SEASONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES IN MCMURDO SOUND, ANTARCTICA WILLIS L. TRESSLER Marine Sciences Department U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office and AUDUN M. OMMUNDSEN Arctic Institute of North America AUGUST 1962 xa / U.S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE pas WASHINGTON 25, D.C. TGB bale Ms Price $1.20 iy. TK-laS ABSTRACT During the austral winter of 1960-1961, a series of oceanographic stations was taken at an icehole 3 miles offshore in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. The icehole was covered by an insulated hut which provided a warm field laboratory for oceanographic observations. A gasoline powered generator supplied current for the operation. The hut was visited whenever weather permitted and routine observations were con- ducted at intervals of about two weeks. Sea water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and subsurface currents were measured, and bottom sediments and marine life were noted. Oceanographic samples and current measurements were made at 18 different depths from the surface to the bottom (580 meters). Oceanographic factors were very constant during the winter but by early summer micro changes in the upper waters became apparent. Temperatures rose, dissolved oxygen increased markedly, and salinity decreased; however, little change occurred in the deeper water. Currents averaged about one-half knot of drift and apparently were of tidal origin. The maximum observed current drift occurred at 500 meters and amounted to 1.83 knots. Systematic sampling of the bottom was carried out with a Peterson grab sampler and by the use of bottom tangles and fish traps. The bottom was found to harbor a rich and wide variety of invertebrate forms. At least five species of fish were captured. EA 2 te FOREWORD The Shore Based Seasonal Oceanographic Studies at the McMurdo Sound icehole during 1960-1961 provide valuable information on environmental conditions under Antarctic ice. The oceanographic data presented in this report were collected in support of Antarctic research through the joint support of the National Science Foundation and the U. S. Navy. Hydrographer 0 0301 O04085b 3 ONIN LAU A I. II. IIl. We CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Ao EGeORI@R Ciclo 69.6 01 O10 6 O86 Bo lee Gomelietoms 46 4 56 46 6 > Goo c¢ C. Establishing the Icehole Seaiion ‘ FIELD METHODS ARE GUIpMeEMeE a eee ay Bee alae ee B. Water Samples .... e site: eis C. Dissolved Oxygen and Sriimle: Bf ID), IWiReiNSDERBOMCy 6 56 56 50 6 G00 6 E. Current and Biological Observations Bd. BOEEOM SAMDIES 5 56500050006 Go MeteCEOlORR o 5 oo cco ooo oo TEICIBILD) JPRROBILINISS 5 5 9 56 6 0 On oO LABORATORY METHODS AK Dilesolvec Oza -. 4 56 600000 Bo Saihtmtey 6 5.6 6 bho 0 6 0 0 0 6 C. Conductivity and pH BE Be SE er are fe hg ELAS ILGAL IINOIIRINEINS 5 6 5 46 6 o 56 0 5 0 WGMUPCGAEUER 5 5 566000000000 San TNTtiy gs someday hice side wtteteny te’ Cleats Seay ie DEMISHA EY ain of tems oa ye ers ie) Ere!) “aiiieh vei (ele) ate Soumel Weloewey ok So Go Golo DLSSOiwacd Oras 56 5 6 6 56 6 Goce Concneienyilicy eine pil 6 5 6 6 6 00 o USeINEMEROMOAY Go 56 6 OO 6 o.5 Oo 8 CUBHEMES so o0 oo 6 oOo Ooo 6 ZTOnmmnAoOaAwP ° GHOLOES 6G 6 o 6 Ooo oO oO oO ooo oa BUOQLOEY coo oo COOK OOK oO WIE HOROIMOEN 6 6 666566 oo Oo Go Oo ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . »« « « « » « « + « @ » IRIPIINIINGINS, ~~ 5 56 6 Go 6 O60 Ooo oO Page is) 91 93 NB 16. Oceanographic Station Data .. APPENDIXES Sediment Analysis Summary Sheets Chart of the New Ice Area South of Cape Armitage Seasonal Variation of Water Temperatures at Depth at the Icehole Vertical Distribution of Temperatures, Dissolved Oxygen, FIGURES 2° es @ Salinity, and Density, During the Summer Period ..... Vertical Distribution of Temperatures, Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity, and Density, During the Winter Period ,.... Temperature/Salinity Relationships in Mid-Summer and Mid-Winter .. eo «¢ « @ « © © @ 8 Seasonal Variation of Salinity at Depth at the Icehole Seasonal Variation of Density at Depth at the Icehole . Seasonal Variation of Dissolved Oxygen at Icehole Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Station Station Station Station Station Station eo ¢ @« © «© «© @ Ve 4, 1 Jume 1960 . 8, 9 June 1960 . 9, 10 June 1960 . 10, 14 June 1960 12, 21 June 1960 13, 13 July 1960 Stations 15 and 16, 19 and 29 Station 17, 2 August 1960... Depth July 1960 at the Page 95 133 35 38 39 41 45 49 59 67 67 68 68 69 70 71 UZ Wo 86 19. 20. Alle 22. 23. 24. D5). \WALIEIEA IX. FIGURES (Contd) Current Station 18, 9 August 1960. Current Station 19, 10 August 1960 Current Station 20, 7 September 1960 Current Station 21, 15 September 1960 Current Station 22, 16 September 1960 Current Station 24, 17 December 1960 Current Station 25, 28 December 1960 Current Station 26, 30 December 1960 Minimum Air Temperatures at NAF McMurdo and Observed Air Temperatures at the Icehole NAF MeMurdo Viewed from Observation Hill Stanford University Biological Laboratory, NAF McMurdo The POLECAT, Snow Vehicle . . PLATES ° Assembling the Sled for Bottom Sounding . The 8-inch Jiffy Power Ice Drill e Minimum Making a Bottom Sounding. Mt. Erebus in Background Looking Back Along the Trail. Observation Hill, The Gap, and Crater Hill in Background - First Step in Erecting the Icehole Station; Soe aS and Drilling the 5-foot Square Hole - Drilling the Upper Portion of the Icehote with 1-foot Remington Ice Auger + + = « « vil ° ae 8 Page 73 74 74 YD 13 76 77 78 88 10 10 Relsles XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX, XXI,. XXIT, XXIII, PLATES (Cont‘*d) The Icehole Metal Liner in Position Showing Excelsior Packed vAroundl sty pi aie an | Pee cot ou ioe Sun Ob Sn ee ton Canoe Foundation Beams and First Floor Panel of the Icehole Hut in Place. son ee. LOSS Se he St beeen em eet oe Looking South Along the Trail to the Icehole Station. White Island, the Icehole Hut, and Black Island in the Background. Traffic Reflector Type Trail Marker in Foreground .... . North End of Icehole Hut Showing Moderate Snow Accumulation TALE, Webel Sixepe AvaSey On Wee SiGe 5 5 556050506 Ooo Oo 8 Inside Icehole Hut Showing Work Bench ......2..2.2.-.-- Inside Icehole Hut Showing 10-KW Hobart Gasoline Powered Generator and One Hydraulic-Electric Oceanographic Winch. . Inside Icehole Hut Showing A-Frame and Ekman Current Meter . Inside the Icehole Hut Showing Work Table, 23-KW Onan Auxillary Generator, and Hydraulic-Electric Winch ..... Inside Icehole Hut Showing Lunch Table, Coleman Space ISziEerS. Elnel Simo MOI 6G oo 6 oo oOo ooo Oooo BO Lowering Small Orange Peel Bottom Sampler PIOlO wd oO og Go 6 Preparing Phleger Corer. Ekman Current Meter Suspended AON Seoul WME Go 5 oo oOo oOnp ooo oO oo Oho Installing Reversing Thermometers on Nansen Bottles ... .- Adjusting Ekman Current Meter; Small Phleger Corer in BaCKer ound Wer ops aie! ohms MleiolMtcH Uotihetl's]ietielltel (of te) Yo) el (eo) (er suite ie Taking Surface Temperature Before Making a Bathythermograph Drop, en! Bl. ch SAR Tc eect cualoiete Mc elas) Getta ic) “cinta tes kcieers Hanging Nansen Bottle on the Wire .....: . + -« 6 « « The POLECAT Alongside One of the Large SNOCATS used by Dr. (Crary*on the Polle iraverSemomeme (is tees ie! ol le =) (ete fell ie Snow Accumulation Around Icehole Hut . .«. « «© « « « « © « e ~@ viii Page 11 11 12 12 14 14 3) 15 16 16 17 17/ 18 18 19 21 25 LO. PLATES (Cont?d) Bulldozing Away the Snow Accumulation with Low Ground Pressure D-8 Tractor and 16-foot Blade. Royal Society Range Across McMurdo Sound in Background ...... East Side of Icehole Hut Showing Snow Accumulation Partially Removed. Mt. Discovery in Left Background . Dissolved Oxygen Titration Apparatus in the Stanford University Biological Laboratory at NAF McMurdo Ice Break-up 10 March 1961. Icehole Hut in Foreground. Hut Point in Background with Lower Slopes of Observation HAMMET BOM ENC RMEGINE Mes yeu us) fei, Vict toy) ceiver Gis ue: ie) Wed Ves, % TABLES Seasonal Variation of Water Temperature at Depth at the MC SMO MC Miner) on ieMno ae Bem pepe: vel Piel Lofelel Sane) sibionl -cppaiel sete ch ron obo Water Temperature, Means and Ranges at the Icehole Seasonal Variation of Salinity at Depth at the Icehole Seasonal Variation of Density at Depth at the Icehole Seasonal Variation of Sound Velocity at Depth at the NAC QINOMIS Nom tenerednele vel wont vec oticatn cet Mel gaa es iran BSR MUS Yc. coe Seasonal Variation of Dissolved Oxygen at Depth at the MC SHO MSH hed Setners celllemiewaen tisticed Wrekte: Nelhule! Greil tuleints: weW\retotetalia, ibe od O 0 Seasonal Variation of Percent Saturation of Dissolved Oxaygein ‘Ene Wejpeln Ele wins WOeSMoOlS o 46550566656 65660 5 0 Percentage Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in McMurdo Sound and Other Areas in the Ross Sea......... Guages Oogecwecl she ine WeeNeOle 6 5 56666 oo 6 5 Oo Agirronomleail Maral. G60 ¢ 6 540 6 6 56 6 516 6 556 6 ove Page 26 26 29 Sil 33 37 43 Bil BS D7} 61 63 65 79 UW 2% U3} TABLES (Cont’d) Summary of Small Bottom Samples Collected from the Bottom Sounding Holes in the New Ice Area. ......e+-s.-s-s 82 Bottom) Samples! Laken ate themiecehole rs 2. cs . « eel Temperature and Wind Velocity at NAF McMurdo During the PEiet@al CHE OOSEVMELOW 5 6 6 oo FOOD OO DO OOD aoe 89 SEASONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES IN MCMURDO SOUND, ANTARCTICA Willis L. Tressler Marine Sciences Department U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office and Audun M. Ommundsen Aretic Institute of North America I. INTRODUCTION A. Historical Since the days of Captain Cook's Antarctic voyage (1772-1775), soundings, water temperatures, salinities, and other oceanographic elements have been an important part of cruises to the southern continent. At the present time a mass of oceanographic data exists, much of which has been correlated with the corresponding features of adjacent waters, so that the physical, chemical, and biological charac- teristics of the Antarctic seas are now fairly well known, at least as far south as the Antarctic Convergence or to the northern edge of the pack ice. Of the waters adjacent to the coast, especially the inshore portions, considerably less is known and it has been only comparatively recently that work has been attempted in this area. When Sir James Clark Ross sighted and later named McMurdo Sound in 1841, he was unable to penetrate the Sound because of fast ice. Ross's men, notably Joseph Hooker, however, made many oceanographic observations in the Ross Sea and other parts of the Antarctic. Seasonal studies in the Antarctic were first carried out by Arctowski and his assistants on board the BELGICA during the winter of 1898 when this ship was beset in the ice in the region north of the Bellingshausen Sea, an area which surprisingly enough remains one of the least known oceanographically of Antarctic waters. Some seasonal oceanographic studies have been made at most of the Antarctic bases since then, notably by the Gauss Expedition in 1902 and 1903, the Australians and French, and more recently by the Russians. The earlier studies were sporadic in nature and were carried out under very adverse conditions, the work being done in open iceholes for the most part. Such was the nature of Captain Scott’s inshore oceanographic work on both the DISCOVERY expedition and on his last expedition. Fish traps and nets were lowered through holes in the ice which had to be constantly dug out and kept open and emphasis was placed upon the biological more than on the physical and chemical side of ocea- nography. Canvas shelters or windscreens were erected but work carried out under such conditions, especially during the dark winter night, must have been very trying to say the least. Shackleton in his 1907 expedition, which wintered in McMurdo Sound at Cape Royds, also carried on similar work; both Scott and Shackleton, in addition, made tidal studies. In 1955, the U. S. Navy commenced sending icebreakers to McMurdo Sound as part of Operation DEEP FREEZE, and this has continued to the present time. Oceanographers from the Hydrographic Office have made a considerable number of oceanographic observations from isolated stations within McMurdo Sound, however, the tendency at present is to concentrate on specific problems, such as the ice potential pre- diction oceanographic stations which were commenced on DEEP FREEZE 61. The first serious attempt to make regular, seasonal oceanographic observations in inshore antarctic waters was the work of J. S. Bunt of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions; in 1956 and 1957, he carried out an extensive program of physical, chemical, and biological observations in the waters adjacent to the Australian base at Mawson. Two stations were occupied, one in 25 to 30 meters of water and the other in over 100 meters. Over a period of eight months, regular samples were taken at different depths throughout the water column. Plankton studies were carried out simultaneously. (Bunt, 1960). B. Ice Conditions During March of 1959, the fast ice in McMurdo Sound broke out farther south than any other time in the recorded history of the area, which is only about 60 years. The far southern edge, which had also broken away some of the shelf ice, was over 2 miles south of Cape Armitage. New ice formed over the water area and, on this ice, Van der Hoven and Stewart, who were at the time carrying out other geo- physical work at Scott Base, erected a small hut over an icehole. This hut was lost a month or so later when the new ice again broke out, but in May a second hole was covered by a hut and observations for temperature, salinity, and currents were made at intervals until August of that same year. C. Establishing the Icehole Station The present writers arrived at NAF McMurdo (Plates I & II) in December 1959 at a time when the fast ice still extended as far north ee oe ee are Cee 5 ‘2 - th. Pesan a? j : SES Ee PRE INR Te EO ea ils PLATE |. NAF MCMURDO VIEWED FROM OBSERVATION HILL. ~~ PLATE Il. STANFORD UNIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, NAF MCMURDO. ue as Cape Royds. The uncertainty of another ice break-out such as that which destroyed Dr. Van der Hoven's hut the previous year postponed establishment of an oceanographic station until well into March. By that time, the fast ice had not broken out farther south than Arrival Bay to the north of Hut Point. In the meantime, an electric-hydraulic winch and "A" frame with a 23 KW Onan generator were installed on a heavy sled, which was towed with a Polecat snow vehicle. (Plates III & IV). Two series of sounding lines were run north and south and roughly east and west across the new ice, which was at that time between 5 and 9 feet thick, (Plates V & VI). An eight-inch hole was drilled with a Jiffy power drill which worked very well at thicknesses less than about 10 feet; at greater thicknesses considerable trouble was experienced with the auger sticking in the hole. This trouble probably was caused by the slight buckling of the four three-foot auger sections at greater depths. The use of arctic diesel oil in the hole might have prevented some sticking and freezing, but this was not tried. Attempts were made to drill larger holes with a Remington one-foot diameter ordinary earth auger and motor. After the cutting edge of the auger had been changed to about 25° from the vertical, the drill cut very rapidly down as far as about 4 feet. Beyond this depth, however, the extensions buckled and caused the auger to stick and freeze in. Moreover, spiral flanges for removing chipped ice were fitted only on the first three feet of the auger which necessitated removing and clearing the auger frequently, a job which tested the strength of two men. A sounding lead, consisting of a three-foot Phleger tube with plastic liner which was lead-filled at the upper end and which had water escape holes drilled below the lead, was used in an attempt to secure bottom samples. The bottom was too hard for penetration, however, and in only about 18 of the 28 holes was it possible to obtain any sediment at all and that consisted of only a few grains in most cases. A 35-1b. Phleger corer was slimmed down to fit the 8-inch hole but recovered very little more sediment from the bottom. On the second attempt with this instrument, it jammed in the hole coming up and the 3/32-inch wire broke. The "pipe" corer was used from then on; it weighed about 25 pounds and the impact on striking bottom was unmistakable. The locations of the two sounding lines are shown in Figure 1 (H. 0. 6667). Direction of the lines in relation to prominent land features was determined by transit, and the distance between holes was paced off, holes being 300 yards apart in most cases. Plate VII shows trail along N-S sounding holes. The next to the last hole near the southern boundary of the new fast ice was selected as the site for the oceanographic station, because the water beneath it was 579 meters deep and the ice was only 7 feet thick. By late March, it was decided to establish the PLATE IV. ASSEMBLING THE SLED FOR BOTTOM SOUNDING. PLATE VI. MAKING A BOTTOM SOUNDING. MT. EREBUS IN BACKGROUND. 166° 40" \ \ \Gcoutle Rock a Crater | ae ii /) if ye ove = “Hut aay 48 Hut Point BS NAF McMurdo 13) & alle lake 160 123 | 33 0. 3 cos L& I we 1 100 F 174 S Chart 6712 go 204 4) 90 Sse 94 70 55 40 eons FIGURE 1. CHART OF THE NEW ICE AREA SOUTH OF CAPE ARMITAGE ss ne . try = “aD: errs.’ a eee PLATE VII. LOOKING BACK ALONG THE TRAIL. OBSERVATION HILL, THE GAP, AND CRATER HILL IN BACKGROUND. icehole station, since it seemed improbable that there would be further break-out of fast ice. A hole five-feet square was drilled and chopped in the ice. This was commenced on 22 March 1960 and was dug out to a depth of 6 feet, but because of bad weather and other delays, it was impossible to blow out the bottom until 2 April. Meanwhile, the hole was covered with heavy canvas weighted down with timbers to prevent its filling up with snow. The upper three feet of the icehole was drilled, for the most part, using the 8-inch Jiffy drill and the 1-foot Remington power drill. Below that depth, it was found easier and quicker to chop with a Steuri pick and shovel out the chips. (Plates VIII & IX). The icehole was lined by a heavy reinforced plywood box 4 feet square and 9 feet deep which in turn was lined with thick, heavy sheet metal. This was supported on the ice by two 4- by 8-inch timbers bolted on to the frame. The box with sheet metal liners attached was brought to the icehole unassembled because of the weight and bulk. The day the box was assembled there was an early eold snap and, in the afternoon, the temperature dropped to ebm Fortunately, there was no wind, but even then, driving nails was no fun. Once in the hole, the space between the liner and the ice- hole sides was packed with excelsior for insulation. (Plate X). On 5 April 1960, a 20— by 24-foot T-5 house was assembled over the hole. This hut was assembled from pre-constructed panels and is similar to a Clements hut, except that the roof, instead of being flat, has a low gable. (Plates XI, XII & XIII). Later the hut was tied down to the ice with cables attached to heavy deadmen rods which were frozen into the ice by drilling holes and filling them with water from the icehole. The T-5 hut had been built to order by the Coast Guard and had a 33-foot square hole in the deck to fit over the icehole. | ‘(— SoSgy uUsSare es ? PLATE VIII. FIRST STEP IN ERECTING THE ICEHOLE STATION; CHOPPING AND DRILLING THE 5-FOOT SQUARE HOLE. \ en eee a => q PLATE IX. DRILLING THE UPPER PORTION OF THE ICEHOLE WITH 1-FOOT REMINGTON ICE AUGER. 10 ene : Fi PLATE X. THE ICEHOLE METAL LINER IN POSITION SHOWING EXCELSIOR PACKED AROUND IT. ee PLATE XI. FOUNDATION BEAMS AND FIRST FLOOR PANEL OF THE ICEHOLE HUT IN PLACE. 11 é i 5 neni Soke a PLATE XII. LOOKING SOUTH ALONG THE TRAIL TO THE ICEHOLE STATION. WHITE ISLAND, THE ICEHOLE HUT, AND BLACK ISLAND IN THE BACKGROUND. TRAFFIC REFLECTOR TYPE TRAIL MARKER IN FOREGROUND. - PLATE XIll. ACCUMULATION WITH WIND SWEPT AREA ON EAST SIDE. 12 II. FIELD METHODS A. Equipment Once the hut was enclosed, the job of applying two coats of paint on the masonite deck, wiring the hut for lights and outlets, installing the winch, "A" frame, generator, building work tables, Nansen bottle racks, and other fixtures consumed more time. Many of the interior furnishings were not completed until mid-winter or later. (Plates XIV through XXIV). Two BuAir Aerial Target Towing Winches were modified to run on 110 volts instead of 28 volts and were used with 3/32-inch stainless steel cable which was run over a small meter wheel to determine depth. The winches were hydraul- ically controlled. Although excellent results were obtained from the little Onan 23 KW. generator on the sled in the cold air, it was found that indoors it produced just a little under the power required by the heavy winch motor. Accordingly, a large 10 KW. Hobart generator with a 4-cylinder gasoline motor was borrowed from the Navy. This gave excellent service with plenty of power and also was a splendid source of heat for the hut. In fact, when working at the icehole, the small Coleman space heater, which was kept going at all other times, was turned off. The temperature would quickly reach to 90° or 100° inside and work was performed in T-shirts with the outside door open at all times when there was not a strong wind blowing. This was really antarctic oceanography de luxe, and how different from the conditions under which the earlier investigators worked? The icehole hut was located 2 miles south of the southern end of the Gap through which the main road from NAF McMurdo to Scott Base at Pram Point runs. The eleven sounding holes along the route to the icehole already had been marked with small snow cairns and bamboo poles with flags. Before winter darkness set in, a large number of split bamboo poles with flags, some of which had a 4-inch band of Scotchlite luminous tape on them, were interspersed with the cairns. These showed up in the headlights very nicely but not nearly as brilliantly as the 40 or so traffic reflectors which were set up at regular intervals. (Plate XII). At close range, these markers showed up like a flaming torch in the rays of the Polecat*s spot- light. On a clear winter’s ee one could see over a mile of reflectors running down the jtrail to the hut. These reflectors, flags, and Scotchlite taped poles were all a big help on numerous occasions when it was necessary to blindly grope one*s way shore- ward in the midst of a raging blizzard. On one abortive trip to the icehole, it was deemed wise to turn around at the pressure ridges, since it was simply impossible to see any flags at all and the tracks were blown over. Returning to the base of the Gap, it was necessary for the second author to go ahead at the end of a 100- foot rope attached to the Polecat to locate the trail. When they 1 i ie : PLATE XIV. INSIDE ICEHOLE HUT SHOWING WORK BENCH. tes 6 oe ae Se Cis PLATE XV. INSIDE ICEHOLE HUT SHOWING 10-KW HOBART GASOLINE POWERED GENERATOR AND ONE HYDRAULIC-ELECTRIC OCEANOGRAPHIC WINCH. 14 PLATE XVI. INSIDE ICEHOLE HUT SHOWING A-FRAME AND EKMAN CURRENT METER. PLATE XVII. INSIDE THE ICEHOLE HUT SHOWING WORK TABLE, 2 1/2-KW ONAN AUXILLARY GENERATOR, AND HYDRAULIC-ELECTRIC WINCH. 1S) ie PLATE XVIII. INSIDE ICEHOLE HUT SHOWING LUNCH TABLE, COLEMAN SPACE HEATER, AND SNOW MELTER. PLATE XIX. LOWERING SMALL ORANGE PEEL BOTTOM SAMPLER. 16 PLATE XX. PREPARING PHLEGER CORER. EKMAN CURRENT METER SUSPENDED FROM SECOND WINCH. PLATE XXI. INSTALLING REVERSING THERMOMETERS ON NANSEN BOTTLES. 7 AN, PLATE XXII. ADJUSTING EKMAN CURRENT METER; SMALL PHLEGER CORER IN BACKGROUND. Oe = z 5 \ PLATE XXIII. TAKING SURFACE TEMPERATURE BEFORE MAKING A BATHYTHERMOGRAPH DROP. 18 “3UIM JHL NO JILLOd NISNVN ONIONVH “AIXX 3LV 1d were not overblown by snow, the vehicle tracks on the trail were our best means of direction. A snow vehicle, the Polecat, (Plate XXV) was maintained for the exclusive use of this project, a precaution which, when possible, insures that a vehicle in good running order will be available most of the time, at least. The Polecat is an articulated vehicle built on two sets of weasel tracks and undercarriages, all four tracks being power-driven by a 130 h.p. International Harvester motor with manual gear shift. It had a very low ground pressure and was excel- lent for our purposes in every respect. It gave, and is still giving, very reliable service. New specially constructed tracks good to -60°F., which were installed just previous to the author*s departure from McMurdo, should prove adequate for all except the very occasional extremes of temperature on the ice during the winter. During the following winter, the new tracks were used without any difficulty in temperatures as low as -68 F. It also should be mentioned that the Polecat was the one snow vehicle which could be depended upon during the second winter of operation when it was used by biologists from Stanford University. B. Water Samples Water samples were obtained with standard Nansen bottles placed 6 to a cast; 3 casts were made at each station, thus obtaining in- formation at all standard depths plus some additional depths. Paired protected reversing thermometers on each bottle were used for water temperatures. Unprotected thermometers were not used because of the comparatively shallow depth and also because with the heavy weight used, there was rarely any wire angle. Wire angle sometimes gave trouble when using the Ekman current meter with its much lighter weight, and care had to be exercised in raising the meter past the bottom edge of the sheet metal lining of the icehole. Having a warm (usually too warm) hut to work in, there was no trouble with water samples freezing in the Nansen bottles and having to be brought into the laboratory for thawing out, a situation much de- plored by the Australians (Bunt, 1960). Thermometers were read as soon as they reached room temperature after the water samples had been taken and the bottles drained. C. Dissolved Oxygen and Salinity Samples for oxygen determination were collected in ground glass- stoppered bottles and titrated in the laboratory. Salinity samples were drawn off in Citrate of Magnesia bottles and sent back to the Hydrographic Office where more accurate determinations were made. Bathythermograph drops were made to about 900 feet at each station 20 PLATE XXV. THE POLECAT ALONGSIDE ONE OF THE LARGE SNOCATS USED BY DR. CRARY ON THE POLE TRAVERSE. 21 and also at other times, but the temperature change was so slight that it barely showed on the slide. D. Transparency Transparency observations using a 30-cm. white Secchi Dise were made using artificial light. Later on, rust from the sheet metal lining of the icehole fouled the water to an extent where readings were not considered reliable and they were discontinued. There was no opportunity to make correlations with transparency observed in open water under natural sunlight, so the results obtained are largely relative in value. E. Current and Biological Observations Current observations were made with a standard Ekman meter which was lowered on the regular winch wire. Much of the time two winches were in operation, one of which could be used to lower a fish trap while the other was employed in oceanographic work. Fish traps were kept down over night and collected besides fish, various crustaceans and other bottom invertebrates. A bottom tangle also was used at times. F,. Bottom Samples A 35-pound Phleger corer was tried a number of times at the ice- hole but with very little success, the very hard bottom permitting little or no penetration. The performance of a small Orange-peel sampler was also disappointing. Finally, an 80-pound Peterson bot- tom sampler, similar to ones used by the senior author on Wisconsin lakes during the 1920's, was tried and proved very successful in obtaining large amounts of bottom sediment. Bottom samples were placed in quart Mason jars and kept wet; a little formalin was added to preserve any soft bodied forms. The larger bottom organisms were picked out from the sediment and given to the Stanford University biologists. G. Meteorology Meteorological conditions at the icehole were often at great variance with those reported by the Navy Meteorological Station at NAF McMurdo. Lack of instruments at the icehole precluded mainte- nance of a separate weather record except for air temperatures, visual observations, and general weather conditions. During the latter part of the winter a grasshopper automatic weather trans- mitter was installed for several weeks and a barometer was located inside the hut. The day the grasshopper was put down it was -58 °F. 22 or within 2 degrees of the lower limit of operation for this instrument. This caused very slow sending until the temperature warmed up. The grasshopper transmitted weather conditions (temperature, wind speed and direction, and barometric pressure) every 6 hours and, for a time, two grasshoppers were used staggered to give reports every 3 hours. 23 TII., FIELD PROBLEMS One of the problems which faced the investigators was that of keeping the icehole free of ice during the winter. Keeping the space heater going continuously, except when operating the genera- tor, solved most of the difficulty, but on one or two occasions the heater went out and the inside temperature dropped to below zero. Despite this, ice never accumulated at the surface of the icehole to a greater thickness than about 10 inches and, when it did form, it was usually only a skim or at most a few inches. This was easily chopped and shoveled out of the hole. During the winter, a 6,000 watt Navy electric immersion heater was installed in the hole and kept going whenever the generator was running. This was of considerable help in keeping the hole free of ice. In the spring, trouble was experienced with ice forming three to five feet down along all sides of the sheet metal lining. This became thick enough to prevent using the Ekman current meter. Chopping with ice chisels, drilling with the Jiffy drill, circulating warmer air with an electric fan, and bubbling water from the surface finally overcame this difficulty, and the hole was kept completely free of ice. A lone seal, who discovered and made his home in and near the icehole for a month in early spring, also aided in circulating the water in the hole and melting the formed ice. During the summer a number of seals became a real nuisance; three of them at a time trying to get up in the icehole for air. Current observations finally had to be discontinued because of the seals. Their fondness for rubbing their backs along the winch wire, completely distorting direction recording in the Ekman meter. There were at least seven seals at the hole at one time, as some of the biologists painted numerals on their heads when they came up, thus identifying them in this way. Another problem encountered at the icehole was snow accumulation. (Plates XXVI through XXVIII). The hut soon became drifted up to the eaves on two sides, the others being kept clear for a space by winds. The door faced north and heavy winds from the south during the winter soon piled the snow to the roof on this side. This necessitated shoveling ones way in on most trips to the icehole. During a few of the most severe storms, a little snow was blown inside. Most of this snow came up through the icehole where minute cracks outside and between the top of the liner and the deck allowed very strong winds to force their way in. However, the worst trouble with snow accumulation was the piling up of six-foot drifts all around the hut. The weight of this accumulation caused the ice to sink, and this brought the water level in the icehole higher and higher until it was feared that Van der Hoven's measures might have to be adopted and a false deck built to get above the water. However, bulldozing away 24 BOG TRC SERN eP TSAI aT ES ER RNN Ttome ie PLATE XXVI. SNOW ACCUMULATION AROUND ICEHOLE HUT. 25 “BSF is | ay PLATE XXVII. BULLDOZING AWAY THE SNOW ACCUMULATION WITH LOW GROUND PRESSURE D-8 TRACTOR AND 16-FOOT BLADE. ROYAL SOCIETY RANGE ACROSS MCMURDO SOUND IN BACKGROUND. PARTIALLY REMOVED. MT. DISCOVERY IN LEFT BACKGROUND. 26 the snow for about 75 feet on all sides of the hut caused the ice to spring back into place and resume its former level; the water level in the icehole dropped accordingly. Snow removal was resorted to on three occasions. A large Navy D-8 tractor with 16-foot blade would do the job in less than a day. Finally, the hut rested in what appeared to be a shallow depression with high banks of snow surround- ing it at a distance of 100 feet on all sides. BY IV. LABORATORY METHODS A. Dissolved Oxygen Water samples and bottom samples were brought into the labora- tory at the main base in the heated cab of the Polecat snow vehicle. At NAF McMurdo, Stanford University had established a remarkably well equipped biological laboratory. Erected in 1959, the size of the building was more than doubled during the following year. It is now a structure 20 feet wide and some 120 feet in length and is equipped with refrigerators, freezers, an autoclave, a microfiln- ing and viewing apparatus, constant temperature cold water aquaria, and in fact everything required for advanced biological work. Oxygen samples were titrated in the biological laboratory (Plate XXIX) after being "doped" immediately after each cast at the ice- hole hut. The standard Winkler method was employed, two 100-cce samples being titrated. The sodium thiosulphate solution was standardized, and a blank test made before each station run. B. Salinity Salinity samples were stored in tight-stoppered Citrate of Magnesia bottles and were shipped to the oceanographic laboratory of the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office where salinities were run on a University of Washington conductivity bridge (salinometer). Duplicate runs were made on each sample. Accuracies are considered good to within 0.01 °/oo. C. Conductivity and pH On one occasion, conductivity tests were made by diluting the sample of water 1 to 1,000 parts in order to bring the values down to the scale of the Evershed and Vignoles field conductivity meter, which was intended for freshwater use. Values of pH also were determined on one occasion using a Beckman pH meter. 28 PLATE XXIX. DISSOLVED OXYGEN TITRATION APPARATUS IN THE STANFORD UNIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY AT NAF MCMURDO. 29 V. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Below a depth of 200 meters, all physical oceanographic factors showed remarkably constant values. This also was true of the water above 200 meters throughout the winter and until mid-December. Fol- lowing this date, pronounced micro-changes appeared in all physical factors, commencing in the upper levels and spreading progressively into the waters above 200 meters. The greatest stratification was observed on 10 January 1961. The reasons for these changes, which produced stratification from a condition of very uniform vertical distribution, are dis- cussed under the individual factors. These include increased solar energy absorption, rising air and water temperatures, and inflow of foreign water masses. During the entire period of observation (May 1960 to early March 1961), the area was ice- covered, the nearest open water never being closer than 3 or 4 miles. On 10 March 1961, following a strong gale, the ice broke out rapidly throughout the region taking the icehole hut with it, and thus all observations were terminated. (Plate XXX). It is expected that removal of the 2-year old ice cover also produced changes in the values of physical oceanographic factors, in the upper waters, at least. A. Temperature At depths below 200 meters, water temperatures were very con- stant at any particular level. (Table 1). This also is shown in Figure 2. Table 2 gives the ranges for temperature at different depths at the icehole during the period May through November for winter observations and from November to March for summer observa- tions, and also emphasizes the remarkable uniformity in the lower two-thirds of the water column. Although surface temperatures were taken 1 meter below the surface, being within the metal encased icehole, they represent less the actual conditions than the condi- tion of the heat in the hut during the days prior to each observation; they were very variable. Commencing in mid-December, there was a sudden upward trend in water temperatures above 100 meters and, by January, this had ex- tended downward to the 200 meter level (Fig. 2). Maximum stratifi- cation was reached at the 10 January observation and is shown graphically in Figure 3. By comparison, a mid-winter vertical profile, shown in Figure 4, is very uniform, Following the time of maximum stratification, the water above 30 meters dropped in temperature but, below this depth, temperatures down to the 200 meter level continued to rise until well through February. The 30 “LHOW JHL OL TIIH NOILVAYSSAO JO SAdO1S YIMOT HLIM “1961 HOUVW OL dA-AVINd JD! ° XXX 3LV1d GNNOYDAIVE NI LNIOd LAH *GNNOYOIOd NI INH JTOH3DI eileen ee ee 31 i & i; om y per « f TABLE 1. SEASONAL VARIATION OF WATER TEMPERATURE AT DEPTH AT THE ICEHOLE 1960 MAY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER 1961 JANUARY FEBRUARY 1.79 1.80 1.80 1.61 1.84 1.88 1.68 1.89 1.88 Bottom 1.86 1.86 TEMPERATURE (-°C) "aace 1, mare % Dik ‘¥ a nf ‘a, uP oul FON A VAR we eee.” eneten 1 wo 0el- 6 Ole €2 2 nvr 1961 930 92 91 annr fob ia 9 2 9 + 5 aww” deh O96! FIGURE 2. SEASONAL VARIATION OF WATER TEMPERATURES AT DEPTH AT THE ICEHOLE 35 . ; chin a 6 2 pete a oe Fe ——— TABLE 2. WATER TEMPERATURE, MEANS AND RANGES AT THE ICEHOLE (M) SUMMER cae WINTER (NOV-MAR) : a 37 DEPTH (METERS) © 500 20 40 60 806.00 20 40 60 20 7.00 20 40. 60 808,00 20 40 60 #0 9,00 W 27.00 20 40 60 6028.00 20 40 60 6029.00 A. 33.00 20 40 60 2034.00 20 49 60 80 35.00 —|=-19021.85*1,80°-175%702165°16074.55%1.502145%1402135° 150 200 @ DISSOLVED OXYGEN A SALINITY DENSITY 200 250 250 300 300 350 350 400 400 450 450 500 500 550 550 ICEHOLE STATION 23 10 JAN., 1961 600 600 FIGURE 3. VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURES, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, SALINITY, AND DENSITY, DURING THE SUMMER PERIOD 38 DETPH (METERS) DEPTH (METERS) © 5.00 20 40 «60 806.00 20 «40 560 207.00 20 40 «60 808.00 27.00 20 «40 .60 8028.00 20 40 «60 8029.00 AX 34.00 20 40 50 8035.00 20 40 60 .2036.00 —{—.190%185%180%175%17 O*%1,.65%1.60%1.55°71.50°145° 150 200L--J- TEMPERATURE DISSOLVED OXYGEN SALINITY DENSITY 250 (st) fo) (e) ow (3) [e) 400 450 500 562 ICEHOLE STATION 8 20 JULY 1960 8 gysro 150 250 uw fe) °o DEPTH (METERS) 450 FIGURE 4. VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURES, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, SALINITY, AND DENSITY, DURING THE WINTER PERIOD 39 highest temperature observed at depth was -1.37°C. occurred at 75 meters on 21 February 1961. This is exclusive of the highly variable surface temperatures, the highest at this level was = 20g: on 12 December 1960. The lowest temperature observed at depth was -1.97°9C. at 30 meters on 12 October 1960. Surface temperatures, obtained by immersing a thermometer a few inches beneath the sur- face when making-a BI drop, showed -2.78 °C. on 29 November 1960 and 9 February 1961 and a second reading of -3.00 nee on 9 February. These low temperatures were caused by supercooling in the confined area of the icehole, surrounded as it was by 11 feet of ice. Sup- posedly, below-freezing temperatures such as these also were noted by the Australians at Mawson (Bunt, 1960) where temperatures of =2. 10°C. and —2.20CG. wereynecorded at 0) and S meterse) Suctaee temperatures down to -3.00°C. were observed. In March 1956 in the absolutely calm and open water of Vincennes Bay off the Balaena Islets, the senior author recorded -2.13°C. on two reversing ther- mometers which were lowered just below the surface (U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office TR-33, 1956). Two apparently anomalous temperatures were recorded at the icehole. Since only one reversing thermometer reversed properly, they are not included in the tabulated records. On 29 July 1960, a temperature of -2. 02°C. was ered on one ENSHMOMS ESE at 300 meters, with temperatures of -1.92 °c. and -1.90°C. above and below it neepectiveie, On 18 November 1960 at 50 meters, -1l. 70°C. was noted while the temperatures above and below were -1.92 26. Both of these depths are levels at which maximum current activity was noted, so that it is possible that the temperatures observed may have been true. In Figure 5 temperature has been plotted against salinity for winter and summer stations. In this figure, the winter salinity scale was shifted 0.30 °/oo to the left to avoid superposition of the two curves at lower levels. During the summer period of maxi- mum stratification, it is noted that temperature-salinity relations, from 5 meters down to 250 meters, show a fairly even progression, with one minor exception at 50 meters where currents may account for the temperature rise. Below 250 meters, however, there is a confused pattern which simply indicates more or less uniform con- ditions in both temperatures and salinity. Temperature-salinity relations in mid-winter are markedly different; uniform conditions prevail throughout the entire water column (if surface temperature is disregarded). B. Salinity During the winter from May to early November, salinity showed a definite and steady upward trend as shown in Table 3 and Figure 6. 40 SUMMER SALINITY (%o) 34.00 34.10 34.20 34.30 34.40 34.50 34.60 34.70 34.80 34.90 35.00 -1.40 -140 ={l -1.50 Pe LEGEND SUMMER(IO JANUARY 1961) — —— WINTER (20 JULY 1960) @50 DEPTH (METERS) -1.60 -1.60 e 2 w ra = =) E -1.70 -1.70'& = nd W Ww a a = = wi = r= -1.80 -1.80 -1.90 -1.90 550 500 -2.00 -2.00 34.30 34.40 34.50 34.60 34.70 34.80 34.90 35.00 35.10 35.20 35.30 WINTER SALINITY (%o) FIGURE 5. TEMPERATURE/SALINITY RELATIONSHIPS IN MID-SUMMER AND MID-WINTER 41 re i ' hay ee Sip A i OS np sar oye ney ay ‘ tit ‘s , ht we a tet wine Liem ae eet Eh 5 7 : i ‘ ' a SK ° , ats a a a Thies Kohe: ot oF dS Ne ‘ne Sir at Fae r 7 1-4 hy BE “ % 3 ie inba + Sys A ‘be Lewes ; F. F il, - a af oz ¢ - 1 Ly i] A «! ‘ 4 gt ip ae he + i or: iP. Bc moet © i ~ wry a e - ‘ { p eT pes oD cs een oe , ica rc an) has t POe ly) MmeNEee 1 nai is we . be } f . : bi ; rr ‘inal pis a, (oN . } “hy ‘4 . 7 i a te | f ‘ / } ~ £ we a? = ar a . } , ; 4 The ss nr : ia ima OF) eax oe | : t olwrupe.saliits val at fos + bt eT " er erent ea eae pt unten vt ie" Kos OAM et ae ' " : t ¥ ‘ x f - H rh, ' EdD a i fe 18 Y THA aA aan ABST won| a Me TABLE 3. SEASONAL VARIATION OF SALINITY AT DEPTH AT THE ICEHOLE DEPTH 1960 MA Y AUGUST SEPTEMBER NOVEMBER 1961 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH iy) 10 19 Bue45 34.51 3h 59 3.59 3.66 3.65 3.77 34.03 34.01 - 3he54 34.59 3.60 3.65 3.67 3h. 76 34.15 34..04 3u.48 3he54 34061 3.60 34.56 3.67 3L..76 3.22 34.00 3ue4B 34-56 34-50 34.60 3.66 34-68 3h.79 3h. 33 34.00 34.52 3L.56 3662 3.60 34.65 3L..68 34.78 34.51 3.03 3052 3.59 363 3.60 3.68 34.69 34.79 31.53 333 BieSh 34259 3 68 34.56 34.71 34.71 34.81 36h, Beh 3.60 3462 34066 3.68 3.72 3.72 34.81 34.71 3052 3u.67 34265 3459 3h. 71 34.73 34.7 34.85 34.78 3.63 3668 3057 «©3472 3.72 34.75 34.76 3.53 34.81 34.67 34671 34.68 34.73 34.73 3.76 377 3.8 34.82 34-70 373 34059 34073 3h. 76 34.78 377 3h.9h 31.83 3675 3u.72 3he75 3-75 34-77 9 | 34.79 34.77 34.78 34.88 34.76 34079 375 340 75 3.80 3.80 3.77 34.70 3.83 379 34.78 3h.76 = 3467 3h..78 3.80 3.79 34.81 34.86 3077 31.78 34.80 34.76 34.79 34.80 34.80 34,685 3.88 34086 3U.79 3le79 34.78 34.81 3,80 34.81 3.85 34.86 3.082 3.80 34.78 34.81 34.80 3.81 34.82 Bottom 3L.91 34.287 34.83 SALINITY (%) 8 it |. "8 a re ar, ul . * hay j= =. oS SS ee . ~ : 7 ‘ aa ca Lia 4 el € , —— -_ ‘ . ha . = - Lara ‘e » Ay iy = es i iy Oe acl Ft ae 1 An .8 Fite Ni } 14 ue * ea? ae iis | . s eS - woe ly Aeemre se. erm attamae One et engine, WOS! O8 be O6 bE Of ve Orbe OS bE O9 be 02 be WOO! + 08 ve J Eee Se Ss Eases Ss femliant mre ape Of re + 0b be 40S be +09 be 4 02 be WSL + 08 be 11 6 p¢ Tyr 02 ve OE rE Ovre OS be 09 be OL be O8 bE OOre Ol re 02re 0€ be Oree 0S be 09 be WOE OL bE 1 og ve mI o6¢e es Olve ile ve +{0€ be ores 0S be 09 re Ol be “os ve ttt 06 be = — 1 00re 4Olve ozbe ieee 4 Ob ve + 0S be o9re WO! OL bE 1_ll og ve IIE 1 00ve Ol ve 4 02ve —Ofre Opre os re le oe She O9 be | WO-0L be 834 fe 6 1 Nur 1 61 Ole €2 2 62 ug AON 4130 n fe a2 ig3S Lt O2 6 i€ 22 onv 6202 O| 92 91 anor 3nne J it st i on2naienboreen FIGURE 6. SEASONAL VARIATION OF SALINITY AT DEPTH AT THE ICEHOLE While this steady increase extended from the surface down to 300 meters, it was considerably more pronounced above 200 meters. An insignifieant drop in mid-November which extended down to 300 meters, was followed by a return to previous levels until mid- December when the summer decline set in. A slight recovery in early January was superceded almost immediately by a pronounced fall on 10 January 1961. This was felt at all depths from the surface down to the 100 meter level. Although some recovery was recorded in the upper levels during the remainder of January and early February, the general trend at all depths was downward. Salinities throughout the entire water column ended up the period of observation in early March at considerably lower levels of value than were found in May of the previous year. Here again, the greatest change in salinity was observed in the waters above 200 meters depth. A comparison of the variation of salinity values with depth under summer and winter conditions is presented in Figures 3 and 4. Both show a steady inerease in salinity from surface to bottom, which is more accelerated in the upper waters and which has a markedly smaller range in the winter profile. The vertical range in winter (20 July 1960) was only 0.16 °/oo while in summer (10 January 1961) it amounted to 0.85 °/oo. The steady, although slight, increase observed in salinity values during the winter in the upper levels may be explained by an increase in salt content derived from the freezing out of the salt in new ice formation. Thickness of the ice at the icehole increased from 7 feet in April 1960 to 11 feet in October. Simi- larly, the sharp drop in salinity may be attributed to the cumula- tive build-up of both water and air temperatures which occurred during the latter half of December and which reached a high point in early January. Increased solar radiation also probably played a part. The consequent melting of some of the ice tended to dilute the upper waters and cause the drop in salinity noted. Lowering air temperatures during the remainder of January slowed down the melting process, and this is reflected in the slight salinity recovery during this period. A second high peak in minimum air temperatures occurred in early February and again sent salinities tumbling. While there is evidence of current activity which may explain some of the salinity and other irregularities noted at depths of 50, 100, and 300 meters by the inflow of foreign water, there appears to be no possibility of the introduction of dilutants through run-off or surface melting. Situated at a distance of 2 miles from the nearest land and sealed in by ice cover during the entire period of observation, run-off is an impossibility, while puddling is a most rare phenomenon in the Antarctic. ln Cc. Density Since densities expressed as Sigma-t are derived from salinities, the graph showing their seasonal variation at various depths (Figure 7) is almost identical with the salinity distribution graph (Figure 6). Table 4 presents seasonal variations of density values. The approxi- mate value of 2800 follows a rising curve, with some fluctuations, until it reached the surface on 7 November 1960. This value then fol- lows a descending curve fluctuating from the surface early in December and continues to follow the general path of the salinity curve there- after. Vertical distribution of Sigma-t in summer and winter in Figures 3 and 4, follows the salinity curve. D. Sound Velocity Table 5 presents seasonal variations of sound velocities! at dif- ferent depth throughout the period of observation. The range is from 4710 to 4747£tAec. Ateach level, there is very little change through- out the year; such microchanges as there are, are found in the upper waters. At each station, sound velocity shows a gradual and regular increase from surface to the bottom. There is no sound channel unless it is from the surface down to about 100 meters. The absence of a deep sound channel in the polar regions has been noted before. A review of sound velocities determined on some Hydrographic Office antarctic cruises (US Navy H. 0. TR-48, 1956, TR-29, 1957, TR-33, 1956, and TR-82, 1961) shows comparable figures for the McMurdo Sound area. A slight sound channel was believed to exist at 10 meters at one station taken in McMurdo Sound in 1956. In other stations taken during DEEP FREEZE 60 in McMurdo Sound, there was some indication of a sound channel existing at depths of from 30 to 150 meters but the gradients were very slight. Further to the east, not too clearly marked sound channels were noted off the Bay of Whales at 100 meters depth and off Kainan Bay at between 50 and 100 meters. On DEEP FREEZE I, a section from Kainan Bay to Sulzberger Bay showed a sound channel between 50 and 200 meters depth. The 200 meters depth occurred at two deep stations off Kainan Bay where there was a minimum temperature layer. No sound channel was observed at_stations taken off Cape Adare nor in Vincennes Bay in East Antarctica. t KUWAHARA, SUSUMU. Velocity of sound in sea water and calculation of the velocity for use in sonic soundings, Hydro Rev., vol. 16, M5 25 pip), U2s=WAO., Use. 2 Authors Preference The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names has under consideration the names, EAST ANTARCTICA and WEST ANTARCTICA, 48 W OSI S082 siez 9 i [ee | | es {size sez soe ssli2 sole Gil2 selz2 sel2 sos2 ssl2 4s922 4Sll2 4 $6.2 1 1 ris — 1 wb et =} a 6 1 GlOlb ee 2 eeu z 2 zi 2 02 6 '€ 22 eoz of 9291 9 42 91 she? MUN 834 Nose 230 AON 190 g3S onv we nor Av Yo 49 FIGURE 7. SEASONAL VARIATION OF DENSITY AT DEPTH AT THE ICEHOLE TABLE 4, SEASONAL VARIATION OF DENSITY AT DEPTH AT THE ICEHOLE 1960 MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER 1961 JANUARY DEPTH : (M) 4 16 27 6 16 26 Hoy ley 22 31 12 23 4 10 2775 2780 2791 2796 2777 «2785 2789 270 2756 2741 2739 - 83 97 97 99 96 50 60 rot 83 98 97 98 97 56 8h 99 97 98 97 65 8h 5 98 97 96 ) : 80 99. } : ) g 61 pl 96 2800 2800 ) } 2800 o1 02 t o1 ol 06 02 [ ° 6 03 06 03 05 5 Oh 05 S S ) oh 06 1 ¢ 06 Bottom 07 é s 9 06 DENSITY (SIGMA-t) 51 TABLE 5. SEASONAL VARIATION OF SOUND VELOCITY AT DEPTH AT THE ICEHOLE NOVEMBER DECEMBER 1961 JANUARY FEBRUARY 17 29 12 23 10 19 9 21 472324 721264 -4728.5)4717-0 7.9 = 712-4 /4715-1 4716-4 4717-4) L712.3 W711.69 4712.9 4715.8) 4721.4 4711.9) 4718.7 4714-8 4711.2 4711.8 nb 11.8 12.1 . 11.9 : . . . 17-1 13.0 10.6 12.1 2.3 12.4 . . . 17.5 13.2 nu 12.2 . 12.6 . 12.5 . . . . 17.0 13.1 . 12.9 12.3 13.1 0 8 3 13.1 fs b : 3 16.5 13.5 13.5 . 14.3 . 14.8 lye . : 18.4 6 ‘ 17.3 16.0 : 16.1 2 16.2 c d l Hi 18.0 20.5 17.8 4 17.8 17.8 ° 5 L 19.0 : 23.6 21.0 a : 21.2 . . A . 21.5 23.5 3 23. 23.7 26.4 . 2 26.7 29.6 2 S A 30.6 32.7 . 5 B 32.5 35.8 39.1 42.0 4b.5 Bottom 509 U5. ) 6 Se 5 - A 1 6.7 NOTE: Sound Velocity from Kuwahara's Tables SOUND VELOCITY (FT/SEC It has been found that the deep sound channel which is so promi- nent a feature in the waters of the equatorial and subtropical zones shallows to around 80 to 100 meters depth at the Antarctic Convergence and retains approximately this depth into the Antarctic. This also has been found to be true in the Arctic. A recent report (Kutschale, 1961) states that in the Arctic Basin the sound channel is from the surface down to about 350 meters. Sound velocity values were about the same order of magnitude as in the Antarctic (4750 feet per second in the sound channel and ranging from about 4690 to 4900 feet per second). In the Arctic, at least, this shallow sound channel is nevertheless effective, Kutschale reporting distances of 700 miles range. E. Dissolved Oxygen Table 6 presents seasonal variations of dissolved oxygen at depth at the icehole, throughout the period of observation, and these are portrayed graphically in Figure 8. Amounts range from 4.89 to 8.40 ml/1. There was little change in oxygen at all levels throughout the winter; a general dropping off of values occurred at all levels as the oxygen was slowly being used up without chance of much replenish- ment except by mass transfer of the water. In the lower levels of the water column, the change was very minor, even during the summer. By mid-December a decided rise in the values for dissolved oxygen above 100 meters depth commenced. Values reached a peak on 10 January, declined throughout the remainder of January and February and then started an increase. Termination of observations did not permit fol- lowing up, unfortunately. The heavy crop of diatoms, which McMurdo Sound is known to have in late November and throughout the summer, is mainly responsible for oxygen increases, although some oxygen is un- doubtedly brought in from other areas by currents. On many occasions when irregularities were noted in the oxygen profile, current measure- ments at these depths, made as soon afterward as possible, showed strong current activity. The depths at which these irregularities occurred were around 50, 100, 300, and 550 meters. The strongest cur- rents observed were close to the bottom or at 550 meters and reach a value of 1.83 knots. Figures 3 and 4 show vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen during summer and winter, In the summer curve, dissolved oxygen fol- lows very closely the temperature curve and inversely that of salinity. In winter there is very little vertical variation in dissolved oxygen values. Table 7 shows seasonal variation of percentage saturation of dis-— solved oxygen at depth at the icehole during the period of observa- tion. At each station, higher percentages occurred near the surface and in the upper layers but at no time was the water completely 55 saturated. This is in marked contrast to the findings of the Australians at Mawson (Bunt, 1960) where saturated or supersaturated (as high as 171%) water was a common occurrence. Their stations were located in more northerly latitudes, were in considerably shallower water, and nearer shore. This may account for the difference in values. An examination of saturation of dissolved oxygen at other oceanographic stations (Table 8) in open waters of McMurdo Sound slightly farther north of the icehole station, reveals similar un- saturated water. The 26 January 1960 station values for oxygen saturation agree very closely with those obtained on 10 January 1961 at the icehole. Surface values for stations in the Ross Sea to the north of McMurdo Sound in much deeper water also show unsaturated water. Off the Ross Ice Shelf in the Little America area, the waters were supersaturated at the surface (up to 133%). Variations in dissolved oxygen at the icehole station probably were caused by seasonal changes in the phytoplankton crop and from the introduction of foreign water by currents. During the latter part of November, McMurdo Sound's open waters develop a bloom of diatoms which makes the water taste fishy and, when concentrated in a plankton haul, smell like a newly opened can of raw oysters. This was not true at Wilkes Station in East Antarctica at a latitude near that of the Australian base at Mawson. As mentioned before (Tressler, 1960), this difference in the productivity of the two areas is be- lieved to be due to the differences in the type of rock structure at the two places. At Wilkes Station, granitic rocks in the main appar- ently give off less nutrient material than the volcanic rocks at McMurdo. This was pointed out by Lisifsyn in his report on Russian oceanographic observations off East Antarctica (Lisifsyn, 1959). Why such a plentiful crop of phytoplankton as that produced at McMurdo should not cause supersaturation in the upper layers is a question. Strong current action in the northern half of McMurdo Sound may dis- sipate the amount of oxygen in the water and some may be lost to the atmosphere by wave action, high waves being the common state in this body of water. Also it is possible that larger micro-organisms may be in sufficient abundance to use up the oxygen. Whales are numerous in McMurdo Sound indicating the presence of abundant food. The Euphausidae or Krill are seen in large numbers on the undersides of upturned ice blocks. In the ice-covered water at the icehole station, currents alone probably could cause variations in the dissolved oxygen content. The rise noted in the last station (7 March 1961) came a day or so before a 2-day storm. F. Conductivity and pH Although these two parameters were not measured regularly, on one occasion each, determinations were made at different sampling depths. 56 TABLE 6. SEASONAL VARIATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN AT DEPTH AT THE ICEHOLE DEPTH 1960 MA Y¥ DISSOLVED OXYGEN (mi/1) WoL Lo8 eels os2 Wo-fo0'8 ee ed dy Se a hay an Gi ole €22i e241 4 e221 8 O¢ 6 Ie22 Gzozol 92al 94291 » ee ead ‘AON 490 13S onv ane anor xvw Miwa 096! FIGURE 8. SEASONAL VARIATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN AT DEPTH AT THE ICEHOLE TABLE 7. SEASONAL VARIATION OF PERCENT SATURATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN AT DEPTH AT THE ICEHOLE 1960 MAY h AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER 1961 JANUARY FEBRUARY LLGme 7. 12 17 12 4 10 Bottom 61 7 S = 52) § ||_ loo 44 E | 0566 | 06 COL.) TRANS. | 16 AIR TEMPERATURE SEA HUMID. Fe CLOUD | SWELL eh WATER DRY VY WET TYPE awt,| DIR. | AMT. | DIR. aur| 76 7 | i Tae | | | SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Tea s%O ot XY AD Ozmi/I Ve DEPTH (M) y y y vy Sanna Ee STD 0000 —-Ol 48 [34 42 2t 2 \0 MOO) 6 41 4717 0 OBS} 0000 -Ol1 48 |34 42 2 Te 6 41 4717 0 OBS) 0005 —Ol 87 1324 57 2t 135) 6 45 4711 8 STD 0010 Oil eis) fad S77 27 85 |0 O28 6 49 4711 8 OBS} 0010 Flo lS) ee Bi 2 teh'5) 6 49 4711 8 SN) 0020 Ot 90 |34 61 27 88 |0 006 6 46 4712 4 OBS 0020 Fol Se) (4 il 2 Be 6 46 4712 4 SHAD) 0030 >) i CID BV7/ 21 85 10 008 6 46 4712 5 OBS 0030 oil V2 \ees Si 2 85 6 46 4712 5 STD 0050 Exo) a2 |e BVT 2T 85 |© O13 6 41 ANS 7 OBS 0050 FOl 92 Be yi Qi 5 6 41 4713 7 STD 0075 -0O1 90 |324 59 2 sig |) lS) 6 34 Aas) OBS 0075 Oil DVO \34 Be DT (7 6 34 4715 6 STD 0100 =01 86 124 62 2 82 0 O25 6 23 4717 8 OBS 0100 —=O1l 86 |324 62 27 la) Q 23) 4717 8 STD 0150 =O01 87 1324 70 Ai key |e) Wate GQ 23) 4721 0 OBS 0150 Ol B87 IB4 7) 2 96 @ 23 4721 0 STD 0200 FOr BO \24 73 27 98/0 041 © Iw 4723 6 OBS! 0200 FO io) 4 73 2h Be 6 12 4723 6 STD 0250 —=Ol 92 |34 74 27 29 10 047 6 @9 4726 3 OBS) 0250 =O1l 92 24 74 2H 99) 6 Of 4726 3 STD 0300 =—Ol 88 34 86 23 Os! io) MB 3) fale) 4730 4 OBS| 0300 POL 88 24 Be 23 OF 8) {shls) 4730 4 OBS) 0350 =O1 90/24 78 2S OF So) 4732 7 STD 0400 Oat = fete} ei iahil 28 05 jo OS4 Bei 4736 2 OBS) 0400 Ol sis} jae fei 28 O35 4736 2 OBS| 0450 Eo)al 84%324 79 28 03% 5 84 GENS) 7/'| STD 0500 FOl VO (4 79) 28 (03 |) Ooo 3 SS 4741 7 OBS| 0500 Oj YO) jee 7/8) 28 03 4) Se 4741 7 OBS) 0550 —=O1 92 |34 78 2a O02 6 06 4744 3 OBS) 0562 10) 1 90 |34 80 28 04 6 WS 4745 4 1 107 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS POSITION REF. STATION SONIC MAX. DEPTH SAMPLE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH MO |00598 0005 | 06 f ‘ ANEMO. AIR AIR TEMPERATURE clea ta) eo oe SAMPLE Cc DEPTH (M) vy STD 0000 —=O1 66 |34 59 27 86 ]0 000 6 4714 9 OBS 0000 =—O01 66 |34 59 ZATf teste) 6 38 4714 9 OBS 0005 =O ON |B 760 27 88 @ Si 4711 4 STD 0010 —-Ol1 88 |/34 60 27 88/0 002 6 36 4712 1 OBS 0010 =O1 88 |34 60 AT tigi 6) 316 4712 1 STD 0020 =—O1 91/34 60 27 Ves 0 O05 © 33) 4712 2 OBS 0020 —=O1 91134 60 2 38 ey BB) 4712 2 STD 0030 —O1 94 |34 60 27 8810 007 (22 4712 3 OBS 0030 =O01 94 |34 60 2h 188 a 32 4712 3 STD 0050 =O1 93/34 "60 27 88/0 012 (ey Sh Th 4713 6 OBS 0050 =O01 93 |34 60 27 &8 6 Bl 4713 6 : STD 0075 =01 89/34 66 2 G2 \0) Wal 7 (ate! 4716 0 | OBS 0075 -“Ol1 89 |34 66 Zi 2) fy al 4716 0 : STD 0100 =01 88/34 68 2 SES le) (o2al @ ai 4717 8 OBS 0100 =“O01 88 |34 68 27 94 @ 4 4717 8 STD 0150 =O01 86/34 71 AY SS) (0) 2) 6 906 4721 2 OBS 0150 —=O1 86 |34 71 2h 96 6 06 4721 2 STD 0200 =01 -89 |34 72 2h ~Dhi0) O36 sy) ih) 4723 7 OBS| 0200 Folak ets) ich 7/722 BT Sif 8) 4723 7 STD 0250 =O1 9O 34 73 27 98 |0 043 (i 07 4726 6 OBS 0250 =O ee ONZ4s 73 Py Se @ O77 4726 6 STD 0300 —-O01 89 |34 76 28 01/0 048 5 7 4916 4729 8 OBS) 0300 =-O01 89 |34 76 Zi (0) 2 5 F896 4729 8 OBS) 0350 -Ol1 89/34 77 28) Ou: 5 yas 4732 9 STD 0400 =01 89 |34 80 28 04 |0 056 Bb SP 4736 0 OBS 0400 —O1 89 |34 80 28 O04 5 1 eo2 4736 0 OBS 0450 —O1 87 |34 78 28 02 eS 4739 2 STD 0500 E(oyal © te\eP es 7/f2) Aly (Oe) 10) Oli2 6 04 4741 9 of OBS) 0500 —=Ol 89 |34 79 Bis} (0) 6 04 4741 9 } OBS 0550 =O01 92/34 81 Bt (0)3) 6 04 4744 5 OBS 0562 =O1 92 |34 80 28 04 & (5) 4745 1 : | 4 108 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS DATE POSITION SONIC DEPTH MO. : DAY YEAR | HOUR LATITUDE LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED 0006 | 06 26 1960 | 23) | i oe 166_ aA EE 0566 | 06 MAX. SAMPLE DEPTH STATION T ANEMO. AIR AIR TEMPERATURE HUMID- CLOUD SEA SWELL WATER WEATHE VIS. HGT. PRESS ITY WET W TYPE/AMT.| DIR. | AMT. DIR AMT. COL.| TRANS. | one SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Tac s%O ot SAD Ozmi/ Vy DEPTH (M) v y y v v STD 0000 Od ee DON SI4S i6;5 27 32 |) Ov) 5 20 SLY 4 OBS) 0000 Om So) jay (35 BU SP 67 20 4711 4 OBS) 0005 —Ol 89 |34 64 2 Si ey 22 4711 8 STD 0010 -Ol 88 |34 64 27 ‘Sil 10) W@Z Cmmaelac 4712 2 OBS) 0010 —Ol 88 |34 64 QU Qi (> te 4712 2 STD 0020 Fol Bil jee © 27 92 |0 004 6 24 a2 oy OBS! 0020 =O Sl 345 65 pi 1S § 24 4712 4 STD 0030 Oi Sal 4s Sb Pi 82 \0) Woks 6 24 4713 0 OBS) 0030 Fol Oi pa 65 2t $2 6 24 4713 0 STD 0050 PO Pil js (a8 27 S82 |0) O10 6 24 4714 2 OBS} 0050 FO il Wea 65) 2H 22 Crna: 4714 2 STD 0075 FOt Dil jee 7 2n F210 Oils Zl 4715 8 OBS| 0075 Ol Bil iar 7 27. Ys ® Zi 4715 8 STD 0100 FOL ir |e ae 27 V2 I0 Ole 6 3 4717 8 OBS 0100 -Ol 87 34 66 Qi Be 23) 4717 8 STD 0150 FOl 88 34 70) 20 VS |e) O27 OQ le 4720 8 OBS} 0150 =O1 88 (34 70 2 NS (ils) 4720 8 STD 0200 POL BVO We 7B 28 00/0 034 6 08 GSToS) Th OBS! 0200 FOL VO joe 75 2k iio) 6 10/8 4723 7 STD 0250 Ol Sal yet | WS 28) OO) |O, OBS SS Ox 4726 5 OBS} 0250 Oil Bil ae 7S 238 00 | OT 4726 5 STD 0300 Pol Di Ba 7S 28 O1 |0 044 6 @%) 4729 5 ORS} 0300 FOU Bil (Be 7S Se On (9)8) 4729 5 OBS} 0350 Ol YO 4 79 238 03 SESS, 4732 8 STD 0400 Oil = ys) sas TVS) 3 02 Io) OSs J 32 4735 9 OBS) 0400 Ol 89 jee 79) Biss (05) DB P1912 4735 9 OBS) 0450 -Ol 87 34 80 28 04 3 92 4739 3 STD 0500 FOil BS) 5 80 28 04 10 059 5 SS) 4741 9 OBS) 0500 Oil B89 4 Bo) 28 04 a» oy) 4741 9 OBS) 0550 Fol Gil 24 BO 8 04 eq 2 4744 6 OBS) 0562 PO BVO Be fs 28 04 © 03 4745 4 109 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS STATION DATE “ POSITION YEAR LATITUDE LONGITUDE 1960 HY 01 | lath ° 53/5 | 166 = SAMPLE DEPTH (M) 0005 0010 0010 0020 0020 0030 0030 0050 0050 0075 0075 0100 0100 0150 0150 02060 0200 0250 0250 0300 0300 0350 0400 0400 0450 0500 | 0500 0550 0562 (6) iL —O1 On =O1 F(0) dl =O1 (0) il F=(9) 1 -01 AMG 110 009 052 DDDDADDADADDDANDDAADDAAADAAADDHNHA DAA OD Ozmi/I OFPaADWMDDUAMAMA UUTIHNWOWVOWMAMVDVDODIDODAANWWNMNNAFP UNCORRECTED] DEPTH coL. TRANS. ror} a SURFACE OBSERVATIONS DATE POSITION SONIC MA STATION DEPTH SAMPLE MO, DAY | YEAR HOUR LATITUDE LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH 0008 20 L960 | 24 53. Ss een. 7 06 AIR TEMPERATURE ANEMO. AIR HGT. PRESS HUMID- ITY CLOUD Boe WATER IWEATHE TRANS. il) TYPE) ANT. DIR. at DIR AMT. COL. SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS Bee ee aC! es % O or SAD O2mI/I Ve y STD 0000 =O SIS Bia eis 27 93) 0) OO fv {0)') 4716 4 OBS| 0000 10) 1 59 |34 68 27 93 6 09 4716 4 OBS} 0005 FO) tse} Be fete) BY Oe 6 14 4712 1 STD 0010 —=O1 89 |24 69 2 95 |0 002 i) OS) 4712 3 OBS} 0010 Oi iS) jee Bs) QU 35) eS Oe) ATM2 3 STD 0020 Poi Sr 14 es) 2 35 |) O03 Ss OS) 4712 6 OBS 0020 (6) il 91 |B4 69 Bil 2)5) 6 5 ANZ © STD 0030 Ol OD Wee Hail 2 ST 0). (oo) 6 04 Aviples = alk OBS 0030 =O 1) O23, Tf il 27 S17 6 04 4713 1 STD 0050 On Cuan Bes G8 27 9410 008 © 3 4714 3 OBS 0050 ot Sal aes fae! 27 94 @ (02) 4714 3 STD 0075 10) 1 90 |34 te 2 7 0) Oz 6 02 4716 1 OBS 0075 HOt WE wer 72 2 7 6 2 4716 1 STD 0100 =O 89 Be 73 27 S80 Oil's 6 04 4717 8 OBS 0100 =O 89 24 738 Qi Se} 6 04 4717 8 STD 0150 E10) al 88 |24 74 2a SS) \0) O22 6 02 4721 0 OBS) 0150 —Ol 88 |24 74 Dit Sys) 6072 4721 0 STD 9200 POL Oil Wee 7D Bis (00) (0) O27 je (02 4723 5 O8S| 0200 Od Sil Bee 73) 28 00 6) 02 4723 5 Sip) 0250 F=10) il Oe eve 28 O20 OB3 6 01 4726 4 OBS 0250 10) il QZ (BE WA 26 02 6 01 4726 4 STD 0300 FO} SUA eT Zi (Oil | O87 @ @2 4729 6 OBS 0300 Ol Mil [Be WI 2s} (Oil is) (0)3) 4729 6 OBS 0350 =(01 90 |34 78 28 02 5 96 4732 7 Sip) 0400 10) 89 |24 383 28 06 |0 043 5 99 4736 1 oss 0400 Ol 9 Ba 3) Bil (elie) 3 SIS) 4736 1 OBS) 0450 ji tela ee isha 28 (5) By 9 2').Ih 4739 3 STD 0500 (011 90 |24 81 28 05 |0 048 5 89 4741 8 OBS) 0500 FOL GO \e4 weil 28 (0)'5) By f3}9) 4741 8 OBS 0550 Foil io) jer f33) 28 06 By Ss} 4744 9 OBS 0562 =-O1 90/34 84 Ze OW 5 86 4745 6 111 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS DATE STATION FVo)al POSITION SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS 112 LONGITUDE seu UNCORRECTED DEPTH ot SAD O2zmI/I Ve v 27 9110 000 6 16 4717 4 ify VS) ey ANS) 4717 4 AT Sei ey 2al Oa: 2TH SS |[9) {o\loyz i (0) 4712 4 Cie OS) 20) 4712 4 27 94 10 004 (Pil 4712°5 el @ 2a 4712 5 27 9410 005 ey Bal 4713 0 27 94 em 2 4713 0 fate ‘Si5\\K0), (o)(a)'s) 20) 4714 0 Dt S)'5) 20) 4714 0 2H 7 |) ile Sh 4715 9 Cite NG (jw 4715 9 ATi S77 \Ko) {o)aliey 6 14 4717 6 ei Si (abs 4717 6 Aq SG} io) 22 ge ly 4721 0 Di Ss) @ i 4721 0 Zis\ (oil lf) (O)z8) 6 14 4723 6 Zits; (0) al 6 14 4723 6 PRY {02 (0) {0)S53) ey 4726 4 Av (02 @ 2 4726 4 28 01 |0 038 fey al fs} 4729 6 Psy (2x @ lis 4727 5 Zoo Ow ej ilts) 4732 7 28 01/0 046 6 i) 4735 7 28 O01 (so) 4735 7. Ze) (0B) 6 6) 4739 1 Ais (OF Ifo) (o)!5) 2 G9 2 4741 8 28 04 ej l2 474] 8 23) 05 (2 4744 6 28 06 (a6) 4745 4 MAX. SAMPLE a a OBSERVATIONS | DATE POSITION SONIC MAX. STATION DEPTH SAMPLE MO. YEAR HOUR LATITUDE LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH 8] 0010 | 08 AAL\eICION| Os rian 53. S eee Ane E 0576 eu AIR TEMPERATURE ANEMO. AIR HGT. PRESS HUMID- ITY 4 COL.| TRANS a | SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Teac s%o ot DAD Ozmi/I Ve DEPTH (M) Vv v Vv y v vy STD 0000 —Ol1 84 |34 64 27 929i 0 OOO 6 14 4712 3 OBS} 0000 [-(0)1L 84 |34 64 Br Sil 6 14 4712 3 OBS) 0005 —Od 89 \84 72 Qi S)7/ 6 16 AAD ih STD 0010 FOI Oil Ba 73 27 Sis 10) OO2 8 iw3 AYA ih OBS) 0010 FOl Oil |gid 73) 2 9B 6 15 4712 1 STD 0020 =O1l 92 134 74 27 299 lo Os 6 iad 4712 6 OBS) 0020 =O1l 92° \34 We 2y 98) ® ily 4712 6 STD 0030 FOl 92 |\Be 72) 27 98 10 004 © i 4713 2 OBS} 0030 HOl B92 |e 73 2 Se © is 4713 2 STD 0050 —O1 92 |\34 74 am 99 10 007 6 iL’ 4714 4 OBS) 0050 FOL V2 jee 77a BY OS) eS) 4714 4 STD 0075 FO 9@ BA 74 27 99 |O OLO ia 12 4716 2 ops 0075 -O1 90 IBA 74s Zul 99 6 12 4716 2 STD 0100 Foil BS |e 76 23 @1 10 O12 © 12 4718 1 OBS 0100 Fo)iL tits) IS TH) Bs (0) @ i12 4718 1 STD 0150 =O) 8884 76 28 01/0 018 © | ahil 4721 1 OBS) 0150 POL 88 (Be 7é 2S (al © ial 4721 1 STD 0200 FO 80 24 77 Ae (il ll) O23 8 io) 4723 8 OBS! 0200 FOL YO (BA i 28 (oil eo 1© 4723 8 STD 0250 FO V2 \ea: We) 2 O02 0) O28 © 10 4726 5 OBS) 0250 FOl 92 Ba 73 2i 02 6 10 4726 5 STD 0360 FOl YO 4 80 28 O4 Ko) @Bil 6 14 a7 2S) 8) OBS) 0300 —Ol 90 |34 80 28 04 6 14 4729 9 OBS! 0350 Fol Gi Be Bil 23 08 @ 87 4732 7 Sip) 0400 POl Be Bae 2 28 05 |) O27 Ou neles 4736 2 OBS! 0400 FO ss jae 2 23 05) S& 13 4736 2 OBS 0450 FOL 86 4 ei 28 05 6 iwé 4739 5 STD 0500 FOL Gil Ba 83 28 06 |0 041 () ILs 4741 7 OBS} 0500 Foil al ies} 28 06 6 16 4741 7 OBS) 0550 =O01 92 |34 84 2is\ (0)7/ S ait 4744 6 OBS) 0562 =—O1 92 |24 84 28 07 6 is 4745 3 113 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS NODC DATE POSITION SONIC MAX. REF. STATION DEPTH SAMPLE oe fen ven ren LATITUDE LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED| DEPTH oo59el 0011 | oa | 21 | 1c60] 00 |77 53's] 166 44 | 0566 | 06 | ANEMO. AIR HGT. PRESS DEPTH (M) y y MZ STD Age GVA lo) Clo | aS) |) Aaala 2 OB AT 84 Beas ledge OB PT (Sh BR Sa) | Aaa STD aT Sr) OO |X S| eae OB aT Oy Banos leaqmonn STD a7 S710 OO |S 25 |) Gta 2 = 0020 [+01 94 134 86%] 28 09% 5 95 | 4712 2 STD Ho) laol GAIA 72 Nay s7ilo GOA 5 93 | 2ria s OBS 0030 |-01 94|34 72 | 27 97 5 eos) |lnaraous Si) ows lac Mise 72 Nar See Coy NF oS | 47a ez oBg 0050 =0l1 96 (34 72 oT lg 5 96 4713 7 Sip | \n0075 J=o0l G4Na4 “Tae | a7 SeNlo On Iy |5 see) eri) 6 OBS 0075 |-0l1 94/134 74 | 27 99 5 88 | 4715 6 STD Gig ior aie We | 28 Olio Cla |S ar | evi S OBS 0100 l-01 92/134 76 | 28 o1 Bap | any 3 STD 0150 i=-o1 90/34 77 | 28 O10 O19 15 87 | 4720 8 OBS 0150 |-01 90/34 77 | 28 Ol 5 87 | 4720 8 STD 0200) W=Ol 92434 BON | 2a oslo oes an|Sunse e723 G OBS 0200 |-01 $2 (34 79 28 03 5 88 4723 6 STD 0250 “=O ‘S2Be 9788) De “OO OAV es IS eves ware 5 OBS 0250 l-01 92/34 78 | 28 02 5 388 | 4726 5 STD Oe lao GAs 7) 2a Oo Ol I5 Gn |) A729 5 OBS 0300 |-01 92/34 79 | 28 03 Bol ar20n5 OBS 0350 |-01 92/34 79 | 28 03 5 86 | 4732 5 STD d 0400 |-01 901/34 83 | 28 06/0 036 |5 83 | 4735 9 OBS 0400 ‘=01 90/34 83 | 28 06 5 83 | 4735 9 ops 0450 -o1 Be ise aa || 2 5 5 86 | 4739 °0 STD| "1500 I-01 90124 85 | 28 080 039 |5 85 | 4742) 0 OBS 0500 ee 90 134 85 | 28 08 5 85 | 4742 0 085 0550 |-0l 92/34 84 | 28 o7 5 88 | 4744 6 08s 0562 |-ol 91 (34 85 | 28 08 5 88 | 4745 5 114 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS | NODC DATE POSITION SONIC MAX, REF. STATION DEPTH SAMPLE NO. MO. DAY | YEAR | HOUR | LATITUDE | LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH 0 7 . 7 00598] 0912 09 09 | 1960 | 23 | 77 Br) 5 | 166 44 E | 0565 06 | CLOUD | SEA | SWELL WIND ANEMO. AIR AIR TEMPERATURE WATER HGT. PRESS HUMID- ITY IWEATHE COL.] TRANS TyPe|an.| DIR. aur. | DIR. 62 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE ToC s%o ot ZAD OzmI/I Ve DEPTH (M) y Y vy y y y STD 0000 —Ol 42 |34 63 27 89 |0 000 5 91 Aialts) OBS) 0000 -Ol 42 |34 63 2 gs) 5 91 4718 9 OBS) 0005 FOI Sil isa 75 28 00 5b 8 4711 9 STD 0010 —O1 90 |34 74 2nr 92 |e O@2 5 84 4712 4 OBS} 0010 F(0) Il 90 84 74 Bi 99) 5 84 4712 4 STD 0020 PO 92 Isa 79) 28 03 0 003 5 83 4712 8 OBS) 0020 EO) IA cis TAS) 23 O23 5 83 4712 8 Si) 0030 Evo =} ed 7a 27 99 |0 004 5 87 4713 1 OBS) 0030 PO Mey ie 7h 2 99) 5 7 4713 1 STD 0050 —=Ol1 94 |34 76 28 01/0 006 5 0) 4714 2 OBS) 0050 =O1 94 134 76 28 01 5 90 4714 2 STD 0075 aOyah Sey eis TiS) 28 011/10 009 5 83 4715 8 OBS 0075 Fol Se Ba 71S 28 01 5 83 4715 8 STD 0100 F@it SO) si 30) 28 OW |) Oil al 8) 86 4718 0 OBS 0100 -01 90/34 80 28 04 5 86 4718 0 STD 0150 =O 88 134 78 28 02 |0 016 5) 85 4721 2 OBS 0150 Pod Se} isd 778 28 OZ 5 5 4721 2 Si 0200 (0) 2) 90 |34 78 28 02/0 020 3 Oa 4723 8 OBS 6200 Oil VO We 73 23 2 5 68} 4723 8 STD 0250 =Ol 92 |134 81 28 051/10 024 5 3 4726 6 OBS 0250 —=Ol 92/34 81 23 © 5 89 4726 6 STD 0300 m=Ol 89 |/34 81 28 ©O5 0 O27 5 3} 4730 1 OBS) 0300 —O1 89 |34 81 28 05 5) 83 4730 1 OBS! 0350 Rol Gil wa 2 ACO 5B 7H 4732 8 STD 0400 -O1 90 |324 84 28 O07 |@ O21 by 92 4736 0 OBS! 0400 -Ol 90 324 84 2a O7 5 82 4736 0 OBS) 0450 |=O1 88 24 85 28 08 5 82 4739 3 STD 0500 HOil il |e Be 28 09 10 033 B fa5) 4741 9 OBS C500 —Ol 91/34 86 ZSmer Os) 5) 85 4741 9 OBS) 0550 fa) 0)s nc ot J Ss) 28 O08 5 90 4744 8 OBS) 0562 —=O1 90 |34 86 2% O9) Bh 4745 7 115 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS POSITION STATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE NO. [ mo. | pay | eelsilimes 144 6 SAMPLE Ozmi/ VE Y DEPTH (M) v STD 5 8 OBS 5 8 ORS 5 7 STD 5 il OBS 0010 oil Sal ies 7/8) Di Sys 3) sha 4712 1 STD 0020 —mO1l 94 (124 75 28 00 |O0 003 5 84 4712 4 OBS 0020 Opler ANIA ai 28 00 5 84 4712 4 STD 0030 -O1 94 |34 70 ZT Sle) (0) (loss B33) 4712 7 OBS 0030 o)ik Cs eva 7/(Q) ZT She) By 135) BUM 7 STD | 0050 =Ol 94/84 73 2 980 0% 3) 13) 4714 0 ORS 0050 -Ol1 94/34 73 2 98 Bye fete) 4714 0 STD 0075 Ohl) GB ae, AT Sie} Ko) (ik) Beasi6 E73) 3 ORS 0075 SO) Se BiG ears 2 Sie} 3. BG 4715 5 STD 9100 = Oye SON Si SiG Zo One| O MOMs Srna: 4717 8 ORS 0100 O)il. ee) BAe TS) 23 On 3) Shak 4717 8 STD 0150 EO) il S10; Nea ats! 2& 02 |0 018 5r 85 4720 8 ORS) 9150 vod SiO) ie af Dish (02 3) fel) 4720 8 Sip 0200 —Oelet “SARA 719) Bish (0) 3) Ke) (022 3 ~ (elig} 4723 6 ORS! 0200 —OyIb. SZ eee 7/2) Zieh {0)3' 5 688 4723 6 STD C250 =O 93> 134 2 718 ZS VO2ZSOROZS yee 1318) 4726 3 ORS 0250 Ane SBE 78 22 02 By aia) 4726 3 STD 0300 Orne oe Se ea Z's} 10) |K9) (9) S30) 5 84 4729 7 ORS 0300 Olen eon Bea aod Disk {0)'5) 5 84 4729 7 ORS 0350 Fat. hal exe fh 22 06 DhyesizZ 4732 8 STD 0400 OL ONS 2. 28 06 |0 035 By teil Greys) ) OBS 0400 Eo No) ts teh 28 O06 3 il 4735 9 ORS 0450 —-Ol 88 134 84 28 O07 5) fehal 4739 3 STD 0500 F=fo)1 NO) WB 1835) 28 08 |9 038 Be 70K 4742 0 ORS 0500 =-01 90 |24 85 28 08 Bes 17h 4742 0 OBS 0550 One On| Sepa oe Ase OS 2 1) 4745 0 OBS 0562 Ole, JON |S 78S 28) 09 Demon 4745 7 116 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS — NODC POSITION REF. STATION NO. LATITUDE LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH ° 02 [1960 | oa | 77 53.5 = / Loos59e 0014 | 10 166 44 E WIND AIR TEMPERATURE s ANEMO.| AIR HUMID- CiKeiwie | EA SWELL HGT. | PRESS nine, | nEeslate ; pRYWY | WETY TYPE|AMT.| DIR. | AMT. | DIR [amr TRANS | oa lie SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE 7 2e s%O ct AD OzmI/I Ve DEPTH (M) y vy y vy STD 0000 (oil ish) eit 7 DH 27 \o) OOO) bye alts} ieee 7 OBS) 0000 —=Ol 83 134 47 PT TT ES eeeelee, 4711 7 OBS 0005 —ONe) G2 B%e ie Ou) Ss) 5. Sal 4711 7 Sif P) 0010 EO 90 Iba — 73S 2H Sie io) O)2 bre giz 4712 3 OBS| 0010 E@i Sie) ese 773) 2 Ss} Bye Sh ATA An 8 STD 0020 =—O1l 94 134 73 27 98 |0 004 By 15}'5) 4712 3 OBS| 0020 -01 94/34 73 27 98 B85 4712 3 STD 0030 —Ol 94 134 70 2 Sie 10) OOS Bia Shih Le oT a 0030 —O1l 94 |24 70 AT. Sis 5 BT 4712 7 STD 0050 “O01 92 |34 74 Die SKS) jo) (hloyis} 5 fss2) 4714 4 OBS 0050 Oil 92 |B Wh ay Ss) 5) f\6) 4714 4 STD 0075 =O01 94/34 76 Ae (Oi | Onli shal 4715 7 OBS 0075 =O1 94 |34 76 Bts\. (0) ha AY Ue 7 SD) 0100 Soils peSlsy lehies = 2/7, ZC Ole Onn Oneee By fh 7 4717 4 OBS 0100 (0) BES NN SICe) a ae7// 8 @2 Bh 7/ 4717 4 STD 0150 =01 90/34 81 28 05/0 018 5 82 4721 0 OBS 0150 =O1 90/34 81 Bea OS B32 4721 0 STD 0200 “O01 92/134 81 Qi 0)'5) lo) @2il Beacie, 4723 6 OBS 0200 loyal) eee fey Dis 5) 5) (3,2) 4723 6 Sql \D) 0250 F@il Ss) jae — ieho) 28 04 |0 024 By | 136) 4726 4 OBS! 02:50 =—O™l 93 |34 80 Bish. {ght 5 Bai 4726 4 STD 0300 —O1 88 |34 82 28 O05 0 O27 BR 7 4730 3 OBS 0300 —=O1 88/34 82 23 Q)5 5) B7/ 4730 3 OBS 0350 —-01 91/34 82 Bis — (0) 5 80) 4732 8 STD 0400 bool O)p] mc a un |) 1724 26 Of ol OBZ Seen 4735 7 OBS 0400 Foal, Sal eis fh) 2 OS 5 8}7/ 4735 7 Oe Sy sete OSA Le ace 8 06 5 84 | Aye 2 STD) 0500 —(0)ah' SMO} ieye4e TSS) Zs OS |@ O25 5 0) 4742 0 OBS 0500 =01 90/34 86 Bia (oi) iy SH) 4742 0 OBS 0550 -01 93/134 86 28 09 5 88 4744 5 OBS 0562 -01 89/34 88 2S iL) 5 Sil 4746 0 117 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS POSITION STATION ; LATITUDE LONGITUDE ° / G 7 0015 2 at 2s) S || iste) 44 SS ne ATG GE CLOUD | SEA HGT. PRESS : TYPE amt,| DIR. AMT. COL.| TRANS. 80 9 | | SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Tec s%O ot AD OzmI/ Ve DEPTH (M) vy y Vv v v v STD 0000 |-01 48/34 71 | 27 95/0 000 |5 84 | 4718 3 ops} 0000 |-01 48 34 71 | 27 95 x BA | erie 2 08s} 0005 |-01 93 (34 73 | 27 98 5 ae) | Aa 3 STD Ol iol S2iBA 7G | 23 Oil lo Gon ih Ba | Ap 4a OBS) OOlr Ol Saliba Te || ae Oil 5 AS | eae al STD C20 rol S2ib4 Ta ||2an7 SH lo oes I5 Sq || “Vie G OBS| 0020 |-01 92/34 73 | 27 98 Semicon Nara 2mnG STD 6oa0 Ikon Sy iae 7S ||27 Salo wor IA ee | aap CHG OO20 Kol Sis 7s || ar oF 5 84 | 4712 4 STD O50 ikon flan Te \laa O20 OOS is Sa | eA 2 Orel OOSG |-on SA lA Te || Bia OF 5 92 | 4714 3 STD CO7s Ol SAlaA Te ||27 Sr lo Goes (5 90 | ais { OAS| OO7S laol SANA 72 || ar oT 5 90 | 4715 5 STD Ole leo SS ibe 73 | 27 Salo one |B Sa || AiG 9 OaS| O1O0 I-Ol SHA Va || 27 OE 5 92 | ale © STD o150 lol S@laa Tr || 2a Olio Gis (A 84 | 4720 & Oss Ol5o0 | \=o 90124 mz es on 5 84 | 4720 8 STD @200) lol Salat Bq | 28 OF]0 O22 (5 BO | A728 6 OBS 0200 |-01 92/34 80 | 28 04 5 80 | 4723 6 STD 0250 |-01 941/34 80 | 28 04|0 026 |5 84 | 4726 2 OBS 0250 |-01 94/34 80 | 28 04 5 BA || A7DE 2 STD Ono lool Silaa @2 | 28 Molo O29 Ih aA | Aya fg OBS 0300 |=-01 91 (34 83 | 28 06 5 84 | 4729 8 OBS 0350 |-01 92 (34 83 | 28 06 5 80 | A722 G STD 0400 \=01 92134 87 | 28 lolo O31 (5 oO | 4735 8 ops] 0400 (I-01 92/34 87 | 28 10 5 90 | 4735 8 Ops 0450 |-01 88/34 87 | 28 10 5 83 | 4739 4 : STD ane lhon cH ibe ey | 28 wolo oan is 72 | a7 © : ops} 0500 |-01 91/34 87 | 28 10 5 We | area s OBS} 0550 |-01 94/35 o2# | 28 224 5 86 | 4745 1° Ops! o562 iol 90 124 38 | 28 Jo 5 76 | 4745 8 oacl os7s lk@a Silas ar || 28 io 5 90 | 4746 4 4 ° : t oT 118 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS DATE POSITION SONIC MAX. STATION DEPTH SAMPLE MO. | DAY | YEAR | HOUR LATITUDE | LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH . if ° 7 0016 | 10 | 23 | 1960 | 23. [77 53 s | 166 44 E | 0579 | 06 COL.| TRANS. SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE T°c s%oO ot SAD DEPTH (M) y vy y v STD 0000 ol 29/134 73 | 27 96/0 000 OBS) 0000 |=01 29 |34 73 | 27 96 OBS 0065 |-01 91/134 76 | 28 O1 STD 0010 |-01 90/34 76 | 28 01/0 001 OBS 0010 |=-01 90/34 76 | 28 O1 STD 0020 [01 94/34 80 | 28 04/0 002 OBS) 0020 |-01 94134 80 | 28 04 STD 0030 +oOl 94/134 74 | 27 9910 003 OBS| 0030 © |-01 94/134 74 | 27 99 STD 0050 l-01 96 (34 74 | 27 9910 006 OBS 0050 =-01 96 |34 74 aT 9G STD 0075 |-01 94/34 75 | 28 00 |0 009 OBS 0075 |-01 94/134 75 | 28 00 STD VO Kol Sa 77 | 28 oO2 lo o12 OBS 0100 |-01 96 (34 77 | 28 02 STD 0150 (|-01 90/34 81 28 0510 016 OBS 0150 |-01 90/34 81 28 05 STD 0200 l-01 92/134 83 | 28 06/0 018 OBS| 0200 [ol 92/24 83 8 06 STD 6250 \KOl 92 IBA Ba | 28 O7 lo Orn OBS! 0250 =01 92 24 84 | 28 O7 STD 200 (Ol 86/84 8S | 2B 6 lO O23 0BS| 0300 01 86 34 8 28 06 OBS| 0350 (01 91/34 84 | 28 a7 STO OA00 \-On Si fe 86 | 2B OF 10 azE OBS| 0400 01 91/34 86 | 28 09 OBS| 0450 ol 88 B4 85 | 28 08 STD OEM SOON GZaNeHaN ac ONOMOZ6 OBS) 0500 (-01 90 (34 87 | 28 10 OBS| 0550 [+01 92 [134 87 | 28 10 OBSNOS 5) N=Olm 93) 2 89) |) 28) | 1a i} 119 7 UW) UT OT OW) UT OF OF OF 7 OF FT 7 a. (NU? UI OI (StS pi in UW On wn OzmI/I Ve MZ 76 4721 3 76 4721 3 80 4712 0 84 4712 4 84 4712 4 84 4712 6 84 4712 6 80 4712 9 80 4712 9 88 4713 8 88 4713 8 82 4715 6 82 4715 6 86 4716 9 86 4716 9 82 4721 0 82 4721 0 82 4723 7 83 4723 7 82 4726 7 82 4726 7 88 4730 6 88 4730 6 83 4732 8 Te 4735 9 79) rio) 9) 2 Ly sss) 3) Nl 4742 1 an eae a S|) AW 7 88 | 4746 1 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS WATER SAMPLE DEPTH (M) -O1 -01 -O1 -01 Ons = 1 (0) On =O1 =01 120 013 015 015 016 020 OUT VOTH TOTS ooo oT Fa tt tn YMNOORPMODDAMNAAINNIANNADANNDAOYPrPUUF FOO DO = TRANS. | SURFACE OBSERVATIONS NODC DATE POSITION SONIC REF. STATION DEPTH SAMPLE NO. MO, | DAY YEAR HOUR LATITUDE LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH 7 = = | 00598 0018 il lis LION 2S Tal 53S || ies 0576 AIR TEMPERATURE : CLOUD SEA | SWELL | WATER WEATHE : aM Teeefant| om, [ant | vin fant] [cou] tans ee | al 10 | SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE fic) s%o ot =ZAD OzmI/I Ve DEPTH (M) v v v v v v 8 ae STD 0000 Oil 82 (84 iil 27 96 |0 000 » 18 BUN © OBS) 0000 Od 82 yes il Qt BS a 1s 4712 9 ORS} 0005 FOL VO Ba Ti At, OF 3 83 ATi &) STD 0010 FOL Bis 24 To) 2¢ Ns (@ OO2 5 Sil 4712 5 ORS) 0010 Oil fis [a 7/0) 2H 96 5D Sal AT) STD 0020 POH V2 ish 7/10) 27 VS 0 OOF 2 Oil 4712 5 OBS) 0020 POL 92 Be 710 2H MO 3 Sal 4712 5 STD 0030 Pail 92 \s8d) Te 27 MS | OWS 5 86 GsTahs) al ORS 0030 Oi 2 ese 7/0) 27 VS 4 88 4713 1 STD 0050 POL B92 84 10) 21 He OQ OOS 5 86 Gree 2 OBS 0050 FOL ore 7/10) QT 3B 3 8S GSAT Th STD 0075 FOL 92 Be wil 27 Dr |) Oi2 Day ahs 4715 8 OBS 0075 POL OB |e 7 2 DT Siena 4715 8 STD 0100 FOL Sil yee Wl 27 Mi \@ Os 2 Si 4717 4 OBS 0100 SO .. Oi Ba iil Bit D7 3 87 4717 4 STD 0150 POL YO \4 72 27 91 \@ @22 3) (shat 4720 6 OBS} 0150 Od DO We 2 Ct DY fil 4720 6 STD 0200 FOL G2 (se 75 Be) (010) 1 O28 2 32 4723 4 ORS| 0200 POL M2 he 75 ZS OO) 3) 1 ifs\72 4723 4 STD 0250 PO Wh pe We 28) On!)|0 038% > oi an26) 1 OBS) 0250 POW OA iad We Zs Ol 2 | Bal SV2e I STD 0300 PO 94 14 3 28 06 |0 027 5 84 4729 2 ORS! 0300 rol 95 B4 | &e 2k OG 5 84 4729 2 ORS} 0350 Od Yi |e 79) 2 (8 D ) 18i4 G32 () STD 0400 Fol 90 4 179 ae 02 0 OAS 3 (33 4735 8 OBS) 0400 Ol YO js 9 72) ASO 2 85) 4735 8 OBS) 0450 Foil ie 24 0) 28 04 B iSils} 4739 4 STD 0590 =O 189) 314 80 28 04 |0 049 5 86 4741 9 ORS) 0500 FOl BAe So) 28 04 2 Be) 4741 9 ORS) 0550 POL O92 |e is Zoe 51 19/2 4744 5 ORS 0575 FO So) ja ws) 28) 106 © Oi 4746 4 121 NODC REF. STATION NO. ANEMO. AIR HGT. PRESS SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS POSITION LONGITUDE SONIC DEPTH UNCORRECTED SURFACE OBSERVATIONS DATE MAX. SAMPLE DEPTH ofo) SAMPLE s%O ot DEPTH (M) 0000 76 28 00 |O 000 0000 76 28 00 0005 78 28 02 0010 gt eis {o)al {Ko} oN): 0010 77 28 Ol 0020 77 2a O20) 10.02 0020 10 Zoe 02 0030 WH 2s 0200 1008 0030 Tey 28 02 0050 79 28) 10350 (O05 0050 1S) 28 103 0075 78 AB OA a ON OO. 0075 78 Psy a2 0100 80 28 04/0 009 0100 80 28 O04 0150 81 2Gy SON OOS 0150 81 26 05 0200 82 Ao SOG COG 0200 82 Ais {0)I) 0250 87 28 10 |G 018 0250 87 Qisi A) 0300 84 Ze Or |@ obs) 0300 84 Bish (07 0350 87 28 10 0400 89 28 11/0 020 0400 =—O1 88 0450 —=O1 86 |34 90 26 12 0500 =—O1 89 |24 90 2ST T2110) Ons 0500 —=O1 89 |24 90 28 12 0550 S(O) SI |Bis Ho) Z We 0575 -O0l 89/24 91 oes ale 122 Ww Ww ot 0 ta a> TT Ft tt oT a ta FS ta Gast “és “so ta ye VUOFEFARANOOWVWAAWUWUNNDOUUHYO®O®M ooFrFrwo TRANS. SURFACE OBSERVATIONS | DATE POSITION SONIC MAX, DEPTH __| SAMPLE YEAR | Hour LATITUDE | LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH , ; : ; 1s60llloo | wsalsiiites | 44°F | loses! i|loe | cLouD | SEA | SWELL | WATER | HUMID: WEATHE vis. TyPe|Aur.| DIR. | AMT. | DIR. [amr| cou.| TRANS | = aaa S| ey ag SAMPLE To s%O ot 23) /\(D) O2mI/ Vy DEPTH (M) vy vy Vv y Vv y STD 0000 Ol 29/84 75 | 27 98 |0 000 5 Oa, | ABD OBS] 0000 |-01 29 34° 75 aT Oe 5 Om || AD cM OBS) 0005 =ol 90134 76 | 28 on 3 86 |) 4rala STD CON) iFOn BabA Wr | 2a O12 Io oo 5 89 | 4712 8 ORS) 0010 |-01 88 |34 77 | 28 O1 5 g9 | 4712 8 STD 0020 l-01 90/34 76 | 28 01/0 002 5 88 | 4713 0 OBS 0020 |=01 90/34 76 | 28 O1 5 Be || 27s © STD 0030 |-01 93/1324 76 | 28 01 |0 003 5 85 | 4713 1 OBS 0030 |-01 93 (24 76 | 28 O01 5 85 | 4713 1 STD OO50 |-Ol 92 ae Wy || 28 O2\0 006 I5 BO | ATA & OBS 0050 |-01 93 (34 77 | 28 02 Ss (0m (eran STD GO75 IkKOl 92 (Ba 77? | Be OF lo aos 5 82 | 4716 0 OBS 0075 Hol SA laa We || 2a oP 5 f2 | BPG © STD ©1090 |Sol S71 Ba FO | 27 SEi0 O12 5 66 | avi? & O85 0100 |-01 91/24 70 aT GE S 66 | A7ly & STD 0150 l-01 87/34 77 | 28 o1/0 018 3 7a || Avan s OBS} 0150 oil Oy IBA Wy AB (il 5 78 4721 3 STD 0200 |-01 87/24 81 28 05/0 O22 BR 7G) || ATR A OBS) 0200 (|=01 87 [34 81 28 05 5 79 || Ayame & STD 0250 01 90/34 78 28 02 0 O25 5 80 | 4726 8 OBS| 0250 |-01 90/134 78 28 02 SC Ol caecGmne STD 0300 (|-01 89 |34 78 23 O02 |) O29 |5 BO | &729 9 OBS| 0300 |-01 89 |34 78 2a Oz 5 80 | 4729 9 OBS| 0350 01 89 [34 77 28 Oi 5 79 |.are2 9 STD 0200 (Ol 87 BA 72 | 28 O20 O87 6 B80 | 4786 2 OBS| 0400 01 87/34 79 | 28 03 5 80 | 4736 2 OBS| 0450 |-01 87 [34 79 28 03 5 85 | 4739 2 STD 0500 |=01 86 |34 78 2 O20 O24 5 Ba || Par 3 OBS} 0500 (-01 86 /34 78 28 02 Cus) a ed} OBS) 0550 |=01 88 [34 78 28 02 5 85 | 4745 0 OBS) 0575 |=01 89 [34 81 28 05 5 84 | 4746 4 123 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS POSITION SONIC MAX. DEPTH SAMPLE LATITUDE LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH 53/S| 166° HGT. PRESS sre] om | = SAMPLE DEPTH (M) STD 0000 —O01 82 34 48 Ee 78 10 000 6 58 4711 9 OBS 0000 —O1' 9682 \3'4 48 27 78 69558 4711 9 OBS 0005 m=O Bie 59 A 86 ey 25) 4713 8 STD 0010 =O ONS OS Zi SiO) Ka) (eays} Q Bt 4713 6 OBS 0010 oval | 7/S) Bie ts! 27 90 S Zo) 4713 6 STD 0020 -01 80/34 63 27 $00 005 6 04 4714 1 OBS 0020 =O a SOna4 163 ZU Sho) 6 04 4714 1 SPD 0030 Fh ish aah (sii ZT “Hoy je) {ollo) 7 atts) 4714 2 OBS 0030 El fala} [ee Ail S310) spy we) 4714 2 STD 0050 —Ol 84/34 67 Th SVZS |) (o)abal 6 Ol 4715 4 OBS 0050 =O1 84 |24 67 Zilbs P93) (oy) {oak 4715 4 STD 0075 FOr Sits} yeh4e 7 al 21 OT iO. (als De fiZ 4716 4 OBS 0075 =O 88 (34 71 21 Sr Bo 2 AVG. 14, STD 0100 Toul Xo) ei 7/0) 27 9640 O19 5 46 4717 5 OBS} 0100 Fv SeXo) ests To) Dat NE 5 46 4717 5 STD 0150 —Ol1 90/324 74 2h 9980 1026 4 89 4720 7 OBS 0150 O01 90 |24 74 Bi sgits) 4 89 4720 7 STD 0200 =O! 90 |24 76 Bisl (chal |e) fosit 3 No) 4723) 7 OBS 0200 ojal 9 SMO) sas He, 28) SOW By A) Ur ach 7/ STD 0250 = Ops pee OAS 74: AT SS) No) 217 5 34 4726 3 OBS 0250 -Ol1 92 |24 74 Zi SIs) By ey 4726 3 STD 0300 F@il Oat js WH 28 O01 |0 042 5 gia 4729 6 OBS 0300 Koil Sal ets 17 Aisi {0).1L By Sts 4729 6 OBS 0350 =O 2s 2 SSG 28 109 DoS 4732 8 STD 0400 -O1 84 |34 85 28 08 |O 047 By ait) 4737 0 OBS 0400 “Ol 84 |34 85 28 08 By ite 4737 0 OBS} 0450 -O1 88 34 90 285 2 5), 46/2 4739 5 STD 0500 =O1 89/34 88 28 10/0 048 ay 2) 4742 3 OBS 0500 =O1 9 89) 24 88 28 10 ye Bh) 4742 3 OBS 0550 Ot Sail [sé Sal Zi} dL SNES: 4745 1 OBS 0575 Foil ts\(s) (8) 93 eX: ae es 5 8 4747 4 . = 124 | SURFACE OBSERVATIONS POSITION LATITUDE LONGITUDE Tit BBs) ee), 44/E SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS sl Tee s%O ct = AD Oami/I Ve DEPTH (M) y | v y STD 0000 Oil “ea jee (63) 27 89 |0 000 © &2 4718 7 OBS 0000 bl Ol GNC, CI [oJ SL © iC) 27 89 6 8&2 4718 7 OBS 0005 |™Ol 73 (34 71 2 96 6 45 4714 6 STD 0010 —“01 73 |34 72 2 897 |@ OO2 6 42 4715 0 OBS 0010 =-Ol1 73 134 72 2 Sy 6 42 4715 0 STD 0020 Oia THs jes 72 2 2897 0 OO © BG 4715 1 OBS| 0020 ™=Ol 76 |24 72 2Y 87 @ 36 4715 1 STD 0030 PO "7 IBA We 28% 00 0 OOF OQ Be) 4715 7 OBS} 0030 FO 777 \2 76 28 O00 6 26 4715 7 STD 0050 “Ol 79 |24 74 21 9S) 0 OW 6 is 4716 5 OBS) 0050 —=O1 79 |24 74 ZY 99 © 19 4716 5 STD 0075 FO io) 12 73 28 00/0 010 @ i 4717 8 OBS) 0075 —=Ol 80 |34 75 28 00 6 ils 4717 8 STD 0100 —=Ol1 80/34 76 23 OO |\O Ol (re) 4719 4 OBS) 0100 =O01 80/124 76 28 00 @ 20 4719 4 STD 0150 =O1 81/124 78 28 02 |0 018 GS 12 4722 3 OBS 0150 Pol al @ 12 STD 0200 ™=Ol 84 |24 80 28 04 |0 022 Bb 69)3) 4724 9 OBS} 0200 —-O1 84 |24 80 28 04 5B 83 4724 9 STD 0250 ™=Ol 88 |34 82 23 OF \o) O25 5) fais) 4727 3 OBS) 0250 —=O1 88 |34 82 28 ©5 by Bis} 4727 3 STD 0300 —O1l 88 |24 86 28 OF |@ O27 5 87 4730 4 OBS 0300 —=O1 88 |34 86 28 09 5 B87 4730 4 OBS 0350 —=Ol 88 |24 86 2'3 (09) 5 2 4733 4 STD 0400 Foal i} BAS th 7/ 2s Io) |Q O29) BS 70 47326 4 OBS 0400 Fol S88 (4 a7 28 10 5) Pa: 4736 4 OBS 0450 —=Ol 87 |24 87 28 09 5 [36 4739 6 STD 0500 Oil GS) |e4 Be 28 iI) \o O29) BS) 4742 3 OBS 0500 =01 89 |24 88 28 10 B69) 4742 3 OBS 0550 =-01 90/324 88 BE i (0) 595 4745 1 OBS 0575 =01 88 |24 89 2 11 5 94 4746 9 125 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS DATE MO. | DAY | YEAR HOUR LATITUDE 1 10 | 1961 | 24 NODC POSITION REF. STATION STD 0000 Fak Syl EK fas} 27 40 |0 000 sh a) 4714 8 OBS 0000 Foil ial Yes fo)e! 27 40 BES 4714 8 OBS 0005 = Onl 25 (Sto e LD 27 BO ve So) 4717 1 STD 0010 Oy esas 22 27 56 |O0 006 ow. 4717 5 OBS 0010 m“O1l 43 |34 22 ZT ENG) iene) 4717 5 STD 0020 Ole Soman mss 21 (sii3y \i(o) (0) 11 1 , 56 4717 0 OBS 0020 =O) 9) 53) 34 33 2% 65 7 56 4717 0 STD 0030 Oil ee) eis al AT t3)(0) |) OL) “02 4716 5 OBS 0030 Oil EB) Bes Bul 2 80) ut 02 4716 5 STD 0050 Ole G1 /3i4 354 Zi 8 la OMOAR i E/5) 4718 4 OBS 0050 FO)il Grab ei BT hil Gy 95 4718 4 STD 0075 —Ol 76 |24 64 Bil shal ely (ol 7 6 54 4718 0 OBS 0075 —“Ol 76 |34 64 BT Wil 6 54 4718 0 STD 0100 Felal Ishak eis 7/ak 27 96 |0 032 sy) {0)'2) 4719 0 OBS 0100 ell Gh ees Til Zi IE) 6 09 4719 0 STD 0150 Foil teNey ets “7 /f| 28 02 |0 038 Bis 4721 5 OBS 0150 —=O1 86 |24 78 Zi) (02 3 és 4721 5 STD 0200 oj sis) isis teal 28 05 |0 041 2) (eis) 4724 1 OBS 0200 —=O1l 89 |34 81 28 05 Ses 4724 1 STD 0250 Ol Oe eh 2 28 06 |0 044 3 7s 4726 7 OBS 0250 oil 2 \isis ts} 28 06 BS 4726 7 STD 0300 -01 88 |34 83 28 06 j0 047 12) 4730 3 OBS 0300 =—O1 88 34 83 28 06 ay We) 4720 3 OBS 0350 =01 90/34 88* | 28 10% 3) i2 UN aco STD 0400 Feel {Sie) pets fa}3} 28 06 |0 051 By 7/9) 4736 1 OBS 0400 Ao} faye) ies {she 28 06 By Te) 4736 1 BBS 0450 =Ol" 87 124° 86 28) 09 By) As) 4739 5 ST 0500 rojak fits) Si sits) 28 10 |0 052 By TAS) 4742 4 OBS| 0500 =O1> 88) 845 88 28 10 Sis 4742 4 OBS 0550 =O1 > 89134 86 28 09 by ai8 4745 2 OBS| 0575 Koya sity (ibis sh 28 09 BTS) 4747 0 126 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS NODC DATE POSITION SONIC MAX REF. STATION DEPTH SAMPLE NO. MO. DAY | YEAR | HOUR LATITUDE LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH ° “i 3 / 00598] 0024 | 01 |19|1961| 23 | 77 53’s|166 44 e€ | 0578 AIR TEMPERATURE CLOUD SEA | SWELL | Ea EATHE PRESS ITY TyPE| AMT. DIR. Been erie ao | 70 | 9 yi SAMPLE DEPTH (M) 0000 0000 0005 0010 0010 0020 0020 0030 0030 0050 0050 0075 0075 0100 0100 0150 0150 0200 0200 0250 0250 0300 0300 0350 0400 0400 0450 0500 0500 0550 0575 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS WATER COL.) TRANS. 127 ioc s%O ot =AD O2mi/I VE v v v v Vv —=O1 78 |34 18 ZY '32' \l0) WO 7 @©t 4711 2 =O1 78 34 18 2G 93 7 ey 4711 2 Fei il 34 26 2 (510) 7 43 4713 0 Pol 72 oe Ae 27 61) |@ OOD 7 48 AV us 2 =O1 72 |34 28 2 Gil 7 48 4713 2 =O an IB Sil 27 64 |0 010 Tt 28 4713 1 —=Ol 77 |34 31 27 64 tT 26 4713 1 roi We (se Bel 2 (35) | Mle Tt BO) 4713 7 —=O1 78 |24 33 27 5 7% 30) AMS) 7 =O Sia (34 7a! 2 BS | O20 © 37 4715 6 “O01 84/34 71 2 96 © 87 4715 6 “01 87 |)34 71 2 Bi | O24 @ 23) 4716 6 -O1 87/34 71 2 Bi 6 23 4716 6 Ol es |e4 ib 27 SNS 0) O28 6 2il 4718 4 —=@l 85 134 71 2BY 98 © il 4718 4 ==) ON CIO, 28 03 10 034 5 f3}5) 4721 4 FVo)il tale eles) 23 03 yy eS 4721 4 —=O1 89 |24 79 Qi (0/3) |e) 26) 5 84 4724 0 =—Ol 89) iB 79 23 O32 5 B84 4724 0 Oil Sil jas fea Ais (05s |fo) OA al 5 85 4726 8 = Oe O85 Sn 28 @5 5 {35) 4726 8 =O 88) Be sil 28 05 |0 044 5 84 4730 2 —=O1 88 |34 81 BE (05) 5 84 4730 2 m—O1 89 34 86 23 (9) ny 1S 4733 3 Ol 87 24 86 28 09 10 048 See ie 4736 5 = Oh Si Si 186 23 (0) Bb 2 4736 5 |=0O1 86 |24 86 28 09 5 79) 4739 7 Foal fils) |es45 th 7/ 28 10 |0 049 5 79 4742 2 —Ol 89 |34 87 2S AL) 5 79 4742 2 Ok Pil joes file} 2s LG) 5 Bf 4744 9 —O01 88 |34 89 28 Hil 5 94 4746 9 Seametiewe | SURFACE OBSERVATIONS NODC DATE POSITION sone MAX. MGgmerescis ee seas OGG5 [He [er [veer | ve TT es"s | Tee we] ter [ae oe ee AIR AIR TEMPERATURE HUMID CLOUD SEA SWELL HGT. PRESS SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE “4 wi x AD vit DEPTH (M) STD 56 |0 000 i 4710 6 OBS} 0000 7 a 6 OBS} 0005 ih wee 1 STD he 2 ORS| 0010 a tka 2 STD i ROW 4 OBS| 0020 if eae 4 STD 6 96 5) OB ey SIG) 5 uD) 6 70 if OB st 7AQ) 7 STD i ats} 0 OB 23) 0 STD 6S No) Ti oag CLO) 7 STD By THs) 5 OBS 2 1s 5 STD By Tie 1 OBS De a2 1 STD Big 4 6 OBS Behe 6 STD eye arth 0 OBS 28 04 ye 7h 0 OBS| 0350 ™O1 90 (34 80 28 04 2 66 8 STD 0400 =O. 8B 124 582 28 05 |0 057 By Tilo) 2 OBS} 0400 Ol 88) 134 BA 2 05 By Tite) 2 OBS} 0450 —O1 86 34 87 28 09 5 68 7 STD 0500 =O1 89 1324 88 28 10/0 059 578 3 OBS) 0500 —O1 89 24 88 28) 0 5 8 3 OBS) 0550 Od 9a) isi 88 28) ie 5 682 9 OBS) 0570 =O een 345 190 23) 12 By TAs 8 128 SURFACE OBSERVATIONS | NODC DATE | POSITION REF. STATION No. MO. DAY | YEAR | HOUR | LATITUDE | LONGITUDE 00598] 0026 | 02 | 09 [1961 | 24 |77 53 s| 166 44 € AIR TEMPERATURE OUD SE Ww HUMID. ral CL A SWELL ee WATER TyPe|anT. DIR. | AMT. DIR. jamr.| cou,| TRANS | os nae SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS SAMPLE Tac s%O ot AD Ozmi/| Vp DEPTH (M) vy v Y y y y STD 0000 =O1 70 34 03 27 41 |0 000 v 54 4711 8 OBS) 0000 Rai Vo) 4 os ee EAL ae ete 4711 8 OBS) 0005 Ol sie) isa oz) 27 4l 7 Bo 4719 6 STD 0010 =O 78) 134 1018 ail 5 0 OO” Y &3 4711 4 OBS 0010 —=O1 78 |24 08 Dy c's) 7 43 4711 4 STD 0020 =—O1 74 84 15 27 51 © OLS 7 40 4712 9 OBS 0020 FO}al = 7Aeds Wahl) Zit Bil 7 40 Ae 9) STD 0030 =(0) il US Be Bl 2a 56 10 018 te Se 2ue 4713 5 OBS) 0030 —=O1 76/124 21 27 56 t 27 4713 5 STD 0050 Ole 63n iB a4 BY IHS, 10) O23 i 14 Avila 3) OBS 0050 —=O1 63/24 34 2 eS 4717 3 STD 0075 (0) 11 54 134 43 2 3 10) O28) 6 96 4720 6 OBS 0075 —Ol 54/134 43 aa KS) G Ge 4720 6 STD 0100 @al 44s ia BO) 27 78/10 O47 © Wi AS (3) OBS 0100 “01 46 |34 50 At WB fe. 4723 6 Sib) 0150 =i0) il 81/34 64 2 Sil KO Oso) 6 16 4721 7 OBS 0150 -01 81 |24 64 2U Sil 6 16 4721 7 STD 0200 =O1 88 134 74 27 99 |0 O68 5) 85 4724 0 OBS) 0200 —O1 88 1324 74 2 99 5 85 4724 0 STD 0250 Soil Dil Wie Ws 23 Oil |e O73 5 80 4726 5 OBS) 0250 Foal Sal fs T/) 2B Oil 5 80 4726 5 STD 0300 —=O1 88 |24 78 28 O02 |0 Ore 5 82 AHS) al OBS! 0300 Ont 88 |324 78 28 02 5) 82 47/30) Al OBS) 0350 =10) J 89 34 81 2k (0) 5) 3) 70 4733 0 STD 0400 0) 88 \24 81 28 05 |0 084 5 7s 4736 2 OBS) 0400 —O1 88 124 81 28 05 By is} 4736 2 OBS) 0450 —Cl 86 |34 83 28 O68 5 80 4739 6 STD 0500 —O1 88 /34 85 28 08 |0 088 5 78 4742 3 OBS) 0500 —O1 88 |24 85 28 O08 5 7s 4742 3 OBS) 0550 PO VYOQ |e Be 28 10 5 84 4745 1 OBS 0570 =01 86 |34 96 28 7 5 86 4747 3 129 NODC REF. STATION NO. 00598} 0027 DATE SURFACE OBSERVATIONS POSITION SONIC MAX. DEPTH SAMPLE LATITUDE LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH SAMPLE DEPTH (M) i9 23) 03 U7 Etsy (oil 86 PNs¥(0)%9) |) lXo)al 86 20) 09 82 28 05 83 28 06 130 WOW nKMNAITNaIIaIWTADODADDYS SA Intatant4 YOWWFAOAWOWO WTI OONNAATNNOADPRPUUPYPrY OAH | SURFACE OBSERVATIONS NODC DATE | POSITION REF. STATION NO. MO. DAY YEAR | HOUR | LATITUDE LONGITUDE UNCORRECTED] DEPTH a / s 7 | 00598 0028 | 03 | oe | 1961 | 00 na 5s S || lee 44 E IR TEM An AIR PERATURE |i. CLOUD | SEA | SWELL | PRESS ITY IWEATHE a TYPE ant, DIR. aur. | DIR. |AMT. COL,| TRANS. | jal | 9 SUBSURFACE OBSERVATIONS —| SAMPLE Tee s%0 ot SAD Ozmi/I Ve DEPTH (M) y v .7 y Vv v STD 0000 ol 80134 04 ||27 4210 000 (8 33 | 4710 3 ORS) 0000 —O1 80 (34 04 2X 42 8 2N3) ASTI) 3) OBs| 0005 01 83/34 05 | 27 43 @ 32 | 4710 2 STD OO10 ikon S821b% Of | 27 460 GOS |B Be | 4PLO Bs OBS| 0010 01 82/34 09 | 27 46 8 28 | A710 8 STD 0020 =O1 82 |34 07 QT fit. Ho) (9) 2) 8 40 AST IL 3S OBS| 0020 l-01 82/134 o7 | 27 44 2 46 | a7ln STD 0030 E(a)al 82 1324 05 Dil 43 \0 O19 § 20 4711 8 Ons! O@20 |E0l 82 IBA O53 |lav aa Aa 20 | avila @ STD 0050 Ol Ti ba 20 | 27 SS io O31 ls 26 | avis 4 OBS 0050 |-o01 71/134 20 | 27 55 § 26 | a7is 4 STD oo7s ikon 6A12& 27 | ar Bolo OFA 2 OF || avay 7 OBS| 0075 =O1 68 |324 Pall 27 60 8 2 AUT 7 STD 100 tol #O1B% 38 | 27 690 O56 Ir 76 || A722 6 OB 0100 |-01 49/34 38 | 27 69 i 76 || 4722 G STD 0150 =01 NZ |} 45 eT 4a | OMmONne: W 30 4725 4 OBS) 0150 [01 52/34 45 | 27 74 7 30 | 4725 & STD 0200 =—O1 V2 \B4 BT all TH |@ O82 6 81 UST aye: OBs| O200 lhod 72 \B& a7 | ar 77 6 8i | G72a 3 STD 0250 Ibol eB lb4 Sa | ar Baio tor ih a7 | 4726 5 OBS| 0250 lol 85 34 54 | 27 83 & 67 | a726 4% STD 0300 Hor 87 ba 56 | 27 84 lo 120 6 VO | 4729 4 OBS} 0300 =O 1 87 |34 56 Qt 84 6 70 4729 3 OBS) 0350 =O 1 85 |24 58 alk 86 6 64 (ASD Tf STD Moo Mol S6he 58 27 BEGlo WA ie Gil || Aves & OBS) 0400 —O1 86 |34 58 21 86 6 61 AWB) 3) OBS| 0450 [ol 86 84 58 | 27 86 6 68 | 4738 5 STD 6500 hor 90/4 69 | 27 S50 162 6 2 || 4ral 2 OBS| 0500 |-01 90/24 69 | 27 95 6 72 | 27a 3 ops! 0550 [-01 90/134 72 | 27 97 6 We || aah & OBS) 0570 =O1 88 |24 V2 ali 97 6 rat 4745 9 131 APPENDIX B SEDIMENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY SHEETS 155 EXPLANATION OF SEDIMENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY SHEET (OCEANOGRAPHIG LOG SHEET -R) Results of bottom sediment sample analysis performed by the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office are recorded on the sediment analysis summary sheets. Almost all bottom samples are analyzed weeks after the collec- tion of the samples; therefore, various procedures normally carried out during a routine sediment analysis are not attempted. Determinations such as: wet density, water content, porosity, etc., are not possible after the samples have lost their “in situ” moisture; therefore, all values left blank on the summary sheets indicate these values could not be accurately determined. The following is a description of the terms employed on the sedi- ment analysis summary sheets: 1. Cruise Number. This number is arbitrarily assigned. It identi- fied the cruise and provides a means of sorting from the IBM files all eards pertaining to that particular cruise. 2. Sample Number. A consecutive number, commencing with 1, applied to each bottom grab sample or core taken successively throughout the erulise 3. Sampler Type. Identified by name of device employed. 4, Latitude. Expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds. 5. Longitude. Expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds. 6. Date. Day (GMI), month, and year. 7. Water Depth (m). The uncorrected sonic sounding recorded to the nearest hundredth of a meter. 8. Core Length (em). Recorded to the nearest tenth of a centimeter as observed in the laboratory. This information is not given when a grab sampler is employed. 9. Core Penetration (cm). Recorded to the nearest centimeter as observed in the field. This information is not given when a grab sampler is employed. 10. Laboratory Number. A reference number assigned to a fraction of a sample retained by the Laboratory. 11. Subsample Depth in Core (em). Depth to the nearest tenth of a centimeter of the mean depth of the subsample. This information was not entered when a surface grab sample or a short core sample was obtained; for the latter the analysis of the subsample is assumed as representative of the entire core length. LSS 12. Color. Based on the Geological Society of America Rock-Color Chart. For those samples where color was not determined in the field, the sample was moistened in the laboratory for a color determination. 13. Odor. A field description. A qualitative description of any noticeable odors. 14. Size Analysis and Statistical Measures. The following table is presented for the conversion of phi units to millimeters: -§ = logy diameter (millimeters) Phi (¢) Millimeters Geological Classification -2 4.0 aa 2.0 Granule 0) 15) 1 0.50 2 OR 5 3 @)- LD) 4 0.0625 Sand 5 0.0313 6 0.0156 7 0.0078 8 0.0039 9 0.00195 Silt > Clay Sample size fraction values are based on dry weight and given in phi (dg) units to the nearest whole percent. An American instrument company sieving machine and U. S. standard sieves along with the pipette method, based on Stoke's Law (for computing settling rates of spherical particles), were used for determining: (a) % Coarser Than Sand (L-14). The fraction less than -1f. (b) % Sand. The fraction greater than +4. (ce) % Silt. The fraction from 46 to 9f. (d) % Clay. The fraction greater than 9f. (e) Sediment Type. Determined by the sand, silt, and clay ratios of the sample based on the F. D. Shepard sediment triangle in the "Journal of Sedimentary Petrology," Vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 151-158, 1954. (£) Phi Median Diameter (Mdg). The middlemost member of the distri- bution curve above which 50 percent of the diameters in the distribution are large and below which 50 percent of the diameters in the distribution are smaller and is expressed to the nearest hundredth of a phi unit. The given value computed by the formula: 684 + S16 Mdp = p 2 136 t (g) Phi Deviation Measure (9). A measure of one half of the spread of the quartiles and is expressed in phi units to the nearest hundreth with the given value computed from the formula: Og = 684-616 2 (h) Phi Skewness Measure (ag). A measure of the symmetry of the curve in such a way that the departure of the mean from the median is independent of the spread or deviation of the curve. 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