Ex

Libris

BEATRIX
JONES

REEF POINT GARDENS
LIBRARY

The Gift of Beatrix Farrand

to the General Library
University of California, Berkeley

SEASIDE PLANTING

OF

TREES AND SHRUBS

THE "COUNTRT LIFE"
LlERART

SEASIDE PLANTING

OF

TREES AND SHRUBS

BY

ALFRED NGAUT, F.R.H.S.

ILLUSTRATED FROM PHOTOGRAPHS
BY FRANK SUTCLIFFE

LONDON : PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICES
OF "COUNTRY LIFE," LTD. TAVISTOCK
STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. & BY
GEORGE NEWNES, LTD. SOUTHAMPTON
STREET, STRAND, W.C. NEW YORK :

CHARLES SCRIBNERS' SONS MCMVII

LANDSCAPE
ARCH.
LIB 'AIIY

INTRODUCTION

ALL books nowadays have a preface. Let me
give, as an introduction to this one, the reply
made by the photographer (Mr. Frank Sutcliffe)
to a friend who met him one evening when
returning from the plantations at Mulgrave. On
being asked, " What fields he had been making
conquests in ? " the answer was, " I have been
taking some photographs for a gentleman who is
going to do away with the ' north wind.' '

This, the reader will understand, expresses my
intention, to a certain extent, in a few words. It is
an endeavour to show how the evils may be miti-
gated which are wrought upon vegetation of all
kinds, not only by the north and east winds along
the eastern coast, which are most destructive, but
also upon every part of the shores of the British
Isles, which are exposed to strong gales and
storms.

It has not been considered advisable to
attempt anything like a detailed survey of every

vi SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

portion of the shores of Great Britain and Ireland,
as such matter would be much too elaborate,
would fill volumes, and serve no useful practical
purpose.

The main object of this work is, not to furnish
an encyclopaedia or nomenclature of British Sea-
side Plants, but to endeavour to demonstrate by
plans, illustrations, and notes following on a close
and careful survey of one particular portion of the
coast, "how the very difficult problem of planting
up exposed situations may be solved."

The terms " exposure to strong gales," "keen
winds," and similar phrases, which frequently
occur in these pages, would convey the same
idea whether applied to the North, South, East
or West shores of these islands, or even the
summits and slopes of hills and other exposed
situations inland. The methods as advised, of
fencing and planting up protective barriers
against such adverse influences, would have a
general practical application in every case.

Taking all these matters into consideration, it
was thought that the best plan would be, to select
only one portion of the British coast, namely, that
of Yorkshire, for the purposes of observation, for
the following reasons, viz. : —

(i) Because the main subject under considera-

INTRODUCTION vii

tion being to build and plant up effective barriers
against strong winds and gales, one portion of
the coast would be quite sufficient to serve as
illustrative of the whole.

(2) Because it is one of the bleakest, most
exposed, most difficult, and, therefore, one of the
most suitable which could possibly be selected.

(3) Because the author has had exceptional
opportunities of making close and careful surveys
on various matters of detail associated with sea-
side planting, especially for several years past in
Yorkshire.

Every portion of the land around the shores
of Great Britain and Ireland is more or less
exposed to strong gales, storms, and keen, cutting
winds.

In those parts where the coast is rugged in
character, as along the west of Ireland and Scot-
land, or where the larger rivers widen out as they
approach the oceans, there are many sheltered
nooks which are not at all difficult to plant, and
this is particularly intensified where, added to this,
high hills intervene as breaks to the winds.

On the other hand, where promontories or
narrow portions of land push their headlands far
out to the sea, every part of these coasts may be
under exposure to such a degree as to render

viii SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

planting up under such conditions extremely
difficult.

For several years I was engaged in research
work among the hardy cultivated fruits of York-
shire, and when visiting those parts of the county
bordering upon the sea, for the purposes of obser-
vation and collecting information, the great diffi-
culties experienced by growers in the cultivation
of orchard fruits, owing to the want of the
necessary shelter, especially that offered by other
trees and shrubs, were prominently brought to
my notice.

Also for some considerable time when, in con-
nection with the duties of my calling, I have been
engaged in giving lectures and demonstrations in
Horticulture, and fulfilling other engagements in
these and other districts by the seaside, com-
plaints have reached me from farmers, gardeners,
villa residents, allotment holders and others, how
much farm and garden crops are injured by cold,
cutting winds and strong gales from off the sea,
at all seasons of the year.

This induced me to take up the present work,
with the hope that it might lead to more extensive
planting, as such would prove of incalculable
benefit in many ways.

In these researches I have been greatly assisted

INTRODUCTION ix

by several gentlemen who possess sound practical
knowledge bearing on seaside planting, gained
from a wide and long experience. This should
give confidence to readers, particularly to those
who wish to plant trees and shrubs by the sea-
shore, and do much to prevent a recurrence of
the many unfortunate mistakes which have been
experienced in times past, and which have proved
sources of discouragement to many who have
wished to beautify their surroundings and to
shelter themselves from the winds.

It must be acknowledged that there are diffi-
culties which have to be met, but these are not
insuperable, as the photographic illustrations taken
from such bleak positions as the Scarborough
cliffs, the neighbourhood of Robin Hood's Bay,
Whitby, and Mulgrave, conclusively prove.

The author's grateful thanks are due to Mr.
Frank Sutcliffe for the many beautiful photographs
with which this work is illustrated, and in which
he has taken a deep interest ; to the Rev. the
Marquis of Normanby for permission to photo-
graph in the plantations at Mulgrave, and to Mr.
Christopher Richardson, Field House, Whitby,
for a similar kindness ; to Mr. George L. Bee-
forth, F.A.S., The Belvedere, Scarborough, and
to Mr. John Warren Barry, M.A., Fyling Hall,

x SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

Robin Hood's Bay, not only for the photographs
taken upon their estates, but also for their valu-
able assistance in giving much information which
is embodied in these pages ; to Vice-Chancellor
Nathan Bodington, M.A., Litt.D., The Uni-
versity, Leeds, for his kind interest ; and to Mr.
R. C. Gaut, B.Sc., Agricultural Department,
County Offices, Preston, for his help with the
manuscript.

In the matters of the nomenclature of trees
and shrubs, their native habitats, dates of intro-
duction, etc., the following works with few
exceptions have been followed, viz. : — Nicholson's
Dictionary of Gardening, Loudon's Arboretum,
Bentham's Handbook of the British Flora.

ALFRED GAUT, F.R.H.S.

THE UNIVERSITY,
LEEDS.

CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE

I. ADVANTAGES OF PLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS ON
THE SEA COAST, AND IN DISTRICTS IN CLOSE
PROXIMITY TO THE SEA : — Effects on the land-
scape— Influence on climate, soil, and crops — As
affording shelter to man and beast — As affording
resting and nesting places for useful birds — Checks
erosion of the cliffs ...... i

II. THE FIRST LINE OF EXPOSURE: — Choice of posi-
tions— Plans and arrangement of trees and shrubs 1 2

III. FENCES: — Dry stone dyke — Turf dyke — Stones and

soil — Spar and brushwood — Board or paling —
hedge ... • • '•" - • - 19

IV. PLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS : — Preparation of the

soil — Planting seasons: (a) deciduous trees; (£)
evergreens — Selection of stock — Planting — After-
treatment . ... . - 28

V. SOME LOCAL FEATURES : — Scarborough in May —
Belvedere House Estate, South Cliffs, Scarborough
— Fyling Hall Estate — Mulgrave — Saltburn . . 38
xi

xii SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

CHAP. PAGE

VI. SPECIAL LISTS OF TREES AND SHRUBS : — Hardiest
species of trees and shrubs : (<z) for planting in the
first line of exposure ; (b] as scrub on the cliffs —
Hedge plants : (a] deciduous ; (b] evergreen ; (c~) in
mixture — Undergrowth : (a] evergreen ; (b) decidu-
ous— Roses: (a) Teas; (b} Hybrid Teas; (c) Hybrid
Perpetuals ; (d) Noisette 51

VII. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS ALPHA-
BETICALLY ARRANGED, AS FOUND GROWING ON

THE YORKSHIRE COAST 62

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

A view from Lythe Bank, looking towards

Land's End, the railway, and the sea

(Mulgrave Estate) .... Frontispiece

Group of trees in the park on the Mulgrave

Estate ... . *. / . . . To face page 4

Shelter from the sea afforded to garden and

grounds by boarded fence, a hedge close

to the fence, and Wych Elm and Sycamore

trees (Field House, Whitby) . . . „ „ 5
A view of the same trees as shown in Illustration

No. 3 ; photograph taken in the grounds

on the sheltered side of the fence (Field

House, Whitby) ... . „ „ 12

The first line of exposure : View (Mulgrave

Estate) . . . . . . ,, ,, 13

A plan, showing the boundary line, fence,

hedge, and general arrangement in a belt

of trees, in the first line of exposure -. „ „ 16
Showing in the landscape several clumps of

trees arranged in such a manner as to

form an effectual break to the winds, when

coming from the direction of an open,

bleak tract of country (Fyling Hall

Estate) / ' n * • * * » » l8
xiii

xvi SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

A Scotch Laburnum growing on the Fyling

Hall Estate at 700 feet altitude, in full

exposure on all sides to the keenest winds.

The effects of exposure at such high

altitudes near the coast upon some Larches

and other trees is seen in the background To face page 83
Groups of Austrian Pine on the left, with small

Spruce in front. A group of Corsican

Pines on the right. North-east exposure

from the sea (Belvedere Estate) . . ,, „ 94
A handsome Evergreen Oak (Quercus Ilex\

sheltered by the house and a few trees

in the pleasure ground (Field House,

Whitby) . . . „ 95

A fine Irish Yew, with Golden Hollies on its

left ; other kinds of trees and shrubs in

mixture. On the right is a large Syca-
more. In the background is seen a

glimpse of Robin Hood's Bay to the east

(Fyling Hall Estate) ....„„ 98

CHAPTER I

ADVANTAGES OF PLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS ON
THE SEA-COAST, AND IN DISTRICTS NEAR TO
THE SEA.

IT is not the intention in the present work to
take into consideration the afforestation of any
part of the country for the purposes of affording
supplies of fine timber ; there are already several
useful works in circulation treating in the most
comprehensive manner with this part of the
subject. The main object is to deal with plant-
ing on the immediate seaboard and in the most
exposed positions near by.

Trees in such situations cannot be expected to
grow into fine timber, but the shelter which they
afford when judiciously arranged exerts a bene-
ficial influence upon others growing farther inland,
as well as upon farm and garden crops.

In the economy of man and of Nature, the
advantages gained in planting in such bleak
situations are of a more indirect character, and

i B

2 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

will be considered under the following heads : —
(i) Effects on the landscape; (2) Influence on
climate, soil, and crops ; (3) As affording shelter
to man and beast ; (4) As affording resting and
nesting places for useful birds ; (5) As checking
erosion of the cliffs.

EFFECTS ON THE LANDSCAPE

A journey by train along the Yorkshire coast
no doubt is very attractive to many people who
are frequent visitors to its popular seaside resorts.
Here and there, rushing along, glimpses may be
caught of the sea, the passing vessels, delightful
bays, the rugged cliffs and headlands. These at
the present time constitute its chief charm ; but
to the lover of sylvan scenery, the barren and
bleak appearance presented through almost the
whole line of country must prove peculiarly dull
and uninteresting.

It seems quite a relief suddenly to come upon
one of the several beautifully wooded glens and
ravines which here and there run up from the sea,
often to some considerable distance inland. Some
of these cannot, perhaps, boast of fine timber,
many show only a scrubby growth of trees and
shrubs, but even a sight of one of these greatly
relieves the monotony of the journey after passing
through districts almost destitute of trees.

ADVANTAGES ON SEA-COAST 3

Strike a comparison between the bleak districts
and others in which trees in quantity are to be
found, as, for instance, along the foreshore at
Scarborough, on the South Cliffs with the Valley
Bridge to the west, the esplanade, and some of
the beautiful drives from the town ; also through
the Esk valley from Whitby, with its delight-
ful woodlands and the grand sylvan scenery of
Mulgrave.

What a magnificent sight is presented in a
fine plantation containing many different species
and varieties of evergreen and deciduous trees.
Every season rings its changes : in winter the
sombre dark colouring of the Conifers mingles
with the branches, destitute of leaves, of their
neighbours, added to which in early spring the
light green foliage of the Larches affords a striking
contrast ; then, later on, to those are added other
spring and summer foliage in all their varied hues.
The sun rising and setting upon such a plantation,
when the foliage takes on its autumn colouring,
is one of the grandest sights in Nature.

This great variation in the colouring of the
foliage of the forest is interesting to watch, and
constitutes one of the greatest charms of rural
scenery.

Almost everybody likes to have trees and
shrubs about them. The landed proprietor
greatly values his fine timber and woods. The

4 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

villa resident seeks to shut himself in from the
public gaze by thickly planting his surroundings,
and perhaps likes to see some of the rarer speci-
mens growing in his garden.

The aesthetic value of any part of the country
which is well and artistically wooded is of the
highest importance, exercising as it does a great
and beneficial influence on the social, moral, and
physical development of its people.

Much can be done in this way along the
eastern coast. A more extensive planting of
trees would not only greatly add to the pleasure
and comfort of its residents, but also render its
seaside resorts more attractive to the numerous
summer visitors who frequent these parts, during
their holiday seasons of rest, pleasure, and en-
joyment.

INFLUENCE ON CLIMATE, SOIL, AND CROPS

The climatic conditions affecting the culture
of trees, shrubs, and other plants, vary much in
different parts of the long extent of land surround-
ing the shores of the British Isles.

These are the results of various atmospheric
phenomena, such as the direction and force of
winds, oceanic streams and currents, elevation of
land, the amount of rainfall, clouds, and mists
affecting atmospheric and soil humidity, and other
causes.

ADVANTAGES ON SEA-COAST 5

The direction and force of winds naturally
exercise important influences on atmospheric and
soil temperatures and humidities. The climate
on the eastern coast is colder than that on the
west ; on the eastern shores of Great Britain, the
north winds sweep down from the colder oceanic
regions, the easterly winds in winter and spring
come over the German Ocean from the vast ice-
clad northern parts of the main continent, added
to which the warm westerly winds are largely shut
off by the high ranges of hills which intervene in
different parts of the country inland.

The south-westerly winds sweep over the land,
and bring with them the temperatures and humid-
ities of the vast Atlantic Ocean from which they
come. The Gulf Stream, which bathes these
shores, brings with it much of the warmth from
the tropics. This as it reaches this country serves
to render the temperature mild in character, more
especially on those parts of the coasts of Ireland
and Scotland which, from the direction of its
main currents, are more directly under its im-
mediate influences. The temperature of the
German Ocean in January is about 41° Fahr., or
2° warmer than the air ; while the temperature
of the Atlantic on the north-west of Scotland at
the same time of year is 45°, or 5° warmer than
the air.

It has been clearly demonstrated, by experi-

6 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

ments conducted at various stations in this and
other countries, that both atmospheric and soil
temperatures have been raised when trees in
quantity have been planted in places which were
previously exposed. Even such shelter as that
afforded by a single hedge will often cause a
rise in temperature of 2° to 3° F. for some con-
siderable distance from it.

Proof of the influence of the foliage of trees
upon the humidity of the soil may well be
given from the observations of various writers on
forestry and arboriculture in the New World.
The destruction of the great forests of North
America, owing to the onward march of the
settler, and the introduction upon a gigantic scale
of arable husbandry, have had the effect not only
of altering the character of the landscape, but
also of diminishing the annual rainfall in those
districts, to such an extent that in the drier
seasons conditions of drought arise approaching
those on the fringes of the great deserts.

While the total annual transpiration from the
surface area exposed by the innumerable leaves
of these forests must have been enormous, and
the drain upon the soil water in consequence
very great, yet the other drying influences which
ordinarily come into play in causing the rapid
evaporation of water, such as the drying effects
of winds, evaporation of water due to direct solar

ADVANTAGES ON SEA-COAST 7

heat, would be almost negligible, as the great
forest barrier and the impenetrable masses of
foliage would prevent their action.

The deep beds of humus which formed the
surface soil were themselves great water-holding
masses, and with their superficial layers of dry
leaves lost but little moisture to the atmosphere.

Owing to the somewhat insular position of
Great Britain, and its much smaller area as
compared with that of the vast continents of the
New World, the effect of the foliage of trees in
quantity upon atmospheric and soil humidity is
not so great, yet in a lesser degree it illustrates
the advantages which may be gained by planting
up open districts.

The great disadvantage to which these open
districts are subject is that of fluctuation of
atmospheric humidity. At certain times the
atmosphere over the land upon the sea-coast, and
for some considerable distance inland, is heavily
laden with moisture off the sea ; at other times
strong winds from certain directions prevail which,
having but little to check them, cause by their
drying influences deleterious effects on vegetation.

The presence of trees in quantity would lessen
to a great degree the fluctuations of water vapour
in the atmosphere during the warmer periods of
the year, and would in a measure counteract the
effects of seasons of small annual rainfall, which

8 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

are so harmful to vegetation ; water would be
conserved to the soil by condensation from the
atmosphere, to be utilised by growing crops, and
a more equable climate would be obtained.

The importance of shelter afforded by trees
and thick hedges in quantity to farm and garden
crops cannot be too highly estimated. The
productive capacity of the soil is increased ;
growth is quickened, in spring giving earlier and
heavier supplies ; the harvest is hastened, and the
cold, icy winds which are so disastrous to fruit
and other crops are broken up.

As AFFORDING SHELTER TO MAN AND BEAST

Any one crossing an open and exposed tract
of country on a cold, wintry, windy day, and
coming at once to some sort of shelter, as that
afforded by a plantation, a belt of trees, or even
a thick, high hedge, at once experiences great
relief; the atmosphere appears several degrees
warmer, and it nerves and braces him up when
once again he has occasion to face the elements.
This is given as an illustration demonstrating
the advantages of good shelter-conditions to man,
as compared with those of extreme exposure.

Belts of trees on exposed sides of dwellings
and homesteads, from the shelter they afford,
add greatly to the health and comfort of the
residents.

ADVANTAGES ON SEA-COAST 9

The advantages of shelter to horses and cattle
working or grazing in fields and pastures are
apparent, as they experience far greater comfort
than when their bodies are exposed to keen,
biting winds.

As AFFORDING RESTING AND NESTING PLACES
FOR USEFUL BIRDS

It is universally acknowledged that most
species of British birds are more or less directly
associated with some of the best agricultural and
horticultural interests, independent of the great
pleasure which they afford to rural residents by
the sweet harmony of their song.

Many species, including those which annually
visit this country, feed mostly on insects and
other pests which are injurious to crops. Some
feed upon fruit when ripening, and often in this
way commit great havoc in gardens and orchards,
but they more than compensate for this in the
great benefits they confer in other ways.

Such, then, should be encouraged to increase
and multiply. Many insectivorous species rest
and build their nests in trees and hedges, and
in districts where these are thinly scattered, the
absence of birds in quantity is a want which is
sometimes seriously felt.

io SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

As CHECKING EROSION OF THE CLIFFS

Marine erosion is often, and probably on no
coast-line more than that of Yorkshire, of a very
extensive and serious nature. Landslips are of
frequent occurrence, and occasionally very con-
siderable, especially in those places where the
soil is somewhat loose in character, and where
the elevations are high on the immediate sea
front.

The rate of marine erosion depends upon
three main factors: (i) The efficiency of the
waves during storm ; (2) the nature and resistance
of the land ; (3) the percolation of water through
the soil resulting from land - springs or from
soakage.

The loss of land has been carefully watched
and measured, during the past half-century, along
that part of the Yorkshire coast immediately
south of Bridlington. This is composed mainly
of loose sands and heavy clays, and it has been
found that the land is being washed away at an
average rate of nearly i\ yards per annum. That
this is not of recent notice is a matter of common
knowledge, for it is well known that such towns
and villages as Ravenspur, Auburn, Hartburn,
and Hyde, which about the time of the Norman
Conquest occupied important positions on the
coast, have since been washed away, and that

ADVANTAGES ON SEA-COAST n

in less than ten centuries the sea has advanced
nearly a mile upon the land.

The planting of ground close up to the high-
water mark with suitable trees would do much to
check rapid erosion, for their roots, ramifying in
all directions, would bind the soil together, and
confer upon it a resistance tending to approach
that .of the harder rocks. At the same time, how-
ever, where the soil is loose in character owing to
percolating water, resulting from springs or from
soakage, the planting of trees would be entirely
ineffectual, as they could not gain sufficient root-
hold to enable them to withstand the heavy
pressure of the wind, such as they would from
their position be required to bear.

Drainage of the immediate land, and diversion
of the water from the springs into proper channels,
would* first of all be required, but whether or not
it would pay landowners to undertake this work
is not within the author's province to discuss.

CHAPTER II

THE FIRST LINE OF EXPOSURE

SATISFACTORY results cannot be expected from
seaside planting, unless the first line of fence
and planting is arranged in such a manner as to
form an efficient barrier against strong gales and
cutting winds from off the sea. This expression,
" the first line of exposure," will be understood to
mean ''the most bleak and exposed positions on
the immediate sea-front, hilltops, etc., which it is
intended to plant up for the purpose of sheltering
other woodlands and farm and garden crops
beyond." Once this first line is made secure,
then planting beyond becomes a comparatively
easy matter.

It is noticed that many species of trees and
shrubs, which will not thrive in the most central
parts of the country, flourish luxuriantly when
grown in suitable soil under shelter by the sea.
It may not always mean that such plants like the
sea air, although sometimes such may be the case ;
it is more especially because, when under good

CO S

§1

S s

i-J

^ o

•w

FIRST LINE OF EXPOSURE 13

conditions of shelter, such as those afforded by
trees, shrubs, fences, buildings, or high elevations
sheltering the hollows, dales, and glens, the
climate becomes tempered to such a degree that
it is actually much warmer in winter and spring
than it is farther inland.

Many examples could be quoted in confirma-
tion of the above.

This part of the subject will be treated under
the following heads, viz. (i) Choice of positions;
(2) Plans and arrangement of trees and shrubs.

CHOICE OF POSITIONS

The configuration of the land all along the
coast is subject to much variation, both as regards
its general outline of sea - front, and also its
altitude, where, as a natural consequence, the high
hills slope to all points of the compass. When
preparing plans, and in arranging for planting,
this must be taken into consideration.

In looking at the map it may be imagined
that the prevailing strong winds should come
directly off the sea. But it does not always
follow that in every case it is those portions of
the land that are nearest to the sea which are the
most exposed. For instance, there are elevated
headlands jutting far out to the sea, which shelter
the land in the lower parts of the bays from the

i4 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

winds to such a degree that vegetation often
flourishes luxuriantly almost within reach of the
waves. A belt or group of trees arranged accord-
ing to local conditions and the configuration of
the land, when growing near to the edge of high
cliffs where the land slopes from the sea, will
afford shelter to some considerable distance.
Planting should be well followed up under this
first protection so formed, so as to carry on the
idea of shelter on the landward side.

Where there are high hills with land sloping
towards the sea, great care and forethought are
necessary in choosing the right positions. Wher-
ever possible, it would be advisable to plant upon
the summits as well as upon the slopes. In some
cases the slopes might be covered with trees, but
on large extensive areas it might not be con-
sidered practicable. When tops of the high hills
are bare, even when the slopes are planted, there
is very little check to the gales on their onward
course, and very little shelter is afforded to the
country beyond as they sweep over the tree tops,
the summits of the hills, and down the opposite
slopes with great force. When the summits are
covered with trees, obstruction is formed in the
path of the winds, which shatters their force, and
if the slopes also are wholly or partially planted,
the check to the winds is more effectual. Wher-
ever planting is carried out in hilly districts, or on

FIRST LINE OF EXPOSURE 15

rising ground for the purposes of affording shelter,
the most extreme points of exposure should be
well noted, as it is important that the force of the
winds should be well broken up in the first line
of exposure. In the flat open country the first
line of exposure would in all cases be as near to
the sea as the trees could be planted.

PLANS AND ARRANGEMENTS OF TREES

Plans and arrangements for planting trees and
shrubs must depend to a considerable degree
upon circumstances. For instance, a prospective
villa resident, or a landlord of a similar holding,
would possibly have very little choice, as his
boundary fences and hedges would in most cases
necessarily be formed in straight lines, and the
arrangement of trees and shrubs in the enclosure
would be governed by these. When it is purposed
to plant a long stretch of land immediately abutting
the sea, where the coast-line is rugged and curved,
the conditions are different ; the boundary line
of fence might possibly follow that of the Ijne of
coast. It is impossible to arrange plans to meet
every case, but the diagram (No. 6) may serve as
an illustration, showing the advantages to be
gained in arranging for curved lines of boundary
fences on ~ the outer and most exposed sides, as

16 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

against those which are straight. The method of
planting in accordance with this arrangement,
which it is advisable to carry out, is also shown
in the diagram.

The north, south, and east sides, shown in the
diagram (No. 6) as being the most exposed, are
formed in one continuous curved line. The north
end and the most northern prominent curve catch
the full force of the gales from the north and
north-east, sheltering those portions of the belt
along the inner line of curve, and partially also
that part of the belt which curves prominently
outwards southward of the inner curve. The
outer or most exposed side of a belt of trees,
which runs directly north and south when formed
of one continuous straight line, would be fully
exposed to the north-east winds all along the
line, as there would be no prominent curves to
break their force.

The boundary curved line on the north and
south ends and eastern sides of the diagram
(No. 6) represents a stone dyke, spar and brush-
wood, board, or some such fence, which is
intended to nurse up and shelter a hedge on its
inner side until the latter grows above the top
of it, as shown in illustration No. 3.

The two combined, that is, the fence and the
top of the hedge above it, will form a most
effectual break to the strong winds, and afford a

i!

co 2

FIRST LINE OF EXPOSURE 17

first shelter to the trees in the belt (see illustration
No. 3).

The hedge is shown as a dotted line on the
inner side of the boundary line on the eastern
side (diagram No. 6), and is continued all round,
forming the boundary on the western side of the
belt.

The boundary fence on the north, east, and
south is not continued all round the belt, for the
reason that on the western side the trees would
not be so exposed to strong, cold winds, and a
hedge alone might be considered quite sufficient
as a means of shelter. But it must be under-
stood that this is only conditional. In some
positions it might be necessary to provide a
better means of shelter from the west, as being
the most exposed side.

The method of planting is also shown on the
plan (No. 6), which is explained as follows : —
Very thick planting of the hardiest kinds of trees
(see Chap. VI. p. 52) is a requirement in the first
line of exposure, so that a dense mass of growth
of branches and foliage is formed to catch and
break up the first force of the gales. On the
Belvedere estate, thick planting has been con-
sidered so essential that deciduous trees are to be
seen growing from two to three feet apart, the
clumps forming almost impenetrable thickets. In
the less exposed parts, in wide belts or large

c

i8 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

clumps, other kinds of trees may be more thinly
planted than those advised in Chap. VI. pp. 52-55.

Belts of trees also should be as wide as
possible ; narrow belts are practically useless as
a means of shelter from the winds.

In some situations round or oval clumps of
trees may be arranged in such a manner that
their total effect is similar to that obtained by a
single wide belt of trees, so as to break up the
winds on their onward course (see illustration
No. 7).

.8°

CHAPTER III

FENCES

FENCES are useful for the purpose of affording
shelter to trees, farm and garden crops, horses
and other farm stock, to keep them from straying,
as guards against the depredations of hares and
rabbits, for marking boundary lines, and some-
times for ornament.

Any one or all of the above circumstances may
be noted when preparing plans for the erection
of fences, but it is only necessary here to deal
particularly with those which are to be erected
in order to serve as shelter to belts of trees,
plantations, etc., this being one of the most
essential conditions necessary to successful
planting in exposed situations. The following
will be considered as among the most use-
ful, viz. (i) Dry stone dyke; (2) Turf dyke ;
(3) Stone and soil ; (4) Spar and brushwood ;
(5) Board or paling ; (6) Hedge.

20 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

DRY STONE DYKE

Dry stone dykes are common as boundary
fences to fields and plantations in districts where
suitable stones are plentiful and easily procurable.
They afford good protection for cattle and, when
very closely built, against rabbits.

They are not so useful as affording shelter
from the winds as good Quickthorn or similar
hedges, for the following reason. When the
wind in its onward course meets with any solid
obstruction, such as a wall, it sweeps over it, the
current forming a sharp, short, abrupt curve ; but
when coming in contact with a hedge its force
is broken up, the effect of this being felt some
distance beyond.

Dry stone dykes are among the most useful
and most desirable fences that can be devised to
afford shelter to newly planted hedges, and to
nurse them up until they reach the top. When
they are extensively used around fields instead
of hedges, they are not usually considered very
ornamental objects in the landscape, but when
placed around plantations the effect is differ-
ent, as the trees with their foliage counteract
the monotony exhibited by the lines of stone
walls, and form rather a striking contrast. The
cost of building depends upon the cost of labour
in procuring the stone, the distance from which

o 1

FENCES 21

it has to be carted, and the manner in which it
is constructed.

When built by a rough hand, with stones of
all shapes and sizes loosely and roughly laid
together, the cost is not great in building, but as
such careless work as this soon gets out of repair,
the cost of maintenance is greater than when
properly built.

When built with good shapely stones by an
experienced man, and the material laid ready
to hand, on the following plan, the cost would be
from is. 6d. to 2S. per yard run, viz. : — Base of
stone dyke 2 feet wide, tapering up to 16 inches
wide at the top, with coping stones well fitted and
embedded in mortar ; from 3 feet 6 inches to
4 feet 6 inches in height, to which must be added
the cost of procuring and cartage. At first sight
this appears rather expensive, but when well
constructed it is most durable.

TURF DYKE

Turf dykes might be found useful in a few
cases, but owing to the • temporary character of
the material employed they would be rather
expensive to maintain in repair. They are sub-
ject to damage by cattle running over them, and
to rabbits burrowing into them, and unless they
are protected from these in some way, this method

22 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

of protection would prove rather a costly affair.
They are also subject to constant washing down
by rains. They are sometimes planted for the
purposes of affording shelter to grounds used for
raising and transplanting nursery stock.

Turf dykes are built either of turfs alone
or of turfs and soil ; the latter makes by far
the most solid construction, and fewer turfs are
required in the building. This is an advantage,
as one great objection to turf dykes is the
quantity of turfs used in their construction.
These turfs are generally cut from each side
of the dyke, and they could be turned to much
better account by making use of them in the
preparation of the soil for planting.

A turf dyke can be constructed on the following
plan, of which diagram No. 9 is given as an illustra-
tion : — Mark out the base upon which to build the
turf dyke, which must not be disturbed by the
spade, 3 feet 6 inches in width, cut the turfs to
be used in the building about a foot square, and
from 3 to 4 inches in thickness, according to the
character of the soil and the depth to which the
fibrous roots in quantity are found, as these roots
hold the soil particles together. Lay two rows of
turfs along the outer lines of base, and build up
as shown in the diagram (No. 9), filling up the
centre with soil (the whole should be firmly beaten
down as the work proceeds), with slanting sides to

FENCES 23

the height of about 30 inches and one foot wide
at the top ; the top turfs bind the whole together.
As soon as the dyke is built, beat the sides in with
the back of a spade, or a beater specially con-
structed for this purpose. The turfs may be cut
from the sides, as shown in the diagram, or brought
from another place, as may be arranged.

STONES AND SOIL

Fences of similar construction to those of turf
dykes, and of the same shape and dimensions,
but of a more permanent character, may be built
of large stones laid up the sides and firmly em-
bedded in the soil. In this way a sort of rock-
work is formed, which, if thickly planted with
some hardy shrubs of dwarf growth or which
can be kept cut like a hedge, would form a most
effective first break to the winds. Many pieces
of ground in bleak positions could be sheltered
in some such simple way as this, especially on
pleasure grounds, on exposed sides of shrubberies
and similar places, where, if neatly or artistically
constructed, it would serve the double purpose of
shelter and ornamental design. It might happen
that one side only would need to be built up with
stones, and the ground on the other side might
be raised with good soil, so as to slope from the
top of the upper layer of stones away from the

24 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

winds, and the whole thickly planted with trees
and shrubs.

In fences of the above description turfs need
not be used in the construction but simply stones
and soil, and if the latter is rich in character, some
of the hardiest plants would thrive in it.

SPAR AND BRUSHWOOD

Fences of this description, although not of a
permanent nature as compared with stone dykes,
are among the most useful which can be devised
for surrounding clumps of newly planted trees in
positions of exposure. Where timber is plentiful
and can be cheaply worked, fences are also inex-
pensive to erect.

They can be erected in various ways ; the
following, which is similar to that shown in illus-
tration No. 10, may serve as an example of one of
them.

Posts of rough oak or larch, as being among
the most durable of English-grown timber, are let
deeply into the ground about five feet apart, either
by digging holes, or, if the ground is soft or
sandy, they may be driven down with a heavy
mallet into holes previously made with a crow-
bar. Two cross rails are nailed from post to post
on the outer sides, their ends being let into the
posts, the bottom one from 10 to 12 inches from

FENCES 25

the ground, the upper one about 10 inches from
the tops of the uprights. The upright spars,
which can be made of rough larch poles, the
trimmings or thinnings of plantations, either
whole or sawn in halves with a circular saw, are
nailed on from 9 inches to one foot apart. The
height of fence may be from 3 feet 6 inches to
5 feet or even more. Brushwood trimmings from
trees or hedgerows are then interwoven between
the upright spars. It may be necessary to run
wire-netting round the whole, inside the fence, to
keep out the rabbits. Grass and other herbage will
grow up through the wire-netting and brushwood,
and all combined make an excellent fence, which
serves the double purpose of protection against
stock and rabbits and shelter for the young trees.
Cheaper fences may be constructed of rough
stakes and the trimmings from trees in plantations.
These are driven firmly into the ground, from
9 inches to one foot apart, and brushwood inter-
woven between. Cross rails nailed near the top
serve to strengthen and keep them steady and
upright. Fences of similar construction to those
described above may be seen in illustrations
Nos. 7 and 10. Stakes of willow in some places
when driven into the ground will strike root, and
when the young branches as they grow are inter-
woven between them, they make useful fences to
serve as shelter.

26 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

BOARD OR PALING

Although not permanent in character, as com-
pared with walls built of brick or stone, or stone
dykes, boarded fences or palings form useful shelter
to trees for some considerable time, when the more
durable kinds of wood are used. It is not neces-
sary to go into minute details to show how fences
made of boards or palings are constructed, as this
has been already treated upon when describing
the erection of spar and brushwood fences, which
are similar in character.

The illustration No. 1 1 shows a boarded fence,
3 feet 6 inches in height ; the boards, which are
the white wood of spruce, 6 inches wide and |- an
inch in thickness, are nailed on to the cross rails,
one inch apart, which is sufficient to keep out the
rabbits and protect the trees from stock. Along
the top a strip of wood is nailed to keep the
boards from warping ; the posts are alternate oak
and larch. This fence surrounds a clump of trees
consisting of permanent Oak, with Larch and
Austrian Pine as nurses. On the northern side are
some Wych Elm, Service trees, and White Beam.

HEDGE

In these chapters a distinction has been made
between the two words " fence " and " hedge." A

FENCES 27

hedge composed of living plants is also rightly
called a fence, and is known as such, although it
is commonly called a hedge ; but for the sake of
simplicity it has been thought advisable to use the
word " fence" in every case when referring to
those constructed with solid material, such as stone,
brick, wood, and turf, and to reserve the word
" hedge" to others composed of living plants of
some species or another.

In the plan (diagram No .6) the two are advised
to be placed together in the first line of exposure.
The fence of more solid construction on the outer
side, directly facing the elements, the hedge on
the inner side of the fence and running directly
parallel with it.

When a hedge is put up without the fence, the
first line of shelter is not so effectual, as a hedge
grows slowly, becomes stunted, and will not reach
to any good height in such positions. But if such
is attempted, it would be advisable not to depend
upon a single line of hedge plants alone, but also
to plant some of the hardiest species of trees (see
Chap. VI. p. 52) very thickly for some little dis-
tance inside the enclosure on its most exposed
side.

CHAPTER IV

PLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS

THERE are various matters of detail in connection
with seaside planting which will now be con-
sidered, viz. (i) Preparation of the soil ; (2) Plant-
ing seasons : (a) deciduous trees ; (b) evergreens ;
(3) Selection of stock; (4) Planting; (5) After-
treatment.

PREPARATION OF THE SOIL

A thorough preparation of the soil is another
most important factor in the successful cultivation
of trees and shrubs, and this applies most particu-
larly to those which are to be planted in the first
line of exposure.

Owing to the difficulties which have to be con-
tended with, it is absolutely necessary that good
cultural conditions should be secured ; everything
should be done to encourage the young trees to
make a good start, and to secure subsequent rapid
and healthy growth, to lay a good foundation, so

28

PLANTING 29

that when the tops rise above the sheltered lines
of fences and hedges they are better able to
withstand adverse influences.

Soil preparation in all its various phases em-
braces a wide and extensive range of thought
and of detail which cannot be fully treated upon
here. The reader who seeks to acquire a further
knowledge of this subject is advised to study the
numerous works of competent authorities on soils,
horticulture, agriculture, and forestry. A few
only of the main points will be cursorily dealt with.

In the first place, a thorough and complete
drainage system should be carried out, and there
are few soils but what will require some little
attention in this way.

A good system of land drainage adds to the
available depth of soil, giving to the trees a firmer
roothold and opportunities of developing their
subterranean parts ; and increases the productive
capacity of the soil, the effects of which cause a
healthier and more luxuriant growth of stem,
branches, and foliage.

When drain pipes are laid in the soil in which
trees are afterwards planted, they become after a
time filled with their roots and rendered ineffec-
tive ; this is especially the case with the Ash and
some other species of trees. An open system of
drainage is a good one to follow, where it can be
done.

3o SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

On the slopes of hills, where the water perco-
lates, or springs rise up through the soil, causing
stagnation of the land, or in other water-logged
soils, open drains or ditches secure good drainage,
or in low-lying marshy districts where the surface
water can be drained off or led away.

Following the completion of the drainage, the
land should be well and deeply worked. The
method of working would depend mainly upon
two conditions : (i) the depth and character of
the soil and subsoil ; (2) its area.

Soil and subsoil vary much in character and
depth, and the conditions applicable to working
small pieces of ground would not be the same
as those applying to large tracts of country where
it is desired to plant extensively. On small areas
the ground may be trenched, and the method
known as " bastard trenching" is the best to
follow. This could be carried out when the soil
is of sufficient depth, and the character of the
subsoil is such as to allow of its being done ; but
in very large areas this would not be found to be
an economical plan to follow. The next best
method is to thoroughly work the land with the
plough and other agricultural implements, break-
ing it up as deeply as the nature of the soil will
allow, and bringing it into proper conditions for
planting.

It is a good plan to prepare the soil in

PLANTING 31

the manner above described during the winter
months ; to heavily manure it with farmyard
manure, and grow some farm or garden crop upon
it in the next summer, this to be followed up by
the planting of the trees in their proper seasons.
This allows of time for soil settlement, particularly
where trenching has been done, and also for a
thorough cleaning of the land by cultivation
before the young trees are planted.

Where it is desired to plant single trees for
growing into large specimens, or to make
shrubberies in gardens, it may be necessary to
undertake special soil preparation, as strong,
healthy, luxuriant growth is of the first im-
portance. Under such circumstances the expense
of working is only a secondary consideration.

As this applies to villa gardens, as well as to
those of larger extent, it will not be out of
place to convey a word of caution to those who
propose to erect dwellings with garden sur-
roundings. Sometimes when the foundations for
the buildings are dug out, particularly for cellars
or rooms more or less underground, the subsoil
is spread on the ground over the good soil, where
it is intended to lay out the garden. This is a
great mistake. Subsoils often contain substances
injurious to the roots of garden plants, and for
this and other reasons they will not thrive in
it, many often dying. The foundation subsoil

32 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

should therefore be carted quite away to places
where it will not cause mischief.

PLANTING SEASONS

Deciduous Trees. — Under general conditions,
all kinds of deciduous trees and shrubs may be
planted at any time from the end of October to
the end of February and sometimes later, weather
and soil conditions being suitable. But when it
is desired to plant trees in very exposed places,
as on the eastern coast, it would be advisable to
defer it till late winter or early spring, as the
young trees, having been possibly selected from
nursery beds where they were growing close
together, would suffer much from removal to
such exposed positions, where they would
have to pass the first winter after having been
transplanted.

The later planting would also retard early
spring growth, thus giving the young shoots a
better chance of escaping injury from cold winds
and frosts in spring. When once established, the
plants would have a whole growing season before
them, and be better able to adapt themselves
to the new conditions. Autumn or early winter
planting may be carried on in the more shel-
tered spots, such as close under fences, buildings,

PLANTING 33

or in the hollows, or in any place where the
young trees can be well protected.

Evergreens. — The conditions which influence
the removal and transplanting of evergreen trees
and shrubs are quite different from those affecting
deciduous trees, and this applies particularly to
removals from nursery-beds to open, bleak posi-
tions. The disadvantages attending the removal
of evergreens to places where they are subject
at once to keen, cutting winds is soon evident
by the injury done to the foliage, and is a matter
of common observation. In fact, many die from
this cause alone.

Evergreens should not be transplanted until
late in spring unless they are to be well sheltered,
and even then the month of April is quite early
enough. The more tender species, or those
which remove badly, transplant best even later
than this.

Some authorities actually advise the planting
of some kinds of evergreens, such as large hollies,
in June, and there is no doubt, if they are well
attended to, by shading the trees from the hot
sun, mulching and watering the soil about their
roots, and constantly syringing the foliage for a
few weeks, they stand a much better chance of
establishing themselves than when planted earlier
in the year.

September planting is also advised by many

D

34 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

practical men, and may be done inland ; but late
spring or early summer would be the best seasons
for exposed situations on the coast.

Both evergreen and deciduous trees and
shrubs, however hardy they may be, should be
given some sort of shelter when newly planted
by the sea ; this applies particularly to evergreens,
even the hardiest kinds.

SELECTION OF STOCK

When selecting young trees from the nursery
grounds for planting in clumps or belts, it is
best to make choice of those which have been
transplanted from the seed-bed in the previous
year, in preference to those drawn directly from
the seed-bed. Transplanted stock are larger,
stronger, and more fibrous rooted, and establish
themselves more quickly, and are thus better able
to contend with the adverse conditions attending
growth by the seaside than young seedlings.
Only the strongest and best should be selected ;
the weaker plants may be again transplanted into
nursery-beds for removal to permanent quarters
later on.

As young seedlings of the commoner species
of trees can be procured from nurserymen at
very cheap rates, it would scarcely pay the planter
to raise stock from seed unless it is intended to

PLANTING 35

plant trees in large quantities, to cover extensive
areas, and even then it becomes a question
whether, considering the cost entailed in the
erection of fencing, raising of stock, the constant
care and attention required, it would not be more
economical in the end to buy seedlings and
transplant them into nursery-beds, or even to buy
at once the transplanted stock.

When planting a small piece of land it is
certainly the best plan to procure transplanted
stock, particularly noticing that the young trees
are of clean, healthy growth and exhibit no signs
of disease or injurious insects. The young trees
may be sent in bundles, and must be unpacked
directly after arrival. Should it be found im-
possible to plant at once, straight trenches should
be dug, large enough to take in all the roots, and
the young trees laid thinly out along the trenches,
their roots covered with soil, and the ground
covered with bracken or other protective material
in case of severe frost.

PLANTING

When the planting season arrives the young
trees should be carefully examined, their roots
trimmed, and any broken or bruised roots and
branches cut neatly off with a sharp knife.

If the soil is not in a workable condition owing

36 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

to previous wet weather, it is best to wait for a
time, if this is possible, until it dries sufficiently.
Planting operations must never be carried on
during frosty weather or when there is any danger
of burying lumps of frozen soil.

Holes are dug in the ground for each tree,
wide and deep enough to take in all its roots ;
the roots should be carefully laid out with fine
soil placed among them, and the whole firmly
trodden down, taking care to leave the stems
perfectly upright. For some of the larger
specimens stakes might be required to keep them
steady.

In certain cases where the soil is poor, some of
a richer character might with advantage be used
among the roots when planting.

AFTER-TREATMENT

This would consist in keeping the ground
clear of weeds for a few years, cutting out dead
branches, the removal of dead and diseased trees,
and the planting of others in their places.
During the first summer if it is a dry season it
may be necessary to water the young trees to
keep them growing, or many may die, especially
if the drought is severe.

Attention should be given to spraying with
insecticides or fungicides in cases of infestation

PLANTING 37

by insects or disease, and to other cultural
details which may from time to time be necessary
in order to secure healthy growth. Thinning
also might be advisable as the trees develop
— especially in the more sheltered places.

CHAPTER V

SOME LOCAL FEATURES

MANY hints on seaside arboriculture in exposed
situations may be gathered from what has
already been done with varying success along
the Yorkshire coast. Several resident gentlemen,
as previously stated, have taken a deep interest
in this matter, and results as shown upon their
estates prove that seaside planting can be success-
fully carried out when skill, energy, and fore-
thought have been brought to bear upon their
efforts. A few notes taken from some of these
places are given below as examples : —

SCARBOROUGH IN MAY

It is only in the more southern parts of this
town where trees and shrubs in quantity are to be
found growing. To a certain extent, Castle Hill
on its northern side shelters the bay and portions
of land along the South Cliffs. On the South

38

SOME LOCAL FEATURES 39

Cliffs, starting from the Foreshore in front of the
People's Palace and Aquarium, where it is fairly
well sheltered from the north by the hills and town
buildings, the principal trees and shrubs noticed
are : Privet, the foliage of which is very much cut
up by the winds on its seaward side ; Broad-leaved
Holly, healthy and fine ; Common Elder, very
much cut up ; Olearia Haastii, with little signs of
injury, proving its extreme hardiness as a sea-
side plant ; and Sycamore, which is in excellent
condition.

The portion of the town to the west, passing
from the sea under the Valley Bridge, is beauti-
fully wooded. The trees nearest the sea, which
are mostly Elm and Sycamore, are rather stunted
in growth, but farther inland the others sheltered
by these gradually become more luxuriant. Upon
the steep slopes on the cliffs southwards, in full
exposure to the north and north-east winds, are
some stunted Sycamores and Willows ; here the
disadvantages attending thin planting are plainly
in evidence. At the higher altitudes the benefits
attending shelter afforded by trees growing thickly,
upon others beyond, are particularly noticeable,
those in full exposure to the north and north-
east being more or less stunted in growth, while
the others which they shelter are larger and
healthier specimens. Lower down, a Copper
Beech shows a struggling existence, its dark

40 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

foliage, although sparse, being conspicuous in
the distance.

The Spa Gardens, which are mostly sheltered
by buildings, slopes, and terraces, are very orna-
mental. Several species of shrubs, as Euonymus,
Broad-leaved Holly, Barberry, Oleama Haastii,
and others, succeed well.

Farther southwards the trees, where in full
exposure, show a more stunted growth, especially
where thinly scattered on the face of the cliff.

In front of the Esplanade, in a bay, the ad-
vantages attending thicker planting are evident,
added to which a great many of the trees are
lopped from time to time, causing them to grow
still more thickly. In this instance, the primary
object of lopping has evidently been to obtain an
unobstructed view of the sea from the houses.
Broad-leaved or Wych Elm and Sycamore are
prominent here. Some young Austrian Pines
have lately been planted, but their foliage is
much cut up.

On the tops of the cliffs, by the road, a luxuriant
growth of Olearia Haastii, as an edging on the
most exposed sides of a bed of Golden Euonymus,
again clearly shows how very hardy this shrub is
near the sea.

In Holbeck Gardens, Privet hedges nearest the
sea are protected by boards about two feet high.
In the most exposed places, Olearia, Hollies, and

SOME LOCAL FEATURES 41

Euonymus are present in abundance ; Rosa
rugosa (Japanese Rose) bears the winds well,
proving it to be one of the hardiest of seaside
plants.

In the more sheltered parts, protected by a
high boarded fence, with a Privet hedge on its
inner side, Hollies, Berberis, Euonymus, some
Aucubas, Prunus Pissardii do well. Veronicas
also are good here.

THE BELVEDERE HOUSE ESTATE, SOUTH CLIFFS,
SCARBOROUGH

The gardens and grounds at Belvedere House
comprise about thirteen acres of land, and are
situated on a steep incline, rising from the beach
up the face of the cliffs to about 200 feet altitude.

Mr. George L. Beeforth, the residential pro-
prietor, has for a good number of years taken a
deep interest in planting trees and shrubs up the
cliffs on his land, and the splendid results achieved
constitute fine examples of what can be done in
seaside planting. The photographic views taken
at this place are very fine, and show the remark-
able luxuriance of the trees and shrubs and the
beauty of the garden.

That the grounds at Belvedere are in a very
exposed situation may be gathered from the follow-

42 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

ing extracts taken from one of Mr. Beeforth's
letters, dated July 9, 1903, as follows: —

" I have added a few notes to the MS. sent,
which I now beg to return. I think you have a
fairly good list of what will grow at the seaside.
The cutting winds we have here are far worse than
the cold. Shelter is wanted from the west and
north-east more than from any other quarter.
The winds from the west are more harmful than
those from the north-east, simply because the
west winds last two-fifths of the year, whereas
the north-east is very rare ; but when it does
come it is the most destructive of any. The
south-east is quite as bad, but only visits us
a few days in the year. It is bad because it
becomes laden with a sandy moisture which is
deposited on the leaves of plants, then corroding
and shrivelling them up. The direct east wind
is generally a steady wind, with no great force,
and accompanied with sunlight and clear atmo-
sphere, so it need not be dreaded so much as the
north-west, north-east, and south-east.

" I believe, with proper shelter for a while, trees
planted thickly on large belts or clumps will grow
anywhere on the Yorkshire coast. Manuring
trees (which is rarely done) must add materially
to their vigour, but I have never been able to get
a gardener to do it systematically : he looks upon
it as a 'fad of his master.' You will do a great

SOME LOCAL FEATURES 43

service if you can further planting on the English
coast of suitable trees and shrubs. It would
improve the climate, and the roots of trees tend
to prevent the coast from washing away."

A fine collection is growing here, among which
are included some of the rarer species of Conifers,
other evergreens and deciduous trees and shrubs.
Each of the rarer kinds, when newly planted
and until it reaches a good size, is sheltered on
the most exposed sides by two boards nailed
together at right angles. One of the features of
the place consists of two fine hedges of Escallonia
macrantha on each side of a walk, both upwards
of 100 yards long and several feet high, arranged
in clumps and bays, with rose-beds in each of the
latter.

The hedge on the seaward side is protected
from the sea by a close boarded fence reaching
to, the top and backed up with Austrian Pines ;
the latter, however, have grown up since the
Escallonia reached its present full height.

In a sheltered spot is a small nursery ground
set apart for the propagation and raising of trees,
shrubs, and other garden plants. Euonymus in
quantity is growing under trees and in open
places all over the grounds. Mr. Beeforth con-
siders this one of the hardiest of evergreen sea-
side shrubs, even much hardier than the Privet.
It was recommended to him as a seaside plant,

44 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

in the first instance, by the late Sir Joseph
Paxton.

Clumps of Austrian Pines grow well in full
exposure to the sea ; the Austrian Pine and the
Deodar Cedar, Mr. Beeforth says, are the two
hardiest evergreen trees for the coast. In a well-
sheltered but otherwise open spot are numbers of
large rose-beds, each bed being filled with its
own particular variety ; these flower profusely in
their proper seasons.

A substantially well-built summer-house facing
south, with a medlar and a walnut tree in front,
another rose garden in the hollow, and a fine view
of the sea through the trees, with their dense
masses of foliage showing innumerable shades of
green colouring, is a most comfortable place in
which to sit. Upon the slopes on the banks, and
under the trees almost everywhere, wild flowers
are allowed to grow undisturbed. In a quiet
nook quite hidden from observation, and which a
stranger can hardly discover, is a strawberry-bed
surrounded by about forty or fifty bush apple
trees, which look attractive when in flower,
although fine fruit of good quality can hardly
be expected in such a position.

It would be impossible to give a full descrip-
tion of each of the varieties of trees and shrubs,
as they are too numerous, but sufficient has been
said to show how places by the seaside can be

BEECH AND OTHER TREES NEAR A QUARRY ON THE
FYLING HALL ESTATE.

SOME LOCAL FEATURES 45

improved and beautified. Mr. Beeforth is to be
highly complimented on his success in seaside
planting, and this example should prove a strong
incentive to others.

FYLING HALL ESTATE

Fyling Hall, the residence of Mr. John Warren
Barry, is situate about one mile as the crow flies
from the sea at Robin Hood's Bay. The estate
comprises some 700 acres of land, which is now
extensively wooded, and affords another splendid
example of successful arboriculture near to the
eastern coast.

The conditions affecting the planting and
growth of trees are not quite the same as those
on the Belvedere estate, as the former is a short
distance from the sea, whereas the latter is upon
the steep cliffs. Most parts of it which have now
been planted up were previously very bleak, some
portions, being at high altitudes, are exposed to
strong gales and keen, cutting winds from the
sea, and from every other point of the compass.

For upwards of thirty years Mr. Barry has
been planting largely on his estate, and con-
sequently has gained a sound practical knowledge
of planting by the seaside and in exposed situa-
tions. He has also studied forestry under other
conditions at home and abroad, so that he may

46 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

fairly claim to be an authority upon such matters,
and, like Mr. Beeforth, he is only too glad to
impart his knowledge to others.

The gardens and grounds around the man-
sion are laid out in terraces, shrubberies, and
plantations, and contain many fine specimens,
including some of the rarer kinds of trees and
shrubs, a few of which are shown in the photo-
graphs taken on the estate.

Escallonia macrantha is represented here as
a hedge and trained in arches. Irish Yews,
Euonymus, Aucuba, Common Laurel, Portugal
Laurel, Hollies, Box, Bays, Arbutus, Rhodo-
dendrons, Garrya elliptica, Cotoneaster, Veronica
decussata (which is a fine sight in August), and
Fuchsia (clumps of several years standing over
6 feet high) all grow luxuriantly. Precautions
have been taken when arranging for planting that
the hardiest species of trees are placed in such a
way that shelter is afforded to the more tender
kinds. Dogwood as undergrowth in strong soil
outgrows everything and is being rooted out ;
Willows grow tall and blow down, so these are
gradually being worked out.

In the plantations such timber trees as Oak,
Ash, Sycamore, Elm, Larch, and other Conifers
are well represented. Among the other Coniferae
I noticed some luxuriant young trees, 20 to 30 or
more feet in height, of Pinus insignis, P. Laricio,

SOME LOCAL FEATURES 47

P. austriaca, P. sylvestris (Scotch Fir), Abies
nobilis, and Douglas Fir, while a row of Araucaria
imbricata is magnificent, the stems being well
furnished with branches close to the ground.
Scotch Laburnum, at an elevation of 700 feet,
proves itself to be one of the hardiest trees in
exposure. Spanish Chestnut succeeds well in the
ravines.

As the land upon the estate varies much in
altitude, and the hills slope to all points of the
compass, and as the soil and subsoil also vary
much in character, ranging from light to heavy,
shallow to deep, the difficulties of selection of
suitable kinds of trees to meet each particular soil
and aspect are increased.

MULGRAVE

The extensive plantations and magnificent
woodland scenery on the Mulgrave estate, the
residence of the Marquis and Marchioness of
Normanby, are well known to the residents of
Whitby and its neighbourhood, as well as to the
numerous summer visitors who frequent these
parts, and whose delight it is to avail themselves
of the many opportunities afforded them by the
kind permission of its noble owner to walk
through the park and woods. The pleasure
grounds, park, and plantations abound in remark-

48 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

ably fine specimens of timber trees in variety, of
great height and girth. That portion of the
estate from which the photographs have been
taken affords good illustrations, as showing the
effects of exposure and shelter.

Going up the road from Sand's End to Lythe
a belt of trees is seen on the right, on the top
and sides of a hill, which shows a rather stunted
growth, the tops of the trees growing away from
the strong winds.

On the other side of the road in the park are
some clumps of trees which are much taller,
straighter, and growing into nice timber, the
results of shelter afforded by the rising ground
and trees opposite. Higher up the road, on the
left, is another belt of trees which it is interesting
and instructive to notice, as showing the different
degrees of hardiness of various species, and again
the effects of shelter and exposure. One instance
is given, viz., the Larch has proved to be of little
value as a seaside tree when in full exposure in
these parts. As soon as the tops of these trees
reach to the strong gales they at once become
stunted in growth, and bend away from the
blast, producing very poor timber where they
cannot grow to any great height. There is also
abundant evidence of this in other places where
Larch is growing under similar conditions.
Many other interesting points might be notedr

SOME LOCAL FEATURES 49

but sufficient has been said, and a visit to
Mulgrave will emphasise the fact that even fine
timber may be grown near to the sea.

SALTBURN

Not much planting has as yet been attempted
on the cliffs at Saltburn, but a walk round the
outside of the grounds of a residence known as
" The Cottage " affords some interesting study.
Lycium barbarum flourishes here on the tops of
the cliffs, right in the teeth of the keenest winds
from the north-west, round by east to south-east,
abundantly proving its extreme hardiness by
the sea.

There are numerous allotments in this part of
Yorkshire which are much exposed, and crops
suffer greatly in consequence. Some of the
holders put up fences of different kinds, which
serve their purpose well, but as Lycium barbarum
is a plant which flourishes by the sea, and is of
easy culture, it might be employed as a screen
from the winds in positions of exposure among
these allotments.

The Sycamore here holds its own as one of
the hardiest trees ; although the foliage is some-
times cut up by the winds it soon recovers.
It is also to be noted that the trees in the

E

50 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

most exposed places are very stunted in growth,
but they fulfil their part well in protecting
others beyond. The Elders, both Golden and
Green, are much cut up here in spring ; Goat
Willow flourishes ; Privet only grows in partial
shelter.

CHAPTER VI

SPECIAL LISTS OF TREES AND SHRUBS

IN this chapter an attempt is made to give some
special lists of trees and shrubs which may be
found useful in planting by the seaside, in ac-
cordance with the plan of this work. With the
exception of the list of roses, the name of each
species and variety mentioned will also be found
in Chapter VII. in its proper place in the alpha-
betical arrangement, where some further informa-
tion is afforded in each case. This part of the
subject will be arranged under the following
heads, viz. (i) Hardiest species of trees and
shrubs : (a) for planting in the first line of ex-
posure, (6) as scrub on the cliffs ; (2) Hedge
plants : (a) deciduous, (b) evergreen, (c) in
mixture ; (3) Undergrowth : (a) evergreen, (b)
deciduous ; (4) Roses : (a) Teas, (b} Hybrid Teas,
(c) Hybrid Perpetuals, (d) Noisette.

HARDIEST SPECIES OF TREES AND SHRUBS

A proper selection of suitable trees and

5'

52 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

shrubs for planting by the seaside has been
one of the 'greatest difficulties to contend with.
Trees and shrubs which are called "hardy" in
catalogues come to us from many parts of the
world. In their native habitats these are found
growing under many diverse conditions with
respect to soil, climate, altitude, etc., and which
in many instances can hardly be duplicated in
this country. It is no wonder, then, that difficul-
ties arise, particularly under such conditions as
are found in many parts of the British coast.

Mistakes, therefore, are easily made, especially
when the planter has not had the advantages of a
long experience in seaside arboriculture. A part
of the plan of this work has been to endeavour
to mention those species of trees and shrubs
which, from careful observation, have proved
to be the hardiest, and which stand best in the
very teeth of the winds on the Yorkshire coast.
When arranging for planting, these must take
their proper places in what is called here " the
first line of exposure." They may be classed as
follows : — (a) for planting in the first line of
exposure, and (6) as scrub on the cliffs.

. For planting in the first line of exposure. —
The Common Sycamore, Scotch or Wych Elm,
Common Ash, and English Oak, among decidu-
ous trees, are to the front as the hardiest and
best species for planting in the most exposed

A SYCAMORE IN EXPOSURE, AND GARDEN PLANTS
(BELVEDERE ESTATE).

AUSTRIAN PINES, NORTH-EAST EXPOSURE
(BELVEDERE ESTATE).

SPECIAL LISTS 53

positions ; and the Austrian Pine among the
evergreens. All the above can be procured at
cheap rates from nurserymen, and as they are
also among the most inexpensive of trees to buy
in quantity, this adds greatly to their value for
planting. In such exposed positions as these,
the trees cannot be expected to produce fine
timber, but for the purpose of shelter they are
invaluable. The Deodar Cedar is considered by
Mr. Beeforth to be as hardy as the Austrian Pine
as an evergreen tree for the coast ; but it is more
expensive to buy. It is, however, well worthy
of note.

Deciduous trees are preferable to Conifers for
growing in clumps or belts in the first line of
exposure, as they retain their lower branches for
all time where they can get sufficient air; but
Conifers, such as Austrian Pines, mostly lose
them as the trees get old and the cold winds
draw through the clumps or belts under their
tops, so that little shelter is afforded beyond.

When both deciduous and evergreen trees are
arranged in mixture, in clumps or belts, proper
regard should be paid to the growth of each
species, so that all should be placed in such a
manner that the aggregate result of the whole
combined should be an effectual break to the
winds on the first line of exposure for all time.

It would be advisable to make special note

54 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

of the species of trees above mentioned, and to
depend on these largely, as being the most suit-
able in every way for planting in positions of keen
exposure ; also noting other information with
respect to soils suitable to each species (as this is
most important), and other cultural details which
may be found in Chapter VII. under the names of
each species and variety.

It is not necessary to make long lists, but there
are other species, some of which have been noticed
on the coast and are included in that given below,
which are also amongst the hardiest for planting
in the most exposed places, and which may be
used in mixture for belts, plantations, shrubberies,
or other places, as may be desired. These are
given as follows, viz. : —

Evergreen. — Broad-leaved Holly, Cedrus at-
lantica, Euonymus latifolius vars., Olearia, Privet
(Broad-leaved), Veronica spicata vars.

Deciduous. — Alder, Blackthorn, Dogwood, Goat
Willow, Hawthorn, Hornbeam, Lyciumbarbarum,
Mountain Ash, Poplars in variety, Scotch Labur-
num, Sea Buckthorn, White Beam, Wild Cherry,
Wild Crab, Wild Pear, Willows in variety.

As scrub on the cliffs. — The word "scrub"
is intended to mean "those plants which grow
upon the cliffs by the sea, and which in such
positions only make short, dense, bushy growths."

The following species may be used for this

SPECIAL LISTS 55

purpose, viz. Alder, Ash, Dog Rose, Goat
Willow, Gorse in places, Lycium barbarum, Oak,
Sea Buckthorn, Silver Poplar, Sycamore, Willows
in variety, Wych Elm.

Some of the above, as the Willows, Sea Buck-
thorn, Alders, Lycium barbarum, and others, may
be planted very thickly, and their branches as they
grow layered in the soil along the face of the cliff,
where they will strike root freely, and will, under
certain conditions, as previously stated, help
materially in checking erosion.

HEDGE PLANTS

A few brief notes on various hedge plants, each
species of which will also be found in Chapter VII.,
may be useful.

Deciduous. — Common Hawthorn (Quick). This
is without doubt the most useful hedge -plant
in common use in this country. It is especially
good on strong soils ; makes a short, stunted
growth in keen exposure near the sea.

Common Beech is not altogether suitable as a
hedge plant in full exposure to the sea on the
eastern coast ; but inland, even in the most exposed
situations, it answers this purpose well. It is
especially good on light, dry, deep soils over lime-
stone. It is often used as a hedge plant to enclose

56 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

nursery grounds and gardens, and as it retains
its dead leaves through the winter months, and
only loses them in spring as growth begins, it
affords good shelter at all seasons of the year.

Common Hornbeam is also good as a hedge
plant, and will succeed in strong soils where
beech does not thrive.

Myrobella makes a stiff, strong hedge, but often
goes hollow at the bottom, unless special care is
exercised in training the young plants as they
grow in height, and encouraging them by cutting
hard back each year when young, and until they
reach their full height, to form dense bottom
growth, and keeping the hedge constantly trimmed
afterwards. On strong soils it grows very ram-
pant— perhaps too much so. On rather poor soils
it is weaker and makes better fences.

Prunus Pissardii. A good hedge of this is to
be seen in a villa garden in Thorpe, near Robin
Hood's Bay. It makes a very pretty hedge in
spring, summer, and autumn, with its dark coloured
foliage. It also appears to be fairly hardy in this
position.

Lycium barbarum has already been noted as
hardy in exposure by the sea, and is much used
as a hedge plant inland (see Chap. V. : Saltburn).

Evergreen. — Oval-leaved Privet makes a thick
hedge when kept in good order. It is of rather
weakly growth, and is liable to get blown about

SPECIAL LISTS 57

by the strong winds, especially if it is top-heavy.
To prevent this, some strong iron rods reaching
nearly to the top, and driven in at equal distances all
along the hedge, to which is fastened a thick piece
of strong galvanised wire, strained tightly within
a few inches of the top, will help to keep the
hedge steady and straight. The Oval-leaved
Privet makes a better hedge than the common
species.

Euonymus japonicus should be largely used as
a hedge plant by the seaside. Along the southern
and western coasts it makes fine hedges. It has
also been noted as answering this purpose well
along the eastern coast.

Common Holly, under shelter by the sea and
inland, makes a thick, impenetrable, ornamental
hedge, but is of rather slow ingrowth, taking
several years to develop well. Young plants
should always be used in planting, as hollies do
not transplant well when of large size. If such are
used, the losses might be heavy when planting a
hedge of any great length.

Common Yew makes a dense ornamental hedge
and will live to a great age. It is often seen in
pleasure grounds, and should not be used where
cattle can reach it, as it is dangerous for them to
eat of its branches and leaves.

Common Laurel makes a fair hedge in gardens.
It should always be kept pruned with a knife to

58 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

keep the leaves which remain upon it sound and
whole.

Portugal Laurel is sometimes used, but is
not quite so good a hedge as Common Laurel.

Common Box makes a dense hedge, and on
dry, deep soils may be found very useful.

Escallonia macrantha under shelter by the sea
makes a splendid ornamental hedge.

Mixed Hedges. — Quickthom and Beech in mix-
ture make a nice hedge, and give colour in the
landscape in summer with their different shades
of green, and in winter with the brown leaves of
the Beech mixed with the bare branches of the
Thorn.

Myrobella and Privet together make a very
useful hedge. The Privet being of a dense habit
of growth, especially when kept clipped, will
thicken up the hedge, more particularly along the
bottom, where it is required, as the Myrobella
often goes hollow below.

Myrobella and Prunus Pissardii. A few plants
of the latter intermixed at intervals with the
Myrobella make a very pretty effect.

Beech and Holly. A mixture of these two
plants is admired by some people ; it looks very
well in winter, with the brown leaves of the Beech
intermixed with the dark green of the Holly.

Amongst other hedge plants often found in
mixture may be mentioned — Blackthorn, Wild

SPECIAL LISTS 59

Rose, Maple, Dogwood, Wild Crab, Birch, and
Spindle Tree.

UNDERGROWTH

Undergrowth or underwood is understood to
represent "certain kinds of trees and shrubs
which succeed under and are shaded by other
trees of taller habit." In coppices, woods, and
plantations it serves many useful purposes.
Undergrowth does not succeed well under Coni-
fers or tall-growing evergreens, owing to the
exclusion of the necessary light and air caused
by the dense canopy of foliage formed by the
trees above. In mixed shrubberies of deciduous
and evergreen trees and shrubs, the dwarfer
species should be planted where the taller ever-
greens cannot overgrow them. In the first line
of exposure it is desirable not to plant ever-
greens for undergrowth, as even the stronger-
growing deciduous trees, which are recommended
to be planted very thickly, would not grow very
tall, and there would be no room for them.

The following list of trees and shrubs suitable
for undergrowth may be found useful. These are
not intended for the planting of coppices.

Evergreen. — American Arbor - vitse, A ucuba
japonica, Bay, Box, Broom, Butcher's Broom,
Cotoneaster vars., Escallonia macrantha, Euony-

60 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

mus japonicus, Griselinia littoralis, Hemlock,
Spruce, Holly, Ivy, Juniper, Laurel, Laurestinus,
Mahonia Aquifolium, Privet, Rhododendrons.

Deciduous. — Diervilla, Dogwood, Elder, Guel-
der Rose, Hazel, Hornbeam, Mock Orange, Sea
Buckthorn, Snowberry, Spindle Tree, Spiraeas
(bushy).

ROSES

As roses are a speciality at Belvedere House,
the following is given as a selection of some of
the most useful sorts for the seaside. Fuller
particulars of each will be found in Rose-growers'
catalogues.

Teas. — Gloire de Dijon ; Mme. Bravy, similar
to Gloire de Dijon ; Homere, a grand bed,
flowers freely. Hybrid Teas. — Bessie Brown ;
Captain Christy, robust grower; Gloire Lyonnaise,
splendid, by far the best white for the seaside;
Mrs. J. W. Grant ; La France, very hardy ;
Liberty, a brilliant scarlet ; Marquise de Litta,
grows luxuriantly; Papa Gontier, a good rose.
Hybrid Perpetual*.— A. K. Williams ; Boule de
Niege, good white, but cannot compare with Gloire
Lyonnaise ; Baroness Rothschild, very hardy ;
Charles Lefebvre ; Countess of Oxford, a good
rose; Crimson Bedder, does well; Docteur Andre;
Duchess of Teck, not robust ; Duke of Edin-

^ -M

cfl

&3 S

Q- a>

I I

SPECIAL LISTS 61

burgh ; Her Majesty, most robust ; Gloire de
Margottin, most brilliant scarlet ; Merveille de
Lyon, robust ; Mrs. John Laing, excellent ; Prince
Camille de Rohan ; Reynold's Hole ; Marie Bau-
man, very good. Noisette. — Ophirie, very hand-
some.

CHAPTER VII

TREES AND SHRUBS FOUND GROWING ON THE
YORKSHIRE COAST

OWING to the exceedingly variable climatic influ-
ences which surround the shores of the British
Isles, it would be practically impossible to give
special lists of plants to meet every case. The
list herein given will be found the most generally
useful, as it is taken from one of the coldest and
bleakest districts. On the coasts of Devon,
Cornwall, the West of Ireland, and some other
parts, where the winters are milder, tenderer
kinds of plants will grow, such as Camellias,
Indian Azaleas, Fuchsias, Coronillas, Eucalyptus,
and others, as well as Palms and other sub-tropical
plants in variety. In these milder places, and
where it is desired to grow collections or special
kinds of plants, which may usually be grown in
greenhouses in this country, careful observations
should be taken of what has already been done in
the same or similar districts, and the planting

carried out according to local conditions.

62

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 63

Every species of tree and shrub contained in
the following pages, with the exception of the
Tamarisk and A triplex Halimus, have been
noticed as growing on the Yorkshire coast. Care
has been taken not to include any, with the above
exceptions, which have not been observed in one
place or another. There may be others which
are not included, but there is herein contained
abundance of material to answer the purpose of
any selection for planting that may be required.

The Tamarisk and Atriplex Halimus have
been included, as the former is often mentioned
as a valuable seaside plant, and it is such on the
southern and south-eastern coasts, but it does not
appear to be much known in the north ; the Atri-
plex also succeeds well in similar situations. Both
these might be tried in some of the more sheltered
places by the sea in the north.

In addition to the generic, the popular names
as far as possible have been given. The native
habitat and date of introduction when imported
of each species have been added as matters of
interest to the readers, and the character of the
tree or shrubs, as deciduous or evergreen, to
simplify arrangements for planting.

Wherever the height of Conifers is given, the
figures represent the average height of each in its
native habitat. Great care has been taken to
render this descriptive list as accurate as possible.

64 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

Abele. See Populus alba.

Abies cephalonica (syns. Picea cephalonica,
Pinus cephalonica)^ Mount Enos or Grecian Silver
Fir. This species is closely allied to the Common
Silver Fir. Some authorities consider it a variety.
It is a very desirable tree for exposed situations,
and is found growing on Mount Enos, the highest
mountain in the island of Cephalonia, at from 3000
to 4000 feet altitude. Soil a good light loam.
Introduced to this country by General Napier
when he was Governor of Cephalonia. Ever-
green ; height 50 to 60 feet.

Abies concolor (syns. A. lasiocarpa and A.
Parsonii). A beautiful species with yellow bark
on the young branches. It makes a noble and
handsome tree, but cannot bear exposure by the
seaside ; will grow under shelter. Evergreen ;
height 80 to 150 feet. California, 1851.

Abies Douglasii. See Pseudotsuga Douglasii.

Abies excelsa. See Picea excelsa.

Abies Lawsoniana. See Chamczcyparis Law-
soniana.

Abies nobilis (syns. Pinus nobilis and Picea
nobilis}, Noble Silver Fir. A majestic tree. Its
fine spreading branches, with the foliage bluish
green on the upper part, and silvery underneath,
produce a fine effect, especially when one is
standing underneath and looking up through the
tree to the sky. It is very hardy. In California

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 65

it forms vast forests, and is found at high eleva-
tions, sometimes 6000 to 8000 feet altitude. Like
all other Silver Firs it succeeds best on the slopes
of hills, on those sides which are shaded from the
sun at mid-day. In very dry, sunny positions it
suffers much from drought. It prefers a rather
light deep loam, but will succeed in any good
garden soil. The wood is soft, and it only makes
a second-rate timber tree (Mr. Barry says he
made a gate of the wood of this tree at thirteen
or fourteen years from planting, which is still good
after twelve years' use). In positions near the sea
it is found to be a little tender, but on the Fyling
Hall estate, farther inland, it has proved itself to
be the most successful of the Coniferse in half
shelter. The north-east winds often affect the
feather, and birds spoil the leaves by selecting it
for perching upon on account of its prominence.
It requires nursing when young. Evergreen ; in-
troduced from California in 1831 ; height 200 to
300 feet.

Abies nordmanniana (syns. Pinus nordman-
niana, Picea nordmanniana), Crimean Silver Fir.
A stately tree, and generally considered to be one
of the hardiest of the Silver Fir group ; but it
hardly bears this character by the seaside on the
Yorkshire coast, where it is a little uncertain.
It does not begin to grow until the spring is far
advanced, consequently its young shoots and

66 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

foliage are not so liable to frost bites from spring
frosts as those of earlier growth, as the Common
Silver Fir and others, especially when the trees
are young and close to the ground. Evergreen ;
Crimea, 1848 ; height 80 to 100 feet.

Abies orientalis. See Picea orientalis.

Abies pectinata, Common Silver Fir. This
noble Silver Fir is very slow-growing while it is
young, but when it is established and gets well
away from the ground it then begins to grow
rapidly, soon overtopping some of the other trees.
In exposed positions by the seaside it must have
shelter until well established, then it is magnificent,
but loses its feather when exposed or half exposed
to the north-east. It will succeed in good light
soil or good garden soil. It is useful for mixed
groups, or in plantations. It is a fine and useful
timber tree. Single specimens are handsome.
Evergreen; Central Europe, 1603; height 80 to
100 feet.

Abies Pinsapo (syn. Picea Pinsapo], Spanish
Silver Fir. A grand species, very beautiful and
symmetrical in all stages of its growth. It grows
slowly and rather bushy when young. When well
established it grows more rapidly. The above is
the general description of this handsome tree, but
by the seaside it seems very delicate and very
difficult to advance in growth. On the Fyling
Hall estate its near relative, A. cephalonica, has

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 67

done very much better. Evergreen ; South Spain,
1839 ; height 60 to 80 feet.

Acer Pseudo-plat anus, Mock Plane Tree, Syca-
more. This tree is largely planted on the York-
shire cliffs, and is one of the hardiest and most
useful for the first line of exposure, especially
where the soil is light, dry, and deep. It will
succeed in almost any soil where it is open and
free, but does not answer so well where its roots
are near the clay. As it is of early growth its
young shoots are often much injured by gales off
the sea in spring, but the tree soon recovers, and
thick, stunted, bushy top growth is the result.
As the main object when planting trees in such
positions is to secure an efficient break to the
winds, so as to afford shelter beyond, it answers
this purpose admirably. Deciduous ; mountains of
Central Europe and Western Asia. Introduced
into England during the fifteenth century.

^ELsculus Hippocastamim, Common Horse
Chestnut. A well-known hardy tree, thrives best
in good, rich, deep soil. It grows rapidly, when
sheltered, near the sea. As it is of early growth
in spring its young leaves are often destroyed
when exposed to north-east winds. Deciduous ;
indigenous to the mountains of Greece ; Asia,
1629. There are several ornamental garden
varieties producing red and pale coloured flowers.

Alder. See Alnus.

68 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

Alnus glutinosa (Alder). Grows quickly in
moist lands and swamps. In good soil and where
its roots can reach the water it will sometimes
grow to the height of 50 or 60 feet. Useful to
plant on the cliffs in mixture with others, in
plantations as a nurse to other trees, and on
the banks of streams or ponds. Deciduous ;
indigenous to Britain.

American Arbor -vitce. See Thuja occidentalis.

Araucaria imbricata, Monkey Puzzle and
Chili Pine. To judge from the fine specimens
seen growing at Mulgrave, Fyling Hall, and one
or two other places, this may be considered as
one of the hardiest trees under very little shelter
by the seaside. To grow the tree well it should
be planted in an open, airy situation in rather light,
deep soil on hilly slopes, or on the edge of a steep
hillock where there is a quick drainage. The
specimens shown in the illustration are from 30
to 40 feet high, in magnificent health, and feathered
quite to the bottom. They are twenty-five years
old from the planting, at which time they were
from 6 to 12 inches high. The trees shown
illustrate the advantage of a good soil preparation
before planting. The position in which they are
now growing was formerly an old stackyard.
The ground was raised to the level of the wall
with good soil, and the young trees planted close
to the edge of the wall, where they are now grow-

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 69

ing strongly, as has been described. At the
other end, where the soil has not been made up,
the trees are not so luxuriant. This Araucaria
was introduced from Chili in 1796. It forms vast
forests at high altitudes on the slopes of the
Andes, often reaching to the snow line. Ever-
green ; height 50 to 100 feet.

Arbor-vita, American. See Thujaoccidentalis.

Arbor-vitce, Giant. See Libocedrus decurrens.

Arbutus Unedo, the Strawberry Tree. An
ornamental shrub, bearing light coloured flowers
and ripe scarlet fruit both at the same time in
autumn. The fruit often hangs through the winter.
A fine specimen, between 6 and 7 feet high, is
to be seen at Fyling Hall ; it is well sheltered
among other shrubs. It requires light, warm soil
and a good sheltered situation. Evergreen ; in-
digenous West of Ireland and Southern Europe.

Ash. See Fraxinus.

Atriplex Halimus. A hardy shrub by the
seaside on the southern and western coasts, but
not quite proved on the north-east.

Aucuba japonica. A very hardy shrub. Mr.
Barry speaks of it as " the best evergreen he has
for withstanding the blast from the fatal quarter,"
and the more open the soil is kept the greater
resistance it shows. In the shrubberies where
the soil is not kept open by digging, it is very
slow in establishing itself. The illustration shows

70 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

the Aucuba treated in this way by digging, etc.
It is a good shrub for planting under trees in
shrubberies. The female plants bear scarlet
berries in autumn when males are planted near
them. Sometimes the flowers of the male plant
ripen their pollen before those of the female are
ready to receive it ; it should then be collected
with a camel's hair brush, placed upon a piece of
dry glass, and covered with another dry piece.
When the stigmas of the female look sticky or
gummy, then they are ready to receive the
pollen. Evergreen; Japan, 1783. There are
numerous varieties of both male and female forms.

Austrian Pine. See Pimts austriaca. .

Barberry. See Berberis vulgaris.

Bay, Sweet. See Latims nobilis.

Beam Tree. See Pyrus Aria.

Beech. See Fagus.

Berberis Aquifolium. See Mahonia.

Berberis vulgaris, Common Barberry. This is
sometimes used as a hedge plant and in shrub-
beries. It is fairly hardy by the sea. Deciduous ;
Britain. There are several very ornamental
species of Berberis.

Betula alba, White, Silver, or Common Birch.
A valuable tree for plantations. It is excellent
for planting in the exposed parts of enclosures
inland, and is also useful for skirting plantations
and clumps of trees to nurse more tender subjects.

A ROW OF FINE ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA
(FYLING HALL ESTATE).

o %

ill

S 11

5 3

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 71

In high, exposed situations it becomes a dwarf
shrub. At Scarborough it succeeds fairly well if
not in too exposed a situation. It is very hardy
inland, but does not appear to be very partial to
sea atmosphere. At Fyling Hall the trees are
subject to a blight from this cause, which destroys
all the foliage and often kills trees even up to
fifteen years old. The common species and all
the Betulas thrive in almost any soil, but those
of a light sandy character suit them best.
Deciduous ; indigenous to Britain.

Birch. See Betula.

Bird Cherry. See Cerasus Padus.

Bhotan Pine. See Pinus excelsa.

Black Pine. See Pinus austriaca.

Blackthorn. See Prunus spinosa.

Box. See Buxus.

Broom. See Cytisus Scoparius.

Buckthorn. See Rhamnus.

Buckthorn, Sea. See Hippophae.

Burgundy Pitch Tree. See Picea excelsa.

Butcher s Broom. See Ruscus aculeatus.

Buxus sempervirens, Common Box. This
popular shrub will succeed in any light, free, or
well-drained soil. It succeeds well by the seaside,
under partial shelter, at Scarborough. At Fyling,
Mr. Barry says he has not tested it thoroughly,
but he has had no specimens spoilt by the north-
east winds, and should rank it with Aucuba above

72 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

Holly and far above Yew for hardiness ; he also
finds it painfully slow in growth in undug soil,
but it responds well to good cultivation. Indi-
genous to western and southern Europe ; in Britain
only in some localities in southern England, and
even there it is doubtful whether it may not have
been introduced, as it has long been planted in
shrubberies ; evergreen. There are numerous
forms worth consideration for planting in shrub-
beries. The golden variety, B. s. aurea, is very
ornamental.

CarpinusBetulm, Common Hornbeam. Useful
for planting in exposed situations to shelter other
trees. It thrives best in rich, deep, rather moist
soil, but not in dry sunny exposures ; it makes a
fine ornamental tree with a thick spreading top.
Also used as a hedge plant. Deciduous ; Britain.
There are several ornamental garden varieties.

Castanea saliva, Sweet or Spanish Chestnut.
When sheltered from the sea this tree grows as
rapidly as Sycamore. It grows splendidly with
some slight protection, as that afforded by other
trees, both at Fyling and Scarborough ; in the
former place there are some trees thirty years old
from planting which are thriving well. A good
sandy loam, deep and dry, suits it, but it does not
thrive so well in a strong clay or cold-bottomed
soil. A warm, sheltered position is an important
consideration if it is desired to mature its fruits.

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 73

Deciduous ; indigenous South of Europe and Asia
Minor. It has been cultivated in this country
from time immemorial.

Cedar. See Cedrus.

Cedar of Lebanon. See Cedrus Libani.

Cedrus atlantica, Mount Atlas Cedar. This
has been noted by Mr. Beeforth as one of the
hardiest and grandest trees for the seaside,
especially under partial shelter from the north-
east. A free, open soil and subsoil is indispensable
to the successful cultivation of all the Cedars.
C. atlantica is of quicker growth than the Cedar
of Lebanon, and of a more erect pyramidal habit.
It is an introduction from the Atlas Mountains in
Algeria in 1843, where it is found at 7000 to 8000
feet altitude. Evergreen; height 80 to 120
feet.

Cedrus Deodara, Deodar or Indian Cedar.
The Deodar and the Austrian Pine are mentioned
by Mr. Beeforth as being the two hardiest ever-
green trees for the coast ; but Mr. Barry states he
has found the former to be of little use, when
quite exposed to the north-east, as it loses its feather
on that side, but that it is luxuriant in half shelter.
It is a tree of graceful habit, and as it is hardy
might be more largely grown on the coast. For
notes on the essential soil conditions, see C.
atlantica. Introduced from the Western Hima-
layas in 1822, where it is found at from 4000 to

74 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

1 2,000 feet altitude. Evergreen ; height 1 50 to
200 feet.

Cedrus Libani, Cedar of Lebanon. This tree
is not nearly so hardy by the seaside as C.
atlantica or C. Deodara. In a cottage garden in
Thorpe, near Robin Hood's Bay, unsheltered by
other trees, but under shelter of a hill, is a fair
specimen. It is a hardy tree inland and requires
an open position to show its fine form and wide
spreading branches. Introduced from Mounts
Lebanon and Taurus in 1683, where it is found at
4000 to 6000 feet altitude. Evergreen ; height
60 to 80 feet.

Cerasiis Avium (syn. Prunus Avium), Wild
Cherry or Gean. A well-known tree, sometimes
found growing in plantations, where it often estab-
lishes itself naturally by means of its seeds or
stones. It is hardy by the sea. It is very
ornamental, especially when in flower, and as the
flowers open early in spring, it is worthy of a place
in pleasure grounds or in clumps of trees, where it
is very effective. It likes a rich deep loam over a
chalk subsoil, but will grow in almost any good
well-drained soil. Indigenous to Britain.

Cerasus Laurocerasus, Common Laurel. Too
well known to need much description. It is
generally used in shrubberies and sometimes as a
hedge plant. Near the sea, after a long period of
north-east winds, the shrubs are a good deal cut,

A TALL CHERRY TREE ON THE LEFT.

The dwarfer kinds are chiefly GoWen Elder, and Willow in variety. On the right are

Mountain Ash, Cherry, Golden Elder, Turkey Oak, and Walnut trees in mixture. A

row of Laurels, which are kept pruned, run along each side of the walk. Exposure

north-east from off the sea (Belvedere Estate).

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 75

but generally soon recover, excepting where catch-
ing the full north blast. It should be planted
under partial shelter from the keen winds. The
Caucasian variety has been found to be hardier
than the common one. Levant, 1629 ; evergreen.
Some of the varieties of the Common Laurel are
worth noticing, as angustifolia (narrow - leaved),
camellisefolia (camellia leaved), Caucasica (Cau-
casian), colchica (Colchican), rotundifolia (round-
leaved), and variegata (variegated).

Cerasus lusitanica, Portugal Laurel. Also a
well-known shrub, and will do better in heavier
and dampersoils than the Common Laurel, although
it will grow well in almost any good soil. On the
Fyling estate covered drains have been found
filled with its roots. It thrives exceedingly well
by the sea, under shelter from the north and
north-east. Under such conditions of exposure
it loses its foliage on the windward side. Ever-
green ; Portugal, 1648. The variety myrtifolia
grows pyramidally like a bay.

Cerasus Padus (syn. Prunus Padus), Bird
Cherry or Hagberry. This is very pretty in
spring, with its long hanging racemes of white
flowers. It will grow well under the shade, of
other deciduous trees, and therefore is well worthy
of note. Deciduous ; Britain. There are numerous
forms of this species, named after the shapes and
colours of their leaves.

76 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

Chamcecyparis Boursierii. See C. lawsoniana.

Chamcecyparis lawsoniana (syns. C. Boursierii
and Cupressus lawsoniana). A well-known and
exceedingly useful species, of easy culture and
rapid growth. Succeeds fairly well under a little
shelter by the sea, but is liable to be blown over
by the winds, its roots being very superficial. On
exposure it goes off on its north side and becomes
one-sided. A cool, moist, but well-drained soil
suits this species well. Evergreen ; North Cali-
fornia, 1863; height 75 to 100 feet. The
varieties of this species are very numerous and
some are very beautiful.

Chamcecyparis obtusa plumosa (syn. Retino-
spora plumosa). A pretty, dwarf tree from
15 to 20 feet high; does well at Fyling Hall
under shelter. Evergreen ; Japan. There are
some pretty variegated forms of this species.
The golden variety, C. o. p. aurea, is handsome
at Fyling Hall.

Chamcecyparis squarrosa (syn. Retinospora
squarrosd). A very pretty, dwarf tree or large
bush from 4 to 6 feet high. It must be planted
in well-sheltered situations as it is rather tender.
Good garden soil. Evergreen ; Japan.

Cherry Plum. See Prunus cerasifera.

Cherry, Wild. See Cerasus Avium.

Chili Pine. See Araucaria imbricata.

Choisya ternata is rather hardy in sheltered

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 77

situations near the sea. Evergreen ; Mexico,
1825.

Cluster Pine. See Pinus Pinaster.

Cornus sanguinea, Dogberry ; Common Dog-
wood. Branches straight, of a dark red colour.
Will grow well under the shade and drip of
deciduous trees, and can be readily increased by
layers, suckers, or cuttings. At Fyling, in strong
soil in shrubberies, it is so rampant that it out-
grows everything, so that it is being rooted out ;
but at Scarborough (Belvedere) it does not
succeed, no doubt owing to the different char-
acter of the soil. Deciduous; Britain.

Corsican Pine. See Pinus Laricio.

Corylus Avellana, Common Hazel. Well
known as growing in woods and hedges. De-
ciduous ; Britain, etc.

Cotoneaster frigida. This stands exposure
from the west and south. It has been used at
Fyling to protect Portugal Laurel on these sides.
It makes a good break to the wind at 600 feet
altitude ; exposed to south - west winds, but
sheltered from north. Sub - evergreen ; Nepaul,
1824.

Cotoneaster microphylla. A very beautiful
evergreen drooping tree. It will cover a wall as
rapidly as Ivy. Good under partial shelter by
the sea. Evergreen; Nepaul, 1824.

Crab. See Pyrus Malus.

78 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

Crat&gus Oxyacantha, Hawthorn, WhiteThorn.
Well known on account of its value as a hedge
plant. It will succeed on dry hill slopes and
banks, and will bear much exposure to keen
winds at high elevations. Deciduous ; Britain.
It has numerous varieties, both single and double
flowering, some of which are exceedingly hand-
some. They grow into nice-shaped trees.

Cryptomeria elegans, Elegant Japan Cedar.
A handsome tree when well grown. It requires
shelter from other trees, and a low-lying damp
soil and situation. It flourishes well on the banks
of streams, when placed rather high up, but so
that its roots can reach the water. The soil must
not be stagnant. It is good on the slopes of hills
in partial shade a little distance from the sea.
Good garden soil. Evergreen ; Japan, 1861 ; 20
feet and upwards. In the island of Nippon it
forms grooves round sacred edifices.

Cupressus lawsoniana. See Chamczcyparis
lawsoniana.

Cupressus sempervirens, Common Upright or
Italian Cypress. An upright tree, varying much
in height according to soil and situation.
Branches erect, and closely pressed to the trunk.
It is not quite certain whether it will succeed on
the Yorkshire coast, but it is being tried. A
damp but not stagnant soil, or one of a deep, rich
character, is suitable, and good conditions of

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 79

shelter are requisite. Used largely on the Con-
tinent for planting in churchyards and cemeteries.
Evergreen; Southern Europe, 1548; height 60
to 100 feet.

Cypress. See Cupressus.

Cytisus Scoparius, Common Broom. A well-
known hardy shrub. Some of the garden
varieties are very handsome.

Deal Wood. See Pinus sylvestris.

Deodar Cedar. See Cedrus Deodar a.

Diervilla rosea (syn. Weigela rosea). A
useful and handsome flowering shrub, and has
proved itself very hardy by the sea even under
exposure to the north-east. It will grow on
shrubberies or, in fact, anywhere, but requires a
sunny position to make it flower freely. De-
ciduous; China, 1844.

Dogberry. See Cornus.

Dog Rose. See Rosa canina.

Dogwood. See Cornus.

Douglas Fir. See Pseudotsuga Douglasii.

Dwarf or Mountain Pine. See Pinus montana.

Elder. See Sambucus.

Elegant Japanese Cedar. See Cryptomeria
elegans.

Elm. See Ulmus.

Escallonia macrantha. Too much cannot be
made of this beautiful shrub when under partial
shelter by the sea. At Scarborough it grows

8o SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

rampant, and also in several gardens at Fyling
Hall, Thorpe, near Robin Hood's Bay, and
other places. As a hedge plant it will bear
cutting well. In full exposure its leaves are
sometimes injured by the winds. It succeeds
in any ordinary well-drained soil. Evergreen.

Euonymus europ&us, Spindle Tree. Common
in hedges and thickets in many parts of England.
Deciduous ; Britain.

Euonymus japonicus. Both the green and
the golden varieties of the Euonymus take the
lead as being amongst the hardiest and most
useful of evergreen shrubs for the seaside ; both
in the open and as undergrowth in shrubberies.
They are useful as hedge plants, being hardier
than the Privet and not so much cut up by the
winds. It is largely planted at Scarborough, and
magnificent hedges are seen in many places on
the English coast. As they are so easy to
cultivate, and will strike freely from cuttings
near the sea, they should be more largely grown.
They will succeed in any good soil. Evergreen ;
Nepaul, 1804. There are several varieties, some
of which are very handsome, named according to
the markings and colour of the foliage.

Evergreen Oak. See Quercus Ilex.

Fagus sylvatica, Common Beech. By the
seaside the Common Beech is fairly good when
well established and under partial shelter afforded

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 81

by other trees. It succeeds in rather dry posi-
tions ; a deep, light soil over limestone suits it
well, but it is not good on heavy soils. It does
not stand the winds from the north and east. It
makes a good hedge plant. On the Fyling Hall
estate large Beech trees on rocky sandstone suffer
much from the Felted Beech Coccus (scale),
Cryptococcus fagi. It is generally classed among
trees which will not grow by the seaside, but
Mr. Beeforth says "this is a mistake": it is
difficult to grow at first, but when well established
this beautiful tree when protected is as great
a success as any other species. Deciduous ;
Temperate Europe.

Flowering Currant. See Ribes.

Fraxinus excelsior, Common Ash. This is
one of the hardiest trees for planting in the teeth
of the winds in the first line of exposure on the
eastern coast. As it is very late in coming into
leaf, the young shoots are not so liable to injury
from the winds in spring as the Sycamore and
others of early leafage. It is also one of the first
trees to lose its leaves in autumn. It will accom-
modate itself to most soils, but succeeds best in
heavy, well-drained lands, if not too clayey, in
low-lying situations, where the soil is moderately
free and rich. It will flourish in the heavier soils
where the Sycamore and Elm will not thrive, and
this should be noted when arranging for planting

82 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

by the seaside. When drain-pipes are used in
land on which the Ash is planted, they soon
become filled with its roots ; this is rather a
drawback. Deciduous ; Britain.

Furze. See Ulex europceus.

Garrya elliptica. An ornamental shrub trained
to a wall or under shelter in shrubberies. Good
in such positions by the sea. It is much prized
for its long pendulous catkins, male and female,
which are borne on separate plants. The catkins
on the male plants are more ornamental than
those on the female. Evergreen ; California,
1818.

Gean. See Cerasus avium.

Ginkgo biloba (syns. Salisburia). An inter-
esting and handsome tree, very difficult to
grow by the sea in Yorkshire, even under good
shelter. One or two fair specimens are seen
in the more central parts of the country, but it
can only succeed in the north under the best of
shelter. Any good garden soil will suit this tree.
Deciduous; Northern China, 1754; height 60
to 80 feet.

Goat Willow. See Salix caprea.

Gorse. See Ulex europ&us.

Grecian Silver Fir. See Abies cephalonica.

Griselinia littoralis. A hardy shrub grown
at the Belvedere, Scarborough, where it proves
hardy by the sea, but not quite so much so

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ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 83

as the Euonymus. It will grow under trees or
anywhere. Soil, a good loam. Evergreen ;
New Zealand, 1872.

Guelder Rose. See Viburnum Opulus.

Hagberry. See Cerasus Padus.

Hawthorn. See Cratagus Oxyacantha.

Hazel. See Cory his Ave liana.

Hedera Helix, Common Ivy. A useful plant
in many ways ; is grown largely everywhere.
Evergreen ; Britain, Western and Southern
Europe, etc.

Hemlock Spruce. See Tsuga canadensis.

Hippophce rhamnoides, Sea Buckthorn. A
hardy shrub of easy culture, and largely planted
by the sea. It is found on the cliffs at Scar-
borough ; but Mr. Beeforth thinks it is much
overrated as a seaside shrub. He finds that it is
not nearly so hardy as the Goat Willow. It is
recommended for fixing sands, in common with
Carex and other maritime plants. When used
for this purpose, the branches may be layered in
the ground, where they will strike root, and then
they will possess much greater holding power.
It will grow in almost any soil, and is easily
propagated, either by root cuttings, layers,
cuttings from the branches, or seeds. Deciduous ;
Britain, Europe.

Holly. See Ilex.

Hornbeam. See Carpinus Betulus.

84 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

Horse Chestnut. See ^Esculus.

Ilex aquifolium, Common Holly. This is one
of the commonest and hardiest of evergreen
shrubs inland. At Scarborough and other places
it is found to be rather tender by the sea. The
broad-leaved variety stands well in exposure on
the cliffs in this town. It is useful as a hedge
plant. At Fyling Hall, Hollies are mostly under
shelter ; the Golden variety stands better than
the Common one. Inland it makes a dense orna-
mental hedge. Indigenous to Britain. There
are innumerable varieties.

Indian Cedar. See Cedrus Deodar a.

Irish Yew. See Taxus baccata adpressa.

Italian Cypress. See Cupressus Lawsoniana.

Italian Poplar. See Populus pyramidalis.

Ivy. See Hedera.

Juniper. See Juniperus.

Laburnum alpinum, Scotch Laburnum. One
of the hardiest trees in cultivation, flourishing in
the bleakest positions (see illustration). Useful
by the sea. Deciduous ; Europe. There are
several varieties.

Laburnum vulgare, Common Laburnum.
Highly ornamental as a spring flowering tree,
but is not so hardy as the Scotch. Deciduous ;,
South Europe, 1596.

Larch. See Larix.

Larix e^iropcea, Common Larch. Fine larches

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 85

are found within easy distance from the York-
shire coast, under conditions of shelter. They
prefer the sheltered slopes of hills rather than
the hilltops. The Larch is extremely sensitive
to keen exposure and to winds off the sea,
and should never be planted in such positions.
It has been noted that when trees are growing in
plantations, as soon as their tops reach the keen,
biting winds they grow away from them, and the
tops become stunted. It is of very early growth
in spring, consequently the young shoots and
foliage often suffer from keen winds and frost-
bites. Larches thrive in a deep, light soil with
perfect drainage, and are best when nursed up by
other trees in mixed plantations. In the Cleve-
land districts, and some other parts of York-
shire, larches suffer much damage from what is
commonly known as "the Larch disease." De-
ciduous ; introduced to England, 1629.

Laurel. See Laurus.

Laurocerasus. See Cerasus.

Laurus nobilis, Sweet Bay, Common Laurel.
This interesting shrub flourishes luxuriantly
by the sea in several parts of Yorkshire when
sheltered from the north-east winds. It requires
a good, deep, well -cultivated soil, with perfect
drainage. This is the true Laurel. Evergreen ;
South Europe, 1562.

Laurustinus. See Viburnum Tinus.

86 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

Libocedrus decurrens (syn. Thuja gigantea),
Giant Arbor-vitse. A handsome and useful tree
when sheltered near the sea. Evergreen ; Sierra
Nevada Mountains of California ; height 40 to
140 feet.

Ligustrum massalongianwn (syn. L. myrti-
folium). A useful species of Privet by the sea.
Evergreen; Khasia Hills, 1877.

Ligustrum myrtifolium, Myrtle-leaved Privet.
See L. massalongianum.

Ligustrum ovalifolium, Oval -leaved Privet.
This is larger-leaved than the Common Privet
(L. vulgare), and a much better species for
garden cultivation. It is also one of the hardiest
of privets by the sea. It will, like the common
Privet, grow under trees, is useful as a hedge
plant and in other ways. Privets succeed well in
almost any soil. They are much cut up on keen
exposure by the seaside, and lose their leaves in
winter in such situations. Japan.

Ligustrum vulgare. Common Privet.

Lime Tree. See Tilia.

Linden Tree. See Tilia.

Lombardy Poplar. See Popiihis pyramidalis.

Lycium barbarum. One of the hardiest plants
in positions of the keenest exposure by the sea.
Useful for training over rough places (see
Chap. V.). A climbing shrub, easily propagated
by suckers, layers, or cuttings. A light, well-

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 87

drained soil suits it best, but will grow almost
anywhere. Deciduous; North Asia, 1696.

Mahonia Aquifolium (syn. Berberis Aqui-
fofann}. A useful plant for undergrowth in
shrubberies and plantations. Evergreen ; North
America, 1823.

Mammoth Tree. See Sequoia gigantea.

Maple. See Acer.

Maritime Pine. See Pinus Pinaster.

Mock Orange. See Philadelphus coronarius.

Monkey Puzzle. See Araucaria imbricata.

Monterey Pine. See Pinus insignis.

Mountain Ash. See Pyrus aucuparia.

Mount Atlas Cedar. See Cedrus atlantica.

Mount Enos Fir. See Abies cephalonica.

Myrobalan Plum. See Prunus cerasifera.

Norway Spruce. See Pice a excelsa.

Oak. See Quercus.

Olearia Haastii, sometimes called the " Olive "
in allusion to its resemblance to that tree. A very
hardy dwarf shrub by the seaside, and will succeed
in almost any soil. It may be seen at Scarborough,
Whitby, and other places along the coast, flourish-
ing in the most exposed situations. Evergreen ;
New Zealand.

Olive. See Olearia Haastii.

Oriental Spruce. See Pice a orientalis.

Pear Tree. See Pyrus communis.

Philadelphus coronariits, Mock Orange or

88 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

Syringa. A favourite flowering shrub in gardens.
It will not bear the cold winds by the sea in
the east, but does well when sheltered. Some
varieties bear double flowers. Deciduous ; South
Europe, 1596.

Picea cephalonica. See Abies cephalonica.

Picea excelsa (syn. Abies excelsa], Burgundy
Pitch Tree, Norway Spruce. A well-known Pine,
which grows to a great height. Near the sea it
must be sheltered by high hills or by high trees
in quantity. It will not thrive in shallow soils,
or where it is subject to drought. In deep,
well-drained situations it often makes fine timber.
Evergreen ; North of Europe, particularly Nor-
way, 1548. There are many varieties of this
species.

Picea nobilis. See Abies nobilis.

Picea nordmanniana. See Abies nordman-
niana.

Picea orientalis, Oriental Spruce (syn. Abies
crientalis\ A dense -growing lofty tree. It
grows slowly while it is young ; but after a
few years, when it gets well established, it goes
away rapidly. Cultural conditions and about the
same degree of hardiness as for the Norway
Spruce. Evergreen; Taurus and Caucasus, 1825.

Pinus austriaca, Black or Austrian Pine. This
is without exception the hardiest of evergreen
trees for the eastern coast. It appears able to

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 89

bear any amount of exposure even in the bleakest
situations, and also to stand the gales and sea
breezes. Although fine timber cannot be ex-
pected under such conditions, it is very useful
as a means of shelter to other things. When
they are planted thickly and close to deciduous
trees they soon lose their lower branches. Ever-
green ; Austria, 1835 ; height 75 to 100 feet.

Pinus excelsa, Bhotan Pine. Good well-grown
specimens of this make handsome trees. With
attention, and in good deep soil and sheltered
situations, it will succeed in gardens near the sea.
Evergreen; Himalayas, 1827; height 60 to 150
feet.

Pinus insignis (syn. P. radiata), Monterey
Pine. This is one of the handsomest of the
Pines. It ought to thrive well with good shelter
some little distance inland, but it must be
sheltered from strong winds and at the same
time have plenty of air. In warm situations
it makes autumn growths, which, being tender,
are liable to be injured by frosts. It prefers a
rather dry soil of a deep, rich character. Ever-
green ; introduced from California by Douglas,
1833 ; height 80 to 100 feet.

Pinus Laricio, Corsican Pine. A tall, rapid-
growing tree of strictly erect habit. Generally
considered to be very hardy. It is better suited
for richer soil in lower situations than many pines.

90 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

It suffers from autumn frosts inland when exposed
to the morning sun. Evergreen ; South Europe,
1814 ; height 100 to 150 feet. There are several
varieties.

Pinus maritima. See Pinus Pinaster.

Pinus montana. See Pinus Mughus.

Pinus Mughus (syn. P. montana). A low-
growing shrubby tree from 5 to 15 feet in height,
according to soil and situation. It is of little use
by the seaside, as at its best it only grows into a
very stunted dwarf shrub. Farther inland it
sometimes grows into nice specimens. P. mon-
tana is considered by some authorities to be a
synonym of P. Mughus, which it closely resembles.
Evergreen; mountains of Central Europe, 1779.

Pinus nobilis. See Abies nobilis.

Pinus nordmanniana. See Abies nordman-
niana.

Pinus Pinaster (syn. P. maritima), Cluster or
Maritime Pine. A most useful hardy tree near
the sea, but very slow-growing. Farther inland it
grows rapidly, and makes a rather handsome tree,
forming a heavy, dense foliaged top, generally
leaning to one side. It is rather difficult to trans-
plant, and perhaps it is on account of failures from
this cause that it is not more generally grown.
It has a long tap root, which goes down deeply
into some soils. Seedlings two years old, from
the seed-bed, seldom succeed when transplanted.

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 91

It is a good plan to secure one-year-old seed-
lings from the nursery seed-bed, and to trans-
plant some to permanent position, or, better still,
to sow the seeds where they are intended to
remain. A deep, dry, rather sandy soil suits it
best, and rather low-lying situations in preference
to elevated ground. When planted on the slopes,
in ravines, or similar positions, the roots are useful
to keep up the soil where it is liable to slip. Ever-
green ; South- West Europe, 1596; height 60 to
80 feet.

Pinus radiata. See Pinus insignis.

Pinus sylvestris, Deal Wood, Fir Tree, Scots
or Wild Pine. This is grown extensively as a
forest tree, but is not good to plant in keen ex-
posure by the sea. Mr. Beeforth says it does not
answer well with him, and he cannot recommend
it to plant close by the seaside. Mr. Barry states
that he planted some Scots Pines in 1878 on
sloping ground, and sheltered by other trees from
north and north-east exposure, which are now
(1905) upwards of 30 feet in height, and growing
luxuriantly. The trees would not grow when first
planted until protected by boards ; they do not
stand the gales on the seaward side, especially
when they are young. Scots Firs are very
accommodating with respect to soil, but prefer a
rather r light or gravelly loam, overlying rock or
gravel. It is the only one of the Pines truly

92 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

indigenous to Britain. Height 50 to 100 feet;
evergreen.

Poplar. See Populus.

Populus alba, Abele, White Poplar. This
grows in abundance by the seaside and is very
hardy. It forms short scrubby growths on the
cliffs when exposed to the gales, and is useful to
plant in such positions. Poplars thrive under a
variety of conditions as regards soil, but succeed
best in damp situations, as along watercourses,
etc. All are readily increased from cuttings in-
serted in open ground in autumn. Deciduous ;
Britain.

Populus pyramidalis, Italian or Lombardy
Poplar. A tree of erect pyramidal habit, succeed-
ing fairly well at Scarborough and one or two
other places near the sea. Deciduous; Italy,

1758.

Portiigal Laurel. See Cerasus lusitanica.

Privet. See Ligustrum.

Prunus avium. See Cerasus avium.

Prunus cerasifera, Myrobella, Cherry or
Myrobalan Plum. Grown as a hedge plant, or
in coppice, etc. Deciduous ; native country un-
certain.

Prunus communis. See Prunus spinosa.

Prunus Padus. See Cerasus avium.

Prunus Pissardii. Hardy by the sea ; reddish-
purple foliage. Deciduous ; Persia.

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 93

Prunus spinosa, Blackthorn or Sloe. Well
known as a hedge plant. Deciduous ; Britain.

Pseudotsuga Douglasii (syn. Abies Douglasii),
Douglas Fir. A magnificent species. It grows
when sheltered near the sea in Yorkshire. The
tops are liable to injury when reaching exposure
on high lands. It is found in large forests on the
Rocky Mountains. Evergreen ; North America,
1826 ; height 100 to 180 feet.

Pyrus Aria, White Beam Tree. Very hardy
and good for exposed positions by the sea. It is
useful as affording shelter to other trees, and is
equally good on light or heavy soils. It grows
well in moist soils, and makes the best shelter
when cut down to stool out. Deciduous ; indi-
genous to Britain.

Pyrus aucuparia, Mountain Ash or Rowan
Tree. Another very hardy and handsome tree,
standing exposure well. Deciduous ; Britain.

Pyrus communis, Wild Pear. Very hardy, and
will grow in the most exposed places, but under
such conditions it loses its erect habit of growth.
Deciduous ; Britain.

Pyrus Mahis, Crab, Wild Apple. Very hardy
on dry hills and slopes at high elevations. Decidu-
ous ; Britain. There are several highly orna-
mental flowering species.

Pyrus prunifolia, Siberian Crab. Highly
ornamental. Will grow well under exposure by

94 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

the sea. Its flowers are handsome, and the fruit
when ripe is red on its sunny side and yellowish
on that which is shaded. It can be eaten when
decayed, like the medlar. Deciduous ; Siberia,

1758.

Quercus austriaca sempervirens. See Q.
glandulifera.

Quercus Cerris, Turkey Oak. Grows well by
the seaside. Acorns mossy-cupped. Deciduous ;
South Europe, etc., 1735.

Quercus C. lucombeana. See Q. C. subperennis.

Quercus C. subperennis (syn. Q. C. lucombeana].
This is growing in the pleasure grounds at Fyling
Hall, where sheltered from other trees ; sub-
green.

Quercus glandulifera (syn. Quercus austriaca
sempervirens]. This also grows well under shelter
at Fyling Hall, and is one of the best of the
evergreen oaks which are grown there. Japan,
1870.

Quercus Ilex, Evergreen, Holly or Holm Oak.
A well-known and favourite tree. Very hardy by
the sea, where partially sheltered. Evergreen;
South of Europe, 1581.

Quercus pedunculata (Robur], Common English
Oak. Succeeds well by the sea, and is one of the
hardiest trees for planting in the first line, but it is
rather slow-growing. It is suitable for planting
in the heavier classes of soil, where the Sycamore

^ I

fen {2

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 95

and Wych Elm do not succeed so well. When
planting oaks in plantations, etc., they should be
mixed with other kinds of trees such as Scots,
Austrian, Corsican Pine, Larch, etc. etc., which will
act as nurses until they grow into size. Deciduous ;
Britain. There are several varieties.

Quercus pedunciilata fastigiata. Pyramidal in
habit, makes a handsome tree. Hardy by the sea.

Quercus pyramidalis. See Quercus pedunculata
fastigiata.

Quercus Robur, Black Oak, Common Oak.
Q. pedunculata and Q. sessiliflora as sub-species
are the British representatives of this genus.

Quercus sessiliflora, Sessile Oak. Also hardy
by the sea. Deciduous ; Britain.

Quickthorn. See Crataegus.

Red Fir. See Pseudotsuga Douglasii.

Retinospora. See Chamaecyparis.

Rhododendrons grow freely in places at some
little distance from the sea. R. ponticum is useful
as undergrowth in plantations, etc., where it forms
good covert. Seedlings of some of the better
kinds, and R. catawbiense, may also be used for
the same purpose. The hybrid Rhododendrons
are a very beautiful section and are largely planted
in gardens and pleasure grounds. Rhododendrons
will succeed in a good loamy soil. Peat and
leaf-mould is a favourite compost. Chalk, lime-
stone, or a limestone soil is fatal to them.

96 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

Rosa rugosa, Japanese Rose. Very hardy by
the sea. Japan, 1845.

Ruscus aculeatus, Butcher's Broom. A well-
known hardy shrub. Evergreen ; Britain.

Salix alba, White Willow. Very hardy by
the sea, and grows upon the cliffs in full exposure.
It is useful as a nurse toother trees in plantations
under exposure. Inland in good soil it sometimes
gets blown down by the winds when it is top-
heavy. Deciduous ; Britain.

Salix caprea, Common Sallow, Goat Willow.
This is well known, as its branches with catkins
are gathered for Palm Sunday, and are called
" Palm." It is very hardy by the sea, growing in
full exposure on the cliffs. It is not so tall as the
White Willow, even when growing inland under
the most suitable conditions. Deciduous ; Britain.

Salisburia. See Ginkgo.

Sallow. See Salix caprea.

Sambucus nigra, Common Elder. When
sheltered from the sea this will grow anywhere, but
in keen exposure it gets very much cut up in spring
by the winds. It is useful to plant, as it grows
in places, such as under trees, where it is difficult
to establish anything else. Deciduous ; Britain.

Sambucus racemosa, Scarlet-berried. This is
hardier than the Common Elder near the sea.
Deciduous; South Europe and Siberia, 1596.

Scotch Laburnum. See Laburnum alpinum.

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 97

Scots Pine. See Pinus sylvestris.

Scots or Wych Elm. See Ulmus montana.

Sea Buckthorn. See Hippopha rhamnoides.

Sequoia gigantea (syn. Wellingtonia gigantea),
Mammoth Tree. Although many fine specimens
may be seen, this cannot be classed as one of the
most successful trees for planting in this country,
especially in some parts of the north. It grows
rapidly under good conditions and makes a fine
specimen. Often after a time it becomes rather
stunted in growth and loses its lower branches,
which spoils its appearance. A good soil-prepara-
tion is necessary previous to planting. It appears
to thrive best in deep, open, or rather sandy soils,
and under conditions of perfect drainage and in
an open situation. If it is planted anywhere near
the coast it must be sheltered, but it cannot be
recommended. This in its native habitat is a
gigantic tree. A specimen, which was known as
the " Father of the Forest," measured 435 feet in
height and no feet in circumference ; these were
the measurements of trunk of the tree when lying
on the ground, and it is stated that it must have
been much taller when living. Others are re-
corded upwards of 300 feet high. Evergreen ;
North- West America, 1853.

Siberian Crab. See Pyrus pruni folia.

Silver Fir. The popular name of Abies
pectinata.

H

98 SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

Silver Poplar. See Populus alba.

Sloe. See Prunus spinosa.

Snow berry. See Symphoricarpus racemosus.

Sorbus. Included under Pyrus.

Spanish Chestnut. See Castanea sativa.

Spanish Silver Fir. See Abies Pinsapo.

Spindle Tree. See Euonymus europ&us.

Spruce Fir. A popular name for several
species of Picea and other firs.

Strawberry Tree. See Arbutus Unedo.

Sweet Bay. See Laurus nobilis.

Sweet Chestnut. See Castanea sativa.

Sycamore. See Acer Pseudo-plat anus.

Symphoricarpus racemosa, Snowberry.

Tamarisk. Most useful by the sea.

Taxus baccata, Common Yew. A well-known
hardy tree which grows in the most exposed
situations inland, but requires shelter from keen
exposure near the sea. It thrives in almost any
soil. Evergreen ; Britain. There are several
species of Yews and many varieties, some with
very ornamental foliage. There are numerous
forms of T. baccata, two of which are mentioned
here. Taxus baccata adpressa grows well near
the sea in Yorkshire. It is a seedling form, and
was raised in Messrs. Dickson's Nursery, Chester.
T. b. fastigiata, Irish or Florence Court Yew. A
well-known ornamental pyramidally-shaped tree.
It is very hardy under partial shelter near the sea.

31

o at

« gfc

tc 5«

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 99

Thuya gigantea. See Libocedrus decurrens,
Thuya Lobbi, and Thuya plicata.

Thuya Lobbi (see also Thuya plicata). Some
fine young specimens upwards of 30 feet high are
growing in a sheltered place at Fyling Hall. There
is much difficulty in naming this species, as differ-
ent names are given to it by various authorities.

Thuya occidentalis, Common or American
Arbor-vitae. To grow this tree well it should be
planted in rather deep, open soil. It thrives in
a low-lying situation or well raised on the banks
of streams, but generally it is of easy culture.
Good shelter is required by the sea, as it is liable
to be much cut up by the winds when exposed.
Evergreen; North America, 1596; height 40 to
50 feet. There are several varieties.

Thuya orientalis, Chinese Arbor-vitae. A low
tree or bush 18 to 20 feet high. Evergreen ;
China and Japan, 1860. There are numerous
varieties of this species.

Thuya plicata. " Thuya Lobbi is the true T.
plicata, but is more generally known as T.
gigantea" (Ed. Gardeners Chronicle).

Tilia europ&a. See T. platyphyllos and T.
vulgaris.

Tilia platyphyllos (syn. europad). This species
is the earliest to flower. Europe, Britain.

Tilia vulgaris (syn. T. europczd), Lime Tree
or Linden. A good tree for the seaside, and

ioo SEASIDE TREES AND SHRUBS

stands a fair amount of exposure from the north-
east ; better than most trees, and is not very
particular with respect to soil. Being a tree of
the plains rather than of the mountains, it does
not appear suitable to high altitudes. Europe,
Caucasus (naturalised in Britain).

Tsuga canadensis, Hemlock Spruce. Not a
good species of tree in exposed situations. It is
of graceful habit, and thrives well in cool, moist,
rich, deep soil, but it must be provided with
shelter in order to grow well. It grows in
abundance in the Canadian forests. Evergreen ;
North America, 1736; height 70 to 80 feet.

Ulexeuropceus, Common Furze, Gorse. Grows
in abundance near the sea. It will not succeed
in shade : requires an open position, as it is a
light-loving plant. Britain. A beautiful double
form of this is grown in gardens.

Ulmus montana, Scots or Wych Elm (moun-
tain loving). One of the hardiest trees on the
eastern coast for facing the strongest gales and
storms, and should be largely planted where soil
conditions are suitable. It luxuriates in a deep,
rich, medium or sandy loam with a dry gravelly
bottom, but will grow in almost any well-drained
soil if not of too heavy a character. Mr. Barry
finds its roots, however, terrible for drains.
Deciduous ; Britain. There are several highly
ornamental varieties well worthy of cultivation.

ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST 101

Veronica decussata. See Veronica elliptica.

Veronica elliptica. Grows well at Fyling Hall.
It is very beautiful when covered with large white
flowers in August. It is generally classed as a
half-hardy shrub. New Zealand, Chili, Fuegia,
and Falkland Islands, 1776.

Veronica spicata. One of the hardiest dwarf
shrubs by the sea- coast, and largely grown.
Britain.

Viburnum Opulus, Guelder Rose. When
partially sheltered in shrubberies near the sea.
Britain.

Viburnum Tinus, Laurustinus. A well-known
shrub, grows well when sheltered near the sea.
Evergreen; Southern Europe, 1596.

Weigela. See Diervilla.

Wellingtonia. See Sequoia.

White Beam. See Pyrus Aria.

White or Silver Poplar. See Populus alba.

White Thorn. See Cratcegus Oxyacantha.

White Willow. See Salix alba.

Wild Cherry. See Cerasus avium.

Wild Crab. See Pyrus Malm.

Wild Pear. See Pyrus communis.

Willow. See Salix.

Wych Elm. See Ulmus montana.

Yew. See Taxus.

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Containing instructions and hints on the Cultivation of suitable plants on Dry Walls.
Rock Walls, in Streams, Marshpools, Lakes, Ponds, Tanks and Water Margins,
With 1 33 full-page Illustrations. Large 8vo, i86pp., Buckram, xas. 6d. Net,
by post I2S. lod.

Times.— "' WALL AND WATER GARDENS.'— He who will consent to follow Miss
JEKYLL aright will find that under her guidance the old walls, the stone steps, the rockeries,
the ponds or streamlets of his garden will presently blossom with all kinds of flowers
undreamed of, and become marvels of varied foliage. More than a hundred photographs
help to enforce Mis » JKKYLL'S admirable lessons."

GARDENING MADE EASY.

Price I/- Net, by post 1/3.

By the Editor of "The Garden " An instructive and practical gardening book of
2OO pages and 23 illustrations, all showing the way certain gardening
operations should be perlormed. Every phase of gardening is included. The
beginner will find this a most helpful guide in the cultivation of flowers, vegetables,
and fruits. It is the A B C of gardening.

A NEW AND CHEAPER EDITION OF

THE FRUIT GARDEN.

By GEORGE BUNYARD, V.M.H., and OWEN THOMAS, V.M.H.
Price 12/6 Net, by post 13/-.

Royal Horticulture Society Journal.— "Without any doubt the best book of
the sort yet published. There is a separate chapter for every kind of fruit, and each chaptei
a book in itself— there is, in fact, everything that anyone can need or wish for in order to succeed
in fruit growing. The book simply teems with illustrations, diagrams, and outlines. The
diagrams on pruning are particularly admirable; we cannot speak too highly of them, and
from them anyone should be able to teach himself to be an expert pruner. The book winds up
with loo pages of outline drawings, which should be a wonderful aid to identification.

Manchester Courier.-" If in England Fruit Culture ever receives the attention
which is imperatively demanded, the present volume will undoubtedly be looked back upon as
a notable contributory factor to that result. It is not merely that the writers are men of the
highest experience who are also clear and capable wielders of the pen, but they have laid
under contribution the experiments, achievements, and lessons of other nations. . . . It
would be impossible to find elsewhere, under one cover, such a mass of useful, stimulating,
well-arranged, and up-to-date information regarding fruit culture.

Tablet.—" It is a compilation by men who know their work, and deals with the whole
question in the most practical manner. None of the writers waste words in mere description
or exhortation. Plain directions are given for the cultivation of the different sorts of fruits,
their planting, pruning, and cropping, and the best sorts indicated."

LONDON: PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICES OF "COUNTRY LIFE," LTD., TAVISTOCK ST.,
COVENT GARDEN; AND BY GEORGE NEWNES, LTD., SOUTHAMPTON ST., STRAND, w.c.

THE "COUNTRY LIFE"

VOL8. I. AND II. NOW READY.

GARDENS OLD AND NEW.

(The Country House and its Garden Environment.) Over 45O
Superb Illustrations in each Volume, printed on treble
thick Art Paper, portraying in a manner never before attempted the
greatest and most interesting Gardens and Homes in England.

2 Vols., £220 Net each, by post /2 3 o each.

The Scotsman.—" ' GARDENS OLD AND NEW ' is a pictorial and descriptive
record of some titty ot the finest gardens in England. Each is illustrated by numerous
photographs, which are not only on a considerable scale, but are reproduced in a most
sumptuous fashion. In each case there is a descriptive article, which tells when the
bouse was built, what have been the fortunes of its owners, and when and how its gardens
have been laid out. It is a book from which those who are fortunate in the possession of
a garden may learn much of garden-craft, while those who are not thus fortunate can
derive much pleasure from the contemplation of the magnificent views with which the
book is adorned." _

IN ENGLISH HOMES.

The internal Character, Furniture, and Adornments of some of the most
notable houses of England historically depicted from photographs
specially taken by CHARLES LATHAM. This large and handsome volume
measures 16 in. by nj in., and contains about 200 full-page plates, and
150 smaller plates, illustrating "Our goodly English Dwelling-places,
those houses which have been sanctified by the passing of centuries."

£1 2 o Net, by post £2 3 o

Morning Post.— ''Such a work as ' IN ENGLISH HOMES' comes as something of a
revelation. Uiie may have a general idea, or even some particular knowledge of the
splendours of architecture, decoration, furniture, and works of art appertaining to our
country mansions, and yet be astonished at all the taste and magnificence represented in
the profusion of excellent photographs. The abundant illustrations are well designed to
exemplify the elaborate details of carving and plaster work, as well as the bold architectural
schemes that characterise the interiors and exteriors of the house."

THE GARDENS OF ITALY.

Being a series of illustrations, from photographs specially taken by
CHARLES LATHAM, of the most famous examples of those magnificent
features of garden arrangement and architecture for which Italy, pre-
eminently the earliest home of the garden, is noted. The same care and
fastidious selection which distinguished MR. LATHAM'S previous work,
IN ENGLISH HOMES, has been exercised In these volumes, and the spirit
and atmosphere of the scenery have been caught with entire success.
This most important work, which forms a handsome companion to IN
ENGLISH HOMES, contains about 400 plates, and is issued in two volumes,
handsomely bound in cloth.

/3 3 o Net the Two Volumes, by post j£ 3 4 o

Daily Chronicle.— "When I turned the pages of the two tomes issued from the
office of ' Country Life,' I experienced the sensations of Prince Arisugawa when, having
expressed a modest interest in modern art, his hosts conduct him to the Royal Academy
on a July afternoon. Glancing through these pages all the world seems to be an Italian
garden— such gardens ! When one has chastened oneself to the overwhelming abundance
of them, and chosen a few beautiful examples, the physical longing to be away from
London and walking in glades in the shade of ilex trees, with battered statues gleaming
above dark hedges, and great fountains showering water, becomes almost painful."

LONDON: PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICES OF "COUNTRY LIFE," LTD., TAVISTOCK ST.,
COVENT GARDEN; AND BY GEORGE NEWNES, LTD., SOUTHAMPTON ST., STRAND, w.c.

The Leading Gardening Newspaper for Amateur and Professional
Gardeners.

PRICE ONE PENNY WEEKLY.

Its pages are filled with Articles and Notes contributed
by the leading authorities of the day, and the illustrations
are a special feature.

It is THE Journal for all interested in horticulture
and the garden in its various branches.

Features which "THE GARDEN" makes
specially its own are :

Trees and Shrubs, and the Woodland,
Water, Wall, Bog, and Rock Gardening,
The Rose Garden,

Colour Association in the Garden Border,
Hardy Gardening, etc., etc.

At the same time "THE GARDEN " is a com-
plete up-to-date newspaper, recording everything of
interest in the Horticultural World.

Though not severely scientific, its Notes about new
introductions have permanent value.

Specimen copy post free on application to
The Manager, "THE GARDEN,"

20, TAVISTOCK STREET, COVENT GARDEN,
LONDON, W.C.

14 DAY USE

RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED

LANDSCAPE LIBRARY

This book is due on the last date stamped below, or

on the date to which renewed.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.

;Q62

J

APR 2 5 1963
9 1983

REC'DENVl

91965

JUN 131930

:

1968 QEC5 1980

'EC 1 Q 1Qfli

DEd1

BEC'O ENVI 6 JUN

LD 21-100m-6,'56
(B9311slO)476