BN te et ee A shi ebicanTinNg taney PN { si chert aos + “ : : oe ; ; aiythray \ Phy ihe 2 NG Ee BRU By es An? = Hy é a Pot it ta ded : nN eh, sas eae wi baat Hata sis ke an echice on eZsete Marnier dit Wee Raitt pee shane ete eae a ae ¢ ‘0 2 aii iets se ee ‘ wa os é ae ety rae an Beaks ite Sea, HPs athe Khe a coe PrP RI aye whee PLPVTAPA aT AS ee ae ee tS BR oe hae TPS Bi, 2 a } RAP ETA P 2 » rue A ‘ vie os “ack ab ot en tthe de Be 1 2» ® ” 4? =o 3! ie an in Af tn AS Pe A A te A A A fa ws «he A Pe bet Tal La > ae ads oh a * *. APA # ¥ a . Lada che Gh Mn sBe oe a . A are . 2 >, . . + oe ah . pois “ 4 a ee ee Pe OO - 4 A. OB aby hn Fu he OPA BB a oe e . fe Shaan she, ob On AL aS Fo ke A At A, Be An To 4 ‘ * Eh Ds AY hn a, On che & & ba Ae An oe Pes . sede 4 im ahs + O fv ed* RPA obs Ve ANA ae ee er nae Kt fo ate B® F me Pat. De be shy a te ae A as Be he gh ADS ar x ~ ’ ake ods fk m fs ts LA fF AP USS stone i polis ie tdet steele ik thal 7 hakash Ades Sia Maret atti a Loetan ie . setusl . J TSRT Fa Detasdesererra1" J + : Lane TOP 3 ive : : AES 1). 4 eek ee me ee 7 mace fae hy : as! + he ape PIE We le ree ress r ry BETS eee sy a 7 oes oe oh Cad na nt ahd “ee! ae Eh eee eee ae Smithsonian Institution Libraries Purchased from the ALICE E. KENNINGTON RARE BOOK FUND Rin pune! Ay DELESSERIA SASSUINEA, Fird & West kath 4 Vitten Gore. a | doh sned oy John Va i \ 7 5 et ) my . 4 ouTst.. I termoster LY csv LOM Mes ; La : a ‘ . ¢ yi hal THE. ° SEA-WEED COLLECTOR’S GUIDE: CONTAINING Plain Instructions for Collecting and Areserbving, AND A LIST OF ALL THE KNOWN SPECIES AND LOCALITIES IN GREAT BRITAIN. eyo. COCKS, M.D.., DEVONPORT. “ Seek for the beautiful in oozy cave, On rocks uncovered by receding waves, Where the Sea Weeds grow.”’ LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW. M.DCCC.LIII. TO LIEUT. COLONEL C. HAMILTON SMITH, | KH, K.W., F.R.S., F.LS., DS Reo, &c., ENT OF THE DEVON AND CORNWALL NATURAL-HISTORY SOCIETY, HONORARY PRESIDENT OF THE PLYMOUTH INSTITUTION, WHOSE UNWEARIED EXEETIONS IN THE PURSUIT, AND IN ADVANCING THE SCIENCE, OF | NATURAL HISTORY, FOR UPWARDS OF HALF A CENTURY, HAS BEEN DULY ACKNOWLEDGED AND APPRECIATED THROUGHOUT THE CIVILIZED WORLD, THIS LITTLE WORK IS, BY PERMISSION, DEDICATED, BY HIS VERY FAITHFUL AND OBLIGED SERVANT, JOHN COCKS, M.D. Li cae Gant Met fe a ine INTRODUCTION. Ir has been alleged by students, and cer- _ tainly with much truth, that the instructions for collecting and preserving sea-weeds, to be found in recently-published works, are not sufficiently comprehensive and explicit ; and that other and more practical details are required to enable them to exhibit in a satis- factory manner the specimens they have been at the trouble of collecting. It is not my intention to offer any apology for publishing a work like this, but to con- tent myself with stating, that for several years I have been solicited to do so, by numerous persons residing in my own neighbourhood, and by correspondents and strangers from Vlll INTRODUCTION. various quarters of the kingdom, and the sister island. More recently these applications have been supported by the recommendation of several scientific algologists; and I have at length yielded to the general desire, and in the fol- lowing pages have given publicity to the me- thod I have myself for many years adopted, and have found to be most successful. Specimens laid out by myself, in the manner hereafter to be described, have been repeatedly spoken of in terms of high commendation by Sir William Hooker, Professor Harvey, Mrs. Griffiths, and other algologists.* This is not, however, the only object I have had in view. I have, im addition, compiled a list of all the marine Alge that are at present known and recognized as British, including even the latest discoveries, as described in Dr. Harvey’s beautiful work, the ‘ Phycologia Bri- * At the Annual Meeting of the Royal Cornwall Poly- technic Institution, Falmouth, held Sept., 1852, the author was awarded the silver medal, being the first-class prize in Natural History, wz., for three vols., imperial folio, con- taining specimens of marine Alge. INTRODUCTION. 1X tannica, the systematic arrangement of which I have taken as my guide. I have also enumerated the respective locali- ties where the different species of Algsee may be found, together with the time of their appear- ance. This information cannot be otherwise than useful to the young algologist, as it will not only save him a great deal of unnecessary trouble, but will enable him, when in search of a particular plant, at once to direct his steps to the precise spot, which he might not otherwise be enabled to discover. It is not intended, neither is it possible, within the confined limits of a work lke this, to enter into a description of the character and peculiar structure of the marine Algze. It con- tains, as its title expresses, with the exception of a few general remarks, and the list of marine Alge previously adverted to, familiar instruc- tions for collecting, laying down, and preserving sea-weeds. | The author flatters himself that the plain information here given, will be found amply sufficient for this purpose; and whilst the young algologist continues to prosecute his p.« INTRODUCTION. researches, he will feel himself amply rewarded for his trouble: and. the author further hopes that the fortunate discovery of a plant hitherto unknown and undescribed, will stimulate him to the acquisition of information of a higher and more scientific character, and progres- sively lead him to the perfect study of this exceedingly beautiful order of Cryptogamia— flowerless plants.* In this pursuit he will be greatly assisted by the perusal of Dr. Harvey’s excellent work, the ‘ Manual of British Marine Alge,’t of which a second edition, with illustra- tions, has lately been published. * The author is the fortunate discoverer of that exceed- ingly rare plant, Stenogramme interrupta, thus noticed by Dr. Harvey :— “ This very interesting plant, by far the most important addition which has been made to the British Marine Flora, since the commencement of the present work, was disco- vered on the 21st October, 1847, by Dr. John Cocks, of Plymouth, among rejectamenta on the shore of Bovisand,” &c., &c.—Phycologia Britannica, vol. ii. + The author here begs to acknowledge that, in the course of this little work, he has taken the liberty of making many extracts, both from Dr. Harvey’s ‘ Manual, and from the ‘ Phycologia Britannica.’ e@ INTRODUCTION. XI Those also who, happily unembarrassed by the sterner realities of the business of life, and who, in the summer season, are attracted to the sea-shore in search of health or recreation, may, under the guidance of this little work, sweeten the vacuity of unemployed hours with healthful exertion, and enrich their cabinets, as well as their friends, with specimens of most exquisite and natural beauty. JOHN COCKS, M.D. ' * se ’ a i " “7 : . \ ¥ y ihe 8 sh eee? t i) PREFACE. Ir has long been admitted that there are few studies better calculated to expand the mind, and gratify a laudable thirst after knowledge, than the study of Natural History; and, taking it for granted that all knowledge is pleasure, as well as power, it necessarily follows that the pleasure derived, and the power obtained, will be in direct proportion to the labour bestowed. ~ Whilst various other branches of science are cultivated to improve the reasoning faculties of the mind, their influence on the heart and affec- tions are comparatively feeble. Natural History has a different effect, and may be said to improve and humanise the X1V PREFACE. whole man; whilst the pleasure and. instruc- tion inseparable from its study, whenever it is pursued in a truly philosophical spirit, is very creat. Moreover, a comprehensive knowledge of Natural History cannot be acquired without producing a corresponding improvement in taste, literature, and the fine arts. If that only which is true can be of perma- nent utility in our social condition, surely the study of natural forms, and their structure, must be to the historian, the sculptor, the painter, and the poet, a means of acquiring new and correct information, and therefore a more perfect delineation of their united la- bours. This, reacting upon the public mind, will lift it to a more perfect appreciation of the beauties of the fine arts, and the value of sci- entific literature. Amongst the reasons assigned as tending to discourage a desire for acquiring instruc- tion and information in the various branches of Natural History, complaints have been made, and with much truth, against many of the works which have been published on these PREFACE. XV subjects, of their being written in language which would appear as designed rather to dis- play the learning of the writer, than to state the facts which such learning ought to convey; whilst, on the other hand, it would be more desirable, as far as it is practicable, instead of using scientific language and terms, to conde- scend to the use of such as shall make the meaning intelligible to the general reader. There is also another cause which has greatly impeded the study of Natural History, namely, the difficulty experienced in obtaining access to the more expensive works. This objection, however, does not apply so much to works on Botany, as many highly- useful publications are attaimable, and in a very inexpensive form. This has, in all pro- bability, induced many persons to follow so fascinating a branch of Natural History, in preference to any other. Latterly, the science of Algology has attracted to its interesting pursuit numerous votaries, not only from amongst those who reside along the coasts of the kingdom, celebrated for the production of Alge, those beautiful symbols XV1 PREFACE. of the munificence of the Creator,—who, when he clothed the valleys and the mountain- sides with verdure, forgot not to fringe the caverns of the deep with plants of lovely form, — and varied hue,—but also from among those who, in the midst of crowded cities, can turn with a pure taste from the pursuits and associ- | ations of common life, to the study of that great book in which the philosophic mind will always recognize and admire the distinct tracery of the hand of the great Creator of all things. Contemporaneously, too, with this popular display of interest, there have issued from the press several inexpensive and useful publica- tions, so constructed and arranged as to assist the uninitiated student in his earlier essays. Even those who do not pretend to the study of the marine Alge in a scientific spirit, will derive much pleasure from the collection and preservation of the numerous varied and inte- resting specimens which are so beautifully con- spicuous when neatly laid out upon paper, and arranged with taste. Nor need the young student who aspires to become an algologist, doubt that he will be PREFACE. XVll successful in his efforts, and obtain his full share of the superior pleasure which scientific know- ledge can so liberally bestow: he will find that every onward step will render those which are to follow less difficult; and every increase of knowledge thus gained, will be to him a new > source of delight, and a stimulating induce- ment to proceed. oo ree q om Ing, a Be *, , S... * 4. WG A £3 = % ¢ Bar 8 7 3S ek E # c = ia aa i Ses 4 “ ery Mm Fy a og ( ar re 3 » - i as Che Sea-toerd Collector's Gunde. CHAPTER I. THERE is no country, I believe, that has so oreat a variety of marine Alge as Great Britam. The shores contiguous to Plymouth are peculiarly rich, both as regards the number and rarity of species. In colour, the Alge exhibit three principal varieties, with, of course, numerous intermediate shades, namely, grass-oreen (Chlorospermese), olivaceous (Melanosper- mex), and red (Rhodospermez). The grass-green colour is characteristic of those found in fresh water, or in very shallow parts of the sea, along the shores, generally above half-tide level, and is rarely seen in those plants which grow at any great depth. But to this rule there are exceptions, sufficiently nume- rous to forbid our assigning the prevalence of this colour altogether to shallowness of water. REMOTE tae ancatee £ zz 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE THREE SERIES. Several of the most perfect Confervee and Siphoniz srow beyond the reach of ordinary tides; and others are sometimes dredged from very considerable depths. The greater mass, however, of the green-coloured series are considerably submerged. The olivaceous brown, or olive-green series, is almost entirely confined to marine species, and is, in the main, characteristic of those that grow at half-tide level, be- coming less frequent towards low-water mark; but it frequently occurs also at greater depths, in which case it is very dark, and passes into brown, or almost black. The red series, also, is almost exclusively marine, and reaches its maximum in deep water, though some varieties occur at half-tide level. When above this, they assume either purple, orange, or yellow tints, and sometimes even a cast of green. They are, how- ever, very rarely pure red much within the range of extreme low-water mark, higher than which many of the more delicate species will not vegetate ; and those that do exist, degenerate in form, as well as in colour, as they recede from it. How far below low-water mark the red species extend, has not been ascertained ; but. those from the extremest depths of the sea that we are acquainted with, are of the olive series in its darkest form. In the ‘ Manual of British Alge,’ published by Dr. Harvey, he says :—‘‘ Among plants in general nothing DS! REPRODUCTION OF SEA-WEEDS. o is so variable or uncertain as colour. Far from serving as a mark to distinguish groupes, or genera, the utmost to which it can pretend is to separate one variety of species from another. “ Among Alge, on the contrary, it has been ascer- tained that the classes of colour enumerated: before, are, to a great extent, indicative of structure, and of natural affinity. Thus, the green species are of the simplest structure, and differ remarkably in their mode of reproduction from either of the other tribes :—their seeds being endowed at the germination with a sort of motion which some have called voluntary, but which really does not possess that animal property. “« The olivaceous (Melanospermez) are the most per- fect and compound, and reach the largest size. The red series (Rhodospermese) form a group not less dis- tinguished by the beauty and delicacy of their tissue, than by producing seeds under two forms ; — thus possessing what is called a double fructification.” Most Alge are, at some period of their growth, found attached to other substances, by means of a root, or, at least, a hold-fast. It has been doubted whether, as no distinct vessels of absorption have been discovered, they receive any nourishment through this organ; but the question is by no means settled.* Thus much is, at * From attentive observation, during the last four er five years, I have myself come to the conclusion that marine B 2 4 STRUCTURE OF SEA-WEEDS. least, certain :—they appear to be as much influenced as other plants by the soil in which they grow; for different species of rock afford different kinds in greater perfection than others, and a large number of those that are parasi- tical confine themselves to particular species; a fact that should not fail to be recollected by the young algo- logist. The selection of habitat, it has been argued, ~ would seem to prove that the root is not so sluggish an organ as it has been supposed to be. It does not, how- ever, present much modification, and rarely attains a large size, differmg from that of most land-plants, in which, as they grow in size and height, the root also extends, and increases in proportion. The cellular tissue of Algae presents some varieties. The most common form of the cellule is cylindrical, often of very small diameter in proportion to its length ; and in such cases the cellules always cohere, by the ends, into threads, or filaments, bundles of which, either branched or simple, form the frond,* by lateral cohesion. Alge do not derive any nourishment whatever from the roots, and that these organs serve merely as hold-fasts. I have frequently gathered as fine specimens growing on the mooring buoys in Plymouth Harbour, covered thickly with pitch as well as copper, as in other places ; neither of which substances would, I presume, be likely to afford nutritive matter for promoting vegetation. * The term “frond,” when applied to a sea-weed, MODE OF FRUCTIFICATION. 5 The fronds of many of the simple kinds, as Conferve, &c., consist of a single thread, or string of cellules, or joints. Those which are more compound may gene- rally be resolved into such threads by macerating small portions either in hot water, or, if that prove ineffectual, in diluted muriatic acid. In the fructification, we find many modifications of structure without much real difference, either in the manner in which the fruit is perfected, or in the seed that is produced. The seeds that are finally formed in all the tribes of genuine Aloz, appear pretty nearly to agree in struc- ture, and to consist of a single cellule, or bag of mem- brane, filled with a very dense, dark-coloured, granular, semi-fluid mass, called the endochrome. ‘These seeds, on germination, produce perfect plants, resembling that from which they sprung. Nothing at all resembling floral organs has been noticed in any; and all that we know of the fructification is, that it takes place with regularity,—arising from the same parts of the frond, and having the same appearance in plants of the same kind. Its growth may be watched from the commence- signifies every part of the plant, with the exception of the root, and occasionally of the stem, if well developed, and distinct from the other portions of the plant not included under this term. 6 - STRUCTURE SIMULATING FRUCTIFICATION. ment, when what we may call the ovule, or germ of the future seed, begins to swell. But nothing whatever has been ascertained that throws the smallest light on the process of fecundation. Many Algze, perhaps all the red series, are furnished with a double system of fructification, called primary and secondary fruit,—terms which are given for conve- nient distinction, without intending them to mean that one is of more or less importance than the other, for the seed formed in each is equally capable of producing a new plant. What is called primary, is generally placed in capsules, which are either globose or pitcher-shaped, or, at least, a large number of seeds are collected into compact spherical clusters, and immersed in the frond. In the secondary, on the contrary, the seeds, which are commonly called granules, are usually placed in cloud- like or defined patches, called sort, or in distinct por- tions of the frond. But in many genera, as in Odon- thalia, Dasya, Griffithsia, &c., proper receptacles, of various shapes, are formed for their reception. There is, besides, a really anomalous structure, con- nected with an imperfect attempt at fructification, not uncommonly found on several Floridiz. This, to which Agardh gives the name of nemathecium, is a wart-like protuberance, of a very irregular figure, and generally large size, consisting entirely of concentric filaments, ANOTHER KIND OF FALSE FRUCTIFICATION. e with coloured joints, in all respects resembling those that form the periphery, but much longer. To the naked eye, these warts often resemble capsules, and as such have been frequently described ; but they never contain any seeds. Another anomalous body, simulating fruit, frequently occurs in some of the filamentous tribes, especially in the genus Polysiphonia, and in the species P. fibrata, P. fibrillosa, and P. fastigiata, to which Agardh has given the name of antheridium. It is a very minute pod-like or lanceolate body, of a yellow colour, contain- ing a granular fluid, borne on the colourless, long-jomted fibres that are found, at particular seasons, issuing from the tips of the branches in several, if not all, of the Po- lysiphoniz. The nature of these minute organs, it is thought by Dr. Harvey, deserves more attention than it has obtained ; for he says, ‘‘ I am strongly of opinion that they are produced with too much regularity to be regarded. as accidental.” After the foregoing observations, chiefly taken from Dr. Harvey’s Manual, and which are introduced with the intention of affording to the young algologist some use- ful information of a general character, I now proceed to the practical part of the subject, by endeavouring to explain, as clearly as I am able, the best manner of col- lecting marine Alge, and of afterwards preserving them. Having already stated that this has been a favourite 8 MODE OF COLLECTING. pursuit with me for many years, and having tried va- rious modes, I have found, after a good deal of expe- rience and practice, that the method I am about to describe is preferable to any other. INSTRUCTIONS FOR GATHERING SEA-WEEDS. 9 CHAPTER II. WHEN collecting sea-weeds, it is advisable to gather them either from pools left by the receding tide, where many species of them grow, or in places where they have been recently thrown up by the sea; for, after they have been exposed to the sun and air, and more especially durmg the summer months, they become decomposed, and lose their natural colour and appear- ance.* In gathering your plants, endeavour, if pos- sible, to preserve the root, as it makes the specimen more perfect, and, in consequence, of more value ; and also contrive to select, in preference to others, plants that are in fruit, for these are more highly esti- mated by scientific algologists than such as are bar- * All Alew growing within the limits of the tidal influ- ence, are to be sought at low water, especially the lowest water of spring-tides, for many of the rare and more inte- resting kinds are found only at the verge of low-water mark, either along the margin of rocks partially laid bare, or, more frequently, fringing the deep tide-pools left, at low water, on a flattish shore. The northern, or shaded, side of the pool will be found richest in red Algw; and the most sunny, in those of an olive or green colour. 10 SHORE TO BE EXAMINED AFTER WIND. ren.* Immediately after gales of wind, and more par- ticularly after those occurring a little before or during the spring-tides, which take place at the period of every new and full moon, the shore should be diligently explored, and the rejectamenta thrown up by the sea carefully turned over and examined.} ‘The action of the sea dur- * In gathering Alge from their native places, the whole plant should be plucked from the very base ; and if there be an obvious root it should be left attached. Young col- lectors are apt to pluck branches or mere scraps of the larger Alge, which in most cases afford no just notion of the mode of growth or natural habit of the plant from which they have been snatched, and are often insufficient for the first purpose of a specimen, that of ascertaining the plant to which it belongs. In many of the leafy fucoid plants, such as Sargassum, &c., the leaves that grow on the lower and on the upper branches are quite different; and were a lower and an upper branch picked from the same root, they might be found so dissimilar as to pass for portions of different spe- cies. It is therefore very necessary to gather, when it can be done, the whole plant, including the root. It is quite true that the large kinds may be judiciously divided ; but the young collector had better aim at selecting moderately- sized specimens of the entire plant, than attempt the divi- sion of large specimens, unless he keep in view this maxim: —every botanical specimen should be an epitome of the essential marks of a species. + In selecting from rejectamenta cast upon the shore, we should take those specimens only that have suffered least in colour or texture, by exposure to the air. OTHER PLACES TO BE VISITED. 11 ing heavy gales of wind has the effect of loosening, and detaching from their place of growth, many species, and more especially those growing in deep water, that are advanced to maturity, which are soon afterwards washed ashore, and will generally repay the algologist for his trouble in searching for them. He ought, indeed, never to miss so favourable an opportunity of adding to his collection. Moreover, he will frequently meet with some of the rarer species which he could not otherwise obtain, except by dredging, a rather troublesome operation, and one which must always be regarded as attended with very doubtful success. Although all parts of the strand should be s diligently examined, yet the collector should direct his attention especially to three different points, viz., high-water mark, low-water mark, and half-tide level, for in these places he will find the largest masses of sea-weeds accumulated.* Many species are found which flourish and vegetate more luxuriantly in localities where small rills of fresh water run into the sea. _ * To persons collecting at Plymouth, it may be desirable for them to know that they will find the largest quantity of rejectamenta thrown up at the following localities, viz., under the Hoe, on the mud-bank of Cremell Passage, at Redding Point, opposite the ballast-pond at Tor Point, and on the shore leading from Bovisand down as far as the Rennie rocks. 12 METHOD OF SECURING PLANTS Wherever there are tide-mills in the neighbourhood, they should occasionally be visited. The mill-dam, the sluices, and wherever there is running water, will always afford many gocd varieties; and the collector should bear in mind that these are best attained at neap-tides. . Although, as has been before stated, a great number of species are occasionally to be met with, scattered on the shore, which have been thrown up by the sea; yet the zealous algologist, who aims at possessing a com- plete and superior collection, will scarcely rest satisfied with these methods only of obtaining his supplies. As he finds his stock gradually accumulating, he will be stimulated to make further efforts to add to it ; and particularly when, on looking over the list of species, he is struck with the disagreeable fact, that there is still a great number deficient. During the spring tides, in the course of his exploratory rambles, he will observe, even at extreme low-water mark, many beautiful varieties, growing either in deep pools of water or in places quite out of reach ; and it will occasionally happen that these are rare species, or such as he is much in want of. In order to be prepared for such an exigen- cy, I generally carry with me a stout walking-stalk, to the end of which, when I arrive at the water-side, I screw on an instrument somewhat resembling that which gar- deners are in the habit of using for cutting up weeds. By this means, I am enabled to detach and secure GROWING IN DEEP WATER. 13 many plants growing on the sides of perpendicular rocks, or in deep pools of water, which otherwise I could not obtain ; whilst the stick, thus armed, serves also as a help and support, and often saves the collector from a tumble when scrambling over the slippery rocks. But, even with this auxiliary, he will find that there are many plants not attainable when approaching their place of growth from the shore. Here the only alternative is to repair to the locality ina boat. He will, indeed, find it greatly to his advantage to hire a boat occasionally ; and, with the assistance of an obliging boatman, he will, in the course of a few hours, in fine weather, and when the sea is smooth, be able, with very little difficulty, to obtain not only an abundant supply of plants, in excellent condition, but he will have an opportunity of observing the places where particular spe- cies grow, and the nature of the substances they are attached to. Some he will perceive growing only on the perpendicular sides of rocks; whilst others will be found on their flat surfaces. Many he will discover erowing parasitically on the different varieties of Fuci, and on the stems of the Laminarie. One, a very inte- resting species, Microcladia glandulosa, is generally found erowing on the fronds of Rhodomenia laciniata, and on Nitophyllum laceratum. For the more zealous and enterprizing algologist ano- ther plan for procuring specimens remains to be men- 14 SEA-WEEDS OBTAINED BY DREDGING. tioned ; and, as several very rare species are seldom to be procured by any other means, this should on no ac- count be overlooked. This is by dredging, which, although a rather troublesome and dirty operation, will often repay him for his exertions. Many plants which grow only in very deep water, are scarcely ever found in good condition, except by the process of dredging. There is also another great advantage attending the use of the dredge, for, on carefully examining the con- tents brought up from the bottom of the sea, the collec- tor will occasionally find scarce shells, corallines and zoophytes, besides many species of Crustacea, dec. After gathering our plants, the next point to be at-— - tended to is to give them a good washing before leaving the shore, either in the sea or in some of the pools left by the receding tide, removing from them, at the same time, as far as may be practicable, all fragments of de- cayed sea-weeds, and other extraneous bodies, such as particles of sand and gravel, portions of the softened surface of sandstone or argillaceous rock on which the plants have been growing, together with the smaller Testacea, &c., &c. When gathering our plants, however, it cannot be expected we can devote any considerable portion of time to this cleansing, our principal object being to collect, and remembering that we shall be compelled to relin- quish our pursuit soon after the tide begins to flow; PLAN OF BRINGING HOME SEA-WEEDS, 15 for, after all, on our return home, it will be found there is still a great deal of work to do before the specimens are in a fit state to be finally committed to paper, since foreign substances will still remain attached to them with much pertinacity even after we have supposed them to be perfectly clean.* In carrying them home, a tin vessel, made something in shape hikealady’s reticule, well painted inside with white paint, and covered externally with one or more coats of black japan varnish, will be found very convenient. For the coarser weeds, I use, myself, a fishing-basket, lined with vulcanized India rubber, or gutta percha, which I sling across my shoulder with a broad leather strap. Some prefer flat, wide-mouthed glass or zinc bottles. The finer species, such as the Callithamnie, Griffith- sie, &., &c., should always be kept apart from others. Strong, flat, white glass bottles, commonly termed toad- * Several duplicate specimens of every kind should, if attainable, be always preserved, and more especially where the species is a variable one. Very many Alge vary in the comparative breadth of the leaves, and in the degree of branching of the stems; and when such varieties are no- ticed, a considerable series of specimens is often requisite to connect a broad and a narrow form of the same species. A neglect of this care leads to endless mistakes in the after-work of identification of species, and has been the cause of burdening our systems with a troublesome number of synonyms. 16 SOME SPECIES TO PE KEPT SEPARATE. mouthed, holding about two or three ounces each, are best suited to bring home these species.* I must now caution young beginners to keep apart from other plants all the different varieties of the genus Desmarestia, for they possess the peculiar property of changing the colour of, and very soon decomposing, all other plants, especially those of the finer species, with which they may come in contact. __ Notwithstanding what has been alleged to the con- trary, most of the Desmarestie, if kept out of sea-water, even for a very inconsiderable time, soon become flac- cid, and rapidly advance towards decay. Specimens of Desmarestia viridis, taken in the spring, which are ex- ceedingly beautiful, if properly laid out, are very difficult to preserve, and can scarcely be brought from any great distance without being decomposed, or fast approaching to that state. It is therefore necessary to remember that these plants should always be brought home in ves- sels filled with sea-water, and that only a few specimens * A precaution often absolutely necessary, for many of the delicate red Alge rapidly decompose, if exposed, even for a short time, to the air, or if allowed to become massed together in the same bottle, as crowding encourages de- composition ; and when this has once begun, it spreads with fearful rapidity As many of these Alge will not keep, even in large vessels of sea-water, from one day to another, the sooner they are arranged for drying, the better. THE PLANTS TO BE PERFECTLY CLEANED. 17 should be placed together in the same bottle; and, fur- ther, when laid out, in the manner hereafter to be described, fresh water must never be used. If allowed to come in contact with fresh water, even for a very short time, it has the effect of causing the fine and delicate ramuli to become clotted together ; these it is afterwards impossible to separate ; and the appearance of the specimen is consequently very much injured, if not altogether spoiled. ‘Let us now suppose we have reached home, with the various plants collected ; and, being furnished with a sufficient supply of sea-water, the first step to be taken is to examine each one separately, and carefully remove every particle of extraneous matter that may be at- tached. ‘These foreign bodies are more easily detected by placing the specimen in a flat, white dish filled with salt water, remembering that the Calithamnia, and other delicate varieties, require to be first attended to ; for, notwithstanding the pains we may have taken to clean our specimens beforehand, we shall often find, when they are fairly spread out, that there are still some minute particles adhering to them. These are effectually removed with a pair of dissect- ing-forceps, which are always to be procured of any surgical-instrument maker, and are, indeed, almost indispensable in laying out marine Aloe. They will, besides, be found most useful for various purposes C 18 QUALITY OF THE PAPER. difficult to describe, but which the operator will soon find out, as he proceeds, and learn to appreciate them accordingly. As a preliminary step, it is scarcely necessary to ob- serve that a sufficient quantity of paper should be pre- viously provided, on which the plants are to be laid out, and are finally to remain. Now, the quality of the paper is a matter of considerable importance: it requires to be judiciously selected, for the purpose intended ; for it fre- quently happens that a great error is committed in this respect, not only by the novice, but also by the more ex- perienced algologist, in using paper of a thin and inferior quality, which very much injures the appearance of the specimens. ‘There are some species in particular, that contract so much in drying, as to pucker the edges of the paper if it is not sufficiently thick; and these are then seen to considerable disadvantage. After trying various sorts of paper, I now use only one kind, which, after long practice, I have found to be better adapted than any other, with the exception of drawing-paper, for the dis- play of marine Alge. ‘This is what the stationers term. a thick printing demy. This paper, it it is proper to mention, should weigh about thirty-four or thirty-five pounds a ream, sup- posing it to possess the ordinary dimensions of that description of paper when folded once, viz., about 174 inches by 11. Having chosen a paper of this kind, VESSEL FOR FLOATING OUT THE PLANTS. 19 I would strongly recommend that no other should be used. It is also desirable, and will be found very con- venient, that a quantity of papers of different sizes should be previously cut, and in readiness for displaying the plants,—a practice which will enable the operator to dispose of his materials to the best advantage. This observance serves, also, to give a neatness and uniformity to a collection, not to be accomplished by using papers cut at random, or of casual dimensions. It will also be necessary to be provided with a suit- able vessel, filled with clean fresh water, for floating out and spreading the specimens on paper. For this pur- pose, a flat, white dish, glazed within, about three inches deep, eighteen inches long, and fourteen inches wide, will be found most convenient. When required for use, it is to be filled nearly to the brim with very clean water. Some persons are in the habit of using the shal- low dishes that are commonly employed in bringing meat to table: but such vessels are not at all calculated for floating out sea-weeds ; for, unless there is a suffi- cient depth of water to allow the hand to pass under the paper on which the specimen is to be spread, it can never be neatly or naturally arranged. You must also have in readiness a few quires of paper for drying your specimens after they are removed C2 20 MODE OF PROCEEDING from the water. I always use two sorts, viz., first, Ben- tall’s botanical drying-paper,* and afterwards another of finer texture, such as is used by druggists, and called filtering-paper, or, what will answer equally well, thick blotting-paper. All these can be procured at any re- spectable stationer’s. Hach sheet should be folded to a quarto size, and had better remain uncut, for the con- venience of being hung across a line, to dry for future use. Three or four smoothly-planed deal boards, about an inch thick, and thirteen or fourteen inches square, will also be required, as well as a good many pieces of fine linen, cambric muslin, or calico, about the same size, that which has been worn previously being prefer- able to new.+ * To be procured of Mr. Newman, 9, Devonshire St., Bishopsgate St., London. + When it is the collector’s object to preserve Alge in the least troublesome manner, and in a rough state, to be afterwards laid out, and prepared for pressing at leisure, the specimens, fresh from the sea, are to be spread out, and left to dry, in an airy, but not too sunny, situation. They are, besides, not to be washed or rinsed in fresh water ; nor is their natural moisture to be squeezed from them. The more loosely and thinly they are spread out, the better; and in warm weather they will be sufficiently dry after a few hours’ exposure to allow of packing. In a damp state of the atmosphere, the drying process will occupy some days. No other preparation is needed; and they may be loosely packed in paper bags, or, what is preferable, spread out IN SPREADING THE PLANTS. 21 Everything being now in readiness, you take each specimen separately out of the sea-water, where it must always remain until wanted ; and, taking care it is per- fectly clean, place it in the dish of fresh water before alluded to. Having selected a piece of paper, cut to the dimensions corresponding with the size of the plant, taking care to leave space enough for a clear margin of three quarters of an inch from the edge of the paper, you place it in the palm of your left hand, and at once insert it under the plant floating in the water ; then, with the fingers of the other hand, assisted by the points of the closed forceps before mentioned, you proceed to separate the branches, and neatly arrange the specimen, endeavouring to preserve its natural ap- pearance, and character of growth, as much as possible. Although some persons use a probe, or pointer, as well as a camel’s-hair pencil, to display their specimens, | find the forceps alone sufficient. It often happens that there is occasion to remove one or more superfluous between sheets of Bentall’s botanical drying-paper, and not submitted to any pressure, observing to make a memoran- dum of the exact locality where they were gathered. It is very much better, when drying Algz in this rough manner, not to wash them in fresh water, because the salt they contain serves to keep them ina pliable state, and causes them to imbibe water more readily on re-immersion. a2 METHOD OF LAYING OUT branches, which, if left, would only tend greatly to diminish the beauty of the specimen, and give it a very unsightly appearance when dried. Here the forceps serve in the place of a pair of scissors; and you can with them at once disengage all superfluous portions. I would here recommend the young algologist not to be sparing in pruning his plants, whenever it is required, as they always present a much neater appearance when laid out moderately thin. Besides, the fruit will be better shown, and the species more easily recognized. The specimen being now properly arranged to your satisfaction, and kept as nearly as possible in the cen- tre of the paper, it is to be gently raised from the water while still remaining on your hand, which must be inclined a little on one side for a short time, to allow the superabundant water to run off. It is then to be placed on one of the folded sheets of the coarser kind of drying-paper, where it must remain whilst you pro- ceed to operate in a similar manner with other speci- mens, until there is no further space left on the blotting- paper. You now take a piece of thin calico, cambric muslin, or some other similar material, and place it carefully and very smoothly over the plants, and over that another folded sheet of drying-paper, upon which other plants are to be laid, in the manner before de- scribed. A reasonable number of layers of plants, say from eight to ten, being prepared, with pieces of calico AND DRYING THE PLANTS. 23 and sheets of drying-paper interspersed between each layer, the whole is to be removed to one of the square pieces of deal; whilst another piece is to be placed on the top, and immediately subjected to a certain amount of pressure. When there are but few specimens, and these of the finer varieties, one or two books, or a flat stone, will be quite sufficient for this purpose; but, should there be a large quantity, and these happen to be of a coarser description, a screw-press is necessary, the proper amount of force required being readily ascertained by a little practice. Great caution, however, must be observed, that the pressure is not too severe, as the specimens would not only be liable to be injured, but the impression of the threads of the calico would be visible, and give them an unsightly and unnatural ap- pearance. As a guide to the young algologist, and to prevent such a result, it should be remembered that it is best to commence at first, when the plants are wet, with a very slight degree of pressure ; and to increase it gradually as they become nearly dry, when any amount of pressure may be used to advantage. In about two or three hours’ time, the wet layers of drying-paper should be removed, which must be done very carefully ; but on no account must the pieces of calico be disturbed until the specimens are dry, and fresh folded sheets of the finer sort of drying-paper sub- stituted in their place. Additional layers are to be 24 METHOD OF LAYING OUT employed until the plants are thoroughly dry, which, after the second change of papers, need not be renewed oftener than once in every twelve hours. When the plants are supposed to be dry, which, if properly attend- ed to, generally occurs, except in some of the coarser species, in about three or four days, the pieces of calico are to be removed; this must be done very carefully, as it sometimes happens that portions of the plants will be found adhering to them.* After this is done, I usually complete the process by placing the specimens once more between layers of the drying-paper, and immediately submit them to a heavy pressure, for several days. Plants so treated never become damp or mouldy. Before removing them to the herbarium, the name of the plant, and the place of its growth (or wherever it anay have been found), as well as the day of the month and year, should always be written, in pencil, on the back of the specimen, which will be a guide to the collector, and enable him, when in want of such species at any future time, to know where to find them, although it occasionally happens that some plants are somewhat * Should this occur, and it be found difficult to remove them from the calico, it is better to allow them to dry thoroughly, trusting to after removal, than to tear them away ina haif-dried state, which would probably destroy the specimen. AND DRYING THE PLANTS. Q5 uncertain as to the time of their appearance, and may be found earlier or later in some seasons than in others. The young beginner, as well as the more experienced collector, swill sometimes stumble upon a plant he has never seen before, and consequently will not be able to name it ; and he may also be unprovided with a micro- scope sufficiently powerful to examine it, in order to establish its identity. In this case, it is desirable that he should forward the specimen, with as little delay as possible, to some competent and scientific algologist, for a more elaborate investigation, as the structure of most plants by which their genera and species are determined, are far more easily made out whilst they are fresh, and recently gathered, than after being dried.* It is therefore advis- able that any plant of doubtful character should, as soon as practicable after beimg removed from its place of srowth, or wherever it may have been found, be forth- with placed between two pieces of rag, and afterwards * It is often very difficult to examine the structure of the finer species, except immediately after being fresh ga- thered; but, should circumstances render this impracti- cable, in consequence of the plants having been already dried, a small fragment of the specimen must be moistened with water ; and if the sections do not open well, by adding a drop of muriatic acid you will find they will expand very freely. 26 TREATMENT OF THE COARSER SPECIES. between two layers of tin-foil, or, what is still better, a portion of the thin leaves of gutta percha; then placed in an envelope, and despatched by post, without any unnecessary loss of time.* Though the method I have just described may be generally adopted with the larger portion of Alge, there are some particular species that require a different mode of treatment in laying out for the purpose of being dried, which I will now proceed to describe. Most of the Melanospermee, or olivaceous series, give out a large quantity of mucus, after being im- mersed in fresh water, which renders it difficult to preserve good specimens in the ordinary way, from their adhering tenaciously both to the cloths and the paper. Amongst these, I may notice all the different species of Fucoidex, Chorda Filum, Cystoseira, Halydrys sili- quosa, Pycnophycus tuberculatus, Chondrus crispus, and others of similar texture. All the plants thus enume- rated require to be treated in a particular manner, and differently from others. Instead of attempting to display them immediately after being gathered, it is best to spread them out on * In this manner, I am frequently in the habit of trans- mitting recent specimens to Professor Harvey, of Trinity College, Dublin; Mrs. Griffiths, of Torquay ; and other correspondents: and I find they generally arrive in excel- lent condition. FIXING SPECIMENS TO THE PAPER. Q7 coarse towels for a day or two, and allow them to wither a little, when they will become more manageable, by being less rigid. After this, they are to be put into a deep dish, and a quantity of boiling water poured over them, and allowed to remain for half an hour, or a little more. ‘This will deprive them of a great deal of mu- cus, when the plants are to be separately washed in cold fresh water, and neatly spread between several folds of calico or common towels, and thus allowed to dry, exposing them to the air occasionally, to prevent their becoming mouldy. When nearly dry, and whilst they are still flexible, remove them to a vessel contain- ing fresh water, where they may remain about half an hour ; and they are then to be managed precisely in the same manner as before described, until they are tho- roughly dry. As it will be found that several of the species just referred to, and, indeed, many others, after being dried, will not adhere to paper, the manner of fixing them re- mains to be pointed out ; and I particularly recommend that this should be done with as little delay as possible, as they may be irreparably injured, if they are not pro- perly secured before being removed to the herbarium or elsewhere. With the finer sorts, I find a little skimmed milk is quite sufficient to fix them firmly to the paper, taking 28 HOW SPECIMENS ARE TO BE MANAGED care, however, that every particle of cream or butter is first removed. The milk is to be applied with a tolerably-sized, flat, camel’s-hair pencil or varnish-brush, all over the paper and the specimen, as softly as possible; after which pieces of muslin or calico are to be spread over it, and, lastly, layers of drying-paper. It is then to be subjected to gentle pressure for twenty-four hours, when the muslin may be removed, and the plant, for the last time, submitted to considerable pressure for a few days. The more robust species, such as the Fucoidex, Cys- toseire, &c., require a different application to fasten them to the paper. When this is necessary, I invariably use ‘a solution of isinglass,* which should be kept in a glass- stoppered bottle ; and, when wanted for use, the bottle is to be placed in any convenient vessel containing hot water, to render it fluid, taking care to remove the stop- per beforehand. This solution is to be applied also, * Take a quarter of an ounce of isinglass, and an ounce and a half of water, and put the same into a wide-mouthed bottle ; place it in a water-bath, and, when thoroughly dis- solved, add one ounce of rectified spirits of wine, heated. nearly to the same temperature ; stir the whole well toge- ther; and, when cold, keep it well stopped till it is required for use. This preparation I have used for many years, and have found it far preferable to gum-water, which, after a time, is apt to crack, and peel off, besides leaving a glossy mark wherever it is applied. THAT WILL NOT ADHERE TO PAPER. 29 with a camel’s-hair brush, to the under sides of the stems and branches of the plant; after which it is to be removed to the press; and, when dry, it will be found to adhere to the paper. 30 MOUNTING SPECIMENS FOR CHAPTER MT. THosE who aspire to extend their knowledge of marine botany beyond the mere arrangement of the easily recognized species, will require the aid of the micro- scope. For identifymg many species of Calithamnia, Cera- mies, Ectocarpes, Polysiphoniz, and others, and for most other purposes, simple microscopes will generally be found sufficient. When collecting on the sea-shore, the algologist fre- quently meets with plants, such as Ceramiz, Polysipho- nie, &c., assuming such doubtful forms, that it is utterly impossible to decide to what species they properly belong, without the assistance of a glass of considerable magni- fying power. At such times, itis very desirable to have ready means for examination ; otherwise, one may be collecting and filling his bag with useless trash, under the impression of their being prizes; or, on the other hand, throw away, probably, some choice or rare specimens, under the impression that they are common. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION. ol The fructification, too, in many of the minutely- branched and filamentous Algee, can only be detected under the microscope,—an object of great importance to the scientific algologist, inasmuch as all plants in fruit are of greatly enhanced value compared with those that are barren. For use at the sea-side, and for all ordinary purposes, the most convenient instrument is the Stanhope lens. After moistening the flat side, a fragment of the plant to be examined is to be placed on it, and then viewed by looking towards the light, with the convex side of the lens close to the eye. It requires but very little practice to enable any per- son to understand its use; it can be purchased at any optician’s, the price varying from 2s. 6d. to 10s.; may be worn suspended by a ribbon, like an eye-glass; and requires no adjustment. | By its instrumentality, the collector will be able to observe beauties to which he might otherwise have been a stranger ; whilst his knowledge of the plants he collects will be greatly extended. The perfect comprehension, however, of the appear- ances and peculiarities which characterize the nice dis- tinctions botanists have assigned to genera and species, should be the aim of every one who aspires to be some- thing more than a mere collector. For such purposes, the Stanhope lens is not sufficient. oe. MODE OF MOUNTING SPECIMENS. The algologist must now call in the aid of doublets, or of the compound microscope. In examining plants with the compound microscope, if it be not intended to preserve the specimen, it is suf- ficient to place it on a slip of glass, with a drop of water, and cover it with another very thin piece of glass or mica, when it is ready for examination. When it is intended to preserve the specimen for further observa- tion, or as a type of the species, the fragment must be mounted in a more permanent manner. The plan most generally used by English microsco- pists, is to make cells on glass slides, by drawing lines with a camel’s-hair brush dipped in varnish, or japanner’s gold-size, so as to enclose circular or quadrangular spaces. When the varnish is dry, the cell is filled with some preservative fluid, in which the object is placed, and then covered with a thin piece of glass, of suitable size and figure. The edges of the glass cover are coated with varnish, to secure it to the slide, &., and to prevent the preservative fluid from evaporating. The glass slides and covers are sold at a moderate price by the opticians, assorted in boxes. The former are most commonly three inches long by one inch in width. The algologist should write on the end of the glass slide, with a writing-diamond, the genus and spe- cies, with such other particulars as date, place where found, &c., &c. FLUIDS FOR MOUNTING SPECIMENS. 38 The preserving fluid should possess the following qualities :—It should be clear and colourless, not apt to become mouldy, or to generate minute Alge ; it should have no action on the specimen, by altering its colour or texture, but should have the property of preserving the natural colour and appearance of the plant for a number of years. The fluids recommended by the most practical micro- scopists, are Goadby’s preparations ; the composition for the first bemg ‘‘ One ounce of bay-salt, half an ounce of alum, one grain of corrosive sublimate, and one pint of boiling water.* To be well stirred, and when cold, carefully filtered through blotting-paper.” ‘“‘'The second fluid is prepared by pouring one pint and three quarters of boiling water on eight ounces of bay-salt, and one grain of corrosive sublimate ; when cold, to be filtered through blotting-paper.” Mr. Ralfs, in his beautiful and elaborate work on the Desmidiex, has given the composition of Mr. Thwaites’ fluid as follows :—‘ Sixteen parts distilled water, one part rectified spirits of wine, and a few drops of creo- sote, mixed well together with a small quantity of pre- pared chalk, and then filtered. This is to be afterwards * Distilled water, which can be purchased at any re- spectable druggist’s, should be used. 04 CANADA BALSAM FOR MOUNTING SPECIMENS. mixed with an equal quantity of distilled water saturated with camphor, and strained through fine linen.” Mr. Ralfs recommends bay-salt and alum, of each one grain, dissolved in one ounce of distilled water. One ounce of acetate of alumina dissolved in four ounces of distilled water, is said to be a good preserva- tive of delicate colours. | Canada balsam, for some purposes, has been fre- quently used; but, though this is a most excel- lent medium for many plants, it unfortunately ren- ders the delicate tissues of some Algz so extremely transparent, as to make them invisible under the micro- scope. Yet it has been found to answer extremely well for the brown marine Alge (Melanospermesz), as well as the red (Rhodospermes). For the green series (Chlorospermese), and all the fresh-water Algee, it is almost entirely inapplicable. With any plants having white filaments, or spines, whether among the red or green Algae, there is the same objection. I have now in my possession several specimens of Calithamnia, Griffithsie, Polysiphonie, &c., mounted, more than four years since, in Canada balsam, in which the colour is most beautifully preserved. ‘The method to be pursued in mounting Algz in any of the watery fluids, differs scarcely anything from the usual plan. It is as follows :—I use slips of glass (selecting good, PREPARING THE CELLS TO RECEIVE OBJECTS. 35 flat, and clean crown-glass, free from specks) for the slides; and for the toppings, thin glass covers. The cells are thus prepared :—A card, having marked on it, in strong black lines, the outline of the intended cell, is to be laid under the glass slide, to serve as a guide in drawing the lines on the glass, with a ca- mel’s-hair brush dipped in black Japan varnish. The brush should be very full of colour, to insure sufficient depth in the walls of the cell. The outline being drawn, the glass slide is to be laid aside, in a horizontal posi- tion, for a few hours, until the varnish is dry enough to permit the slide being placed edgeways without risk of its running. It is desirable to have a good many slides ready prepared, with cells of different sizes, and diffe- rent depth of walls. When it is intended to mount a specimen, the best and most interesting portion of the plant is selected, and arranged carefully in the cell, which can only be properly done under a good single magnifier; the ramuli being accurately separated and spread, and not overlapping one another. Transverse and longitudinal sections of the plant, and a portion showing the fruit, &e., may also be placed in the same cell, properly dis- played. | A small quantity of the preserving fluid is then to be taken out of the bottle, by means of an ivory or D 3 36 METHOD OF PROCEEDING IN glass bodkin, and the cell filled with it. The cell should be quite full, but not to overflowing. The specimen should be again examined, to see that it has not been displaced in introducing the fluid. The glass cover is now to be laid on, with great care and steadiness, and adjusted perfectly square, to meet the walls of the cell. The superabundant fluid which will escape outside, should be absorbed and removed by a camel’s-hair brush, observing that you do not thus take up too much liquid, or air will insinuate itself between the glasses; and this must be avoided. ‘The glasses should be then laid aside for a short time, to allow all — moisture to dry from the edges; after which a camel’s- hair brush, charged with varnish, is to be drawn along the same, encroaching about half a line on the cover, and a line on the slide. This last process must be repeated two or three times, allowing an interval of four or five hours to elapse between each application, until a sufficient body of varnish is laid on, so that the edges of the cover may be firmly and properly cemented to the slide, and effectually prevent the evaporation of the fluid. The mounted specimen must be left in a horizontal position about twenty-four hours, when it may be laid aside as finished : but as Japan varnish will take some time before it gets properly dry and hard, care must be taken that nothing rests against it until itis so. The edges MOUNTING THE SPECIMENS, ETC. oO” of the varnished lines may be trimmed with a penknife, or some other light instrument, if thought necessary, after the varnish is perfectly dry. To mount Alge in Canada balsam, it is not neces sary to prepare any cells: the object is merely to be laid on the glass slide, in as fresh a state as possible, to insure a proper degree of plumpness and fulness. Though it may be advisable to pass the specimen quickly through clean fresh water, to remove as much of the salt as possible, it must be borne in mind that some plants, such as the Griffithsie, will not bear fresh water for an instant. The specimen, after being dis- played with great care, and as expeditiously as possible, is then to be left until all the external water shall have evaporated from its surface, as well as from the glass. A bodkin or probe, or any other suitable instrument, is then to be dipped very gently (to avoid air-bubbles) into the Canada balsam, and then withdrawn rather more rapidly. A quantity of the balsam will adhere to the instrument; and by holding it vertically a drop will be formed at the lower end. The apex of the drop is then to be brought in contact with the specimen, as near the centre as possible. By degrees the drop will detach itself from the instrument, when the latter must be withdrawn. The drop should be large enough to cover the specimen completely after being spread out and properly arranged beforehand, in order to avoid the ate) NAME TO BE WRITTEN ON THE SLIDE. necessity of applying another drop, thereby involving the risk of air-bubbles. ‘This operation having been satisfactorily achieved, the thin glass cover is to be laid on, placing it on the apex of the drop; and then on the cover lay a piece of stout sheet-lead, of nearly the same dimensions, which will gradually press out the balsam between the glasses. ‘These are now to be laid aside, in a horizontal position, for a week, when the lead weight may be removed. ‘The name may then be writ- ten on the glass; and it is not advisable to place the slide vertically, or to trim the edges, for the space of a month, as the balsam dries very slowly. This plan is recommended to those who may be de- sirous to investigate marine Algee microscopically. It is, indeed, at all times very desirable to possess even but a fragment of a duly-authenticated specimen, with which to compare one of our own collection. The col- lector will find no more certain plan for effectual com- parison, than to take a glass slide, with its mounted specimen, and place beside it a fragment of the plant under inspection, and examine both at the same time, with a good single magnifier. Comparing recent with dried specimens will not often be very satisfactory, because many plants alter much in their appearance in drying ; whereas the mounted spe- cimen, if properly prepared, will generally preserve its natural form and similitude ; and then, on comparing SPECIMENS TO BE CLEANED BEFORE MOUNTING. 39 it with fresh specimens, its peculiar character will be observed. In mounting with Canada balsam, the great art ap- pears to consist in laying on the balsam at the night moment, that is, when the plant and edges are not too moist ; for, when this happens, a sort of dew will be formed on the balsam: and, on the other hand, if too dry, the cells and fine ramuli of the specimen will have become considerably shrunk. It need scarcely be remarked that, in whatever way the mounting may be performed, the specimens should be previously cleaned of parasites, whether other spe- cies of Alge, Diatomaces, or zoophytes. ‘Though it has been before stated that Canada balsam is not suited for the Chlorospermeze, yet for some of the larger and coarser weeds it answers exceedingly well, and shows the cells very distinctly. If it is required to mount specimens of plants already dried, in Canada balsam, they must be immersed for a few minutes in sea-water, then rinsed in fresh water, and afterwards treated in the same manner as recent specimens. OF THE BRITISH MARINE ALGA, ARRANGED SYSTEMATICALLY, AFTER PROFESSOR HARVEY’S MANUAL. | Sus-cxuass I. MELANOSPERMEA, or FUCALES. Olive Sea-weeds. Order I. FUCACEZ. Olive-coloured, inarticulate sea-weeds, whose spores are contained in spherical cavities of the frond. 42 LIST OF THE BRITISH I. SarGassum. Branches bearing ribbed leaves. 1. Sargassum vulgare. 2. a bacciferum. II. Hariprys. Frond linear, pinnate, leafless. 1. Halidrys siliquosa. III. CystToseErra. Root scutate. Frond much branched, bushy. 1. Cystoseira ericoides. Dy - sranulata. 3. . barbata. 4 y foeniculacea. 5 _, fibrosa. IV. Pycnopuycuts. Root branching. Frond cylindrical. 1. Pycnophycus tuberculatus. MARINE ALG. 438 V. Fucus. Root scutate. Frond dichotomous. Fucus vesiculosus. ceranoides. Serratus. k, Q 3. 4. |, . nodosus. 5 Mackaii. 6 canaliculatus. VI. HimanruHatia. Root scutate. Frond cup-shaped. 1. Himanthalia lorea. Order II. SPOROCHNACE A. Olive-coloured, imarticulate sea-weeds, whose spores are attached to externally-jomted filaments. 44 LIST OF THE BRITISH VII. DrsmareEstTIA. Frond solid, distichous, filiform, or flat. 1. Desmarestia ligulata. 2. a aculeata. 3. 53 viridis. VIII. ArntHrRocwaDIA. Frond filiform, nodose, traversed by a jointed tube, 1. Arthrocladia villosa. IX. Sporocunus. Frond filiform. Receptacles lateral, stalked. 1. Sporochnus pedunculatus. X. CARPOMITRA. Frond filiform or flat, and mid-ribbed. Root a shape- less, woolly tuber. Receptacles terminal, mitriform. 1. Carpomitra Cabreree. MARINE ALGA, 45 Order IIT. LAMINARIACE AL. Olive-coloured, inarticulate sea-weeds, whose spores are superficial, either forming cloud-like patches, or covering the whole surface of the frond. XT. ALARIA. Frond stipitate. Stipes ending in a midribbed leaf. Root fibrous. 1. Alaria esculenta. XII. Laminaria. Frond stipitate. Stipes ending in a ribless leaf. Laminaria digitata. a bulbosa. , Phyllitis. I. 2 3. cs saccharina. 4 5 os fascia. XIII. Cuorpa. Frond leafless, cylindrical, hollow, the cavity inter- rupted by transverse partitions. Root scutate. 46 LIST OF THE BRITISH 1. Chorda Filum. armen 8 Lomentaria. Order IV. DICTYOTACE A. Olive-coloured, inarticulate sea-weeds, whose spores are superficial, disposed in definite spots or lines (sori). SIV. CuTurERia. Frond ribless, irregularly cleft. Sori dot-like, scat- tered. Root clothed with woolly fibres. 1 Cutleria multifida. XV. HALIsERIs. Frond flat, linear, membranaceous, with a mid-rib. Root a mass of woolly filaments. 1. Haliseris polypodioides. XVI. PabiNa. Frond wedge-shaped at base, fan-shaped, concentri- cally striate. Root coated with woolly fibres. 1. Padina Pavonia. MARINE ALGZE. 47 XVII. Zonaria. Frond ribless, flat, fan-shaped. Root coated with woolly fibres. 1. Zonaria parvula. XVIIT. Taonta. Frond ribless, irregularly cleft, somewhat fan-shaped, marked with concentric lmes. Sori on both surfaces of the frond. Root coated with woolly fibres. 1. Taonia atomaria. XIX. Dictyota. Frond ribless, dichotomous. Spores scattered irregu- larly, or clustered. Root coated with woolly fibres. 1. Dictyota dichotoma. XX. STILOPHORA. Frond filiform, irregularly branched. Spores con- cealed among moniliform threads. Root a small, naked disk. 1. Stilophora rhizodes. 2. pS Lyngbyei. 48 LIST OF THE BRITISH XXI. DictyosipHon. Frond filiform, tubular, branched. Spores irregularly scattered, solitary, or in dot-like sori. Root a small, naked disk. 1. Dietyosiphon foeniculaceus. XXII. Srriaria. Frond filiform, tubular. Spores in dot-like sori, ranged in transverse lines. Root naked and scutate. 1. Striaria attenuata. XXITI. Punorarta. Frond flat, leaf-like. Spores scattered over the whole frond, in minute, distinct dots. 1. Punctaria latifolia. 2. 73 plantaginea. 3. - tenuissima. XXIV. AspERococcus. Frond mernbranaceous, tubular, or compressed. Spores in dot-like sori. Root minutely scutate, naked. MARINE ALGA. 49 1. Asperococcus compressus. 2. a Turner, 3, i echinatus. XXV. LirosiIPpHoN. Frond cartilaginous, unbranched, cylindrical, com- posed of several rows of cells. Spores scattered. Grow- ing parasitically on Chorda Filum. 1. Litosiphon pusillus. 2. i Laminarie. Order V. CHORDARIACE. Olive-coloured sea-weeds, with a gelatinous or carti- laginous frond, composed of vertical and horizontal fila- ments interlaced together. XXVI. CHorparia. Frond filiform, much branched, cartilaginous. 1. Chordaria flagelliformis. 2. ah divaricata. 50 LIST OF THE BRITISH XXVIT. Mesoatora. Frond filiform, much branched, gelatinous. ]. Mesogloia vermicularis. 2. 5 Griffithsiana. Oo. a. virescens. XXVIII. LEaATHESIA. Frond tuber-shaped. Spores attached to the coloured tips of the filament. 1. Leathesia tuberiformis (Corynephora ma- rina). 2. . Berkeleyi. XXIX. Racrsia. Frond crustaceous. FF ructification depressed warts scattered over the upper surface, contaming obovate spores. 1. Ralfsia verrucosa (R. deusta). XXX. ELACHISTEA. Frond parasitical, consisting of a dense tuft of oliva- ceous filaments, arising from a tubercular base, com- posed of vertical fibres. MARINE ALG. 51 Elachistea fucicola. dy flaccida. a curta. ss stellulata. 1. 2 3 4. . pulvinata (attenuata). 5 6 Me scutulata. r ns velutina. XXXII. MyrionEMa. Minute parasites, consisting of a mass of short, erect, simple jointed filaments, spreading, in patches, on the surface of other Alge. : 1. Myrionema strangulans. 2 is Leclancherii. 3. ss punctiforme. A, By clavatum. Order VI. ECTOCARPACE As. Olive-coloured, articulated sea-weeds, filiform. Spores (generally) external, attached to the joited ramull. E 2 Or re) LIST OF THE BRITISH XXXIT. CLADOSTEPHUS. Frond inarticulate. Ramuli whorled. Spores borne by accessory ramulli. 1. Cladostephus verticillatus. 2 53 spongiosus. XXXII. SpHaceraria. Frond flaccid. Ramuli distichously branched, mostly pinnated. Oval spores borne on the ramuli. 1. Sphacelaria filicina. 2 . Sertularia. 3 se Scoparia. A, ; plumosa. oF e cirrhosa. 6 - fusca (olivacea). "7 Pr radicans. 8 a racemosa. XXXIV. Ecrocarrus. Frond branching. Ramuli scattered. 1. Hctocarpus siliculosus. 2. 45 amphibius. 3 Ae fenestratus. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16, Frond unbranched. A. 4) 6. e 8 9 39 MARINE ALG. 53 Kctocarpus fasciculatus. Hincksii. tomentosus. crinitus. pusillus. distortus. Landsburgii. littoralis. longifructus. granulosus. spherophorus. brachiatus. Mertensii, XXXV. MyRiotTricHiA. Ramuli whorled. Elliptical spores containing a dark-coloured granular mass. 1. Myriotrichia claveeformis. 2. 99 filiformis. 54. LIST OF THE BRITISH Suspcniass LI. RHODOSPERMEA, or CERAMIALES. Order VIT. RHODOMELACE. Red or purple, rarely brown-red, sea-weeds. Fructi- fication of two kinds :—1. Spores contained either in external or immersed conceptacles, or densely aggre- vated together, and dispersed in masses through the substance of the frond; 2. Spores (called tetraspores) immersed in distorted ramuli, or contained in proper reaggtacles. | XXXVI. ODONTHALIA. Frond plano-convex, distichous, alternately toothed at the margin. Fructification twofold. 1. Odonthalia dentata. XXXVIT. RHoDOMELA. Frond filiform, much branched, and coated with mi- nute irregular cells. Fructification twofold on distinct plants. 1. Rhodomela lycopodioides. Dee 44 subfusca. MARINE ALGA., 55 XXXVIII. Bostrycuta. Frond dull purple, filiform, much branched, dotted. Apices strongly involute. Fructification twofold. 1. Bostrychia scorpioides. XXXIX. RYTIPHLEZA. Frond filiform or compressed. Branches transversely striate. Fructification twofold on distinct plants. 1. Rytiphlea pinastroides. 2. e complanata. 3. i thuyoides. 4. < fruticulosa. XL. PoLysIpHONIA. Frond filamentous, partially or generally articulate. Articulations of the ramuli two or many-tubed. ‘Tetra- spores on distorted ramuli. 1. Polysiphonia urceolata. 7 var. patens. 2. i formosa. 8. i stricta. 4. 2 pulvinata. 5. ee fibrata. 6. he spinulosa. 56 LIST OF THE BRITISH 7. Polysiphonia Richardsoni. 8. . Griffithsiana. a: : elongella. 10. 5 elongata. 11. ” Grevilli. 12. e violacea. 138. 7 Carmichaeliana 14. 5 fibrillosa. 15. <4 Brodicze. 16. 3s varlegata. 17. obscura. 18. re simulans. 19. _ nigrescens. 90. ie affinis. 21. 3 subulifera. 22. a atro-rubescens. 23. sf furcellata. 24, 6 fastigiata. 2D. A parasitica. 26. eo byssoides. XLI. Dasya. Frond filamentous. ‘The stem and branches mostly opaque. Articulations of the ramuli single-tubed. Te- traspores in lanceolate, pod-like receptacles. MARINE ALGAE. 57 1. Dasya coccinea. Be 4 Mor Ocellata. 3. 4, arbuscula. 4. ,, venusta. Order VITIT. LAURENCIACEZ:. Rose-red or purple sea-weeds, with a cylindrical or compressed branching frond. Fructification double :-— 1, Conceptacles containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores ; 2, Tetraspores immersed in the branches and ramuli, scattered, without order, through the surface-cells. XLII. BonneEmatsonia. Frond filiform, extremely branched. The branches margined with distichous, awl-shaped, alternate cilia. Tetraspores unknown. 1. Bonnemaisonia asparagoides. XLII. Lavrencia. Frond cylindrical or compressed, purplish, yellowish, or reddish. Structure cellular, solid. Fructification of two kinds on distinct individuals. 58 LIST OF THE BRITISH 1. Laurencia pinnatifida. 2. - ceespitosa (hybrida). 3. Re obtusa. A. i dasyphylla. Dis - tenuissima. XLIV. CurysIMEnNIa. Frond tubular, continuous, not constricted or jointed. Fructification of two kinds. 1. Chrysimenia clavellosa. re Ms Orcadensis. XLV. CHYLOCLADIA. Frond (at least, the branches) tubular, constricted at regular intervals, and divided, by internal diaphragms, into chambers. Fructification double. Chylocladia ovalis. kaliformis. 1. 2. ie Oe 3 reflexa. 4 parvula. 5 399 articulata, 93 MARINE ALGAE. 59 Order IX. CORALLINACEZE. Rigid, articulated, or crustaceous, mostly calcareous sea-weeds, purple when recent, fading, on exposure, to white, composed of cells, in which carbonate of lime is deposited in an organized form. ‘Tetraspores tufted, contained in spherical conceptacles. XLVI. CoRALuina. Frond filiform, articulated, branched, mostly pinnate, coated with a calcareous deposit. 1. Corallina officinalis. 2. ‘3 elongata. 3. re squamata. XLVII. Janta. Frond filiform, articulated, dichotomous, branched, coated with a calcareous deposit. L. Jania rubens. 2. 4, corniculata. XLVIII. Mevosesra. Frond attached or free, opaque, covered with a calca- reous deposit. ‘Tetraspores scattered over the surface of the frond. 60 LIST OF THE BRITISH Melobesia polymorpha. - calcarea. c, fasciculata. 5 agariciformis. Ps membranacea. fariosa. ib 2 3 4. a _ lichenoides. 6 7 8 * verrucata. 9 ¥ pustulata. XLIX. HILDEBRANDTIA. Frond cartilaginous (not stony), composed of very slender, closely-packed, vertical filaments. 1. Huildebrandtia rubra. L. LiruocystIs. Plant calcareous, consisting of a single plane of cel- lules, which are disposed in radiating, dichotomous series, forming an appressed, flabelliform frond. 1. Lithocystis Allmanni. MARINE ALGA. 6] Order X. DELESSERIACE. Rosy or purplish red, or blood-red, sea-weeds, with a leafy or rarely filiform, areolated, inarticulate frond. Leaves delicately membranaceous. Fructification double. LI. DELEsSERIA. Frond rose-red, flat, membranaceous, with a percur- rent mid-rib. Fructification of two kinds on distinct individuals. 1. Delesseria sanguinea. 2. Ms sinuosa. De as alata. 4. i angustissima. 5. ‘5 Hypoglossum. G: a ruscifolia. LII. Nirorppyiuum. Frond membranaceous, reticulated, rose-red, veinless, without mid-rib. Fructification double. 1. Nitophyllum punctatum. 2. ss Hillize. 62 LIST OF THE BRITISH 3. Nitophyllum Bonnemaisonii. 4, - Gmelini. 5. _ laceratum . 6. - versicolor, LITT. Procamium. Frond pinky-red, linear, compressed or flat, ribless, distichously much branched. The ramuli alternate, acute. Fructification of two kinds. 1. Plocamium coccineum. Order XI. RHODYMENTIACEAA. Purplish or blood-red sea-weeds, with an expanded or filiform, inarticulate frond. Fructification double :—1. Conceptacles external, or half immersed, containing, beneath a thick pericarp, a mass of spores; 2. Tetra- spores either dispersed through the whole frond, or col- lected in indefinite, cloudy patches. MARINE ALG. 63 LIV. STENOGRAMME. Frond rose-red, nerveless, laciniate. Fructification linear, convex, longitudinal (nerve-like) conceptacles, containing a dense mass of minute spores. 1. Stenogramme interrupta. LV. RHopDYMENIA. Frond flat, membranaceous, ribless, veinless, cellular. Fructification :—1. Convex tubercles, containing a mass of minute spores; 2. Tetraspores imbedded among the cells of the surface, scattered or forming cloudy patches. 1. Rhodymenia bifida. 2. ee ee oe , laciniata. ik Palmetta. = cristata. me ciliata. “4 jubata. a palmata. LVI. SpHz#rococcus. Frond cartilaginous, compressed, two-edged, disti- chously branched. FF ructification spherical tubercles, containing a mass of minute spores. 1. Spheerococcus coronopifolius, — 64. LIST OF THE BRITISH LVII. Gracitaria. Frond filiform (rarely flat), cellular. Fructification :— 1. Convex tubercles, containing a mass of minute spores ; 2. 'Tetraspores imbedded in the cells of the surface. 1, Gracilaria multipartita. Dap . compressa. 3; a confervoides. 4A. of erecta. VIII. Hypnea. Frond filiform, cartilaginous, much branched, cellular. Fructification :—1. Spherical tubercles, immersed in the ramuli; 2. Tetraspores imbedded in the surface-cells. 1. Hypnea purpurascens. Order XII. CRYPTONEMIACE:. Purplish or rose-red sea-weeds, with a filiform or (rarely) expanded, gelatinous or cartilaginous frond. Fructification :—1. Globose masses of spores immersed in the frond, or in swellings of the branches; 2. Tetra- spores variously dispersed. MARINE ALG. 65 LIX. GRATELOUPIA. Frond pinnated, flat, narrow, cartilaginous, of very dense structure. Favellidia immersed in the branches. Tetraspores scattered. 1. Grateloupia filicina. LX. GELIDIUM. Frond linear, compressed, horny, of a very dense structure. Fructification :—1. Favellidia immersed in swollen ramuli; 2. Tetraspores immersed in the ramuli. 1. Gelidium corneum. a sesquipedale. Ys pinnatum. p Y Bri ii,*\. unifernie, £- ,, capillaceum. (ee latifolium. ae confertum. Bee aculeatum., i abnorme. H. - 3 pulchellum. 7 Oe claviferum. ania clavatum. inh ys crinale. 2: 4s cartilagineum. ify 66 LIST OF -THE [BRITISH LXI. GIGARTINA. Frond cartilaginous, irregularly branched, purple or very dark red, filiform, compressed or flat. Favellidia in external tubercles. 'Tetraspores contained in dense, immersed sori. 1. Gigartina pistillata: 2, a acicularis. De 4 Teedil. A, > matillosus. LXIT. Cuonprvus. Frond cartilaginous, nerveless, compressed or flat, dichotomously cleft, of very dense structure. Tetra- spores collected into sori, immersed in the frond, and scattered over its segments. 1. Chondrus crispus. ae - Norvegicus. LXIITI. Pay.titopnora. Frond stipitate, rigid, membranaceous, nerveless, of very dense structure. ‘Tetraspores in superficial sori, or in proper leaflets. MARINE ALG. 6 1. Phyllophora rubens. membranifolius. Brodicei. Palmettoides. = a= LXIV. PrEyssoneE.ia. Frond brownish red, depressed, rooting by the under surface. 'Tetraspores contained in superficial warts over the upper surface of the frond. 1. Peyssonelia Dubyi. LXV. GyMNoGONGRUS. Frond cylindrical or compressed, horny, of very dense structure, much branched. ‘Tetraspores in superficial warts. 1. Gymnogongrus Griffithsie. 2. s plicatus. LXVI. PotyipEs. Root an expanded disk. Frond cylindrical, dichoto- mous, cartilaginous, solid. Fructification :—1. Oblong, irregular, spongy warts; 2. Tetraspores cruciate, im- mersed in the branches. 1. Polyides rotundus. 68 LIST OF THE BRITISH LXVII. Furcevcuaria. Root branching. Frond cylindrical, dichotomous, cartilaginous. Favelle immersed in the pod-like swol- len extremities of the branches. Tetraspores similarly immersed. | 1. Furcellaria fastigiata. LXVIIT. DumontTta. Frond cylindrical, tubular. Fructification:—1. Clus- ters of obovate spores, attached to the inner surface of the membrane of the frond; 2. Roundish tetraspores among the surface-cells. 1. Dumontia filiformis. LXITX. HatnyMeEnta. Frond compressed or flat, gelatinous, membranaceous. F'ructification spherical masses of spores immersed in the frond. 1. Halymenia ligulata. a var. latifolia. MARINE ALG. 69 LXX. GINNANIA. Frond cylindrical, tubular, distended, traversed by a fibrous axis. Fructification spherical masses immersed in the frond. 1. Ginnania furcellata. LXXI, KatyMEnIia. Frond blood-red, ribless, expanded, leaf-like, thick, of dense structure. Fructification :—1. Spherical masses of spores semi-immersed in the frond; 2. Scattered tetraspores. 1. Kalymenia reniformis. a Pe Dubyi. LXXII. Iripma. Frond expanded, leaf-like, thick, of dense structure, dull red. FF ructification:— 1. Spherical masses of spores immersed in the frond; 2. Tetraspores scattered. 1. Irideea edulis. 70 LIST OF THE BRITISH LXXIII. Carene ta. Frond tubular, branched, constricted at intervals, dull . purple. Fructification of two kinds. 1. Catenella Opuntia. LXXIV. Cruoria. Frond gelatinous, coriaceous, forming a skin on the surface of rocks, composed of vertical, articulated fila- ments. 1. Cruoria pellita. LXXV. Naccaria. Frond filiform, solid, rose-red. Ramuli composed of jointed, dichotomous, whorled filaments. Fructification, spores attached to the whorled filaments of the ramuli. 1. Naccaria Wigghi. LX XVI. GLoIOsIPHONIA. Frond cylindrical, filiform, somewhat gelatinous, the walls composed of radiating filaments. Fructification, globules of red spores. 1. Gloiosiphonia capillaris. MARINE ALGA. via LXXVII. NEMALEON. Frond filiform, gelatinous, cartilaginous, elastic, solid. Fructification, globular masses of spores (favellidia) at- tached to the filaments of the periphery. 1. Nemaleon multifidum. 2. as purpureum. LXXVIII. Dupresnala. Frond cylindrical, gelatinous, elastic. Fructification : —1. Globular masses of spores attached to the filaments of the periphery ; 2. External tetraspores borne by the filaments of the periphery. 1. Dudresnaia coccinea. 2. i Hudsoni (divaricata). LXXIX. Crovanta. Frond filiform, consisting of a jomted, single-tubed filament, whorled at the joints with minute multifid ramelli. FF ructification, tetraspores attached to the base of the ramuli. 1. Crouania attenuata. 12 LIST OF THE BRITISH Order XIII. CERAMIACHAK. Rose-red or purple sea-weeds, with a filiform frond, consisting of an articulating, branching filament, com- posed of a single string of cells. Fructification:—1. Fa- vellze, berry-like receptacles, containing numerous angu- lar spores; 2. Tetraspores attached to the ramuli, or more or less immersed in the substance of the branches, LXXX. PritorTa. Frond compressed, inarticulate, distichous. Fructi- fication :—1. Roundish, clustered favelle, surrounded by an involucre of short ramuli; 2. Tetraspores attach- ed to or immersed in the ultimate pinnules. L. Ptilota plumosa. ae sericea. LXXXI. MicrocuapDia. Frond filiform, compressed, inarticulate, dichotomous, Fructification :—1. Roundish favelle ; 2. Tetraspores immersed in the ramuli. 1. Microcladia glandulosa. lard MARINE ALGA. io LXXXII. CERamium. Frond filiform, one-tubed, articulated; the dissepi- ments coated with a stratum of coloured cellules, which sometimes extend over the surface of the articulation. Fructification :—1. Sessile, roundish favelle, having a pellucid limbus, containing minute spores; 2. Tetra- spores either immersed in the ramuli, or more or less external. | Ceramium rubrum. . botryocarpum. Ms decurrens. : Deslongchampu. Le 2 3 4 5. fe diaphanum. 6 e eracillimum. 7 zn strictum. 8 ie nodosum. 3, a fastigiatum. 10. Ay flabelligerum. 11. By echionotum. 12. di acanthonotum, 18. fs ciliatum. LXXXIII. Spyruipza. Frond filiform, inarticulate, much branched, and clothed with minute articulated ramelli. Fructification: TA LIST OF THE BRITISH 1. Stalked, involucrate, lobed favelle ; 2. Tetraspores attached to the ramuli. 1. Spyridia filamentosa. LXXXIV. GriFFITHSIA. Frond rose-red, filamentous. Filaments articulated throughout, dichotomous. Ramuli single-tubed, often whorled. Dissepiments hyaline. Fructification :—1. Roundish, gelatinous receptacles (favelle), including minute granules; 2. Tetraspores affixed to whorled ramuli. Griffithsia equisetifolia. L a 2: : simplicifilum. i 3 - barbata. 4, 5 Devoniensis. De - corallina. 6 2 secundiflora. 7 53 setacea. LXXXV. WRANGELIA. Frond rose-red, filamentous, jointed. Fructification : —1. Gelatinous receptacles (favelle); 2. Tetraspores affixed to the ramuli, scattered. 1. Wrangelia multifida. 5 var. pilifera. MARINE ALG. v5) LXXXVI. Srrrospora. Frond rosy, filamentous. Stem articulated, the arti- culations traversed by jointed filaments. 'Tetraspores disposed in terminal, moniliform strings. 1. Seirospora Griffithsiana. LXXXVII. CaLitHaMNIon. Frond brownish red or rosy-red, filamentous. Branch- es and ramuli articulate, mostly pinnate. Fructifica- tion :—1. Roundish or lobed, berry-like receptacles on the main branches, containing spores; 2. External tetraspores scattered along the ultimate branches, or borne on little stalks. 1. Calithamnion plumula. 2. ss cruciatum. 5 eo . floccosum. i Turneri. ah barbatum. 3 4 6. on Pluma. 7 ts Arbuscula. 8 A Brodiei. 9 * tetragonum. 10. y brachiatum. 1 ig a tetricum. 76 LIST OF THE BRITISH 12. Calithamnion Hooker. ies 14, 15. 16. 17. ee 19. 20. Q1. 29, 24, Q5. 26. Q7, roseum. byssoideum. polyspermum. purpurascens. fasciculatum. Borreri. affine. tripinnatum. sracillimum. thuyoideum. corymbosum. spongiosum. pedicellatum. Rothu. floridulum. mesocarpum. sparsum. Daviesii. virgatulum. MARINE ALGE. V7 Sus-cuass III. CHLOROSPERMEA, or CONFERVALES. Order XIV. SIPHONACEAL. Plants green, composed of continuous, tubular, or branched filaments (elongated, cylindrical cells, con- nected together into threads or filaments). Fructifica- tion :—1. Spores green or purple, forrned within the cells, often, at maturity, vivacious, moving by means of vibratile cilia; 2. External vesicles containing a dense, dark-coloured, granular mass, and finally separating from the frond. LXXXVIII. Copivum. Filaments combined into a spongy frond. Fructifi- cation opaque vesicles attached to the filaments near the surface of the frond. 1. Codium Bursa. 2 a adheerens. Oe vw amphibium. 4 3 tomentosum. 78 LIST OF THE BRITISH LXXXIX. Bryopsis. Frond filiform, cylindrical, glistening, branched. Branches pinnated, filled with a fine green, minutely eranuliferous fluid. 1. Bryopsis plumosa. 2. 4, hypnoides. XC. VAUCHERIA. Frond aggregated, tubular, capillary, coloured by an internal, green, pulverulent mass. Fructification dark- sreen, homogeneous sporangia, attached to the frond. 1. Vaucheria submarina. 2. is marina. Oe * velutina. Order XV. CONFERVACE. Green Algse, composed of articulated filaments, sim- ple or branched. Cells cylindrical. MARINE ALG. 79 XCI. CLapopHora. Filaments branched, composed of a single series of cells or articulations. Fruit aggregated granules or zoospores, contained in the articulations, having at some period a proper ciliary motion. 1. Cladophora Brown. 2 ns repens. 3. : pellucida. 4. ‘ rectangularis. 5. % Macallana. 6 ys Hutchinsie. Is es diffusa. 8. ‘z nuda. 9, aM rupestris. 10. - leetevirens. LL. a flexuosa. 12. fs gracilis. i3. - Rudolphiana. 14. a refracta. 15. He albida. 16. e lanosa. Li: uncialis. 18. NF arcta. 19. 2 glaucescens. 20. ” falcata. 80 LIST OF THE BRITISH 21. Cladophora flavescens. DPE 53 fracta. XCII. RurzocLonium. Filaments jointed, decumbent. Branches short and root-like. Fruit, granules contained in the cells. 1. Rhizoclonium riparia. XCIIT. Conrerva. Filaments unbranched, composed of a single series of cells or articulations. Fruit aggregated granules or zoospores contained in the articulations, having at some period a proper ciliary motion. Conferva arenicola. Be arenosa. i littorea. a Linum. is Dy 3. A, D. ‘ sutoria. 6. * tortuosa. 7. ms implexa. 8. » melagonium. 9, i serea. 10. es collabens. ine x bangioides. MARINE ALG. Sl 12. Conferva Youngana. 13: He clandestina. XCIV. OcHLOcHATE. Frond disciform. Filaments radiating from a cen- tral point, consisting of a single series of cells, each cell produced above into a rigid, marticulate bristle. Fruc- tification unknown. 1. Ochlochete hystrix. Order XVI. ULVACE. _ Green; composed of small polygonal cells, forming membranous tubes. XCV. ENTEROMORPHA. Frond tubular, of a green colour, and reticulated struc- ture. Fructification, three or four roundish granules. 1. Enteromorpha Cornucopie. 2, a intestinalis. 3. ii compressa. A, h Linkiana. §2 LIST OF THE BRITISH 8. Iinteromorpha erecta. 6 a clathrata. vi - ramulosa. 8 m Hopkirkii. ) ie percursa. XCVI. Uxva. Frond membranaceous, flat, of a green colour. Fruc- tification minute granules. 1. Ulva latissima. 2. ., - actuca: De “55 aulitzal. XCVII. PorpHyRa. Frond flat, purple, exceedingly thin. F'ructification : —1l1. Scattered sori of oval seeds; 2. Roundish gra- nules, mostly covering the whole frond. 1. Porphyra laciniata. 2; si vulgaris. 3. i miniata. XCVIII. Baneta. Frond filiform, tubular, mostly purple or pink. Spores purple or green. MARINE ALGAE. 83 1. Bangia fusco-purpurea. ee ps ciliaris. By 3, ceramicola. 4, i carnea. eg, elegans. Order XVIT. OSCILLATORIACE As, Green or blue; composed of continuous, tubular, simple, or rarely branching filaments. XCIX. Rivuvaria. Filaments radiating from a pomt, immersed in gela- tinous, globose fronds. 1. Rivularia plicata. 2, Hy atra. 3. > applanata. A, zl nitida, C. ScHIZOSIPHON. Filaments sheathed, the sheath multifid. 1. Schizosiphon Warrenie. S84. LIST OF THE BRITISH CI. ScuizoTHRIx. Filaments involved in a thick lamellar sheath, rigid, curled, thickened at the base. 1. Schizothrix Creswellii. CII. CaLorurix. Filaments short, tufted, fixed at the base only. . Calothrix confervicola. Mucor, luteola. 1 Q Oe 4, e scopulorum. 5 fasciculata. 6 pannosa. 7 hydnoides, ceespitula. an CIII. Lynesya. Filaments elongate, decumbent, flaccid. 1. Lyngbya majuscula. 2: “ ferruginea. 3. 3 Carmichaelii. 4 », ‘-Speciosa. 5 x flacca. MARINE ALGER, 89 CIV. Microco.evs. Filaments minute, rigid, straight, several enclosed together in a membranous sheath. 1. Microcoleus anguiformis. CV. OscILLATORIA. Filaments needle-shaped, straight or slightly curved, short. Named from the curious motion observed in the filaments, which resembles the oscillations of a pen- dulum. 1. Oscillatoria littoralis. a re subsalsa. 3 i spiralis. 4, a nigro-viridis. 5 - subuliformis. 6§ a insignis. CVI. Sprruina. Filaments spirally twisted, lying in a mucous stratum, vividly oscillating. 1. Spirulina tenuissima. 2. Mt Hutchinsie. 56 LIST OF THE BRITISH Order XVIII. NOSTOCHACH ZK. Green, fresh-water, or rarely marine Algee, composed of moniliform filaments, lying in a gelatinous matrix. CVII. Monormria. A single filament enclosed in a convoluted, gelatinous, and branching frond. 1. Monormia intricata. CVIII. Spuz#rozyGa. Filaments free, separate, naked. 1. Spherozyga Carmichaelii. 2. re Thwaitesi. 3. me Broome. 4 ns Berkeleyana. 5 & Ralfsil. CIX. SpERMOSEIRA. Filaments free, separate, each enclosed in a very delli- cate membranous tube. MARINE ALG. 87 1. Spermoseira littorea. 2. : Harveyana. Order XIX. PALMELLACES. Cells contained in confervoid, simple or branched, tubular filaments. CX. Hormospora. Filaments gelatinous, confervoid, each enclosing a linear series of oval or spherical cells. 1. Hormospora ramosa. a h & b ise ‘ wee Y bog ‘ ; hi i ae Ne” im Oh Rin ends ¢ é ei 9 * me * api i" % 4 aa ‘ e A * aX 4 j i P| ay wit ; Rs 3 if = ie ¥ t | bs a ar e ' . > sm Pm | om NNT SIS Hea Femme tes oni) A i al AA gs yl 5 = EIS IN Dad Ping FR Re Poe > ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE BRITISH MARINE ALGE&: LOCALITIES WHERE FOUND, AND TIME OF APPEARANCE. Avarta esculenta. Winter and spring. Falmouth. Shores of Scotland. North and West of Ireland. Arthrocladia villosa. Summer and autumn: Mount Kdgecumbe; Plymouth. Frith of Forth. Wicklow. Asperococcus compressus. Summer. Mill Bay; Ply- mouth ; Torquay. Asperococcus echinatus. Summerand autumn. Red- ding Point; Plymouth ; Torquay. Asperococcus Turneri. Summer. Whitsand Bay ; Devon ; coast of Sussex. Bantry Bay. Baneia carnea. Spring. Glamorganshire. Bangia ceramicola. Spring. Appin, Scotland. Bangia ciliaris. Spring. Appin, Scotland. On the old leaves of Zostera marina. 90 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Bangia elegans. Spring. Strangford Lough; Porta- ferry. Parasitical on the smaller Alge. Bangia fusco-purpurea. Spring. Plymouth; Torquay. West of Ireland. Bonnemaisonia asparagoides. Summer. Mount Edge- cumbe; Torpoint; Plymouth; Torquay. Salcoats; Bantry Bay. | Bostrychia scorpioides. Summer and autumn. St. Germain’s River; Carbeal Mill; Plymouth; mouth of the Dart, &c., &c. Bryopsis hypnoides. Summer and autumn. Redding Point; Plymouth; Torquay. Portrush, Ireland. Scotland. Bryopsis plumosa. Summer and autumn. Beggar's Island; Torpoint; Plymouth; Torquay. Appin, &e., &e. CALITHAMNION affine. Summer. Shores of Bute, on Fuci. Calithamnion arbuscula. Autumn. Mewstone; Fire- stone Bay; Plymouth. Western shores of Scot- land. Calithamnion barbatum. Autumn. Ilfracombe; quay at Penzance ; Weymouth. Calithamnion Borreri. Spring andautumn. Beggar's Island; Torpoint; Plymouth; Brighton; Torquay; Yarmouth. BRITISH MARINE ALG. 9] Calithamnion brachiatum. Autumn. Bovisand; Ply- mouth. On Fuci. Calithamnion Brodiei. Summer. Torquay ; coast of Northumberland ; Cornwall ; Miltown Malbay. Calithamnion byssoideum. Spring. Mount Edge- cumbe; St. Germain’s River; Plymouth; Torquay. Calithamnion corymbosum. Spring. Mount Edge- cumbe; Firestone Bay; Plymouth; Torquay. Calithamnion cruciatum. Spring. Firestone Bay ; — Torpomt; Plymouth ; Torquay ; Miltown Malbay. Calithamnion Davies. Summer. Plymouth; Tor- quay. Calithamnion fasciculatum. Summer. Yarmouth. Calithamnion floccosum. Spring. Orkney Islands ; Aberdeen. Calithamnion floridulum. March and April. Land’s End. Antrim. Orkney Islands. Calithamnion gracillimum. Spring. Mount HEdge- cumbe; Beggar’s Island; Plymouth; Torquay ; Falmouth. Calithamnion Hookeri. Spring and summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; under the Hoe ; Plymouth ; Orkney. Treland. Calithamnion mesocarpum. Summer. Appin. Calithamnion pedicellatum. Summer. Firestone Bay ; Plymouth; Torpoint; Brighton; Torquay; Fal- mouth; &c. 92 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Calithamnion pluma. Summer. Bantry Bay. Mal- bay. Appin. Calithamnion plumula. Spring and summer. Fire- stone Bay; Mount Edgecumbe; Plymouth; Tor- quay ; Falmouth. Calithamnion polyspermum. Spring. Growing on Fuci. Mount Edgecumbe; Plymouth ; Torquay ; Penzance. Calithamnion purpurascens. Spring. Brighton. Calithamnion roseum. Spring and summer. Beggar's Island; Mount Edgecumbe; Plymouth; Torquay. Bantry Bay. Calithamnion Rothii. Autumn. Bovisand; Plymouth; Mount Edgecumbe ; Torquay. Calithamnion sparsum. Autumn. On Laminaria sac- charina. Appin. Calithamnion spongiosum. Springandsummer. Fire- stone Bay; under the Hoe; Plymouth; Torquay ; Salcombe. Calithamnion tetragonum. Summer. On Fuci. Bo- visand; Plymouth ; Whitsand Bay ; Torquay. Calithamnion tetricum. Summer and autumn. Bovi- sand; Plymouth; Whitsand Bay; Torquay; Sal- combe. Calithamnion thuyoideum. Spring. Mount Edge- cumbe; Torquay; Yarmouth. Wicklow. Calithamnion tripinnatum. May. Roundstone Bay. BRITISH MARINE ALGER. 93 Calithamnion Turneril. Summer. Parasitical on other Algz. Bovisand; Whitsand Bay; Torquay. Calithamnion virgatulum. Summer. Torquay, grow- ing on Ceramium rubrum. -Calothrix cespitula. Summer. On rocks near high- water mark. Miltown Malbay. Calothrix confervicola. Autumn. Mount Edgecumbe; Torquay. Growing on decayed Ceramium. Calothrix fasciculata. Autumn. On rocks below high- water mark. Miltown Malbay. Calothrix hydnoides. Summer. Appin. Calothrix luteola. Summer. On marine filiform Alge. Appin. Calothrix Mucor. Summer. On marine Alge. Brigh- ton. Calothrix pannosa. Summer. On rocks near high- water mark. Roundstone Bay. Calothrix scopulorum. Autumn. On rocks near high- water mark. Roundstone Bay. Calothrix semiplena. Summer. On Corallina offici- nalis. Kilkee. Sidmouth. Carpomitra Cabrere. Winter. Mount Edgecumbe ; Torpoint ; dockyard, Plymouth. Catenella Opuntia. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Bovisand. On rocks near high-water mark. Ceramium acanthonotum. Springandsummer. Fire- stone Bay; under the Hoe; Plymouth; Torquay. 94 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Ceramium botryocarpum. Summer. Mount Edge- cumbe; Torquay. Ardrossan. Ceramium ciliatum. Summer. Firestone Bay; Bovi- sand ; Torquay ; Sidmouth. Ceramium decurrens. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Bovisand ; Torquay. Ceramium Deslongchampii. Summer. Mount Edge- cumbe ; Torpoint; Torquay ; Ilfracombe. Ceramium diaphanum. Summer and autumn. Bovi- sand; Whitsand Bay; Torquay ; Sidmouth. Ceramium echionotum. Summer and autumn. Bo- visand ; Redding Point; Plymouth; Torquay. Ceramium fastigiatum. Summer. Mount Edge- cumbe; Torpoint; Torquay. Frith of Forth. Ceramium flabelligerum. Summer and autumn. Mount Edgecumbe; Bovisand; Whitsand Bay ; Torbay ; Jersey. Ceramium gracillimum. Spring and summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Beggar’s Island; Plymouth ; Torquay. | Ceramium nodosum. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Bovisand ; Whitsand Bay. | Ceramium rubrum. Throughout the year. Very com- mon everywhere, growing on rocks and F'uci. Ceramium strictum. Summer. Under the Hoe; Bo- visand ; Whitsand Bay ; Torquay. Roundstone, BRITISH MARINE ALGE. 95 Chondrus crispus. Summer and autumn. Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Chondrus Norvegicus. Autumn. Redding Point ; Plymouth ; Whitsand Bay ; Bovisand. Chorda Filum. Summer. Common everywhere. Chordalomentaria. Summer. On the mooring-buoys, Plymouth Harbour ; Torquay. Chordaria divaricata. Autumn. Carrickfergus. Chordaria flagelliformis. Autumn. Bovisand ; Caw- sand Bay; Torquay. . Chrysymenia clavellosa. Spring andsummer. Mount Edgecumbe; Firestone Bay; Plymouth; Torquay. Chrysymenia rosea. Summer. Skaill, Orkney. Chylocladia articulata. Spring andsummer. Redding Point ; Plymouth ; Bovisand ; Torquay. Chylocladia kaliformis. Spring, summer, and autumn. Mount Hidgecumbe ; Bovisand; Whitsand Bay ; Torquay. Chylocladia ovalis. Spring and summer. Firestone Bay ; Bovisand; Redding Point ; Torquay; &c. Chylocladia parvula. Summerand autumn. Firestone Bay ; Cawsand Bay; Bovisand ; Torquay. Chylocladia reflexa. Autumn. Under the Hoe; Ply- mouth. Cladophora albida. Autumn. On the larger Alga. _ Bovisand ; Cawsand Bay ; Torquay. 96 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Cladophora arcta. Summer. Firestone Bay; Ply- mouth ; Whitsand Bay. Cladophora Balliana. Summer. Clontarf. Cladophora Brownii. Summer. Land’s End, Corm- wall; Torquay. Wicklow; Dunree. Cladophora diffusa. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Torquay. Portrush, Ireland. Sidmouth. | Cladophora falcata. Summer. Dingle Harbour, Kerry. Jersey. Cladophora flavescens. Summer. In ditches or pools of brackish water. Common. Cladophora flexuosa. Summer. Yarmouth; Torquay. Ballycastle. Cladophora fracta. Summer. In ditches and pools of brackish water. Common. Cladophora Gattye. Summer. On rocks near low- water mark. Cladophora glaucescens. Summer. Torquay; Fal- mouth Bay; Mount’s Bay. Portmarnock. Cladophora gracilis. Summer. Torquay; Firestone Bay. Youghal; Belfast Bay. Cladophora Hutchinsie. Summer. Tor Abbey; Salt- coats. Bantry Bay; Belfast Bay. Cladophora letevirens. Summer. Torpoint; Whit- sand Bay; Torquay; Falmouth. Cladophora lanosa. Summer. Torquay; Bovisand. On the larger Fuci. BRITISH MARINE ALG. 97 Cladophora Macallana. Summer. Dredged in Round- stone Bay. Cladophora Magdalene. Summer. Jersey. Cladophora nuda.. Summer. On basalt-rocks, Port Stewart, Co. Antrim. Cladophora pellucida. Springand summer. On rocks. Firestone Bay; Mount Edgecumbe; Yarmouth. Belfast Lough. Cladophora rectangularis. Summer. Torquay; Whit- sand Bay. Galway ; Roundstone Bay. Cladophora refracta. Summer. Whitsand Bay; Caw- sand Bay; Torquay; Ilfracombe. Kilkee. Cladophora repens. Summer. Jersey. Cladophora Rudolphiana. Summer. Parasitical on Zostera. Roundstone Bay. Falmouth. Cladophora rupestris. Summer and autumn. Bovi- sand; Mount Batten; Whitsand Bay; Torquay. Connemara. Cladophora uncialis. Summer. Whitsand Bay; Bo- visand ; Torquay. Rathlin; Antrim. Cladostephus spongiosus. Summer. Firestone Bay ; Bovisand ; Torquay ; Falmouth. Cladostephus verticillatus. Summer. Whitsand Bay; Bovisand ; Torquay ; Sidmouth. Codium adherens. Summer. Torquay; Falmouth Harbour; Land’s End. Rathlin; Antrim. H 98 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Codium amphibium. Summer. MRoundstone Bay ; coast of Galway. Codium Bursa. Summer. Near Torquay; coast of _ Sussex; Cornwall. Near Belfast. | Codium tomentosum. Spring andsummer. Firestone Bay ; Bovisand; Torquay. Growing on Fuci. Conferva rea. Summer. Whitsand Bay ; Torquay. Conferva arenicola. Summer. Salt-marshes within reach of the tide. Conferva arenosa. Summer. On the sandy shore, at half-tide level. Appin; Bantry Bay. Conferva Bangioides. Summer. JBreakwater, Ply- mouth ; Torquay. Ballycotton. Conferva clandestina. Summer. Under side of stones impregnated with putrefying marine substances. Weymouth. Conferva collabens. Summer. Yarmouth. Conferva implexa. Summer. Torquay. Bantry Bay; Malbay. Frith of Forth. Conferva Linum. Summer. In the salt-water ditches near Dublin. Conferva littorea. Summer. In the salt-water ditches near the muddy sea-shore. Conferva Melagonium. Autumn. Whitsand Bay. Orkney. Cornwall. Conferva sutoria. Autumn. In salt-water ditches and pools. BRITISH MARINE ALGE. 99 Conferva tortuosa. Summer. Torquay. Bantry. — Berwick. Frith of Forth. Conferva Youngana. Summer. Yarmouth. Dunraven Castle ; Dingle Bay; Kerry. Corallina elongata. Spring and summer. Coast of Cornwall ; Jersey. Corallina officinalis, Throughout the year. Very com- mon everywhere on rocky shores. Corallina squamata. Summer. Whitsand Bay. South and West of Ireland. Jersey. Crouania attenuata. Autumn and winter. Firestone Bay; Plymouth; Salcombe; Land’s End. Cruoria pellita. Spring. Common on the rocky shores of Britain. Cutleria multifidas Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Beggar's Island; Plymouth; Torquay. Cystoseira barbata. Summer. Devonshire coast (doubt- ful), . Cystoseira ericoides. Summer and autumn. Redding Point ; Bovisand; Whitsand Bay; Torquay. Ire- land. Cystoseira fibrosa. Summer and autumn. Bovisand ; _ Whitsand Bay; Torquay. Ireland. Cystoseira foeniculacea. Summer. JBovisand; Sid- mouth and ‘Torquay ; Weymouth ; Isle of Wight Cystoseira granulata. Summer. Aberfraw. Torquay; Bovisand ; Jersey. H 2 100 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Dasya arbuscula. Summer and autumn. Firestone Bay ; Mewstone. Scotland. Bantry Bay. Dasya coccinea. Summerand autumn. Mount Edge- cumbe ; Redding Point; Torquay ; Sidmouth, Dasya ocellata. Summer. Torpoint; Exmouth ; Tor- quay. Wicklow; Balriggan. Dasya venusta. Summer. Jersey. Delesseria alata. Summer and autumn. Bovisand ; Redding Point; Whitsand Bay; Torquay. Delesseria angustissima. Winter and spring. North of Scotland. Yarmouth. Delesseria Hypoglossum. Springandsummer. Mount Kdgecumbe ; Mount Batten; Plymouth; Torquay ; Sidmouth. Delesseria ruscifolia. Spring and summer. Mount Batten ; Mount Edgecumbe ; Plymouth ; Torquay ; Sidmouth. | Delesseria sanguinea. Spring and summer. Mount Batten ; Mount Edgecumbe; Torquay ; Exmouth. Saltcoats. Delesseria sinuosa. Autumn. Bovisand; Redding Point ; Plymouth ; Torquay ; Exmouth. Desmarestia aculeata. Spring and summer. Very common on the shores of [Iingland, Scotland, and Ireland. | Desmarestia ligulata. Spring and summer. Mount Edgecumbe; Whitsand Bay; Torquay; Sidmouth. BRITISH MARINE ALGER. ° 101 Desmarestia viridis. -Spring and summer. Mount Edgecumbe; Firestone Bay; Torquay ; Exmouth. Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus. Summer. Torpoint; Tor- quay ; Exmouth; Sidmouth. Dictyota dichotoma. Summer andautumn. Common everywhere. Dudresnia coccinea. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Torpoint; Torquay ; Exmouth. Dudresnia divaricata. Summer. Bovisand; Whitsand Bay ; Torquay. Dumontia filiformis. Spring and summer. Firestone Bay; Torpoint; Torquay. Kotocarpus amphibius. Summer. In muddy ditches of brackish water. Bristol. Kctocarpus brachiatus. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Whitsand Bay; Torquay. Youghal. Kctocarpus crinitus. Summer. Appin. Watermouth ; Devon. Kctocarpus distortus. Summer. Parasitical on Zos- tera marina. Appin. Saltcoats. : Hictocarpus fasciculatus. Summer. Whitsand Bay ; Torquay. Kctocarpus fenestratus. Summer. Salcombe. Ectocarpus granulosus. Spring and summer. Fire- stone Bay; Whitsand Bay; ‘Torquay. 102 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Kictocarpus Hincksu. Summer. Plymouth; Torbay ; Torquay. Aberdeen. Mount’s Bay. Kctocarpus Landsburgii. Summer. Dredged in deep water. Isle of Arran. Roundstone Bay. Kctocarpus littoralis. Spring and summer. Abun- dant everywhere. | Hctocarpus longifructus. Summer. ~ Parasitical on Alge. Skaill, Orkney. Ectocarpus Mertensii. Spring. Firestone Bay; Whit- sand Bay ; Salcombe ; Torbay ; Ilfracombe. Hctocarpus pusillus. Summer and autumn. Parasiti- cal on the smaller Algze. Plymouth; Land’s End; Torquay. Ectocarpus siliculosus. Spring and autumn. Parasi- tical on other Algee. Plymouth; Torquay; Jersey. Kctocarpus spherophorus. Spring. Parasitical on other Algz. Plymouth; Torquay; &c. Ectocarpus tomentosus. Spring. Parasitical on Fuci. Firestone Bay; Mount Edgecumbe; Torquay; &c. Hlachistea curta. Summer. On Fuci. Swansea. — Hlachistea flaccida. Summer and autumn. Parasiti- cal on Cystoseira fibrosa. Plymouth ; Torquay. Elachistea fucicolas Summer andautumn. Parasitical on Fuci. Elachistea pulvinata. Summer and autumn. Parasi- tical on Cystoseira ericoides. BRITISH MARINE ALGAE. 103 Flachistea scutulata. Summer. ~ Parasitical on Hi- manthalia Lorea. Elachistea stellulata. Summer. Parasitical on Dicty- ota dichotoma. Torquay. Elachistea velutina. Summer. Parasitical on Himan- thalia Lorea. Enteromorpha clathrata. Summer. Whitsand Bay ; Torquay ; Exmouth. Enteromorpha compressa. Spring and summer. Abun- dant everywhere. Enteromorpha Cornucopie. Summer. On corallines, &e., in rocky pools left by the tide. Orkney. Enteromorpha erecta. Summer. On rocks in the sea. Not uncommon. Enteromorpha intestinalis. Summer. Very common. Enteromorpha Hopkirkii. Summer and autumn. Torbay. . Carrickfergus. Enteromorpha Linkiana, Summer. Appin. Enteromorpha percursa. Spring and summer. Tor Abbey. Appin. Clontarf. And on muddy sea- shores. Enteromorpha Ralfsiii Summer. Bangor, North Wales. Kinteromorpha ramulosa. Spring. Rocks and stones between tide-marks. | 104 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Fucus canaliculatus. Summer and autumn. On rocky sea-shores. Abundant everywhere. Fucus ceranoides. Spring and summer. Torquay ; Exmouth ; Torbay; Orkney ; Falmouth. Fucus Mackaiti. April.and May. Connemara; Loch Coul. East coast of Skye, &. | Fucus nodosus. Winter and spring. Growing on sub- marine rocks, Abundant everywhere. Fucus serratus. Winter and spring. Very common. Fucus vesiculosus. Winter and spring. Abundant everywhere on rocks and stones at low water. Furcellaria fastigiata. Summer. Redding Point ; Firestone Bay; Torquay. GELIDIUM cartilagmeum. Summer. Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight. . Gelidium corneum. Summerand autumn. On rocky shores. Very common. Gigartina acicularis. Autumn and winter. Bovisand; Redding Point; Torquay. Belfast Bay. Gigartina mamillosa. Autumn and winter. . On rocks and stones near low-water mark. Common. Gigartina pistillata. Spring and autumn. On rocks at extreme low-water mark. Whitsand Bay. Gigartina Tedu. Autumn. Tor-Abbey rocks; Elberry Cove. BRITISH MARINE ALG. 105 Ginnania furcellata. Summer. Bovisand; Whitsand Bay ; Torquay ; Exmouth. Gloiosiphonia capillaris. Summer. Redding Point ; Plymouth ; Torquay. Gracilaria compressa. August. Sidmouth ; ‘Exmouth. Thrown up from deep water. Gracilaria confervoides. Summer and autumn. Tor- pomt; Firestone Bay ; Torquay ; Exmouth. Gracilaria erecta.. Autumn and winter. ‘Torquay ; Sidmouth; Torpoint. Belfast Bay ; Roundstone. Gracilaria multipartita. Autumn and winter. Mount Edgecumbe; Torpoint; Whitsand Bay; Salcombe. Grateloupia filicina, Autumn and winter. Whitsand Bay; Sidmouth; Ilfracombe; Torbay; Land’s End. _ Griffithsia barbata.. Summer. Brighton ; Jersey. Griffithsia corallma. Summer. Firestone Bay; Whit- sand Bay; Torquay ; Exmouth. Griffithsia Devoniensis. Summer. Torpoint; Beg- gar’s Island; Mount Edgecumbe (Plymouth). Griffithsia equisetifolia. Summer. Mewstone, abun- dant ; Whitsand Bay; Bovisand. Griffithsia secundiflora. Spring and autumn. Bovi- sand ; near Plymouth. Griffithsia setacea. Springandsummer. Mount Edge- cumbe; under the Hoe; Plymouth; Torquay ; Exmouth. 106 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Griffithsia simplicifolia. Autumn. Yarmouth. Black Castle, county of Wicklow. Gymnogongrus Griffithsie. Autumn and winter. Caw- sand Bay. Bantry Bay; Balriggan. Gymnogonerus plicatus. Summerandautumn. Red- ding Point ; Bovisand; Torquay ; Sidmouth; Fal- mouth. Hatiprys siliquosa. Autumn and winter. Common. Found amongst rejectamenta. Haliseris polypodioides. Spring and summer, Whit- | sand Bay; Mount Edgecumbe; Exmouth; Tor- quay. Halymenia ligulata. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Bovisand ; Torquay ; Sidmouth. Hapaladium Phyllactidium. Hildebrandtia rubra. Summer. Torquay ; Plymouth ; Sidmouth. | Himanthalia Lorea. Spring and summer. Abundant everywhere. Hormospora ramosa. Summer. Growing in a salt- water lake near Wareham, Dorset. Hypnea purpurascens. Summer and autumn. Red- ding Point; Bovisand ; Torquay ; Sidmouth. Inip#a edulis. Summer and autumn. Bovisand; Firestone Bay ; Torquay ; Sidmouth ; Falmouth. BRITISH MARINE ALG. 107 JANIA corniculata. Summer. On smaller Alge, be- tween tide-marks. Plymouth ; Jersey. Jania rubens. Summer. On smaller Alge, between tide-marks, on the south coast. KatymMenta Dubyi. Spring and summer. Firestone Bay ; Mount Batten ; Plymouth. Kalymenia reniformis: Summer. Firestone Bay ; Mount Batten ; Sidmouth ; Torquay. LAMINARIA bulbosa. Autumn. On rocks, at low-water mark. Abundant on the British shores. Laminaria digitata. Summerandautumn. Abundant everywhere. | Laminaria Fascia. Springandsummer. Mount Hdge- cumbe ; Whitsand Bay; Torquay; Salcombe; Mount’s Bay. Laminaria longicruris. Summer. Ayrshire coast ; coast of Banffshire ; Dunluce Castle. Antrim. Laminaria Phyllitis. Summer. Sidmouth; Torquay. Androssan ; Bantry Bay. Laminaria saccharina. Summer. Very common all round the coast. Laurencia cespitosa. Summer. Common on the shores of the British Islands. Laurencia dasyphylla. Summer. Bovisand; Mount Kdgecumbe ; Torquay ; Sidmouth ; Exmouth. 108 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Laurencia obtusa. Summer. Whitsand Bay; Red- ding Point. Androssan; Arran. Laurencia pinnatifida. Spring and summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Bovisand; Torquay ; Sidmouth ; Ex- mouth. Laurencia tenuissima, Summer. Bovisand; Torquay ; Weymouth ; Isle of Wight. Ballycotton. Leathesia Berkeleyi. Summer. On submarine rocks between tide-marks. Leathesia tuberiformis. Summer and autumn. Bo- visand ; Mount Batten ; Torquay ; Exmouth. Lithocystis Allmanni, Summer. Parasitical on Chry- simenia clavellosa. Malahide. : Litosiphon Laminaria. Summer. Parasitical on Alaria esculenta. Litosiphon pusillus. Summer. Parasitical on Chorda Filura. Very abundant. Lyngbya Carmichael. Summer. On marine Fuci. Plymouth ; Torbay ; Cornwall. Appin. Lyngbya Cutleriz. Spring and summer. Near the mouth of the Otter; Budleigh Salterton. Lyngbya ferruginea. Summer. In mud-bottomed pools of brackish water. Appin. Lyngbya flacca. Summer. Parasitical on various Ale; on the Fuci. Lyngbya majuscula. Summer and autumn. Mount BRITISH MARINE ALG. 109 Edgecumbe ; Torbay; Ilfracombe; Mount’s Bay. Belfast Bay. Lyngbya speciosa. Summer. On marine rocks between tide-marks. ‘Torbay ; St. Michael’s Mount. ME opesta agariciformis. Summer. Roundstone Bay; Connemara. Melobesia calcarea. Summer. On the south coast of England, and west of Scotland and Ireland. Melobesia farmosa. Summer. On various Algee. Melobesia fasciculata. Summer. Lying on the sandy bottom of the sea. Roundstone Bay. Melobesia lichenoides. Summer. Coast of Cornwall. Galway and Clare ; coast of Cork. Melobesia membranacea. Summer. Common on the leaves of Zostera. Melobesia polymorpha. Summer. On rocks all round the coast. Melobesia pustulata. Summer. On Phyllophora ru- bens, and other Algee. ; Melobesia verrucata. Summer. On rocks round the coast. | Mesogloia Griffithsiana. Summer. Between tide- marks. South of England. West of Ireland. Mesogloia vermicularis. Summer. Mewstone. Bovi- sand; ‘Torquay; Exmouth. : 110 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Mesogloia virescens. Summer. Whitsand Bay; Red- ding Point ; Torquay ; Exmouth. Microcladia glandulosa. Spring and summer. Under the Hoe ; Cawsand ; Plymouth ; Torquay. Microcoleus anguiformis. Summer. Pools of brackish water. Dolgelly. | Monormia intricata. Summer. In ditches near Graves- end; Shirehampton, near Bristol. Myrionema clavatum. Summer. On Hildebrandtia rubrum. Myrionema Lechlancherii. Summerandautumn. On decaying fronds of Rhodymenia palmata. Myrionema punctiforme. Summer. Parasitical on Ceramium rubrum. Myrionema strangulans. Summer. Parasitical on Ulve and Enteromorphe. Myriotrichia claveformis. Summer. Parasitical on Chorda Lomentaria. Very common. Myriotrichia filiformis. Summer. Parasitical on Chorda Lomentaria, and Asperococcus. Naccaria Wigghii. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Bovisand ; Exmouth ; Torquay. Nemaleon multifidum. Summer. Bovisand; Whit- sand Bay ; Torquay. Nemaleon purpureum. Autumn. Whitsand Bay ; Exmouth (very fine). BRITISH MARINE ALGAE. ian Nitophyllum Bonnemaisoni. Summer. On thestems of Laminaria digitata. Torquay and Ilfracombe. Youghal. Bute. Nitophyllum Gmelini. Summer. Under the Hoe ; Beggar’s Island; Mount Edgecumbe ; Plymouth. Nitophyllum Hillis. Summer. Under the Hoe; _ Mount Edgecumbe ; Firestone Bay ; Plymouth. Nitophyllum laceratum. Summer and autumn. Bo- visand ; Mount Edgecumbe ; Beggar's Island ; Plymouth. Nitophyllum punctatum. Summer. Mount Edge- cumbe ; Redding Point; Plymouth; Torquay and Sidmouth. Nitophyllum versicolor. Summer. Ilfracombe; Mine- head. Ocutocuate Hystrix. Summer. On stems ina lake of brackish water, Wareham, Dorset. Odonthalia dentata. Summer. On rocks in the sea. On the shores of the north of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Oscillatoria insignis. Summer. In a brackish ditch, Shirehampton, Bristol. Oscillatoria littoralis. Summer. With the preceding. Oscillatoria nigro-viridis. ‘Summer. With the preced- ing. 112 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Oscillatoria spiralis. Summer. On rocks by the sea- side. Appin. — Oscillatoria subsalsa. Summer. Brighton. Oscillatoria subuliformis. Summer. In a brackish ditch, Shirehampton, near Bristol. PapINnA Pavonia. Summer. Exmouth; Sidmouth; Torquay. Peyssonelia Dubyi. Summer. On old shells. On the shores of the British Islands. Phyllophora Brodizi. Summer and spring. Whitsand Bay; Bovisand. Scotland. Belfast Bay. Phyllophora membranifolia. Winter and spring. On rocky shores between tide-marks. Frequent. Phyllophora palmettoides. Winter and spring. Ex- mouth ; coast of Cornwall. Phyllophora rubens. Winter. Common on the rocky shores of England and Ireland. Plocamium coccineum. Summer and autumn. Mount Edgecumbe ; Bovisand ; Whitsand Bay; Torquay; Exmouth. Polyides rotundus. Autumn and winter. On stones and rocks in the sea. Very abundant. Polysiphonia affinis. Summer. On rocks in the sea. Carnlough, near Glenarm. .Polysiphonia atro-rubescens. Summer and autumn. Redding Point; Bovisand; Whitsand Bay; ‘Torquay. BRITISH MARINE ALG. 1138 Polysiphonia Brodiei. Throughout the year. On rocks, and the larger Aloz, between tide-marks. Common. Polysiphonia byssoides. Spring and summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Beggar’s Island; Plymouth. Ayv- shire. Bantry. Polysiphonia Carmichaeliana. Spring. Parasitical on Desmarestia aculeata. Appin. Polysiphonia elongata. Springandsummer. Redding Point ; Bovisand ; Torquay ; Exmouth; &c. Com- mon. Polysiphonia elongella. Summer. Redding Point ; Whitsand Bay; Torquay. Polysiphonia fastigiata. Spring and summer. Grow- ing on Fucus nodosus and others. Abundant. Polysiphonia fibrata. Summer and autumn. Growing on Fuci. Whitsand Bay; Bovisand. Polysiphonia fibrillosa. Summer. With the preceding. Polysiphonia formosa. Autumn. Torpoint ; Mount Edgecumbe ; Torquay. Polysiphonia furcellata. Summer. Sidmouth; dredged in Torbay. Carrickfergus. Polysiphonia Grevillii. Summer. On the larger Alge. Shores of Bute. Polysiphonia Griffithsiana. Summer. Parasitical on Polyides rotundus. Torquay ; Isle of Portland. I 114 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Polysiphonia nigrescens. Autumn and spring. Mount Edgecumbe ; Torpoint ; Sidmouth ; Exmouth ; Torquay. Polysiphonia obscura. Summer. On marine rocks, at half-tide level. Sidmouth and Jersey. Polysiphonia parasitica. Summer and autumn. Fire- stone Bay; under the Hoe; Plymouth; Torquay. Arran. Polysiphonia pulvinata. Summer. Ilfracombe; Tor- bay ; Whitsand Bay ; Salcombe ; Saltcoats. Polysiphonia Richardsoni. Summer. Dumfries. Polysiphonia simulans. Summer. Whitsand Bay ; Bovisand ; Torquay. Orkney. Jersey. Polysiphonia spinulosa. Summer. Whitsand Bay. Appin. Polysiphonia stricta. Summer. In the sea, on sand- covered rocks. Polysiphonia subulifera. Summer. ‘Torquay; Wey- mouth. Belfast Bay. Polysiphonia urceolata. Spring and summer. Abun- dant. Polysiphonia variegata. Summer and autumn. Ply- mouth Harbour; Beggar’s Island; Mount Kdge- cumbe. Polysiphonia violacea. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Torquay. BRITISH MARINE ALGE. 115 Porphyra laciniata. Spring toautumn. Very common on rocks and stones. Porphyra miniata. Summer. Appin. Porphyra vulgaris. Spring toautumn. Very common on rocks and stones. | Ptilota plumosa. Summer andautumn. On the stems of Laminariz. On the northern and western coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. Ptilota sericea. Summer and autumn. On rocks. Bovisand ; Mount Batten; Whitsand Bay; Tor- quay ; Exmouth. Punctaria latifolia. Spring. Firestone Bay; Sid- mouth ; Torquay. Near Belfast. Punctaria plantaginea. Summer. Firestone Bay ; Torquay ; Exmouth; Ilfracombe ; Falmouth. Punctaria tenuissima. Summer. Firestone Bay, &c., erowing on Zostera marina. Pycnophycus tuberculatus. Summer and autumn. Devon and Cornwall. Common. Ratrsta verrucosa. Winter. On-rocks between tide- marks. Common. Rhizoclonium Casparyi. Summer. On sand-covered rocks near high-water mark. Not uncommon. Rhizoclonium riparium. Summer. With the preced- ing. 116 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Rhodomela lycopodioides. Summer. On the stems of Laminaria digitata. Rhodomela subfusca. Springand summer. Onstones in pools, at low-water mark. Abundant. Rhodymenia bifida. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Whitsand Bay; Torquay ; Exmouth. Rhodymenia ciliata. Autumn and winter. Mount Edgecumbe ; under the Hoe; Plymouth; Torquay ; Exmouth. Rhodymenia cristata. Summer. Parasitical on Lami- naria digitata. Caithness. Rhodymenia jubata. Summer. In rocky and gravelly pools. Very abundant. Rhodymenia laciniata, Summer and autumn. On rocks and stones. Under the Hoe; Bovisand. Mewstone. Khedymenia palmata. Summer. On rocks, and on the stems of Laminaria digitata. Common. Rhodymenia Palmetta. Summer and autumn. Bovi- sand ; Whitsand Bay; Torquay. On the stems of Laminaria digitata. Rivularia applanata. Summer. On rocks and stones between tide-marks. Rivularia atra. Summer. On rocks and corallines. Rivularia nitidas Summer and autumn. South of England and West of Ireland. BRITISH MARINE ALG. lg Rivularia plicata. Summer. On the rocky sea-shore, above high-water mark. Torquay. Ayremouth. Rytiphlea complanata. Summer. Under the Hoe; Plymouth. West of Ireland. Rytiphlea fruticulosa. Summer and autumn. Bovi- sand; Whitsand Bay; Torquay; Exmouth; &c. Rytiphlea pinastroides. Winter. On submarine rocks near low-water mark. Rytiphlea thuyoides. Autumn. Whitsand Bay; Bo- visand ; Torquay ; Sidmouth. ‘Sareassum bacciferum. Occasionally cast on shore. Orkneys. (Gulf-weed). Sargassum vulgare. With the preceding. Schizosiphon Warreniz. Summer. On rocks at high- water mark. Plymouth ; Sidmouth ; Falmouth. Schizothrix Creswelli. Winter. On rocks near high- water mark. Sidmouth. Seirospora Griffithsiana. Summer. Mount Edge- cumbe; Firestone Bay; Plymouth; Torquay ; Salcombe. Spermoseira Harveyana. Summer. In muddy ditches. Shirehampton, near Bristol. Spermoseira littorea. Summer. In muddy, brackish ditches. Barmouth; Dolgelly. Sphacelaria cirrhosa. Autumn. On Desmarestia acu- leata and other Alge. 118 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE Sphacelaria filicma. Summer and autumn. Mewstone. Dredged near the breakwater, Plymouth; Torquay. Sphacelaria fusca. Summer. Plymouth; Sidmouth ; St. Michael’s Mount. Sphacelaria plumosa. Summer. Mount Batten; Tor- quay; Exmouth. Orkney. | Sphacelaria racemosa. Summer. Frith of Forth. Sphacelaria radicans. Summer. ‘Torquay. Bantry, &C. Sphacelaria scoparia. Summer. Firestone Bay; Tor- quay; Bovisand. Frith of Forth. Sphacelaria Sertularia. Summer. Parasitical on va- rious Algw. North and West of Ireland. Spheerococcus coronopifolius. Summer and autumn. Mount Edgecumbe; Bovisand; Torquay. Belfast. Bute. Spherozyga Berkeleyana. Summer. Ditches near Shirehampton, Bristol. Sphxrozyga Broomei. Summer. With the preceding. Spheerozyga Carmichael. Summer. With the pre- ceding, and on decayed Algew. Barmouth. Appin. Spheerozyga Ralfsii. Summer. With the preceding. Spherozyga Thwaitesu. Summer. With the preced- ing. Dolgelly. Portbury, Somerset. Spirulina Hutchinsic. Summer. With the preced- ing. 1 eae Spirulina tenuissima. Summer. With the preceding. BRITISH MARINE ALG. 119 Sporochnus pedunculatus. Summer. Mount Hdge- cumbe; Torpoint; Torquay. Frith of Forth. Spyridia filamentosa. Summer. Firestone Bay; Ex- mouth ; Holy Head. Striaria attenuata. Spring. ‘Torpoint; Firestone Bay; Torquay. Stenogramme interrupta. Autumn and winter. Mount Edgecumbe ; Torpoint; Bovisand; Minehead. Cork Harbour. Stilophora Lyngbyei. Summer. Mount Kdgecumbe ; Torpoint. Scotland and Ireland. Stilophora rhizodes. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Beggar’s Island ; Torquay ; Jersey. Taonta atomaria. Summer. Mount Edgecumbe ; Whitsand Bay; Torquay. Ballycotton. Uxva Lactuca. Autumnandsummer. Whitsand Bay; Bovisand. Ulva latissima. From spring to winter. In the sea, on rocks or stones. Very common. Ulva Linza. Summer. With the preceding. VAUCHERIA marina. Summer. ‘Torbay ; Salcombe. Appin. Vaucheria submarina. Summer. On the muddy sea- shore, Weymouth. 120 ALPHABETICAL INDEX, &c. Vaucheria velutina. Summer. On the muddy shore, Appin. WRANGELIA multifida. Summerandautumn. Mount Edgecumbe; Redding Point; Mount Batten; Tor- quay. Belfast Bay. ZONARIA collaris. Summer. Granville Bay; Jersey. Zonaria parvula. Spring and summer. On rocks and corallines. Printed by E. Newman, 9, Devonshire St., Bishopsgate, London. Weal Pa Paelie NY lt a eH AE gt gr ag rs bs .¢ r "a ee ee ad 7.¥% 7 its0 0 Les. 3 . bo hg Heit oe Se SenE a rnd ence a ret nent ot a ee, eld edisbispebochin ev tase etch. 062u5c7.h SS , . 2 Ml abst DN Lapeer mma teas wrt trates Meet try Dit Sater esd eet wie Nye rf 5 tye eye Nite. Satay tee yet 5 a oN ee he ep ye vey ae yee te vse “y7

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