71 71 72 74 75 76 75 76 75 73 73.6 73 73 69 71 72 72 74 74 75 74 76 74 76 73.6 69 71 71 71 71 71 68 69 69 70 70 72 71 72.8 71 69 70 71 71 72 74 74 74 74 76 72 73 72.8 75 74 72 73 69 73 72 72 74 76 76 76 75 73.7 68 66 65 67 72 73 72 71 72 73 75 74 74 72.3 73 73 70 66 68 69 69 71 71 71 71 72 72 72.5 66 66 67 67 68 70 68 71 69 72 71 71 72 69.8 72 68 66 72 72 70 70 70 73 72 73 74 73 71.2 68 67 66 68 68 68 70 73 71 71 75 75 75 70.6 68 68 69 69 70 66 72 73 76 77 73 75 71 72.3 70 69 67 71 67 65 65 68 67 67 72 73 70 71.3 67 67 66 67 67 66 70 71 72 71 69 71 72 70.2 68 69 70 68 68 69 73 70 71 72 72 72 74 71.0 67 67 67 69 69 70 72 73 72 74 74 73 74 71.8 71 71 66 66 79 80 76 78 74 69 75 75 72 74.2 78 74 75 84 82 85 82 78 78 74 73 73 75 76.9 72 74 74 79 76 75 74 70 75 79 79 92 89 78.0 75 73 75 82 83 77 79 82 81 77 717 80 81 79.0 81 79 78 UL 76 75 71 75 74 76 77 77 77 1.9 73 68 68 68 71 72 71 70 72 74 74 75 75 73.1 75 73 73 74 78 77 78 77 78 79 79 79 82 76.7 76 76 77 78 74 78 79 81 81 83 81 84 83 79.5 80 80 81 78 80 81 80 81 77 79 79 80 81 81.4 71 71 70 70 73 69 72 73 75 76 79 80 78 77.1 72 69 67 70 74 73 75 74 74 76 78 78 78 15.3 73 72 67 79 81 79 76 81 87 86 82 80 79 78.0 76 75 76 76 75 78 79 76 75 80 80 81 80 77.8 79 77 77 75 77 91 91 88 84 86 88 87 84 81.1 76 77 77 78 79 79 81 80 80 80 81 80 78 78.8 77 81 80 87 84 82 78 78 79 80 78 79 77 79.8 81 74 71 68 74 72 77 77 79 81 81 82 85 79.0 70 69 80 79 80 79 274 73 71 81 81 76 74 76.3 66 68 69 68 79 7 79 75 78 78 79 80 74 74.8 72 73 74 75 76 17 77 77 79 78 78 78 78 75.4 79 79 80 81 80 79 79 81 82 82 82 82 87 80.2 81 78 77 77 79 79 79 80 80 82 82 83 82 81.0 81 82 81 79 82 81 81 83 82 83 83 88 87 83.5 82 81 80 81 81 80 92 92 88 88 84 84 84 83.2 77 TT 77 85 80 85 84 80 81 81 84 87 86 82.2 78 82 80 79 81 82 81 81 92 87 86 83 81 81.9 76 76 77 79 78 78 81 79 83 83 83 78 79 79.1 76 79 79 79 82 82 80 80 80 80 80 81 84 79.1 77 74 78 78 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 81 83 79.2 81 81 78 80 78 79 84 82 82 82 84 81 83 80.1 73 74 72 74 74 77 74 74 74 74 74 75 78 76.7 74 76 73 72 71 73 73 77 UH ttf 79 79 80 77.1 73 74 76 72 76 78 ties 78 78 79 79 78 79 76.5 17 75 74 74 80 74 75 76 76 79 80 79 80 77.8 79 77 79 79 79 79 80 79 81 80 79 79 80 81.6 78 76 78 79 78 79 80 82 79 82 82 84 82 79.8 rad 75 74 76 TT 77 TT TT 80 82 82 81 82 79.7 71 73 74 79 79 79 78 79 78 80 80 78 79 717.8 75 74 74 74 76 75 77 79 81 80 80 80 80 77.9 73 73 73 74 76 76 77 73 75 75 77 74 75 75.9 72 74 74 75 75 74 74 76 77 11 78 73 76 75.6 72 73 74 74 72 73 73 74 76 77 78 75 75 73.5 77 75 77 77 78 79 79 81 84 84 86 87 $1 79.6 77 76 77 73 74 77 80 80 82 83 83 85 89 80.8 87 86 82 82 82 83 84 84 87 91 91 91 93 87.9 83 83 87 87 85 89 89 91 93 93 92 93 92 90.7 88 86 85 82 81 79 81 83 84 82 84 81 84 86.7 82 84 85 86 86 87 87 90 91 92 91 91 92 87.0 88 90 87 87 88 88 92 92 90 89 89 88 91 89.7 80 83 82 80 83 84 84 85 93 91 91 91 91 86.5 94 88 86 87 85 82 80 81 83 84 84 84 84 89.4 84 78 78 mat 78 84 81 81 81 84 84 83 83 81.9 138 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 81. Hourly values of relative 1929 June 26 36.0N 142.1 89 90 93 94 93 93 92 92 89 84 85 27 36.7N 143.6 92 95 95 94 94 93 91 91 91 89 87 28 36.8N 145.4 90 91 92 92 92 94 95 93 92 91 88 29 37.8N 145.5 86 87 86 86 87 86 82 82 82 81 80 30 38.1N 147.1 rite 82 80 86 86 82 84 85 84 80 87 July, S837 EN, rare, 86 88 88 89 91 91 91 88 85 81 80 2 39.8N 149.5 TT tli 77 78 77 77 78 78 78 74 76 3 40.4N 151.1 83 80 78 82 85 83 81 83 82 80 77 4 41.3N 153.1 83 83 85 83 85 86 87 89 90 92 91 5 42.6 N 155.6 95 96 96 96 98 98 99 98 98 95 95 6 43.8N 158.3 98 96 98 98 98 96 96 96 96 96 98 7 45.4N 159.6 95 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 98 95 95 8 46.9N 163.0 96 96 98 96 96 95 96 97 97 96 96 9 47.0N 166.6 96 95 99 97 96 96 97 97 99 97 96 10 46.7N 169.5 97 99 99 97 97 97 96 97 97 96 95 1 4620Ne iter 95 95 96 93 95 95 95 96 95 95 95 12 45.3N 173.1 95 95 95 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 96 13 46.2N 174.1 96 98 96 96 96 97 98 95 98 96 96 14 48.1N 178.1 98 98 98 98 99 98 99 100 99 99 98 14 49.2N 183.3 95 95 95 96 95 96 99 100 98 98 98 15 50.5 N 187.2 96 98 95 93 90 88 89 94 95 95 96 16) S1-4"N 19207 (95 94 95 95 93 94 96 99 98 95 94 17 52.4N 198.2 96 96 98 96 96 96 96 95 95 98 96 18 52.6N 204.4 96 100 98 98 99 100 100 100 99 99 98 19 52.0N 209.6 95 94 95 96 96 96 95 98 97 96 98 20 50.2N 213.9 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 98 21 48.0N 217.3 96 96 98 94 93 93 93 91 90 92 86 22 46.0N 220.3 87 91 87 89 87 89 90 90 91 91 87 23° 44.3N 222.4 87 84 82 85 91 94 86 84 85 82 84 24 42.6N 224.8 79 tel 86 eth 80 80 77 80 717 84 79 25 40.7N 227.7 78 76 76 uu 74 76 76 73 76 79 83 26 39.6 N 230.5 95 90 93 90 86 91 83 79 78 75 76 27 38.8N 234.3 79 80 78 81 84 84 85 86 86 86 86 28 38.2N 237.2 92 92 91 94 93 94 94 93 93 91 89 Sep. 4 37.0N 236.3 &7 87 86 83 83 82 82 84 84 87 86 5 35.5N 235.0 82 81 77 77 78 79 80 79 77 78 75 6 33.8N 233.7 87 85 86 84 85 84 83 86 86 86 85 7 32.4N 232.1 83 87 84 82 83 83 76 79 74 70 68 8 31.6N 231.2 76 72 68 66 73 70 76 75 75 72 68 9 30.4N 229.0 69 67 66 70 70 71 70 71 67 70 71 10 29.3N 227.4 70 68 70 68 69 66 68 67 65 67 63 11 28.2N 225.7 66 63 66 66 69 70 71 70 68 67. 64 12 27.7N 224.6 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 63 13. 27.0N 222.3 64 65 66 67 65 69 70 69 69 69 68 14 26.7N 220.9 81 82 78 eee 717 75 75 74 75 76 78 15 26.5 N 219.4 74 74 75 77 76 77 75 75 75 80 77 16 26.2N 217.9 16 TT Let! 77 at 77 77 75 73 73 72 17 25.1N 216.4 72 76 74 74 74 74 75 71 69 67 64 18 24.0N 214.4 80 81 72 76 71 72 70 69 66 69 64 19 23.4N 211.3 71 71 70 71 71 71 70 71 66 67 65 20 22.9N 208.6 77 72 70 66 73 72 72 72 71 72 64 21 22.3N 206.4 76 78 77 76 76 79 80 71 71 70 75 22 21.7N 204.3 78 79 78 81 80 80 79 73 74 74 74 23. 21.3N 202.1 78 77 78 78 78 78 78 75 77 72 69 Oct. 3 23.5N 200.4 83 81 79 78 79 77 77 75 73 71 71 4 26.4N 199.5 72 72 71 72 72 71 71 71 70 69 71 5 29.1N 198.8 70 70 72 76 76 78 73 72 74 72 73 6) SLATAN| 99°06 75 76 76 77 75 76 TT ut 76 76 76 7 32.8N 199.3 tH! 78 80 82 80 79 79 76 72 70 69 10 33.6N 205.5 tft 71 70 69 68 70 71 71 70 69 67 11 33.7N 208.3 80 83 84 87 84 85 85 83 84 86 85 12 33.3N 212.3 88 86 85 84 88 86 85 85 87 92 91 13 33.4N 214.6 85 80 87 87 84 82 83 82 82 74 77 14 33.6N 216.9 71 71 73 74 75 ui 78 78 TT 76 79 15 31.8N 219.3 82 83 82 83 81 80 81 8i 81 80 81 16 29.1N 220.8 78 76 17 76 77 83 84 86 85 79 81 17 27.4N 221.9 80 80 80 79 79 78 78 76 75 73 73 19 25.0N 222.2 79 78 85 85 82 80 85 77 72 73 74 20 23.2N 221.7 88 92 87 88 87 84 85 83 81 80 81 21 21.2N 221.5 77 77 76 78 75 78 78 75 75 76 73 22 18.3N 222.0 81 81 79 81 79 82 82 78 76 74 74 23 16.2 N 223.0 73 73 73 76 75 72 71 70 70 70 68 APPENDIX III 139 humidity, Carnegie, 1928-29--Continued local mean hour / 86 86 87 87 87 88 88 88 92 91 95 94 92 89.8 88 85 84 86 85 85 85 89 91 92 91 92 91 89.8 86 89 90 84 94 99 96 97 90 90 87 87 82 90.9 78 79 us) 78 77 iil 1) 78 77 77 77 78 79 80.8 81 81 86 89 90 88 91 88 88 88 88 88 90 85.4 79 81 78 te) Se) 78 80 sri, 76 77 80 79 78 82.4 77 17 79 79 79 82 82 81 84 83 82 80 81 78.9 79 84 80 80 81 78 80 79 78 81 84 85 83 81.1 88 89 87 87 “87 87 91 93 94 94 95 95 97 89.1 94 96 95 94 95 96 96 95 98 98 98 99 96 96.4 96 96 95 98 96 96 95 96 95 96 95 96 95 96.3 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 96 96 98 97 96 97 96.0 90 94 89 90 90 95 93 92 97 97 96 96 95 94.7 95 94 92 94 93 95 95 96 oi 97 97 oT 100 96.1 92 92 92 92 88 87 90 88 91 92 93 94 94 93.8 92 88 89 91 90 90 89 88 92 94 95 96 97 93.2 96 95 94 93 92 90 90 94 95 95 95 95 96 94.7 98 97 98 98 98 98 96 95 95 96 96 98 98 96.8 98 95 95 96 96 99 99 99 98 96 96 98 98 97.8 96 98 98 95 96 99 99 96 96 96 97 97 96 96.8 95 93 94 93 93 95 96 95 95 95 96 95 93 94.0. 95 95 95 95 94 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 95 94.8 95 94 91 92 91 93 94 96 98 98 98 97 97 95.5 96 95 94 94 94 94 95 95 96 96 95 95 95 96.7 98) = 98 95 95 95 95 95 98 98 98 96 96 96 96.2 96 95 92 92 91 93 94 94 94 94 94 94 96 94.7 86 83 85 84 81 81 84 89 86 90 90 87 87 89.0 87 81 82 84 80 85 83 82 83 83 90 91 86 86.5 84 82 74 75 76 77 76 77 79 82 81 80 79 81.9 79 75 77 81 76 79 78 79 85 78 83 80 80 79.4 81 82 83 84 = 4 86 87 88 89 89 91 93 95 82.3 81 78 76 78 79 79 79 73 78 73 76 78 78 80.9 86 84 84 84 85 86 86 85 85 90 89 90 92 85.0 90 90 86 86 88 89 88 88 88 95 96 97 97 91.4 83 82 82 80 77 79 76 77 78 79 79 79 79 81.7 75 74 77 72 69 73 473 75 76 77 io) 82 84 77.0 76 81 79 82 81 84 81 80 76 81 74 79 idk 82.0 66 75 74 71 69 69 69 717 76 74 74 73 74 75.4 66 65 63 64 64 68 73 75 74 70 75 69 69 70.2 65 67 67 68 69 68 69 70 69 71 69 69 69 68.8 67 63 63 64 64 64 66 69 70 69 70 68 68 66.9 61 58 59 60 57 60 61 61 65 68 70 71 66 64.9 61 63 59 64 63 62 62 61 64 64 64 64 64 64.8 65 66 64 59 62 63 58 64 66 68 68 68 69 65.9 72 72 74 70 70 71 74 73 74 75 72 74 75 74.8 LEU 77 717 77 75 75 75 76 717 77 77 77 77 76.2 ql 71 72 71 71 70 68 68 71 71 72 74 74 73.1 68 65 65 68 69 71 71 70 72 72 73 73 73 70.8 64 69 66 66 68 70 70 71 71 71 70 73 71 70.4 63 61 64 63 62 65 66 68 67 68 69 72 iti, 67.9 66 66 68 70 71 72 71 73 72 71 71 74 75 70.9 80 73 71 71 75 74 75 78 78 79 77 82 76 75.8 73 73 67 70 72 76 78 79 77 78 79 77 78 76.1 71 64 65 65 64 64 64 65 61 58 70 70 712 70.5 73 75 70 69 72 78 74 74 75 73 79 72 71 74.8 69 69 70 70 69 73 72 73 74 74 70 71 70 (teu 72 71 71 71 76 80 81 78 83 76 78 76 76 74.8 74 73 76 77 76 77 aft 80 80 80 79 80 80 76.9 69 74 77 78 80 81 83 84 84 84 85 85 88 78.9 68 67 63 64 65 67 67 70 74 76 74 84 80 70.2 78 81 81 78 81 79 83 84 87 87 84 87 86 83.4 91 91 94 93 92 89 90 86 85 94 91 88 86 88.6 79 77 70 65 64 68 66 69 68 68 69 70 70 75.2 78 78 83 83 81 78 QT 76 76 76 80 80 81 77.3 83 83 87 83 83 89 81 17 75 75 76 717 76 80.8 79 82 83 85 86 90 92 92 90 88 91 89 84 83.9 73 70 71 69 64 63 64 69 71 74 75 75 75 73.5 72 80 80 83 84 80 80 81 82 84 85 85 86 80.5 76 77 75 77 78 79 78 78 77 77 77 77 78 80.8 74 75 76 TT 80 78 81 82 78 81 79 79 78 77.3 75 75 76 76 77 76 76 77 77 75 75 74 75 77.1 70 70 71 ul 71 74 74 74 75 76 717 717 77 72.8 140 METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE Table 81. Hourly values of relative 1929 - Oct. 24 13.6N 223.5 76 83 81 84 87 89 88 89 85 87 85 25 12.7N 222.5 87 88 86 88 $6 84 81 85 87 89 86 26 11.3N 221.3 80 80 79 79 79 77 75 75 73 71 72 27 10.1N 220.3 82 78 79 77 81 81 81 79 75 72 73 28 8.6N 219.2 84 86 86 80 80 81 81 83 77 75 76 29 7.7N 218.6 80 80 79 84 83 84 82 82 79 79 76 30 TIN 217.4 83 82 85 83 82 82 81 79 80 78 79 31 6.7N 216.6 91 92 90 86 87 87 86 82 82 79 78 Nov. 1 5.8N 215.3 84 84 80 79 80 86 85 85 88 85 88 2 4.9N 213.2 78 78 78 Lie 79 79 83 79 78 77 77 3 4.3N 210.7 83 83 83 80 80 80 80 80 79 79 77 4 3.0N 210.2 78 80 81 80 80 80 78 79 76 77 77 5 0.8N 208.5 81 81 81 82 81 83 82 83 79 79 79 6 1.8S 207.6 81 81 82 81 81 82 81 79 78 78 77 tf 49S 206.6 78 78 UU 77 75 77 76 75 71 70 69 8 6.6S 204.9 77 77 77 77 vu 76 74 74 74 74 73 9 8.1S 203.1 75 75 76 76 75 76 74 76 72 70 68 10 90S 201.9 78 78 76 74 74 74 75 72 73 71 72 11 9.4S 200.9 76 74 78 76 78 76 74 74 74 74 72 12 10.3S 198.9 75 75 76 76 78 76 717 76 79 72 70 13 11.00S 198.0 76 75 75 75 74 75 79 87 87 83 78 1A GIS e966 70 72 72 72 74 72 72 69 65 65 61 APPENDIX Ii 141 humidity, Carnegie, 1928-29--Concluded local mean hour Co] EE OE OD A Vie 85 87 85 83 86 85 86 85 84 83 87 89 87 85.2 87 81 89 90 85 86 86 86 84 83 80 80 78 85.1 72 71 69 66 66 73 83 78 79 81 81 81 82 75.9 70 71 73 73 72 69 85 87 83 83 83 83 83 78.0 76 74 70 73 72 78 78 81 80 83 81 81 80 79.0 79 74 83 76 76 77 77 78 it 77 77 80 85 79.3 80 80 88 83 82 83 81 82 88 90 90 91 92 83.5 75 715 83 78 79 80 79 79 79 79 79 86 80 82.1 86 81 85 86 84 79 79 78 78 80 80 79 78 82.4 17 76 77 78 79 77 75 76 78 17 78 i) 81 78.0 76 77 17 73 72 73 74 74 74 74 75 76 74 717.2 17 77 75 76 76 17 74 77 77 17 78 79 81 77.8 79 78 79 80 81 81 82 82 81 81 81 80 81 80.7 76 76 75 17 17 17 80 80 78 78 17 719 17 78.7 68 69 67 72 69 68 70 75 75 75 75 75 76 73.2 72 72 71 72 73 73 71 74 74 74 75 76 76 74.3 71 70 69 69 68 72 74 75 76 17 78 78 78 73.7 72 74 73 71 70 72 72 72 74 74 74 74 75 73.5 71 72 71 wi 71 72 71 73 72 74 74 75 74 73.6 70 69 72 70 72 72 69 70 71 73 72 72 72 73.1 68 67 66 66 67 67 68 70 70 69 69 68 68 72.8 57 57 55 57 55 53 60 65 64 65 67 73 74 65.2 2 7 = © fi ie . , : | x i ie f e } io be | ; 4. r : oe * HH I E | a _ 1] 7 FIGURES 1 - 62 Le % TM 3SiNdD 40 SNOJLYOd O3LI1dWODNN GNV 031371dWOD ONIMOHS ZIDSNUVD 3H 40 3LNOY—! ‘914 AuvnNdess SNOI1IV1S DIHAVYSONV390 @ INAS 40 NOILHOd $3L371dWOONN — 3SINdD 4O NOILYGd O31371dWOD ARON — ON3937 uae MPT SuvW 5 14 g Eres ia a i ; 4380150 Neat s SLN3WNYLSNI 1¥9I901040313W 4O SNOI1VDO1 ONIMOHS FIO3NYVD FHL —e “O14 ee EY ee ee % oe OPE SYFLIW 146 viva SSINYVD 40 sdnowo—e ‘914 ONV1S! 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SEPTEMBER 16 TO OCTOBER 2, 1926 ‘ FIGS. 29 AND 30—SEA-SURFACE ISOTHERMS IN THE PACIFIC, CARNEGIE RESULTS, 1928-1929 155 e0° 2 2 Cow So’ ° 10° Sas + FIG. 2B—SEA-SURFACE ISOTHERMS IN THE ATLANTIC, CARNEGIE RESULTS, 1928-1929 140° 150° 160" 170° 180" 170° = 160° 100° 90° 80° = ie Y 2 5 Lim q | ale A Ss ae yr f | =) ) aS La a d “x Y Uy ag pera im + TO SEPTEMBER 3, 1923 X, aes”, pack | | 24 23 eX Bo SoS lie {+f ec 22! se [21 70” | ees MISSING) | x 20 t 2s 22 yee Poe filmit 321 ine 1, 1929 | i - | } eae BY ‘ | wrt / a= | AG ee | or |ae | 20 : 1 2h Alt aes pa = Le i : - 7/7, Y H SS aul ead eee page | Ms | a a uw a a x ° a s We AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE IN DAY OF THE MONTH F AUGU: 58°3 N, 35°98 W TO 8°2 N, 6. SEA TEMPERATURE en AIR TEMPERATURE IG. 38 ST 1928 \ \ \ RELATIVE HUMIDITY =j= a SS Sei si => 14A 148 SAE 180° MERIDIAN 1 19 DAY OF THE MONTH + 6-1 N, 83°90 W FIG. 39 NOVEMBER 1928 TO 28°15, 11571 W 1 Alp? TEMPERATURE + -_ > = I~ ®_SEA TEMPERATURE CENT ~~ ye RELATIVE HUMIDITY \ \ \ \ \ ee Za [} VAPOR PRESSURE IN MM \ RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PER \vapor PRESSURE JULY 1929 FIG. 40 38°7 N,147°7 E TO 37°8N, FIGS. 38-40— COMPARISON OF DAILY MEANS OF AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURES, RELATIVE HUMIDITY, AND VAPOR PRESSURE, FROM CARNEGIE RESULTS, 1928-1929 159 2 LOCAL MEAN HOURS \ \ | | / / | i] | | / SEA TEMPERATURE FIG, 41 GROUP I LAT. 56.3N RELATIVE HUMIDITY LONG. 40°97 Ww JULY 29=AUGUST 6 (9 DAYS) 1 AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE if VAPOR PRESSURE x RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PER CENT VAPOR PRESSURE SEA TEMPERATURE y--k 7 / AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE IN RELATIVE HUMIDI ! VAPOR PRESSURE FIG. 42 GROUP IL LAT. 42°8N LONG. 47°68 W AUGUST 7-10 (4 DAYS) RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PER CENT VAPOR PRESSURE IN MM °c AIR TEMPERATURE A TEMPERATURE PERATURE IN \ \ | | i} \ ENT | RELATIVE HUMIDITY } PRESSURE ‘AIR AND SEA TEM VAPOR PRESSURE IN MM RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PER Cl FIG. 43 GROUP IT LAT. 29°0N LONG. 42°0 W +~AUGUST 1|-23 (13 DAYS) AIR TEMPERATURE _--7->~ 7 ae SEA TEMPERATURE ATIVE HUMIDITY / VAPOR PRESSURE AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE In °c | | | | Ee | I | | | | \ \ RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PE! FIG, 44 GROUP Iz LAT. 11°98 N LONG. 4320 W AUGUST 24-SEPTEMBER |5 (21 Days) VAPOR PRESSURE IN MM FIGS. 4I-44—MEAN DIURNAL VARIATION OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS BY GROUPS (CORRECTED FOR NONCYCLIC CHANGE),FROM CARNEGIE RESULTS, 1928-1929 160 12 16 LOCAL MEAN HOURS ~ AIR TEMPERATURE Fa SEA Saree une! RELATIVE HUMIDITY AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE IN Nn Le uw VAPOR PRESSURE FIG. 45 GROUP LAT. 13.6N LONG. 7i20W OCTOBER 2-10 (9 Days) ny Lo ) nv & ° VAPOR PRESSURE IN MM ———-— — -— — SEA TEMPERATURE 4 i) | | | | ~=---b------ AIR AND SEA a TEMPERATURE IN © AIR TEMPERATURI RELATIVE HUMIDITY, FIG. 46 GROUP Zr LAT. 4°20N LONG. BI°o w VAPOR PRESSURE OCTOBER 26-NOVEMBER 6 (12 Days) RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PER CENT AIR: TEMPERATURE SEA TEMPERATURE I | | | | I i \ | Zz rr .o} FIG. 47 re GROUP YILA w LAT, 16:55 a LONG. 10423 w z NOVEMBER 7-DECEMBER 21 = (35 Days) ra 3 = 2 = = = w z RELATIVE HUMIDITY > wu < 4 = 2 w 0 ia uw. © VAPOR PRESSURE 4 i} a : < 27 Y az SEA TEMPERATURE AIR TEMPERATURE aS ue ===2--_------- . S25 FIG. 48 2 = GROUP WB e ca LAT. 1321S a <= LONG. 119°4Ww = 5—e FEBRUARY 22-28 | = (7 Days) Re > E Bs ra = 3 Jae Zz RELATIVE HUMIDITY ae y w : : n < me VAPOR PRESSURE a a (4 « ° a 16.0 $ FIGS. 45-48—MEAN DIURNAL VARIATION OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS BY GROUPS (CORRECTED FOR NONCYCLIC CHANGE), FROM CARNEGIE RESULTS, 1928-1929 161 12 16 LOCAL MEAN HOURS y AIR TEMPERATURE - > —— ~~ TEMPERATURE AIR AND SEA \ TEMPERATURE IN°C 1 | | \ \ rr) RELATIVE HUMIDITY FIG. 49 GROUP LAT. 3722S LONG. 96°7W DECEMBER 22-31 VAPOR PRESSURE _,__ (6 Days) RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PER CENT n uo VAPOR PRESSURE IN MM °. TEMPERATURE INC TEMPERATURE Prcaeeets TEMPERATURE AIR AND SEA OY °o 2 f} 1 | | ! 1 i} | | RELATIVE HUMIDITY VAPOR PRESSURE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PER CENT FIG. SO GROUP Ix LAT. 24°75 LONG. 83°3w| JANUARY [I-14 (\4 DAYS) VAPOR PRESSURE IN MM nm a AIR TEMPERATURE EAS ei nN 15 i] | | | I | | EMPERATURE y AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE IN °C RELATIVE HUMIDITY VAPOR PRESSURE FIG. 51 GROUP Xx LAT. 12°38 LONG. 68°2W FEBRUARY 6-17 RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PER CENT x te) 1 TEMPERATURE IN°C|VAPOR PRESSURE IN MM AIR TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE = So GROUP XI LAT. 1698S LONG. 147°9W MARCH I-31 (21 pays) AIR AND SEA RELATIVE HUMIDITY RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PER CENT VAPOR PRESSURE VAPOR PRESSURE IN MM nN ° & FIGS. 49-52—MEAN DIURNAL VARIATION OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS BY GROUPS (CORRECTED FOR NONCYCLIC CHANGE), FROM CARNEGIE RESULTS, 1928-1929 162 t2 LOCAL MEAN HOURS Nv @ Eiee aie) N | AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE IN °C RELATIVE aN APRIL 22-MaAy 31 (32 Days) RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PER CENT VAPOR PRESSURE y) AIR TEMPERATURE SEA TEMPERATURE ee CENT N ~~ RELATIVE HUMIDITY LONG. 143°) € JUNE 1-30 (13 Days) VAPOR PRESSURE AIR TEMPERAT “~ ~7 Se SEA TEMPERATURE az Wu as 25 Bed = af