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THE

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V:>7| — • - A N D

Mifteries of State,

Plainly laid open, in ajl the feveral

Forms of Government

I N T H E

CHRISTIAN WORLD.

Publifliedby

yOHN MILTON, Efq;

Printed in the Year, 1697.

i^\'

T O T H E

READER.

Aving had the Ma- nufcript of this Trea- tife, Written by Sir Walter Raleigh, many Years in my Hands, and finding it lately by chance among other Books and Papers , upon reading thereof, I thought it a kind of In- jury to withhold longa" the Work of fo Eminent anAu- thor from the Publick ; it being both anlwerable in I • A ^ Stile

41

To the Reader. Stils to other Works of his already Extant, as far as the Siibjecil would permit, and given me for a true Copy by a Learned Man at his Death, who had Gollcded feveral fuch Pieces. ■

fohn Milton,

T H E

THE

Principal Contents.

CHAP. I.

THE Definition and Divifion ofPu^ hlick Wedes and Sovereign States^ according to their Jeveral Species or Kjnds Page i

Chap, 2. Of Sovereign or Monarchick Go- vernment^ with its Ef[ential Marks and Spcifcal Differences P, ^

Chap. 3. Of Monarchies Seigniorily exem^ plified in the Turkijh aud ]Vefi-Indian Empire P. 6

Chap. 4. Of Monarchies Rojaly with the Means to maintain them P. 8

Chap. 5 . Of Monarchies Tyrannical P. 1 1 Chap. 6. Of New-found Monarchies and Principalities y with the Means to perpe^ . t'uate them P. 1 2

Chap,

The Contents.

Chap. 7» Of Councils and Counfellors m general P" ^7

Chap. 8. Of Councils in feme particular Monarchies^ Arifiocraties and Demo^ craties P. 18

Chap. 9. Of Officers and Commiffionersy with their reJpeBive DifiinBions P. 2 1

Chap. 10. Of MagiJlrateSy their Qualifi- cations and Elections P. 22

Chap. 1 1 . Ohfervations intrinfically con- cerning every Publick State in Points of Jufiice^ Treafure and War P. 24

Chap. 12. Extrinfick Obferv at ions j (hew- ing how to deal with Neighbor Princes and Provinces rejpeciively^ how to pre^ vent their DefignSy and decyfher their Intendments P. jo

Chap. I J. Obfervations confirmed by Au- thorities of Princes and PrincipalitieSy Charactering an Excellent Prime or Governor P' ? 5

Chap. 14. Of the Princes intimate Coun- fellors and Minifters of State , with their fever al R equiftes P« 4 1

Chap. 1 5. The Art of Rulings or Myftery of Regiment F. 48

Chap.

The Contents.

Chap. 1 6 Of Princely Authority ywherei^ it conftfiSy and how far to be extended and delegated P. 51

Chap* 17. Of Power and Force) and how to he raifed and maintained P- 5 ?

Chap. 18. Of Conjpiracy and Treafon^ mth the Caufes^ and ways of Prevention or Dijcovery P- 5 5

Chap. 1 9. OfPuhlick Hate andContempj with the Occafions and Means to redref and avoid it P. 5^

Chap. 20. Of Diffidence and Difflmulation in the Management of State Affairs

P. 67

Chap. 21.0/ War Defenfive and Inva- five ; with luflruEtions touching Laws of Arms y Soldiers and Military Difci* fline P. 70

Chap. 22. Of Generals and Commanders^ and their re^quifite Abilities in T^Urtid Enterfrifes and Expeditions P. 8 j

Chap. 23. Of Councils in War^ and Di^ reCtions Ta5tick and Stratagematick\ with Advice how to make an honor abU

. Peace P. 87

Chap. 24. Of Civil War^ with the Caufes

and Remedies thereof P- 97

Qhap.

The Contents.

Chap. 2^, A CoHeBion of Political Oh^ fervAtions ^confirmed by Keafdn ani Experience) advert ifing Princes^ Statef- men J and Private Perfbns how to demean themf elves in all Fortunes and Events P. 107

Chap. 26. Maxims of St ate ^ or Prud.ential Grounds and Polemical Precepts^ con^ cerning all EJlates^ and Forms of Policy in titnes of Peace or War^ Sec confirmed by Select Narrations , and Htflorical Parallels P* 1S4

ADVERTISEMENT.

THE Excellent Woman delcribed By her True Characters, and their Oppofites. Printed for J. V/attSi

THE

The Secrets of Government,

AND

Mifteries of State,

Plainly laid open.

CHAP. I.

The Definition and Divifion of Publick Weales and Sovereign States J according to their fevc'^ ral Species or Kinds.

A Common- wealth is a certain So- vereigii Government of many Families, with thofe things that are common among them.

■ ' are cither <^rtfiocraUes, or

are citner CDmocrMies.

^ The Secrets of Government ^ A Momrchj is that State where the Sovereignty refteth in the Perfonof one only Prince.

Kn Jrifiocraty^ is where feme fmall part of the People have in them as a Body corporate, the Sovereignty and Supreme Power of the whole State. . A Democraty^ is where all the People have Power and Authority Sovereign.

So doth it appear, that the Place and Perfon where the Sovereignty refteth, doth caufe the State to be either a Mo^ mrchy^ aa Jrljlocraty y or Popular Go- vernmef^p.

CHAP.

the Am of Empire. 3

CHAP. IL

Of Sovereign or Monarchic^ Govern- ment, with its Effential Marks, and Specijical differences.

Sovereignty is an abfolute and perpe- tual Power in every publick State, and he is properly and only a Sovereign, that acknowledgeth no Superior or Equal, norholdeth of any other Princ^j, Perfon or Power, but God and his own Sword.

The firft Mark of Sovereignty, is ab- folute Power and Authority to command , all Subjefts in general, and cvtry of them in particular, without content of any other Perfon or Perfons, either grea- ter or inferior to hirnfelf.

The fecond Mark of Majefty is Au- thority to make War , and conclude Peace at his pleafure.

The third is Power to beftow all Ho- nors and chief Offices at his plealure.

B 2 The

4 The Arts of Empire.

The Fourth Mark of Sovereignty is Appellation.

The Fifth Mirk and laflr, is power to pardon all Subjects by rigor of Law or otherwife, condemned in Life, Lands, Goods or Honors.

Thefe Powers are not to be imparted to any Officer, Deputy or other Magi- ftrate, but in the Prince's abfence, and for Ibme urgent occafion.

Monarchies are of three 3;^f^Xn;i

^ tyrannic d.

The Diverlity of Monarchies doth not proceed from the Nature of the State,but the diverfe proceedmgs of thole Princes that govern ; for great difJerence there may be between the nature of the Com- monwealth and the Government thereof. That Prince that giveth the Magi- ftracies Honors and Offices without re- IpeQ: of Nobility, Riches or Vertue, may be faid to govern popularly. And that Monarchy may be faid to be governed Ariltocratically, when the Monarch im- parteth the principal Honors and Offices 1:0 the Nobk and Rich Men only.

The

The Arts of Emfire. 5

The fame diflPerence there is to be found in States Ariftocratical and Popu- lar ; for the one and the other may be both Signioril or Tyrannical.

A Monarch Signioril is he who by force of Arms and juft War, is made Owner of Mens Bodies and Goods, and governeth them as a Mafterof a Family governeth ba& Servants and Slaves.

A Monarch ^oyaljis he whofe Subjects are obedi^nf u^to his Laws, and the Mo- narch himlelf obeyeth the Laws of God and Nature, fuftering every Subjedl to enjoy Liberty natural, with Property in Lands and Goods, governing as a Father governeth his Children.

A Monarch Tyrannical, is he who without regard to the Law of God or Nature,commandeth Free-men as Slaves and ufeth their Lands and Goods as his own.

CHAP.

^ The Arts of Empire.

C H A P. III.

Of Monarchy Signioril, Exempli- fied in the Turkifh and Weft-. Indian Empire.

'A

LL People fubje£t to Princes, are governed as Free-men by their Princejand certain other particular Lords of Lands and Liberties ; who not by the Princes Cornmiffion, but by Ancient Laws or Cuftom, have Inheritance and T^cn^iVi^ut^ ; or elfe they are by one Prince and his Minifters commanded, which Minifters have not by Law or Ordinance, any Authority or Intereft of themfelves , but being hke to the People ( bafe Men and Slaves ) they comrnand only by Commiflion in the Princes name ; and the Authority of thofe Minifters doth ceafe at the Princes pleafiire, fo that the People do not ac- knowledge any Superior but the Prince, nor owe any Service to other mean

Lords;

The Arts of Empre. 7

Lords : So as all the People ftand with- out Property in Lands or Goods ; for example, the Empire of Turky and the Wejl-Indies.

The Provinces of this Monarchy are allotted to fundry Magiftrates or Mi- nifters, and they altered and removed at the Princes pleafure ; but it is other- wife in a Monarchy Royal , becaufe the Monarch is there accompanied with many mean Lords. And albeit thofe mean Lords are Subjects unto the Prince , yet have they particular Tenants, who may not, without juft caufe, be difpoffelTed by the Prince;, and thofe People having had depen- dency of their Lords and their An- ceftors, do ever beare unto them a cer- tain natural Love and dutiful RefpeO: ; wholb therefore compareth thefe Prin- cipalities, lliall perceive, that to Con- quer a State Signioril there is^ great difficulty, but being conquered, it may eafily be maintained ; for the difficulty to conquer fuch a State , proceedeth from the lack of mean Lords to call in and affift the Prince that doth in- vade ; Who therefore defireth to fubdue B 4 ^

S TJ)e Arts of Empire.

a Nation thus governed, muft of force affault all the People, and rather truft in his own Strength than the Aid of the Country. But if he can prevail, then one only Fear remaineth, which is the Prince's Pofterity , which necelTarily muft be extinguifhed , becaufe the Prince's Race only hath Intereft both in the People and Soldiers. But to enter a Monarchy Royal, is an Enterprife of no great Difficulty, when he that doth enter, hath the Friendfliip and Aid of Ibme mean Lords to take his part, and prepare the place where he is to arrive,

CHAP. IV.

Of Monarchies Royal, with the Means to maintain them.

Monarchies Royal are for the moll part Ancient and Hereditary, and corilequently eafie to be governed. For it is fufficient for the Prince to main- tain the old Laws, and on occafion

tern-

The Arts of Empire. p

temporize with tliofe Accidents that happen ; Such a State cannot be taken from the Prince without exceflive Force, and if it be, it fliall be foon recovered. Example, Englmd and France,

But if a Monarchy newly conquered, be annexed unto an old, and not pro- perly Ancient , then it is with much more difficulty maintained.

Firft, For that Men naturally in- clined to Variation, are eafily induced to take Arms againfl: him that newly governeth.

Secondly, Every new Prince is forced to exaft as well upon thofe Subjects that jpyned with him, as thofe that did re- fift him, and therefore Ihall offend both. Example, Ireland annexed to the Crown ^/England, Sicilia and Naples to Spain.

The means to maintain fiich a Mo- narchy, is,

Firlt, To extinguifh the Race of him that was anciently Prince.

Secondly, To continue all Laws and Cuftoms in the former Force ; for fo ftiall the Sub] eel find nothing altered but the Prince, and therefore will foon reft contented \ and the rather if that new

Monarchy,

I o The Arts of Empire. '

Monarchy, and the ancient Dominion of the Prince, be of one Language ; But if the People be of a contrary Language and Humor, then to hold it, there need- eth great Induftry and Fortune ; in that cafe the beft way is, that the Prince Ihould inhabit there, as well to incoun- ter all Inconveniences proceeding from the Subjed, as to preferve the People from Oppreffion of his own Minifters. Another way is, to fend thither certain Colonies, and plant them in fit places, or elfe to fettle fome Garifons both of Horfe and Foot ; but Colonies are lefs chargeable to the Prince. As for the People inhabitant (who muft neceifa- rily remove, they being a fmall number and difpoffeiied) they cannot have power to offend ; for in that cafe, this Rule or Maxim Ihali be found true, that Men muft be either kindly intreated, or with all Extremity opprelled ; becaufe of light Injuries they. may be revenged, but of utter Oppreiiion they cannot.

A third way to hold a conquered Dominion, is, to cherifh and defend the Neighbors of little Power, and opprefs or keep under thofe that are " moft

Potent J

The Arts of Empire. 1 1

Potent; and above all, to take order that no Forreign Prince or Power dp enter ; for it is ever to be looked foi', that fb many of the Nation as are di& contented, either for Ambition or Fear, will be ever ready to bring in Strangers : And to conclude this matter of Princi- pality annexed, I fay it behoveth every Prince poffejfTed of liich a State, never to increafe the Power of any Potent Nighbor, never to opprefs thofe that are of fmall Power , never to permit any Forreign Potentate to enter, but ever to plant Colonies and Garilbns, or clfe to make that Dominion his chief Habitation.

CHAR V. Of Monarchies Tyrannical.

Tyrannical Princes are not advanced by Favor, neither do they truft unto Fortune, but by degrees of War, or elfe by fome other indired means do afpire unto Greacnefs j and therein do

maintain

1 2 The Arts of Empire.

maintain themfelves by all ways either Honeft or Difhoneft, without relpeft of Juitice, Conlcience or Law either of Na- tions or Nature : A Prince by fuch im- pious means afpired,and defiring to hold that he hath gained, will take order that the Cruelties he committeth may be done roundly, fiiddenly, and as it were at an inftant ; for if they be executed at lei- fure and by piece-meal, then will the Prince's Fears continue long, and the Terror in Subjefts take deeper Imprefli- on,whofe Nature is fuch, that either they muft be bound by Benefits,or by Cruelty made fure from offending : Example, Dionyfi^ and Agathocles.

CHAR VI.

Of new found Monarchies and Prin- dualities J mth the means to per- petuate them.

C'Ome other Princes there are,that from i. 1 private Eftate have afpired to Sove- reignty,not by unnatural or impious pro- ceedmgs as the former, but by Vertue and Fortune, and bemg afpired, have

found

The Arts of Empire. 1 3

found no great Difficulty to be main- tained y for fuch a Prince having no other Dominion, is forced to fettle h^n- felf where he is become a Prince: But here is to be noted;,that albeit fuch a Man be Vertuous, yet wanting Fortune, his Vertue proveth to fmall purpofe, and Fortune without Vertue doth feldom work any great Eftefl:. Howfbever it be, a Prince being afpired,both by the Aid of the one and of the other, fhall notwith- ftandmg find fome difficulty to hold what he hath gotten ; becaufe he is forced to introduce new Laws and new Orders of Government differing from the old, as well for his own Security, as confirma- tion of the Government ; for avoiding of which Dangers,he is to confider whether he be of himfelf able to compel his Sub- jefts to obey , or muft pray in aid of others : If he can do the firft, he needeth not doubt , but being driven to the other, his Greatnefs cannot long con- tinue ; for albeit a matter of no diffi- culty, it is to perfwade a People ; yet to make them conftant, is a work well near impoffible. Example,r//^/^/j^,C)r//:r, Romtdu-s,

The

»

i4 21^^ ^^ts of Empire.

The fecond fort of new Princes are fucli as be afpired by Favor or Corrupti- on or by the Vertue or Greatnefs of Fortune or Friends : A Prince by any or all thefe means advanced, and defirous to hold his Eftate, muft indeavor by his own Vertue to maintain himfelf without depending upon any other; which may be done by this means : Firft, To affure all Enemies from offend- ing. Secondly, To win the Love and Friendlhip of fo many Neighbors as poflibly he may. Thirdly, To compafs all Defigns tending to his Honor or Pro-^ fit, and bring them to pafs either by Fraud or Force. Fourthly, To make himfelf honored and followed of Cap- tains and Soldiers. Fifthly, To opprefs all thofe that would or can offend. Sixthly, To be obfequious and liberal to Friends, magnanimous and terrible to Foes. Seventhly, To cafs all old and unfaithful Bands , and entertain new. Eighthly, To hold fuch Amity v/ith Kings and Princes, as they ought reafon- ably to favor him, or elfe they would oftend ; eafily they cannot. Example, GiovAnnio. Torrigimiy C^f^r^ Borgi.

The

7 he Arts of Emfire. 1 5

The third and lafl: means whereby- private Ferfbns do afpire to Principa- lities, IS not Force and Violence , but meer good Will and Favor of Men. The caufe or occafion thereof, is only Vertue or Fortune, or at leaft a certain Fortu- nate Craft and Wittinefs, becaufe he alpireth either by Favor of the People, or by Favor of the Nobility ; for thefe contrary Humors are in all Common- wealths to be found. And the reafbn thereof is, that the great Men do ever endeavor to opprefs the People, and the People do labor not to be oppreffed by them. Of thefe divers Appetites one of theie three Effefts do proceed, viz.. Prin- cipality, Liberty, or Licentious Life. Principality may come either by love of the Multitude, or of the great Men ; for when any of thefe Faftions do find it felf oppreffed, then do they foon confent to make one a Prince, hoping by his Vertue and Valor to be defended. Ex- ample, Frmcefco Sforza^ Alejjandro de Medici,

A Prince in this fort afpired, to main- tain his Eftate, mufi: firft confider well by which of thele Fadions aforefaid he

is

1 6 The Arts of Enrpire.

is advanced ; for if by Favor of great Menhebeafpired, then muft he meet with many Difficulties; for having about him divers Perfons of great Qua- lity, and fuch as were but lately Iiis Equals, hardly Ihall he command them in fuch fort as it behoveth : But if the Prince be advanced by the People, few (^ none fliall hardly difobey him. So it appeareth that a Prince made by the Multitude, is much more fecure than he whom the Nobility preferreth ; for com- mon People do not defire to. enjoy more than their own, and to be defended from Oppreffion ; but great Men do ftudy not only to hold their own, but alfo to command and infult upon Inferiors. Note that all Monarchies are Princi- falities. But all Principalities are not Monarchies,

CHAP.

The Arts of Enrpire. 1 7

CHAR VIL

Of Councils^ and Counfeltors in general.

A Senate or Council is a certain law- ful Affembly of Counfellors, to give advice to him or then! that have in the Commonweale Power Sovereign.

A Counfellor is called in the Latine Senator \ which Word fignifieth in ef- fed an old Man : The Grecians and Ro- mans alfo moft commonly compofed their Councils of ancient and expert Perlbns ; for if they, or the greater part of them had been Young Men, then might the Council have more properly been called a jnvenate than a Senate.

The chief and moft neceffary Note required in a Counfellor is to have no dependence of any other Prince or Com- monweale ; either Oath, Homage, Na- tural Obligation, Pention, or Reward ; In this Point the Venetians have been ever moft precife, and for that reafon^ do not admit any Cardinal or other C Ckrgf'

1 8 The Arts of Einpre.

Clergy-man to be either of or at theip Councils, therefore^ when the Venetim Senate is AlTembled, the Ulher being ready to (hut the Door, cryeth aloud, VuoYA Preti^ Depart PriefL Note alfo that in every State, of what QuaUty fb- ever, a Secret or Cabinet-Council is mainly neceffary.

CHAR VIII.

Of Councils in fome particular Mo- narchies^ Ariftocraties^ and De- mocrat ies.

["^^HE King of Sfain, for the Go- J^ vernment of his Dominions hath Seven Councils, ( viz.. ) the Council of tile Indies^ the Council of Spainj the Council of /^^/y and the Low Countries, the Council of War, the Council of Or- derS; the Council of Inquifition, and .the Council Royal.

In Frmce are Three Councils, (viz.) the Council i rivy, the Council of Judg- es, which they call Prefidents et Conceit-

res

The Arts of Empire. i^

ers de Parlame?tf, and the great Coun- cil, whieh they call J/Jemmes du troj$ Efiates,

Of Councils in Ariftocraties^

In Venice y befide the Senate and great Council, are Four Councils, ( viz.^) the Sages of the Sea, the Sages of the Land, the Council of Tenn, the Three Prefi- ^^wX.s>oi. QuArmtia^ and the Senate : All which Councils do amount to One hun- dred and twenty Perlbns, with the Ma- giftrates.

The Great Council oiRagufa confift- eth of Sixty Perlbns, and hath another Privy Council of Twelve.

Of Councils in Democraties.

Genpua hath Three Councils: the Great Council of Two hundred, the Se- nate which confifteth of Sixty, and the Privy Council which hath Twenty fix Counfellors ; So it doth appear that in all Commonwealths, be they Monar- chies, Ariftocracies, or Popular States. The Council-Privy is molt necelTary, C 2 and

20 Th Arts of Empire.

and often iiled ; Alfb this difference is to be noted between the Councils in Monarchies, and the Councils in Jri^ Jlocracies and States Popular ; that is to fay, that all Deliberations fit to be pub- liilied, are in a Monarchy confulted and refolved upon in the Council Privy, and after ratified by Com- mon Council ; But in Optimacies or Popular Government the Cufl:om is contrary.

Here alfo is to be noted, that albeit the Ufe and Authority of every Senate a Privy Council is moft needful, yet hath it no Authority to command but in the name of thofe in whom the Sove- reignty refteth : For if Counfellors had power to command abfblutely, then iliould they be Sovereigns, and confe- Quently all Execution at their Pleafure ; which may not *be without detracting from Ma]efl:y, which is a thing fb So- vereign and Sacred, as no Citizen or Subjedl of what quality foever, may touch or approach thereunto.

CHAP.

The Arts of Empire. 2 1 CHAR IX.

Of Officers and Commijfioners with their refpe^ive DiJtinSlions.

AN Officer is a Perfon publick, that hath Charge ordinary and limited by Law.

A Commiffioner is alfb a Perfon pub- lick, but his Charge is extraordinary and hmited by Commiffion.

Officers are of two forts, and fo be Commiffioners ; the one hath power to command, and are called Magiftrates : the other hath Authority to execute : fb the one and the other are Perfons publick: yet are not all publick Per- fons either Officers or Commiffioners.

Commiffioners are ordained to go- vern in Provinces, in War, in Juftice, in difpofmg the Treafure, or fome 0- ther Funtiion concerning the State ; but all Com*miffions do fpring and pro- ceed from the Sovereign, Magiilrates and Commiffioners. And here is to be noted, that every Commiffion ceal^ C 3 eth

22 The Arts of Empire.

eth if he that granted the Commiiflfiioii doth dye, or revoke it, or if the Com- miffioners during his CommiiEon fhall afpire to Office and Authority equal to his that made it.

CHAR X

OfMagifirates^ their Qualifica- tions and EleElions.

AMagiftrate is an Officer having power to Command in the State ; and albeit that every Magiftrate be an Officer, yet every Officer is not a Ma- giftrate, but they only that havepovi^er to command.

Alfo in making Officers of and Ma- giftrates in every Commonweale , Three things are fpecially to be ob- ferved ( viz. ) v^ho doth make them, what Men they are that fliould be made, and the form and manner how they are made.

TJie

The Arts of Empire. 23

The ftrft appertaineth to him or them in whom the Sovereignty refteth ; tlie fecond alfo belongeth to Majelty ; yet therein the Laws are commonly follow- ed, efpecially in Jrijlocracies and States Popular ; In the one the Magiltrates are chofen out of the moft Wealthy or mofl: Noble : In the other, elefted out of the whole Multitude.

The form and manner of choofing Magiftrates in Arijlocracies and States Popular, is either by PUeclion, by Lot, or by both, and their Office is to com- pel thofe that do not Obey what Sove- reignty comm^ndeth : For all force of Commandment lieth in Compul- fion.

Commandment likewife is of two forts ; the one may be called Sovereign and Abfblute, above Laws, above Ma- giftrates, and above People. In Mo- narchies fuch Command is proper to the Prince only ; in Jr/flocracks it reft- eth in the Nobility : And in Democra- cies the People have that power.

The fecond Commandments are Sub- ject both to Sovereignty and Law.

C 4 Here

24 3^^^ ^^^^ of Empire.

Here is to be noted, that every Ma- giftrate may recall his own Command- ment, and forbid what he did Com- mand, yet cannot revoke that which he hath Judged.

^ Alfb in the prefence of :eSSrenc; the Sovereign all Autho, ofhim that grant- rity of Magiltrates ceal- ed them, ^j-jj . ^^j jn prefence of

great Magiftrates the inferior have no power; and Magiftrates ecjual can- not do any thing but by Content, if his Colleagues or Fellow-^Magiftrates be prefent.

CHAP. XL

Ohfervations intrinfically concern- ing every Publick^State in points cfJufiice.TreafureandWar.

T HE Fir ft concern matter Intrin- fick. The Second touch matter Extrinfick.

7 he Arts of Empre. 2 5

Matters Intrinftck are Three,

The Adminiftration of juftice. The Managing of the Treafure. The difpofing of things appertaining to War.

Matters Extrinfck are alfo Three.

The Skill how to deal with Neighbors.

The Dihgence to vent their Defigns.

The way how to win fb much Con- fidence with fbme of them, as to be made partaker of whatlbever they mean to enterprifc.

Timching Adminiftration ofjujiice.

The good and dired Adminiftration of Juftice, is in all Places a principal part of Government ; for feldom or never fhall we lee any People difcontented and defirous of Alteration, where Ju- ftice is equally adminiftred without re- Ipeft of Perfbns \ and in every State this Confideration is required, but moft of all in Countries that do front upon other Princes, or were lately conquered :

Here-

26 The Arts of Empire.

Hereunto the Princes Vigilancy and the Magiftrates Uprightnejfs are efpeci- ally required ; for oft-tentimes the Prince is deceived, and the Magiftrates corrupted ; it behoveth alfb the Prince to maintain the Judges and Minifters of Juftice in their Reputation, and yet to have a vigilant Eye upon their Pro- ceedings, and the rather if their Autho- rity do include Equity, and from their Cenfure be no Appeal ; and if their Office be during Life, and they are Men born and dwelling in the lame Country ; all thefe things are duly to be confidered of the Prince; for as to call the Judges into queftion, is as it were to dif^ grace the Judicial Seat ; fo to wink at their Corruptions were matter of juft difcontent to the Subjeft : in this cafe therefore the Prince cannot do more than by his Wifdom to make choice of Good Men ; and being chofen, to hold them in good Reputation fo as the or- dinary courfe of Juftice may proceed ; for other wife great Diforder, Contempt, and general Confufion will enfue there- of. Secondly, he is to keep his Eye open upon their Proceedings ; and laft-

The Arts of Empre. 27

ly to referve unto himfelf a Supreme Power of Appellation.

Touching the Treafure,

The want of Money is in all States very perilous, and moft of all in thofe which are of leafl: Strength, and do confine upon Nations with whom they have commonly War, or unafi fiired Peace, but moft perilous of all to thofe Governments which are remote from the Prince, or Place where they are to be relieved.

The means to Levy Trea/ar e jtre 'Four.

Firftj The Cuftoms and Impofitions upon all forts of Merchandize and Traf- fick is to be looked unto and advanced.

Secondly, The exceflive eating of Ufliry muft be fupprelled.

Thirdly, All fuperfluous Charges and Expences are to be taken away.

Laftly, The doings and accounts of Miniftersare feverally to beexammed.

Touching the matter of Cuftom and Impoft thereof, aifuredly a great Profit is in every State to be raifed ;

chiefly

2 8 The Arts of Empire.

chiefly where Peace hath long con- tinued, and where the Country af- fordeth much plenty of Commodities to be carried out, and where Ports are to receive Shipping.

The moderating of Intereft is ever neceffary, and chiefly in this Age, by reafon that Money aboundeth in £a^ rope'f fince the Traffick into the Z^- dles'^ for fuch Men as have Money in their Hands great plenty, would in no wife imploy the fame in Merchan- dize, if lawful it were to receive the utmofl: Ufury, being a Courft of mofl: Profit and greatefl: Security.

The taking awa.y of fuperfluous Expences is no other thing than a certain wife and laudable Parfimony; which the Romms and other well go-, verned States did ufe. Thefe Expen-- ces confifl: in Fees, Allowances, and Wages granted to Minifl:ers of little or no Neceflity ; alfo in Penfions, Rev/ards, Entertainments and Dona- ries, with fmall Diflxculty to be mo^ derated, or eafily to be fupprefled.

1 By

The Am of Empire. 2^

^ By abridging or

taking away of thefe # So Hemy the Fourth

needlefs ExpenCeS a o^ France by putting

marvelous Profit will his Courtiers to Boards

i r- J r u -n • "^^g^^s was faid to

be laved tor tnernnce; make Money ^ith but if he continue his Teeth. them, and by impo- fing upon the People do think to in« creafe his Treafure or Revenue, be- fides the lofs of their Love, he may alio hazard their Obedience, with ma- ny other Inconveniences.

Touching War.

Whatfbever Prince or Common- weale is Neighbour to any People which can, will, or were wont to of- fend, it is necelTary to have not only all things prepared for defence of his Perfon and Country, but alfo to fore- caft and ufe every caution and other diligence : For the Inconveniencies which happen to Government , are fudden and unlook'd for ; yea, the Providence and Provifion required in this Cale ought to be fiich as the Ex-

pences

30 The Arts of Empire.

pences all other ways imployed mufl: ftay to fupply the Neceffity of War.

CHAP XIL

Extrinfick, Obfervation, [hewing horp to deal with Neighbor Princes and Provinces rejpetiively^ how to prevent their Defigns ^ and decipher their Intendments.

-^I^HIS firft Point of matter Extrin- J. fick is of fiich quality as being well handled procureth great good, but otherwife becomerh dangerous ; for the Proceeding muft be di\^ers according to the diverfity of the Ends which the Prince or Governor intendeth ; for if he deiire to continue Peace with his A^eighbors, one way is to be taken ; but otherwife he is to work that leeketh occafion to break, and to become an Enemy to one or more of his Neighbors. If he do deiire to live peaceably withal, tlien lie is to obferve thefe Rules (yiz.^

Firft,

The Arts ofEmpre. 5 1

Firft, To hold and continue ifirmly all Contracts and Capitulations,

Secondly, To fhew himfelf refblved neither to offer nor take the leaft touch of Wrong or Injury.

Thirdly, With all care and favor to further Commerce and reciproke Traf- fick for the profit of the Subject, and increafe of the Princes Revenue,

Fourthly, Covertly to win fb great Confidence with Neighbors, as in all actions of unkindnefs among them he may be made Umpire.

Fifthly, To become fb well believed with them as he may remove luch Diffi- dences as grow to his own difad van- tage.

Sixthly, Not to deny Proteflion or Aid to them that are the weakeft, and chieiiy fuch as do and will endure his Fortune.

Laftly, In Favouring, Aiding and Pro- tefting ( unlefs neceifity fliall other- wife 10 require) to do it moderately, fb as they who are to be aided, become not Jealous, and confequently feek Ad- herency elfewhere, which oft-times hath opened way to other Neighbors that defire a like occafion.

3 2 The Arts of Empire.

Horn to prevent their Defigns.

This Point in time of War is with great diligence to be looked unto ; alfo in time of Peace to prevent all occafions that may kindle War is behoveful ; for to forefee what may happen to the Prejudice of a Princes Profit or Repu- tation, is a part of great Wifdom. The means to attain the Intelligence of thefe things are two.

The Firft is by Friends, the next by Efpials ; the one for the mofl: part faith- ful, the other not ib affured.

Thefe matters are well to be confi- dered ; for albeit the Nature of Man defireth nothing more than curioufly to know the doings of others, yet are thoie things to be handled with fb great Secrecy and Diffimulation as the Princes Intent be not in any wife fufpe- tiedj nor the Minifters made odious ^ for thele fometimes to win themfelves Reputation^ do devife caufes of Diffe- rence where no need isjdivining of things ■ Future which prove to the Prejudice of their own Prince.

To

The Arts of Empire. ^ 3

To mn Confidence with Neighbors^

This is chiefly attained unto by being Loved and Honored ; for thefe things do work fo inany good Effefts, as daily Experience f uiEceth without any exprefs Example to prove themof ^reat Force. ^

^ The ways to win Love and Truft^ IS in all Aftions to proceed Juftly, and lometinies Jtfrw^nk at Wrongs, or fet afide unneceffary Revenges; and if any thing be done not jufl:ifiable, or unfit to be allowed, as oftentimes it happen- eth, there to lay the Blame upon the Minifter, which mufl: be performed widi fo great fhow of Revenge and piflimulation, by reproving andpunifli- ing the Minifter,as the Princes offended may be fatisfied, and believe that the eaule of MnKm^m^'^ proceeded from thence;

Now only it refteth that foniev/hat mould be faid touching Provilion, to the end the People may not be drawn into defpair by Famine , or extream inearth oiViolua!, and chiefly for want D of

34 T^f^^ ^^'^ ^/ Empire.

of Corn, which is one principal Con- fideration to be regarded, according to the Italian Proverb, Fme in Piazza^ Giufiitiain Palazzo ^ fiverezza per tutto .* Whereunto I could wifli every Prince or Supreme Governor to be thus qua- lified (viz.^ Facile de audienza: non- facilede credenza , defiofo de Jpedition , effemfUre in cofiunii propriiy & ino^uei de fuA cafa tale chevorra governare , e non effer governato da altro ; he delU raggione.

CHAP.

The Arts of Empire. 35

C H A P. XIIL

Obfervations confirmed by Authorities cf Princes and Principalities , Charactering an excellent Prince or Governor.

EVery good and lawful Principality is either Ele£live or Succellive t Of them Eledion feemeth the more Ancient ; but Succeflion in divers re« Ipefts the better : Minore dijcrimine - fumitur Princeps quam qu^ritur. Tac.

The chief and only Endeavor of every good Prince, ought to be the Commodity and Security of the Sub- je£ts, as contrariwife the Tyrant feek-^ eth his own private Profit with the Oppreffion of his People: Qivium non fervitm fed tuteU tradita ejt. Sal.

To the Perfeftion of every good Prince, two things are neceffarily re- quired {viz.^ Prudence and Virtue; D 2 the

3^ The Arts of Empire.

the one to direct his Doings, the other to govern his Life; Rex eris ft re5te fe^ ceris. Hor.

The fecond care which appertaineth to a good Prince, is to make his Subje£ts hfce unto himfelf; for thereby he is not only honored , but they alfb the better governed : Facile imperium in honos. Flaut.

Subjects are made good by two means {yiz>^ by conftraint of Law, and the Princes Example; for in all Eftates, the People do imitate thofe Conditions whereunto they fee the Prince enclined : Quicijuid faciunt principesy pr^cipere vide^ antur. QuintiJ .

All Vertues be required in a Prince, but Juftice and Clemency are moft neceffary ; for Juftice is a Habit of doing tilings Juftly , as well to him- felf as others , and giving to every one fb much as to him appertaineth: This is that Vertue that prelerveth Con- cord among Men, and whereof they be called good : "Jm & ^(^tiitas vincuU civi- tAtimi. Cic.

*it

The Arts of Empre. 3 7

^ It is the Quality of *The Author of the this Vertue aliOj to pro- Eplltle Dediarory

ceed equally and tempe- ^,^ ^^^, Durchefs of rately; it informeth the Mr L^r4v.v's Ser- Prince not to furcharge mons , faith , that the Subieas with infinite Lawyers comoul^ Laws y for thereof pro- devoured £//^A«2j. ceedeth the Impoverifli- ment of the Subjefts and the Inrich- ing of Lawyers, a kind of Men which in Ages more Ancient, did feem of no Neceflity : Sme caufidicis fatis fat- lices olim ftiere future fde funt urbes. Sal.

The next Vertue required in Princes is Clemency, being an Inclination of the Mind to Lenity and CcmpafTion., yet tempered with Severity and Judg- ment ; this Quahty is fit for all great Perlbnages , but chiefly Princes , be- caufe their occafion to u(e it is moft ; by it alfb the Love of Men is gained : Q^i utdt reg'fiizrey Unguida regmt mmn^ Sen.

After Clemency, Fidelity is expected

in all good Princes, which is a certaui

Performance and Obfervation of V/ord

and Promiie \ this Vertue feemeth to

D 1 accvjm-

3 8 The Arts of Enipire^

accompany Juftice, or is as it were the lame, and therefore moft fit for Princes : San6Hfftmum generu humani bo^ num. Liv.

As Fidelity foUoweth Juftice, fo doth Modefty accompany Clemency ; Mo- defty is a Temperature of Realbn, whereby the Mind of Man is fo go- verned, as neither in Aftion or Opi- nion he over-deemeth of himfelf , or any thing that is his ; a Quality not common m Fortunate Folk, and moft: rare in Princes : Super bia commune nobili^ t^tis malum. Sal.

This Vertue doth alfb moderate all External Demonftration of Inlblence, Pride and Arrogance, and therefore ne- cefTary to be known of Princes, and all others whom Favor or Fortune have ad- vanced: Imp one f (elicit at i tuajranos^fa" cilius ilUm reges. Curt.

But as Princes are to obferve the Bounds of Modefty , fo may they not forget the Majefty appertaining to their Supreme Honor, being a cercam Reve- rend Greatnefs due to Princely Vertue and Royal State ; a Grace and Gravity nolefs befeeming a Prince than Vertue

it

The Arts of Empire. 39 it felf ; for neither over-much Famili- arity , nor too great Aufterity, ought to be ufed by Princes: factlitas au^ tor it at em y fever it as amor em minuit, Tac.

To thele Vertues we may apply Li- berahty, which doth not only Adorn, but highly Advance the Honor due to Princes ; thereby alfo the good Will of Men is gained ; for nothing is more fitting a Prince's Nature than Bounty, the fame being accompanied with Judg- ment, and performed according to the Laws of Liberality : Perdere multi fciunty donare nefciunt. Tac.

It feemeth alfo that Prudence is not only fit, but alfo, among other Vertues,. neceffary in a Prince ; for the daily uie thereof is in all Humane Actions re- quired, and chiefly in Matters of State and Government : Frudentia im^ermtis froprta, & unicci virtus. Arift.

The Succefs of all Worldly Proceed- ingSjdoth Anew that Prudence hath com- palfed the Profperous Event of Humane Aftions, more than Force of Arms or other Power : Mens un^ fa,fiens ^Itirium vine it mams, Eurip.

D 4 Pru-

40 The Arts of Empire.

Prudence is either natural , or re- ceived from others ; for whofb can Counfel himfelf what is fit to be done, needeth not the Advice of others ; but they that want fuch Perfection, and are neverthelefs capable, and are will-^ ing to know what others inform , ought tp be accounted wife enough : LaudatiJJiJnus ejl qui ctm5ia viiehit^ Jed lauda?idus e{i is qui paret x^^^ monenti^ Hefiod. ■

CHAP.

The Arts of Empire. 4 1

CHAR XIV.

Of the Princes intimate Counfellors anJMiniftersofState^ with their fefueral Requifites.

ALbeit the excellent Spirit of fome Princes be fiich as doth juftly de- ferve the higheft Commendation ; yet for that every Courffe of Life needeth the Aid of Men , and the Mind of one cannot comprehend the infinite Care appertaining to publick Affairs ; it be- hoveth Princes to be affifted : Mag^^a ne- gotia^ adjutoribus egent. Tac.

The Ailiftants may be properly di- vided into Counfellors and Minifiers ; the one to Advife, the other to Exe^ cute : Without Counfel, no Kingdom, no State, no private Houfe can itand \ for Experience hath proved, that Com- mon-weales have profpered fb long as good Counfel did govern, but when Favor, Fear or Yoluptuoulhels entered,

thofe

42 The Arts of Empire.

thofe Nations became difbrdered ; and in the end fubjeft to Slavery : Quid- dam facrum frofecto ejl Confultatio, PJato.

Counfellors are Men fpecially felefted to give Advice to Princes or Common- wealths, as well in Peace as in War ; the chief Qualities required in fuch Men, are Fidelity and Knowledge ; which two concurring do make them both Good and Wile, and confequently fit for Counfel ; Prudent is frofrium mums recte confulere, Arift.

The Elefliion of Counfellors is and ought to be chiefly among Men of long Experience and grave Years ; for as Youth is fitteft for Adion in refpeQ: of Corporal Strength; fo elder Folk ha- ving felt the Force of every Fortune , and obferved the Courfe of Worldly Proceedings do feem moft.meet for Con- fu Itation : Confdia fenum, facta juvemtm^ Plato.

Albeit we fay that the Excellency of Wifdom fliould be in Counfellors ; yet do we not require fo quick and fiery a Conceit as is more apt for Innovation than orderly Government: Hebetiores

auam

The Arts of Empire. 43

quum acutiores melius Remp, adfninifirAnt. Thucyd.

To Fidelity and Experience we wifli that our Counfellors fhould be endued with PietyjLiberty, Conftancy, Modefty and Silence ; for as the Aid and KS\- ftance of God is that which governeth all good Counfels, fo liberty of Speech, and magnanimous uttering of what is good and fit, is neceffary in Coun- fellors. Likewife to be conftant and not to vary in opinion, either for Fear or Favor, is very commendable : Alio as Modefty in giving Counlel efclieweth all Offences, and gaineth good Will, To Secrefie is die beft and moft fecure means to govern all publick Affairs : Res magndi' [ujitneri non f off lint ah eo a^ui taceye mquit. Curt.

The firft Obftacle to good Counfel is Pertinacy or Opiniativenefs ; a Condi- tion far unfit for Counfellors ; yet ibme Men are jR) far in love with their own Opiniaftre Conceits, as that they cannot patiently endure Oppofition. Secondly, Difcord muft from Counfellors be re- moved, becaufe private Oifence many times impeacheth publick ProceedingSo

Thirdly,

44 ^^^^ A^i^ ^f Empire.

Thirdly, Affection is an Enemy to Coun- lei, the fame being commonly accom- panied with Anger, wherewith nothing can be rightly or conliderately done. Laftly, Avarice leemeth a Vice worthy to be abhorred of all Counfellors , be- caufe it driveth away both Fidehty and Honefty, the principal Pillars of all good Counfel : Feffimum vert affeci-us & judicii *venenum^ utilitas. Tac.

To good Counfel other Impediments there are, which fquare not with Wif^ dom; for all Crafty and Hazarding Counlels do feem in the beginning likely to fucceed ; but afterwards and chiefly in the end do prove hard and of evil Event. It therefore feemeth behoveful to be wary in refolving, and bold in ex^ ecuting : Animus vereri qui fcit^ fcit tura aggredi. Pub.

^Another Lett to good Confultation is immoderate Defire, which every wife Man mult endeavor to reftrain : Cupi- ditate fauca recte punt , circumf^eBione flurima. Thucyd.

Thirdly, Haite is an Enemy to good Deliberation ; for Vv^hofo greedily de- iireth any thing, prcceedeth rafhly ; and

rafli

The Arts of Empre. 45

rafh proceeding cndeth ever in Repen- tance : Scelera imfetu^ bona confilia. mora, 'v ale founts Tac.

Of Minifiers of State^

Having already fpoken of Counfellors, fomewhat is to be fpoken of Minifters ; I mean thofe that either publickly or privately lerve the Prince in any Fun- ftion; in choice of which Men, care muft be had ; Firflr, That they be Per- fbns honeftly born; for no Man det cended of bale Parentage may be ad- mitted , unlefs in him be found fbme noble and excellent Vertue : Oftimm quif-^ que Nohilijjimm, Plato.

Secondly, They ought to be of honefl: Condition , and of good Fame ; for that Common- weale is better and more fecure , where the Prince is not good, than is that where his Minifters are Evil. It feemeth therefore that Mini- fters fhould be Men of goodQuahty and Blamelefs : Emitur foLi virtute potejias. Claud.

Third ly^,

4^ The Arts of Empire.

Thirdly, Confideration is to be had of their Capacity and Fitnefs, for that Fun- ftion wherein they are to be ufed ; for as fome Men are apt for Learning, fb others are naturally difpoied to Arms. Alfb it is neceffary that every one Square with the OiRce whereunto he is appoin- ted, in which matter fbme Princes have ufed great Caution ; for as they little liked of Men Excellent, fb they utterly detefted the Vitious ; the one they doubt- ed to trufl: in regard of themfelves, the other were thought a public k Indignity to the State. Wife Men have therefore refblved, that thofe Wits which are nei- ther over-haughty and rmgular,nor they which be bafe or dull, are fitteft for Princes Secrets and Services ; howfbever we may hereof fay with Tacitus : Nefcio quomodo AuiicA h^c coraitiA ajfeCtus diri^ git^ & fato moddm ac forte nafcendi^ tit cetera. , it a frincipim inclinatio in hos , cffenfw in illos ejr, Tac.

And becaufe the Courfe and Quality of Mens Lives ferving in Court, is of all other the moft uncertain and dangerous, great Fleed and Circumfpeftion ought therein to be ufed ; for whofb ferveth

negli-

The Arts cf Empire. 47

negligently, forgetting the dutiful En- deavors appertaining to the place, feem- eth to take a way of no good Ipeed : l^anto quis ohfeqniofromftior^ tmto bono- nhus & opibus extollitur. Tac.

It fhall alfo become fiich a Man to look well unto his own Profit, and be- have himfelf rather Boldly than Bafti- fully : Malm minifier Regii imperii tu^ dor. Sen.

To be Modeft, and clofely to handle all Aftions, is alfo a courfe well befeem- ing a Courtier ; neither fhall he do well to attribute any good Succefs to his own Vertue or Merit, but acknowledge all to proceed from the Prince's Bounty and Goodnefs, by which means Envy is efchewed, and the Prince not robbed of his Honor : H^c efi conditio Regum^ ca[us tantum adverfos hominibm tribuanty fe- cundos virtuti fti£. Prov. Emped.

And to conclude thefe Precepts Sum- marily, I fay it behoveth all Minifters and Servants in Court to be Patient , Wary and of few words : Fratidimfedes Aula. Sen.

CHAP.

4 8 The Arts of Empire,

CHAP. XV.

The Art of Rulings or My fiery of Regiment.

TO Govern, is a certain Skill how to command and continue Subjefts in due Obedience, fo as offend they ought nOtjOr if they will they cannot ; wherein two fpecial things are to be confidered (t//^.) the Nature of Men,and the Nature of the State ; but firft the Condition of the Vulgar muft be well conceived : Nofcenda natura 'vtdgi^ & quibus modis temper ant er habeatur, Tac.

The Difpofition of Men is divers ; fome are apt to Anger, fome are Hardy, Ibme Fearful; it therefore behoveth the Prince to accommodate his Government to the Humor of People whom he go^ verneth: Frincipi efi virtm maxima. nojjefuos. Mart.

Xikewife the Nature of Commonweals is mutable and (ubjea to change, and Kingsare not only accompanied wkhFor- tun^, but alfo followed with Hate, which

breedeth

The Arts of Emfire. 4^

breedetli a continual Diffidence, chiefly towards thofe that are neareft to Maje- fty : Sujpecifisfemper invifufc^ue (iomina,n* tihpis quifquis froximm defltnatur. Tac.

Moreover the Vulgar fort is generally- variable, Rafli, Hardy, and void of Judgment ; Ex of intone multA^ ex vert- tate fauca judicat. Cic.

To confirm a Government, Force and Arms are of greateft neceffity j by forca I mean the Guards and Arms which Princes ule for their Defence or Orna- ment 'j Miles inforOy Miles in curiAfrin- cifem comitari debet. Tac.

To this may be added Fortification and ftrong Buildings, in thefedays much ufed by new Princes, and others alio to whom People yield, not w^illing Obe- dience. In ancient times Princes plant- ed Colonies as well to fupprefs Rebellion in Conquered Countries, as to front: fufpefted Neighbors : Colonic vera fides fervitutis, Tac.

The Government of Princes is alH; greatly increafed by a Virtue, \vhich I call a commendable Afteclioil in Sub- je£bs, proceeding of Love and Autho- rity : Theft effefts do grow from the E . Princes

50 Tl)e Arts of Empire.

Princes own Merit, but their being llv* eth in the mind of the People ; this Love is gained by Lenity, Liberahty, and Mercy ; yet is every of them to be tern- pered : iVec aut reverentiam terrore^ aut amor em hum ilk ate cap ibis. Phn.

Affeftion is alfb no way fooner won then by Liberahty, the fame being ufed with Judgment and Moderation. Bel- lorum fociisy periculorum confortibm^ fivi

de te bene ac fort iter meritis.

Sen.

By Indulgence likewife, and Princely Aftability, the love of Men is gainM ; for tlie Multitude defire no more than neceifary Food and Liberty, to u(e or- dinary Recreations : Vtilgo^ ficut pieris^ omne luAicrtiin in fret io ejt. Sen.

CHAP.

The Arts of Empire. 5 t

CHAP. XVL

Of Princely Authority 5 Wherein it confijis^ and how far to be ex* tended and delegated

Authority is a certain reverent Im- preflion in the Minds of Subjefts and others touching the Princes Virtue and Government ; it refteth chiefly in Admiration and Fear : tngenitu quihuf dam gentihus ergo, reges fuos veneration Curt.

Authority confifleth in three things ; ( viz, ) the Form of Government, the Strength of the Kingdom, and the Con- dition of the Prince ; for in them all Re- putation and Security refteth : Majefias Imperii^ [duti^ tuteU, Curt.

Whofb defireth to govern well, it be-- hoveth him to ufe Severity, Conftancy and Reftraint , for over much Lenity itltroduceth Contempt, and certain hope of Impunity , the Condition of Men be- ing fuch as cannot be reftrained by Shame, yet it is to be commanded by E 2 Fear :

52 The Arts of Empire.

Fear : Salutaris feveritas vincit inmem jpeciem dementia, Cic.

Yet ought Severity to be ufed with great relpefl: smd fparingly^ becaufe over great Terror breed eth Defparati- on : Pcem ad paucosj metus ad omnes fer^ vemat, Cic.

To govern conftantly is nothing elfe but to continue the old and ancient Laws in force without Change or Innovation unlefs exceeding greatCommodity or ur- gent Neceffity fliall fb require : for where extream Puni£hments are ufed. Reforma- tion is always needful : Nocet inter dum frifcus rigor & nirnia feveritas, Tac.

Alfo to reftrain Authority is a matter of great Neceffity and worthy a Wife Prince ; elfe he maketh others partakers of the Honor and Power to himfelf only due, the fame being alfb dangerous : Periculofim frivati hominis nomen fupra, ( immo & juxta J principes exto/Ii. Tac.

It feemeth alfo perilous that great Au- thority given to private Men fhould be- long ; for thereby oft-tentimes they are made Infolent and apt to Innovation : LibertatM five principcitus magna, cuflodia,

4 y

The Arts of Empire. 5 3

ejty fi magna imperio diuturnA ejjfe non ftnas. Liv.

Authority is alfo reinforced and en- larged by Power, without which no Prince can either take from others or defend his own : Par urn tut a fine virilus Majefias, Liv.

CHAP. XVII.

Of Power and Force 5 and how to be raifed and viaintained.

POwer and Strength is attained by thefe jfive ways, Money, Arms, Counfel, Friends and Fortune ; but of thefe the firil and moft forcible is Mo- ney : Nihil tarn munitttm quod non exfug- nari fecunia f of/it, Cic.

Next to Money Arms are of moft ufe as well to defend as to offend ; to keep, and to conquer; for oft-tentimes occafion is to be offered as well to take from 0- thers, as to hold what is our owi) : Sua retinere frivata efi domm^ de alienis cert are Reo^ia lam eA, Tac,

H 3 Alfo

54 Th^Arts of Empire.

Alfo of great and neceffary ufe is Counfel, to devife how Arms ought to be employed or enforced : Jrma concilia

temper and A. Tac.

Likewife Friends and Confederates do greatly increale the Virtue of Power, the fame being fuch as have both wit and ability to aid : In cAducum farietem m incline, Adri.

The laft, yet not the leaft part of Power confilteth in Fortune ; whereof daily Experience may be feen ; for the Succefsofall humane Aftions feem ra- ther to proceed from Fortune than Vir- tue : Omni mtione pot entior fort una.Cmt,

To thefe Particularities concerning Power, we may add the Qualities of the Prince, which greatly Grace his Autho- rity ; thefe are partly internal, and partly external : by the one I mean the Virtues of the Mind, by the other a certain feemly Behavior and comely ge- ftjure of the Body ; of the firft kind I do fuppofe Piety and Providence to be the chief, for Piety maketh a Prince Vene- rable, and like unto God : Oportet prin-^ cipem res divines uideri curare ferio & ante omnia, Arift*

Provi-

The Arts of Empire. 5 5 Providence is a Forecaft and likdy conjefturesof thii'gs to come, fiippofcd to be in thofc Princes that in their Ani- ons proceed flowly and circumipectly, it feemeth alio a courfe of Princely Dii- cretion to be retired and not ordinarily to converfe with many : AutoritAtem ahfentia. tueare. Suet.

CHAR XVIIL

Of Con/piracy and Treafon , with the Caufes and ways cf Preven- tion or Vifcovery.

C^Onfpiracy is commonly addrefied to J the Princes Perfbn ; Treafon s ai'e addreffed againft his Governmenr, Au- thority, Country , Subieds, or 1 laces of Srength. Theie Mifchiefs are caiily feared, but hardly efclxewed ; for albeit open Enemies are openly encountred, yet Fraud and Subtilty are fecret Foes, and confequentiv not to be avoided : E 4 Gc^

5^ The Arts of Empire.

Occulta pericula neq^ue provider e neque vi* tare in porr^^iu eft. Saluft.

The danger of Confpiracy proceedeth of divers Caufes, as Avarice, Infidelity of Subjcasj Ambition in Servants, and Corruption in Soldiers, therefore with great difficulty to be avoided : Vit£ tu^ dominti^ eft: , cjuiscjuis fuam contemffit. Sen.

Notwithftanding it feemeth that ei- ther by Inquifition, Punifliment, Inno- ceiicy, or Deftiay, the evil Affection of Men may be oft-tentimes difcovered : I. For whofo will curioufly inquire and confider the A6lions and ordinary Spee- chees of Men ( I mean thofe that be Perlbns of Honor and Reputation) may oft-tentimes vent the Myne that lurketh in the Mmds : Quomam raro nift male lo- qtmti ^nalifaciimt. Lipf.

1. Punifhment is likewife a thing fb terrible that the Confideration thereof wirli the hope of Reward doth often dif- cover thofe dangerous Intentions : Cru- eidtu atit fr^mio cunciafervia funi. Tac.

But as It is Wifdom in Princes to give ear to Informers, fb are they not al- ways to be believed j for Hope, Envy,

Hate^

The Arts of Empire. 5 7

Hate, or fome other Paffion oft-ten- times draws them to Ipeak untruly : ^is innocms ejfe fotefi fi accujare fuffi- citi Tac.

1. The third and Ukeheft Defence againft Confpiracy is the Princes own Innocency \ for never having injured any Man, it cannot be thought there liveth any SubjeQ: fo lewd as will endea- nor to hurt him : Fidelif/tm,t cufiodiaprin" cipis ipfim innocent i a, PI in.

4. The laft and beft Bulward to withftand the force of this Mifchief we call Deftiny \ which proceeding from the Fountain of Divine Providence, may be truly called the Will of God ; in whole only Power it refteth to protect and defend good Princes : Ille erit a U- fere tuo^ & cujtodiet ^edem tnum ne capia- ris. Salo.

Treaibns are moil: commonly enter- prized by covetous Perfons, who pre- ferring private Profit before Fame or Fi- delity, do not fear to enter into any im- pious Aftion : To this humor ambitious M^a diifentious, and all fuch as be de- firous of Innovation, are inclined : FuUra^ loauentes tidem in pe^fore pr/zva firue^tes. Horn. To

5 8 The Arts of Empire.

To thefe Offenders no Punifhment is equal to their impious Merit, can be deviled, being Perfbns odious as well to Friends as Foes : Prodi fores etiam in cjuos dntefonunt^ invififunt, Tac.

CHAR XIX.

Of Fuhlick Hate and Contempt with the Occafions and Means to redrefs and avoid it.

JAving briefly touched the Virtues i and Means whereby Princes are maintained in Authority and Honor, let ibmething be faid of the Caufes from whence their Ruine doth proceed ; the chief whereof feemeth to be Hate and Contempt : Hate cometh of Fear,. which the more Common it is, the more Dangerous : N^IU vis imperii tan- ta e//, qu£ fremente metu fojfit ejje diti- turna, Cic.

The cauies of Fear are Punifhm.ents, Impofitions and Rigor ; and therefore

it

The Arts of Empire. 5 p

it behoveth a Prince not only to fliua them , but to elchew thofe Ani- ons whereby he may reafonabie in- cur their Sufpifion : Sentia^ enim ho- mines ut metudnt mt oderint^ non mi- nm opinione & fama^ qtiam cert a aliaua. ratione mover i, Cic.

Yet Punifhment, Impofition and Cen- fure are in all States necefTary, althout^h they fliew and feem terrible, and con- lequently breed a certain Defperation in Subjeds, unlefs they be difcreetly and modeftly ufed ; for extream and frequent Punifhments tafte of Cruelty ; great and many Impofts favor of Co- vetoufiiefs 5 Cenfure of Manners when it exceedeth the quality of Offences, doth feem Rigour in thefe matters ; therefore it behoveth the Prince to be moderate and cautelous, chiefly in Ca- pital Punifhment, which muft be con- fined within the Bounds of Juftice : Sit afud p, incipem parjtmonia etiam viliffimi fanguims. Sen.

But if for Security fake the Prince be forced to punilh, let the fame be done with fhew of great Sorrow "and Lothnefs ; T^nc^uam invito & mag--

no:iim

6o The Arts of Empre.

nocum tormento ^i ca,Higandum venlat. Sen.

Let all Punifhments alfb be flowly executed; for they that are haftily pu- mlbed do feem to have been willing- ly condemned ; neither ought any Ca- pital Pmiilhment to be mflifted but only that which is profitable to the Common weaie, and for Example fake: Nop^ tarn ut iffi pareant^ quam ut alios fereu/jdo deter re ant. Sen.

in punilhmg alfb a fpecil refpeft muft be had, that no fhew of content or plea- flire be taken tiierein : Forma, rabiei esi jdngulne 6" vulner ib us gander e. Sen.

Alio in Puniihing, equality mufl be oMervedj and the nature of the Pumfli' meet according to the Cuftom : Nee eifdem de caufis alii fie [i ant ur^ alii ne ap- feUentur qtiidem, Cic.

But in punifliing publick Offences \Vherein a Multitude have part, the Execution ought to be otherwife, and as it v/ere at an inftant, which may hapiy ieem tenible, but in effeQ: is not: Frequens 'uindicla Vaucorum odium repri- mit y omnium irritat. Sen.

Another

The Arts of Empire. 61

Another means to fatisfie a People offended is to punifh the Minifters of Cruelty, and with their Blood to wafh away the common hatred. PiJi- cuUres puhlici odii vi^tima. Plin. By this King David did appeafe die G/- beonites.

The next caufe of Difcontent cometh of Impofitions, under which word is comprehended all Levies of Money, a matter nothing pleafing to People, as that which they efteem equal to their own Lives : Pecunia aftima & famgais eft mortdihus. Plaut.

Fir ft, to remove Hate conceived of this caufe, there is nothing better then publick Expoftulation of Neceffity : for what Commonwealth or Kingdom can. be without Tributes ? NuIU qmes gas- tiiim (me annis^ nee arm a fine fli^^niiisj mc fiifendia fine Tnhiitis haheri quennt^^ Tac.

The fecond Remedy againft Hate for Impofitions is to make moderate Levies and rare. For as Tibenm the Emperor was wont to fay, a Sheep fliouid be fleeced not fiead : Q^.i nimis emungity elicit fanguinern. Tac.

Tliirdly,

62 The Arts of Empire.

Thirdly, alfb to efchew the OflFence of People, it behoveth the Prince to have a vigilant Eye on Informers, Promo*- ters> and fiich fifcal Minifters, whofe Cruelty and covetous Proceedings do oft-tentimes occafion great Hate ; but this mifchief may be, though hardly, en- countred, either by choofing honeft Offi- cers, or (proving otherwife) not only to remain them but to ufe them as Spuilges : Exprimendi fofi o[uam hiherinti Suet.

In all Impofitions or Taxations, no Cruelty or Force ought to be ufed, the fecond caufe to kindle Hate : and to meet with that mifchief, nothing is better than to proceed moderately, and without Extremity : Ne Eaves iffos^ max agros^ fofiremo corpora fervitio ant fce/24^ tradant. Tac.

The fourth Remedy Is the Princes Own Parfimony, not giving fo largely to private Perfons as thereby to be forced to take from the Multitude : Magna opes non tarn mult a capiendo^ qitam hand mult a perdendo , au^runtur. Maecse- nas.

The

The Arts of Empire. ^^

The laft help againfl: Hate is in Ta- xation to proceed equally, indifferent- ly, and without Favor or Re(pe£l ; and that the Afleffors of Taxes may be eleded of the meaner fort of People : Fofulis maximam jidem rerum fuarum habet. Tac.

Touching Cenfiire, which we num- bred amongft the caufes whereof Hate is conceived, much needeth not to be ipo- ken, becaule the fame is difcontinued, or rather utterly forgotten ; yet doth it feem a thing neceflary, being 'a certain Obfervation and Controlement of fuck evil Manners and Diforders, as were not hy Law corrigible ; thefe Officers were of the Romans called Magifiri fudoris & modeflia, Livi.

To the Funftion of Cenfures thefe two things are anciently fiibjeQ: Man- ners, and Excefs ; under Manners I com- prehend Wantonnefs, Drunkennefs, Di- cing, Brawhng, Perjury, and all fuch Lewdnefs as Modefty condemneth. Thefe Difbrders were anciently punifh- ed by the difcretion of Cenfors in all Ages and Sexes, to the end theit Idlenefs might be generally avoided, Vm-verfa.

^4 ^^^ ^^^^ rf Empire.

tflebs habeat negotiafuAy qui bus a malo pub- lico detimatur. Saluft.

Excels includeth Riotoufnefs, expence of Money, Prodigal Houfe-keeping, Banquetting and Superfluity in Apparel, which things are the Mothers of many Mifchiefs* It alfo feemeth in fbme fort perilous to the Prince that the Subje£t f hould exceed either in Covetize or Con- fuming : Nemo nimis excedat^ five ami- corum copia^ fine opum> Arift.

The Punifhment inflided upon thefe forts of Offenders, were either Ignomi- ny, or Pecuniary Punifhments : Cenfo- ris judicium dan-mato nihil ajfert nifi ru- bor em, Tac.

The firft and chiefeft means to re- move thefe Inconveniences, is the Princes own Example, whofe Life being well cenfured, eafily reduceth others to order. Vita frimi^is cenfuraperpetua, Piin.

Secondly, Thofe Diforders may be taken away without danger , if the Cenfures do proceed by degrees and leafurely ; for the Nature of Man may not fuddenly be altered. Fitia, qua- dam toUitfaoilim primeps^ fi eorum fit pa-- tiens. Sen.

Thefe

The Arts of Empire. 6^

Thefe are the chiefeft Rules whereby to efchew Hate , but impoflible it is for any Prince or Minifter utterly to avoid it ; for being himfelf good, he incurreth ahe Offence of all bad Folk^ if he be Evil^ Godd Men will hate him ; this Danger therefore Wife and Vertuous Princes have little regarded ; becaufe Hate may be gained as well by good as evil Doing : Odia qui nimium timet^ regnare nefcit^ Sen.

One other means to remove this Error, is, to reward the good and well de« ftrving Subjects ; for no Man can think him Cruel, that for love to Vertueuieth Aufterity \ which will appear, when he beftoweth Bountifully on the Good : Framio & fcenA Rejfublica contimtur. Solon.

The other Vice which indangereth the State of Princes, v/e call Contempt, being a certain bafe and vile Conceit^ which entereth into the Subjefts, Stran- gers or Servants, of the Prince and his Proceedings ; for the Authority of a King may be refembled to the Powers of Mans Mind, whereunto the Hands^ the Feet, the Eyes, do by confeat obey : F Vires

66 The Arts of Empire.

Vires imperii in confe^iju obedientium funt. Livi.

The Caufes of Contempt do proceed chiefly from the Form of Government, Fortune, or the Prince's Manners ; the Form of Government becometh Con- temptible, when the Frince, defiring to be thought Merciful, ruleth rather Piti- fully than Juftly ; which manner of Pro- ceeding taketh away all Reverence in the People, and in lieu thereof, entereth Liberty, or at leaft a certain Boldnefs to oftbnd : Facultas faciendi quod cuilihet %>ifum^ non foteji comfrimere ingenitam (ingtdis homimhus pravitatem, Tac.

Alfo to be Mutable, Irrefolute, Light and Inconfiderate in beftowing the Ho- nors and Offices of State, maketh the Prince Contemptible: Qui p^fentihm jruittir^ mc in longim confultat, Arift.

But if Contempt be caufed by For- tune, or as may be faid more reafonably, by Deftiny, and that thofe Friends do fail, v/ho ought in Duty to defend the Prince and his Authority, then is there fiiiall hope to efchew Contempt : Fato ohrwxia virtue, Plaut.

The

The Arts of Emfire, ^j

The Prince's Manners do breed Con- tempt, when he yieldeth his AfFeftions to Senfuahty and Sloth, or if he incur the Sufpition of Simphcity,Cowardife/)r any fuch Vice, unworthy the Dignity he beareth : Common People do fometimes alfb difefteem the Prince for external and hght caufes^as Deformity of Perfon^Sick- nefs or fuch like : Mos vulgi eft^ fortuity. & externa ad culfam trahere^ Tac*

CHAP. XX.

Of Diffidence and Vifjimulation in the Management of State Affairs,

ALbeit roundneis and plain dealing be mofi: worthy Praife, chiefly iii private Perfbns ; yet becaufe all Men in their Actions do not fo proceed, it be- hoveth Wife Men and Prince^'^ above otherSj at occafions to Semble and DiP femble ; for as in all Actions a Prince ought to be Slow and Advifed ; fb in Confcnt and Believing, Hafte and Faci- F ^ lity

6 8 The Arts cfE?npire.

lity is moft dangerous ; and though Cre- dulity be rather an Error than a Fault, yet for Princes it is both Unfit and Pe- rilous. Wherefore it importeth them to be defended with this Caution, Nihil ere- dendoj atque omma ca^vendo. Cic.

Notwithftanding he muft not Ihew Iiimlelf Diffident or Diftruftful utterly ; but as I wifli he ftiould not over-llightly believe all Men, fo ought he not for fmall caufes diftruft every Man : Multi filler e docuertmt J dum time nt f alii. Sen.

Diffimulation is as it were begotten

by Diffidence, a Quality in Princes of fo

great Neceffity, as moved the Emperor

. Tiber i^^ to fay, Nefcit regmre^ t^uinefiit

dilfimtiUre,

The NecefTity of Diffimulation is chiefly to be uled with Strangers and Enemies ; it alfo ilieweth a certain Dif. cretion in Magiflrates, fometimes to dif- guife witli Friends when no Oflence doth thereof follow: Doli non funt doli^ m(i afiu coLts. Flaut.

. This kind of Craft, albeit in every Mans Conceit not praifable, is never- thelefs tolerable, and for Princes and Masiftrates (the fame being ufed to

good

The Arts of Empire. 6p

good ends ) very neceffary. But thofe Cunnings which are contrary to Vertue, ought not of Honeft Men to be uied ; neither dare I commend Adulation and Corruption, though they be often ufed in Court, and are of fome Learned Wri- ters-allowed : Decifere fro moriht^t^ tern- for urn y prudent to. efi, Plin.

By great Subtilty and Frauds, con- trary to Vertue and Piety, I mean Per- jury and Injuftice, which though all Men in Words deteft, yet in Deeds are ufed of many, perfwading themfelves, by Cavillations and Sophiftications, to excufe the Impiety of their Falfe Oaths ; as it is written of Lyfander^ Pueros tdis^ 'viros juramentis circumve^ire JoIel?at»Plu;U

F J CHAP

^p The Arts of Empire,

CHAR XXI.

Of War Defenfive and Invafive j with Injtniciions touching Laws of Arms^ Soldiers and Military Vifcipline.

THE Art Military is of all other Qua- lities mpft neceffary for Princes , for witliout it they cannot be defended ; force of Men only fufficeth not, unlefs the fame be governed by Council, and Martial Wifdom : Duo funt qtiihus rejp, fervatur \ in hojies fortkudoy & domi con- ^ordia. Tac.

Military knowledge concerneth War, and every War is either Forreign or Domeftical, Touching Forreign, itmuft be confidered when it muft be begun , how to continue it , and when to be ended, to begin War, a Prince is tQ take heed that the Caufe be juft, and the Enterprife advifedly entred into : Sun^ enim & belli ficut puis jura^ jujleque ea no?^^ minm dc far titer gerere debes, Livi.

The

The Arts of Empire. 71

The Laws of Arms are in all Com- mon-weales to be duly obferved ; for to enter Fight rafhly and without refpefl to Reafbn, were Beaftly ; alfo to Kill or Slay would work no better Efted, than that all Nations fhould without Mercy Murder one another : Barbara' ritu co:- dem ccede^ & fdnguinem [anguine expiare, Sal.

No War therefore is to be made, but fuch as is Juft ; and in every Juft War thefe three things are to be looked into (1;/^.) That the Author be of Authority, That the Caufe be Good, and the End Juft ; for in all States, the Prince, or they in whom the Sovereignty reiieth,are tlie Juft Authors of War; others havQ no fiich Authority : Si quis frivatimfme pi- blico fcitOj facem befumve fecerit^ cap it ale efio. Plato.

Wars are of two (brtt ; Defenfive and Offenfive ; the one to Relift, the other to Invade ; againft Defence nothing can be faid, becauie it is Natural and NeceiTary. £/? non modo jp.ftum fed etiam nece\f^^riirm cum "vi vis ilia fa defenditur. Cic.

Defenfive War is of two fbrtSjeither to

defend thine own^ or thy Friends \ for it

F 4 / is

7 2 The Arts of Empire.

is reafbn that every one fhould keep fe- curely that which to him appertaineth ; and therewith alfo by Arms to defend the Liberty of Country ,Parents and Friends : Nullum helium a civitate fufcipitur nifi nut frofde dut fro falute. Cic.

The hke reafbn leadeth us to affift and proteft Friends ; for the common ObU- gation of Humane Society doth fb re- quire : Qui enim non ohftflit ft potefi^ in- juri^j tarn efl in vitio , quam fi parent es mt patriam, aut focios defer at. Cic.

InvaGon is alfo juft and allowable, but not ever ; for whofo hath been robbed, or fpoiled of his Lands or Goods, may lawfully feek RepofTeffion byForce ; yet fo as before any Force be ufed, he firft civilly feek Reilitution, wherein if Juftice be denied, then is the ufeof Arms neceiTary : '^jufum helium quihfn neceffa^ xium ; & pa arma quihm nulla nifi in urmis relinquitur Jpes, Liv.

Likewile Invahon is lawful againft Barbarians , whofe Religion and Im- piety ought to be abhorred , chiefly if they be Potent and apt to offend ; for the caule of fuch V/ar is Compulfion and Suppreflion of Evil ; Cui licentia

iniqui-

The Arts of Empire. 73

ini^uitatis erifitur , utiliter vincitur. Auguft.

Finally, To conclude this matter of In- vafion, I fayjThatnoRevengejno defire of Honor or Empire , are any lawful Caufes of War ; but the intent thereof ought to be directed only to Defence and Security : For Wife Men do take Arms to win Peace, and in hope of Reft they endure Travel : ltd helium fufcipiatur ut nihil aliud quampax qu^fetavideatur.Cic.

Having laid fomewhat againft unjuft War, let us fpeak of Temerity and unad- vifed War,an Enterprife worthy difcom- mendation : Omnes helium [umunt facile^ ctgerrime defmunt ; nee in ejufdemfotefiate initium & finis efi, Sal.

A wife irince therefore ought neither to undertake any unlawful Invafion, nor without fober and mature Dehberation enter into any W ar, as he that is un- willing to oftend^yet of Courage enough to defend : Nee frovoces helium^ nee time- as, Plin.

To make War three things are re- quired, Money, Men and Arms; and to maintain a War, Provifionand Council, are needful : Therefore a wife Prince,

before

74 "^he Arts of Empire.

before he begins a War, doth carefully confider what Forces and charge there- unto belongeth : Din afparandum efi heU lum^ ut vincas melim. Pub,

Above all other Provifions, care muft be had, that Bread be not wanting ; for without it neither Victory nor Life can be looked for : Qui frumentum necejfari- nmqtie com?neAtum non fr^parat^ vincitur fine ferro. Vegetius.

Laftly, It behoveth a Prince always to have Arms in readinefs, I mean^Harnefs, Horles, Weapons, Artillery, Engines, Powder, and every other thing neceffary either for Service on Horfe or Foot : We may add hereunto ShipSjand Shipping of all forts, with every Furniture of Oftence or Defence ; for thefe Preparations make a Prince formidable, becaufe no Man dare do or attempt Injury to that King or People, where Preparation is ever ready to revenge : Qui deftderat fAcem^ p'jsparat heHum. Caff.

Ey Men we mean a Multitude of Sub- lefts armed, trained to defend or offend ; Thefe are of two forts, Captains and Sol- diers ; and Soldiers are either Footmen or Horfe-men ; the one of great ufe in the

Cham.-

The Arts of Empire. j 5

Champion, the other in Mountainous places; alfo for defence or affault of Towns or Grounds fortified molt ne- celfary, and conftquently meet for Ser- vice in all places, which moved Tacitus to fay, Omne in fedite robur. TaCo

For fudden Service, Horfes do leem moft meet; and the Execution of any En- terprife is by them moft fpeedily per- formed: Neverthelefs the Aftions of Foot-men do feem moft certainly exe- cuted, chiefly if they be well armed, and skilfully lead ; for fb Experience hath of late time proved ; befides, that they are of lefs Expence and of greater num- ber : In uniz'erfum ^Jlimanti ^lus inpedite robur. Tac.

Having thus proved, that both Horfe and Foot be necellary, let us remember, that unlefs they be ierviceable, great Numbers are to fmall purpofe : Mdnibm opus efi bello^ non multis nominibu6\ Livi.

To make Soldiers ferviceable, confift- eth in good Choke and good Difciphne ; the one at this day little regarded : Emunt militem^ non legtmt. Livi.

Soldiers ought to be elected out of the moft honeft- and able Number of Bodies,

and

J 6 The Arts of Empire .

and every Company compofed of Men known one to the other ; for thereby they are made the more Confident: But hereof is finall heed taken, for commonly they are Purgamenta urbium fuarum. Curt.

Touching Difciphne, it feemeth that thereof the external Form, and not the certain Subftance, is obferved : For as in former Ages Soldiers endeavored to be Vertuous and Modeft,fo now they rather ftudy to excel in Riot than in Martial Knowledge : Exercitm lingua quam manu fromptior^frdiddtor eft fociiSy &ipfafrada. hoftiam. Sal.

For as much as Soldiers are made good by Election and Choice, it feemeth that the Foundation and Ground of Service confifteth in the Difcretion and Judg- ment of thofe that have Authority to make Ele£tion ; yet will we add, that they muft be cholen of Natural Subjefts, for Strangers are Covetous, and confe^ quently Corruptible ; they are alfo Mu- tinous and Cowardly: Their Cuftom likewife is to Rob, Burn and Spoil both Friends and Foes, and to confume the Princes Treafure : Off^. vides regtm vo- cals exftictamedulUs. Juven.

But

The Arts of Empre. 7 7

But the Native Soldier is Faithful and ObedientjRefolute in Fight,Loving to his Country,and Loyal to his Prince : Gentes qu^ fuhregihm funt^p'o Deo colunt. Curt.

Native Soldiers are of two forts, {viz?) They that be in continual Fay, and they that are trained ready to lerve, but do notwithftanding attend their own pri- vate Affairs, until they be called : The firft are for all Princes neceffary : In pace decus^ in hello prafidium, Tac.

Of this fort no great number ought to be, as well to efchew Difordar, as alfoto lave Expences. The fecondkind of Foot Soldiers are to be levied in Villages, as People more patient of Pains, and fit for the Wars ; yet fo judicioufly difpofed as the Citizens ; Odio pr^fentium & non en- pidine mutationis, Tac. . Touching the number of thefe extra- ordinary Soldiers, that muft be referred to Difcretion: Bellum pararey fimul & arario p AY cere.

To conclude, I fay thefe numbers of ordmary and extraordinary Foot ought to be according to the number of the People, not inferting any Gentlemen- for Service on Horfc-back is to them only

proper:

78 The Arts of Empire.

proper : Alas rufiick non tribuo ; in nobi^ Lit at em & in dwites hdic a fauperihu^ oner a inclines. Livi.

The moft certain Notes whereby to conceive the Diipofition of Men fit to become Soldiers, are thefe Five, The Country where they are Born^their Age^ Proportion of Body , their Quahty of Mind, and their Faculty. Touching,

Firft, Their Country^ it is a thing ap^ parently proved, that Mountainous Re- gions, or Barren places, and Northern Habitations, do breed Wits well dilP- pofed to the War : Locormn ajperitas ho-- mtnum quoc^ue ingenta, durat. Curt.

Secondly, The Age moft apt for the War, was anciently obferved to be about eighteen Years, and 15 the Romcins uled: Facili^ ejl ad virtutem infirusre novos milites^ quam revocare frateritos, Veget* Thirdly, The Stature of a Soldier ought to be obferved : Marim liked beft the longeft Bodies ; Fjrrhm preferred large and well proportioned Men ; but Vege-- ti us in Ins Choice,rather efteems Strength than Stature ; Vtilims ejl fortes milttes ejfe quam grandes. Veget.

Fourtlily,

The Arts of Empire. jp

Fourthly, The Mind or Spirit of a Soldier ought to be confidered, for that Mind which is quick, nimble, bold and confident, feemeth apt for War : He is alfb of good Hope, that loveth Honor more than Eale or Profit : In brief. Is c^ui nihil metuit nifi tur pern fa-mam. Sal.

Laftly, It is to be marked in what Art or Faculty a Man hath been bred ; for it may be preliimed that Fifhers, Fowlers, Cooks, and others trained up in Effeminate Arts, are unfit for Martial Endeavor : And as thefe Men were, ia refjpeO: of their Trade, thought unmeet, ib in old time. Slaves and Mafterlels- Men were repulfed from Arms, as Per- j[bns Infamous: ^ed nunc tales f octant ur armis quale s Domini habere fajlidiu?2t\ Veget.

How Soldiers ought to be chofen,the{e few words we have fpoken, may luffice. Let us therefore fay fbmewhat ol Dil- cipline. Choice findeth out Soldiers , but Difciphne doth make and continue them fit for Service : Paucos vivos fortes natura frocreat , bona infiitutione flures reddat indufiria, Veget.

Difci-

8 o The Arts of Empire.

Difcipline is a certain fevere Dtfcipline, Confirmation of Soldiers iii their Valor and Vertue, and is performed by four means, Exercife, Order, Compulfion and Example. The two firft appertain to Valor, the third to Vertue, the laft to both : But of Ex- ercife, firft, I fay, That a Soldier being chofen. ought to be informed in Arms^ and ufed in Exercife and Aftion ; the word exercitium importeth nothing elfe : Exercitus dicitur , quod meltm fit exerci* tando Varro.

Order confifteth in dividing, difpo- fing, and placing of Men aptly on all Occafions to be commanded , as, the Leaders (hall direft: This matter re^ quireth a large Difcourfe, and therefore 1 refer it to skilful Captains and Wri- ters, di'^Polybimj Fegetim, DtUNonne^ and others. ^ \

Compulfion and Correftion, is that which bridleth and governeth the Man- ners of Soldiers; for no Order can be oblerved amongft them, unlefs they be Contiaent, Modeft and Abftinent ; for Continency is chiefly to be {hewed in their Diet, and moderate Defires : Be-

generat

The Arts of Empire. 8 1

generdt a rohore ac "uirtute miles nffuetu-- dine volupntum. Tac.

The Modefty of a Soldier is per- ceived by his Words, Apparel and Afti- Gns: For to be a Vaunter, or Vain- glorious Boafter, is far unfit in him that profelTeth Honor or Arms, feeing true Vertue is filent : Viri militia riAti^ faCtis magnij ad verhorum linguaque certamina^ rudes. Tac.

The Apparel of a Soldier fheweth Modefty, if therein he do not exceed; for albeit it fitteth well the Profeflion of Arms , to be well armed and decently apparelled ; yet all Superfluity favoreth of Ignorance or Vanity ; Horridum mili^ tern ejfe decetj non ccehtum mro argentoq^ue fedferro. Livi.

Abftinence is alfb fie for all Soldiers ; for thereby guided , they refrain from Violence and Infolency ; by that Rule alfo they are informed to govern them- lelves civilly in the Country where they ferve, and likewife in their Lodgings : Never taking any thing from thcOwner, nor committing any Outrage : Vivmt cum frovinci dibits jure civili^ nee infokf^ Jdat Animus qui fe fenCtt armct-tum.

^ G Th«

82 27?^ Arts of Empre,

The laft mark of Difcipline we called Example , under which word is com- prehended E^eward and Punifhment : For Men are rewarded whenfoeverthey receive for any excellent or fingular Service, Honor or Riches: And for Evil 5 they have their due when they tafte the Punilliment thereunto belong- ing : Neceffarium efi acrim ille dmdcety quern ad ops & dignitates or do militia d^ imperatorh judicium confuevit evehere^ Veget.

Likewife as Gold and Glory belongeth to good and well deferving Soldiers ; fb Funiiliment is due to thofe that be Vitious and Cowardly; for nothing holdeth Soldiers in Obedience fo much as the Severity of Difcipline: Milites imperatorum fotim quAm hojlem metuere debent. Veg.

C H A P.

The Arts of Empire. 85

CHAP. XXIL

Of Generals and Commanders^ and their requifite Abilities in Mar- tial Enterprifes and Expeditions.

OF Soldiers let this little fuffice, we will now fpeak of what Quality Chieftains and Leaders ought to be, for upon them dependeth the Welfare of whole Armies : Militario turha. fine duce^ torfm fine Jpiritu, Curt.

A Chief or General in War, is either of his own Authority Chief,or a General. that commandeth in the Name of ano- ther. Of the firftfbrt are Emperors, Kings and Princes ; of theother^be their Deputies, Lieutenants, Colonels, and in-^ deed all general Commanders in the War : Now whether it be more Expe- dient that the Prince iiiould command in Peribn or by Deputy , divers wife Men have diverfly thought, therefore it may be thus diftinguiflied ; if the War do then only concern fbrns parti- G 2 cular

84 The Arts of Empire.

cular Part or Province, then may the fame be performed by a Lieutenant ; but if the whole Fortune of a Prince do thereupon depend , then is he to command in his own Perfbn and not otherwife : Duhiis hellorum exemplis fum- ?yidi rerum & imperii feiffum refervat, Tac. --

It therefore importeth the Prince fometimes by his own Prefence, fbme- times by his Deputation to perform that Office ; but however occafion Ihall require, it ever behoveth that one only Commander ought to be, (for Plurality of Chieftains doth rarely or never work any good Eftefl:) yet with this Caution that he be of Experience , and Wife : In hellica, prxfeci-urA major ajpscius ha* bend^s feritis quam virtutis aiit morum, Arift.

The Qualities required in a Chieftain are thefe, Skill, Vertue, Providence, Au- thority and Fortune : By Skill we mean he fliouid be of great Knowledge, and long Experience, or to make a fuffi- cient Captain ; the Information of others, or his own reading is not enough: Qui noYtt cjuis or do agminis^qti^ cur a exfloandiy

The Arts of Empire. 85

qumtus nrgendo trahendove hello modv^, Cic.

Military Vertueis a certain Vigor or Force both of Body and Mind toexercijfe Soldiers as well in fained War as to fight with the Enemy ; and fummarily a Cap- fain ought to be hdhoriofm in negotio^ fortis in fericulo^ indufirius in agendo^ ceteris in conficiendo. Cic.

Next to Vertue we placed Providence as neceffary in great Captains ; for being of liich Wifdom, they will not hazard nor commit more to Fortune than nc- ceflity Ihall inforce ; yet true it is. Fools and vulgar Folks, that commend or dif- commend Aftions according to Succels^ were wont to fay, Cuncfatiofervilis^fia' tim exequi^ Regium ejl. But advifed and provident Captains do think, Temerita^s fr^terquAm quodjiulta^ efl eciam infelix. . Livi.

Albeit Providence be the beft mean of good Speed, yet Ibme Captains of that Quality and in Skill excelling, have been in their Aftions unlucky, when others of lefs Sufficiency have marvelloully pre- vailed ; we may therefore reafbnably fay with Qic, Quodolim Maximo^ Marcello^ G J Set-

8 6 The Arts of Empre.

Scifioni^ Mario & ceteris magms Impe- ratorihm non fohrm propter virtutem^ fed etiam propter fortunarn fcepipi^ imperia. mandnta , atc^ue exercittis effe commijfps, Cic.

Laftly, We wifhed Authority to be ia Chieftains, for it greatly importeth what Opinion or Conceit the Enemy hath of liich a Governor , and hkewife how much his Friends and Confederates do efteem him; but the chief and only means to maintain Authority, is Aufte- rity and Terror : Dux Author it at em max- tm am fever it ate fiimat^ ornnes culpas mili- tares legiht-^ vindicet^ nulli errantium cre-^ datur ignofcere, Veget.

Alio Experience hath proved^that fuch Chieftains as were aiTable and kind to their Soldiers, were much loved, yet did they inciir a Contem^pt ; but on the other iide^tlioie that commanded feverely and terribly, although they gained no good Will, yet were they ever obeyed : Dusq facUis inutilis, App,

CHAP,

The Arts of Evifire. 8 7

CHAP. XXIIL Oj Councils in War^ and Diredilons TaElic^and Stratagematici^^ iviih Advice how to make an honorable Peace.

AFter Men found and framed fit for the War, to fmall or no purpofc fliall they ferve, unlefs they be imployed by Wifiiom or good Council : Mon ml- nm eji Imper Moris confilio mam viperf- cere. Tac.

Council m War is of two forts^ direct Council and indiredl: j tlie firil flieweth a plain and orderly courfe tor proceeding, as to lay hold on occaiion ; for as in all other Humane Adions occaiion is of great Force : Occafio in hello [olet arnnlius juvare quam ^uirtu-s, Veget.

As Occafions preientcd are means of good Succefs, fb Fame worketh great Etleas in the Wars, therefore it behovetli a Captain to be Conftant, and not apt to^ believe the vain P^umors and Reports oi Men : Male imperatur^ cum regit vidgus- duces [no s. Sen.

G 4 Conn-

8g The Arts of Empire.

Confidence is alfo to be efchewed, for no Man is fboner furprifed, than he who feareth leaft ', alio Contempt of the Ene-» my hath been occaiion of great Difcom- fit'ures, Therefore as a Captain ought not to fear, fo fhould he not contemn his Enemy: Nimi^ jiducU fenfer ohmxia. jEmyl.

As Security jand overmuch Eftimation of our own Vertue or Valor is hurtful^ fb doth it import every good Captain to be well informedjQOt only of his own Forces but alfo of what Strength the Enemy is ; likewile it behoveth him to know the Situation of the Countryjand the Quality of the People, with every other Circum- ftance. Moreover, the Generals Honor and Capacity ought to be known, with the Condition and Nature of the Enemy : Imfetm acres cunBatione Unguefctint ^ nut in ferfidt.rm mutantur. Tac.

Temerity in War is alio dangerous, for %^ ifc Captains w^ere wont not toEn- terprife any thing without Dehberation and good Opportunity, unlefs they were thereunto bv Neceffity inforced : In re- hm ajferis S" tenui fpe^ fortiffimA quaque confm.itiit'fjjimd [unt, Livi,

Some

The Arts of Empire. Sp

Some wife Men, not Superftitioufly but Difereetly, do think prodigious Signs from Heaven, or on Earth, are not to be neglected, neither are Dreams in time of War to be contemned : Nam amat be- nignitas numiniSy feu quo^ merentur homi- nes^ feu quod tangitur eomm affectione^ his quoque rutionihm frodere qu£ impendent, ^mi.

A wife Captain will alio wait Oppor- tunities, and Ipy out fit times when the Enemy is wearied, or pretending fear, draw him into danger j which Advan- tageSjWith many other^are gained chiefly by obferving of time : QuJAf in occafionu moment 0^ cujm pr^^tervoUt of'fortunita^^ cunEiatm ^aulum fueris^ nequica,uam mox omiffam querare, Livi.

Next the Obfervation of Time, the Place is to be well confidered, whetlier it be for thine Advantage or thine Ene- mies : Amflius f rode ft locm fafe quam "virtus, Veget.

Thirdly, It importeth much,that Men tewell ordered, trained, and prepared for the Fight ; for the want of Art is caufeof many Difadvantagt^s, and many times a fmall Supply of choice Soldiers

on

po The Arts of Empire.

on Horfe-back or Foot, doth ictm to the Enemy very Terrible ; hkewifea fudden Shout or Conceit hath amazed a whole Army : Milhes ^vanis & i^anibus^ magis qu&m jujlis formidinis caujis moventur. Curt.

Fourthly, It were to good purpofe, that in ordering of Men for Fight, Sol- diers of one Country or Nations, lliould be ranged together, and above all, to forelee that the leaft lofs of Blood be among the Natural Subjects, and fb han- dle the Matter, that the chief Slaughter light upon Strangers and Mercenaries : litgens vicfori^ deem , citra domejlicum jangttinem belianti, Tac

The Generals own Courage and lively Difpolition to Fight,will greatly animate the Multitude of Soldiers, as a contrary Counteuance or Appearance of Fear,will exceedingly Amaze and Daunt : Nece(fe eft- ad fag/im fjivAti fmt^ qui due em fuum fenthmt dejj^erare, Veget.

It were alio for thy great Advan- tage, that the Forces fliould be ordered . for the Fight^ before the Enemy be pre- pared.

Firft,

The Arts of Empire. p i

Firft, For that thou maift the better perform, what thou thinkeft fit to be done.

Secondly , That thereby thine own Forces will thereof receive greatCourage, being readieft to alfail the Enemy, and to begin the Fight : Plus animi efi infer enti f.ericuhm^ (^uam fropulfantL Lav'v

After ViQory it is not the beftPohcy to execute the Enemies with extream Cruelty, but proceed Moderately, for it fhall fuffice the ViQiory is thine : Chufis ex dejperatione crefcit mdacia^ & cumjpei nihil efl^ fumit armn fennido. Veget.

Laltly,! would advife that the General ihould be wary in his Aftions, and in every Enterprile to frufcrate the Soldiers from Spoils and Pillage: Sape ohflttit vin- cent ibtisfrcivum inter ipfos certa?nenjOr/ii(To hojle Jpolia conjeclanda, Tac.

Of dired Councils, let that we have faid fuffice. We will now fpeak of Coun- cils Indireft, commonly called by the Greek Word, Stratdgems or Subtile Fro.- Bices : Which manner of Proceeding, hath been, in times paft, of divers Grave Writers condemned : Vir nemo mentis altiiscUnculum velit occidere hojf em.Eurip,

Not^

p 2 The Arts of Empire.

Notwithltanding the Opinion of this^ and divers other Writers worthy Credit, it feemeth reafbnable^and in Piety allow- abkjthat Stratagems and Subtil ties may be ufed in the War, yet with fuch Cau- tion, as the fame may ftand with Fidehty and Honor ; for Fraud being ufed, con- i: trary eb Contracts and Agreements made #ith the Enemy, is mere Treachery : As to Poyfbn him or her, a Murtherer to kill him, were plain Impiety : Fadera- turn injufie fallere^ imfium. Livi.

Alfo out of the War covertly to kill a particular Enemy by lecret Affault orPraftice, is not warrantable , either by Faith or Honor ; yet to ufe all Craft, Cunning and Subtilty in open War, is both allowable and praifable; and ib is thought by Chriftian Writers: Cumju- fium helium fulcifitur , ut aperte yugnet quis aut ex tnfiiiis^ nihil adjujiitiam in-- terefl. Aug.

The lame is alfo approved by divers Authors of good Credit: Conjice five dolo feu flricio cominm eufe. The lame is alio aiErmed by Xenophor/^Reiffa nihil utilim in hdlo dolts,

I'hus

The Arts of Empre. ^ 3

Thus having briefly touched what Counfels are required in War,let uscon- fider how Viftory is to be ufed, for the end of every good War is Peace ; to the enjoying whereof, three things are re- quired, Warinels, Mercy and Modefly ; becaufe over-great Confidence may hap- pily impeach the end of good Succefs : Res fecund<e negUgentiam creant. Livi.

I alfo wifh the ViQory to be handled Mercifully, becaufe all Conquefts are in their own Nature cruel enough : And the Ire of Iniblent Soldiers, forces the Con- quered to become Defperate : Gravilfime morfm irritate mceffitatis. Curt.

To proceed Modeftly,is alio an honor- able Quality in him that conquereth ; for in profperous Fortunes, Men do hardly refrain covetous and proud Doings ; yea, fbme good and great Captains have in like caies forgotten what did beft become them : In rebus fecundis eviam egregii Duces infolefcmit, Tac.

After Vidory followeth Peace : For if War did ever continue, no State or Go- vernment could fland : Therefore how greatjOr how long foever the War be,the end muft be Peace ; the name whereof

is

P4 '^^^ ^^ts of Empire.

is not only Sweet, but alfo Comfortable *

Pax una triumphis innumeris potior.

Peace is not only good and profit- able to him that is Viflorious, but alio to thofe that are vidored: Pacem re^ duct velle victori^ expedhyvioto neceffe ejl, Tac.

Neverthelefs until good and honorable Peace be offered, Arms may not be laid afide: Wherein I wifh Tully\ Advice to be followed : Bellum gerendum eft ; fi helium omitte?nus^ pace nunquam jruemur. Livi.

In Treaty of Peace, two things muft be confidered : Firft, That the Condi- tions be Honorable. To condefcend to any Bale Conditions, is unto a Princely Mind not only great Indignity, but alfb Intolerable : Cum dignitate potius caden* dum^ auam cum ignoniinia ferviendum, Plut. \

It alfb importeth, the Peace fhould be fimple, true and unfeigned ; for all feigned and diflembling Amity is to be doubted : ^ace fuf^ecfa tutius eft helium^ Mithrid,

Thefitteft Seafon to fpeak of Peace^

t!,xe War beginneth, or

during

The Arts of Empire. ^5 during the time that the Enemies be of equal Force ; for if the War continued!, it mufl: behove the Weaker to yield to Neceffity : Not unhke the Ship-mafter, who to lave himfelfdoth call: the greateft part of his Loading into the Sea : Ne^ ceffitati farCy quam ne dho^uidem fuferant. Livi.

Finally, Having generoufly defended thy feif,and performed all things required in a magnanimous Captain, and finding neverthelefs thy Force infufficient,it can- not be difhonorable to accept Peace. Wherefore laying afide Hatred and Hope, which are but weak Supporters, thou maift recommend thee and thine to the approved Difcretion of an honorable Enemy : Viciores fecundd: res in mifera- ■ tionem ex trci vert tint. Livi,

Now for as much as every Peace pre- mifeth Reft and Quiet, as well to the Vi£torious as to the Viciored ; we m.ay add thereunto, that the Irince Vido- rious receiveth thereby Honor,Frofit and Security. For although his HappiiieS may occafion Hope of great Succefs, yet in refped of Fortunes Mutability, it fliaii be Good and Glorious to liften to Peace :

Deco-

<^6 The Arts of Empire.

Decorum frincipi efi cum viBoria?n frofe in manihus haheat^ pacem non abnuere^ ut fcia,nt emnes te & [ufci^ere jujie helium^ & fihire, Livi.

It feemeth alfo the more Honorable ; for who fo is Viftorious, doth give Peace and not take it : He alfb ftieweth him- lelf Difcreet by ufing a Moderation in Victory, and no Extremity inSpoiUng, which our Wile and Godly Writers have commended : Pacem contemnentes^& glo- riam apfstef^teSy facemferdunt &gloriam^ Bern.

Peace is alfo Profitable for the Vifto- rious, becaule continual War breedeth Wearineis^and of violent Proceeding De- fparation and Peril cometh : Maximi & mortifiri morfus ejjfe folem morientium be* fii^/ntrn. Sen.

Likewife Peace is more allured than any Victory. Hope of the one is in thine own Povv^er ; the other in the Hand of God: Add thereunto the force of Fortune, which hath great power in all Humane Aftions : In rebus fecundis nihil in quen^ qua?nfuperbe ac %>tolenter confuiere decet^nec fr^fenti credere Fortun£^ cum quid vejper feraty incertus (is. Sen.

Alfo

The Arts of Empire. ^j

Alfb Conditions of Peace ought to be realbnably and freely beftowed : For no People can live contented under fuch a Law as forceth them to loath the State wherein they are, Mifera pax hello bene mutatur. Sen,

CHAP. XXIV.

Of Civil War, with the Caufes and Remedies thereof.

THE greateft and moft grievous Calamity that can come to any State is Civil War ; for therein Subjeas take Arms agairift their Prince or among themfelves, whereof folio weth a Mifery more Lam.entable than can be defcribed, Non atas^ non dignitas que^quam proteoit quo minrnfiuprd cadibm^ & cacbs Jluwis mifcemtur, Tac.

The firft Caufe of Civil War proceed-

eth of Deftiny, for God in his own Di^

vme Providence forefeeth many Years

before; that great and mio-hty Empires

H " fl^all

5? 8 The Arts of Empire.

lliall be ruined. I^fe magp^a ruunt : U- tis hlnc numinA rehm Crefcendi fofuere mo^ darn — ^Lucan.

The fecond Caufe is, Excefs^ Riot, and Diffolute Life; for nothing breed- eth Civil Fury fo fbon as over great Happinefs ; alfb pompous Apparel, Ban- quetting and prodigal Spending con- iiimech Riches, and Plenty is turned into Poverty ; for by thefe means are Men brought into Defperation. Kafci^ cijjimo cuique m -perditiffimo, non agri aut fccmis fedfoU inBrumenU vitiorum mane- hunt, Tac.

Now to confider how Deftiny might be efchewed, were in vain : For lueh a Remedy no Wit or Wifdom can devife, being the Decree of God, no doubt it is inevitable. Ita fato pLtcuity nullius ret eodern [empr loco Hare for tun am. Sen.

There is nothing exempt from the peril of Mutation ; the Earth, Meavens, and whole World is thereunto Subjeft. Cert -is etmt cunBa temporibm ; nafci de- h'int^ crefcere^ extingui. Sen.

Touching the fecond Caufes of Civil War fbme Remedies may be ufed, be- cauic it proceedech of Faction, Sedition

or

The Arts of Empire. pp

or Tyranny. I call Faftion a certain Affociation of divers Perlbns combined to the Offence of others. It proceedeth often of private or publick Difpleafure, and more often of Ambition, Nemo eo- rum qui in Ref. verjmtur^ quos vincat^ fed d quibm vincatuTy ajpicis. Sen,

1. Fa£tions are of two forts j for ei- ther they confift of many or of few Per- fbns : both be dangerous, but the for^ mer more apt to take Arms ; and that Party which proveth weakeft, prayeth Arms of Foreign Forces.

2. The other Faftion wherein are fewer partakers, be commonly great Perfbnages or Men of more Importance than ordinary People ; and that proveth moft Perilous and Bloody. N'obilium f^Bionestrahuntadfe^ & in-^artesy uni^ nj€rfum etiarn populum. Arift.

Albeit Ibme wife Men have held Opinion that Fadtions are necelfary, yet cannot that conceipt be reafbnably maintained, unlefs it be upon Confines, and in fiich places where Confpiracy is feared, which Cato in his private Family ufed. Semper co?itemiunculas aliquas aut diffenfum inter fervos collide FI 2 ferebat

100 The Arts of Empire.

ferekity fujpeffum hahens nimiam concordi- am orum^ metuenjque. Plut.

Faftions againft the Nobility, are fometimes fuppreffed by forbidding Co- lors, or unknown Bagdes to be worn, alfb to inhibit Names or Watch-words of Mutinies is neceffary, which was Mecanas Counfel to Augufius ; and Arifiotle thinketh it fit that Laws fliould be made againft the Faftions of No- blemen. Nohilium content tones & f are- tes etiam legihiu oportet frohihere con^ri. Arift.

Another Caufe of Civil War, we call Sedition, which is a fiidden Com- motion or AjlTembly of Common Peo- ple againft their Prince or his Magi- ftrates : the Original of which Dilbr- ders may proceed of divers Caufes, but chiefly of Oppreffion. Imminemium fe-^ riculocum remedium^ iffa fericula Arbi- trari. Arift.

Again, Fear may be the occafion of Sedition, as well in him that hath done Injury, as in him that looketh to be injured;, and is defirous to pre- vent it before it cometh. It may pro- ceed alfo of over great Mildnefs in

Go-

The Arts of Empire. i o i

Government. Non miferiis licentiafei Ikentia , tantum comttum turbarum , I af civ ire magis fie hem oj^uOrm f^vire, lAv'u

Sedition many times arifeth of Po- verty, or of the Artificers, whole Arts are grown out of Ufe, and confequent- ly no means whereof they can hve. Semper in civ it at e^ quihus opes milU ftmty bonis invidem^ vetera odere^ nova expe- tunt^ odio rerum fuarum mutari omnia Ttudent. Sab.

Laftly, Sedition cometh of Tyranny, Infblency, or Mutinous Difpofition of certain Captains, Cavahers, or Ring- leaders of the People ; for albeit the Multitude is apt to Innovation, yet doth it ftand firm, until fbme firft Mover taketh the matter in hand. Mul- titudo omniSj ficut mare^ per fe immobi- lis. Livi.

^ Of thefe Movers fbme are Ambi- tious, who wanting other means to Afpire, hope by praOiice of Sedition, to compafs their Deugns ; or elfe they are Unthrifts, v/ho having confiimed their own, leek by Violence to poffefs themfelves of other Mens : Or elfc they H J are

10 2 The Arts of Empire.

are vain and light Perlbns, that with- out Ca afe or Reafon, attempt Inno- vation, themfelves know not for what, Non tarn prdmiis fericulorum^ quamjpfis ferictdis Iceti^ pro certis & olim pArtiSy novd^ Ambigudt Ancipitia mdlunt.

Thus having told the Caufes of Se- dition, I wifh the Remedies were pre- pared. Omne malum nafcens facile oppri^ mitur^ inveteratum ft plerumque robu^ fiu^. Cic.

The firft way to fupprefs Sedition, is Eloquence and excellent Perfwafion, which oft-tentimes worketh great Ef- fefts among the Multitude ; chiefly when it proceedeth from fbme Reve- rend and grave Perfon, for his Wif- dom and Integrity of Life honored : For the Prince himfelf is not to take OiFiCe in hand, unlefs neccflity fo in- force : Integra autoritas primipis ma-- jorihm remedtis fer'vetur. Tac,

If Perfwafion cannot prevail, then Force muft compel : But before fuch violent Proceedings, Ufe, Art and Cun- ning, either to appeafe the People, or at leaft to difunite them ; and rather if the Prince do offer fair and promile

plan-

The Arts of Empire. i o 3

plaufiblyv Verba aptid fopulurnphtrimum valent. Tac.

It is lawful alfo in fucli Cafes for • Princes to ufe Subtilty; and tlie fame not prevailing, to wafli away the Stain thereof with Clemency : For when Arms laid down , and every one yielded, general Punifliment were need- lefs. Omniufn culpa fuitj paucormn fit pcena. Tac.

The laft Caufe of Sedition we named Tyranny, which is a certain violent Government, exceeding the Laws of God and Nature. The difference be- tween Kings and Tyrants is this ; the one imployeth Arms in defence of Peace, the other ufeth them to terrific thofe of whom his Cruelty hath de» ferved Hate. Auferre^ trucidare^ ra- pere^ falfis nomimhm imperiwm^ dtqt;e uki [olitudinem fecerint^ pacem appellant, Tac.

The quality of Tyrants is to efteem Promoters more then good Miniilcrs, becaufe thofe Men are the Scourge of infinite others. They are alfo Prote- ftors of impious Perfons, and Hand in daily doubt of Noble and Virtuous H 4 Men.

1 04 The Arts of Empire^

Men. Nohilitas^ ofes^ Amifji geftique honor es J fro crimine : Et oh virtutes- cer- tifjimum exitium. Tac. ' Tyrants do alfo endeavor to fupprefe the knowledge of Letters and Civil Life, to the end all Arts ftiould be exi- led, and Barbarifin introduced. Fel- lunt fafientt£ profeffores^ & omnes honas Arte 5 in exilium agant. Tac.

Thefe and fiich like, be the Condir tions of Tyrants, who for the mofl: part are depofed and flain; for as Kings live long and deliver their Do- minions to tlieir Children and Pofte- rity : So Tyrants being feared and ha- ted of all xVIen, cannot continue in their Efiate.

Adgenerum Cereris fine cc^de & vulnere

Defcendunt reges &ficca morte TyrannL

Juvin.

The Remedies of thefe Mifchiefs which proceed from the Violence of fjch a Frii)ce, are Periecution or Tati- ence« Many generous Spirits have uled the firfi: j perfwading diemfelve? rather ■ . ■ ' to

The Arts of Empire. 105

to dye, than endure the fight of a Ty- rant. Alfb the Grecians did think it a Service acceptable to Murther the Per- fon of fuch an impious Prince. Gr^ci homines deorum honor es trihueba-at iis qui Tyrannos necaverunt, Cic.

Neverthelefs, in Chriftian Confide- ration, the other Courfe is to be taken : Let Patience therefore incounter this mifchief ; for feeing all Kings, as well the bad as the good be lent by God, they mull: be indured. Kes ell gravis pccidere regalem (iirfem. Homer.

Perfecution is not only perilous, but for the moll part infortunate : For therefore prefent Revenge is taken by that Prince that fucceedeth. Facino?i$ ejfis idtor ejt^ quifquisfuccefferit, Tac.

The Murther of Tyrants is alfo fol- lowed with many inconveniences worfe than Civil War it felf. Princifes boni^ votis exfetendiy qudefcunque toUrandi. Tac.

For as Fire, Floods, and other ine- vitable Plagues are neceifarily to be fuffered : So evil Princes in their Cove- toufnefs and Cruelty ought to be pati- ently indured, becaufe their Office is

to

io6 The Arts of Empire .

to command, and Subjects mufl: Obey, Indignity digna habenda funt^ Rex qu^ fdcit. Sen.

And as it is the ufe of vulgar People to find Faults in the long Reign of Frinces ; fb the Ambition of great Sub- jects is defirous of Novelty. Frcefens imfertum fuhditis femfer groove. Thucyd.

To conclude, we fay that the beft Remedy againft Tyranny, is Patience : For fb long as Men are, fo long will Yices be. Kegum ingentA toleranda^ neaue u[ai crebr£ mutationes, Tac.

CHAR

The Arts of Empire, 107

CHAP. XXV.

A ColkElion of Political Obfervations (confirmed by Reafon and Expe- rience) advertifing Princes^Statef men and private Perfons how to demean themfelves in all Fortunes and Events.

TO the Perfeftions of Men, Three things are necelTarily required; Nature, Nurture and Ufe : The firft giveth Capacity, Aptnefs and Under- ftanding ; which are Graces from Above. Nurture, is Learning, Knowledge, Art, or Order. Ufe, is Practice, Experience, and orderly Obfervation ; whereof may be conceived, that Nature alone fuf- ficeth not ; nor can Nurture work any good effcft, where natural Aptnels wanteth ; and they can frame no Perfefliion, unlefs Experience be alfb conjoined. Nemo nafcitur fapens^ fed //■. Sen.

Am-

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Ambaffadors, Negotiants, and gene- rally all other Minifters of mean Fortune, in Converfation with Princes and Supe- riors, muft ufe great refpeci, fhewing themfelves rather Ceremonious than Pre- fumptuous, and acknowledge their Ob- ligation great, for the Favor and Grace, they find in thofe which might com- mand them.

It is no wifdom ever to commend or diicommend the Adions of Men by their Succels ; for oft-tentimes fbme Enterprifes attempted by good Counfel, end unfortnately ; and others unadvi- fedly taken in hand, have happy Suc- cefi. Who fo then commendeth incon- fiderate Counfels for their fortunate Event, thereby encourageth Men to jar and difcomfort the wifer fort to fpeak what they know, and by Experience have proved.

In Aftions publick, and every other matter of great moment, the begin- ning is well to be confidered : For a& terwards it lieth not in our power, without difhonor to abandon what was begun.

The

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The time doth not always ferve, nor is apt occafion always offered to Enter- prife what would ; yer who ib doth ex- peft every Opportunity, Ihall either at- tempt nothing at all, or if he do, the lame for the moft part turneth to his own difadvantage.

When any Refolution is taken, either with over great hafte, or too much Af- feftion, leldom it receiveth good fuc*- cefs : For he that doth the one, hath no leifure to confider ; the other tranfport- eth the Mind fb as it cannot conceive more than that which prefently prelTeth.

To thefe we add others, I mean fbme of them that have leifure, and are void of Aftedion, yet for want of natural Capacity, or for continual Negligence in their doings, never bring any thing well to pais.

Who fb defireth to be beloved in a Commonwealth, mull: reft content with that which Men do give, and the Laws allow him to take: So fhall he neither incur Danger nor Envy ; for indeed, that which is taken or extorted from others,, and not that wiiich is given, doth make Men hated.

Arms

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Arms, Laws and Religion, may not in any well governed State be disjoined , every one of them in particular main- taineth them all united.

In Adions of War, Courage and Con- duft are of great Neceffity ; yet all good Government confifteth in ufing the Vit^ tues Moral; andinhandhng the mat- ter of Martial Policy, it is fit to imitate the Proceedings of ancient and appro- ved Captains.

Among Mortal Men, there is nothing more common than to believe the Eftate of one Man to be better than another ; for hereof it cometh, that every one endeavoreth rather to take from others with travel, than to enjoy his own with reft.

The ftate of Princes is good, being well ufed ; fb is the Fortune of private Men, if therewith they be contented. The rich Man liveth happily, lb long as he ufeth his Riches teinperately ; and the poor Man that patiently endureth Ills WantSj is Rich enough.

Whenfocver a Man is fo dangeroufly diftreiled, a.^ either proceeding or Hand- ing, he liveth in like peril, then, doth

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it behove him in any wife, to refblve upon Adion. The realbn is, that fb long as nothing is done, the fame Acci- dents that caufed his Dangers, do itill remain in their former force ; but if he endeavor to enterprife fbmewhat, either he may meet with means to make him lecure, or at the hardeft, Ihew himfelf of ib great Courage and Wit, as he dare and can attempt a way to do it.

It feemeth a thing of great difficulty, or rather impoffible for any Prince orMa- giftrate to elchew the evil fpeech and bad report of Men ; for if they be good and virtuous, then they incur the backbitin?*- of lewd Perfbris ; if evil, then will ali good Men exclaim againft them.

All Commonwealths ought to defire Peace, yet it is neceffary ever to be prepared for the War ; becaufe Peace difarmed is weak, and without Repu- tation : Therefore the Poets feign, that Pallas the Goddefs of Wifdom did al- ways appear armed.

Every Prince ( well advifed ) ought to govern his Subjedis and Servants in fuch fort, that by his Affability and Virtue thej may be induced rather to

ferve

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lerve voluntarily, then for Pay or hop6 of Preferment. For otherwile doing, whenfoever the Prince fhall want means to pay, the Subjects ^ likewife will fail of good will to ferve. But he that faithfully loveth, doth neither in Pro- fperity become Arrogant, nor in con- trary Fortune retire, or complain of the fmall favor he findeth: For (till death ) Love and Life remain at the Princes Commandment.

Where poor Men find Juftice, evil Men are punifhM,Meafures and Weights be juft, Youth well nurtured, and old Folk free from Avarice,there is the Com- monwealth good and perfect.

In War between Neighbors, Neutra- lity is commendable h for by that means we efchew many Troubles and great Ex- pences, fo long as the Forces of either 4ide be fo equal m ftrcngth,as we need not to fear the Viftory of any : For fb long their Difcord is our Security, and oft- tentimes offereth us means to increaie our own State and Reputation.

The chief P^eaibns to move War, are, the Juitice of the Cauie, the Facillity of Succcfs, and the Profit of the Viftory.

In

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In all Humane Aftions it behoveth to accommodate the Council of Men unto prefent Neceflity, and never to expole Security to manifeft Peril, nor hope of that which without great Difficulty or Impoflibility cannot be obtained.

It is the Nature of Men^having eicaped one Extreme, which by force they were conftrained long to endure, to run Head- long into the other Extreme, forgetting that Vertue doth always confift in the mean.

The Multitude is inclined to Innova- tion, and eafily induced by falfe Perfwa- fion, and conlequently eafily tranfported by Seditious Leaders.

Men are naturally difpofed to fear thoie things which threaten Danger and Terror ; yet unleis thefe Perils, by fome new Accident,be daily revived,that Fear by little and little vaniflieth, and Secu- rity recovereth the place.

Wholb findeth himfelf contemned, or not relpefted , becometh Difcontent ; which Humor in generous Minds, breed- eth oftentimes Adventerous Imagina- tions, whereof Audacious Attempts have followed, chiefly in Peribns of Authority I and

1 1 4 The Arts of Empire. and Reputation ; for he that hopeth no Good, feareth no Evil : Yet true it is, that dangerous Enterprifes, the more they be thought upon , the lefs Hope they give of good Succefs , for which reafon Conlpiracies not fuddenly exe- cuted, are for the moft part revealed or abandoned.

All People do naturally imitate the Manners of their Prince, andobferving his Proceedings, refolve to Hate or Love him: But if they happen once to Hate the Prince,then his Doings,Good or Evil, are afterv^ards not Good ; but if at the beginning he gained the Love of the Peo^ pie, then every bad Aftion is reputed a Vertue ; as though he could not be in- duced to do amifs without good Caufe or Reafon.

Greatly are Princes deceived , if in the Eleftion of Minifters , they more refpect tlieir own particular Affeftion, than the Sufficiency of the Perfon ele&ed.

A Prince having conquered any new Dominion, is thereby rather incumbered than ftrengthened, unlefs the iame be after well governed ; and feldom is it

feen

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feen, that a Principality, by ill means gotten^ hath been long enjoyed.

As to the Perfeftion of the whole Body, foundnefs of Head only fuiRceth not, un- lefs the other Members alfo do their Office ; even i^o it is not enough that a Prince be Faultlefs, but it behoveth alfb that the Magiftrates and Miilifters fhould perform their Duty.

Great Princes rarely refift their Appe- tites, as for the moft part private Men can ; for they being always honored and obeyed, do feldom with Patience indure the want of any thing reafonable, as be« ing perfwaded that what they defire is Jufb, and that their Commandment hath power to remove all DifSculries. .

All Men arc naturally ram bene qu^tm good, when no refpecfc of niak-f^aa p-ce- Profit or Pleaflire draws '''''''' ^'''' them to become EviL But this Worlds Corruption, and our Frailty is fiich, as eafily and often for our particular In- tereil we incline to the worll; which was the caufe that wi^^ Law-makers found out Reward and Puniflmient ; the one to incite Men to Good, the other to fear thera from being Evil.

I 2 A

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A Tyrant indeavoreth to maintain his Eftate by three means.Firft^He practifeth to hold all Subjects in extreme Awe, and to be bafely minded, to the end they fhould want Courage to take Arms againft him. Secondly,He kindleth DiiB- dence and Difcord among the Great Men; thereby to remove occafion of Confpiracy and Combination. Laftly^He holdeth them Difarmed ^nd Idle, fb as they neither know nor can attempt any thing againft him.

To govern, is nothing elfe^ut to hold Subjecls in Love and Obedience ; for in refpefl: of the end, they ought not,and in regard of the other they cannot attempt any thing contrary to the Governor's Will and their Duty.

The Laws and Ordinances of a Com- ^non-weale made at the beginning there- of when Men were good, do often prove unprofitable when they are become evil ; and therefore new Laws are made ac- cording to the Accidents which happen.

The Difcontent and Diforder of Peo- ple is ever occafioned by the Inequality of their Goods, becaufe the Poorer fort would be made equal to the Rich ; but

the

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the Offence that grows among great Men is the defire of Honor; for they being equal, do endeavor to afpire to equal Authority.

A Prince that defireth, by means of his Ambaffador, to deceive any other Prince, muft firft abufe his own Am- balfador, to the end he fliould do and Ipeak with more Earneftnefs , being indeed perfwaded that the Intent and Meaning of his Mafter is Simple, whic:h happily would not, were he privy that his Prince's Meaning were to Diiremble. This courfe is alfo commonly holden by thofe, that by Imployment of a third Perlbn , would perfwade any thing Feigned orFalfe.

For the Performance of Conditions of Treaty of Peace, or League of Amity, the Promifes, Vows and Oaths of Princes are of great Effeft ; and be- caule Fidelity in a Man is not e\^er cer- tain, and time doth daily offer Occa- fions of Variation, there is no Ailurance ib Secure and Good, as to ftand fb pre- pared , as the Enemy may want able means how to offend.

I 5 To

1 1 8 The Arts of Empire.

To refblve in Matters Doubtful, or anfwer Requefts which we are not will- ing to grant, the lead: offenfive way is not to ufe direO: Denial, but by delays prolong the time, and fo in eftea:, afford good Expefl:ation.

The old Proverb faith, MagiBratus virum oIiend.it ; which is no left true than Ancient; for Men in fuch For- tune, are occafioned not only to make proof of their Sufficiency, but alfo to difcover their AffeQ:ions ; and the more ^eir Greatnefs is, the lefs relpect they have to contain thole Paffions which are natural.

Albeit great Troubles and continual Adverfity feem Infupportable , yet is there nothing more Dangerous , than overmuch Profperity \ and being prelTed by new Appetites, they difturb then' own Security.

In (peaking of Occurrents doubtful, it is always Wifdom to feign Ignorance, or at leaft alledge that we believe them not ; for moft commonly they are ut- terly untrue, or far ofher than vulgarly is believed.

The

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The Aftions of Men are commonly liked or difallowed according to the bad or good Succefs; attributing that to Council which fometimes is due to For- tune.

The Multitude of Men were wont to be more pleafed with fudden than flow Refolutions; and many times account thofe Enterprifes Generous, whicJi are rafhiy and inconfiderateJy attempted.

Great Difference there is between Subjedts Delperate , and others which are only Dilcontented ; for the one de- fire nothing but prefent Alteration, which they endeavor with all Hazard ; . the other wifli for Innovation, inciting any Motion or Praftice, becaule their Intent is to attend time, and that occa- fion may prefent it felf. , A Benefit beftowed on him who think- eth himfclf greatly injured , doth not fuifice to raze the fame out of his Memory, chiefly if the Benefit be given at flich time as no mere Motion, but Neceflity may feem the occafion thereof.

I 4 That

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That Peace ought to be defired^whlch removed Sufpition, which alfureth us from Peril, which bringeth Quiet cer- tain , and acquitteth us of Expenccs ; but when it w^orketh contrary Eftefts, it may be called a dangerous War, co- vered with the name ot Deceitful Truft, not unlike a perilous Poyfon miniftred in lieu of a wholfome Medicine.

The Effect of things, and not Exter- nal fhow, or feeming, ought to be re- garded ; yet it is credible what great Grace is gained by courteous Speech and Affability ; thereafon whereof is, as I fuppofe, that every Man believeth he doth merit more than indeed he is wor- thy, and confequently holdeth himfelf infured, whenfbever he findeth Men not to afford him Uke Eftimation.

Men ought in any wife, to refrain to do or fay any thing which may offend, for which refped it were great Folly, either in prefence or abfence , to utter difpleafing Speech, unlefs neceiEty in- fer ceth.

The Matters whereof Counfellors are chiefly to confider , are five, The prince's Revenue , Peace and War ,

De-

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Defence, Traffick, and what Laws are to be made. -

In giving Council divers things are to be oblerved ; but amongft them are two of moft Importance : Firft, It behoveth, that he who is counielled Hiould be . Wife ; for feeing Counfel is nothing elfe but a certain confiderate Difcourfe of things to be done or not done, if he who is to take Counfel be not of Difcretion, then will he refufe all good Advice oflfered, and rather incline to that which his own Fancy affeftethjbecaufejthe want of Judgment draweth him to take Plea- lure in vain things ; and as one incapa- ble of what is good and true, will follow that which is Evil and Falfe : So on the other fide, if he that giveth Counfel be not Faithful, then will he a Thoufand ways difguife and diffemble the Truth, and confequently mifcarry the Mind of him that is Counfelled ; yea in the end utterly abufehim.

The Affairs and Proceedings of the World, arelo variable,and accompanied with fb many Chances and Changes, as impoffible it feemeth to judge what is beft; therefore Experience informeth.

12 2 The Arts of Emprel

that the Conje£tures of the moft Wile, prove vain and uncertain. I therefore miflike the Judgment of thofe Men, that will let flip Opportunity of prefent Good (though itbefmall) for fear of a future EviljUOtwithftanding it be greater unlefs the Evil be very near at hand, or certain. For if that do not follow which is feared, then wilt thou repent to ha,ve omitted that which was defired.

Whenfoever a general Opinion is conceived, of the lingular Vertue and Knowledge of any Man , although he be indeed Ignorant, and far unworthy that Account, yet it is hard to remove fuch a fettled Conceit: The Reafon is, That Men having at the firft given Credit to common Report , do make thereof fo deep an Impreffion^ as after- wards, Without great Difficulty, cannot be removed.

The Bodies of Men, Munition and Money, may juftly be called the Sinews of War, yet of them the two firfl: are more neceffary, for Men and Arms have means to find Money and Meat; but Money and Meat cannot fo eafily find Soldiers and Swords.

One

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One wife General having but a Tliou- fand Men , is more to be feared and efteemed, than twenty Commanders of equal Authority ; for they being com- monly of divers Humors ,, or judging diyerlly, do never, or very rarely, what is to be done, and confequently lole much time before any Relolution can be taken.

A Prince of mean Force, ought not in any wife to adventure his Eltate upon one days Fight ; for if he be Viftorious he gaineth nothing but Glory ; but if he Ipfe, he is utterly ruined.

The moft part of Men are delighted with Hiftories, for the Variety of Acci- dents therein contained; yet are there few that will imitate what they read, and find done by others; being per- flvaded that Imitation is not only hard but impoffible, as though the Heavens andMen were changed m their Motion, or Order and Power, which they anci- ently had.

The Nature of Men is fuch, as will not endeavor any thing Good, unleis they be forced thereunto ; for where Liberty aboundeth; there Confufion and

Difbrder

124 "^^^ ^^*^ ^f ^^^pi^^^

Diforder follow. It is therefore fup- pofed, that Hunger and Poverty make Men Tnduftrious; but good Laws in- force them to be Honelt ; for if Men were of themfelves good, then Laws were needlefs.

There are two kinds of Adulation : The lirft proceedeth from a Subtle Malice: The fecond cometh by an or- dinary ufe of Converfation ; the one tendeth to Profit and Deceiving ; the other hath no farther Defign, than a Refpeft or Fear to offend ; whereunto the moft Honeft are in fome fort bound. Whofo bindeth himfelf to Flattery , doth tliereby bewray his Intent, cither to gain, or not to lofe that he hath. Foj* the Perfbn flattered, is always fu- perior to him that doth Flatter, or at leafl: one as may in fome fort ftand him in ftead. It may therefore be inferred, that only Men of bafe and miferable Condition, and fiich as cannot help or hurt, be free from Flatterers. And con- trariwife, Magnanimous and Fortunate Folk, proud Men, and fuch as content themielves with their prefent Eftate, are feidom found to be Flatterers.

Every

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, Every wife Prince doth prefuppofe, that Times of Trouble may come, and that all fiich Occafions he fhall be forced to ufe the Service of Men diverfly quali- fied. His Study therefore is, in the mean time fb to entertain them, as when thofe Storms arife, he may reft alfured to com- mand them ; for whofbever perfwades himfelf, by prefent Benefits, to gain the good Will of Men, when Perils are at hand, fhall be deceived.

In ancient times Princes and Governors were wont, when Peace and Security were moft like to continue, to find or feign Occafions to draw their Subjefts to Fear, to the end that Doubt might move them to be more careful of their own well-doing; for well they knew it a general Deleft in Men, to be reachleis, and never willing to ufe Indufl:ry ; unlefs by neceflity they were con- ftrained.

AlrHifl:ories do fhew, and wife Poli- ticians do hold it neceflary, that for the well governing of every Common- weal, it behoveth to prefuppofe that all Men are Evil, and will declare themlelves fb to be,when occafion is offered ; for albeit

fbme

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Ibme Inconvenience doth lye hid for a time^ it proceedeth from a covert occa- fion, which for want of Experience, was not found , until Time the Mother of Truth difcover it. ,

Neutrahty is always a thing Danger* ousand Difallowable, becaufe it oftend- eth all Parties : He that is Strong looketh to be affifted in his Greatnefs ; and he that is Weakjttot being defended,holdeth himfelf offended ; the one is not affured from Foes , and the other holdeth no Friends.

Albeit Neutrality procure prelent Quiet and Security, during the Troubles of others ; yet after the fame falleth out a Difadvantage, becaufe it entertaineth a certain Falfenefs, and to in ihort fpace will be peixeived ; not unhke thofe Men that borrow upon Ufary ; for albeit they enjoy a certain time, without Trouble or Charge,yet the fame being Spent,and the day of Payment come, they then feel the : great Danger which their lliort Pleafure hath purchafiid.

Whofo examineth all Humane Anions fliall find, that in eichewing one Incon- venience, we prelently incur another.

As

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As for Example, if we endeavor to make our Dominions Mighty, it be- hoveth to have the fame fully reple- nillied with People , and well armed, and fb being, they are not eafily go- verned. On the other fide, if our Coun- try be not well Peopled, or Difarmed , then it is eafily holden in Obedience ; yet therewith \o Weak, that it can nei- ther increafe the Bounds thereof, nor defend it felf. It is therefore necelTary, in all our Deliberations, to confider what Inconvenience is leafl:, and choofe that as the befl: ; for to find all Perfect, Void and Secure of Sufpecl or Imperfeftion, is impoj[fible.

A Prifice being infl:antly required to take part with other Princes, the one being in Arms againfl: the other , if he deny both , incurreth Sufpicion of both, and may be thought to have Secret Intelligences with one or botli of them ; fo as either of them ftiali account him an Enemy, and confc quently he that proves Viftorious will be revenged ; and the other holding him fufpefted, will not acknowledge his Friendlhip.

It

12 8 The Arts of Empire.

It is the ufe of Men to prefume much upon their own Merit, and feeing the Succefs of fome others to be fuch,as with- out Caufe or Defert,are afpired toDignity thereby encouraged, they promifed to themfelves the hkc : Neverthelefs being entred into the courfe of their Defign,and finding many Croifes and Impeachments they do not a Uttie repent their Over- weening and PrefumptioUjbut alfo many times utterly abandon their ralh and un- adviled Entcrprize ; neither can I think, that the Vertue or Sufficiency of any Man without the Favor of tlieHea vens,can ad- vance him ; for as the Poet faith,A^(?f ve^e juvat^ fotiufve nocet^ fif^^^ repugnant.

Whofb ferveth a Prince far from his Preience,fhall with great Difficulty con- ter/t him. For if he commit any Error, it fhall be aggravated : Befides that,the In- ftruftions lent unto him cannot be parti- cularly conceived, becaufe the State of wordly things doth daily alter. Alfo to ferve aloof, is a thing full of Danger and far from Reward ; which Inconvenience may for the moft part be avoided by liim that attendeth near to his Prince's Peribn.

Let

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Let no Man that cometh to ferve in Court, afTure himfelf by his Wifclom to be advanced or efchew all Encounters, Neither is he to bear himielf fo carelels as to commit all to Fortune, but be per- fwaded that this worldly Life is like to a Voiage by Sea ; wherein albeit Art with the favor of the Wind may do much.yet can we not afTure our felves to arrive fafe in the Haven appointed ; for daily Experience doth fhew, that Ibme ftrange Ships in the calmeft Weather, are drowned or impeached by the way^ when others much weaker and difarm- ed pais fecurely.

Among Men worthy of Commenda- tions, thofe have merited beft that firit planted true Religion : next they that framed Kingdoms andCommonwealths; the third place is due to fuch as ha\ e augmented or enlarged their Domini- ons ; laftly, Learned Men, defer ve Famsr and Memory : and as every of thefe are worthy of Fame and Honor ; lb ouaht they to be acconfpted Infamous that in- troduce Atheifm, oy the Subvcrfion cf Kingdoms, or are become Enemies to Learning and Virtue.

K Who-

130 The Arts of Empire.

Whofbever taketh in hand to govern a Multitude either by way of Liberty, or Principahty, and cannot alTure him- felf of thofe Perfons that are Enimies to that Enterprife, doth frame a State of fliort Perfeverance : yet true it is that fuch Princes be infortunate, as for their own fecurity are inforced to hold a courle extraordinary, and have the Mul- titude their Enemy; for he that hath few Foes may with fmall difhonor be aifured ; but he that is generally hated can by no means live allured ; and the more Cruelty he ufeth, the weaker his Principality proveth.

In commending another Man, great Moderation is to be ufed; for as con- tumely oftendeth him againft whom it is ufed \ fb great praife, befides that it is uttered with danger to his Judgment that fpeaketh it, the fame doth oft-ten- times oiTend him that heareth it. For Self-love which commonly pofleffeth Men, caufes the Good or Evil we hear, to be meafured with our own. And codequently every Man that is touched with like deferts and defefts, doth grow offended that his Commendation is not

kt

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let forth, and feareth left his Imperfedli- on fhoiild bedifcovered.

It is often, or rather ever feeii, that the force of Leagues not ufed in their firft heat, becomes cold ^ becaufe Sufpi- tion fbon entereth, which in fhort fpace will deftroy whatfbever was concluded, and may not without long time be re- joined*

The power of Ambition which poiTeJP feth the Minds of Men, is fuch, as rare« ly or never fuffereth them to reft : The reafbn thereof is. That Nature hath framed in them a certain Difpofition to defire all things, but not to obtain them ; fb as our Defires being greater than our Power, therefore following Difcontent and evil Satisfaftion. Hereof aifo pra-^ ceedeth the Variation of Fortune ;^ for fome Men deuring to get, and others fearing to lofe that they had gotten, do occafion one Man to injure another, and confequently Publick Wars do follow ;, by means whereof, one Country is ruin- ed, and another inlarged.

Princes of great Fov/er, and chiefly

thofe that arc Inhabitants of the Norrii,

having many Cluldren, were wont to

K 2 bg

132 The Arts vf Empire.

be much inclined to the Wars, as well to win unto themlelves Honor, as alfo to get Poffellions for their Sons ; which manner of Proceedings did oft-tentimes remove iuch Diiiurbance as the Plurali- ty of Brethren bringeth. Thefe and o- ther reafons induced Princes to attempt War againft thofe Kingdoms, which in cheir opinion leemed eafily conquered, or whereunto they can pretend little ; for by colour thereof they may the ra- ther juftifie their Proceedings.

When a Prince deferreth to anfwer an Ambaffador, it proceedeth from fome of thele Refpefts ; either becaufe he will take time to refolve himfelf of fomewhat whereof lie doubteth, or that he intend- cth covertly to deny that which is de- manded, or that he efteemeth not the Prince that doth demand, or that he dif- daineth the Perfon by whom the de- mand is made, or elle that he intendeth to hear from his own Minifters to be better refolved : Wherefore a difcreet Negotiatoi' ought in Iuch cafes to con- fider which of thele Reafons move the PriiYce where he is em_ployed, to en- teii:ain him with delays, and make his dii\-)atch accordingly. Tlie

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The fiifficiency of good Counfellors confijftetd in four things.

Firft, They ought to be wife and skilful how to handle their Affairs, di- refting all doings to publick Commo- dity.

Secondly, Tobe juftintheir Proceed- ings, giving to every one that which to him appertaineth.

Thirdly, To be ftout, and void both of partial reipefts and fear.

Andlaftly, To be temperate and mo- derate in their Defires.

Whofo defireth to govern well and fecurely, it behoveth htm to have a vi- gilant Eye to the Proceedings of great Princes, and to confider fcrioufly of their Defigns : For it is matter of fmall diffi- culty to live in Peace v/ith him who de- fireth our Amity, and provideth for otliers that endeavor to offend us.

The Intelligences that Princes ftudy to attain, are procured by divers means : Some are brought by report, fbme ven- ted by Converfation and Sounding, fbme by means of Efpials ; but the nxoit fure and credibe Occurrents, are thole which come from Ambafiadors, cliieiiy K J rhoic

1 34 77?^ Arts of Empire.

thofe that either for the Greatnefi of their Prince, or their own Virtue, be qf moft Reputation. For thofe Men converfing daily with great Perfbnages, <ind pondering dihgently their Manners, Words, Wifdom, and the order of each Man's f roceedings, yea, of the Prince himfelf, may with Commodity attain unto matters of great Importance fooner than they that are Writers of Rumors, or that take upon them to Conjecture of things to corne,

Whenlbever a People is induced to commit: lb great an Error, as to give Reputation to one only Man, to the end he iliould opprefs aU thofe great Men whom they hate, they thereby give him opportunity to become their Prince; and io being affifted with their Favor and Aid, he m.ay likewifeextinguifh all the reft of the Nobility ; and they be- ing extirpated, he wih alfo endeavor to tyrannize over the People, by whole help he afpired.

So many as are not confenting to the Tyranny, reft Enemies to the Perfbn of the Tyrant, who can by no means gain the Love of all. For impoiTible it is,

that

The Arts of Empire. 135

that the Riches of any Tyrant fhould be fb great, and the Honors he can give fb many as may fatisfie all. Hereof it Cometh, that thofe Tyrants that are fa- vored of the People, and disfavored of the Nobles, are moft fecure ; becaufe their Tyranny is fupported with a greater Strength ( having the Multi- tude their Friends ) then is the Tyrant whom the Humor of the Nobles only hath advanced.

A dangerous thing it is in all Com- monwealths by continual punifhing, to hold the Minds of Subjcfts in Sulpi- tion ; for Men ever fearing their Ruine, will (without relped) deterniine to fave themfelves, and as Men defperate, attempt Innovation. All Capital Exe- cutions ought therefore to be executed fuddenly, and as it were at one Inftant, fo to allure the Minds of Men from fiir- ther Moleftations.

The Intent of every Wife Prince that maketh War, either by Eledion or Ambition, is to gain and hold what is gotten : Alfb to ufe the matter ib as thereby he may inrich himfelf, and

not

/

156' The Arts of Empre.

not impoverilh his own People or Countr}r.

He that inlargeth his Dominions, doth not always increafe his Power; but he that increafeth in force as well as in Dominion, fliall thereby grow great; otherwife he gained no more than is fliortly to be loft, and confe- quently he ruineth himfelf : For who ipends more in the War, than he gains hy Vi6>ory, lofeth both Labor and Coft.

Every Prince and Commonwealth muft above all things take heed, that no Neceffity how great foever, do per- fwade him to bring into his Dominion any Auxiliary Soldiers ; becaufe the hardeft Conditions the Enemy can ofter, are more eafie than is fuch a Refblution»

A Prince (heweth his Ruine at hand, whenfbever he beginueth to break the Laws and Cuftoms, which are ancient and have been long time obeyed by the People of his Dominion.

lliat Prince which careth to keep himlelf fecure from Conljiiracy, ought rather to fear thole to whom he hath done over-great Favors, than them

whom

The Arts of Empire. 137

whom he hath much injured : For thele want Opportunities, the other do not; and both their Defires are as one ; be- caufe the Appetite of Commanding, is always as much or more than the delite of Revenge.

Whenloever a Fringe difcovers a Confpiracy, he muft well confider the quality thereof, meafiiring the Force of the Confpirators with his own ; and finding them many and mighty, the knowledge thereof is to be dilfembled, until the Princes Power be prepared to oppofe them ; otherwife he hazardeth his own fecurity.

It hath been by long Experience found better to fend one General to an Army, though he be of mean SuiBcien- cy, than to give the fame Authority to two or more Excellent Perfonages with equal Commiffion.

He that coveteth to be over-much loved, oft-tentimes becomes contempti- ble; and he that endeavoreth to be over-much feared, is ever hated : And to hold the mean between them, can- not be exactly done, becaiife Nature will not fo permit.

Whofo

138 The Arts of Empire.

Whofb afpireth to any Dignity, muft refblve himfelf to endure the Envy of Men, and never to be moved for any Oflence conceived againft him, though they that be offended, be his dear Friends : Neither ihall he for the firft affront or encounter, reUnquifh his hope; for he that coiifl:antl)^ maketh head a- gainft the affault of Fortune, fhall after with FaciUty arrive where he de- figned.

In giving Council to a Prince or Com- monwealth, and therefore defiring to efchew Danger and OxTence, no other mean is to be taken thantiiat the Coun- lellor fhall without Paffion or Perfwafi- on pronounce his Opinion, and never to affirm any thing as a Refolution, but with modefty to defend that he fpeak- eth ; ib as the Prince which follows his Advice, may feem to do it voluntarily, and not forced by the importunity of him that gave the CounfeL

A difcreet Captain being in the Field againft the Enemy, ofwhofe Virtue he hath liad no Proof, ought firft by light Skirmilhes to feel of what Virtue he is \ and not to Enterprife any general

Ad-

The Arts of Empire. 13^

Adventnre, to the end that Terror or Fame fliould not daunt nor difcourage his own Soldiers.

Albeit Fraud be in all Aftions deteflr- ed, yet is the fame in Martial Enter- prifes commendible and glorious : For that Captain who compaffeth his Defigns by Wit or Stratagem, is no lefs commended than he that Van- quifheth the Enemy by Violence and Force.

In times of Extremity, when Refo- lution muft be taken fur the having or utter Lofs of the State, then no regard is to be had of Juftice or Injuffice, Mercy or Cruelty, Honor or Ignomi- ny, but rather fetting afide all Re- lpe£ls, that courfe is to be followed which defended the Lives and Liberties of Men.

Whoib defireth to know what will be hereafter, let him think of that is paft ; for the World hath ever been in a circular Revolution : What- foever is now, . was heretofore, and things paft or prelent are no other than fuch as fliall be again : Redit orbis in orbem.

140 The Arts of Evipire .

A Prince that defireth to obtain any thing at the hand of another, muft if it be poflible urge a fudden Anfwer, and lay before him that is moved, a Neceffity torefblve prefently, giving him to underftand that denial or de- lays may breed a perilous and fudden Indignation.

There is nothing more difficult,doubt-. ful and dangerous than to attempt In- novation: For he that taketh in hand an Enterprize of fuch quahty, maketh all thofe his Enemies which hved well under the old Order, and findeth them cold Defenders that affeft his Novel- ties, which coldnefs proceedeth chief- ly of Incredulity ; for Men are not eafily induced to believe a new thing till Experience hath proved it to be good.

There is no Art nor Knowledge fo feemly and neceffary for a Prince as the Arc Military with theOrdinances and Difcipline thereof: For that is the only Skill required in him that commandeth, and fuch a Virtue as doth not only main- tain them that are born Princes, but df- ten advanceth private Men to that Dig- flitv. The

The Arts of Empire. 141

The deep Impreffions which old In- juries make in the Minds of great Men cannot with new Benefits be razed out ; it is alfo to be remembred that Inju- ries be done all together : For they of- fend the lefs, and will be forgotten the Iboner ; but Benefits fhould by httle and little be beftowed, ib fliall the Memory of them long contjnue.

A fmall pleafure or difpleafure prefent- ly done, doth move mxore than a great good turn beftowed in times paft ; for the tafte of things prefent doth make a deeper impreffion in the Minds of Men, than doth the Memory of^things paft, or expeftation of things to come.

It is a matter of Imall diiFiculty to found the difcontentment of other Men. For every one doth willingly tell the well and ill deferving of Friends, and likewife how much or how little Foes can do, if we have Patience to hear, which Patience is the beginning of afi good Speed j but he that delighteth to Ipeak much, and hear little, fliail ever in- form others more than himfelf can learn.

Among other dangers which a Prince incur reth by being difarnied, tlie grcat-

142 The Arts of Empire.

eft is, that thereby he becometh cdn^ temptible ; for no comparilbn there is between Men armed and them that are difarmed : and no reafon there is that he that is armed (hould yield Obedience to him that is difarmed, neither is it hke that a Prince difarmed can be fecure from his own Subjects armed.

A Prince Ignorant of Martial know- ledge, among other Misfortunes cannot be efteemed or trufted of his own Sol- diers ; it behoveth him therefore as well in time of Peace as War to exercife Arms, which may be done by two means ;^he one by Adion of Body, the other by Contemplation of Mind. The Body may be exercifed in Hunting, Hawking, and fuch like Paftimes; thereby to be made apt to endure Travel : his Mind likewife may be informed by Reading of Hiftories, and the Gonfideration of Adiions performed by excellent Cap- tains, obfervang the occafion of their Vidories or Loifes, to the end he may imitate the one, and elchew the other.

He tliat doth not as other Men do, bi]t endeavoureih that which ought

cur

The Arts of Empire. 143

cur Peril than Prefervation ; for who- fo laboureth to be fincerely Perfe£t and Good, fliall neceffarily Perifh, hving among Men that are generally Evil.

A Prince that ufeth Liberality to his prejudice, ought not to regard the In- famy of Miferable, becaule his Parfi- mony will in time enable him to be Li- beral, and fb may declare himfelf to be, having by Parfimony increaled his Power, and therefore without impofing upon the People, may defend himfelf from all fuch as will make War ; fb Ihall he ufe Liberality to all them from whom he taketh nothing, Avho are infi- nite ; and ufe MiferUnefs to thofe only to whom he giveth, who are but few.

There is nothing that confumeth it felf lil^e to Librality ; for if it be long ufed, it taketh away the means to con- tinue it, and confequently doth make Men poor and baiely minded : Or elfe to efchew Poverty, they fhall be forced to Extortion and become Odi- ous.

It is better to incur the name of Co* vetous (which is a Scandal without

hate)

1 44 The Arts of Empire.

hate) then with defire to be account* I ed Liberal, deferve the Infamy of Op- \ preifion ( an Ignominy accompanied with hatred.^ ^

A Prince ought to be flow in beheving, and adviled in proceeding ; he fhould alfb beware not to make himfelf over much feared, biit in all his Aftions fhew great Wifdom tempered with Curtefie' ; lo fhall not over much Confidence in- duce him to be carelets, nor over much diffidence render him intolerable.

Whofo obferveth, fliall fee that Man offended, lefs refpefl: him whom they Love, than him whom they fear. For Love is maintained by a certain reci- proque Obligation, which becaufe Men are Evil^ufeth to be by every occafion of Profit broken. But Fear is continued by a certain dread of Punifhment which never faileth.

A Prince that holdeth in the Field an Army wherein arc great numbers of Soldiers, ought not to care though he be accompted Cruel : For without fuch an Opinion conceived, he cannot keep his Forces united, nor apt to attempt any Enter prize*

Men

The Arts of Empire. 145

MeoLfor the moft, do ufe rather to judge by their Eyes.than by their Hands, for every one may fee, but few can Cir* tainly know. Every one feeth what thou feemeft to be, but few can underfland what thou art indeed; and thefe few dare not oppofe themfelves to the Opinion of many which have the Majefty of Eftate to defend them. Alfb in the Anions of all Men, and chiefly Princes, from whom is no Appellation, the End is ever ob« lerved. Machiavel,

A Prince being forced to ufe the Con- dition of Beafts, muft among them make Choice of the Fox and the Lyon ; for the Lyon cannot take heed of Snares, and the Fox is eafily overcome by the Wolves : It behoveth him therefore to be a Fox to difcover the Snares^ and a Lyon to terri- fic the Wolves.

A Prince newly advanced cannot ob- fervethofe Rules, which are the Cauft that Men be accounted Good ; he being many Times conftrained for defence of his State to proceed contrary to Promife, contrary to Charity, andali Verrue; and confequently it behovech him to have a Mind apt to Alteration, as the Wind and L Yariaiioa

14-6 The Arts of Empire.

Variation of Fortune fhall direft ; yet ought he not to abandon the Good, iii fb he can, but be ready to u(e what is Evilj if fb he fhall be inforced.

Every Prince ought to have two Ears, the one Intrinfick, in refpeft of Sub- jefts ; the other Extrinfick, in refpeO: of Forreign Potentates, from whom he may be defended with Good Arms, and Good Friends : Alfb Matters Intrinfick will ever ftand well, fb long as all things abroad reft firm.

A Prince that is favoured of the Multi- tude, need not to doubt Confpiracy ; but contrary wife, where the People is generally DiFjoiitented and Hateth the Prince, then may he reafonably doubt every Thing, and every Perfbn ; for no Man is fbPoor, that wanteth a Weapon wherewith to offend.

When any Occafion is prefented to have that thou defireft, fail not to lay hold thereof; for thefe Worldly Things do vary, and that fo fuddeniy, as hard it is to affare our (elves of any thing, un- lelsthe fame be already in Hand: On the- other Side, if any Trouble threaten thee, defer it fo long as thou mayeft ;

for

The Arts of Empire, i ^ y

for Time may occafion fbme Accident to remove all Dangers.

The Prince that doubteth the Fidelity of his Subjefts, mufl: of Force build For- treffes ; but he that feareth Foreign Force more than his own People, were better to leave them unbuilt. Howfoever it be, that Prince that defireth generally to be RefpedeJ and Efteemed , muft perform fome notable Enterprife , and give Teftimony of great Vercue and Valour.

A Prince fhall do well at all Times to be counfelfed fo as no Man do prefume to give Counfel but when the Prince doth ask it. Ic is alio to be noted, That he who is not of himfeif Wile, cannot be well counfelled of others, uniefs happily he^ield to (bme Wife Men the Govern- ment of his whole Affairs. For Good Counfels from whomlbever they proceed, fhall be thought to come from the Pi ince, and not the Wifdom of the Prince to pro- ceed from the Counfel of others.

He that taketh Delight to be Employed

in Publick Affairs, muft by all Means

endeavour to continue in fuch Services :

For ofc one Bufincrs dependeih on sno*

L * ther.

1 4- 8 The Arts of Empire.

ther, whereunto the Florentine Proverb may be applied, Di cofa^ naf^e cofx.^ & tL ttmfok govern a.

Some Men have not only defired, but alfo compaffed Honour and Profit ; yet being in Pofletfion o^ both, were not therewith fo fatisfied, as they hoped to be ; which being believed, would happily extinguifh the imoieafurable Ambition v/herewith many Men are poffeffed.

By Experience I have learned, That great Foliy it is to account That Ours which we have nor, or fpend prefently in Hope of future Gain. Therefore Mer> chants, daring the Adventure of their Goods, do not increafe Domefticai Ex- pences, but Fearing the Worft Affure what is in Hand.

For fuch .Men as have gained unto themielves Reputation and are account- ed vertuous, to maintain that Conceit, and efchew Envy, there is nothing bet- ter than a Life retired from daily Conver- fation, and chiefly of the Multitude. f«- giat fafiens commerciA vulgi.

The End that moveth a Prince to make War, is to Enrich Himfelf, and Impo- verifh the Enemy : Neither is Viftory

defired

T'he Arts of Empire. j^^

defired for other Purpoft than thereby to become the more Mighty, and make the Enemy Weak; Confequently vvherefo- ever thy Vitlory doth Impovcrifh thee, or thy Gain therein doth Weaken thee, it followeth that either thou pafs or \m-^ dergo that Mark ^hereunto the Intention cf War was directed. And that Prince is by Viftory Enriched, that can Opprels the Enemies Power, and become Mader of his Goods and Poffeffions. And that Prince is by Victory Impoverifhed when the Enemy, notwithftanding he be Vi- dored, can ftil! Maintain himfelf, and the Spoils and Poffeffions are not taken to the Ufe of the Prince Viclorious, but imparted unto his Soldiers. For then may he be thought in his own Lofing Infortu- nate, and in Viftory Unhappy ; for if he be Vanquidied, then muft he endure the Offence by Foes .• And being Vifto- rious fliall be forced to abide the Wrong offered by Friends ; which as they be le(s Reafonabie, fo are they alfb lefs fupport- able, becaufe he is ftill by Impofidons forced to burthen the Subjefts, whereof may be inferred, That the Prince, hav- ing in him any Generofity, cannot juflly / L J rejoyce

ijo The Arts of Empire.

rejoyce at that Vidory which caufeth the Subjea: to lament.

Who fb defireth to obtain any things hopeth to compafs his Defire, either by Intreaty, Prelents, or Threatning ; for fb fliali he, to whom the Requeft is made, be moved either with Ccmpaflion, Pro- fit, or Fear: Nevertheleft, with Covet- ous and Cruel Men, and fuch as are in their Opinion Mighty, none of thefe can prevail. And coniequently in vain do they labour, that go about by Suit to ftirthem to Pity, by Gifts to gain them, or by Threats to fear them.

Who (b is perfuaded that any Com- monweal can continue difunited, doth greatly deceive himfelf : True it is, That fome Divifions do maintain the Eftate, but other do indamage the fame. - They which do Harm, are ILich as with Se£i:s and Partakings be accompanied ; they which help without SeQs and Par- takings, be maintained. A \^'ife Govern- our therefore, albeit he cannot fb exaflly forefee but fbme Enemies will arife in thQ State, yet may he take Order that no Fadions may thereby grow. It is therefore to be noted, that the Citizens

of

The Arts of Empire. 1 5 1

of every Eftate, may afpire to Reputa- tion, either by Private or Publick Means. Reputation by Publick Means, is gained chiefly in the War, either by obtaining ViQory in fbnie Battle, or furprifing of fbme City ; or el[e by performing fome Ambaffage diligently , profperoufly : But Private Reputation is gotten by doing Favour to this or that Man, and proteQing them from Magiftjates, giv- ing them Mony, advancing them unwor- thily to Honour and OiEce ; and by great Feafts, entertaining the Multitude ; of which manner of Proceeding, Se£ts, FaQiions and Partakings do grow : And as Reputation thus gained is dangerous, fb the other without Fadion is profitable; becaufe the fame is founded on Common Welfare, and no private Profit : And albeit among Citizens of this (brt, will oft arife great Hate, yet v/anting Fol- lowers for their particular Profit, the State fhall not be indangered, but rather ftrengthned ; for every Man endeavour- ins; to deferve well, will hold himfelf wi.hin the Bounds of Civil Life, and by Vertucus Merits labour to be advanced.

L 4 To

h^i The Arts of Empire,

To perfuade or diffuade particular Pei> fons, IS a Matter of no Difficulty : For if VVordsfuffice not, yet Authority will prevail : But hard and perilous it is to remove a Falfe Opinion conceived ^ a whole Multitude, for therein fair Speech and no Compulfion muft be ufed.

The beft means vv^hich wile Captains can ufe to make their Soldiers refolute, is to take from them all Hope ; which Refolution may alfb be increaied with the Love of our Country and Confidence in the Captain : For Confidence grow- €th by the Valour of Men, and Difcipline in former Victories, and Truft repofed in the Leader. The Love of our Coun- try is Natural, but the Affe£lion we bear to the Captain, proceedeth rather from his Vertue, than the Benefits he hath bsftowed. Neceffity alio may do much, and chiefly that where no Choice is left, but either overcome by Arms or dye in Defperation.

There is nothing of fb great Force to hold an Army united,as the Reputation of the Captain, which proceedeth only from hiaVertue; for neither Dignity nor Autho- riry without Valour can work that Effeclc

The

The Arts of Empire. 155

The firft Care that a Captain muft have, is to hold his Soldiers well puniil> ed and paid ; for where Payment faileth, Punifhment ought not to be inflided : And confequently no Reafon it is to pu- nifh him for Robbery, whom want of Pay enforceth to fliift ; but where the Soldier is paid, and not punifhed (of- fending) then will he, without Refped, become Inlblent towards his Captain; whereof enfue Mutinies, Difcord, and utter Ruin.

It is a Cuftom, very honourable, not topromife more than diou wilt allured- ly perform : Yet true it is, that whole- ever is denied (though juftly ) doth reft ill-contented ; for Men indeed are not governed by Reafon ; Otherwife it is for him that promifeth ; and (b good Promiles fhall ftand in ftead of Perfor- mance : Befides that, he may find Ex- cufe enough, becaufe the mod part of Men are fo fimple, that fair Words alone have Power to abufethem, chiefly ^'Vhen they proceed from a Perfbn of Reputa- tion and Authority. The beft way , therefore, is not to promife precifelyj but entertain the Suitors with An-

i\ver*i

154 '^^^ ^^^-^ ^f ^^p^^^'

fwers general, and full of good Hope : Yet not fuch as ihall direClly and abfo- lutely bind.

The greateft and moft material Dif- plealiires that ufe to arife between the Nobility and People, are caufed by the diverficy of Humours, the one labouring to command, the other endeavouring not to obey ; fb as all Troubles and Difbrders in every Common-vi^eal, do thereof re- ceive Nutriment.

The City vi/hich is maintained rather by FaOiions than Laws, fo foon as one Faction is become ftrong, and without Oppofition, the fame of neceflity muft be divided in it felf : for thofe particular Caufes which were at the firll taken, are not of Force enough to maintain it.

It is the nature of Men not to endure any Difcommodity, unless Neceflity do thereunto enforce them : Which may ap- parently be perceived by their Habita- tions '/ for as the Fear of War draweth them to places of Strength ( for their Defence ) fo that Peril being paft, they do for the moft part remove themRlves CO inhabit Countries of more Commodity and ProRr.

It

The Arts of Empire. 155

It may feem ftrange , and no even Mearure ( yet approved by Experience ) that where many offend, few are punifh- ed. Alfo petty Errors are feverely cor- refted, but great and grievous Crimes be rewarded. In like manner, where many receive Wrong, few feek Revenge. For Injuries univerlal, are uith more Patience than particular Offences en- dured.

All, or the greateft part of Men that have afpired to Riches or Power, have attained thereunto either by Force or Fraud : And without they have by Craft or Cruelty gained, to cover the foulnefs of their FaS, they call Purchafe as a Name more honeft. Howfoever he, that for want of Will or Wit ureth not thofe Means, muff reft in Servitude and Poverty. The Reafon thereof is, That as Nature hath laid before Men the chief of all Fortunes, fo flie difpofes them ra- ther to Rapine than honeft Induftry, and more fubjeft to bad than good Endea- vours : Hereof it cometh, that one Man eaieth another, and he that is vieakeft muft always go to the worft.

Where

1^6 The Arts of Empire.

Where Neceflity forceth, Boldnefs is reputed Wifdom, and in great Enter- prifes Peril is not to be made accompt of. For thofe Attempts chat begin with Danger, always end with Honour, or Reward ; alfb from one Peril there is 00 way to efcape, but by entring into another.

A wife Man ought not to defire to in- habit that Country where Men have moie Authority than Laws ; For indeed that Country delerves to be defired where every one may iecurely enjoy his own ; not that J where with facihty it may be taken away ; and that Friends for fear to lofe their own, are inforced to forfake them.

Some Ma gift rates either by over great Zea! or Ignorance take a Courfe of Ri- gour, which being for the prelent favour- edj they are ever the more imployed, as Men meet to extirpate Inconveni- ences.

But thereby the Subjefts are often drawn into Defperation, and confe- quently liave recourfe unto Arms, as tli.eir lutermoft Refuge. In this cafe a Wife Piince forappeafing the People isforcM

to

The Arts of Empire 1 5 7

to difallow his Minifters, and ibmetimes alio to inflift publick Punifhmenr.

A Prince naturally fufpicious , and having about him Perlbns inclined to Envy, is eafily induced to miftruft thofe Men that have ferved him with moft (uf- ficiency : Which Danger they cannoe efchew, becaufe they who are worthieft Commendation are oftentimes envied by fuch Perlbns as have accefs unto the Prince.

Who {o cannot endure both Envy and Hate, muft refrain to enterprife great Matters : For great Honours being de- fired of many , it behoveth him that afpireth unto them, to be for his Dignity envied, and for his Authority hated ; which Authority , albeit the fame be w^ell uled, yet they who hate or envy ( perfuading themfelves it might be bet- ter handled ) endeavour to opprefs that Power, as fearing it will be worfe.

Among other things which worketh the Inconveniences of Common weals. Ambition and Defperation are chief ; of both, Defperation is worft : For Am- bition may attend Occafion, Defperacioa will not^ as that cannot endure Delays.

Hifloriaas

158 The Arts of Empire.

Hiftorians defiring to write the Anions of Men, onght to let clown the (Imple Truth, and not fay any thing for Love or Hatred ; Alfb tochufe fuch an Oppor- tunity for writing as it may be lawful to think what they will, and write what they think, which is a rare Happinefs of the Time.

In commencfing or difallowing the A- aions of Men, itisacourfe very requi- fite to confider the Beginning, the Pro- ceeding, and End ; So fhall we fee the Realbns and Caufes of things, and not their bare Events only ; which for the moft part are governed by Fortune.

It is a matter of much Neceffity, that every Man, and chiefly a Prince fhould in his firft Aaiops, give fome Tefti- mony of Vertue ; for falling at firfl into obloquie, do he well or ill, all isill-taken.

The Cullom of the Common People is to judge rather by their Eyes than by their Ears: Which is the caufe they al- low more of external Shew than in- ward Vertue : And true it is, w^here excellency of Mind, and Beauty of Body concur, the Comsiendation due to fuch a Perfon is far the greater.

Gratior

The Arts of Empire. 159

GfAHor efi fulchro veniens 2 corpore vir- tus,

A Prince or great Perfonage that con- ftantly endureth Adverfity , deftrveth great Praife : Yet greater Commenda- tion is due to him that beareth himfelf modeftly in his Happinefs. For Miferies are oft born with Patience, but Felicity corrupteth.

To be defcended of Princes, or great Perfbnages, is a matter of mesr Fortune, and fb to be efteemed : But Adoption proceedeth from the Judgment of Men, therefore leemeth incorrupt, and (eidom abufed.

It hath been long obferved, and is a Rule which rarely faileth, that he fhall be ever fufpefted of the Prince in poffef- fion, whom Men account worthy to be a Prince in Reverfion.

It hath been a Ufe very ancient to give Credit to Aftrologers, and onher fuch Perfons, who by their Star-Learning or Bhnd Divination, take upon them to tell of things to come. The Reafon thereof is, That the moft part of Men believe |hat fooneft which they leaft underftand ; and if they fee the Event of a Predidion,

though

1 6 o The Arts of Empires

though it happeneth by meer Chance to fall out according to that was premiled, thereupon they fettle fo firm an Iitiprel- fion, as albeit many other fail, yet the good Conceipt of their Cunning cannot be removed.

Liberality is a Vertue which gaineth Love, but much are they deceived whom Riot in lieu thereof abufeth. To caft away and confume is fbon learned , but to give in good Order few have the Skill.

In Time of fudden Mutiny, Confpira- cy, and Offence of People, the wifeft Relblution is not to oppofe Force to pre- vent Fury, but rather give Space for the Bad to amend, and the Good to confenr • For Treafons prevail on the fudden, but good Council gathers Forces by Lei* fure.

Mature Deliberation ought ever to be ufed; but when Arms are to-determincj' fpeedy Execution is the beft : Becaule no Delay in that Eaterprife is fit which cannot be commended before it be ended*

Wh^

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Who fb is pleaftd to obferve the pro- ceedings of Men in Authority, fhal] ob- lerve that (bme of them hold a plain courfe without refpeft ; others projeO:- ing for time to come, do forecaft how to hold their prefent good fortune or at leaft to efcape danger : For they mi- ftrufting prefent Profperity and fearing a change, prepare beforehand fbme pri- vate Friends to oppofe againft publick hatred : Whereof may be inferred, that no care is taken of Innocency, but every one ftudieth how to pais without pu- nifhment.

In Captains and all Military Comman- ders, three things are required, Vertue, Difcipline, and Authority ; but in pri- vate Soldiers Obedience and Courage only fufficeth; for by due obeying, and no curious (canning the Leaders direQi- ons are maintained ; and the Army in danger is alwaies moft valiant, which be- fore the danger is moft quiet. Let the Soldier therefore be well armed and va- liantly minded. To advife and direO: muft be the Captains care.

It is a matter of no great moment,

yet always worthy the noting, that any

M ex-

1 6 7 The Arts of Empire.

exterior Behaviour, or Garment pre- fenting Pride or Greatnefs, chiefly in Perfbns lately advanced, though no Man be thereby interelTed or injurc:d , doth move in others a certain offence; For the nature of Man is fuch, as beholdeth the new profperity of others with an envious Eye, and wiOieth a moderation of Fortune no where fo much as in thofe we have known in equal degree with our felves.

In all Enterprifes of War ( if prefent neceffity doth not otherwife require ) Leifure and Deliberation ought to be ufed ; for often it fufficeth in lieu of Wifdom, to take the advantage of other Mens folly.

All Men that are to confider of great Aflions, ought robe informed whether that which is undertaken be profitable for the Commonweal, honourable to themfelves, and eafie to be effefted ; or at leaft not greatly difficult. Alfb he that perfuadeth, is to be examined whe- ther befides bare Words and Counfel, he will joynhis own Peril; and if For- tune favour the attempt, to whom the principal Glory Ihall redound.

The

The Arts of Empire. 1 6 3

The Perils which accompany private Enterprifes, are far unlike to thofe which he doth enter that afpireih to Principality. For in private attempts a Man may paufe or proceed as he will : But to him that afpires to Empire there remains no middle courfe, but either by Vidory to triumph as a Prince; or being vanquifhed to endure death as a Traytor.

Let no Man in his Profperity, give much credit to common Applaufe or Service, affured by any of whom in meaner Fortune he hath had no experi- ence ; for the bale People are learned in no LelTon, only without difference of Truth or Faliliood to flatter Men in Authority, and with Shouts and Words of great rejoycing make (hew of great Affedion. ^

As overmuch hafie is dangerous, fo too great delay oftentimes proveth dif- advantagious ; for albeit confokation ought to forego adioDj yet to Difpute long and in the end rejeS: the advice of either fide, or take a middle courle (which in cafes of doubt 2nd danger is worft) was ever accompted great difcreti- on. M'2 There

164. ^^^ ^^^^ ^f Empire.

There is no courfe more comely, nor any refolution (b well befeeming a wife Man, having made prcof of his own Vertue (and finding in Age no Fortune due to fucheffefl: j as to retire himfelt from the Court and Company ; for fo fball he fliun the Inconveniences of Con- tempt and the Difcommodity of Travel ( JucimdafemMHtl oth ) yet true it is, _^that wholb hath lived a Prince or go- verned as a publick Perfbn, cannot ex- peQ: fecuricy in a private Ellate.

Whenfbever danger draweth near, and terror is at hand, all Men look a- bout, but none willingly adventure: For in fuch Cafes every Man will give Council, but few will take part of the peril.

In Common-wealths where Se£ls or Partialities be, the Leader of any fide is able to kindle Civil War ; yet is he una- ble to moderate the Viftory ; For toftir up diffentions and troubles, the worft Man mod: commonly bears the (Iroke j but peace and quietnefs arenoteftabliQi- ed but by Men of rare Gifts and excelleuc Vertue.

It

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Ic may (eem ftrange and contrary both to courtefie and Chriflian protefTion, that Men are far more mindful of Inju- ries done unto them, than of benefits received by them. The reafbn thereof is, that Thankfulnefs is accompted a burden, but Revenge is fweet, and rec- koned a great gain.

Of reconciled Foes, and fuch as know that our harms were caufed by their means, we oft-times exped favour, as perfuaded that new Friendffiip will re- pair the lofs of old difpleafure : Bat the matter doth feldom fo fallout; for the quality of Man's nature is ever to hate thofe whom he hath hurt, and love them whom he hath made beholding. Qhos Uferunto^erunt, Tac.

To common Perfbns and fuch as are ignorant in Matters of State, every Taxation and Impofidon feemeth heavy or fuperfluous ; yet the wifer fort know, that the end of all publick endeavour is to confirm People in Peace, and Peaqe cannot be maintained without Arips, nor Arms without Pay, nor Pay with» put Impofitions.

1 66 The Arts of Empire.

As fortunate Folk are envied, fb are the poor contemned ; which Rule reach- eth alio to Princes : The one lives in Plenty with War, the other in Poverty with^eace. For f;:ldom is it feen, that thofe People are affaulted where nothing is to be gained, and whofe ba(e Beings afFord no other fpoils than Blood and Beggery.

Wilemen have obferved that in mat- ter of State, and the managing thereof, three Things are efpecially to be looked unto : The firft is, Occafion ; the fe- cond, the Intentions of other Men ; the third, our own Affeflion. For there is nothing that flippeth away lb loon as Occafion, nothing fo difficult as to judge what an other Man intendeth; nor any thing more nocent than our own immo- derate defires.

Ic hath been ever a courfe obferved by wife Princes, but much more by jlrijiocracies and PopnUr States^ againft Force and Fury of the M'jkitade, to defend themielves with Silver and Gold.

How much moreitimporteth all Prin- ces to lead a vertuous Life^ and give -■ ■ • ^ ■ ^ -daily

The Arts of Empire. 167

daily example of Piety and Juftice, ap- pears apparently in the Proceedings of the Roman Bilbops ; who by the well- doing of fome few of them at the firft, became greatly honoured ; but after- wards they became contemptible • For the Reverence which Men did bear to the fanflity of their Lives failing, it was impoffible of lo contrary Manners and Examples to look for like effeds.

The fuccefs of the War chiefly dcpen- deth on the Reputation of the Prince, whkh declining, the vertue alio of the Soldiers faileth .• Likewife the fidelity of the People decayethj and their Mony to maintain the War, ceaftth ; contrary- wi[e, the Courage of the Enemy is in- crealed, they that ftood doubtful be- come refolved, and every difficulty augmemeth.

The Authority which Princes give, is chiePiy in refpeft of Wifdom and Valour : Yet true it is, that for the moft part they account them the wifefl: Men that can beft accommodate themfelves tp their Humour.

The greateft Diftrefs and Difficulty

which can come to any Army, doth

M 4 pro-

1 68 the Arts of Empire.

proceed of thefe Caufes : Want of Mo- ny, fcarcity of Viftuals, hatred of People, difcord of Captains, difbbedi^ ence of Soldiers, and their flying to the Enemy, either of neceflity or free- v/ill.

A Prince or great Magiftrate having long maintained the reputation of WiP dom and Vertue, muft take heed that no rafli or dangerous Refolution do taint the Honourable Fame of his former Life .• For to be tranfported with Anger againft his own Profit, is lightnefs ; and to efteem fmall dangers more than great, is want of Judgment.

A Prince or P^rfbn of great Eftate, muft be wary not to inure the conceit of double dealing : For little Sincerity and Truft is looked in his Actions, of whom there is an opinion of Craft and Falfliood conceived.

Experience hath alvvays proved, that whatlbever the moft part of men defire, rarely comsth to pals : The reafbn here- of is, that the effeds of Human Adi- ens commonly depend on the will of a few ; and their Intentions ever differ- ing from the greater number, the end

an4

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and fuccefi cannot be other than as pleafeth the few that are to direft them.

There is nothing more dangerous than to enterprife a War, or other AQions of Importance upon popular perfuafion ; for fuch expeftations are vain, and^fuch defigns fallible : Alfb the Fury of the Multitude is great, when danger is lit- tle or far oft'; but Perils growing great and near, their Courage quaileth, as they whole Paflions have no Rule or Meafiire.

It is ftrange to fee how apt Men are to doubt difpleafure threatned by Ene- mies, chiefly when they draw near ; for the People do naturally over-much fear Dangers at hand, and efteem tels than is fit of things prelcnt : Alfo to make finall account of thofe that are far from them, becaule divers Remedies may be hoped as well by time, as other accidents.

The offenfive Words or Anfwers of Indignation, proceeding from great Princes, ought never to admit difplea- fure into the Minds of them againft whom jhcy are Ipoken : For having by

Speech

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Speech uttered a. great part of Choler, the edge of their Deeds becomes the calmer, and more eafily appealed : Such is the condition of noble and gene- roos Spirits.

To judge right of other Mens merit, feems of great difEcuity ; for time and tryal is thereto required ; A lib it is not calie to anfwer the expeQation of Men, but oft-times inconfiderate, and not mea- lured in due proportion.

It is a part of great difcretion to di- vide the feafons of Affairs and Vacati- ons : For as it fitteth well a Prince or Perfonof Dignity in times of Audience and Judgment, to be grave, heedful, and auftere : So thofe Offices perfor- med, all fliew of Authority and fad looks ought to be fet apart ; for by that means, neither courteous Behaviour Jhall detracl from the Reverence due to his place^ nor feverity diminifli the Love vi/hich to his Behaviour apper- taineth.

Magiftrares mufl: look into all things, but not exaO: all things to rigor. Light Faults may be pardoned, but great Of- fences feverely correcled ; yet not al- ways

The Arts of Empire. 171

ways proceeding to punifhing, but oft contented with Repentance. To be bit- ter in rebuking is alfb fit for a Magiftrate, (hewing himlelf fowre to the bad, and fweet to the good ; framing both Coun- tenance and Condition according to the Merit of Men , and be perftaded that it is more honeft to offend, than to hate.

Soldiers mufl: be encouraged in all For- tunes to ftand refblved, and not to be daunted with any pafled mifadvantage ; ever attending a Time and Opportunity of Revenge ; which commonly comet h to pafs where Mens Minds are united : For common Danger mufl: be repelled with Union and Concord.

Among other Realbns wherewith SoU diers are encouraged, Neceflity and Di- fl:refs doth oft inforce them : For as Men of Vertue perform the Aftions of Arms for Honour, fo the Coward muft do them for his Security.

All Enterprifes attempted by Arms, are Honourable ; but thole that are done in Countries remote, are more praife- able: For the left they be in Know- ledge, the greater is the Glory to At- chieve them. To

172 The Arts of Empire.

To be truly and faithfully loved, is a thing greatly to be defired ; for Ter- yor and Fear are weak Works of Affe- £lion : For they being taken away, he that ceafeth to fear, will fbon begin to hate ; and as they that by Force are kept under , obey with ill Will ; fo they that govern without Line juftly , rule again!]* Right.

Some Men either deferving to be accounted of excellent Wifdom, or fin- gular in that Skill whereof they make Profeflion, do ordinarily love the Pro- ceedings of others ; taking that Ad- vantage of their ill Succefs : Yet fure it is^ that Difafter and unhappy Event of fbme Aftions, proceed not of Dilbrder, not Human ImperfeQion , but from a certain Fatal Fury , which neither Counlel nor Canftancy of Men can witb- ftand.

It is a matter of much difficulty, or father impoffible for any Prince to main- rain the Law, Civil or Military, without Severity : For where Men hope to be eafiiy pardoned, there are they apt to offend, Contrarily, where Mens Aftions arepreciiely ficced^ there do they live in

over-

The Arts of Empire 175

over-great Aw, and Hatred doth always accompany fuch Severity. The beft courfe therefore is to punifh Offences fe- verely, and reward vertuous Merits libe- rally ; fo flball Fear be converted to re- verend RefpeQ:, and none have caufe to complain ; For as it lies in each Maa^s Power to fhun offending, lb is it in thek Power alfo to deferve well, and merit Reward.

VVhofbever, after mature deliberation, hath refolved what Courfe to hold in the Aftionhehath in hand, muft not after repent, or fear any Difficulty ; For fuch Thoughts would break the Vigour of the Mind, and impeach the Proceedings of that which was refol ved. And albeit fome Differences do happily arife, yet muft he believe that every other courfe would have been accompanied with the fame or greater Impediments.

Young Men for the warmnefs of their Blood, and for not having before-time been deceived by Fortune, more will- ingly enterprife Aftions rather honour- able than fevere. But Old Men as well for that their Heat is cooled, as aifo for having attempted many things in vain,

make

1 74 The Arts of Empire.

make choice of Enterprifes fevere, rather than thofe that are followed with Fame and Glory.

The greatnels of one Prince is nothing ^Ife but the Ruin and DiRreG, of ano- ther : Likewils his Strength is the VVeaknefs and Opprefllon of others.

Some Conquefts are of fuch QuaHry, as albeit a vidorious Captain merit tri- umphal Honour; yet a modeft refufai becomes his greater Glory.

The Dignity of Magiftratcs is not af- (iired without Arms ; for when Obedi- ence faileth, no other means is left to continue a People united.

As willing Obedience in Subjeds is the Prince's Strength, Jfb is the lame their own Security : For as by the Princes Au- thority the People are governed, io by their Conlent he is maintained. ¥ Three things Men covet with immo- derate Defire, Lands, Riches, and Ho- nours ; but as feldom they compafs their full Content, fb are they for the moft part to endure a Deftiny far other than they wifhed.

Strange it is, yet by Experience prov- ed true, That in Time of Danger, For- tune

The Arts of Empire. 1 7 5

tune ( or rather Deftiny) fbmuchamaz-. eth the Judgment of Wife Men, as fel- dom they conceive what Refolutiqn isbeft to be taken.

No great Free-City can long continue quiet, unlefs the fame be ufed to foreign Aflaults : For wanting Foes without y fome inward Enmity will arife, not un- like to ftrange Bodies of Men , which being (ecure from external Injury, are never thelefs by their own Poife op- prefled.

As every Pilot of ordinary Skill know- eth in calm and quiet Seas to dired the Courfe of his Ship ; fo every Governor of Capacity doth underftand how the Affairs of State are in peaceable Times to be handled : But when Tempetts are^ and Subjefts bent to Sedition ; the one requires an excellent Sailer, the other the Aid of fome excellent Wifdom.

It oft happens, that Publick Duty is oppofiteto private Friendfliip ; *fbas we are either forced to omit the Offices due to our Country, or drav/ our deareft Friends into Danger : In which cafe we are to prefer publtck Rs^pea^ before par- ticular Obligation.

The

176 The Arts of Empire.

The nature of bafe People is fuch , as either they obey flavifhly, or com- mand infolently ; For Liberty being the Mark whereat they aim, is by them of that Quality, neither moderately defired nor dilcreetly continued ; and always there are (bme (editious Leaders to be found, who of Diforder are incHned to kindle the Ire and Offence of Ignorant People. Dux rebus mot is ^ facile invent- tur. Saluft.

Experience hath oft proved, That Men in befl Fortune, and fuch as efteem them- felves moft fecure, evtn then fall fboneft into Difadventure, becaule thole Dan- gers unfeared be as it were contemned y and not regarded.

To enter needlels Dangers, was ever accounted Madnefs ; yet in Times of extream P-ril and apparent Diftrefi , Bold and Hazardous Attempts are great- eft Security.

The divers Adventures which happen to Men, may well inform. That much better it is, chiefly in Arms, to be go- verned by Rea 'on than by Fortune.

A certain Peace is ever accounted bet- ter Security than ViQory hoped or ex-

pefted

The Arts of Empire. i y j

pe£led. Melhr tutiorque certa p/ix quam fperatd viltortM, Li v.

Iftpour Profperity God were pleafed to add the Grace of Wifdom, we fhouJd thereby judge not only of what is paft, but alfoof all that can fucceed hereafter.

Rarely or never can we confider truly of wprldly proceedings, unlefs firft we have feic the deceits of Fortune. t)iC cord or DifTention in any State or City^ offers opportunity to fuch men as are am- bitious to work their u ill : For the hu- raor of Sefts and Partialities is fuch, a^ the weaker Fafition doth ever chule ra- ther to call for aid of Strangers, than 3rield to the Dominion of an adverfe Party.

Ancient Cuftoms may not violently and fuddenly be taken away. Fortune which kitereth all things, will by little and little w^ear them out of ufe.

To be oft in fight, and converfe mucH with men, breedeth a kinde of S^nery : therefore it behoveth perfons of great Eftate and Authority to be retired, left over-much faoiiliariiy fhould dena£l from the reverence due to honorabl©. Eftate, ''

H Tht

lyS The Arts of Empire.

The natures of men not content to live according to their Fortune and Birth, are of all others moil prone to Envy ; becaufe they hate the vertue and vveh^re of all fuch as are in efti- mation above them.

Great heed is to be taken, that no Citizen or Subjed, be fuffered to afpire to fuch greatnefs, as cannot be forced to obey the Lavi^s , and no order there is of more ncceffity, than that every man of what quality Ibever, may be without refped accuftd and judged.

For conlervation of particular Great- nefs and Dignity, there is nothing more noble and glorious^ than to have felt the force of every Fortune.

Ii is the quality of wife men only, to know how to ufe Profperity, and never to truft too much to the favors of prefent Happinefs. A man vi^ell ad- viied in his Profperity, beareth not himfelf towards others either proud or Violenr ; nor muft he believe in his own prefent felicity, for the Day knows not what the Night bringeth: He only is to be reputed a man, whofe mind cannot be puft up by profperity, nor

de-

The Arts of Empire. 179

dejefted by any adverfe Fortune.

Men of Cholerick humor are eafily nioved with in(b!ent Speeches, but wife itien laugh them to fcorn.

The way whereby a Prince efchues the hate of SubjeSts, is, not to take from them their Lands or Goods ; yec albeic the b!ood of fomefew be tainted, unlefs the l^rne be accompariied wnth Con- fifcation (which a Pdnce is rarely forced to ufe) it feldom cauleth him to become odious.

A Rule moft ceraiait is that he who commands any thing uopleafing, muft by fevere means caule it to be obferv- ed ; and who defireth to be obeyed^ muft know how to command: And he only knows how to command, that doth compare his own force with theft that are to obey; wherein finding a proportion, then he may boldly proceed, Otherwife fDrbear.

In Actions of difficulty great couragd IS to bcufcd, and who fo compaffeih any thing by violence, cannot maintain if: by mydnefs, nor command by affability.- He therefore that is of nature fbfr, ihould do beft to refrain all extraordinary com^ N i niands,

1 8 o The Arts of Empire.

mands, and ia matters ordinary imploy the vertue of his mild fbirit; becaufc ordinary punifhments are not imputed to the Prince or his Magiftrates, but to the Laws and Ordinances of State.

When Naceffity preffeth, dcfperation is deemed Wifdom, and generous Minds do not account of danger, be- caufe thofe ilttempts ^hich begin with Peril, do for the moft part end with Glory. ,

He that endeavours to be good among many that are evil, or- will uphold that which thofe labour to pull down of Force, worketh his own undoing. All Common-wealths alter from order to diforder, from diforder to order again ; for Nature having made all worldly Things variable^ fo fbon as they have attained their utmoft perfection and height, they muft defcend ; fo from good they fall back to evil; and from evil they return to good. War begets Quiet, Quiet Idlenefs, Idlenefs Diforder, Diforder Ruin \ likewife Ruin Order, Order Vertue^ Yertue Glory and good Fortune.

Wife

The Arts of Empire. 3 8 j

WireMen have obferved that Arms were before Learning, and Captains before Philofbphers ; for good and well regula- ted Armies having gained Viftory, efta- blifhed Reft and Security, whereof the Study of Letters and Liberal Sciences enfued.

That Country defer veth to be loved of all Men, which loves all Men indiffe- rently, and not that Country whi^^h re- fpefting the beft part, advanceth a few : No Man therefore is to be blamed, if for Ipch caufe he defire rather to abandon than embrace his Country.

Common- wealths are Bodies mixt, yet have they of Bodies fimple fome re- lemblance : And as in thefe, many In- firmities grow, which without violent Medicines cannot be cured ; (b in the other many Milchiefs arife, which a good and godly Patient fhould offend to leave uncured, though therein he ufe both force and fire.

Thofe Wars be moft juft which are moft neceffary ; and tho(e Arms are moft merciful where no hope of help re- mains but in them only.

N 3 la

1 8 1 The Arts of Empire.

In Actions which promife either pub- lick Glory, or private Honour, Men may be reafbnably perfuaded to adventure life and living, becaufe great hope there iS to die u^ich Reputation, or live to re- cover that Peace which War hath con- fumed .- But where Men are no left op- preffed by infblency of Commanders, than by inlblency of Foes, there is the Calamity doubled, and of two evils the danger of V/ar (eemeth leaft ; for that l^diihtndj the other is infinite.

Who lb perfuades himfelf to_ be no left efteeiTied in evil than good Fortune, is deceived : For promifes made, during diftrefs, are rarely performed, unlefs the fame neceflity continue.

The intent of every Prince, or other State that makes War, is to enrich him- felf, and impoverifh the Enemy : Nei- ther is Viflory for other occafions fought, nor the poflTeffions of the Enemy to other end defir'd, than to make them- felves mighty, and their Enemy weak. k follows then, that lb oft as the Viftory impoverirhes them, or the gains weaken them, either ehey pafs or come fhort of that Mark whereat the War was aimed*

Ancient

The- Arts of Empire. 1 8 5

Ancient and well-governed Common- wealths were wont by their Conquciis to fill the Treafuries with Gold a^d Silver, to give reward to Soldiers, to fpare the People ftom Tributes, to make Tri- umphs and PublickFeafts: But in later timesthe Wars have ultd, fiift, to con^ fume the Treafure, and after impoverifli the People without affuring them from their Enemies.

A Prince or State that leaves promlfes unperformed, by reafon of unexpected Impediments, and for rjx) ill intent, ought not to be blamed .• Neither are fuch acci- dents any joft canfe or colour why Friends fliould abandon their Ccnfede' rates.

Where Magiftrates govern juftly, Sub- je£i:s obey dutifully ; where private Per- fons grow rich, and Princes enlarge their Empire ; there is the Comaion- wealth bleiTed, and the People foriu- nate.

N 4 C H A P.

1 84. the Arts of Empire.

CHAR XXVL

Maxims of State , or Prudential Grounds and Polemical Pre-- cepts 5 concerning all Eflates , and Forms of Policy in Times of Peace or War^ &c. confirmed by Sele^ Narrations and Hijiorical Parallels.

AL L Cities and Towns of State are builded either by People dwelling in or about the Place where they are builded, or elit they are made by Stran- gers : Of the fir ft are Jfhem and Fe- nice^ of the othtr AkxmdrU and Flo^ feme.

The Fortune of every City builded, and Vertue of the Builder , appearech by Choice of the Place, and Quality of Laws : For as fertile Places occafi- 0n Men to be flothful, unlefs by good i.aw5 they be forced to labour, fb Bar-

renne&

The Arts of Empire. 1 8 5

rennefs compels them tolnduftry ; which Reafon induceth Wife Men to plant Ha- bitations in either : Examples of the firft zxQperrara and Rome^ of thefecond Ra- gufa and Genoa,

All Laws whereby Commonwealths are governed were either made by feme one excellent Man, and at an inftant ; or elfe they were ordained at fundry Times, according to foch Accidents as befeh Example^ The Laws oi Sparta, made at ^he beginning by Lycurgus^ the Laws of Rome at fundry Times.

The Government of every City in Time becomes corrupt ; Principality changeth into Tyranny : The Optimacy is made the Government of the People ; and the Popular Eftate turns to licentious Difor- der ; which Inftability or Alteration moved Ibme Law-makers to take Order that in the Government of their City there Ihould be a Mixture of all three^ and was the Caufe that the Policy of Sparta con- tinued 800 Years , when the Popular State of Athens endured not one hundred. Example^ The Laws of Sparta made by Lycurgusj and the Laws of Athens by Solo^,

Whofo

1 86 The Arts of Empire.

Whofb taketh in hand to frame any State orGovernment,oughtto prefuppofe that all Men are Evil, and at occafions wilifliew themielves fb to be. Example^ The Envy of the People of Rome to the Nobles, and their Infolency towards them appeared not fo long as the Kings govern- ed ; but the Tarquins being Banifhed, Opportunity was thereby offered, that the Malice of the one and the other be- came dilcovered.

The divers Honours of the Nobility and People, the one defiring to command, the other not to obey, are the Caufe of continual Troubles , unlefs fbme third Mean there be of more Authority than either, to bridle the Force of both. Ex- ^mpky The Kings in Rome expulfed , forthwith arofe much Mutiny, and could eot be fupprefs^d till the Triham Plehis were created ; whofe Authority wrought the fame effe£fc which the Kings had done. Some States endeavour to enlarge their Dominions, and fome others lab»r only to maintain that Eftate they an- tientiy poiTeffed. Example of the firft was the City of Rome^ of the ftcond

All

The Arts of Empire. i 8 7

All States defiring to live at Liberty, think fit that every Man fhould be per- mitted to accufe any Citizen that offend^ etb, which n:ianner of proceeding works two excellent Effefts : Firft, That the People fhould not dare for Fear of accu- fing to attempt ought againft the State; or if they do, they fliall be prefently and without Refpeft puniihed. Secondly , by Liberty of accufing, every Man hath Means to utter the Offence wherewith he can charge others, which he could not ; unlefsit were lawful to take fiich an or- dinary Courfe , and confequently be driven to ways extraordinary, particu- lar Revenge, or calling in Foreign Forces. Example, CorioUnus and JppmSj Claudius at Rome^ Lucanmve at Chwfiy Francifco Valeri in Florence.

As Accufations are in every State ne- ceffary, fo Slanders are dangerous, and worthy of Punifhment ; the Difference betwixt Accufations and Slanders, is, that the one is publickly performed be- fore Magiftrates, with good Proofs and Witnefies to maintain the Truth of the Accufation; but Slanders are as well publickly performed as difperfed in iecrer.

i 8 8 The Arts of Empire.

and Places of Repair, without Witnefi and Juftification, fo as every Man may be flandered, but few are orderl / accuf^ ed. Example^ Jppms Clmdius accufed by L,Virginiiis \ Vurius C^mtllus^ flan- dered by Mml'tus Capitolinus.

Theoaiy means to (uppreis Slander is^ £o give Authority to fome Perfbns of Re- pute, to compel every Slanderer to be- come an Accufer ; and if the Accu{ation_ prove true, then to reward the Accufer, or at leaft not to punifh him. Exam- fle^ Manlhis the Slanderer of Camiltm for his untrue Information punifhed.

A Rule moft certain and affured it is, That every Kingdom and State at the firft well framed, or after well informed, doth take the Perfe£tion thereof from tlie Wifdom of fbme excellent Man , who ought not to be blind though in a Matter of great Moment he happily uleth fbme extraordinary Violence or Proceedings ; for he that employeth Force to mend and not to mar, deferves Commendation. Example , Romulus , Lycurgus , Cleo- mems.

There lives no Man fo fimple or wife, lb wicked or well-difpofed, but prefers

thofe

'The Arts of Empire 189

thofe Perfbnsthat are pi aifeable before thofe that arie blameable : Nocwithftand-. ing for that well-near all Men are beguilM in dilfeerning what indeed is Good, deem- ing that Honourable which in Truth is otherwife; they fufFer themfeh/eo either willingly or ignorantly to be carried into a Courie which merits rather Infamy than Commendation. Example^ Every Man wifheth him&li Timoko^y or Jge^- jilausj rather than Dionyfms or FhaUris ; rather a Titus or Trajan^ than Cal'tguU or Vmllius.

Who reads Hiftories treating, of ^reat Aftions fhall perceive that good Princes indeed are more fecure and better defend- ed by the Love of the People, and Fide- lity of Counfellorsj than were they that entertained many Legions and Men of War. Exam^le^ Of all thofe Emperours which reigned after C^far until Maximi- inus^ the greateft number were for their Vices taken and flain, only Galiasind Per- tinax excepted, who were good Emper^ ours.

A Prince of great Knowledge both in ' Arms and Wifdom, fo firmly fetleth the Foundation of GoverDroent, as albeit his

Succeffor

190 The Arts of Empire.

Succeflbr be of the lefs Vertue, yet may he be maintained even by the Memory of his Predeceffor ; But if it happen that the third Prince prove not more hke the firft than the fecond, then all that is paft goeth toRuine. Example, The Martial Valour of Romdus v^'as the caule that Nt^ma, might govern fafely in Peace .- Which Tullus could not have done, had he been unlike to Romtilus ; nor fliould Bajazet Emperour of Turky have en- joyed the State of his Father Mahomety and left the fame to his Pofterity, \iSelim his Son had not been more like to his Grand - father than to Bajazei his Fa- ther.

The Succeflion of tu^o excellent Prin- ces, chiefly if they be of long life, works wondrous Effefts : The hke is feen in Optimacies and Popular States, where the Governours fucceflively elected be Men of great Vertue and Underftanding- Example f The firft appeared in Philip of MacedoHy and Alexmder his Son, the fecond in the Confuls of Rome.

In every State, where Soldiers are not, the Fault thereof proceeds from the Go- vernours. Wife Princes were therefore

wont

The Arts of Empire. 1 9 i

wont even in Times of Peace to caufe Warlike Exercifes to be ufed ; for with- out them the mort Warlike Nations be- come not only Ignorant in Martial Know- ledge, but alfo effeminate. Example, Pelopidas ^ Epaminondas in Thebes^ and King Tullus in Rome as well in Peace- able as Troublefbme Times ufed theexer- cife of Arms.

No Prince or State well ad viled, haz- ards his whole Efl:ate upon the Valour of Ibme few Perfbns, nor ought to Strength of ftraitPlaceSjwhere theEnemy is to pa ft. Example, Tully King of Romt^ and Me^ tins King oiAlba^ condefcended that three of their Nobility for either fide, cholen fhpuld enter Combate, and that Nation which was Viftorious fliould command the other. Framis the French King go- ing to recover Lomhardy^ was by the Srvitzers attended into two or three Places in the Mountains, hoping there to repulfe him, but the King taking another way> pafled fecurely and prevailed.

Every State well governed doth re- ward Men of good Merit, and punifli all Offenders ; and if any Perfbn of gocd Defert Ihali v^ ilfully be a Delinqueat ,

ths

192 The Arts of Em fire.

the iame Man ought notwithftandlng his former fervice, be punifht. Example^ The fame Horatio that m Combat gained the Viftory againft mc JlU^y having infolently (lain his own Sifter, was not- ^vithftatlding his egregious A8: and the frefh memory thereof, called into trial of his lifcj and with great difficulty ob? tained Pardon : And Ma.nlius who had with great Glory faved the Capitol, foi^ moving Sedition mRome^ was after from the lamecaft down headlong^

Every wife Man having performed any great fervice to his Prince or Country; ought to be content with fuch recom- pence as it fhali pleafe the Prince or: Country to beftow : Meafuring the fame according to the Power of the giver^ and not the merit of him that receiveth* Example^ Horatim Coeles for having loft his Hand in defence of the Bridge of Rome^ and Mutius Sc^voU fufferiog his Hand to be burnt for his attenript to kill King Porfenna^ were rewarded with a Imatr Portion of Land ; and Mmltus that defended the Capitol from the G^/- kjs, had no greater reward than a little meafiire of Meal;

The Arts of Empire. \ 9 j

Ingratitude is a Vice fo natural and common, as not only private Perfons, but Princes and States alfo either through Covetoufneft or Sufpition are therewith infedled. Example^ Vefpapdn proclaimed Emperor, was chiefly aided by Jntoni- us Primus^ and by his help prcx^ailed againfl: Vndlius^ in P^eward of which Service Vefpaftm removed him from the Command of his Army, and gave thac honour to MHtinnus. Confdvo Ferrar.o^ having taken the Kingdom of NdpUs from the Frtneh^ was firft removed froni his Command of the Cafties and Soldi- ers, and in the end brought into SpM}r^ where in difgrace he ended his Life. Qollcitinus Tarquinius who with the aidf of Brutus fuppreffed the Tarqui^s of .R^w^e, and with him P//^. Valerius were banifh'd for no other caule but for be- ing of the name of Tarquif?^ the otlier becaufe he built a Houfe upon Mount; Ca^lio.

All Errors that great Captains com-^ rhit, are either wilful or ignorant, to- wards the one and the other of whic.^ Olfenders to ufe greater lenity thari thd quality of their Offences deierves^ feem-

1 9 4. The Arts of Empire.

eth neceffary : For Men of Honour fbffer nought by the Infamy which evil Ser- vice doth bring. It is alfo to beconfi- dered that a great Captain being cum^ bred with many cares, cannot proceed in K)% Actions couragloufly, if he (land in daily doubi: to be punifiiM for every er- ror that hapneth. Example, Strgim and F'irginlm were before Vdo^ the one part of the Army on the one fide of the City^ the other not far from the place. Sergi- us bein^ klTaulred by the Falifci was not aided by Virginim^ neither would he require his help, fuch was the envy the one bare to the other ; and confequently their Offence is wilful and worthy of capital puniilimerit. Likewiie when VIyyo by his Ignoraoce, received an over- throw by Hmnthd at Cann^y he was neverthelefs pardoned and honoura- bly welcomed home by the whole Se- nate.

Whenfoever an Inconvenience arifeth within or without the State, it feems a Refolution more fore to diffemble the knoiving thereof, than to feek by fud- den violence to fupprefs it. Example, Cofmo de Medices having gained extraor- dinary

The Arts of Empire. 195

dinary Reputation in Florence^ the Citi< zens imagined, that to fuflPer the {ame to increafe was dangerous, and therefore they Banifhed him : Which extream Proceeding, (b offended the Friends of Cofmo, being the ftronger, as they for- ced the Citizens to revoke him, and make him Prince of that City. The like hapned in Rome^ where C^far for his Vertue, much admired and followed, became afterwards to be feared ; and they that feared, not confidering their force to be inferior to r:he power of C^/ir, endeavouring to opprcis him, were the occafion of his greater Glory.

In every Republick, an exceffive Au- thority given to one or two Perfons for long time, proveth dangerous, chiefly whert the fame is not reftrained. -Ejc- ample^ The Difliatorfliip given to C<^/^r for life, was an occafion to opprefs the Liberties of the Romans. The fame eflFe£t was before that time like to follow the DectmvirAte^ by fufFering Jfpim CUudius to prolong the time of his I>ignity.

The Ambition of Men is fuch, as rare- ly they will obey when formerly they O 2 have

1 9 6 The Arts of Empire.

have commanded ; neither do they wilU ingly accept of mean Office, having before fate in higher place : Yet the Citizens of well-governed States, did not refufe as well to obey as command. Example^ The Victory the Romans ob- tained againft the Veienti, Q^ Fabim was flain, having the year before been Con- ful : Neverthelefs he then ferved in meaner place under C. Manilitt^^ and M. Fabius his own Brother then Con- ful.

There is nothing more ftrange, yet by experience proved true, That Men in ad« verfe Fortune be much grieved, and in Profperity alfodifcontented; which is the reafon, that not being forced to fight for neceffity, they will neverthelefs con- tend for Ambition ; and that Humour doth as well polTefs thole that live aloft, as others whom Fortune holdeth down. Example^ The People of Rome having by the Authority of the Tribunes obtain- ed to make themfelves fecure from op- preffion of the Nobility, forthwith re- quired. That the Honour and Office ^f State might be alio imparted unto theta. The like Ambition moved them to have

their

The Arts of Empire. 397

their pare of Lands by force of Lex Aga. rU, which was at laft the overthrow of the Rotnan Liberty.

Ic icemeth that People dirpleafed with fbrne Innovations hapned in the State^ do (bmetime without juft Reafbns com- plain of thofe chat govern: Not unHke to a fick Man, v/ho deemeth that the Phy- iician, not the Fever, is the cau(e of his Grief. Example^ The People of Rome were perfuaded that the Ambition of Confuls was the cauleof continual War, therefore required that no more Confuls fhould be ; yet they were content that certain Trihmes fhould command with like Authority ; fo was nothing altered in the Government, but the Governors Title, which alone did content them.

Nothing can corrupt and alter the na- ture of Man fo much, or fo fbon as the immoderate defire of Honour ; in fb much as Men of honeft Minds and ver- tuous Inclinations are fometimes by Am- bition, drawn to abule that Goodnels whereunro they are inclined. Examfle^ Jppiu^ CUudim having lived long an Enemy to the Multitude j hoping by their aid to continue his Authority of p 3 ths

198 The Arts of Empire.

the Decemviri in Rome^ became their Friend, and dijjfavoured the FaQions of great Men. Likewife Q^ Fabms a Man of fiiigular vertue, being al(b called to that dignity by AppiHs\ felf, adultera- ted his nature and became Uke unto him.

Seldom or never is any People difcon- tented without juft caufe ; yet if happily they be asked whereof their offence pro- ceedeth, many times for want of Ibme fit Man to pronounce their grief, they ftand filent. Examfle^ The Roma?7s at the death of Virginiay were gathered to- gether armed upon Mount Sacroy and being asked by the Senate, for what caule they ^o did ? No Anfwer was made ; until Virginio Father of the Vir- gin had procured, that twenty of the Tribunes might be made to be as Head of the People, and confer w^ith the Senate.

A great Folly or rather meer Madnefi it feemeth to defire any thing, and tell before-hand that the end and purpofe of the defire is evil ; for thereby he fbew- eth Reafbn why it ought not to be grant- ed. Example^ The Romans required of

the

The Arts of Empire. 1 9 9

the Senate that Jppins and the reft of the Decemviri fhould be dehvtred inro their Hands, being determined to burp them all alive. ^0

The firft part of their Reque ft feem- ed reafonable, but the end thereof un- reafonable.

A courfe very dangerons it is in all States, by continual accufing and pu- nifhing, to hold the Subjeft in doubt and dai!y fear : For he that ftands always looking for fome trouble, becometh care- lels and apt to attempt Innovation. Ex^ amfe^ The Decemviri being oppreft, the Tribunes authorized in their place, en- deavoured daily to call in qucftion the moft part of the Decemviriy and many other Citizens alfo, whereof great In- conveniences arofe, and much danger v/ould have enfued, had not a Decree propounded by M. Duillius been made, that for one year no Roman Citizen fhould be accufed.

Strange it is to fee how Men in lesk- ing their own fecurity, lay the Injuries which they fear, upon other Men ; as though it were neceffary, either to offend or to be offended. Example^ The Ro- O 4 ma?js

^oo The Arts of Em fire.

nu'/3s atnoog themfelves, united and lirong, always endeavoured to otiend the Nobles ; arid the Nobles likewile being pcriuadcd they were lirong, la- boured to opprcfs the People .• Which Humours were the caui'e of continual Troubles.

To makeeflimatlon and choice of Men fic c(5 govern, the beft courfe is to confi- der hi pirticular ; otherwife it might be imagined, that among the Multitude or meaner People, they being the greateft iiumber, might be found fbme Perfons of more perfection. Exxmple^ The People of iRf?;^edefiring that theConful- fhip might be given among them as Men of mofl: Merit, did by all means en- dcivour to obtain that Honour ; but be- ing come to EleQion, and every Mans Vertue particularly conlldered, there could not be among the Mukitude only one found fit for fb great a place; and tht^rcf^xc the People themfclves conten- ted, tliat the Digniry /Louid Hill remaia as it was.

To perfuade a Muliitude to any Enter- pt-ile, is eafie^ if that ^^hich is perfua- deci^ doth promife either Profit or Ho-

The Arts of Empire. jo i nour;yetofc under that external apparence lies hid lofs or difadvancage. Exinnfk^ The Romans perfuading them (elves that the flow Proceedings of fAhlus Maximum in the War, was both chargeable and cowardly, required, That the General of the Horre might dired the War ; which courfe had ruined Rome^ if the Wifdom of F/ibim had not been. Like- wife, wh^n Hannibal had divers years reigned in Italy ^ one M. Centenim Rtmi- la, a Man of bafe Birth, yet a Soldier of fome Repute, undertook that if he with fuch Vokintiers as would follow him^ might have Authority to Fi^ht, he would within few days deliver Hanmbal either alive or dead ; Which Offer was by the Senate accounted rafh, yet for fear to offend the People, granted ; and PtnuU with his Soldiers was cut in pieces.

To appeafe a Mutiny or Tumult in any Gamp or City, there is no means more fpeedy or fuccefsful, than if fbme Per- fon of great Quality and Refpefl:, pre- fent himfelf to the People, and by his Wifdom lay before them the damageof their Difcords^ perfuading them to Peace

and

no 2 The Arts of Empire.

and Patience. Example^ The Fadion of the Fratefchi and Arratiati in Florence ; the one ready to aflault the other. Fran- ctfco Soderimj Bi(hop of VoterrA^ in his Epifcopal Habit, went between the Par- ties and appealed them; Alfb Count Egre- mont^ by the Authority of his Wifdorn andPreience, fiippreft a great Mutiny in Antwerp y between the Martinifts and Papifts.

A People corrupted, do rarely or ne- ver obferve any Order or Ordinance^ un- lets by Force of fome Prince's Power they be thereto inforced ; but where the Mul- titude is Incorrupt and Religious, all things are done juftly, and without Com- pulfion. Example, Camillus at the Vifto- ryagainft the Vrienti, vowed that the tenth part of the Pillage fhould be offered to Jpolh ; but the Senate luppofing that the People would not confent to fo great a Contribution, ftudied to difpenfe with that Vow, and to pleale Apollo and the People alfo by fome other Means: Where- at the People fhewed themfelves openly offended, and willingly gave no lefs than the Sum formerly decreed. When the Free-Cities of Germa^j are occafiooed to

make

The Arts of Empire. !2o3

make Mony for any Publick Service, the Magiftrates impofe one or two in the hundred on every City, which done, every one is fworn to lay down fo much as in his own Confcience he is able ; and he with his own Hand, no other Witnefs being prefent, cafteth the Mony into a Coffer prepared for the purpofe ; which he would not, if his own Confcience did not inforce him.

When any extraordinary occafion hap- pens to a City or Province, fbme prodi- gious Voice is heard, or ibme marvelous Sights are feen. Before T. Gracchtis Ge- neral of the Roman Army was betraid by lUviiis Lucajiusy the Jrufpices difcovered two Serpents eating the Entrails of the Beafts facrificed ; which done, they va- nifh'd : Which Vifion, as they divined, prognofticated the General's Death : Likewile F. Savanarola foretold the com- ing of King Charks VIII. into Italy : And M, SedigiittSj when theGW/ firft came towards Rome^ informed the Senate he heard a Voice much louder than any Man's, crying aloud, Gdliveniunt-

The multitude of bale People is natu- rally audacious and apt to Innovadon ;

yet

^04- -^^^ -^^^^ ^f ^^p^^^*

yet ualefs they be direSed by fbme Per ians ot Reputation and Wifdom, rarely daihey joynin any Aflion of great im- Ipov:. £xa??^piej The Romans^ when their iZny wa^caken and fack'd by the Gmls^ went to ^^€10 with determination to dwell ihere ; The Senate informed thereof, commanded. That upon great pain every Ckizcn fhould return to Rome^ whereat ibe People at firfl: mocked ; but when every Man particularly within himfelf cor.iidered his own Peri! , all in gene- r:xi detei-mined to obey the Magt- Urates.

Id ihe\Employment of Men for Ser- ¥ke, neither Age nor Fortune ought fo i^Qchtobe regarded as Verme; for young &kQ having made trial of their Valour, fctOf> become aged, and thereby either moapr or unable to ferve : Therefore Well governed Commonwealths , pre- leired Military Vertue before any other lefpeQ. Example, Valerius Corvims^ vidi Others, made Conful the three and tiweniieth Year of his Age, and Pomfey cjitimphod ir^ his Youth.

Ha w^ife or well-adviied Prince or eihei State will undertake without ex-

ceflive

The Arts of Empire 205

cefiTwe Forces to invade the Dominions of any other Prince , unlefs he affure himfelf of fome Friends there to be a Mean, and as it were a Gate to prepare his Paffagc. Example^ The KomAns h^ Aid of the Sagunttna entred Sfain^ th^ u^^(?/^ called them into Grecre, tlie Hedid into France : Likewile the Pdl<£oloai in- cited the Turk to come into Thrace ; and Ludovicus Sforza occafioned Charles the French King to come into Italj.

A Republick defirous to extend the Bounds thereof, mufl: endeavour to be fully furnifhM with Inhabitants, whicli may be done both by Love and Force : Love is gained by fuffering Strangers to inhabit the City fecurely ; and Force compels People to come thither, whea other Cities and Towns near at hand be demolifhed or defaced : And impoffibie ic is without this Order of proceedings to enlarge any City or make the fame of greater Power. Exar^fple^ The Romans to enlarge their City demolifhed Aihr.^ and many other Towns, and therewith alio entertained all Strangers courteouny: So as Rome grtw to^fuch greatneCs, that ihe City only could arm fix hundred and

forty

ao6 The Arts of Empire.

forty thoufand Men ; but SpArta or Athens coyl'^ -ver exceed twenty thoufand, for that Lycurgus had inhibited the accefs of Strangers.

A Commonwealth that conliimes more Treafure in the War, than it profits in Vi&ory, feems to have rather hindred than honoured or inriched the State. A wife Captain therefore in his Aftions, ought as wel! to profit the Republick, as to gain to hirnfelf Glory. Example^ The Confuls of Rome did feldom defire Tri- umph, unlefs they returned from the War loaden with Gold, Silver and other rich Spoils fit to be delivered into the Com- mon Treafury.

All Foreign Wars with Princes or other States taken in hand, be either for Am- bition or Defire of Glory, or elfe for Ne- ceiTity. Example^ The Romans for their Ambition conquered many Nations, with intent only to have the Obedience of the People ; yet did they fuffer them to hold Poffeflion of their Houfes, and ibmetimes they were permitted to live only with their old Laws. Likewife Alexander the Great endeavoured to fup- prefs masHy Princes for his Glory, but

did

The Arts of Empre. 107

did not difpoflefs the People, nor kill them.

Otherwife it is where a whole Nation inforced by Famine or Fury of War, abandon their own Dwellings, and are forced to inhabit elfwhere. Example ^ The Goths and other People of the North invaded the Roman Empire, and many other Provinces, whereof their Altera- tion of Names didenlue ; ^slilyria, now called SU'i/onia^ £;?^/^^/i formerly named Britain,

A common Conceit and Saying it is. That Mony makes the War ftrong, and is the Force and Sinews thereof;as though he who hath moft Treafiire, be alfb moft mighty ; but Experience hath apparently fhewed the contrary. Example^ After the Death of J!exa??der King of Macedon^ a multitude oi Gauls v/ent into Greece^ and being there arrived, fent certain Ambat fadors to the King , who fuppofing to make them afraid of his Power, fhewed them his Treafure, which wrought a contrary effeQ: ; for tht Gauls ^ before de- firous of Peace, refolved then tocontinue the War, in hope to win that mighty mafs of Mony. Like wife Darius fhould

have

2 o S The Arts of Empire!

have vanquifhed Alexander , and the Greeks might have conquered th^Romms^ if the richer Prince might ever by his Mony have prevailed.

Every League made with a Prince or Republick remote, is weak and rather aideth us with Fame than EfFed, and conlequently deceiveth all thofe that in fuch amity repofe Confidence. Example^ The Florentines being aiFaulted by the King oi Naples and the Pope, prayed Aid of the French King; who being far di- ftant, could not in Time Succour them .• And the Cedicini defiring Aid of the Ca- fuani againft: the Samnites^ a People of no Force, were deceived.

A Prince whole People is well arm'd and trained, fhali do better to attend his Enemy at Home, than by Invafion to affault his Country : But fuch Princes whole Subjefts are difarmed, had need to hold the Enemy aloof. Example^ The Romms^ and in this Age the Siv/Jfes^ be- ing well armed, may attend the War at Home ; but the Canhaaimaris and Itali- ans being not lo well furnifhed, did ever ufe to feek the Enemy.

Tht

The Arts of Empire^ 20^

The Plurality of Commanders in equal Authority, is for the moft part occafion of flow Proceeding in the War. Examfky There was at one Time in Rome created four Tribmi Mtlitares with Authority of Confuls, viz,. T. Quintus after his Con- fulfhip, CaJHs Furiusj M. Fojlhumus^ and A, CorneliHsCAjJtus^ amongft whom arofe ib much Diverflty and Contrariety of Opinion,, as nothing could be done till their Authority ceafed, and M. Mmjlim made Didator.

A ViQory obtained by any great Cap- tain with the Authority ofiiis Prince'^s Commiflion, Counftl, and Direftions^ ought ever to be imputed rather to the Wifdom of the Prince, than the Valour of the Captain : Which made the Em- perors of Romt to permit no Captains ( how great foever his Victories were ) to Triumph, as before that time the Con- fuls had done ; and even in thofe Days a modeft Refufal of Triumph w^as com« mended. Example, M, Fdvius hav- ing gained a great Vi&ory againft the Tufcdns^ was both by the Con- lent of the Senate and People of Rbme^ admitted to Triumph; but the Refu-

1 1 o The Arts of Empire.

fal of that Honour proved his great Glory.

Ail they that from prii^ate Eftate have afpired to Principality, either by Force or Fraud be come thereunto, unlefs the fame be given, or by Inheritance de- Icended: Yet it is rarely feen, that Force alone prevaileth , but Fraud vi^ithout Force oft-times fuiBceth. Example, Jga^ thocles by fuch means became Prince of Syracuf^ ; John Gakazzo by abufing his Uncle B^rnaha^^ gained the Dominion of Lombardy ; and Cyrt^s circumvented Cy- axares his Mothers Brother, and by that Craft afpired to Greatnefs.

Sudden Refolutions are always danger- ous ; and no lefs Peril enfueth of flow and doubtful Delays. Example^ When Hie- von Prince of Syracufe died, the War even then being in great Heat between the Romans and Carthagimans^ they of SyracufacQn.^\At^d^ whether it were bet- ter to follow the Fortune of Rome or Car^ thage. In which Doubt they continued until ApGllondkSj a chief Captain of Syra- cufiy laid before them, That fb long De- lay would make them hated both of Ro- mans and C^rthigmms, Likewife the

Florentines

The Arts of Empire. a 1 1

flcremims being by Lewis the Twelfth required to give his Army Paffage to- wards NapltSj muled lb long upon an Anfwer, that he became their Enemy, and they forced to recover his Favour full dearly.

To govern a State is nothing el(e but to take fuch Order as the Subjefts may not, or ought not to offend ; which may be done, either by removing from them all means to diibbey, or by affording them lb great Favours, as reafonably they ought not to change their Fortune ; for the mean Courfe proveth Dangerous. ExAmpky The Latins being by the Va- lour of Camillus overcome, yielded them- lelves to endure what Punifhm.ent it pleafed the Romms to inflift.

An IngeniousandMagnanimous Anfwer being niade unto Wife Magiftrates, doth oft obtain both Pardon and Grace. Ex- ampk^ When the Privernates had rebel- led, and were by Force conftrained to return to the Obedience of the Romar.s^ they fent certain of the City unto Rome^ to defire pardon ; who being brought be- fore the Senate, one of the Senators asked the Privernates, what punifhment therh- P 2 ftlves

0. 1 1 The Arts of Empire ^

ftlves did think they had deferve^ : The fame, quoth they, which Men Hving in Freedom, think they are worthy oK Whereto the Gonfu,! tlius replied, ^id fi pcen&rry remittimusl Q^dem nos pacem 'vobtfcum h^tbituros fftnmtis ? The Pr/- 'vernates anfvvered, *S/ borjam dederitk^ & fdekm & ferpetuam : 6/ malam , baud diuturmm. Which Anfwer was thought to proceed from generous Men , and therefore they were not only pardoned, but alio honoured and received into the number of the Romm Citizens.

All Caftles, Fortrelles, and Places of Strength, be made for jDefence, either againft the Enemy or Subje£l : In the firrt Cafe they are not necefTary, in the feccnd dangerous. For thereby the Prince may at bis Pleafure take occafion to infult upon the Subjed , when much more feemly he might fettle his Eftate upon the Love and good Afteflion of Men. ExAmpUj The Caflle of Millan made by Duke Fr^mifco Sforza^ incited his Heirs to become infolent ; and confequently they became odious ; which was alfothe caufe that fo fbon as that City was aflault- ed, the Enemy with facility did pofTefs it.

That;

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That Prince or Potentate which builds his Severity rather upon the Truft he hath in Fortreffes, than the Love of Men, fhall be deceived : For no Place is fo ftrong, ars can long defend it feif, unlefs by the Love and Aid of Men it be in time ofNeceflityfuccoured. Example, Pope Julio having drawn the BemvoU out of Bologmy built there a flrpngCaftle; the Governor thereof robbed the People, and they therewith grieved, in a lliort Time took the Caftle from him. So after the Revolt of Ge;;^4, Lewi^ the Twelfth came to the Recovery thereof, and builded there the ftrongeft Fortification of Itnlj^ as well for Sight as the Circumftances inexpugnable. Neverthelefs the Citi^ zens rebelled, and within fixteen Months the French were forced to yield the Caftle and Governm-^nt to OciAvio Fra^ gofa.

^ To build Forts upon Places of Strenptfa, either for defence of our own, or to hold that which is taken from others, hath ever proved to fmall purpofe. Ej^ample, The Romms having fuppreft the RcbeL lion of ih^ Latws^nd Privermfes^ albeit they were People Warlike, and lovers P ? of

a f 4 The Arts of Empire.

of Liberty ; yet to keep them SubjeO:, built there no Caftle, nor other Places fortified : And the Lacedemonians did not only forbear to fortifia the Towns they conquered, but alfb left their chief City of Sparta un wailed.

The Neceffity or life of Fortification is only upon Frontiers, or fuch principal pla- ces where Princes make their Habitation; to the end the Fury of fudden AlTauIts may be ftaid, and Time for Succor en-* tertained : Otherwife , Example , the Caftle of Millan being made to hold the State in Obedience, could not {b do either for the Houfe ofSforza or France, Guido Vbaldo^ Duke of Velin^ driven from his Dominion by C£far Borgia^ fb (bon as he recovered his Country, caufed all the Forts to be demoliflied : For by Expe- rience he found the Love of Men was the fureft Defence^ and chat Fortifications prevailed no lefs againft him than for him.

The Caufcs of Divifion and FaSion in every Cornmonweai proceed moft com- monly of Idlenefs and Peace, ^ and that which unirethjis Fear and ^M^r.Exampky The Vejentl and Elinfci having Intelli- gence

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gence of great Contention between the Nobility and People of Romej thought that a fit Opportunity to opprefs the one and the other : But the Romans informed of fuch an Intention, appealed all Do- meftick Anger, and by the Valour of their Arms, conduced by G;;. Manlius and M, FdiuSj defeated the Enemies Forces.

The means to ufurp an Eftate disjoynt- edis, firft before Arms betaken, to be- come, as it were, an Arbitrator or a Friend indifferent ; and after Arms be taken, then to (end moderate Aid to the weak Side, as well to entertain the War between the Faftions, asalfoto confume the Strength both of the one, and the other ; yet in no wife to employ any great Forces , for thereby either party may difcover the Intents to fupprefs them. Example^ The City of PifioU fallen into Divifion , the Florentines took occafion fbmetimes to favor the one, and feme- times the other, that in the end both fides weary of the War, voluntarily yielded to their Devotion. Philippo Vtfcount , hoping fundry times by occafion of Fa- Q:ion to opprefs the FlcremuKs^ did often P 4 alTauk

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affault them with great Forces, which was the Caufe that they became reunited; and confcquently the Duke deceived of his Expedtation.

A great Wifdom it is to refra'n Op- probrious and Injurious Speech : For as neither the one nor the ocher can any whit decreafe the Enemies Force, io doth it move him to greater Hate, and more defire to offend. Example, Gabdes ^ a General of the Perjians having long be- fieged Amiddj became weary, and pre- paring to abandon the enterpriie, railed his Camp, which they of the City be- holding, began to revile the Perfuns^ and from the Walls reproved them of Cowar- dife ; which undifcreet Words fo highly offended G Abides , as thereupon he re- fblved to continue the Siege, and within itw days won the City. Ttherius Gracchus appointed Capt?an of certain Bands of M^n, whom for want of other Soldiers^ the Romans entertained, , proclaimed in his Camp, That no Man, upon Pain of Death, fhould contumelioufly call any Sol- dier Slave,eith€r in Earneft or Jell. Na.m f acetic affer<c quando nknium ex z^-ro trax- ere^ acrsm fui memcriam relmpfwt. Like-

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wire Alexander the Great having con- quered well near all the Eaft, brought his Forces before Tyre^ they fearing Alex- ander's Fury, offered upon honourable Confiderations to yeild hirn Obedience, only requiring, that neither he nor any of his Forces fhould enter the City, which motion after four Months Alex- ander accepted, and fb fignified by his Ambaflador, who arriving at Tj^ewas by the proud Citizens flain, uhereat Alex^ ander grew into Choler, and being ready to forfake the Siege, ftaid his Forces, and in the end facked the City and put the People to the Sword.

A Prince or any other State being affaulted by an Enemy of far more puif- fance than himfelf, ought not to refute any honourable Compofitions , chiefly when they are offered ; for no Conditi- ons can be fb bale, but fhali in fbme fort turn to Advantage and Honour of him that accepts them. Example, Anno 1 512. certain Florentines procured great Forces of Spaniards to come thither, as well to repofeA the Medici then baniOi'd, as alfo to lack the City ; promifing that fb fbon as the Army of Sfain did come

into

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^tiioihQFlorentine Dominion,thc FaQion of Medici would be ready armed to re- ceive £hem. But the Spaniards being come, found no Forces at all to joyn wich them ; and therefore wanting Vi- ftaal, offered Compofition. The ¥loren* tints finding the Enemy diftreffed grew infolent and refufed Peace, whereof followed the lofs of Fr^to^ and many other Inconveniences. The like happen- ed to them of Tjyre, as before.

The denial or delay of Juftice defired in revenge of Injuries either publick or privately offered, is a thing very danger- ous to every Prince or other State ; for that the Party injured doth oft by indi- led means, though with hazard of his Country and himfeif, feek fatisfaftion : Example^ The Complaint which the Galli made againft the Fabii who lent AmbaC- fadors in favour of the Tojfani^ not being heard, nor any punilhment inflifted up- on them for Fighting againft the Law of Nations, was the caufe tliat the Galli were offended with the States, whereof followed the lack of Rome ; and the de- lay of Juftice in Philip of MAcedon^ for not revenging the ioceftuous oppreffion

of

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of Attains to Paufanias^ was the Motive to murther that King.

Whofo endeavours the alteration of any State muft of neceffity proceed with all (everity, and leave fome memorable Example to thofe that fhali impugn the Ordinance of Government newly fet- led. Example , When Junim Brutus had by his great Valour banifli'd the Tarquins^ and fworn the People that no King fhould ever reign in B.ome ; v/ith- in Abort time after, many young Nobles^ among whom was Brutm's Son, impa- tient of the equality of the new Govern- ment, confpired to recall the Tarqmns ; but Brutus thereof informed, caufed his own Son not only to be condemned to death, but was himlelf prelent at the Execution.

As Health and fbundnefs of the Hands, Legs, and other outward Members can-- not continue Life, unlefs the Heart and vital Spirits within be ftrong and firm ; ib Fortifications and Frontier-defences do not prevail, unlefs the whole Corps of the Kingdom and People be well arm- ed.- Example, When the Emperor came into Italy^ and had with fbme difficulty

paft

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paft: the confines of the Venetians well near without refiftance ; his Army march'd to Venice^ and might doubtleft have polTefl: the City, had it not been de- fended with Water. Likewile the Eng^ ttjh in their aflault of Frame^ excepting a few Encounters on the Frontiers, found no puiffant refiftance within the Realm, And Anno 1515. they forced all thai- State, and the King himfelf to tremble, as oft before they had done ; but contra- riwife the Romans knowing that Life lay in the Heart, e\7er held the Body of their State ftrongeft : For the nearer the Enemy approach'd Rome^ the bet-' fer they found the Country armed and defended.

The defire to command fbverelgnly is of (b great Force, as doth not only work in thofe that are in expeftation of Prin- cipality, but alio in them that have no Title at all. Example^ this Appetite moved the Wife of Tarquinius Prifcm contrary to all natural Duty to incite her Husband to murder her own Father Ser- mm, and poffefs his Kingdom, as being perfuaded it were much more honoura- bfe to be a Queen than to be the Daugh- ter of a King, Th©

The Arts of Empire 20.1

The violation of ancieiit Laws, Or- ders and Cuftoms, under which Feopfe have long time lived, is the chief and only Caufe whereby Princes hazard their Eftate and Royal Dignity, ^xam fie, Albeit the deflowring of Lucnct was the occafion, yet was it not the xaufe that moved the Romans to take Arms againft Tarquin ; for be having before that fafl: of Sextus his Son, go^ verned Tyrannically, and taken from the Senate all Authority, was become odious both to the Senate, Nobility and People^ who finding themfelves well- governed, never feek or wilh any other liberty or alteration.

A Prince that defires to live fecure from Confpiracy, hath caufe rather to fear ihofe on whom he hath bellowed over-great Riches and Honors than thofe whom he hath greatly injured * becaufe they want Means to offend ; the oth-r have many opportunities to do ir .- Example, Ptrremus the prime Favorite of CommodtJ,s the Emperor, confpired his Death. FUntUnus did the like to St^t^ fus^ and Sejanus to Tiberius ; for being advanced to fo great Honors, Riches and

Offices^

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OiEces, as nothing remained defirable but the Imperial Title, they confpired againft the Perfons of their Sovereigns in hope of the Dignity ; but in the end they endured that Punifhment which to fuch Difloyalty and Ingratitude apper- taineth.

An Army which wants Experience, albeit the Captain be expert, is not greatly to be feared ; neither ought an Army of. well-train'd Soldiers to be much efteef5[ied, whole Captain is ignorant. Example, C^far going into Africa, againft Jfrj&nius and Petrous whofe Army was full of old Soldiers, faid he feared them little, Quia, ihut ad exerciti^m fi^e duce. Contrariwife, when he went to Pharfa- iia to encounter Pompey, he laid, Iboad ducem (ine exercitu.

A Captain General commanding an Army ought rather to govern with Cur- tefie and Mildnefs, than with over-much Aufterity and Severity. Example, Q^ and Jfpius Claudius being Confuls, were appointed to govern the War. To jQ^ was allotted one Army which ferved very dutifully ; but Jppi^s commanding the other with great Cruelty, was by his

Sol'

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Soldiers unwillingly obeyed. Neverthe- lefs Tacitus feecns of contrary Opinio on, faying, Plus Pce^a qmm objequium valet.

Therefore to reconcile theie different Conceits, I fay, than a General having power to command Men, either they are Confederates or Subjefls : If Confede- rates or Voluntaries, he may not pro- ceed to extream punifhment ; if Sub- jeds, and his power abfolute, they may be governed otherwile ; yet with fiich refpeft, as the infblence of the General inforce not the Soldiers to "hate him.

Honour may fometime be got as well by the lofs as gaining of Viftory. Every Man knoweth Glory is due to the ViQ:or, and we deny not the fame Priviledge to the vanquiriied, being able to make proof that the Lofs proceeded not from his Default. Neither is it diflionoura- ble to violate thofe Promiles wheret© the neceflity or difadvantage of War inforceth. And forced Promifes which concern a whole State, are not binding, and rarely or ever kept, nor is the Break- er thereby to receive Djfgrace. Exam- ple^

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pie, Pofihumm the Conful hiving made a difbonourablePeace with the Samnites^ was by thetn with |iis whole Army fent home difarmed. Being arrived at Rome^ the Gonful informed the People they were not bound to perform the bale Con- ditions he was compelled to yield unto ; albeit, he and thofe few that proitiifed, were bound to perform them. The Se- nate thereupon concluded to fend him Prifoner to S<.imnoj where he conftantly protefted the Fault to be only his own ; wherefore the People by that Peace in^ curfed no Difbonour at all : And For- tune fo much favoured Pofihuwus^ as the Sumnites were content prefently to re- turn him to Rome ; where he became more glorious for lofing the Vi£tory, than was Pontius at S^mno for having won the Victory.

Wile Men have long obferved, That who fb will know what fliall be, ttiuft confider what is paft ; for all worldly Things hold the fame courle they had at firft. The Reafbn is^ that as long as Men are poffeft with the fame Pallions with former Ages, confequently of thefe doings the fameeffeds enlue* Ex-

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ampky The Almains and French haire ever been noted for their Avarice, Pride, Fury and Infidelity, and fo in divers Ages, experience hath proved even to this prelent : For perfidious Dealing the French have given fijfScient proof, noc only in ancient times, but al(b in the lime o{ Charles Ylll. v^ho promifed to render to the Florentines the Forts of Pifay but having divers times received Mony, held them notwithflanding in polTeffion. The Florentines found the like in the Almains ; for in the Wars of the Vifconti^ Dukes of Milan , they prayed aid of the Emperor, who promi- fed them great Forces ; in confideration whereof, he was to receive of the Flo- rentines one hundred thoufand Crowns in Hand, and as much more when his Army was arrived in haly^ both which Payments were performed ; but as fbori as the Emperor came to Verona he devi* fed Cavillations of Unkindnefs where^ upon he returned home.

A Prince defirous to obrain any thing of another, muft if occafion fb permit, urge his Demand fb earneflly and prefs for fo fudden and prelent Anfvver, as h^

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■who is preft may not have leifure to con- fider how to excufe himlelf in denial. Example^ Pope Julio endeavoured to drive out of Bologna all the Bentivoli^ in which AQion he thought the aid of the French neceflary, and that the Vtnetims fhould ftand neutral ; and by divers Meffengers did fbllicite them to that Ef- feft ; but not receiving any refolute An- fwer, he thought fit with thofc few Forces he had to take his Journey to Bologna^ whereupon the Venetians adver- tifed him they would remain neutral, and the French King forthwith fent himFo (Ces, as fearing the Popes Indig- nation ; likewife the Tufcam having for« meriy defired aid of the SAmnites againft the Romans, took Arms fuddenly and ob- tained ci <.ir requeft which the Samnites had before denied.

When a Multitude offendetb, all may not be puni''h'd, becaufe they are too many • To punifh part and leave the reft unpunifh'd, ^ere Injury to the SuflPer- ers ; and to thofe that elcape, an En- couragement to offend again ; therefore to efchew all extremity, mean Courfes have been anciently uFed. Example^

When

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When all the Wives of the Romans confpired to Poyfon their Husbands^ a convenient number of them were punifht, and the reft fuffered to pafs.- Likewife at the confpiracy of the Bac- chmds in the time of the Macedoman War , wherein many thoufands Men and Women had part, every tenth perfbn only was put to death by Jot, although the offence were general; by which manner of punifting, he thac fuffered , complain'd on his fortune ; and he that efcaped, was put in fear, that offending again, the fame punifh. iment might light upon himfelf, and therefore would no more offend.

A Battel or great adion in Arms ought not to be enterprifed without fpecial Coramiffion or Command from the Prince; otherwife the General in- curs great danger. Example, Papyrim the Diftator puniflit the General of the Horfe in the Roman Army, for ha- vmg fought without his confent, al- though he had in battle flam 20000 Ene^ mies without Idfs of 200 of his own ; and C4^r commended his Captain Sil imus for having refrain'd to fight, 0^2 though

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though with great advantage he might. Alfo count Egmont hazarded the favor of the King hisMafter for giving bat- tel to MarQiall de Thermes , albeit he were vifilorious : for upon the fuccefs of that adiion the lofs or fafety of all the Low Countries depended.

To govern without Council is not only dangerous in Arijiocracies and Po- pular States, but unto independent Princes an occafion of utter ruin. Ex- ample, Hieron the firft King of Sicily in all his proceedings ufed the advice of Counfels, and lived fifty years prof- peroufly in Peace ; but his grandchild fucceeding, refufiog all Counfel loft his Kingdom, and was with all his Kinsfolk and Friends cruelly (lain.

lo all Monarchies the Senate or pri- vy-Council is or ought to be compoled of perfons of great dignity , or Men of approved wifdom and underftanding. Example^ In PolonU no Man is Coun- iellor unleis he be a Palatine^ a Bijhop^ a Caflellan^ a Captain ^ or fuch a one as hath been Ambaffador : and in Turky the title of Counfellor is not given but only to the four Baffaes. The two O-

deleffuins^

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dilefqnires y the twelve BegUrhegs^ and Kings Son, who in his Fathers abfence, is as it were a Prefident of the Diva- no or Senate.

Many Princes Ancient and Modern have ufed to feled out of their Coun- cil , two or three , or four at moft , to whom only they did impart their affairs. Example^ The Emperor Jh- gujlus had Mdcenas and Jgrippa ; Julim Cafar^ Q^ P(edius and Cor. Balbus^ whom he only trufted with his Cipher and fecrets, being Ccunfellors of the Cabi- net ( as vi^e now call them. )

The alteration of old Laws, or in- troduftion of new, are in all States ve^ ry dangerous, notwathftanding any ap- pearance of profit or publick utility , which moved wile Governours to de- cree, that ancient LaVi^s once eftabHfh- ed might never be called in queftion. Example y The Athenians decreed that no Law fliould be propounded to the People without the confent of the Se- nate : the like ufe is obferved mFenicej where no Petition is preferred to the Senate but by advice of the Sages ; and among the Locrians the Cuftom CL J was

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was, that whofbever prefented any new Law to be confirmed, Ihould come with a Halter about his Neck, and be therewith hanged if his requeft were rejefted ; alfb Lycurgm to prevent the alteration of his Laws , did fwear the People of Sparta to obfervethem until- his return, and thereupon retired him- fc!f into voluntary exile , with intent never to return.

When neceflity or good reafbn moves Innovation or Abolition of Laws , a courfe more fecure it is to do it rather by degrees than fuddenly. Examfle^ The Romms finding the Lav;s of the twelve Tables unprofitable, fuffered them to be obferved or neg!e£ted at difcretion, but would not publickly fup- prefs them for fear of caiiing other Laws into contempt: fo did they con- tinue 700 years, and were then cafled by Ehutim the Tribune, but Agis King of Lacedonon defirous to revive the Laws of Lycurgus , long difcontinuedj enforced all Men to bring in their evi- dence and writings to be cancelled, to the end a new partition of Lands and ^GQds might be made ; vi^hich fuddaia ' aad

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and violent proceeding proved fo fatal* that it moved a dangerous (edition , wherein he was difpofed and with nis Mother and Friends put to death ; wl^ ch ExAmple haply moved the Vmnims ot to attempt any thing againft t\\t Au- thority oi AfdguJlinoBArbsrino cheir Duke ; but after his death , and before the pleftion of Lovedono^ the Stgmory put- lifht new Ordinances detraQive from the Ducal Authority.

Whofo hath won to himfelf fb great Love and A[fe£tion, as thereby to be- come mafter of the forces, and at his plcafure commands the SubjeQs apt for Arms, may alfo without right or title affure himfelf of the whole Eftate. Exam- ple, Hugh Capa^ a Subjeft to the Crown of France^ being greatly honoured by the Soldiers, found means thereby to pre» vent Charles Duke of Lorram of the Crown, being right Heir by delcent from Charkmaw. And albeit the Fami- lies of the Paleologiy Ebrami and Turcatsi be of the blood Royal and Right f^cirs to the Turkish Empire, when the Ottoman Line fliaUfail; yet it is like that the chief Baj^A having the love of the J^mfa^ Q 4 rks

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ries will ufarp the State, becanle the Pa- leologi and other Competitors be far from the T'urks perlbn, poor and without means to purchafe the Soldiers favor.

A Commander General in Arms , ought upon pain of great punifhment be en joyned , not to imploy or retain any forces longer than the time of his Commiflion. Example^ The Dilators of Rome were in this point fb precife, as never any of them dared to tranl- grefs the time prefixed, till C^far ob- tained that dignity fhould continue in him for life ; which was the caufe of his ufurpation of the State. Al(b the Thebms commanded, that if the Gene- ral of their Army did hold his forces one day longer than the time prefixt , he fhould thereby incur danger of death : which Juftice was executed upon Ep^^ minGndas and Pelopidas.

Baniiliment of great Lords , or Citi- zens of great Reputation, hath been iii divers places diverfly u(ed : for in the one, they were inforced only to abfent themfelves without further infliftion ; -in the other, Banifhment was accom- panied With Confifcation^ a courfe of

great

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great danger. Example^ In Jrgos^ Athensy Epheffis^ and other Cities of Greecey the Citizens puiflant in Friends, Vertue or Riches, were many times banifh'd for Envy or Fear, but never or very rarely forced to abient themlelves longer than ten Years ; and that without lofs of Goods, which was the caufe that never any of them Warred againft the Coun- try : But Dion being banifh'd Sjracufi by Dionjiftis Junior^ and CorioUnus from Romej did make mighty Wars againft their own Country. The like was done by the Medici in Elortme.

Honourable and Magnanimous Men were wont not only to enterprife great Afts, but alfo to fuffer patiently all In- juries which Foes or Fortune could ex- po(e them to : As refblved, that no Ca- lamity was fo great as to make their Minds abjefl:, or to forget the Dignity appertaining to Perfans vertuous : Ex^ ample^ After the defeat of the Roman Army upon the River Jllia, the Galli perfued the Viftory even to Romt^s Walls: Whither being come, and find- ing the Gates open, without any fign of Refiftance theyentred the Streets, where

all

2Bi -^^^ ^^^^ ^f ^^pi^^*

all Honourable Palaces were al(b unfiiu^ which caufed the G^/// greatly to doubts Neverthelefs looking into the Houfes, they found in every of them a Senator let in a Chair of State, and in his Hand a Rod of Ivory ; his Perfoa was alfo wfted with Robes of Dignity, which Majeftick Ipedacle did nnarveloufly aoiate the Gdli^ not having before that time feen any fueh Reverend Sight ; and therefore did not only refrain to offer Violence, but highly admired the Rom^^ Courage, chiefly in that Fortune. Ne- ¥erthele{s at length a rude Gdl hapned with his Hand to touch the white Beard ©f M, Papjriusj whereat he taking great difdain ftmck him with his Rod, in requital whereof the Barbarian flew P^£>'r/i^, andby that example all the c^her Senators and perfons of dignity were alfo flain.

Albeit the knowledge and ftudy of tetters be both commendable and neceff- fary in all well regulated Srates ; yet if ender fo honeft pretence, Idlenefs enter, fuch Abufes moft feafonably be forefeen iod removed. Example^ When Deogms miC^rrMits^lv^Q excellent Phiiofophersj

were

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weye fent Ambaffadors from Athens to the Romans'^ many of the Nobility that before difpofed themfelves to Arms, al- lured with their Eloquence and marvel- ous Wifdom, began with great Admi- ration to follow them: And in lieu of Arms, turned their endeavours to the ftudy of Letters, which the wife Qato difcerning, procured the Senate to decree that (to efchew all Inconveniences \^ Inch fb honeft Idlenels might breed) no Phi- lofbphers fhould from thenceforth be re- ceived into Rome,

The Honour due to Magiflrates was anciently much regarded, and contra ri- wife all irreverent and undutiful Behavi- our with great Severity punifh'd. Ex^ ampk^ The Cenfbrs of Rome degraded a Citizen only for having yawned loud in their Preience ; And another called Vediius was flain in the Field, for not doing due reverence to a Tribune when he paft by him. It is a!fo obferved, that the Son of ¥a.h. Maximui when he was Qenjor^ meeting his Father on Horfe- back, and feeing the Serjeans afFraid to fpeak to him to difmount, did himfelf Command him fo to do, which Com«^

mand

X 5 6 The Arts of Empire.

mand the Father cheerfully and willing- ly obeyed, faying, Domeftick Power muft give place to Publick Autho- rity.

Tyrannous Princes having incurred the univerfal Hate of People, found no means (b meet to preferve them from Po- pular Fury, as to execute or deliver into their Hands their own chief Minions and intimate Counfellors. Example , Tiberifis delivered to the People his Fa vourite Seiamis : Nero^ Tigellinas, Hen Yj King of Swtdt committed to their Fu- ry his beft beloved Servant Qeorge Pre- fion ; CdracdU caufed all his Flatterers to be flain that had perfuaded him to kill his Brother. The like was done by QdiguU^ whereby he efcaped him* felf.

A Prince that rewards or pardons a Peribn that kills another Prince, albeit by that means he is afpired to Soveraign- ty, fiiail thereby both incur great Dan- ger and Hate , and encourage Men therein to attempt the like againft him- feif. Therefore wife Princes have not only lefc fuch Services quite unrecom- pencedj but alfo moft feverely punifhed

- ' them.

The Arts of Empire. a 5 7

them. Example^ The Emperor Severus put all thofe to death that conlented to the Murder of Pertinax ; and Akxandtr the Great executed him tliat flew Darius^ as abhorring that SubjeQ: that would lay violent Hands on his Prince, jnotwith- ftanding he were an Enemy. Likewife Vitellitis put to death all the Murderers and Confpirators againft GMa, ; and Domitim Executed his Secretary Epa- phrodittis for the Murder of Ntroj al- though he inftantly defired his aid.

The vertuous and vitious Examples of Princes incite Subjefts to imitate the lame Qualities ; which Rule never or very rarely fails. Example, Frmcis the Firft King of France^ and other Princes in divers Ages and Places, had great efteem of Learned Men ; and forthwith all the Princes, Nobles, Nobility and Clergy, dilpofed themfelves foearneftly to ftudy, as before that time had not been feen To many and ^0 great a number of Learned Men, as well m Tongues as Sciences. Contrariwife, Jlexandtr the Great, other wife a Prince of great Ver- tue, by his immoderate ufecf Drinking, did draw the greateft number of his

C©urt

1^8 The Arts of Empire.

Court and People alfo to delight in Drunkennefs- The like efFeft followed the exceflive Intemperance of M^Ar/^^- tes^ King of Amafia.

The laft and not the leaft confiderable, is, to obferve how great efFefts Devoti- on and Contempt of Human Glory work- eth in the Minds not only of private Per- fons, but of Kings and Princes alfo, who have oft abandoned worldly Profit, Ho- nour and Pleafure, to embrace the con templative retired Life, Example, Ra.- mirus King of Aragon^ Vtrecundus King of Spaiff^ C harkmam Son o( Caroh< Mar- iellus^ Matilda Queen of France^ Amt^- rath King of Turbay^ with many others* Imperio Maxmuf^ exemplo Major*

FINIS.

Books Frinted for^ and fold by Jo- feph Watts at the Angel m St. PaulV Church-yardy viz.

TH E Hiflory oUrdand from the Conqueft thereof by the Englifh to this prelenc Time, in two Parts: By the Honourable Richard Cox, Efq; one of the prefent Judges for that Kingdom. Folio,

The Right Honourable the Marquis oiCar* martherPs State of his Cafe. Folio.

His i^nfwer to the Examination of the Stat€ of his Cafe. Folio.

His Anfwer to Sir Robert Howard^s Book* Folio,

His Reply to fome Libels lately Printed.

Folio*

Tryal of the Lord Rujfel. Folio. Character of a Popifh Succeflbr. Folio, The World'^s Miftakc in Oliver Cromwd :

By SL Bethel^ Efq-, QuArto,

Satyr againft Hypocrites. Quarto^

No Proteftant Plot, ift. 2d. and 3d- Parts,

Qttarto,

Diarry

' Diarry of His Majefl:y'*s Expedition int6 England, Quarto,

, Bmton% Treatife of Monarchy, in two Parts. Qjiano,

The Earl of Roehefier'^s Funeral Sermon. Qtiarto, I

The Prefent Settlement Vindicated, and the late IMif- government proved. Quarto,

Ru^worthh Hiftorical Collections from 1618. to 1629.

Jamesh Corruption of Popifti Father''s Counfels, c^c. OEiavo.

The True Nature of the Divine Law, &c. OEtavo.

Reformed Devotions, in Meditations, Hymns and Petitiousj for every Day in the Week. Twelves,

The Excellent Woman defcribed by her true Characters, and their Oppofites. O^avo,

An Earneft Invitation to the Sacrament : By Dr. GlanvUl. Twelves,

At which Place may be had Adts of Parlia- ment, Proclamations, Declarations, Orders of King sDd Council, Speeches in Parlia- ment 5 Choice Pamphlets, both Ancient and New 5 Tryals, Narratives and Gazzetts.

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VI

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