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SELECT EXTRA-TROPICAL PLANTS

READILY ELIGIBLE FOR

INDUSTRIAL CULTURE OR NATURALISATION,

WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTRIES
AND SOME OF THEIR USES.

BY

BARON FERD. VON MUELLER,
K.C.M.G., M.D., PH.D., F.R.S.

nim in usus suos creata sunt"— SYRACH. xxxix. 21 26.

NEW SOUTH WALES EDITION (ENLARGED).

SYDNEY : THOMAS RICHARDS, GOVERNMENT PRINTER,
a 1881.

v.l

TO

THE HONORABLE SIR HENRY PARKES,
K.C.M.G., M.P.,

COLONIAL SECRETARY OP NEW SOUTH WALES,

AN ENLIGHTENED PROMOTER OF RURAL INDUSTRIES,

THIS VOLUME IS

RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.

PREFACE.

TN the volumes issued by the Victorian Acclimatization Society from
•*- 1871 to 1878 five contributions have appeared concerning such
industrial plants as are available for culture in extra-tropical countries or
in high mountain-regions within the tropics. These writings were mainly
offered with a view of promoting the introduction and diffusion of the
very many kinds of plants which in temperate geographic latitudes
may be extensively reared in forests, on fields or pastures. The work
thus originated however became accessible merely to the members of
the Society, while frequent calls arose for these or some similar data not
only throughout the Australian communities, but also abroad. The whole
was therefore re -arranged and largely supplemented, first for re-issue in
Victoria, and lately also in India, under the auspices of the Central
Government at Calcutta ; and the work is now honored by being
reprinted, with its present numerous additions, for the use of New South
Wales. This new edition has been urged by Charles H. Fawcett, Esq.,
M.L.A., F.L.S., and received its sanction from the distinguished states-
man, to whom the present issue of the work is dedicated. It devolves on
me to add, that this re-issue met with the ready concurrence of the
Honorable Robert Ramsay, Chief Secretary of Victoria. As stated
in the preface to the original essays, they did not claim completeness
either as a specific index or as a series of notes on the respective
technologic applicability of the plants enumerated. But what these
writings perhaps may aspire to is the aim of bringing together, closely
arrayed, some condensed data in popular language on all the principal
utilitarian plants hitherto known to prosper in extra-tropical zones.
Information of this kind is widely scattered through many and often
voluminous works in several languages, yet such volumes apply chiefly
to countries with a climatic zone far more narrow than that of the
colony, for which these pages originally were mostly written. Only some
of .the books, which it was desirable to consult, were at my command j

VI PREFACE,

hence the necessity of successive further supplements, even irrespective
of needful references to future discoveries, because in the progress of
geographic, medical, technologic and chemical inquiries many new plants
of utilitarian value are likely to be disclosed, and new uses of known
plants to be elucidated. Thus, for instance, among the trees and shrubs
or herbs and grasses occurring in the middle and higher altitudinal zones
of Africa or, nearer to us, of New Guinea and the Sunda Islands, many
specific forms may be expected to occur, which we could transfer to other
extra-tropical countries or to mountains in equinoctial regions. Indeed,
the writer would modestly hope, that his local efforts may prove to be of
usefulness also in other parts of the globe ; and in this hope he is cheered
by the generous action of an enlightened American, Mr. Ell wood Cooper,
late Principal of the Santa Barbara College of California, who deemed
the publications, first offered for Australian use, also worthy of re-issue
in America. Moreover, gradual or partial reprints appeared previously
in weekly journals of Sydney and San Francisco and in some other
periodicals. It was stated before, that the rapid progress of tillage
almost throughout our colonial dominions is causing more and more a
desire for general and particular indications of such plants, which a
colder clime excludes from the northern countries, where many of our
colonists spent their youth ; and it must be clear to any reflecting mind,
that in all warmer latitudes, as compared with the Middle-European
zones, a vastly enlarged scope exists for cultural choice of plants.
Indicative as these notes merely are, yet they may thus facilitate the
selection. More extensive information can then be followed up in larger
though more partial work^ extant elsewhere, or likely yet to be called
forth for local requirements in other countries. The writer should even
not be disinclined, under fair support and encouragement, to issue collateral
to the present volume also another, exclusively devoted to the industrial
plants of the hotter zones for the promotion of tropical culture, particu-
larly in our Australian continent. Considerable difficulty was experienced
in drawing the limits of the remarks admissible into the present pages,
because a certain plant may be important only under particular climatic
conditions and cultural applications, or it may have been overrated in
regard to the copiousness and relative value of its yield. Thus it was
not always easy to sift the chaff from the grain, when these notes were

PREFACE. vii

gathered ; they might under less rigorous restrictions indeed have been
indefinitely extended ; and although the author for more than twenty
years has been watching for industrial tests the plants introduced by
him into the Melbourne Botanic Garden, he had still to a very large
extent to rely implicitly on the experience of other observers elsewhere.
Here also it may at once be stated, that in all instances, when calcula-
tions of measurements and weights were quoted, such represent the
maximum always, as far as hitherto on record. To draw prominent
attention to the primarily important among the very many hundreds of
plants, referred to in these pages, the leading species have been designated
with an asterisk. It has not been easy in numerous instances to trace
the first source of that information on utilitarian plants, which we find
recorded in the various volumes of phytologic or technologic literature ;
many original observations are however contained in the writings of
Bernardin, Bentley, Brandis, Brockhaus, Candolle, Chambers, Collins,
Drury, Flueckiger, Asa Gray, Grisebach, Hanbury, Hooker, King,
Langethal, Lawson, Lindley, Lorentz, Loudon, Martius, Masters,
Meehan, Meyer, Michaux, Nuttall, Oliver, Pereira, Philippi, Porcher,
Rosenthal, Roxburgh, Sargent, Seemann, Simmonds, Stewart, Trimen,
Wittstein and also some others, to whose names reference is made
cursorily in the text. The volumes of the Agricultural Department of
Washington, of the Austrian Apotheker-Verein, of the Journal of
Applied Science, of the Bulletin de la Societe d'Acclimatation de France,
and of several other periodicals have likewise afforded data utilised on
this occasion.

In grouping together, at the close of this volume, all the genera
enumerated, according to the products which they yield, facility is
afforded for tracing out any series of plants about which special economic
information may be sought, or which may prominently engage at any
time the attention of the cultivator, or the manufacturer, or the artisan.
Again, in placing together in index-form the respective industrial plants
according to their geographic distribution, as has likewise been done in
the concluding pages, it is rendered easy to order or obtain from abroad
the plants of such other countries, with which any settlers or colonists
may be in relation through commercial, literary or other intercourse.

Vlll PEEP ACE.

Lists like the present may aid also in naming the plants and their
products with scientific correctness in establishments of economic horti-
culture or in technologic or other educational collections. If the line
of demarkation between the plants admissible into this list and those
which should have been excluded has occasionally been extended in
favour of the latter, then it must be pleaded, that the final value of any
particular species for a peculiar want, locality, or treatment cannot often
be fully foretold. Many plants of primary importance for rural require-
ments alluded to now have long since been secured by the intelligent
early pioneers of immigration, who timely strove to enrich also the
cultural resources of their adopted country • and in these efforts the
writer, so far as his public or private means did ever permit, has
endeavoured for more than a quarter of a century to take an honorable
share. But although such plants are introduced, they are not in all
instances as yet widely diffused, nor in all desirable localities tested.
For the sake of completeness even the most ordinary cultural plants
have not been passed, as the opportunity seemed an apt one to offer a
few cursory remarks on their value. The writer entertains a hope, that
a copy of this plain volume- will be placed in the library of any State
Schools, to serve educational purposes also by occasional and perhaps
frequent reference to these pages. The increased ease of communication,
which has latterly arisen between nearly all parts of the globe, places us
now also in a fair position for independent efforts to suggest or promote
introductions of new vegetable treasures from unexplored regions or to
submit neglected plants of promising value to unbiassed original tests.
It may merely be instanced that, after the lapse of more than three
centuries since the conquest of Mexico, only the most scanty information
is extant on the timber of that empire, and that of several thousand
tropical grasses not many dozens have been tried with chemical exacti-
tude for pastoral purposes. For inquiries of such kind every civilised
State is striving to afford in well planned, thoughtfully directed, and
generously supported special scientific establishments the needful aid,
not merely for adding to the prosperity, comfort and enjoyment of the
present generation, but also with an anticipation of earning the grati-
tude of posterity ; and this as a rule is done with a sensitive jealousy,

PREFACE. IX

to maintain also thereby for scientific dignity and industrial development
the fair fame of the country. Friendly consideration will recognise, that
a desire to arouse more and more such a spirit for emulation, has much
inspired the writer to offer these pages, he trusting that enlightened
statesmanship far and wide will foster this aim in a liberal and circum-
spect manner.

Melbourne, June, 1880.

SELECT PLANTSXA
READILY ELIGIBLE FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

Aberia Caffra, Hooker.

The Kai- Apple of Natal and Caffraria. This tall shrub serves for
hedges. The rather large fruits are edible, and can be converted
into preserves. Allied South-African species are A. Zeyheri and
A. tristis (Sender).

Acacia acuminata, Bentham.

A kind of Myall from Western Australia, attaining a height of
40 feet. The scent of the wood comparable to that of raspberries.
It is the best of West- Australian woods for charcoal. The stems
much sought after for fence posts, very lasting, even when young.
A similar tree with hard and scented wood is A. Doratoxylon
(A. Cunn.).

Acacia aneura, F. v. Mueller.

Arid desert-interior of extra-tropic Australia. A small tree, not
more than 25 feet high. Wood excessively hard, dark-brown, used
preferentially by the natives for boomerangs, sticks to lift edible
roots, end-shafts of Phragmites-spears, woomerangs, nulla-nullas and
jagged spear-ends. A. excelsa (Bentham) is among the Queensland
species, which furnish also valuable dark-coloured wood for furni-
ture and implements.

Acacia Arabica, Willdenow.

The "Kikar" or " Babur." North and Central Africa, also in
South-west Asia, growing in dry, calcareous soil. This small tree
can be utilised for thorny hedges, as also A. Seyal (Delile) and
A. 'tortilis (Forskael). They all furnish the best gum-arabic for
medicinal and technical purposes. The lac insect lives also on the

2 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

foliage, and thus in Sind the lac is mainly yielded by this tree.
The stem attains a circumference of 10 feet. The astringent pods
are valuable for tanning, also the bark, which is known as "Baboot"
bark ; the wood, known as " Sunt," is very durable if water-
seasoned, extensively used for wheels, well-curbs, and many kinds
of implements, also for the knees and planks of boats. A. gummi-
fera (Willd.) and A. Ehrenbergiana (Hayne) are among the species
which yield gum-arabic in North Africa. A. latronum (Wildenow)
and A. modesta (Wallich) form thorny hedges in India (Brandis).

Acacia armata, R Brown.

Extra-tropical Australia. The Kangaroo-Thorn. Much grown for
hedges, though less manageable than various other hedge plants.
Important for covering coast sand with an unapproachable prickly
vegetation.

Acacia binervata, De Candolle.

Extra-tropic East Australia. A tree attaining a height of 40 feet.
The bark used by tanners, but not so rich as that of A. decurrens
(W. Dovegrove).

Acacia Catechu, Willdenow.

India, Africa, up to 3,000 feet. Tree of 40 feet height. The
extract prepared from the bark and heartwood is the catechu of
medicine or cutch of tannery. Pure cutch is worth about <£25 per
ton ; 4 tons of bark will produce 1 ton of cutch or terra japonica.
A. Suma (Kurz) is closely allied.

Acacia Cavenia, Hooker and Arnott.

The Espino of the present inhabitants of Chili, the Cavan of the
former population. A small tree with exceedingly hard wood,
resisting underground moisture. The plant is well adapted for
hedges. The pods, called Quirinca, serve as cattle food (Dr.
Philippi). The husks contain 32 per cent, tannin (Sievers),
valuable as a dye material.

Acacia Cebil, Grisebach.

La Plata States. This is one of the most useful of all trees there,
on account of its bark, which is exceedingly rich in tannic acid ;
well worthy of introduction here ; also as an ornamental tree.
Numerous other Acacise, particularly the Australian species, deserve
yet tests for tannin.

Acacia concinna, Candolle.

India. Praised by Dr. Cleghorn as a valuable hedge shrub. The
pod contains saponin.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 3

Acacia decurrens, Willdenow, var. mollissima.* (A. mollissima,

Willd.)

The Black Wattle. From the eastern part of South Australia,
through Victoria and New South Wales, to the southern part of
Queensland ; a small or middle-sized tree. Its wood is used for
staves, for turners' work, occasionally also for axe- and pick-
handles, and many other purposes, and it supplies an excellent fire-
wood ; a chief use of the tree would be also to afford the first
shelter, in treeless localities, for raising forests. Its bark, rich in
tannin, and its gum, not dissimilar to gum-arabic, render this tree
highly important. The English price of the bark ranges generally
from £8 to £11. In Melbourne it averages about £5 per ton. It
varies, so far as experiments made in my laboratory have shown, in
its contents of tannin from 30 to 54 per cent, in bark artificially
dried. In the mercantile bark the percentage is somewhat less,
according to the state of its dryness — it retaining about 10 per
cent, moisture. 1 \ Ib. of Black Wattle-bark gives 1 Ib. of leather,
whereas 5 Ibs. of English Oak-bark are requisite for the same
results, but the tannic principle of both is not absolutely identical.
Melbourne tanners consider a ton of Black Wattle-bark sufficient
to tan 25 to 30 hides \ it is best adapted for sole leather and other
so-called heavy goods. The leather is fully as durable as that
tanned with oak-bark, and nearly as good in colour. Bark care-
fully stored for a season improves in tanning power 10 to 15 per
cent. From experiments made under the author's direction it
appears that no appreciable difference exists in the percentage of
tannin in Wattle-bark, whether obtained in the dry or in the wet
season. The tannin of this Acacia yields a gray precipitate with
the oxide salts of iron, and a violet colour with sub-oxides ] it is
completely thrown down from a strong aqueous solution by means
of concentrated sulphuric acid. The bark improves by age and
desiccation, and yields about 40 per cent, of catechu, rather more than
half of which is tannic acid. Bichromate of potash added in a minute
quantity to the boiling solution of mimosa-tannin produces a ruby
red liquid, fit for dye purposes ; and this solution gives, with the
salts of sub-oxide of iron, black pigments, and with the salts of
the full oxide of iron, red-brown dyes. As far back as 1823 a
fluid extract of Wattle-bark was shipped to London, fetching then
the extraordinary price of £50 per ton, one ton of bark yielding
4 cwt. of extract of tar consistence (Simmons), thus saving much
freight and cartage. For cutch or terra japonica the infusion is
carefully evaporated by gentle heat. The estimation of tannic acid
in Acacia barks is effected most expeditiously by filtering the
aqueous decoction of the bark after cooling, by evaporating and then
re-dissolving the residue in alcohol and determining the weight of
the tannic principle obtained by evaporating the filtered alcoholic
solution to perfect dryness

4 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

The cultivation of the Black Wattle is extremely easy, being effected
by sowing either broadcast or in rows. Seeds can be obtained in
Melbourne at about 5s. per lb., which contains from 30,000 to
50,000 grains ; they are known to retain their vitality for several
years. Seeds should be soaked in warm water before sowing. Any
bare, barren, unutilised place might most remuneratively be sown
with this Wattle Acacia : the return would be in from five to ten
years. Full-grown trees, which supply also the best quality, yield
as much as 1 cwt. of bark. Mr. Dickinson states that he has seen
10 cwt. of bark obtained from a single tree of gigantic dimensions
at Southport. A quarter of a ton of bark was obtained from one
tree at Tambo without stripping all the limbs. The height of this
tree was 60 feet, and the stem 2 feet in diameter. The rate of
growth of the tree is about 1 inch in diameter of stem annually.
It is content with the poorest and driest or sandy soil, although
in more fertile ground it shows greater rapidity of growth.
This Acacia is perhaps the most important of all tan-yielding trees
of the warm temperate zones, for its strength in tannic acid, its
rapidity of growth, its contentedness with almost any soil, for the
ease with which it can be reared and for its early yield of tanner's
bark, and indeed also gum and stave-wood. The tree is to be
recommended for poor land affected with sorrel. It is hardier than
Eucalyptus Globulus, thus enduring the clime of South England ;
naturally it ascends hardly to sub-alpine elevations.

The variety DEALBATA (Acacia dealbata, Link) is generally known
amongst Australian colonists as Silver- wattle. It prefers for its
habitation humid river-banks, and attains there a height of some-
times 150 feet, supplying a clear and tough timber used by coopers
and other artisans, but principally serving as select fuel of great
heating power. The bark of this variety is much thinner and
greatly inferior to the Black Wattle in quality, yielding only about
half the quantity of tanning principle. It is chiefly employed for
lighter leather. This tree is distinguished from the Black Wattle
by the silvery or rather ashy hue of its young foliage ; it flowers
early in spring, ripening its seeds in about 5 months, while the
Black Wattle blossoms late in spring or at the beginning of
summer, and its seeds do not mature before about 14 months.

Acacia falcata, Willdenow.

East- Australia. One of the best of trees for raising a woody
vegetation on drift-sand, as particularly proved at the Cape of
Good Hope. Important also for its bark in tanneries.

Acacia Farnesiana, Willdenow.

Dioscorides' small Acacia. Indigenous to South-Asia ; found west-
ward as far as Japan ; a native also of the warmer parts of Aus-
tralia, as far south as the Darling River ; found spontaneously in

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 5

tropical and sub-tropical America, but apparently not in tropical
Africa. Professor Fraas has recognised in this Acacia the ancient
plant. The scented flowers are much sought after for perfumery.
This may also be utilised as a hedge plant, and a kind of gum-arabic
may be obtained from it.

Acacia fasciculifera, F. v. Mueller.

South-Queensland. Seventy feet high, branches pendant. Desir-
able for culture on account of the excellence of its easily- worked
dark wood.

Acacia giraffae, Willdenow.

South- Africa. The Camel-Thorn. This tree attains a great age,
and a height of 40 feet. The trunk assumes a large size, and
supplies a wood of great hardness. The tree grows on the driest
soil.

Aca'cia glaucescens, Willdenow.

Queensland and New South Wales. Extreme height about 60 feet.
A kind of Myall, with hard, dark, prettily-grained but less scented
wood than that of some other species.

Acacia harpophylla, F. v. Mueller.

Southern Queensland, where this tree, according to Mr. Thozet,
furnishes a considerable share of the mercantile wattle-bark for
tanning purposes. Wood, according to Mr. O'Shanesy, brown,
hard, heavy, and elastic; used by the natives for spears. Mr. Thozet
observes that the tree attains sometimes a height of 90 feet, grow-
ing naturally on sand lands, almost to the exclusion of other trees
and shrubs, furnishing wood of a violet odour, splitting freely, and
used for fancy turnery. Saplings used as stakes in vineyards have
lasted 20 years and more. The tree yields also considerable quanti-
ties of gum. It is one of the principal " Brigalows" in the scrubs
of that designation.

Acacia homalophylla, Cunningham.

The t Victorian Myall, extending into the deserts of New South
Wales. The dark-brown wood is much sought for turners' work
on account of its solidity and fragrance ; perhaps its most extensive
use is in the manufacture of tobacco-pipes. Never a tall tree.

Acacia horrida, Willdenow.

The Doornboom or Karra-Doorn of South- Africa. A formidable
hedge bush with thorns often 3 inches long, readily available for
impenetrable hedge copses. It exudes also a good kind of gum,
but often of amber colour. This is the principal species used for
tanners' bark in South Africa, where Leucospermum conocarpum
(B. Br.) is also extensively used for the same purpose (M'Gibbon).

6 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Acacia implexa, Bentham.

Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland. A tree of middle size,
content with poor soil. Wood firm and close, dark-brown with
yellowish stripes ; much in demand for turnery, cog-wheels, and
other purposes which need tenacity and strength (Dickinson).
Bark available for tanneries.

Acacia leiophylla, Bentham.* (A. saligna, Beiitharn non Wendland).

South- West Australia, where it is the principal tree chosen for
tanners' bark. It is a wide-spreading small tree, fit for avenues.
The bark contains nearly 30 per cent, of mimosa- tannin, and is
extensively used by tanners in West Australia. The price of fair
West Australia gum-arabic was from 46s. to 49s. per cwt. in
London in 1879. The tree has proved in Algeria to resist the
sirocco better than most species (Dr. Bonand). A. cyanophylla
(Lindley) is a closely allied species, serving the same purposes.

Acacia longifolia, Willdenow.

South-Eastern Australia. This tree is introduced into this list
inasmuch as the very bushy variety known as A. Sophorse (R.
Brown) renders most important services in subduing loose coast-
sand ; it should therefore be disseminated on extensively bare sand-
shores. To the recommendations of this bush can be added that it
grows so quickly. The bark of A. longifolia is only half as good as
that of A. decurrens for tanning, and used chiefly for sheep-skins.
The tree is however also of quick growth — 20 to 30 feet in 5 to 6
years (Hartmann).

Acacia macrantha, Bentham.

From Mexico to Argentina ; also in the Galapagos Group. This tree,
usually small, provides the " Cuji-pods" for tanning (Simmonds).

Acacia melanoxylon, R Brown."*

The well-known Blackwood of our river flats and moist forest
valleys, passing also under the inappropriate name of Light Wood.
In irrigated glens of deep soil the tree will attain a height of 80
feet, with a stem several feet in diameter. The wood is most valu-
able for furniture, railway and other carriages, boat-building (stem
and stern post, ribs, rudder), for tool-handles, crutches, some portion
of the work of organ-builders, casks, billiard-tables, pianofortes
(for sound-boards and actions), and numerous other purposes. The
fine-grained wood is cut into veneers. It takes a fine polish, and
is considered almost equal to Walnut. Our best wood for bending
under steam, it does not warp and twist. Our local experiments
gave the strength in transverse strain of Blackwood equal to
Eucalyptus wood of middling strength, approaching that of the
American White Oak, and surpassing that of the Kauri.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. i

Acacia moniliformis, Grisebach.

Argentina. The "Tusca." The pods are used for feeding horses
and cattle (Dr. Lorentz).

Acacia microbotrya, Bentham.

In the waterless interior of South-West Australia. The "Bad-
jong." A comparatively tall species, which, according to Mr. Geo.
Whitfield, produces often 50 Ibs. of gum from one tree in a season.
The aborigines store the gum in hollow trees for winter use ; it is
of a pleasant, sweetish taste.

Acacia pendula, All. Cunningham.

New South Wales and Queensland. Generally in marshy tracts of
the interior. One of the Myall trees.

Acacia penninervis, Sieber.

Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. A small tree, so
hardy as to occupy sub-alpine localities. The bark contains about
18 per cent, of tannin.

Acacia pycnantha, Bentham.*

Victoria and South Australia. The Golden or Green Wattle
of the colonists. This tree, which attains a maximum height
of about 30 feet, is second perhaps only to A. decurrens in
importance for its yield of tanners' bark ; the quality of the
latter is even sometimes superior to that of the Black Wattle,
but its yield is less, as the tree is smaller and the bark thinner.
It is of rapid growth, content with almost any soil, but is generally
found in poor sandy ground near the sea-coast, and thus also
important for binding rolling sand. Experiments instituted by me
have proved the artificially dried bark to contain from 30 to 45
per cent, tanning principle, full-grown sound trees supplying the
best quality. The aqueous infusion of the bark can be reduced
by boiling to a dry extract, which in medicinal and other respects
is equal to the best Indian catechu, as derived from Acacia catechu,
and A. suma. It yields about 30 per cent., about half of whidb
or more is mimosa-tannic acid. This catechu is also of great use
for preserving against decay articles subject to exposure in water,
such as ropes, nets, fishing-lines, &c. While, according to Mr..
Simmons, the import of the bark of oaks, hemlock-spruce, into*
England becomes every year less, and while the import of sumach
and ganabir does not increase, the annual demand for tanning
substance has since the last twenty years been doubled. A.
pycnantha is also important for its copious yield of gum, wlikh is ;
in some localities advantageously collected for home consumption^
and also for export. The wood, though not of large dimensions^
is well adapted for staves, handles of various instruments and

8 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

articles of turnery, especially bobbins (Dickinson). By improved
methods the fragrant oil of the flowers will doubtless be fixed,
though its absolute isolation might be difficult and unremunerative.
The tree as a rule seeds well. Leaves also very rich in tannin.

Acacia retinodes, Schlechtendal.

South-East Australia. Ascertained already in 1846 by Dr.
Hermann Behr to yield a good tanners' bark and much gum.
This Acacia is ever-flowering, and in this respect quite exceptional.
It likes river-banks, but never grows beyond the height of a small
tree.

Acacia Seyal, Delile.

In the Libyan and Nubian Deserts. This thorny tree exudes a
brownish kind of gum-arabic. It is adapted for the most arid
desert country. In any oasis it forms a large and shady tree.
Native name, "SofFar."

Acacia stenocarpa, Hochstetter.

Abyssinia and Nubia. A large tree, which yields the brownish
Suak or Talha Gum, a kind of gum-arabic. (Hanbury and
Flueckiger).

Acacia stenophylla, A. Cunningham.

On banks of water-courses in the interior of Australia, as far
south as the Murray River. A tree with exquisite, hard, dark
wood, serving like Myall wood.

Acacia Verek, Guillemin <fe Perrottet.

From Senegambia to Nubia. Affords the best white gum-arabic
of the Nile region, and a large quantity of this commercial article.
A. Etbaica (Schweinf.) from the same region produces also a good
mercantile gum.

Acanthophoenix rubra, H. "VVendland.

Mauritius and Reunion. This palm proved hardy as far south as
Sydney (C. Moore). Height to 60 feet. The upper rings of the
stem are of a bright red. •

Acanthosicyos horrida, Welwitsch.

In the deserts of Angola, Benguela, and Damarland. This thorny,
cucurbitaceous, erect shrub bears fruits of orange size and colour,
of pleasant acidulous taste. The seeds are also edible. The plant
will live in the most arid desert land, and is one of the few which
resist the scorching effects of even the sirocco.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

Acer campestre, Linne.

The British Maple. Extends from Middle Europe to North Asia.
Height 40 feet, in shelter and deep soil ; the yellow and purple
tints of its foliage in autumn render the tree then particularly
beautiful. The wood is compact and fine-grained, and sought for
choice furniture. The tree can be trimmed for hedge-growth.
Comparatively quick of growth, and easily raised from seed.
These remarks apply to many kinds of maples.

Acer circinnatum, Pursh.

Tlie Vine-Maple of North- West America, forming in Oregon
impenetrable forests on account of its long branches bending to
the ground and striking root. The stem is sometimes 40 feet long,
but slender. The wood is heavier and of closer grain than that of
A. macrocarpum (Dr. Gibbons).

Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart.

The White Maple of North America. Likes rather a warmer
climate than the other American Maples, and therefore particu-
larly desirable for us here. Height 50 feet ; wood pale and soft,
stem sometimes 9 feet in diameter. Much praised for street-
planting ; growth comparatively rapid. It produces no suckers,
nor is the tree subject to disease. A most beautiful tree, with a
stout stem and a magnificent crown, growing best on the banks of
rivers with limpid water and a gravelly bed, but never in swampy
ground, where the Red Maple takes its place. The wood is of less
strength and durability than that of its congeners, but produces
excellent charcoal. It may be cut into extreme thinness for wood-
paperhangings (Simmonds). The tree also yields Maple-sagar,
though not in such quantity as A. saccharinum.

Acer macrophyllum, Pursh.

Large Oregon-Maple. From British Columbia to North Mexico.
Tree up to 90 feet high, of quick growth ; stem attaining 16 feet
in circumference ; wood whitish, beautifully veined. A fine shade-
tree ; delights on banks of streams. The inner bark can be
utilised for baskets, hats, and superior mats ; the hard and close
wood is a substitute for hickory. The curled wood is splendid
for ornamental work. Maple-sugar is manufactured from the sap
(Sargent).

Acer Negundo, Linne.

The Box-Elder of North America. A tree, deciduous like the rest
of the Maples ; attains a height of about 50 feet, and is rich in
saccharine sap ; according to Yasey it contains almost as much as

10 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

the Sugar-Maple. Proved well adapted for our country. In Cali-
fornia it is used extensively as a shade-tree. Cultivated, the stem
attains about 8 inches in diameter in 8 years (Brewer). The wood
is yellow, marked with violet and rosy veins (Simmonds).

Acer niveum, Blume.

Continental and Insular India, up on the forest ranges. This is
the tallest of the Maples, attaining a height of 150 feet. Several
other large Maples worthy of cultivation, particularly in parks,
occur on the mountains of India.

Acer palmatum, Thunberg.

This beautiful tree, with deeply cleft leaves, is indigenous to Japan,
where various varieties with red- and yellow-tinged leaves occur.
Should it be an aim to bring together all the kinds of Maples,
which could be easily grown in appropriate spots, then Japan alone
would furnish 25 species.

Acer platanoides, Linne.

The Norway-Maple, extending south to Switzerland. Up to 70
feet high. The pale wood much used by cabinet-makers. Tint of
the autumn foliage golden-yellow. A tree of imposing appear-
ance, much recommended for ornamental gardening ; it gives a
denser shade than most of the other Maples.

Acer pseudo-platanus, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, West Asia. The Sycamore-Maple or
Spurious Plane. Attains a height of over 100 feet. The wood is
compact and firm, valuable for various implements, instruments,
and cabinet-work ; — for instance, for mangles, presses, dishes,
printing and bleaching works, beetling-beams, and in foundries for
patterns (Simmonds) ; also for the back, neck, sides, and circle of
violins, for pianofortes (portion of the mechanism), it being free-
cutting and clean on the end-grain. It furnishes like some other
Maples a superior charcoal. Will admit of exposure to sea-air.
The sap also saccharine.

Acer rubrum, Linne.

The Red Maple of North- America. A tree, attaining 80 feet ; wood
close-grained. Grows well with several other Maples, even in dry,
open localities, although the foliage may somewhat suffer from hot
winds, but thrives most luxuriantly in swampy, fertile soil. It is
valued for street-planting. The foliage turns red in autumn. The
wood is of handsome appearance, used in considerable quantity for
saddle-trees, yokes, turnery, chairs and other furniture. That of
old trees is sometimes cross-grained, and thus furnishes a portion

IN EXTRA-TKOPICAL COUNTRIES. 11

of the curled Maple-wood, which is very beautiful and much in
request for gun-stocks and inlaying. The tree yields also Maple-
sugar, but, like A. dasycarpum, only in about half the quantity
obtainable from A. saccharinum (Porcher).

Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim.*

The Sugar- or Rock-Maple ; one of the largest of the genus. It
is the national emblem of Canada. In the colder latitudes of
North America 80 or rarely 120 feet high, with a stem 3 to 4 feet
in diameter. The wood is strong, tough, hard, close-grained, of
rosy tinge, and when well seasoned used for axle-trees, spokes,
shafts, poles, and furniture, exteriors of pianos, saddle-trees, wheel-
wrights' work, wooden dishes, founders' patterns, flooring ; not apt
to warp ; preferred for shoe-last ; when knotty or curly it fur-
nishes the Birdseye and Curly Maple-wood. From the end of
February till the earlier part of April the trees, when tapped, will
yield the saccharine fluid, which is so extensively converted into
Maple-sugar, each tree yielding 12 to 24 gallons of sap in a season,
3 to 6 gallons giving lib. of sugar; but exceptionally the yield
may rise to 100 and more gallons. The tapping process commences
at the age of 20 years, and may be continued for 40 years or
more without destruction of the tree (G. Maw). According
to Porcher, instances are on record of 33 Bbs. of sugar having been
obtained from a single tree in one season. The Sugar-Maple is
rich in potash, furnishing a large proportion of this article in the
United States. The bark is an important constituent in several of
the American dyes. The tree is particularly recommended for our
Alpine regions. It bears a massive head of foliage on a slender
stem. The autumnal colouring is superb. In the Eastern States
of North America the Sugar-Maple is regarded as the best tree for
shade-avenues. Numerous other Maples exist, among which as
the tallest may be mentioned Acer Creticum, L., of South Europe,
40 feet ; A. Isevigatum, A. sterculiaceum, and A. villosum,
"Wallich, of Nepal, 40 feet; A. pictum, Thunb., of Japan,
30 feet.

Achillea Millefolium, Linne.

Yarrow or Millfoil. Europe, Northern Asia, and North America.
A perennial medicinal herb of considerable astringency, pervaded
with essential oil, containing also a bitter principle (achillein), and
a peculiar acid, which takes its name from the generic appellation
of the plant.

Achillea moschata, Wulfen.

Alps of Europe. The Genipi or Iva of the Alpine inhabitants.
This perennial herb ought to be transferred to our Snowy

12 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Mountains. With the allied A. nana (L.) and A. atrata (L. ), it enters
as a component into the aromatic medicinal Swiss tea. Many
species of this genus, including the Yarrow, are wholesome to
sheep. A. fragrantissima (Reichenbach) is a shrubby species from
the deserts of Egypt, valuable for its medicinal flowers.

Achras sapota, Linne.

The Sapodilla Plum of West India and Central Continental
America. A fine evergreen tree, producing delicious fruit.
Achras Australis, a tree yielding also tolerably good fruit, occurs in
New South Wales. Other sapotaceous trees, producing table-fruit,
such as the Lucuma mammosa (the Marmalade-Tree), Lucuma
Bonplandi, Chrysophyllum Cainito (the Star Apple), all from West
India, and Lucuma Cainito of Peru, might also be subjected to
trial culture in our forest- valleys \ so furthermore many of the
trees of this order, from which gutta-percha is obtained (species of
Dichopsis, Isonandra, Sideroxylon, Cacosmanthus, Bassia, Mimu-
sops, Imbricaria and Payenia), would prove hardy in sheltered
woodlands, as they seem to need rather an equable, humid, mild
clime than the heat of the torrid zone.

Aconitum Napellus, Linne.

The Monk's Hood. In the colder especially mountainous parts of
Europe and Northern Asia. A powerful medicinal plant of
perennial growth, but sometimes only of biennial duration, variable
in its forms. It was first introduced into Australia, together with
a number of other Aconits, by the writer of this communication.
All the species possess more or less modified medicinal qualities, as
well in their herb as in their root ; but so dangerously powerful are
they that the plants can only be administered by the exercise of
legitimate medical practice. Napellus root, according to Dr.
Wittstein, contains three alkaloids : aconitin, napellin and narcotin.
The foliage contains also a highly acrid volatile principle, perhaps
chemically not unlike that of many other Ranunculacese. Aconitin,
one of the most potent of any of the medicinal substances in
existence, can likewise be obtained from the Nepalese Aconitum
ferox, and probably from several other species of the genus.

Acorus Calamus, Linne.

The Sweet Flag. Europe, Middle and North Asia, North America.
A perennial pond or lake plant. The somewhat aromatic root is
used as a stomachic, and also in the preparation of confectionery,
in the distillation of gin and liqueurs, and in the brewing of some
kinds of beer. The flavour of the root depends mainly on a
peculiar volatile oil.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 13

Acrocomia Mexicana, Karwinski.

Mexico ; also in the cooler regions up to 3,000 feet. (Middle
temperature, 17 'Celsius; Drude). A prickly palm, 20 feet high,
accompanied by very slender Chamsedora-Palms in the shade of
Oak-forests.

Actsea spicata, Linne.

The Baneberry. On forest mountains, mainly in limestone soil
of Europe, North Asia and North America. A perennial medi-
cinal herb. Its virtue- depends on peculiar acrid and bitter as
well as tonic principles. In North America this species and like-
wise A. alba are also praised as efficacious antidotes against
ophidian poisons.

Adeno sternum nitidum, Persoon.

South Chili, where this stately tree passes by the appellations
Queule, Nuble and Aracua. Wood durable and beautifully veined.
Fruit edible.

Adesmia balsamica, Bertero.

The Jarilla .of Chili. A small shrub, remarkable for exuding a
fragrant balsam of some technic value.

-ZEgiceras majus, Gaertner.

South Asia, Polynesia, North and East Australia. This spurious
mangrove tree extends far south in New South Wales. It may be
employed for staying the off-flow of mud by the tide, and for thus
consolidating shores subject to inundation by sea-floods.

JEschynomene aspera, Linne.

The Solah of tropical Asia and Africa. A large perennial erect or
floating swamp-plant. Introduced from the Botanic Gardens of
Melbourne into the tropical parts of Australia. The pith-hats are
made from the young stems of this plant. It is also a substitute
for cork in various appliances. The Solah is of less importance for
cultivation than for naturalization.

-^Esculus flava, Aiton.

North-America. This showy tree rises to 60 feet. The wood is
light, soft, and porous, not inclined to split or crack in drying.
It is valuable for troughs, bread-trays, wooden bowls, shuttles
(Simmons).

.flSsculus Hippocastanum, Linne.

The Horse-Chestnut Tree. Indigenous to Central Asia. In North
Greece, Thessaly and Epirus, on high ranges (Heldreich), wild and
associated there with the Walnut, several Oaks and Pines, at an

14 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

altitude of 3-4,000 feet, in Imeretia, Caucasus (Eichwald). One of
the most showy of deciduous trees, more particularly when during
spring " it has reached the meridian of its glory, and stands forth
in all the gorgeousness of leaves and blossoms." Height 60 feet.
Circumference of stem up to 16 feet. It will succeed in sandy soil
on sheltered spots ; the wood adapted for furniture ; the seeds yield
starch copiously, and supply also a food for various domestic
animals ; the bark a good tanning material. The wood remains
free from insects ; it is used for a variety of purposes, including the
slips of pianofortes. The tree ascends the Himalayas up to 10,000
feet. A variety is known with thornless fruits. Three species
occur in Japan, and several, but none of great height, in North
America and South Asia.

2Esculus Californica, Nuttall.

California. This beautiful tree attains a height of 50 feet, with a
stem 2 feet in diameter, the crown spreading out exceptionally over
a distance of 60 feet, the upper branches touching the ground. In
full bloom it is a magnificent ornament, with its crowded snow-
white flowers, visible for a long distance. The wood is light and
porous, and used for the yokes of oxen and for various other
implements (Dr. Gibbons).

JEsculus Indica, Colebrooke.

In the Himalayas, from 3,500 to 9,000 feet. Height finally 50
feet ; trunk comparatively short, occasionally with a girth of
25 feet. Never quite without leaves. Can be used like the Horse-
Chestnut as an ornamental shade-tree. Other Asiatic species are
A. Punduana (Wallich), A. turbinata (Blume), A. Sinensis
(Bunge), and A. dissimilis (Blume).

JEsculus turbinata, Blume.

Japan. The seeds are there used for human food.

Agaricus Caesareus, Schaeffer.

In the Spruce-forests of Middle and South Europe. Trials might
be made to naturalise this long-famed and highly delicious Mush-
room in our forests. It attains a width of nearly one foot, and is
of a magnificent orange colour. Numerous other edible Agarics
could doubtless be brought into this country by the mere dissemi-
nation of the spores at apt localities. As large or otherwise
specially eligible may here be mentioned A. extinctorius L., A.
melleus Vahl., A. deliciosus L., A. giganteus Sowerby, A. Carda-
rella Fr., A. Marzuolus Fr., A. eryngii Cand., A. splendens Pers.,
A. odorus Bulliard, A. auricula Cand., A. oreades Bolt., A. escu-
lentus Wulf., A. mouceron Tratt., A. socialis Cand., all from

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 15

Europe, besides numerous other highly valuable species from other
parts of the globe. Professor Goeppert adds as edible species sold
in Silesia and other parts of Germany : A. decorus Fries, A. fusip^s
Bull, A. gambosus Fries, A. procerus Scop., A. scorodonius Fries,
A. silvaticus Schaef., A. virgineus Wulf., A volemus Fries, besides
the almost cosmopolitan A, campestris Lirnie. Mushroom-beds are
best made from horse-manure, mixed with -J loam, the scattering of
the spawn (spores) to be effected when the temperature of the hot-
bed has become reduced to 85° F., the sowing of the mushroom
fragments to be made >3 inches deep and 4 inches apart ; 1 inch
sifted loam over the damp bed and some hay to cover the whole.
After two months mushrooms can be gathered from the bed. In
Japan mushrooms are reared on decayed split logs, and largely
consumed and exported. In France mushrooms are grown in
caves to an enormous extent. Puff-balls are also edible, and some
of them delicious (Meehan).

Agaricus flammeus, Fries.

In Cashmere a large and excellent edible mushroom (Dr.
Aitchison). Some of the noxious mushrooms become edible by
drying. Professor Morren mentions among edible Belgian species
Agaricus laccatus, Scop., Lycoperdon Bovista, L., Russula integra,
L., Sclerodesma vulgare, Fries. Any kind of cavern might be
turned into a mushroom-field ; the spawn is spread on fermented
manure, and kept moist by water, to which some saltpetre is added.
They all afford a highly nutritious introgenous food.

Agaricus ostreatus, Jacquin.

On trunks chiefly of deciduous trees throughout Europe. The
delicious Oyster-Mushroom, renowned since antiquity (Fries).

Agave Americana, Linne.

The gigantic Aloe of Central America. It comes here into flower
in about ten years. The pithy stem can be utilised for some of the
purposes to which cork is usually employed — for instance, to form
the bottoms of insect-cases. The honey-sucking birds and the bees
are very fond of the flowers of this prodigious plant. The leaves of
this and some other Agaves, such as A. Mexicana, furnish the
strong Pita-fibre, which is adapted for ropes, and even for beautiful
textile fabrics. The strength of ropes of this fibre is considerably
greater than that of hemp ropes, as well in as out of water. The
leaves contain saponin. The sap can be converted into alcohol, and
thus the " Pulque" beverage is prepared from the young flower-
stem. Where space and circumstances admit of it, impenetrable
hedges may be raised in the course of some years from Agaves.

16 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Agave rigida, Miller. (A. Ixtli, Karwinsky.)

Yucatan. The Chelem, Henequen and Sacci of the Mexicans,
furnishing the Sisal-hemp. Drs. Perrine, Scott and Engelmann
indicate several varieties of this stately plant, the fibre being there-
fore also variable, both in quantity and quality. The yield of fibre
begins in four or five years, and lasts for half a century or more,
the plant being prevented from flowering by cutting away its
flower-stalk when very young. The leaves are from 2 to 6 feet
long and 2 to 6 inches wide; the flower-stem attains a height of 25
feet, the panicle of flowers about 8 feet long, bearing in abundance
bulb-like buds. Other large species of Agave, all fibre-yielding,
are A. antillarum (Descourtil) from Hayti ; A. Parryi (Engel-
mann) from New Mexico ; A. Palmeri (Engelmann) from South
Arizona, up to an elevation of 6,000 feet.

Agriophyllum gobicum.

Eastern Asia. The " Soulkir " of the Mongols. Przevalsky says
that this plant affords a great part of the vegetable food of the Ala-
Shan nomads. Several other annual salsolaceous herbs belong to
the genus Agriophyllum.

Agrostis alba, Linne.

The Fiorin or White Bent-Grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia,
North Africa, North America. Perennial, showing a predilection
for moisture ; can be grown on peat soil. It is the Herd-Grass of
the United States. It is valuable as an admixture to many other
grasses, as it becomes available at the season, when some of them
fail. Sinclair regards it as a pasture-grass inferior to Festuca
pratensis and Dactylis glomerata, but superior to Alopecurus pra-
tensis. The variety with long suckers (A. stolonifera) is best
adapted for sandy pastures, and helps to bind shifting sand on the
sea-coast, or broken soil on river-banks. It luxuriates even on
saline wet soil or periodically inundated places, as well observed by
Langethal. It is more a grass for cattle-country than for sheep
pasture, but wherever it is to grow the soil must be penetrable. Its
turf on coast-meadows is particularly dense and of remarkable
fineness. For sowing only one-sixth of the weight of the seeds, as
compared with those of the Rye-Grass, is needed.

Agrostis rubra, Linne. (A. borealis, Hartmann.)

Northern Europe, Asia and America. A perennial grass called
Red-top, and also Herd-Grass in the United States of North
America. Professor Meehan places it for its value as pasture
among grasses cultivated there next after Phleum pratense and Poa
pratensis (the latter there called Blue Grass), and before Dactylis
glomerata (the Orchard-Grass of the United States).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 17

Agrostis scabra, "Willdenow.*

The Hair-Grass of North America. Recently recommended as one
of the best lawn-grasses, forming a dense turf. It will grow even
on poor gravelly soil, and endure drought as well as extreme cold.
Its fine roots and suckers spread rapidly, forming soon dense matted
sods (according to Dr. Channing). It starts into new growth
immediateiy after being cut, is for its sweetness picked by pasture
animals preferentially, has proved one of the best grasses for dairy
ground, and suppresses weeds like Hordeum secalinum. One bushel
of seed to an acre suffices for pasture-land ; two bushels are used
for lawns.

Agrostis Solandri, F. v. Mueller.

Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. Produces a large
quantity of sweet fodder in damp localities (Bailey). Valuable as
a meadow-grass (W. Hill). It is essentially a winter-grass. The
chemical analysis in spring gave the following results : Albumen,
4-OS; Gluten, 8-81; Starch, 1-34; Gum, 2-5g^§U^5 per
cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Hummel.)

Agrostis vulgaris, Withering. rj ^'.

Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, North Jpjierica. One of the
perennial grasses which disseminate themselves with celerity, even
over the worst of sandy soils. Though not aHall grass, it may be
destined to contribute perhaps with Aira carieseens and others
largely to the grazing capabilities of desert lands ; yet it -will thrive
also even in moist soil and Alpine regions, and is essentially a grass
for sheep-country.

Ailantus glandulosa, Linne.

South-East Asia. A hardy, deciduous tree, 60 feet high, of rather
rapid growth, and of very imposing aspect in any landscape. Par-
ticularly valuable on account of its leaves, which afford food to a silk-
worm (Bombyx Cynthia) peculiar to this tree; wood extremely durable,
pale yellow, of silky lustre when planed, and therefore valued for
joiners' work ; it is tougher than oak or elm, easily worked, and
not liable to split or warp. In South Europe planted for avenues.
For this purpose prevailingly staminate trees are not eligible on
account of the strong odour of the pistillate flowers. Valuable
also for reclaiming coast-sands, and to this end easily propagated by
suckers and fragments of roots according to Professor Sargent.
The growth of the tree is quick even in poor soil, but more so in
somewhat calcareous bottoms. Thrives on chalk (Vasey). Professor
Meehan states that it interposes the spread of the rose-bug, to
which the tree is destructive.

18 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Aira csespitosa, Linne.

Widely dispersed over the globe. A rough fodder-grass, best
utilised for laying dry any moist meadows.

Albizzia basaltica, Bentham.

Eastern Sub-tropic Australia. A small tree. The wood praised
by Mr. P. O'Shanesy for its beautiful reddish colour and silky lustre.
Cattle like the foliage. As a genus Pithecolobium differs no more
from Albizzia than Vachellia from Acacia or Cathartocarpus from
Cassia. The oldest generic name is Zygia, but no species was early
described as such.

Albizzia bigemina, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium &i#emimm,Martius.)

India, up to Sikkim and Nepal, ascending in Ceylon to 4,000 feet.
Available for our forests on account of its peculiar dark and hard
wood. Another congener, A. subcoriacea (Pithecolobium sub-
coriaceum, Thwaites), from the mountains of India is deserving,
with numerous other tall species, of cultivation.

Albizzia dulcis, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium dulce, Bentham.)

Mexico. A valuable hedge-plant. The sweet pulp of the pod is
wholesome.

Albizzia Julibrissin, Durazzini.

From the Caucasus to Japan. A favourite ornamental shade-
acacia in South Europe.

Albizzia latisiliqua, F. v. Mueller. (Lysiloma latisiliqua, Bentham.)

Tropical America. A large spreading tree ; diameter of trunk to
3 feet ; wood excellent for select cabinet-work, excelling, according
to Nuttall, the Mahogany in its variable shining tints, which appear
like watered satin ; it is white, hard, and close-grained.

Albizzia Lebbek, Bentham.

The Siris- Acacia of South and Middle Asia, North Africa. Avail-
able as a shade-tree. It produces also a good deal of gum.

Albizzia lophantha, Benth. (Acacia lophantha, Willdenow.)

South- West Australia. One of the most rapidly-growing trees for
copses and first temporary shelter in exposed localities, but never
attaining to the size of a real tree. It produces seeds abundantly,
which germinate most easily. For the most desolated places,
especially in desert tracts, it is of great importance to create quickly
shade, shelter and copious vegetation. Cattle browse on the leaves.
The bark contains only about 8 per cent, mimosa-tannin ; but Mr.
Hummel found in the dry root about 10 per cent, of saponin,

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 19

valuable in silk and wool factories. Saponin also occurs in Xylia
dolabriformis of South Asia. In Australia found better still than the
Broom-bush for shelter of new forest plantations in open sand-lands.

Albizzia Saman, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium Saman, Bentham.)

Mexico. A lofty tree, particularly valuable for wet saline country.
The pulpy pods are edible.

Albizzia Saman, F. v. Mueller.

The Rain-tree or Guango, extending from Mexico to Brazil and
Peru. It attains a height of 70 feet ; trunk, 6 feet in diameter,
the colossal branches expanding to 130 feet, and is of quick growth.
In outline not unlike an oak ; it forms a magnificent feature in a
landscape. It thrives in the dry salt-pond districts of the "West
Indies, and likes the vicinity of the sea. Bain and dew fall through
its foliage, Avhich is shut up at night, thus allowing grass to
grow underneath. It thrives best where the rainfall fluctuates
between 30 and 60 inches a year. One of the best trees in mild
climes for roadside shade-lines. The wood is hard and ornamental,
but the principal utility of the tree lies in its pulpy pods, which
are produced in great abundance, and constitute a very fattening
fodder for all kinds of pastoral animals, which eat them with
relish (Jenman, J. H. Stephens.)

Albizzia stipulata, Bentham.

South Asia to the Himalayas and China. An umbrageous tree of
easy culture.

Alchemilla vulgaris, Linne.

Europe, West Asia, Arctic North America, Alpine Australia. This
perennial herb is important for moist dairy-pastures. The same
can be said of other congeners ; for instance, A. alpina L., from
the coldest parts of Europe, North Asia and North America ; A.
Capensis (Thunberg) and A. elongata (Ecklon and Zeyher) of South
Africa, some Abyssinian species, as well as A. pinnata (Ruiz and
Pavon) and other congeners of the Andes.

Aletris farinosa, Linne.

The Colic-Root of the woodlands of North America. This pretty
herb is of extreme bitterness, and can be medicinally administered
as a tonic.

Aleurites cordata, R. Brown.

From Japan to Nepal, also in Bourbon. This tree for its beauty
and durable wood deserves cultivation in our plantations in humid
districts. The oil of the seeds serves as varnish. Perhaps in
localities free of frost it would be of sufficiently quick growth.

20 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Aleurites triloba, R and G. Forster.

The Candlenut-tree, a native of the tropics of both hemispheres,
which furnishes a valuable dye from its fruits, and copious oil from
its seeds. I found the tree barely able to endure the winters of
Melbourne.

Alibertia edulis, A. Richard.

Guiana and Brazil, southward to extra-tropic latitudes, widely
dispersed through the drier regions. The fruit of this shrub is edible
and known as " Marmeladmha. " A. Melloana (J. Hooker), of
South Brazil, seems to serve the same purpose.

Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch.

On sandy places around the Mediterranean Sea. It yields the
Alkanna-root used for dyeing oleaginous and other substances. It
might be naturalized. Can be grown in almost pure sand.

Allium Canadense, Kalm.

North American Garlic. Could be cultivated or naturalized on
moist meadows for the sake of its top bulbs, which are much sought
for pickles of superior flavour.

Allium roseum, Linne.

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This, with Allium Neapolita-
num (Cyrillo), one of its companions, yields edible roots, according
to Heldreich.

Allium leptophyllum, Wallich.

The Himalayan Onion. Captain Pogson regards the bulbs as
sudorific ; they are of stronger pungency than ordinary onions ;
the leaves form a good condiment.

Allium Schaenoprasum, Linne.

The Chives. Europe, Northern Asia and North America. Avail-
able for salads and condiments. This species of Allium seems not
yet so generally adopted in our culinary cultivation as Allium
Ascalonicum (the Shallot), A. Cepa (the ordinary Onion), A. fistu-
losum (the Welsh Onion), A. Porrum (the Leek), and A. sativum
(the Garlic). A. Scorodoprasum, or the Sand-Leek of Europe and
North Africa, resembles both Garlic and Shallot. A. Ampelo-
prasum is the British Leek, which extends over Middle and South
Europe and West Asia, called in culture the Summer-Leek, a
variety of which is the Early Pearl-Leek.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 21

Alnus glutinosa, Gaertner.

The ordinary Alder. Throughout Europe and extra-tropical Asia,
up to 70 feet high ; well adapted for river-banks ; recommended by
Wessely for wet valleys in coast-sand ; wood soft and light, turning
red, furnishing one of the best charcoals for gunpowder ; it is also
durable under water, and adapted for turners' and joiners' work.
The wood is also well suited for pump-trees and other underground
work, as it will harden almost like stone. The tree is valuable for
the utilization of bog-land. A. incana (Willd.) extends to North
America ; it is of smaller size. The bark of several Alders is of
great medicinal value, and a decoction will give to cloth saturated
with lye an indelible orange colour (Porcher) ; it contains a pecu-
liar tannic principle. American Alder-extract has come into use
for tanning ; it renders skins particularly firm, mellow, and well-
coloured (Eaton). The bark contains 36 per cent, tannin (Mus-
pratt). A. Oregana, Nuttall, of California and Oregon, rises to a
height of 80 feet; its wood is extensively used for bent-work
(Meehan). A. Japonica and firma (Sieb. and Zuoo.), of Japan,
furnish wood there for carvers and turners and bark for black dye
(Dupont).

Alnus Nepalensis, D. Don.

Himalayas, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet. Beaches a height of
60 feet. With another Himalayan Alder, A. nitida (Endlicher), it
can be grown along streams for the sake of its wood.

Aloe dichotoxna, Linne, fil.

Damara and Namaqua-land. This species attains a height of
30 feet, and expands occasionally with its branches so far as to give
a circumference of 40 feet. The stem is remarkably smooth, with
a girth sometimes of 12 feet. It is a yellow flowering species.
A. Bainesii (Baker and Dyer) is almost as gigantic as the foregoing.
Both doubtless yield medical gum-resin like many others. A. Bar-
berse, which is closely related to A. Zeyheri, attains in Caffraria a
height of 40 feet, with a stem 16 feet in circumference at 3 feet
from the ground.

Aloe ferox, Miller.

South Africa. This species yields the best Cape aloe, as observed
by Dr. Pappe. The simply inspissated juice of the leaves of the
various species of the genus constitutes the Aloe drug. It is best
obtained by using neither heat nor pressure for extracting the sap.
By re-dissolving the aqueous part in cold water and reducing the
liquid through boiling to dryness the extract of aloes is prepared.
All species are highly valuable, and can be used, irrespective of their
medicinal importance, to beautify any rocky or otherwise arid spot.

22 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Aloe linguiformis, Miller.

South Africa. According to Thunberg, from this species the purest
gum-resin is obtained.

Aloe plicatilis, Miller.

South Africa. The drug of this species acts milder than that of
A. ferox.

Aloe purpurascens, Haworth.

South Africa. Another of the plants which furnish the Cape aloe
of commerce. The South African aloe arborescens (Miller) and
A. Cominelyni (Willdenow) are also drawn into use for aloe,
according to Baillon, Saunders and Hanbury.

Aloe SOCOtrina, Lamarck. (A. vera, Linne.)

Hills of the Island of Socotra. Extending as a native plant along
the Red Sea and the shores of India. Also cultivated in Barbadoes
and elsewhere, thus yielding the Socotriii aloe and Moka aloe.

Aloe spicata, Thunberg.

South Africa. This also provides Cape aloe. It is an exceedingly
handsome plant.

Aloe vulgaris, Lamarck.

The Yellow-flowered Aloe. Countries around the Mediterranean
Sea, also Canary Islands, on the sandy or rocky sea-coast. Such
places could also here readily be utilised for this and allied plants.
Dr. Sibthorp identified this species with the A\6rj of Dioscorides ;
hence it is not probable that A. vulgaris is simultaneously also
of American origin, although it is cultivated in the Antilles, and
furnishes from thence the main supply of the Barbadoes aloe, also
Curagao aloe. In East India this species also seemingly only exists in
a cultivated state. Haworth found the leaves of this and of
A. striata softer and more succulent than those of any other aloe.
It is said to be the only species with yellow flowers among those
early known. It is also this species only which Professor Willkomm
and Professor Parlatore record as truly wild in Spain and Italy.

Aloe Zeyheri, Harvey.

South Africa. A magnificent, very tall species ; doubtless valuable
like the rest.

Aloexylon Agallochum, Loureiro.

Cochin-China, on the highest mountains. The precious aloe- wood,
so famed for its balsamic fragrance and medicinal properties, is
derived from this tree.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 23

Alopecurus bulbosus, Linne.

Middle and South Europe. An important grass for salt-marshes. ;

Alopecurus geniculatus, Linne.

Europe, Asia, North Africa. A good fodder-grass for swampy
ground ; easily naturalised.

Alopecurus pratensis, Linne.*

Meadow Fox-tail Grass. Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia. One of -the best of perennial pasture-grasses. It
attains to its full perfection only after a few years of growth, as
noticed by Sinclair. For this reason it is not equal to Dactylis
glomerata for the purpose of changing crops. Otherwise it is more
nutritious than the latter, although the annual return in Britain
proved less. Langethal places it next to Timothy Grass for artificial
pastures. Sheep thrive well on it. Sinclair and others found that
this grass, when exclusively combined with white clover, will
support from the second season five ewes and five lambs on an acre
of sandy loam. But this grass, to thrive well, needs land not
altogether dry. In all permanent artificial pastures this Alopecurus
should form one of the principal ingredients, because it is so lasting
and so nutritive. It is one of the best grasses for maritime or
alluvial tracts of country. In our Alpine regions it would also
prove prolific, and might convert many places there gradually into
summer pastures. It is early flowering, and likes the presence of
lime in the soil.

Alstonia constricta, F. v. Mueller.

Warmer parts of East Australia, particularly in the dry inland
districts. The bark of this small tree is aromatic bitter, and
regarded as valuable in ague, also as a general tonic. It is allied
to the Dita bark of India and North-Eastern Australia from
Alstonia scholaris (R. Brown), and produces a peculiar alkaloid
(Porphyrin of Hesse). The sap of all Alstonias should be tried for
caoutchouc, that of A. plumosa and another species yielding Fiji
Rubber (Hooker).

Alstroemeria pallida, Graham.

Chili. Palatable starch can be obtained from the root of this plant,
which for its loveliness alone deserves a place in any garden. The
tubers of others of the numerous Alstrcemerias can doubtless be
utilised in a similar technic manner.

Althaea officinalis, Linne.

The Real Marsh-Mallow. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle
Asia. A tall perennial herb, with handsome flowers. The mucil-
aginous root and also the foliage are used for medicinal purposes.
The plant succeeds best on damp, somewhat saline soil.

24 SELECT PLANTS FOB INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Amarantus Blitum, Linne.

South Europe, North Africa, Sonth-West Asia. This annual herb
is a favourite plant among allied ones for spinage ; but not only
species of this genus but also many other Amarantacere serve as
culinary herbs. The dried plant contains 10 to 12 per cent, nitrate
of potash. It arrives at maturity in two to three months, pro-
ducing on good soil about 4 tons per acre, equal to about 400 Ibs.
saltpetre. A. cruentus L., A. hypochondriacus L. and A. caudatus
L. are cultivated in Ceylon, though not all of the agreeable taste
of real spinage. A. frumentaceus, Hamilt., is closely allied to the
first one mentioned, and attains 6 feet on slopes of mountains, when
cultivated in South India for food-grain. The leaves serve as a
vegetable.

Amarantus paniculatus, Linne.

In tropical countries of Asia and also America. An annual herb,
yielding half a pound of floury nutritious seeds on a square yard
of ground in three months, according to Roxburgh. Extensively
cultivated in India.

Amelanchier Botryapium, Candolle.

The Grape-Pear of North America. This handsome fruit tree
attains a height of 30 feet. The purplish or almost black fruits
are small, but of pleasant subacid taste, and ripen early in the
season. It bears abundantly, so much so that Mr. Adams of Ohio
calculated the yield at 300 bushels per acre annually, if the variety
oblongifolia is chosen. It is the Dwarf June-berry of North
America. This bush or tree will live on sand-soil ; but it is one of
those hardy kinds particularly eligible for our Alps.

Amyris terebinthifolia, Tenore.

Brazil. Is perfectly hardy in Victoria, and is content in dry ground
without any irrigation. It proved one of the best among the
smaller avenue-trees, is beautifully spreading and umbrageous, and
probably of medicinal value.

Anacylus Pyrethrum, Candolle.

Countries near the Mediterranean Sea. The root of this perennial
herb is used medicinally.

Andropogon annulatus, Forskael.

Intra- and Sub-tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia. Recommended
by Mr. Walter Hill as a meadow-grass. Dr. Curl observes that it
is both a summer and autumn grass ; that it does not grow fast in
winter, but at the period of its greatest growth sends up an abund-
ance of herbage. a ^dwomo?

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 25

Andropogon argenteus, Candolle.

Pronounced by Leybold to be one of the best fodder-grasses of the
Cordilleras of Chili.

Andropogon australis, Sprengel. (Sorghum plumosum, Beauvois.)
Tropical and also Eastern Extra-tropic Australia as far south as
Gippsland. Brought under notice by Mr. Ch. Moore as an admir-
able perennial pasture-grass. The allied A. tropicus, Sprengel
(Sorghum fulvum, Beauv.), of tropical Australia, South Asia, China,
and Japan, serves similar purposes.

Andropogon avenaceus, Michaux. (Sorghum avenaceum, Willd.)
North and Central America. This tall perennial grass lives in dry
sandy soil, and should here be tried for growth of fodder.

Andropogon bicolor, Roxburgh.

Warmer parts of Asia. One of the annual tall Sorghums. It
ripens its seeds in three or four months from the time of sowing,
the produce in good soil being often upwards of one hundredfold.
It is a wholesome grain.

Andropogon Calamus, Royle.

Central India. The Sweet Calamus of the Ancients. From this
species the Ginger-grass-Oil of JSTemaur is distilled, an article much
used in perfumery.

Andropogon cernuus, Roxburgh.* (Sorghum cernuum, Willd.)

One of the Guinea-Corns. India, where it is much cultivated, and
so also in other tropical countries. It is perennial, and forms the
" staff of life" of the mountaineers beyond Bengal. It reaches a
height of 15 feet, with leaves over 3 feet long. The thick stems
root at the lower joints, and cattle are very fond of them. The
grain is white. The specific limits of the various Sorghums are
not well ascertained.

Andropogon citratus, Candolle.

The Lemon-Grass of India. It yields an essential oil for perfumery ;
besides it is occasionally used for tea. This applies as well to
Andropogon Nardus, L., and some allied grasses.

Andropogon erianthoides, F. v. Mueller.

Eastern Sub-tropical Australia. Mr. Bailey observes of this
perennial grass that " it would be difficult to find a grass superior
for fodder to this ; it produces a heavy crop of rich, sweet, succulent
herbage ; it spreads freely from roots and seeds, and shoots again
when fed down."

26 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Andropogon falcatus, Steudel.

India and Queensland. Considered by Mr. Bailey a good lawn-
grass, of dwarf, compact growth, and of bright verdure.

Andropogon furcatus, Muehlenberg.

Southern States of North America. Strongly recommended by
Bouch£ for fixing loose maritime sand. Attains a height of 5 feet.

Andropogon Gryllos, Linne.

In the warm, temperate, and the hot zone of the eastern hemisphere.
A useful fodder-grass (Bailey).

Andropogon Halepensis, Sibthorp.

South Europe, warmer parts of Asia and North Africa. Praised
already by Theophrastos more than 2,000 years ago. Not easily
repressed in wet ground. A rich perennial grass, cultivated often
under the name of Cuba Grass. It yields a large hay crop, as it
may be cut half a dozen times in a season, should the land be rich.
All kinds of stock have a predilection for this grass. It will mat
the soil with its deep and spreading roots ; hence it should be kept
from cultivated fields. In Victoria hardy up to 2,000 feet elevation.

Andropogon Ivarancusa, Roxburgh.

One of the fragrant grasses of North India, much used like A.
Schcenanthus.

Andropogon montanus, Roxburgh.

South Asia, North and East Australia. Mentioned as a valuable
perennial meadow-grass by Mr. W. Hill.

Andropogon muricatus, Retzius.

India. A swamp-grass, with delightfully fragrant roots. According
to Dr. G. King, the fragrant Indian mats are made of this grass.

Andropogon nutans, Linne. (Sorghum nutans, Gray.)

North America. A tall, nutritious, perennial grass, content with
dry and barren soil.

Andropogon pertusus, Willdenow.

South Asia, Tropical and Sub-tropical Australia. Perennial. Mr.
Nixon, of Benalla, regards it as one of the best grasses to with-
stand long droughts, while it will bear any amount of feeding. It
endures cold better than some other Andropogons of Queensland,
according to Mr. Bailey's observations.

IN" EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 27

Andropogon refractus, R Brown.

North and East Australia, Polynesia. Mr. Bailey observes of this
perennial grass, that it is equally excellent for pastures and hay,
and that it produces a heavy crop during summer ; the root is
fragrant.

Andropogon saccharatus, Roxburgh.* (Sorghum saccharatum,
Pers.)

Tropical Asia. The Broom-Corn. A tall annual species, splendid
as a fodder-grass. Produces of all grasses, except the Teosinte", the
heaviest fodder-crop in warm climes. From the saccharine-juice
sugar is obtainable. A sample of such, prepared from plants of the
Melbourne Botanic Garden, was shown at the Exhibition of 1862.
This Sorghum furnishes also material for a well-known kind of
brooms. A variety or a closely allied species yields the Caffir-Corn
(A. Caffrorum, Kunth). The plant can be advantageously utilised
for preparing treacle. . For this purpose the sap is expressed at the
time of flowering, and simply evaporated ; the yield is about 100
gallons from the acre. In 1860 nearly seven millions of gallons of
sorghum-treacle were produced in the United States. General Le
Due, Commissioner for Agriculture at Washington, states, Mr. Seth
Kenny, of Minnesota, obtained from the " Early Amber" variety
up to 250 gallons of heavy syrup from one acre of this Sorghum.
The stem can be used as a culinary vegetable.

Andropogon schoenanthus, Linne. (A. Martini, Roxb.)

South Asia and Tropical Australia, extending to Japan. A scented
grass, allied to the Indian oil-yielding Andropogons. The medicinal
Siri Oil is prepared from the root. A similar species occurs in arid
places of the interior of North Australia.

Andropogon scoparius, Michaux.

North America. Takes permanently hold of sandy or otherwise
poor land, and is regarded as one of the best forage resources of the
prairies.

Andropogon sericeus, R. Brown.

Hotter regions of Australia, even in desert tracts, also extending to
New Caledonia and the Philippine Islands. A fattening perennial
pasture grass, worthy of praise.

Andropogon Sorghum, Brotero.* (Sorghum vulgare, Persoon.)

The large Indian Millet or Guinea-Corn or the Durra. Warmer
parts of Asia. A tall annual plant. The grains can be converted
into bread, porridge, and other preparations of food. It is a very
prolific corn — Sir John Hearsay counted 12,700 seeds on one

28 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

plant — and particularly valuable for green fodder. The panicles
are used for carpet-brooms, the fibrous roots for velvet-brushes. A
kind of beer called " Merisa" is prepared from the seed. Many
others of the numerous species of Andropogon, from both
hemispheres, deserve our attention.

Anemone Pulsatilla, Linne.

Europe and Northern Asia. On limestone soil. This pretty
perennial herb is of some medicinal importance.

Angophora intermedia, Candolle.

South-East Australia. This is one of the best of the Angophoras,
attaining a large size, and growing with the rapidity of an Euca-
lyptus, but being more close and shady in its foliage. It would
be a good tree to line public roads and to effect shelter plantations.
The Rev. J. Tennison- Woods states that it is not rarely over 150
feet high ; that the wood is hard, bearing dampness well, and very
tough ; but that the many kino veins lessen its usefulness. It is
employed for boards and wheels. Mr. Kirton observes that a single
tree of this species, or of A. lanceolata, will yield as much as two
gallons of liquid kino. Timber useful when extra-toughness is to
be combined with lightness (Reader).

Angophora subvelutina, F. v. Mueller.

Queensland and New South Wales. Attains a height of 100 feet.
The wood is light and tough, soft while green, very hard when dry,
used for wheel-naves, bullock-yokes, handles, &c. ; it burns well and
contains a large proportion of potash (Hartmann). According to
Messrs. Bailey and Kirton, as much as two gallons of liquid kino
can sometimes be obtained from a single tree of Angophora lanceo-
lata.

Anona Cherimolia, Miller.

From Mexico to Peru. One of the Custard- Apples. This shrub
or tree might be tried in the frostless forest-valleys, where humidity
and rich soil will prove favourable to its growth. It is hardy in
the mildest coast regions of Spain. It yields the Cherimoyer fruit.
The flowers are very fragrant.

Anthemis nobilis, Linne.

The true Camomile. Middle and South Europe, North Africa. A
well-known medicinal plant, frequently used as edgings for garden
plots. Flowers in their normal state are preferable for medicinal
use to those in which the ray flowers are produced in increased
numbers. They contain a peculiar volatile oil and two acids similar
to angelic and valerianic acid.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 29

Anthemis tinctoria, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, Orient. An annual herb. The flowers
contain a yellow dye.

Anthistiria avenacea, F. v. Mueller.

New South Wales and Queensland. A nutritious, perennial
pasture-grass. Called by Mr. Bailey " one of the most productive
grasses of Australia" ; it produces a large amount of bottom-fodder,
and it has also the advantage of being a prolific seeder.

Anthistiria ciliata, Linne, fil.* (Anthistiria Australia, R Brown.)

The well-known Kangaroo-Grass, not confined to Australia, but
stretching through Southern Asia also, and through the whole of
Africa. It is mentioned here because its growth should be
encouraged by every means. The chemical analysis instituted
during spring-growth gave the following result : — Albumen, 2-05 ;
gluten, 4-67 ; starch, 0-69 ; gum, 1-67 ; sugar, 3 -06. per cent. (F.
v. Muller and L. Hummel.) There are several species of Anthis-
tiria deserving introduction and naturalisation in warm, temperate
or tropic climes.

Anthistiria membranacea, Lindley.

Interior of Australia. Esteemed as fattening • seeds freely (Bailey).
Particularly fitted for dry, hot pastures, even of desert-regions.

Anthoxanthum odoratum, Linne.

The scented Vernal-Grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia,
North Africa. Perennial, and not of great value as a fattening
grass, yet always desired for the flavour which it imparts to hay.
Perhaps for this purpose the scented Andropogons might serve here
also. On deep and moist soils it attains its greatest perfection. It
is much used for mixing among permanent grasses on pastures,
where it will continue long in season. Ib would live well in our
Alps. Dr. Curl observes, that in New Zealand it grows all the
winter, spring and autumn, and is a good feeding-grass, as we'll as
lawn-grass. The lamellar crystalline Cumarin is the principle on
which the odour of Anthoxanthum depends.

Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoffmann.

Europe and West Asia. The Chervil. An annual culinary plant ;
its herbage used as an aromatic condiment, but the root seemingly
deleterious.

A nthyllis vulneraria, Linne.

The Kidney Yetch. All Europe, North Africa, West Asia. This
perennial herb serves as sheep-fodder, and is particularly recom-
mended for calcareous soils. It would also live on our Alps.

30 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Apios tuberosa, Moench.

North America. A climber, with somewhat milky juice. The
mealy tubers are edible.

Apium graveolens, Linne".

The Celery. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia. It
is here merely inserted with a view of pointing out, that it might
be readily naturalised on our sea-shores.

Apium pro stratum, La Billardiere.

The Australian Celery. Extra-tropical Australia, New Zealand,
Extra-tropical South America. This also can be utilised as a
culinary vegetable.

Apocynum cannabinum, Linne.

On river-banks in North America. A perennial herb. This is
recorded among plants yielding a textile fibre.

Aponogeton crispus, Thunberg.

From India to New South Wales. The tuberous roots of this
water-herb are amylaceous and of excellent taste, though not large.
The same remarks apply to A. monostachyus, Linne, fil.

Aponogeton distachyos, Thunberg.

South Africa. This curious water-plant might be naturalised in
our ditches, swamps, and lakes, for the sake of its edible tubers.
The scented flowering portion affords spinage.

Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxburgh.

On the mountains of Silhet and Assam. A tree of immense size.
It furnishes the fragrant calambac or agallochum-wood, known also
as aggur or tuggur or the aloe-wood of commerce, famed since
ancient times. The odorous portion is only partially distributed
through the stem. This wood is also of medicinal value.

Arachis hypogsea, Linne.*

The Earth-nut, Pea-nut, or Ground-nut. Brazil. The seeds of
this annual herb are consumed in a roasted state, or used for press-
ing from them a palatable oil. The plant is a very productive one,
and yields a very quick return. It ranks also as a valuable fodder-
herb; the hay is very nutritious, much increasing the milk of cows.
A light somewhat calcareous soil is best fitted for its growth. On
such soil 50 bushels may be obtained from the acre.

Aralia cordata, Thunberg.

China. The young shoots provide an excellent culinary vegetable.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 31

Araucaria Bidwilli, Hooker.*

Bunya-Bunya. Southern Queensland. A tree 150 feet in height,,
with a fine-grained, hard, and durable wood, particularly valuable
for furniture ; it shows its beautiful veins best when polished. The
seeds are large and edible. Mr. Hartmann observed trees 250
feet high.

•
Araucaria Brasiliensis, A. Richard.*

Brazilian Pine. South Brazil. A tree 180 feet high, producing
edible seeds. Dr. Saldanhada Gama reports that it makes splendid
boards, masts and spars, and that the sap yields a good deal of tur-
pentine. Except a few palms (Mauritia, Attalea, Copernicia) this
seems the only tree which in Tropical South America forms forests
by itself (Martius).

Araucaria Cookii, R Brown.

In New Caledonia, where it forms large forests. Height of tree,
200 feet.

Araucaria Cunninghami, Aiton.*

MoretoQ Bay Pine. East Australia, between 14° and 32° south
latitude, extending also to New Guinea, according to Dr. Beccari.
The tree attains a height of 200 feet and a stem 6 feet in diameter.
The timber is fine-grained, strong, and durable, if not exposed to
alternately dry and wet influences; it is susceptible of a high
polish, and thus competes with satin wood and birds-eye maple
(Queensland Exhibition, 1877). Value in Brisbane, £2 15s. to £3
10s. per 1,000 superficial feet.

Araucaria excelsa, R Brown.*

Norfolk Island Pine. A magnificent tree, sometimes 220 feet high,
with a stem attaining 10 feet in diameter. The timber is useful
for ship-building and many other purposes.

Araucaria imbricata, Pa von.*

Chili and Patagonia. The male tree attains only a height of 50
feet, but the female reaches 150 feet. It furnishes a hard and
durable timber, as well as an abundance of edible seeds, which con-
stitute a main article of food of the natives. Eighteen good trees
will yield enough for a man's sustenance all the year round. The
wood is yellowish white, full of beautiful veins, and capable of
being polished and worked with facility. It is admirably adapted
for ship-building. The resin is pale and smells like frankincense
(Lawsoii). The tree is most frequently found on rocky eminences
almost destitute of water (J. Hoopes).

32 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Araucaria Bulei, F. v. Mueller.

New Caledonia. A magnificent tree, with large shining foliage,
doubtless not merely of decorative but also of utilitarian value. A
closely allied species, A. Muelleri (Brogniart), comes with A.
Balansse and A. montana from the same island. The New Guinea
Araucarias should also be introduced.

Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh.

North- West America. An evergreen tree, attaining a height of
150 feet, with a stem to 8 feet in diameter. It is of compara-
tively quick growth (Dr. Gibbons). It belongs to the coast tract
exclusively. Wood exceedingly hard. The tree requires a deep
loamy soil (Bolander). It would here be valuable at least as a
highly ornamental garden-plant.

t
Archangelica officinalis, Hoffmann.

Arctic zone and mountain regions of Europe. The young shoots
and leaf -stalks are used for confectionery ; the roots are of medicinal
use. Only in our Alps would this herb fully establish its value.
The root is biennial, and used in the distillation of some cordials.

Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Sprengel.

Alpine and Arctic Europe, North Asia and North America. A
medicinal small shrub, which here could best be reared in the
heath-moors of Alpine regions.

Arenga saccharifera, La Billardiere.

India. This Palm attains a height of 40 feet. The black fibres of
the leaf-stalks adapted for cables and ropes intended to resist wet
very long. The juice converted into toddy or sugar ; the young
kernels made with syrup into preserves. This Palm dies as soon
as it has produced its fruit ; the stem then becomes hollow and is
used for spouts and troughs of great durability. The pith supplies
sago, about 150 Ibs. from a tree, according to Roxburgh. An
Arenga occurs as far south as Japan.

Argania sideroxylon, Roemer and Schultes.

The Argan Tree. Western Barbary, on dry hills. Its growth is
generally slow ; but it is a tree of longevity. Though comparatively
low in stature, its foliage occasionally spreads to a circumference of
220 feet. It sends out suckers from the root. The fruits serve as
food for cattle in Morocco ; but here the kernels would be more
likely to be utilised by pressing an oil from them. Height of tree
exceptionally 70 feet.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 33

Aristida prodigiosa, Welwitsch.*

Angola, on the driest sand-hills. A perennial fodder-grass, of which
the discoverer speaks in glowing terms of praise. In the West
African desert country, in places bare of almost all other vegetation,
zebras, antelopes and hares resort with avidity to this grass ; it
affords in the dry season there also almost the only fodder for
domestic grazing animals. Moreover this seems to indicate that
the closely cognate A. plumosa, L., and A. ciliata, Desf., of the
countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea, might likewise be
encouraged in their natural or for cultural growth. All feathery
grasses are besides among the most lovely for minor decorative
purposes or designs, and this may also be said of the Australian
plumous Stipa elegantissima, La Billardiere.

Aristolochia Indica, Linne.

Tropical Asia and Polynesia. A perennial climber ; the leaves
famed as an alexipharmic. Can only be grown in places free from
frost.

Aristolochia recurvilabra, Hance.

The green Putchuck of China. A medicinal plant, largely obtained
at Ningpo. The present value of its export is from £20,000 to
£30,000 annually.

Aristolochia serpentaria, Linne.

The Snake-Root of North America. The root of this trailing herb
is valuable in medicine ; it contains a peculiar volatile oil. Several
other Aristolochise deserve culture for medicinal purposes, — for
instance, Aristolochia ovalifolia (the Guaco) and A. anguicida, from
the mountains of Central America.

Aristotelia Macqui, L'Heritier.

Chili. The berries of this shrub, though small, have the pleasant-
taste of bilberries, and are largely consumed in Chili. The plant
would thrive in our forest-valleys.

Arnica montana, Linne.

Colder parts of Europe. This pretty herb is perennial, and of
medicinal value. It is eligible for our sub-alpine regions. The
active principles are arnicin, volatile oil, caproic and caprylic acid.

Arracacha xanthorrhiza, Bancroft.

Mountain regions of Central America. An umbelliferous herb.
The roots are nutritious and palatable. There are yellow, purple,
and pale varieties.

34 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Artemisia Absinthium, Linne.

The Wormwood. Europe, North and Middle Asia, and North
Africa. A perennial herb, valuable as a tonic and anthelminthic.
Should be avoided where bees are kept (Muenter). Several other
species of Artemisia deserve cultivation for medicinal purposes.
Active principles : Absinthin, an oily substance indurating to a
crystalline mass, a volatile oil peculiar to the species.

Artemisia Cina, Berg.

Kurdistan. This herb furnishes the genuine Santonica seeds (or
rather flowers and fruits) as a vermifuge of long-established use.
Some other Asiatic species yield a similar drug.

Artemisia Dracunculus, Linne.

The Tarragon or Estragon. North Asia. A perennial herb, used
as a condiment. Its flavour rests on two volatile oils, one of them
peculiar to the plant.

Artemisia Mutellina, Villars.

Alps of Europe. This aromatic, somewhat woody plant deserves
to be established in our snowy regions. This plant and A. glacialis,
L., A. rupestris, L., and A. spicata, Wulf., comprised under the
name of Genippi, serve for the preparation of the Extrait
d'Absinthe (Brockhaus).

Artemisia Pontica, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, "West Asia. More aromatic and less
bitter than the ordinary wormwood. Many other species of this
genus deserve attention of the culturist.

Artocarpus incisa, Gr. Forster.

The Tahiti Brea 1-Fruit Tree. It stretches in the Sandwich Islands
through cultivation almost beyond the tropics. The oldest name
o this well-known and remarkable tree is that given in 1776 by
R. & Gr. Forster, viz., A. communis. According to Dr. Seemaim's
excellent account seedless varieties exist, and others with entire
leaves and smooth and variously shaped and sized fruits ; others
again ripening earlier, others later, so that ripe bread-fruit is
obtainable more or less abundantly throughout the year. The fruit
is simply boiled or baked or converted into more complicated kinds
of food. Starch is obtainable from the bread-fruit very copiously.
The very fibrous bark can be beaten into a sort of rough cloth.
The light wood serves for canoes. The exudation issuing from cuts
made into the stem is in use for closing the seams of canoes.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 35

Artocarpus integrifolia, Linne.

India, The famous Jack-Tree, ascending like the allied A.
Lakoocha (Roxburgh) to 4,000 feet.

Arundinaria falcata, Nees.

The Piingal or Ningala Bamboo of the Himalayas, at elevations
from 3,500 to 10,000 feet, forming close and dense thickets.
Foliage pale green. It rises to the height of 40 feet ; the canes
durable, attaining a diameter of only 4 inches, applied to manifold
useful purposes. This bamboo does not necessarily require moisture.
It is as hardy as the Pampas-Grass, and can be propagated even in
an English clime in the open air from cuttings. The seeds retain
their vitality for some time, and germinate readily. In reference
to various bamboos refer to the Gardeners' Chronicle of December,
1876, also the Bulletin de la Societe d' Acclimation de Paris, 1878.
The closely-allied Jurboota Bamboo of Nepal, which occurs only in
the cold altitudes of from 7,000 to 10,000 feet, differs in solitary
stems, not growing in clumps. The Tham or Kaptur Bamboo is
from a still colder zone, at from 8,500 to 11,500 feet, only 500 feet
or less below the inferior limits of perpetual glaciers (Major
Madden). The wide and easy cultural distribution of bamboos by
means of seeds has been first urged and to some extent initiated by
the writer of the present work.

Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro.

Himalaya, up to nearly 7,000 feet. Grows to a height of about
15 feet. Vernacularly known as Yoksun and Praong. The seeds
are edible, and also used for a kind of beer (Sir Jos. Hooker).

Arundinaria Japonica, Siebold and Zuccarini.

The Metake of Japan, attains a height of from 6 to 12 feet. Hardy
in the South of England (Dr. Shapter).

Arundinaria macrosperma, Michaux.

Southern States of North America, particularly on the Mississippi.
This bamboo-like reed forms there the canebrakes. Fit for low
borders of watercourses and swamps. According to C. Mohr it
affords throughout all seasons of the year an abundance of highly
nutritious fodder. It requires to be replanted after flowering in
the course of years. Height, 20 feet.

Arundinella Nepalensis, Trinius.

Middle and South Africa, So \ih Asia, North and East Australia.
This grass commences its growth in the first spring-weather, and
continues to increase during the whole summer, forming a dense

36 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

mat of foliage, which, grows as fast as it is fed off or cut. In New
Zealand it is a summer grass, but valuable for its rapid growth at
that season, and it thrives on high dry land (Dr. Curl).

Arundinaria tecta, Muehlenberg.

Southern States of North America. A cane up to 10 feet high.
Prefers good soil not subject to inundations ; ripens early in the
seasons its large mealy seeds, throwing out subsequently new
branches with rich foliage. Fire destroys this plant readily (C.
Mohr).

Arundo Ampelodesmos, Cyrillo.

South Europe, North Africa. Almost as large as a Gynerium.
The tough flower-stems and leaves readily available for tying.

Arundo Bengalensis, Roxburgh.

China, India. Closely allied to A. Donax. The long panicle
beautifully variegated white and violet (Hance).

Arundo conspicua, G. Forster.

New Zealand and Chatham Islands. Although not strictly an
industrial plant, it is mentioned here as important for scenic effect,
flowering before the still grander A. Sellowiana comes in bloom.

Arundo Donax, Linne.

The tall, evergreen, lasting Bamboo Reed of South Europe and North
Africa. It is one of the most important plants of its class for
quickly producing a peculiar scenic effect in picturesque planta-
tions, also for intercepting at once the view to unsightly objects,
and for giving early shelter. The canes can be used for fishing-
rods, for light props, rustic pipes, distaffs.

Arundo Karka, Roxburgh.

India, China, Japan. The Durma mats are made of the split stems
of this tall reed.

Arundo Pliniana, Turra.

On the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. A smaller plant than
A. Donax, with more slender stems and narrower leaves, but
similarly evergreen, and resembling the Donax Reed also in its
roots.

Arundo saccharoides, Grisebach. (Gynerium saccharoides, Humboldt.)

Northern parts of South America. 20 feet high. Like the
following, it is conspicuously magnificent.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

37

Arundo Sellowiana, Schultes. (Arundo dioica, Sprengel non Lou-
reiro. Gynerium argenteum, Nees.)

The Pampas-Grass of Uruguay, Paraguay and the La Plata States.
A grand autumnal-flowering reed, with gorgeous feathery panicles.
As an industrial plant it deserves here a place, because paper can
be prepared from its leaves.

Asparagus acutifolius, Linne.

In all the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, also in. the
Canary Islands. Although a shrubby Asparagus, yet the root-
shoots, according to Dr. Heldreich, are collected in Greece, and are
tender and of excellent taste, though somewhat thinner than those
of the ordinary herbaceous species. The shrub grows on stony rises,
and the shoots are obtained without cultivation. A. aphyllus L.,
and A. horridus L., according to Dr. Reinhold, are utilised in the
same manner, and all may probably yield an improved produce by
regular and careful culture.

ty

Asparagus albus, Linne. /

. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea/^&d
Serves for garden-hedges.

Asparagus laricinus, Burchell.

South Africa. Dr. Pappe observes of this
with some other kinds of that country it prod
lent tenderness and aromatic taste.

Asparagus officinalis, Linne

Europe, North Africa, North Asia. The well-known Asparagus
plant, which, if naturalised on our coast, would aid in binding the
sand. The foliage contains inosit-sugar ; the shoots yield asparagin.
Sea-weeds are a good additional material for forcing asparagus.

Asperula odorata, Linne.

The Woodruff. Europe, North Africa, West and North Asia.
A perennial herb with highly fragrant flowers ; it deserves naturali-
sation in forests, containing much cumarin in its flowers, and serving
in Germany for preparing the " maitrank."

Aspidosperma Quebracho, Grisebach.

Argentina. Shrub or tree, even tall, with a wood fit for xylo-
graphy. The bitter bark is tannic and febrifugal (Lorentz.)
The leaves of Duvana trees in Argentina are, according to
the same authority, much valued for currying. The bark is
almost as rich as that of Acacia Cebil. The leaves contain even

38 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

27^ per cent. ; both have the advantage of producing an almost
colourless leather (Sievert). F. Jean states that even the Quebracho-
wood contains 14 to 16 per cent, of tamiic and 2 to 3 per cent, of
gallic acid.

Astragalus arenarius, Linne.

Europe and Western Asia. A perennial fodder-herb for any sandy
desert country. The species, numerous in various parts of Europe
and Asia, in Cailfornia and some other parts of the globe deserve
attention for pasture and other agronomic purposes.

Astragalus cephalonicus, Fischer. (A. aristatus, Sibthorp.)

Cephalonia. A small shrub, yielding a good tragacanth ; and so
probably also the true A. aristatus of 1'Heritier is producing it.

Astragalus Cicer, Linne.

Middle and South Europe and Middle Asia. A nutritious and
tasty perennial herb, much sought by grazing animals. It requires,
according to Langethal, deep friable grounds and, like most legu-
minous herbs, calcareous ingredients in the soil

Astragalus Creticus, Lamarck.

Candia and Greece. A small bush, exuding the ordinary vermi-
cular tragacanth. The pale is preferable to the brown sort.

Astragalus glycyphyllos, Linne.

Europe and North Asia. Succeeds on light soil, also in forest
regions. It has been recommended as a perennial substantial
fodder-plant.

Astragalus gummifer, La Billardiere.

Syria and Persia. This shrub also yields a good kind of tragacanth.

Astragalus hypoglottis, Linne.

In the colder regions of Europe, Asia and North America. This
perennial plant is regarded as a good fodder-herb on calcareous and
gravelly soil, and would likely be of importance for our Alps. Of
the enormous number of supposed species of this genus (according
to Boissier, not less than 750 merely in Asia Minor and the
adjoining countries) many must be of value for pasture, like some
of the closely-allied Australian Swainsonas, though they also
may include deleterious species. A. Hornii and A. lentiginosus,
A. Gray, are poisonous to cattle in California.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 39

Astragalus Parnassi, Boissier. (A. Cylleneus, Heldreich.)

Greece. This small shrub furnishes there almost exclusively the
commercial tragacanth. It ascends to elevations of 7,000 feet,
becomes therefore alpine.

Astragalus strobiliferus, Royle.

Asiatic Turkey. The brown tragacanth is collected from this
species.

Astragalus venosus, Hochstetter.

From Abyssinia to Central Africa. This perennial herb is sub- -
jected to regular cultivation for fodder known as "Hamat Kochata "
(Oliver).

Astragalus verus, Olivier.

Asiatic Turkey and Persia. This shrub furnishes the Takalor or
Smyrna Tragacanth, or it is derived from an allied species.

Astrebla pectinata, F. v. Mueller.* (Dantlwnia pectinata, Lindley.)
New South Wales, Queensland, North and Central Australia, in
arid regions, always inland. A perennial desert-grass, resisting
drought, sought with avidity by sheep, and very fattening to them
and other pasture animals.

Astrebla triticoides, F. v. Mueller.* (Dantlwnia triticoides, Lindley.)

The Mitchell-Grass. Of nearly the same natural distribution as
the preceding, and equalling that species in value. Both so
important as to deserve artificial rearing even in their native country.

Atalantia glauca, J. Hooker.

New South Wales and Queensland. This Desert-Lemon is men-
tioned here to draw attention to the likelihood of its improving in
' culture, and to its fitness for being grown in arid land.

Atriplex crystallinum, J. Hooker.

South-East Australia and Tasmania on the coast. This herb
vegetates solely in salty coast-sands, which, like Cakile, it helps to
bind, on the brink of the ocean and exposed to its spray.

Atriplex halimoides, Lindley.*

Over the greater part of the saline desert-interior of Australia,
reaching the south and west coasts. A dwarf bush, with its
frequent companion, A. holocarpum, among the very best for salt-
bush pasture.

40 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Atriplex hortensis, Linne.

North and Middle Asia. The Arroche. An annual spiiiage-plant.

Atriplex nummularium, Lindley.

From Queensland through the desert tracts to Victoria and South
Australia. One of the tallest and most fattening and wholesome
of Australian pastoral salt-bushes, also highly recommendable for
artificial rearing, as the spontaneously-growing plants, by close
occupation of the sheep and cattle runs, have largely disappeared,
and as this useful bush even in many wide tracts of Australia does
not exist. Sheep and cattle depastured on salt-bush country are
said to remain free of fluke and get cured of this Distoma-disease
and of other allied ailments.

Atriplex semibaccatum, R Brown.

Extra-tropic Australia. A perennial herb, very much liked by
sheep. (R. H. Andrews.)

Atriplex spongiosum, F. v. Mueller.

Through a great part of Central Australia, extending to the west
coast. Available like the preceding and several other native species
for salt-bush culture. Unquestionably some of the shrubby extra-
Australian species, particularly those of the Siberian and Califor-
nian steppes, could also be transferred advantageously to salt-bush
country elsewhere, to increase its value, particularly for sheep
pasture.

Atriplex vesicarium, Heward*.

In the interior of South-Eastern Australia, and also in Central
Australia. Perhaps the most fattening and most relished of all the
dwarf pastoral salt-bushes of Australia, holding out in the utmost
extremes of drought, and not scorched even by sirocco-like blazes.
Its vast abundance over extensive salt-bush plains of the Australian
interior, to the exclusion of almost every other bush except A. hali-
moides, indicates the facility with which this species disseminates
itself.

Atropa Belladonna, Linne.

The Deadly Nightshade. South and Middle Europe and Western
Asia. A most important perennial medicinal herb. The highly
powerful atropin is derived from it, besides another alkaloid, the
belladonnin.

Avena elatior, Linne.

Europe, Middle Asia, North Africa. This tall grass should not be
passed altogether on this occasion, although it becomes easily irre-
pressible on account of its wide-creeping roots. It should here be

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 41

chosen for dry and barren tracts of country, it having proved to
resist occasional droughts even better than Rye-Grass. The bulk
yielded by it is great ; it submits well to depasturing, and gives two
of three crops of hay annually ; it is however not so much relished
by animals as many other grasses.

Avena fatua, Linne.

Wild Oat. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, east-
ward as far as Japan. The experiments of Professor Buckmaii
indicate that our ordinary Culture Oat (Avena sativa, L.) is
descended from this plant.

Avena flavescens, Linne. (Trisetum jlavescens, Beauv.)

Yellowish Oat-Grass. Europe, North Africa, Middle and North
Asia, eastward as far as Japan. One of the best of perennial
meadow-grasses, living 011 dry soil ; fitted also for our Alps. Law-
son observes that it yields a considerable bulk of fine foliage, and
that it is eagerly sought by sheep, but that it thrives best inter-
mixed with other grasses. It likes particularly limestone soil,
where it forms a most valuable undergrass, but is not adapted for
poor sand, nor will it stand well the traversing of grazing animals
(Langethal).

Avena pratensis, Linne.

Meadow Oat-Grass. Europe, North Asia. It thrives well on dry
clayey soil j it produces a sweet fodder, but not in so great a pro-
portion as several other less nutritious grasses. It is perennial,
and well adapted for our snowy mountains, where it would readily
establish itself, even on heathy moors. Recommended by Lange-
thal for arid ground, particularly such as contains some lime, being
thus as valuable as Festuca ovina. Eligible also for meadows under
a system of irrigation.

Avena pubescens, Linne.

Downy Oat-Grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia. A sweet
perennial grass, requiring dry but good soil containing lime. It is
nutritious and prolific. One of the earliest kinds, but not well
resisting traffic. Several good Oat-grasses are peculiar to North
America and other parts of the globe. Their relative value as fod-
der-grasses is in many cases not exactly known, nor does the limit
assigned to this treatise allow of their being enumerated on this
occasion.

Avena sativa, Linne.

T^e Ordinary Oats. In Middle Europe. Cultivated already before
the Christian era. Annual. Important for fodder, green, or as
grain — for the latter indispensable. Fit for even poor or moory or

42 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

recently drained land, though not so well adapted for sandy soil as
rye, nor well available for calcareous ground ; resists wet better than
other cereals ; best chosen as first crop for inferior land when newly
broken up ; middling grassy soil is particularly suited for oats ; in
rich ground more prolific for green fodder. It succeeds in rotation
after every crop, though variously as regards yield, and best after
clover. Extends not quite so far towards polar and alpine regions
as barley, on account of the longer time required for its maturation.
Varieties with seeds separating spontaneously from the bracts (chaff)
are, A. nuda L. and A. Chinensis, Metzger, the Tatarian and
Chinese Oats which are the sorts preferentially used for porridge and
cakes. Other varieties or closely allied species are : A. orientalis,
Schreber, which is very rich in grain, and on account of the rigidity
of its stem especially fitted for exposed mountain localities. A.
brevis, Roth, the short-grained oats, which suits particularly well
for stable-fodder. A. strigosa, Schreber, which deserves preference
for sandy soil. The Russian quas beer is made of oats (Lange-
thal, Brockhaus).

Averrhoa Carambola, Linne.

Continental and Insular India. Sir Jos. Hooker found this small
tree on the Upper Indus as far as Lahore. The fruit occurs in a
sweet and acid variety ; the former is raw available for the table,
the other for preserves. That of A. Bilimbi (Linne) is of similar
use, especially for tarts.

Avicennia officinalis, Linne.

From the coasts of South Asia to those of South Africa, all Aus-
tralia and New Zealand. It is proposed by Dr. Herm. Behr to
plant this tree for consolidating muddy tidal shores.

Azima tetracantha, Lamarck.

From South India to South Africa. A hedge-bush, growing freely
in every kind of soil.

Baccharis pilularis, Candolle.

California. This evergreen bush, like B. consanguinea, is grown
for hedges, used also for garlands, wrappers of flower-bouquets, and
many decorative purposes, as cut branches do not wither for a
considerable time. It attains a height of 15 feet (Professor
Bolander).

Backhousia citriodora, F. v. Mueller.

South Queensland. Though only a small tree it is well worth
cultivating for the fragrance of its lemon-scented foliage.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 43

Bactris Gasipaes, Huuiboldt. (Guilielma speciosa, Mart.)

The Peach-Palm of the Amazon River, ascending to the warm tem-
perate regions of the Andes. Stems clustered, attaining a height
of 40 feet. Dr. Spruce describes the large bunches of fruits as pos-
sessing a thick, firm, and mealy pericarp, which when cooked has a
flavour between potato and chestnut, but superior to either.

Bacularia Arfakiana, Beccari.

In Arancaria forests of New Guinea up to 6,000 feet. A reed-like
palm.

Bacularia monostachya, F. v. Mueller. (Areca monostachya,

Martius.)

Eastern Australia, extending to extra-tropical latitudes. One of
the best among small Palms for table decoration. The stems sought
for walking-sticks.

Baloghia lucida, Eiidlicher. (Codiceum lucidum, J. M.)

East Australia. A middle-sized tree. The sap from the vuinerated
trunk forms, without any admixture, a beautiful red indelible
pigment.

Balsamodendron Ehrenbergi, Berg.

Deserts of Arabia. This tree yields the Myrrha-resin, but perhaps
B. Myrrha (Nees) and some other species may produce the same
substance. Professor Oliver unites this with B. Opobalsamum.

Balsamodendron Mukul, Hooker.

Scinde and Beluchistan. Yields the Bdellium-resin.

Balsamodendron Opobalsamum, Kunth. (B. Gileademe, Kunth.)

Arabia, Abyssinia and Nubia. This species furnishes Mekka or
Gilead Balsam. B. Capense (Sonder) is a closely allied species
from Extra-tropical South Africa. Many other Balsam shrubs
deserve introduction.

Bambusa arundinacea, Roxburgh.*

The Thorny Bamboo of India. It likes rich, moist soil, and delights
on river-banks. It is of less height than Bambusa vulgaris ; it also
sends up from the root numerous stems, but with bending branches,
thorny at the joints. According to Kurz it will thrive in a climate
too dry for B. Tulda and B. vulgaris. The seeds of this and some
other Bamboos are useful as food for fowls. Whenever seeds of any
Bamboos can be obtained fresh and disseminated soon, the large
masses of foreign Bamboos could easily be raised in adapted forest-
ground ; Bamboo-seeds moreover, like Palm-seeds, ought to become
a valuable article of commercial export for horticultural purposes.

44 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Bambusa asp era, Poiret.

Indian Archipelagus. Attains a height of 120 feet. Stems very
strong and thick. This species ascends to elevations of 4,000
feet.

Bambusa Brandisii, Munro.

Tenasserim, Martaban and Pegu, naturally up to elevations of
4,000 feet. Height of stems to 120 feet, diameter 9 inches. It
likes limestone soil.

Bambusa Balcooa, Roxburgh.*

From the Plains of Bengal up to Assam. Proved hardy at the
Cape of Good Hope. Height up to 70 feet. With B. Tulda the
principal Bamboo for constructing the large huts or sheds, but
Roxburgh already noted that to render the material durable it
needs long immersion in water. Mr. Routledge recommends young
shoots of Bamboos as paper material. The seeds of Bambusa Tulda
I found to retain their vitality for some time and germinate
readily.

Bambusa Blumeana, Schultes.

Insular India. This Bamboo, with its spiny buds and dependent
branchlets, is, according to Kurz, one of the best for cattle-proof live
hedges among the Asiatic species. In continental India B. nana
and B. arundinacea are much used for the same purpose. Periodic
trimming is required.

Bambusa flexuosa, Munro.

China. Only 12 feet high, but very hardy, having resisted in
South France a temperature of — 13° Cels. = + 8° F. (Geoffrey
de St. Hilaire.)

Bambusa spinosa, Roxburgh.*

Bengal. A Bamboo attaining 100 feet in height. The central cavity
of the canes is of less width than in most other species ; thus the
strength for many technic purposes is increased.

Bambusa Senaensis, Fianch. and Savat.

Japan. A tall and hardy species, distinguished from all other
Japanese Bambusacese by its large leaves. Young Bamboo shoots
(probably of several species) constitute part of the nourishment of
all classes in Japan (Dupont).

Bambusa vulgaris, Wendland.

The large unarmed Bamboo of Bengal. It attains a height of 70 feet,
and the stems may attain even a length of 40 feet in one season,
though the growth is slower in cooler climes. It has proved

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 45

to be capable of resisting the occasional night-frost of the lowlands
of Victoria. It is the best for building bamboo-houses. Immer-
sion in water for some time renders the cane still firmer. To the
series of large thornless bamboos belong also Bambusa Tulda and
Bambusa Balcooa of India, and Bambusa Thouarsii from Madagas-
car and Bourbon. These Bamboos are much used for various kinds
of furniture, mats, implements, and other articles. Besides this,
Mr. Kurz enumerates as among the best Asiatic bamboos for build-
ing purposes : Gigantochloa aspera, G. maxima, G. atter ; while Mr.
Teysmami for the same purpose notes G. apus. Kurz recommends
further, Bambusa arundinacea, B. Balcooa, B. Brandisii, B. poly-
morpha, Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni, Schizostachyum Blumei. In.
the Moluccas, according to Costa, Gigantochloa maxima, or an allied
species, produces stems thick enough to serve when slit into halves
for canoes. Bamboos serve for masts and spars of small vessels.
Bambusa Balcooa was found by Wallich to grow 12 feet in 23 days.
Bambusa Tulda, according to Roxburgh, has grown at first at the
rate of from 20 to 70 feet in a month. Fortune noticed the growth
of several Chinese Bamboos to be two to two and a half feet a day.
There are many other kinds of Bamboo eligible among the species
from China, Japan, India, tropical America, and perhaps tropical
Africa. One occurs in Arnhem's Land, and one at least in North
Queensland.

Baptisia tinctoria, E. Brown.

The wild Indigo of Canada and the United States. A perennial
herb. It furnishes a fair pigment in the manner of treating the
best Indigoferas.

Barbaraea vulgaris, R. Brown.

In the cooler regions of all parts of the globe, ascending to Alpine
zones. This herb furnishes a wholesome salad. As with other raw
vegetables, particularly watercress (Nasturtium aquatic-urn, Trag.),
circumspect care is necessary to free such salads from possibly ad-
herent Echinococcus-ova or other germs of entozoa, particularly in
localities where hydatids prevail. An excellent honey-plant.
(Muenter).

Barosma serratifolia, Willdenow.

South Africa. This shrub supplies the medicinal Bucco-leaves.
B. crenulata, Hook. (Diosma crenulata, L.,) is only a variety of
this species. Active principles : a peculiar valatile oil, a peculiar
resin, and a crystalline substance called diosmin.

Bassella lucida, Linne.

India. Perrenial. This spinage-plant has somewhat the odour of
Ocimum Basilicum ; other species serve also culinary purposes.

46 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Bassella rubra, Linne.

From South Asia to Japan. This annual or biennial herb serves
as a spinage of pleasant colouration.

Bassia latifolia, Roxburgh.

Central-India. The " Mahwa." A tree to 50 feet high, content
with dry stony ground ; it will endure a slight frost. The succu-
lent corolla affords a never-failing crop of nourishing food to the
rural inhabitants. Each tree yields 2 to 3 cwt. ; each hundred-
weight yields about three gallons of spirit ; essential oil is also
obtainable from the corolla. The flowers are also used for feeding
cattle ; they will keep for a long time. The seeds, like those of B.
butyracea (Roxb.), yield oil of thick consistence.

Bassowia solanacea, Bentham. (WitJieringia solanacea, L'Hertier.)

South America. This perennial herb needs trial culture, on
account of its large edible tubers.

Batis maritima, Linne.

Central America and northward to Florida, also in the Sandwich
Islands. This halorageous shrub can be used to fix tidal sediments
for the reclamation of valuable harbour-lands.

Beesha elegantissima, Hasskarl.

Java, on mountains about four thousand (4,000) feet high. Very
tall and exceedingly slender ; the upper branches pendulous. A
hardy species of Bamboo.

Benincasa cerifera, Savi.

India. This annual plant produces a large edible gourd, which in
an unripe state forms part of the composition of many kinds of
currie.

Berberis Asiatica, Roxburgh.

Himalaya. One of the best among numerous species with edible
berries. Among these may specially be mentioned B. lycium
(Royle) and B. aristata (Candolle), which also yield valuable yellow
dye-wood (Dr. Rosenthal).

Berberis buxifolia, Lamarck.

From Magalhaen's Straits to Chili. This bush, according to Dr.
Philippi, is the best among the South American species for berries,
which are comparatively large, black, hardly acid, but slightly
astringent. In Valdivia and Chiloe they are frequently consumed.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 47

Berberis Darwinii, Hooker.

Chiloe and South Chili. Considered one of the most handsome of all
shrubs for garden-hedges. Hardy in England. Several other
evergreen Berbery shrubs serve the same purpose.

Berberis Nepalensis, Sprengel.

Himalayas, at elevations between four thousand (4,000) and eight
thousand (8,000) feet. The fruit of this evergreen species is edible.

Beta vulgaris, Linne.*

The Beet or Mangold Root. Middle and South Europe, Middle
Asia, North Africa. This well-known perennial or biennial herb
ought to engage the general and extensive attention of our farm-
ing population. Can be grown for mere foliage even in sandy soil
near the sea. The herb is most valuable as a palatable and
nutritious spinage ; the root is of importance not only as a culinary
vegetable, but as well known, also for its content of sugar, fit to be
crystallised. That of beet, indeed, is now almost exclusively con-
sumed in Russia, Germany, Austria, France, Sweden and Belgium ;
and these countries not only produce the beet-sugar but also
export it largely to the neighbouring States. The white Sicilian
Beet is mainly used for salads, spinage and soups. The thick-
ribbed variety serves like asparagus or sea-kale, dressed like
rhubarb. Cereal soil, particularly such as is fit for barley, is
generally adapted also for the culture of beet. The rearing of the
root, and the manufacture of the sugar, can be studied from mani-
fold works ; one has been compiled by Mr. N. Levy, of Melbourne.
A deeply stirred, drained soil, rich in lime, brings the saccharine
variety of beet to the greatest perfection. The Imperial beet
yields from 12 to 20 per cent, sugar. The Castlenauderry, the
Magdeburg, the Siberian Whiterib and the Vilmorin Beet are
other varieties rich in sugar. About 5 Ibs. of seeds are required
for an acre. In rotation of crops the beet takes its place best
between barley and oats. In Middle Europe the yield averages 14
tons of sugar-beet to the acre, and as many hundredweight of raw
sugar. The mercantile value of the root, at our distilleries, ranged
from 20s. to 30s. per ton. In our clime the beet harvest can be
extended over a far longer time of the year than in Middle Europe.
The extraction of the sap is effected generally by hydraulic pressure.
The juice is purified with lime and animal coal. Excess of lime is
removed by carbonic acid, and the purified and decolourized juice
is evaporated in vacuum pans, with a view to prevent the extensive
conversion of the crystallisable sugar into treacle. The production
of beet-sugar needs far less labour than that of cane-sugar, and the
harvest is obtained in so short a time as eight months. Beet has
shown itself subject neither to alarming diseases nor to extensive

48 SELECT PLANTS FOB INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

attacks of insects. Beet is grown in extra-tropical zones, while
the sugarcane is a plant confined to tropical and sub-tropical lati-
tudes. Beet culture, by directly or indirectly restoring the refuse,
ameliorates the soil to such an extent that in some parts of
Germany land so utilised has risen to fourfold its former value.
Beet furthermore affords one of the most fattening stable-fodders ;
and thus again an ample supply of manure. In the beet-districts
of Middle Europe about one-sixth of the arable land is devoted to
beet, yet the produce of cereals has not become reduced, while the
rearing of fattened cattle has increased. Notwithstanding a heavy
tax on the beet-sugar factories in Europe the industry has proved
prosperous, and assumes greater and greater dimensions. In 1865
the sugar consumption of Europe amounted to 31,676,497 cwt.,
one-third of which had been locally supplied by the beet, from
over one thousand beet-sugar factories. Treacle obtained from
beet is distilled for alcohol. For establishing remunerative
factories on a large and paying scale, it has been suggested that
farmers' companies might be formed. For ascertaining the per-
centage of sugar in beet, saccharometers are used. In Germany
some scientific periodicals are exclusively devoted to the fostering of
this industry. In 1875 the total production of beet-sugar amounted
to 1,318,000 tons (Boucheraux).

Betula acuminata, Wallich.

Himalaya, between three thousand (3,000) and ten thousand
(10,000) feet. Attains a height of 60 feet, and delights 011 forest-
streams. The wood hard, strong and durable. Another Himalayan
Birch, B. utilis (D. Don.), grows on arid ground, and produces good
timber of less hardness.

Betula alba, Linne.

The ordinary Birch of Europe and Extra-tropical Asia. With
some Willows approaching nearer to the North Pole than any
other woody vegetation. It attains a height of 80 feet, and would
here thrive best in moist glens of the ranges or in the higher
regions of our mountains, where it would form up at the Alpine
zone excellent shelter plantations. Content with the poorest soil.
The variety B. populifolia (Willd.) extends to North America.
The durable bark serves for roofing. Wood white, turning red.
Adapted for spools, shoe-pegs and many other minor purposes, also
in some portion of the work of organ-builders. The oil of the bark
is used in preparing the Russian leather.

Betula lenta, Willdenow.

The Cherry-Birch of North America. A tree of middle size,
liking moist ground, but is also content with dry soil. Wood rose-
coloured or dark, fine-grained, excellent for furniture. It is so heavy

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 49

that when fresh it will not float in water. It is used for ships'
keels, machinery, furniture and other purposes where strength,,
hardness and durability are required. Red Birch twigs furnish
the best material for rough brooms. Bark of a somewhat aromatic
odour. Several Birches occur in Japan, which might well be tried
here.

Betula lutea, Michaux.

The Yellow or Gray Birch of North-East America. Height to 80
feet. Adapted for moist forest-land. In timber similar to B. lenta.
The wood is used for shoelasts.

Betula nigra, Linne.

The River-Birch of North America. One of the tallest of Birches.
If grown on the banks of a limpid stream it will bear intense heat.
The wood is compact, of a light colour, easily worked, excellent
for turnery, also in use by cabinet-makers and carriage-builders;
well adapted to sustain shocks and friction (Robb). It is also
used for bowls and trays, the saplings and branches for hoops.
The bark is well adapted for rough roofing.

Betula papyracea, Aiton.

The Paper-Birch of North America. A larger tree than B. alba,
with a fine-grained wood and a tough bark ; the latter much used
for portable canoes. It likes a cold situation.

Boehmeria nivea. Gaudichaud.*

The Ramee or Rheea. Southern Asia, as far east as Japan. This
bush furnishes the strong and beautiful fibre woven into fabric
which inappropriately is called grass-cloth. The bark is softened
by hot water or steam, and then separable into its tender fibres.
The best is obtained from the young shoots j it is glossy, tough and
lasting, combining to some extent the appearance of silk with the
strength of flax. The ordinary market value of the fibre is about
£40 per ton ; but Dr. Royle mentions that it has realised, at
times, £120. The seeds are sown on manured or otherwise rich
and friable soil. In the third year, or under very favourable cir-
cumstances even earlier, it yields its crops, as many as three
annually. The produce of an acre has been estimated at two tons
of fibre. This latter, since Kaempfer's time, has been known to be
extensively used for ropes and cordage in Japan. Rich forest-
valleys seem best adapted for the Ramee, as occasional irrigation
can be there applied. In the open grounds of Victoria it suffers
from the night-frosts, although this does not materially injure the
plant, which sends up fresh shoots, fit for fibre, during the hot
season. The plant has been cultivated and distributed since 1854,

50 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

in the Botanic Garden of Melbourne, where rUis readily propagated
from cuttings, the seeds ripening rarely there. Cordage of this
Boehmeria is three tines as strong as that of hemp. Numerous
shoots spring after cutting from the same root. Fertile humid soil
or rich manuring is necessary for productive returns. Dr. Collyer,
of Saharumpore, boils the whole branches with soap-water (a pro-
cess used here since 1866, for separating the Phormium-fibre) for
easy separation of the fibre, of which he obtained 150 Ibs. from a
ton of Rheea branches ; the cost of separation and final preparation
being calculated at £10 per ton (interest on capital for machinery
not counted). He also perfected the machinery to render the pro-
cess easy and highly remunerative. Fibre further prepared by
Bonsor's process can be spun into the finest yarns. Colonel
Hannay and Dr. Forbes Watson record, that in Assam four to six
crops are cut annually, that obtained in the cool season providing
the strongest fibre ; the latter is obtainable to the length of 6 feet.
Other species require to be tested, among them the one which was
recently discovered in Lord Howe's Island, namely, Boehmeria
calophleba (Moore and Mueller).

Boletus bovinus, Linne.

Europe. Besides this species Dr. Goeppert mentions also the
following as sold for food in the markets of Silesia : B. circinans,
Persoon ; B. edulis, Bull ; B. luteus, L. ; B. sapidus, Harzer ; B.
scaber, Bull. ; B. subtomentosus, L. ; B. variegatus, Sw.

Bongardia Rauwolfi, C. A. Meyer.

From Greece through Turkey to the Caucasus. A perennial herb,
the leaves of which are utilised like culinary sorrel.

Borassus Aethiopicus, Martius.

Africa, from Zanzibar to Egypt. A palm of gigantic dimensions,
attaining a stem 9 feet in diameter at the base or 7 feet at 4 feet above
the ground ; sometimes stems have even been measured having a cir-
cumference of 37 feet. The leaves are as much as 12 feet across,
serving for baskets, mats, ropes and sieves. The edible portion of the
fruit is yellow, stringy, of a fruity flavour. The sap obtained from
incisions in the stem under the leaves yields a kind of palm-wine.
In its natural home the tree always denotes water (Colonel Grant).

Borassus flabelliformis, Linne.

The Palmyra. From the Persian Gulf to India, extending to 30°
North. This noble palm attains a height of 100 feet. The pulp of
the fruit serves as food. Enormous masses of sugar or toddy are
produced in India from the sap, which flows from incisions of the
stalk of the unexpended flowers. Also to be reared for scenic
plantations.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 51

Boronia megastigma, Nees.

In West Australia, on margins of swamps. This remarkable bush is
recorded here as an emblem of mourning, its external blackish
flowers rendering it especially eligible for graves. Industrially it
interests us on account of its powerfully fragrant blossoms, for the
sake of which this bush well deserves to be cultivated. The scent
might be extracted by Mr. Bosisto's process.

Borrago offlcinalis, Linne.

South Europe, Orient. An annual herb, occasionally used for
medicinal purposes or as an admixture to salad.

Boswellia papyrifera, A. Richard.

Morocco, Nubia and Abyssinia, forming entire forests about Bertat
on the Atlas. This tree exudes a kind of Olibanum resin, and
represents apparently one of the hardiest species of this and allied
genera.

Boswellia thurifera, Colebrooke.

India. A deciduous tree, living in arid forest regions. Yields an
aromatic resin. The real Olibanum is exuded by B. Carteri (Bird-
wood) of Arabia and tropical Africa.

Boussingaultia basselloides, Humboldt.

South America. This hardy climber is well fitted for bowers j the
mucilaginous tubers are edible. It is not uncommonly grown as a
climber on verandahs.

Bouteloua barbata, Lagasca.

North and Central America. One of the Gramma-grasses of the
prairies, called with some other species also Muskit-grass. Annual.
For nutritive value famed.

Brabejum stellatifolium, Linne.

South Africa. The nuts of this shrub are edible, resembling those
of our Macadamia ternifolia, to which also in foliage and flowers
barbejum is closely allied. The nuts are also similar to those of the
Chilian Guevina Avellana. The fruit should be roasted, as other-
wise it is deleterious.

Brachychiton acerifolium, F. v. Mueller.

The East Australian Flame-Tree. An evergreen shade-tree, with
magnificent trusses of crimson blossoms. Like B. populneum (R.
Br.), eligible for promenade lines when celerity of growth is no
object. The mucilaginous sap when exuded indurates to a kind of
tragacanth.

52 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Brahea dulcis, Martius.

Mexico, as far as its northern parts, and ascending to three thousand
(3,000) feet. A Brahea Palm has also been discovered as far north
as Arizona, 32° (Drude).

Brahea edulis, Wendland.

Lower California, 20 feet high. The clusters of plum-shaped fruits
weigh up to 40 Ibs., and are eaten by domestic animals.

Brassica alba, Visiani. (Sinapis alba, Linne.)

White Mustard. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia.
AJI annual. The seeds are less pungent than those of the Black
Mustard, but used in a similar manner. The young leaves of both
are useful as a culinary antiscorbutic salad. Can be used with
great advantage as green manure and suppresses weeds simul-
taneously. (W. Emerson Mclvor). The cold-pressed oil of
mustard-seed serves for table use. Dr. Masters enumerates Brassica
Chinensis, B. dichotoma, B. Pekinensis, B. ramosa, and B. glauca
among the mustards which undergo cultivation in various parts of
Asia, either for the fixed oil of their seeds or for their herbage.
From 15 Ibs. to 20 Ibs. of seeds of the White Mustard are required
for an acre. In the climate of California 1,400 Ibs. of seeds have
been gathered% from an acre. Can be grown in shallow soil, even
on land recently reclaimed from swamps. It prefers argillaceous
ground. The return is in a few months. The stalks and foliage
after the seed-harvest serve as sheep-fodder.

Brassica Chinensis, Linn£.

China and Japan. Serves like B. oleracea for cabbage, and may in
cultivation produce new varieties. The seeds in Japan
extensively pressed for oil. B. Cretica (Lam.), is a woody Mediter-
ranean species.

Brassica juncea, J. Hook and Thorns. (B. Willdenowii, ~Bois$.-, Sinapis
juncea, Linne.)

From Middle Africa to China. According to Colonel Drury
cultivated all all over India for Sarepta Mustard seeds ; also a good
salad plant.

Brassica nigra, Koch. (Sinapis nigra, Linne.)

The Black Mustard. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. An
annual. The seeds simply crushed and then sifted constitute the
mustard of commerce. For medicinal purposes the seeds of this
species are preferable for sinapisin and other purposes. In rich
soil this plant is very prolific ; and in our forest-valleys it is likely

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 53

to remain free from the attack of aphis. Chemical constituents : a
peculiar fixed oil, crystalline sinapin, the fatty sinapisin, myronic
acid and myrosin.

Brassica oleracea, Linne.*

An annual or biennial coast-plant, indigenous to various parts of
Europe. It is mentioned here with a view of showing that it might
be naturalized on any rocky and sandy sea-shores. From the wild
plant of the coast originated various kinds of cabbages, brocoli,
cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kail, kohlrabi, &c. Some regard the
fattening qualities of cabbages as superior to those of turnips,
particularly for stable-food during the autumnal season. The
gluten of cabbages on one acre has been estimated at 1,500 Ibs.
against 1,000 Ibs. of gluten obtainable from turnips. Other races of
this species are collectively represented by Brassica Bapa, L. (B.
campestris, L.), the wild Navew, yielding most of the varieties of
turnips, some with other cultivated forms transferred to us from
ancient times. Again, other varieties are comprehended within
Brassica Napus, L., such as the Swedish and Teltower turnips,
while the Bape-seed, so important for its oil (Colza) is also derived
from a form of B. Napus. The rape should be produced here as
an agrarian produce, giving a rapid return wherever it should
remain free of aphis. Ordinary Bape is a good admixture to sum-
mer-fodder. Important where bees are kept. The hardier turnips
could be produced on our highest Alps, as they are grown still
within the Arctic Circle, and, according to Sir J. Hooker, at a
height of fifteen thousand (15,000) feet in the Himalaya Moun-
tains.

Bromus asper, Murray.

Europe, North and Middle Asia. A good perennial fodder-grass
for wood-regions ; but, like Festuca gigantea, late in the season.

Bromus erectus, Hudson.

Europe, North Africa. Important as a perennial nutritious grass
for dry limestone regions ; much liked by cattle and sheep.

Bromus ciliatus, Linne.

North America. A perennial fattening grass resembling the Prairie
grass, growing all the winter, and also during summer, if any
drought is not too long continued, starting afresh after the least
rain (Dr. Curl).

Bromus unioloides, Humboldt* (B. Schraderi, Kunth.)

In Australia called the Prairie-grass. From Central America to
the sub-alpine zone of Northern Argentina. It has spread over

54 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

many parts of the globe. The writer saw it disseminated in the
mountains of St. Vincent's Gulf as early as 1847. It is one of the
richest of all grasses, grows continuously and spreads readily from
seeds, particularly on fertile and somewhat humid soil, and has
proved, as a lasting and nutritious fodder-grass or pasture-grass,
one of our best acquisitions. Very early out in the season for
fodder. The chemical analysis in early spring gave : albumen,
2-80 ; gluten, 3-80 ; starch, 3-30 ; gum, 1-70 ; sugar, 2-30 percent.
(F. v. Mueller and L. Hummel).

Broussonetia papyrifera, Ventenat.

The Paper-Mulberry. Islands of the Pacific Ocean, China, Japan,
perhaps only truly indigenous in the last-named country. The bark
of this tree or shrub can be converted into very strong paper. It
can also be used for textile fabrics ; furthermore, the cloth made
from it can be dressed with linseed oil for waterproof coverings. In
cultivation the plant is kept like an osier. The leaves cannot be
used for silkworms. European fabrics have largely superseded the
clothing made of this plant in the South Sea Islands.

Buchloa dactyloides, Torrey.*

The true Buffalo grass of Kansas, naturally extending from
Canada to Texas, forming a large proportion of the food of the
buffaloes on the prairies (Engelmann). Dioecious, creeping, only
rising to half a foot or less. It is extremely fattening, but apt to
be suppressed by coarser grasses on places where these are not
trampled out or kept down by the pasture animals.

Buddleya Madagascariensis, Lamarck.

Madagascar. Of the numerous species of Buddleya, the most
eligible for shelter-copses on account of its great size and always
tidy appearance, as well as vigour and celerity of growth. It is
ever-flowering, highly elegant, and tolerant to many kinds of soil.

Bursera elemifera, J. Hooker.

Mexico, up to the temperate plateau. This tree furnishes the
Mexican Copal or Elemi.

Butea frondosa, Roxburgh.

The Dhak or Pulas of India. This magnificent tree extends to the
Himalaya mountains, ascending to elevations of 4,000 feet, and
bears a few degrees of frost. It is very rich in a peculiar kind of
kino, which, according to Muspratt, contains up to 73 per cent, of
tannin. The Lac insect is also nourished by this tree.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 55

Butomus umbellatus, Linne.

The Flowering Rush. Europe, North and Middle Asia. This
elegant perennial water-plant is mentioned here more for its value
in embellishing our lakes and water-courses than for the sake of
its roots. The latter, when roasted, are edible. The plant would
live in our sub-alpine rivulets.

Buxus sempervirens, Linne.*

The Turkey Box-tree. - England, South Europe, North Africa,
South-West Asia extending to Japan. This slow-growing tree
should timely be planted, to provide the indispensable box-wood for
wood-engravers and musical instrument makers, as yet no good
substitute for it having been discovered j it is also employed for
shuttles, rollers, and various other select implements, clarionets,
flutes, flageolets. The box-tree needs calcareous soil for its best
development. Among allied species B. Balearica attains a height
of 80 feet. Other congeners are B. subcolumnaris, B. Cubana, B.
Purdieana, B. citrifolia, B. acuminata, B. laevigata, B. Vahlii, B.
gonoclada, B. retusa, B. glomerata, B. Wrightii, all from West
India ; further, B. Madagascarica, B. longifolia from Turkey, B.
Wallichiana from the Himalayas, and B. microphylla from Japan ;
but neither of any of these, nor of the various species of the allied
Indian genus Sarcococca, nor of several species of the Andine genus
Styloceras, does it appear to be known what relation their wood
may hold to that of the true Box-tree, and whether they are more
rapid in growth.

Buxus microphylla, Lieb. and Zucc.

Japan. There used for the best of wood-engravings, and turnery ;
considered as good as ordinary box-wood. Native name, Tsougne
(E. Dupont).

Caesalpinia Bonduc, Roxburgh. (Guilandina Bonduc, Linne).

Widely dispersed through the intertropical regions of both hemi-
spheres with G. Bonducella, L. Both would be well adapted for
hedges in the warmer part of the temperate zone.

Caesalpinia brevifolia, Bentham. (Balsamocarpon brevifolium, Clos.)

Chili, the "Algoborillo." The pods of this shrub are extraordinarily
rich in tannic acid, containing up to 80 per cent., and hence
valuable for tanneries (Philippi). Godeffroy found in the husks
68 J per cent, tannic acid. The process of tanning is accomplished
in one-third of the time required for leather from oak-bark j
especially valuable as giving a bloom to the leather.

56 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Caesalpinia coriaria, Willdenow.

Wet sea-shores of Central America. Might be naturalised in our
salt marshes. Colonel Drury states that each full-grown tree pro-
duces annually about 100 Ibs. of pods, the husk of which, com-
mercially known as Divi-Divi, is regarded as the most powerful
and quickly-acting tanning material in India. The mercantile price
of the pods is from £8 to £13 per ton.

Caesalpinia crista, Linne.

West India and Carolina. This shrub or tree furnishes a yellow
dye-wood.

Csesalpinia echinata, Lamarck.

Brazil. The Fernambuc or Red Brazil Wood is obtained from
this tree and allied species ; they also furnish the dye principle
brazilin.

Csesalpinia Gilliesii, Wallich. (Poinciana Gilliesii, Hooker.)

La Plata States. This beautiful hardy bush can be utilised for
hedges.

Csesalpinia Sappan, Linn6,

South Asia. The wood furnishes red dye. This shrub can also be
utilised for hedges.

Csesalpinia sepiaria, Roxburgh.

South Asia, east to Japan. Can be utilised as a hedge-bush. It
can advantageously be mixed for hedge growth with Pterolobium
lacerans (R. Br.), according to Dr. Cleghorn. It furnishes a red
dye-wood.

CaBsalpinia tinctoria, Humboldt.
Chili. The bark yields a red dye.

Csesalpinia vesicaria, Linne. (C. bijtiga, Swartz.)

West India, on dry savannahs and limestone rocks. This tree
furnishes part of the red Fernambuc Wood of commerce for dye
purposes and select implements.

Cajanus Indicus, Candolle.*

The Catjang ; in Assam, called Gelooa-mah, also called Arhar. A
shrubby plant of tropical Africa and India, ascending to 6,000 feet
in the already extra-tropical latitudes of the Himalayas. One of
the upland varieties will endure a few degrees of frost (C. B.
Clarke). It sustains itself on dry ground, and yields the pulse
known as Dhal, Urhur and Congo Pea. The plant lasts for about

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 57

three years. Attains a height of 15 feet, and has yielded in the
richest soil of Egypt 4,000 Ibs. of peas to the acre. A crop is
already obtained in the first year. The seeds can be used as peas
in the green, as well as mature, state. Even more used daily in
India than Phaseolus radiatus and Cicer arietinum. Some of the
tribes of Central Africa use the stem of this shrub in friction with
reeds to strike fire, according to Speke. Several species of Cajanus
of the Atylosia section, indigenous to the warmer parts of Aus-
tralia, might be tested for the sake of the economic value of their
seeds. The insect, active -in the formation of Lac, lives extensively
on the Cajanus, according to Mr. T. D. Brewster, of Assam. Silk-
worms live also on it.

Cakile maritima, Scopoli.

Europe, North Africa, North and Central America, extra-tropical
Australia. Not unimportant for aiding to cover drift-sand cast up
on low sea-shores ; not hurt by the spray.

Calamagrostis longifolia, Hooker.

North America. Excellent for fixing drift-sand.

Calamintha Nepeta, Hoffmansegg.

It is of the strongest odour among several species, but not of so
pleasant a scent as C. incana (Boiss.) and C. grandiflora (Moench).

Calamintha officinalis, Moench.

Middle and South Europe and Middle Asia, North Africa. A
perennial herb, used like melissa as a condiment.

Calamus montanus, T. Anderson.

Himalaya, up to 6,000 feet. A hardy climbing palm. The aged
canes are naked. " The light but strong suspension bridges, by
which the large rivers of Sikkim are crossed, are constructed of
this palm. It supplies material for the strongest ropes for dragging
logs of wood from the forests. The most durable baskets and the
cane-work of chairs are manufactured from the slit stems. Walk-
ing-sticks and riding-canes made of this species are exported from
Sikkim in considerable quantity." Many other Calami serve
similar purposes, but probably few, or perhaps none, are equally
hardy.

Callitris arborea, Schrader. (Widdringtonia juniperoides, End-
licher. )

South Africa, 3,000 to 4,000 feet above sea-level. A middling-
sized tree, rich in resin.

58 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Callitris columellaris, F. v. Mueller.

East Australia, on bare sandy coast tracts. Height up to 70 feet.
Timber durable, fine-grained, fragrant, capable of a high polish ;
used for piles of wharfs and sheeting of punts and boats ; it resists
the attacks of chelura and white ants ; the roots are valued for
veneers. The wood is also used for telegraph-posts according to
Mr. Thozet. Present market value £6 per 1,000 superficial feet.
(Queensland Exhibition, 1878.)

Callitris Macleayana, F. v. Mueller. (Frenela Macleayna, Parlatore.)

New South Wales. A handsome tree, of regular pyramidal growth,
attaining a height of 70 feet ; the timber is valuable.

Callitris Parlatorei, F. v. Mueller.

South Queensland. Recommended by Mr. F. M. Bailey as a shade-
tree. It attains a height of 60 feet. Several other Callitris are
worthy of forest culture.

Callitris quadrivalvis, Yentenat.

North Africa. A middling-sized tree, yielding the true sandarac
resin.

Callitris verrucosa, R. Brown. (Frenela verrucosa, A. Cunningham)

Through the greater part of Australia. Also several other species
from Victoria and other parts of Australia are among the trees
which may be utilised for binding the coast arid desert sand. They
all exclude Sandarac C. calcarata, E. Br. (F. Endlicheri, Par-
latore), a very ornamental and graceful tree, attains, according to
Hartmann, a height of 100 feet, and supplies a beautiful wood
suitable for cabinet-making. The wood is of a dark colour.

Calyptranthes aromatica, St. Hilaire.

South Brazil. The flower-buds of this Spice shrub can be used
almost like cloves, the berries like allspice. Several other aromatic
species are eligible for test culture.

Calyptronoma Swartzii, Grisebach.

West India. A palm up to 60 feet high. Advances on tropical
mountains to over 3,000 feet elevation. It yields the "long
thatch " of Jamaica, the foliage furnishing an amber-coloured roofing
material, neater and more durable than any other used in that
island, lasting twenty years or more without requiring repairs
(Jenman).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 59

Camelina sativa, Crantz.

Middle and South Europe, temperate Asia. An annual herb, culti-.
vated for the sake of its fibre and the oil of its seeds. It is readily
grown after corn-crops, yields richly even on poor soil, and is not
attacked by aphis. Mr. W. Taylor obtained 32 bushels of seeds
from an acre, and from these 540 Ibs. of oil. The return is within
a few months.

Camellia japonica, Linne.

This renowned horticultural plant attains a height of 30 feet in
Japan. It is planted there on roadsides for shelter, shade
and ornament (Christie). The wood is used for superior xylography
(Dupont). The seeds, like those of C. Sasaiiqua (Thunberg), are
available for pressing oil. C. reticulata (Lindley) from China is
conspicuous for its very large flowers.

Camellia Thea, Link.* (Thea Chinensis, Linne.)

The Tea-shrub of South-Eastern Asia, said to be indigenous also to
some localities of Japan, — for instance, Suruga. This evergreen
and ornamental bush has proved quite hardy in the lowlands at
Melbourne, where in exposed positions it endures without any
attention our night frosts as well as the free access of scorching
summer winds. But it is in humid valleys, with rich alluvial soil
and access to springs for irrigation, where only the most productive
tea-fields can be formed. The plant comes into plentiful bearing
of its product as early as the Vine and earlier than the Olive. Its
culture is surrounded with no difficulties, and it is singularly
exempt from diseases, if planted in proper localities. Pruning is
effected in the cool season, in order to obtain a large quantity of
small tender leaves from young branches. Both the Chinese and
Assam tea are produced by varieties of one single species, the tea-
shrub being indigenous in the forest country of Assam. Declivi-
ties are best adapted and usually chosen for tea culture, particularly
for Congo, Pekoe, and Souchong, while Bohea is often grown in
flat countries. In Japan tea cultivation extends to 39° north lati-
tude, where the thermometer occasionally sinks to 16° F. (Simmons).
For many full details Fortune's work, " The Tea Districts of China,"
might be consulted. The very troublesome Tea-bug of Asia is
Helopeltis theivora. Fumigation and the application of birdlime
are among the remedies to cope with this insect. The third volume
of the Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of
India is mainly occupied by Lieut. -Colonel Edw. Money's and Mr.
Watson's elaborate essays on the Cultivation and Manufacture of
Tea in India. For full advice on the culture and preparation of
tea consult the writer's printed lecture, delivered in 1875, at the
Farmers' Club of Ballarat.

60 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

The tea of commerce consists of the young leaves, heated, curled and
sweated. The process of preparing the leaves can be effected by
steam machinery j a machine of particular construction has been
suggested recently by Mr. Joachiini, according to requirements
explained by the writer. In 1866 three machines for dressing tea
have been patented in England — one by Messrs. Campbell and
Burgess, one by Mr. Thomson, and one by Mr. Tayser. To give an
idea of the quantity of tea which is consumed at the present time,
it may be stated that from June to September, 1871, 11,000,000
Ibs. of tea were shipped from China alone to Australia, and that
the produce of tea in India from January to June of 1872 has been
18,500,000 Ibs. India sent only a first small sample of tea in 1840
to the European market, but exported in 1877 to England forty
millions of Ibs., that is, as much as the whole English importation
thirty years ago (Burrell). Dr. Scherzer estimates the Chinese
home consumption at 400 million pounds, others much higher. In
1873, China exported 242 million pounds, Japan twelve million
pounds. Simmonds estimates the area under tea cultivation in
China at 25 million acres. 100 Ibs. of prepared tea is the average
yield per acre. Seeds of the tea-bush are now in many parts of
Australia locally to be gathered from plants distributed by the
writer, and for years to come the cultivation of the tea-bush,
merely to secure local supplies of fresh seeds, ready to germinate,
will in all likelihood prove highly lucrative. Tea contains an
alkaloid : coffein, a peculiar essential oil, and Boheic acid, along
with other substances.

Canavalia gladiata, Candolle.*

Within the tropics of Asia, Africa and America. This perennial
climber grows to an enormous height, and bears an abundant crop
of edible beans (Sir Walter Elliott) with large seeds, which can be
used green. It varies with red and white seeds, and in the size of
the latter, which are wholesome. C. ensiformis (Cand.) is another
variety.

Canna Achiras, Gillies.

Mendoza. One of the few extra-tropic Cannas, eligible for arrow-
root culture.

Canna coccinea, Roscoe.

West India. Yields with some other Cannas the particular arrow-
root called Tous Les Mois.

Canna edulis, Edwards. *

The Adeira of Peru. One of the hardiest of arrowroot plants.
Seeds, even if many years old, will germinate. The species has
yielded excellent starch at Melbourne, Western Port, Lake

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 61

Wellington, Ballarat, and other localities, from plants supplied at
the Botanic Garden of Melbourne. The Rev. Mr. Hagenauer, of
the Gippsland Aboriginal Mission station, obtained over one ton
from an acre. The Rev. Mr. Bulmer found this root to yield 28
per cent, of starch. The gathering of the roots is effected about
April. The plants can be set out in ordinary ploughed
land. Captain James Hall, of Hastings, prepared also largely the
starch from this root. Starch grains remarkably large. The plant
resembles a banana in minature, hence eligible for scenic planta-
tions j the local production in Gippsland is already large enough to
admit of extensive sale.

Canna flaccida, Roscoe.

Carolina. Probably also available for arrowroot, though in the
first instance, like many congeners, chosen only for ornamental
culture.

Canna glauca, Linne.

One of the West Indian Arrowroot Cannas.

Cannabis sativa, Linne.*

The Hemp Plant • indigenous to various parts of Asia, as far west
as Turkey, and as far east as Japan. Cultivated for its fibre since
ancient times. Particularly in hot climates it exudes the churras,
a resinous substance of narcotic intoxicating property. The foliage
contains also a volatile oil, while the seeds yield by pressure the
well-known fixed hemp oil. The staminiferous plant is pulled for
obtaining the fibre in its best state immediately after flowering ;
the seeding plant is gathered for fibre at a later stage of growth.
Good soil, well drained, never absolutely dry, is needed for success-
ful hemp culture. Hemp is one of the plants yielding a full and
quick return within the season. The summer temperatures of St.
Petersburg (67° F.) and of Moscow (62° F.) admit of the culti-
vation of this plant. The hemp as a narcotic plant serves as a
protection against insects on cultural fields, if sown along their
boundaries.

Cantharellus edulis, Persoon. (G. cibarius, Fries.)

Various parts of Europe. Dr. Goeppert mentions this among the
many mushrooms admitted under Government supervision for sale
in Silesia.

Capparis sepiaria, Linne.

From India to the Phillipine Islands, ascending to cool elevations
and living in arid soil. A prickly bush, excellent for hedges. Dr.
Cleghorn mentions also as hedge-plants C. horrida (L. fil.), C. aphylla
(Roth), C. Roxburghii (Cand.), some of which yield also capers.

62 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Capparis spinosa, Linne.

The Caper-Bush. South Europe and North Africa, South Asia
and North Australia. A somewhat shrubby and trailing plant,
deserving, even for the sake of its handsome flowers, a place in any
garden. It sustains its life in the most arid deserts. Light frosts
do not destroy this plant. The flower-buds and young berries pre-
served in vinegar with some salt form the capers of commerce.
Samples of capers, prepared from plants of the Botanic Garden of
Melbourne, are placed in our Industrial Museum, together with
many other industrial products emanating from the writer's
laboratory. The caper-plant is propagated either from seeds or
suckers ; it is well able to withstand either heat or drought. The
buds after their first immersion into slightly salted vinegar are
strained and afterwards preserved in bottles with fresh vinegar.
Chemical principle : rutin.

Capsicum annuum, Linne.

Central America. An annual herb, which yields the chillies, and
thus also the material for cayenne pepper. Chemical principle :
capsicin, an acrid, soft, resinous substance.

Capsicum baccatum, Linne.

The Cherry Capsicum. A perennial plant. From Brazil brought
to tropical Africa and Asia, where now other pepper capsicums are
likewise naturalised.

Capsicum frutescens, Linne. (C. fastigiatum, Blume.)

Tropical America. The berries of this shrubby species are likewise
converted into cayenne pepper.

Capsicum longum, Candolle.

Some of the hottest parts of America. An annual herb, also yielding
cayenne pepper. Fraas believes this plant, as an Oriental one, to
have been known already to Theophrastos and Dioscorides. C.
grossum (Willd.) is also mentioned by Colonel Drury as a very
pungent species. The summers of the warm temperate zone admit
of the successful growth of at least the annual species of capsicum
in all the lowlands. C. humile binds also sands even when salty.

Capsicum microcarpum, Candolle.

South America. It is this species which is preferentially used in
Argentina. There are annual and perennial varieties.

Caragana arborescens, Lamarck.

The Pea-Tree of Siberia. The seeds are of culinary value, but par-
ticularly used for feeding fowl. The leaves yield a blue dye (Dr.
Rosenthal.)

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 63

Carex arenaria, Linne.

Europe and North Asia. One of the most powerful of sedges for
subduing rolling sand, not attracting pasture animals by its rigid
foliage. The roots are of medicinal value.

Carex Moorcroftiana, Falconer.

The Loongmur of the Alps of Thibet. One of the best of sedges
for staying the shifting sand by its deeply penetrating and creeping
roots. It forms an intricate net-work on the surface and beneath,
outliving most other fodder plants at its native places ; it becomes
available for cattle and horse food, particularly in the cold of
winter, and is held to be singularly invigorating to pasture animals.

Carissa Arduina, Lamarck.

South Africa. A shrub with formidable thorns, well adapted for
boundary-lines of gardens where rapidity of growth is not an
object. Quite hardy at Melbourne. C. ferox (E Meyer) and C.
grandiflora (A. de Cand.) are allied plants of equal value. The
East Australian, C. Brownii (F. von Mueller), can be similarly
utilised. The flowers of all are very fragrant. C. Carandas
(Linne) extends from India to China ; its berries are edible.

Carpinus Americana,

The Water-Beach or Ironwood of North America, thriving best on
the margins of streams. The wood is very fine grained, tough, and
compact ; used for cogs of wheels and any purpose where extreme
hardness is required, such as yokes, &c. (Robb). It is often
speckled and somewhat curled, thus fitted for superior furniture
(Simmons.)

Carpinus Betulus, Linmi

The Hornbeam. A tree 80 feet high. Middle and South Europe.
Wood pale, of a horny toughness and hardness, close-grained, but
not elastic. It is used by wheel- wrights, for cogs in machinery, and
for turnery (Laslett). It furnishes a good coal for gunpowder.
This tree would serve to arrest the progress of bush-fires, if planted
in copses or hedges like willows and poplars around forest planta-
tions. Four species occur in Japan : C. cordata, C. erosa, C. laxi-
flora, C. japonica (Blume). Carpinus viminea (Wallich) is a species
with durable wood from the middle regions of Nepal.

Carthamus tinctorius, Linne.

From Egypt to India. The Safflower. A tall annual, rather hand-
some herb. The florets produce yellow, rosy ponceau, and other
red shades of dye, according to various admixtures. Pigment prin-
ciples : carthamin and carthamus yellow. For domestic purposes

64 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

it yields a dye ready at hand from any garden. In India the
Carthamus is also cultivated for the sake of the oil, which can be
pressed from the seeds.

Carum Ajowan, Bentham. (Ptychotis Ajowan, Candolle).

India. The fruits of this annual herb form an excellent culinary
condiment with the flavour of thyme. Its peculiar oil is accompanied
by cymol and thymol.

Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch.

Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, on lime-
stone soil. The tuberous roots serve as a culinary vegetable, the
fruits as a condiment.

Carum Cap ens e, Sender.

South Africa, where the edible, somewhat aromatic root is called
Eenkelwortel.

Carum Carui, Linne.

The Caraway-Plant. Perennial. Europe, North and Middle Asia.
A wholesome adjunct if interspersed among the herbs of sheep-
pastures. It might be naturalised on our Alps and also along the
sea-shores. The Caraway-oil is accompanied by two chemical
principles : carven and carvol. *

Carum ferulifolium, Koch. ( Bunium feruiifolium, Desfont).

A perennial herb of the Mediterranean regions. The small tubers
are edible.

Carum Gairdneri, Bentham.

Western North America, particularly in the Sierra Nevada. A
biennial herb, the tuberous root of which furnishes an article of
food as well as the root of the allied California!! C. Kelloggii (A.
Gray). Geyer probably had this plant in view when he mentions
the tubers of an umbelliferous plant which are among the dainty
dishes of the nomadic Oregon natives. The truly delicious root
bursts on being boiled, showing a snowy white farinaceous sub-
stance, which has a sweet, cream-like taste, and somewhat the aroma
of parsley leaves (Lindley).

Carum Petroselinum, Bentham. (Apium Petroselinum, Linne.)

The Parsley. The biennial well-known herb, indigenous to South
Europe and the Orient. Always desirable on pastures as a pre-
ventive or curative of some kidney and liver diseases of sheep,
horses and cattle. The root is also valuable for the table. Essential
oil with a peculiar stearopten.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 65

Carum segetum, Bentham. (Anethum segetum, Linne)

Around the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Middle Europe. An-
aromatic annual herb, available for culinary purposes.

Carya alba, Nuttall.*

The Shellbark-Hickory. North America, extending to Canada.
A deciduous tree, 90 feet high, which delights in rich forest-soil.
Wood heavy, strong, elastic and tenacious, but not very durable ;
used for chairs, agricultural implements, carriages, baskets (Sargent),
whip-handles. Yields the main supply of hickory-nuts. All the
hickories are extensively used in North America for hoops.

Carya amara, Nuttall.

The Bitternut-Tree or Swamp-Hickory. A tree, 80 feet high, in
swampy grounds of North America. Wood less valuable than that
of other hickories. Richest of all North American trees in potash,
along with most hickories.

Carya glabra, Torrey.* (Carya porcina, Nuttall).

The Hognut-Tree. North America, reaching Canada and Florida.
80 feet high. Wood very tough ; the heart wood jreddish or dark-
coloured ; much used for axletrees and axe-handles.. -:•

^ *\-
Carya microcarpa, Nuttall. / , ^\

The Balsam-Hickory. North America. ;/• A fine lofty tree attaining
a height of 80 feet, and a stem of 2 f eeiain diameter. The- wpod is
white and tough, and possessed of most of the good qualities,:, of C.
tomentosa, to which this species is also '.in .other respects/ allied.
The nut is of a pleasant taste, but small (Kuttall). Ver^" closely
allied to C. alba *

Carya oliviferous, Nuttall.*

The Pecannut-Tree of North America. A handsome lofty tree
up to 70 feet high, with a straight trunk. The most rapid-growing
of all the hickories (Meehan). Its wood is coarse-grained, heavy
and compact, possessing great strength and durability ; in strength
and elasticity it surpasses even that of the White Ash (Harrison),
and is quite as durable. The nuts, which are usually abundant,
are from an inch to an inch and a half long, and are the most
delicious of all walnuts ; they form an object of commerce in the
Southern States. The tree bears nuts as far north as Philadelphia.
It commences to bear nuts in about eight years ; they should be
packed in dry moss or sand for distant transmission. Although the
wood of all the hickories is not adapted for building purposes, as it
is easily attached by insets and soon decays if exposed to the
weather, yet its great strength and elasticity render it extremely

66 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

useful for implements, articles of furniture, hoops and many minor
uses, besides supplying locally the very best of fuel Hickories, even
when very young, do not well bear transplantation, except perhaps
C. amara. C. alba and C. glabra would be particularly recom-
mendable for the sake of their timber, and C. olivif orniis on account
of its fruit. The bark of all the hickories contains yellow-dye prin-
ciples ; by addition of copperas an olive colour is produced ; by
addition of alum a green colour. Hickory stems are known to
attain 12 feet in girth.

Carya sulcata, Nuttall.*

The Furrowed-Hickory and Shelbark-Hickory of some districts ;
also Shagbark-Hickory. A tree, 80 feet high, in damp woods of
North America. Its rate of growth is about 18 inches in a year
while young. Heart-wood pale-coloured. Seed of sweet pleasant
taste. Wood similar to that of C. alba, but paler.

Carya tomentosa, Nuttall.*

The Mockernut-Tree or White-Heart-Hickory. North America,
extending to Canada, but not to California. A big tree. Likes
forest soil, not moist. Heart-wood pale-coloured, remarkable for
strength, elasticity, heaviness and durability, yet fissile ; used for
axles, spokes, felloes, handles, chairs, screws, sieves and the best of
mallets ; the saplings for hoops and wythes. Hickory is the most
heat-giving amongst all North American woods. Seeds very oily.
Nut small, but sweet. A variety produces nuts as large as a small
apple, which are called King-Nuts.

Caryota urens, Linne.

India. One of the hardier Palms, ascending, according to Dr.
Thomas Anderson, the Himalayas to an altitude of 5,000 feet, yet
even there attaining a considerable height, though the temperature
sinks in the cooler seasan to 40° Fahrenheit. Drude mentions that
species of this genus reach up to an elevation of 7,500 feet, where
the temperature occasionally approaches the freezing point. The
trunk furnishes a sago-like starch. This Palm flowers only at an
advanced age, and after having produced a succession of flowers dies
away. From the sap of the flowers toddy and palm-sugar are pre-
pared, as well as from the Cocos and Borassus Palm, occasionally
as much as 1 2 gallons of toddy being obtained from one tree in
a day. The fibre of the leaf-stalks can be manufactured into very
strong ropes, also into baskets, brushes and brooms. The outer
wood of the stem serves for turnery.

Casimiroa edulis, Llav and Levarz.

Mexico, up to the cool heights of 7,000 feet, bearing orange-like
fruits (Seemann). This tree comes into bearing in about ten years ;

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 67

the kernel is deleterious (Hernandez) ; the pulp of a delicious,
melting, peach-like taste (Gamier). The fruit is said to induce
sleep.

Cassia acutifolia, Delile.

Indigenous or now spontaneous, in Northern and Tropical Africa
and South-west Asia. Perennial. The merely dried leaflets con-
stitute part of the Alexandrian and also Tinnevelly senna. The
active principle of senna — namely, cathartic acid — occurs also in the
Coluteas and in Coronilla varia, according to C. Koch.

Cassia angustifolia, Vahl.

Northern and Tropical Africa and South-Western Asia, indigenous
or cultivated. Perennial. Yields Mecca senna, also the Bombay
and some of the Tinnevelly senna.

Cassia fistula, Linne.

South Asia. The long pods of this ornamental tree contain an
aperient pulp of pleasant taste, of medicinal value ; also used in
the manufacture of cake tobacco. Traced by Sir Jos. Hooker to
the dry slopes of the Central Himalayas.

Cassia Marylandica, Linne.

An indigenous Senna plant of the United States of North America.
Perennial.

Cassia obovata, CoUadon.

South- West Asia ; widely dispersed through Africa as a native or
disseminated plant. Perennial. Part of the Alexandrian and also
Aleppo senna is derived from this species, less esteemed and less
collected however than the other species. It furnishes also
Tripolis, Italian, Senegal, and Tanacca senna. Several of the
Australian desert cassias of the group of C. artemisioides may also
possess purgative properties. The odour of their foliage is almost
that of senna.

Castanea sativa, Miller.* (C. vulgaris, Lamarck; C. vesca, Gaertner.)

The Sweet Chestnut Tree. South Europe and Temperate Asia, as
far as Japan, and a variety with smaller fruits extending to North
America. It attains an enormous age ; at Mount Etna an
individual tree occurs with a stem 204 feet in circumference. At
other places trees are found 10 feet in diameter, solid to the centre.
The tree does not readily admit of transplantation. The wood is
light, cross-grained, strong, elastic, and durable, well adapted for
staves, wheel-cogs, the young wood for hoops and mast-rings. The
wood is comparatively rich in tannic acid (about 4 to 6 per cent.),
and thus used for preparing a liquid extract ; the bark contains

68 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

12 per cent, tannin (Wiesner) ; the leaves furnish food for the
Bombyx Tamamai (Dupont). The importance of the tree rests
on its adaptability for shade plantations, its nutritious nuts and
timber value. The American wood is slightly lighter in colour than
that of the Red Oak, and valuable for its durability, thus available
for shingles and rails ; chestnut rails in North America have lasted
for half- a century. The wood is beautifully laminated, and thus
sought for furniture (Simmons). Dr. Yasey mentions that the
wood is largely employed for furniture, for the inside finish of
railroad cars and steamboats. The American nuts are smaller but
sweeter than the European ; they are important particularly for
fattening hogs (Robb).

Castanopsis argentea, A. Candolle.

A lofty tree in the mountains of India, produces also edible
chestnuts. Other species of the genus Castanopsis are valuable.

Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. de Candolle.

The Oak-Chestnut of California and Oregon. A tree attaining a
height of 150 feet, and 8 feet in diameter. Either for beauty or
utility worthy of cultivation (Dr. Gibbons). The leaves are golden-
yellow underneath. Wood durable.

Castanopsis Indica, A. de Candolle.

Mountains of India, at about 4,000 feet. This Oak-Chestnut
produces seeds with the taste of filberts.

Casuarina Decaisneana, F. v. Mueller.

Central Australia, where it is the only species of the genus. This
tree is one of the largest among its congeners, and particularly
valuable for arid regions.

Casuarina distyla, Yentenat.

Extra-tropical Australia. A shrubby species, well adapted for
fixing the sand-drifts of sea-coasts. All Casuarinas can be pollarded
for cattle-fodder.

Casuarina equisetifolia, Forster.

East Africa, South Asia, North Australia, Polynesia. Attains a
maximum height of 150 feet. Splendid for fuel, giving great heat
and leaving little ashes. The timber is tough, nicely marked.
The tree will live in somewhat saline soil at the edge of the sea.
Captain Campbell- Walker estimates the yield of firewood from this
tree four times as great as the return from any tree of the forests
of France. In India it grows on pure sand, and is much used as

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 69

fuel for railway locomotives. The cost of rearing Casuarinas in
India lias been from £4 to £10, and the return after only eight
years £13 to £32.

Casuarina Fraseriana, Miquel.

South- West Australia. A middle-sized tree ; the wood easily
split into shingles. The best furniture wood of South- Western
Australia, as it does not rend. This tree is adapted even for sterile
heath-land.

Casuarina glauca, Sieber.

The Desert Sheoak, widely distributed through Australia, but
nowhere in forest-like masses. This species attains, in favourable
places, a height of 80 feet. Its hard durable wood is valuable ;
used for staves ( Woolls). Important for its rapid growth, resistance
to exposure for shelter plantation, and a speedy supply of fuel, —
a remark which applies also to the following species.

Casuarina quadrivalvis, Labillardiere.

The Coast Sheoak of South-East Australia, but not merely living
in coast-sand, but also on barren places up to the hills inland.
Height to 60 feet. The male tree is very eligible for avenues, the
foliage of the species being drooping. Cattle are fond of the foliage.
For arresting the ingress of coast-sand by belts of timber this is
one of the most important trees. It produces, like other Casuarinas,
seeds early and copiously, and is easily raised. The foliage, like
that of the other species, acidulous from a crystallisable substance
allied to bicitrate of lime.

Casuarina suberosa, Willdenow.

The erect Sheoak of South-East Australia. Height to 40 feet. A
beautiful shady species. Casuarina trichodon (Miq.) and C.
Huegeliana (Miq.) are arboraceous species of South- West Australia,
all valuable for their wood.

Casuarina torulosa, Aiton.

New South Wales and Queensland. Attains a height of 70 feet.
The tough wood of this handsome tree is in demand for durable
shingles and furniture work, as well as for staves and veneers ; it
is also one of the best for oven fuel.

Catalpa bignonioides, Walter.*

On the Gulf of Mexico. A tree in a warm humid climate, of
remarkable celerity of growth, attaining a height of about 20 feet
in four years. Professor Meehan observed a tree to attain a stem
of 4 feet in diameter in twenty years, even in the clime of New
York. In many of the United States it is a favourite tree for

70 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

shade lines. When closely planted it will grow tall and straight,
attaining a stem of 50 feet up to the first branch ; it prefers bottom
lands, but will grow in any soil and position, according to Mr.
Barney. It is hardier than most Eucalypts, but will not stand
severe frosts. According to Professor Burrill, it is not liable to be
destroyed by insects. Comes early into bearing of seeds. Pro-
fessor Meehan regards the wood to be as durable as that of the best
Chestnut trees ; indeed, it lasts for an almost indefinite period.
General Harrison insists that there is nothing like it for posts.
Catalpa pickets of the old French stockade are still sound. Logs
thrown across water-courses for crossing have lasted for three
generations ; railway posts from it are almost indestructible, and
so are platforms. Logs a century old, and posts half a century,
were not the least decayed (Barney). Railway cross-ties made of
this wood are also very lasting, a tree twenty years old furnishing
sufficient for four ties. Canoes of Catalpa wood never crack or
decay.

Catalpa speciosa, Warder.

In the Mississippi States. Hardier and taller than C. bignonioides,
blooming earlier ; leaves inodorous, flowers larger, as rapid in
growth, and wood as durable ; also only with a very thin layer of
destructible sap wood (Dr. Engelmann).

Catalpa Kaemferi, Lieb. and Zucc.

Japan. Grows in eight years to 25 feet high, with a trunk of
2 feet circumference ; bunches of flowers very large and fragrant
(Hovey). C. Bungei (Meyer) from North China or a closely allied
species can be grown for hedges.

Catha edulis, Forskoel.

Arabia and Eastern Africa. The leaves of this shrub, under the
designation of Kafta or Cat, are used for a tea of a very stimulating
effect, to some extent to be compared to that of Erythroxylon Coca.
To us here the plant would be mainly valuable for medicinal
purposes.

Ceanothus rigidus, Nuttall.

California, One of the best of hedge shrubs, available for dry
situations. Evergreen ; up to 12 feet high ; the branches become
densely intricate. In the coast tracts it is replaced by C. thyrsi-
florus, Esch., which can also be used for hedges and copses, and
will live in mere coast-sand. C. prostratus, Benth., likes to form
natural mats on slopes formed by roads and slides, which it
gradually covers, and with its pretty blue flowers soon decorates
(Professor Bolander).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 71

Cedrela Brasiliensis, A de Jussieu.* (C.fasilis, Yelloza.)

South Brazil and Argentina, occurring also in Mexico. The wood
is soft, fragrant, and easily worked ; it is known as Acajou wood.
The wood of C. odorata from Central America furnishes the
principal material for cigar boxes (Laslett).

Cedrela Sinensis, A de Jussieu.*

China. An elegant tree, hardy in Middle Europe. It furnishes
a wood not unlike that of the Singapore Cedar, reddish in colour,
particularly sought for cigar-boxes.

Cedrela Taona, Roxburgh.*

The Singapore Cedar. Foliage deciduous. One of the most im-
portant of all timber trees for furniture wood, which is easily
worked, most sightly, and applicable also to a multitude of other
purposes. Ascends the Himalayas to 8,000 feet.

Cedrela Australis, R v. Muller.*

East Australia, as far south as 35°. Foliage deciduous in cool
regions. Attains a height of 200 feet; foliage evergreen. The
Rev. Dr. Woolls noted in New South Wales trees so large as
to yield 30,000 feet (superficial) of timber. Market value in
Brisbane £7 10s. to £8 10s. per 1,000 superficial feet (Queensland
Exhibition, 1878). The light beautiful wood, easily worked and
susceptible of high polish, is very much in request for furniture,
for piano-cases, for turnery, including stethoscopes, for the
manufacture of pianofortes, for boat-building, frames of window-
blinds, and a variety of other work. The timber from the junction
of the branches with the stem furnishes the choicest veneers.
The bark contains a considerable quantity of tannin, which
produces a purplish leather (Fawcett). The Red Cedar is hardy
at Melbourne, but in our open exposed gardens and poor soil of
slow growth. C. Taona, C. glabra (Cas. de CaiicL), and C.
microcarpa (C. de Cand.) yield all indiscriminately Cedar-wood
in Sikkim, according to Dr. Ceo. King. C. serrata. (Royle)
grows at higher altitudes, and yields a different but also good
timber (G. King).

Cedrela Velloziana, Roemer.

Brazil. A magnificent tree, with odorous wood of a red hue.

Cedronella cordata, Bentham.

United States of North America. A perennial herb, fragrant like
the following.

72 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Cedronella triphylla, Moench.

Madeira and Canary Islands. A shrubby plant with highly scented
foliage. The volatile oil obtainable from it resembles that of
Melissa, but is somewhat camphoric.

Celtis Australis, Linne.

The Lotus Tree of South Europe, North Africa, and South Asia,
ascending the Himalayas to 9,000 feet. Attains a height of about
50 feet. Though of rather slow growth this tree can be used for
avenues, as it finally attains a stem of 6 feet in diameter, and it is
supposed that this Celtis reaches the age of fully 1,000 years.
Berries edible. Wood hard and dense, eligible particularly for
turners' and carvers' work. The stem wood is fine-grained, easily
cleft, and of a splendid yellow tinge ; the branch wood is one of the
best for whip-sticks.

Celtis occidentalis, Linne\

The Huckberry Tree. A fine forest tree in Ohio and other parts

of North America. Height 80 feet. The variety called C.

crassifolia is the best. The sweet fruits edible. Wood elastic and
fissile.

Celtis Sinensis, Persoon. (C. Japonica, Planchon.)

China and Japan. The "Henoki." A tree bearing extreme cold.
Wood for carpenters' and turners' work. Fruit edible, but small.

Celtis Tala, Gillies.

From Texas to the La Plata States. A thorny shrub, or under
favourable circumstances a good-sized tree. This plant can be used
for forming impenetrable hedges or shade avenues. One or two
other Argentine species serve the same purpose.

Cephselis Ipecacuanha, Eichard.

Brazil, in woods of mountains, consociated with Palms and Fern
trees. It is not unlikely that this herb, which is perennial and
yields the important medicinal ipecacuanha root, would live in our
-warmer forest regions, such as those of East Gippsland. Active
principles : emetin and ipecacuanha acid.

Cephalotaxus drupacea, Siebold et Zuccarini.

China and Japan. This splendid Yew attains a height of 60 feet,
and is very hardy. According to Dr. Masters the C. Fortunei
(Hooker) is merely a variety.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 73

Ceratonia Siliqua, Linn&*

The Carob Tree of the Mediterranean regions. It attains a height
of 30 feet and resists drought well ; succeeds best on a calcareous
subsoil. Wood pale red. The saccharine pods, Algaroba or St.
John's Bread, of value for domestic animals. The seeds germinate
readily. The exportation of the pods for cattle food from Greta
alone is now about 180,000 tons annually (Dr. Masters). The
fruit serves for a medicinal syrup, Caramel, an imitation of
chocolate, and a liqueur (Wittmack.) In some of the Medi-
terranean countries horses' and stable cattle are almost exclusively
fed upon the pods. The meat of sheep and pigs is greatly improved
in flavour by this food, the fattening properties being twice that of
oil-cake. The pods contain about 66 per cent, of sugar and gum.
To horses and cattle 6 Ibs. a day are given of the crushed pods, raw
or boiled, with or without chaff. The Spanish conquerors took this
plant early to Central and South America.

Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall.

California. Rises in favourable spots to a tree 40 feet high, with a
stem diameter of 2 J feet. The wood is the hardest known in Cali-
fornia. It is of a dark colour, very dense, used for bearings in
machinery (Dr. Gibbons). C. parvifolius is of lesser dimensions.

Cereus Engelmanni, Parry.

Utah. A dwarf species with large scarlet flowers, and refreshingly
cool fruits of strawberry taste. C. Lecontei attains there to the size
of a flour-barrel.

Cereus Quixo, Gay.

Chili. This stately Cactus attains a height of 15 feet, and is one
of the hardiest species. The charming snow-white flowers are
followed by sweetish mucilaginous fruits, available for the table
(Philippi). C. giganteus (Englemann), from New Mexico, which
attains the stupendous height of 60 feet, with a proportionate
columnar thickness, yields also edible fruits, and lives unprotected
in our clime. It was introduced by the writer many years ago.
Columnar species of Cereus rising to a height of 40 feet occur also
in Argentina. C. repandus and C. triangularis (Haworth), of West
India and Mexico, together with several other species, are available
in places free of frost as hedge plants.

Ceroxylon andicola, Humboldt.*

The Wax-Palm of New Granada, ascending the Andes to 11,000
feet. One of the most majestic and at the same time one of the
most hardy of all Palms, attaining occasionally a height of 180 feet.
The trunk exudes a kind of resinous wax, about 25 Ibs. being

74 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

obtainable at a time from each stem ; this by admixture of tallow
is used for candles. There are several other Andine palms which
could be reared in our forests or in sheltered positions at our
dwellings, but some of them are not even yet phytographically
circumscribed.

Ceroxylon australe, Martius.

Juan Fernandez, on the higher mountains (latitude 34° south).

Ceroxylon Klopstockia, Martius.

Venezuela. This very tall Wax-Palm reaches elevations of 6,000
feet.

Cervantesia tomentosa, Ruiz and Pavon.

Forest mountains of Peru. This tree yields edible seeds. It is
likely to prove hardy in our lower forest regions.

Oestrum nocturnum, Linne.

West India, South Mexico. Praised above almost all other plants
for its fragrance in Mexico, its flowers lasting through the summer
and autumn, and their scent being particularly powerful during
night-time (Dr. Barroeta).

Chserophyllum bulbosum, Linne.

Middle Europe and Western Asia. The Parsnip Chervil. A
biennial herb. The root a very palatable culinary esculent, three
times as rich in starch as potatoes.

Chaerophyllum sativum, Lamarck. (Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoff-
mann.)

The Chervil. Middle and South Europe, Western Asia. An
annual herb, available for salads and condiments, but the root
deleterious.

Chamserops excelsa, Thunberg.* ( Trachycarpus excelsiis, Wend-

land.)

South China as far north as Napong. This Fan-Palm is highly
desirable, although not tall, as the name would indicate. The
hardiest of all palms ; has stood 16° Cels. below freezing point with
only a slight litter (Count de Saporta.) Hardy in the mild middle
coast regions of England. Cordage prepared from the leaves does
not decay in water (Dupont.) The hairy covering of the stem of
this palm and of Livistona Chinensis is utilised for fixing lime-
plaster to buildings in Japan (Christie.) C. Fortunei (Hooker),
the Chusan Palm form North China, is a variety. It attains a

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 75

height of about 12 feet, and endures, like the following species, con-
siderable frost. The leaves can be employed for plaiting palm-hats.
Other hardy palms might be naturalised and used for various pur-
poses irrespective of their ornamental features.

Chamserops humilis, Linne.

The Dwarf Fan-Palm of South Europe, North Africa, and the
most south-western parts of Asia. It is very decorative for gardens
and plantations, particularly also eligible for scenic effect.

Chamserops Khasyana, Griffith.

In the Himalayas at elevations from 4,000 to 8,000 feet. Allied
to C. Martiana. Also, according to Kurz, in dry pine forests of
Martaban and Ava.

Chamserops Martiana, Wallich.

Ascends the mountains of Nepal to 5,000 feet. Attains a height
of 50 feet, and is altogether a noble object. Reaches higher
altitudes in the Himalayas than any other species.

Chamserops Ritcheana, Griffith.

Arid mountains of Afghanistan ; seemingly the only palm of that
country there extensively used for cordage. Has also proved hardy
even in England.

Chelidonium majus, Linne.

Europe and Western Asia. The Celandine. A perennial herb of
medicinal value. Chemical principles : chelerythrin and chelidonin ;
also a yellow pigment, chelidoxanthin.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, Linne.

Tropical America. An annual medicinal herb. Chenopodium
anthelminthicum seems a perennial variety of this species.

Chenopodium auricomum, Lindley.

From the Darling River to Carpentaria and Arnheim's Land. A
tall perennial herb, furnishing a nutritious and palatable spinage.
It will live in arid desert regions. Several other species of
Chenopodium, among them the European C. bonus Henricus, afford
fair spinage, but they are annual.

Chenopodium Blitum, F. v Mueller. (Blitum virgatum, Linne.)

From South Europe to India. An annual herb, extensively
in use there as a cultivated spinage plant. The fruits furnish
a red dye. The genus Blitum was reduced to Chenopodium
by the writer in Caruel's Giornate Botanico some years ago, and
in 1864 by Dr. Ascherson, who gave to B. virgatum the name

76 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Chenopodium foliosum. C. capitatum, Ascherson (Blitum capi-
tatum, Linne), may not be really a distinct species. C. Quinoa,
Willdenow, from Chili, deserves hardly recommendation for cul-
ture, though a nutritious spinage, it being apt to stray as a weed
into cultivated fields. Some of these sorts of plants are useful
to anglers, as attracting fish, when thrown into rivers or lakes.

Chionanche cyathopoda, F. v. Mueller.

Tropical and Eastern Sub-tropical Australia. With C. barbata
of India and Queensland a valuable fodder grass, yielding a large
return. Sclerachne punctata, (R. Br.) from Java is closely allied.

Chloris scariosa, F. v. Mueller.

Tropical Australia. Particularly recommended by Mr. Walter
Hill as a pasture grass. Dr. Curl mentions besides this also C.
divaricata (R. Br.) as a useful summer and autumn grass from
North and East Australia.

Chloris truncata, R. Brown.

The Windmill Grass. South-Eastern Australia, as far south as
Port Phillip. This perennial and showy grass is regarded by
Mr. Walter Bissill as an excellent summer and autumn grass,
of ready growth and relished by grazing animals. C. ventricosa
(R. Br.) is another valuable East Australian species.

Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Kunth.

California, frequent on the mountains. This lily-like plant attains
a height of 8 feet. The heavy bulb is covered with many coatings,
consisting of fibres, which are used for cushions, mattresses, <fcc. ;
large contracts are entered into for the supply of this material on a
very extensive scale (Professor Bolander). The inner part of the
bulb serves as a substitute for soap, and it might be tried whether
it can be utilised for technological purposes like the root of
Saponaria, as it contains saponin.

Chloroxylon Swietenia, Candolle.

The Satin-Wood. Mountains of India. Like the allied Flind-
ersias, possibly this tree would prove hardy even in cool sheltered
places, the cognate Cedrela Taona advancing in East Australia
southward to the 35th degree. A resin, valuable for varnishes,
exudes from the stem and branches.

Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium, Trevisan.

Austria. Furnishes the Dalmatian Insect-powder from the dried
flowers. It is superior even to the Persian powder as an insecticide.
It will keep for years. It is prepared from half-opened flowers
during dry weather, and exsiccated under cover. Best applied in
puffs from a tube. To be used also against aphides (W. Saunders).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 77

Chrysanthemum roseum, Adam. (Pyrethrum roseum, Bieb.)

Sub-alpine South- West Asia. This perennial herb, with C. corono-
pifolium, Willdenow, yields the Persian insect-powder.

Cicer arietinum, Linne.

South Europe and Orient. The Gram or Chick Pea. An annual
herb, valuable as a pulse for grazing animals. An extensive article
of human diet in India. Colonel Sjkes counted as many as 170
seeds on one plant. In Spain, next to wheat, the most extensively
used plant for human food (Honourable Caleb Gushing). The
seeds can be converted into pea-meal or be used otherwise for
culinary purposes.

Cichorium Endivia, Linne.

South Europe, Orient, Middle Asia. A biennial plant, used since
ancient times as a culinary vegetable.

Cichorium Intybus, Linne.

Chicory. A well-known perennial plant, indigenous to Europe,
North Africa, and North and West Asia. The [roots much used
as a substitute for coffee. This plant requires a rich, deep, loamy
soil, but fresh manure is detrimental to the value of the root. It
is also a good fodder plant, especially for sheep. The root can
also be dressed and boiled for culinary purposes. The leaves
useful for salad.

Cimicifuga racemosa, Elliott.

The Black Snake Root of North America. A perennial herb
of medicinal value, the root possessing emetic properties.

Cinchona Calisaya, Ruiz and Pa von. *

Yellow Peru Bark Tree. Andes of Peru, New Granada, Brazil
and Bolivia, 5,000 to 6,000 feet above the ocean. This tree
attains a height of 40 feet. It yields the Yellow Bark, and also
part of the Crown Bark. It is one of the richest yielders of
quinine, and produces besides cinchonidin, but yields little of other
alkaloids. The most valuable species in Bengal, braving occa-
sional night frost. This has flowered at Berwick (Victoria) already,
five years ago, under the care of Mr. G. W. Robinson, from plants
supplied by the author, therefore as far south as Port Phillip.
It grows under conditions more limited than those of C. succirubra,
nor is it so easily propagated. Not all its varieties furnish bark
of equal value. The Santa Fe variety ascends the Andes of New
Granada up to 10,000 feet, and produces the highly valuable soft
Columbia Bark. The variety Ledgeriana comes from Brazil, south-
east of the Titicaca lake. Its bark yielded in Java 11 to 12 per
cent, of quinine.

78 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Renewed bark, obtained by covering with moss or matting the stem
where the bark was removed, according to Mr. M 'Ivor's method,
realized double the ordinary market price, and in C. succirubra even
more (Woodhouse).

Cinchona cordifolia, Mutis.*

Peru and New Granada on the Andes, at between 6,000 and 8,000
feet elevation, and, according to Mr. Willis Weaver, at Bogota
(probably under the shelter of forests) up to the frosty region of
9,500 feet. Provides the hard Cartagena Bark, or West Pitaya
Bark, one extremely rich in alkaloids. It is a species of robust
constitution, grows with rapidity and vigour. The thickest bark is
obtained in the highest altitudes, which by passing clouds are often
involved in misty humidity (Cross).

Cinchona micrantha, Ruiz and Pavon.

Cordilleras of Bolivia and Peru. This tree attains a height of 60
feet, and from it part of the Grey and Huanuco Bark, as well as
Lima Bark, are obtained. It is comparatively rich in cinchonin
and quinidin ; contains however also quinine.

Cinchona nitida, Ruiz and Pavon.

Andes of Peru and Ecuador. This tree rises to 80 feet under
favourable circumstances. It also yields Grey Bark and Huanuco
Bark, besides Loxa Bark. It will probably prove one of the
hardiest species. It contains predominantly cinchonin and quinidin.

Cinchona officinalis, Linne (partly).* (Cinchona Condaminea,

Humboldt).

Andes of New Granada and Peru, at a height of 6,000 to 10,000
. feet. Yields Crown or Brown Peru Bark, besides part of Loxa
Bark. Comparatively rich in quinine and cinchonidin. The tem-
perature of the middle regions of the Andes, where this tree
grows, is almost the same as that of the Canary Islands. Super-
abundance of moisture is particularly pernicious to this species.
The Crispilla variety endures a temperature occasionally as low as
27° F.

Cinchona lancifolia (Mutis) is considered by Weddell a variety of C.
officinalis. This grows on places where the mean annual tempera-
ture is that of Rome, with however less extremes of heat and
cold. It yields part of the Pitaya Bark.

Cinchona Pitayensis must also be referred to C. officinalis as a variety.
This attains a height of 60 feet and furnishes also a portion of the
Pitaya Bark. It is this particular cinchona which in Upper India
yielded in some instances the unprecedented quantity of 1 1 per
cent, alkaloids, nearly 6 per cent, quinine, the rest quinidin and

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

79

cinchonin ; this plant is now annihilated for bark purposes in its
native forests.

The Uritusinga or Loza variety grows in its native forests to a height
of 60 feet and more (Pavon), and attained in Ceylon a height of
28 feet with a stem girth of nearly 2 feet in fifteen years ; the
price of its bark was in 1879 about 7s. per pound, and of renewed
bark 11s. Mr. M'lvor obtained 6,850 cuttings from one imported
plant in twenty months. But all Cinchonas produce seeds copiously,
so that the raising of great numbers of plants can be effected with
remarkable facility. The • bark yielded 74 to lO'O per cent,
sulphate of quinine (Howard).

In Java some of the best results were obtained with Cinchona Hasskar-
liana, Miq., a species seemingly as yet not critically identified.

Cinchona succirubra, Pavon.*

Middle Andine regions of Peru and Ecuador. A tree attaining a
height of 40 feet, yielding the Red Peru Bark, rich in quinine and
cinchonidin. It is this species which is predominantly cultivated
on the mountains of Bengal. It has been found hardy in Lower
Gippsland and the Westernport District. It grew in Madeira at
an elevation of 500 feet, after having been planted two and a half
years, to a height of 20 feet, flowering freely. All these cinchonas
promise to become of importance for culture in the warmest
regions of extra-tropical countries, on places not readily accessible
or eligible for cereal culture. The Peruvian proverb that cinchona
trees like to be " within sight of snow " gives some clue to the con-
ditions under which they thrive best. They delight in the shelter
of forests, where there is an equable temperature, no frost, some
humidity at all times both in air and soil, where the ground is deep
and largely consists of the remnants of decayed vegetable substances,
and where the subsoil is open. Drippage from shelter trees too
near will be hurtful to the plants. Closed valleys and deep gorges,
into which cold air will sink, are also not well adapted for cinchona
culture. The cinchona region may be considered as interjacent
between the coffee and the tea region, or nearly coinciding with
that of the Assam tea. Cross found the temperature of some of the
best natural cinchona regions to fluctuate between 35° and 60° F.
We ought to consociate the Peru Bark plants with naturally-grow-
ing fern trees, but only in the warmest valleys and richest soil.
The best temperature for cinchonas is from 53° to 66° F. ; but they
mostly will endure in open places a minimum of 32° F. ; in the
brush shades of the Botanic Garden of Melbourne, where years
ago cinchonas were already raised by the thousand, they have even
resisted uninjured a temperature of a few degrees less, wherever
the wind had no access, while under such very slight cover the cin-
chonas withstood also a heat of a few degrees over 100° F. The
plants are most easily raised from seeds, best under some cover such

80 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

as mats, and they are seeding copiously already several years after
planting. The contents of alkaloids in the bark can be much
increased by artificial treatment, if the bark is only removed to
about one-third on one side of the stem and the denuded part
covered with moss or straw matting (kept moist), under which in
one year as much bark is formed as otherwise requires three years'
growth, — such forced bark moreover containing the astounding
quantity of as much as 25 per cent, alkaloids, because no loss of
these precious substances takes place by gradual disintegration
through age. The root bark of some cinchonas has proved
to contain as much as 8 per cent, of alkaloids (see Gardeners'
Chronicle, 1877, p. 212). The income from Java plantations
is considerably over double the cost of the expenses of culture
and transit. Mr. Howard's opinion that cinchonas in low
land plantations produce a far less quantity of alkaloids needs
further confirmation, particularly regarding the valuable
quinin and cinchonidin. The cinchona plants are set out at
distances of about 6 feet. The harvest of bark begins in the
fourth or fifth year. The price varies in Europe from 2s. to
9s. per K)., according to quality. The limits assigned to this
literary compilation do not admit of entering further into details
on this occasion; but I may add that in the Darjeeling district over
three millions of cinchona plants were in cultivation already in
1869, raised in Government plantations. Cultivation of cinchona
for commercial purposes was first initiated in Java through Dr.
Hasskarl in 1851. The British harvest in the Madras Presidency
alone amounted to 150,000 Ibs. in 1875 Dr. G. King reports in
1880 that four million trees of Cinchona succirubra are now
under his control in the Sikkim plantations. This has proved the
hardiest species ; it grows nnder a wide range of conditions, and it
seeds freely ; thus it is the most valuable cinchona in the elevations
of Sikkim. In the Neilgherries more than 600,000 cinchona plants
were distributed from the Government plantations in 1879, and
1,322 fibs, of seeds (Barlow), from 80,000 to 250,000 seedlings
arising from one pound of seeds, as almost every grain will grow.
All its varieties produce bark of great value. The total amount
of alkaloids is at an average 4 per cent. If the trees were cut
every seven or eight years, and simultaneous replanting should take
place, Dr. King could keep up an annual supply of 366,000 Ibs. of
bark. The total number of deaths of the Indian population from
fever is considered to approach a million and a half annually.

Cinna arundinacea, Linne.

North America. There recorded as good fodder-grass ; perennial,
somewhat sweet-scented. Particularly adapted for forest-meadows.
Blyttia suaveolens (Fries) is, according to Dr. Asa Gray, a variety
with pendant flowers.

.'•', •

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 81

Cinnamomum Camphor a, Fr. Nees.*

The Camphor Tree of China and Japan north to Kinsin, attaining
a height of about 40 feet. It endures the occasional frosts of a
clime like that of Port Phillip, though the foliage will suffer. The
wood, like all other parts of the tree, is pervaded by camphor ;
hence resists the attacks of insects. The well-known camphor is
obtained by distilling or boiling the chopped wood and root j the
subsequently condensed camphoric mass is subjected to a purifying
sublimation-process.

Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume.

South China. It is not impossible that this tree, which produces
the Chinese cinnamon or the so-called Cassia lignea, may prove
hardy outside the tropics. Sir Joseph Hooker found on the Khasya
mountains up to 6,000 feet three cinnamons producing this Cassia
bark, — namely, C. obtusifolium, C. pauciflorum, and C. Tamala,
the latter extending to Queensland. Dr. Thwaites notes the true
Cinnamon tree (C. Zeilanicum, Breyn) even up to 8,000 feet in
Ceylon, but the most aromatic bark comes from lower altitudes.
Cinnamon leaves yield a fragrant oil, and the root camphor.

Cinnamomum Loureiroi, Nees. ,

Cochin China and Japan. A middle-sized tree. The leaves locally
in use as a condiment and for perfume.

Cistus creticus, Linne.

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This shrub, with C. cyprius
(Lam.) furnishes the best ladanum resin. Other species yield a less
fragrant produce.

Citrus Aurantium, Linne.*

The Orange (in the widest sense of the word). A native of South
Asia. A tree of longevity, known to have attained the age of 600
years or more. Any specific differences, to distinguish C. Auran-
tium from C. Medica, if they once existed, are obliterated now
through hybridisation, at least in the cultivated forms. In Central
India a peculiar variety is under culture, producing two crops a
year. The blossoms of February and March yield their ripe fruit
November and December, whereas from the flowers of July mature
fruits are obtained in March and April. To prevent exhaustion
only alternate fruiting is allowed. It is not unusual that orange-
trees continue in full bearing for 60 or 70 years, and after that the
wood is still valued for its durability, fragrance and beauty. The
Sorrento honey has the ravishing perfume of orange-flowers, and
it has become classical as the best and analogous to that of

82 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Hymethus (Laura Redden). As prominent varieties of C. Auran-
tium may be distinguished : —

Citrus Bergamium, Risso. From the fruit-rind of this variety
Bergamotte oil is obtained, but also oil from the flowers. The
Mellarosa variety furnishes a superior oil and exquisite confitures.

Citrus Bigaradia, Duhamel. The Bitter Orange. This furnishes
from its flowers the Neroli oil, so delicious and costly as as a scent.
It is stated that orange flowers to the value of <£50 might be
gathered from the plants of an acre within a year. The rind of
the fruit is used for candied orange peel. Bitter principle : hes-
peridin in the rind, limonin in the seed.

Citrus decumana, Linne. The Shaddock or Pompelmos. The fruit
will exceptionally attain a weight of 20 Ibs. The pulp and thick
rind can both be used for preserves.

Citrus dulcis, Yolkamer. The Sweet Orange, of which many kinds
occur. The St. Michael Orange has been known to bear in the
Azores on sheltered places 20,000 fruits on one tree in a year.
Navel Oranges have been obtained up to 1 9 ozs. in weight at Rock-
hampton, other varieties up to 3 Ibs. (Thozet). Neroli oil obtained
from the flowers of this and allied varieties. The oil of orange-
peels might be used as a cheap and pleasant one for distilling with
it costly odorouS substances,

Citrus nobilis, Loureiro. The Mandarin Orange. The thin peel
separates most readily from the deliciously-flavoured sweet pulp.
There are large and small fruited Mandarin oranges ; the Tangerine
variety is one of them. Some varieties are excellent for hedges, and
as such are much used in Japan. Burnt earth is valuable as an
admixture to soil in orangeries.

Citrus Australasica, F. v. Mueller.

Coast forests of Extra-tropical East Australia. A shrubby species,
with oblong or almost cylindrical fruits of lemon-like taste, measur-
ing 2 to 4 inches in length. They are thus very much larger than those
of Atalantia glauca of the coast and the desert interior of tropic
Australia, which are also of similar taste. These plants are
entered, together with the following, on this list merely to draw
attention to them as likely capable of improvement of their fruit
through culture.

Citrus Japonica, Thunberg.

The Kumquat of Japan. A shrubby Citrus with fruits of the size
of a gooseberry, from which on account of their sweet peel and
acid pulp an excellent preserve can be prepared.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

83

Citrus Medica, Linne.*

The Citron (in the widest sense of the word). Indigenous to,
Southern Asia. For the sake of convenience it is placed here as
distinct from C. Aurantium. As prominent varieties of the Citrus
Medica may be distinguished : —

Citrus Cedra, Gallesio. The Real Citron. From the acid tubercular
fruit essential oil and citric acid can be obtained, irrespective of the
ordinary culinary use of the fruit. A large variety with thick
rind furnishes candied the citrio-nate or succade. The Cedra oil
comes from a particular variety.

Citrus Limonium, Risso. The Real Lemon. From the fruit of this
is largely pressed the lemon-juice, while the thin, smooth, aromatic
peel serves for the production of volatile oil or for condiments.
The juice of this fruit is particularly rich in citric acid. A large
variety is the Rosaline Lemon.

Citrus Limetta, Risso. The Real Lime. The best lime-juice is
obtained from this variety, of which the Perette constitues a form.
Less hardy than most other varieties.

Citrus Aumia, Risso. The Sweet Lemon, including the Pear Lemon
with large pear-shaped fruit. Rind thick and pale ; pulp not acid.
This variety serves for particular condiments.

Citrus trifoliata, Linne. Japan. Much grown as a hedge-shrub in
its native country ; used often as stock for grafting oranges on.

Citrus Planchoni, F. v. Mueller. (C. Australis, Planchon, partly.)

Forests near the coast of Sub-tropic East Australia. A noble tree,
fully 40 feet high, or, according to Hartmann, even 60 feet high,
with globular fruits about the size of a walnut, called in Australia
Native Oranges. The species has first appeared under the above name
in the " Report on the Vegetable Products of the Intercolonial
Exhibition of 1867." Its beautiful wood takes a high polish ;
hence it is made use of for the finest cabinet-work.

Cladrastis tinctoria, Rafinesque.

North America. The wood of this tree produces a saffron-yellow
dye.

Clavaria botrytis, Persoon.

Europe. This and following are the species, which are admitted
for sale among Silesian mushrooms, according to Dr. Goeppert : C.
brevipcs (Krombholz), C. flava, C. formosa, C. grisea (Persoon),
C. muscoides (L.), C. aurea (Schaeffer), C. palmata (Scop.), C.
crispa (Wulfen). Morren mentions as much consumed in Belgium,
C. fastigiata (L.)

84 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Clino stigma Mooreanum, F. v. Mueller. (Kentia Mooreana, F. v. M.)

Dwarf Palm of Lord Howe's Island, where it occurs only on the
summits of the mountains. Likely to prove one of the hardiest of
all Palms.

Coccoloba uvifera, Jacquin.

Central America, northward to Florida. A tree attaining a large
size, fit for sandy sea-shores. The dark-blue sweet or acidulous
berries are edible. A kind of kino is obtained from the bark ; the
wood yields a red dye. Dr. Rosenthal notes as yielding likewise edible
fruits: — C. nivea (Jacq.), C. pubescens (L.), C. excoriata (L.), C.
flavescens (Jacq.), C. diversifolia (Jacq.) C. Leoganensis (Jacq.) is
also a coast-tree; other species belong to forest regions of mountains.

Cochlearia Armoracia, Lmn&

The Horse-radish. Middle Europe and Western Asia. Perennial.
The volatile oil of the root allied to that of mustard.

Cochlearia officinalis, Linne.

Shores of Middle and North Europe, North Asia, and North
America. A biennial herb, like the allied C. Anglica and C.
Danica, valuable as an antiscorbutic, hence deserving naturalisa-
tion. It contains a peculiar volatile oil.

Go CO 8 Australia, Martius.

From Brazil to Uruguay and the La Plata States. One of the
hardiest of all Palms, hardier than even the Date Palm, with-
standing unprotected a cold of 8° C. below freezing point, at which
temperature oranges and almonds are injured or destroyed. It was
perfectly uninjured at Antibes by frost at a temperature of 15° F.
(Naudin). C. pityrophylla ascends the Andes to 7,800 feet (de
Denterghem.)

Cocos flexuosa, Martius.

Brazil, extending far south. This slender and not tall decorative
Palm belongs to the dry Cactus region with C. coronata, C. capitata,
Astrocaryum campestre, Diplothemium campestre, and Acrocomia
sclerocarpa (Martins). Cocos coronata withstood at Hyeres a
temperature of 22° F. (Bonnet).

Cocos regia, Liebmann.

Mexico, up to 2,500 feet. A Palm of enormous height; almost
sure to prove hardy here.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

85

Cocos Romanzoffiana, Chamisso.

Extra-tropic Brazil. This noble Palm attains to a height of 40
feet.

Cocos Yatay, Martius.*

Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay and Argentina. Forms mainly
with C. Australis and C. Datil, distinct forests (Drude). The last
mentioned bears date-like fruits, according to Dr. Lorentz.

Coffea Arabica, Linne.

Mountains of South- West Abyssinia. The Coffee Plant. This
shrub or small tree has been admitted into this list, not without
great hesitation, merely not to be passed. The cultivation within
extra-tropical boundaries can only with any prospect of success be
tried in the warmest and simultaneously moistest regions, frost
being detrimental to the coffee plant. In Ceylon the coffee regions
are between 1,000 and 5,000 feet above the ocean, but Dr. Thwaites
observes that the plant succeeds best at an elevation from 3,000 to
4,500 feet, in places where there is a rainfall of about 100 inches a
year. The temperature there rises hardly ever above 80° F., and
almost never sinks below 45° F. Coffee requires moist weather
whilst it ripens its fruit, and a season of drier weather to form its
wood. Average yield in Ceylon 4 to 5 cwt. per acre. An extra-
ordinarily prolific variety of coffee was introduced twenty years ago by
the writer of this work into Fiji, where it now forms the main
plantations. The Coffee plant has been found hardy as far north
as Florida. For further particulars see the papers of the Planters'
Association of Kandy. Chemical principles : coffein, a peculiar
tannic acid and quinic acid. The loss sustained in 1878 alone by
the ravages of parasitic fungus growth on coffee plants in Ceylon
amounted to ,£2,000,000, the total loss since 1869 from this source
to £15,000,000 (Abbay). The destruction of the Coffee-leaf
Fungus (Hemileia vastatrix) is effected by applying flour of sulphur,
particularly in dewy weather, and by dressing the ground with
quicklime (Morris). See also essay by Mr. T. Dyer in Journal
of Microsc. Soc. new series, vol. XX. In America coffee plantations
have suffered not only from the attacks of erysiphoid fungi, but also
the Cemiostoma Fly. Coffee leaves have recently come into use
as tea.

Coffea Liberica, Bull.

The Liberian Coffee plant, distinguished already by Afzelius.
According to Dr. Imray this species has shown immunity from the
Cemiostoma Fly, and it is less affected by the Hemileia mould.
It grows to the size of a real tree, is a rich bearer, and the berries
are larger than those of the ordinary coffee bush ; but the (useless)

86 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

pulp is about twice as large in proportion to the seeds. The fruit
requires a longer time to ripen (a year), but this species can be
grown in hot tropical countries down to the coast. (Lietze ; Hegel).

Colchicum autumnale, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, West Asia. The Meadow Saffron.
The seeds and roots of this pretty bulbous-tuberous herb are
important for medicinal use. The plant has been introduced into
Australia by the writer with a view of being naturalised on moist
meadows in our ranges. Active principle : colchicin.

Golocasia antiquorum, Schott.*

From Egypt through South Asia to the South Sea Islands ;
apparently also indigenous in the warmer parts of East Australia.
The Taro. The stem-like, tuberous, starchy roots lose their
acridity by the process of boiling, roasting, or baking. It is the
Kolkas of the Arabs and Egyptians, to them one of the most
esteemed and abundant vegetables. Immense quantities are
harvested and kept during the winter. A splendid starch is
obtainable from the tubers of this and the following species. The
plant proved hardy as far south as Melbourne. Cultivated as far
south as New Zealand. The tops of the tubers are replanted for a
new crop. Taro requires a rich moist soil, and would grow well on
banks of rivers. Eor scenic culture it is a very decorative plant.
Colocasia esculenta is a variety of this species.

Colocasia Indica, Kunth. (Alocasia Indica, Schott.)

South Asia, South Sea Islands, and East Australia. Cultivated
for its stem and tubers on swamps or rivulets. This stately plant
will rise in favourable localities to a height of 12 feet, the edible
trunk attaining a considerable thickness, the leaves sometimes
measuring 3 feet in length. In using the stein and root for food
great care is needed to expel by the heating process all acridity.
Colocasia odora and C. macrorrhiza seem varieties of this species.
Several other aroid plants deserve attention for test-culture on
account of their edible roots, among them Cyrtosperma edule,
Seemann, from the Fiji-Islands.

Combretum butyraceum, Caruel.

The Butter Tree of Caffraria and other parts of South-East Africa.
The Caffirs call the fatty substance obtained from this tree Chiquito.
It is largely used by them as an admixture to their food, and
exported also. It contains about one-quarter olein and three-
quarters margarin. This butter-like fat is extracted from the fruit,
and is of an aromatic flavour. The tree should be hardy in the
warmer and milder parts of Victoria.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 87

Comptonia asplenifolia, Solander.

North America. The Sweet Fernbush. This dwarf shrub is
perhaps quite worthy of dissemination on sterile hills, as the
foliage contains nearly 10 per cent, of tannin, an extract of which
has come into the tanning trade.

Condalia microphylla, Cavanilles.

Chili and Argentina. The Piquillin. Bush yielding sweet, edible,
succulent fruit.

Conium maculatum, Linne".

The Hemlock. Europe, North Africa, North and West Asia.
A biennial herb, important for medicinal purposes. It should
however not be allowed to stray from its plantations, as it is apt
to be confounded with culinary species of Anthriscus, Chserophyllum,
and Myrrhis, and may thus cause, as a most dangerous plant, dis-
astrous mistakes. Active principles : coniin in the fruit, also
conhydrin.

Conopodium denudatum, Koch.

Western Europe. The small tuberous roots of this herb, when,
boiled or roasted, are available for food, and known as Earth
Chestnuts. The plant is allied to Carum Bu

Conospermum Stoechadis, Endlicher.

West Australia. The question has arisen whether this shrub,
with C. triplinervium (R. Brown), oughtptdt to be introduced ;into
our worst desert country. All kinds oApasture animals browse
with avidity on the long, tender, and downy flower stalks and
spikes without touching the foliage, thus not^strpying the plant
by close cropping. ^^i.***^

Convolvulus floridus, Linn6 fil.

Canary Islands. A shrubby, not climbing or winding species.
With C. scoparius it yields the Atlantic Rosewood from stem and
root.

Convolvulus Scammonia, Linne.

Mediterranean regions and Asia Minor. A perennial herb, from
the root, which will grow 2 feet long, is obtained the purgative
resin Scammonia. Plants readily raised from seeds. To obtain
the resin a portion of the root is laid bare, and into incisions made
shells are inserted to collect the juice, which is daily removed (Maw).

Convolvulus scoparius, Linne fil.

Tenerifie. One of the Rosewood plants.

88 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Copernicia cerifera, Martins.*

Brazil, extending into Bolivia and also Argentina. This mag-
nificient Fan Palm was found hardy at Sydney, by Mr. Charles
Moore. It resists drought in a remarkable degree, and prospers
also on a somewhat saline soil. The stem furnishes starch ; the
sap yields sugar ; the fibres of the leaves are converted into ropes,
which resist decay in water : it can also be used for mats, hats,
baskets and brooms, and many other articles are prepared from the
leaves. The inner part of the leaf-stalks serves as a substitute for
cork. Mainly however this palm is valued for its Carnauba wax,
with which the young leaves are coated, and which can be detached
by shaking ; it is harder than bees'-wax, and is used in candle
manufacture. Each tree furnishes about 4 Ibs. annually. In 1862
no less than 2,500,000 Ibs. were imported into Great Britain,
realising about £100,000.

Corchorus acutangulus, Lamarck.

Tropical Africa, South Asia, and North Australia. This species is
specially mentioned by some writers as a jute plant. A particular
machine has been constructed by Mr. Le Franc, of New Orleans,
for separating the jute fibre. With it a ton of fibre is produced in
a day by four men's work, and it leaves no butts or refuse. This
apparatus can also be used for other fibre plants. The seeds of
the Corchorus, which spontaneously drop, will reiterate the crop.

Corchorus capsularis, Linne.*

From India to Japan. One of the principal jute plants. An
annual, attaining a height of about a dozen feet, when closely
grown, with almost branchless stem. A nearly allied but
lower plant, Corchorus Cunninghami, F. v. Mueller, occurs in
tropical and sub-tropical East Australia. Jute can be grown
where cotton and rice ripen, be it even in localities compara-
tively cold in the winter, if the summer's warmth is long and
continuous. The fibre is separated by steeping the full-grown
plant in water from five to eight days, and it is largely used
for rice, wool and cotton bags, carpets and other similar
textile fabrics, and also for ropes. About 60,000 tons are
annually exported from India to England, and a large quantity
also to the United States. Jute is sown on good land, well
ploughed and drained, but requires no irrigation, although it
likes humidity. The crop is obtained in the course of four or
five months, and is ripe when the flowers turn into fruit cap-
sules. Good paper is made from the refuse of the fibre. Jute
has been found, when planted around cotton-fields, to protect
them like hemp, from caterpillars (Hon. T. Watts). In
India jute alternates with rice or sugar-cane ; as a crop it

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 89

wants damp soil. It does not require drained land, according to
Mr. C. B. Clarke. The harvest is in three, four, or five months.
Unlike cotton it will bear a slight frost. Under favourable cir-
cumstances 2,000 to 7,000 Ibs. may be obtained from an acre. It
is best grown on flooded ground, as otherwise it proves an exhaus-
tive crop. Two hundred million pounds of jute were woven in
1876 in Dundee, and fifty million gunny bags were exported from
Britain in one single year, according to S. Waterhouse. Jute does
not so easily decay when exposed to moistu?e as hemp.

Corchorus olitorius, Linne.*

South Asia and North Australia. Furnishes, with the foregoing
species, the principal supply of jute fibre. As it also is an annual,
it can be brought to perfection in the summers of the warm tempe-
rate zone. The foliage can be used for spinach. The fibre is not
so strong as hemp, but very easily prepared. It will not endure
exposure to water. The allied Corchorus trilocularis, L., of Indian
origin, is likewise a native of eastern tropical and sub-tropical
Australia.

Cordyline Banksii, J. Hooker.

New Zealand. This lax and long-leaved Palm-Lily attains a height
of 10 feet ; its stem is usually undivided. This and the following
species have been admitted into this list for a double reason,
because not only are they by far the hardiest, quickest growing, and
largest of the genus, and thus most sought in horticultural trade
for scenic planting, but also because they furnish from the leaves a
superior fibre for ropes and other textile purposes. The small
seeds are produced in great abundance, and germinate with extreme
readiness. These Palm-Lilies ought to be naturalised in forest
ranges by mere dissemination.

Cordyline Baueri, J. Hooker. (C. Australis, Endlicher, not J.
Hooker.)

Norfolk Island. The stem of this stately species attains a height
of 40 feet, and becomes in age ramified. It is very intimately
allied to the following species.

Cordyline indivisa, Kunth.

New Zealand. The stem of this thick and rigid-leaved palm-like
species rises to a height of 20 feet, and remains undivided. Leaves
finally 5 inches broad ; yield the toi fibre. Aged leaves persistent
in a perfectly downward position for many years. Panicle at first
erect. Berries white.

90 SELECT PLANTS FOE INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Cordyline superbiens, C. Koch. (G. Australia, J. Hooker, not

Endlicher.)

New Zealand. The stem of this noble thin-leaved plant attains a
height of 40 feet, and is branched. Aged leaves readily separable ;
berries blue. Hardy at Torquay (W. Wood), Power's Court,
Limerick, and in others of the milder localities in South England
and Ireland.

Cordyline terminalis, Kunth.

South Asia, Polynesia, East Australia. The roots in a roasted
state are edible. The leaves, like those of other species, can be
utilised for textile fibre. The splendid decorative Cordylines with
red or variegated foliage belong to this species.

Coriandrum sativum, Linne.

Orient and Middle Asia. An annual or biennial herb, much in use
for condiments. The essential oil peculiar.

Cornus florida, Linne.

North America. The Dogwood. A showy tree, up to 30 feet
high. The wood in great demand for shuttles, handles, harrow-
teeth, horse-collars, sledge-runners.

Cornus Nuttalli, Torrey.

North-west America. This is the largest of the genus, attaining a
height of 70 feet and a stem 2 feet in diameter. One of the most
showy of Californian forest-trees. The wood is hard and close-
grained, similar to that of the preceding species. The natives use
the small twigs for making baskets (Dr. Gibbons).

Corylus Colurna, Linne\

The Constantinople Nut Tree, the tallest of Hazels, attaining 60
feet in height, of rather quick growth. This, as well as the Euro-
pean Hazel (Corylus Avellana, L.) and the Japan Hazel (C. hetero-
phylla, Fischer), might be grown for copses in forest gullies for
their filberts.

Corynocarpus laevigata, Forster.

The Karaka of New Zealand and the principal forest tree of the
Chatham Islands, attaining a height of 60 feet. The wood is light,
and used by the natives for canoes. The pulp of the fruit is edible.
Cattle browse on the foliage. In rich irrigated soil the tree can be
adopted for very shady avenues.

Corynosicyos edulis. (Cladosicyos edulis, J. Hooker.)

Guinea. A new cucumber-like plant, with edible fruits about 1
foot long and 3 inches in diameter.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 91

Crambe cordifolia, Steven.

From Persia and the Caucasus to Thibet and the Himalayas, up to
• 14,000 feet. The root and foliage of this Kale afford an esculent.
C. Kotschyana (Boiss.) is an allied plant.

Crambe maritima, Linne.

Sea Kale. Sand-coasts of Europe and North Africa. A perennial
herb ; the young shoots used as a wholesome and agreeable vege-
table. Should be naturalised.

Crambe Tataria, Wulfen.

From Southern Europe to the Orient. Perennial. Likewise used
for culinary purposes. According to Simmons the large fleshy
roots form also an esculent.

Crataegus sestivalis, Torrey and Grey.

The Apple Haw. Southern States of North America. The small
juicy fruit of an agreeable acid taste.

Crataegus apiifolia, Michaux.

North America. Highly serviceable for hedges.

Crataegus Azarolus, Linne.

Welsh Medlar. South Europe and South-west Asia. The plea-
santly acidulous fruits are much used for preserves.

Crataegus coccinea, Linne.

North American White Thorn. A valuable hedge plant ; also very
handsome. Spines strong.

Crataegus cordata, Aiton.

Southern States of North America. Also much employed for
hedges.

Crataegus Crus-Galli, Linne\

North America. The Cockspur Thorn. Regarded as one of the
best species for hedges. Spines long and stout.

Crataegus Oxyacantha, Linne.

Europe, North Africa, North and West Asia. The ordinary Haw-
thorn or White Thorn or Quick. Recorded here as one of the
most eligible among deciduous hedge plants, safe against pastoral
animals. The wood is considered one of the best substitutes for
boxwood by engravers.

92 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Cratsegus parvifolia, Alton.

North America. For dwarf hedges. Spines long, slender, sharp,
and numerous.

Cratsegus pyracantha, Persoon.

The Firethorn. South Europe. This species is evergreen. It is
likewise adapted for hedges, but slower in growth than Hawthorn,
altogether not difficult to rear.

Cratsegus tomentosa, Linne.

North America. Up to 20 feet high. Fruit edible. By the
species mentioned the list of American Hedgethorns is probably not
yet exhausted.

Crithmum maritimum, Linne.

The real Samphire. Sea-shores of Middle and South Europe, North
Africa and the Orient. A perennial herb. Settlers on the coast
might readily disseminate and naturalise it. It is held to be one
of the best plants for pickles, the young leaves being selected for
that purpose.

Crocus sativus, Linne.

The Dye Saffron. South Europe and Orient. The stigmata of
this particular autumnal flowering crocus constitute the costly dye
substance. The best is collected from the flowers just as they daily
open in succession. At any early stage of colonisation it would
not be remunerative to grow saffron commercially ; but as the plant
is well adapted for many extra-tropical countries or for high eleva-
tions within the tropical clime, it might be planted out into various
unoccupied mountain localities with a final view to naturalise it,
and to render it thus available at a later period from native sources.
Noted as a bee-plant already by the ancients (Muenter).

Crocus serotinus, Salisbury. (C. odorus, Bivona.)

South Europe. This species also produces saffron rich in pigment.
The bulbs of several are edible.

Crotalaria Burhia, Hamilton.

Beluchistan, Affghanistan, Scinde. This perennial herb grows in
arid places, and yields, like the following, Sunn fibre.

Crotalaria juncea, Linne.

The Sunn Hemp. Indigenous to South Asia, and also widely dis-
persed through tropical Australia. An annual herb, rising under
favourable circumstances to a height of 10 feet. In the colony of
Victoria Sunn can only be cultivated in the warmest and moistest

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 93

localities. It comes in four or five months to maturity. The plant can
also be grown as a fodder herb for cattle. It requires rich, friable soil.
If a superior soft fibre is desired, then the plant is pulled while in'
flower ; if strength is the object, then the plant is left standing until
it has almost ripened its seeds. The steeping process occupies about
three days. For the purpose of obtaining branchless stems it is sown
closely. Cultivated in the Circars, according to Roxburgh, to feed
milch cows.

Crotalaria retusa, Linne". -.

Asia, America, and Australia within the tropics. A perennial
herb. Its fibre resembles that of C. juncea, and is chiefly used for
ropes and canvas. Others of the multitudinous species of Crotalaria
deserve to be tested for their fibres.

Croton lacciferus, Linne\

Ceylon, up to 3,000 feet. Suitable for the warmer forest regions
here, to obtain from this tree its peculiar exuding lac resin.

Crozophora tinctoria, Necker.

South Europe, North Africa and Orient. An annual herb. The
turnsole dye is prepared by exposure of the juice to the air, or by
treating it with ammonia.

Cryptomeria Japonica, D. Don ;

Japan and Northern China. The Sugi, or Japanese Cedar; the
largest tree in Japan, the trunk attaining 35 feet in circumference
(Rein), 1 20 feet in height, and with a long clear stem of perfect
straightness ; it is also grown for hedges, and there yielding the
most esteemed timber, scented like that of Cedrela (Christie). It
requires forest valleys for successful growth. The wood is compact,
very white, soft and easy to work. In the Azores preferred even
to the Pinus Haleppensis for timber culture, on account of its still
more rapid growth in that insular clime.

Cucumis cicatrisatus, Stocks.

Scinde, where it is called "Wungee." The edible ovate fruit is
about 6 inches long.

Cucumis Citrullus, Seringe. (Citrullus vulgaris, Schrader.)

Mediterranean regions. The Water Melon. It is simply mentioned
here to indicate the desirability of naturalising it in the Australian
interior deserts, where no Cucurbita and only a single kind of
edible Cucumis (C. acidus, Jacquin), with fruits not larger than a
pigeon's egg, is indigenous. In South African deserts it has become
spontaneously established, and retained the characters of the culti-
vated fruit.

94 SELECT PLANTS FOE INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Cucumis Colocynthis, Linn& (Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrader.)

From the Mediterranean regions to India. An annual herb. The
medicinal extract of colocynth is prepared from the small gourd of
this species. Active principle : colocynthin.

Cucumis Conomon, Thunberg.

Japan. An annual. The large fruit is used for preserves.

Cucumus Melo, Linn6.

The Melon. Originally from the country about the Caspian Sea.
The best varieties might also be naturalised in sand deserts, par-
ticularly in places where some moisture collects. Some of the Bok-
hara varieties are remarkably luscious and large. Apparently
remunerative results have been gained in Belgium from experiments
to cultivate Melons for sugar and treacle. The seeds thus obtained
in quantity become available for oil pressing. The root contains
melonemetin.

Cucumis Momordica, Roxburgh.

Cultivated in India. It produces cucumbers 2 feet long, bursting
slowly when ripe into several divisions. Young, the fruit is used
like Cucumbers ; aged, like Melons.

Cucumis sativus, Linne.

The Cucumber. Egypt. Indicated here merely for completeness'
sake, also because gherkin pickling ought to become a more extended
local industry. Dr. G. King brought under notice and Indian cul-
ture the Chinese Cucumber " Solly-Qua," which attains a length
of 7 feet. It must be trained on walls or trellises, to afford to the
fruit sufficient scope for suspension.

Cucumis utilissimus, Roxburgh.

Mountains of Bengal. An annual like the other species. Fruit of
the size and shape of an ostrich's egg, with the flavour of melons.
These fruits will keep for several months.

Cucurbita maxima, Duchesne.

Large Gourd. Turkey. Instances are on record of fruits having
weighed over 2 cwt. This species, also, is eligible for naturalisation
in the interior. Amongst other purposes it serves for calabashes.

Cucurbita Melopepo, Linne.

The Squash. May be regarded as a variety of C. Pepo. It will
endure storage for months.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 95

Cucurbita moschata, Duchesne.

The Musky Gourd. Doubtless also from the Orient.

Cucurbita Pepo, Linne.

The Pumpkin and Vegetable Marrow. Countries on the Caspian
Sea. Its naturalisation in the desert would be a boon. The seeds
on pressure yield a fixed oil ; they are also anthelminthic. It yields
with many other Cucurbitacese much honey for bees. C. melano-
sperma, A. Braun, is not edible.

Cudrania Javensis, Trecul.

New South Wales and Queensland, South and East Asia to Japan,
East Africa. This climbing thorny shrub can be utilised for hedges.
Fruit edible, of pleasant taste ; the root furnishes a yellow dye.

Cuminum Cyminum, Linne.

North Africa. The fruits of this annual herb are known as Cumin
and used for certain condiments, as also in medicine. Cuminum
Hispanicum, Merat, is similar. Essential oil peculiar.

Cupressus Benthami, Endlicher.

Mexico at 5,000 to 7,000 feet. A beautiful tree 60 feet high. The
wood is fine-grained and exceedingly durable.

Cupressus Lawsoniana, Murray. (Chamcecyparis Lawsoniana, Parl.)

Northern California. This is a splendid red-flowered Cypress,
growing 100 feet high, with a stem of 2 feet in diameter, and fur-
nishes a valuable timber for building purposes, being clear, easily
worked, free of knots, elastic, and very durable. (Sargent.)

Cupressus Lindleyi, Klotzsch.

On the mountains of Mexico. A stately Cypress up to 120 feet high.
It supplies an excellent timber.

Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartweg.* (C. Lambertiana, Gordon.)

California, from Monterey to Noyo, in the granite as well as sand-
stone formation; sometimes in Sphagnum-moors. This beautiful
and shady tree attains the height of 150 feet, with a stem of 9 feet
in circumference, and is one of the quickest growing of all conifers,
even in poor, dry soil. One of the best shelter trees on sea-sands,
naturally following the coast-line, never extending many miles from
the shore, and occurring in localities where the temperature does
not rise above 80° F., nor sinks below the freezing point (Bolander).
Richer in its yield of tar than the Scotch Fir, according to American
writers.

96 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Cupressus Nutkaensis, Lamb. (Chamcecyparis Nutkaensis, Spach.)

(Thuya excelsa, Bongard.)

The Yellow Cedar or Cypress of Alaska and the neighbouring
States. Height of tree, 100 feet. Timber soft, pale, clear, durable,
tough and close ; also scented ; worked with ease ; used for boat-
building and other purposes ; the bast for mats and ropes. Can be
trimmed for hedge growth. The Cypresses of the sections Chamse-
cyparis and Retinospora are now regarded by Sir Jos. Hooker
and Mr. Geo. Bentham as species of Thuya.

Cupressus obtusa, F. v. Mueller. (Retinospora obtusa, Sieb. and

Zucc.)

The Hinoki of Japan. Attains a height of 100 feet; stem 5 feet
in circumference. It forms a great part of the forests at Nipon.
Growing naturally between 1,200 and 4,200 feet elevation on the
transition of the compact alluvial clays to eruptive granite (Dupoiit).
The bark is used for thatching, also for cordage and tow. The wood
is white-veined and compact, assuming, when planed, a silky lustre.
According to Mr. Christie, durable, close-grained, and easily worked.
It is used in Japan for temples. There are varieties of this species
with foliage of a golden and of a silvery white hue. Hardy at New
York, even in exposed localities. One of the finest of evergreen
trees for dwellings. It resembles C. Lawsoniana, but excels it ;
hardier and of rapid growth (Rev. H. W. Beecher). Easily multi-
plied from layers of the lower branches.

Two other Japanese Cypresses deserve introduction — namely, C. bre-
viramis (Chamcecyparis breviramea, Maxim.) and C. pendens
(Chamcecyparis pendula, Maxim.).

Cupressus pisifera, F. v. Mueller. (Chamcecyparis pisifera, Sieb.

and Zucc.)

The Sarvara of Japan. It attains a height of 30 feet, producing
also a variety with golden foliage. Very hardy, like the foregoing ;
also of beautiful aspect and quick growth. Stem occasionally 3 feet
in diameter (Rein). Less esteemed than C. obtusa ; grows in about
the same localities, but is content with poorer soil, and bears more
heat (Dupont).

Cupressus sempervirens, Linne.

Common Cypress of South Europe. Height of tree up to 80 feet.
It is famous for the great age it reaches, and for the durability of
its timber, which is next to imperishable. At present its wood is
much sought for the manufacture of musical instruments.

Cupressus thurifera, Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth.

Mexican White Cedar ; 3,000 to 4,500 feet above sea level. A
handsome pyramidal tree, upwards of 40 feet high.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 97

Cupressus thuyoides, Linne. (Chamcecyparis sphceroidea, Spach.)
(Thuya spliwroidcdis, 01. Richard.)

White cedar of North America; in moist and morassy ground.
Height of tree, 80 feet ; diameter of stem, 3 feet. The wood is
reddish, light, clear, easy to split, soft, and fragrant ; it turns red
when exposed to the air ; it is extensively used for a great variety
of purposes — for boat-building, cooperage, railway ties, particularly
also shingles ; it is fine-grained and easily worked. Mohr says that
the wood when well seasoned offers the finest material for hollow-
ware. For furniture it admits of a high finish and pleasing hue.
The aged wood resists the succession of dryness and moisture better
than any other Cypress hitherto tried.

Cupressus torulosa, Don.*

Nepal Cypress. Northern India; 4,500 to 8,000 feet above sea
level. Average ordinary height 40 feet, but much larger dimen-
sions are on record, requiring perhaps confirmation. The reddish
fragrant wood is as durable as that of the Deodar Cedar, highly
valued for furniture. The tree seems to prefer limestone soil.
Splendid for breakwinds and tall hedges. Dr. Brandis thinks that
it may attain an age of 1,000 years.

Cyamopsis psoraloides, Candolle.

South Asia. This annual is mentioned by Dr. Forbes Watson
among the plants which furnish all the year green table-beans to a
portion of the population of India.

Cycas Normanbyana, F. v. Mueller.

A noble Queensland species, deserving introduction, and capable of
being shipped to long distances in an upgrown state without
emballage.

Cycas revoluta, Thunberg.

The Japan Fern Palm. The trunk attains, in age, a height of
about 6 feet, and is rich in sago-like starch. The slow growth of
this plant renders it valuable for no other purpose than scenic
decorative culture ; it endures the climate of Melbourne without
protection. Cycas angulata, R. Br., may also prove hardy, and
would prove a noble horticultural acquisition, as it is the most
gigantic of all Cycadese, attaining a height of 70 feet in tropical
East Australia. Like the Zamia stems also, the trunks of Cycas
admit of translocation, even at an advanced age.

Cymopterus glomeratus, Candolle.

Western States of North America. Root edible (Dr. Rosenthal).

G

98 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Cynara Cardunculus, Linne.

The Cardoon. Mediterranean regions. A perennial herb. The
bleached leaf stalks serve as esculents.

Cynara Scolymus, Linne.

The Artichoke. South Europe and North Africa. The receptacles
and the base of the flower-scales well known as a vegetable. The
plant is perennial, and here merely mentioned as entitled to
extended culture in grouping this with other stately plants. Several
other species are worthy of cultivation. In Italy Artichokes are
much grown under olive trees to utilise spare ground. The plant
is greatly benefited in cultivation by a dressing with sea-weed or
any other manure containing sea-salt (G. "W. Johnson).

Cynodon Dactylon, Persoon.*

Widely dispersed over the warmer parts of the globe, thus as
indigenous reaching the northern parts of the colony of Victoria ;
stretching also into Middle Europe and West England. Passes
under the names of Bermuda Grass, Indian Couch or Scutch Grass,
Doorva or Bahama Grass. An important grass for covering bare,
barren land, or binding drift sand, or keeping together the soil of
abrupt declivities, or consolidating earth banks against floods. It
is not without value as a pasture grass ; resists extreme drought,
and may become of great importance to many desert tracts. The
dispersion is best effected by the creeping rooting stems, cut into
short pieces ; each of these takes root readily. In arable land this
grass, when once established, cannot easily be subdued. The stems
and roots are used in Italy for preparing there the Mellago graminis.
Roxburgh already declared this grass to be by far the most common
and useful of India, particularly in the drier regions ; that it
flowers all the year, and that it forms three-fourths of the food of
the cows and horses there. Excellent also as a lawn grass. The
chemical analysis, made very early in spring, gave the following
results: — Albumen 1*60, gluten 645, starch 4-00, gum 3'10, sugar
3 '60 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Hummel.)

Cy no sums cristatus, Linne.

The Crested Dog's-tail Grass. Europe, North Africa, West Asia.
A perennial grass, particularly valuable as withstanding drought,
the roots penetrating to considerable depth. The stems can also be
used for bonnet-plaiting. Though inferior in value for hay, this
grass is well adapted for permanent pasture, as it forms dense tufts
without suffocating other grasses or fodder herbs.

Cypenis corymbosus, Rottboell.

India. This stately perennial species may be chosen to fringe our
lakes and ponds. It is extensively used for mats in India.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

99

Cyperus esculentus, Linne.

South Europe, West Asia, various parts of Africa. Produces the
" Chufa" or Ground Almond, an edible root, which contains 27 per
cent, of starch, 17 per cent, of oil, and 12 per cent, of saccharine
substance ; other (French) analyses give 28 per cent, oil, 29 starch,
14 sugar, 7 gum, 14 cellulose. This plant does not spread like the
C. rotundus, and can be reared on sand-land, though in rich loose
soil the harvest is far more plentiful. The tubers, of which 100 to
150 can be obtained from each plant, are consumed either raw or
cooked. Hogs root them up for food. The oil surpasses in excel-
lence of taste all other oils used for culinary purposes. The tubers
are a fair substitute for coffee when properly roasted; the root
crop is available in from four to six months. The root of the
North American C. phymatodes (Muehlenberg) is also nutty.

Cyperus Papyrus, Linne.

The Nile Papyrus, wild in various regions of Africa. Attains a
height of 16 feet. Though no longer strictly an utilitarian plant,
as in ancient times, it could scarcely be passed on this occasion, as
it ought to become valuable in the horticultural trade. Its grand
aspect recommends it as very decorative for aquatic plantations.

Cyperus proliferus, Linn6 fil.

Canary Islands. The " Tagasaste." This tall herb is recommended
as a fodder plant in countries exposed to drought.

Cyperus Syriacus, Parlatore.

The Syrian or Sicilian Papyrus. This is the Papyrus plant usual
in garden cultivation. The plants in the Melbourne Botanic
Garden attain a height of 8 feet, but suffer somewhat from frost.
Other tall decorative Cyperi deserve introduction — for instance,
C. giganteus, Rottboell, from West India and Guiana, these kinds
of plants being hardier than others from the tropics.

Cyperus tegetum, Roxburgh.

India, China and North Australia. This Galingale Rush might
be naturalised on river banks to obtain material for the superior
mats made of it in Bengal. The fresh stems are slit longitudinally
into three or four pieces, each of which curls round by exsiccation,
and can then be worked into durable and elegant mats. In China
it is cultivated like rice, but in brackish ground only, where
narrow channels will allow the water to flow in and out with the
rising and receding tide (Hance and Dilthey).

Cyperus textilis, Thunberg. (Cyperus vaginatus, R. Brown.)

Widely dispersed over the Australian continent, also occurring in
Southern Africa. It is restricted to swampy localities, and thus is

100 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

not likely to stray into ordinary fields. In the colony of Victoria
it is the best indigenous fibre plant, and it is likewise valuable as
being with ease converted into pulp for good writing paper, as
shown by me some years ago. Its perennial growth allows of
regular annual cutting. Within Victorian territory this Galingale
rush is particularly common on the Murray flats. The natives
there use this as well as Carex tereticaulis (F. v. M.) for nets.

Cytisus proliferous, Linne fil.

Canary Islands. A fodder shrub for light dry soil ; rather in-
tolerant to frost (Dyer).

Cystisus spinosus, Lamarck.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. This bush forms a strong
prickly garden-hedge, handsome when closely clipped (W. Elliott).

Cytisus scoparius, Link. (Spartium scoparium, Linne.)

The Broom Bush. Europe, North Asia. Of less significance as a
broom plant than as one of medicinal value. It can also be used
for tanning purposes. Most valuable for arresting drift sand. An
alkaloid (spartein) and a yellow dye (scoparin) are obtainable from
this Broom Bush.

Dacrydium Colensoi, Hooker.

New Zealand. A beautiful tree, growing 50 feet in height, and
producing hard and incorruptible timber ; chiefly eligible for our
Alpine regions.

Dacrydium cupressinum, Solander.

New Zealand. Native name, Bimu ; the Red Pine of the colo-
nists. This stately tree attains the height of 200 feet, and furnishes
a hard and valuable wood, very lasting for fences but readily de-
caying in water- works. Professor Kirk recommends the timber on
account of its great strength for girders and heavy beams anywhere
under cover. With other New Zealand conifers particularly
eligible for forest valleys. A most suitable tree for cemeteries, on
account of its pendulous branches.

Dacrydium Franklini, Hooker fil.

Huon Pine of Tasmania ; only found in moist forest recesses, and
might be planted in dense fern-tree gullies. Height of tree, 100
feet ; stem circumference, 20 feet. The wood is highly esteemed
for boat-building and various artisans' work. It is the best of
Australian woods for carving, and also extensively used for the
rougher kinds of xylography and in the manufacture of pianos.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 101

Dacrydium Kirkii, F. v. Mueller.

New Zealand. The "Manoao." A pyramidal tree, attaining 80
feet in height ; stem a diameter of 4 feet. Timber of a reddish
colour and extreme durability (Professor Kirk). Bears seeds
abundantly.

Dactylis ceespitosa, Forster. (Poo, Forsteri, Steudel.)

Fuegia, Falkland's Island, South Patagonia. The Tussock Grass.
Introduced by Sir Joseph. Hooker into the Hebrides, and by Mr.
Traill into the Orkney Islands. Delights, according to Mr. Ingram,
in deep, boggy, and mossy land, even when exposed to sea-spray.
Cultivated plants might be dressed with some salt. Thrives in cold
countries near the sea in pure sand, at the edge of peat bogs. It
would likely prosper in our Alpine moors. It is perennial, and
reaches to a height of 9 feet. It is very nutritious, and much
sought by herds. The base of stem is nutty and edible.

Dactylis glomerata, Linne.*

Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, The Cock's-foot
Grass, perennial. One of the best of tall pasture grasses, adapted as
well for dry as moist soil, thus even available for wet clays. It will live
under the shade of trees in forests ; adapted also for coast sands.
Its yield of fodder is rich and continuous, but its stems are hard.
It is already largely cultivated, and has become naturalised. It is
generally liked by cattle, unless when by understocking or neglect
it has been allowed to become rank. Langethal observes : "What
the Timothy Grass is for the more dry" sandy ground, that is the
Cock's-foot Grass for more binding soil, and no other (European)
grass can be compared to it for copiousness of yield, particularly if
the soil contains a fair quantity of lime. It grows quickly again
after the first cutting, and comes early on in the season. The nutri-
tive power of this grass is of the first-class." The chemical analysis
made very late in spring gave the following results : Albumen 1 -87,
gluten 7-11, starch 1 -05, gum 4 47, sugar 319 per cent. (Yon Mueller
and Hummel.

Dactylis litoralis, Willdenow. (Poa litoralis, Gouan.)

From the Mediterranean countries to Siberia. This stoloniferous
grass can be utilised for binding coast-sands ; but it is of greater
importance still in sustaining a Kermes insect (Porphyrophora
Hamelii), which produces a beautiful purple dye (Simmonds).

Dalbergia miscolobium, Bentham.

Southern Brazil. This tree supplies a portion of the Jacaranda
wood (Tschudi).

102 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Dalbergia nigra, Allemao.

Brazil, down to the Southern Provinces. A tall tree, likely to
prove hardy in our warmer and lower regions. It yields a portion
of the Jacaranda or Palisander Wood, also Caviuna Wood, which,
for rich furniture, have come into European use. Several Brazilian
species of Machserium afford, particularly M. incorruptible (Allem),
M. legale, and M. Allemani (Benth.), according to Saldanha da
Gama, a similar precious wood ; also timber for water-works and
railway sleepers.

Dalbergia Sissoo, Roxburgh.

The Indian Sissoo Tree, extending to Afghanistan, ascending to
elevations of 5,000 feet, attaining a height of 60 feet. It may be
worthy of test whether in localities free of frost, particularly along
sandy river banks, this important timber tree could be naturalised.
Brandis found the transverse strength of the wood greater than that
of teak and of sal ; it is very elastic, seasons well, does not warp or
split, and takes a fine polish. It is also durable as a wood for boats.
The tree is easily raised from seeds or cuttings, is of quick growth,
and resists slight frosts. The supply of its wood has fallen short of
the demand in India. Captain Campbell- Walker states that in the
Panjab artificial rearing of Sissoo is remunerative at only 15 inches
annual rainfall, with great heat in summer and sharp frosts in
winter ; but irrigation is resorted to at an annual expense there of
four shillings per acre. Sterile land is by the Sissoo-planting
greatly ameliorated.

Dammar a alba, Humph. (D. orientalis. Lamb.)

Agath Dammar. Indian Archipelagos and mainland. A large
tree up to 100 feet high, with a stem of up to 8 feet in diameter ;
straight and branchless for two-thirds its length. It is of great
importance on account of its yield of the transparent Dammar resin,
extensively used for varnish.

Dammara Australis, Lambert*

Kauri Pine. North Island of New Zealand. This magnificent
tree measures, under favourable circumstances, 180 feet in height
and 17 feet in diameter of stem ; the estimated age of such a tree
being 700 or 800 years. It furnishes an excellent, remarkably
durable timber, straight-grained, and much in use for masts, boats,
superior furniture, casks, rims of sieves, and particularly sought for
decks of ships, lasting for the latter purpose twice as long as the
deal of many other pines. It is also available for railway break-
blocks and for carriages, and regarded as one of the most durable
among timber of the Coniferse. Braces, stringers, and tie-beams of
wharves remained, according to Professor Kirk, for very many

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 103

years in good order under much traffic. In bridge-building the
Kauri timber gave also excellent results ; it can likewise be used
advantageously for railway sleepers, sound-boards of pianofortes.
Kauri-wood is also used by wood-turners, for light handles for
many implements and instruments, including stethoscopes, for
wool-presses, the body-work of waggons, butter-casks, brewers'
vats ; further, in ship-building for bulwarks and the sides of
boats. In strength it is considerably superior to Baltic Deal.
Kauri ought to be extensively introduced into our denser forests.
Auckland alone exports -about £20,000 worth of Kauri timber
annually. It is easily worked, and takes a high polish. It
yields besides the Kauri resin of commerce, which is largely
got from under the stem of the tree. The greatest part is
gathered by the Maoris in localities formerly covered with Kauri
forests ; pieces weighing lOOlbs. have been found in such places.

Dammara macrophylla, Lindley.

Santa Cruz Archipelagos. A beautiful tree, 100 feet high, resem-
bling D. alba.

Dammara Moorei, Lindley.

New Caledonia. Height of tree about 50 feet.

Dammara obtu?a, Lindley.

New Hebrides. A fine tree, 200 feet high, with a long, clear trunk
resembling D. Australis.

Dammara ovata, C. Moore.

New Caledonia. This tree is rich in Dammar Resin.

Dammara robusta, C. Moore.

Queensland. Kauri. A tall tree, known from Rockingham's Bay
and Wide Bay. It thrives well, even in open, exposed, dry localities
at Melbourne. Height up to 130 feet ; largest diameter of stem,
6 feet ; free of knots and easily worked. Market value <£3 10s. for
1,000 superficial feet of timber. The species is closely allied to the
Indian D. alba (Humph.) which yields the Amboina Dammar Resin.

Dammara Vitiensis, Seemann.

In Fiji. Tree, 100 feet high ; probabiy identical with Lindley 's
D. longifolia.

Danthonia bipartita, F. v. Mueller.

From the interior of New South Wales and Queensland to West
Australia. Available as a tender-leaved and productive perennial
grass for any desert regions.

104 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Danthonia Cunninghami, J. Hooker.

New Zealand. A splendid Alpine fodder grass with large panicles.

Danthonia nervosa, J. Hooker.

Extra-tropical Australia. One of the best nutritious swamp
grasses.

Danthonia penicillata, F. v. Mueller.

Extra-tropical Australia. Dr. Curl found this perennial grass
useful for artificial mixed pasture. Its principal value is in spring.
Noted as very valuable in its native localities.

Danthonia robusta, F. v. Mueller.

Australian Alps. Forms large patches of rich forage at the very
edge of glaciers. The tall D. rigida (Raoul) of New Zealand is
closely allied.

Daucus Car ota, Linne.

Europe, North Africa, extra-tropical Asia east to Japan. The
Carrot. Biennial. Admits of naturalisation along our shores.
Beyond the ordinary culinary utilisation it serves for the distillation
of a peculiar oil. Large-rooted varieties as well as the herb give a
good admixture to stable fodder, Carrot treacle can also be pre-
pared from the root. Requires lime in the soil for its prolific
culture. The chemical substances carotin and hydrocarotin are
derived from it.

Debregeasia edulis, Weddell.

The Janatsi-itsigo or Teon-itsigo of Japan. Berries of this bush
edible, fibre valuable for textile fabrics. A few Indian species,
with fibre resembling that of Boehmeria, ascend to the Himalayas
for several thousand feet, and may therefore be very hardy —
namely, D. velutina, D. Wallichiana, D. hypoleuca ; the latter
extends to Abyssinia, where it has been noticed at elevations of
8,000 feet. On mountains in Java occurs D. dichotoma.

Dendrocalamus giganteus, Munro.

Malacca and the adjacent islands. Habit of Gigantochloa maxima ;
therefore one of the mightiest of all Bamboos.

Pendro calamus Hamilton!, Nees.

Himalayas, between 2,000 and 6,000 feet. Height up to 60 feet.
The young shoots of this stately Bamboo are edible in a boiled
state (Hooker). It endures great cold as well as dry heat (Kurz).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 105

Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees*

India, particularly Bengal. Grows on drier ground than Bamboos
generally. Its strength and solidity render it fit for many select
technic purposes. It attains a height of 100 feet, and forms occa-
sionally forests of its own. It endures great cold as well as dry
heat (Kurz). B.eadily raised from seeds.

Desmodium triflorum, Gandolle.

In tropical regions of Asia) Africa and America. A densely matted
perennial herb, alluded to on this occasion as recommendable for
places too hot for ordinary clover, and as representing a large genus
of plants, many of which may prove of value for pasture. Dr.
Roxburgh already stated that it helps to form the most beautiful
turf in India, and that cattle are very fond of this herb. Colonel
Drury informs us that it is springing up on all soils and situations,
supplying there the place of Trifolium and Medicago. D. Cana-
dense (DeCand.) is also an excellent fodder-herb (Kosenthal).

Desmodium acuminatum, Candolle.

North America. With D. nudiflorum (Cand.) mentioned by
C. Mohr as a nutritive plant for stock, and particularly adapted for
forest soil.

Dicksonia Billardierii, F. v. Mueller. (D. antarctica, Labillardiere,

Cibotium Billardierii, Kaulfuss).

South-east Australia, New Zealand. This tree-fern is mentioned
here, as it is the very best for distant transmission and endures
some frost. It attains a height of 40 feet. Hardy in the island
of Arran with D. squarrosa and Cyathea medullaris (Revd. D.
Landsborough). It is above all this species, which should be dis-
seminated in warmer extra-tropical countries, thus with us also in
West Australia. Important also as commercial plants among fern-
trees are Cyathea medullaris, of South-east Australia and New
Zealand ; Cyathea dealbata, the Silvery Tree-fern ; and C. Smithii,
also of New Zealand ; because their transit in an up-grown state
is not attended with the same difficulty as that of the tall Alsophila
Australia (which attains 60 feet), and numerous other tree-ferns,
about 200 species now being known; they are also among the
hardiest of this noble kind of plants. Anthelminthic properties,
which may exist in these and many other ferns, have not yet been
searched for. The dust-like spores should be scattered through
moist forest valleys to ensure new supplies of these superb forms
of vegetation for the next century. D. Billardierii is nowhere
Antarctic.

106 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Digitalis purpurea, Linne.

Greater part of Europe. The Foxglove. A biennial and exceed-
ingly beautiful herb of great medicinal value, easily raised.
Chemical principles : digitalin, digitaletin, and three peculiar acids.

Dioscorea aculeata, Linne.*

The Kaawi Yam. India, Cochin-China, South Sea Islands. Stem
prickly, as the name implies, not angular. Leaves alternate,
undivided. It ripens later than the following species, and requires
no reeds for staking. It is propagated from small tubers. This
yam is of a sweetish taste, and the late Dr. Seeman regarded it as
one of the finest esculent roots of the globe. A variety of a
bluish hue, cultivated in Central America (for instance at Caracas),
is of very delicious taste.

Dioscorea alata, Linne.*

The Uvi Yam. India and South Sea Islands. The stems are four-
angled, and not prickly. The tubers, of which there are many
varieties, will attain, under favourable circumstances, a length of
8 feet, and the prodigious weight of one hundred pounds ! This
species and the preceding one are the two principal kinds cultivated
in tropical countries. D. alata is in culture supported by reeds. It
is propagated from pieces of the old root, and comes in warm climes
to perfection in about seven months. The tubers may be baked or
boiled. It is this species which has been successfully cultivated
in New Zealand and also in the Southern States of North America.

Dioscorea glabra, Roxburgh.* (D. Batatas, Decaisne.)

The Chinese Yam. From India to China. Not prickly. The root
is known to attain a length of 4 feet, with a circumference of 14
inches and a weight of about 14 Ibs. The inner portion of the
tuber is of snowy whiteness, of a flaky consistence, and of a delicious
flavour j preferred by many to potatoes, and obtained in climes too
hot for potato crops. The bulbilles from the axils of the leaf-stalks,
as in other Dioscoreas, serve as sets for planting, but the tubers
from them attain to full size only in the second year, the produce
being in proportion to the set planted. The upper end of the tubers
offers ready sets, but there are dormant eyes on any portion of the
surface of the tubers (Sir Samuel Wilson ; General Noble). First
grown here by the author in 1858.

Dioscorea globosa, Roxburgh.

India. Roxburgh states this to be the most esteemed Yam in
Bengal.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 107

Dioscorea hastifolia, Nees.

Extra-tropical Western Australia, at least as far south as 32°
It is evidently one of the hardiest of the Yams, and on that
account deserves particularly to be drawn into culture. The tubers
are largely consumed by the local aborigines for food ; it is the only
plant on which they bestow any kind of cultivation, crude as it is ;
fit for arid situations, but seemingly fond of lime.

Dioscorea Japonica, Thunberg.

The hardy Japan Yam. Not prickly. The material here for com-
parison is not complete, but seems to indicate that D. transversa,
R. Br. and D. punctata, R. Br., are both referable to D. Japonica.
If this assumption should prove correct, then we have this Yam
along the coast-tracts of North and East Australia, as far south as
latitude 33°. In Australia we find the wild root of good taste.

Dioscorea nummularia, Lamarck.

The Tivoli Yam. Continental and insular India, also South Sea
Islands. A high, climbing, prickly species, with opposite leaves.
Roots cylindrical, as thick as an arm ; their taste exceedingly good.

Dioscorea oppositifolia, Linne.

India and China. Not prickly. One of the edible yams.

Dioscorea pentaphylla, Linne.

Continental and insular India, also South Sea Islands. Likewise a
good yam. A prickly species, with alternate divided leaves.

Dioscorea purpurea, Roxburgh.

India. In Bengal considered next best to D. alata.

Dioscorea quinqueloba, Thunberg.

Japan, and there one of several yam plants with edible tubers.
Among numerous congeners are mentioned as providing likewise
root vegetables : D. piperifolia (Humboldt) from Quito, D. esurien-
tum (Fenzl) from Guatemala, D. tuberosa and D. conferta (Vellozo)
from South Brazil, D. Cayennensis (Lamarck) from tropical South
America, D. triphylla (Linne) from tropical Asia, D. deltoidea
(Wallich) from Nepal. Of these and many other species the relative
quality of the roots, and the degree of facility of their field cultiva-
tion, require to be more ascertained.

Dioscorea sativa, Linne.

South Asia, east as far as Japan, also in the South Sea Islands,
and North and tropical East Australia, likewise recorded from
tropical Africa. Stem cylindrical, not jpjsflfcdy^- ^JThe acrid root

108 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

requires soaking before boiling. It has proved hardy in the
Southern States of North America. Starch is very profitably
obtainable from the tubers.

Dioscorea spicata, Roth.

India. Root used like those of other species.

Dioscorea tomentosa, Koenig.

Ooyala Yam. India. The nomenclature of some of the Asiatic
species requires further revision.

Dioscorea trifida, Linn6 fil.

Central America. One of the Yams there cultivated. Various
other tuberous Dioscorese occur in tropical countries, but their
respective degrees of hardiness, taste, and yield are not recorded or
ascertained. The length of the warm season in many extra-
tropical countries is probably sufficient for ripening all these Yams.

Diospyros Ebenum, Koenig.*

Ceylon, where it furnishes the best kind of Ebony wood. It is
not uncommon up to 5,000 feet in that island, according to Dr.
Thwaites ; hence I would recommend this large and valuable tree
for test plantations in warm extra-tropical lowland forest regions,
where also D. qusesita and D. oppositifolia (Thwaites), the best
Calamander Trees and D. melanoxylon, should be tried. Many
other species of Diospyros could probably be introduced from the
mountains of various tropical regions, either for the sake of their
ebony-like wood or their fruit. Black Ebony wood sinks in water.
The price in England ranges from £8 to <£10 per ton, from 700 to
1,000 tons being imported into Britain annually for pianoforte
keys, the string-holders of musical instruments, the fingerboard and
tail-piece of violins, sharp note-pieces of pianos and harmoniums
and cabinet organs, and other select purposes. The following
species yield Ebony wood, according to Hiern, some of which may
prove hardy : Indian — D. Ebenum, Koen. ; D. melanoxylon, Roxb. ;
D. silvatica, Roxb. ; D. Gardner!, Thw. ; D. hirsuta, L. fil. ; D.
discolor, Willd. ; D. Embryopteris, Thw. ; D. Ebenaster, Retz. ; D.
montana, Roxb. ; D. insignis, Pers. j D. Tupru, Hamilt. ; D.
truncata, Zoll. j D. ramiflora, Wall. African — D. Dendo, Welw. ;
D. mespiliformis. Hochst. Mauritius — D. tesselaria, Poiret.
Madagascar — D. haplostylis, Boivin ; D. microrhombus, Hiern.

Diospyros Kaki, Linne fil.

The Date Plum of China and Japan. A slow-growing not very
productive tree, here recorded for completeness. The fruit is
yellow or pink, or dark purple, variable in size, but seldom larger

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 109

than an ordinary apple ; it can readily be dried on strings. A hard
and soft variety occur. It has ripened at Sydney, and as far north
as Philadelphia (Saunders). The most famed varieties are, accord-
ing to the Rev. Mr. Loorins, Ronosan, Nihon, Micado, Daimio,
Taikoon, Yamato, the latter particularly large and saccharine, and,
with the Jogen variety, particularly used for drying. In Japan
thought to be the best of its native fruits (Christie) ; attains one
pound in weight. There is also a small seedless variety. Dried
Kaki fruit is considered superior to figs. For drying the fruit is
peeled, and requires a month to exsiccate. The Hyakuma variety
when shrivelled measures up to 4 by 3 inches (Jarmain). The
green fruits serve as medicinal adstringents (Dupont).

Diospyros Lotus, Linne.

From Northern China to Caucasus. The ordinary Date-Plum.
The sweet fruits of this tree, resembling black cherries, are edible,
and also used for the preparation of syrup. The wood, like that
of D. chloroxylon, is known in some places as Green Ebony. It
resembles Mottled Ebony ; it must not however be confounded
with other kinds, such as are furnished by some species of Excoecaria,
Nectandra and Jacaranda.

Diospyros Texana, Scheele.

Mexico and Texas. Tree to 30 feet height ; fruit globose, black,
luscious (A. Gray.)

Diospyros Virginiana, Linne.

The North American Ebony or Parsimon or Persimmon. A tree
70 feet high. Wood very hard and blackish. Valuable for shuttles
instead of Buxus wood (Jos. Gardner). The stem exudes a kind
of Gum-arabic. The sweet variety yields a good table-fruit. Hot
summers promote the early ripening and sweetness of the fruit, the
delicious taste not depending on early frost. Ripens fruit to 4 1 ° north
in Illinois (Bryant). The final sweetness depends upon chemical
decomposition.

Diposis Bulbocastanum, Candolle.

Chili The tubers of this perennial herb are edible (Philippi).

Dipsacus fullonum, Linne.

Fuller's Teazel. Middle and South Europe and Middle Asia. A
tall biennial herb. The thorny fruit-heads are used for fulling in
cloth factories. The import during one of the last years into
England was valued at .£5,000. The plant is most easily raised.
The use of these Teazels has not yet been superseded by any adequate
machinery.

110 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Dirca palustris, Linne.

North America. An ornamental forest-shrub, the tough bark of
which is serviceable for straps and whipcords.

Distichlis maritima, Rafinesque. (Festuca distichophylla, J. Hooker).

North and South America, Extra-tropical Australia. This dwarf
Creeping Grass is of great value for binding soil, forming rough
lawns, edging garden-plots in arid places, and covering coast-sand.

Dolichos Lablab, Linne.

Warmer parts of Africa ; probably thence spread widely through
the tropics. An annual herb, sometimes lasting through several
years. The young pods, as well as the ripe seeds, available for
culinary use, but not of all varieties. It delights in rice soil, and
ripens in hot countries within three months ; its yield is about
forty-fold, according to Roxburgh. The whole plant forms excellent
stable feed for cattle.

Dolichos uniflorus, Lamarck.

Tropical and Sub-tropical Africa and Asia. An annual herb, the
Horse-Gram of South India, where it is extensively grown. Colonel
Sykes got over 300 seeds from a moderate-sized plant. Dr. Stewart
saw it cultivated up to 8,000 feet. Content with poor soils ; well
adapted for stable pulse.

Dorema Ammoniacum, Don.

Persia, on mountains up to 4,000 feet. A tall perennial herb,
yielding the gum-resin Ammoniacum, which might be obtained from
plants to be introduced into our snowy montains.

Dracaena Draco, Linne".

The Dragon-blood Tree of the Canary Islands. An imposing feature
in seenic horticulture, with D. schizantha (Baker) of eastern tropical
Africa ; it yields Dragon-blood resin, j

Dracocephalum Moldavica, Linne.

North and Middle Asia. An annual showy scent-herb.

Drimys Winteri, R. and G. Forster.

Extra-tropical South America. The Canelo of Chili, sacred under
the name of Boighe to the original inhabitants. Attains in river-
valleys a height of 60 feet. The wood never attacked by insects
(Dr. Philippi) ; thus the Australian species may be equally valuable.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. Ill

Duboisia Hopwoodii, F. v. Mueller.

The Pitury. Inland desert Regions from New South Wales and
Queensland to near the west coast of Australia. This shrub deserves
cultivation on account of its highly stimulating properties (Bancroft,
Rudall). D. myoporoides (R. Br.) of East Australia and New
Caledonia has come into use for ophthalmic surgery. The alkaloid
of the latter, duboisin, is allied to piturin. Important for mydriatic
purposes in medicine (Bancroft). The tree attains in deep forest
glens a height of 60 feet (Ralston), but flowering already as a scrub.

Duvana longifolia, Lindley.

La Plata States. This or an allied shrub called Molle there yields
foliage rich in tannin (about 20 per cent), which does not give any
colour to leather (Dr. Lorentz).

Dypsis pinnatifrons, Martius.

Madagascar. This dwarf Palm proved hardy in Sydney, together
with Copernicia cerifera (C. Moore).

Ecballion Elaterium, Richard.

Mediterranean regions and Orient. The Squirting Cucumber. An
annual. The powerful purgative Elaterium is prepared from the pulp
of the fruit. Chemical principles : elaterid, elaterin, hydroelaterin.

Ehrharta diplax, F. v. Mueller. (Microlcena avenacea, J. Hooker.)
New Zealand. This tall perennial grass is fond of woodlands, and
deserves introduction. It is likely to prove a rich pasture-grass.
A few Australian species, particularly of the section Tetrarrhena,
are readily accessible to us, and so indeed also the South African
Ehrhratas, all adapted for a warm temperate clime, the majority
perennial, and several of superior value. Ehrharta caudata, Munro,
is indigenous in Japan.

Ehrharta stipoides, Labillardiere.

Extra-tropical Australia, also New Zealand. Often called Weeping
Grass. A perennial grass, which keeps beautifully green all through
the year. For this reason its growth for pasturage should be
encouraged, particularly as it will live on poor soil. Mr. W. H.
Bacchus, of Ballarat, considers it nearly as valuable as Kangaroo-
Grass, and in the cool season more so. He finds it to bear over-
stocking better than any other native grass, and to maintain a close
turf. High testimony of the value of this grass is also given by
Mr. Rankin, of Gippsland, after many years experiments. It is
however not always copiously seeding. The chemical analysis made
in spring gave the following results : albumen T66, gluten 9 '13,
starch 1'64, gum 3 -25, sugar 5-05 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L.
Hummel).

112 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Elaeagnus hortensis, Bieberstein.

From South Europe and North Africa to Siberia and China. The
fruits of this shrub, known under the name of Trebizonde dates, are
used in Persia for dessert. Flowers highly fragrant (G. W. Johnson).

Elseagnus parvifolius, Royle.

From China to the Himalayas. This bush has been introduced as
a hedge-plant into North America, and, according to Professor
Meehan, promises great permanent success, as it has already achieved
a high popularity in this respect. Several other species might well
be experimented on in the same manner.

Elaeagnus umbellatus, Thunberg.

Japan. The fruits of this or an allied species are edible, of a
particular and pleasant flavour, and especially adapted for con-
fectionery. This bush resists frost as well as drought, and bears
in prodigious abundance throughout the year (Joseph Clarte). It
can be struck from cuttings, and comes into bearing in the third
year already.

Elegia nuda, Kunth.

South Africa. A rush, able with its long root to bind moving
sand ; it also affords good material for thatching (Dr. Pappe).
Many of the tall Restiacese of South Africa would prove valuable
for scenic effect in gardens and conservatories, and among these
may specially be mentioned Cannamois cephalotes (Beauv.)

Eleusine Coracana, Gaertner.

Southern Asia, east to Japan, ascending the Himalayas to 7,000
feet. Though annual, this grass is worthy of cultivation on account
of its height and nutritiveness. It is of rapid growth, and the produce
of foliage and seeds copious. Horses prefer the hay to any other
dry fodder in India, according to Dr. Forbes Watson. The large
grains can be used like millet. E. Indica (Gaertner) only differs
as a variety. It extends to tropical Australia, and is recorded also
from many other tropical countries.

Eleusine stricta, Roxburgh.

India. The increase of grain of this annual grass in rich soil is at
times five-hundredfold. E. Tocusso, Fresenius, is a valuable kind
from Abyssinia, seemingly allied to E. stricta. The Arabian and
Himalayan E. flagellifera, Nees, is perennial. Other species of
Eleusine are deserving of trial.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 113

Elymus arenarius, Linne.*

The Sea Lyme-Grass. Europe and North Asia, on sand-coasts
One of the most important and vigorous of grasses for binding drift-
sand on the sea-shores. Endures to be gradually covered with sand,
but not so much as Psamma. The North American E. mollis,
Trinius, is allied to this species.

Elymus condensatus, Presl.

The Bunch-Grass of British Columbia and California. This is
favourably known as adapted for sand land.

Elymus Virginicus, Linne.

North America. Perennial, easily spreading, but fit for river-banks ;
of some fodder value (C. Mohr).

Embothrium coccineum, R and G. Forster.

From Chili to Magellan's Straits. The Notra or Ciruelillo of Chili.
A tree of exquisite beauty, but seldom extending to beyond 30 feet
in height. The wood is utilised for furniture. E. lanceolatum is
merely a variety (Dr. Philippi). The equally gorgeous E. emar-
ginatum of the Peruvian Andes and E. Wickhami from Mount
Bellenden-Ker of North Queensland deserve, with the East Austra-
lian allied Stenocarpus sinuatus, a place in any sheltered gardens or
parks of the warm temperate zone.

Encephalartos Denisonii, F. v. Mueller.

New South Wales and Queensland. This noble Pine-Palm is hardy
in Melbourne and to be regarded as a most desirable acquisition to
our garden scenery, along with E. spiralis, E. Preissii, and the
South African species. All admit of translocation even when of
large size and when many years old. The stems, with an unusual
tenacity of life, remain sometimes dormant after removal for several
years.

Engelhardtia spicata, Blume.

The spurious Walnut Tree of the mountains of Java and the
Himalayas. It reaches a height of 200 feet.

Erianthus fulvus, Kunth.

Interior of Australia. A sweet perennial grass, of which cattle are
so fond as to eat it closely down, and thus cause it to die out (Bailey).
Readily raised by re-dissemination.

Eriochloa annulata, Kunth.

In tropical regions around the globe. Perennial. Endures moderate
cold in South Queensland, and affords fodder all the year round
n

114 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

(Bailey). It resists drought. Fattening and much relished by stock
(Dr. Curl). E. punctata (Hamilton) has a similarly wide range,
and is of equal pastoral utility.

Ervum Lens, Linne. (Lens esculenta, Moench.)

Mediterranean regions, Orient. Cultivated up to an elevation of
11,500 feet in India. The Lentil. Annual, affording in its seeds
a palatable and nutritious food. A calcareous soil is essential for
the prolific growth of this plant. The leafy stalks, after the removal
of the seeds, remain a good stable-fodder. The variety called the
Winter Lentil is more prolific than the Summer Lentil. Valuable
as honey-yielding for bees.

Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck.*

Peru. This shrub is famed for the extraordinary stimulating pro-
perty of its leaves, which pass under the names of Spadic and
Coca. They contain two alkaloids, cocain and hygrin ; also a
peculiar tannic acid. More than £600,000 worth is annually col-
lected. The Peruvians mix the leaves with the forage of mules, to
increase their power of enduring fatigue. Whether any of the
many other species of Erythroxylon possess similar properties seems
never yet to have been ascertained.

Eucalyptus Abergiana, F. v. Mueller.

North Queensland. A stately tree with spreading branches and
dense foliage. The quality of its timber remained hitherto un-
known, but the species will probably prove one of the most suitable
among its congeners for tropical countries.

Eucalyptus amygdalina, Labillardiere.*

South-East Australia. Vernacularly known as Brown and White
Peppermint-tree, Giant Gum-tree, and one of the Swamp Gum-
trees or Mountain Ash. In sheltered springy forest glens attaining
exceptionally to a height of over 400 feet, there forming a smooth
stem and broad leaves, producing also seedlings of a foliage
different to the ordinary state of E. amygdalina, as occurs in more
open country, which has small narrow leaves and a rough brownish
bark. The former species or variety, which might be called Euca-
lyptus regnans, represents probably the loftiest tree on the globe.
Mr. G. W. Robinson, surveyor, measured a tree at the foot of
Mount Baw-Baw, which was 471 feet long. Another tree in the
Cape Otway ranges was found to be 415 feet long and 15 feet in
diameter, where cut for felling, at a considerable height above the
ground. Another tree measured at the base of the stem 69 feet in
circumference ; at 1 2 feet from the ground it had a diameter of
14 feet, at 78 feet a diameter of 9 feet, at 144 feet a diameter of

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 115

8 feet, and at 210 feet a diameter of 5 feet. The wood is fissile,
well adapted for shingles, rails, for house-building, hoops for
waggons, for the keelson and planking of ships, and other purposes,
but it is not a strong wood ; that of the smaller rough-barked
variety has proved lasting for fence-posts. Labillardiere's name
applies ill to any of the forms of this species. Seedlings raised on
rather barren ground near Melbourne have shown the same amazing
rapidity of growth as those of E. globulus ; yet, like those of E.
obliqua, they are not so easily satisfied with any soil. In the south
of France this tree grew to a height of 50 feet in eight years. It has
endured the frosts of the milder parts of England, with E. poly-
aiithemos and E. viminalis. In New Zealand it has survived the
cold, where E. globulus succumbed. E. amygdalina, E. urnigera,
E. coccifera, E. rostrata and E. corymbosa have proved at Rome,
according to the Rev. M. Gildas, more hardy than E. globulus, E.
diver sicolor, E. resiirifera, E. longifolia, and E. melliodora. The
now well-known medicinal Eucalyptus oil, the distillation of which
was initiated by the writer, is furnished in greater or smaller pro-
portion by all the different species. It was first brought exten-
sively into commerce by Mr. Bosisto, who has the credit of having
ascertained many of the properties of this oil for technic application.
It is this species which yields more volatile oil than any other
hitherto tested, and which therefore is largely chosen for distilla-
tion ; thus it is also one of the best for subduing malarian effluvia
in fever regions, although it does not grow with quite the same
ease and celerity as E. globulus. The respective hygienic value of
various Eucalypts may to some extent be judged from the per-
centage of oil in their foliage, as stated below, and as ascertained
by Mr. Bosisto, at the author's instance, for the Exhibition of
1862 :—

E. amygdalina 3'313 per cent, volatile oil.

E. oleosa 1'250

E. leucoxylon I'OGO

E. goniocalyx 0'914

E. globulus 0719

E. obliqua 0'500

The lesser quantity of oil of E. globulus is however compensated
for by the vigour of its growth and the early copiousness of its
foliage. The proportion of oil varies also somewhat according to
locality and season. E. rostrata, though one of the poorest in oil,
is nevertheless important for malaria regions, as it will grow well
on periodically inundated places, and even in stagnant water not
saline. E. oleosa (F. v. M.) from the desert regions of extra-
tropical Australia, might be reared on barren sands of other
countries for the sake of its oil. According to Mr. Osborne's
experiment, initiated by myself, Eucalyptus oils dissolve the
following among other substances for select varnishes and other

116 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

preparations : camphor, pine resins, mastic, elemi, sandarac, kauri,
dammar, asphalt, xanthorrhsea resin, dragon's-blood, benzoe, copal,
amber, anime, shellac, caoutchouc, also wax, but not gutta-percha.
These substances are arranged here in the order of their greatest
solubility. The potash obtainable from the ashes of various Euca-
lypts varies from 5 to 27 per cent. One ton of the fresh foliage of
E. globulus yields about 8J Ibs. of pearl ash, a ton of the green
wood about 2J Ibs., of dry wood about 4J Ibs. For resins, tar,
acetic acid, tannin, and other products of many Eucalypts, see
various documents and reports of the writer, issued from the
Melbourne Botanic Garden.

Eucalyptus Baileyana, F. v. Mueller.

South Queensland. A tree about 100 feet high; bark remarkably
tough (Bailey). The timber splits easily, and is tough and durable,
thus locally used for fence-posts and similar purposes (A. Williams).
This species, unlike most congeners, can be grown to advantage 011
sandy soil. Branches more spreading and foliage more dense than
that of most other Eucalypts.

Eucalyptus botryoides, Smith.*

From East Gippsland to South Queensland. Vernacular name
Bastard Mahogany, and a variety called Bangalay, the latter gene-
rally found on coast-sands. One of the most stately among an
extensive number of species, remarkable for its dark-green shady
foliage. It delights on river-banks. Stems attain a length of 80
feet without a branch, and a diameter of 8 feet. The timber
usually sound to the centre, adapted for water-works, waggons, par-
ticularly for felloes, knees of boats, &c. Posts of it very lasting, as
no decay was observed in fourteen years ; it is also well adapted for
shingles. The Rev. Dr. Woolls, Mr. Kirton, and Mr. Reader all
testify to its general excellence.

Eucalyptus calophylla, R. Brown.

South-West Australia, where it is vernacularly known as Red-
gum-tree. More umbrageous than most Eucalypts and of compar-
atively rapid growth. In its native forests it has quite the aspect
of the eastern Ironbark-trees. The wood is free of resin when
grown on alluvial land, but not so when produced on stony ranges.
It is preferred to that of E. marginata and E. cornuta for rafters,
spokes, and fence-rails, also used for handles and agricultural
implements ; it is strong and light, but not long-lasting under-
ground. The bark is valuable for tanning, as an admixture to
Acacia bark ; the seed vessels of this and perhaps all other Euca-
lypts can be used for the same purpose. The stem of this tree
may occasionally be observed 10 feet in diameter ; it is the only

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 117

tree in West Australia which yields copiously the fluid and indu-
rating Eucalyptus kino ; this is soluble to the extent of 70 to 80
per cent, in cold water. This species will only endure a slight
frost.

Eucalyptus capitellata, Smith.

One of the Stringybark-trees of South-East Australia, attaining
occasionally a height of 200 feet. The timber is principally used
for fence-rails, shingles, and rough building purposes. This species
might with advantage be raised on wet sand-lands.

Eucalyptus citriodora, Hooker.

Queensland. A handsome slender tree with a smooth white bark,
supplying a useful timber. According to notes of the late Mr.
Thozet, a trunk 40 feet long and 20 inches in diameter broke after
a flection of 17 inches under a pressure of 49 tons. It combines
with the ordinary qualities of many Eucalypts the advantage of
yielding from its leaves a rather large supply of volatile oil of
excellent lemon-like fragrance, in which respect it has, among
about 150 species of Eucalypts, only one rival. Yery closely allied
to E. maculata, and perhaps only a variety.

Eucalyptus cornuta, Labillardiere.*

The Yate-tree of South-West Australia. A large tree of rapid
growth, preferring a somewhat humid soil. The wood is used for
various artizans' work, and there preferred for the strongest shafts
and frames of carts and other work requiring hardness, toughness
and elasticity, and is considered equal to the best ash-wood. The
tree appears to be well adapted for tropical countries, for Dr.
Bonavia reports that it attained a height of 8 to 10 feet in the first
year of its growth at Lucknow, and that the plants did not suffer
in the rainy season like many other Eucalypts. The dry wood
sinks in water. E. occidentalis (Endlioher) is the flat-topped Yate,
an allied and equally valuable species of South- West Australia.

Eucalyptus corymbosa, Smith.

The Bloodwood-tree of New South Wales and Queensland. A tree
attaining large dimensions ; it has a rough furrowed bark and a
dark-red wood, soft when green, but very hard when dry ; very
durable underground, and therefore extensively used for fence-
posts, rails, railway-sleepers, and rough building purposes (Hart-
mann). The bark is rich in kino.

Eucalyptus corynocalyx, F. v. Mueller.

South- Australia, North-West Yictoria. The Sugar Gum-tree. A
timber-tree, attaining a height of 120 feet, length of bole 60 feet,

118 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

circumference at 5 feet from the ground up to 17 feet. The wood
has come into use for fence-posts and railway-sleepers. Its dura-
bility is attested by the fact that posts fifteen years in the ground
showed no sign of decay. The tree thrives even well on dry iron-
stone ranges. It does not exude any saccharine substance (Meli-
tose) like E. viminalis. The base of the trunk swells out some-
times in regular tiers. The sweetish foliage attracts cattle and
sheep, who browse on the foliage of lower branches, saplings and
seedlings, unlike to what occurs with almost any other kind of
Eucalypts (J. E. Brown). In culture the writer did not find this
species of very quick growth.

Eucalyptus crebra, F. v. Mueller.*

The Narrow -leaved Ironbark-tree of New South Wales and
Queensland. Wood reddish, hard, heavy, elastic and durable ;
much used in the construction of bridges and for railway-sleepers,
also for waggons, piles, fencing, &c. A lemon-scented tree, perhaps
a variety of this species, from North-East Australia, brought under
notice by Mr. F. M. Bailey, has a perfume and flavour so excellent
as to serve as a table-condiment. E. leptophleba and E. drepano-
phylla are closely allied species of similar value. They all exude
a stringent gum-resin in considerable quantity, resembling kino in
appearance and property.

Eucalyptus diversicolor, F. v. Mueller.* (E. colossea, F. v. M.)

The Karri of South- West Australia. A colossal tree, exceptionally
reaching the height of 400 feet, with a proportionate girth of the
stem. Mr. Muir measured stems about 300 feet long without a
branch ; widths of timber of as much as 12 feet can be obtained.
Furnishes good timber for ship- and boat-planks, particularly for
masts, likewise for wheels ; also valuable for shafts, spokes, felloes,
fence-rails ; it is elastic and durable, but not so easily wrought as
that of E. marginata. Its strength in tran verse strain is equal
to English oak. Fair progress of growth is shown by the
young trees, planted even in dry exposed localities in Melbourne.
The shady foliage and quick growth of the tree promise to render it
one of our best for avenues. In its native localities it occupies
fertile, rather humid valleys, and represents there the E. amyg-
dalina var. regnans of South-East Australia in habit.

Eucalyptus Doratoxylon, F. v. Mueller.

The Spear- Wood of South-west Australia, where it occurs in sterile
districts. The stem is slender and remarkably straight, and the
wood of such firmness and elasticity that the nomadic natives
wander long distances to obtain it as a material for their spears.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 119

Eucalyptus eugenioides, Sieber.

One of the Stringybark-trees of Victoria and New South Wales.
The tree is abundant in some localities, and attains considerable
dimensions. Its useful fissile wood is employed for fencing and
building purposes. Systematically the species is closely allied to
E. piperita.

Eucalyptus ficifolia, F. v. Mueller.*

South-West Australia. Although not a tree of large dimensions,
this splendid species should be mentioned for the sake of its magni-
ficent trusses of crimson flowers, irrespective of its claims as a.
shady heat-resisting avenue tree. It bears a close resemblance to
E. calophylla.

Eucalyptus Globulus, Labillardiere.*

Blue Gum-tree of Victoria and Tasmania. The tree is of extremely
rapid growth, and attains a height of 350 feet, furnishing a first-
class wood; shipbuilders get keels of this timber 120 feet long ;
besides this, they use it extensively for planking and many other
parts of the ship, and it is considered to be in some respects superior
to American White Oak. Experiments on the strength of various
woods, instituted under my direction by Mr. Luchmann, proved
Blue-Gum in average of eleven tests to be about equal to the best
English Oak, American White-Oak and American Ash. The
best samples indeed carried as great a weight as Hickory in trans-
verse strain, and also about equal to that of Eucalyptus rostata,
superior to that of E. macrorrhymla, E. Gunni, E. Stuartiana and
E. goniocalyx, but not quite up to the strength of E. melliodora, E.
polyanthema, E. siderophloia and E. Leucoxylon. Blue-Gum wood,
besides for ship-building is very extensively used by carpenters for
all kinds of out-door work, joists and studs of wooden houses, also
for fence-rails, telegraph-poles, railway-sleepers — lasting nine years
or more — for shafts and spokes of drays, and a variety of other
purposes. E. globulus is hardier than Orange and Lemon plants.
In South Europe it has withstood a temperature of 19° F., but
succumbed at 17° ; it perished from frost at the Black Sea and in
Turkestan, according to Dr. Regel. The sirocco however does not-
destroy it. Regarding the celerity of its growth, Mr. Thomson men-
tions that it attains 60 feet in seven years in Jamaica on the hills ;
in California it grow 60 feet in eleven years, in Florida 40 feet in four
years, attaining a stem of 1 foot in diameter. In some parts of
India its growth has been even more rapid ; at the Nilgiri Hills it
has been reared advantageously, where E. marginata. E. obliqua, E.
robusta and E. calophylla had failed. Its growth was there found
to be four times as fast as that of Teak, and the wood proved for many
purposes as valuable ; trees attained a height of 30 feet in four years,

120 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

one tree twelve years old was 100 feet high and 6 feet in girth at 3
feet from the ground ; to thrive well there it wants an elevation of
not less than 4,000 feet. In Algeria and Portugal it has furnished
railway-sleepers in eight years, and telegraph-poles in ten years
(Cruikshank). On the mountains of Guatemala it attained in twelve
years a height of 120 feet and a stem-circumference of 9 feet (Bou-
card). According to the Rev. D. Landsborough it proved hardy in
the isle of Arran. For scenic window-culture in cold countries E.
globulus was first recommended by Ucke, for culture in hospital-
wards to decompose contagia by Hosier and Goeze. Eucalyptus-leaves
generate ozone largely for the purification of air ; the volatile oil is
very antiseptic. The price of the timber in Melbourne is about Is.
7d. per cubic foot.

Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Candolle.*

The Tooart of South -West Australia ; attains a height of 120 feet,
the clear trunk up to 50 feet long. The wood is tough, strong and
rigid, the texture close and the grain so twisted as to make it diffi-
cult to cleave. It shrinks but little, does not split while undergoing
the process of seasoning, and is altogether remarkably free from
defects. It will bear exposure to all vicissitudes of weather for a
long time, and is particularly valuable for large scantling, where
great strength is needed ; in ship-building it is used for beams,
keelsons, stern-posts, engine-bearers and other work below the
floatation ; recommendable also for supports of bridges, framing of
dock-gates and for wheelwrights' work ; indeed it is one of the
strongest woods known, whether tried transversely or otherwise
(Laslett). This species, as well as E. odorata, E. foacunda and E.
decipiens, thrive best in limestone soil.

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F. v. Mueller.

From Cape Otway to the southern parts of New South "Wales, rare
near St. Vincent's Gulf (J. E. Brown), generally known as Bastard
Box, mostly found on clayey ridges. A large tree which should be
included among those for new plantations. Its wood resembles in
many respects that of E. globulus and is comparatively easily
worked. For house.building, fence-rails and similar purposes it is
extensively employed in those forest districts where it is abundant,
and has proved a valuable timber. It is especially esteemed for
wheelwrights' work (Falck). Our local experiments gave the
strength greater than than that of E. amygdalina and E. obliqua,
but less than that of E. globulus.

Eucalyptus Gunni, J. Hooker.*

Victoria, Tasmania and New South Wales, ascending Alpine eleva-
tions. In the lowland along fertile valleys it attains a considerable
size and supplies a strong useful timber. It is here mostly known

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 121

as Swamp-gum-tree, the mountain variety in Tasmania as Cider-
tree. Timber found by us here almost equal in strength to that of
E. macrorrhymla, E. rostrata and E. globulus. The other very
hardy Eucalypts comprise E. pauciflora, E. alpina, E. urnigera, E.
coccifera, and E. vernicosa, which all reach heights covered with
snow for several months in the year.

Eucalyptus haemastoma, Smith.

One of the White Gum-trees of New South Wales and South
Queensland, abundant in "many localties. This species attains a
considerable size, and furnishes fencing and rough building material,
also fuel of fair quality. Claims our attention particularly as fit
for culture on sandy land, for which very few other Eucalypts are
suited. A variety occurs with persistent stringy bark.

Eucalyptus hemiphloia, F. v. Mueller.*

New South Wales and South Queensland ; local vernacular name
Box-tree. To be regarded as a timber tree of great excellence,
on the authority of the Rev. Dr. Woolls. It is famous for the
hardness and toughness of its timber, which is used for railway-
sleepers, telegraph-posts, shafts, spokes, mauls, plough-beams, and
similar utensils.

Eucalyptus Leucoxylon, E. v. Mueller.*

The ordinary Iron-bark-tree of Victoria and some parts of South
Australia and New South Wales. It attains a height of 100 feet,
and supplies a valuable timber, possessing great strength und hard-
ness; it is much prized for its durability by carpenters, ship-
builders, etc. It is largely employed by waggon-builders for wheels,
poles, etc. ; by ship-builders for top-sides, treenails, the rudder
(stock), belaying-pins, and other purposes ; it is also used by turners
for rough work. It proved to be the strongest of all the woods
hitherto subjected to test by Mr. Luchmami and myself, bearing
nearly twice the strain of American Oak and Ash and excelling
even Hickory by about 18 per cent. It is much recommended for
railway-sleepers, and extensively used in underground mining work.
It is very extensively employed for the handles of axes and other
implements by Victorian manufacturers. The price of the timber in
the log is about 2s. 5d. per cubic foot in Melbourne. As it is for
some purposes superior to that of almost any other Eucalyptus, the
regular culture of this tree over wide areas should be fostered,
especially as it can be raised on stony ridges not readily available
for ordinary husbandry. The wood is sometimes pale, or in other
localities rather dark. The tree is generally restricted to the lower
Silurian sandstone and slate formation with ironstone and quartz.
The bark is remarkably rich in kino tannin, yielding up to 22 per

122 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

cent, in the fresh state, but much less after drying. This kino
tannin is not equal in value to the mimosa tannic acid from Acacia
bark, but it is useful as a subsidiary admixture when light-coloured
leather is not aimed at. As an astringent drug this kino is not with-
out importance. E. Leucoxylon has, next to E. rostrata, thriven best
about Lucknow (in India) among the species tried there for forest
culture. E. sideroxylon is a synonym.

Eucalyptus longifolia, Link.*

Extra-tropic East Australia. A tree, known as " Woolly Butt,"
under favourable circumstances reaching to 200 feet in height, the
stem attaining a great girth. Mr. Reader asserts that there is not
extant a more useful timber. It stands well in any situation.

Eucalyptus loxophleba, Bentham.*

The York Gum-tree of extra-tropic West Australia. Attains a
height of about 100 feet and a stem 4 feet in diameter. The wood
is very tough, and preferably sought in West Australia for naves
and felloes of wheels. Even when dry it is heavier than water.

Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha, F. v. Mueller.

The common Stringy bark-tree of Victoria, extending also to New
South Wales. This tree attains a height of about 120 feet, and is
generally found growing an sterile ridges, not extending to the
higher mountains. The wood, which contains a good deal of kino,
is used for joists, keels of boats, fence-rails and rough building
purposes ; also extensively for fuel ; the fibrous dark-brown bark
serves for roofs of huts and also for tyeing. The wood proved in
our experiments here nearly as strong as that of E. Globulus and
of E. rostrata, and considerably stronger than that of E. obliqua.

Eucalyptus maculata, Hooker.

The Spotted Gum-tree of New South Wales and South Queens-
land. A tree up to 150 feet in height, the wood of which is
employed in ship-building, wheelwrights' and coopers' work. The
heart- wood is as strong as that of British oak (Dr. Woolls).

Eucalyptus marginata, Smith.*

The Jarrah or Mahogany Tree of South-west Australia, famed for
its indestructible wood, which is neither attached by chelura, nor
teredo, nor termites, and therefore so much sought for jetties and
other structures exposed to sea- water ; also for any underground
work, telegraph-poles, and largely exported for railway-sleepers.
Vessels built of this timber have been enabled to do away with all
copper-plating. For jetties the piles are used round, and they do

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 123

not split when rammed even into limestone or other hard founda-
tions, provided the timber is of the best hard kind (Walker and
Swan). The Imperial Clerk of Works at Perth observes, that he
took up piles in 1877, which were driven for a whaling jetty in
1834, and that the timber was perfectly sound, although the place
was swarming with teredo. At the jetty in Freemantle piles thirty
years old and others one year old could scarcely be distinguished. The
durability of the timber seems largely attributable to a substance
(Kino-red), allied to phlobaphen, of which it contains about 16 to
17 per cent. ; of kino-tannin it contains 4 to 5 per cent. It is of a
close grain and a slightly oily and resinous nature ; it works well,
makes a fine finish, and is by ship-builders here considered superior
to either sal, teak, or any other wood except perhaps English or
Live oak. In West Australia it is much used for flooring, rafters,
shingles ; also for furniture, as it is easily worked, takes a good
polish, and then looks very beautiful. It is not too hard, and is
thus more easily worked than E. redunca and E. loxophleba. The
wood from the hills is darker, tougher and heavier than that from
the plains. Well-seasoned timber weighs about 64 Ibs. per cubic
foot ; freshly cut, from 71 to 76 Ibs. It is one of the least inflam-
mable woods according to Captain Fawcett. In West Australia it
is regarded as one of the best woods for charcoal. Mr. H. E.
Victor, C.E., of Perth, estimates the area covered at present (more
or less) by marketable Jarrah in South- West Australia at nine
million acres, and to yield at an average about 500 cubic feet of good
timber per acre. The trees should be felled in autumn or towards
the end of summer, in which case the timber will not warp. The
tree grows chiefly on ironstone ranges. At Melbourne it is not
quick of growth, if compared to E. globulus, Lab., or to E. obliqua,
1'Her., but it is likely to grow with celerity in mountainous country.
In its native country it presents the features of the East Australian
stringy-bark forests. Stems of this tree have been measured 80 feet
to the first branch, and 32 feet in circumference at 5 feet from the
ground. Instances are on record of the stem having attained a girth of
60 feet at 6 feet from the ground through the formation of buttresses.

Eucalyptus melanophloia, F. v. Mueller.

The silver-leaved Iron-bark tree of New South Wales and
Queensland. A middle-sized tree with a deeply-furrowed bark and
meally-white foliage. The timber is strong and durable, and used
for telegraph-poles and railway- sleepers ; it is however very apt to
split, unless well seasoned, when exposed to the sun.

Eucalyptus melliodora, A. Cunningham.*

The Yellow Box-tree of Victoria and some parts of New South
Wales ; of a spreading habit of growth, attaining a height of about
120 feet with a comparatively stout stem. The wood resembles

124 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

that of E. rostrata in texture, but is of a paler colour and not quite
so durable. It is fully as strong, though second to E. Leucoxylon,
E. siderophloia and E. polyanthema in this respect, but equalling
that of E. Globulus. It is esteemed for wheelwrights' and other
artizans' work, in ship-building, and supplies excellent fuel ; the
young trees are used for telegraph-poles.

Eucalyptus microcorys, F. v. Mueller.*

One of the Stringy Bark-trees of New South Wales and Queens-
land, mostly known as Tallow- wood by the colonists. It attains a
great size ; barrel up to 100 feet in length, 7 feet in diameter. The
wood is yellowish, free from kino-veins, easily worked by saw or
plane ; it is of a very greasy nature, so much so as to be quite
slippery when fresh cut (C. Fawcett). This oily substance, very
similar to viscin, of which it contains about 1 per cent., prevents
the wood from splitting and twisting, though not from shrinking.
The timber is hard and durable also underground and employed for
railway- sleepers, wheelwrights' work, for knees and breasthooks in
shipbuilding, the young trees for telegraph-poles. The foliage is
remarkably rich in volatile oil.

Eucalyptus microtheca, F. v. Mueller.

Widely dispersed over the most arid extra-tropical, as well as
tropical, inland regions of Australia. One of the best trees for
desert tracts; in favourable places 150 feet high. Wood brown,
sometimes very dark, hard, heavy and elastic ; prettily marked ;
thus used for cabinet-work, but more particularly for piles, bridges
and railway-sleepers (Rev. Dr. Woolls).

Eucalyptus obliqua, D'Heritier.*

The ordinary Stringy-bark-tree of Tasmania, generally designated
Messmate-tree in Victoria, attaining a height of 300 feet, with a
stem more than 10 feet in diameter, growing mostly in mountainous
country. The most gregarious of all Eucalypts, from Spencer's
Gulf to the southern parts of New South Wales, and in several
varieties designated by splitters and other wood- workers by different
names ; most extensively used for cheap fencing-rails, palings,
shingles, and any other rough wood-work not to be sunk under-
ground nor requiring great strength or elasticity. The bulk of
wood obtained from this tree in very poor soil is perhaps larger
than that of any other kind, and thus this species can be included
even in its native country, where it is naturally common and easily
re-disseminated, among the trees for new forest plantations in
barren woodless tracts, to yield readily and early a supply of cheap
and easily fissile wood. The young trees are sometimes used for
telegraph-poles. The fresh bark contains from 11 to 13 1 per cent,
kino-tannic acid.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 125

Eucalyptus oleosa, F. v. Mueller.

One of the smaller Eucalypts known as Mallee, extending from
East to West Australia through the desert regions. The essential
oil, in which the foliage of this species is very rich, dissolves,
according to Mr. Bosisto, India-rubber without heat. It is also one
of the best to dissolve amber and other fossil resins. The variety
longirostris attains a height of 120 feet, with stems of 70 feet with-
out branch, in West Australia, where it is vernacularly known as
Morrell. The wood is remarkably hard, splits freely, and is used
for spears, rafters, fence-rails, wheelwrights' work, agricultural
implements, etc. It is of a red tinge and sinks in water, also when
dry.

Eucalyptus paniculata, Smith.*

The White Iron-bark tree of New South Wales. This species
furnishes a hard durable wood, excellent for railway-sleepers,
according to the Rev. Dr. Woolls. It is also much used for build-
ing and fencing, as it splits well and is lasting underground. All
the trees of this series are deserving of cultivation, as their wood,
though always excellent, is far from alike, and that of each species
preferred for special purposes of the artizan.

Eucalyptus pauciflora, Sieber. (E. coriacea, A. Cunningham.)

New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania. A tree of handsome
appearance, with a smooth white bark, and generally drooping
foliage, attaining considerable dimensions ; vernacularly known as
a White-Gum or Drooping-Gum or Swamp-Gum-tree. It grows
best in moist ground, ascends to an elevation of 5,000 feet, and is
one of the hardiest of all its congeners. Its timber is used for
ordinary building and fencing purposes.

Eucalyptus phoenicea, F. v. Mueller.

Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land. Of the quality of the timber
hardly anything is known, but the brilliancy of its scarlet flowers
recommends this species to a place in any forest or garden planta-
tion. For the same reason also E. miniata, from North Australia,
and E. ficifolia, from South- West Australia, should be brought
extensively under cultivation.

Eucalyptus pilularis, Smith.

The Black-butt-tree of South Queensland, New South Wales and
Gippsland. One of the best timber-yielding trees about Sydney ;
of rather rapid growth (Rev. Dr. Woolls). It is much used for
flooring-boards, also for railway-sleepers and telegraph-poles.
Messrs Camara and Kirton measured a tree in the Illawarra dis-
trict, which had a girth of 45 feet and a height of about 300 feet.

126 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Eucalyptus piperita, Smith.

A Stringy-bark-tree of New South Wales and Gippsland, often
termed White Stringy-bark. It grows to a considerable height and
attains a stem up to 4 feet in diameter. The wood is fissile, and
used for the same purposes as that of other Stringy-bar k-trees.
The foliage is rich in volatile oil.

Eucalyptus Planchoniana, F. v. Mueller.

South Queensland. A tree to about 100 feet in height, stem 3 feet
in diameter. The foliage is dense. Timber sound, heavy, hard and
durable, well adapted for sawing, but not easy to split (Bailey).

Eucalyptus platyphylla, F. v. Mueller.

Queensland. Regarded by the Rev. Julian Tenison Woods as one
of the best of shade-trees, and seen to produce leaves sometimes 1 J
foot long and 1 foot wide. This tree is available for open exposed
localities, where trees from deep forest valleys would not thrive. It
is closely allied to E. alba from Timor. The timber is curly and
durable.

Eucalyptus polyanthema, Schauer.*

South-East Australia, generally known as Red Box. A tree up to
150 feet high, which furnishes an extremely hard and lasting
timber ; in great demand for mining purposes and railway-sleepers,
also for wheelwrights' work ; for fuel this wood is unsurpassed.
It is extremely strong, excelling oak and ash. Surpassed,
according to our experiments among Eucalypts, only by E.
Leucoxylon and E. siderophloia in transverse strength. According
to Mr. J. Smith, of Kew-Garden, this species braved there frosts
to which all other congeners succumbed.

Eucalyptus populifolia, Hooker.

Warmer portions of East- Australia. The " Bembil" or Shining-
leaved Box-Eucalyptus. Wood used for posts, handspikes, levers,
and other articles needing toughness; proved to be durable (Bailey).
Particularly adapted for dry and hot countries.

Eucalyptus punctata, Candolle.*

The Leatherjacket or Hickory Eucalypt of New South Wales. A
beautiful tree, with a smooth bark, attaining a height of 100 feet
or more, of rather quick growth. The wood is of a light brown
colour, hard, tough and very durable ; used for fence-posts, railway-
sleepers, wheelwrights' work, also for ship-building (Woolls).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 127

Eucalyptus Raver etiana, F. v. Mueller.*

Queensland. A jungle tree of the largest size, attaining a height
of 300 feet and 10 feet in diameter ; delights in the immediate
vicinity of rivers or swamps ; vernacularly known as Grey or Iron
Gum-tree. It furnishes a very hard, durable, dark-coloured wood,
valuable for piles, railway-sleepers, and general building purposes
(Thozet, O'Shanesy, Bowman). From cuts into the stem an acidu-
lous, almost colourless liquid exudes, available in considerable
quantity, like that from E. Gunnii.

Eucalyptus redunca, Schauer.*

The "White Gum-tree of "West Australia, the Wandoo ,of the
aborigines ; attains very large dimensions ; stems have been found
with a diameter of 17 feet. The bark is whitish, but not shining,
imparting a white coloration when rubbed. The tree is content
with cold flats of comparatively poor soil, even where humidity
stagnates during the wet season. It furnishes a very pale, hard,
tough, heavy and durable wood, highly prized for all kinds of wheel-
wrights' work, and especially supplying the best felloes in West Aus-
tralia. The seasoned timber weighs about 70 Ibs. per cubic foot.

Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith.*

The Red Mahogany Eucalypt of South Queensland and New South
Wales. A superior timber tree, of large size, according to the Rev.
Dr. Woolls, the wood being much prized for its strength and dura-
bility. It has proved one of the best adapted for a tropical clime,
although not so rapid of growth as some other species. It grew 45
feet in ten or twelve years at Lucknow, according to Dr. Bonavia,
but in the best soil it has attained 12 feet in two years. Proved in
Italy nearly as hardy as E. amygdalina and E. viminalis, according
to Prince Troubetzkoy.

Eucalyptus robusta, Smith.*

New South Wales, where it is known as Swamp-Mahogany by the
colonists. It attains a height of 100 feet and a girth of 12 feet,
with a barrel up to 50 feet in length, bearing a really grand crown
of foliage. The wood is strong and very durable ; reckoned a very
good timber for joists, also used for ship-building, wheelwrights' work,
and many implements, such as mallets. The tree seems to thrive
best in low sour swampy ground near the sea-coast ; where other
Eucalypts look sickly, E. robusta is the picture of health ( W. Kirton).

Eucalyptus ro strata, Schlechtendal.*

The Red Gum-tree of Southern Australia and many river-flats in
the interior of the Australian continent, nearly always found on
moist ground with a clayey subsoil. It will thrive in soil periodi-
cally inundated for a considerable time, anj^y on 4B slightly saline

128 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

ground. Attains exceptionally a height of 200 feet and a compara-
tively stout stem, but is mostly of a more spreading habit of growth
than the majority of its tall congeners. Mr. R G. Drysdale, of the
Riverina district, observed that an exceptional temperature of
125° F. in the shade did not shrivel the foliage of this tree ; it has
also withstood the severest heat in Algeria better than E. globulus;
and Dr. Bonavia found it to thrive well in the province of Oude in
places where E. globulus, E. obliqua and E. marginata perished
under the extreme vicissitudes of the clime. It does not bear cold
so well as E. amygdalina, perishing when still young at a tempera-
ture below 23° F., as observed in Italy by Prince Troubetzkoy. In
Mauritius and Reunion it resisted the hurricanes better than any
other Eucalypt ; in the latter island the Marquis de Chateauvieux
observed it to grow 65 feet in six years, and it is always found
more quickly growing than E. marginata, but less so than E.
globulus. It is recommended as an antiseptic tree for cemeteries in
tropical countries. The timber among that of Eucalypts is one of
the most highly esteemed in all Australia, being heavy, hard,
strong and extremely durable, either above or under ground or in
water. For these reasons it is highly prized for fence-posts, piles
and railway-sleepers ; for the latter purpose it will last at least a
dozen years, but if well selected much longer ; whenever practicable
the Government of Victoria has discarded the use of any other
timber for railways and bridges in favour of this tree. It is also
extensively employed by ship-builders for main-stem, stern-post,
inner-post, dead-wood, floor-timbers, futtocks, transoms, knighthead,
hawse-pieces, cant, stern, quarter and fashion timbers, bottom-
planks, breast-hooks and riders, windlass, bow-rails, etc. It should
be steamed before it is worked for planking. Also extensively
employed by wheelwrights, principally for felloes, and by builders
for posts and any other part of structures which come in contact
with the ground. Next to the Jarrah from West Australia this
is the best Eucalyptus wood for resisting the attacks of the crus-
taceous chelura and limnoria, the teredo mollusk and white ants,
and it has the advantage of being considerably stronger, proving
equal in this respect to American White Oak. According to my
experiments it is surpassed in resistance to transverse strain by E.
melliodora, E. polyanthema, and particularly E. siderophloia and
E. Leucoxylon, though stronger than that of many other congeners.
The kino of E. rostrata is far less soluble in cold water than that of
E. calophylla, and used as an important medicinal astringent. For
other details of the uses of this or other Victorian trees, refer to
the Reports of the Victorian Exhibitions of 1862 and 1867.

Eucalyptus salmonophloia, F. v. Mueller.

The Salmon-barked Gum-tree of South- West Australia, attaining a
height of 1 20 feet. The timber is good for fencing, while the

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 129

foliage is available for profitable oil distillation. The shining
white or purplish bark does not give off a white coloration like E.
redunca.

Eucalyptus saligna, Smith.

The Blue or Flooded Gum-tree of New South Wales. A tall
straight-stemmed species attaining a diameter of 7 feet. According
to the Rev. Dr. Woolls the wood is of excellent quality, and largely-
used for shipbuilding. The tree is generally found on rich soil
along river-banks.

Eucalyptus salubris, F. v. Mueller.

The Gimletwood or Fluted Gum-tree of West and Central Aus-
tralia, living on poor dry soil. It is generally a slender-stemmed
tree, 100 feet high, 2 feet in diameter, with a small crown. The
bark is shining with a brownish tinge, and broad, longitudinal, and
often twisted impressions, or roundish, blunt, longitudinal ridges.
The wood is hard and tough, but comparatively easily worked,
heavier than water, even when dry. It serves for roofing, fencing,
poles, and shafts, etc. For xylography it is better than Pear-
tree wood, and deserves attention for this purpose. The tree
exudes kino.

Eucalyptus siderophloia, Bentham.*

The Large-leaved or White Ironbark-tree of New South Wales
and South Queensland, attaining a height of 150 feet. According
to the Rev. Dr. Woolls this furnishes one of the strongest and
most durable timbers of New South Wales ; with great advantage
used for railway-sleepers and for many building purposes. It is
highly appreciated by wheelwrights, especially for spokes, also well
adapted for tool-handles. Found by us to be even stronger than
Hickory, and only rivalled by E. Leucoxy Ion and, though less, by E.
polyanthema. It is harder than the wood of E. Leucoxylon,
but thus also worked with more difficulty. The price of the
timber is about 2s. 6d. per cubic foot in the log. The tree yields
much kino.

Eucalyptus Sieberiana, F. v. Mueller. (E. virgata, Bentham, not

Sieber,)

South-East Australia. A straight-stemmed tree up to 150 feet in
height and 5 feet in stem diameter, vernacularly known as Moun-
tain Ash in Gippsland and New South Wales, as Ironbark-tree or
Gumtop in Tasmania. The wood is of excellent quality, strong
and elastic, thus used for implement handles, cart-shafts, swingle-
trees, also for fencing and for general building purposes. It burns
well, even when freshly cut. Systematically the species is very
closely allied to E. haemastoma, but much superior as a timber-tree

130 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Eucalyptus Stuartiana, F. v. Mueller.

South-East Australia. Vernacularly known as Apple-scented Gum-
tree. A medium-sized tree with fibrous bark and drooping branches;
foliage rather copious. The wood is mostly used for fencing and
for fuel, but might also be turned to account for furniture, as it is
of a handsome dark colour, and takes a good polish (Boyle). Accord-
ing to our own observations here it is nearly the same strength as
E. rostrata and E. Globulus, and somewhat stronger than that of
E. amygdalina and particularly E. obliqua.

Eucalyptus tereticornis, Smith.*

From East Queensland, where it is termed Red Gum-tree, to
Gippsland, attaining a height of 160 feet. Closely allied to E.
rostrata. The timber is esteemed for the naves and felloes of
wheels. For telegraph-poles and railway-sleepers it is inferior to
some of the Ironbark trees, lasting a shorter time, and then not
rarely decaying by dry rot. Quite under ground it remains sound
much longer (Thozet), but much depends, as regards its durability,
on the locality where it is obtained and the manner of drying.

Eucalyptus terminalis, F. v. Mueller.

The Bloodwood-tree of North Queensland, closely allied to E.
corymbosa, attaining a considerable size. * The wood is dark red,
hard and extremely tough. Particularly adapted for tropical
climes.

Eucalyptus tesselaris, F. v. Mueller.

North Australia and Queensland. Furnishes a brown, rather elastic
wood, not very hard, easily worked, of great strength and durability,
available for many kinds of artisans' work, and particularly sought
for staves and flooring. The tree exudes much astringent gum-
resin (P. O'Shanesy). Several other species might yet be men-
tioned, particularly from tropical Australia, but we are not yet well
enough acquainted with their technical value. For further infor-
mation vide Eucalyptographia. All the Eucalypts are valuable for
the production of tar, pitch, acetic acid, paper material, potash and
various dye substances.

Eucalyptus triantha, Link. (E. acmenoides, Schauer).

New South "Wales and East Queensland. Known as White
Mahogany. It attains a considerable height, and a stem up to
4 feet in diameter, and is of rapid growth. The wood used in the
same way as that of E. obliqua, but superior to it. It is heavy,
strong, durable, of a light colour, and has been found good for
palings, flooring-boards, battens, rails, and many other purposes of
house carpentry (Rev. Dr. Woolls).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 131

Eucalyptus viminalis, Labillardiere.

South-East Australia. On poor soil only a moderate-sized tree, with a
dark rough bark on the trunk, and generally known as Manna-gum-tree;
in rich soil of the mountain-forest it attains however gigantic dimen-
sions, rising to a height of rather more than 300 feet, with a stem up to
15 feet in diameter. It has there a cream-coloured smooth bark,
and is locally known as White-gum-tree. The timber is light-
coloured, clear, and though not so strong and durable as that of
many other kinds of Eucalyptus wood, is very frequently employed
for shingles, fence-rails, and ordinary building purposes ; also for
fuel. It is not so strong as that of many other Eucalypts, still
stronger than that of E. amygdalina and E. obliqua. The fresh
bark contains about 5 per cent, kino-tannin. Professor Balfour
observes that a tree of this species has stood since thirty years in the
open air at Haddington (South Scotland), attaining a height of 50
feet and a stem 8 feet in circumference at the base ; shelter against
hard cold winds is in these cases imperative. This is the only
species which yields the crumb-like melitose-rnanna. For fuller
information on Eucalypts consult my "Descriptive Atlas."

Euchlsena luxurians, Ascherson.* (Reeana luocurians, Durieu.)

The Teosinte. Guatemala, up to considerable elevations. Annual.
Kecommendable as a fodder-grass. A large number of stems
spring from the same root, attaining a height of a dozen feet or
even more. The leaves grow to lengths of 3 feet and form a good
forage. The young shoots when boiled constitute a fair culinary
esculent. Dr. Schweinfurth harvested at Cairo from three seeds
in one year about 12,000 grains. The fruit required ten months to
ripen from the time of sowing ; the three seeds furnished ten stalks
each about 18 feet high. The plant, particularly in its young state,
is remarkably saccharine. For scenic growth this stately grass is
also recommeiidable. Vilmorin estimates one plant sufficient for
two head of cattle during twenty-four hours. Mons. Thozet, at Rock-
hampton, obtained plants 12 feet high and 12 feet wide in damp alluvial
soil, each with thirty-two main stalks bearing nearly 100 flower bunches.
It is rather slower in growth than Maize, but lasting longer for
green fodder, and not so hardy as Sorghum. ' Its growth can be
continued by cutting the tufts as green fodder. As such it does
not cause colic to horses and cattle. As a forage plant it is with-
out a rival in climes free of frost. It likes humid soil best, but
resists also extreme dryness. It was first brought into notice by
the Acclimatisation Society of Paris, and introduced into Australia
by the writer. Euchlcena Mexicana might also be tested.

Euclea myrtina, Burchell.

South Africa. Berry small, black, but edible. To us this plant
would hardly be more than an ornamental bush.

132 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Euclea Pseudebenus, E. Meyer.

Africa, down to extra-tropic regions. Yields the Orange River
Ebony.

Euclea undulata, Thunberg.

South Africa. Berry small, red, edible. Other shrubby species
from the same portion of the globe yield also esculent fruits, which
under superior culture may vastly improve.

ucryphia cordifolia, Cavanilles

The Muermo or Ulmo of Chili. This magnificent evergreen tree
attains a height of over 100 feet, producing a stem of sometimes 6
feet in diameter. The flowers are much sought by bees. For oars
and rudders the wood is preferred in Chili to any other (Dr.
Philippi). We possess congeneric trees in Tasmania (E. Billardieri,
J. Hooker) and in New South Wales (E. Moorei, F. v. M.)

Eugenia cordifolia, Wight.

Ceylon, up to three thousand (3,000) feet high. Fruit of 1 inch
diameter.

Eugenia Hallii, Berg.

Quito. Fruit of large size.

Eugenia maboides, Wight.

Ceylon, up to seven thousand (7,000) feet elevation. Fruit of the
size of a small cherry (Dr. Thwaites).

Eugenia Malaccensis, Linne.

The large Rose Apple. India. Although strictly a tropical tree, it
has been admitted into this list as likely adapted for our warmer
forest regions. The leaves are often a foot long. The large fruits,
of rosy odour, are wholesome and of agreeable taste. E. Jambos,
L., also from India, produces likewise excellent fruit.

Eugenia myrtifolia, Sims.

East Australia. A handsome bush with palatable fruits.

Eugenia Nhanica, Cambessedes.

South Brazil. The berries, which are of plum size, are there a table -
fruit.

Eugenia pyriformis, Cambessedes.

Uvalho do Campo of South Brazil. Fruit of pear size.

Eugenia revoluta, Wight.

Ceylon, up to heights of 6,000 feet ; berry 1 inch in diameter.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 133

Eugenia rotundifolia, Wight.

Ceylon, up to 8,000 feet ; rejoicing] therefore in a cool or even
cold climate.

Eugenia Smithii, Poiret.

From Gippsland to Queensland. A splendid large umbrageous
tree, but not of quick growth, and requiring rich soil in river-valleys
for its perfect development. The bark contains about 17 per cent,
tannin. This fact may give a clue to the recognition of the same
tan-principle in the barks of numerous other species of the large
genus Eugenia.

Eugenia supra-axillaris, Spring.

The Tata of South Brazil. Fruit large.

Eugenia uniflora, Linne.

Extra-tropical South America. A tree of beautiful habit, with
edible fruit of cherry size. Dr. Lorentz mentions also as a sub-
tropical Argentine fruit species E. Mato.

Eugenia Zeyheri, Harvey.

South Africa. A tree attaining 20 feet in height. The berries
are of cherry size and edible. The relative value of the fruits of
many Asiatic, African and American species of Eugenia remains
to be ascertained ; many of them furnish doubtless good timber,
and all more or less essential oil ; some probably also superior fruit.
All such, even tropical trees, should be tested in warm tracts of the
temperate zone, inasmuch as many of them endure a cooler clime
than is generally supposed. Hence Anona muricata, L., the Sour-
sop Bush of West India, should also be subjected to test culture for
the yield of its sweet, fragrant, melon-like fruit ; and not less so
Anona squamosa, L., the Sweetsop Shrub or Tree of Central
America, for the sake of its very pleasant fruit.

Eupatorium triplinerve, Yahl. (E. Ayapana, Yentenat.)

Central America. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb, possibly
hardy in the warmer parts of extra-tropical countries. It is used
as a medicinal plant, also as an alexipharmic. It contains eupa-
torin and much essential oil peculiar to the plant. It stands
locally in renown as a remedy against ophidian poisons, and is
evidently possessed of important medicinal properties. A tanning
extract is prepared for the English market from this herb, which
contains about 20 per cent, tannic acid.

Euryale ferox, Salisbury.

From tropical Asia to Japan. Though less magnificent than the
grand Victoria Regia, this closely-allied water-lily is much more

134 SELECT PLAXTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

hardy, and would live unprotected in ponds and lakes of a
temperate climate. Though not strictly an industrial plant, it is
not without utility, and undergoes some sort of cultivation in China
for yielding its edible roots and seeds.

Euryangium Sumbul, Kaufmann.

Central Asia. Yields the true Sumbul root, a powerful stimulant,
with the odour of Musk. It is also decorative for lawns.

Eustrephus Brownii, F. v Mueller.

East Australia. This climber produces sweet though only small
tubers, which however are probably capable of enlargement through
culture.

Euterpe andicola, Brogniart.

Bolivia. Ascends to 9,000 feet (Martius), an altitude higher than
is reached by any other palm unless E. Haenkeana and E. longi-
vaginat (Drude).

Excascaria sebifera, J. Mueller. (Stillingia sebifera, Michaux.)

The Tallow-tree of China and Japan. The fatty coating of the
seeds constitute the vegetable tallow, which is separated by steam-
ing. The wood is so hard and dense as to be used for printing-
blocks ; the leaves furnish a black dye. The tree endures slight
night-frosts, though its foliage suffers.

Fagopyrum cymosum, Meissner.

The perennial Buck- Wheat, or rather Beech- Wheat, of the Indian
and Chinese highlands. Can be used with other species for spinage
and for obtaining from the leaves a blue dye.

Fagopyrum emarginatum, Babington.

Chinese and Himalaya Mountains, where it is cultivated for its
seeds. Annual.

Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench. *

Central Asia, growing up to an elevation of 14,000 feet in the
Himalayas. The ordinary Buck- Wheat. This annual herb
succeeds on the poorest soil ; clayey soil yields more foliage but less
grain. The crushed amylaceous seeds can be converted by boiling
or baking into a palatable and wholesome food. Starch has also
recently been prepared from the seeds as an article of trade. As
an agrarian plant it can with advantage be raised as a first crop on
sandy not too dry heath land, newly broken up, for green manure.
It gives a good green fodder, serves as admixture to hay, and is also
important as a honey plant. The period required for the cyclus of
its vegetatian is extremely short ; thus it can be even reared on
Alpine elevations.

IN EXTEA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 135

Fagopyrum Tataricum, Moench. *

Middle and North Asia. Yields for the higher mountain regions
a still safer crop than the foregoing, otherwise the remarks offered
in reference to F. esculentum apply also to F. Tataricum, but the
seeds of the latter are more thick-shelled, less amylaceous and less
palatable.

Fagopyrum triangulare, Meissner.

In the Himalayan Mountains, ascending naturally to regions
11,500 feet high. An annual. F. rottmdatum, Babington,
seems a variety of this species. It is cultivated for food like the
rest.

Fagus Cunningham!, Hooker.

The Victorian and Tasmanian Beech. A magnificent evergreen
tree, attaining large dimensions, and only living in cool, damp,
rich forest valleys, not rarely 200 feet high. The wood much used
by carpenters and other artisans ; the Myrtle wood of the trade. It
requires to be ascertained, by actual tests in the forests, whether
the allied tall evergreen New Zealand Beeches possess any advan-
tage over this species for forest culture ; they are Fagus Menziesii
(Hooker), the Red Birch of the colonists ; Fagus fusca (Hooker),
the Black Birch ; Fagus Solandri (Hooker), the White Birch. A
magnificent beech, Fagus Moorei (F. v. Mueller), occurs in New
England.

Fagus Dombeyi, Mirbel.

The Evergreen Beech of Chili, called there the Coigue or Coihue.
Of grand dimensions. Canoes out of its stem can be obtained of a
size to carry 10 tons freight. The wood is still harder than that
of the following species, with the qualities of which it otherwise
agrees (Dr. Philippi). This species extends to the Chonos group,
and perhaps still further south, and thus might be of value even for
Middle European forest culture.

Fagus ferruginea, Alton.

North American Beech. A large tree, with deciduous foliage^
easily raised in woodlands. Grows there under similar circum-
stances as our Evergreen Beech here. Wood variable according to
localities. Well-seasoned wood, according to Simmonds, is extremely
hard and solid, hence employed for plane-stocks, shoe-lasts, tool-
handles, various implements and turneries.

Fagus obliqua, Mirbel.

The Roble of Chili, called Coyam by the original inhabitants. A
tall tree with a straight stem, attaining 3 to 4 feet diameter.

136 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Wood heavy and durable, well adapted for posts, beams, girders,
rafters, joists, &c., but not for flooring. One of the few Chilian
trees with deciduous foliage (Dr. Philippi). Its value, as compared
to that of the European Beech, should in forest plantations be
tested.

Fagus procera, Poeppig.

Another deciduous Beech of Chili, where it passes by the names of
Reule or Rauli. Of still more colossal size than the Roble. Wood
fissile, well adapted for staves ; it is finer in grain than that of
F. obliqua, and much used for furniture (Dr. Philippi).

Fagus silvatica, Linn6.

The deciduous Beech of Britain, of most other parts of Europe and
extra-tropical Asia. The trunk has been measured in height 118
feet, the head 350 feet in diameter ; the wood is hard, extensively
used by joiners and ship-builders and the manufacturers of various
implements, especially for planes, shoe-lasts, keys and cogs of
machinery, lathe-chucks, gun-stocks, staves, chairs, spoke-shaves, in
piano manufacture, for bridges, some portion of the work of organ-
builders, enters also into the construction of harmoniums (beds of
notes, pallets, rest-planks), also for carved moulds and for wooden
letters in large prints; it is of rather difficult cleavage, great compact-
ness and considerable strength, and resists great pressure. Beech-tar
contains a considerable proportion of paraffine ; the ash from any
portion of this treee is rich in phosphate of lime. For trimming
into copse-hedges, many give, for show, preference to a purple-leaved
variety. An allied Beech, Fagus Sieboldii, End!., occurs in Japan.
All these could in the warmer temperate zones be grown to advan-
tage only in springy mountain forests.

Fatsia papyrifera, Bentham. (Aralia papyrifera, Hooker.)

Island of Formosa. The Rice-Paper Plant, hardy in the lowlands
of Victoria, and of scenic effect in garden plantations ; the pith
furnishes the material for the so-called rice-paper, and for solah-
hats.

Ferula galbaniflua, Boissier.

Persia ; on mountains 4,000 to 8,000 feet high. This tall perennial
herb might be transferred to Alpine regions, for obtaining locally
from it the gum-resin galbanum.

Ferula longifolia, Fischer.

South Russia. The aromatic long roots furnish a pleasant vegetable
(Dr. Rosenthal).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 137

Festuca Coiron, Steudel.

Chili. A valuable perennial fodder-grass, according to the testi-
mony of Dr. Philippi.

Festuca dives, F. v. Mueller.

Victoria, from West Gippsland to Dandenong, and the sources of
the rivers Yarra and Goulburn. One of the most magnificent of
all sylvan grasses, not rarely 12 feet and exceptionally 17
high. Root perennial, or perhaps of only two or three years'
duration. This grass deserves to be brought to any forest tracts,
as it prospers in shade ; along rivulets in deep soil it assumes its
grandest forms ; wants a cool clime. The large panicle affords
nutritious forage.

Festuca elatior, Linne.*

The Meadow Fescue. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle
Asia. A perennial grass, attaining a height of several feet.
There are several varieties of this species. The tallest follows
rivers readily as far down as the tides reach. The ordinary form
is well adapted for permanent pastures, has tender leaves, produces
excellent tasty nutritious hay, and is early out in the season.
Langethal places Meadow-Fescue in value above Timothy and
Foxtail grass, though its copiousness is somewhat less. The seed
is readily collected. The tall variety (arundinacea) will among the
best of eligible fodder-grasses occupy marshy land preferentially
and densely. It can be mixed advantageously with F. ovina. It
is superior to Rye grass in produce and improves with age. It
succeeds also on humid and even swampy ground and in forest
land as well with sandy as a calcareous subsoil. Dr. Curl
observes, that this and some other Fescues grow vigorously in
New Zealand, and yield herbage also in the cool season, when
Rye-grass is nearly dormant. The chemical analysis made in spring
gave the following results : Albumen 247, gluten 2 '75, starch
0-50, gum 2-84, sugar 2-84, per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L.
Rummel). F. arundinacea, Schreb., F. pratensis, Huds., and F.
loliacea, Huds., are varieties of this species.

Festuca flava, F. v. Mueller. (Poa flava, Gronov. ; Tricuspis

sesleriodes, Torr. ; Uralepis cuprea, Kunth.)

The tall Red-top Grass of the Eastern States of North America. A
perennial sand-grass, with wide panicles.

Festuca gigantea, Villars.

Europe and Middle Asia. A perennial good forest-grass.

138 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Festuca heterophylla, Lamarck.

Mountains of Europe. This perennial grass attains a height of 5
feet ; it produces a proportionately great bulk of fodder, and serves
as an admixture to grasses of hay or pasture lands, particularly the
former (Lawson). It is best fitted for Alpine forest tracts.

Festuca Hookeriana, F. v. Mueller.*

Alps of Australia and Tasmania. A tall perennial grass, evidently
nutritious, required to be tried for culture as pasture, and perhaps
destined to become a meadow-grass of colder countries. It does
not readily produce seeds. Stands mowing and depasturing well ;
much liked by cattle, horses and sheep. (Th. Walton).

Pestuca litoralis, Labillardiere

Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. An important grass for
binding drift-sand on sea-shores.

Festuca ovina, Linn6.

Sheep Fescue. Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America ;
found also in South America and the Alps of Australia and New
Zealand. This species, like F. elatior, is obtainable with facility.
F. duriuscula, L., and F. rubra, L., are varieties. A perennial
grass, thriving on widely different soil, even moory and sandy
ground. It yields a good produce, maintains its virtue, resists
drought, and is also well adapted for lawns and the swards of
parks. F. vaginata, Willdenow, is a form particularly recom-
mended by Wessely for sand-soil. The chemical analysis made
very late in spring gave the following results : Albumen 1 -86,
gluten 8 '16, starch 1'45, gum 2*14, sugar 5 '05 per cent. (F. v.
Mueller and L. Hummel).

Festuca purpurea, F. v. Mueller. (Uralepis purpurea, Nuttall;

Tricuspis purpurea^ A. Gray.)
South-east coast of North America. A tufty sand-grass, but annual.

Festuca silvatica, Yillars.

Middle and South Europe. A notable forest-grass. F. drymeia
(Mert. and Koch), a grass with long creeping roots, is closely
allied. Both deserve test culture.

Festuca spadicea, Linne.

Alps of Europe. This grass would thrive on the heights of snowy
mountains. Perennial. The space does not admit of entering
here into further details of the respective values of many species of
Festuca which might advantageously be introduced from various
parts of the globe for rural purposes.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 139

Ficus Carica, Linne.*

Orient. The ordinary Fig-tree. It attains an age of several
hundred years. In warm temperate latitudes and climes a prolific
tree. The most useful and at the same time the most hardy of
half a thousand recorded species of Ficus. The extreme facility
with which it can be propagated from cuttings, the resistance to
heat, the comparatively early yield and easy culture, recommend
the Fig-tree to be chosen, where it is an object to raise masses of
tree vegetation in widely treeless landscapes of the warmer zones.
Hence the extensive plantations of this tree made in formerly
woodless parts of Egypt ; hence the likelihood of choosing the Fig
as one of the trees for extensive planting through favourable
portions of desert wastes, where moreover the fruit could be dried
with particular ease. Fig-trees can be grown even on the sand-lands
of the desert, at least as observed on the Australian south coast.
In Greece the average yield of figs per acre is about 1,600 Bis.
(Simmonds). Caprification is unnecessary, even in some instances
injurious and objectionable. Two main varieties may be dis-
tinguished : that which produces two crops a year, and that
which yields but one. The former includes the Grey or Purple Fig,
which is the best, the White Fig and the Golden Fig, the latter
being the finest in appearance but not in quality. The main variety,
which bears only one crop a year, supplies the greatest quantity of
figs for drying, among which the Marseillaise and Bellonne are con-
sidered the best. The Barnisote and the Aubique produce delicious
large fruits, but they must be dried with fire-heat, and are usually
consumed fresh. The ordinary drying is effected in the sun. For
remarks on this and other points concerning the Fig, the valuable
tract recently published by the Rev. Dr. Bleasdale should be con-
sulted. The first crop of figs grows on wood of the preceding year ;
the last crop however on wood of the current year. Varieties of
particular excellence are known from Genoa, Savoy, Malaga,
Andalusia.

Ficus columnaris, Moore and Mueller.

The Banyan-tree of Lord Howe's Island, therefore extra-tropical.
One of the most magnificent productions in the whole empire of
plants. Mr. Fitzgerald, a visitor to the island, remarks that the
pendulous air -roots, when they touch the ground, gradually swell
into columns of the same dimensions as the older ones, which have
already become converted into stems, so that it is not apparent which
was the parent trunk ; there may be a hundred stems to the tree, on
which the huge dome of dark evergreen foliage rests, but these stems
are all alike, and thus it is impossible to say whence the tree comes
or whither it goes. The aerial roots are comparatively rapidly
formed, but the wood never attains the thickness of F. macrophylla,

14:0 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

which produces only a single trunk. F. rubiginosa also sends air-
roots to the ground to form additional trunks (Dr. G. Bennett).
The allied Fig-trees of continental East Australia have great but-
tresses, but only now and then a pendulous root, approaching in
similarity the stems of Ficus columnaris. The Lord Howe's Island
Fig-tree is more like F. macrophylla than F. rubiginosa, but F.
columnaris is more rufous than either. In humid, warm, sheltered
tracts this grand vegetable living structure may be raised as an
enormous bower for shade and for scenic ornament. The nature of
the sap, whether available for caoutchouc or other industrial mate-
rial, requires yet to be tested. A substance almost identical with
gutta-percha, but not like India-rubber, has been obtained by
exsiccation of the sap of F. columnaris (Fitzgerald). The hardened
sap of this species resembles in many respects that of F. subracemosa
and F. variegata, called Getah Lahoe, but differs apparently by its
greater solubility in cold alcohol, and by the portion insoluble in
alcohol being of a pulverulent instead of a viscid character. The
mode of exsiccation affects much the properties of the product.

Ficus Cunninghami, Miquel.

Queensland, in the eastern dense forest regions. Mr. O'Shanesy
designates this as a tree of sometimes monstrous growth, the large
spreading branches sending down roots which take firm hold of the
ground. One tree measured was 38 feet in circumference at 2 feet
from the ground, the roots [forming wall-like abutments, some of
which extended 20 feet from the tree. Several persons could con-
ceal themselves in the large crevices of the trunk, while the main
branches stretched across a space of about 100 feet. A kind of
caoutchouc can be obtained from this tree. A still more gi-
gantic Fig-tree of Queensland is F. colossea (F. v. M.), but it
may not be equally hardy, not advancing naturally to extra-tropi-
cal latitudes. This reminds of the great Council-tree, F. altissima.
F. engenioides, F. v. M., from North-east Australia, attains a height
of 100 feet, and produces also columnar air-roots. It is compara-
tively hardy, reaching extra-tropic latitudes.

Ficus elastica, Roxburgh.*

Upper India, to the Chinese boundary known as far as 28° 30' north
latitude. A large tree, yielding its milk-sap copiously for caoutchouc,
i.e., the kind called Assam Rubber. Roxburgh ascertained sixty
years ago that India-rubber could be dissolved in cajaput oil (so
similar to eucalyptus oil), and that the sap yielded about one-third
of its weight caoutchouc. This tree is not of quick growth in the
changeable and often dry clime of Melbourne, but there is eveiy
prospect that it would advance rather rapidly in any unutilised
humid forest gullies, and that copious plantations of it there would

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 141

call forth a new local industry. This tree has grown in Assam to 1 1 2
feet with 100 aerial roots in thirty-two years (Markham). The im-
port of all kinds of caoutchouc into GreatBritain during 187 4 amounted
to 129,168 cwt., worth £1,326,605. Markham and Collins pro-
nounce the caoutchouc of F. elastica not quite so valuable as that of
the Heveas and Castilloas of South America. Heat and atmos-
pheric moisture greatly promote the growth of F. elastica. Like
most other Fig-trees it is easily raised from seed. A tree of F. elastica
is tapped in Assam when twenty-five years old. After fifty years
the yield is about 40 Ibs. of caoutchouc every third year (Markham
and Collins). Mr. S. Kurz states that F. laccifera (Roxburgh), from
Silhet is also a caoutchouc Fig-tree, and that both this and F.
elastica yield most in a ferruginous clay-soil on a rocky substratum ;
further, that both can bear dryness, but like shade in youth.
Several other species of tropical Figs, American as well as Asiatic,
are known to produce good caoutchouc, but it is questionable
whether any of them would prosper in extra-tropical latitudes \
nevertheless for the conservatories of Botanic Gardens all such plants
should be secured with a view of promoting public instruction.

Ficus Indica, Linne

The Banyan-tree of India, famed for its enormous expansion and
air-roots. Although not strictly an utilitarian tree, it is admitted
here as one of the most shady trees, adapted for warm and moist
regions. At the age of 100 years one individual tree will shade
and occupy abcut one and a half acre, and rest on 150 stems or
more, the main stems often with a circumference of 50 feet, the
secondary stems with a diameter of several feet. At Melbourne
the tree suffers somewhat from the night-frosts.

Ficus infectoria, Willdenow.

India, ascending to 5,000 feet. Probably hardy, and then adapted
for street planting. Brandis and Stewart found its growth quicker
than that of Siris or Albizzia procera. F. religiosa (L.) ascends to
the same height, and is in moist climates of quick growth. It is
one of the trees on which the lac insect largely exists. The fruits
of some huge Himalayan species — for instance, F. virgata (Roxb.),
F. glomerata (Roxb.), F. Roxburghii (Wallich) — are edible.

Ficus macrophylla, Desfontaines.*

The Moreton Bay Fig-tree, which is indigenous through a great
part of East Australia. Perhaps the grandest of Australian
avenue trees, and among the very best to be planted, although in
poor dry soil its growth is slow. In the latitude of Melbourne it
is quite hardy in the lowland. The foliage may occasionally be
injured by grasshoppers. Easily raised from seed.

142 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Ficus rubiginosa, Desfontaines.

New South Wales. One of the most hardy of all Fig-trees, and
very eligible among evergreen shade-trees. It is estimated that the
genus Ficus comprises about 600 species, many occurring in cool
mountain regions of tropical countries. The number of those
which wonld endure a temperate clime is probably not small.

Ficus Sycamorus, Linne.

The Sycamore Fig-tree of the Orient, copiously planted along the
roadsides of Egypt. The shady crown extends to a width of 120
feet. Attains an enormous age. A tree at Cairo, which legends
connect with Christ, still exists. Seven men with outstretched
arms could hardly encircle the stem.

Fitzroya Patagonica, J. Hooker.*

Chili, as far south as Chiloe. The Alerce of the Chilians. Grows
on swampy, moory places. A stately tree, 100 feet high. The
diameter of the stem reaches sometimes the extraordinary extent of
15 feet. The wood is almost always red, easily split, light, does
not warp, stands exposure to the air for half a century, and in
Yaldivia and Chiloe almost all buildings are roofed with shingles of
this tree (Dr. Philippi). The outer bark produces a strong fibre,
used for calking ships. Like Libocedrus tetragona, this tree
should be extensively planted in unutilised swampy moors in the
mountains.

Flacourtia Ramontchi, 1'Heritier. (F. sapida, Roxburgh.)

India up to Beloochistan. This and F. cataphracta (Roxb.) form
thorny trees with somewhat plum-like fruits. With other species
they can be adopted for hedge-copses.

Flemingia tuberosa, Dalzell.

Western India. The tubers of this herb are said to be edible.
Another species, F. vestita, is on record as cultivated in North-
western India for its small esculent tubers.

Flindersia Australis, R. Brown.

New South Wales and Queensland. With Araucaria Cunning-
hami and Ficus Camerana, the tallest of all the jungle-trees of
its locality, attaining 150 feet. Bark scaly, stem with a diameter
to 8 feet. Timber of extraordinary hardness (Ch. Moore). A
noble tree for avenues. Rate of growth, according to Mr. Fawcett,
about 25 feet in eight years.

IN EXTKA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 143

Flindersia Oxleyana, F. v. Mueller.

The Yellow Wood of New South Wales and Queensland. Its wood
used for staves as well as that of F. Australia, Tarrietia argyro-
dendron, Stenocarpus salignus, Castanospermum Australe. Mr.
Hartmann mentions that F. Oxleyana attains a height of 150 feet,
and supplies one of the finest hardwoods for choice cabinet-work.
Other species occur there, among which F. Bennettiana is the best
for avenue purposes.

Flueggea Japonica, 0. Richard.

China and Japan. The mucilaginous tubers can be used for food —
a remark which applies to many other as yet disregarded liliaceous
plants.

Fceniculum offlcinale, Allioni.

The Fennel. Mediterranean regions, particularly on limestone
soil. A perennial or biennal herb, of which two primary varieties
occur, the so-called sweet variety having fruits almost twice as
large as the other. The herb and fruits are in use as condiments
and the latter also for medicine. The fruits are rich in essential
oil, containing much anethol.

Fourcroya Cubensis, Haworth.

West India and continental tropical America. A smaller species
than the following, but equally utilised for fibre and impenetrable
hedges. F. flavo-viridis (Hooker), from Mexico, is still smaller.

Fourcroya gigantea, Ventenat.

Central America. With species of Yucca, Agave, Dracaena,
Cordyline, Phormium, Doryanthes, and this and a few other Four-
croyas, we have gigantic liliaceous plants available industrially for
fibre. Frost injures the leaves of this species. Development of
flower-stalk extremely rapid up to 30 feet high. Fibre often 3
feet long and of considerable tenacity. The fibre produced in
Mauritius by Messrs. Bourgignon and Fronchet proved stronger
than hemp and resisted decay in water. Mr. Boucard also testifies
to the excellence of the fibre, which he describes as long, silky, and
solid, particularly adapted for luxurious hammocks and for cordage.

Fourcroya longseva, Karw. and Zucc.

High mountains of Guatemala and Mexico, at an elevation of about
10,000 feet. One of the most gigantic and magnificent of all
liliaceous or amaryllideous plants, in volumen only surpassed by
Dracaena Draco, the Dragon-tree of the Canary Islands. This is
the only known high-stemmed species, the trunk attaining a height

144 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

of 50 feet, and huge panicle of flowers 40 feet more. It dies, like
many allied plants, after flowering. The species is recorded here
as a fibre-plant, but should also be cultivated for its ornamental
grandeur.

Fragaria Chiloensis, Aiton.

In various of the colder parts both of North and South America.
Chili Strawberry.

Fragaria collina, Ehrhart.

In various parts of Europe. Hill Strawberry.

Fragaria grandiflora, Ehrhart. (F. Ananas, Miller.)

Various colder parts of America. Closely allied to F. Chiloensis.
Ananas Strawberry.

Fragaria Illinoensis, Prince.

North America. Hovey's seedling and the Boston kind from this
plant. Is regarded by Professor Asa Gray as a variety of F.
Yirginiana.

Fragaria pratensis, Duchesne. (Fragaria elatior, Ehrhart.)

In mountain-forests of Europe. Cinnamon Strawberry. Hautbois.

Fragaria vesca, Linne.

Naturally very widely dispersed over the temperate and colder
parts of the northern hemisphere, extending southward to the
mountains of Java, ascending the Himalayas to 13,000 feet (J. D.
Hooker) Wild Wood Strawberry. From this typical form pro-
bably some of the other Strawberries arose. Middle forms and
numerous varieties now in culture were produced by hybridisation.
These plants, though abounding already in our gardens, are men-
tioned here, because even the tenderest varieties could be naturalised
in our ranges. Any settler, living near some brook or rivulet,
might readily set out some plants, which, with others similarly
adapted, would gradually spread with the current.

Fragaria Virginiana, Miller.

North America. Scarlet Strawberry.

Fraxinus Americana, Linne.*

The White Ash of North America. A large tree, more than 80
feet high, which delights in humid forests. Trunks have been
found 75 feet long without a limb and 6 feet in diameter (Emerson).
It is the best of all American Ashes, of comparatively rapid

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 145

growth. Timber valuable, better resisting extreme heat than the
common Ash ; largely exported. It assumes a red tint in age.-
Much valued for its toughness, lightness, and elasticity, excellent
for work subject to sudden shocks and strains, such as the frames
of machines, carriage- wheels, agricultural implements, pick-handles,
billiard-cues, fishing-rods, handles, chair-rails, shafts, staves, pulley-
blocks, belaying-pins and oars, also for furniture, musical instru-
ments, the young branches for mast-hoops. Baron von Mueller and
Mr. J. G. Luehmann found the strength greater than that of our
Blackwood-tree and of many Eucalypts, but not equal to that
of E. leucoxylon, E. siderophloia, E. polyanthema, the best E.
globulus, and hickory. Over-old wood not desirable. When once
thoroughly seasoned, it does not shrink or swell, and is thus in
Virginia preferred for flooring to any native timber (Robb ; Sim-
rnonds). The inner bark furnishes a yellow dye. The Red Ash
(Fraxinus pubescens, Lam.), the Green Ash (F. viridis, Mich.), the
Black Ash (F. sambucifolia, Lam.), and the Carolina Ash (F.
platycarpa, Mich. ) are of smaller size ; although F. pubescens may
sometimes also become large.

Fraxinus Chinensis, Roxburgh.

It is this Ash on which a peculiar wax is produced by Coccus Pela,
perhaps also on some species of Ligustrum. About 40,000 Ibs. are
exported annually according to Mr. Bernardini.

Fraxinus excelsior, Linne.*

The ordinary Ash of Europe and West Asia. Height 80 feet, of
comparatively quick growth, known to attain an age of nearly
200 years. Rich soil on forest-rivulets or river-banks suits it best ;
but it thrives still on moist sand ; wood remarkably tough and
elastic, used for agricultural and other implements, handles,
ladders, drum-hoops, under carriage-work, for oars, axle-trees, and
many other purposes. Six peculiar kinds of Ash-trees occur in
Japan, some also in the Indian highlands j 'all might be tried.

Fraxinus floribunda, Don.

^"epal Ash, 40 feet high. Himalaya, between 5,000 and 11,000
feet. It attains a height of 120 feet, and serves as a fine avenue-
tree ; girth of stem sometimes 1 5 feet. The wood much sought for
oars, ploughs, and various implements (Stewart and Brandis). For
forest plantations Ashes are best mixed with Beeches and some
other trees.

Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall.

California and Oregon Ash. A tree up to 80 feet in height,
preferring low-lying alluvial lands. The wood of this fine species

146 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

is nearly white, tough and durable, often used for oars and handles
of implements. Though allied to F. sambucifolia, it is very superior
as a timber tree. Ash-trees will grow readily in the shade of other
trees.

Fraxinus Ornus, Linne.*

The Manna Ash of the Mediterranean regions. Height about
30 feet. It yields the medicinal manna. F. ornus is well adapted
for a promenade-tree, and is earlier in foliage than F. excelsior,
F. Americana, and most other Ash-trees.

Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux.*

The Blue Ash of North America. One of the tallest of the Ashes,
70 feet high, with an excellent timber, better than that of any
other American Ash-trees except the White Ash, hence frequently
in use for flooring and shingles. The inner bark furnishes a blue
dye. The tree wants the mildest of climes and the most fertile
soil.

Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lamarck.

Black or Water Ash of North America. Attains a height of 80
feet. Wood still more tough and elastic than that of F. Americana,
but less durable when exposed ; easily split into thin layers for
basket-work. The wood is comparatively rich in potash, like that
of most congeners. For oars and implements it is inferior to that
of the White Ash (Simmonds).

Fraxinus viridis, Michaux.

The Green Ash of North America. Height 70 feet ; wood excel-
lent, nearly as valuable as that of the White Ash, but of less
dimensions. The tree requires wet, shady woodlands.

Fuchsia racemosa, Lamarck.

South America. One of the hardier species, with edible berries of
very good taste. Another Fuchsia occurs in cold regions of
Guatemala, 10,000 feet high, with orange-coloured flowers and
with tasty wholesome berries, the latter an inch and a half long.

Garcinia Travancorica, Beddome.

Madras Presidency, up to elevations of 4,500 feet. This seems to
be the hardiest of the superior Gamboge trees ; hence there is some
prospect of its prospering in forests of the warmer temperate zone.

Garuleum bipinnatum, Lessing.

South Africa. A perennial herb of medicinal properties, and, like
numerous other plants there and elsewhere, praised as an alex-
ipharmic, but all requiring close re-investigation in this respect.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

147

Gaultiera Myrsinites, Hooker.

North California, Oregon, British Columbia. The fruit of this
procumbent shrub is said to be delicious. It would prove adapted
for our Alps.

Gaultieria Shallon, Pursh.

North-western America. This handsome spreading bush would
yield its pleasant edible berries in abundance if planted on our
snowy mountains, where it would likely become naturalized.

Gaylussacia frondosa, Torrey and Gray.

The Blue Tangleberry of North America,
foliage ; berry sweet.

A bush with deciduous

Gaylussacia resinosa, Torrey and Gray.

The Black Huckleberry of North America. A dwarf shrub with
deciduous leaves. It likes swampy woodlands, and thus would find
ample space in our forest ranges. Berry of pleasant taste. Perhaps
some of the South American species produce also edible fruits.

Geitonoplesium cymosum, Allan Cunningham.

Through the whole East Australian forests. It is mentioned here
to draw attention to the fact that special culture may convert this
into an Asparagus plant, as Mr. P. O'Shanesy has found that the
young shoots offer a fair substitute for Asparagus.

Gelsemium nitidum, Michaux.

Southern States of North America and Mexico. A twining
shrubby plant of medicinal value, long since introduced into Aus-
tralia by the writer, like numerous other plants of industrial or
therapeutical importance. Active principle : gelsemin. The scent
of the flowers has also come into use as a cosmetic.

Genista monosperma, Lamarck.

Mediterranean regions. One of the best of Broom-brushes for
arresting sand-drift. G. sphserocarpa, Lamarck, is of like use, and
comes also from the Mediterranean Sea.

Gentiana lutea, Linne.

Sub-alpine tracts of Middle and South Europe. A perennial most
beautiful herb, yielding the medicinal gentian root. It could b«
easily raised in our higher mountains. Chemical principles :
gentian-bitter and gentianin. Medicinal gentian root is also
obtained from G. punctata, L. G. purpurea, L., and G. pannonica.
Scop., of the European Alps

148 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Geonoma vaga, Grisebach and Wendland.

From West India to Brazil. A dwarf decorative Palm, advancing
up to 3,000 feet on the mountains.

Geum urbanum, Linne.

Europe, North Africa, extra-tropical and Alpine Asia, South-East
Australia, North America. The "Avens " of Britain. A perennial
herb with a powerful anti-dysenteric root, which, according to
Muspratt, contains up to 41 per cent, of tannic acid.

Gigantochloa apus, Kurz. (Bambusa apus, Roemer and Schultes.)

Indian Archipelagus, at elevations up to 5,000 feet. Height of
stem to 60 feet. When young it is used for strings and ropes.

Gigantochloa aspera, Kurz.

Java. Found by Zollinger to attain a maximum height of 170 feet.

Gigantochloa alter, Kurz.

Java, in the region from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. Height of stems to
70 feet. One of the extensively cultivated species.

Gigantochloa maxima, Kurz.

Java. Height to 120 feet, the stems nearly a foot thick. One of
the most extensively cultivated of all Asiatic bamboos, ascending
into mountain regions.

Gigantochloa nigro-ciliata, Kurz. (Oxytenanthera nigro-ciliata,

Munro. )
Continental and insular India. Stems to 130 feet long.

Gigantochloa robusta, Kurz.

Mountains of Java. Height to 100 feet. Kurz noticed in
Java the early growth to be nearly 1 8 feet in a month, the principal
branches only commencing when the shoot had reached a height of
about 70 feet. Some Java bamboos are known to measure, at a
height of about 120 feet, 22 inches in girth.

Gigantochloa verticillata, Munro. (Bambusa verticiliata, Blume.)

The Whorled Bamboo of India. It attains a height of 100 feet ;
in damp heat it grows at the astonishing celerity of 40 feet in about
three months, according to Bouche. The young shoots furnish an
edible vegetable like G. Apus and Bambusa Bitung.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 149

Ginkgo biloba, Linn6.* (Salisburia adiantifolia, Smith.)

Ginkgo-tree. China and Japan. A deciduous fan-leaved tree, 100
feet high, with a straight stem 12 feet in diameter. The wood is
white, soft, easy to work, and takes a beautiful polish. The seeds
are edible, and when pressed yield a good oil. The fruits, sold in
China under the name of " Pa-Koo," not unlike dried almonds, but
white, fuller and rounder (Fortune). Ginkgo trees are estimated
to attain an age of 3,000 years. Mr. Christy observes that the
foliage turns chrome-yellow in autumn, and that it is the grandest
and most highly esteemed of all trees in Japan ; it will grow in dry
situations.

Gladiolus edulis, Burchell.

Interior of South Africa. The bulb-like roots are edible, and taste
like chestnuts when roasted.

Gleditschia triacanthos, Linne.

The deciduous Honey Locust-tree of North America. Height up
to 80 feet. Wood hard, coarse-grained, fissile, not without im-
portance for street-planting. Sown closely, this plant forms im-
penetrable, thorny, not readily combustible hedges. An allied
species, the G. horrida, Willd., in East Asia. The Water Locust-
tree of North America (G. monosperma, Walt.) will grow in
swamps to 80 feet.

Glycine hispida, Bentham. (Soja hispida, Mcench.)

An annual herb of India, China and Japan. The beans are one
of the main ingredients of the condiment known as Soja. The
seeds are very oily, nutritious, and when boiled of pleasant taste.
The plant endures slight frost (Wittmack). Oil is pressed from
the seeds. Glycine Soja, Siebold and Zuccarini, is said to be a
distinct plant, but probably serving the same purpose.

Glycyrrhiza echinata, Linne.

South Europe and Orient. From the root of this herb at least a
portion of the Italian liquorice is prepared. The root is thicker
than that of the following. The Russian liquorice root is derived
from this species. It is less sweet.

Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linne.

South Europe. The extract of the root of this herb constitutes the
ordinary liquorice. The plant grows most vigorously in Victoria.
The liquorice is of some utility in medicine, but
breweries. Chemical principle : glycyrrhizin.

150 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Glyptostrobus heterophyllus, Endlicher.

China. An ornamental tree, allied to Taxodium distichum in some
respects, and like that tree particularly fit for permanently wet
ground. The Chinese plant it along the edges of canals and narrow
creeks, the buttress of the tree standing actually in the moist mud.
(Dr. Hance).

Gmelina Leichhardtii, F. v. Muller.

East Australia. Grown for fancy-timber purposes now on a
commercial scale in Queensland already.

Gonioma Kamassi, E. Meyer.

South Africa. This small tree furnishes the yellow Kamassi-wood,
much sought for carpenters' tools, planes, and other select articles
of wood-work ; also for wood-engraving, according to Dr. Pappe.
Flowers deliciously fragrant.

Gordonia lasianthus, Linn6.

The Loblolly Bay. North America. A handsome tree, growing
to a height of 60 feet ; flowers snowy white. The wood is ex-
tremely light, of a rosy hue and fine silky texture, but unfit for
exposure. The bark is extensively employed for tanning in the
Southern States. Available for swampy coast-lands.

Gossypium arboreum, Linne.*

The Tree Cotton. India, Arabia. A tall perennial species, but
not forming a real tree, yielding cotton in the first season. Leaves
long-lobed. Bracts with few teeth. Petals yellow, or in age pink
or purple. Seeds brown, disconnected, after the removal of the
cotton fibre greenish velvety. The cotton of long staple, but a
variety occurs with short staple. The New Orleans Cotton (G.
sanguineum, Hassk.) belongs to this species. Dr. Seemann connects
also the ordinary G. herbaceum, L., as a variety with G. arboreum.
The cotton-fibre is crisp, white, opaque, and not easily separable.

Gossypium Barbadense, Linne.*

West India. Sea Island Cotton. Leaves long-lobed. Petals
yellow. Seeds disconnected, black, after the removal of the
cotton-fibre naked. The cotton of this species is very long,
easily separable, and of a silky lustre. This species requires
low-lying coast-tracts for attaining to perfection. Perennial, and
yielding like the rest a crop in the first season. Cultivated largely
in the Southern States of North America, also in South Europe,
North Africa, Queensland, and various other countries. M. Del-
chevalerie has drawn attention to a new and almost branchless
plant, of tall size and exceedingly prolific in bearing, raised in

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 151

Egypt, called Bamia Cotton, which Sir Joseph Hooker regards as a
variety of G. Barbadense. The Bamia Cotton Bush grows 8 to 10
feet high, ripens (at Galveston) fruit in four or five months, and
produces 2,500 Ibs. cotton and seed per acre. It is remarkable for
its long simple branches, heavily fruited from top to bottom. Its
cotton is pale yellow.

Gossypium herbaceum, Linne.*

Scinde, Cabul, and other parts of tropical and sub-tropical Asia.
Much cultivated in the Mediterranean countries. Perennial.
Leaves short-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected, after
removal of the cotton fibre grey-velvety. Distinguished and illus-
trated by Parlatore as a species, regarded by Seeman as a variety
of G. arboreum. Staple longer than in the latter kind, white
opaque, not easily seceding. Even this species, though supposed to
be herbaceous, will attain a height of 1 2 feet. The root is a power-
ful emmenagogue. A variety with tawny fibre furnishes the
Nankin cotton.

Gossypium hirsutum, Linne*

Upland or Short-staple Cotton. Tropical America, cultivated most
extensively in the United States, Southern European and many
other countries. Perennial. Seeds brownish green, disconnected,
after the removal of the cotton-fibre greenish velvety. Staple
white, almost of a silky lustre, not easily separable. A portion
of the Queensland cotton is obtained from this species. It neither
requires the coast-tracts nor the highly attentive culture of G.
Barbadense.

Gossypium religiosum, Linne.* (G. Peruvianum, Cavan.)

Tropical South America. Kidney Cotton, Peruvian or Brazilian
Cotton. Leaves long-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds black, con-
nected. The cotton is of a very long staple, white, somewhat silky,
and easily seceding from the seeds. A tawny variety occurs. This
is the tallest of all cotton bushes, and it is probably this species
which occurs in the valleys of the Ajides as a small tree, bearing its
cotton while frosts whiten the ground around.

Gossypium Taitense, Parlatore. (G. religiosum, Banks and Solander.)
In several islands of the Pacific Ocean. A shrub. Petals white.
Seeds disconnected, glabrous after.the removal/^ the fulvous cotton-
fibre, which secedes not with readiness.

Gossypium tomentosum, NuttalL* (G. Sandvicense, Parlatore;

G. religiosum, A. Gray.)

Hawaai. Perennial. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected, after
the removal of the tawny cotton-fibre fulvous velvety, not easily
a lino'//" oidii on •aowhoi lonoJni oilJ io

152 SELECT PLANTS FOB INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

parting with their cotton. The cotton roots are a powerful remedial
agent, which however should only be used in legitimate medical
practice. The barks of Hamamelis Virginiana and Yiburnum
prunifolium are antidotes (Phares aud Durham).

For limitation of species and varieties Parlatore's " Specie dei Cotoni"
(Florence, 1866) and Todaro's " Osservazioni su Cotone" may be
consulted. Information on culture may be sought in Porter's
"Tropical Agriculturist" and in Mallet's work on "Cotton"
(London, 1862).

The following notes were written for the use and guidance of
Victorian colonists : —

There are many parts of our colony in which all these species of
Gossypium could be cultivated, and where a fair or even prolific
cotton crop may be obtained. Good cotton, for instance, has been
produced on the Goulburn River, the Loddon, the Avoca and the
Murray Rivers, particularly in places where water could be applied.
All cultivated kinds of cotton plants are either naturally perennials
or become such in favourable climes, although they may be treated
strictly as annuals. Some of them will indeed in particular
instances grow to the height of 20 feet. The geographic parallels,
between which cotton culture is usually placed, stretch in various
girdles between 36° north latitude and 36° south latitude. Accord-
ing to General Capron, cotton is grown in Japan to 40° north
latitude, but superior quality is not obtained north of 35°.

All cotton culture in the Southern States of North America came to
7 million acres before the Civil war, cultivated by 1J million
negroes; India has now 14 million acres cotton. The primary
advantages of this important culture are : a return in a few
months, comparatively easy field operations, simple and not labour-
ious process of collecting the crop, and requirement of but little
care in the use of the gin machine in finally preparing the raw
material for the market, the woolly covering of the seeds con-
stituting the cotton of commerce. The oil obtained by pressure
from the seeds is useful for various technic purposes, and the oil-
cake can be used like most substances of similar kind for very
fattening stable-food. Crushed cotton seed-cake without admixture
is eaten by cattle and sheep with avidity. Sea Island cotton was
raised in splendid perfection in the northern parts of Victoria
fully twenty years ago from seeds extensively distributed by the
writer ; but the want of cheap labour has hitherto militated against
the extensive cultivation of the cotton, and so also against the
culture of tea and many other industrial plants. Cotton having
been raised far away from the influence of the sea air, it would be
worthy of attempts to naturalise various kinds of cotton in the
oases of our deserts, irrespective of regular culture. Our native
Gossypiums of the interior produce no fibre worth collecting.

IN EXTRA -TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

153

Cotton plants have a predilection for gently undulating or sloping
ground, with light soil and a moderate supply of moisture. In
the most favourable climes, such as that of Fiji, cotton produces
flowers and fruits throughout the year, but the principal ripening
falls in the dry season. From two hundred to three hundred
plants or more can be placed on an acre. As many as seven
hundred pods have been gathered from a single plant at one time,
twelve to twenty capsules yielding an ounce of mercantile cotton.
Weeding is rendered less onerous by the vigorous growth of the
plants. Cotton comes well in for rotation of crops. Major
Clarke has ascertained that crossing cannot be effected between the
oriental and occidental kinds of cotton. A high summer tempera-
ture is needed for a prolific cotton harvest. Intense heat, under
which even maize will suffer, does not injuriously affect cotton,
provided the atmosphere is not dry in the extreme. The soil
should not be wet, but of a kind that naturally a,bsorbs and retains
humidity, without over-saturation. In arid regions it is necessary
to irrigate the cotton plant. Heavy rains at the ripening period
are injurious, if not destructive, to the cotton crop. Dry years
produce the best returns, yet aqueous vapour in the air is necessary
for the best yield. In colder localities the balls or capsules con-
tinue to ripen after the frosts prevent the formation of new ones.
Porous soils resting on limestones and metamorphic rocks are
eminently adapted for cotton culture. The canebrake soil of the
North American cotton regions absorbs ammonia to a prodigious
extent.

Gourliaea decorticans, Grisebach.

The Chanar of Argentina. Bears sweet pleasant fruits and yields
a tough valuable wood (Dr. Lorentz).

Grevillea annulifera, F. v. Mueller.

West Australia. A tall bush or small tree, with highly ornamental
flowers. The seeds are comparatively large, of almond taste, and
the fruits produced copiously. The shrub will live in absolute
desert sands, where the other Australian proteaceous Nut-tree
Brabejum (Macadamia) ternifolium could not exist.

Grevillea robusta, Cunningham.

A beautiful Lawn-tree, indigenous to the sub-tropical part of
East Australia, 150 feet high, of rather rapid growth, and resisting
drought in a remarkable degree ; hence one of the most eligible
trees for desert culture. Cultivated trees at Melbourne yield now an
ample supply of seeds. The wood is elastic and durable, valued
particularly for staves of casks.

154 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Guadua angustifolia, Kunth.* (Bambusa Guadua, Humboldt and
Bonpland. )

New Granada, Ecuador, and probably others of the Central
American States. This bamboo attains a height of 40 feet, and
might prove hardy in sheltered places of temperate low-lands.
Holton remarks of this species that it is, after the plantain,
maize and cane, the most indispensable plant of New Granada,
and that it might be called the Lumber-tree, as it supplies nearly
all the fencing and wood-work of most of the houses, and is
besides manufactured into all kinds of utensils. The genus Guadua
comprises the stoutest of all Bamboos.

Guadua latifolia, Kunth.* (Bambma latifolia, Humboldt and
Bonpland).

One of the tall Bamboos of Central America, from whence several
other lofty bamboos may be obtained, among them the almost
climbing Chusqueas. This Guadua is stouter than any Indian
Bamboo. In tropical America native bamboos are planted for
hedges.

Guevina Avellana, Molina. (Qicadria Jieterophylla, Ruiz and Pavon.)

The evergreen Hazel-tree of Chili, extends from Middle Chili to
the Chonos Archipelagus. One of the most beautiful trees in
existence, attaining a height of 30 feet. The snowy-white flower-
spikes produced simultaneously with the ripening of the coral-red
fruit. In the cooler southern regions the tree attains considerable
dimensions. The wood tough and elastic, used for boat-building
(Dr. Philippi). The fruit of the allied Brabejum stellatifolium
can only be utilised with caution and in a roasted state as an
article of diet, because it is noxious or even absolutely poisonous
in a raw state.

Guizotia oleifera, Candolle.

India and probably also Abyssinia. The Rantil oil is pressed from
the seeds of this annual herb, which yields its crop in three
months. The oil is much used like Sesamum oil, for culinary as
well as for technic purposes.

Gunnera Chilensis, Lamarck.

Caracas to Patagonia, chiefly on cliffs. A most impressive plant
for scenic groups in gardens. Darwin measured leaves 8 feet
broad and 24 feet in circumference. The acidulous leaf -stalks
serve as a vegetable ; the thick roots are used for tanning and dye-
ing. G. macrophylla, Blume, is a native of Java and Sumatra,
where it occurs on mountains up to 6,000 feet.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 155

Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck.

The Chicot. A North American timber and avenue tree, attaining
a height of 80 feet ; allied to Gleditschia, but, as the name implies,
thornless. Delights in rich soil and a sheltered position. Can be
raised from cuttings of the roots. The wood is strong, tough, com-
pact, fine-grained, and assumes a rosy colour. The pods preserved
like those of Tamarinds are said to be wholesome (Simmonds).

Hagenia Abyssinica, Willdenow. (Brayera anthelminthica, Kunth.)

Abyssinia, at elevations from 3,000 to 8,000 feet. A tall tree,
admitted in this list because its flowers have come into medicinal
use. It is moreover quite eligible for ornamental plantations.

Hardwickia binata, Eoxburgh.

India, up to elevations of nearly 4,000 feet. Maximum height of
tree, 120 feet. Wood from red-brown to nearly black, close-
grained, exceedingly hard, heavy and durable ; valued for under-
ground work. The bark furnishes easily a valuable material for
cordage. The tree can readily be pollarded for cattle-fodder
(Brandis).

Harina caryotoides, Roxburgh.

Assam, Chittagong and Darjeeling. A dwarf, tufted, hardy Palm,
desirable for decorative purposes.

Harpullia Hillii, F. v. Mueller.

The Tulip "Wood of Queensland. One of the most valuable of the
numerous kinds of trees indigenous there for select cabinet-work.
H. pendula (Planchon) is equally valuable.

Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon.

The Penny-royal of North America. An annual herb of aromatic
taste, employed in medicine. The volatile oil is also in use.

Hedysarum coronarium, Linne.*

The Soola Clover. South Europe. One of the best of perennial
fodder herbs, yielding a bulky return. It carries with it also the
recommendation of being extremely handsome.

Heleocharis tuberosa, Roemer and Schultes.

China, where it is called Matai or Petsi. This rush can be sub-
jected to regular cultivation in ponds for the sake of its edible
wholesome tubers. H. plantaginea and H. fistulosa of India and
the Australian H. sphacelata are allied plants.

156 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Helianthus animus, Linne.*

The Sun-blower. Peru. This tall, showy, and large-flowered
annual is not without industrial importance. As much as fifty
bushels of seeds, or rather seed-like nutlets, have been obtained
from an acre under very favourable circumstances, and as much as
fifty gallons of oil can be pressed from such a crop. The latter can
be used not only for machinery but even as one of the best for the
table ; also used for superior toilet-soaps and for painting ; it
belongs to the series of drying-oils. Otherwise the seeds afford an
excellent fodder for fowl ; also used for cakes. The leaves serve
for fodder and the seeds as a substitute for coffee, according to Pro-
fessor Keller. The large flower-heads important as yielding much
honey. The stalks furnish a good textile fibre, and the blossoms
yield a brilliant lasting yellow dye. About six pounds of seeds
are required for an acre. The plant likes calcareous soil.
Important also for raising quickly vegetation around fever
morasses, the absorbing and exhaling power of this plant being very
large (Dr. v. Hamm). A Sun-Flower, according to Lacoppidan,
will exhale 1 J Ib. of water during a hot day. Several North
American species deserve rural culture. The return from a Sun-
Flower field is attained within a few months.

Helianthus tuber osus, Linne. *

Brazil. Sun-Flower Artichoke. Inappropriately passing under
the name " Jerusalem Artichoke," instead of " Girasol Artichoke."
The wild state, according to Professor Asa Gray, seems the North
American H. doronioides, Lamarck. The tubers are saccharine
and serve culinary purposes. As a fodder they increase the milk
of cows to an extraordinary degree. The foliage serves well also
as fodder. The plant is propagated from the smallest but undi-
vided tubers, placed like potatoes, but at greater interstices. The
root is not susceptible to frost. The plant would be valuable for
Alpine regions. The yield is as large as that of potatoes, with less
labour, and continues from year to year in fairly-treated land unin-
terruptedly and spontaneously. The stem is rich in textile fibre.
The percentage of crystalline sugar is largest during the cold season,
namely, 5-6 per cent. During the summer the starch-like inulin
prevails. This plant can only be brought to full perfection in a soil
rich in potash.

Helichrysum lucidum, Henckel. (H. bracteatum, Willdenow.)

Throughout the greater part of Australia. The regular cultivation
of this perennial herb would be remunerative to supply its ever-
lasting flowers for wreaths, just like those of H. orientale, Tourne-
f ort, from Caiidia, are largely grown and sold in South Europe to pro-
vide grave-wreaths. Furthermore, the lovely Helipterum Manglesii,

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 157

F. v. M., from West Australia, could, for the like purposes, be
reared on a large scale with several other Australian everlast-
ings. Some South African species of Helichrysum and Helipterum
are also highly eligible for these purposes of decoration.

Heliotropium Peruvianum, Linne.

Andes of South America. A perennial somewhat shrubby plant.
Among various species of Heliotrope this one can best be utilised
for the distillation of the scented oil.

Helleborus niger, Linne".

Forest Mountains of Middle and South Europe. The Christmas
Rose of British Gardens. A perennial handsome herb. The roots
are used in medicine.

Helvella esculenta, Persoon.

Europe. Dr. Goeppart notes among saleable Silesian mushrooms
for table use this species as well as H. gigas (Krombholz), H. infula
(Fries). Kohlrausch and Siegel found in H. esculenta when dried
26 per cent, of protein, against the following other results ; in beef
39 per cent., in veal 44, wheat-bread 8, oatmeal 10, pulse 27, pota-
toes 5, various mushrooms often 33 per cent. Of course starch,
sugar, inulin, pertin, gum, and even fibre have to be further taken
into consideration in these calculations on value of nutriments.

Hemarthria compressa, R. Brown.

South Asia, South Africa, extra-tropical Australia. This perennial,
though somewhat harsh, grass is recommendable for moist pastures,
and will retain a beautiful greenness throughout the year ; very
highly esteemed by graziers in Gippsland (Victoria) ; it is not in-
jured by frost. H. uncinata is a closely allied plant, which grows
down to high-water mark on estuaries of rivers ; also otherwise on
somewhat saline ground.

Heracleum Sibiricum, Linne.

Colder regions of Europe and Asia. A very tall biennial herb with
leaves of enormous size. Recently recommended for sheep-fodder
in the Alpine regions. This plant could also be turned to account
for scenic effect in horticulture.

Heterothalamus brunioides, Lessing.

South Brazil and Argentina. A dwarf shrub, furnishing the
yellow Romerillo dye from its flowers.

158 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Hibiscus cannabinus, Linne. (H. radiatus, Cavanilles.)

Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia. An annual showy herb.
The stem yields a hemp-like fibre. Stems up to 12 feet high with-
out ramification if closely sown. Rich soil on the Nile has yielded
over 3,000 Ibs. of clear fibre from one acre. The bearing strength
is often found to be more than that of the Sun fibre. The leaves
serve as sorrel spinage. Several other Hibisci can be utilised in
the same manner. Good fibre is also obtained from Sida rhombi-
folia, L.

Hibiscus esculentus, Linne".

West India and Central America. A tall herb. The mucilaginous
seed capsules are known as Ochro, Bandakai, or Gobbo, and used
as culinary vegetables. The summers of Victoria bring them to
maturity. The Ochro can be preserved by being dried either in
the sun or by artificial heat after previous slicing. The leaves of
this and allied species can be used as pot-herbs.

Hibiscus Ludwigii, Ecklon and Zeyher.

South Africa. A tall, shrubby, and highly ornamental species,
desirable also as yielding a fibre of great strength and toughness.

Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linne.

Tropical Asia and Africa. A showy annual plant, occasionally of
more than one year's duration, admitting of its culture in the
warmer temperate regions ; it is however cut down by frost. It
yields the Kosella fibre. The acidulous calyces furnish a delicious
sorrell and rosella jellies, particularly relished in hot climes. H.
punctatus (Dalz. and Gibs.) is mentioned as an annual fibre plant,
occurring in Sindh and Mooltan.

Hierochloa redolens, K. Brown.

South-Eastern Australia, almost confined to the Alps ; in Tasmania
and New Zealand also found in the lowlands, occurring likewise in
the Antartic Islands and the southern extremity of America. A
tall, perennial, nutritious grass, with the odour of Anthoxanthum.
It is worthy of dissemination on moist pasture land. H. borealis
of the colder regions of the northern hemisphere accompanies in
the south H. redolens, but is a smaller grass. These grasses are
particularly valuable for their fragrance as constituents of hay, the
odorous principle, as in Anthoxanthum, Melilotus and Asperula,
being cumarin. Hierochloas are particularly appropriate for cold,
wet, moory grounds.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 159

Hippocrepis comosa, Linne\

The Horse-shoe Vetch. Middle and South Europe, North Africa.
A perennial fodder herb, not without importance. Likes stony
ground, and delights, like most leguminous herbs, in limestone soil.
The foliage is succulent and nutritious. Langethal recommends it
for a change after Saintfoin pastures fail. It furnishes not quite
as much but an earlier fodder.

Holcus lanatus, Linne.

Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. Velvet-grass or Meadow
Soft-grass. A well-known and easily disseminated perennial
pasture grass, of considerable fattening property. For rich soil
better grasses can be chosen, but for moist, moory, or sandy lands,
and also for forests, it is one of the most eligible pasture grasses,
yielding an abundant and early crop ; it is however rather disliked
by cattle as well as horses. The chemical analysis made in full
spring gave the following results : — Ibumen, 3-20 ; gluten, 4 '11 ;
starch, O72 ; gum, 3'OS ; sugar, 4-56 per cent. (F. v. Muller and
L. Hummel).

Holcus mollis, Linne.

Creeping Soft-grass. Of nearly the same geographic range and
utility as the preceding species. Particularly admissible for sandy
forest-land.

Holoptelea integrifolia, Planchon. (Ulmus integrifolia, Roxburgh.)

The Elm of India, extending from the lowlands to Sub-alpine
regions. A large tree, with timber of good quality. Foliage
deciduous.

Hordeum deficiens, Steudel.

The Red Sea Barley. One of the two-rowed barleys cultivated in
Arabia and Abyssinia. Allied to this is H. macrolepis (A. Br.),
a native of Abyssinia.

Hordeum distichon, Linne.*

Central Asia. The ordinary two-rowed barley. To this species
belong the ordinary English Barley, the Chevalier, the Annat, the
Dunlop, the Long-eared, the Black, the Large, the Italian, and the
Golden Barley, along with other kinds. A variety with grains free
from the bracts constitutes the Siberian and the Haliday Barley,
which however is less adapted for malt. Dry barley flour, heated
at the temperature of boiling water during several hours, constitutes
Hufeland's meal for invalids. Barley culture might be carried on
in many Alpine regions. Marly and calcareous lands are particu-
larly fit for its culture. It resists moderate spring frosts.

160 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Hordeum hexastichon, Linne.*

Orient. The regular six-rowed barley. This includes among other
varieties the Red, the Scotch, the Square, and the Bear Barley.
Seeds less uniform in size than those of H. distichon. The so-
called skinless variety is that in which the grain separates from
the bracts. Langethal observes that it is most easily raised, requires
less seed grain than ordinary barley, has firmer stems, is less subject
to the rust disease and to bending down.

Hordeum secalinum, Schreber. (H. nodosum, Linne* j H. pratense,
Hudson.)

Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. Perennial.
Famed as the best fattening grass of many of the somewhat
brackish marsh pastures on the North Sea. It never fruits when
kept down by cattle, and suppresses finally nearly all other grasses
and weeds.

Hordeum vulgare,

Orient. The four-rowed Barley, though rather six-rowed with two
prominent rows. Several varieties occur, among them : the
Spring, Winter and Black Barley, the Russian, the French, the
Naked and the Wheat Barley. Pearl Barley is obtained from the
winter-variety, which also surpasses Summer-Barley in rigour of
stems and rich and early yield, it being the earliest cereal in the
season ; the straw is copious and nutritious, and the grain is rrch in
gluten, hence far better adapted for flour than for malt. Summer
Barley also passes under the name of Sand Barley ; it is inferior in
yield to H. distichon, but is content with a less fertile, even sandy
soil, and comes in a month's less time to ripeness. In Alpine
regions it ripens with a summer of sixty or seventy days without
frost. The Naked Barley is superior to many other varieties for
peeled barley, but inferior for brewing ; the grain is also apt to
drop (Langethal). Malt is important as an antiscorbutic remedy.
Chemical principles of malt : asparagin, a protein substance,
diastase, an acid and cholesterin fat.

Hordeum zeocriton, Linne.*

Central Asia. Also a two-rowed Barley. To this species belong
the Sprat, the Battledore, the Fulham and the Putney Barley, the
Rice Barley, the Turkish Barley and the Dinkel. This species
might be regarded as a variety of H. distichon. The grains do not
drop spontaneously, and this variety is securer than others against
sparrows ; requires however a superior soil, and is harder in straw
(Langethal).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 161

Hovenia dulcis, Thunberg.

Himalaya, China, Japan. The pulpy fruit-stalks of this tree are
edible. H. insequalis, DC., and H. acerba, Lindl., are mere
varieties of this species.

Humulus Lupulus, Linne.*

The Hop Plant. Temperate zone of Europe, Asia and North
America. This twining perennial unisexual plant has proved to
yield enormously on river-banks in rich soil or on fertile slopes
where irrigation could be effected, particularly so in Victoria along
the river valleys of Gippsland and in other similar localities. A
pervious, especially alluvial soil, fertile through manure or other-
wise, appliances for irrigation, natural or artificial, and also shelter
against storms, are some of the conditions for success in hop
growth, and under such conditions the rearing of hops will prove
thus far profitable in countries and localities of very different mean
temperature. A dry summer season is favourable to the ripening
and gathering of hops. On the Mitchell River, in Gippsland,
1,500 Ibs. have been obtained from an acre. In Tasmania large
crops have been realised for very many years. The plant might be
readily naturalised on river-banks and in forest-valleys. The scaly
fruit-cones form the commercial hops, whose value largely depends
on the minute glandular granules of lupuline. Hops impart their
flavour to beer, and principally by their tannic acid prevent acetous
fermentation and precipitate albuminous substances from the malt.
Hop pillows are recommended to overcome want of sleep. Many
of the substitutes of hops are objectionable or deleterious. The
refuse of hops of breweries possess double the value of stable
manure. Active principles of hop leaves and fruits : a peculiar
volatile and a bitter acid substance. The fibre of the stem can be
made into cords and paper. The young shoots can be used for food,
dressed like asparagus.

Hydnum coralloides, Scopoli.

Cashmere, in hollow trunks of Pirius Webbiana, called there the
Koho Khur. Cooked, of excellent taste;

Hydnum imbricatum, Linne.

In pine forests of Europe. A wholesome Mushroom of delicious
taste, which we should endeavour to naturalize in our pine plan-
tations. Other recommendable European species are : H. eri-
naceum, Pers. ; H. coralloides, Scop. ; H. album, Pers. ; H. diver-
sidens, Fries ; H. auriscalpium, Linn6 ; H. subsquamosum, Batsch ;
H. Isevigatum, Sw. ; H. violascens, Alb. ; H. infundibulum, Sw. ;
H. fuligineo-albiim, Schm. ; H. graveolens, Brot. ; H. Caput
Medusae, Nees ; H. Hystrix, Fries. These and other edible fungi

162 SELECT . PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

are given on the authority of Rosenthal's valuable work. The
Rev. M. L. Berkeley, Dr. Morren and Dr. Goeppert add Hydnum
repandum, L., and H. suaveolens, Scop.

Hydrangea Thunbergi, Siebold.

Japan. The leaves of this shrub give a peculiar Tea, called there
the "Tea of Heaven."

Hydrastis Canadensis, Linne.

North America. The Yellow Poccoon. Perennial herb, utilised
in medicine. The root contains two alkaloids, berberin and
hydrastin. The root tinges briliantly yellow, admitting of its
use along with indigo for rich green colours.

Hymensea Courbaril, Linne.

Tropical and Southern sub-tropical America. A tree of colossal
size and remarkable longevity. Timber hard, extremely ponder-
ous, close-grained, used for select wheel-work, treenails, beams and
planks in various machinery. Courbaril- wood exceeds in elasticity the
the best British Oak-wood four times and in resistance to fracture nearly
three times (Lapparents). A fragrant amber-like resin, known as
West India Copal, exudes from the stem. The Mexican trade
name of the resin is Coapinole. • The beans of the pod are lodged
in a mealy pulp of honey-like taste, which can be used for food.
The possibility of the adaptability of this: remarkable tree to the
warmer temperate zone needs to be ascertained.

Hymenanthera Banksii, F v. Mueller.

South-East Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island. A tall
spiny shrub, well, adapted for close hedges, where rapid growth is
not required. It stands clipping well. Flowers profusely fragrant.

Hyoscyamus niger, Linne.

The Henbane. Europe, North Africa, extra-tropical Asia. An
important medicinal herb of one or two years' duration. It
contains a peculiar alkaloid — hyoscyamin.

Hyospathe pubigera, G-risebach.

Trinidad, on the summits of the highest mountains. The stem
of this Palm attains only to 12 feet. Valuable among the dwarf
palms, now so much sought for table and window decoration.

Hyphaene Argun, Martius.

Nubia, to 21° north latitude. Probably hardy in the warmer
temperate zone.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 163

Hyphaene coriacea, Gaertner.

Equatorial Eastern Africa. The dichotomous Palm of the sea-
coast regions. It attains a height of 80 feet.

Hyphsene crinita, Gaertner. (H. Thebaica, Martius.)

Abyssinia, Nubia, Arabia and Egypt, as far as 31° north latitude
and southward to the Zambesi, Nyassa and Sofala. In Arabia to
28° north latitude (Schweinfurth), up to the plateaux of Abyssinia
(Drude.) The Gingerbread Palm or Doum Palm. It is much
branched and attains a height of about 30 feet. The mealy husk
of the fruit, is edible. Grows away from the sea.

Hyphsene ventricosa, Kirk.

Zambesi. Loftier than the other species. Stem turgid towards
the middle. Fruit large.

Hypochceris apargioides, Hooker and Arnott.

Chili. A perennial herb. The root is used for culinary purposes
like that of the Scorzonera Hispanica.

Hypochosris Scorzonerse, F. v. Mueller. (Acliyropliorus Scorzonorce,

Candolle.)

Chili. Of the same use as H. apargioides. Alied species of
probably similar utility exist in Western South America.

Ilex Cassine, Linne.

Southern States of North America. A tea bush, to which also
remarkable medicinal properties are ascribed.

Ilex crenata, Thunberg.

Japan. The wood there employed for superior kinds of wood-cuts.

Ilex Integra, Thunberg.

Japan. From the bark of this and several other Hollies bird-
lime can be prepared, from this species at the rate of 10 per cent.

Ilex Paraguensis, St. Hilaire.

Uruguay, Paraguay and Southern Brazil. The Mate. This
Holly -bush, which attains the size of a small tree, is inserted in
this list rather as a stimulating medicinal plant than as a substi-
tute for the ordinary Tea plant, although in its native country it
is very extensively used for this purpose. From the province of
Parana alone there were exported more than 36 million pounds in
1871, besides 9 million pounds used for home consumption ; while
in Rio Grande de Sul the local^ provincial consumption is nearly

164 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

four times as much, not counting large quantities consumed by the
aboriginal race. It is cheaper than coffee or tea (about 5d. per
pound,), and an individual there uses about 1 Ib. per week. It has
a pleasant aroma, can be taken with milk and sugar, and is the
favourite beverage in large portions of South America (Dr. Macedo
Soares). The leaves destined for the Mate are slightly roasted.
I. Dahoon and I dipyrena are used for the same purpose, and
probably other hollies may be found equally good. I theezans,
Martius, yields in South Brazil also a kind of Mate. Chemical
principles : coffein, quina acid, and a peculiar tannic acid, which
latter can be converted into viridin acid.

Illicium anisatum, Linne.

China and Japan. The Star Anis. An evergreen shrub or small
tree. The starry fruits used in medicine and as a condiment. Their
flavour is derived from a peculiar volatile oil with anethol. This
species and a few others deserve culture also as ornamental bushes.

Imperata arundinacea, Cyrillo.

South Europe, North Africa, South and East Asia, Australia. The
Lalong Grass of India. Almost a sugar-cane in miniature. Valu-
able for binding sand, especially in wet localities. Difficult to
eradicate.

Indigofera Anil, Linne.

Recorded as indigenous to West India, and as extending naturally
through continental America from Carolina to Brazil. A shrub
several feet high. Pods sickle-shaped, short, compressed. One of
the principal Indigo plants under cultivation both in the eastern
and western hemispheres. Only in the warmer parts of the tem-
perate zone can we hope to produce indigo with .remunerative
success. But many of the hardier species seem never yet to have
been tested for pigment. One hundred and fourteen have already
been recorded from extra-tropical Southern Africa alone. An
Indigofera of Georgia, said to be wild, perhaps I. Anil, yields an
excellent product. The pigment in all instances is obtained by
maceration of the foliage, aeration of the liquid, and inspissation of
the sediment.

Indigofera argent ea, Linne. (/. cwmdea, Roxburgh.)

Tropical and extra-tropical Northern Africa, Arabia, India. A
shrub several feet high, closely allied to I. Anil, and likewise a
good Indigo plant.

Indigofera tinctoria, Linne.*

Warmest parts of Asia, as far east as Japan ; recorded also from
tropical Africa and even Natal. A shrubby plant, attaining a

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 165

height of 6 feet. Pods straight, cylindrical, many-seeded. Exten-
sively cultivated in warm zones for indigo, and probably hardy in
warmer temperate regions. The plant is frequently sold fresh by
the grower to the factories. The Indigo plant requires a rich
friable soil, neither too moist nor too dry. The seeds are sown in
furrows about a foot apart, and in hot damp climes the plant can
be cut in about two months, as soon as it begins to flower ; in six
or eight weeks it yields a second crop, and under favourable cir-
cumstances as many as four crops can be gathered in a year. The
plants have to be renewed every year, as the old ones do not yield
such an abundant produce. Bright sunshine favours the develop-
ment of the dye principle, but frequent rains cause a more luxuriant
growth (Hartwig).

Inula Helenium, Linne.

The Elecampane. Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia east-
ward to Japan. A perennial herb. The bitter and somewhat
aromatic root, for the sake of its stimulating and tonic properties,
is used in medicine. It contains also the amylaceous inulin and
the crystalline helenin. With the Mullein (Yerbascum Thapsus),
L., adaptable for scenic effects.

Ipomcea Batatas, iPoiret.* (Batatas edulis, Choisy.)

The Sweet Potato. Tropical South America. First brought to
Europe from Brazil. It proved well adapted also for the southern
part of Australia and for New Zealand. The tubers afford a palat-
able food, more nutritious than ordinaiy potatoes. Can be well
utilized for starch. Varieties with red, white and yellow roots
occur. Each tuber weighs generally from 3 Ibs. to 5 Ibs., but may
occasionally attain to 56 Ibs. The yield is from 200 to 300 bushels
from an acre.

Ipomcea Batatilla, G. Don.

Cooler regions of Venezuela! The tubers serve as sweet potatoes.
Similarly useful, I. platanifolia, Roem. et Schult., from Central
America, and I. mammosa, Choisy, from Amboina.

Ipomoea Calobra, Hill and Mueller.

Central Australia. The large roots a fair esculent.

Ipomoea magapotamica, Choisy.

South Brazil and Argentina. The root attains several pounds
weight, and serves as jalap. Propagation by pieces of the root or
from cuttings of the underground stem.

166 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Ipomoea paniculata, B. Brown.

Almost a cosmopolitan plant on tropical coasts ; thus indigenous to
North Australia and the warmer parts of East Australia. The
tubers of this species also are edible. If hardy, the plant would
deserve cultivation.

Ipomoea purga, Wenderoth.

Mountains of Mexico. The true Jalap. This species yields the
medicinal jalap root. It has recently been cultivated with apparent
success even at New York ; thus it is entitled to a trial in warm
woodlands. Active principle ; the resinous convolvulin. I. Oriza-
bensis, Ledanois, also yields jalap, according to Hanbury.

Ipomoea simulans, Hanbury.

Mexico. From this species the Tampico jalap, or rather the Sierra
Gorda jalap, is derived. I. operculata, Mart., yield the Brazilian
jalap.

Iris Florentina, Linne.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The well-known Orris
root is obtained from this species. Of the same geographic range
is Iris juncea, Poizet, the edible root of which is known by the
name of Zeloak among the Algerian natives (Simmons).

Isatis indigotica, Fortune.

North China. Perennial, almost shrubby. The use is similar to
that of the following plant.

Isatis tinctoria, Linne.

Dyer's Woad. From the Mediterranean regions through part of
the Orient, apparently extending as far as Japan. A tall herb of
two years' duration. The blue dye is obtained from the fermented
leaves. Woad succeeds best in rich limestone ground. Contains
luteolin. Many other species of Isatis, mostly Asiatic, may per-
haps produce dye with equal advantage. Bossier enumerates
merely as Oriental twenty-eight kinds.

Isonandra Gutta, Hooker.* (Dickopsis Gutta, Benth.)

The Gutta-percha Tree or the Gutta Taban. Malayan Peninsula.
It seems not altogether hopeless to render this highly important
tree a denizen of the mildest wood regions, in temperate climes,
Murton having traced it to elevations of 3,500 feet. The milky
sap, obtained by ringing the bark at 5 to 15 inches interstices, is
boiled for an hour before gradual exsiccation, otherwise the percha
becomes brittle ; 5 to 20 catties yielded by one tree.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 167

Jacaranda mimosifolia, Don.

Brazil. This tree, with J. Braziliana and J. obtusifolia (Hum-.
boldt), furnishes a beautiful and fragrant kind of Palixander or
Palissandre wood, and so do probably some other tropical American
species. This wood is bluish red, traversed by blackish veins. J.
mimosifolia is hardy at Sydney, and thus may perhaps be reared
with advantage also in the warmer and moister regions of the
temperate zone.

Jacks onia cupulifera, Meissner.

West Australia. It might prove an advantage to disseminate this
small tree in arid desert regions, as horses and cattle relish the
foliage amazingly. Several other Jacksonias share the importance
which this congener of theirs has acquired from its utility as a
pasture-bush.

Jasminum grandiflorum, Linne".

From India to Japan. Flowers white. Extensively cultivated in
South Europe. It is planted in rows 3 feet apart, the plants at a
distance of 2 to 3 inches in the rows. Leek, tuberoses, and similar
plants are used to occupy the spare ground for the first year; 1,000
plants in the second year after grafting produce 50 kilos (about 1
cwt.) of flowers in rich soil. Five thousand kilos can be produced
on an hectare (nearly 2| acres), which under very favourable
circumstances will realise a profit of 5,800 francs per annum. Against
frost and exposure to wind the plants must be guarded (Deherain).
In France it is generally grafted on J. officinale. The bushes are
richly manured and well watered. Ordinary cleft-grafting is
practised, the stock being headed down to near the ground. A good
workman and assistant will graft about 1,000 plants in a day. The
delicate scent is withdrawn either by fixed oils or alcoholic distilla-
tion. The pecuniary yield obtainable from Jasmin cultivation seems
vastly overrated, even if inexpensive labour should be obtainable.

Jasminum odoratissimum, Linne.

Madeira. Shrubby like the rest. Flowers yellow. Used like the
foregoing and following for scent. This may be prepared by spread-
ing the flowers upon wool or cotton slightly saturated with olive
oil or other fixed oil, and covering them with other layers so pre-
pared. The flowers are renewed from time to time until the oil is
thoroughly pervaded by the scent, when the latter is withdrawn by-
alcohol. Other modes of extracting the oil exist.

Jasminum officinale, Linne.

From the Caucasus to China. Flowers white. This is the principal
species cultivated in South Europe for its scent. In Cannes and

168 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Nice about 180,000 Ibs. of jasmine flowers are produced annually
for distillation (Hegel). By Simmonnet/s process the essence of
jasmine is solidified as jasminin.

Jasminum Sambac, Aiton.

From India to Japan. It has the richest perfume of all. The
bush attains a height of 20 feet, and is almost climbing. The
flowers are white, and must be collected in the evening before ex-
pansion. The relative value of many other species of jasmin, nearly
all from the warmest parts of Asia, seems in no instance to have
been ascertained, so far as their oils or scents are concerned. The
Australian series are also deliciously fragrant, amongst which J.
lineare, Br., occurs in Victorian deserts; while also J. didymum,
Forst. ; J. racemosum, F. v. M. ; J. simplicifolium, Forst. ; J. cal-
careum, F. v. M. ; and J. suavissimum, Lindl., reach extra-tropical
latitudes.

Jubaea spectabilis, Humboldt.

The tall and stout Coquito Palm of Chili, hardy still in Valdivia,
Well adapted for extra-tropical latitudes. A kind of treacle is
obtained from the sap of this Palm. A good tree will give 90
gallons of mellaginous sap (C. Darwin). The small kernels are
edible. Stem to 60 feet, turgid towards the middle ; leaves 10 feet
long. Has endured at Montpellier of winter cold of +10° F.
(Osw. de Kerchove de Denterghem). Jubsea Torallyi ascends the
Andes to 8,530 feet. (De Kerchove).

Juglans cinerea, Linne.*

The Butternut Tree of North America. About 50 feet high ; stem-
diameter 4 feet. Growth of comparative celerity ; admits of trans-
plantation readily. Likes rocky places in rich forests, but is also
content with poor soil. Wood lighter than that of the black walnut,
durable and free from attacks of insects. It is particularly sought
for furniture, panels of coaches, corn-shovels, wooden dishes, and
similar implements, as it is not liable to split nor heavy. Splendid
for select posts and rails needing durability ; it is soft, and there-
fore easily worked. This tree, with J. nigra endures still the severe
frosts of St. Petersburg, where the caryas can no longer be main-
tained. (Hegel). The kernel of the nuts is more oily than that of
the ordinary walnut, taste similar to Brazil nuts. The leaves, bark
and husk are of medicinal importance, and so are those of other
species.

Juglans cordiformis, Maximowicz.

Japan. This species approaches in many respects J. Sieboldiana.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 169

Juglans Mandschurica, Maximowicz.

Cornea and Mandschuria. This Walnut is allied to J. cinerea of
North America, Wood splendid for cabinet-work. The nuts
available as well for the table as for oil factories.

Juglans nigra, Linne.*

Black Walnut Tree. Attains a height of 80 feet ; trunk 6 feet in
diameter; found in rich forest-land in North America. Wood
most ornamental, purplish brown, turning dark with age, strong, tough,
not liable to warp nor to split ; not attacked by insects. Supplies
three-fourths of the material for hardwood furniture in the United
States (Sargent), and fetches there the highest price. Wood stored for
many years is. the best for gun-stocks, and used also for musical in-
struments. For the sake of its compactness, durability and its
susceptibility to high polish it is much sought for elegant furniture,
stair-rails and other select purposes. Seeds more oily than the
European Walnut. The tree extends in a slightly altered variety
to Bolivia and Argentina.

Juglans regia, Linne.*

The ordinary Walnut Tree of Europe, indigenous in Hungary
(Heuffel) and Greece (Heldreich), extending from the Black Sea to
Beluchistan and Burmah, and seemingly also occurring in North
China, preferentially in calcareous soil. It attains a height of fully
80 feet, and lives many centuries. Wood light and tough, much
sought for gun-stocks, the exterior of pianofortes, and the choicest fur-
niture. The shells of the nut yield a black pigment. Trees of select
quality of wood have been sold for £600, the wood being the most
valuable of middle Europe. In some departments of France a
rather large quantity of oil is pressed from the nuts, which, besides
serving as an article of diet, is used for the preparation of fine
colours. To obtain first-class fruit, the trees are grafted in France
(Michaux). An almost huskless variety occurs in the north of
China. Can be grown in cold localities, as it lives at 2,000 feet
elevation in Middle Europe. Nuts for distant transmission, to
arrive in a fit state for germination, are best packed in casks
between layers of dry moss.

Juglans rupestris, Engelmann.

From California to New Mexico, along the course of streams in rich
moist soil. A handsome symmetrical tree of utility, attaining a
height of 60 feet, 3 feet in diameter (Dr. Gibbons).

Juglans Sieboldiana, Maximowicz.

Throughout Japan, where it forms a large tree.

170 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Juglans stenocarpa, Maximowicz.

From the Anioor territory. Allied to J. Mandschurica.

Juniper us Bermudiana, Linne*

The Pencil Cedar of Bermuda and Barbadoes. This species grows
sometimes 90 feet high, and furnishes a valuable red durable wood,
used for boat-building furniture, and particularly for pencils, also
for hammer-shanks of piano-fortes, on account of its pleasant odour
and special fitness. Many of the plants called Thuya or Biotia
Meldensis in gardens belong to this species.

Juniperus brevifolia, Antoine.

In the Azores, up to 4,800 feet ; a nice tree with sometimes silvery
foliage.

Juniperus Cedrus, Webb.

A tall tree of the higher mountains of the Canary Islands.

Juniperus Chinensis, Linne.

In temperate regions of the Himalaya, up to an altitude of
15,000 feet, also in China and Japan. This tree is known to rise
to 75 feet, exceptionally even to 100 feet, with a girth of stem of
13 feet ; it is of rapid growth, furnishing a reddish, soft, and fine-
grained wood, suitable for pencils (Hoopes). Probably identical
with it is the Himalayan Pencil Cedar (Juniperus religiosa, Royle).
The timber of some other tall Junipers needs tests.

Juniperus communis, Linnet

Colder parts of Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America,
ascending the European Alps to 8,000 feet, the Indian Mountains
to 14,000 feet. One of the three native Coniferse of Britain, at-
taining under favourable circumstances a height of nearly 50 feet.
The berries are of medicinal value, also used in the preparation of
gin. Important for fuel in the coldest regions. Will grow on
almost pure sand.

Juniperus drupacea, Labillardiere.

Plum Juniper. A veiy handsome long-leaved juniper, the Habhel
of Syria. It attains a height of 30 feet, and produces a sweet edible
fruit, highly esteemed throughout the Orient.

Juniperus excelsa, Bieberstein.

In Asia Minor, 2,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea-level. Extends
to the Himalayas, where its range of elevation is from 5,000 to
14,000 feet. A stately tree, 60 feet high. Trunk short but of
great girth, over 20 feet circumference being known (Stewart and
Brandis).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 171

Juniperus flaccida, Schlechtendal.

In Mexico, 5,000 to 7,000 feet high. A tree of 30 feet in height,
rich in resin, similar to sandarac.

Juniperus foetidissima, Willdenow.

A tall and beautiful tree in Armenia and Tauria, 5,000 to 6,500
feet.

Juniperus Mexicana, Schiede:

Mexico, at an elevation of 7,000 to 11,000 feet. A straight tree,
90 feet high, stem 3 feet diameter, exuding copiously a resin
similar to sandarac.

Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker.

North California and Oregon, at 5,000 feet. A straight tree, 80
feet high, with a stem of 3 feet diameter. Wood pale, compara-
tively hard. Thrives well among rocks.

Juniperus Phoenicea, Linne.

South Europe and Orient. A small tree, 20 feet high, yielding an
aromatic resin.

Juniperus procera, Hochstetter.

In Abyssinia. A stately tree, furnishing a hard, useful timber.

Juniperus recurva, Hamilton.

On the Himalayas, 7,500 to 15,000 feet high. A tree attaining 30
feet in height, or according to J. Hoopes even 80 feet.

Juniperus sphasrica, Lindley.

North China. A handsome tree, 40 feet high.

Juniperus Virginiana,

North American Pencil Cedar or Red Cedar, extending to 45° N.L.
A handsome tree, 90 feet high, supplying a fragrant timber, much
esteemed for its strength and durability ; it is dense, fine-grained,
light, and pleasantly odorous ; the inner part is of a beautiful red
colour, the outer is white ; it is much used for pencils. One of the
best of all woods for buckets, tubs and casks. Simmonds observes
that fence-posts of this wood last for ages. Of wonderful durability
for railway cross-ties (Barney). The heartwood is almost imperish-
able (Vasey), thus used for cross-ties of railways, posts, &c. It is
not bored by insects. The tree grows best near the sea, but is rather
independent of soil and locality.

172 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Juniperus Wallichiana, J. Hooker and Thomson.

From the Indus to Sikkim, at elevations from 9,000 to 15,000 feet.
Attains a height of 60 feet. Desirable for transfer to our Alps.
Wood similar to that of J. excelsa (Stewart and Brandis).

Justicia Adhatoda, Linne.

India; enduring the climate of the lowlands of Victoria. This
bush possesses anti-spasmodic and febrifugal properties. It can be
utilised also as a hedge-plant.

Kentia Baueri, Seeman.

The Norfolk Island Palm. Height 40 feet.

Kentia Beccarii, F. v. Mueller. (Nengella montana, Beccari.)

On the Mountains of New Guinea, up to 4,500 feet. This slender
Palm is only a few feet high and eligible, like Kentia minor, from
North-East Australia, for domestic decoration.

Kentia Belmoriana, Moore and Mueller.

; The Curly Palm of Lord Howe's Island. About 40 feet high.
With its congeners, evidently destined to grace our gardens and to
become also important for horticultural traffic abroad.

Kentia Canterburyana, Moore and Mueller.

Umbrella Palm of Lord Howe's Island. Likewise a tall and hardy
Palm.

Kentia Moluccana, Beccari.

Ternate, at heights up to 3,500 feet. This noble and comparatively
hardy Palm attains a height of 90 feet.

Kentia sapida, Blume.

Tne Nika Palm of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. It also
attains a height of 40 feet, is one of the hardiest of all Palms, and
extends to the most southern latitude attained by any Palm, being
found down to 44° south latitude. The unexpended flower-spikes
can be converted as palm-cabbage into food.

Kochia villosa, Lindley.

In most of the depressed and saline regions of Australia.
Renowned amongst occupiers of pasture land as the "Cotton
Bush," strangely so called, on account of downy adventitious
excrescenses. This rather dwarf shrub resists the extremes of
drought and heat of even the trying Central Australian clime.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 173

Knightia excelsa, R. Brown.

The Rewa Rewa of New Zealand. This tree is recommended as
valuable for ornamental work and furniture (Campbell Walker).

Kceleria cristata, Persoon.

Widely dispersed over the globe. A perennial grass of fair
nutritive quality, sustaining itself on dry soil. The closely-allied
K. glauca can be sown with advantage on coast-sand.

Krameria triandra, Ruiz.

Chili, Peru and Bolivia, at elevations from 3,000 to 8,000 feet.
This pretty little shrub can be grown on sandy ridges in an equable
clime. It produces the medicinal Ratanhia root, well known also
as a dentrifice. The root contains 38 to 43 per cent, tannin
(Muspratt). Some other species have similarly astringent roots,
particularly K. Ixine (Loefling), from Central America and West
India. Some could be chosen to aid in adorning aiid diversifying
our gardens. ••-'^\" \ {JJ*^

Lactuca sativa, Linne.

South Asia. The ordinary annual Lettuce, ^11 us^lance reljiote
antiquity. It is not without value, especially a£ a sedative, jfor
medicinal purposes. L. Scariola, Linne, seejms to be the wild state
of the garden lettuce. L. altissima, Bie"herstein, is a variety
attaining a height of 9 feet. All yield lactucarium.

Lactuca virosa, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A biennial.
The inspissated juice of this lettuce forms the sedative lactucarium.

Lapageria rosea, Ruiz and Pavon.

Chili. The Copigue. Almost the only plant which can exist in
the area covered by the sulphurous smoke of the local smelting
furnaces (Cunningham's Magellan). A half-woody climber with
large showy flowers. The berries, which are the size of a hen's egg,
are sweet and edible. The plant bears slight frosts.

Lardizabala biternata, Ruiz and Pavon.

Chili. A climber with stems of enormous length. Might be
naturalised in our forests for obtaining the tough fibre for cordage.
In its native country the terrified stems are used instead of ropes,
according to Dr. Philippi.

Laserpitium aquilegium, Murray.

Middle and South Europe. The stems of this perennial herb are
edible. The fruits serve as a condiment.

174 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Lathyrus Cicera, Linne.

Countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea, also Canary Islands.
An annual, similar in its use to L. sativus, furnishing a tender
palatable fodder, on sandy soil. L. Clymenum. L., from the same
regions, serves similar purposes.

Lathyrus macrorrhizus, Wimmer. (Orobus tuberosus, Linne.)

Europe, West Asia. This herb would establish gradually pas-
turage in sterile forest regions, and could with some allied species
be disseminated in Alpine regions.

Lathyrus pratensis, Linne.

Europe, North and Middle Asia. The Meadow Pea. A good
perennial pasture-herb. It can also be utilised for forest pastures,
like L. silvestris. The yield is considerable, and the herbage,
though bitter, is relished by sheep. The plant spreads easily,
particularly on fresh ground. L. tuberosus (L.) can likewise be
utilised as a fodder-herb ; its tubers are edible, but very small.

Lathyrus sativus, Linne.

Middle and South Europe. The Jarosse. An annual forage-herb ;
the pods also available for culinary purposes. Superior, according
to Langethal's observations, to vetches in quality of fodder and
seed, but inferior in yield, content with a lighter soil, hence often
chosen for first sowing on sand-lands. Lime in the soil increases
the return. Can only be used with great caution, as its frequent
or continuous use induces, like L. Cicera, paralysis, not only to
man but also to horses, cattle and birds. Probably other species
of Lythyrus could advantageously be introduced.

Laurelia aromatica, Poiret.

Southern Chili. A colossal tree, in Valdivia the principal one
used for flooring. Wood never bored by insects, and well able to
stand exposure to the open air, far superior to that of L. serrata,
the You van or Huahuoa, which tree predominates over L.
aromatica, in the far south of Chili (Dr. Philippi).

Laurus nobilis, Linne.

Asia Minor. The Warrior's Laurel of the ancients. The leaves
are in much request for various condiments, and the peculiar aroma
of these Bay leaves cannot be replaced by any others, except those
of Lindera Benzoin.

Lavandula angustifolia, Ehrhart. (L. vera, Candolle.)

Countries around and near the Mediterranean Sea. The Lavender
Plant, of somewhat shrubby growth, from which by distillation the
best oil of lavender is prepared. It lives on dry soil, but is less
hardy than the following.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 175

Lavandula latifolia, Villars. (L. Spica, Candolle.)

South Europe, North Africa. From this species also much
lavender oil is obtained.

Lavandula Stoechas, Linne.

South Europe, North Africa. Topped Lavender. This shrub can
also be utilised for oil distillation and other purposes, for which the
two other Lavenders are used. The quality of the oil of these
species seems to differ according to their locality of growth. Mr.
James Dickinson, of Port Arlington, Victoria, informs us that
this is the best plant known to him for staying sand. It grows
much quicker than the Ulex ; every seed which falls germinates,
so that around each bush every stroke of the spade brings up lots
of seedlings fit for transplantation. In Southern Australia five
months in full flower annually, it being early in bloom. Bees are
passionately fond of the mellaginous secretion of the flowers.
Mr. Dickinson calculates that annually from an acre of this
Lavender a ton of the finest-flavoured honey can be obtained.

Lavatera arborea, Linne.

Tree Mallow of Middle Europe and the countries on the Medi-
terranean Sea. A tall biennial plant of rapid growth. The
ribbon-like bast is produced in greater abundance than in most
malvaceous plants, and is recommended for paper material. The
Tree Mallow might easily be naturalised on sea-shores, where it
would be useful as a quick shelter. Perhaps it might serve with
allied plants for green manure. The bulky foliage has proved
valuable for fodder, and so has that of Lavatera plebeja (Sims).

Lawsonia alba, Lamarck.

North and Middle Africa, Persia, India, Arabia, and North- Western
Australia. The Henne or Henna Bush. It may become of use as
a dye-plant in the regions free of frost. The orange pigment is
obtained from the ground foliage. Mr. C. B. Clarke considers it
one of the best hedge-plants in India, together with Dodonsea
viscosa, L, Odina Wodier (Roxb.)

Leersia hexandra, Swartz.

Africa, South Asia, warmer parts of America and Australia.
Pound by Mr. Bailey to be one of the most relished by cattle
among aquatic grasses of East Australia. L. Gouini (Founder) is
a Mexican species.

Leersia oryzoides, Swartz.

Middle and South Europe, various parts of Asia, Africa and
America. A perennial nutritious swamp grass. Other Leersias
from both hemispheres are deserving of introduction.

176 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Lepidium latifolium, Linne.

Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia. A perennial herb
of peppery acridity, much used for some select sauces.

Lepidium sativum, Linne.

The Cress. Orient Annual. Irrespective of its culinary value,
cress is of use as one of the remedies in cases of scurvy. Active
principle : a volatile oil and the bitter lepidin.

Lepidosperma gladiatum, Labillardiere.

The Sword Sedge of the sea-coasts of extra-tropical Australia.
One of the most important plants for binding sea-sand, also yielding
a paper material as good as Sparta.

Lepironia mucronata, Cl. Richard.

East Australia, Malayan Archipelagus, East India, South China,
Madagascar. This rush is cultivated (like Rice) in China for
textile purposes, but in poor soils, as manure impairs its strength.
The plant renews itself by sprouts from its perennial root. It
attains a height of 7 feet ; the stems are beaten flat to fit them to
be woven or plaited for either bed-mats, bags, and especially for
mat-sails, the latter being most extensively used for the junks in
China ; further, for floor-matting, which is exported in vast quantities
to the United States to be used in summer for the sake of coolness,
in preference to carpets (Dr. Hance. ) This rush thus furnishes the
raw material for a great manufacturing industry. The dyeing of
the mats for yellow is effected with the flowers of Sophora
Japonica, under addition of alum ; for green with an acanthaceous
plant, the Lam-yip (Blue Leaf), alum, and sulphate of copper. (Dr.
Hirst).

Leptospermum Isevigatum, R v. Mueller.* (Fabricia Icevigata,

Gaertner.)

The "Saiidstay." Sea-shores and sand deserts of extra-tropical
Australia, but not extending to Western Australia. This shrub
or small tree is the most effectual of all for arresting the progress
of drift-sand in a warm clime. It is most easily raised by simply
scattering in autumn the seeds on the sand and covering them
loosely with boughs, or, better still, by spreading lopped-off branches
of the shrub itself, bearing ripe seeds, on the sand.

Leptospermum lanigerum, Smith.

South-East Australia. This tall shrub or small tree can be grown
in wet semi-saline soil. It exercises, like Melaleuca ericifolia, on
such places antimalarian influences.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 177

Lespedeza striata, Hooker and Arnott.*

China and Japan. Sometimes called Japan Clover. An annual
herb, which in North America has proved of great use. Professor
Meehan states it to be identical with the Hoop Koop plant, and
that it has taken possession of much waste land in the Southern
States. It grows there wouderfully on the hot dry soil, and the
cattle like it amazingly. Mr. Jackson observes that it spreads on
spaces between forest trees, covering the soil with a dense permanent
herbage. Mr. Carl Mohr says that it stands drought well, and
thrives on sandy clay, but luxuriates on light calcareous soil. The
Department of Agriculture of Washington (in 1878) states it to
be as rich in albuminaceous substances as the best clovers.

Leucadendron argenteum, Brown.

The Silver-tree of South Africa is included on this occasion among
forest-trees, because it would add to the splendour of our woods,
and thrive far better there than in our gardens. Moreover, with
this tree many others, equally glorious, might be established in our
mild forest glens as a source of horticultural wealth, were it only
to obtain in future years a copious supply of seeds. Mention may
be made of the tall Magnolia trees of North America (Magnolia
grandiflora, L., 100 feet high; M. umbrella, Lam., 40 feet; M.
acuminata, 80 feet ; M. cordata, Michx., 50 feet ; M. Fraseri,
Walt., 40 feet ; M. macrophylla, Michx., 40 feet) ; M. Yulan,
Desf., of China, 50 feet; Magnolia Campbelli, Hook., of the
Himalayas, 150 feet high, and flowers nearly a foot across; M.
sphaerocarpa, Roxb., also of the Indian highlands, 40 feet;
the Mediterranean Styrax-tree (Styrax omcinalis, L.) ; Stenocarpus
sinuosus, EndL, of East Australia (the most brilliant of the
Proteacese) ; the crimson and scarlet Ratas of New Zealand
(Metrosideros florida, Sim. ; M. lucida, Menz. ; M. robusta, Cunn.,
80 feet high; M. tomentosa, Cunn., 40 feet) ; Fuchsia excorticata,
L., also from New Zealand, stem 2 feet in diameter; the crimson-
flowered Eucalyptus flcifolia of West Australia ; Rhododendron
Falconeri, Hooker, from Upper India, 50 feet high, leaves 18 inches
long. In warm and humid gullies here alluded to also may be
planted the great Melaleuca Leucadendron, L., the true Asiatic
Cajaput-tree, which grows to a height of 100 feet ; even the North
European Holly (Ilex aquifolium), which occasionally rises to 60
feet, though both from regions so distant.

Lewisa rediviva, Pursh.

North- West America. The root of this herb is large and starchy,
formerly extensively used by the native inhabitants, and called by
them " The Gift of the Great Spirit." The plant deserves trial
culture.

178 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Leyssera gnaphalioides, Linne.

South Africa. A perennial herb of aromatic scent and taste.
Much used there as a medicinal tea.

Liatris odoratissima, Willdenow.

Southern States of Northern America, A perennial herb occur-
ing on swampy places. The leaves are sometimes used, for the sake
of their aromatic odour, to flavour tobacco and other substances.
(Saunders).

Libocedrus Chilensis, Endlicher.

In cold valleys on the Southern Andes of Chili, 2,000 to 5,000
feet. A fine tree, 80 feet high, furnishing a hard resinous wood
of a yellowish colour.

Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey.

White Cedar of California, growing on high mountains, in fine
groves up to 5,000 feet, in what Hinchcliff calls the noblest zone
of Coniferse of the globe. Attains a height of fully 200 feet, with
a stem 25 feet in circumference. The wood is light and strong,
used for exquisite cabinet-work, but also suitable for fence-rails,
&c. According to Dr. Gibbons the tree is well adapted for wind-
brakes, and can be trained into tall hedges.

Libocedrus Doniana, Endlicher.

North Island of New Zealand, up to 6,000 feet elevation. A
forest-tree, 100 feet high, stem 3 feet and more in diameter. The
wood is hard and resinous, of a dark reddish colour, fine-grained,
excellent for planks and spars.

Libocedrus tetragona, Endlicher.*

On the Andes of North Chili, at an elevation of 2,000 to 5,000
feet, growing so far south as Magellan's Straits, especially in moist
moory localities. This species has a very straight stem and grows
120 feet high. The wood, though soft and light, is resinous, and
will resist underground decay for a century and more, like that of
Fitzroya Patagonica ; for railway -sleepers this timber is locally
preferred to any other (Dr. Philippi) ; it is also highly esteemed for
various artisans' work ; it is quite white.

Ligustrum Japonicum, Thunberg.

The Japan Privet. A shrub, evergreen or nearly so, promising to
become a valuable hedge-plant. It grows like the ordinary Euro-
pean Privet readily from cuttings. Both will grow under trees
where scarcely anything else would live (Johnson).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 179

Limonia acidissima, Linne.

India, up to 4,000 feet ; hardy in England. This shrub or small
tree has fruit of extreme acidity.

Lindera Benzoin, Blume.

From Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, there called the Spice Laurel.
An aromatic bush, one of the hardest of the Order. The aroma
of the foliage much like that of Bay leaves.

Linum usitatissimum, Linn6.*

The Flax Plant. Orient. A well-known annual, which yields the
fibre for linen and the linseed oil. Few plants find a wider con-
geniality of soil and climate, and few give a quicker return. Good
and deep soil, particularly of forests, well-drained, is requisite for
successful flax culture. The Flax belongs to the Potash plants.
Change of seed-grain is desirable. Thick sowing extends the length
and flexibility of the fibre. To obtain the best fibre, the plant
must be pulled when the seeds commence to ripen. If the seeds
are allowed in part to mature, then both fibre and seeds may be
turned to account. If the seed is left to ripen completely, then
the fibre is generally discarded. The seed yields by pressure about
22 per cent, of oil. The residue can either be prepared as linseed
meal or be utilised as admixture to stable-fodder. The demand
for both fibre and oil is enormous. Two principal varieties are
under culture : a tall sort, with smaller flowers, closed capsules, and
dark seeds ; a dwarf sort, more branched (even if closely sown),
with larger flowers, and capsules, the seed-vessels opening spon-
taneously and with elasticity, while the seeds are of a pale colour.
None of the perennial species of Linum are so manageable in
culture as the ordinary aunual flax.

Lippia citriodora, Kunth.

Peru, Chili, La Plata States, Brazil. An evergreen shrub, yielding
scented oil, used for condiments, the leaves fit for flavouring tea.

Liquidambar Altingia, Blume.

At the Eed Sea and in the mountains of India and New Guinea,
at 3,000 feet. The tree attains a height of 200 feet. It yields the
fragrant balsam known as Liquid Storax.

Liquidambar Formosana, Hance.

China. A silk-producing insect is reared on this tree (Hance).

Liquidambar orientalis, Miller. (L. imberbe, Aiton.)

Asia Minor. This tree also yields Liquid Storax, which is vanilla-
scented, containing much styrol and styracin, and thus used for

180 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

imparting scent to some sorts of tobacco and cigars, also for keep-
ing moths from woollen clothing. Its use in medicine is more
limited than in perfumery.

Liquidambar styraciflua, Linne.

The Sweet Gum-tree. In morasses and on the springs of the
forests of North America, with a wide geographic range. Endures
severe frost. The crown of the tree attains vast dimensions ; the
stem 10 feet in diameter. The terebinthine juice hardens on
exposure to a resin of benzoin odour. Wood fine-grained. The
bark contains about 8 per cent, tannin.

Liriodendron tulipifera, Linne.

The Tulip-tree of North America. One of the largest trees of
the United States, and one of the grandest vegetable productions of
the temperate zone. In deep fertile soil it attains a height of
sometimes 140 feet, with a straight clear stem up to 9 feet in
diameter. The Tulip-wood, also inappropriately called Poplar, is
highly esteemed and very extensively used wherever this tree
abounds, uniting lightness with strength and durability. It is of a
light-yellow colour, fine-grained, strong, compact, is easily worked,
and takes a good polish. It is employed for honse-building, inside
as well as outside, for bridges, furniture, coach-building, imple-
ments, shingles, carriage-panels, and a variety of other purposes.
From its uniformity and freedom from knots and disinclina-
tion to warp or shrink it is much used in Canada for railway-cars
and carriage-building, chiefly for the panelling (Robb). The bark
yields 8 per cent, tannin. As this tree is difficult to transplant, it
should be grown on the spot where it is to remain ; it would be a
great acquisition for the rich lands of our mountain forests. Pro-
fessor Meehan observes that it is of quicker growth than the
Horse Chestnut-tree and many Maples.

Lithospermum canescens, Lehmann.

North American Alkannet. This, as the vernacular name indicates
offers a dye root.

Lithospermum h'rtum, Lehmann.

North American Alkanna. A showy perennial herb ; the root
yields a red dye.

Lithospermum longiflorum, Sprengel.

North America. A red pigment can also be extracted from the
root of this species.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 181

Livistona Australia, Martius.

East Australia, The only Palm-tree in Victoria, occurring in East
Gippsland (in the latitude of Melbourne), and there attaining a
height of 80 feet. It endures the winters of South France to 43°
32' south lat. (Naudin) The young leaves can be plaited as a
material for cabbage-tree hats. The seeds (of which about 200 are
contained in one pound) retain their vitality far longer than those
of the Australian Ptychospermas. This palm can be transferred
from its native haunts to very long distances for growth, by pre-
viously separating the main portion of the root from the soil, and
leaving the plant for some months still on the original spot, so as to
remove it finally with new rootlets, retaining much soil. Some of
the Indian Livistonas may be equally hardy ; their stems often
tower above the other forest-trees.

Livistona Chinensis, R Brown.

South China and Japan. A very decorative Fan-Palm, hardy in
the lowlands of Victoria.

Livistona Mariae, F. v Mueller.

Central and West Australia, barely within the tropics. This noble
Fan-Palm attains 40 feet in height, and is likely to prove very
hardy.

Lolium perenne, Linne.*

Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. The perennial Rye Grass,
mentioned here for the sake of completeness. L. Italicum (Al.
Br.), the Italian Rye Grass, seems to be only a variety. One of
the most important of all pasture grasses, also almost universally
chosen for lawn culture. It produces an abundance of seeds,
which are readily collected and easily vegetate. It comes early to
perfection. Nevertheless the produce and nutritive powers are
considerably less than those of Dactylis glomerata, Alopecurus
pratensis, and Festuca elatior ; but it pushes forward earlier than
the last-mentioned grass, while the ripening of seeds is less defective
than in Alopecurus. The chemical analysis, made very early in
spring, gave the following results : — Albumen, 3-36 ; gluten, 4-88;
starch, 0'51 ; gum, T80 ; sugar, 1-80 percent. (F. v. Mueller and
L. Rummel) At the London Sewerage Depot 60 tons of Rye
Grass were obtained from one acre (Mclvor). Rye Grass, though
naturally living but a few years, maintains its ground well by the
ease with which it disseminates itself spontaneously. Several sorts,
which can scarcely be called varieties, are under cultivation. Rye
Grass stands the dry heat of Australian summers well. It is likely
to spread gradually over the whole of the Australian continent,
and to play an important part in pasture, except the hottest desert

182 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

tracts. Sheep should not be continually kept on Rye Grass pasture,
as they may become subject to fits similar to those produced by L.
temulentum, possibly due to ergotized or otherwise diseased Rye Grass
only, as many observers assert. It is one of the best grasses to
endure traffic on roads or paths, particularly on soil not altogether
light, and is also one of the few among important grasses which
can be sown at any season. The Italian Rye Grass is preferentially
chosen as an early temporary shelter for tenderer but more lasting
grasses on pastures thus also furnishing a good collateral return in
the first season.

Lotus corniculatus, Linne.

Bird's-foot Trefoil. Europe, North Africa/ North and Middle Asia,
extra tropical Australia. A deep-rooting perennial herb, readily
growing on pasture land, sandy links, and heathy places. This
plant is well deserving cultivation on light inferior soil, on which
it will yield a greater bulk of herbage than any of the other culti-
vated clovers ; it is highly nutritious and is eaten with avidity by
cattle and sheep. From the great depth to which its roots penetrate
it is not liable to be injured [by drought. It well fills out vacant
places between higher fodder herbs on meadows ; it is always some-
what saline and welcome among hay. L. tenuis, Kitaibel, is a
valuable variety of the coasts. The nearly allied L. major yields
a still greater amount of herbage ; it is particularly suited for
bushy and moist localities, and it attains its greatest luxuriance on
soils which have some peat in their composition (Lawson). In
Australia this lotus shows a decided predilection for wet meadows.

Lotus tetragonolobus, Linne.

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. Though annual, this herb is
highly valued for sheep-pastures. The green pods serve as a sub-
stitute for asparagus. The allied L. siliquosus, Linne, is perennial,
and occurs in a succulent form on sea-coasts.

Loxopterygium Lorentzii, Grisebah.

La Plata States. The bark, called Quebracho Colorado, extensively
used for tanning ; latterly much exported to Europe. The length
of time for the tanning process with this bark is only half that of
oak-bark.

Lupinus albus, Linne.

The White Lupine. Countries on the Mediteranean Sea, also in
the Orient. An annual quick-growing herb, valuable for fodder
and for green manure. It is famed as the " Tramoso " in Portugal
to suppress sorrel and other obstinate weeds by its close and easy
growth. The lentil-like seeds, after the bitter principle (lupinin)

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 183

has become removed through boiling or soaking in salt water
becomes edible. It would lead too far to enumerate here many
others of the numerous species of Lupines, of which unquestion-
ably very many are eligible for agrarian purposes, while all are
acceptable as hardy, elegant, and easily-grown garden plants. One
(L. perennis, L.) extends in America to the Northern States
of the Union and Canada; fourteen are recorded from South
Europe, seventeen from Brazil, and numerous species from other
parts of America, where the limits of the genus are about Monte
Video southward and about Nootka Sound northward. The
majority of the species are perennial. The Egyptian L. Tennis,
Forsk., is closely allied to L. albus, and of equal use.

Lupinus angustifolius, Linne.

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. An annual blue-flowered
species, preferable to L. luteus for grain harvest.

Lupinus arboreus, Sims.*

California. This has been used there for the reclamation of sand
on account of its long tap roots, the latter having been traced to a
depth of 25 feet, while the stems were only 3 feet high. The
germination is easy and the growth rapid on the sand-downs. For
aiding the young lupines for the first two months, to get hold of
the sand, barley is sown with them, as the latter sprouts in a few
days and holds the sand in the second week ; the lupine subse-
quently covers the sand with a dense vegetation in less than a year.

Lupinus Douglasii, Agardh.

Oregon and California. This somewhat woody species can along
with L. arboreus and L. Chamissonis, Escholtz, (L. albifrons,
Bentham), like many perennial Lupines from other countries, be
used for binding the sand.

Lupinus luteus, Linne.*

The Scented Yellow Lupine. Countries in the vicinity of the
Mediterranean Sea. This annual species is predominantly in use
through Middle Europe to improve sandy soil ; it is the best
of all yet tested, and will do even on coast drifts. It can also be
employed like some other lupines as a fodder herb, green as well as
for hay ; also as pasture herbs some Lupines are very valuable.
Lupine seeds are very fattening when used as an addition to
ordinary fodder, and are in this respect quite equal to oil-cake, while
the foliage is said to be not inferior to that of clover and more bulky.
Nevertheless some Lupines have proved poisonous to sheep. About
90 Ibs. of seeds are required for an acre. Langethal observes :
" What the Sainfoin does for the poorest limestone or marly soil,

184 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

that the Yellow Lupine carries out for sand-land." Lupines are
not adapted for wet or moory ground nor for limestone formations,
where most leguminous fodder-plants do well. Mr. Joseph Augustin
speaks of a yellow-flowering Lupine which attains in the Azores
sometimes a height of 12 feet in three months.

Lupinus varius, Linne.

The Blue Lupine. Also a Mediterranean annual, used like the
above congeners ; but a few others are under cultivation as Blue
Lupines. Some of the American, particularly Californian species,
are regarded for agrarian purposes superior to the Mediterranean
kinds.

Lycium Europseum, Linne.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An excellent hedge-
plant in sand-land, emitting copious offshoots (C. Bouche).

Lycium Afrum, Linne.

Africa and South- West Asia. Can with many other species be
utilised as a hedge-bush.

Lycopodium dendroideum, Michaux.

North America. This, with L. lucidulum, Michaux, has become
there a great article of trade, being in request for bouquets and
wreaths; and both plants, after having been dyed of various
colours, are used as ornaments in vases, etc. (Meehan). These club
mosses are mentioned here to draw attention to similar species in
other countries.

Lygeum Spartum, Linne.

Regions on the Mediterranean Sea. This perennial grass serves
much like the ordinary Esparto Grass, but is inferior to it.

Lyperia crocea, Ecklon.

South Africa. The flowers of this shrub produce a fine orange
dye, and are also in use for medical purposes.

Maba geminata, R Brown.

One of the Ebony-trees in Queensland. Wood, according to Mr.
Thozet, black towards the centre, bright red towards the bark,
close-grained, hard, heavy, elastic, and tough. It takes a high
polish, and is recommended for veneers. Maba fasciculosa, F. v.
M., has the outer wood white and pink. Several other species
exist in Queensland, which may likely give good substitutes for
Ebony wood.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 185

Macadamia ternifolia, F. v. Mueller. (Helicia ternifolia, F.M.)

The Nut-tree of sub-tropical East Australia, attaining a height of
60 feet ; hardy, as far south as Melbourne ; in forest-valleys likely
of fair celerity of growth. In favourable localities it bears fruit in
seven years. The nuts have the taste of hazels.

Maclura aurantiaca, Nuttall.*

The Osage Orange, or North American Bow Wood, or Yellow
Wood. Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana. This thorny deciduous shrub
or tree can be well trained into hedges. It is unisexual, and will
in favourable localities on rich river-banks attain a height of 60
feet, with a stem 2 to 3 feet thick, thus becoming available as a
timber tree. It resists severe frosts. The saplings furnish stakes
for vines, which are very lasting. The wood serves well for bows,
buggy-shafts, carriage-poles, and similar articles. Not readily sub-
ject to blight or attacks of insects. It produces from the root a
yellow dye. Mrs. Timbrell, at the surmise of the author, has
shown that the foliage is as good a food for silkworms as that of
the white mulberry, and the silk produced in no way inferior to
ordinary silk. M. tinctoria (D. Don), which furnishes the Fustic
wood of Central and South America.

Maclura excelsa, Planchon.

West Africa, on mountains, up to 3,000 feet elevation. Height of
tree to 150 feet. The wood is remarkably durable and tough,
beautifully dark brown and veined. Birds feed on the fruit.

Maclura Mora, Grisebach.

North Argentina. A high tree. Wood greatly esteemed for its
density and toughness ; fruit edible (Dr. Lorentz).

Magnolia hypoleuca, Siebold.

Japan. A stately tree, with very large and whorled leaves.
Trunk 1 foot in diameter. Wood remarkably flexile ; used for
many kinds of utensils. Worthy of introduction as a magnificent
garden object (Christy).

Magnolia macrophylla, Michaux.

Eastern States of North America. Although not cultivated for
any special purposes of the arts or of technics, yet this tree is
admitted here into this list as one of the grandest of its kind, as
well in foliage as flowers. It attains a height of 40 feet ; its leaves
are from 1 to 3 \ feet long, while its flowers attain a diameter of fully 1
foot. M. grandiflora, L., attains on the Mississippi a height of 80
feet. M. acuminata and M. Fraseri, Walter, are also large trees

186 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Mallotus Philippinensis, J. M. (Eottlera tinctoria, Roxburgh.)

South Asia and East Australia, in jungle country, extending into
New South Wales. A bush or tree attaining, according to Mr.
O'Shanesy, a height of 60 feet. Though not of great importance,
this plant should not be passed on this occasion, inasmuch as the
powdery substance investing the seed capsules constitutes the
Kamala, which can be employed not only as an orange dye, but
also as an anthelminthic remedy. The Hindoo silk-dyers use it for
an orange colour, obtained by boiling the Kamala with carbonate
of soda.

Mangifera Indica, Linne.

South Asia. An evergreen tree, up to 70 feet high. Possibly the
Mango-tree could be made to bear its delicious fruit in the warm
and humid forest regions as far south as East Gippsland. In the
Himalayas its culture for fruit ascends to 3,500 feet just outside
the tropics.

Manihot Aipi, Pohl.*

The Sweet Cassava. Tropical South America, but traced as far
south as the Parana River. The root is reddish and harmless ; it
can therefore be used, without any further preparations than
boiling, as a culinary esculent, irrespective of its starch being also
available for tapioca. It is a somewhat woody plant, several feet
high, and too important to be left altogether unnoticed on this
occasion, although we have no evidence that it will prove produc-
tive in a temperate clime. The Aipi has ligneous tough fibres,
stretching along the axis of the tubers, while generally the roots
of the following species are free of this central woody substance.

Manihot utilissima,

The Bitter Cassava or Tapioca Plant. Tropical South America.
Closely allied to the former, producing varieties withroots of poisonous
acridity and with tubers perfectly harmless. The tubers attain a
length of 3 feet ; they can be converted into bread or cakes, the
volatile poison of the milky sap being destroyed through pressing
of the grated root in the first instance, and the remaining acridity
is expelled by the heating process. The starch heated in a moist
state furnishes the tapioca. Manihot is abundantly cultivated at
Caracas, where the singularly uniform temperature throughout the
year is only 60° to 70° F. It is a very exhausting crop, and stands
thus in need of rich soil and manuring. The propagation is effected
by cuttings from the ligneous part of the stem. The soil destined
for Cassava must not be wet. In warm countries the tubers are
available in about eight months, though they still continue to grow
afterwards. The growth of the plant upwards is checked by

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 187

breaking off the buds. The Bitter Cassava is the more productive
of the two. The yellowish tubers attain sometimes a weight of
30 B>s. They do not become soft by boiling, like Aipi.

Maoutia Puya, Weddell.

India, on mountains up to 4,000 feet. It is taller than Boehmeria
nivea, and furnishes a similar fibre, which however is not easily
separated. This shrub belongs to a tribe of the Nettle order not
possessing burning acridity. None of the true Nettles, such as
the Girardinias, nor allied stinging plants have been recommended
in this index, although from some an exquisite fibre is derived, as
the writer wishes to guard against the introduction of any burning
species, which possibly might disseminate itself in a mischievous
manner, and then probably could not again be suppressed.

Maranta arundinacea, Linne.

The True Arrowroot Plant, or more correctly " Aru-root," inasmuch
as Aru-Aru is the Brazilian word for flour, according to Martius.
West India, Florida, Mexico to Brazil. The plant is introduced
into this list not without hesitation, as it seems to require a tropical
clime to attain perfection. It furnishes most of the West Indian
arrowroot, although other species, such as M. nobilis, M. Allouya,
M. ramosissima, are also cultivated for a similar starch of their
tubers. Porcher observes that it still flourishes as far north as
Florida, producing even in the pine-lands from 200 to 300 bushels
of tubers to the acre. M. Indica, Tuss., is merely a variety.

Mar lea Vitiensis, Bentham.

Fiji, New South Wales and Queensland. A middle-sized tree,
generally with a gouty trunk ; wood bright yellow with fine undu-
lating rings, black towards the centre. Fruit edible (P. O'Shanesy).

Marliera glomerata, Bentham. (Rubackia glomerata, Berg.)

The Cambuca of sub-tropical Brazil. The fruits attain the size of
apricots, and are much used for food (Dr. Rosenthal).

Marliera tomentosa, Cambessedes.

Extra-tropical Brazil. The Guaparanga. The sweet berries of this
tall shrub are of the size of cherries.

Matricaria Chamomilla, Linne.

The annual Chamomile. Europe, North and Middle Asia. A
highly useful herb in medicine. In many parts of the European
continent it is much more extensively used than the ordinary peren-
nial Chamomile. The infusion of the flowers has rather a pleasant
taste without strong bitterness. The flowers serve as a tonic, and
especially as a sudorific, and possess a peculiar volatile oil.

188 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Matricaria glabrata, Candolle.

The South African Chamomile. This annual herb is there in
renown as an excellent substitute for the European Chamomile
(Dr. Pappe).

Mauritia flexuosa, Linne.

From Guiana to Peru and Brazil. This noble Palm is known to
ascend up to 4,000 feet along the Essequibo. As Palms, like
Bamboos, prove to be among the hardier of tropical plants, experi-
ments for naturalising M. vinifera, Martins, might also be insti-
tuted. This attains a height of 150 feet, leaves 15 feet long, and
spouts from the incised stem a copious viny sap.

Maytenus Boaria, (Boaria Molinae, Candolle \ Maytenus Chilensis,
Candolle).

Chili. An evergreen tree, assuming in the southern provinces con-
siderable dimensions. Wood extremely hard. Cattle and sheep
browse with predilection on the foliage ; hence the trees are cut
down when in protracted snowfalls or in times of drought foliage
becomes scarce (Dr. Philippi).

Medicago arborea, Linne.

South Europe, particularly Greece. This shrubby yellow Lucerne
is of value for dairy farmers, as it much promotes the secretion
of milk. This genus includes several other species valued as
pasture.

Medicago lupulina, Linne.

The Black Medick. Europe, Asia and North America. An annual
or biennial pasture herb, easily grown, and not without nutritive
importance. Langethal observes, " It effects for argillaceous soils
what the White Clover does for sandy moist soils. It will even
succeed in moory ground, provided such contains some lime. It
suits also particularly for sheep-pastures." It will thrive where
on account of poor soil lucerne and clovers fail. In rich land its
product is very copious. M. falcata, L., is the Yellow Medick.

Medicago sativa, Linne,*

Orient ; now spread through Middle and South Europe and
Middle Asia. The purple Medick, Alfalfa or Lucerne. A peren-
nial fodder-herb of great importance, and largely utilised in most
countries with a temperate clime ; perhaps descended from the
English Medicago falcata, which also deserves naturalisation,
especially on light or sandy calcareous soil ; but the plant is less
productive than the true Lucerne, and resists occasional slight
inundations also better. Lucerne keeps green and fresh in the
hottest season of the year, even in dry and comparatively barren

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

189

ground and on coast-sands, but develops itself for field culture with
the greatest vigour on river-banks or when subjected to a judicious
system of irrigation, particularly in soil rich in lime. Its deeply
penetrating roots render the plant particularly fit for fixing fenced
embankments or hindering the washing away of soil subject to occa-
sional inundations. The Peruvian variety (Alfalfa) resists drought
and frost better than the original European Lucerne. Dr. Curl, of
New Zealand, allows cattle to feed upon Alfalfa for two weeks,
then takes them off and puts sheep on for two weeks, to eat the
Alfalfa close to the ground. He then removes them and allows the
Alfalfa to grow for a month, when he repeats the process. He
allows five large cattle or twenty sheep to the acre. Lucerne is also an
important honey-plant for bees. Much iron in the soil or stagnant
water is detrimental to lucerne culture, while friable warm soil
much promotes its growth. Langethal records instances of lucerne
havmg yielded 011 the same field under favourable circumstances for
fifteen years four or five cuts annually. The chemical analysis of the
fresh herb collected very early in spring gave the following results :
Starch 1-5, gum 2-1, unfermentable sugar 3, albumen 2 -3, insoluble
proteins 2 -3, ash 2 '3 per cent. (F. V. Mueller and L. Hummel).
For sandy tracts a yellow variety (M. media, Pers.) deserves pre-
ference. To show how enormously plants are affected in their
mineral constituents by difference of soil, Lace has analysed the
ashes of lucerne (a) from granitic soil, (b) chalky soil with flints, (c)
clayey with chalk, jf^ohalky, and found —

Silicic acid ....
Ferric oxide ..
Magnesium carbona
Calcium sulphate .

,, phosphate

, , carbonate

Potass carbonate

Potass and sodium chlorides

7

/o

•41

1-05

7'15

3-04

8-11

48-15

29-19

2-90

7

/o

•47

•29

10-11

7-51

10-66

49-68

20-60

•68

7

/o

•58

•60

9-05

6-80

19-71

30-19

26-09

6-98

Medicago scutellata, Allioni.*

Countries at and near the Mediterranean Sea, where this annual
herb, as well as the allied M. orbicularis (Allioni), is regarded as a
valuable fodder-plant (Caruel), without the disadvantage of their
fruits adhering to fleeces like those of the prickly-fruited congeners.
For this particular reason the author introduced this plant into Aus-
tralia, where in the dry hot inland regions it has surpassed all
other fodder-herbs in value and resistance to drought.

190 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Melaleuca ericifolia, Smith.*

South-East Australia. This tall shrub or bushy tree is of impor-
tance for consolidating muddy shores ; almost like mangroves, it
will live in very salt ground and in water. I found it growing
vigorously where the water contained rather more than 2 per cent,
chlorides, and the wet soil contained nearly 1J per cent, chlorides
(the contents of sea-water are from 3 to 4 per cent, chlorides, or
about 2J per cent, chloride of natrium). It yields also a compara-
tively large quantity of cajaput oil. It admits of easy transplanta-
tion in an up-grown state. Myoporum insulare (R. Brown) can in
like manner be used in tree plantations for the sake of shelter on
wet saline soil. Melaleuca linarifolia and M. genistifolia can also
be grown in swamps for hygienic purposes and to subdue paludal
malaria or fever-provoking effluvia. The branches of M. ericifolia
furnish the best material in Victoria for lasting easily-worked
garlands.

Melaleuca leucadendron, Linne.

The Cajaput-tree of India, North and East Australia as far south
as 34° south latitude. This tree attains a height of 80 feet, with
a stem up to 4 feet in diameter, on tidal ground ; it can with great
advantage be utilised for such areas for subduing malarian vapours
in salt swamps where no Eucalyptus will live. Its bark protects
it against conflagrations. The wood is fissile, hard, and close-
grained, regarded as almost imperishable underground, and resists
the attacks of the termites. It is well adapted for posts, wharf-
piles, ship-building, and various artizans' work.

Melaleuca parviflora, Lindley.

Extra-tropical Australia. A tall bush or small tree. One of the
most important plants for fixing moving coast-sands.

Melaleuca styphelioides, Smith.

East Australia. Height of tree to 60 feet, stem diameter to 2J
feet. The timber is hard, close-grained, and stands well in clamp
situations. It is said that the timber has never been known to
decay (Queensland Exhibition, 1878). Tree adapted for swamps.

Melaleuca trichostachya, Lindley.

Tropical East Australia. A small tree deserving attention as
eligible for saline land, on which it can be raised much more easily
than Myoporum insulare. M. Thozet observes that it occurs in
places where it is bathed by the tides ; also that large saplings
without roots can be transplanted. Thus it may be destined to
aid with several of its congeners and with Salicornias, Avicennias,

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 191

JEgiceras, Batis, and some other plants to reclaim low muddy shore-
lands from sea-floods. M. squarrosa, Smith, of South-East Aus-
tralia, can also be grown in swamps to subdue miasmata. It
attains exceptionally the height of 60 feet with a stem of 2 feet in
diameter.

Melanorrhoea usitata, Wallich.

The Varnish-tree of Burmah, Munnipore and Tenasserim. Possibly
hardy in forest- valleys free -of frost, as it ascends to 3,000 feet
elevation. The hardened sap is used for a highly-prized black
varnish.

Melia Azedarach, Linne,

Called " the Pride of India." South Asia, North and also East
Australia, and there to far extra-tropical latitudes. As an avenue
tree not without importance, because it will successfully cope with
dryness of clime and sterility of soil. It recommends itself also
for retaining the foliage till very late in the season, and for pro-
ducing abundance of fragrant flowers which may perhaps be worth
distilling for essential oil. A black-fruited Melia seems as yet
little known. The wood is considered of value for some kinds of
musical instruments.

Melianthus major, Linne".

South Africa. The leaves of this stately plant are very efficacious
as antiseptics, also in cases of scald head, ringworm, and various
other cutaneous diseases (Dr. Pappe). Its effect of promoting
granulation is very remarkable (Dr. A. Brown). Flowers rich in
honey, as indicated by the generic name.

Melica altissima, Linne.

North-Eastern Europe, Middle Asia. This perennial grass has
recently come into use for pasture.

Melica ciliata, Linne.

Europe and Middle Asia. A perennial-fodder grass, particularly
desirable for sheep. Best for dry gypsum or calcareous ground.

Melica nutans, Linne.

The Pearl Grass. Europe and North Middle Asia, enduring an
Alpine clime and living also in the shade of forests. It produces
suckers, and affords good herbage in woody regions ; so also does
M. uniflora. Several other species are on record from various
parts of the globe, among which M. mutica, of North America,
seems to deserve special attention.

192 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Melicocca bijuga, Linne.

Central America, on mountains. So many sapindaceous trees of
the Cupania series have been shown by my own experiments to be
hardy in a climate like that of Victoria, that now also this
important member of the series could be admitted into this list.
The pulp of the fruit is of grape taste ; the seeds can be used like
sweet chestnuts.

Melilotus alba, Desrousseaux.

The Cabul or Bokhara Clover. Middle and Southern Europe,
North Africa, Middle Asia. A biennial herb. On account of its
fragrance it is of value as admixture to hay. It is also a good
bee-plant. Flowers white. Odorous principle : cumarin.

Melilotus ccerulea, Lamarck.

South Europe and North Africa. An annual, very odorous fodder-
herb. It forms an ingredient of the green Swiss cheese, which
owes its flavour and colour chiefly to this plant.

Melilotus officinalis, Desrousseaux.

Europe and Middle Asia. Also biennial, or lasting through several
years if prevented from flowering. Contains also cumarin. An
allied species is M. macrorrhiza, Pers. Both serve purposes similar
to those for which M. alba is employed. Grown on the coast it
becomes less odorous.

Melissa officinalis, Linne.

The Balm Herb. South Europe and Middle Asia. A perennial
herb, valuable for its scent, which depends on a peculiar volatile
oil. It is also valuable as a bee-plant.

Melocanna bambusoides, Trinius.

The Berry-bearing Bamboo, from Chittagong and other moun-
tainous parts of India, as well as of the Archipelagus. The fruit is
very large, fleshy, like an apple, and contains a seed which is said
to be very pleasant eating (Masters). It is a thornless bamboo,
growing on dry slopes of hills. Height up to 70 feet ; circum-
ference towards base, 1 foot ; growth beautifully erect.

Melocanna Travancorica. (Beesha Travancorica, Beddome).
A new bamboo from Travancore, worthy of introduction.

Mentha laxiflora, Bentham.

Victoria and the most southern parts of New South Wales.
This, the Australian Forest Mint, furnishes a peculiarly pleasant
oil, not dissimilar to that of peppermint. A fair oil can also be
distilled from M. Awtralis (B. Brown), the common River Mint of
South-east Australia.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 193

Mentha piperita, Linne.*

The Peppermint. Middle Europe. This well-known perennial-
herb is important for its peculiar essential oil. This distilled oil is
in considerable demand, and would be best obtained from plants
cultivated in the mountain regions or naturalized along the forest
rivulets. Eminent authorities refer the Peppermint as a variety to
Mentha aquatica (L.), the Water Mint of Europe, North Africa,
West and North Asia, from which the true Crisp Mint (M. crispa, L.)
is again derived, as well as the Bergamot Mint (M. citrata, Ehrh.).

Mentha Pulegium, Linne.

The true Penny-royal. Europe, Western Asia, North Africa. A
perennial scent-herb, yielding a peculiar ethereal oil. It likes moist
soil. To be avoided on pastures, as not readily repressed.

Mentha rotundifolia, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. Fond of
wet places, which by the culture of this and other mints may be
profitably utilised. In odour this mint approaches to Melissa.
The French and Italian Crisp Mint is partly derived from this
species. Closely allied to the following, and often regarded as a
variety of M. viridis, L.

Mentha silvestris, Linne.

The Horse-Mint. Europe, North Africa, temperate Asia. Perennial.
One of the Crisp Mints is derived from this species.

Mentha viridis, Linne.

The Spear-Mint. Middle and South Europe. Perennial. A
particular sort of Crisp Mint (M. crispata, Schrad.) belongs to this
species. Some Australian Mints — M. Australis, M. gracilis and
M. saturejoides, R. Br. — also yield oil of good flavour; but M.
laxiflora, Benth., is far the largest and most abundant of these
Australian plants.

Menyanthes trifoliata, Linne.

Inappropriately called the Bog-Bean. Europe, North and Middle
Asia, North America. In springy and spongy bogs. A perennial
herb of great beauty, which could be naturalised with facility in our
Alps. The root is starchy. The whole plant is pervaded with a
bitter principle, largely derived from menyanthin. The plant is
used medicinally as a tonic and febrifuge.

Meriandra Abyssinica, F. v. Mueller. (M. Benghaletisis, Bentham.)

Abyssinia, on high mountains. A shrub of penetrating odour;
utilised much like sage.
N

194 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Mesembrianthemum acinaciformej Linne.

The Hottentot Fig of South Africa. Under the same vernacular
name is also comprised the distinct M. edule, L. Both., together
with the Australian M. sequilaterale, Haworth, which extends also
widely along the American west coast, and should be transferred
into any of the most inhospitable desert regions, as they afford in
the inner part of their fruit a really palatable and copious food.

Mesembrianthemum capitatum, Haworth.

South Africa. This perennial species, from the readiness and quick-
ness of its growth, and from the abundance of its seeds and their
easy dispersion, is one of the best for staying any rolling sea-sand
(Dickinson). M. pugioniforme (Linne) and many other species
serve the same purpose.

Mesembrianthemum crystallinum, Linne.

South Africa. Eecently recommended as a spinage plant. Can be
grown on bare sand, which it helps to cover.

Metrosideros tomentosa, A. Cunningham.

North Island of New Zealand. Could be grown for timber on
rocky -sea-shores. Height to 80 feet, trunk stout, but comparatively
short. The timber, according to Mr. Kirk, deserves attention, as
one of the most durable for the frame-work in ship-building, for
jetties, docks, sills. Other species with dense wood, occurring in
New Zealand, are M. lucida (Menzies) and M. robusta (A. Cunn.),
all ornamental trees with crimson flowers.

Michelia excelsa, Blume.

In the Himalayas and other Indian mountains, up to 7, 000 feet. It
grows to a large size, supplying boards of 3 feet in width, and is
one of the best timber-trees there. M. lanuginosa (Wallich)
ascends there also to temperate regions with M. Kisopa (Hamilton),
M. Cathcartii (Hooker and Thomson), M. Champaca (Linne), M.
punduana (H. and Th.), and M. Nilagirica (Zeaker), all being tall
trees.

Microseris Forsteri, J. Hooker.

The Native Scorzonera of extra-tropical Australia and New Zea-
land. A perennial herb deserving attention, as likely its root would
enlarge and improve through culture. On the summits of snowy
mountains the plant develops itself most luxuriantly. The Aus-
tralian aborigines use the root for food. The plant would prove
hardy in Middle Europe.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 195

Milium effusum, Linne.

English Millet Grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia, North
America. Perennial, suited for damp forest land particularly, the
pasture capabilities of which it enhances. On river-banks it attains
a height of 6 feet. It is relished by cattle. The seeds can be used
like millet, the stems for the manufacture of superior straw hats.
It is a great favourite with pheasants and many other birds for the
sake of its seeds, which ripen early in the season.

Mimosa rubicaulis, Lamarck.

India. A hedge-bush, almost inapproachable. It has proved hardy
at the Botanic Garden at Melbourne.

Mimusops Sieberi, A. de Candolle.

West India and Florida. Tree to 30 feet in height. Fruit of
agreable taste (Sargent).

Monarda didyma, Linne.

North America. A perennial odorous herb, producing the medi
cinal Osnego or Beebalm Tea. M. punctata, L., and M. fistulosa
L., with several others, are also of very strong scent.

Monodora Angolensis, Welwitsch.

Tropical West Africa, up to the comparatively cool elevation of
3,500 feet. A tree attaining 30 feet in height. The pleasantly
aromatic seeds come into the market, like those of the following
species ; they measure about half an inch in diameter and are
numerously produced.

Monodora Myristica, Dunal.

West Africa. A small tree. The seeds serve as nutmegs.

Morchella esculenta, Persoon. (M. conica, Persoon.)

Europe, Asia, North and Central America. With M. semilibera
this Morel has been found in Victoria and New South Wales ; its
spread should be encouraged by artificial means, as it is a whole-
some esculent. Kohlrausch and Siegel found 29 to 35 per cent, of
Protein in this species when dried. European superior species,
probably admitting of introduction, are : M. Gigas, Pers. ; M.
rimosipes, D. C. ; M. Bohemica, Krombh ; M. deliciosa, Fries, which
extends to Java ; M. patula, Pers., the Bell Morel ; but several
others occur in other parts of the globe. Though these fungi
show a predilection for pine forests, they are not dependent on
them ; thus the writer found M. esculenta in Eucalyptus forests, and
this late in the autumn. They can all be dried and preserved for
culinary purposes.

196 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertner.

The Horse-Radish Tree of India, abundant into the middle regions
of the mountains. The long pods are edible ; the seeds are some-
what almond-like and rich in oil. M. aptera, Gaertner, occurs from
Abyssinia and Egypt to Arabia and Syria.

Morus alba, Linne.*

The White Mulberry Tree. China. This tree in several varieties
provides the food for the ordinary Chinese silk insect (Bombyx
Mori). Silk was produced in Italy 600 years ago, and there this
branch of industry has nourished ever since. In China silk has been
, reeled for 4,500 years. This may demonstrate the permanency of an
industry which we wish to establish here extensively under a similar
sky. " One pound of silk is worth its weight in silver, and this
pound may be produced (so far as the food of the Bombyx is con-
cerned) from thirty pounds of mulberry leaves or from a single tree,
which thus may be brought to yield annually the material for 1 6
yards of Gros de Naples." The White Mulberry tree is of
extremely easy growth from cuttings, also readily raised from well-
matured seeds. It is usually unisexual, and attains finally a very
large size. It can be grown in climes where olives will 110 longer
thrive. Spots for mulberry culture must not be over moist, when
the leaves are to be utilised for the Bombyx. In 1870, according
to the British Trade Journal, the produce of cocoons amounted in
Europe to £16,588,000; in Asia to £28,112,000; in Africa to
£44,000 ; in the South Sea Islands to £24,000 ; in America to
£20,000— thus giving a general total of £44,788,000. In 1875 the
yield of raw silk in the district of Rajshahye (British India) was
estimated at £400,000, employing about 12,000 people, the plant-
ations extending approximately over 150 square miles (Dr. S. Forbes
Watson). In that district alone a quarter of a million of people
derived their support from the trade and other branches of the silk
industries. Superior varieties of mulberry can be grafted with ease
on ordinary stock. M. Indica (L.), M. macrophylla (Morett), M.
multicaulis (Perott), M. Morettiana (Jacq.), M. Chinensis (Bertol),
M. latifolia (Poir.), M. Italica (Poir.), M. Japonica (JSTois.), M.
Byzantina (Sieb.), M. nervosa (Del), M. pumila (Nois.), M. tortuosa
(Audib.), as well as the Constantinople Mulberry, are merely forms
of M. alba, to which probably also M. Tatarica (L.) and M.
pabularia (Jacquin.) belong. The variety known as M. Indica pro-
duces black [fruits. The planting of Mulberry trees has recently
assumed enormous dimensions in California, where in 18 70 between
seven and eight millions were planted. The process of rearing the
silk insect is simple and involves no laborious exertions. The
cocoons, after they have been properly steamed, dried, and pressed,
readily find purchasers in Europe, the price ranging according to

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 197

quality from 3s. to 6s. per Ib. The eggs of the silk-moth sell at a
price from 16s. to £2 per ounce, and in 1870 Japan had to provide
two millions of ounces of silk ova for Europe, where the worms had
extensively fallen victims to disease. Instances have been recorded
in Calif ornia, - where 8 tons of leaves were gathered in the first
year from the mulberry trees of 1 acre, and 30 tons in the
next year. As an example of the profit thus to be realized a
Californian fact may be cited, according to which £700 were the
clear gain from 3J acres, tfye working expenses having been £93.
The Commissioner of Agriculture of the United States has esti-
mated that under ordinary circumstances an acre should support
from 700 to 1,000 mulberry trees, producing 5,000 Ibs. of leaves fit
for food when four years old. On this quantity of leaves can be
reared 140,000 worms, from which ova at a net profit ranging from
£80 to £240 per acre will be obtained by the work of one person.
Mr. C. Brady, of Sydney, thinks the likely proceeds of silk culture
to be from £60 to £150 for the acre. The discrepancies in
calculations of this kind are explained by differences in clime, soil,
attention, and treatment.

The White Mulberry Tree has been very copiously distributed from
Melbourne Botanic Gardens for many years. A very palatable
fruit is obtained from a variety cultivated in Beloochistan and
Afghanistan. Morus Tatarica (L.) resembles M. alba. Its juicy
fruit is insipid and small. The leaves are not generally used for
silkworms.

The results of Mr. Brady's experience on the varieties of the Morus
alba are as follows : In the normal form the fruits are white with
a purplish tinge more or less deep ; the bark is pale ; the leaf is
also of a pale hue, not very early nor very tender, nor very
abundant. It may be grown on moist ground as long as such is
drained, or it will live even on poor, loose, gravelly soil, bordering
on running water. The Cevennes variety is a free grower, affords
a large quantity of leaves, though of rather thick consistence ; all
varieties of the Morus Bombyx like these leaves at all stages of
their age. It is also called the Hose-leaved variety. The silk
which it yields is substantial in quantity and also good in quality.
It does best on rich dry slopes. The bushy Indian variety has a
fine leaf of a beautiful green, which, though light in weight, is
abundantly produced. It can be cut back to the stem three or four
times a year ; the leaves are flat, long, and pointed, possess a fine
aroma, and are relished by every variety of the ordinary silk
insect, though all do not thrive equally well on it. The silk derived
from this variety is excellent, but not always so heavy in quantity
as that produced from the rosy variety. It prefers rich, low-lying
bottoms, is a greedy feeder, but may thus be made to cover an
extraordinary breadth of alluvial or manured land in a marvellous

198 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

short space of time. At Sydney Mr. Brady can provide leaves
from this Indian variety all through the year by the removal of
cuttings, which will strike their roots almost at any season. It
also ripens seeds readily and should be kept at bush size. It re-
quires naturally less space than the other kinds. A fourth variety
comes from North China ; it has heart-shaped, flat, thickish leaves,
which form very good food for the silkworm. Mr. Brady, as well
as Mr. Martelli, recommends very particularly the variety passing
under the name of Morus multicaulis for the worms in their
earliest stages. The former recommends the Cape variety also ;
the latter wishes also the variety called Morus Morettiana to be
used on account of its succulent nutritious foliage, so well adapted
for the insect while yet very young, and also on account of pro-
ducing the largest amount of food within the shortest time. The
Manilla variety, known as Morus multicaulis, comes several weeks
earlier into bearing than most other sorts, and should therefore be
at hand for early hatched worms.

The Muscardine Disease is produced by Botrytis Bassiana, while the
still more terrible Pebrine Disease is caused by a minute vibrio-
like organism. Countries like ours, happily free from these pests,
can thus rear healthy silk ova at a high premium for exportation.

The White Mulberry Tree, with others, offering food to the silkworms,
such as the Osage-orange, should be planted copiously everywhere
for hedges or copses. A very soft texible fibre is obtained from
the bark of the Chinese Mulberry Tree.

Morus celtidifolia, Humboldt.

From Peru to Mexico, ascending to 7,000 feet. The fruit of this
Mulberry Tree is edible. M. insignis, Planchon, from New
Granada, is a similar species.

Morus nigra, Linne.*

The Black Mulberry Tree. South Russia and Persia. Attains a
height of 60 feet. Highly valuable for its pleasant refreshing
fruits. It is a tree of longevity, instances being on record of its
having lived through several centuries. It is also very hardy.
Mr. John Hodgkins regards it as a superior tree for sandy coast
ridges. The leaves also of this species afford food for the ordinary
silk moth, and are almost exclusively used for this purpose in the
Canary Islands. The tree occurs usually unisexual. M. atropur-
purea^ Roxb., from Cochin China, is an allied tree. The cylindrical
fruit-spike attains a length of 2 inches.

Morus rubra, Linne.*

The Red Mulberry Tree of North America ; the largest of the
genus, attaining a height of 70 feet ; it produces a strong and

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 199

compact timber, of wonderful endurance underground, hence in
demand for posts and railway ties (General Harrison.) Fruit edible,
sweet, large.

Mucuna Cochinchinensis, Bentham. (Macranthus Cochinckinensis,

Loureiro.)

A climbing annual, which can be reared in the open air in
England. Pods, cooked as a vegetable, like kidney beans (Johnson).

Muehlenbergia diffusa, Willdenow.

Southern States of North America. Perennial. Recorded among
the good native fodder-grasses of Alabama by C. Mohr, thriving as
well on dry hills as in low damp forest-ground.

Muehlenbergia Mexicana, Trinius.

Southern-North America. A perennial good foodder-grass, particu-
larly fit for low humid ground.

Murray a exotica, Koenig.

South Asia, Polynesia, East and North Australia, This shrub or
small tree is one of the best among the odoriferous plants in India
(C. B. Clarke).

Musa Cavendishii, Lambert.* (Musa regia, Humph ; Musa Chinen-

sis, Sweet ; Musa nana, Loureiro. )

The Chinese Banana. A comparatively dwarf species, the stem
attaining only a height of about 5 or 6 feet. Its robust and dwarf
habit render it particularly fit for exposed localities, and this is one
of the reasons why it is so extensively cultivated in the South Sea
Islands. The yield of fruit is profuse (as much as 200 to 300 fruits
in a spike), and the flavour excellent. This, as well as M. sapien-
tum and M. paradisiaca, still ripens its fruits in Madeira and Florida,

Musa corniculata, Humph.*

Insular India. Fruits as large as a good-sized cucumber ; skin
thin ; pulp reddish white, firm, dry, sweet ; an excellent fruit for
cooking (Kurz). The Lubang variety is of enormous size.

Musa Ensete, Gmelin.

Bruce's Banana. From Sofala to Abyssinia, in mountain regions.
This magnificent plant attains a height of 30 feet, the leaves
occasionally reaching to the length of 20 feet, with a width of
3 feet, being perhaps the largest in the whole empire of plants,
exceeding those of Strelitzia and Ravenala. and surpassing even in
quadrate measurement those of the grand water-plant Victoria
Regia, while excelling in comparative circumference also the largest

200 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

compound frond of Aiigiopteris evecta or divided leaf of Godwinia
Gigas, though the compound leaves of some palms are still larger.
The inner part of the stem and the young spike of the Ensete
can be boiled to serve as a table esculent, but the fruit is pulpless.
This plant produces no suckers, and requires several years to come
into flower and seed, when it dies off like the Sago Plant, the
Caryota Palm, and others, which flower but once without repro-
duction from the root.

Musa Livingstoniana, Kirk.

Mountains of Sofala, Mozambique, and the Niger regions. Similar
to M. Ensete ; seeds much smaller. Possibly requiring no protec-
tion in favourable places in warm temperate climes.

Musa paradisiaca, Linne.*

The ordinary Plantain or Pisang. India. Among the most pro-
lific of plants, requiring the least care in climes adapted for its
growth. Stem not spotted. Bracts purple inside In this, as
well as M. Cavendishii and M. simiarum, new shoots are produced
from the root, to replace annually the fruit-bearing stem. The
fruit of this is often prepared by some cooking process. Very
many varieties are distinguished, and they seem to have sprung
from the wild state of M. sapientum. The writer did not wish to
pass this and the allied plants unnoticed, as they will endure the
clime in the warmer localities of the temperate zone, where under
more careful attention they are likely to mature their fruit with
regularity. They require rich and humid soil. Plantain meal is
prepared by simply reducing the dried pulp to powder. It is pala-
table, digestible, and nourishing. M. sapientum, L., the ordinary
Banana, or Sweet Plantain, is a variety. It is one of the most im-
portant plants yielding nutritious delicious fruits. The stem is
spotted. Bracts green inside. The leaves and particularly the
stalks and the stems of this and other species of Musa can be utilised
for producing a fibre similar to Manilla hemp. The fruit of this is
used chiefly unprepared ; it is generally of a yellow colour. Nu-
merous varieties are distinguished. As much as a hundredweight
of fruit is obtained from a plant annually in tropical climes. At
Caracas, where the temperature is seldom much above or below 60°
F., the plantain and banana plants are very productive, being loaded
with fruits 12 to 15 inches long, on mountains about 5,000 feet
high. In the dry Murray regions of South-East Australia the
winter temperature seems too low for the successful development of
these plants except on sheltered spots, but bananas still ripen under
the shelter of limestone cliffs as far south as Swan River in West
Australia. Requires infinitely less care within its geographic lati-
tudes than the potato ; contains along with much starch also protein

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 201

compounds. The preparation of starch from bananas is lucrative,
as the yield is copious. Many Indian populations live almost
exclusively on the fruit.

Musa simiarum, Humph.* (M. corniculata, Lourerio ; _3f. acuminata,

Coll.).

From Malacca to the Sunda Islands. About half a hundred
marked varieties of this species, called mainly Peesangs in India,
are under cultivation there, especially on the Archipelagus, while
M. sapientum occurs wild more frequently on the mainland.
Though the latter is principally cultivated on the Indian continent,
yet it never equals in delicacy the cultivated forms of M. simiarum,
the fruit of which sometimes attains a length of 2 feet (Kurz).

Musa troglodytarum, Linne. (M. uranoscopos, Humph.)

India, and apparently indigenous also in the Fiji and other islands
of the Pacific Ocean. The fruit-stalk of this species stands
upright ; the edible fruits are small, reddish, or orange-coloured ;
pulp gamboge yellow, mawkish sweet (Kurz). The Chinese M.
coccinea, Ait., a dwarf ornamental species, has also the fruit-spike
straight.

Myoporum Isetum, Forster.

New Zealand, where it is called Ngaio by the aborigines. As a
shelter-tree it is equal to M. insulare for the most exposed parts of
the coast. It is excellent for shade, and its wood takes a fine
polish. It can be raised on the beach from cuttings. Uprooted it
will produce new roots if covered in near the sea. Sheep and
horses browse on the foliage.

Myrica cerifera, Linne.

The Wax-Myrtle. Sandy sea-coast of North America. This shrub
helps to bind the rolling sand ; it has fragrant leaves ; the fruits
are boiled, and the floating wax, which can be converted into
candles, is skimmed off. In Patagonia, Argentina and Chili the
scrophularineous Monttea aphylla, Bentham (Oxycladus aphyllus,
Miers), yields vegetable wax from its branches (Lorentz).

Myrica cordifolia, Linne.

South Africa. This bushy plant arrests the influx of the sea-sand ;
it also yields remuneratively wax from its fruits.

Myrica Faya, Aiton.

Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands. A small tree. The drupa-
ceous fruits are used for preserves. M. sapida Wallich, an Indian
mountainous species, has also edible fruits.

202 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Myrica quercifolia, Linne.

South Africa. This and M. cordifolia and the following are the
principal wax-bushes there. Many other species from different
parts of the globe are available for trial culture, but none have as
yet been discovered in Australia.

Myrica s errata, Lamarck.

South Africa. Shrub only about 3 feet high. The Myrica wax is
heavier, harder, and more brittle than bees'-wax, but melts easier.
It is obtained from the fruits throughout the cool season. The
sowing of seeds is done after the first rain of the cool months has
steadied the sand. The plant can also be multiplied from cuttings.
The subterraneous trunk is creeping, and in age of considerable
length (Dr. Pappe).

Myrica rubra, Siebold and Zuccarini.

Cnina and Japan. The bark of this tree or shrub serves for a brown
dye ; the fruit is edible.

Myrrhis odorata, Scopoli.

The Sweet Chervil or Cicely. Mountains of Middle and South
Europe and Asia Minor, particularly in forests. A perennial aromatic
herb, used for salad and culinary condiments. It could be natural-
ised in the forests, and would endure an Alpine climate ; a second
species, M. occidentalis, Benth., occurs in Oregon.

Myrtus acmenoides, F. v. Mueller.

Queensland. The fragrant leaves of this and of M. fragrantissima
used for flavouring tea, according to Mr. P. O'Shanesy.

Myrtus communis, Linne,

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The Bridal Myrtle.
This bush of ancient renown should not be passed ; it is industrially
in requisition for myrtle wreaths.

Myrtus edulis, Bentham (Myrcianthes edulis, Berg).

Uruguay. A tree attaining a height of about 25 feet. Berries of
1J inch diameter, of pleasant taste.

Myrtus Lumal, Molina.

South Chili. A tree fully 100 feet high in the virgin forests.
Wood very hard and heavy, much sought for press-screws, wheel-
spokes and select implements (Dr. Philippi).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 203

Myrtus Meli, Philippi.

South Chili Of the same use as the foregoing species, and in this
manner most favourably contrasting with the numerous other myrta-
ceous trees of Chili.

Myrtus nummularia, Poiret.

The Cranberry Myrtle. From Chili to Fuegia, also in the Falkland
Islands. This trailing little plant might be transferred to the turfy
moors of Alpine mountains. • Sir J. Hooker describes the berries as
fleshy, sweet and of agreeable flavour. Allied species occur in the
cold zone of the Peruvian Andes.

Myrtus tomentosa, Aiton.

India and China. This showy shrub ascends to 8,000 feet high.
The berries are dark purple, of cherry size, pulpy, and of aromatic
sweetness. Various other Myrtles with edible berries are known
from different warm countries.

Myrtus Ugni, A. Gray.

The Chilian Guava. A hardy shrub, freely bearing its small but
pleasantly aromatic berries.

Nageia (Podo carpus) amara, Blume.

Java, on high volcanic mountains. A large tree, sometimes 200 feet
high.

Nageia (Podocarpus) andina, Poeppig ( Prumnopithys elegans*

Philippi).

The Lleuque of Chili. A stately tree with clusters of edible cherry-
like fruits. The wood is yellowish and fine-grained, and is chosen
for elegant furniture work.

Nageia (Podocarpus) bracteata, Blume.

Burma, Borneo, Java, up to 3,000 feet. Generally 80 feet high,
with a straight trunk and horizontal branches. The close-grained
wood is highly prized. The allied N. neriifolia from the Hima-
layas has proved hardy at Melbourne.

Nageia (Podocarpus) Chilina, Richard.

The Manniu and Lahual of the Chilians. Height to 100 feet, with
corresponding thickness of stem. Wood white, of excellent quality.

Nageia (Podocarpus) coriacea, Richard.

West India. This tree attains a height of 50 feet, and advances to
elevations of 8,000 feet. Other species of both hemispheres should
be tested.

204 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Nageia (Podocarpus) cupressina, R Brown.

Java and Philippine Islands. Height of tree, 180 feet ; furnishing
a highly valuable timber.

Nageia (Podocarpus) dacrydioides, A. Richard.

In swampy ground of New Zealand ; the " Kahikatea" of the
Maoris, called White Pine by the colonists. Height of tree 150
feet ; diameter of stem 4 feet The white sweet fruit is eaten by
the natives ; the wood is pale, close-grained, heavy. It will not
stand exposure to wet, but is one of the best for flooring-boards.
The strength is equal to that of Rimu, according to Kirk ; but it
is more readily attacked by boring insects.

Nageia (Podocarpus) elata, R Brown.

East Australia. A fine timber tree attaining a height of 80 feet
with a stem 2 feet in diameter. The timber is soft, close-grained,
free from knots, much used for joiners' work, also for spars.
Market price in Brisbane £3 5s. to £3 10s. per 1,000 superficial
feet (Queensland Exhibition, 1877).

Nageia (Podocarpus) elongata, L'Heritier.

South Africa. With N. Thunbergi and with Erythrina Caffra and
Oreodaphne bullata, this is the tallest tree of Capeland and
Caffraria, although it does not advance beyond 70 feet. The
yellowish wood is highly valuable, deal-like, not resinous. The
stems can be used for top-masts and yards of ships.

Nageia (Podocarpus) ferruginea, Don.

Northern parts of New Zealand. The Black Pine of the colonists ;
native name " Miro." Height of tree, 80 feet ; it produces a dark
red resin of a bitter taste. The wood is of a reddish colour, very
hard ; will stand exposure to sea-water. Fruit solitary.

Nageia (Podocarpus) Lamberti, Klotzsch.

Brazil. A stately tree, yielding valuable timber.

Nageia (Podocarpus) macrophylla, Don.

The Iiiou-maki of Japan. A tree up to 50 feet high. The nut
stalks used for food there. The wood is white and compact, used
for carpenters' and joiners' work ; the bark for thatching (Dupont).

Nageia (Podocarpus) nubigena, Lindley.

Southern Chili, generally a companion of N. Chilina, with which
it agrees in its dimensions and the utility of its timber.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 205

Nageia (Podocarpus) Purdieana, Hooker.

Jamaica, at 2,500 to 3,500 feet. This quick-growing tree attains
a height of 100 feet.

Nageia (Podocarpus) spicata, Brown.

Black Pine or Matai of New Zealand. Fruit spicate. Tree 80
feet high ; wood pale or reddish, soft, close, and durable ; used
advantageously for piles, machinery, stringers, braces, millwrights'
work, house blocks, railway sleepers, also weatherboards, flooring-
boards (Kirk).

Nageia (Podocarpus) Thunbergi, Hooker.

South Africa. Superior in the quality of its wood to N. pruinosa,
E. Meyer, and even N. elongata ; it is bright yellow, fine-grained,
and very handsome when polished (Dr. Pappe).

Nageia (Podocarpus) Totara, Don.*

New Zealand. A fine tree, 120 feet high, with a stem of 20 feet
in circumference ; it is called Mahogany Pine by the colonists.
The reddish close-grained and durable wood is valuable both for
building and for furniture, and is also extensively used for tele-
graph posts ; it is considered the most valuable timber of New
Zealand. Used for piles of bridges, wharves, and jetties, and in
other naval architecture ; the heart-wood for a long time resists
decay, and the attacks of the Teredo, according to Professor Kirk.
It ranks below Kauri in strength, but equals it in durability. It
is one of the most lasting woods for railway sleepers. When used
for piles, the bark should not be removed from the timber. Many
other tall timber trees of the genus Podocarpus or Nageia occur in
various parts of Asia, Africa, and America, doubtless all desirable ;
but the quality of their timber is not well known, though likely in
many cases excellent. Nageia is by far the oldest published name
of the genus.

Nardostachys Jatamansi, Candolle.

Mountains of Bengal and Nepal. The Spikenard. A perennial
herb, famous in ancient times as a medicinal plant. The root
contains an etherial oil and bitter principle. This drug is often
also obtained from N. grandiflora, Cand.

Nastus Borbonicus, Gmelin.

Reunion, where it forms a belt all round the mountains of the
island, in a zone of 3-4,000 feet. This beautiful bamboo grows to
a height of about 50 feet (General Munro).

206 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Nelumbo lutea, Caspary.* (Nelumbium luteum, Willdenow.)

In North America, north to 44° ; also in Jamaica. This magnifi-
cent perennial water-plant carries with it the type of Nelumbo
nucifera, but seems more hardy, and thus better adapted for extra-
tropical latitudes, the Pythagorean Bean not descending in Aus-
tralia naturally beyond 23°, although this species also may perhaps
live in the warmer parts of the temperate zone. The tuberous
roots of both species resemble the Sweet Potato and are starchy ;
the seeds are of particularly pleasant taste. The plants would be
of great value as ornamental aquatics. The leaves of N. lutea are
from 1 to 2 feet in diameter. The flowers measure | to 1 foot
across. The capsular fruit contains from twenty to forty nut-like
seeds. The plant in congenial spots displaces nearly all other water
vegetation by the vigour of its growth.

Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertner.* (Nelurribium speciosum, Willdenow).

The Pythagorean Bean. Egypt ; on the Caspian and Aral Seas
(46° N.) ; Persia ; through India, where in Cashmere it occurs at
an elevation of 5,000 feet ; China ; Japan ; Amur (46° N.) ; tropical
Australia as far south as 23°. The occurrence of this grand plant at
the Ima, at Pekin, and at Astrachan proves sufficiently that we can
naturalize it in moderately cool climes, as has been done already by
Marquis Ginoi at Doccia, near Florence. The Nelumbo requires
deep water with a muddy bottom. The large white or rosy flowers
are very fragrant. The seeds retain their vitality for several years.
According to the ancient Egyptian method, they are placed in balls
of muddy clay and chaff, and then sunk into the water.

Nepeta Glechoma, Bentham. (Glechoma kederacea, Linne.)

Europe, West Asia. The Ground Ivy. Still held in great esti-
mation as a pectoral medicine in some parts of Britain (G. W.
Johnson).

Nephelium lappaceum, Linne.

India. This tree furnishes the Rambutan or Rampostan fruit,
similar to the Litchi and Longan fruit. As one species of Nephelium
is indigenous as far south as Gippsland (Victoria), and as all the
species seem to require rather a moist, mild forest clime than great
atmospheric heat, we may hope to bring this tree also in favourable
spots of a temperate clime to perfect bearing.

Nephelium Litchi, Cambessedes.

South China, Cochin-China, and Philippine Islands. An evergreen
tree, producing the Litchi fruit. The pulpy arillus is of extremely
pleasant taste, though not large.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 207

Nephelium Longanum, Cambessedes.

India and Southern China. The Longan fruit is obtained from this
tree ; it is smaller than than of the Litchi tree and less palatable.

Neurachne Mitchelliana, Nees.

The Mulga Grass. In the desert interior of East and South-east
Australia. With its companion, $~. Munroi (F. v. M.), eligible as a
perennial fodder grass for naturalization in sandy or dry sterile land.
It endures any extent of drought, but requires heavy rain to start
anew (K. S. Moore). According to Mr. Bailey it produces good
pasture feed.

Nicotiana glauca, Graham.

Argentia and Uruguay. This quick growing arborescent species
can be raised on mere sand on the coast, as one of the best of plants
to establish shelter and stay the shifting of the sand-waves.

Nicotiana multivalvis, Lindley.

The native tobacco of the Columbia River. An annual. This with
the following species can be utilized for certain kinds of tobacco.

Nicotiana Persica, Lindley.

The Shiraz Tobacco. Persia. Annual. This can be brought to
perfection only in cool mountain regions. The mode of culture is
somewhat different from that of the ordinary tobacco. Moderate
irrigation is favourable. The plants when ripe are cut off and stuck
into the ground again until they become yellow. They are then
heaped together for a few days in the drying-house. They are then
packed into thin strata and placed into bags for pressure and daily
turning.

Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Pursh.

The native tobacco of the Missouri. An annual.

Nicotiana repanda, Willdenow.

Cuba, Mexico, Texas. Annual. It is utilized for some of the
Havannah tobaccoes.

Nicotiana rustica, Linne.

Tropical America. Annual. Some sorts of Eastern Indian tobacco,
of Manilla tobacco, and of Turkey tobacco are derived from this
particular species.

Nicotiana Tabacum, Linne.*

The ordinary Tobacco Plant of Central America. Annual. The
tobacco plant delights in rich forest soil, particularly where lime-
stone prevails, on accout of the potassium compounds which abound
in soils of woodlands and also because in the clearings of forests

208 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

greater atmospheric humidity prevails, needful for the best
development of the finest kinds of tobacco. Various districts,
with various soils, produce very different sorts of tobacco, parti-
cularly as far as flavour is concerned ; and again, various
climatic conditions will greatly affect the tobacco plant in this
respect. We can thus not hope to produce, for instance, Manilla or
Havannah tobacco in cooler latitudes ; but we may expect to pro-
duce good sorts of our own, more or less peculiar ; or we may
aspire to producing in our rich and frostless forest valleys a tobacco
similar to that of Kentucky, Maryland, Connecticut and Virginia.
Frost is detrimental to the tobacco plant ; not only, particularly
when young, must it be guarded against it, but frost will also injure
the ripe crop. Mr. Politz considers the scarcity of dew in some of
the districts of Australia to militate against the production of the
best kinds, otherwise the yield as a rule is large, and the soil in
many places well adapted for this culture. Leaves of large size are
frequently obtained. The moister and warmer northern and
eastern regions of Australia are likely to produce the best tobacco ;
but the final preparation of the leaf for the manufacturer must be
effected by experienced skill. The cruder kinds are obtained with
ease, and so are leaves for covering cigars. Virgin soil, with rich
loam, is the best for tobacco culture, and such soil should also con-
tain a fair proportion of lime and potash, or should be enriched
with a calcareous manure and ashes, or with well decomposed stable
manure. According to Simmonds the average yield in Greece is
about 800 pounds of tobacco per acre. The seedlings, two months
or less old, are transplanted. When the plants are coining into
flower, the leading top-shoots are nipped off, and the young shoots
must also be broken off. A few weeks afterwards the leaves will
turn to a greenish yellow, which is a sign that the plants are fit to
be cut, or that the ripe leaves can gradually be pulled. In the
former case the stems are split ; the drying is then effected in barns
by suspension from sticks across beams. The drying process
occupies four or five weeks, and may need to be assisted by artificial
heat. Stripped of the stalks, the leaf-blades are then tied into
bundles to undergo sweating, or a kind of slight fermentation. It
does not answer to continue tobacco culture beyond two years on
the same soil uninterruptedly. A prominent variety is Nicotiana
latissima (Miller) or N. macrophylla (Lehm), yielding largely the
Chinese, the Orinoco, and the Maryland tobacco. Latakia tobacco,
according to Dyer, is prepared by submitting the leaves for several
months to fumigation from fir wood. Substances containing
cuuiarin, particularly the Tonguin Bean (Dipterix odorata), are
used to flavour tobacco and snuff. The dangerously powerful
nicotin, a volatile acrid alkaline oily liquid, and nicotianin, a bitter
aromatic lamellar substance, are both derived from tobacco in all
its parts, and are therapeutic agents.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 209

Niemeyera prunifera, F. von Mueller. (Lucuma prunifera,

Bentham.)

The Australian Cainito. An evergreen tree, sparingly dispersed
from the north of New South Wales through the coast forests of
Queensland. The fruit is of a plum-like appearance and edible.
Culture is likely to improve its quality.

Nuphar multisepalum, Engelmann.

Western North America. This Water Lily produces nutritious
seeds, which taste like Broom Corn and are used locally for food,
but are more particularly valuable for waterfowl. Various species
of NymplicKci might be utilized in the same manner, irrespective of
their value as decorative lake or pond plants.

Nyctanthes arbor tristis, Linne.

India, up to Assam. This arborescent shrub may be grown in any
moist regions free of frost, for the exquisite fragrance of its flowers,
from which essence of jasmin can be obtained.

Nyssa aquatica, Linne.

North America. The Tupelo. This large deciduous tree can be
reared in pools and deep swamps, and is thus well adapted for
aquatic scenery. The spongy roots of this species serve as a substi-
tute for cork and the floats of nets.

Nyssa multiflora, Wangenheim.

Eastern States of North America, where it is called the Forest
Tupelo or Black Gum Tree (Dr. Asa Gray) ; also called Sour Gum
Tree. Attains a height of 50 feet. Suited for forest soil ; has
horizontal branches and a "light, flat spray, like the Beech." Can
be propagated from cuttings. The wood is very hard, but light and
almost unwedgeable ; it serves for hubs of wheels, pumps, side-
boards of carts, trays, bowls, dippers, mortars, wooden shoes,
hatters' blocks, and various turners' work. The foliage turns
bright crimson in autumn. The fruits are pleasantly acidulous, like
those of N. capitata (Walter) and of some other species, and often
used for preserves.

Nyssa uniflora, Walter.

Eastern States of North America. The Swamp Tupelo. Wood
soft, that of the roots very light and spongy, thus used for corks
(Dr. Asa Gray). A shrub or only small tree. The mucilaginous
fruits are edible.

Ocimum Basilicum, Linne.

The Basil. Warmer parts of Asiaj^ttUJ^Jrica. An annual herb,
valuable for condiments and ggJ^ifce^^Sfe^eral varieties exist,
o

210 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

differing considerably in their scent. A crystalline substance is
also obtained from this and similar species. 0. canum (Sims) is
closely allied. Valuable, like many other aromatic Labiatae, for
bees.

Ocimum gratis simum, Linne.

Recorded from India, the South Sea Islands, and Brazil, as
indigenous. Somewhat shrubby. This is also a scent plant like
the following, and is one of the best of the genus. 0. viride
(Willd.) from tropical Africa seems a variety.

Ocimum sanctum, Linne.

Arabia, India, tropical Australia. A perennial herb. The odour
of the variety occurring in North Australia reminds of anise ; the
smell of the variety growing in East Australia resembles cloves.
O. tenuiflorum, L., seems to be another variety. Probably other
species, cis- as well as trans- Atlantic, can be used like Basil.

Ocimum suave, Willdenow.

East Africa. A scrubby species.

Oenanthe stolonifera, Candolle.

Japan, China, India. This swamp-herb is there used for spinage.

Olea Europsea, Linne.*

The Olive-tree. From South- Western Asia ; naturalized in the
countries around the Meditteranean Sea. A tree not of great
height, but of many centuries duration and of unabating fecundity.
In Corfu, however, it grows to a height of sometimes 60 feet, and
forms beautiful forests. The well-known olive oil is obtained from
the fruit. Certain varieties of the fruit, preserved in vinegar or
salt-liquid before perfectly ripe, are also much used for the table.
For this purpose the fruit is generally macerated previously in
water containing potash and lime. The gum-resiri of the Olive-
tree contains the crystaline olivil. The oil of the drupaceous fruit
is a most important product of countries with a temperate climate.
Its chemical constituents are : 30 per cent, crystalline palmitin ; 70
per cent, olein, through which olive oil belongs to those kinds which
are not drying. In pressing, the kernels must not be crushed, as
then a disagreeable taste will be imparted to the oil. The wild
variety of the olive tree has usually short blunt leaves and thorny
branches. Long-continued droughts, so detrimental to most plants,
will affect the olive but slightly. It thrives best on a free, loamy,
calcareous soil, even should it be strong and sandy, but it dislikes
stiff clay. Proximity to the sea is favourable to it, and hill-sides
are more eligible for 'its culture than plains. The ground must be

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 211

deeply trenched. Manuring with well-decayed substances is
requisite annually, or every second or third year, according to cir- .
cumstances. Irrigation will add to the productiveness of the plant.
Mons. Eiordet distinguishes three main varieties, of which he
recommends two : 1. The Cayon, a small-sized tree, which comes
into bearing after three or four years, but it bears fully only every
second year ; its oil is fine with some aroma. 2. The Pendulier, a
larger tree, with long drooping branches, yielding an oil of first-rate
quality. Mons. Reynaud, '.' Culture de FOlivier," separates twelve
varieties, as cultivated in France, and recommends among them :

1. The Courniau or Courniale, also called Plante de Salon, bearing
most prolifically a small fruit and producing an excellent oil.

2. The Picholine, which by pruning its top branches is led to spread
over eight yards square or more. It is of weeping habit, yields a
good oil in fair quantity, and resists well the attacks of insects.

3. The Mouraou or Mourette, a large tree also furnishing oil of a
very fine quality. Olive trees require judicious pruning immediately
after the fruit is gathered, when the sap is comparatively at rest.
They may be multiplied from seeds, cuttings, layers, suckers, trun-
cheons, or estacas and old stumps, the latter to be split. They can
also be propagated from protuberances at the base of the stem,
which can be sent long distances (Boothby). The germination of
the seeds is promoted by soaking the nutlets in a solution of lime
and wood ash. The seedlings can be budded or grafted after a few
years. Truncheons or estacas may be from one to many feet long
and from one inch to many inches thick ; they are placed horizon-
tally into the ground. Olive plantations at Grasse are worth from
.£200 to £250 per acre. For many details the tract on the
" Culture of Olive and its Utilization," issued in Melbourne by the
Rev. Dr. Bleasdale, should be consulted, as it rests largely on its
author's observations during a long stay in Portugal. Also the
essay of Mr. S. Davenport in Adelaide.

The following notes are derived from the important " Tratado del Cul-
tivo del Olivo en Espana," by the Chev. Capt. Jose de Hidalgo-
Tablada (second edition, Madrid, 1870). The Olive-tree will resist
for a short time considerable frost ( — 15° C.), provided that the
thawing takes place under fogs or mild rain (or perhaps under a
dense smoke). It requires for ripening its fruit about one-third
more annual warmth than the vine. The Olive zones of South
Europe and North Africa are between 18° and 44° north latitude.
An elevation of about 550 feet corresponds in Spain, as far as this
culture is concerned to one degree further north. Olives do not
grow well on granite soil. The fruit produced on limestone forma-
tions is of the best quality. Gypsum promotes the growth of the
tree. An equable temperature serves best ; thus exposure to
prevailing strong winds is to be avoided. The winter temperature
should not fall below— 7° C. The quantity of oil in the fruit varies

212 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

from 10 to 20 per cent. ; sometimes it even exceeds the latter
proportion. In Provence at an average 24 Ibs. of olive oil are
consumed by each individual of the population annually in Anda-
lusia about 30 Ibs. For obtaining the largest quantity of oil the
fruit must be completely ripe. Hand-picked olives give the purest
oil. Knocking the fruit from the branches with sticks injures the
tree and lessens its productiveness in the next year. Spain alone
produces about 250,000,000 Ibs. of olive oil a year.

SPANISH VARIETIES.

A. — Varieties of early maturation, for colder localities : —

1. Yar. pomiformis, Clem.

Manzanillo. (French : Ampoulleau.) Fruit above an inch in
diameter, spherical, shining black. Putamen broad and truncate.

2. Var. regalis, Clem.

Sevillano. (French : Pruneau de Catignac. ) Fruit about an
inch in diameter, ovate-spherical, blunt, bluish black.

3. Var. Bellotudo or Villotuda.

Fruit about an inch long, egg-shaped ; pericarp outside dark red,
inside violet.

4. Var. Redondillo.

Fruit ovate-spherical, nearly an inch long. Pericarp outside
bluish black, inside whitish. A rich yielder.

5. Var. ovalis, Clem.

Lechin, Picholin, Acquillo. (French : Saurine.) Fruit broad-
oval, two-thirds of an inch long. A copious yielder.

6. Var. argentata, Clem.

Nevadillo bianco ; Doncel ; Zorzalena ; Moradillo ; Ojiblanco ;
Olivo lucio. Fruit broad-ovate, an inch long, very blunt, not
oblique. Quality and- quantity of oil excellent.

7. Var. Varal bianco.

(French : Blanquette.) Fruit, ovate, globular, three-fourths of
an inch long, neither pointed nor oblique, outside blackish red.

8. Var. Empeltre.

Fruit ovate, an inch long, equable. Rich in oil of excellent
quality, also one of the best for pickles. Pericarp outside violet,
inside white.

9. Var. Racimal.

(French : Bouteillan, Boutiniene, Ribien, Rapugette.) Fruit
violet coloured, globose-ovate, about an inch long ; neither pointed
nor oblique. Bears regularly also on less fertile soil, and is one
of the earliest to ripen.

10. Var. Varal negro.

Alameno. (French: Cay on, Nasies.) Fruit violet-black, spotted,
globose-ovate, nearly an inch long, somewhat pointed. Bears
richly.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 213

11. Var. Colchonuda.

Fruit spheric, outside red, inside white, one inch in diameter,
slightly pointed. Produces a large quantity of good oil.

12. Var. Ojillo de Liebre.

Ojo de Liebre. Fruit nearly spherical, outside violet-black, about
one inch long, somewhat oblique. One of the less early varieties.

1 3. Var. Carrasquena.

(French : Redouan de Cotignat.) Fruit black-red, almost spherical
about an inch long. Valuable both for oil and preserves, but
liable to be attacked by various insects.

14. Var. Hispalensis^ Clem.

Gordal ; Ocal ; Olivo real. Fruit black-grey, oblique, spherical,
slightly oblique, about an inch. Rather a large and quick-growing
tree. Fruit used in the green state for preserves, not used for table
oil.

15. Var. Verdego.

Verdial. (French: Verdal, Verdan.) Fruit black-violet, oblique-
spheric, pointed, about one inch long. Furnishes good oil, and
resists the cold best of all.

B. — Varieties of late maturition, for warmer localities : —

16. Var. maxima, Clem.

Madrileiio ; Olivo morcal. Fruit over an inch long, cordate-
globose, strongly pointed. Less valuable for oil than for
preserves.

17. Var. rostrata, Clem.

Cornicabra. (French : Cournaud, Corniaud, Courgnale, PL de
Solon, PL de la Fane ; Cay on Rapunier, Grasse.) Strong and
tall, less tender. Fruit blackish-red, over an inch long, oval,
much pointed. Good for oil.

18. Var. ceratocarpa, Clem.

Cornezuelo. (French : Odorant, Luquoise, Luques.) Fruit fully
an inch long, oval, pointed.

19. Var. Javaluno.

Fruit black-grey, over an inch long, egg-shaped, somewhat oblique,
gradually pointed. Rich in good oil ; can also be chosen for
preserves ; much subject to attacks of insects.

20. Var. Picudo.

Fetudilla. Fruit fully an inch long, egg-shaped, blunt at the
base, pointed at the apex, with black-grey pulp. Pericarp easily
separable. Employed both for oil and preserves.

21. Var. Nevadillo negro.

Fruit egg-shaped, fully an inch long, with turned pointed apex,
One of the richest of all varieties in yield. Endures considerable
cold and ripens not quite late.

All these Spanish varieties show rather long, lanceolate leaves, of
more or less width.

214 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

FRENCH VARIETIES.

(Some verging into the Spanish kinds.)

22. Var. angulosa, Gouan.
Galliningue, Laurine. For preserves.

23. Var. Rouget.

Marvailletta. Produces a fine oil.

24. Var. atrorubens, Gouan.

Salierne, Saverne. Fruit dusted white. Furnishes one of the
best of oils.

25. Var. variegata, Gouan.

Marbree, Pigale, Pigau. Purple fruit, with white spots.

26. Var. Le Palma.

Oil very sweet, but not largely produced.

27. Var. atrovirens, Ros.

Pointue, Punchuda. Fruit large, with good oil.

28. Var. rubicans, Ros.

Rougette. Putamen small. Yield annual and large.

29. Var. alba, Ros.

Olive blanche, Blancane, Vierge. This, with may others omitted
on this occasion, is an inferior variety.

30. Var. Caillet rouge.

Figanier. Small tree. Fruit large, red. Oil good and produced
in quantity.

31. Var. Caillet Uanc.

Fruit almost white, produced annually and copiously, yielding a
rather superior oil.

32. Var. Ray met.

Fruit large, reddish. Oil copious and fine. This variety prefers
flat country.

33. Var. Cotignac.

Pardigniere. Fruit middle-sized, blunt. Oil obtained in quantity
and of excellent quality. This wants much pruning.

34. Var. Bermillaon.

Vermilion. Yields also table-oil and resists cold well.
Many other apparently desirable varieties occur, among which the
Italian Oliva d'Ogni Mese may be mentioned, which ripens fruit
several times in the year, and furnishes a pleasant oil and also
berries for preserves.

Oncosperma fasciculatum, Thwaites.

C eylon. This Palm ascends there to 5,000 feet. The very slender
but prickly stem attains a height of 50 feet.

Onobrychis sativa, Lamarck.*

The Sainfoin, or Esparsette, or Cock's-head Plant. South and
Middle Europe, Middle Asia. A deep-rooting perennial fodder

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 215

herb, fond of marly soil, and living in dry localities. It is thus
well adapted also for the limestone formation of the lower
Murray River. It prepares dry calcareous soil for cereal culture.
Stagnant underground humidity is fatal to this plant. It prospers
still where Red Clover and Lucerne no longer succeed. Sheep
cannot be turned out so well on young Sainfoin fields as cattle.
The hay is superior even to that of Lucerne and Clover. The
plant will hold out from five to seven years (Langethal). It yields
much honey for bees. . ,

Onosma Emodi, Bentham. ( Maharanya Emodi, A. de Candolle.)

Nepal. The root, like that of the Canna tinctoria, produces a red
dye.

Opuntia coccinellifera, Miller.

Mexico and West India. The Cochineal Cactus. On this and 0.
Tuna, O. Hernandezii, and perhaps a few others, subsists the
Coccus, which offers the costly cochineal dye. Three gatherings
can be effected in the year. About 1,200 tons used to be imported
annually into Britain alone, and a good deal also to other countries,
valued at about .£400 for the ton. The precious carmin pigment
is prepared from cochineal. Different Cochineal Opuntias occurs
also in Argentina. Some species of Opuntia will endure a tem-
perature of 14° F. One even advances to 50° north latitude in
Canada. Mr. Dickinson, of Port Arlington, Victoria, observes
that many species are hardy in his neighbourhood, growing even in
sand, overtopping by 10 feet the Leptospermum Ia3vigatum and
breaking it down by their great weight within a few yards of the
sea.

Opuntia Dillenii, Candolle.

Central America. A Tuna-like Cactus, serving for uninflammable
hedges, and perhaps also for the rearing of the Coccus Cacti. It is
particularly eligible for barren land.

Opuntia elatior, Miller.

Central America. A hedge plant with formidable thorns.

Opuntia Ficus Indica, Miller.

Called inaptly, with other congeners, Indian Fig. Central
America, north as far as Florida. Serves for hedges. Pulp of
fruit edible.

Opuntia Hernandezii, Candolle.

Mexico. Affords also food for the Coccus Cacti.

216 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Opuntia Missouriensis, Candolle.

From Nebraska to New Mexico. Professor Meehan. found this
Cactus covered with the Cochineal Coccus, and points to the
fact that this insect will live through the intense cold which
characterises the rocky mountains of the Colorado regions.

Opuntia Rafinesquii, Engelmann.

North America. The most northern of all species, extending to
Lake Michigan.

Opuntia spinosissima, Miller.

Mexico and West India. Stem columnar with pendant branches.
Also a good hedge plant. Harding recommends for hedges, besides
these species, O. maxima, Miller, as the most repellent.

Opuntia Tuna, Miller.

West India, Ecuador, New Granada, Mexico. Irrespective of its
value as the principal cochineal plant, this Cactus is also of use for
hedges. It will attain a height of 20 feet. The pulp of the
fruit is edible. With the other species hardy on the south coast of
Australia.

Opuntia vulgaris, Miller.

Central America, northward to Georgia, southward to Peru.
Adapted for hedges, and, like the rest, not inflammable, thus par-
ticularly valuable along railway lines. The fruit almost smooth,
eatable. A dye can also be prepared from its pulp and that of
allied species. Numerous other species are industrially eligible for
hedging purposes.

Oreodoxa frigida, Humboldt.

Central America, ascending the Andes to 8,500 feet. This dwarf
slender Palm may be chosen for domestic decoration.

Oreodoxa oleracea, Martins.

West India, up to nearly 5,000 feet elevation. One of the most
rapid growing of Palms. In highly manured moist ground the-
Palm-cabbage, which in this species is of exquisite nut-flavour, can
l>e obtained already in two years (Imray ; Jenman).

Oreodoxa regia, Humboldt.

West India. This noble Palm attains a height of 60 feet. It
has proved hardy in Southern Brazil. The stem is thickened at
the middle, and from it, like from the much taller 0. oleracea
(Martius), starch can be obtained.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 217

Origanum Dictamnus, Linne.

Candia. Like the following, a scent plant of somewhat shrubby
growth.

Origanum Major ana, Linne.

North Africa, Middle Asia, Arabia. A perennial herb, used for
condiments, also for the distillation of its essential oil.

Origanum Maru, Linne.

Palestine. Perennial and very odorous.

Origanum Onites, Linne.

Countries near the Mediterranean Sea. Somewhat shrubby and
strongly scented.

Origanum vulgare, Linne,

The ordinary Marjoram. All Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia. A scented herb of perennial growth, containing a
peculiar volatile oil. It prefers limestone soil. Of importance
also as a honey plant. O. hirtum (Link.), O. virens (Hoff-
mannsegg), and O. normale (D. Don) are closely allied plants of
similar use. Several other Marjorams, chiefly Mediterranean, are
of value.

Ornithopus sativus, Brotero.

South Europe and North Africa. The Seratella or Serradella. An
annual herb, larger than the ordinary Bird's-foot Clover. It is
valuable as a fodder plant on sterile soil. It requires, like the
smaller 0. perpusillus, no lime, but improves in growth on gypsum
land. It thrives better on sandy soil than on lime soil, according
to Langethal. A good honey-plant.

Oryza latifolia, Humboldt and Bonplaud.

Central America. This species is said to be perennial and to attain
a height of 18 feet. It deserves trial culture, and may prove a
good fodder grass on wet land in warm localities. 0. perennis
(Moench) seems closely allied.

Oryza sativa, Linne.*

The Hice Plant. South Asia and North Australia. Annual like
most cereals. The many rivulets in our ranges afford ample oppor-
tunities for irrigating rice-fields ; but these can be formed with full
advantage only in the warmer parts of the Colony where rice will
ripen as well as in Italy, China, or the Southern States of the
American Union. Among the numerous varieties of Indian rice
may be noted as prominent sorts : The Early Rice, which ripens in

218 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

four months and is not injured by saline inundations. The hardier
Mountain Rice, which can be raised on comparatively dry ground
and which actually perishes under lengthened inundation, but which is
less productive. The Gl utinous Rice, which succeeds as well in wet as in
almost dry places and produces black or reddish grains. In the rich
plains of Lombardy, irrigated from the Alps, the average crop is
estimated at forty-eight bushels for the acre annually. According
to General Capron the average yield in Japan is fifty bushels per
acre. The spirit distilled from rice and molasses is known as
arrack. Rice-beer, known as " Sake," is extensively brewed in
Japan, and the principal beverage used by the inhabitants. Rice-
starch is now consumed in enormous quantities, particularly in
Britain. Rice-sugar, called " Ame" in Japan, constitutes there a
kind of confectionery.

Osmanthus fragrans, Loureiro.

China and Japan. The flowers of this bush serve for oil distilla-
tion like those of the Jasmine. The scent of one plant will perfume
a whole conservatory (G. W. Johnson).

Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Cassini.

South Africa. A camphor-scented shrub much in use there for
medicinal purposes (Dr. Pappe).

Ostrya carpinifolia, Scopoli.

South Europe and Orient. The Hop Hornbeam. A deciduous tree,
60 feet high.

Ostrya Virginica, Willdenow.

Lever-wood Tree of North America, also called Iron-wood, 40 feet
high, in rich woodlands. Wood singularly hard, close-grained, and
heavy, in use for levers, mallets, wedges and other implements for
mill-cogs, wheels, etc. Cattle browse on the foliage. The growth
of the tree is very slow.

Osyris compressa, A. de Candolle.

South Africa. One of the most valuable tans for finer leathers is
provided there by the leaves and young twigs of this shrub or
small tree.

Oxalis crassicaulis, Zuccarini.

Peru. This seems one of the best of those Wood Sorrels which
yield a tuberous edible root Amongst others, O. tuberosa (Mol.)
and O. succulenta (Barn.) from Chili, as well as O. carnosa (Mol.)
and O. conorrhiza (Jacq.) from Paraguay, might be tried for their
tubers.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 219

Oxalis esculenta, Otto and Dietrich.

Spurious aracacha. Mexico, there with O. tetraphylla (Cavanilles^
0. Deppei (Loddiges), O. violacea (Linne), and several others,
producing tuberous, starchy, wholesome roots ; the first-mentioned
gives the largest yield. Propogated by sub-division of the root
stock. It requires a deep, rich, moist soil. As similarly useful
may be mentioned among many others, 0. crenata (Jacquin) from
Chili and O. enneaphylla (Cavanilles) from the Falkland Islands
and Magelhaen's Straits. •

Oxytenanthera Thwaitesii, Munro.

Ceylon, on mountains from 4,000 to 6,000 feet high. A dwarf
but handsome bamboo, reaching only a height of 12 feet.

Oxytropis pilosa, Candolle. (Astragalus pilosus, Linne.)

Europe, West Asia. This perennial plant furnishes fair pasture
herbage ; it is deep-rooted, content with almost absolute sand ; the
numerous other species — twenty-four alone enumerated as Oriental
by Boissier — should be tested. All these plants might be classed as
Astragals. They are mostly content with poor soil.

Pachyma Cocos, Fries.

North America and East Asia. The hard Tuckahoe Truffle.

Pachyma Hoelen, Fries.

China. This large Truffle occurs particularly in the province of
Souchong. Flavour most agreeable.

Pachyrrhizus angulatus, Richard.

From Central America, rendered spontaneous in many tropical
countries. A climber, the horizontal starchy roots of which attain
a length of 8 feet and a thickness of many inches. Dr. Peckolt
records tubers of seventy pounds weight. They keep in dry ground
for five years, but such are then available only for starch, whereas
annual tubers are the most palatable and yield 6 -7 per cent, starch.
It requires rich soil. The root is edible, though inferior to Yam.
From the stems a tough fibre is obtained. The plant proved hardy
at Sydney.

Paliurus ramosissimus, Poiret. (P. Aubletia, Schultes.)

China and Japan. A thorny tree, which could be utilized for
hedging.

Paliurus Spina Christi, Miller. (P. aculeatus, Lambert.)

The Christ Thorn. From the Mediterranean Sea to Nepaul. A
deciduous bush or finally tree, which can be trimmed into hedges.

220 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Pandanus furcatus, Roxburgh.

This Screw-Pine occurs in India, up to heights of 4,000 feet,
according to Mr. S. Kurz ; hence it will likely bear a temperate
clime, and give us a stately plant for scenic group-planting. P.
pedunculatus (R Br.) occurs in East Australia as far south as 32°,
and an allied tall species (P. Forsteri, Moore and Mueller)
luxuriates in Howe's Island.

Panicum altissimum, Meyer. (P. elatiut, Kunth.)

From Mexico to Brazil. An almost woody species of arborescent
habit, attaining a height of 30 feet. Panicles up to a foot and a half
long. Evidently desirable for naturalization.

Panicum amarum, Elliot.

North America. A perennial species, fit to be grown on drifting
coast sand.

Panicum atro-virens, Trinius. (Isachne Australia, R Brown.)

South Asia, East Australia, and New Zealand. A perennial grass,
not large, but of tender nutritive blade, particularly fitted for moist
valleys and woodlands.

Panicum barbinode, Trinius.

Brazil. Valuable as a fodder grass.

Panicum brizanthum, Hochstetter.

From Abyssinia to Nepal. A large-grained perennial Millet Grass.

Panicum coenicolum, F. v. Mueller.

Extra-tropic Australia. Valuable as an enduring grass for moist
meadows.

Panicum compositum, Linne.

South Asia, East Australia, Polynesia, New Zealand. The growth
of this soft-bladed and prolific grass should be encouraged in forest
ground.

Panicum Crus Galli, Linne.

The Barnyard or Cockshin Grass. Occurring now in all warm
countries, but probably of Oriental origin, as it seems not recorded
in our ancient classic literature. A rich but annual grass of ready
spontaneous dispersion, particularly along sandy river banks, also
around stagnant water. P. colonum, L., and P. Crus Corvi, L.,
are varieties of it. Regarded by R. Brown as indigenous in Eastern
and Northern Australia, where many other excellent fodder species
occur, some perennial. It will succeed also on somewhat saline
soil, particularly on brackish watercourses, also in moor land.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 221

Panicum decompositum, R. Brown. (P. Icevinode, Lindley.)

The Australian Millet. One of the most spacious of Australian
nutritious grasses. The aborigines convert the small millet-like
grains into cakes. This grass will thrive on poor soil. Hardly
different from the North American P. capillare, L., except in
perennial roots. The allied P. trachyrrhachis, Bentham, from
North and East Australia, consitutes also a very good fodder
grass. Of similar value the exclusively Australian P. effusum,
R. Br.

Panicum divaricatissimum, ]J. Brown.

Australia, particularly in the warmer inland regions. A good
perennial grass, of easy growth on poor soil.

Panicum divaricatum, Linne.

P. bambusoides, Hamilton. Central and South America. A grass
of a scandent habit, ascending high up in trees ; desirable for
naturalization in forests.

Panicum flavidum, Retzius.

South Asia, tropical and Eastern sub-tropical Australia. According
to Mr. Bailey a prolific seed-bearer, mostly prostrated by the weight
of the seeds.

Panicum fluitans, Retzius.

Tropical Asia and Africa. This perennial grass, like P. spinescens
(R. Brown), of East Australia, ought to be naturalized along lakes,
lagoons, and rivers, particularly for the benefit of waterfowl.

Panicum folio sum, R. Brown.

India, East Australia. Perennial. Mr. Bailey finds this to be
one of the best grasses for river bankg.

Panicum frumentaceum, Roxburgh.

The Shamalo or Deccan Grass. Probably introduced from tropical
Africa into South Asia. It serves as a fodder grass and produces
also a kind of millet. The grain much recommended by Mr. C. B.
Taylor for culinary purposes.

Panicum Italicum, Linne.*

This grass, notwithstanding its specific name, is of Indian origin,
ascending the Himalayas to 6,500 feet. It is annual and worthy
to be cultivated as a tender green fodder, attaining a height of 5
feet. It keeps weeds down. Yields early in the season a heavy
crop of excellent hay, which dries easily (C. Mohr). The abun-
dantly-produced grain is not only one of the best for poultry, but

222 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

that of some varieties can also be utilized as millet. Considered by
many a delicious grain for cakes and porridge. The Brahmins hold
it in higher esteem than any other grain (Dr. Ainslie). G. Per-
manicum, Roth., is a form of this species. Allied is also the West
Indian Setaria magna (Grisebach), which attains a height of 10
feet on margins of lagoons, and Panicum macrostachyum (Nees) of
East Australia, South Asia, and Tropical America.

Panicum Koenigii, Sprengel. (P. Helopus, Trin.)
India. A good fodder grass.

Panicum latissimum, Mikan.

Brazil. A highly ornamental grass. Leaves extremely broad, but
hard ; panicle very rich.

Panicum maximum, Jacquin.* (P. jumentorum, Persoon.)

The Guinea Grass. Tropical Africa ; elsewhere not indigenous.
This perennial grass attains a height of 8 feet. It is highly nutri-
tious and quite adapted for the warmer temperate zone, hardly as
far south as Buenos Ayres. In Jamaica it is the principal fodder
grass up to elevations of 5,000 feet, springing up over wide tracts of
country, to the exclusion of everything else. It forms large
bunches, which when cut young supply a particularly sweet and
tender hay ; throws out numerous stolons ; can be mown every six
weeks ; the roots can be protected in the ground against light
frosts by a thin covering with soil. A favourite grass in tropical
countries for stall fodder. It is necessary to guard against over-
feeding with this grass solely. Succeeds even on poor clay soil and
on sea-sand.

Panicum miliaceum, Linne.* (P. miliare, Lam.)

The true Millet. South Asia, ascending the Himalayas to 11,000
feet, North Australia, but cultivated in Southern Europe so early
as Hippocrates' and Theophrastos' time. Annual, attaining a height
of 4 feet. Several varieties occur, one with black grains. They
all need a rich but friable soil. It is one of the best of all grains
for poultry, but furnishes also a palatable and nutritious table food.
It ripens still in Middle Europe.

Panicum molle, Swartz.* (P. sarmentosum, Roxburgh.)

Warmer parts of America, Africa, and Asia. The Para Grass. A
perennial, very fattening pasture grass, of luxuriant growth, attain-
ing a height of 6 feet (Grisebach). It is hardy at the Cape of
Good Hope,

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 223

Panicum Myurus, Lamarck.

Tropical Asia and America, North-East Australia. A perennial
aquatic grass, with broad-bladed foliage, fit for ditches and
swamps. Regarded as very palatable and nutritious to stock by
Mr. Bailey.

Panicum obtusum, Humboldt.*

The Mosquito or Mezquite Grass of Mexico. Perennial ; nutri-
tious.

Panicum parviflorum, R. Brown.

East Australia. On dry hills ; a fine pasture grass, while P. bicolor
and P. marginatum (R. Br.) are likewise enumerated by Mr.
Bailey among the nutritious grasses of East Australia.

Panicum pilosum, Swartz.

Tropical America. A perennial fodder grass.

Panicum prolutum, F. v. Mueller.

South-East Australia. Flourishes in the hottest weather ; bears a
large panicle of seed.

Panicum pro-stratum, Lamarck. (P. setigerum, Retz.)

Egypt, South Asia, North Australia, perhaps also indigenous to
tropical America. Perennial. Recommendable for pastures.

Panicum pygmseum, R. Brown.

East Australia. Forms a soft, thick, carpet-like verdure in forest
shade (Bailey).

Panicum rep ens, Linne.

On the Mediterranean Sea, also in South Asia and North Austra-
lia. Regarded by the Cingalese as a good fodder grass. It is
perennial and well suited for naturalization on moist soil or river
banks or swamps.

Panicum sanguinale, Linne.

From south Europe and Southern Asia, spread through all
countries with a warm climate, but apparently also indigenous in
East Australia. It readily disseminates itself on barren ground,
and is likely to add to the value of desert pastures, although it is
annual. Stock relish this grass. P. ciliare (L.) and P. glabrum
(Gaudin) are allied species.

224 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Panicum semialatum, R Brown.

Warmer regions of Asia, Africa, and Australia. A superior tall
pasture grass, of easy dispersion in warm humid localities.

Panicum spectabile, Nees.*

The Coapim of Angola. From West Africa transferred to many
other tropical countries. A rather succulent, very fattening grass,
attaining a height of about 4 feet. It may be assumed that
hitherto about 300 well-defined species of Panicum are known,
chiefly tropical and sub-tropical, thus very few extending naturally
to Europe or the United States of North America, or Japan, or
the southern part of Australia. Though mostly from the hot
zones, these grasses endure in many instances a cooler clime, and
some of them would prove great acquisitions, particularly the
perennial species. Numerous good kinds occur in Queensland and
tf orth Australia spontaneously. Panicum is the genus richest in
species among grasses.

Panicum striatum, Lamarck. (P. Gibbum, Elliot.)

Southern North America, West India, and Guiana. A perrenial
grass for swampy localities, valuable for pastoral purposes, accord-
ing to C. Mohr, who mentions also P. anceps, L., and P. triaiis,
Elliot, as good fodder grasses.

Panicum terniflorum, R. Brown. (Paspalum brevifolium, Fluegge.)
South Asia and East Australia. It has a running stem and forms
a good bottom as a pasture grass. (Bailey).

Panicum turgidum, Forskael.

Egypt, where this millet yields a bread grain.

Panicum virgatum, Linne.

North America, South Asia, and North Australia. A tall
perennial species, with a wide, nutricious panicle. The foliage good
for fodder when young.

Papaver somniferum, Linne".*

The Opium Poppy. Orient. The capsules of this tall annual, so
showy for its flowers, are used for medicinal purposes ; from the
minute but exceedingly numerous seeds, oil of a harmless and most
palatable kind can be pressed remuneratively ; but a still more
important use of the plant is that for the preparation of opium.
Both the black and pale seeded varieties can be used for the pro-
duction of opium. The return of poppy culture, whether for opium
or for oil, is within a few months. Milder and somewhat humid
open forest tracks proved most productive for obtaining opium from

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 225

this plant ; but it can be reared also in colder localities, good opium
rich in morphia haying even been obtained in Middle Europe and the
Northern United States, the summers there being sufficiently long
to ripen the poppy with a well-elaborated sap. The morphia con-
tents in opium from Gippsland were at an average somewhat over
10 per cent. Opium was prepared in the Melbourne Botanic
Gardens for the Exhibition of 1866; but particularly Mr. J. Bosisto
and Mr. J. Hood have given to this branch of rural industry there
commercial dimensions. .The Smyrna variety is particularly
desirable for opium ; it enables the cultivator to get from 40 Ibs. to
75 Ibs. of opium from an acre, generally worth 30s. to 35s. per
pound. The ground for poppy culture must be naturally rich or
otherwise be well manured ; dressing with ashes increases the
fecundity of the plant. The seed, about 9 Ibs. to an acre, is gener-
ally sown broadcast mixed with sand. In the most favourable
places as many as three crops are obtained during a season. The
collecting of the opium, which consists merely of the indurating
sap of the seed-vessels, is commenced a few days after the lapse of
the petals. Superficial horizontal or diagonal incisions are made
into the capsules as they successively advance to maturity. This
operation is best performed in the afternoons and evenings, and
requires no laborious toil. The milky opium sap thus directed out-
wards is scraped off next morning into a shallow cup and allowed
to dry on a place away from sunlight ; it may also be placed on
poppy leaves. From one to six successive incisions are made to
exhaust the sap, according to season, particular locality, or the
knife-like instrument employed. In the Department of Somme
(France) alone opium to the value of £70,000 annually is produced
and poppy seed to the value of £170,000. Australian seasons as a
rule are favourable for collecting opium, and thus this culture is here
rendered less precarious than in many other countries. Our opium
has proved as good as the best Smyrna kinds. The petals are dried
for packing the opium. The main value of opium depends on its
contents of morphia, for which the genus Papaver as far as hitherto
known, remains the sole source. But not less than fourteen alkaloids
have been revealed in opium by the progressive strides of organic
chemistry : Codein, metamorphin, morphia or morphin, narcein,
narcotin, opiahin, papaverin, porphyroxin, xanthopin, meconidin,
codamin, laudanin, pseudo-morphin, and thebain. It contains
besides an indifferent bitter principle : meconin and meconic acid
(vide "Wittstein's Chemische Analyse von Pflanzentheilen," my
edit., p. 163). Various species of Papaver produce more or less
opium and morphia.

Pappea Capensis, Ecklon and Zeyher.

South Africa. The fruit of this tree is of the size of a cherry,
savoury and edible.

226 SELECT PLANTS FOB INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Pappophorum commune, F. v. Mueller.

Widely dispersed over the continent of Australia, also in. some
parts of Asia and Africa. Perennial ; regarded as a very fattening
pasture grass, and available for arid localities.

Parinarium Nonda, F. v. Mueller.

The Nonda Tree of North-East Australia. It may prove hardy in
temperate climes, and may live perhaps in the dry and hot air of
deserts, where it deserves trial culture for the sake of its edible,
mealy, plum-like fruit. A few other species with esculent drupes
occur in different tropical countries.

Parkinsonia aculeata, Linne.

From California to Monte Video. A thorny shrub, clearly adapted
for the warmer temperate zone, where it might be utilized with the
following plant for evergreen hedges. The flowers are handsome.

Parkinsonia Africana, Bonder.

South Africa. A tall bush. A third species, P. microphylla,
Torr., occurs on the Colorado.

Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Decaisne.

North-Western Himalayas, from about 3,000 to 8,500 feet eleva-
tion. This deciduous-leaved small tree merits attention. Its
tough and pliable twigs are used for basket-work and preferentially
for the twig bridges, the latter up to 300 feet long ; hence this tree
could be used for a variety of economic purposes (Stewart and
Brandis). P. Persica (C. A. Meyer) occurs on the Caspian Sea.

Parthenium integrifolium, Linne.

North America. The flowering tops of this perennial bitter herb
have come into use as a febrifuge (Houlton).

Paspalum ciliatum, Humboldt.

Tropical South America. A perennial and lauded cereal grass.

Paspalum dilatatum, Poiret.

Extra-tropical South America. Perennial, of excellent quality for
fodder. Mr. Bacchus found it hardy in Victoria up to a height of
2,000 feet. It grew in New South Wales after drought was
followed by heavy rains 4J feet in little more than two months.
It is closely allied to the Mexican P. virgatum, L. Introduced
into Australia like many other fodder grasses by the writer.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 227

Paspalum distichum, Linne.*

From India to South-Eastern Australia. The Silt Grass. A
creeping swamp-grass, forming extensive cushions. It keeps
beautifully green throughout the year, affords a sufficiently tender
blade for feed, and is exquisitely adapted to cover silt or bare slopes
on banks of ponds or rivers, where it grows grandly ; moderate
submersion does not destroy it, but frost injures it ; it thrives well
also on salt marshes.

Paspalum notatum, Fluegge.*

Brazil and Argentina. This is one of the best of fodder grasses
there, forming a dense, soft, carpet-like sward on meadows, and
becoming particularly luxuriant and nutritious on somewhat saline
soil (Lorentz).

Paspalum scrobiculatum, Linne.

Through the tropics of the eastern hemisphere widely dispersed,
extending to South-East Australia. A valuable pasture grass. A
superior variety is cultivated in India for a grain crop. This grass
furnishes a good ingredient to hay. The stem sometimes attains a
height of 8 feet. Rosenthal pronounces it pernicious, perhaps
when long and exclusive use is made of this grass.

Paspalum stoloniferum, Bosc.

Central America. A fodder grass of considerable value.

Paspalum undulatum, Poiret.

North and South America. Noticed by C. Mohr as valuable for
fodder. A. Gray records it as annual.

Passiflora alata, Aiton.

Peru and Brazil. This Passion Flower and all the following (and
probably other species) furnish Granadilla fruits.

Passiflora coccinea, Aublet.
From Guiana to Brazil.

Passiflora coerulea, Linne

South Brazil and Uruguay. One of the hardiest of all Passion
Flowers and with many others well adapted for covering bowers,
rookeries, and similar structures. Many of the equatorial species
come from mountainous regions and may thus endure temperate
clime.

Passiflora edulis, Sims.
Southern Brazil.

228 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Passiflora filamentosa, Willdenow.
Southern Brazil.

Passiflora incarnata, Linne.

North America from Virginia and Kentucky Southward. The
fruits are called May Pops.

Passiflora laurifolia, Linne. (P. tinifolia, Jussieu.)
The Water Lemon. From West India to Brazil.

Passiflora ligularis, Jussieu.

From Mexico to Bolivia. Professor Ernst of Caracas says that its
fruit is one of the finest anywhere in existence.

Passiflora lutea, Linne.

North America from Pennsylvania and Illinois southward. Berries
small.

Passiflora macrocarpa, Masters.

Brazil and Peru. Mr. Walter Hill reports having obtained fruits
of 8 Ibs. weight at the Brisbane Botanic Garden.

Passiflora maliformis, Linne.
From West India to Brazil.

0

Passiflora quadrangularis, Linne.

Brazil. One of the most commonly cultivated Granadillas.

Passiflora serrata, Linne.

From West India to Brazil.

Passiflora suberosa, Linne. (P. pallida, Linne.)

From Florida to Brazil. A careful investigator, Dr. Maxw.
Masters, has recently defined about 200 species of Passion Flowers.

Paullinia sorbilis, Martius.

Brazil. A climbing shrub, possibly hardy in the warm temperate
zones, where many tropical Cupaniae and other sapindaceous trees
endure the clime. The hard Guarana paste of chocolate colour is
prepared from the seeds by trituration in a heated mortar with
admixture of a little water, kneaded into a dough and then dried.
This paste, very rich in coffein, serves for a pleasant beverage and
also medicinally.

Paulo wnia imperialis, Siebold.

Japan. A tree, hardier than Cercis Siliquastrum, of value for
scenic effects.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 229

Peireskia aculeata, Miller.

West India. The Barbadoes Gooseberry. A tall shrub, adapted
for hedges in localities free of frost. The cochineal insect can be
reared on this plant also. The berries are edible. Several other
species exist in tropical America, among which P. Bleo (Humb.) is
particularly handsome, but they may not all be sufficiently hardy
for utilitarian purposes in an extra-tropical clime. Otherwise the
Bleo is used for salad.

Peireskia portulacifolia, Haworth.

"West India. This attains the size of a fair tree.

Pelargonium odoratissimum, Alton.

South Asia. A perennial trailing herb, from the leaves of which a
fragrant oil can be distilled. Pelargonium oil is extensively pro-
duced in Algeria as a cheap substitute for attar of roses. The same
remark applies to the shrubby P. radula and P, capitatum (Dr.
Rosenthal). The Kaffirs assert that these plants keep off snakes.

Peltophorum Linnsei, Bentham. (Ccesalpinia Brasiliensis, Linn6.)
A small tree, which provides the orange-coloured Brasiletto wood.
This species likes dry calcareous soil (Grisebach). Endures the

climate of Carolina.

»

Pennisetum latifolium, Sprengel.

Extra-tropical South America. A tall perennial nutritious grass,
forming large tufts, easily spreading from the roots or seeds. It is
of quick growth.

Pennisetum longistylum, Hochstetter.

Abyssinia. A grass of great beauty, forming ample tufts, much
recommended by Dr. Curl for permanent pasture. It was with
numerous other grasses introduced by the writer of this work into
Australia.

Pennisetum thyphoideum, Richard.* (Penicillaria spicata, Will-
denow ; Panicum coeruleum, Miller.)

Tropical Asia, Nubia, and Egypt. The Bajree. An annual,
ripening its millet crop in about three months in warm countries.
The stems are thick and reach a height of six feet, the maximum
length of a spike is about a foot and a half ; Colonel Sykes saw
exceptionally 15 spikes on one plant and occasionally 2,000 seeds
in one spike. Together with Sorghum this is the principal cereal
grown in India by the native races, except rice. This grass requires
a rich and loose soil, and on such it will yield upwards of a hundred-
fold. It furnishes a good hay, tJ^e^SE^ftftt^ quite easily dried,

230 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

and is also valuable as green fodder. In the United States culti-
vated as far north as Pennsylvania. Its fast growth prevents weeds
from obtaining a footing. In very exceptional cases and under
most favourable circumstances as regards soil and manure, the
first cutting is there in six or seven weeks, then up to 7 feet
high, giving at the rate of 30 tons green feed or 6J tons of hay
per acre on well-manured soil ; in six or seven weeks more a second
cutting is obtained of 55 tons per acre of green feed, the grass being
then 9 feet high ; a third cut is got in the same season. Farm
stock eat it greedily. Some of the many other species of Pennisetum
are doubtless of value as pasture. A plant allied to P. thyphoideum
occurs in China, namely, P. cereale (Trin.). This also affords millet
or corn for cakes.

Pentzia virgata, Lessing.

South Africa. A small bush, recommended to be established in
deserts for sheep fodder. It has the peculiarity that whenever a
branch touches the ground, it strikes roots and forms a new plant ;
this enables the species to cover ground rapidly (Sir Samuel Wilson).
Several other species occur in South Africa.

Periandra dulcis, Martius.

Sub-tropical Brazil. The sweet root yields liquorice.

Perilla arguta, Bentham.

Japan. An annual herb. An infusion of this plant is used to
impart to table vegetables and other substances a deep-red colour.
In Japan its seeds are pressed for oil. P. ocimoides (L.), of Upper
India, serves probably similar purposes. Some species of Perilla
are suitable for ribbon-culture.

Persea gratissima, Gaertner.

From Mexico to Peru and Brazil in forest tracts near the coast.
The Avocado Pear. Suggestively mentioned here as likely avail-
able for mild localities, inasmuch as it has become naturalized in
Madeira, the Azores, and Canary Islands. A noble evergreen
spreading tree. The pulp of the large pear-shaped fruit is of deli-
cious taste and flavour. The fruit is sliced for salad. Its pulp
contains about 8 per cent, of greenish oil.

Persea Teneriffse, F. v. Mueller. (P. Indica, Sprengel.)

Madeira, Azores, and Canary Islands. This magnificent tree pro-
duces a beautiful, hard, mahogany-like wood, especially sought for
superior furniture and turners' work. One of the most hardy trees
of the large order of Laurinae.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 231

Peucedanum cachrydifolium, Ledebour.

Persia. A valuable fodder herb (Dr. Rosenthal).

Peucedanum graveolens, Bentham. (Anethum graveolens, Linne.)

The Dill. South Europe, North Africa, Orient. Annual. The
well-known aromatic fruitlets used as a condiment. P. Sowa,
Benth. (Anethum Sowa, Roxb.) is a closely-allied Indian annual
herb.

Peucedanum officinale, Linne.

The Sulphur Root. Middle and South Europe, North Africa,
Middle Asia. Perennial. The root is used in veterinary medicine.
It contains, like that of the following species, the crystalline
Peucedanin.

Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch. (Imperatoria Ostruthium, Linne.)

Mountains of Middle Europe. A perennial herb, which could be
grown in Alpine regions. The acid aromatic root is used in
medicine, particularly in veterinary practice. It is required for
the preparation of some kinds of Swiss cheese. P. Cervaria(Cuss.)
and P. Oreoselinum (Moench) are also occasionally drawn into
medicinal use.

Peucedanum sativum, Bentham. (Pastinaca sativa, Linne.)

The Parsnip. Europe, North and Middle Asia. Biennial. The
root palatable and nutritious. A somewhat calcareous soil is
favourable for the best development of this plant. The culture is
that of the carrot ; for fodder the root surpasses that of the latter
in augmenting milk (Langethal).

Peucedanum Sekakul, Bentham.

Egypt and Syria. Biennial. The root is edible.

Peumus Boldus, Molina.

The Boldo of Chili. A small ornamental evergreen tree, with
exceedingly hard wood, which is utilized for many kinds of imple-
ments. The bark furnishes dye material. The fruits are of aro-
matic and sweet taste (Dr. Philippi).

Peziza macropus, Persoon.

Europe. Mentioned by Goeppert among the edible mushrooms
sold in Silesia, along with P. repanda (Wahlenberg).

Phalaris aquatica, Linne.

South Europe and North Africa. Important as a perennial fodder
grass, fit for wet ground.

232 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Phalaris Canariensis, Linne.

The Canary Grass. An annual grass from the Canary Islands, now
widely dispersed as a spontaneous plant over the warmer zones of
the globe. Thus it has also become naturalized in Australia. It is
grown for its seeds, which form one of the best kinds of fodder for
many sorts of small cage-birds. The flour is utilized in certain pro-
cesses of cotton manufacture, and liked for some kinds of cakes.
The soil for the culture of the Canary Grass must be friable and not
too poor. It is an exhaustive crop. As allied annual species of
similar use, but mostly of less yield, may be enumerated : P.
brachystachys (Link.) from Italy, P. minor (Retz) and P. truncata
(Guss.) from various countries on the Mediterranean Sea. Other
species, including some from Asia, are deserving of trial \ but
the prennial British P. arundinacea (L.) is too harsh to serve
for wholesome fodder, nor does it furnish Canary seed. P. minor
is recommended by Dr. Curl for permanent pastures, as it supplies a
large quantity of fine, sweet, fattening foliage, relished by stock. It
keeps green far into the winter in the climate of New Zealand. Chemi-
cal constituents here (in November) : Albumen 1-59, Gluten 6-14,
Starch 1-03, Gum 6-64, Sugar 2-86 per cent. (F. v. Mueller, and L.
Hummel) ; another analysis in the same month gave : Albumen
1-06, Gluten 5-64, Starch 0-98, Gum 3-22, Sugar 4-20 per cent.

Pharnaceum acidum, J. Hooker.

St. Helena. A dwarf perennial succulent plant, which might ad-
vantageously be naturalized on sea-shores, to yield an acid salad,
perhaps superior to that of Portulaca oleracea.

Phaseolus aconitifolius, Jacquin.

India, up to 4,000 feet. A dwarf species. Dr. Forbes Watson
admits it among the culinary beans of India. It will bear on arid
soil. P. trilobus (Aiton) is a variety.

Phaseolus adenanthus, G. Meyer. (P. Truxillensis, Humbolt ; P.
rostratus, Wallich.)

Almost cosmopolitan within the tropics, where irrespective of navi-
gation and other traffic it becomes dispersed by migrating birds ;
truly spontaneous also in tropical Australia. A perennial herb with
large flowers, resembling those of Vigna vexillata (Beiith.). Culti-
vated for its seeds, which are rather small, but copiously produced.
A variety with edible roots occurs.

Phaseolus coccineus, Kniphof.* (P. multiflorus, Willdenow.)

The Turkish Bean or Scarlet Runner. A native of the Orient, if
Sprengel's identification is correct, according to which this plant
was known in Arabia and Persia in Avicenna's time ; but according

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

233

to other opinions it is a native of Mexico. A twining showy peren-
nial, as useful as the ordinary French bean. Its seeds usually larger
than those of the latter plant, purple with black dots, but some-
times also pure blue and again quite white. The flowers occur
sometimes white. The root contains a narcotic poison.

Phaseolus lunatus, Linne".

Considered as a native of tropical America, but also recorded as
wild from many parts of , tropical Africa and Asia. Biennial
according to Roxburgh. Much cultivated in the warm zone for its
edible beans, which are purple or white. A yellow-flowered variety
or closely-allied species is known as the Madagascar Bean and
proved hardy and productive in Victoria. P. perennis, Walt., from
the United States of North America, is another allied plant.

Phaseolus Max, Linne. (P. Ifungo, Linne j P. radicatus, Linne.)
The Green Gram. South Asia and tropical Australia. An annual
very hairy plant, not much climbing. Frequently reared in India,
when rice fails or where that crop cannot be produced. According
to Sir Walter Elliot one of the most esteemed of Indian pulses.
" It fetches the highest price and is more than any other in request
among the richer classes, entering largely into delicate dishes and
cakes." Cultivated up to 6,000 feet (Forbes Watson). Col. Sykes
counted sixty-two pods on one plant with from seven to fourteen
seeds in each. The seeds are but small, and the herb is not available
for fodder. This plant requires no irrigation, and ripens in two and
a-half to three months. The grain tastes well and is esteemed
wholesome. The harvest is about thirty-fold.

Phaseolus vulgaris, Linne\*

The ordinary Kidney Bean, or French Bean, or Haricot. India,
from whence it came to Europe through the conquests of Alex-
ander the Great ; but apparently it is also wild in North-
Western Australia. Though this common and important culi-
nary annual is so well known, it has been deemed desirable to
refer to it here with a view of reminding that the Kidney
Bean is nearly twice as nutritive as wheat. The meal from
beans might also find far-augmented use. As constituents of
• the beans should be mentioned a large proportion of starch
(nearly half), then much legumin, also some phaseolin (which,
like amogdalin, can be converted into an essential oil) and
inosit-sugar. Lentils contain more legumin but less starch, while
Peas and Beans are in respect to the proportion of these two
nourishing substances almost alike. The Kidney Bean can still be
cultivated in cold latitudes and at Sub-Alpine elevations, if the
uninterrupted summer warmth lasts for four months ; otherwise it
is more tender than the Pea. The soil should for field culture be

234 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

friable and somewhat limy and not sandy. Phaseolus nanus, L.
(the Dwarf-Bean), and P. tumidus, Savi (the Sugar-Bean, or
Sword-Bean, or Egg-Bean), are varieties of P. vulgaris. Several
other species of Phaseolus seem worthy of culinary culture.
Haricot Beans contain very decided deobstruent properties, which
however are generally destroyed by too much boiling. To obviate
this they should be soaked for 24 hours in cold water to which salt
has been added, and then gently boiled for not more than 30 or 40
minutes in very little water (W. B. Booth).

Phleum prat ens e, Linne.*

The Catstail or Timothy Grass. Europe, North Africa, North
and Middle Asia. One of the most valuable of all perennial fodder
grasses. Its production of early spring herbage is superior to that
of the Cock's-foot Grass. It should enter largely into any mixture
of grasses for permanent pasturage. It will live also on moist and
cold clay ground. This grass, and perhaps yet more the allied
Phleum Alpinum, L., are deserving of an extensive transfer to
moory mountain regions. For hay it requires mowing in a young
stage. The seed is copiously yielded and well retained. The
greatest advantage from this grass arises, according to Langethal,
when it is grown along with clovers. It thrives even better on
sandy meadows than on calcareous soil ; it will prosper on poorer
ground than Alopecurus pratensis ; the latter furnishes its full yield
only in the fourth year, whereas the Phleum does so in the second.
The Timothy dries more quickly for hay and the seeds are gathered
more easily, but it vegetates later, is of harder consistence, and
yields less in the season after the first cut. Dr. Curl, of New
Zealand, observes that, while many grasses and clovers may cause
diarrho3a in sheep if eaten in their spring-growth, Timothy grass
when young does not affect them injuriously.

Phoenix dactylifera, Linne.*

The Date Palm. North Africa, also inland ; Arabia, Persia. This
noble Palm attains finally a height of 80, exceptionally 1 20 feet. It
is unisexual and of longevity. " Trees of from 100 to 200 years old
continue to produce their annual crop of dates," though gradually
at very advancing age at diminished rates. Though from the sap
sugar or palm wine can be obtained, and from the leaves hats, mats,
and similar articles can be manufactured, we here would utilize this
palm beyond scenic garden ornamentation only for its fruits. It is
in the oases of our desert tracts, swept by burning winds, where
the date palm would afford in time to come a real boon, although
it might be grown also in the valleys of our mountains and in any
part of our lowlands. Several bunches of flowers are formed in a
season, each producing often as many as 200 dates. In Egypt as

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 235

many as 4 cwt. of dates have been harvested in one season from a
single date palm. Many varities of Dates exist, differing in shape,
size, and colour of the fruit ; those of Gomera are large and contain
no seed. The unexpanded flower bunches can be used for palm
cabbage, the fibre of the leaf stalks for cordage. The town Elche,
in Spain, is surrrounded by a planted forest of about 80,000 date
palms, and the sale of leaves for decorative purposes produces,
irrespective of the value of the date fruits, a considerable income
to the town ; and so it is at Alicante. As far north as the Gulf of
Genoa exists also a date forest. The ease with which this palm
grows from seeds affords facility in adapted climes to imitate these
examples, and we certainly ought to follow them in all parts of
Australia, and in similar climes. The best dates are grown in oases,
where fresh water gushes from the ground in abundance and
spreads over light soil of the desert with its burning wind. The
Zadie variety produces the heaviest crop, averaging 300 Ibs. to the
tree ; superior varieties can only be continued from offshoots of the
root ; these will commence to bear in five years and be in full
bearing in ten years ; one male tree is considered sufficient for half
a hundred females. The pollen-dust is sparingly applied by arti-
ficial means. The date palm will live in saltish soil, and the water
for its irrigation may be slightly brackish. — (Surgeon- Major Colvill.)
Northern limit of date about 35° north latitude.

Phoenix Hanceana, Drude.

South China. This palm was buried for ten days under three feet
of snow in the south of France without injury (Naudin).

Phoenix paludosa, Roxburgh.

India. A stout species, not very tall. Of value at least for
decorative culture.

Phoenix pusilla, Gaertner.

India and South China. A dwarf species, which bears the clime
of the South of France without protection (Kerehove de Denter-
ghem). P. farinif era (Roxb.) appears to be identical. It is adapted
for sandy and otherwise dry and barren land, but prefers the
vicinity of the sea. Berry shining black, with a sweet mealy pulp.

Phoenix reclinata, Jacquin.

South Africa, in the eastern districts. A hardy species, but not
tall, often reclining. It is adapted for ornamentation. The sweet
coating of the fruit is edible (Backhouse).

Phoenix silvestris, Roxburgh.

India, almost on any soil or in any situation. It has proved at
Melbourne a very hardy species. Its greatest height is 40 feet.

236 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Berries yellowish or reddish, larger than in P. pusilla. Where this
Palin abounds much sugar is obtained from it by evaporation of
the sap, which flows from incisions into the upper part of the trunk
— a process not sacrificing the plant, as for twenty years the sap
can thus be withdrawn. This Palm sugar consists almost entirely
of Cane sugar. A kind of arrack is obtained by fermentation and
distillation of this sap, and also from the young spikes. Each plant
furnishes the juice for about 8 Ibs. of date sugar annually, but in
some instances much more. About 50,000 tons of sugar are pro-
duced a year in Bengal alone from this and some other palms. The
leaves are used for mats. It lives in drier regions than other
Indian palms.

Phoenix spinosa, Thonning.

Tropical Africa, ascending mountain regions, thus perhaps hardy.
Dr. Kirk found the green bunches, if immersed in water for half a
day, suddenly to assume a scarlet hue, and then the astringent pulp
to become edible and sweet.

Phormium tenax, J. R and G. Forster.*

The Flax Lily of New Zealand, where it occurs as far south as
46° 30', occurring also in the Chatham Islands and Norfolk Island,
though not on Lord Howe's Island. It is also found in the Auck-
land islands, nearly 51° south (Schur). It flowered in several
places in England in exposed positions, and was not affected by
severe frost (Masters). It seems important that this valuable
plant should be brought universally under culture, particularly on
any inferior spare ground, or on the sea-beaches or any rocky
declivity, where it may be left unprotected to itself, as no grazing
animal will touch it. It is evident that the natural up-growth will
soon be inadequate to the demand for the plant. It is adapted for
staying bush fires when planted in hedgerows. Merely torn into
shreds the leaves serve at once in gardens and vineyards as cordage,
and for this purpose, irrespective of its showy aspect, the Phor-
mium has been distributed from the Botanic Garden of Melbourne
since the last twenty years. From the divided roots any plantation
can gradually be increased, or this can be done more extensively
still by sowing the seeds. In all likelihood the plant would thrive
and become naturalized in the Auckland and Campbell's Group, in
Kerguelen's Land, the Falkland Islands, the Shetland Islands, and
many continental places of both hemispheres. It proved hardy in
"England. Among the varieties three are better characterized than
the rest : the Tehore, the Swamp, and the Hill variety. The first
and the last mentioned produce a fibre fine and soft, yet strong,
and the plants attain a height of only about 5 feet, whereas the
Swamp variety grows to double that height, producing a larger

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 237

yield of a coarser fibre, which is chiefly used for rope or paper
making. As might be expected, the richer the soil the more
vigorous the growth of the plant ; it likes, moreover, now and then
to be overflown by fresh or brackish water, but it will not live if
permanently sunk into wet. In swampy ground trenches should
be dug to divert the surplus of humidity. Fibre, free from gum-
resin, properly dressed, withstands moisture as well as the best
Manilla rope. Carefully prepared, the fibre can also be spun into
various textile durable fabrics, either by itself or mixed with cotton,
wool, or flax. In October, 1872, the sale of Phormium fibre in
London was 11,500 bales, ranging in price from £1 9 to £31. The
tow can also be converted into paper, distinguished for its strength
and whiteness. The London price of Phormium fibre for this
purpose is from £10 to £20 per ton.

For further details on the utilization of this plant, the elaborate
report of the New Zealand Commission for Phormium should be
consulted. One of the dwarf varieties is Phormium Colensoi (J.
Hooker).

Photinia eriobotrya, J. Hooker. (P. Japonica, Franch. and Javat.)
(Eriobotrya Japonica, Lindley.)

China and Japan. The Loquat. This beautiful evergreen shrub
or tree with its refreshing fruit is easily raised from seed, or supe-
rior varieties can, according to G. W. Johnson, be grafted not
only on its own stock, but also on the Whitethorn, or better still
on the Quince. It is also a grand bush for scenic ornamental
effects. P. villosa (Cand.) yields also edible native fruit to the
Japanese.

Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, Richard.

Celery Pine of Tasmania. A stately tree up to 60 feet high, with
a stem of 2 to 6 feet in diameter. The timber is valuable for ships'
masts. It will only grow to advantage in deep forest valleys.

Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Don.

Celery Pine of New Zealand, northern island ; it is also called Pitch
Pine by the colonists ; native name, Tanekaha. This tree attains a
height of 70 feet, with a straight stem of 3 feet in diameter, and
furnishes a pale close-grained timber, strong, heavy, and remarkably
durable, according to Professor Kirk, greatly valued for mine-props,
struts, caps, sleepers, water-tanks, bridge planks and piles, and
spars ; the Maoris employ the bark for dyeing red and black.

Phyllostachys bambusoides, Siebold.

Himalaya, China, and Japan. A dwarf Bamboo, but hardy,
and the yellowish canes available for excellent walking-sticks
(Griffith).

238 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Phyllostachys nigra, Munro.* (Bambusa nigra, Loddiges.)

China and Japan. Up to 25 feet high. The stems nearly solid
and becoming black. Has withstood severe frost in the south of
France and at Vienna. Known to have grown 1 6 feet in six weeks.
Bamboo chairs and walking-sticks often made of this species. A
Japan species of this bambusaceous genus proved hardy in
Scotland. P. viridi-glaucescens and P. aurea are perfectly hardy
in England (Munro).

Physalis Alkekengi, Linne.

The Strawberry Tomato or Winter Cherry. Middle and South
Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, extending to Japan, said to
have come originally from Persia. A perennial herb. The berry,
which is red and of a not unpleasant taste, has some medicinal
value. The leaves contain a bitter principle — physalin.

Physalis'angulata, Linne.

In many tropical countries, extending as a native plant to the
northern parts of the United States and to Japan. An annual
herb. Yellowish ; the berries edible. P. minima, L. (P. parviflora,
R. Br.), appears to be a variety and extends also into tropical
Australia.

Physalis Peruviana, Linne.

Temperate and tropical America, widely naturalized in many
countries of the warmer zones. With double inaptness called
the Cape Gooseberry. A perennial herb ; but for producing its
fruit well, it .requires early renovation. The acidulous berries can
be used as well as a table fruit as for preserves. Doubtless several
other kinds of Physalis can be utilized in the same manner. In
colder countries the P. Peruviana becomes annual.

Pilocarpus pinnatifolius, Lemaire.

One of Jaborandi plants of tropical and sub-tropical Brazil. The
leaves and bark of this shrub, which contain essential oil and a
a peculiar alkaloid, are famed as an agreeable, powerful, and
quickly-acting sudorific. This bush is likely to endure the clime of
milder temperate forest regions (Continho, Baillon, Hardy, Guebler).
Like P. simplex, also an active sialogogue. Pilocarpin contracts
the pupil, and stimulates powerfully the salivary glands.

Pimpinella Anisum, Linne.

The Anise Plant. Greece, Egypt, Persia. An annual. The seed-
like fruits enter into various medicines and condiments, and are
also required for the distillation of oil, rich in anethol. The
herbage left after obtaining the seeds serves for fodder.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 239

Pimpinella saxifraga, Linne,

Europe, North and Middle Asia. A perennial herb ; its root used
in medicine ; a peculiar volatile oil can be distilled from the root.
P. magna (L.) is a closely allied species, and P. nigra (W.) is a
variety. The root of the last is particularly powerful.

Pimpinella Sisarum, Bentham. (Slum Sisarum, Linne.)

East Asia. A perennial herb. The bunches of small tubers
afford an excellent culinary vegetable. The taste is sweet and
somewhat celery -like. The roots endure frost.

Pinus Abies, Du Roi.* (Pinus Picea, Linne.)

Silver Fir, Tanne. In Middle Europe up to 50° north latitude,
forming dense forests. A fine tree, already the charm of the
ancients, attaining 200 feet in height, and 20 feet in circumference
of stem, reaching the age of 300 years. It furnishes a most valu-
able timber for building as well as furniture, and in respect to
lightness, toughness, and elasticity it is even more esteemed than
the Norway Spruce, but is not so good for fuel or for charcoal.
It is very pale, light, not very resinous, and is mostly employed for
the finer works of joiners and cabinet-makers, for sound-boards of
musical instruments, largely for toys, also for lucifer matches, for
coopers' and turners' work, further for house-building, and for masts
and spars. It also yields a fine white resin and the Strasburg
turpentine, similar to the Venetian. Besides the above normal
formal form, the following two main varieties occur : P. Abies var.
Cephalonica, Parlatore (P. Cephalonica, Endl.). Greece, 3,000 to
5,000 feet above the sea. A tree 60 feet high, with a stem circum-
ference of 10 feet. The wood is very hard and durable, and much
esteemed for building. General Napier mentions that in pulling
down some old houses at Argostoli, which had been built 150 to
300 years, all the wood-work of this fir was found as hard as oak
and perfectly sound. P. Abies var. Nordmanniana, Parlatore
(P. Nordmanniana, Steven), Crimea and Circassia, 6,000 feet above
the sea. This is one of the most imposing firs, attaining a height
of 100 feet, with a perfectly straight stem. It furnishes a valuable
building timber. The Silver Fir is desirable for mountain forests.
It will grow on sand, but only half as fast as P. Pinaster.

Pinus alba, Aiton.

White Spruce. From Canada to Carolina, up to the highest
mountains. It resembles P. picea, but is smaller, at most 50 feet
high. The bark richer in tannin than that of the Hemlock Spruce.
The timber well adapted for deal boards, spars, and many other
purposes, but on the whole inferior to Black Spruce. The tree
grows in damp situations or swampy ground. Eligible for Alpine
country.

240 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Pinus Alcocqiana, Parlatore.

Japan, at an elevation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet. A fine tree, 120
feet high, with very small blue-green leaves; the wood is used for
light household furniture. P. tonga and P. polita ascend there to
the same height (Rind).

Pinus amabilis, Douglas.

Californian Silver Fir. North California, at an elevation of from
4,000 to 7,000 or even 10,000 feet. A handsome Fir, 200 feet
high, circumference of stem 24 feet ; the stem is naked up to 100
feet. The tree passes under the name of the " Queen of the
Forests " (Lemmon). The wood is elastic, strong, and hard, fit for
masts and spars ; it has a peculiar red colour ; spikes, nails, and
bolts hold firm and never corrode in it (Dufur). Very closely
allied to. P. nobilis.

Pinus aristata, Englemann.

California, at elevations of 8-10,000 feet in the Sierras. A tree
attaining 75 feet in height, the stem 3 feet in diameter, with
extremely short leaves (Gibbons). Fit for Alpine country.

Pinus Australis, Michaux.*

Southern or Swamp Pine, also called Georgia, Yellow Pitch, Long-
leaved Yellow or Broom Pine. Southern States of North America.
The tree attains a height of 100 feet. It furnishes a superior
timber for furniture and building, also for naval architecture,
railway ties, and for flooring. It yields the principal Yellow Pine
of the lumber trade. The wood is compact, straight-grained, very
durable, and has only a slight layer of sapwood. The tree is not
so quick of growth as many other Pines. According to Dr. Little
the tree produces 30,000 feet of first-class heartwood timber per
acre. It is this tree which forms chiefly the extensive Pine barrens
of the United States, and yields largely the American turpentine,
as well as resin, pitch, and tar. Porcher observes that the tree
shoots up devoid of branches for sometimes as much as 60 feet, and
he calls it " one of the greatest gifts of God to man." The tree
prevails, according to C. Mohr, where the silicious coiistitutents of
the drift-soil mingle with the out-crops of tertiary strata, and he
observes that forests of this pine cause grateful showers with
wonderful regularity through all seasons. The emanations from
Pines, particularly the very resinous species, are antimalarian and
antiseptic, as proved by residences near Pine forests, and by the use
of hospital buildings constructed of Pine wood.

Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. (P. Loudonicma, Gordon.)

In Mexico, at an elevation of 8,000 to 12,000 feet. An excellent
Pine, 100 to 150 feet high, with a stem diameter of 3 to 4 feet.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 241

It has the habit of P. excelsa, and is equal to it in its own line of
beauty (Beecher) and in hardiness, — yielding a much esteemed
white or sometimes reddish timber.

Pinus Balfouriana, Jeffrey. (P. aristata, Englemann.)

California to Colorado, up to 12,000 feet elevation. The Fox-tail
or Hickory-Pine. Height to 100 feet ; trunk diameter to 5 feet.
Wood close-grained, tough, very strong (Sargent).

Pinus balsamea, Linne.

Balsam Fir, Balm of Gilead Fir. Canada, Nova Scotia, south to
New England, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. An elegant tree, 40
feet high, which with Pinus Fraseri yields the Canada balsam, the
well-known oleo-resin. The timber is light, pale, soft, and useful
for furniture and implements. The tree does not attain a very
great age. Sends a pleasant odour through the forest regarded as
salubrious, especially in phthisis diseases — a remark which applies
to many other pines. It thrives best in cold, swampy places.
Eligible for Alpine regions.

Pinus bracteata, D. Don.

Southern California, up to 6,000 feet. A very handsome tree,
attaining 150 feet in height, with a slender, perfectly straight stern,
not more than 2 feet in diameter. The resin is used for incense.

Pinus Brunoniana, Wallich. (P. dumosa, D. Don.)

Himalaya, descending to 8,000 and ascending to 10,500 feet.
Attains a height of 120 feet, and the stem a circumference of 28
feet (J. D. Hooker). Particularly eligible for Alpine tracts. The
timber is pale and soft, and does not stand exposure well.

Pinus Canadensis, Linne.

Hemlock Spruce. In Canada and over a great part of the United
States, on high mountains, as well as on undulating land. A very
ornamental tree, 100 feet high, with a white cross-grained wood
remarkably durable when used for submerged water-works; also
employed for railway ties. According to Vasey it is one of the
most graceful of Spruces with a light and spreading spray. Next
to P. Strobus it is the highest pine of the Eastern States of North
America. The tree is extremely valuable on account of its bark,
which is much esteemed as a tanning material, containing 9 to 1 4 per
cent, tannin. It is much liked as an admixture to oak bark for par-
ticular leathers of great toughness, wearing strength, and resistance
to water. The extract of the bark for tanning fetches in the London
market from £16 to £18 a ton, and is imported to the extent of
about 6,000 tons a year; it is stripped off during the summer months.
The young shoots are used in making spruce-beer.

242 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Pinus Canariensis, C. Smith.*

Canary Pine. Canary Islands, forming large forests at an elevation of
5,000 to 6,000 feet. A tree 70 feet nigh, with a resinous, durable,
very heavy wood, not readily attacked by insects. It thrives
well in Victoria, and shows celerity of growth. Will endure an
occasional shade temperature of 118° F. (W. J. Winter).

Pinus Cedrus, Linne.*

Cedar of Lebanon. Together with the Atlas variety on the
mountains of Lebanon and Taurus, also in North Africa. The
tree grows to a height of 100 feet, with a healthy trunk up to 36
feet in circumference, and attains a very great age ; the wood is of
a light-reddish colour, soft, inodourous, easy to work, and much
esteemed for its durability.

Pinus Cedrus, var. Deodara.*

Deodar Cedar. On the Himalaya Mountains, 3,000 to 12,000 feet
above the sea-level. A majestic tree, reaching a height of more than
300feet,andsometimes30feetin circumference of stem. Thewoodis
of a light-yellow colour, very close-grained and resinous, strongly and
agreeably scented, light, extremely durable, well resisting the
vicissitudes of a variable clime, and furnishes one of the best
building timbers known. Pillars of Kashmir mosques of this
wood are found sound after 400 years, and bridges of still greater
antiquity are in existence. White ants hardly ever attack the
heartwood. Boats built of this wood last forty years. It is also
extensively used for canal-edges and for railways. The tree should
not be felled too young. It also yields a good deal of resin and
turpentine. A humid clime very much accelerates the growth of
this Pine, which in forest-ranges would come best and quickest to
its development. Deodars will endure, when not too young,
an exceptional temperature of 118° F. in the shade (W. J.
Winter).

Pinus Cembra, Linne.

On the European Alps, also in Siberia and Tartary. Less hardy
than P. Laricio, although from the higher Alps. The tree attains
a height of 120 feet, the stem upwards of 4 feet in diameter ; the
wood is of a yellow colour, very soft and resinous, of an extremely
fine texture, and is extensively used for carving and cabinet work.
The seeds are edible, and when pressed yield a great quantity of oil.
A good turpentine is also obtained from this Pine.

Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini. (P. Laveana, Schiede and Deppe.)

Mexican Swamp Pine. A small tree, 30 feet high, growing at an
elevation of 8,000 to 10,000 feet. The timber is not of much use,
but the seeds are edible and have a very agreeable taste.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 243

Pinus Cilicica, Antoine and Kotschy.

Cilician Silver Fir. Asia Minor. 4,000 to 6,500 feet above sea--
level. A handsome tree of pyramidal growth, 160 feet high.
Quite hardy in climes like that of Yienna. The wood is very soft
and used extensively for the roofs of houses, as it does not warp.

Pinus concolor, Engelmann.

North- West America, at elevations of 8,000 to 9,000 feet. Tree
to 150 feet high; trunk to. 4 feet diameter. The wood is tough,
eligible for building purposes and other substantial work (Yasey).

Pinus contorta, Douglas. (P. Bolandri, Parlatore.)

On high damp ranges in California, attaining 50 feet in height,
also abundant on the mountains of Colorado, and very eligible for
clothing rocky hill-sides (Meehan). In California it forms dense
thickets along the coast, and is in this respect as valuable as P.
Laricio, P. Pinaster, and P. Haleppensis in Europe, as a shelter-
tree in stormy localities. Dr. Gibbons remarks of this pine which
vernacularly is called Tamarak or Hack-me-tack, that its size
has generally been understated. At the foot of the Sierra and
on mountains 8,000 feet high he saw great numbers of it,
forming the most stately of forest Pines, not rarely attaining
a height. of 150 feet and 4 feet in diameter. The timber is pale,
straight-grained and very light ; there considered the best and most
durable material for dams and for general building purposes. It
furnishes sea-ports with piles and masts, also railway ties. Its
value is beyond calculation (Gibbons).

Pinus Coulteri, D. Don.

California, on the eastern slope of the coast range, at an elevation
of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. A pine of quick growth, attaining a height
of about 100 feet, with a trunk up to 4 feet in diameter ; it has the
largest cones of all pines, comparable in size and form to sugar-
loaves. The nuts are nutritious (Yasey).

Pinus densiflora, Siebold and Zuccarini.

The " Akamatsou" of Japan, in the interior of Nipon, where it
forms, along with P. Massoiiiana, extensive forests at 1,000 to
2,000 feet above sea-level. Attains an age of several centuries
(Rein). The timber is excellent for building ; it is less resinous
than that of P. Massoniana (Dupont).

Pinus Douglasii, Sabine.*

Oregon Pine, called also the Yellow Pine of Puget Sound, where
it yields the principal timber for export, and is therefore of great
commercial value in the lumber-trade. It extends from Yan-
couver's Island and the Columbia River,

244 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Northern Mexico, from the coast up to the higher mountains of
9,000 feet. The maximum height known is nearly 400 feet, the
greatest diameter of the stem 14 feet. Can be grown very closely,
when the stems will attain, according to Drs. Kellogg and New-
berry, a height of over 200 feet without a branch. A densely
wooded forest will contain about 36 full-grown trees to an acre.
The timber is fine and clear-grained, heavy, strong, soft, and easily
worked, firm, and solid, splendid for masts and spars, ships' planks
and piles ; also for flooring, being for that purpose regarded as
the best of California (Bolander). It will bear a tension of 3 to 1
as compared with the Sequoias. It is the strongest wood on the
the North Pacific coast, both in horizontal strain and perpendicular
pressure. Sub- Alpine localities should be extensively planted with
this famous tree. It requires deep and rich soil, but likes shelter ;
its growth is at the rate of the Larch ; it passes in various localities
as Black and Red Spruce. Both in clayey and light soil it attains
50 feet in about eighteen years ; it requires however a moist forest
clime for rapid growth.

Finns edulis, Engelmann.

New Mexico. A tree, not tall, but very resinous. Wood easily
split. One of the best for fuel (Meehan). It yields the " Pino"
nuts, of exceedingly nice taste and produced in immense quantities
(Sargent).

Pinus Elliotti, Engelmann.

Southern States of North America. A large forest-tree, 100 feet
high, of quick growth, adapted for exposed localities. Prefers the
borders of swamps or streams and sandy-clay (C. Mohr).

Pinus excelsa, Wallich.*

The Lofty or Bootan Pine. Himalaya, forming large forests, at
from 5,000 to 12,500 feet elevation ; also in Macedonia and Monte-
negro. A fine tree, 150 feet high, furnishing a valuable, close-
grained, resinous, soft and easily workable wood, ranking among
Himalayan Pine-woods for durability next to Deodar timber
(Stewart and Brandis). It also furnishes a good quantity of tur-
pentine. Under cultivation it shrinks before a fierce summer sun
(Beecher).

Pinus firma, Antoine.

North Japan, at 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea-level in humid
valleys. A lofty tree of the habit of the Silver Fir. The timber
is white, soft, and fine-grained, employed particularly by coopers
and upholsterers.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 245

Pinus flexilis, James.

The White Pine of the Rocky Mountains, also known as the Bull
Pine, from New Mexico to British Columbia, ascending to 13,000
feet. Prefers the limestone formation. A valuable Fir for cold
regions. It attains a height of 150 feet, according to Dr. Gibbons.

»J. Hoopes mentions that it is of slow growth. Wood pale, soft,
and compact, of fine texture, according to Sargent, intermediate
between that of P. Strobus and P. Lambertiana.

Pinus Fortune!, Parlatore.

China, in the neighbourhood of Foo-Chow-Foo. A splendid tree,
70 feet high, somewhat similar in habit to P. Cedrus.

Pinus Fraseri, Pursh.

Double Balsam Fir. On high mountains of Carolina and Pennsyl-
vania. This tree, which grows to a height of about 20 feet, yields
with P. balsamea Canada balsam.

Pinus Gerardiana, Wallich.

Nepal Nut-Pine. In the north-eastern parts of the Himalaya at an
elevation of 10,000 to 12,000 feet, forming extensive forests. The
tree attains a height of 50 feet, with a comparatively short stem,
and produces very sweet edible seeds, also turpentine. Hoopes
refers to it as remarkable for the copiousness of its resin. In
reference to the nut-like seeds, the proverb prevails at Kunawar,
" One tree a man's life in winter."

Pinus glabra, Walter.

Carolina. Allied to P. mitis. It attains, according to Chapman, a
height of 60 feet. Porcher compares the wood to that of P. Strobus.

Pinus grandis, Douglas.

Great Silver Fir of North California, also known as the Yellow
Fir of Oregon. A splendid quick-growing Fir, 200 feet high and
upwards, growing best in moist valleys of high ranges. The stem
occasionally attains a diameter of 7 feet at 130 feet from the
ground, and of 6 feet at 200. Trees occur of 15 feet diameter and
320 feet high ; the wood is white and soft, too light and brittle,
according to Vasey, for general purposes, while Prof. Brewer

r asserts that it is employed for boards, boxes, cooperage, and even
much sought for ship-building.
US Griffithii, Parlatore. (Larix Griffithii, J. Hooker and Thomson.)
The Himalayan Larch. Descends to 8,000 feet and ascends to
12,000 feet. Timber pale, soft, without distinct heartwood, one
of the most durable of all Pine timbers (Stewart and Brandis).
P. Ledebourii, Endlicher, is the Siberian Larch.

246 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Pinus Halepenis, Miller. (P. Maritima, Lambert.)

Aleppo Pine. South Europe and North Africa. This well-known
Pine attains a height of 80 feet, with a stem of from 4 to 5 feet in
diameter. The timber of young trees is white, of older trees of a
dark colour j it is principally esteemed for ship-building, but also
used for furniture. The tree yields a peculiar kind of turpentine,
as well as a valuable tar. Although ascending mountains in South
Europe to the height of 4,000 feet, it thrives best in sandy coast-
lands, where in ten years it will attain to 25 feet, and finally will
become a larger tree than on firmer lands. M. Boitel has published
a special work on the importance of this pine for converting poor
sand-land into productive areas, referring also to P. silvestris and
P. Laricio for the same purpose. According to Mr. W. Irvine
Winter it will resist a heat of 118° F. in the shade. "We find the
Aleppo Fir one of the best of evergreen avenue trees in Victoria,
as first proved by the writer. It is content with the poorest and
driest localities and comparatively rapid of growth.

Pinus Hartwegii, Lindley.

Mexico, 9,000 to 13,000 feet above sea-level. A Pine 50 feet in
height, with a very durable wood, of a reddish colour ; it yields a
large quantity of resin.

Pinus Hudsonica, Poiret. (P. Banksiana, Lamb.)

Grey Pine. North America, up to 64° north latitude. Height of
tree 40 feet ; in the cold north only a shrub. The wood is light,
tough, and easily worked.

Pinus inops, Solander.

North America. The Jersey Pine. A tree attaining a height
of 40 feet, available for fixing drift-sand on coasts. Easily
disseminated.

Pinus Jezoensis, Antoine and Endlicher.

Japan. A large tree, with light, soft, smooth timber, used
principally for household utensils.

Pinus Ksempferi, Lambert.

Chinese Larch ; also called Golden Pine. China, This is the
handsomest of all the Larches. It is of quick growth and attains
a height of 150 feet. The leaves, which are of a vivid green
during spring and summer, turn to a golden yellow in autumn.
The wood is very hard and durable.

Pinus Koraiensis, Siebold and Zuccarini.

China and Japan. A handsome tree, 30 to 40 feet high, pro-
ducing edible% seeds.

IX EXTRA. TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 247

Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas.*

Shake-, Giant- or Sugar-Pine. North-west coast of America,
mostly in great altitudes. A lofty tree, of rapid growth, upwards of
300 feet high, with a straight naked stem of from 20 to 60 feet in
circumference. It holds, in most places, pre-eminence in beauty
and size over accompanying pines. It thrives best in sandy soil,
and produces a soft, white, straight-grained wood, which for inside
work is esteemed above any other Pine in California, and furnished
in large quantities ; it is especially used for shingles, flooring, and
for finishing purposes by joiners and carpenters. The tree yields
an abundance of remarkably clear and pure resin, of sweet taste,
used instead of sugar by the natives. The cones are 18 inches
long ; the seeds are edible and used as food by the natives.
Would come best to perfection in the humid regions of our higher
mountains.

Pinus Laricio, Poiret.*

Corsican Pine. South Europe. It attains a height of 120 feet,
A splendid shelter tree in the coldest regions. It will succeed on
stiff clay as well as on sandy soil, even on sea-sand. The wood is
white, towards the centre dark, very resinous, coarse-grained,
elastic, and durable, and much esteemed for building, especially for
water- works ; valuable for its permanency underground. There are
three main varieties of this Pine, viz. : P. L. Poiretiana, in Italy ;
P. L. Austriaca, in Austria ; P. L. Pallasiana, on the borders of
the Black Sea. The tree grows best in calcareous soil, but also in
poor sandy soil, where however the timber is not so large nor so
good. It yields all the products of P. silvestris, but in greater
quantities, being perhaps the most resinous of all Pines.

Pinus Larix, Linne.

Common Larch ; deciduous. On the European Alps, up to 7,000
feet. Of quick growth in cool localities; adapted for poor soil.
It attains a height of 100 feet, sometimes rising even up to 160
feet, and produces a valuable timber of great durability, which is
used for land and water buildings, and much prized for ship-building;
for staves of wine casks almost indestructible, not allowing the
evaporation of the spirituous contents (Simmonds.) The Briangon —
Manna exudes from the stem. Larch-timber lasts three times
longer than that of Norway-spruces, and although so buoyant and
elastic it is tougher and more compact ; it is proof against water,
not readily igniting, and heavier and harder than any deal
(Stauffer). The Venetian houses, constructed of Larchwood, showed,
for almost indefinite periods, no symptoms of decay. This wood is
also selected for the most lasting panels of paintings. The bark
is used for tanning and dyeing. The tree is also of great import-
ance for its yield of Venetian turpentine, which is obtained by

248 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

boring holes into it in spring ; these fill during the summer, sup-
plying from half to three-quarters of a pint of turpentine. In
Piedmont, where they tap the tree in different places and let the
liquid continually run, it is said that from seven to eight pints may
be obtained in a year, but the wood suffers through this operation.
P. L. var. Rossica, Russian Larch, grows principally on the Altai
Mountains, from 2,500 to 5,500 feet above sea-level ; it attains a
height of 80 feet. The species would be important for our upland
(particularly alpine) country.

Pinus leiophylla, Schiede and Deppe.

7,000 to 11,000 feet upon the mountains of Mexico. A tree 90
feet high. The wood is excessively hard.

Pinus leptolepis, Siebold and Zuccarini.

The Karamatson or Japan Larch. In Japan, between 35° and 48°
north latitude, up to an elevation of 9,000 feet. Never a very tall
tree. The timber, when mature, reddish brown and soft ; it is
highly valued by the Japanese.

Pinus longifolia, Roxburgh.*

Emodi-Pine or Cheer-Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains, from
2 '000 to 9,000 feet. A handsome tree with a branchless stem
of 50 feet, the whole tree attaining a maximum height of somewhat
over 100 feet, the girth of the stem 12 feet. The wood is resinous,
and the red variety useful for building ; it yields a quantity of tar
and turpentine. The tree stands exposure and heat well.
According to W. J. Winter it endures an occasional shade tem-
perature of 118°E.

Pinus Massoniana, Lambert. (P. Sinensis, Lamb.)

China and Japan. The most common of all trees in Japan, called
there the " Matz" or " Kouromatsou." It attains a stem diameter
of 6 feet, a height of 100 feet, and an age of several centuries. It
prefers sandy soil. Splendid for avenues (Rein.) It supplies a
resinous, tough, and durable wood, used for buildings and furni-
ture, but suitable only for indoor works. The roots, when burned
with the oil of Brassica Orientalis, furnish the Chinese Lampblack.

Pinus Mertensiana, Bongard.

Californian Hemlock Spruce. North- West America. The wood
is white, tough, and very soft, but is often used for building. The
tree is up to 200 feet high, with a stem of 4 to 6 feet in diameter.

Pinus mitis, Michaux.*

Yellow Pine of North America, called also Short-leaved Pine, in
contrast to P. Australis, extending far south. In dry sandy, and

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 249

more particularly somewhat clayey soil, attaining a height up to 90
feet, rapid in growth ; eligible for rocky ridges. Wood yellowish,
compact, hard, durable, fine-grained, moderately resinous, valuable
for flooring, cabinet-work, and ship-building. According to Dr.
Yasey it commands a higher price even than that of P. Strobus.
P. glabra (Walter) is closely allied to P. mitis, and fit for growth
on low hummocks.

Pinus monophylla, Torrey.

Stone or Nut Pine of California, on the Sierra Nevada and Cascade
Mountains, 6,500 feet. It thrives best on dry limestone soil. The
large seeds are edible, of an almond-like taste, and consumed in
quantity by the natives. Height of tree generally about 35 feet,
but occasionally as much as 80 feet ; stem not of great thickness.
Not of quick growth. Wood pale, soft, very resinous, much used
for charcoal.

Pinus montana, Du Roi. (P. Pumilio, Hsenke.)

On the Alps and Carpathians, up to the heighest points, cover-
ing large tracts, and thriving on the poorest soil. The tree,
which grows about 25 feet high, in favourable localities 50, yields
much oil of turpentine. The wood is used for carving and for fire-
wood. Only available to advantage for highlands.

Pinus Montezumae, Lambert. (P. 'Devonian^ Lindley; P. Grenvillece,

Gordon.)

Mexico. A handsome Pine, 80 feet high ; wood white, soft, and
resinous.

Pinus monticola, Douglas.

British Columbia and California, at an elevation of 7,000 feet. It
thrives best in poor soil of granite formation, and attains the height
of 200 feet, with a stem 1J to 7 feet thick. The wood is white,
close-grained, similar to that of P. Strobus. Dr. Gibbons observes
that it is less than half the size of P. Lambertiana, but in all other
respects resembles it. Woodmen are very pronounced in their state-
ment that there are two kinds of Sugar Pine, both growing in close
proximity to each other. J. Hoopes states that the wood is similar
to White Pine, but tougher.

Pinus muricata, D. Don.

Bishop's Pine. California. Found up to 7,500 feet. This Pine
grows to about 40 feet. It might be utilized for wind-brakes (Dr.
Gibbons).

250 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULUTRE

Pinus nigra, Alton. (P. rub fa, Lambert)

Black Spruce. North-East America, occurring extensively between
44° and 53° north latitude. This tree, which is termed Double
Spruce by the Canadians, attains a height of 70 feet, and furnishes
a light elastic timber of pale colour, excellent for yards of ships ;
also largely sawn into boards and quarterings ; has also come exten-
sively into use for paper. The spruce lumber of eastern markets in
the United States is chiefly furnished by this species (Sargent).
The young shoots are used for making spruce-beer and the small
roots serve as cords. The tree prefers poor and rocky soil, but a
humid cool clime, and is best available for mountainous localities
inaccessible to culture. Mr. Cecil Clay estimates that 20,000 cubic
feet of timber can be obtained from this tree on one acre of ground.

Pinus nobilis, Douglas.

Noble White Fir ; also known as Red Fir. North-west coast of
America, on the Columbia Elver and the mountains of North Cali-
fornia, where it forms extensive forests at 6,000 to 8,000 feet. A
majestic tree, 150 to 200 feet high, 4 feet in diameter, with regular
horizontal branches, furnishing a splendid timber. P. magnifica,
Murray, is a variety.

Pinus Nuttallii, Parlatore.

The Oregon Larch, at elevations of from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Ac-
cording to Dr. Gibbons, one of the most graceful trees. Stem
frequently 200 feet to the first limb. Timber fissile, very strong
and durable (Dufur).

Pinus obovata, Antoine. (P. Schrenkiana, Antoine.)

North-Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Somewhat like the
Norway Spruce. Wood soft and pale, much used for furniture
and household implements, also packing-boxes of great durability
(Regel).

Pinus orientalis, Linne.

Sapindus Fir. In Asia Minor, at 4,000 feet. The tree rises to
about 80 feet, and resembles somewhat the Norway Spruce. The
wood is exceedingly tough and durable.

Pinus Parryana, Engelmann.

California. One of the pines with edible nuts.

Pinus parviflora, Siebold.

Kuriles and Japan. The " Imekomatsou." A middle-sized tree of
longevity ; ascends to Alpine heights. Much used as an avenue
tree. Wood for furniture and boat-building. It is harder than
that of P. Massoniana and P. densiflora (Dupont).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 251

Pinus Pattoniana, Parlatore.

California, 5,000 to 6,000 feet above sea-level. A very fine Fir,
300 feet high, with a perfectly straight stem. The wood is hard,
of a reddish colour, with handsome veins, but poor in resin.

Pinus patula, Schiede and Deppe.

In Mexico, at an elevation of 8,000 to 9,000 feet. A graceful Pine,
80 feet high.

Pinus pendula, Solander. (P. microcarpa, Lambert.)

From Labrador and Canada to Virginia. Small-coned American
Larch, Black Larch, or Tamarack, delighting in swampy ground.
A pine of pyramidal growth, 100 feet high. The timber is pale,
heavy, resinous, and 'as highly valued as that of the common Larch.
It is close-grained, well adapted for underground work ; it combines
lightness, strength, and durability ; much sought by shipbuilders,
as for knees, bends, and ship garlands it cannot be surpassed (Robb) ;
much in use also for railway ties.

Pinus picea, Du R-oi.* (P. Abies, Linne.)

Norway Spruce, Fichte. Middle and Northern Europe and
Northern Asia, rising from the plains to an elevation of 4,500 feet,
and forming extensive forests. It exceeds even the Birch in en-
durance of cold. Adapted to most kinds of soil. The tree attains
a height of 150 feet or even more, and furnishes an excellent
timber for building and furniture, for masts, spars, ladders, oars, &c.,
commonly known under the name of White Deal. It also pro-
duces the Burgundy Pitch in quantity, while the bark is used for
tanning. Though enduring dry summers, this Spruce would have
to be restricted for timber purposes to the damp mountains.

Pinus Pinaster, Solander.* (P. maritima, Poiret and De Candolle.)

Cluster Pine. On the shores of the Mediterranean. This tree is
of quick growth, and rises up to 60 feet in height. The wood is
soft and resinous ; it yields largely the French turpentine. Among
the best Pines for consolidation of sandy coast-land, and converting
rolling sands into pasture and agricultural land. For ease of
rearing and rapidity of growth, one of the most important of all
Pines. On the testimony of Mr. J. Hoopes, it does not thrive well
on calcareous soil. W. J. Winter observed, that P. Pinaster and
the allied P. Pinea can withstand a shade-temperature of 118° F.
A tree 60 to 70 years old, heavily tapped, yields 12 to 16 Ibs. of
turpentine, equal to 4 Ibs. of resin and the rest oil of turpentine
(Simmonds). The tree comes into full flow of turpentine at about
25 years, and the tapping process, if only a slight one, is endured

252 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

by this Pine for an enormous length of time. The annual produc-
tion of resin from a good tree fluctuates between 5 and 8 Ibs., if
moderately tapped. The quantity of resin gathered in France
during 1874 was about sixty million pounds (Crouzetter-Desnoyers).

Pinus Pinceana, Gordon.

Mexico, up to 9,000 above sea-level. A very remarkable Pine,
having drooping branches like the Weeping Willow, 60 feet high.
Most desirable for cemeteries.

Pinus Pindrow, Koyle.

In great abundance on the spurs of the Himalaya Mountains,
8,000 to 12,000 feet abeve the sea-level. A fine, straight-stemmed
tree, 100 feet high; cones purple.

Pinus Pinea, Linne.*

Stone Pine. Frequent in the countries bordering on the Mediter-
ranean. Height of tree 60 feet, top rather flat. The wood is
whitish, light, but full of resin, and much used for buildings, furni-
ture, and ships. The seeds are edible, somewhat resembling almonds,
but of a resinous though not disagreeable taste ; they should be
left in the cones until they are about to be used, as otherwise they
speedily become rancid ; they only ripen in their third year. This
Pine grows as easily and almost as quickly as the Cluster Pine.

Pinus Pinsapo, Boissier.

Spanish Fir. In Spain, on the Sierra Nevada, 4,000 to 6,000 feet.
A tree 60 feet high, with branches from the ground. The timber
is similar to that of the Silver Fir.

Pinus polita, Antoine.

Japan and Kurile Islands. A tall superb tree, forming large
forests on the mountain ranges (A. Murray).

Pinus ponderosa, Douglas.* (P. Benthamiana, Hartweg.)

Yellow or Pitch Pine or Trucker Pine of the mountains of North-
west America. Height of tree up to 225 feet, with a stem of 24
feet in circumference, of comparatively quick growth. The wood is
yellowish, hard, strong, durable and heavy, and for general purposes
preferred to that of any other Pine. There are fine groves of this
tree up to 5,000 feet in California. P. Jeffrey i (Murray) is, accord-
ing to Dr. Yasey, a variety of this species The variety P.
Englemanni, Parry, ascends to 12,000 feet. The bark contains a
considerable quantity of tanning substance. Wood pale and soft,
neither knotty nor resinous, much esteemed for cabinet-work
(Hoopes). It is of great strength, and is used for floors, joists,
&c. Dr. Gibbons relates that the wood, with the bark adherent,

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 253

exposed to the weather, will decay within a year, but that when
stripped and covered with soil it is very durable. Dr. Kellogg saw
logs which had been in the ground twelve years quite sound. Has
proved well adapted even for rather dry localities, in Victoria.

Pinus Pseudo-Strobus, Lindley.

In Mexico. This tree is superior in appearance to any other
Mexican Pine ; height 80 feet.

Pinus pungens, Michaux.

Eastern States of North America. Although seldom over 50 feet
high, this Pine has the recommendation of being of remarkably
quick growth.

Pinus Pyrenaica, Lapeyrouse. (P. Brutia, Tenore.)

In the south of Spain and on the Pyrenees. A fine ornamental tree
of quick growth, 80 feet high ; the wood is pale and dry, free of
resin, and of considerable value.

Pinus radiata, Don.* (P. insignis, Douglas.)

California. A splendid Pine, fully 100 feet high, with a straight
stem, occasionally to 8 feet in diameter. It is of remarkably rapid
growth, a seedling one year old being strong enough for final trans-
plantation ; it has been noticed to grow fully 5 feet in a year, in
light soil near Melbourne. Mr. Dickinson found it to attain at
Port Phillip a height of 70 feet with a girth of 5 feet in 13 years.
According to Mr. W. J. Winter it will endure unhurt exceptional
exposure to 118° F. in the shade. In the United Kingdom it
suffers greatly from the attacks of the Pine Beetle, Hylurgus pini-
perda (Lawson). The wood is tough, and is much sought for boat-
building and various utensils. This tree can be utilized for
obtaining tar and pitch. It bears exposure to the sea at the very
edge of the coast.

Pinus religiosa, Humboldt.

Oyamel Fir. Mexico, 4,000 to 9,000 feet above the sea-level. A
magnificent tree with silvery leaves, growing 100 feet high; stem
6 feet in diameter. The wood is particularly well fitted for shingles
and lathes. It endures the middle European winter.

Pinus resinosa, Solander.

Red Pine. North America, principally Canada and Nova Scotia,
extending to Pennsylvania. It attains a height of 150 feet and 2
feet in diameter. It is of rapid growth, and on account of the red-
barked stem very ornamental (Sargent) ; delights in sandy soil ;
the wood is hard, fine-grained, heavy, and durable, very resinous,
and is used for ship-building and structures of various kinds. The
tree will succeed in sandy soil.

254 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Pinus rigida, Miller.*

American pitch pine. From New England to Virginia. It grows
to a height of 80 feet ; the timber from light, gravelly or rocky soil
heavy and resinous, from damp alluvial soil light and soft ; used
for building ; but the tree is principally important for its yield of
turpentine, resin, pitch, and tar. The tree is suitable for sea-
shores ; it will also grow in the driest localities, and again in
swamps as well, nor is it readily susceptible to injury from fire.
With P. Taeda among the most oleous and resinous pines, to be
disseminated millionfold in such extensive malarian regions as can-
not be readily or profitably drained, to subdue miasmata by the
copious evolution of the double oxyde of hydrogen and ozone.

Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas.*

Californian Nut Pine or White Pine. Most frequent on the western
slopes of the Rocky Mountains, intermixed with other trees ; 150
feet high, stem 3 to 5 feet in diameter. The wood is pale and soft ;
according to Dr. Gibbons it is, when seasoned, hard and durable,
with close and twisted grain, and contains much resin; the clustered
heavy cones attain a length of one foot. The seeds are edible.
They are produced in great profusion, and formed formerly a large
portion of the winter food of the native tribes. Proves in dry
localities of Victoria to be of quick growth.

Pinus serotina, Michaux.

Pond Pine. Southern States of North America, in black morassy
soil, "principally near the sea-coast. It is 50 feet high ; stem 18
inches in diameter. The wood is soft. Of importance as antima-
larian for fever-swamps.

Pinus Sibirica, Turczaninow. (P. Pickta, Fischer.)

Siberian Pitch .Fir. On the Altai Mountains j it reaches a height
of 50 feet.

Pinus silvestris, Linne.*

Scotch Fir, Foehre. Middle and Northern Europe, up to 70° north
latitude, and North Asia, thriving best in sandy soil. Of all trees
the one which needs the least of mineral aliment from the soil,
hence adapted for pure sand, where it forms twice as much humus
in the same time as Robinia pseudacacia or Poplars, while its wood
is much more valuable. More easily transplanted than any other
species (Wesseley). A very valuable tree, fully 100 feet high,
growing to the age of about 120 years. It is important for masts
and spars. The Red Baltic, Norway or Riga deals are obtained
from this Pine, as well as a large portion of the European Pine-tar.
Pine cones have in France come into use for tanning. Proves well

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 255

adapted even for the drier parts of Victoria. The leaves of Pines
can be well converted into material for pillows and mattresses, with -
the great recommendation of healthiness for such a purpose. All
Fir forests are antimiasmatic and salubrious for hectic patients, in
consequence of the di-oxyde of hydrogen involved from their tere-
binthine emanations.

Pinus Sitchensis, Bongard. (P. Menziesii, Dougl.)

North-West America. The Blue Spruce of California, also called
Tideland Spruce, ascending to elevations of 9,000 feet, of rapid
growth in congenial soil. A very handsome tree, which furnishes
a valuable pale and fine-grained timber ; used largely for piles
(Dr. Gibbons). It thrives best in moist ground. According to
Professor Brewer, instances are on record of trees having attained
a height of over 300 feet, and a stem 7 feet diameter at 100 feet
from the base. From an exceptionally large tree 100,000 shingles
were obtained, besides 58 cords of wood.

Pinus Smithiana, Lambert. (P. Khutrow, Royle.)

On the Himalaya Mountains, at elevations from 6,000 to 11,000
feet. Attains a height of 150 feet, and the stem a girth of 15
feet. The wood is pale, even and straight-grained, but only durable
under shelter.

Pinus stenolepis, Parlatore. (Picea Veitchii, Lindley.)

Japan. Up to 7,000 feet. A fine tree, attaining a height of 140
feet.

Pinus Strobus, Linne.*

Weymouth Pine or American White Pine. North-East ern America,
growing on any soil, but particularly adapted for deep rich
soil in mountain valleys; known to reach a height of 270 feet, with
a stem of 8 feet diameter. It is the principal pine of the lumber
trade of the Eastern States. One of the finest among ornamental
conifers. The wood is soft, white, or yellowish, light, free of knots,
almost without resin, easy to work, very durable, and much
esteemed for masts, bridges, frames of buildings, windows, ceilings,
flooring, oars, cabinet work, organ-pipes. It yields American tur-
pentine and gallipot. Mr. Cecil Clay cut exceptionally 40,000 feet
of its timber on an acre of ground in the Virginian mountains. The
sap-wood is remarkably thin.

Pinus Tee da, Linne.

Frankincense or Loblolly Pine. Florida, Carolina, and Virginia,
in sandy soil attaining a height of 80 feet. The timber is used for
pumps, but liable to warp and decay in buildings on exposure

256 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

(Sargent). It also yields turpentine in good quantity, though of
inferior quality. The tree likes the regions near the coast, hence
can be utilized for raising Fir forests on sea-sand.

Pinus tenuifolia, Bentham.

Mexico, at an elevation of 5,000 feet, forming dense forests.
Height of tree 100 feet, stem up to 5 feet in diameter.

Pinus Teocote, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.

Okote or Torch Pine. Mexico, 5,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea-
level. Tree 100 feet high, stem 3 to 4 feet in diameter. It yields
the Brea turpentine and resin ; the wood is resinous and durable.

Pinus Torreyana, Parry.

California. An average cone of this Pine will contain about 130
seeds, weighing 3 ounces ; they are edible (Meehan).

Pinus Tsuga, Antoine.

In the northern provinces of Japan, 6,000 to 9,000 feet above the
sea. The tree grows to only 25 feet high. Its timber is highly
esteemed for superior furniture, especially by turners. It is of a
yellowish-brown colour.

Pinus Webbiana, Wallich.

King-Pine, Dye-Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains, at an eleva-
tion of from 7,000 to 13,000 feet. A splendid Fir, reaching a
height of 150 feet ; the stem a circumference up to 30 feet. The
wood is of a pale colour, soft, coarse-grained, and very resinous, on
the testimony of Mr. Webb equalling in texture and odour the
Bermuda Cedar. The natives extract a splendid violet dye from the
cones.

Pinus Williamsonii, Newberry.

California and Oregon, up to 12,000 feet. Height of tree 150 feet.
Timber very valuable (Vasey).

Piptadenia rigida, Bentham.

Sub-tropical and extra-tropical South America. This acacia-like
tree furnishes the angico-gum, similar to gum-arabic. The wood,
according to Saldana da Gama, serves for naval constructions.

Pipturus propinquus, WeddelL

Insular India, South Sea Islands, and warmer parts of East Aus-
tralia. This bush 'is higher and rather more hardy than Boehmeria
nivea, but in fibre it is similar to that plant. P. velutinus (Wedd.)
is closely allied. The few other species serve probably as well for
fibre.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 257

Pircunia dioica, Moquin.

Southern Brazil and La Plata States. The Ombu. A deciduous
tree, for shady avenues grown in South Europe, as well as in many
tropicel countries, tested by the writer to be hardy in the lowlands
of Victoria. It is comparatively quick of growth.

Pisonia aculeata, Linne.

Tropical and sub-tropical countries of both hemispheres, extending
as a native plant into New S'outh Wales. This rambling prickly
bush can be chosen for hedge-copses.

Pistacia Lentiscus, Linne.

The Mastic Tree. Mediterranean regions. A tall evergreen bush,
exuding the mastic-resin, mostly through incisions into its bark. In
Morocco it is extensively used for hedges.

Pistacia Terebinthus, Linne.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A tall bush or small tree
with deciduous foliage. The fragrant Cyprian or Chio turpentine
exudes from the stem of this species.

Pistacia vera, Linne.

Indigenous in the Orient, as far as Persia. A deciduous tree, 30
feet high, yielding the Pistacio-nuts of commerce, remarkable for
their green almond-like kernels. The likewise deciduous P. Atlantica
(Desfontaines) and the evergreen South European P. lentiscus (L.),
furnishing the mastic, rarely grow to the size of large trees.

Pisum sativum, Linne.*

The Common Pea. Mediterranean countries and Western Asia.
This annual of daily use corild hardly be left disregarded on this
occasion. Suffice it to say that the herbage as a nutritious fodder
deserves more attention than it receives The green fruit contains
inosit-sugar and cholestrin fat. For field culture a sandy calcareous
loam should be chosen for this plant, to ensure rich and safe har-
vests. Peas after four years' exposure to the extreme frosts of
Polaris Bay retained their vitality. A second species, P. Aucheri
(Jaub. and Spach), which is perennial, occurs in Alpine elevations
on the Taurus.

Pittosporum tenuifolium, Banks and Solander.

New Zealand. This with P. eugenioides has proved very suitable
for tall garden-hedges, for which these and several other species
were first brought into notice by the writer.

258 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Pittosporum undulatum, Ventenat.

South-east Australia. This tree with P. bicolor (Hooker) produces
a wood well adapted for turners' purposes and also as a substitute
for boxwood (Oliver). The flowers furnish a highly fragrant
volatile oil on distillation.

Planera aquatica, Gmelin.

North America. An elm-like tree, which can be chosen for plan-
tations in wet localities. The wood is hard and strong.

Platanus occidentalis, Linne.*

The true Plane Tree of the east part of North America, also known
as Buttonwood. More eligible as an avenue tree than as a timber
tree. Height to 100 feet. Diameter of stem at times 14 feet.
Wood dull red, light, not readily attacked by insects ; used in
the manufacture of pianofortes and harps ; cuts into very good
screws, also presses, dairy utensils, windlasses, wheels and blocks.
The young wood .is silky white and often handsomely mottled
(Robb). The tree likes alluvial river banks and has been success-
fully planted in morassy places, to cope with miasmatic effluvia.

Platanus orientalis, Linne.*

The Plane Tree of South Europe and Middle Asia. One of the
grandest trees for lining roads and for street-planting, deciduous
like the other Planes, rather quick of growth, and not requiring
much water. Attains a height of 90 feet. It resists, in large towns
such as London, the smoke better than any other tree, growing
vigorously even under such disadvantage. It is of several centuries'
longevity. The wood is well adapted for furniture and other kinds
of cabinet-work.

Platanus racemosa, JSTuttall.

The Californian Plane Tree. A good promenade-tree, which, ac-
cording to Professor Bolander, grows more rapidly and more com-
pact than P. occidentalis. Height to 100 feet. Wood harder and
thus more durable than that of P. occidentalis, also less liable to
warp. According to Dr. Gibbons the tree attains a height of 100
feet and a diameter of 8 feet ; the wood is very brittle ; in use
however by turners.

Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griffith.

Sikkim, up to 7,000 feet, extending to 27° south latitude. This
Rattan Palm requires moist forest-land. Its canes are not durable,
but this Palm is an object worthy of scenic horticulture, and would
prove the hardiest among its congeners. P. elongata ascends,
according to Drude, to 4,500 feet.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 259

Plectocomia macrostachya, Kurz.

Tenasserim, at 3,000 feet elevation, therefore most likely hardy in
temperate lowlands.

Plectronia ventosa, Linne.

South Africa. A hedge-bush, like P. ciliata (Sender), and P.
spinosa (Klotzsch).

Poa Abyssinica, Jacquin. ,,

The Teff of Abyssinia. An annual grass. The grain there exten
sively used for bread of an agreeable acidulous taste.

Poa airoides, Koeler. (Catabrosa aquatica, Beauvois.)

Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, North America.
The "Water- whorl Grass. A creeping grass, suitable for soil subject
to inundation.

Poa Alpina, Linne.

Alpine and Arctic Europe, Asia, and North America. Deserves
to be transferred to snowy mountains as a nutritious perennial
pasture grass. P. Sudetica (Haenke) and P. hybrida (Guadin) are
mentioned also as excellent Alpine grasses.

Poa angustifolia, Linne.

Europe, North Asia, North America. A perennial pasture grass,
allied to P. nemoralis. An excellent grass for moist meadows and
river banks. Poa fertilis (Host.) may be a mere variety of this
species.

Poa aquatica, Linne. (Glyceria aquatica, Smith.)

Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. This conspicuous
Water-grass attains a height of 6 feet. It is perennial, and deserves
naturalization in our swamps. It produces a large bulk of foliage,
and may be disseminated for fodder purposes. On the testimony
of Dr. Curl this is one of the best feeding grasses in New Zealand.

Poa Billardieri, Steudel.

Australia. A perennial rigid grass, of some value for saline
meadows.

Poa Brownii, Kunth. (Eragrostis Brownii, Nees.)

Tropical and Eastern extra-tropical Australia. It is here mentioned
as a valuable perennial species, keeping beautifully green in the
driest Australian summer, even on poor soil. The section Eragrostis
of the genus Poa contains numerous species in the hotter parts of
the globe. Of these many would doubtless be hardy and prove cf
value as pasture in temperate climes.

260 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Poa Canadensis, Beauvois.

The Rattlesnake Grass of South-East America. A valuable swamp-
grass.

Poa Chinensis, Koenig.

South and East Asia, East Australia. Recommended by Mr. F.
M. Bailey as a valuable pasture grass, perhaps on account of its
tender panicles. Poa bulbosa, L., of Europe and West Asia, and
P. compressa, L., of the same regions, will grow in pure sand. The
latter is a good lawn grass, and also of pastoral value.

Poa cynosuroides, Retz.

North-Eastern Africa, South Asia. A harsh perennial grass, not
serviceable for fodder, but mentioned by Royle as a fibre- plant of
North- Western India, where it is valued as a material for ropes.
In this respect it may not surpass the rough tufty variety of Poa
caespitosa, F., so common on river banks of South-East Australia,
from the leaves of which excellent nets are made by the natives.

Poa digitata, R. Brown.

South-Eastern and Central Australia. Valuable for fixing wet
river-banks and slopes. It forms large stools. Cattle and horses
relish it.

Poa distans, Linne.

Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia, North America.
Perennial. It is one of the limited number of tender grasses,
suited for moist saline soil, and thus affords pasturage on coast
marshes.

Poa fertilis, Host. (P. serotina, Ehrhart.)

Europe, North Asia, North America. Perennial. Important for
wet meadows, even with sandy subsoil. Its foliage is tender, tasty,
and nourishing. In mixtures of grasses it keeps up the growth
late into the autumn ; it will prosper also in sandy and saline soil.

Poa fluitans, Scopoli. (Glyceria fluitans, R. Brown.)

Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia, North America,
East Australia. The Manna Grass. Perennial. Excellent for
stagnant water and slow-flowing streams. The foliage is tender.
The seeds are sweet and palatable, and are in many countries used
for porridge.

Poa maritima, Hudson.

Europe, North Africa, North Asia, North America. Its long
creeping roots help to bind the coast sand. This grass can also be
depastured and grown on meadows.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 261

Poa nemoralis, Linne.

Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. This perennial
grass can be grown on shady forest land, as the name implies, but
it accommodates itself also to open places, and will grow even
among rocks. It endures Alpine winters. According to Lawson
no better grass exists for displacing weeds on pleasure lawns ; the
same may be said of Poa compressa, L.

Poa nervata, Willdenow.

Southern North America, called in Alabama the Manna Grass.
Perennial. Valuable for pastures in low forest land. (C. Mohr.)

Poa pectinacea, Michaux. (Eragrostis pectinacea, Gray.)

Middle and Southern States of North America. This perennial
grass spreads readily over dry ground and even on coast sands. C.
Mohr regards it as valuable for pastures, and mentions as such
also Eragrostis nitida (Chapman), and E. tennis (Gray).

Poa pratensis, Linne.*

The ordinary English Meadow Grass. A perennial species, fit for
any meadows, thriving early, and able to live also in Alpine
localities. Better adapted for pasture than hay. It is suitable for
moor land, when such is laid dry ; although it shoots only once in
the season into flower, yet it forms a nutritious fodder, even on
comparatively poor soil. It resists drought. It forms excellent
sward, and with advantage can be used for intermixing it with
other pasture grasses. In the United States it is known as the
Kentucky Blue Grass or Pennsylvania Green Grass, and is con-
sidered one of the best for lawns, by Professor Meehan, as it will
crowd out all weeds in time.

Poa trivialis, Linne.*

Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. Also a good
perennial grass for mixture on pasture land. One of the best
grasses for sowing on ground recently laid dry. Recommendable
also as a lawn grass. Sinclair regarded the produce of this Poa as
superior to many other kinds, and noticed the marked partiality
which horses, oxen, and sheep evince towards it. To thrive well it
wants rather moist and rich soil and sheltered places. It is a later
grass than P. pratensis ; it is well adapted for hay, and gives good
after-growth (Langethal).

These few species of Poa have been singled out as recommendable,
because they are well tested. Future experiments beyond Europe
will add others to lists of recommendations like this.

262 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Podachaenium alatum, Bentham. (Ferdinanda eminens, Lagasca.)

Central America, up to a height of 8,000 feet. A tall shrub, for
the grandeur of its foliage in requisition for scenic effects.

Podophyllum peltatum, Linne.

North America. A perennial forest-herb, not without importance
for medicinal purposes. The root contains the bitter alkaloid
berberin. Podophyllum Emodi (Wall.), occurring in the Indian,
mountains at heights from 6,000 to 14,000 feet, can probably be
used like the American species. The berries of both are edible
though the root and leaves are poisonous.

Pogostemon Patchouli, Pellet.

Mountains of India. A perennial herb, famed for its powerful
scent arising from a volatile oil. P. parviflorus (Benth.) and P.
Heyneanus (Benth.) belong to this species.

Polianthes tuberosa, Linne.

Mexico. The Tuberose. Seemingly introduced only into South
Asia ; valuable for perfume distillation.

Polygala crotalaroides, Hamilton.

Temperate Himalaya. Praised as an ophidian alexipharmic. To
several other species both of the eastern and western hemispheres
similiar properties are ascribed, but we are almost entirely without
any reliable medical testimony on these and many other supposed
vegetable antidotes against snake-poison.

Polygala Senega, Linne.

North America. A perennial herb. The root is of medicinal value.

Polygaster Sampadarius, Fries.

South-Eastern Asia. One of the most palatable of all truffles.

Polygonum tinctorium, Loureiro.

Japan and China. An annual herb, deserving attention and local
trials, as yielding a kind of indigo, one of the most important dye-
plants of Japan. It can be cultivated in cold climes. Its growth
would be vigorous here. Various Polygonums contains tannin,
P. amphibium as much as 11^ per cent. (Gard. Chron.).

Polyporus giganteus, Fries.

Dr. Goeppert records this and also the following species as allowed
to be sold for food in Silesia : P. frondosus (Fr.), P. ovinus (Fr.),
P. tuberaster (Fr.), P. citrinus (Pers.). Dr. Atkinson mentions as
edible among the fungi of Cashmere P. fomentarius and P.
squamosus.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 263

Populus alba, Linne.

The Abele or White Poplar of Europe and Middle Asia, growing
in the Himalayas up to 10,000 feet, ceasing at 4,000 feet. Height
90 feet. It proved an excellent avenue-tree, even in comparatively
waterless situations, and gives by the partial whiteness of its
foliage a pleasing effect in any plantation. The wood is pale,
with a reddish tinge, brown near the centre, soft and light.
It can be used for flooring ; it is particularly sought for trays,
bowls, bellows, and shoe-soles ; also according to Porcher,
for wooden structures under water. " Sparterie " for plaiting
is obtained from the wood-shavings. The wood of this and
some other poplars is easily converted into paper-pulp, which again
is cheaply bleached. Lines of poplars along forest streams prevent
the progress of wood conflagrations. The roots of Poplar spread
widely. P. canescens (Sm.), the Grey Poplar, is either a variety of
the Abele or its hybrid with the Aspen, and yields a better timber
for carpenters and millwrights.

Populus angustifolia, James.

North America, A rather large tree of vigorous and rapid growth
(Yasey) ; adapted for shelter-plantations, particularly in wet
localities.

Populus balsamifera, Linne.

The Tacamahae or Balsam Poplar of the colder, but not the coldest
parts of North America ; also in Siberia and on the Himalaya
Mountains, where it ranges from 8,000 to 14,000 feet. It attains
a height of 80 feet. The tree may be lopped for cattle- fodder
(Stewart and Brandis). Mr. Meehan says that it will grow near
the ocean's brink. Its variety is P. candicans (Ait.).

Populus ciliata, Wallich.

Himalaya, from 4,000 to 10,000 feet. Height up to 70 feet with
a straight trunk, which attains 10 feet in girth.

Populus Euphratica, Olivier.

From Algeria, dispersed to the Himalayas and Songaria, up to
13,500 feet. Height up to 50 feet. Wood harder than that of
most Poplars, the inner wood turning black in old trees. It is used
for planking and boat-building (Stewart and Brandis), also for
beams, rafters, boxes, panelling, turnery. Cattle will browse on the
leaves. This is the Willow of the 137th Psalm.

Populus grandidentata, Michaux.

North America. 80 feet high. The Soft Aspen. Wood whitish,
soft, very light ; can be ground into pulp for paper. P. angulata
(Ait.) is another large Poplar of North-Eastern America.

264 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Populus heterophylla, Linne.

The Downy Poplar of North America, passing also by the name of
Cottonwood. Height 60 feet. The wood is very pale, soft, and
fissile. All poplars, like willows, are veiy important to eliminate
miasma by absorbing humidity to an enormous extent from stag-
nant swampy localities ; they are likewise good scavengers of back-
yards.

Populus monilifera, Aiton.* (P. Canadensis, Desfontaines.)

The Cottonwood-tree of North America. Height 150 feet, stem
to 8 feet in diameter. One of the best Poplars for the production
of timber, which is soft, light, easy to work, suited for carving and
turnery ; it is durable if kept dry, and does not readily take fire.
The wooden polishing-wheels of glass-grinders are made of horizontal
sections of the whole stem, about 1 inch thick, as from its softness
it readily imbibes the polishing material. It is also useful for rails
and boards, and supplies a fair fuel. Judge Whitning says that it
has no rival in quickness of growth among deciduous trees. Re-
commended by Wessely, together with P. alba and P. nigra, for
fixing drift sand, on which they never become suffocated. It is
recommended to obtain, for planting along streets or near dwellings,
cuttings from male trees only, as the minute downy seeds of the
female trees are copiously wafted through the air, and have irritant
effects on the respiratory organs. Of quick and luxuriant growth,
thriving even in arid and exposed places. P. angulata (Aiton), the
Water-poplar, is very closely allied.

Populus nigra, Linne.

The European Black Poplar, extending spontaneously to China ; in
the Himalayas up to 12,500 feet. The spreading variety one of the
best of trees for lining roads. Wood similar to that of P. alba. It
includes P. dilatata (Ait.), or as a contracted variety P. fastigiata
(Desf.), the Lombardy Poplar. Greatest height 150 feet. Growth
rapid, like that of all other Poplars. Wood soft, light, and of loose
texture, used by joiners, coopers, and turners ; also for matches ;
furnishing also superior charcoal for gunpowder. Bark employed
in tanning, producing a fragrant leather ; it is however not rich in
tannic acid. The tree requires damp soil. It retains its foliage
longer than most Poplars.

Populus tremula, Linne.

The European Aspen. Height 80 feet. It extends to Japan, where
also a peculiar species, P. Sieboldi (Miq.), exists. The Aspen-wood
is white and tender, and in use by coopers and joiners. Like the
wood of other Poplars, much sought for paper-mills as an admix-
ture to the pulp. In Japan it is used for engraving rough works
and posters.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 265

Populus tremuloides, Michaux.

The North American Aspen. Ascends to Alpine elevations of
10,000 feet. The wood is white, soft, and readily worked, and can
be converted into paper pulp. Height 50 feet. It extends westward
to California, where also a particular species, P. trichocarpa
(Torrey), occurs. All Poplars might be planted, like all Willows,
in gullies, to intercept forest fires ; also generally on river banks.

Porphyra vulgaris, Agardh.

Temperate and cold oceans. This largely cosmopolitan seaweed is
mentioned here, because in Japan it undergoes regular cultivation.
For this purpose branches of Quercus serrata are placed in shallow
bays, where Porphyra occurs, during spring, and the crop is
obtained from October to March, the seaweed being consumed in its
young state. It grows best where fresh water enters the sea.
Porphyra contains about 26 per cent, of nitrogenous substances
(with more than 4 per cent, of nitrogen) and about 5 per cent, of
phosphate of potash. In Japan, according to the catalogue of the
International Exhibition of Sydney, the following Algae are also
consumed for food : Glaepeltis intricata, G. capillaris, Laminaria
saccharifera, two species of Phylloderma, Phyllitis debilis, Kallhy-
minia dentata, Capea elongata, Alaria pinnatifolia, Gracilaria con-
fervoides, Enteromorpha compressa, species of Cystoseira and
Halochloa, Codium tomentosum, Mesogloia decipiens, and Gelidium
corneum.

Portulacaria Afra, Jacquin.

South Africa. Called Spekboom. Affords locally the principal
food for elephants ; thus this succulent shrub may deserve
naturalization on stony ridges and in sandy desert land, as likely
nourishing to sheep.

Pouzolzia tuberosa, Wight.

India. The turnip-shaped root of this herb is edible. The plant
may prove hardy here, and its root improve in culture.

Prangos pabularia, Lindley.

Plateaux of Mongolia and Thibet. A perennial fodder-herb, much
relished by sheep, eligible for cold and arid localities and deserving
naturalization on Alpine pasture-grounds. Other perennial species
exist near the Mediterranean Sea, on the Atlas, the Caucasus, and
the Indian highlands. P. pabularia is regarded by some as the
Silphium of Arrianus.

Pringlea antiscorbutica, W. Anderson and R Brown.*

The Cabbage or Horse-radish of Kerguelen's Island. The perennial
long roots taste something like horse-radish. The leaves in never-

266 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

ceasing growth are crowded cabbage-like into heads, beneath which
the annual flower-stalks arise. The plant ascends mountains in its
native island to the height of 1,400 feet, but luxuriates most on the
sea border. To arctic and other antarctic countries it would be a
boon. Probably it would live on our Alps. Whalers might bring
us the roots and seeds of this remarkable plant, which seems to
have never entered into culture yet. The plant was used by the
celebrated Captain Cook and all subsequent navigators, touching at
yonder remote spot, as cabbage, and it proved to possess powerful
properties against scurvy. Dr. Hooker observes that Pringlea can
sectionally be referred to Cochlearia. The whole plant is rich in a
pungent volatile oil. Through culture important new culinary
varieties may likely be raised from this plant. The taste of this
vegetable in its natural growth is like mustard and cress, and the
Kerguelen's Land Cabbage, when boiled, proved a wholesome and
agreeable substitute for the ordinary cabbage.

Priva laevis, Jussieu.

Chili and the Argentine Republic. A perennial herb, the small
tubers of which can be used for food (Philippi).

Prosopis dulcis, Kunth.

From California and Texas to the southern parts of the La Plata
States. Vernacularly known as the Cashaw-, Mesquite- or Algaroba-
Tree. A thorny shrub, growing finally to a tree, attaining a stem
of 2J feet in diameter, adapted for live fences. The wood is
durable and of extraordinary strength. This is one of the species
yielding the sweetish Algaroba-pods for cattle fodder, and utilized
even in some instances for human food. The pods of the various
kinds of Prosopis are adapted only for such animals as chew the
cud, and thus get rid of distending gasses (R. Russell). Argentina
Algaroba-pods contain, according to Sievert, 25 to 28 per cent,
grape sugar, 11 to 17 per cent, starch, 7 to 11 per cent, protein, of
organic acids, pectin, and other non-nitrogenous nutritive sub-
stances 14 to 24 per cent. They are also comparatively rich in
potash, lime, and phosphoric acid. A sparkling drink called Aloja
is made of the fruits. This and some allied species yield the
Algarobylla bark for tanning; the leaves contain, according to
Sievert, 21 per cent, tannin. The pods also of several species are
rich in tannic acid. Mere varieties according to Bentham are : P.
horrida, P. juliflora, P. siliquastrum, P. glandulosa. The latter
variety exudes a gum not unlike gum-arabic, and this is obtained so
copiously that children could earn two to three dollars a day in
Texas while gathering it, latterly about 40,000 Ibs. being bought
by druggists there. The tree attains a height of 30 feet, and its
wood is excessively hard, eligible for select furniture ; polished it
has the appearance of Mahogany. A short communication on the

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 267

American Algoroba Tree was presented to the Parliament of Vic-
toria by the writer in 1871. Pods of some Prosopis used as fodder
have caused the death of horses in Jamaica.

Prosopis pubescens, Bentham.

Texas, California, Mexico. The Tornillo or Screw-bean. The pods
ripen at all seasons and contain much saccharine nutritive substance
(J. S. Gamble). Likely available for hedges, with other species of
other countries. Seeds can be converted into food (Sargent).

Prosopis spicigera, Linne".

India, extending to Persia. A thorny tree, also with edible pods,
enduring some frost. It attains a height of 60 feet, but is of slow
growth (Brandis). Serves for head-lines. It can be chosen for
desert land (Kurz).

Prosopis Stephaniana, Kunth.

Syria and Persia. A shrubby species for hedge-growth.

Prunus Americana, .Marshall. (P. nigra, Aiton.)

Canada, Eastern United States of America. A thorny tree, fur
nishing the Yellow and Red Plum of North America. The fruit is
roundish and rather small, but of pleasant taste.

Prunus Amygdalus, J. Hooker.* (Amygdalus communis, Linne.)*

The Almond-tree. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea and
Orient ; really indigenous on the Anti-Lebanon, in Kurdestan,
Turkestan, and perhaps on the Caucasus (Stewart). Both the sweet
and bitter almond are derived from this species. The cost of
gathering the crop in South Europe is about 20 per cent, of its
market value. Their uses and the value of the highly palatable oil
obtained by pressure frcm them are well known. This oil can well
be chosen as a means of providing a pleasant substitute for milk
during sea voyages, etc., by mixing, when required, with it half its
weight of powdered gum-arabic, and adding then successively, while
quickly agitating in a stone mortar, about double the quantity of
water. Thus a palatable and wholesome sort of cream for tea or
coffee is obtained at any moment. Oil of apricot-seeds is much used
in India like almond-oil. There exist hard and soft-shelled varieties
of both the sweet and bitter almond. Almonds can even be grown
on sea-shores. The crystalline amygdalin can best be prepared from
bitter almonds, through removing the oil by pressure, then subject-
ing them to distillation with alcohol, and finally precipitating with
ether. The volatile bitter almond-oil — a very dangerous liquid — is
obtained by aqueous distillation. Dissolved in alcohol it forms the
essence of almonds. This can also be prepared from peach
kernels.

268 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Primus Caroliniana, Alton.

Southern States of North America. Porcher regards it as one of
the most beautiful and manageable evergreens of those States. It
can be cut into any shape and is much employed for quick and
dense hedges. It can be grown on coast land.

Prunus Chisasa, Michaux.

North America, west of the Mississippi. On the prairies it is only
3 to 4 feet high. Fruit spherical, red, rather small, with a tender
usually agreeable pulp. Other species with edible fruit, occur in
North America, such as P. pumila (L.), P. Pennsylvania (L.), P.
Yirginiana (L.), but their fruits are too small to render these plants
of importance for orchard culture, though they may also become
enlarged by artificial treatment.

Prunus ilicifolia, Nuttall.

California. In deep rich soil, valuable for evergreen hedges of in-
tricate growth. Fruit about ^ inch diameter, red or black, of a
pleasant sub-acid flavour, but somewhat astringent (Gibbons).

Prunus Mahaleb, Linne.

Middle and South Europe. It deserves some attention on
account of its scented seeds and also odorous wood, the latter used
in turnery for pipes and other articles. The flowers are in use for
perfumes.

Prunus maritima, Wangenheim.

The Beech-Plum of North America. A shrubby species, of service
not only for covering coast-sands, but also for its fruit, which is
crimson or purple, globular, and measuring from J to 1 inch. It is
not necessary to enter here any notes on the generally-known
species of Prunus, which have engaged already for years the keen
attention of many orchard cultivators. Thus we possess numerous
varieties of the Cherry, P. avium (L.) and P. Cerasus (L.) ; of the
Plum, P. domestica (L.) ; of the Apricot, P. Armeniaca (L.) ; and
of the Cherry-plum, P. myrobalana (L.) — the latter Canadian, the
others European and Oriental. Information on these and other
varieties may be sought in " Hogg's Fruit Manual." The Almond
(Amygdalus communis, L.) and the Peach (Amygdalus Persica, L.)
belong also generically to Prunus, as indicated in 1812 by Stokes
("Bot. Mat. MedL," iii. 101) and in 1813 by F. G. Hayne
(" Arznei-Gewachse," iv. 38), and finally settled by J. L>. Hooker
(Benth. and Hook., gen. pi. i. 610), for which therefore now the
names P. Amygdalus and P. Persica should be adopted. The
latter came originally from China, while P. Armenica seems indig-
enous to the Caucasian regions and perhaps the Himalayas, and

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES 269

P. Cerasus originated from West Asia. Oil of Apricot seeds can
be used like almond-oil. Cherry-tree bark contains 24 per cent,
tannin, that of the Apricot-tree 32 per cent. (Muspratt).

Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus, Lindley. (P. Puddum, Roxburgh.)

The u Sakura" of Japan, extending to Upper India. A large shady-
tree, the stem attaining 2 feet in diameter, charming to view when
bearing its profusion of flowers. The fruit is of the size of small
cherries and of pleasant and refreshing taste, though never quite
sweet (Wallich). It is this tree which supplies mainly the wood so
extensively required for xylography in Japan (Dupont).

Prunus serotina, Ehrhart.

The Black Cherry-tree of North America. Fruit slightly bitter,
but with a pleasant vinous flavour ; wood compact, light, easily
worked, not liable to warp (Sargent), very valuable for cabinet and
sash-makers (A. Gray). In Virginia and Alabama the tree attains
a height of 100 feet, with a stem 4 feet in diameter; it prefers
rich porous soil in the upper parts of valleys. Wood pale red,
dense, fine-grained ; when polished, as beautiful as mahogany wood
(Robb and Simmonds). It will live on the poorest soil, and even
within the salt spray of the coast. Wood close-grained, compact,
not liable to warp, easily worked and ebonized. Readily raised
from seeds and transplanted ; not succumbing under rough usage
(Sargent).

Prunus spinosa, Linne.

The Sloe or Blackthorn. Wild in many parts of Europe. With
its flowers it is one of the earliest plants to announce the spring.
Its tendency to throw out suckers renders the bush less adapted for
hedges of gardens than of fields, but these suckers furnish material
for walking-sticks. The small fruits can be made into preserves.
P. insititia (L.), the Bullace, with larger and sometimes yellow
fruits, extends, as a variety, to North Africa and Middle Asia,
Sir Joseph Hooker and other phytographers considers P. domestica
not specifically distinct from P. spinosa. Of medical value are P.
Lauro-Cerasus (L.), the evergreen Cherry-Laurel from the Orient,
and P. Padus (L.), the deciduous Bird's Cherry, which extends
from Europe to North Africa and West Asia. These and most
other species contain in their foliage and in some other parts
amygdalin. Perhaps some of the species from Eastern Asia, Cali-
fornia, and tropical America are eligible for improving their fruit
through horticultural skill. The Sloe and others might with
advantage be naturalized on forest streams.

Prunus tomentosa, Thunberg.

North China. A very hardy species with cherry-like edible fruits.

270 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Prunus Virginiana, Linne.

The Choke Cherry-tree of the United States. In a mild clime and
fertile soil this tree attains a height of 100 feet and a stem of 16
feet in circumference. The wood is compact, fine-grained, and not
liable to warp when perfectly seasoned, of a dull light-red tint,
deepening with age. The fruit finally loses its austerity.

Psamma arenaria, Roemer and Schultes.* (P. littoralis, Beauvois ;
Calamagrostis arenaria, Roth.)

The Morram, or Marrem, or Bent Grass. Sand-coasts of Europe,
North Africa, and Middle North America. One of the most important
of reedy grasses, with long descending roots, for binding moving drift-
sands on the sea-shore, for the consolidation of which in Europe chiefly
this tall grass and Elymus arenarius are employed. It delights in
the worst of drift-sands, and for its full development gradual accu-
mulation of fresh sands around it becomes necessary (Wessely) :
hence it never gets suffocated. The plant will by gradual up-
growth finally form stems and roots sanded into a depth of fully
100 feet. Psanima Baltica (R. and S.), from the Baltic and North
Seas, serves the same purpose. Both can also be used in the
manner of Sparta for paper material, for tyeing and for mats.
Like Elymus arenarius, it is not touched by grazing-aiiimals. It
collects the sand-heaps at the tops of ridges, while the Elymus
fastens their sides.

Psidium acidum, Martius.

Higher regions on the Amazon River. A tree 30 feet high ; its
Guava-fruit pale yellow and of apple size.

Psidium Araca, Raddi.

From West India and Guiana to Peru and Southern Brazil, where
it is found in dry high-lying places. This is one of the edible
Guavas, recorded already by Piso and Marcgrav. The greenish
yellow berry is of exquisite taste.

Psidium arbor eum, Yellozo.

Brazil ; province Rio de Janeiro. This Guava-fruit measures about
one inch, and is of excellent flavour.

Psidium Cattleyanum, Sabine.*

The Purple Guava, Brazil and Uruguay. One of the hardiest of
the Guava-bushes, attaining finally a height of 20 feet. The
purple berries are seldom above an inch long, but of delicious
flavour and taste, resembling thus far strawberries. P. buxifoliuin
(Nutt.), of Florida, seems nearly related to this species.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 271

Psidium chrysophyllum, F. v. Mueller. (Abbevillea chrysophylla,

Berg.)

The Guabiroba Do Mato of South Brazil. This tree attains a
height of about 30 feet. The fruit generally not larger than a
cherry. Perhaps other species of the section Abbevillea would be
hardy and worthy of cultivation.

Psidium cinereum, Martius.

Brazil ; provinces Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo. Also yielding an
edible fruit.

Psidium cordatum, Sims.

The Spice Guava. West India. This one attains the height of a
tree. Its fruit edible.

Psidium cuneatum, Cambessedes.

Brazil ; province Minas Geraes. Fruit greenish, of the size of a

Mirabelle-Plum.

•

Psidium grandifolium, Martius.

Brazil; provinces Rio Grande do Sul, Parana, Sao Paulo, Minas

Geraes, where the climate is similar to Southern Queensland. A

shrub of rather dwarf growth. The berries edible, size of a
walnut.

Psidium Guayava, Raddi.* (P. pomiferum, Linne ;. P. pyriferum,
Linne.)

The large Yellow Guava. From West India and Mexico to South
Brazil. For this handsome evergreen and useful bush universal
attention should be secured anywhere in warm lowlands, for the
sake of its aromatic wholesome berries, which will attain the
size of a hen's egg, and can be converted into a delicious jelly.
The pulp is generally cream-coloured or reddish, but varies in the
many varieties which have arisen in culture, some of them bearing
all the year round. Propagation is easy from suckers, cuttings, or
seeds. Many other berry-bearing Myrtacese (of the genera
Psidium, Myrtus, Myrcia, Marliera, Calyptranthes, Eugenia)
furnish edible fruits in Brazil and other tropical countries, but we
are not aware of their degress of hardiness. Berg enumerates as
esculent more than half a hundred from Brazil alone, of which the
species of Campomanesia may safely be transferred to Psidium.

Psidium incanescens, Martius.

Brazil, from Minas Geraes to Rio Grand do Sul. This Guava-bush
attains a height of 8 feet. Berry edible.

272

SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Psidium lineatifolium, Persoon.

Mountains of Brazil. Berry about 1 inch diameter.

Psidium malifolium, F. v. Mueller. (Oampomanesiam
Uruguay. Berry about 1 inch diameter.

Psidium polycarpon, Al. Anderson.*

From Guiana to Brazil, also in Trinidad. A comparatively small
shrub, bearing prolifically and almost continuously its yellow
berries, which are of the size of a large cherry, and of exquisite
taste.

Psidium rufum, Martius.

Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, on Sub- Alpine heights.
This Guava-bush gains finally a height of 10 feet, and is likely the
hardiest of all the species producing palatable fruit.

Psoralea esculenta, Pursch.

North America. This herb is mentioned here, as the tuberous roots
known as Prairie Turnips may by cultural processes be capable of
great improvement, and of thus becoming a valuable esculent.

Psychotria Eckloniana, F. v. Mueller. (Grumilia cymosa, E.
Meyer.)

South Africa. Dr. Pappe describes the wood of this tree as
beautifully citron-yellow.

Pterocarpus Indicus, Roxburgh.

The Lingo of China and India. A tree of considerable dimensions,
famed for its flame-red wood. It furnishes also a kind of dragon-
blood resin.

Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxburgh.

India, ascending in Ceylon and the Circars to at least 3,000 feet
altitude ; hence this tree would doubtless grow without protection
in those tracts of the temperate zone which are free from frost.
It exudes the best medicinal kino, which contains about 75 per
cent, of tannic acid. The foliage is deciduous. P. santalinus
(Linne fil.), which provides the Saunders or Red Sandal Wood, is
also indigenous to the mountains of India, and important for dye-
purposes in cultures of Japan.

Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Kunth.

From Central Asiatic Russia to Persia. A kind of Walnut-tree,
which, with P. stenoptera (Cas. de Cand.), on Dr. Ilance's
recommendation, should be adopted as trees for both ornament and
timber, and so perhaps also the Japanese species.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 273

Ptychosperma Alexandrse, F. v. Mueller.

The Alexandra Palm. Queensland, as well in tropical as extra-
tropical latitudes. The tallest of Australian Palms, and one of the
noblest forms in the whole empire of vegetation. It exceeds 100
feet in height, and is likely destined to grace any shady moist grove
free from frost, as it seems less tender than most palms. The
demand for seeds has already been enormous.

Ptychosperma Arfakiana, Becca'ri.

New Guinea, reaching elevations of 5,000 feet in comparatively
temperate regions. Height up to 30 feet.

Ptychosperma Cunningham!, Hermann Wendland.

East Australia, as far south as Illawarra ; thus one of the most
southern of all Palms. This also is a very high species, destined to
take a prominent position in decorative plantations. Several species
occur in Fiji and other islands of the Pacific Ocean, and others
again might be obtained from India, but they are probably not so
hardy as those mentioned. Though strictly speaking of no
industrial value, these Palms are important for horticultural trade,
and are objects eminently fitted for experiments in acclimatisation.

Ptychosperma disticha, Miquel. (Areca disticha, Griffith.)
Assam, up to 4,000 feet.

Ptychosperma elegans, Blume. (P. Seaforthia, Miquel ; SeafortMa
elegans, R. Brown.

Littoral forests of tropical Australia. Also a lofty magnificent
Feather-Palm. Its leaflets are erose. It may prove hardy.

Ptychosperma Musschenbroekiana, Beccari.

Ternate, Insular India, up to 3,000 feet. Height of this palm
90 feet. Almost sure to be hardy in sheltered localities of the
warmer temperate zone.

Pueraria Thunbergiana, Bentham.

Japan. There starch is prepared from the tubers of this climber.

Pueraria tuberosa, Candolle.

South Asia, up to 4,000 feet. A tall woody twiner. Its large
tubers are edible and might improve -by culture.

Pugionium cornutum, Gaertner.

From the Caspian Sea to China. This herb is grown by the
Mongols as a vegetable (Hance).

274 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Punica granatum, Linne.

The Pomegranate. North Africa and West Asia, in the Hima-
layas, up to 6,000 feet. Well-known for its showy habit, rich-
coloured flowers, peculiar fruit, and medicinal astringency, but
much overlooked regarding its value as a hedge-plant. The bark
contains 32 per cent, tannin (Muspratt). The bark is used for
dying the yellow Morocco leather (Oliver). The peel of the fruit
serves for dye.

Pycnanthemum incanum, Michaux.

North America. A perennial herb, in odour resembling both
Penny-royal and Spearmint. It likes to grow on rocky woodland,
and on such it might be easily naturalised.

Pycnanthemum montanum, Michaux.

The Mountain-Mint of North America. A perennial herb of
pleasant, aromatic, mint-like taste. These two particular species
have been chosen from several North American kinds to demon-
strate that we may add by their introduction to the variety of our
odorous garden-herbs. They may also be subjected with advantage
to distillation.

Pyrularia edulis, Meissner.

Nepal, Khasia, Sikkim. A large umbrageous tree. The drupaceous
fruit is used by the inhabitants for food. A few other species occur
in Upper India, one on the high mountains of Ceylon and one in
North America. The latter, P. pubera (Mich.), can be utilised for
the oil of its nuts.

Pyrus coronaria, Linne.

The Crab-Apple of North America. This showy species is
mentioned here as worthy of trial culture, since it is likely that it
would serve well as stock for grafting. Best grown in glades.
Wood nearly as tough for screw-work as that of the Pear Tree
(Robb). It seems unnecessary to refer here to any of the forms of
Pyrus communis (L.), P. Malus (L.), P. Cydonia (L.) and P.
Germanica (J. Hooker, Mespilus Germanica, L.), but it may
passingly be observed, that curious fruits have been produced
latterly in North America by the hybridisation of the Apple with
the Pear. Pearwood is one of the best substitutes for boxwood in
xylography, also in use for slips of pianos. Pyrus communis attains
an age of over 300 years, fully bearing. Trees are known to have
attained a circumference of 10 feet at 3 feet from the ground. At
Yarmouth a tree over 100 years old has borne up to 26,800 fruits
annually, and in some years more. The circumference of its frond
is 126 feet (Masters). A bitter glycosid — namely, Phlorrhizin — is

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 275

obtainable from the bark of apple and pear trees, particularly from
that of the root ; while a volatile alkaloid — namely, trimethylamin —
can be prepared from the flowers.

Pyrus Japonica, Thunberg.

Japan. One of the prettiest of small hedge-bushes. Under
favourable circumstances it will produce its quince-like fruit.

Pyrus nivalis, Jacquin.

The Snow Pear. Middle and South Europe. This would be adapted
for orchards in higher mountain regions. The fruit becomes soft
and edible through exposure to snow. P. amygdaliformis (Villars)
is probably the wild state of this tree.

Pyrus salicifolia, Linne.

Greece, Turkey, Persia, South- West Russia. Though its fruit,
which slowly mollifies, is edible, this tree is mainly utilised as a
superior stock for grafting.

Quercus .ZEgilops, Linne.*

South Europe, also Syria. A nearly evergreen tree of the size of
the British Oak. The cups, known as Valonia, used for tanning
and dyeing ; the unripe acorns, as Camata or Camatena, for the
same purpose. Valonia is mainly exported from Smyrna to
London (33,802 tons in 1876). Greece used to produce annually
10,000 tons, worth up to .£18 per ton. The supply is inadequate
to present demand. Valonia (Wallones) produces a rich bloom 011
leather, which latter also becomes less permeable to water (Muspratt).
The ripe acorns are eaten raw or boiled. The tree is also recom-
mendable as a fine avenue tree. It bears considerable frost. The
wood is capital for furniture.

Quercus agrifolia, Nee.

California and Mexico. One of the most magnificent among ever-
green Oaks, with dense, wide-spreading foliage. The thick bark
available for tanning (C. Hoffmann). According to Dr. Gibbons
this tree attains a height of 100 feet, a stem diameter of 8 feet,
and a crown 125 feet in diameter. Wood-cutters distinguish two
varieties, one with red and one with white wood. It grows near
the sea, and luxuriates in deep soil of valleys and also on the tops
of mountains. The value of its timber is not fully appreciated.
Although brittle when green and perishable if exposed to the
weather, it become almost as hard and strong as Live Oak if
properly seasoned, and is especially adapted for ships' knees.

276 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Quercus alba, Linne.*

The White or Quebec Oak. From Canada to Florida, west to
Texas. A most valuable timber tree, 100 feet high ; diameter
of stem 7 feet. Trunk sometimes 65 feet long to first branch.
This tree attains a great age ; succeeds best in rich woodlands ;
and is of quicker growth than the English Oak. The timber
is pliable, most durable, one of the very best of all woods
for casks, also of first-class value for cabinet-work, for machi-
nery, spokes, naves, beams, plough-handles, agricultural im-
plements, railway-ties, carriages, flooring, basket material
(Sargent), railway-ties (Robb) ; it is also largely employed in ship-
building ; the young saplings serve for hoofs and whip-handles.
The bark contains about 8 per cent, tannin.

Quercus annulata, Smith.

A large evergreen Oak of Nepal, which provides a very good
timber. It does not ascend quite so high as Q. incana. Q. spicata
(Smith), another very large Himalayan Oak, ascends only to 5,000
feet ; it is known also from Borneo, Java, and Sumatra.

Quercus aquatica, Walter.

North America. Height of tree, 60 feet ; it furnishes a superior
bark for tanning, also wood for ship-building. This Oak should be
chosen for planting in wet ground or for bordering streams.

Quercus Castanea, Nee.

The Mexican Chestnut Oak. It furnishes edible acorns.

Quercus Cerris, Linne.

South Europe, South-West Asia. Turkey or Mossy-cupped Oak.
Of the height of the English Oak, in suitable localities of quick
growth. The foliage deciduous, or also evergreen. The wood
available for wheelwrights, cabinet-makers, turners, coopers ; also
for building purposes. Structure of the wood similar to that of
the British Oak ; the sapwood larger, the heartwood of a more
saturated brown, and the large rays more numerous, giving it a
most varied and beautiful wainscot grain (Brandis).

Quercus Chinensis, Bunge.

North China. One of the hardiest among the evergreen Oaks.

Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann.

California. According to Yasey this evergreen Oak rarely exceeds
50 feet in height, but supplies the hardest oak-wood on the Pacific
coast. Dr. Gibbons observes that it holds a primary rank among
Californian forest trees, but is of sparse occurrence ; in suitable

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 277

soil on the sides of mountains it is of giant growth, spreading out
in magnificent proportions. In toughness and density of wood it
represents the Live Oak of Florida.

Quercus coccifera Linne.

The deciduous Kermes Oak of South Europe, North Africa and
South- West Asia. So called from the red dye furnished by the
Coccus ilicis from this Oak. It also supplies tanner's bark con-
taining about 8 per cent. . tannin (Muspratt). The huge and
ancient Abraham's ^Oak belongs to this species. The tree likes
rich woods.

Quercus coccinea Wangenhein.

The Black Oak of North America. Height 100 feet; stem
diameter 5 feet. Foliage deciduous. The tree thrives best in rich
woodlands and moist soil. The wood is almost as durable as that
of the White Oak, and in use for flooring and other carpenter's
work. The yellow dye known as quercitron comes from this tree.
It is much more powerful than that of Woad (Bancroft). With
alumina the tinge of the bark is bright yellow, with oxyde of tin it
is orange, with oxyde of iron it is drab (Porcher). Q. tinctoria
(Bartram) is a variety, which according to Sargent, produces timber
of close grain, and great durability, utilized for carriage building,
cooperage, and various constructions ; the bitter inner bark yields
a yellow dye. The bark of the variety called Scarlet Oak is practi-
cally far inferior in value to that of the Black Oak (Meehan).
Bark contains about 8 per cent, of tannic acid. (Gard. Chron.).
Dr. Eiigelmann found the Black Oaks twice as fast in growth as the
White Oaks of the United States. The Bartram's Oak (Q.
heterophylla) is according to him a hybrid between the Willow Oak
and Scarlet Oak. Hybrid Oaks produce acorns fit to germinate.

Quercus cornea, Loureiro.

China. An evergreen tree, 40 feet high. Acorns used for food.

Quercus cuspidata, Thunberg.

Japan. The acorns, when boiled or roasted, are edible and regu-
larly sold in Japan for food (Rein). A magnificent Oak, grand in
its proportions, bears acorns in bunches or strings, of very sweet
taste when baked like chestnuts, but only of the size of kidney
beans (F. C. Christy).

Quercus densiflora, Hooker and Arnott.

Californian Chestnut Oak. A large evergreen tree of beautiful
outline, dense foliage and compact growth. Bark very valuable for
tanning ; wood however subject to rapid decay (Prof. Bolander).
Quercus Douglasii is another tall Oak of California.

278 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Quercus dentata, Thunberg.*

Japan. This is one of the species on which Oak Silkworm (the
Yama Mayon) lives.

Quercus Douglasii, Hooker and Arnott.

California. The Blue Oak. Stem to 7 feet in circumference
(Brewer). Resembles the White Oak in the quality of its timber.

Quercus dilatata, Lindley.

From the Himalayas to Afghanistan, at elevations from 4,500 to
10,000 feet. Height up to 100 feet ; crown very shady, lopped for
sheep fodder. The hard, heavy, and durable wood much used for
building purposes and implements (Madden).

Quercus falcata, Michaux.

North America. A tree attaining a height of 80 feet, with a stem
4 feet in diameter. Foliage deciduous. It lives in dry sandy
ground, and can also be utilised for sea-coasts. Produces an
excellent tanners' bark, and also galls for superior ink. The wood
used for staves, but not durable for structures.

Quercus Garry ana, Douglas.

North- West America, along the coast between the 38th and 50th
degrees. A gigantic tree, 100 feet high or more, with a stem 6
feet in diameter. This, with Q. Douglasii, and Q. lobata, passes as
Californian White Oak. The timber is remarkably pale for an
Oak, hard and fine-grained, of great strength and durability, well
suited for almost every kind of construction for which the White
or the European Oak is employed. The acorns, being sweet and
agreeable, form an excellent mast for hogs.

Quercus glabra, Thunberg.

Japan. The acorns are consumed for food by the Japanese.

Quercus glauca, Thunberg.

The Kashi of Japan. A large and truly magnificent evergreen tree,
80 feet high. The hard and close-grained wood is chosen there for
select tools, particularly planes and utensils (Christy).

Quercus Ilex, Linne.

The Holly Oak of South Europe ; extending also to Algeria and to
the Himalayas, which it ascends up to about 10,000 feet. Height
of tree 50 feet. Wood in use for ship-building, bark for tanning.
From varieties of this tree are obtained the sweet and nourishing
Ballota and Chestnut acorns.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 279

Quercus incana, Roxburgh.

Himalayas, at elevations between 3,000 and 8,000 feet. A beauti-
ful evergreen tree of great dimensions. Mr. Simmonds reminds us
that a silkworm (Antheraea Roylei), producing large cocoons, lives
on this Oak. In its native localities Q. lanuginosa (D. Don) is
associated with it. Q. lamellosa (Smith), of the same region, attains
a height of 120 feet, with a straight trunk of 60 feet and 15 feet in
girth (Brandis).

Quercus infectoria, Oliver.

Around the Mediterranean Sea. Only a small tree, with deciduous
foliage. Chiefly from this tree the galls of commerce are obtained
A variety, Q. Lusitanica (Webb), or Q. Mirbeckii (Durieu). attains
a height of 120 feet, with a stem girth of 20 feet. Some states of
this are almost evergreen.

Quercus lancifolia, Roxburgh.

A tall timber tree of the Himalayas. Wood valued for its dura-
bility.

Quercus lobata, Nee.

California. The Sacramento White Oak. Up to 150 feet high
and 6 feet in diameter, with wide-spreading branches, which often
bend to the ground. The wood is brittle when green, but hard and
tough when seasoned ; its value has been much underrated
(Gibbons). The acorns of this oak used to form a large proportion
of the winter food of the aboriginal inhabitants of North
California.

Quercus lyrata, Walter.

The Overcup Oak of the South-Eastern States of North America,
extending from South Illinois to Florida and Louisiana. A tree of
majestic size, 80 feet high with a stem 4 feet in diameter. Lately
recommended as valuable for timber cultivation, especially in wet
ground.

Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux.

The Bur Oak of North America. Tree 70 feet high, stem, diameter
to 8 feet. The timber regarded by some nearly as good as that of
the White Oak. The bark contains about 8 per cent, tannin.

Quercus macrolepsis, Kotschy.*

Greece. This oak yields also Valonia, being closely allied to Q.

280 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Quercus Mongolica, Fischer.*

Manchuria. It is on this tree and 011 Q. serrata that the silk-insect
peculiar to Oak-trees mainly, if not solely, is reared, as shown by
Dr. Hance.

Quercus Muehlenbergii, Engelmann.

Middle and Eastern States of North America. A middle-sized tree ;
its wood compact, strong, durable for posts, railway ties (Sargent).

Quercus obtusiloba, Michaux.

North America. This tree will live on sandy or otherwise sterile
soil.. Wood very durable (A. Gray).

Quercus palustris, Du Roi.

The Pin Oak or Marsh Oak of North America. Height 80 feet ;
of quick growth. The wood though fine-grained, is strong and
tough, It is ornamental for furniture on account of the strong
development of medullary rays.

Quercus Phellos, Linne".

The Willow Oak of the Eastern States of North America. The
acorns available for food, like those of several other species — for
instance, Q. glabra (Thumb.) of Japan. A variety of closely allied
species is the shingle-oak, Q. imbricaria, Mich. The comparative
value of the very numerous Cis- and Trans-Atlantic Oaks, but
little as yet understood either for avenue purposes or timber
plantations, should be tested with care in botanic gardens. The
timber is valuable. Even recently Oaks have been discovered on
the mountains of New Guinea.

Quercus Prinus, Linne.

The North American Swamp Oak or Chestnut Oak. A tree 90
feet high, stem up to 15 feet in girth, available for wet localities.
Foliage deciduous. Wood strong and elastic, of fine grain ;
according to Porcher it is easy to split and not hard, used for
building purposes, also cooperage. A red dye is also produced
from the bark. The bark is one of the most important among oak
barks for tanning, furnishing a very solid and durable leather. Q.
bicolor (Willd.) is closely allied to Q. Prinus; trunks have been
measured 30 feet in circumference.

Quercus Robur,

The British Oak. Extending through a great part of Europe and
Western Asia, attaining a great age and an enormous size. Extreme
height 120 feet. It has been known to attain a stem 12 feet in
diameter at ths base, 10 feet in the middle, 5 feet at the main
branches. Two varieties are distinguished : 1, Q. sessiliflora

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 281

(Salisbury). The Durmast Oak with a darker, heavier timber,
more elastic, less fissile, easier to bend under steam. This tree is
also the quickest of the two in growth, and lives in poorer soil.
Its bark is also richer in medicinal, dyeing, and tanning principles.
Extract of Oak-bark for tanners' use fetches about XI 8 per ton in
the London market, the best oak-bark yields 16 to 20 per cent,
tannin. 2, Q. pedunculata (Ehrh.). This variety supplies most of
the oak timber in Britain for ship-building, and is the best for
cabinet-makers' and joiners' work. In Britain it is attacked by
Scolytus multistriatus. Mr. W. Winter noticed that the British Oak
withstood an occasional shade temperature of 118 degrees F. in
Biverina. The long continued adherence of dead leaves in the cool
and most verdant season renders this Oak not so well adapted for
pleasure-grounds in the warmer parts of the temperate zone as many
other, particularly evergreen Oaks. The English Oak is however
of quicker growth than most other species.

Quercus rubra, Linn6

The Red Oak of North America. Height 100 feet ; diameter of
stem 4 feet, content with poor soil. The wood though coarse, is of
rigidity and has not the fault of warping. It is of fair quality for
staves (Simmonds), and even building purposes, but variable in
quality according to soil and clime (Sargent). The bark is rich in
tannin. Autumnal tint of foliage beatifully red. The acorns,
which are produced in great abundance, are relished by animals.

Quercus seme car pifolia, Smith.

In the Himalayas, up to 10,000 feet. The largest of the Oaks of
India, upwards of 100 feet high, with a stem up to 18 feet in girth.
Leafless for a short time. It furnishes a hard and heavy timber of
fair quality.

Quercus s errata, Thunberg.*

One of the twenty-three known Japan Oaks ; extending to China
and Nepal. A good avenue-tree, though deciduous. It yields the
best food for the Oak Silkworm (Bombyx Yamamai). It is recom-
mendable to pack acorns intended for far distances in dry moss or
sand, to secure retention of vitality ; moreover they must be quite
fresh, when packed.

Quercus Sideroxylon, Humboldt.

Mountains of Mexico, at 8,000 feet elevation. An Oak of great
size, of compact timber, almost imperishable in water. Q. lanceo-
lata, Q. chrysophylla, Q. reticulata, Q. laurina, Q. obtusata,
Q. glaucescens, Q. Xalapensis (Humb.), and Q. acutifolia (Nee)
are among the many other highly important timber Oaks of
the cooler regions of Mexico. No printed records seem extant

282 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

concerning the technology of the numerous Mexican Oaks, though
doubtless their respective values are well known to local artisans.
According to the Abbe and Surgeon Liturgie, one of the Mexican
Oaks near San Juan nourishes a Bombyx the cocoons of which are
spun by the natives into silk (Tschichatchef).

Quercus Skinneri, Bentham.

Mexico. The acorns of this Oak measure nearly 6 inches in
circumference, and are available for various domestic animals.

Quercus squamata, Roxburgh.

One of the tallest of the Himalayan Oaks. Wood lasting.

Quercus stellata, Wangenheim.

The Post Oak of North-East America. Content with poor and
even sandy soil, but not a large tree. For its very durable and
dense wood it is much in requisition there for posts, and is particu-
larly highly prized for ship-building, also sought for rail-ties.

Quercus Suber, Linne.*

The Cork Oak of South Europe and North Africa; evergreen. It
attains an age of fully two hundred years. After about twenty
years it can be stripped of its bark every six or seven years; but
the best cork is obtained from trees over forty years old. Height
of the tree about 40 feet. Acorns of sweetish taste. Mr. Robinson
found that young Cork Oaks obtained from the writer made a
growth of 4 feet in a year in the humid Western Port district of
Victoria. The bark of Q. pseudo-suber (Sant.) is inferior for cork,
but the closely-allied Q. occidentalis (Gay), which is hardier than
Q. Suber, produces a superior cork-bark. It will thrive even on
sand. Its cultivation is rapidly increasing in Algeria.

Quercus Sundaica, Blume.

One of the Oaks from the mountains of Java, where several other
valuable timber Oaks exist. The existence of Oaks on the higher
mountains of New Guinea has been demonstrated by Dr. Beccari ;
hence, in all probability, additional valuable evergreen species will
be obtainable for our arboreta from thence.

Quercus Toza, Bosc.

South Europe. One of the handsomest Oaks, and one of the
quickest growth. Will live in sandy soil. It furnishes superior
tanners' bark.

Quercus virens, Linn<k*

The Live Oak of North America, extending northward only to
Virginia, occurring also in Mexico, and perhaps the hardiest of the

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.

283

evergreen species. Likes a coast-climate and a soil rich in mould.
To Sixty feet high, with a stem of sometimes 9 feet in diameter.,
Supplies a most valuable timber for ship-building ; it is heavy,
compact, fine-grained ; it is moreover the strongest and most
durable of all American Oaks. Like Q. obtusiloba (Mich.), it
lives also on sea-shores, helping to bind the sand, but it is then not
of tall stature. Of many of the three hundred Oaks of both the
western and eastern portions of the northern hemisphere, the
properties remain unrecorded and perhaps unexamined; but it
would be important to introduce as many kinds as possible for local
test-growth. The acorns, when packed in dry moss, retain their
vitality for some months. The species with deciduous foliage are
not desirable for massive ornamental planting in the warmer parts
of the temperate zone, because they shed their dead leaves tardily
during the very time of the greatest verdure of other vegetation.

Quillaja saponaria, Molina.

Chili. A colossal tree. The bark
valuable for dressing wool and silk.

is rich in saponin, and thus

Eafnia amplexicaulis, Thunberg.

South Africa. The root of this bush is sweet like liquorice, and is
administered in medicine. Rafnia perfoliata (E. Meyer), also from
South Africa, furnishes likewise a medicinal root.

Kaphanus sativus, Linne.

South Asia, up to 16,000 feet in the Himalayas, eastward to Japan.
The Radish. K caudatus (L.), the Radish with long edible pods,
is regarded by Dr. Th. Anderson as a mere variety, and he thinks
that all are sprung from the ordinary R. Raphanistrum (L.) of
Europe. All Radishes succeed best in a calcareous soil, or aided
by manure rich in lime. The root of the Black Radish is compara-
tively rich in starch.

Remirea maritima, Aublet.

Intra-tropical coast regions around the globe. A perennial creeping
sedge for binding sand.

Reseda Luteola, Linne.

The Weld. Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia, North Africa.
A herb of one or two years' duration. Likes calcareous soil. A
yellow dye (luteolin) pervades the whole plant. The plant must be
cut before the fruit commences to develop otherwise the pigment
will much diminish.

284 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Reseda odorata, Linne.

The true Mignonette. North Africa and Syria. A herb of one or
very few years' duration. The dedicate scent can best be concen-
trated and removed by enfleurage.

Bhagodia Billardieri, R. Brown.

Extra-tropical Australia, An import bush for binding moving
sand on sea-shores. A herb of this order, Atriplex crystallinum
(J. Hooker), should be encouraged in its growth at the very edge
of tides or sand-shores, where with Cakile maritima, Mesembrian-
themum australe, and M. sequilaterale, it will form one of the
most effectual first impediments to the influx of sea-sand.

Rhamnus catharticus, Linne\

The Buckthorn. Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle
Asia. It can be utilised as a hedge-plant. The berries are of
medicinal value, as indicated by the specific name. The foliage and
bark can be employed for the preparation of a green dye.

Rhamnus chlorophorus, Lindley.

China. From the bark a superior green pigment is prepared. R.
utilis, from the same country, serves for the like purpose. This
kind of dye is particularly used for silk, and is known as Lokao.

Rhamnus Frangula, Linne.

Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia. One of the very
best woods for gunpowder. Recommended by Sir Joseph Hooker
to be grown on the coppice system for this purpose.

Rhamnus Grsecus, Reuter.

Greece. From this shrub, and to no less extent from the allied R.
prunifolius (Sibth.), are the green dye-berries collected in Greece,
according to Dr. Heldreich. These shrubs grow on stony moun-
tains up to 2,500 feet.

Rhamnus infectorius, Linne.

On the Mediterranean Sea and in the countries near to it. The
berry-like fruits of this shrub are known in commerce as Graines
d' Avignon and Graines de Perse, and produce a valuable green dye.
Other species seem to supply a similar dye-material, — for instance,
R. saxatilis (L). R. amygdalinus (Desf.), R. oleoides (L.), R.
tinctorius (W. and K.)

Rhapidophyllum Hystrix, Wendland and Drude. (Chamcerops
ffystrix, Fraser).

The Blue-Palmetto of Florida and Carolina. A hardy dwarf Fan-
Palm.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 285

Rhapis flabelliformis, Linn6 fil.

China and Japan. This exceedingly slender Palm attains only a
height of a few feet. The stems can be used for various small
implements. It is one of the best plants for table decorations. It
bears the climate of the South of France to 43° 32' K Lat. (Naudin).

Rhaponticum acaule, Candolle. (Centaura Cynara, F. v. M.)

On the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial herb. The root is edible.

Rheum australe, D. Don.* (R. Emodi, Wall; R. Webbianum, Royle.)
Himalayan regions up to 16,000 feet. From this species at least a
portion of the medicinal Rhubarb is obtained ; most likely several
species furnish Rhubarb-root, and its quality depends probably much
on the climatic region and the geological formation in which the
plant grows. Should we wish to cultivate any species here for
superior medicinal roots, then clearly localities in our higher and
drier Alpine tracts should be chosen for the purpose. Hayne regards
the presence of much yellowish pigment in the seed-shell as in-
dicating a good medicinal Rhubarb-plant. As much as five Ibs. of
the dried drug are obtained from a single plant several years old.
An important orange-red crystalline substance, emodin, allied to
chrysophanic acid, occurs in genuine Rhubarb. A large proportion
of the medicinal Rhubarb-root is now grown in England.

Rheum officinale, Ballion.*

Western China and Eastern Thibet on the high table-land. Height
of stem 10 feet, circumference of foliage 30 feet, blade of leaf 2 feet
long and broad (Balfour). It furnishes most of the true Turkey
Rhubarb, not merely from the root but also from the woody stem.
Suited for mountainous regions. Recommended also as a scenic
plant by Regel.

Rheum palmatum, Linne.*

From insular to Alpine North-Eastern Asia. Attains a height of
9 feet. A variety from the Tangut country of Mongolia or North
Thibet, found by Col. Prejevalski, yields an excellent medicinal
root known as the Kiakhta or Khansu Rhubarb (Maximowicz) ;
indeed this is the best Russian Rhubarb ; valuable also as a
decorative plant. For medicinal culture alpine valleys with soil
rich in lime are needed. Sir Rob. Christison.

Rheum Rhaponticum, Linne.

From the Volga to Central Asia. This species, together with R.
Tataricum (L. fil.), R. undalatum (L.), and a few others, all Asiatic
(one extending to Japan), provide their acidulous leaf-stalks and
unexpanded flower-mass for culinary purposes. Rhubarb-leaves
can also be used in the manner of Spinage.

286 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Rhizopogon magnatum, Corda.

Europe. One of the edible truffles sold in the markets of Middle
Europe, with E. rubescens, Tul.

Rhododendron, maximum Linne.

North-East America. Attains a height of 20 feet. Irrespective
of its being a fine acquisition for any garden copses, this bush seems
of industrial importance, because Mr. C. Eorster asserts that the
wood of this and the allied Kalmia latifolia (L.) is equalled only by
the best boxwood. This may give a clue to other substitutes for
that scarce commodity needed so extensively by the wood-
engraver.

Rhus caustica, Hooker and Arnott.

Chili, where it is called the Litre. A small or middle-sized tree,
the very hard wood of which is used for wheel-teeth, axletrees, and
select furniture. The plant seems neither caustic nor otherwise
poisonous (Dr. Philippi).

Rhus copallina, Linne.

North America, extending to Canada. A comparatively dwarf
species. This can be used for tanning. A resin for varnishes is
also obtained from this shrub.

Rhus coriaria, Linne. *

The Tanner's Sumach. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea.
The foliage of this shrub or small tree, reduced to powder, forms
the Sumach of commerce. It is remarkably rich in tannic acid,
yielding as much as 30 per cent., and is extensively used for the
production of a superior Corduan or Maroquin-leather and pale-
coloured leathers and dress goods. Sumach allows the leather to
carry more grease (Bailment). Price in Melbourne £36 per ton.
The cultivation presents no difficulty. It thrives best in loose cal-
careous soils, and cannot endure stagnant water. The strongest
Sumach is produced on dry ground. A gathering can be obtained
from suckers in the first year. The duration of Sumach fields
under manure extends to fifteen years. Sumach can also be used
for ink and various, particularly black, dyes. Under favourable
circumstances as much as a ton of Sumach is obtained from an
acre.

Rhus cotinus, Linne.*

The Scotino. Countries of the Mediteranean Sea, extending to
the Himalayas. The wood of this bush furnishes a yellow pigment.
The Scotino, so valuable as a material for yellow and black dye,
and as a superior tanning substance, consists of the ground foliage
of this plant. It contains up to 24 per cent, tannin.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 287

Rhus glabra, Linne.

North America, extending to 54° north latitude. This Sumach
shrub will grow on rocky and sterile soil. It produces a kind of
gall, and can also be used as a good substitute for the ordinary
Sumach. This species can be easily multiplied from suckers. It
will live on poor soil. American Sumachs contain generally from
15 to 20 per cent., or occasionally up to 26 per cent, tannin.

Rhus lucida, Linne.

South Africa. This shrub proved in Victoria of particular adapt-
ability for forming hedges ; it is evergreen, close growing, and
stands clipping well. About half a hundred South African species
are known, of which probably some could be utilised like ordinary
Sumach, but hitherto we have remained unacquainted with the
nature and degree of any of their tanning and colouring principles.

Rhus semialata, Murray.

China and Japan, extending to the Himalayas. Attains a height
of 40 feet. This shrub produces a kind of nutgalls.

Rhus succedanea, Linne.

The Japan Wax Tree, the produce of which has found its way
into the English market. The crushed berries are steamed and
pressed, furnishing about 15 per cent, of wax, which consists
mainly of palmatin and palmitic acid. Rhus silvestris (Sieb &
Zucc.) and R. vernicif era yield there a similar wax.

Rhus typhina, Linne.

The Staghorn Sumach. North America, extending to Canada.
This species will grow to a tree of 30 feet high. Its wood is of an
orange tinge. Through incisions into the bark a kind of Copal is
obtained. The leaves can be used like ordinary Sumach. This
bush can be reared on inferior land. The leaves of American
Sumach must be collected early in the season if a clear white
leather like that from Sicilian Sumach is to be obtained. This can
be ascertained by the colour of the precipitate made with gelatine.

Rhus vernicifera, Candolle.

Extends from Nepal to Japan. It forms a tree of fair size and
yields the Japan varnish. It ascends in India to 7,000 feet, but
Stewart and Brandis are doubtful whether the Japan species (R.
Vernix, L.) is really identical with the Indian. The fruit yields
vegetable wax.

Ribes aureum, Pursh.

Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon. This favourite bush of our shrub-
beries would likely in our forest streams produce its pleasant

288 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

berries, which turn from yellow to brown or black. Professor
Meehan mentions a variety or allied species from Utah, with
berries larger than those of the black currant ; they are quite a
good table-fruit, and of all shades from orange to black. Allied to
this is R. temiiflorum (Lindl.), of California and the nearest
States, with fruits of the size of red currants, of agreeable flavour,
and either dark purple or yellow colour. R. aureum, R,. palma-
tum, and some other strong American species have come into use
for grafting on them the European Gooseberry (C. Pohl).

Ribes Cynosbati, Linne.

The Prickly-fruited Gooseberry of Canada and the Northern
States of the American Union. The berries are large. There is a
variety not so objectionably burrlike-prickly. R. Cynosbati has
been hybridised with R. Grossularia, and the sequenc.e has been a
good result (Saunders).

Ribes divaricatum, Douglas.

California and Oregon. One of the Gooseberries of those countries.
Berries smooth, black, about one-third of an inch in diameter,
pleasant to the taste. Culture might improve this and many of
the other species. R. Nuttalli (R. villosum, Nutt, not of Gay nor
of Wallich) is an allied plant, also from California.

Ribes fioridum, L'Heritier.

The Black Currant of North America. The berries resemble in
odour and taste those of R. nigrum. Allied to this is R. Hudso-
nianum (Rich.) from the colder parts of North America.

Ribes Griffith!, J. Hooker and T. Thomson.

Himalaya, at the height of 10,000 to 13,000 feet. Allied to R.
rubrum, bearing similar but larger berries of somewhat austere
taste. R. laciniatum (H. and T.) is likewise a Himalayan species
with red berries, and so is R. glaciale (Wall.). Furthermore, R.
villosum, Wall. (R. leptostachyum, Decaisne), comes from the
Indian highlands and seems worthy of notice.

Ribes Grossularia, Linne*

The ordinary Gooseberry. Europe, North Africa, Extratropic Asia,
extending to the Chinese boundary (Regel), on the Himalayan
mountains up to a height of 12,000 feet. This bush, familiar to
every one, is mentioned here merely to indicate the desirability of
naturalising it in any Alpine regions where it is not indigenous.

Ribes hirtellum, Michaux.

The commonest smooth Gooseberry of North America, particularly
in the New England States. It likes moist ground.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 289

Ribes nigrum, Linne.

The Black Currant. Middle and Northern Asia, Europe, North
America, ascending the Himalayan and Thibet mountains to a
height of 12,000 feet ; also particularly fit to be dispersed through
forests in elevated situations.

Ribes niveum, Lindl.

One of the Oregon Gooseberry-bushes. Berries small, black, of a
somewhat acid taste and rich vinous flavour.

Ribes rotundifolium, Michaux.

North America, as far as Canada. Yields part of the smooth
Gooseberries of the United States. The fruit is small, but of deli-
cious taste. Unlike the ordinary Gooseberry, not subject to mildew.
Careful cultivation has advanced gradually the size of the fruit
(Meehan).

Ribes rubrum, Linne.

The ordinary Red Currant. Europe, North America, North and
Middle Asia, in the Himalayan Mountains, ceasing where B,.
Grimthi commences to appear. One of the best fruit-plants for
jellies and preserves that could be chosen for colder mountain alti-
tudes. The root-bark contains phlorrhizin. Perhaps other species
than those recorded here, among them some from the Andes, may
yet deserve introduction, irrespective of their showiness, for their
fruits.

Richardia Africana, Kunth. (JR. Aethiopica, Rosenthal.)

From the Nile to the Cape of Good Hope. Important for scenic
effects, particularly on the margins of waters. Easily moved at all
seasons. The fresh root contains about 2 per cent, of starch.

Richardsonia scabra, Kunth.

From Mexico to Brazil. As a herb for pastures and hay crop,
appreciated in localities with sandy soil (C. Mohr). It has spread
over the Southern States of North America.

Ricinus communis, Linne.*

The Castor Oil Plant. Indigenous to the tropical and sub-tropical
zones of Asia and Africa. A shrubby, very decorative plant,
attaining the size of a small tree. It was well known to the
Egyptians four thousand years ago, and is also mentioned in the
writings of Herodotus, Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Theophrastos,
Plinius, and other ancient physicians, philosophers, and naturalists.
The easy arid rapid growth, the copious seeding, and the early re-
turn of produce render this important plant of high value in the
warm temperate zone, more particularly as it will thrive on almost
T

290 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

any soil, and can thus be raised even on arid places, without being
scorched by hot winds. It may thus become an important plant
also for culture in desert-tracts, and is evidently destined to be one
of the most eligible oil-plants for technical uses, particularly for
lubricating machinery, irrespective of the value of its oil for medi-
cinal purposes. The seeds contain about 50 per cent. oil. To
obtain the best medicinal oil, hydraulic pressure should be employed,
and the seeds not be subjected to heat ; the seed-coat should also be
removed prior to the extracting process being proceeded with. A
screw-press suffices however for ordinary supply to obtain the oil.
By decantation and some process of nitration it is purified. For
obtaining oil to be used for lubrication of machinery or other tech-
nological purposes, the seeds may be pressed and prepared by
various methods under application of heat and access of water.
Castor oil is usually bleached simply by exposure to solar light, but
this procedure lessens to some extent the laxative properties of the
oil. It dissolves completely in waterless alcohol and in ether, and
will become dissolved also in spirit of high strength, to the extent
of three-fifths of the weight of the latter. Solutions of this kind
may become valuable for various technical purposes, and afford
some tests for the pureness of the oil. If pressed under heat it
will deposit margaritin. Heated in a retort about one-third of the
oil will distil over, and a substance resembling india-rubber remains,
which saponises with alkalies. Other educts are at the same time
obtained, which will likely become of industrial value. These facts
are briefly mentioned here merely to explain that the value of this
easily -produced oil is far more varied than is generally supposed,
and this remark applies with equal force to many other chemical
compounds from vegetable sources, briefly alluded to in this present
enumerative treatise. The seeds contain also a peculiar alkaloid —
ricinin. The solid chemical compound of castor oil is the crystal-
line isocetic acid (a glycerid). The oil contains also a non-crystal-
line acid peculiar to it (ricinoleic acid). For the production of a
particular kind of silk the Recinus plant is also important, inasmuch
as the hardy Bombyx Arrindi requires for food the leaves of this bush.
Even a few of the seeds if swallowed will produce poisonous effects.

Hobinia pseudacacia, Linne.

The North American Locust Acacia. Height to 90 feet. The
strong, hard, and durable wood is for a variety of purposes in use,
and particularly eligible for treenails, axletrees, and turnery. The
natives use the wood for their bows. Tree of rapid growth, and
attains an age of several hundred years. It may be planted closely
for timber-belts and hedge-shelter on farm lands. It is one of the
best trees for renovating exhausted land and for improving poor
soil. Recommended by Wessely as one of the easiest grown of all
trees on bare sand, though standing in need of twice as much mineral

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 291

aliment as Pinus silvestris and nearly as much as poplars. It
pushes through shifting sand its spreading roots, which attain a
length of seventy feet. It will maintain its hold in hollows of drifts
where even poplars fail (Wessely). The roots are poisonous. The
allied R. viscosa attains a height of forty feet. No less than four
arborescent Robinias are recorded from Juan. Fernandez.

Roccella tinctoria, Candolle.

Canary Islands, Azores, also in Middle and South Europe and
North Africa. This Lichen furnishes the litmus, orseille or orchil
for dyes and chemical tests. It is a question of interest whether it
could be translocated and naturalised on the cliffs also of our shores.
Other dye-lichens might perhaps still more easily naturalised ; for
instance, Lecanora tartarea, L. parella, Pertusaria communis, Par-
melia sordida, Isidium corallinum, and some others, which furnish
the Cudbear or Persio.

Rosa centifolia, Linne.*

The Cabbage Rose. Indigenous on the Caucasus and seemingly also
in other parts of the Orient. In some of the German monasteries
real trees of this species occur, which have lived through several
centuries, and are regarded with sacred veneration there. Much
grown in South Europe and South Asia for the distillation of rose-
water and oil or attar of roses. No pruning is resorted to, only
the dead branches are removed ; the harvest is from the middle of
May till nearly the middle of June ; the gathering takes place
before sunrise (Simmonds). From 12,000 to 16,000 roses, or from
250 Ibs. to 300 Ibs. of rose petals, are required according to some
calculations for producing a single ounce of attar through ordinary
distillation. The flowers require to be cut just before expansion ;
the calyx is separated and rejected ; the remaining portions of the
flowers are then subjected to aqueous distillation, and the saturated
rose-water so obtained is repeatedly used for renewed distillation,
when from the overcharged water the oil separates on a cold place
and floats 011 the surface, from whence it can be collected after
refrigeration by fine birds' feathers. Rose oil consists of a hydro-
carbon-stearopten which is scentless, and an elaeopten which is the
fragrant principle. But some other methods exist for producing
the oil ; for instance, it may be got by distilling the rosebuds with-
out water at the heat of a salt water bath. The odour may also be
withdrawn by alcoholic distillation from the roses, or be extracted
by the " enfleurage " process. The latter is effected by placing the
flowers, collected while the weather is warm, into shallow frames
covered with a glass plate, on the inner side of which a pure fatty
substance has been thinly spread. The odour of the flowers is
absorbed by the adipose or oleous substance, though the blossoms
do not come with it in direct contact ; fresh flowers are supplied

292 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

daily for weeks. The scent is finally withdrawn from its matrix by
maceration with pure alcohol. Purified Eucalyptus oil can be used
for diluting rose oil, when it is required for the preparation of
scented soap.

Rosa Damascena, Miller.

Orient. Allied to the preceding species, and also largely used for
the production of essential oil of roses.

Rosa Gallica, Linne.

The French or Dutch Rose. Middle and South Europe, Orient.
The intensely coloured buds of this species are particularly chosen
for dyeing. These however may be got also from other kinds of
roses.

Rosa Indica, Linne.

Noisette Rose. From Upper India to China and Japan. Some
roses of the sweetest scent are derived from this species.

Rosa Isevigata, Michaux. (R. Sinica, Aiton.)

The Cherokee Rose. China and Japan. Considered one of the
best hedge-roses, and for that purpose much employed in North
America. It serves also well for bowers. Allied to the foregoing
species. Rosa rugosa, Thunberg, of Japan, large-fruited and large-
leaved rose, is exceedingly well adapted for garden hedges.

Rosa moschata, Miller.*

North Africa and South Asia as far east as Japan. From the
flowers of this extremely tall climbing species also essential oil is
obtained. The attar thus derived from roses of not only different
varieties, but even distinct species, must necessarily be of various
qualities. In the Balkan Mountains, on basalt slopes facing south,
the most odorous roses are produced. At Kesanlik rose distillation
is the main industry. Shoots of rose-bushes are placed in trenches
3 feet deep and 5 feet apart. Irrigation promotes the growth. The
gathering commences in the third and lasts till about the fifteenth
year (Simmons). The pure oil as a European commodity is worth
from .£20 to £23 per pound. This is also the rose, according to
Schlagintweit, used for attar distillation in Tunis, and in the Balkan
ranges. Pure attar, valued at 30 shillings per ounce, is produced in
Roumelia to the amount of .£80,000 annually (Piesse).

Rosa sempervirens, Linne.

From South Europe through Southern Asia to Japan. One of
the best rose-bushes for covering walls, fences, and similar
structures. The flowers of this species also can be utilised for
rose oil.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 293

Rosa setigera, Michaux.

North America, where it is the only climbing rose-bush. It deserves
introduction on account of its extremely rapid growth, — 10 feet to
20 feet in a season. Its flowers however are nearly inodorous.
Other original species of roses deserve our attention, Sir Joseph
Hooker admitting about thirty, all from the northern hemisphere.
But on the snow-clad unascended mountains of Borneo, Sumatra,
New Guinea, and Africa south of the equator, perhaps new roses
may yet be discovered, as they have been traced south to Abyssinia
already.

Rosa spinosissima, Linne.

Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia. Adapted for
holding coast-sands ; unapproachable to pasture animals, and not
spreading like the Sweetbriar, R. rubiginosa (L.), into culture-land
or pastures.

Rosmarinus officinalis, Linne.

The Rosemary. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. This
well-known bush is mentioned here as a medicinal plant, from which
a distilled oil is rather copiously obtainable. One of our best plants
for large garden-edgings. The oil enters into certain compositions
of perfumery.

Rottboellia ophiuroides, Bentham.

Tropical East Australia. A tall perennial grass, praised by Mr.
Walter Hill for fodder. Hardy in regions free of frost.

. "' ••

Royenia pseudebenus, E. Meyer. ,, X- ' -

South Africa. Only a small tree, but its wooyfl jer blacj^, hard, aftd
durable; thus in Capeland and Caffrari^ Called ebony. Jt,
pubescens (Willd.), according to Dr. Pappe, furnishes there a wood
adapted for xylography ; this may give a cl^ie to the adaptability
of many other kinds of woods in the large Qrder of Ebenacese as
substitutes for the Turkish boxwood.

Rubia cordifolia, Linne. (fi. Mungista, Roxburgh.)

From the Indian highlands, through China and Siberia to Japan ;
also occurring in various parts of Africa, as far south as Caffraria and
Natal. This perennial plant produces a kind of madder. Probably
other species likewise yield dye-roots. The genus is represented
widely over the globe, but as far as known not in Australia.

Rubia peregrina, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, South- West Asia. This perennial species
also yields madder-root. Several other kinds deserve comparative
test- culture.

294 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Rubia tinctorum, Linne.

The Madder. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A
perennial herb of extremely easy culture. Soil fit for barley suits
also for madder. Ets culture opens any deep subsoil and suffocates
weeds, but requires much manure, leaving then however the land
enriched. Any stagnant water in the soil must be avoided if
madder is to succeed. The harvest is in the second or third year.
It can be raised from seeds or planted from off-shoots. The roots
merely dried and pounded form the dye. The chemical contents
are numerous : in the herb, rubichloric and rubitannic acid ; in the
root, alizarin, purpurin, rubiacin, rubian, ruberythric acid, and three
distinct resins ; also chlorogenin, xanthin, and rubichloric acid.
On the five first depend the pigments produced from the root.
Madder is one of the requisites for alizarin ink. Since the manu-
facture of artificial alizarin from anthacene, a constituent of coal-
tar has commenced, the cultivation of madder has declined. Still
it remains a valuable root, handy for domestic dye.

Rubus Canadensis, Linne.*

The Dewberry of North America. A shrub of trailing habit.
Fruit black, of excellent taste, ripening earlier than that of R
villosus (Ait.), which constitutes the High Blackberry of the United
States, with large fruits.

Rubus Chamaemorus, Linne.

The Cloudberry. North Europe, North Asia, North America*
particularly in the frigid zone. A perennial but herbaceous plant j
a pigmy amongst its congeners. Nevertheless it is recommended
for introduction to spongy, mossy, Alpine moors, on account of its
grateful amber-coloured or red fruit. All the species can readily
be raised from seeds. R Arcticus (L.), also with edible fruit, is in
the high north usually its companion. A similar little herb, living
for a great part of the year in snow — namely, R Gunnianus
(Hook).) — occurs on the Alpine heights of Tasmania, from whence
it might be easily transferred to snowy mountains of other countries.
The fruit of R Gunnianus is red and juicy, but not always well
developed.

Rubus cuneifolius, Pursh.

The Sand Blackberry. North America. A dwarf shrub. The
fruit is of agreeable taste.

Rubus deliciosus, Torrey.*

On the sources of the Missouri. An erect shrub. Fruit raspberry-
like, large and grateful. An exceedingly handsome species.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 295

Eubus ellipticus, Smith. (R.flavus, Hamilton.)*

On the mountains of India (4,000 to 7,000 feet), also in Ceylon and,
Yunan. A large bush with yellow fruits, which are reckoned in
flavour fully equal to the ordinary Raspberry (C. B. Clarke).

Rubus fruticosus, Linne\*

The ordinary Blackberry or Bramble. All Europe, North and South
Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. The shrub bears well in a
temperate clime. In some countries it is a favourite plant for
hedges. It likes, above all, calcareous soil, though it is content
with almost any, and deserves to be naturalised on the rivulets of
any ranges. R. corylifolius (Sm.), R. suberectus (Andr.), and R.
leucostachys (Sm.) are varieties like many other named kinds of
European Blackberries, or perhaps belong to the closely allied R.
caesius (L.), the English Dewberry ; or in some instances hybrid
forms may have arisen from the two, although the generality of
these various Blackberry bushes bear their fruit freely enough.

Eubus geoides, Smith.

Falkland Islands, Fuegia, Patagonia, and Chiloe. A herbaceous
kind of Raspberry -plant with greenish yellow fruits, resembling the
Cloudberry, and of a very agreeable taste. Best adapted for
mountainous regions.

Eubus Havaiensis, A, Gray.

Sandwich Islands. The fruit of this bramble shrub are raspberry-
like.

Eubus Idaeus, Linne".*

The ordinary Raspberry. Europe, Northern and West Asia. It
is mentioned here to point out the desirability of naturalising the
plant on mountains and on river banks. The fruits contain a
stearopten. The leaves are a substitute for tea.

Eubus imperialis, Chamisso.

Brazil and Argentina. Furnishes superior fruits.

Eubus lasiocarpus, Smith.

India, reaching the Himalayas an elevation of 8,000 feet, in Ceyloir
of 6,000 feet. The black fruit is very palatable. R. biflorus
(Hamilton) ascends with R. rosifolius to 10,000 feet ; its fruit,
either red or orange, is sweet (J. D. Hooker).

Eubus macropetalus, Douglas.*

California and Oregon. An unisexual shrub. Fruit black, oval-
cylindric, particularly sweet.

296 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Rubus occidentalis, Linne.*

The Black Raspberry or Thimbleberry. North America. A species
with woody stems and nice fruits, with a glaucous bloom, well
flavoured and large. It ripens early.

Rubus odoratus, Linne.

North America. A kind of Raspberry. A handsome species on
account of its large purple flowers. Berry edible. Culture would
doubtless enhance the value of the fruits of many of these Rubi.
Hybridising might be tried. R. Nutkanus (Mocino) is the Salmon-
Raspberry of Western North America and closely allied to R.
odoratus.

Rubus parvifolius, Linne.

East Asia, East and South Australia. In the Alps of Yictoria it
produces much finer fruits than in the lowlands.

Rubus rosifolius, Smith.

Tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa and Asia, also throughout
the littoral forests of East Australia. This shrub bears in woody
regions an abundance of fruits of large size, and these early and
long in the season.

Rubus rugosus, Smith.*

South Asia. The fruit, which ripens all the year round in temperate
climes, is nearly twice the size of the ordinary Blackberry.

Rubus strigosus, Miehaux.*

North America. Closely allied to the European Raspberry. Its
fruits large, also of excellent taste. It would lead too far to
enumerate other kinds of Rubus, although about a hundred genuine
species occur, which render the genus one of very wide dispersion
over the globe.

Rubus trivialis, Michaux.*

Southern States of North America. Another shrubby species with
good edible fruits, which are large and black. The plant will thrive
in dry sandy soil. Like many other species, rich in tannic acid.

Rum ex Acetosa, Linne.

The Kitchen Sorrel. Europe, Middle and North Asia to Japan,
also in the frigid zone of North America. A perennial herb. The
tender varieties, particularly the Spanish one, serve as pleasant
acidulous vegetables, but must be used in moderation, as their
acidity, like that of the species of Oxalis (Wood Sorrel), depends on
binoxalate of potash. The South African R. luxurians (L.) serves
likewise as culinary sorrel. A species of Rumex, vernacularly

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 297

known as " Caiiaigre," of Texas, yields a root containing 23J per
cent. Rheo-tannic acid in the dry state. (Rep. Dept. Agric. Wash.,
1878). Therefore probably other Rumex-roots could be similarly
utilized.

Rum ex Patientia, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia. Biennial. The young
leaves furnish a palatable sorrel, like spinach. In cold climes it
pushes forth its leaves before the frost is hardly gone, and thus
comes in as one of the first vegetables of the season.

Eumex scutatus, Linne.

The French Sorrel. Middle and South Europe, North Africa,
Orient. Also perennial, and superior to the foregoing as a culinary
plant. They are all of use against scurvy and most easily reared.

Rumex vesicarius, Linne.

South Europe, Middle Asia, North Africa, An annual herb of
similar utility as the former ones.

Ruscus aculeatus, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, North Africa, South- West Asia. This
odd plant is the only shrubby species of the genus. It serves for
forming garden hedges. The young shoots of this and others are
edible.

Ruta graveolens, Linne.

The Rue. Mediterranean countries and the Orient. The foliage
of this acrid and odorous shrub, simply dried, constitutes the Rue-
herb of medicine. The allied R. sylvestris (Mill.) is still more
powerful in its effect. These plants and others of the genus contain
a peculiar volatile oil and a glycosid (Rutin).

Sabal Adansoni, Guernsent.

Dwarf Palmetto. South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. A stem-
less Fan-Palm, with the two following and Chamserops Hystrix
attaining the most northerly positions of any American Palms.
According to Count de Saporta it resists a temperature as low as
17° F. M. Naudin found it to resist the frosts in Southern France
to 43° 20' north latitude. This palm does well in marshy places.

Sabal Palmetto, Roemer and Schultes.*

Extends from Florida to North Carolina, also Bermuda Islands.
The stem attains a height of 40 feet. This noble Palm delights on
sandy coast tracts. Stems almost imperishable under water, not
attacked by the Teredo.

298 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Sabal serrulata, Roemer and Scliultes.

South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. The stem grows to 8 feet
high ; particularly well adapted for sea-coasts. The leaves can be
used for cabbage-tree hats and other purposes for which palm-leaves
are sought. This fibrous spongy parts of the stem serve as brushes.

Sabal umbraculifera, Martins.

West India. Attains, according to Grisebach, a height of 80 feet,
or, according to others, even over 100 feet. Though naturally a
tropical Savannah-Palm, it has proved even hardier than the Orange.
At Hyeres it withstood a temperature of 22° F. (Bonnet). Another
equally tall Antillan-Palm is S. glaucescens (Loddiges).

Sabbatia angularis, Pursh.

North-East America. This biennial pretty herb is lauded as a sub-
stitute for gentian by American physicians, and might with other
congeners be grown in medicinal gardens, though its naturalisation
would not be desirable, as stock avoid the bitter gentianaceous
plants.

Saccharum officinarum, Linne.*

The Sugar-Cane. India, China, South Sea Islands, not indi-
genous in any part of America or Australia. Sugar-cane
having been cultivated in Spain and other countries on the Medi-
terranean Sea, it will be worthy of further trial at what distance
from the equator and at what elevations in other parts of the globe
sugar from cane can be produced to advantage. In the United
States the profitable culture of cane ceases at 32° north latitude ;
in Japan it is carried on with advantage up to 36° north latitude,
and even further northward (General Capron) ; the average yield
there of raw sugar is 3,300 Ibs. per acre ; in China it extends only
to 30° north latitude. In the last-mentioned country the culture
of the sugar-cane dates from the remotest antiquity ; moreover, we
have from thence a particular kind (S. Sinense, Roxb.), which is
hardier and bears drought better than the ordinary cane; this kind
needs renewal only every second or third year, and ripens in seven
months, if planted early in spring, but if planted in autumn and
left standing for fully a year the return of sugar is larger. Moderate
vicinity to the sea is favourable for the growth of canes. Prolific
yields have been secured in East Australia as far south as 28°.
The multiplication of all sorts of sugar-cane is usually effected from
top-cuttings, but this cannot be carried on from the same original
stock for an indefinite period without deterioration ; and as seeds
hardly ever ripen on the canes, new plants must from time to time
be brought from a distance. Thus, New Caledonia has latterly
supplied its wild-growing splendid varieties for replanting many

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 299

sugar-fields in Mauritius. The Bourbon variety is praised as one
of the richest for sugar; the Batavian variety, S. violaceum (Tussac),
is content with less fertile soil. Many other varieties are known.
Excessive rains produce a rank luxuriance of the canes at the ex-
pense of the saccharine principle. Rich manuring is necessary to
attain good crops, unless in the best of virgin soil. The lower
leaves of the stem must successively be removed, also superabundant
suckers, to promote the growth upwards, and to provide ventilation
and light. Out of the remnants of sugar-cane molasses, rum and
taffia can be prepared. The average yield of sugar varies from 1
ton 6 cwt. to 3 tons for the acre ; but exceptionally as much as 6
tons per acre have been obtained in the Hawaian Islands. The
world's production of cane-sugar in 1875 amounted to 2,140,000
tons (Boucheraux). For fuller information the valuable local work
of Mr. A. McKay, "The Sugar-cane in Australia," should be con-
sulted. The stately S. spontaneum (L.), which extends from India
to Egypt, is available for scenic culture. It attains a height of 15
feet. Other tall kinds of Saccharum occur in South Asia.

Sagittaria lancifolia, Linne.

From Virginia to the Antilles. This very handsome acquatic plant
can doubtless be utilised like the following species. It attains a
height of 5 feet.

Sagittaria obtusa, Muehlenberg. (S. latifolia, Willdenow.)

North America, where it replaces the closely-allied S. sagittifolia.
A few other conspicuous species are worthy of introdiiction. The
Tule or "Wapatoo root of California is derived from a species of
Sagittaria.

Sagittaria sagittifolia, Linn6.

Europe, North and Middle Asia, east to Japan. One of the most
showy of all hardy water-plants ; still not alone on that account
deserving naturalisation, but also because its root is edible. If once
established this plant maintains its ground well, and might occupy
spots neither arable nor otherwise utilised.

Salix alba, Linne.*

The Huntingdon or Silky "Willow of Europe, originally probably
from Middle Asia. Available for wet places not otherwise utilised.
Height 80 feet? circumference of stem 20 feet ; of rapid growth.
Foliage silvery — pubescent. Wood smooth, soft, and tough, bearing
pounding and knocking better than that of any other British tree ;
eligible where lightness, pliancy, elasticity, and toughness are
required ; hence in request for wheel-floats and shrouding of water-
wheels, as it is not subject to splinter ; for the sides and bottoms of
carts and barrows, for breakblocks of trucks ; also used for turnery

300 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

trays, fenders, shoe-lasts, light handles (Simmonds). Timber, ac-
cording to Robb, the lightest and softest of all woods, available for
bungs ; it is planed into chips for hat-boxes, baskets, and wove
bonnets, also for cricket bats, boxes, &c. The bark is particularly
valued as a tan for certain kinds of glove leather to which it imparts
an agreeable odour. Mr. Scaling records, that in rich ground on
the banks of streams this willow will grow to a height of 24 feet in
5 years, with 2 feet basal girth of the stem ; in 8 years he found it
to grow 35 feet, with 33 inches girth at 1 foot from the ground.
Loudon found the height to be 53 feet in 20 years, and the girth 7 J
feet. In winterless countries like ours the growth is still more
rapid. To produce straight stems for timber the cuttings must be
planted very close, some trees to be removed from time to time.
After 30 or 40 years the trees will deteriorate. Scaling estimates
the value of an acre of willow-timber to be about £300. The Gol-
den Osier, Salix vitellina (L.), is a variety. The shoots are used
for hoops and wickerwork. With other large Willows and Poplars
one of the best scavengers for back yards where drainage cannot
readily be applied ; highly valuable also for forming lines along
narrow watercourses or valleys in forests, to stay bush-fires. The
charcoal excellent for gunpowder. The wood in demand for matches.

Salix Babylonica, Tournefort.

The Weeping Willow, indigenous in West Asia as far as Japan,
sparingly wild, according to Stewart, in the Himalayas ; probably
also in Persia, Kurdistan, and China. One of the most grateful of
all trees for the facility of its culture, rapidity of growth, and fit-
ness for embellishments ; also as one of the quickest growing and
most easily reared of all shade-trees. Dr. C. Koch distinguishes
another Weeping Willow as S. elegantissima from Japan. Impor-
tant for consolidating river banks.

Salix Capensis, Thunberg. (S. Gariepina, Burchell.)

South Africa. This Willow might be introduced on account of its
resemblance to the ordinary Weeping Willow. S. daphnoides
(Vill.) of Europe and Asia, S. petiolaris (Smith), S. cordata (Mueh-
lenb.) S. tristis (Ait.), of North America, are among the best for
binding sand. S. longifolia (Muehlenb.), also North American, is
among those which form long flexible withes.

Salix caprea, Linne.

Europe, North and Middle Asia. The British Sallow or Hedge
Willow ; grows also to a tree ; wood useful for handles and other
implements, the shoots for hoops. It is largely employed for the
coal for gunpowder. Bark for tanning, particularly glove leather.
The flowers are eagerly sought by bees. It is the earliest flowering
Willow.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 301

Salix cor data, Muehlenberg.

One of the Osiers of North America.

Salix daphnoides, Villars.

Middle Europe and Northern Asia, as far as the Amoor, ascending
to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas. A tree of 60 feet in height, of
rapidity of growth, attaining 12 feet in four years. It is much
chosen to fix the ground at railway embankments, on sandy
ridges and slopes, for which purposes its long-spreading and strong
roots render it particularly fit. The twigs can be used for baskets,
wicker-work, and twig-bridges (Stewart and Brandis). The variety
pruinosa is regarded by Dr. Sender to be as valuable as the
Bedford- Willow. The foliage furnishes cattle fodder. The tree is
comparatively rich in salicin, like S. pentandra (L.) and the
following.

Salix fragilis, Linne.

The Crack- Willow. Indigenous in South- Western Asia. Height
90 feet, stem to 20 feet in girth. According to Scaling next to S.
alba the best of the European timber- willows, but the wood not
quite so tough and the tree requiring more space for growth. A
variety of this species is the Bedford Willow, also called Leicester
Willow. Salix Russelliana (Smith), which yields a light, elastic,
tough timber, more tannin in its bark than oak, and more salicin (a
substitute for quinine and most valuable as an anti-rheumatic
remedy) than most congeners. According to Sir H. Davy the
young layers of the bark contain 1 6 per cent, tannin, the whole
bark only about 7 per cent. One of the dwarf American Willows,
perhaps S. tristis (Aiton), has been traced on the coast-sands of
California to send out root-like stems up to 120 feet in length.

Salix Humboldtiana, Wildenow.

Through a great part of South America, southward as far as
Patagonia, there furnishing building timber for inside structures.
This Willow is of pyramidal habit, attains a height of 50 feet and
more. The wood is much in use for yokes and other implements.
Many kinds of Willow can be grown for consolidating shifting sand
ridges.

Salix lucida, Muehlenberg.

One of the Osiers of North America.

Salix nigra, Marshall. (S. Purshiana, Sprengel.)

The Black Willow of North America. It attains a height of 30
feet. The Black Willow is one used for basket-work, although it
is surpassed in excellence by some other species, and is more important

302 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

as a timber Willow. Mr. W. Scaling, of Basford, includes it
among the sorts which he recommends in his valuable publication,
"The Willow" (London, 1871).

Salix purpurea, Linne.*

Of wide range in Europe and West Asia. One of the Osiers. In
deep moist soil, not readily otherwise utilised, it will yield annually
four to five tons of the best of rods, qualified for the finest work.
Impenetrable, not readily inflammable, screens 25 feet high can be
reared from it in five years. In localities exposed to storms, wil-
low-screens fully forty feet high can be raised. It is invaluable also
for the reclamation of land along watercourses. Rich in salicin,
which collativally can be obtained from the peelings of the twigs
when the latter are prepared for basket-material. From Mr.
Scaling's treatise on the Willow, resting on unrivalled experience, it
will be observed that he anew urges the adoption of the Bitter
Willow (also called the Rose Willow or the Whipcord Willow), S.
purpurea (L.), for game-proof hedges, this species scarcely ever being
touched by cattle, rabbits, and other herbivorous animals. Not only
for this reason, but also for its very rapid growth and remunerative
yield of the very best of basket material, he recommends it for field
hedges. Cuttings are planted only half a foot apart, and must be
entirely pushed into the ground. The annual produce from such a
hedge is worth 4s. to 5s. for the chain. For additional strength
the shoots can be interwoven. In rich bottoms they will
grow from 7 feet to 1 3 feet in a year. The supply of basket
material from this species has fallen very far short of the
demand in England. The plant grows vigorously on light soil or
warp-land, but not on clay. It likes sandy loam and will even do
fairly well on gravelly soil, but is not so easily reared as S. triandra.
S. rubra (Huds.) is also admirably adapted for hedges. The real
Osier, S. viminalis (L.), is distinguished by basket-makers as the
soft-wooded willow, and is the best for rods requiring two years'
age, and also the most eligible for hoops, but inferior to several
other species for basket manufacture. S. triandra (L.) is a promi-
nent representative of the hard-wooded basket-willows, and com-
prises some of the finest varieties in use of the manufacturers. A
crop in the third year after planting from an acre weighs about 12
tons, worth £3 for the ton. S. fragilis (L.) and S. alba (L.) are
more important as timber willows, and for growing hoop-shoots.
Their rapidity of growth recommends them also for shelter planta-
tions, to which advantage may be added their uninflammability and
their easy propagation ; the latter quality they share with most
willows. Mr. Scaling's renewed advocacy for the formation of
willow plantations comes with so much force that his advice is here
given, though condensed in a few words. Osier plantations come

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 303

into full bearing in the third year ; they bear for ten years and
then slowly decline. The raw produce from an acre in a year
averages 6 tons to 7J tons, ranging in price from £2 10s. to £3 10s.
for the ton (unpeeled). Although 7,000 acres are devoted in
Britain to the culture of basket- willows (exclusive of spinneys and
plantations for the farmers' own use), yet in 1866 there had to be
imported from the Continent 4,400 tons of willow branches, at a
value of £44,000, while besides the value of the made baskets
imported in that year was equal to the above sum. In. recent years
the importation into the United States of willow material for
baskets, chairs, &c., has, according to Simmonds, been valued as
approaching £1,000,000. Land comparatively valueless for root
or grain crops can be used very remuneratively for osier planta-
tions. The soft-wooded willows like to grow in damper ground
than the hard-wooded species. The best peeled willow branches
fetch as much as £25 for the ton. Peeling is best effected by steam,
by which means the material is also increased in durability, No
basket-willow will thrive in stagnant water. Osier plantations in
humid places should therefore be drained. The cuttings are best
taken from branches one or two years old, and are to be planted as
close as one foot by one foot and a half. No part of the cutting
must remain uncovered, in order that only straight shoots may be
obtained ; manuring and ploughing between the rows is thus also
facilitated, after the crop has been gathered, and this, according to
the approved Belgian method, must be done by cutting the shoots
close to the ground after the fall of the leaves. The accidental
introduction from abroad of the destructive saw-flies (particularly
Nematus ventralis), which prey also on currant and gooseberiy
bushes, should be guarded against.

Salix rubra, Hudson.*

Throughout Europe, also in West Asia and North Africa ; it is
much chosen for osier beds. When cut down it will make shoots
8 feet long in a season. Porcher regards it as one of the most
valuable species for work in which unpeeled rods are used.

Salix tetrasperma, Roxburgh.

Mountains of India, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. Height of tree 40
feet. This thick-stemmed Willow is worthy of a place on
the banks of watercourses. The twigs can be worked into
baskets, the wood serves for gunpowder, the foliage for cattle
fodder.

Salix triandra, Linne.* (S. amijgdalina, Linne".)

The Almond- Willow ; through nearly all Europe and extra-tropical
Asia. Height of tree 30 feet. It sheds its bark annually
after the third year. Likes rich loamy soil ; require less space

304 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

than S. viminalis, more than S. purpurea. Shoots 9 feet long, for
hoops and white basket-work, being pliant and durable. The bark
contains a good deal of salicin. For basket-purposes 20,000 to
30,000 cuttings can be planted on an acre, and 2,000 to 3,000 can
be planted in a day by an expert ; the second year's crop is already
of considerable value, at 5 years it comes to its prime, the planta-
tion holding good for 15 to 25 years. The rods for baskets
should be cut so soon as the leaves are fallen. The annual value of
a crop of basket-willows is in England from £25 to <£35 per acre
(Scaling). S. lanceolata (Smith) is a hybrid between S. triandra
and S. viminalis, according to Anderson.

Salix viminalis, Linne.*

The common Osier of Europe and North and West Asia ; attains
the height of 30 feet. The best of basket-willows for banks subject
to occasional inundations. It is a vigorous grower, very hardy,
likes to be fed by deposits of floods or by irrigation, and disposes
readily of sewage (Scaling). One of the best for wicker-work and
hoops ; when cut it shoots up to a length of 1 2 feet. It would lead
too far to enumerate even all the more important Willows on this
occasion. Professor Anderson, of Stockholm, admits 158 species.
Besides these, numerous hybrids exist. Many of the taller of these
Willows could be grown to advantage.

Salpichroma rhomboidea, Miers.

Extra-tropical South America, as far south as Magellan's Straits.
A half-shrub, with good-sized berries of vinous taste (Lorentz).

Salvia Matico, Grisebach.

Sub- Alpine Argentina. An important medicinal herb.

Salvia officinalis, Linne.

The Garden Sage. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A some-
what shrubby plant of medicinal value, pervaded by essential oil.
Prefers calcareous soil. Among nearly half a thousand species of
this genus some are gorgeously ornamental.

Sambucus Australis, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.

Southern Brazil and La Plata States. Resembles the ordinary
Elder, and is locally used for tall hedges (Dr. Lorentz.)

Sambucus Canadensis, Linne.

North-East America. The berries of this half -woody Elder are
used, as well as those of Phytolacca decandra, for colouring vinous
liquids. Dr. Gibbons observes, that this species is recognized in
the United States Pharmacopoeia, and that the Californian species
(S. glauca and S. racemosa) possess similar medicinal properties.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 305

The flowers are gently excitant and sudorific, the berries diaphoretic
and aperient (wine frequently manufactured from them), and the
inner bark in large doses a hydragogue cathartic and emetic. S.
xanthocarpa (F. v. Mueller) is a large Elder-tree of extra-tropical
East Australia.

Sambucus nigra, Linne.

The ordinaiy Elder. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. Known
to have exceptionally attained a height of 35 feet. The flowers are
of medicinal value, and an essential oil can be obtained from them.
The wood can be utilised for shoe-pegs and other purposes of
artisans. The berries are used for colouring port wine and other
purposes of dye. The roots of the Elder possess highly valuable
therapeutic properties, according to Dr. Al. Buettner.

Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linne\

North-East America. A perennial herb. The root important as
a therapeutic agent, contains also dye principles.

Sanguisorba minor, Scopoli. (Poterium Sanguisorla, Linne.)

The Salad Burnet. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle
Asia. A perennial, easily disseminated and naturalised herb,
particularly adapted for calcareous soils. Serves as salad and
particularly as a sheep-fodder.

Sanseviera Zeilanica, Willdenow.

India. This thick-leaved liliaceous plant should not be passed in
this enumeration, as it has proved hardy in places free of frost.
Four pounds of leaves give about one pound of fibre, which unites
with softness and silky lustre extraordinary strength and tenacity,
serving in its native country for bow-strings. The plant might
be left to itself in rocky unutilised places. Several allied species
exist.

Santalum album, Linne.

India, ascending to the temperate elevations of Mysore. A small
or middle-sized tree, famed for its fragrant wood and roots. In the
drier and stony parts of ranges the greatest fragrance of the wood
is generated. S. Freycenetianum (Gaudichaud) produces sandal-
wood on the mountains of the Sandwich Islands up to 3,000 feet.
Several other species occur in Polynesia. The precious sandal-oil
is obtained by slow distillation from the heartwood and root, the
yield being about two and a half per cent. It is worth about <£3
per pound. Santalum Austro-Caledonicum (Yieillard) from New
Caledonia furnishes there sandal- wood excellent for strength and
agreeableness of odour (Simmonds.)

306 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Santalum cygnorum, Miquel.

South- Western Australia, where this tree yields scented sandal
wood.

Santalum Preissiamim, Miquel. (S. acuminatum, A. de Candolle.)

The Quandong. Desert country of extra-tropical Australia. The
fruits of this small tree are called Native Peaches. As both the
succulent outer part and kernel are edible, it is advisable to raise
the plant in desert tracts.

Santalum Yasi, Seemann.

The Sandal-tree of the Fiji Islands, where it grows on dry and
rocky hills. It is likely to prove hardy, and deserves, with a few
other species from the South Sea Islands yielding scented wood,
test culture in warm temperate regions.

Santolina Cyparissias, Linne.

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A very aromatic and
handsome bush, of medicinal value. There are several allied
species.

Saponaria officinalis, Linne.

The Soapwort or Fuller's Herb. Europe, North and Middle Asia.
A perennial herb of some technologic interest, as the root can be
employed with advantage in some final processes of washing silk
and wool, to which it imparts a peculiar gloss and dazzling white-
ness, without injuring in the least the most sensitive colours.
Experiments instituted in the laboratory of the Botanic Garden of
Melbourne render it highly probable that saponin, which produces
the froth from the soapwort, is also present in the bark and root of
Acacia (Albizzia) lophanta (W.). At all events, a substance
closely resembling saponin was unexpectedly detected (in the
course of other investigations entrusted to Mr. Hummel) in the
bark of this Acacia, and this substance occurred in so large a
proportion as to constitute 10 per cent, of the dry bark.

Sassafras officinale, Hayne.

The deciduous Sassafras-tree, indigenous from Canada to Florida,
in dry open woods. Height up to 80 feet. The stem has been
known to attain a girth of more than 19 feet at 3 feet from the
ground. It furnishes the medicinal Sassafras bark and wood, and
from this again an essential oil is attainable. The deciduous and
often jagged leaves are remarkable among those of Lauracse. They
are used as a condiment in cookery. The root bark contains 58
per cent, tannin (Reinsch). The wood ranks also as a material f or
a lasting dye.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 307

Satureja hortensis, Linne.

The Summer Savory. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea.
An annual scent-herb, from which an essential aromatic oil can be
distilled. The culture of this and allied plants is easy in the
extreme.

Satureja montana, Linne.

The Winter Savory. On arid hilly places at and near the Mediter-
ranean Sea. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb, frequently used
as a culinary condiment along with or in place of the foregoing
species, although it is scarcely equal to it in fragrance.

Satureja Thymbra, Linne.

Counties 011 or near the Mediterranean Sea. A small evergreen
bush, with the flavour almost of thyme. The likewise odorous S.
Graeca (L.) and S. Juliana (L.) have been transferred by Bentham
to the closely cognate genus Micromeria ; they are in use since
Dioscorides' time, though not representing, as long supposed, the
Hyssop of that ancient physician.

Saussurea Lappa, Bentham. (Haplotaxis Lappa, Decaisne.)

Cashmere. The aromatic root of this perennial species is of
medicinal value, and by some considered to be the Costus of the
ancients.

Saxono-Gothsea conspicua, Lindley.

The Mahin of Southern Chili. A middle-sized tree, with fine-
grained yellowish timber.

Scandix grandiflora, Linne.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual herb, much
liked there as a salad for its pleasant aromatic taste.

Schima Wallichii, Choisy.

India, up to 5,000 feet. A tree attaining a height of 100 feet.
Timber highly valuable (C. B. Clarke).

Schizostachyum Blumei, Nees.

Java, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. A lofty Bamboo. A
few other species, less elevated, occur in China, the South Sea and
Philippine Islands, and Madagascar. The genus might well be
united with Melocanna. The Bamboos being thus brought once
more before us, it may be deemed advisable to place together into one
brief list all other kinds which are recorded either as very tall or as
particularly hardy. Accordingly, from Major-General Munro's
admirable monograph (" Linnean Transactions," 1868), the suc-
ceeding enumeration is compiled, and from that masterly essay

308 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

resting on very many years' close study of the richest collections, a
few prefatory remarks are likewise offered, to vindicate the wish
of the writer of seeing these noble and graceful forms of vegetation
largely transferred to every part of Australia, where they would
impress a grand tropical feature on the landscapes. Even in the
far southern latitudes of Victoria, Tasmania, and JSTew Zealand,
Bamboos from the inland lowlands have proved to resist our occa-
sional night frosts of the low country. But in colder places the
many Sub- Alpine species could be reared. Be it remembered that
Chusquea aristata advances to an elevation of 15,000 feet on the
Andes of Quito, indeed to near the zone of perpetual ice. Arundi-
naria falcata, A. racemosa, and A spathiflora live on the Indian
highlands, at a zone between 10,000 and 11,000 feet, where they
are annually beaten down by snow. Forms of Bambusaceae still
occur, according to Grisebach, in the Kurilian archipelagus up to
46° N., and in Japan even to 51°. We may further recognise the
great importance of these plants, when we reflect on their manifest
industrial uses, or when we consider their grandeur for picturesque
scenery, or when we observe their resistance to storms or heat, or
when we watch the marvellous rapidity with which many develop
themselves. Their seeds, though generally produced only in long
intervals, are valued in many instances higher than rice. The
ordinary great Bamboo of India is known to grow 40 feet in forty
days, when bathed in the moist heat of the jungles. Delchevalerie
witnessed the growth of some Indian Bamboos at Cairo to have
been 10 inches in one night. Their power of growth is such as to
upset stone-walls or demolish substantial buildings. As shelter-
plants for grazing-animals these tree-reeds are most eligible. The
Bourbon Bamboo forms an impenetrable Sub- Alpine belt of extra-
ordinary magnificence in yonder island. One of the Tenasserim
Bambusas rises to 150 feet, with a diameter of the mast-like cane
sometimes measuring fully 1 foot. The great West Indian
Arthrostylidium is sometimes nearly as high and quite as columnar
in its form, while the Dendrocalamus at Pulo Geum is equally
colossal. The Platonia Bamboo of the highest wooded mountains
of Panama sends forth leaves 15 feet in length and 1 foot in
width. Arundinaria macrosperma, as far north as Philadelphia,
rises still in favourable spots to a height of nearly 40 feet, and one
of the Japan Bamboos, according to Mr. Christy, gains even in
those extra-tropical latitudes the height of 60 feet. Through per-
forating with artistic care the huge canes of various Bamboos,
musical sounds can be melodiously produced when the air wafts
through the groves, and this singular fact may possibly be turned
to practice for checking the devastations from birds on many a
cultured spot. Altogether twenty genera, with one hundred and
seventy well-marked species, are circumscribed by General Munro's
consumate care ; but how may these treasures yet be enriched,

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 309

when once the snowy mountains of New Guinea through Bamboo
jungles have been ascended, or when the Alps on the sources of the
Nile, which Ptolemseus and Julius Caesar already longed to ascend,
have become the territory also of phytologic researches, not to speak
of many other tropical regions as yet left unexplored ! Europe
possesses no Bamboo ; Australia, as far as hitherto ascertained, only
one (in the interior of Arnhem's Land). Almost all Bamboos are
local, and there seems really no exception to the fact that none are
indigenous to both hemispheres ; all true bambusas being Oriental.
Observations on the growth of many Bamboos in Italy are recently
offered by Chevalier Fenzi.

The introduction of these exquisite plants is one of the easiest imagin-
able, either from seeds or the living roots. The Consuls at distant
ports, the missionaries, the mercantile and navigating gentlemen
abroad, and particularly also any travellers, could all easily aid in
transferring the various Bamboos from one country to the other —
from hemisphere to hemisphere. Most plants of this kind once
well established in strength under glass can be trusted out to per-
manent locations with perfect and lasting safety at the commence-
ment of the warm season. Indeed, Bamboos are hardier than
most intratropical plants, and the majority of them are not the
denizens of the hottest tropical lowlands, but delight in the cooler
air of mountain regions. In selecting the following array from
General Munro's monograph, it must be noted that it comprises
only a limited number, and that among those which are already to
some extent known, but as yet cannot be denned with precision in
their generic and specific relation, evidently some occur which
in elegance, grace, and utility surpass even many of those now
specially mentioned : —

Arthrostylidium excelsum, Griseb. West India. Height to 80 feet,
diameter 1 foot.

Arthrostylidium longiflorum, Munro. Venezuela ; ascends to 6,000
feet.

Arthrostylidium racemiflorun, Steudel. Mexico ; ascends to 7,500
feet. Height to 30 feet.

Arthrostylidum Schomburgkii, Munro. Guiana ; ascends to 6,000
feet. Height to 60 feet.

Arundinaria acuminata, Munro. Mexico. Height to 20 feet.

Arundinaria collosa, Munro. Himalaya ; ascends to 6,000 feet.
Height to 12 feet.

Arundinaria debilis, Thwaites. Ceylon ; ascends to 8,000 feet. A
tall species.

Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro. Sikkim ; ascends to 7,000 feet.
Height to 15 feet.

Arundinaria Japonica, S. and Z. Japan. Height to 12 feet.

Arundinaria Khasiana, Munro. Himalaya ; ascends to 6,000 feet.
Height to 12 feet.

310 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Arundinaria suberecta, Munro. Himalaya ; ascends to 4,500 feet.

Height to 15 feet.
Arundinaria tesselata, Munro. South Africa; ascends to 6,500 feet.

Height to 20 feet.

Arundinaria verticillata. Nees. Brazil. Height to 15 feet.
Aulonemia Quexo, Goudot. New Granada, Venezuela, in cool regions.

Tall, climbing.

Bambusa Balcooa, Roxb. Bengal to Assam. Height to 70 feet.
Bambusa Beecheyana, Munro. China. Height to 20 feet.
Bambusa Brandisii, Munro. Tenasserim ; ascends to 4,000 feet.

Height to 120 feet, circumference 2 feet.
Bambusa Jlexuosa, Munro. China. Height to 12 feet.
Bambusa marginata,, Munro. Tenasserim ; ascends to 5,000 feet.

Tall, scandent.

Bambusa nutans, Wall. Himalaya ; ascends to 7,000 feet.
Bambusa pallida, Munro. Bengal to Khasia; ascends to 3,500 feet.

Height to 50 feet.
Bambusa polymorpha, Munro. Burma, in the Teak region. Height

to 80 feet.

Bambusa regia, Th. Thomson. Tenasserim. Height to 40 feet.
Bambusa Tulda, Roxb. Bengal to Burma. Height to 70 feet.
Bambusa tuldoides, Munro. China, Hong Kong, Formosa.
Beesha capitata, Munro. Madagascar. Height to 50 feet.
Beesha stridula, Munro. Ceylon.
Cephalostachyum capitatum, Munro. Himalaya ; ascends to 6,000

feet. Height to 30 feet.
Cephalostachyum pallidum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 5,000

feet. Tall.

Cephalostachyum pergracile, Munro. Burma. Height to 40 feet.
Chusquea abietifolia, Griseb. West India. Tall, scandent.
Chusquea capituliflora, Trinius. South Brazil. Very tall.
Chusquea Culcou, E. Desv. Chili. Height to 20 feet. Straight.
Chusquea Dombeyana, Kunth. Peru ; ascends to 6,000 feet.

Height to 10 feet.
Chusquea Fendleri, Munro. Central America ; ascends to 12,000

feet.

Chusquea Galleottiana, Ruprecht. Mexico ; ascends to 8,000 feet.
Chusquea Gaudichaudiana, Kunth. South Brazil. Very tall.
Chusquea Lorentziana, Grisebach. Sub-tropic Argentina, 30 feet

high ; not hollow. Useful for many kinds of utensils and

structures.

Chusquea montana, Philippi. Chili; Andes. Height to 10 feet,
Chusquea Muelleri, Munro. Mexico ; ascends to 8,000 feet.

Climbing.

Chusquea Quila, Kunth. Chili. Tall.
Chusquea scandens, Kunth. Colder Central America. Climbing,

tall.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 311

Chusquea simpliciflora, Munro. Panama. Height to 80 feet.

Scandent.

Chusquea tenuiflora, Philippi. Chili. Height to 12 feet.
Cliusquea uni flora, Steudel. Central America. Height to 20 feet.
Dendrocalamus flagellifer, Munro. Malacca. Very tall.
Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni, Nees. Himalaya ; ascends to 6,000 feet.

Height to 60 feet.
Dendrocalamus Hookeri, Munro. Himalaya ; ascends to 6,000 feet.

Height to 50 feet.
Dendrocalamus sericeus, Munro. Behar j ascends to 4,000 feet.

Tall.
Denochloa Tjankorreh, Buehse. Java, Philippines ; ascends to 4,000

feet. Climbing.

Gigantochloa heterostachya, Munro. Malacca. Height to 30 feet.
Gu-adua capitata, Munro. South Brazil. Height to 20 feet.
Giiadua macrostachya, Rupr. Guiana to Brazil. Height to 30 feet.
Guadua paniculata, Munro. Brazil. Height to 30 feet.
Guadua refracta, Munro. Brazil. Height to 30 feet.
Guadua Tagoara, Kunth. South Brazil ; ascends to 2,000 feet.

Height to 30 feet.

Gi(,adua virgata, Rupr. South Brazil. Height to 25 feet.
Merostachys Clausseni, Munro. South Brazil. Height to 80 feet.
Merostachys Kunthii, Ruprecht. South Brazil. Height to 30 feet.
Merostachys ternata, Nees. South Brazil. Height to 20 feet.
Nastus Bourbonicus, Gmel. Bourbon, Sumatra ; ascends to 4,000

feet. Height to 50 feet.
Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, Munro. Abyssinia to Angola ; ascends to

4,000 feet. Height to 50 feet.

Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata, Munro. Pegu, Moulmein. Tall, scandent.
Phyllostachys bambusoides, S. and Z. Himalaya, China, and Japan.

Height to 12 feet.

Phyllostachys nigra, Munro. China, Japan. Height to 25 feet.
Platonia nobilis, Munro. New Granada, colder region.
Pseudostachyum polymorphum, Munro. Himalaya ; ascends to 6,000

feet. Very tall.

Teinostachyum Griffithi, Munro. Tall and slender.
Thamnocalamus Falconeri, J. Hook. Himalaya ; ascends to 8,000

feet. Tall.
Thamnocalamus spathiftorus, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 11,000

feet. Tall.

Schizostachyum brachycladum, Kurz.

Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems to 40 feet high, very hollow.
The short branches give to this bamboo a peculiar habit. One
variety has splendidly yellow stems.

312 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Schizostachyum elegantissimum Kurz.

Java, at elevations from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Unlike all other
Bamboos, this bears flowers at an age of three years, and is
therefore of special importance for scenic effect. Height up to
25 feet, stems stout. It requires, like many allied plants, renewal
after flowering.

Schizostachyum Hasskarlianum, Kurz.

Java. This and S. serpentinum afford the best kinds of Bamboo
vegetables for cookery, the young shoots, when bursting out of the
ground, being used for the purpose. Kurz mentions as culinary
" Rebong" Bamboos : Gigantochloa aspera, G. robusta, G.
maxima, G. atter. For ornamental culture the same meritorious
writer singles out Schizostachyum brachycladum, the varieties of
Bambusa vulgaris, with gaudy, glossy, colouring of the stems, in
contrast with the black-stemmed species of Phyllostachys from
China and Japan.

Schizostachyum irratum, Steudel.

Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems to 30 feet high, remarkably
slender.

Schizostachyum Zollingeri, Steudel.

Hills of Java. Much cultivated. Height up to 35 feet, stems
slender.

Schkuhria abrotaniodes, Roth.

From Peru to Argentina. This annual herb yields locally an
insecticidal powder.

Schoenocaulon officinale, A. Gray. (Asa Graya officinalis, Lindley ;
Sabadilla officinalis, Brant and Dierbach.)

Mountains of Mexico. A bulbous-rooted herb with leafless stem,
thus far specially distinct from any Veratrum. It furnishes the
Sabadilla seeds and yields two alkaloids, veratrin and sabadillin ; a
resinous substance, helonin ; also sabadillic and veratric acid. The
generic names adopted for this plant by Lindley and by Dierbach
are coetaneous.

Sciadopitys verticillata, Siebold.

The lofty and curious Kooya-maki>or Umbrella Fir of Japan, 140
feet high, pyramidal in habit. Resists severe frosts. Wood white
and compact.

Scilla esculenta, Ker. (Camassia esculenta, Lindley.)

The Quamash. In the western extra-tropical parts of North
America, on moist prairies. The onion-like bulbs in a roasted state

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 313

form a considerable portion of the vegetable food on which the
aboriginal tribes of that part of the globe extensively live. It is a
pretty plant and might be naturalised on moist meadows.

S cilia Fraseri, A. Gray.

The Quamash of the Eastern States of North America. Most
prolific in the production of its bulbs, which taste like Potatoes.

Scorzonera crocifolia, Sibthorp..

Greece. A perennial herb ; the leaves, according to Dr. Heldreich,
used there for a favourite salad and spinach.

Scorzonera deliciosa, Guasson.*

Sicily. One of the purple-flowered species ; equal, if not superior,
in its culinary use to the allied Salsify.

Scorzonera Hispanica, Linne.*

Middle, and South Europe, Orient. The perennial root of this
yellow-flowered herb furnishes not only a wholesome and palatable
food, but also serves as a therapeutic remedy much like dandelion.
Long boiling destroys its medicinal value. Some other kinds of
Scorzonera may perhaps be drawn into similar use, there being
many Asiatic species.

Scorzonera tuber osa, Pallas.

On the Volga and in Syria. This species also yields an edible
root, and so perhaps the Chinese Sc. albicaulis (Bunge), the Persian
Sc. Scowitzii (Cand.), the North African Sc. undulata (Yahl.), the
Greek Sc. ramosa (Sibth.), the Russian Sc. Astrachanica (Cand.),
the Turkish Sc. semicana (Cand.), the Iberian Sc. lanata (Bie-
berst.). At all events, careful culture may render them valuable
esculents.

Scutia Indica, Brogniart.

South Asia. This, on Dr. Gleghorn's recommendation, might be
utilised as a thorny hedge-shrub.

Sebsea ovata, R, Brown.

Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. This neat little annual
herb can be utilised for its bitter tonic principle (Gentian-bitter).
S. albidiflora (F. v. M.) is an allied species from somewhat saline
ground. These plants disseminate themselves most readily, but are
unacceptable to stock.

Secale cereale, Linn£.*

The Rye. Orient, but perhaps wild only in the country between
the Caspian and Black Seas. Mentioned here as the hardiest of all

314 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

grain plants for the highest Alpine regions. There are annual and
biennial varieties, while a few allied species, hitherto not generally
used for fodder or cereal culture, are perennial. The Rye, though
not so nutritious as wheat, furnishes a most wholesome well-flavoured
bread, which keeps for many days, and is most extensively used in
Middle and North Europe and Asia, The grain, moreover, can be
reared in poor soil and cold climates, where wheat will no longer
thrive. In produce of grain, Rye is not inferior to wheat in
colder countries, while the yield of straw is larger, and the culture
less exhaustive. It is a hardy cereal, not readily subject to disease,
and can be grown on some kinds of peaty or sandy or nioory
ground. The sowing must not be effected at a period of much
wetness. Wide sand tracks would be uninhabitable if it were not
for the facility to provide human sustenance from this grateful
corn. It dislikes moist ground. Sandy soil gives the best grain.
It is a very remarkable fact that since ages, in some tracts of
Europe, Rye has been prolifically cultivated from year to year
without interruption. In this respect Rye stands favourably alone
among alimentary plants. It furnishes in cold countries also the
earliest green fodder, and the return is large. Dr. Bonder observed,
in cultivated turf -heaths with much humus, that the spikelets produce
three or even four fertile florets, and thus each spike will yield up
to eighty beautiful seeds. Langethal recommends for argillaceous
soils a mixture of early varieties of wheat and rye, the united
crops furnishing grain for excellent bread. When the Rye-grain
become attacked by Cordyceps purpurea (Fr.), or very similar
species of fungi, then it becomes dangerously unwholesome, but
then also a very important medicinal substance — namely, Ergot —
is obtained. The biennial Wallachian variety of Rye can be mown
or depastured prior to the season of its forming grain. In Alpine
regions Wallachian Rye is sown with pine-seeds, for shelter of the
pine seedlings in the first year. Rye is extensively used for the
manufacture of gin.

Secale creticum, Linne.

Though probably only a variety of S. cereale (L.), it deserves
specially to be mentioned as furnishing a bread of peculiar taste.

Sechium edule, Swartz.

West India. The Chocho or Chayota. The large starchy root of
this climber can be consumed as a culinary vegetable, while the
good-sized fruits are also edible. The fruit often germinates before
it drops. The plant bears already in the first year and may ripen
one hundred fruits in a year. The roots are starchy. The plant
comes to perfection in the warmer parts of the temperate zone.

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 315

Selinum anesorrhizum, F. v. Meller. (Anesorrhiza Capensis, Ch.

and Schl.)

South Africa. The root of this biennial herb is edible. A.
montana (Eckl. and Zeyh.), a closely allied plant, yields likewise
an edible root ; and so it is with a few other species of the section
Anesorrhiza.

Selinum Monnieri, Linne.

From East Asia, now extending to South Europe, preferring moist
places. An annual herb, praised by the Chinese as valuable for
medicinal purposes.

Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher.* (Taxodium sempervirens,

Lambert.)

Red Wood or Bastard-Cedar of North-West America, chiefly
California. A splendid tree, exceptionally 360 feet high, occa-
sionally with a diameter of the stem of 55 feet. The wood is
reddish, close-veined, easily split, very durable, but light and
brittle. The timber of mission buildings one hundred years old is
still quite sound. One of the most colossal trees of the globe.
Its growth is about 32 feet in sixteen years. Often found on
metamorphic sandstone. It luxuriates in the cool dampness of
sea-fogs. Shinn describes this sequoia as rugged shafts, rising like
huge monolithic columns, crowned with downward curving branches
and shining green. Dr. Gibbons writes that this tree forms
immense forests along the coast range for a distance of about 200
miles in a belt 20 miles wide. The soft, straight-grained, durable
wood is suitable for external as well as internal finish. It consti-
tutes almost the sole material for weather-boarding along the
Californian coast ; and for fence-posts, foundations of buildings,
and railway-sleepers it is almost the only material used. Is also
susceptible of a splendid polish for furniture ; is largely sawn into
boards and shingles, furnishing in California the cheapest lumber.
Stem bare to 100 feet or more ; when cut, sending suckers from
the root for renovation. Dr. Gibbons records as the stoutest stem
some of 33 feet diameter at 3 feet from the ground.

Sequoia Wellingtonia, Seemann.* (Wellvngtonia gigantea, Lindley ;
Sequoia gigantea, Decaisne, not Endl.)

Mammoth-tree. California, up to 8,000 feet above the sea. This,
the biggest of all trees, attains a stem of 320 feet in length and
112 in circumference, the oldest trees being estimated at 1,100
years. The total height of a tree has been recorded as occasionally
450 feet, but such heights have never been confirmed by actual
clinometric measurements of trees existing now. A stem broken
at 300 feet had yet a diameter of 18 feet. The wood is soft and
white when felled j afterwards it turns red. It is very durable.

316 SELECT PLANTS FOE INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Traditional accounts seem to have overrated the height of the
Mammoth-tree. In the Calaveras grove two of the largest trees,
which may have been the tallest of all, were destroyed ; the two
highest now existing there are respectively 325 and 319 feet high,
with a circumference of 45 and 40 feet at 6 feet from the ground.
At the Mariposa grove the highest really measured trees are 272,
270, and 260 feet high, but one of these has the enormous circum-
ference of 67 feet at 6 feet from the ground, while another, the
height of which is not recorded, is 93 feet in girth at the ground,
and 64 feet at 11 feet from it ; the branches of this individual tree
are as thick as the stems of large Elms. The height of the
Calaveras grove is 4,760 feet above sea-level. A stump 33 feet in
diameter is known at Yosemite. According to Dr. Gibbons this
giant of the forest has a far wider range than was formerly sup-
posed, Mr. John Muir having shown that it stretches over nearly
200 miles at an altitude of 5,000 to 8,000 feet. From the Cala-
veras to the King River it occurs in small and isolated groves, but
from the latter point south to Deer Creek, a distance of about 70
miles, there are almost unbroken forests of this noble tree. Growth
of the tree about 2 feet a year under ordinary culture, much more
in damp forest glens. Both Sequoias produce shoots from the
root after the stem is cut away. The genus Sequoia can be reduced
to Athrotaxis, as shown by Bentham and Hooker.

Sesamum Indicum, Linne.

The Gingili. Southern Asia, extending eastwards to Japan. This
annual herb is cultivated as far as 42° north latitude in Japan.
The oil, fresh expressed from the seeds, is one of the best for table
use ; free of any unpleasant taste. It congeals with more difficulty
than olive oil. There are varieties of this plant with white, red,
and black seeds ; the latter is the earliest and richest, but gives a
darker oil. Yield 45 to 50 per cent. oil. Nearly a million acres
are under cultivation with this plant in the Madras Presidency.
The export of the oil from Bangkok in 1870 was valued, according
to Simmonds, at £183,000 ; the market value is from 25s. to 35s.
per cwt. The plant succeeds still at Malta and at Gaza, and is
much grown in Turkey. Parched and pounded, the seeds make a
a rich soup. In Greece the seeds are often sprinkled over cakes.
One of the advantages of the culture of this plant consists in its
quick return of produce. The root of the oil is used for China-ink.

Sesbania aculeata, Persoon.

The Danchi. Intra-tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa and
Australia. This tall annual plant has proved adapted for desert
regions. It yields a tough fibre for ropes, nets and cordage, valued
at from .£30 to £40 for the ton. Several congeneric plants can be
equally well utilised.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 317

Sesbania -ZEgyptiaca, Persoon.

Africa, South Asia, North Australia. The foliage of this tall
perennial herb and of the allied annual S. brachycarpa (F. v. M.)
serves as fodder, which cattle are ravenously fond of. According
to Mr. T. Gulliver, the green pods, as well as the seeds, are
nutritious, wholesome, and of pleasant taste. Roxburgh mentions
the leaves and young pods of S. grandiflora as excellent for
spinach.

Sesbania cannabina, Persoon.

South Asia. An annual herb of easy growth in wet localities,
requiring less attention in weeding and otherwise than the Jute
plant. The crop for fibre ripens in about five months.

Sesleria coerulea, Arduino.*

Most parts of Europe. Of this perennial grass Lengethal observes
that it is for dry and loose limestone what Elymus arenarius is for
loose sand. It stands well despasturing by sheep, and is one of the
the earliest grasses of the season. S. dactyloides, Nuttall (Buchloa
dactyloides, Torrey), is the Buffalo Grass of Kansas.

Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Linne.

All round the globe on the shores of tropical and sub-tropical
countries, occurring naturally as far south as Port Jackson. A
perennial creeping herb, fit to fix the sandy silt on the edges of sea-
coasts.

Shepherdia argentea, Nuttall.

The Buffalo Berry. From the Missouri to Hudson's Bay. This
bush bears red, acidulous, edible berries.

Shorea robusta, Gaertner.

The Sal-tree. India, up to 3,000 feet. It attains as a maximum
a height of 150 feet and a girth of 25 feet. One of the most
famed of Indian timber trees. Drs. Stewart and Brandis found it
on sandstone, conglomerate, gravelly and shingly ground, where
loose water-transmitting soils are mixed with a large portion of
vegetable mould. The climatic conditions within a Sal area may
be expressed as — mean annual rainfall, 40 to 100 inches ; mean
temperature, in the cool season 55° to 77°, in the hot season 77° to
85° F. Sal will stand the occasional sinking of the temperature
below freezing point. The heart-wood is dark brown, coarse-
grained, hard, very heavy, strong, tough, with fibrous cross-structure,
the fibres interlaced. For buildings, river-boats and railway-
sleepers it is the most important timber of North India. It
exudes a pale, aromatic, dammar-like resin. The Tussa silkworm
derives food from this tree.

318 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Shorea Talura, Roxburgh. (8. laccifera, Heyne.)

India, abounding in Mysore, where South European fruits prosper.
On this tree also the Lac insect lives. It furnishes a peculiar
dammar.

Sison Amomum, Linne.

Middle and South Europe. A herb of one or two years' duration.
It grows best on soil rich in lime. The seeds can be used for
condiment.

Smilax medica, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.

Mexico. This plant produces mainly the sarsaparilla root of that
country.

Smilax officinalis, Humboldt.

New Granada and other parts of Central America. This climbing
shrub produces at least a portion of the Columbian sarsaparilla.

Smilax papyracea, Duhamel.

Guiana to Brazil. The origin of the principal supply of Brazilian
sarsaparilla is ascribed to this species, although several others of
this genus, largely represented in Brazil, may yield the medicinal
root also. In warm humid gullies of the temperate zone these
plants would likely succeed in establishing themselves. Smilax
Australis (R. Br.) extends from the tropical coast parts of Aus-
tralia to East Gippsland. Neither this nor the East Australian
S. glycyphylla (Smith) nor the New Zealand Ripogonum scandens
(Forst.) has ever been subjected to accurate therapeutic tests, and
the same may be said of numerous other Smilaces scattered through
the warmer countries of the globe. The Italian sarsaparilla, which
is derived from the Mediterranean S. aspera (L.), has been intro-
duced into medicine.

Smilax rotundifolia, Linne.

Eastern States of North America and Canada. A prickly climber
with deciduous foliage. An immense local use is made of the roots
for the bowls of tobacco-pipes, clay pipes being there almost
unknown. It is estimated that nearly three millions of these
briar-root pipes are now made a year. The reed portion of these
pipes is generally prepared from Alnus serrulata (Meehan).

Smyrnium Olusatrum, Linne.

The Alisander. Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Western
Asia. A biennial herb, which, raw or boiled, can be utilised in the
manner of celery. The roots and the fruitlets serve medicinal
purposes.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 319

Solanum JEthiopicum, Linne\

Tropical Africa. Cultivated there and elsewhere on account of its -
edible berries, which are large, red, globular, and uneven. The
plant is annual.

Solanum betaceum, Cavanilles. (Cyphomandra betacea, Sendtner.)

Central America. This shrub is cultivated as far south as Buenos
Ayres and Valparaiso, also on the Mediterranean Sea, for the sake
of its tomato-like berries.

Solanum Dulcamara, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A trailing
half-shrub, with deciduous leaves. The stems are used in medicine,
and contain two alkaloids — dulcamarin and solanin.

Solanum edule, Schumacher and Thonning.

Guinea. The berry is of the size of an apple, yellow and edible."

Solanum Fendleri, Asa Gray.

New Mexico. A new kind of Potato, enduring a temperature of
Zero. Professor Meehan's endeavours to obtain good-sized tubers
have as yet not been successful. Tubers of good size have since
been obtained, according to Simmonds. The following plants are
also spoken of by Dr. Rosenthal and others as new kinds of potato,
perhaps to be developed through cultivation : S. demissum
(Lindley), S. cardiophyllum (Lindley), S. utile (Klotzsch), S. verru-
cosum (Schlechtendal), S. Bulbocastanum (Dunal), S. stoloniferum
(Schlechtendal), all from Mexico and some from elevations 10,000
feet high ; S. Maglea (Molina) from Chili, and S. imjaite^Dunal)

f T~* '!&- •"- • i '^

trom Peru. %

<''J
Solanum Gilo, Raddi.

•>'

Tropical America ; much cultivated there for t&e sake of its large, •'
spherical, orange-coloured berries, which are eatable.

Solanum Guinense, Lamarck.

Within the tropics of both hemispheres. The berries of this shrub
serve as a dye of various shades, particularly violet, for silk.

Solanum indigoferum, St. Hilaire.

South Brazil. A dye-shrub, deserving trial culture.

Solanum Lycopersicum, Linne.* (Lycopersdum esculentum, Mill.)

The Tomato. South America. Annual. Several varieties exist,
differing in shape and colour of the berries. It is one of the most
eligible plants with esculent fruits for naturalisation in desert
country. As well known, the Tomato is adapted for various culinary

320 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

purposes. Tomato foliage can be placed round fruit trees, like the
equally poisonous potato leaves, to prevent the access of insects,
and an infusion of the herb serves also as an insecticide for
syringing, as first adopted by Mr. Sircy.

Solanum macrocarpum, Linne.

Mauritius and Madagascar. A perennial herb. The berries are of
the size of an apple, globular and yellow. S. Thonningi (F. Jacq.),
from Guinea, is a nearly-related plant. S. calycinuin (Moc. et
Sess.), from Mexico, is also allied.

Solanum Melongena, Linne. (S. ovigrum. Dunal ; S. esculentum,
Dunal. )

The Egg Plant. India and some other parts of tropical Asia. A
perennial plant, usually renewed in cultivation like an annual. The
• egg-shaped large berries are known under the name of Aubergines
or Bringals or Begoons as culinary esculents. Allied plants are S.
insanum (L.), S. longum (Roxb.), S. serpentinum (Desf.), S.
undatum (Lam.), S. ferox (L.), S. pseudo-saponaceum (Blume), S.
album (Dour.), which all bear large berries, considered harmless,
but may not all represent well-marked species. Absolute ripeness
of all such kinds of fruits is an unavoidable requisite, as otherwise
even wholesome sorts may prove acrid or even poisonous. Probably
many other of the exceedingly numerous species of the genus
Solanum may be available for good-sized edible berries.

Solanum muricatum, L'Heritier.

The Pepino of Peru. A shrubby species with egg-shaped edible
berries, which are white with purple spots, and attain a length of 6
inches.

Solanum Quitoense, Lamarck.

Ecuador, Peru. A shrubby plant. The berries resemble small
oranges in size, colour, and taste, and are of a peculiar fragrance.
To this the S. Plumierii (Dun.), from the "West Indian Islands, is
also cognate, and the S. Topiro (Kunth), from the Orinoco.

Solanum torvum, Swartz.

From West India to Peru. A shrubby species with yellow
spherical berries of good size, which seem also wholesome. Other
species from tropical America have shown themselves sufficiently
hardy for inducing us to recommend the test culture of such kinds
of plants. Many of them are highly curious and ornamental. S.
sisymbrifolium (Lam.), of South America, yields also edible
berries.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 321

Solanum tuberosum, Linne.*

The Potato. Andes of South America, particularly of Chili and
Peru, but not absolutely trans-equatorial, as it extends into Colum-
bia. It is also wild in the Argentine territory. As a starch plant,
the Potato interests us on this occasion particularly. Considering
its prolific yield in rich soil, we possess as yet too few factories for
potato starch. The average yield is 10 per cent. The latter, by
being heated with mineral acids or malt, can be converted into dextrin
and dextro-glucose for many' purposes of the arts. Dextrin, as a
substitute for gum, is also obtainable by subjecting potato-starch in
a dry state to a heat of 400° F. Alcohol may be largely produced
from the tubers. The berries and shoots contain solanin. Baron
von Liebig remarks, " So far as its foliage is concerned, it is a lime
plant ; as regards its tuber, a potash plant." Langethal says, " It
surpasses in easy range of cultivation all other root crops. Its
culture suppresses weeds and opens up the soil, besides preparing
the land for cereals." Seeds of the Potato berries should be sown
in adapted places by explorers of new countries. The most for-
midable potato disease of the last thirty years from the Peronospora
infestans seems to have originated from the use of objectionable
kinds of guano, with the introduction of which the murrain was
contemporaneous. The foliage of potato-plants, when thickly
placed under trees or shrubs infected by blights, checks materially
the spread of insects which cause the disease.

Solanum Uporo, Dunal.

In many of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The large, red,
spherical berries of this shrub can be used like Tomato. Proved
hardy at Port Phillip

Solanum vescum, F. v. Mueller.

The Gunyang. South-East Australia. A shrub yielding edible
berries, which need however to be fully ripe for securing absence
of deleterious properties.

Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrader and Wendlancl.

North Africa and South Asia. A perennial herb. The berries
are of the size of a cherry, and either yellow or scarlet.

Sophora Japonica, Linne.*

A deciduous tree of China and Japan, resembling the Laburnum,
up to 60 feet high ; wood hard and compact, valued for turners'
works. All parts of the plant purgative ; the flowers rich in
yellow dye, used for silk.

322

SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Sophora tetraptera, Alton. (Var. Macnabiana, Graham.)

The Pelu of Chili and Patagonia. A small tree with exceedingly
hard and durable wood, much used for cog-wheels and similar
structures. The wood differs much from that of S. Tomairo of
the Easter Island (Dr. Philippi).

Spartina cynosuroides, Willdenow.

Eastern part of North America. A perennial grass of fresh-water
swamps, there often called Prairie Grass ; it can be utilised for
fodder, and its value as paper, material seems equal to that of
Esparto. Emits shoots copiously, hence is recommended by Bouche,
also for binding maritime driftsands, it covering the ground
densely with its persistent rigid foliage.

Spartina juncea, Willdenow.

Salt marshes of North America. A grass with creeping roots ; it
can be utilised to bind moist sand on the coast. A tough fibre can
readily be obtained from the leaves. S. polystachya (Willd.) is a
stately grass, adapted for saline soil ; it is also a North American
grass.

Spartina stricta, Roth.

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Britain and also
to North America. The Twin-spiked Cord-Grass. A rigid
perennial with creeping roots, recommended for fixing and render-
ing solid any mud flats on low shores and at the mouths of rivers ;
only suitable for brackish ground.

Spartium junceum, Linne.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The flowers of this bush
provide a yellow dye. A textile fibre can be separated from the
branches.

Spergula arvensis, Linne.

All Europe, North Africa, West Asia. This annual herb, though
easily becoming a troublesome weed, is here mentioned for the
desirable completeness of this enumeration. The tall variety with
large seeds (S. maxima, Weihe) can be chosen with advantage for
the commencement of tillage on any sandy soil too poor for barley.
It takes up the land only for about two months, if grown for green
fodder, and increases much the yield of milk. It serves also for
admixture to hay (Langethal). It is one of the earliest of fodder-
plants, and imparts a particularly pleasant taste to butter.

Spigelia Marylandica, Linne.

The Pinkroot of North America, north to Pennsylvania and Wis-
consin. A perennial handsome herb, requiring as a vermifuge

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 323

cautious administration. S. anthelmia (L.) is an annual plant of
tropical America and possesses similar medicinal properties, in which
probably other species likewise share.

Spilanthes oleracea, K Jacquin.

The Para Cress. South America. An annual herb of considerable
pungency, used as a medicinal salad.

Spinacia oleracea, Linne.

Siberia. The ordinary Spinach, an agreeable culinary annual of
rapid growth. It is of a mild aperient property. Two varieties
are distinguished, the Summer and the Winter Spinach, the former
less inclined to run into seed, but also less hardy.

Spinacia tetrandra, Stev.

Caucasus. Also annual and unisexual like the preceding plant,
with which it has equal value, though it is less known.

Spinifex hirsutus, Labillardiere.

On the whole coast of extra-tropical Australia. Highly valuable
for binding coast-sand with its long creeping roots.

Spinifex longifolius, R. Brown.

On the tropical and western extra-tropical coast of Australia.
Available like the former.

Spinifex squarrosus, Linne.

India. Useful, like the two preceding plants. Tennant remarks
that the radiating heads become detached when the seed is
matured, and are carried by the wind along the sand, over
the surface of which they are impelled by their elastic spines,
dropping their seeds as they roll along. The heads are so buoyant
as to float lightly on water, and while the uppermost spiny rays are
acting as sails, they are carried across narrow estuaries to continue
the process of embanking beyond on any newly-formed sandbars.

Spondias dulcis, G. Foster.

Fiji, Tonga and Society Islands. This noble tree is introduced
into this list to indicate that trials should be instituted as regards
the culture of the various good fruit-bearing species of this genus,
one of which, S. pleiogyna (F. von Mueller), transgresses in East
Australia the tropical circle. The lamented Dr. Seemann saw S.
dulcis 60 feet high, and describes it as laden with fruit of agreeable
apple-flavour called Rewa, and attaining over 1 Ib. weight.

324 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Sporobolus Virginicus, R Brown.

Jamaica. Will luxuriate even in sandy maritime places, and keep
perfectly green after three or four months' drought. Horses become
rapidly and astonishingly fat in feeding upon it (Jenman). S.
Indicus and S. purpuraceus and S. Jacquemonti are also highly
spoken of as pasture grasses in the West Indian Islands.

Stenotaphrum Americanum, Schranck.* (S. glabrum, Trinius.)

South- Asia, Africa, warmer countries of America ; not known from
any part of Europe or Australia. Here called the Buffalo-Grass.
It is perennial, creeping, and admirably adapted for binding sea-
sand and river banks, also for forming garden edges, and for estab-
lishing a grass sward on lawns much subjected to traffic ; it is,
besides, of some value as pasture. It consolidates rolling sands into
a firm pasture-turf. It was this grass which Mr. John C. Bell
reared with so much advantage for fodder on the bare rocks of the
Island of Ascension, and it was there where Australian Acacias
took the lead to establish wood vegetation and for securing perma-
nency of drinking-water.

Sterculia Carthaginensis, Cavanilles. (S. Chicka, St. Hilaire.)

South Brazil. This and some other South American species furnish
seeds of almond-like taste.

Sterculia monosperma, Ventenat. (S. nobilis, R Brown.)

China. A middle-sized spreading tree. The large seeds can be
used as chestnuts in a roasted state.

Sterculia quadrifida, R Brown.

Eastern and Northern Australia. This tree might be tried in rich
and humid forest regions. It is the " Calool" of the natives. The
black seeds are of a filbert taste, like those of some other /Sterculia'.
As many as eleven of the brilliant scarlet fruits may be in a cluster,
and each of them may contain up to ten or eleven seeds.

Sterculia urens, Roxburgh.

India, extending to the north-western provinces, to Assam and
Ceylon. This and also S. urceolata (Smith) from the Moluccas and
Sunda Islands produce edible seeds, and may prove hardy here.

Stilbocarpa polaris, Decaisne and Planchon.

Auckland's and Campbell's Islands, and seemingly also in the
southern extremity of New Zealand. A herbaceous plant with
long roots, which are saccharine and served some wrecked people
for a lengthened period as sustenance. The plant is recommended
here for further attention, as it may prove through culture a valuable
addition to the stock of culinary vegetables of cold countries.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 325

Stipa aristiglumis, R v. Mueller.

South-east Australia. Graziers consider this perennial grass as
very fattening and yielding a large quantity of feed. Its celerity
of growth is such that when it springs up it will grow at the rate
of 6 inches in a fortnight. Horses, cattle and sheep are extremely
fond of it. It ripens seeds in little more than two months in
favourable seasons.

Stipa tenacissima, Liniie.* (Macrochloa tenacissima, Kunth.)

The Esparto or Atocha. Spain, Portugal, Greece, North Africa,
ascending the Sierra Nevada to 4,000 feet. This grass has become
celebrated since some years, having afforded already a vast
quantity of material for British paper-mills. It is tall and
perennial, and may prove a valuable acquisition, inasmuch as it
lives on any kind of poor soil, occurring naturally on sand and
gravel as well as on clayey or calcareous or gypseous soil, and
even on the very brink of the coast. Possibly the value of some
Australian grasses allied to the Atocha may in a like manner
become commercially established, and mainly with this view
paper samples of several grass kinds were prepared by the
writer. (Vide "Report, Industrial Exhibition, Melbourne, 1867".)
Even in the scorching heat and the arid sands of the Sahara the
Atocha maintains itself, and it may thus yet be destined to play an
important part in the introduced vegetation of any arid places of
desert tracts, particularly where lime and gypsum exist. The very
tenacious fibre resists decay, and is much employed for the manu-
facture of ropes, also for baskets, mats, hats, and other articles.
During 1870 the import of Esparto ropes into England was
18,500 tons, while the raw material to the extent of about 130,000
tons was imported. Extensive culture of this grass has com-
menced in the south of France. It is pulled once a year, in the
earlier part of the summer. The propagation can be effected from
seeds, but is done usually by division of the root. 10 tons of dry
Esparto, worth from £4 to <£5 each, can under favourable circum-
stances be obtained from an acre. The supply has fallen short of
the demand. Good writing-paper is made from Esparto without
admixture ; the process is similar to that for rags, but cleaner. The
price of Esparto paper ranges from £40 to £50 for the ton. Stipa
arenaria (Brot.) is a closely allied and still taller species, confined
to Spain and Portugal. Consul W. P. Mark deserves great praise
for having brought the Atocha into commercial and manufactural
recognition. Stipa pennata, S. capillata, and S. elegantissima will
grow in pure sand.

Streblus asper, Loureiro.

South Asia. This bears a good recommendation for live fences, in
being a shrub of remarkable closeness of branches.

326

SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Sty rax officinalis, Linne\

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A tall bush or small tree.
The fragant solid storax resin exudes from this plant, or is
particularly obtained by pressure of the bark.

Swertia Chirata, Bentham. (Ophelia Chirata, Crisebach.)

Widely dispersed over the higher mountain regions of India. A
perennial herb, considered as one of the best of tonics ; it possesses
all febrifugal and antarthritic properties. Its administration in the
form of an infusion prepared with cold water is the best. Besides
Ophelia elegans (Wight) and some of the other Upper Indian,
Chinese, and Japanese species deserve probably equal attention.
Hanbury and Fliickiger mention as chiratas or chirettas of Indian
bazaars : Ophelia angustifolia (D. Don), O. densiflora (Grisebach),
0. elegans (Wight), and O. multiflora (Dalzell), besides species of
Exacum and Andrographis. All come from the cooler uplands.

Swietenia Mahagoni, Linne.*

The Mahogany-tree of West India, extending naturally to Florida
and Mexico. The degree of endurance of this famous tree is not
sufficiently ascertained. In its native mountains it ascends to
3,000 feet.

Symphytmn officinale, Linne.

TheComfrey. Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb. The
root is utilised in veterinary practice.

Symphytum peregrinum Ledebour.*

The Prickly Comfrey. Caucasus. The growth of this hardy plant
may be recommended as an adjunct to lupine culture. The Hon.
Arthur Holroyd, of Sydney, has recently devoted a special pub-
lication to this plant. He quotes on good authority the return of
foliage already in the first year as 20 tons to the acre, in the second
year 50 tons, and every year after 80 to 120 tons on manured land.
It yields a nutritive and relished forage in rapid and continuous
reproduction. It is likewise recommended for green manure. Dr.
Curl found it to grow well in the moist clime of New Zealand
during the hottest and driest, as well as coldest, weather. Dr.
Yoelcker found much mucilage but little sugar in this plant. The
massive root, known to penetrate to 9 feet depth, sustains the
plant in vigour, admitting it to be cut almost throughout the year.
The propagation is easy from root-cuttings, difficult from seeds ;
4,000 of the former to an acre ; it will thrive even in sand and
tough clay, but prefers moist and even boggy land. In tropical
countries cattle have a predilection for it ; there it likes shades.
The likewise borragineous Cynoglossum Morrisonii, De Cand., of

IX EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 327

North America, yields three cuttings annually. Horses and cattle
relish it. It ought to be naturalised along swamps lagoons, and
river banks. It can be dried for hay. Finally it is recommended
as a plant for game.

Symplocos ramosissima, Wallich.

Himalaya, up to 7,500 feet. In Sikkim, according to Dr. Stewart,
the yellow silkworm is reared on the leaves of this tree. Two allied
species occur spontaneously iri the forests of East Australia.

Syncarpia laurifolia, Tenore.

Queensland and New South Wales. Vernacular name, Turpentine-
tree ; attains a height of 200 feet, with a stem of great thickness.
The wood is comparatively soft and brittle, but very durable, mostly
used for flooring and cabinet-making, as it takes a high polish.
(Hartmann.)

Synoon glandulosum, A. de Jussieu.

New South Wales and South Queensland. This evergreen tree
deserves cultivation in sheltered warm forest-valleys on account
of its rose-coloured wood. Some species of Dysoxylon of East
Australia produce also rosewood.

Tacca pinnatifida, G. Forster.

Sand-shores of the South Sea Islands. From the tubers of this
herb the main supply of the Fiji arrowroot is prepared. It is not
unlikely that this plant will endure a temperate clime. The Tacca
starch is much valued in medicine, and particularly used in cases
of dysentery and diarrhoea. Its characteristics are readily recog-
nised under the microscope. Several other kinds of Tacca are dis-
tinguished, but their specific limits are not yet well ascertained.
Dr. Seemann admits two (T. maculata and T. Brownii) for tropical
Australia, one of these extending as a hill-plant to Fiji. From the
leaves and flower-stalks light kinds of bonnets are plaited. A Tacca
occurring in the Sandwich Islands yields a large quantity of the
so-called arrowroot exported from thence. Other species (including
those of Ataccia) occur in India, Madagascar, Guinea, and Guiana,
all deserving tests in reference to their value as starch plants.

Tagetes glanduligera, Schranck.

South America. This vigorous annual plant is said by Dr. Prentice
to be pulicifugous.

Talinum patens, Willdenow. (T. paniculatum, Gaertner.)

From Mexico to Argentina. A perennial succulent herb, which
might easily be naturalised on coast rocks. It furnishes the
" Puchero" vegetable

328 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Tamarindus Indica, Linne.

Tropical Asia and Africa. This magnificent, large, expansive tree
extends northwards to Egypt, and \vas found by the writer of this
list in North- Western Australia. Final girth of stem, 25 feet not
rare. Never leafless. Varieties occur, according to Brandis, with
sweetish red pulp. It is indicated here, not without hesitation, to
suggest trials of its acclimation in regions of the temperate zone
with a warm, humid, and equable temperature. The acid pulp of
the pods forms the medicinal Tamarind, rich in formic and butyric
acid, irrespective of its other contents.

Tamarix dioica, Roxburgh.

India, up to 2,500 feet. An important shrub for binding newly-
formed river banks, even in saline soil.

Tamarix Gallica, Linne.*

South Europe, North and tropical Africa, South and East Asia,
ascending the Himalayas to 11,000 feet. Attains in Algeria,
according to Cosson, a height of 30 feet. This shrub or small tree
adapts itself in the most extraordinary manner to the most different
localities. It will grow alike in water and the driest soil, also in
salty ground, and is one of the most grateful and tractable plants
in culture ; it is readily multiplied from cuttings, which strike root
as easily as a willow and push forth stems with unusual vigour.
Hence it is one of the most eligible bushes for planting on coast
sand to stay its movements, or for lining embankments. Furnishes
material for a superior charcoal (W. H. Colvill) and various im-
plements (Brandis). Planted much in cemeteries. In Australia,
first largely sent out by the writer.

Tamarix Germanica, Linne.

Europe and West Asia, ascending to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas.
Likewise available for arresting the ingress of shifting sand,
particularly in moist places, also for solidifying precipitous river
banks. The allied T. elegans (Myricaria elegans, E/oyle) attains a
height of 20 feet.

Tamarix orientalis, Forskal. (T. articulata, Yahl.)

North and Middle Africa, South Asia. A fast-growing tree,
attaining a height of 60 feet, the trunk occasionally expanding to a
circumference of 1 2 feet. Springs up freely from seeds, and is also
readily propagated from cuttings. Coppices well. The wood
serves for ploughs, wheels, and many implements. (Stewart and
Brandis). With T. Gallica it grows sufficiently quick to be reared in
India for fuel. Dye-galls and a kind of manna are also produced
by this tree. The same, or an allied species, extends to Japan.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 329

Tanacetum vulgare, Linne.

The Tansy. North and Middle Europe, North Asia, North-.
Western America. A perennial herb of well-known medicinal
value, which mainly depends on its volatile oil.

Taraxacum officinale, Weber.

Dispersed over most of the temperate and cold parts of the globe,
but apparently not a native of South-East Australia. This well-
known plant is mentioned, as 'it can be brought under regular culti-
vation to obtain the medicinal extract from its roots. It is also
considered wholesome to grazing-animals. The young leaves
furnish a medicinal salad. It is also an important honey plant and
early in the season.

Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Linne.

South Africa. This bush deserves attention, being of medicinal
value. As an odorous garden plant it is also very acceptable.

Taxodium distchum, Richard.*

Virginian Swamp or Bald-Cypress. In Swampy places of Eastern
North America, extending from 38° to at least 17° north latitude.
Thought to attain occasionally an age of 2,000 years. A valuable
tree, 100 feet higher more, with astern circumference of sometimes 40
feet above the conical base ; of rapid growth, with deciduous foliage,
like that of the Larch and Ginkgo. Important as anti-malarian
for wet fever-regions. It is found fossil in the miocene formation
of many parts of Europe. . The wood is fine-grained, hard, strong,
light, elastic and very durable, splits well, and thus much used for
shingles, rails, cabinet work and planks ; it is almost indestructible
in water. The tree requires a rich soil, a well-sheltered site, with
much moisture and good drainage (Lawson). It yields an essential
oil and a superior kind of turpentine. Useful for avenues on
swampy margins of lakes or river banks. Porch er says, " This
tree, lifting its giant form above the others, gives a striking
feature to many of the swamps of Carolina and Georgia ; they
seem like watch-towers for the feathered race."

Taxodium mucronatum, Teno.

The famed Montezuma Cypress of Mexico, 120 feet high, with a
trunk 44 feet in circumference ; it forms extensive forests between
Chapultepec and Tescuco.

Taxus baccata, Linne.

Yew. Middle and South Europe and Asia, at one thousand
(1,000) to ten thousand (10,000) feet elevation. Generally a
shrub, sometimes a tree 100 feet high, which furnishes a

330 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

yellow or brown wood, exceedingly tough, elastic and durable, and
much esteemed by turners ; one of the best of all woods for bows.
Simmonds observed that " a post of Yew will outlast a post of
iron." Much esteemed for pumps, piles, water-pipes, as more
lasting than any other wood ; also for particular musical instru-
ments, the strongest axletrees, etc. (Simmonds). The tree is of
very slow growth, and attains a great age, perhaps several
thousand years ; some ancient ones are known with a stem of 50
feet in girth. It should be kept out of the reach of grazing
animals, as leaves and fruit are deadly poisonous.

Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall. (T. Lindleyana, Lawson.)

North- West America. "Western Yew. A stately tree, 75 feet
high, wdth a stem of 5 feet in circumference. Wood beautifully
white or slightly yellow, as fine and close-grained as the European
Yew. The Indians use it for their bows.

Tectona grandis, Linne fil.*

The Teak of South Asia. This superb timber tree has its northern
limit in Bandalkhand, at elevations of three thousand (3,000)
feet, ascending to four thousand (4,000) feet ; but then not of tall
size. In Western India, according to Stewart and Brandis, frost
is not uncommon in the teak districts. Teak wood is held in the
highest esteem by ship-builders, for the backing of ironclad men-of-
war preferred to any other wood ; also used by cabinet-makers,
for the panels of coaches, etc. It scarcely shrinks.

Teinostachyum attenuatum, Munro.

The hardy bamboo of Ceylon, there growing on the mountains at
elevations between four thousand (4,000) to six thousand (6,000)
feet. It attains a height of 25 feet.

Telfairia pedata, Hooker.

Mozambique. A cucurbitaceous climber with perennial stems, attain-
ing a length of 100 feet, with fringed lilac flowers of extraordinary
beauty and with fruits attaining a weight of 60 Ibs. and containing
at times as many as 500 large seeds. The latter in a boiled state
are edible or a large quantity of oil can be pressed from them.
The root is fleshy. A second huge species of similar use, T.
occidentalis (J. Hook.), occurs in Guinea.

Terfezia leonis, Tulasne.

South Europe, North America. This edible Truffle, together with
other species of this and other genera, is deserving of naturali-
sation.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 331

Terminalia Buceras, J. Hooker. (Bucida, Buceras, Linne.)

From the Antilles to Brazil. One of the Mangrove trees, thus
living in salt water. Possibly hardy and calculated to consolidate
mud shores. The Tussa silkworm inhabits, among other trees,
several Terminalias.

Terminalia Catappa, Linne.

India, ascending mountain regions. Few trees, as stated by Rox-
burgh, surpass this in elegance and beauty. We have yet to learn
whether it can be naturalised in temperate climes, which it especially
deserves for its nuts. Several species extend in East Australia to
sub-tropical latitudes. The seeds are almond-like, of filbert taste,
and wholesome. The astringent fruits of several other species
form an article of trade, sought for a lasting black dye. T. parvi-
flora (Thwaites) forms a large tree in Ceylon, at elevations up to
4,000 feet.

Terminalia Chebula, Retzius.

On the drier mountains of India. The seeds of this tree are of
hazel taste ; the galls of the leaves and also the young fruits, known
as Myrobalams, serve for superior dye and tanning material. Some
other congeners serve the same purpose.

Tetragonia expansa, Murray.

The New Zealand Spinach, occurring also on many places of the
coast and in the desert interior of Australia. Known also from
New Caledonia, China, Japan and Yaldivia. An annual herb,
useful as a culinary vegetable, also for binding drift-sand.

Tetragonia implexicoma, J. Hooker.

Extra-tropical Australia, New Zealand, Chatham Island. A
frutescent, widely expanding plant, forming often large natural
festoons, or trailing and climbing over rocks and sand, never away
from the coast. • As a Spinach plant it is as valuable as the preceding
species. It is well adapted for the formation of bowers in arid
places ; it helps also to bind sand. T. trigyna (Banks and Solander)
seems identical.

Tetranthera Californica, Hooker and Arnott.* (Oreodaplme Cali-
fornica, Nees.)

Oregon and California, where it is called the Mountain Laurel or
Bay Tree. On the banks of rivers attaining a height of 100 feet,
throughout pervaded by a somewhat camphoric odour. Wood hard,
close-grained, durable, susceptible of a high polish, easily worked,
used for superior flooring, turnery, and manifold other select work.
The tree is easily cultivated, but not of quick growth. (Dr. Behr
and Prof. Bolander.)

332 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Tetranthera calophylla, Miquel (Cylicodaplme sebi/era, Blume.)

Mountains of Java and the Neilgherries. From the kernels of the
berries a tallow-like fat is pressed for the manufacture of candles.
The yield is comparatively large. Trial cultures with this tree
might be instituted in humid forest valleys. T. laurifolia (Jacq.),
of tropical Asia and Australia, and T. japonica (Sprengel), are
noted as similarly utilitarian.

Teucrium Marum, Linne.

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A small somewhat shrubby
plant, in use for the sake of its scent, containing a peculiar stearopten.
T. Scordium (L.), from Europe aud Middle Asia, T. Chamaedrys
(L.), T. Folium (L.), amd T. Creticum (L.), from South Europe, are
occasionally drawn into medical use. All these, together with many
other species from various countries, are pleasantly odorous.

Thapsia edulis, Bentham. (Monizia edulis, Lowe.)

On the Island of Deserte Grande, near Madeira, where it is called
the Carrot-tree. It might be of some use to bring this almost
shrubby umbellate to the cliffs of our shores; though the root is
inferior to a carrot, perhaps cultivation would improve it. T.
decipiens, Benth. (Melanoselinum decipiens, Lowe), from Maderia,
is of palm-like habit Jind desirable for scenic effects of plant-
grouping.

Theligonum cynocrambe, Linne.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual Spinach
plant of somewhat aperient effect.

Thouarea sarmentosa, Persoon.

Tropical shores of the eastern hemisphere. This curious and tender
grass might be easily introduced, to help binding the sand on sea-
beaches.

Thrinax parviflora, Swartz.

South Florida, West India, and also on the Continent of Central
America. The stem of this Fan Palm attains a height of 25 feet,
or according to Chapman 40 feet, but extremely slender. It
belongs to the sand tracts of the coast ; hardy in the South of
France to 43° 32' 1ST. lat. (Naudin). The fibre of this Palm forms
material for ropes. T. argentea (Lodd.) is a closely allied Palm.
The few other species of the genus deserve also trial culture.

Thuya gigantea, Nuttall.

North-West America. The Yellow Cypress of the Colonists, also
known as Oregon Red Cedar. A straight graceful tree, 200 ft. high ; in
instances known to have attained even a height of 325 feet, with a

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 333

stem 22 feet in diameter ; furnishing a valuable building-timber of a
pale or light-yellow colour, known as the Oregon White Cedar-wood,
susceptible of high polish. It is light, soft, smooth, and durable,
and makes the finest sashes, doors, mouldings, and similar articles
(Vasey). Canoes carrying 4 tons have been obtained out of one
stem. The bast can be converted into ropes and mats. The tree
can be trained into hedges and bowers. To Thuya are referred by
Bentham and Hooker all the Cypresses of the sections Chamaecy-
paris and Retinospora.

Thuyopsis dolabrata, Siebold and Zuccarini.

The Akeki of Japan. A majestic tree, of conical shape and droop-
ing habit, 50 feet high, attaining a stem 3 feet in diameter. It
delights in shaded and rather moist situations, used in China
and Japan for avenues. Quite hardy in England (Hoopes). It
furnishes an excellent hard timber of a red colour.

Thuya occidentalis, Linne.

North America, extending to Carolina and Canada. Northern
White Cedar, or Arbor vitae. A fine tree, 70 feet high ; the wood
is reddish or yellowish, fine-grained, very tough and resinous, light,
soft, durable, and well fit for building, especially for water-work
and railway ties, also for turnery and machinery. Michaux men-
tions that posts of this wood last forty years ; a house built of it
was found perfectly sound after sixty years. It prefers moist soil.
Valuable for hedge copses ; it can also be trained into garden
bowers. Porcher says that it makes the finest ornamental hedge or
screen in the United States, attaining any required height and
being very compact and beautiful ; such hedges, indeed, were ob-
served by the writer himself many years ago in Rio de Janeiro.
The shoots and also an essential oil of this tree are used in
medicine; the bast can be converted into ropes. The branches
serve for brooms.

Thymelsea tinctoria, Endlicher. (Passerina tinctoria, Pourr.)

Portugal, Spain, South France. A small shrub. It yields a yellow
dye. Cursorily it may be noted here that some of the Australian
Pimelese contain a blue pigment, which has not yet been fully tested.
Their bark produces more or less of daphnin and of the volatile
acrid principle for which the bark of Daphne Mezereum (L.) is
used. These are remarkably developed in the Victorian Pimelea
stricta (Meissn). The bark of many is also pervaded by a tough
fibre, that of the tall Pimelea clavata (Labill.), a West Australian
bush, being particularly tenacious, and used for whips.

334 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Thymus capitatus, Hoffman and Link. (Satureja capitata, Linne.)

Around the whole Mediterranean Sea. Since the times of Hippocrates?
Theophrastos, and Galenus, this small scented shrub has been
employed in medicine.

Thymus mastichina, Linne.

Spain, Portugal, Morocco. A half-shrub of agreeable scent, used
also occasionally in medicine.

Thymus serpillum, Linne.

Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb of some medicinal value-
It would live on the highest Alps. An essential oil can be obtained
from it. One particular variety is lemon-scented.

Thymus vulgaris, Linne.

The Garden Thyme. South Europe. This small shrubby plant is
available for scent and for condiments. It is also well adapted for
forming garden-edges. The essential oil of this plant can be sepa-
rated into the crystalline thymol and the liquid thymen and cymol.
T. aestivus (Ruet.) and T. hiemalis (Lange.) are closely cognate
plants. Several other species with aromatic scent occur on the
Mediterranean Sea.

Tilia Americana, Linne.

The Basswood Tree or North American Linden Tree, growing to
52° north latitude. Height of tree 80 feet, diameter of stem 4 feet.
The wood is close-grained and firm, as soft as deal ; used in the
construction of musical instruments, particularly pianofortes.
Specially valuable for the cutting-boards of curriers and shoe-
makers, bowls, pails, shovels, panelling of carriages (Robb). As
the wood is free of knots it is particularly eligible for turnery and
carving, and certain portions of machinery. The tree is highly
valued for street-planting in its native land. It also furnishes the
linden bast. Tilia heterophylla (Vent.), the Silver Lime of North
America, and Tilia Manchurica (Rupr.), of South Siberia might be
tested.

Tilia argent ea, Desfontaines.*

The Silver Lime-tree of South-East Europe. The wood is not
attacked by boring insects. The flowers are deliciously fragrant
and yield on distillation a precious oil.

Tilia Europsea, Linne.

The common Lime of Europe, extending naturally to Japan, the
large-leaved variety of South European origin. Height up to 120
feet, exceptionally 50 feet in girth. The wood pale, soft, and close-

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 335

grained ; sought for turnery, piano-keys, carving, and by shoe-
makers and glovers to cut the leather on it ; also for toys
(Simmonds). The flowers yield a highly aromatic honey (Meehan).
The bast excellent for mats.

Tillandsia usneoides, Linne.

From Carolina and Florida to Uruguay and Chili, on trees. Might
be naturalised in forests. In its native country a favourite material
for upholsterers' work.

Tinguarra Sicula, Parlatore.

In the countries on the Mediterranean Sea. The root is edible and
celery-like.

Todea Africana, Willdenow.

South Africa, South-East Australia, New Zealand. Most important
for scenic effects in wet places ; as an export article the aged stems
of this fern are much sought, and endured wide transits, which
were initiated by the writer. Stems weighing above a ton have
been found bearing from 500 to 600 fronds. Supplies of this
massive fern in the gullies to be maintained for future generations
by the artificial dispersion of the dust-like spores.

Torreya Californica, Torrey. (T. myristica, Hooker.)

In California, extending from the coast to the Sierras. A sym-
metrical tree, 100 feet high, with a clear and straight trunk of
30 feet, 6 feet in diameter (Dr. Gibbons). The wood is hard and
firm.

Torreya grandis, Fortune.

The Kaya of China. A tree 60 feet high with an umbrella-shaped
crown ; it produces good timber.

Torreya nucifera, S. and Z. (Caryotaxus nucifera, Zuccarini.)

Japan. Height of tree about 30 feet. From the nuts the Japanese
press an oil used as an article of food. The wood is highly valued
in Japan by coopers, also used by turners ; it resembles boxwood
(Dupont).

Torreya taxifolia, Arnott.

Florida. A tree 50 feet in height, with a firm close-grained durable
wood of a reddish colour. Yery durable also underground.
Prostrated trees did hot decay in half a century. Dry timber very
light, fine-grained, slightly more yellow than that of the White
Pine (P. J. White). It yields a red turpentine (Hoopes.)

336 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Touchardia latifolia, Gaudichaud.

In the Hawaiian Islands. A shrub allied to Boehmeria nivea,
yielding a tough and easily separable fibre, as shown by Dr. Hille-
brand. Probably best adapted for humid warm gullies.

Tragopogon porrifolius, Linne.

The Salsify. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia. Biennial.
The root of this herb is well known as a useful culinary vegetable.

Trapa bicornis, Linne fil.*

The Leiig or Ling or Links of China. The nuts of this water-plant
are extensively brought to market in that country. The horns of
the fruit are blunt. The kernel, like that of the two following
species, is of an excellent taste. The plant is regularly cultivated
in lakes and ponds of China.

Trapa bispinosa, Roxburgh.*

Middle and South Asia, where it is called "Singhara," extending to
Ceylon and J apan ; found also in Africa as far south as the Zambezi.
The nuts are often worked into starch. They can be converted into
most palatable cakes or porridge. They may be stored for food.
The produce is copious and cheaply maintained by spontaneous
redissemination. It lasts through several years. In some countries,
for instance in Cashmere, the nuts form an important staple of food
to the population. To this species probably belong T. Cochin
Chinensis (Lour.) and T. incisa (Sieb. and Zucc.).

Trapa natans, Linne.*

The ordinary "Waternut. Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia,
North and Central Africa. Recorded as an annual. T. quadri-
spinosa (Roxb.), from Sylhet, is an allied plant.

Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Brown.

From Abyssinia and South Asia to extra-tropical Australia. An
annual herb, perhaps available for green manure. The dromedaries
show an extraordinary predilection for this herb (Giles). Several
other species deserve trial for fodder.

Tricholsena rosea, Nees.

South Africa. This perennial grass promises to become valuable
for desert country, together with T. Teneriffse and other congeners.

Trifolium agrarium, Linne.

The perennial Yellow Clover or Hop Clover. All Europe, Western
Asia. Of considerable value in sandy soil as a fodder-herb. It is
easily naturalised.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 337

Trifolium Alexandrinum, Linne.*

The Bersin Clover. North-eastern Africa, South-western Asia,
South Europe. Much grown for forage in Egypt, where it is used
as the main fodder. On the Nile it gives three green crops during
the season, each up to 2 feet high. Seeds of this and other clovers
must be sifted to free them from the destructive Dodder-plants or
Cuscutas. About 20 Ibs. of seeds are required for an acre (Morton).
Recorded as annual.

Trifolium Alpestre, Linne.

Europe, West Asia. Perennial. Content with lighter soil than
that needed for most Clovers, but its constituents must be fairly
marly or limy. It is early out and very palatable (Langethal).

Trifolium fragiferum, Linne.

The Strawberry Clover. Europe, North Africa, Middle and North
Asia. A perennial species, well adapted for clay soils. Foliage
closer and more tender than that of the white clover, but its
vegetation later (iLangethal). Morton recommends it for moist
sandy soil.

Trifolium hybridum, Linne.*

The Alsike Clover. Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. A
valuable perennial pasture-herb, particularly for swampy localities.
It succeeds where the ground becomes too sandy for Lucerne and
too wet for Red Clover, but does not withstand drought so well,
while it produces a heavier bulk of forage than White Clover and
maintains its ground when such has become too much exhausted
for other Clovers. The seed being very small less than half the
quantity is required for the same area than of Red Clover.

Trifolium incarnatum, Linne.

The Carnation Clover, also called Crimson or Italian Clover
Middle and South Europe. Though annual only, or sometimeL
biennial, it is valued in some of the systems of rotations of crops.
In the South of England it is much sown on harrowed stubble
fields to obtain an early fodder of great fattening value. It forms
particularly a good fodder for sheep ; it is recommended especially
for gypsum regions. A white flowering variety exists. Bees are
very fond of it (Darwin).

Trifolium medium, Linne.*

The Red Zigzag Clover. Europe, North and Middle Asia. A deep-
rooting, wide-creeping perennial herb, much better adapted for dry-
sandy places than T. pratense. It would also endure the inclemency
of the clime of higher alpine regions if disseminated there. One of

338 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

the best Clovers for forest regions. For regular culture it needs
lime, like most plants of its class. More hardy than T. hybridum,
less productive than T. pratense (Langethal). It ought not to be
omitted among mixed clovers and grasses. According to Morton it
is not so much sought and relished by grazing-animals as many
other clovers. T. Quartinianum (A. Rich.) is an allied plant from
Abyssinia, where several endemic species exist. Some of the twenty-
five known Californian Clovers would deserve a test culture.

Trifolium montanum, Linne.

Europe, West Asia. Perennial. Not without importance for limy or
marly ground.

Trifolium ochroleucum, Linne\

Middle and South Europe, West Asia. Pale-yellow Clover. Peren-
nial. This species is much cultivated in Upper Italy ; its value is
that of T. medium (Langethal).

Trifolium Pannonicum, Jacquin.

The Hungarian Clover. Perennial. Earlier in the season than
Red Clover, to which it is allied, but less tender in foliage
(Morton).

Trifolium pratense, Linne.*

The ordinary Red Clover. All Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia, extending to Japan. A biennial, or under special
circumstances, also perennial herb, of great importance for stable
fodder. The perennial variety passes under the name of Cow-clover,
by which name also T. medium is sometimes designated. Highly recom-
mendable for permanent pastures, particularly in cool humid climes,
as it continues to grow year after year and produces a large amount
of herbage (Dr. Curl). It prefers rich soil, and particularly soil
that is not devoid of lime ; gypsum dressings are recommendable for
its fields. It enters very advantageously into the rotation system
of crops. This species also would live in alpine regions, where it
would much enrich the pastures. Nectar sucked by humble bees,
which also tends to facilitate the production of seeds.

Trifolium reflexum, Linne.*

North America. The Buffalo or Pensylvanian Clover. Annual
or biennial ; flower-heads larger than those of the Red Clover ;
likes alluvial flats.

Trifolium rep ens, Linne.*

The ordinary White Clover. Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia, Sub- Arctic America. Perennial. Most valuable as
a fodder plant on grazing land. It has a predilection for moist soil,

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 339

but springs again from dry spots after rain. It likes soil contain-
ing lime, prospers on poorer ground than Red Clover, is more
nourishing and better digested and less exhaustive to the soil.
Dressing with gypsum vastly enhances the value and productive-
ness of any clover-field.

Trifolium resupinatum, Linne".

The annual Strawberry Clover. From South Europe and North
Africa to Persia; also in the Canary Islands and Azores. Admitted
here, though annual, as this clover is cultivated with predilection
in Upper India ; of tall growth and succulent foliage.

Trifolum spadiceum, Linne.

Brown Clover. Europe, West Asia. Though only annual or bien-
nial, this has been recommended for wet sandy moorland, on which
it redisseminates itself with readiness.

Trifolium subrotundum, Hochstetter.

The Mayad Clover. North and Middle Africa, ascending to 9,000
feet. A perennial species, in its native countries utilised with
advantage for Clever culture. This by no means closes the list of
the Clovers desirable for introduction, inasmuch as about 150 well-
marked species are recognised, many doubtless of value for pasture.
But the notes of rural observers on any of these kinds are so spar-
ingly extant that much uncertainty about the yield and nutritive
value of various kinds continues to . prevail. Most Clovers
come from the temperate zone of Europe and Asia ; only
two are indigenous to the eastern of the United States of North
America, none occur in Australia, few are found in South Africa,
several in California and the adjoining countries, several also in
Chili ; no species is peculiar to Japan.

Trigonella Fcenum Graecum, Linne.

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. The seeds of this annual
herb find their use in veterinary medicine.

Trigonella suavissima, Lindley.

Interior of Australia, from the Murray River and its tributaries to
the vicinity of Shark's Bay. This perennial, fragrant, clover-like
plant proved a good pasture herb. A lithogram, illustrating this
plant, occurs in the work on the "Plants Indigenous to Victoria."
Some of the many European, Asiatic, and African plants of this
genus deserve our local tests.

Triphasia Aurantiola, Loureiro.

South-East Asia. This shrub is worth cultivation for the exquisite
fragrance of its flowers. The fruits, though small, are of pleasant

340 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

sweetness. The plant may prove also adapted for hedges. Glycos-
mis citrifolia (Lindley) and Claussena punctata (Oliva), also both
East Asiatic fruit shrubs, may possibly show themselves hardy in
. sheltered forest regions of temperate clime.

Tripsacum dactyloides, Linne.

Central and North America ; known vernacularly as Gama Grass.
A reedy perennial grass, more ornamental than utilitarian. It is
the original Buffalo Grass, and attains a height of 7 feet, assuming
the aspect of maize. It is of inferior value for fodder, but serves
for binding sand. C. Mohr however regards it as a valuable fodder-
grass. The seeds are available for food.

Tristania conferta, R. Brown.

New South Wales and Queensland. A noble shady tree, attaining
a height of 150 feet. It is not only eligible as an avenue tree, but
also as producing select, lasting timber ; ribs of vessels from this
tree have lasted unimpaired thirty years and more.

Trithrinax Acanthocoma, Drude.

Rio Grande do Sul, in dry elevations. A dwarf Fan Palm for win-
dow or table decoration, attaining only a height of 6 feet ; foliage
not leathery.

Trithrinax Brasiliensis, Martius.

Rio Grande do Sul and Parana, Uruguay and Paraguay. A very
hardy Palm, not tall.

Trithrinax campestris, Drude. *

Argentina, as far south as 32° 40'. Height 30 feet. One of the
most southern of all Palms. Content with even less humidity than
Chamaerops humilis. The leaves are almost of a woody hardness
and stiffer than those of any other Palm (Drude). Germination
from seeds easy (Lorentz and Hieronymus). Another species occurs
in Southern Bolivia.

Triticum junceum, Linne.

Europe and North Africa. A rigid grass with pungent leaves and
extensively creeping roots, requiring sea-sand for its permanent
growth. One of the best grasses to keep rolling sand-ridges together,
and particularly eligible where cattle and other domestic animals
cannot readily be prevented from getting access.

Triticum vulgar e, Villars.*

The wheat. Apparently arisen through culture from ^Egilops
ovata (L.), and then a South European, North African, and
Oriental plant. Traced back as an Egyptian, and indeed also

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 341

Chinese culture plant, to nearly 5,000 years. In Japan wheat is of
extraordinary precocity (Lartigne), and it is greatly recommended
as a forage plant. This is not the place to enter into details about
a plant universally known ; it may therefore suffice merely to men-
tion that three primary varieties must be distinguished between the
very numerous sorts of cultivated Wheat : 1. Var. muticum, T.
hybernum (L.), the Winter Wheat or Unbearded Wheat ; 2. Var.
aristatum, T. sestivum (L.), the Summer Wheat or Bearded Wheat ;
3. Var. adhrerens, T. Spelta '(L.), Wheat with fragile axis and ad-
herent grain. Metzger enumerates as distinct kinds of cultivated
Wheat :—

T. vulgare (Vill.), which includes among other varieties the ordinary
Spring Wheat, the Fox Wheat, and the Kentish Wheat. It com-
prises also the best Italian sorts for plaiting straw bonnets and
straw hats, for which only the upper part of the stem is used,
collected before the ripening of the grain, and bleached through
exposure to the sun while kept moistened.

T. turgidum (L.), comprising some varieties of White and Red Wheat,
also the Clock Wheat and the Revet Wheat.

T. durum (Desfont.), which contains some sorts of the Bearded Wheat.

T. Polonicum (L.), the Polish Wheat, some kind of which is well
adapted for peeled Wheat.

T. Spelta (L.), the Spelt Corn or Dinkel Wheat, a kind not readily
subject to disease, succeeding on soil of very limited fertility, not
easily attacked by birds, furnishing a flour of excellence for cakes,
also yielding a superior grain for peeled Wheat. For preparing the
latter it is necessary to collect the spikes while yet somewhat green,
and to dry them in baking-houses.

T. dicoccum (Schrank). (T. amyleum, Ser.) The Emmer Wheat.
Its varieties are content with and prolific on poor soil, produce
excellent starch, are mostly hardy in frost and not subject to
diseases. To this belongs the Arras Wheat of Abyssinia, where a
few other peculiar sorts of Wheat are to be found. A large-grained
variety of Wheat is baked in Persia like rice (Colvill).

T. monococcum (L.). St. Peter's Corn, which is hardier than most other
Wheats ; exists in the poorest soils, but produces grains less adapted
for flour than for peeled Wheat.

Tropseolum majus, Linne.

Peru. This showy perennial climber passes with impropriety under
the name of Nasturtium. The herbage and flowers serve as cress,
and are also considered antiscorbutic. A smaller species T. minus
(L.), also from Peru, can likewise be chosen for a cress-salad; both
besides furnish in their flower-buds and young fruits a substitute
for capers. A volatile oil of burning taste can be distilled from the
foliage of both, and this is more acrid even than the distilled oil of

342 SELECT PLANTS FOB INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

mustard seeds. In colder countries these plants are only of one
year's duration. Numerous other species, all highly ornamental,
occur in South America, and a few also in Mexico.

Tropaeolum, sessilifolium, Pceppig.

Chili. Among the species of this genus one of the most eligible for
its tubers, which can be consumed even in a raw state, and are
larger than those of most other Tropseolums, while the stems are
short and procumbent (Philippi).

Tropaeolum tuberosum, Ruiz and Pavon.

Peru. The tuberous root serves as an esculent.

Trophis Americana, Linne.

West Indian Archipelagus. The foliage of this milky tree has been
recommended as food for the silk-insect. In Cuba and Jamaica it
is used as provender for cattle and sheep.

Tuber sestivum, Vittadini

The Truffle most in the markets of England. The White
British Truffle, Chairomyces meandriformis (Yitt.), though large is
valued less. In the Department Vaucluse (France) alone about
60,000 Ibs. of Truffles are collected annually at a value of about
.£4,000. Many other kinds of Truffles are in use. The Australian
Truffle, Mylitta Australis (Berk.), or Notiohydnum Australe,
attains sometimes the size of the Cocos-nut, and is also a fair
esculent. It seems also quite feasible to naturalise the best of
edible fungi of other genera, although such may not be amenable to
regular culture. And efforts should be made for the introduction
of all the best kinds of Truffles, as an insight into the manner in
which vegetables of the fungus species can be transferred to wide
distances has gradually been obtained. The total value of the
export of Truffles from France in 1877 amounted to 13,567,000
francs (Simmonds), the total production in that year being valued
at 20 millions of francs. The annual revenue of the Truffle ground
of Carpentras is, according to Simmonds, £80,000. The great
White North American Truffle (Tuber album) is as white as snow
and as tender as curds (Millington).

Tuber albidum, Fries.

Occurs with T. sestivum, but is smaller and less agreeable in taste.

Tuber cibarium, Sibthorp.

Middle and South Europe. The Black Truffle. Like all others
growing underground, and generally found in forest soil of lime-
stone formation. It attains a weight of over one pound. Experi-
ments for naturalisation may be effected with every prospect of

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 343

success by conveying the Truffle in its native soil and locating it
in calcareous places of forest regions. As a condiment, or merely
in a roasted state, it affords an aromatic food. The famous
Quercy or Perigord Truffle is derived from this species. T.
melanosporum (Vitt.), from France, Germany, and Italy, is of a
still more exquisite taste than T. cibarium — indeed, of strawberry
flavour.

Tuber magnatum, Pico.

Grey Truffle. South Europe. One of the most esteemed Truffles,
with some garlic flavour. Hymenogaster Bulliardi (Vitt.), and
Melanogaster variegatus (Tulasne) of South Europe are also excel-
lent Truffles.

Tuber rufum, Pico.

Red Truffle, especially in vineyards. Much used for food, but
smaller than the Terfezia Truffles.

Ulex Europaeus, Linne.

Middle and South Europe, Azores, Canary Islands. The Whin,
Gorse, or Furze. A bush important for covering quickly drift-
sands on coasts. Too apt to stray as a hedge plant.

Ullucus tuberosus, Lozano. (Melloca tuberosa, Lindley).

Andes of New Granada and Peru, up to an elevation of 9,000 feet.
A perennial herb, the tubers of which are edible.

Ulmus alata, Michaux.

The Whahoo Elm of North America. Of quick growth, unwedge-
able, extending to Newfoundland and Texas. Height of tree, 40
feet. Wood fine-grained, heavier and stronger than that of the
White Elm, of a dull-red colour, used by wheelwrights, but like
that of U. Americana not equal to the European Elm.

Ulmus Americana, Linne. *

The White Elm of North America, also called Rock or Swamp
Elm. A tree of longevity, fond of moist river-banks. 100
feet high, trunk 60 feet, 5 feet in diameter. Manning men-
tions that trees have been known to attain a circumference of 27
feet at 3 feet from the ground, and of 13 feet where the
branches burst forth. It is highly prized for street-planting in
North America. Can be propagated like the European Elm from
suckers. Almost indifferent to soil. The timber is light, used for
wheelwrights' work, for tubes, water-pipes, bears driving of bolts
well (Robb). It is durable if either kept quite dry or permanently
submerged in water. TJ. floridana (Chapman) is a variety.

344 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Ulmus campestris, Limie.*

The ordinary Elm, indigenous to South Europe and temperate Asiar
as far east as Japan. Several marked varieties, such as the Cork
Elm and Wych Elm, exist. The Elm in attaining an age of
several centuries becomes finally of enormous size. In Britain
much attacked by Scolytus destructor. The wood is tough, hard,
fine-grained, and remarkably durable, if constantly under water.
Next to the Yew, it is the best of European woods, where great
elasticity is required, as for archery bows. It is also used for
keels, blocks, wheels, piles, pumps, gun-carriages, gunwales, various
tools, etc. Wych Elm is preferred for bending purposes (Eassie).
The bast is tough.

Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttal.

The evergreen Elm of Mexico, Arkansas and Texas.

Ulmus fulva, Michaux.

The Slippery or Red Elm of North America. 60 feet high.
Splendid for street-planting (Vasey). There is a pendant branched
variety. Wood red, tenacious. Useful for wagon hubs and wheels
(Yasey). Regarded as the best North American wood for blocks
of rigging, according to Simmonds. The leaves seem available for
food of the silkmoth ; the bark is employed in medicine.

Ulmus Mexicana, Planchon.

Cordilleras of North America. This Elm attains a height of 60
feet or perhaps more. Many of these Elms are available as quick-
growing avenue trees for shade-lines.

Ulmus parvifolia, Jacquin.

The evergreen Elm of China, Japan and Queensland. A similar
tree is found on the Himalaya mountains.

Ulmus pedunculata, Fougeraux. (U. ciliata, Ehrhart.)

Europe and Asia, through their middle zone. A fine avenue-tree.

Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.*

The Cork Elm of North America, also called Western Rock Elm.
Wood as valuable as that of U. Americana, but much heavier. It
is fine-grained and compact, tough, flexible, not liable to split, holds
bolts better than most timber, extremely durable when constantly
wet ; deserves unqualified praise as a furniture wood for hardness,
strength, beauty, and buff-reddish tint ; largely employed for piles,
pumps, naves, tackle blocks, keels, heavy agricultural implements,
such as mowing and threshing machines, ploughs, gunwales (Robb,
Sargent).

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 345

Ulmus Wallichiana, Planchon.

Himalayan Elm. In the mountains of India from 3,500 feet to
10,000 feet. A tree up to 90 feet high with deciduous foliage, the
stem attaining a girth of 24 feet.

Umbellularia Californica, Nuttall. (Oreodaphne Calijornica, Nees.)

Oregon and California. Tree to 100 feet high. "Wood most valu-
able for cabinet-work, also for the best of flooring ; that of the root
splendid for turnery.

Uniola gracilis, Michaux.

North America. A perennial pasture-grass of considerable value,
content with sandy soil, and liking the vicinity of the sea.

Uniola latifolia, Michaux.

North America. This rather tall perennial grass forms large tufts,
and affords valuable fodder ; it is best adapted for shady woodlands
(C. Mohr).

Uniola paniculata, Linne.

North-east America. This tall maritime grass can be chosen on
account of its creeping roots to bind rolling coast-sands.

Urena lobata, Linne.

Intratropic girdle around the globe. This perennial herb has
recently been enumerated among plants with comparatively tenacious
fibre.

Urginia Scilla, Steinheil. (Scilla maritima, Linne.)

South Europe, North Africa. The medicinal Squill. The plant
needs no regular cultivation, but settlers living near the coast might
encourage its dissemination, and thus obtain the bulbs as drug from
natural localities. Its peculiar bitter principle is called scillitin.
The bulb contains 24 per cent, tannin. U. altissima (Baker) serves
in South Africa as Squill.

Uvularia sessilifolia, Linne.

North America, in forests. This pretty herb is mentioned as
yielding a good substitute for asparagus.

Vaccinium alatum, Dombey. (Thibaudia alata, Dunal.)

Frigid regions of the Andes of Peru. A tall evergreen shrub, with
pink berries of the size of a cherry. This highly ornamental plant
could be grown in Sub- Alpine regions.

346 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Vaccinium Arctostaphylos, Linne.

On Mount Olympus. The leaves, dried and slightly heated, furnish
the Broussa tea, the material for a very palatable beverage (G.
Maw).

Vaccinium tricolor, F. v. Mueller. (Thibaudia bicolor, Ruiz and
Pavon.)

Cold zones of the Peruvian Andes. A high evergreen bush, with
red berries of the size of a hazel-nut. All Thibaudias seem best to
form a section in the genus Vaccinium, some species of the latter —
for instance, Vaccinium Imrayi (Hook.), from Dominica — medi-
ating the transit. The species of the section Thibaudia, as a
rule, produce red berries of acidulous grateful taste. Many others
may therefore deserve culture in forest ravines or on Alpine heights.
They occur from Peru to Mexico, also in West India. One species,
Vaccinium melliflorum (Thibaudia melliflora, R. and P.), has its
flowers rich in honey-nectar.

Vaccinium caespitosum, Michaux.

Canada and Northern States of North America. A deciduous-
leaved small bush, with bluish edible berries. V. ovalifolium
(Smith) is an allied species.

Vaccinium Canadense, Kalm.*

From the Middle States of North America northwards. A dwarf
shrub in swampy ground of wood-lands. Yields, like V. Pennsyl-
vanicum, to which it is allied, edible Blueberries or Huckleberries.
Mr. Marity calls the berries delicious, fetching a high price, up to
1 1 dollars a bushel, never lower than 5 dollars, in New York. One
bush yields from a pint to a quart of berries. It thrives through
all grades of soil and exposure. The berries are rather large and
aromatic ; for cooking and preserves they take precedence to any
other kind of fruit. They are easily dried, and retain then their
full delicious flavour. The bush grows occasionally to a height of
15 feet.

Vaccinium corymbosum, Linne.*

The Swamp Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. Canada and United
States of North America. A good-sized shrub up to 15 feet high
with deciduous foliage. Berries bluish black, rather large, aromatic,
of sweetish taste, ripening late in the season.

Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Michaux. (Oxycoccus erectus, Pursh.)

Carolina and Virginia, on high mountains. An upright bush of a
few feet in height, with deciduous leaves. The transparent scarlet
berries, according to PursX are of excellent taste.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 347

Vaccinium grandiflorum, Dombey. (Ceratostemma grandiflorum,
Ruiz and Pavon.)

Andes of Peru. A tall evergreen shrub. The berries of a pleasant
acidulous taste.

Vaccinium humifusum, Graham.

North- Western America, on the Rocky Mountains. Berries of this
bush well flavoured.

Vaccinium Leschenaultii, Wight. (Agapetes arborea, Dunal.)

India, Neilgherries, and Ceylon. This evergreen species attains
the size of a tree, flowering and fruiting throughout the year. The
fruits resemble cranberries.

Vaccinium Leucanthum, Chammisso.

Mountains of Mexico. An arborescent species. The blackish
berries are edible.

Vaccinium macrocarpon, Aiton.* (Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Per-
soon. )

The large Cranberry. From Canada to Virginia and Carolina,
particularly in sandy and peaty bogs, and in cold mossy swamps.
A trailing evergreen bush, with stems attaining a length of 3 feet.
It is this species which has become so extensively cultivated in the
eastern parts of the United States, where, on moory land, often not
otherwise to be utilised, enormous quantities of this fruit have been
produced by regular culture at a highly profitable scale. The
berries are of the acid taste, pleasant aroma, and scarlet brightness
of the British Cranberry, but considerably larger.

Vaccinium meridionale, Swartz.

Jamaica, from the summits of the highest ranges down to the
coffee regions. It attains a height of 30 feet and is evergreen.
The small berries are of the taste and colour of those of V. Vitis
Idsea.

Vaccinium Mortinia, Bentham.

Mountains of Columbia. A shrub several feet high. The fruits
resemble those of V. Myrtillus, but are more acid. They come
under the name Mortina to the Quito market.

Vaccinium myrtilloides, Michaux.

Michigan, Canada, Newfoundland, Labrador. The large edible
berries are called Bluets. This litjj^pfst^s^adapted for higher
Alpine country.

348 SELECT PLANTS FOE INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Vaccinium Myrtillus, Linne.*

The British Whortleberry or Bilberry. Throughout Europe, North
and Middle Asia, remotest North America, in heathy and turfy
forest land. A shrub, a few feet high or less, deciduous, erect, of
great value for its copious supply of berries. They are, as well-
known, black with a bluish-grey hue, and of exceedingly grateful
taste. The naturalisation of this plant on Alpine ranges and in
cooler woodlands would prove a boon. The berries can be utilised
for their dye. The whole bush contains quina acid.

Vaccinium ovalifolium, Smith.

North- West America from Mendocina to Oregon. This shrub bears
large edidle berries (Gibbons).

Vaccinium ovatum, Pursh.

Common throughout California, also in British Columbia, at an alti-
tude of from 1,000 to 2,000 feet, attaining a height of about 8 feet.
It bears its fruit in densely crowded racemes, the dark-blue berries
being sometimes four lines in diameter and of good flavour. This
species would doubtlessly form a valuable accession among culti-
vated fruits (Gibbons).

Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Linne. (Oxycoccus palustris, Persoon.)

The British Cranberry. Throughout Europe, North and Middle
Asia, North America, on turf moss in moory heaths. A creeping
evergreen shrub of particular neatness. The berries give a most
agreeable preserve, and are of antiscorbutic value. This species is
particularly eligible for the spongy, mossy bogs of snowy mountains.

Vaccinium parvifolium, Smith.

North- West America. A tall shrub. The berries are excellent
for preserves.

Vaccinium penduliflorum, Gaudichaud.

Sandwich Islands, where it is called the " Ohelo." The acidulous
berries of this bush are edible.

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lamarck.* (V. angustifolium, Aiton.)

The early Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. North America, on dry
woody hills. A dwarf bush with deciduous foliage, producing fruit
in abundance. The berries are large, bluish black, and of sweet
taste. V. Canadense (Kalm), according to Dr. Asa Gray, is closely
allied.

Vaccinium prsestans, Rudolphi.

Kamschatka. A minute plant, but with large delicious fruits. It
might perhaps easily be disseminated on Alpine mountains.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 349

Vaccinium uliginosum, Linne".

British Bog-Bilberry. Europe, North and Middle Asia, North
America. A deciduous bush, with blackish berries, similar to those
of Y. Myrtillus, but hardly of equal excellence.

Vaccinium vacillans, Solander.

North America, in sandy forest lands. A deciduous small
bush, coming with its blue berries later into season than V.
Pennsylvanicum.

Vaccinium Vitis Idsea, Linne".

Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. A dwarf shrub
with evergreen leaves. The purplish-red berries are sought for
jellies and other preserves. It is as yet impossible to say how many
other species of Yaccinium produce good-sized and well-flavoured
fruits. The genus ranges in many species from Continental Asia
to the Indian Archipelagus, and has a wide extension also in South
America, occupying in hot countries higher mountain regions, but
few reliable notes on the tropical species are extant, as far as the
fruits are concerned.

Vahea florida, F. v. Mueller. (Landolphia florida, Bentham.)

West Africa, up to 2,500 feet. This may prove hardy. Welwitsch
describes the Aboh fruits of this species as sweet and acidulous,
but was not less gratified with the beauty and marvellous abundance
of its large snow-white and jasmin-scented flowers. Y. florida
yields also caoutchouc, and so Y. Heudelotii (Landolphia Heudelotii,
Cand.) from the Senegal regions. The excellent work on caoutchoucs
of commerce, by James Collins, may be consulted as regards the
sources of various kinds of India-rubbers. The genus Yahea was
fully established by Lamarck so early as 1791.

Vahea Owariensis, F. v. Mueller. (Landolphia Owariensis, Beauvois.)

Tropical West Africa, but ascending to the highlands of Angola,
according to Dr. Welwitsch. This climber, with several other
Yaheas, yields the West African and Madagascar caoutchouc.
Y. Owariensis produces edible fruits as large as middle-sized
oranges, with sweet and slightly acid pulp.

Valeriana Celtica, Linne\

Alps of Europe. The root of this perennial herb is particularly
aromatic.

Valeriana edulis, Nuttall.

North- Western America, from Oregon to the Rocky Mountains.
The thick spindle-shaped root of this herb affords food to the
natives of that part of the globe. When baked, the root proves

350 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

agreeable and wholesome. When we consider the wild state of the
plants from which many of our important root-crops arose, this
Valeriana and several other plants, suggestively mentioned in these
pages, may well be admitted for trial culture.

Valeriana officinalis, Linne.

Europe, North and Middle Asia, in swampy grass-land, with a
predilection for forests and river banks. This perennial herb would
do particularly well on higher mountains. It is the only one
among numerous congeners of Europe, Asia and America which is
drawn to a considerable extent into medicinal use. The root and
herb contain valerianic acid and a peculiar tannic acid ; the root
furnishes an essential oil, which again resolves itself into valerol
(70 per cent.), valeren, barneol, and valerianic acid. The order of
Valerianse is not represented by any native plant in Australia.

Valerianella olitoria, Moench.

Lamb's Lettuce. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia.
A fair and early Salad-plant. It is an annual plant, and has several
congeners in Europe and Asia.

Vangueria infausta, Burchell.

Africa, as far south as Natal and Caffraria. The fruit of this shrub
or small tree is medlar-like, but superior in taste. Worth test
cultivation with a view of improving the fruit.

Veratrum album, Linne.

Europe, North and Middle Asia, extending eastward to Japan. It
delights particularly in Sub- Alpine localities. The root furnishes
veratrin, jervin and sabadillic acid.

Veratrum viride, Aiton.

Canada and United States of North America. A near relative
of the former plant. Its root has come recently into medicinal
use.

Vicia Cracca, Linne.

Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, North America.
Perennial. Recommendable for naturalisation as a fodder plant in
sylvan and Alpine lands. It yields in shade a three times larger
return than in open places (Langethal). The cognate V. Cassubica
and V. biennis (Linne) serve also for field culture.

Vicia Ervilia, Willdenow (Ervum Ervilia, L.)

South Europe, North Africa, South- Western Asia. An annual
herb, praised as a valuable fodder plant on dry calcareous soil.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 351

Vicia Faba, Linne.*

The Straight Bean. Orient, particularly in the Caspian Sea. This
productive annual herb affords not only its seeds for table use, but
provides also a particularly fattening stable food. The seeds con-
tain about 33 per cent, starch. Y. Narbonensis (L.), from South
Europe and South- West Asia, is preferable for the table, because
its seeds contain less bitter principle, though they are smaller.

Vicia peregrina, Linne.

South Europe. Annual. In Italy preferred to the ordinary Tare
for sandy soil ; it recommends itself also for its close growth.

Vicia sativa, Linne.* (V. angustifolia, Roth.)

The ordinary Yetch or Tare. Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia. One of the best fodder plants, but only of one or
two years' duration. Important also for green manure, and as a
companion of clovers. The allied Y. cordata (Wulfen) and Y.
globosa (Retzius) are similarly cultivated in Italy (Langethal).
Many of the other European and Asiatic species of Yicia are
deserving of our attention.

Vicia sepium, Linne.

Europe, West, and North Asia. Deserves attention as a perennial
Yetch, enduring an Alpine clime. It might with advantage be
naturalised in forests and on mountains, but it can also readily
be subjected to field culture, the yield being large and nutritious in
regions with humid air, though the soil might be poor. This Yetch
can be kept for about fifteen years continually on the same field
(Langethal). Y. Pannonica (Jacquin) is an allied but annual species.

Vicia Sitchensis, Bongard.

From California to Sitka. Asa Gray remarks that the young seeds
of this tall Yetch are eatable like green peas.

Vicia sylvatica, Linne.

Europe, North Asia. The Wood Yetch. Perennial. Recommend-
able to culturists settling in new forest land ; available also for
Alpine copses. Pasture animals have a predilection for this
Yetch ; its yield is large. In limestone soil of forests Y. pisiformis
and Y. Dumetorum (Linne) can best be selected for introduction.

Vicia tetrasperma, Koch. (Ervum tetraspermum, Linne.)

The Lentil Tare. Europe, West Asia, North Africa. Annual.
According to Langethal this species is preferable to the ordinary
Tare for sandy soil. It is also less hard as fodder and very palatable.
Lime in the sand enlarges the yield. Y. monantha and Y. hirsuta
(Koch) serve nearly as well.

352 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Vigna lanceolata, Bentham.

Tropical and sub-tropical Australia. Mr. O'Shanesy observes that
this twiner produces, along with the ordinary cylindrical pods,
others underground from buried flowers, and these somewhat
resemble the fruit of Arachis. The plant is available for culinary
purposes.

Vigna Sinensis, Endlicher.* (Dolichos Sinensis, Linne.)

Tropical Asia and Africa. The cultivation of this twining annual
pulse-herb extends to Southern Europe and many other countries
with a temperate clime. The pods are remarkable for their great
length, and used like French beans, dry as well as green. Y. Cat-
jang (A Rich), Y. sesquipedalis and Y. melanophthalma are
varieties of this species. In fair soil the produce is forty-fold.

Villebrunia integrifolia, Gaudichaud,

India, ascending the Himalayan Mountains to 5,000 feet. A
small tree, allied to the Kami plant, Boehmeria nivea. Mr. C. B.
Clarke regards the fibre as one of the strongest available in India,
it being used for bow-strings. Other Yillebrunias — for instance,
Y. frutescens, and also some species of Debregeasia, particularly
D. velutina — deserve likewise regular culture, for the sake of their
fibre. Moist forest tracts seem particularly adapted for these
plants, because Y. integrifolia grows in Sikkim at an elevation
where, according to Dr. G. King, the rainfall ranges from 100 to
200 inches. This fibre is much more easily separable than that of
Maoutia Puya, according to Dr. King's observations.

Viola odorata, Linne".

The Yiolet. Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle
Asia. Passingly alluded to here, as this modest, though lovely,
plant should be extensively naturalised in forest glens, to furnish
its delicate scent for various compositions of perfumery.

Vitis acetosa, F. v. Mueller.

Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land. Stems rather herbaceous than
shrubby, erect. The whole plant is pervaded with acidity, and
proved valuable in cases of scurvy. The berries are edible. This
species, if planted in countries with a temperate clime, would likely
spring annually afresh from the roots.

Vitis sestivalis, Michaux.*

The Summer Grape of the United States of North America.
Flowers fragrant. The berries are deep blue, of pleasant taste, and
ripen late in the reason.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 353

Vitis Baudiniana, F. v. Mueller. (Cissus Antarctica, Yentenat.)

East Australia. With Y. hypoglauca, the most southern of alL
Grapes, none extending to New Zealand. It is evergreen, and a
vigorous plant for bowers, but suffers even from slight frosts. The
berries are freely produced and edible, though not large.

Vitis cordifolia, Michaux.* (Vitis riparia, Michaux.)

The Winter Grape or Frost Grape. From Canada to Florida. A
deciduous Yine. The scent of the flowers reminds of Reseda. The
berries are small, either blackish or amber-colured, and very acid.
They can be used for preserves, and are only fully matured when
touched by frosts. A succession of seedlings may give us a superior
and simultaneously a very hardy Yine.

Vitis hypoglauca, F. v. Mueller.

East Australia, as far south as Gippsland. An evergreen climber
of enormous length, forming a very stout stem in age. The black
berries attain the size of small cherries. This species also may
perhaps be vastly changed in its fruit by continued culture.

Vitis Indica, Linne.

On the mountains of various parts of India, ascending to an
altitude of 3,000 feet in Ceylon. The small berries are edible.
The plant should be subjected to horticultural experiments. This
is an apt opportunity to draw attention to the various Indian
species of Yitis with large edible berries — for instance, Y.
laevigata (BL), Y. thyrsiflora (Miq.), Y. mutabilis (Bl.), Y.
Blumeana (Steud.), all from the mountains of Java, and all pro-
ducing berries as large as cherries, those of Y. Blumeana being
particularly sweet. Further may here be inserted Y. imperialis
(Miquel) from Borneo, Y. auriculata (Wallich) and Y. elongata
(Wallich) ; the latter two from the mountainous mainland of
Coromandel, and all producing very large juicy berries, even in the
jungle wilderness. Y. quadrangularis (L.) stretches from Arabia
to India and Central Africa, and has also edible fruits. Many
such plants may be far more eligible for grape culture in hot wet
climes than the ordinary Yine. About 250 species of Yitis are
already known, mostly from intratropical latitudes, and mostly
evergreen ; but in regard to their elevation above the ocean and to
the nature of their fruits we are almost utterly without data.

Vitis Labrusca, Linne. *

The Isabella Grape. North America, from Canada to Texas and
Florida, also in Japan. The Schuylkill Grape is derived from this
species. A pale-fruited variety furnishes the Bland's Grape ;
another yields the American Alexander Grape. The berries are

354 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

large among American kinds, and are of pleasant taste. Flowers
fragrant. It is the only species which thrives well and bears largely
in the clime of Brisbane, according to Dr. Bancroft. This and the
other hardy North American Vines seem never to be attacked by
the Oidium disease.

Vitis S chimp eriana, Hochstetter.

From Abyssinia to Guinea. This Vine may become perhaps
valuable with many other Central African kinds for tropical culture,
and may show itself hardy also in extra-tropical countries. Barter
compares the edible berries to clusters of Frontignac grape.

Vitis vinifera, Linne.*

The Grape Vine. Turkey, Persia, Tartary ; probably also in the
Himalayas and Greece. This is not the place to discuss at length
the great industrial questions concerning this highly important
plant, even had these not already engaged since many years the
attention of a large number of our colonists. The whole territory
of New South Wales stretches essentially through the Vine zone,
and thus most kinds of Vine can be produced here, either on the
lowlands or the less elevated mountains in various climatic regions
and in different geologic formations. The best grapes are produced
mainly between the 30th and 45th degree of latitude. Cultivation
for wine advances on the Rhine to 50° north, on trellis it extends to
52° or 53° N. In Italy vines are often trained high up over Maples,
Willows and Elms, since Pliny's time ; in the Caucasus they
sometimes grow on Pterocarya. Vines attain an age of centuries
and stems 3 feet in diameter. The doors of the dome of the Ravenna
Cathedral are of vine-wood (Soderim). Tozetti saw vines with
branches extending diametrically, as a whole, over 3,000 feet at
Montebamboli: Rezier notes a plant bearing about 4,000 bunches
of grapes annually at Besangon (Regel). A vine of enormous
dimensions at Hampton Court has also gained wide celebrity. In
Italy the establishing of Vine plantations on ordinary culture-
land is regarded as enhancing the value of the latter four or five
fold, and elsewhere often even more (whereas cereal-land is apt to
deteriorate), provided that vine diseases can be kept off.
The Corinthian variety, producing the Currants of commerce, thrives
also well in some districts, where with Raisins its fruit may become
a staple article of our exports beyond home consumption. The
Sultana variety is not much pruned ; the bunches when gathered
are dipped in an alkaline liquid obtained from wood-ashes, to which
a little olive oil is added, to expedite drying, which is effected in
about a week (G. Maw). The produce of Sultana raisins fluctuates
from 7 to 30 cwt. per acre. The plant is best reared in the lime-
stone formation. In Greece the average yield of ordinary Raisins

IX EXTKA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 355

is about 2,000 Ibs. per acre (Simmonds). Dr. W. Hamm, of
Vienna, has recently issued a Yine map of Europe, indicating the
distribution of the different varieties and the principal sources of
the various sorts of wine. The writer would now merely add that
the preservation of the grapes in a fresh state, according to M.
Charmeux's method, and the sundry modes of effecting the transit
of ripe grapes to long distances, ought to be turned to industrial
advantage. The pigment of the dark wine-berries is known as
racemic acid. The juice contains along with tartaric acid also
grape acid. All these chemically-defined substances have uses of
their own in art and science. It might be worthy of a trial how
far the Grape vine can be grafted on such other species of the
extensive genus Vitis as may not be attacked by the destructive
Pemphygus or Phylloxera. Irrespective of sulphur, latterly also
borax has been recommended against the Oidium disease. Pro-
fessor Monnier, of Geneva, has introduced the very expansive
sulphurous anhydrous acid gas against the Phylloxera, Dr. Her-
man Behr suggests for the mitigation of this plague the ignition of
wood near vineyards, when the insect is on its wings, as all such
insects seek fires and succumb in them largely when the sky is
overcast, or when the nights are without moonlight. Mr. Leacock,
in Madeira, applies advantageously to the roots of Yines affected
by Phylloxera a coating of a sticky solution of resin in oil of
turpentine. None of the remedies hitherto suggested however
seem to have proved really effective, or are not of sufficiently easy
and cheap application, as the Phylloxera pest is still rapidly on the
increase in Europe ; according to the latest accounts one-third of
all the vineyards of France are affected, and the disease is also
spreading in Italy and Spain. Inundation to the depth of a few
inches for about a month, where that is practicable, completely
suffocates the Phylloxera. In sandy soil this dreadful insect is
retarded in its development, action, and progress. Bisulphide of
carbon has proved the most efficient remedy ; this expansive fluid
is introduced into the soil by a peculiar injector, or through porous
substances (wood, earth), saturated with this bisulphide, the cost of
this operation being, in France, £3 10s. — <£4 per acre annually.
(Planchon, David, Marion, Robart, see also translations by K.
Staiger, and A. K. Findlay.) The American Yines seem generally
but little attacked by the Phylloxera j but their grapes, as hitherto
extant, cannot rival at all with the real Yine Grape.

Vitis vulpina, Linne.* (Vitis rotundifolia, Michaux.)

The Muscadine or Fox Grape. South-Eastern States of North
America. Extends also to Japan, Manchuria and the Himalayas.
This species also includes as varieties the Bullace, the Mustang,
the Bullate Grape, and both kinds of the Scuppernangs. The

356 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

berries are of a pleasant taste, but in some instances of a strong
flavour ; they are the largest among American Grapes. The Clinton
and Elsinboro Grapes, according to Prof. Meehan, the eminent
American horticulturist, seem to have had their origin with V. cor-
dif olia and Y. riparia. Y. Labrusca extends also to the Himalayas.
Dr. Planchon's important memoir, " Les Yignes Americaines,"
published in 1875, should be consulted in reference to American
Grapes.

Voandzeia subterranea, Thouars.

Madagascar and various parts of Africa, as far south as Natal.
This Earth-Pea is annual, and pushes its pods under ground in the
manner of Arachis hypogaea for maturation. The pods are edible
and much consumed in tropical countries.

Wallichia caryotoides, Roxburgh.

India, up to 4,000 feet elevation (Kurz). A stemless palm, eligible
for scenic group-planting.

Wallichia densiflora, Martius. (W. oUongifolia, Griffith.)

Himalaya, as far as 27° north. There one of the hardiest of all
Palms. It is not a tall one, yet a graceful and useful object for
cultural industries. Several other species exist.

Washingtonia filifera, Wendland. (Pritchardia jilifera, Linden.)
(Brahea Jtlifera, Hortulanorum.)

South California to Arizona and Colorado. One of the most north-
ern and therefore most hardy of American Palms. This Palm
attains a height of 50 feet.

Wettinia augusta, Poeppig.

Peru, on mountains several thousand feet high. This Palm is there-
fore likely to endure a temperate clime.

Wettinia Maynensis, Spruce.

Cordilleras of Peru. Like the foregoing, it attains a height of 40
feet and advances to elevations of 3,000 or 4,000 feet. Before
finally parting from the American Palms, it may be appropriate to
allude briefly to some of the hardier kinds, which were left un-
noticed in the course of this compilation. From Dr. Spruce's
important essay on the Palms of the Amazon River may be learnt
that, besides other species as yet imperfectly known from the sources
of this great river, the following kinds are comparatively hardy; thus
they might find places for cultivation or even naturalisation within
the limits of extra-tropical countries : Geonema undata (Klotzsch),
Iriartea deltoidea (R. and P.), Iriartea ventricosa (Mart.), which
latter rises in its magnificence to fully 100 feet ; Iriartea exorrhiza

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 357

(Mart.) ; this, with the two other Iriarteas, ascends the Andes to
5,000 feet. Oenocarpus multicaulis (Spruce) ascends to 4,000 feet,;
from six to ten stems are developed from the same root, each from
15 to 30 feet high. Euterpe ; of this two species occur in a zone
between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. Phytelephas microcarpa (R and P.),
eastern slope of the Peru Andes, ascending to 3,000 feet. Phytele-
phus macrocarpa (R and P.), also on the eastern side of the Andes,
up to 4,000 feet ; it is this superb species which yields by its seeds
part of the vegetable ivory. ' Phytelephas sequatorialis (Spruce), on
the west slope of the Peruvian Andes, up to 5,000 feet ; this Palm
is one of the grandest objects in the whole vegetable creation, its
leaves attaining a length of 30 feet ! The stem rises to 20 feet.
Palm ivory is also largely secured from this plant. Though equi-
noctial, it lives only in the milder regions of the mountains. Car-
ludovica palmata (R and P.), on the east side of the Andes of Peru
and Ecuador, up to 4,000 feet; the fan-shaped leaves from cultivated
specimens furnish the main material for the best Panama hats.
The illustrious Count de Castelnau saw many Palms on the borders
of Paraguay during his great Brazilian expedition. Most of these,
together with the Palms of Uruguay and the wide Argentine terri-
tory, would likely prove adapted for acclimation in temperate lati-
tudes ; but hitherto the limited access to those countries has left us
largely unacquainted with its vegetable treasures also in this direc-
tion. Yon Martius demonstrated so early as 1850 the occurrence
of the following Palms in extra-tropical South America : Ceroxylon
australe (Mart.), on high mountains in Juan Fernandez, at 30°
south latitude; Jubsea spectabilis (Humb.), in Chili, at 40° south
latitude; Trithrinax Brasiliana (Mart.), at 31° south latitude;
Copernicia cerifera (Mart.), at 29° south latitude ; Acrocomia Totai
(Mart.), at 28° south latitude ; Cocos Australis (Mart.), at 34° south
latitude; Cocos Yatai (Mart.), at 32° south latitude; Cocas Roman-
zoffiana (Cham.), at 28° south latitude ; Diplothemium littorale
(Mart.), at 30° south latitude. All the last-mentioned Palms occur
in Brazil, the A crocomia and Trithrinax extending to Paraguay, and
Cocos Australis to Uruguay and the La Plata States.
While some Palms, as indicated, descend to cooler latitudes, others
ascend to temperate and even cold mountain regions. Among the
American species are prominent in this respect — Euterpe Andicola
(Brogn.), E. Haenkeana (Brogn.), E. longivaginata (Mart.), Diplo-
themium Porallyi (Mart.), and Ceroxylon pithyrophyllum (Mart.),
all occurring on the Bolivian Andes at an elevation of about 8,000
feet. Ceroxylon Andicola (Humb.), Kunthia montana (Humb.),
Oreodoxa frigida (Humb.), and Geonoma densa (Linden) reach also
on the Andes of New Granada a height of at least 8,000 feet. Cer-
oxylon Klopstockia (Mart.) advances on the Andes of Yenezuela to
a zone of 7,500 feet altitude, where Karsten saw stems 200 feet
high, with leaves 24 feet long. There also occur Syagrus Sancona

358 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

(Karst.) and Platenia Chiragua (Karst.) at elevations of 5,000 feet,
both very lofty Palms. From the temperate mountain regions of
sub-tropical Mexico are known, among others, Chamaedora concolor
(Mart), Copernicia Puinos (Humb.), C. nana (Kunth), and Brahea
dulcis (Mart.), at elevations from 7,000 to 8,000 feet.

Wistaria Chinensis, Candolle.

The "Fiji " of Japan. Lives through a century and more. The
stem is carried up straight, and the branches are trained on hori-
zontal trellises at Japanese dwellings, affording shades for seats
beneath. One Wistaria tree will thus cover a square of 50 feet by
50 feet, the odorous trusses of flowers pendant through the trellis
overhead (Christy). Fortune tells us of a tree of great age which
measured at 3 feet from the ground 7 feet in circumference, and
covered a space of trellis-work 60 feet by 102 feet. Flowers likely
available for scent distillation.

Witheringia solanacea, L'Heritier.

South America. This perennial herb needs trial culture, on account
of its large edible tubers.

Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L'Heritier.

North America. A perennial, almost shrubby plant, of medicinal
value. The root produces a yellow pigment similar to that of
Hydrastis Canadensis (L.) Both also contain berberin.

Xanthoxylon piperitum, Candolle.

Used as a condiment in China and Japan. Fruit capsules remarkably
fragrant.

Ximenia Americana, Linne.

Tropical Asia, Africa and America, passing however the tropics
in Queensland, and gaining also an indigenous position in Florida.
This bush may therefore accommodate itself to cooler clime in
localities free of frost. The fruits are edible, resembling yellow
plums in appearance ; their taste is agreeable. The wood is scented.
In Mexico called "Alvarillo del campo." Mr. P. O'Shanesy recom-
mended this shrub for hedges.

Xylia dolabriformis, Bentham.

The " Pyengadu" of India, extending to China and the Philippine
Islands, ascending mountains up to 3,000 feet. An Acacia-like tree,
attaining a height of 120 feet, with deciduous foliage, the stem often
clear up to 80 feet and of very considerable girth. The wood is
reddish brown, close grained, and pervaded when fresh by an oily
glutinous clamminess. The heartwood is of greater durability than
even Teak, and of a marvellous resistance to shocks through its

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 359

extreme hardness. It is -used for gun-carriages, crooks of ships,
railway-sleepers, tools, gauges, ploughs, house and bridge posts
' (Laslett). It is as indestructible as iron, hence locally called iron-
wood j a rifle shot at 20 yards distance will scarcely cause any
penetration into it (Colonel Blake). Neither the teredo nor termites
will touch the heartwood (Hooker). It can only be sawn up in a
fresh state. The stem exudes a red gum-resin (Kurz).

Yucca brevifolia, Engelmann. %

Arizona and Utah, in the deserts. Attains a height of 30 feet.
The whole plant can be converted into paper (Yasey).

Yucca filamentosa, Linne.

The Adam's Needle. From Carolina and Florida to Texas and1
Mexico. An almost stemless species. It would hardly be right to
omit here the plants of this genus altogether, as they furnish a fibre
of great strength, similar to that of the Agaves. Moreover, all these
plants are decorative, and live in the poorest soil, even in drifting
coast-sand. They are also not hurt, as is the case with the Four-
croyas, by slight frosts. Among the species, with stems of several
feet in height, may be recorded Y. gloriosa (L.) and Y. aloifolia (L.),
both from the sandy south coast of North America. The former
proved hardy at Torquay, England (W. Wood).

Yucca Treculiana, Carriere.

From Texas westward. Height of stem up to 50 feet, branched
only near the summit. Grand in aspect and also most showy on
account of its vast number of white flowers of porcelain lustre..
The fruit tastes like that of the Papaw (Lindheimer).

Yucca Yucatana, Engelmann.

Central America. This species attains a height of 20 feet, branching
from the base. Y. canaliculata (Hooker) ranges from Texas to
North Mexico, and has a stem up to 25 feet high with very long
leaves. A variety of Y. baccata (Torrey), extending from Texas to
California and Utah, occurs with a stem 50 feet high, but with
singularly short leaves (Sereno Watson.)

Zalacca secunda, Griffith.

Assam, as far north as 28°. A stemless Palm with large feathery
leaves, exquisitely adapted for decorative purposes. Before we
finally quit the Asiatic Palm we may yet learn from Von Martius's
great work how many extra-tropical members of this princely order
were already known in 1850, when that masterly work was concluded.
Martius enumerates as belonging to the boreal extra-tropical zone
in Asia ; From Silhet at 24° north latitude : Calamus erectus, Roxb. ;
C. extensus, Roxb. ; C. quinquenervius, Roxb. -—from Garo at 26°

360 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

north latitude : Wallichia caryotoides, Roxb. ; Ptychosperma gracilis,
Miq. ; Caryota urens, L. ; Calamus leptospadix, Griff. ; — from
Khasya, in 26° north latitude : Calamus acanthospathus, Griff, j C.
macrospathus, Griff. ; Plectocomia Khasyana, Griff. ; — -from Assam
about 27° north latitude: Areca Nagensis, Griff. ; A. triandra, Roxb. ;
Livistona Jenkinsii, Griff. ; Daemonorops nutantiflorus, Griff. ; D.
Jenkinsii, Griff. ; D. Guruba, Mart. ; Plectocomia Assamica, Griff. ;
Calamus tenuis, Koxb. ; C. Flagellum, Griff. ; C. Heliotropium,
Hamilt. ; C. floribundus, Griff. ; Phoenix Ouseloyana, Griff. ; — -from
Upper Assam, between £8° and 29° north latitude : Caryota obtusa,
Griff. ; Zalacca secunda, Griff. ; Calamus Mishmelensis, Griff. ; —
from Darjiling, at 27° north latitude : Wallichia obtusif olia, Griff. ;
Licuala peltata Roxb. ; Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griff. ; Calamus
schizospathus, Griff. ; — -from Nepal, between 28° and 29° north
latitude : Chamaerops Martiana, Wall. ; — -from Guhrvall, in 30°
north latitude : Calamus Royleanus, Griff. ; — -from Saharanpoor, in
30° north latitude : Borassus flabelliformis, L. ; — -from Duab, in
31° north latitude : Phoenix sylvestris, Roxb. ; — -from Kheree, in
30° degrees north latitude : Phoenix humilis, Royle \ — -from Dekan :
Bentinckia Coddapanna, Berry, at an elevation of 4,000 feet.
Miquel mentions as Palms of Japan (entirely extra-tropical) : Rhapis
flabelliformis, Aiton ; R. humilis, Blume ; Chamserops excelsa,
Thunb ; Livistona Chinensis, Br. ; and Arenga saccharifera, Labill.,
or a species closely allied to that Palm.

Zea Mays, Linne".*

The Maize or Indian Corn. Indigenous to the warmer parts of
South America. St. Hilaire mentions as its native country
Paraguay. Found in Central America already by Columbus. This
conspicuous, though annual, cereal grass interests us on this
occasion as being applicable to far more uses than those for which
it has hitherto been emyloyed. In North America, for instance,
Maize is converted into a variety of dishes for the daily table, being
thus boiled in an immature state, as "green corn." Mixed with
other flour it furnishes good bread. For some kinds of cakes it is
solely used, also for maizena, macaroni and polenta. Several
varieties exist, the Inca Maise of Peru being remarkable for its
gigantic size and large grains. Maize is not readily subject to the
ordinary corn diseases, but to prosper it requires fair access to
potash and lime. Good writing and printing papers can be pre-
pared from maize straw. Meyen calculated that the return from
maize under most favourable circumstances in tropical countries
would be eight hundred fold, and under almost any circumstance
it is the largest yielder among cereals in warm countries. Mr.
Buchanan of Lindenau obtained 150 bushels from an acre in Gipps-
land flats, colony Victoria. As a fattening saccharine green-fodder,

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 361

maize is justly appreciated. Any ergot from it is used, like that of
rye, for medicinal purposes. Maize corn contains about 75 per
cent, of starch. Dierbach recommends mellago or treacle from
maize instead of that prepared from the roots of Triticum repens
(L.), and the molasses so obtained serve also culinary uses. Expo-
sure to extreme and protracted cold — four years in Polaris Bay,
Smith Sound, 81' 38° north latitude — did not destroy the vitality of
wheat and maize grains (R. J. Lynch).

Zelkova acuminata, Planchon. (Planera acuminata, Lindley ; P.
P. Japonica, Miquel.)

The " Keaki," considered one of the best timber trees of Japan ;
proved of rapid growth and valuable as a shade tree at Melbourne.
The wood never cracks, and is thus most extensively used for
turnery, also much for furniture (Rein.). Stems occasionally 20
feet in girth. For out-door work the most valued wood in Japan
(Christie).

Zelkova crenata, Spach. (Planera Richardi, Michaux.)

South- West Asia, ascending to 5,000 feet. In favourable localities
a good-sized tree, with qualities resembling those of the Elms. The
allied Z. cretica (Spach) is restricted to South Europe.

Zingiber officinale, Roscoe.

The Ginger. India and China. Possibly this plant may be pro-
ductive also in the warmer temperate zone, and give satisfactory
results. The multiplication is effected by division of the root. For
candied ginger only the young succulent roots are used, which are
peeled and scalded prior to the immersion into the saccharine
liquid.

Zizania aquatica, Linne.* (Hydropyrum esculentum, Link.)

The Canada Rice. Annual. It attains a height of 9 feet. In
shallow streams and around ponds and lakes from Canada to
Florida. This tall grass might be readily naturalised. Although
its grain can be utilised for bread-corn, we would wish to possess
the plant, chiefly to obtain additional food of a superior kind for
water-birds.

Zizania latifolia, Hance.* (Hydropyrum latifolium, Grisebach.)

The Kau-sun of China. In lakes of Amur, Manchuria, China and
Japan. Nearly related to the preceding species. From Dr. Hance
we know that the solid base of the stem forms a very choice vege-
table, largely used in China, where this tall water-grass undergoes
regular cultivation like the Trapa.

362 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE

Zizanii fluitans, Michaux. (Hydrochloa Carolinensis, Beauvois.)

Southern States of North America. This grass, floating in shallow
streams, or creeping on muddy banks of rivers or swamps, is praised
by Mr. C. Mohr as valuable for fodder, lasting throughout the
year.

Zizania miliacea, Michaux.*

Southern part of North America, West India. Tall and perennial,
but more restricted to the tide-water meadows and ditches, accord-
ing to Pursh ; but according to Chapman's note, generally distrib-
uted like Z. aquatica, with which it has similar use. In South
Brazil occurs a similar grass — namely, Z. microstachya (Nees).

Zizyphus Joazeiro, Martius.

Brazil. Recommended as yielding fruit in arid regions.

Zizyphus Jujuba, La Marck.

From India to China, East Australia, extending also to tropical
Africa, ascending the Himalayas to 4,500 feet. This shrub or tree
can only be expected to bear its pleasant fruits in the warmer part
of the temperate zone. The fruit is red or yellow, and of the size
of a cherry. The Tussa silkworm, which, according to Dr. Forbes
Watson, is the most important and widely distributed of the wild
silk-insects of India, feeds on Z. Jujuba, but also on Terminalias,
Shorea, Bombax heptaphyllum, and some other trees. Often the
cocoons are merely collected in the forests.

Zizyphus Lotus, La Marck.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The fruits are small
and less sweet than those of Z. vulgaris ; nevertheless they are
largely used for food in the native country of this bush. Z. num-
mularia (Wight and Arnott) is an allied species from the mountains
of India, ascending to 3,000 feet. It is much used for garden
hedges. The fruit is sweet and acidulous and of a pleasant flavour
(Brandis).

Zizyphus Mistal, Grisebach.

Argentina. A fine tree with edible fruits.

Zizyphus rugosa, La Marck.

Nepal and other mountainous parts of India. A small tree, hardier
than the last. The drupe of this is also edible, and the same may
be said of a few other Indian species.

Zizyphus Sinensis, La Marck.

China and Japan. Similar in use to the last.

IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 363

Zizyphus Spina Christi, Willdenow.

Middle and North Africa, South- West Asia. Rather a hedge-plant
than a fruit bush.

Zizyphus vulgaris, La Marck.

Orient, particularly Syria, in the Himalayas up to 6,500 feet. A
small tree, well adapted for a temperate clime. Fruits scarlet, about
an inch long, with edible pulp ; they are known as South European
Jujubes. The allied Z. oxyphylla (Edgeworth) has a very acid
fruit.

Zoysia pungens, Willdenow.

Eastern and Southern Asia, East Australia. This creeping grass,
although not large, is important for binding coast-sands ; it will live
on saline soil.

364

TABLE of Average Annual Rainfall and Temperature at Stations in New South Wales.

Stations.

Average
Yearly
Rainfall.

Yearly
Mean
Temperature.

Extreme
Maximum
Temperature.

Extreme
Minimum
Temperature.

Casino

Yrs.

1
1
1

8
4
2
8
2
9
8
1
3
9
7
9
5
2
7
9
8

2
9
5
9
9
9
5
9
8
8
3
3
18
24
8
9
8
8
8
9

rr

i

9
1
9
9
9
3
9
9
9

Inches.

65-130
50-910
32-210
37-155
30-889
16-510
13-653
16-122
26-704
33-460
33-950
28-450
64-032
27-126
24-143
22-652
25-083
18-717
19-303
27-687

27-365
36-751
53-476
49-443
40-090
25-107
18-026
48-266
33-552
35-305
53-560
30-447
48-286
51-521
36-773
11-947
28-945
39-514
44-606
28-719
23-260
54-154
50-000
24-099
17-249
19-087
61-993
27-940
19-037
39-387

Yrs.

7
8
1
10
5
2
8
2
9
14
1
2
18
6
8
5
2
7
8
7

1
12
5
13
9
16
6
10
14
7
3
4
16
24
7

7
8
9
8
17
6
10
1
9
6
15
8
14
15
11

Degrees
Fahr.

67'1
58-0
66-5
68-1
60-4
70-7
65-8
67-6
68-4
56-7
59-7
61-3
63-7
60-0
62-4
62-0
64-0
65-3
62-3
61-7

63-3
63-5
60-4
64-3
55-1
57-2
62-2
54-7
63-9
55-0
57-6
62-2
61-7
62-7
59-5
64-0
59-2
62-2
55-6
56-0
60-9
62-1
56-3
56-0
62-9
60-3
45-1
59-9
52-8
60-2

Yrs.

6
9
1
8
4
2
8
2
9
16
1
3
9
9
8
5
2
9
9
9

1
14
6
11
9
17
6
8
15
7
4
3
8
20
8
9
8
9
9
16
7
9
1
9
8
19
9
14
14
10

Degrees
Fahr.

113-0
104-0
109-1
118-0
105-0
110-4
121-5
116-0
118-3
103-8
125-6
105-0
101-3
107-3
112-2
114-0
115-0
115-8
112-9
114-0

112-3
112-0
105-0
107-5
99-5
112-5

110-0

94-0
113-9
106-0
93-4
99-0
106-0
106-9
104-0
119-0

110-0
101-0

102-0
109-0
111-0
105-2
103-0
109-0
112-5
121-0
96-2
117-0
107-5
106-0

Yrs.

6
9
1
8
4
2
8
2
7
12
1
3
9
9
9
4
2
9
7
8

1
11
6
11
9
17
6
8
15
7
4
3
8
20
8
7
8
8
9
15
8
8
1
9
8
16
9
16
14
10

Degrees
Fahr,

26-2
16-0
18-0
21-0
20-0
33-7
29-9
27-0
26-5
11-2
20-8
19-0
34-0
19-0
22-2
22-0
23-0
20-0
17-0
26-0

29-9
24-0
27-0
34-0
22-2
13-0
24-0
29-0
21-5
21-7
34-4
29-9
38-0
36-8
22-0
27-2
20-0
36-7
26-8
18-0
20-0
35-0
22-0
20-0
29-1
16-0
*8-0
20-2
15-0
36-0

Tenterfield

Moree

Grafton

Inverell . . >

Walgett

Bourke

Gilgoin

Narrabri

Armidale

Coonabarabran

Goonoo Goonoo

Port Macquarie

Murrurundi

Cassilis

Scone . .

Panjee (100m. W. of Dubbo)
Muswellbrook

Dubbo

Mudgee ....

Melrose (37 miles N.W. of
Condobolin)

West Maitland

Lambton

Newcastle

Orange

Bathurst

Forbes

Kurrajong

Windsor . .

Mount Victoria

Woodford

Parramatta

South Head

Sydney .

-T-j J i
Liverpool

W^entworth

Young

Wollongong

Moss Vale .

Goulburn

Wagga Wasrga ..

Cape St. George

Lake George

Queanbeyan

Tirana

Deniliquin .

K iandra

Albury

Cooma

Eden

* 8° below Zero.

365

INDICATED GENEE

Alimentary Plants —

1. YIELDING HERBAGE (culinary) —

Agriophyllum, Allium, Amarantus, Anthriscus, Apium. Aralia,
Atriplex, Barbarsea, Basella, Beta, Bongardia, Borrago, Brassica,
Chenopodium, Corchorus, Crambe, Cynara, Euchlsena, Fago-
pyrum, Gunnera, Hibiscus, Lactuca, Lepidium, Musa, Oenanthe,
Pharnaceum, Pringlea, Pugionium, Rheum, Rumex, San-
guisorba, Scandix, Scorzonera, Spinacia, Talinum, Tetragonia,
Theligonum, Tropseolum, Yalerianella, Zizania.

2. YIELDING ROOTS (culinary) —

Allium, Apios, Aponogeton, Arracacha, Asparagus, Beta,
Boussingaultia, Brassica, Butomus, Carum, Chserophyllum,
Cichorium, Cochlearia, Colocasia, Conopodium, Cordyline, Crambe,
Cymopterus, Cyperus, Daucus, Dendrocalamus, Dioscorea, Diposis,
Eustrephus, Ferula, Flemingia, Flueggea, Geitonoplesium,
Gigantochloa, Gladiolus, Heleocharis, Helianthus, Hypochoeris,
Ipomoea, Iris, Manihot, Microseris, Nelumbo, Oxalis, Pachyr-
rhizus, Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Pouzolzia, Priva, Psoralea,
Pueraria, Raphanus, Rhaponticum, Ruscus, Scilla, Scorzonera,
Sechium, Selinum, Solanum, Stilbocarpa, Thapsia, Tinguarra,
Tragopogon, Tropseolum, Ullucus, Uvularia, Yaleriana.

3. YIELDING CEREAL GRAIN —

Andropogon, Avena, Eleusine, Hordeum, Oryza, Panicum,
Pennisetum, Poa, Secale, Triticum, Zea, Zizania.

4. YIELDING TABLE PULSE —

.Cajanus, Caragana, Cicer, Cyamopsis, Dolichos, Ervum, Lupinus,
Mucuna. Pliaseolus, Pisum, Yicia, Yigna.

5. YIELDING VARIOUS ESCULENT FRUITS —

Aberia, Acanthosicyos, Achras, Adenostemon, Albizzia, Aliber-
tia, Amarantus, Amelanchier, Anona, Arachis, Araucaria,
Aristotelia, Artocarpus, Atalantia, Averrhoa, Bassia, Benincasa,
Berberis, Borassus, Brabejum, Canavalia, Carissa, Carya, Casi-
miroa, Castanea, Castanopsis, Celtis, Ceratonia, Cereus,
Cervantesia, Citrus, Coccoloba, Condalia, Corynocarpus,
Corynosicyos, Cratsegus, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cudrania,
Cynara, Debregeasia, Diospyros, Euclea, Eugenia, Fagopyrum,
Ficus, Fragaria, Fuchsia, Gaultiera, Gaylussacia, Gingko,

366 INDICATED GENERA.

Gourliaea, Guevina, Hibiscus, Hovenia, Hymensea, Juglans,
Juniperus, Lapageria, Limonia, Macadainia, Maclura, Mangifera,
Marlea, Maiiiera, Melicocca, Mesembrianthemum, Moringa,
Morus, Musa, Myrica, Myrtus, Nageia, Nelumbo, Nephelium,
Niemeyera, Nuphar, Nyssa, Opuntia, Pappea, Parinarium,
Passiflora, Peireskia, Persea, Peumus, Phoenix, Photinia, Physalis,
Pinus, Pistacia, Prunus, Psidium, Punica, Pyrularia, Pyrus,
Quercus, Kibes, Rubus, Salpichroma, Sambucus, Santalum,
Sechium, Shepherdia, Solanum, Spondias, Sterculia, Tamarindus,
Telfairia, Terminalia, Trapa, Triphasia, Vaccinium, Vahea,
Vangueria, Vitis, Voandzeia, Ximenia, Zizyphus.

6. TRUFFLES AND MUSHROOMS —

Agaricus, Boletus, Cantharellus, Clavaria, Helvella, Hydnuin,
Hymenangium, Lycoperdon, Morchella, Pachyma, Peziza, Poly-
gaster, Polyporus, Rhizopogon, Terfezia, Tuber.

Avenue Plants (partly also for street-planting) —

Acer, .^Esculus, Castanea, Corylus, Cupressus, Eucalyptus, Ficus,
Fraxinus, Grevillea, Jubaea, Juglans, Melia, Oreodoxa, Piiius,
Pircunia, Pistacia, Planera, Platanus, Populus, Prunus, Pyrus,
Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Sequoia, Thespesia, Tilia, Ulmus,
Zelkova.

Bamboo Plants —

Arundinaria (Arundo), Bambusa, Beesha, Dendrocalamus,
Gigantochloa, Guadua, Melocanna, Oxytenanthera, Phyllostachys,
Schizostachyum, (many other genera mentioned under Schizos-
tachyum), Teinostachyum.

Camphor Plant —

Cinnamomum.

Coffee Plant—

Coffea. ^

Condiment Plants —

Acorus, Allium, Apium, Archangelica, Artemisia, Asperula,
Borrago, Brassica, Calamintha, Calyptranthes, Capparis, Capsi-
cum, Carum, Chserophyllum, Cinnamomum, Citrus, Cochlearia,
Coriandrum, Crithmum, Cuminum, Fceniculum, Glyciiie,
Illicium, Laserpitium, Laurus, Lepidium, Lindera, Mentha, Meri-
andra, Monarda, Monodora, Myrrhis, Nyssa, Ocimum, Olea,
Origanum, Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Prunus (Amygdalus),
Pycnanthemum, Satureja, Sison, Smyrnium, Spilanthes,
Trop?eolum, Thymus, Tuber, Yalerianella, Xaiithoxylon,
Zingiber.

INDICATED GENERA. 367

Cork Plant—

Quercus.

Dye Plants-
Acacia, Acer, Albizzia, Aleurites, Alkanna, Alnus, Anthemis,
Baloghia, Csesalpinia, Cartliamus, Carya, Chlorogalum, Cladastris,
Coccoloba, Crocus, Crozophora, Cytisus, Dracaena, Excsecaria,
Fagopyrum, Fraxinus, Garcinia, Gunnera, Helianthus, Hetero-
thalamus, Indigofera, Isatis, Juglans, Lawsonia, Lithospermum,
Lyperia, Maclura, Mallotus, Onosma, Opuntia, Peireskia, Pelto-
pliorum, Perilla, Peumus, Phyllocladus, Pinus, Polygonum,
Quercus, Reseda, Rhamnus, Rlius, Roccella, Rubia, Sambucus,
Saponaria, Solanum, Sophora, Spartium, Terminalia, Thymelsea,
Vaccinium, Xanthorrhiza.

Fibre Plants-
Agave, Apocynum, Boehmeria, Broussoiietia, Camelina, Cannabis,
Caryota, Chlorogalum, Copernicia, Corchorus, Cordyline, Crota-
laria, Cyperus, Debregeasia, Fitzroya, Fourcroya, Gossypium,
Harclwickia, Helianthus, Hibiscus, Humulus, Lardizabala,
Lavatera, Linum, Maoutia, Musa, Pachyrrhizus, Phormium,
Pipturus, Poa, Sanseviera, Sesbania, Spartina, Spartium, Thuya,
Tillandsia, Touchardia, Urena, Yillebrunia, Yucca.

Fullers Plant—

Dipsacus.

Fodder Plants —

•

1. GRASSES —

Agrostis, Aira, Alopecurus, Andropogon, Anthistiria, Aiithox-
anthum, Aristida, Arundinella, Avena, Bouteloua, Bromus,
Buchloa, Carex, Chloris, Cinna, Cynodon, Cynosurus, Dactylis,
Danthonia, Ehrharta, Eleusine, Euchlaena, Erianthus, Eriochloa,
Festuca, Hemarthria, Hierochloa, Holcus, Hordeum, Koeleria,
Leersia, Lolium, Melica, Milium, Muehlenbergia, Neurachne,
Panicum, Pappophorum, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Phalaris,
Phleum, Poa, Rottboellia, Sclerachne, Secale, Sesleria, Spartina,
Stenotaphrum, Tricholaena, Tripsacum, Triticum, Uniola,
Zizania.

2. OTHER HERBAGE —

Achillea, Alchemilla, Anthyllis, Arachis, Astragalus, Atriplex,
Brassica, Cichorium, Conospermum, Crotalaria, Desmodium,
Erodium, Ervum, Heracleum, Hippocrepis, Jacksonia, Kochia,
Lespedeza, Lotus, Lupinus, Medicago, Pentzia, Peucedanum,
Portulacaria, Prangos, Sanguisorba, Sesbania, Spergula, Sym-
phytum, Trichodesma, Trifolium, Trophis.

368 INDICATED GENERA.

3. STABLE PULSE (Pods and Herbs) —

Cicer, Dolichos, Hedysarum, Lathyrus, Lupinus, Medicago,
Melilotus, Onobrychis, Ornithopus, Oxytropis, Pisum, Trifolium,
Trigonella, Yicia.

4. OTHER FRUITS —

Argania, Carya, Castanea, Ceratonia, Helianthus, Prosopis,
Quercus.

Garland Plants —

Baccharis, Helichrysum, Laurus, Lycopodium, Melaleuca,
Quercus.

Grave Plants —

Boronia, Cupressus, Fraxinus, Helichrysum, Lycopodium, Salix,
Tamarix, Thuya, Viola.

Gum Plants —

Acacia, Albizzia, Astragalus, Bambusa, Brachy chiton, Caragana,
Diospyros, Olea, Piptadenia, Prosopis, Xylia.

Hedge Plants —

Aberia, Acacia, Acer, Agave, Albizzia, Azima, Baccharis, Bam-
busa, Berberis, Buddleya, Buxus, Csesalpinia, Capparis, Carissa,
Ceanothus, Celtis, Cratsegus, Cupressus, Elseagnus, Flacourtia,
Gleditschia, Guilandina, Hymenanthera, Justicia, Lawsonia,
Ligustrum, Lycium, Maclura, Mimosa, Opuiitia, Paliurus,
Parkinsonia, Peireskia, Pisonia, Pistacia, Pittosporum, Plectronia,
Prosopis, Prunus, Punica, Pyrus, Rhamnus, Rhus, Rpsa, Rubus,
Ruscus, Salix, Scutia, Streblus, Thuya, Zizyphus.

Honey Plants-
Acacia, Agave, Brassica, Citrus, Eucalyptus, Eucryphia, Heli-
anthus, Lavandula, Medicago, Melianthus, Melissa, Mentha,
Origanum, Rosa, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Thymus, Tilia, Trifolium,
Tropseolum, Viola.

Hop Plant —

Humulus.

Insecticidal Plants-
Chrysanthemum, Schkuhria, Tagetes.

Medicinal Plants —

1. YIELDING HERBAGE OR FLOWERS —

Achillea, Aconitum, Agave, Aletris, Aloe, Althaea, Anemone,
Anthemis, Arctostaphylos, Aristolochia, Arnica, Artemisia,
Atropa, Barosma, Cannabis, Cassia, Catha, Chelidonium,

INDICATED GENERA. 369

Chenopodium, Chrysanthemum, Cochlearia, Conium, Crocus,
Cytisus, Digitalis) Duboisia, Erythroxylon, Eupatorium, Garu-
leum, Hagenia, Hedeoma, Hyoscyamus, Ilex, Justicia, Lactuca,
Leyssera, Marrubium, Matricaria, Melianthus, Mentha, Menyan-
thes, ISTepeta, Osmitopsis, Papaver, Parthenium, Pilocarpus,
Polygala, Prnnus, Rafnia, Ricinus, Rosmarinus, Ruta, Salvia,
Sambucus, Santolina, Schkuhria, Sebsea, Selinum, Solanum,
Sophora, Spigelia, Spilanthes, Swertia, Tanacetum, Tarchonanthus,
Teucrium, Thuya, Thymus. •

2. YIELDING BARK.

Alstonia, Aspidosperma, Cinchona, Juglans, Pilocarpus, Salix.

3. YIELDING ROOTS —

Acorus, Actsea, Althaea, Anacyclus, Archangelica, Aristolochia,
Arnica, Atropa, Carex, Cepheelis, Cimicifuga, Colchicum, Con-
volvulus, Euryangium, Gentiana, Glycyrrhiza, Helleborus,
Hydrastis, Inula, Ipomoea, Krameria, Nardostachys, Periandra,
Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Podophyllum, Polygala, Punica, Rafnia,
Rheum, Sabbatia, Sanguinaria, Saponaria, Sassafras, Saussurea,
Schoenocaulon, Scorzonera, Smilax, Smyrnium, Symphytum,
Taraxacum, Urginia, Valeriana, Yeratrum, Xanthorrhiza.

4. YIELDING FRUITS (or only Seeds) —

Cassia, Cucumis, Cuminum, Ecballion, Fosniculum, Illicium,
Mallotus, Punica, Rhamnus, Rheum, Ricinus, Schoenocaulon,
Smyrnium, Tamarindus, Trigonella.

Oil Plants—

Aleurites, Arachis, Argania, Brassica, Camelina, Camellia, Can-
nabis, Carya, Combretum, Cucurbita, Cyperus, Excsecaria,
Ginkgo, Gossypium, Guizotia, Helianthus, Juglans, Linum, Olea,
Papaver, Prunus (Amygdalus), Pyrularia, Ricinus, Sesamum,
Telfairia, Tetranthera.

Palm Plants—

Acrocomia, Bactris, Bacularia, Borassus, Brahea, Calamus,
Caryota, Ceroxylon, Chamserops, Cocos, Copernicia, Euterpe,
Geonoma, Hyospathe, Hyphsene, Jubsea, Kentia, Livistona,
Mauritia, Oncosperma, Oreodoxa, Pho3nix, Plectocomia, Prit-
chardia, Ptychosperma, Rhapidophyllum, Rhapis, Sabal, Trithri-
nax, Thrinax, Wallichia, Wettinia, Zalacca (many other Ameri-
can genera under Wettinia, many other Asian genera under
Zalacca).

Paper Plants —

Arundo, Broussonetia, Cyperus, Fatsia, Lepidosperma, Lygeum,
Phormium, Populus, Psamma, Spartina, Stipa, Zea. (See also
Fibre-plants.)

370 INDICATED GENERA.

Resin Plants —

Balsamodendron, Boswellia, Bursera, Butea, Cajanus, Callitris,
Ceroxylon, Chloroxylon, Cistus, Croton, Dammara, Dorema,
Ferula, Ficus, Frenela, Garcinia, Hymenaea, Isonandra, Juni-
perus, Liquidambar, Melanorrhcea, Myrica, Pinus, Pistacia,
Pterocarpus, Rhus, Shorea, Styrax, Yahea.

Saline Plants—

Agrostis, Alopecurus, Albizzia, Avicennia, Batis, Casuarina,
Cynodon, Kochia, Leptospermum, Melaleuca, Myoporum, Paspa-
lum, Phormium, Poa, Salicornia, Tamarix, Zoysia.

Sand-coast Plants —

Acacia, Agrostis, Ailantus, Aloe, Apium, Asparagus, Beta,
Csesalpinia, Cakile, Calamagrostis, Callitris, Carex, Casuarina,
Crambe, Crithmum, Cupressus, Cynodon, Cytisus, Dactylis, Dis-
tichlis, Ehrharta, Elegia, Elymus, Festuca, Genista, Hemitaph-
rum, Imperata, Lavandula, Lepidosperma, Leptospermum,
Lupinus, Medicago, Melaleuca, Mesembrianthemum, Myoporum,
Myrica, Opuntia, Ornithopus, Panicum, Paspalum, Phorniium,
Pinus, Poa, Populus, Prunus, Psamma, Quercus, Rhagodia,
Robinia, Remirea, Sabal, Salix, Sesuviurn. Spartina, Spinifex,
Stenotaphrum, Stipa, Tamarix, Tetragonia, Thouarea, Thrinax,
Tripsacum, Triticum, Ulex, Uniola, Urginia, Yucca, Zoysia.

Scenic Plants (other than Palms or Bamboos) —

Agave, Ailanthus, Aloe, Andropogon, Angelica, Arundo, Asple-
nium, Berberis, Boehmeria, Canna, Cereus, Colocasia, Cordyline,
Cycas, Cynara, Cyperus, Datura, Dicksonia, Dirca, Dracaena,
Elegia, Encephalartos, Euchlaena, Eustrephus, Fatsia, Ferula,
Festuca, Fceniculum, Fourcroya, Gunnera, Helianthus, Heracleum,
Inula, Lavatera, Leucadendron, Melianthus, Musa, Opuntia, Pan-
danus, Paulownia, Phormium, Pipturus, Podachsenium, Rheum,
Richardia, Ricinus, Todea, Touchardia, Watsonia, Yucca, Zea.

Scent Plants —

Acacia, Adesmia, Aloexylon, Andropogon, Anthoxaiithum, Aqui-
laria, Backhousia, Boronia, Calamintha, Cedronella, Citrus, Con-
volvulus, Dracocephalum, Eucalyptus, Gelsemium, Lavandula,
Liatris, Lippia, Liquidambar, Melia, Melissa, Mentha, Monarda,
Murraya, Myrtus. Nyctanthes, Ocimum, Origanum, Osmanthus,
Pelargonium, Pittosporum, Pogostemon, Polianthes, Prunus
(Amygdalus), Pycnanthemum, Reseda, Rosa, Rosmarinus,
Santalum, Satureja, Styrax, Synoon, Teucrium, Thymus, Tilia,
Triphasia, Yiola, Wistaria.

INDICATED GENERA. 371

Silk Plants—

Ailantus, Cajanus, Liquidambar, Maclura, Morus, Quercus,
Ricinus, Shorea, Symplocos, Terminalia, Trophis, Ulmus.

Starch Plants—

Alstroemeria, Canna, Caryota, Colocasia, Copernicia, Cycas, Fago-
pyrum, Hordeum, Levisia, Manihot, Maranta, Oreodoxa, Oryza,
Secale, Solanum, Tacca, Triticum, Zea.

Sugar Plants-
Acer, Andropogon, Beta, Borassus, Caryota, Copernicia, Cucumis,
Euchlaena, Phoenix, Saccharum, Zea.

Tannic Plants —

Acacia, .^Esculus, Alnus, Albizzia, Angophora, Aspidosperma,
Banksia, Butea, Csesalpinia, Cedrela, Coccoloba, Comptonia,
Cytisus, Davana, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Gordonia, Gunnera,
Pinus, Populus, Prosopis, Pterocarpus, Quercus, Rhus, Salix, Ter-
minalia.

Tea Plants—

Andropogon, Camellia, Hydrangea, Ilex.

Tide Plants—

JEgiceras, Avicennia, Batis, Melaleuca, Myoporum, Salicornia, •
Spartina.

Timber Plants—

1. TREES, CONIFEROUS —

a. Evergreen —

Araucaria, Callitris, Ceplialotaxus, Cryptomeria. Cupressus, Dacry
dium, Dammara, Fitzroya, Frenela, Juniperus, Libocedrus,
Nageia, Phyllocladus, Pinus, Saxono-Gothsea, Sciadopitys,
Sequoia, Taxus, Thuya, Torreya.

b. Deciduous —

Ginkgo, Glyptostrobus, Pinus, Taxodium.

2. TREES, NOT CONIFEROUS —
a. Evergreen —

Acacia, Adenostemon, Albizzia Angophora, Castaiiopsis, Casuarina,
Cedrela, Cercocarpus, Chloroxylon, Corynocarpus, Dalbergia, Dios-
pyros, Embothrium, Eucalyptus, Eucryphia, Fagus, Flindersia,
Gmelina, Gourliaea, Grevillea, Harpullia, Hyinensea, Jacaranda,

372 INDICATED GENERA.

Knightia, Laurelia, Maba, Magnolia, Marlea, Maytenus, Metrosi-
deros, Myrtus, Persea, Peumus, Psychotria, Quercus, Rlius,
Royenia, Santalum, Shorea, Swietenia, Syncarpia, Tectona,
Tetranthera, Tristania.

b. Deciduous —

Acer, ^Esculus, Ailantus, Alnus, Betula, Butea, Carpinus, Carya,
Castanea, Catalpa, Celtis, Corylus, Diospyros, Engelhardtia, Excse-
caria, Fagus, Fraxinus, Gleditschia, Gymnocladus, Holoptelea,
Juglans, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Melia, Ostrya, Pircunia, Planera,
Platanus, Populus, Pterocarpus, Pterocarya, Quercus, Robinia,
Salix, Sophora, Tilia, Ulmus, Umbellularia, Xylia, Zelkova.

Tobacco Plant—

Nicotiana.

Water Plants—

Acorus, ^Eschynomene, Aponogeton, Butomus, Cyperus, Euryale,
Menyanthes, Nelumbo, Nuphar, Nyssa, Oryza, Poa, Richardia,
Sagittaria, Trapa, Zizania.

Wicker Plants—

Cyperus, Parrotia, Salix (also genera mentioned under Bamboo
Plants).

373

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OE GENERA.

DICOTYLEDONE.E.

Ranunculacece.

Papaveracece.

Ternstrcemacece.

Aconitum.

Chelidonium.

Camellia.

Actsea

Papaver.

Gordonia.

Anemone.

Sanguinaria.

Schima.

Cimicifuga.

Helleborus.

Cruciferce.

Dipterocarpece.

Hydrastis.
Xanthorrhiza

Barbarsea.
Brassica.

Shorea.

Cakile.

Linacece.

Nymphceacece.
Nelumbo.

Camelina.
Cochlearia.

Erythroxylon.
Linum.

Nuphar.

Crambe.

Isatis.

Geraniacece.

Magnoliacece.

Drimys.
Illicium.

Lepidium.
Pringlea.
Raphanus.

Averrhoa.
Oxalis.
Pelargonium.

Liriodendron.
Magnolia.

Capparidece.

Tropaeolum.

Michelia.

Capparis.

Malvaceae.

Althsea.

Calycanthece.

Violacece.

Gossypium.

Calycanthus.

Hymenanthera.
Viola.

Hibiscus.
Urena.

Anonacece.

\

Moringacew.

Sterculiacece.

Anona.
Monodora.

Moringa.

Brachychiton.
Sterculia.

Laurinece.

Bixacece.

Tiliacece.

Adenostemum.

Aberia.

Aristotelia.

Cinnamomum.
Laurus.

Cistacece.

Corchorus.
THia.

Lindera.

Cistus.

Persea.

Rutacece.

Sassafras.

Resedacece.

Atalantia.

Tetranthera.

"R i\

Barosma.

Umbellularia.

.

Boronia.

MonimiecB.
Laurelia.
Peunius.

Pittosporece.
Pittosporum.

Polygalacece.

Casimiroa.
Citrus.
Limonia.
Murraya.
Pilocarpus.

Berberidece.
Berberis.

Krameria.
Polygala.

Ruta.
Triphasia.
Xanthoxylon.

Bongardia.
Lardizabala.

Guttiferce.

Simarubece.

Podophyllum.

Garcinia.

Ailan tus.

374

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF GENERA.

Anacardiacece.

Tamariscinece.

Haloragece.

Corynocarpus.
Mangifera.

Tamarix.

Batis.
Gunnera.

Melanorrhoea.
Odina.
Pistacia.
Ehus.
Spondias.

Cactece.
Cereus.
Opuntia.
Peireskia.

FicoidecB.

Rosacece.
Alchemilla.
Amelanchier.
Cercocarpus.
Crataegus.

Burseracece.

Mesembrianthemum.
Sesuvium.

Fragaria.
Hagenia.

Amyris.
Balsamodendron.

Tetragonia.

Parinarium.
Prunus.

Ti

Boswellia.
Bursera.

Caryophyllece.
Saponaria.

Pyrus.
Quillaja.
Rosa.

Olacinece.

Spergula.

Rubus.
Sanguisorba.

Ximenia.

Portulacece.

Lewisia.

Leguminosce.

Meliacece.

Talinum.

Acacia.
Adesmia.

Cedrela.
Chloroxylon.
Flindersia.

Amarantacece.
Amarantus.

^Eschynomene.
Albizzia.
Aloexylon.

Melia.
Synoon.
Swietenia.

Salsolacece.
Agriophyllum.

Anthyllis.
Apios.
Arachis.

SapindacecB.

Atriplex.
Basella.

Astragalus.
Butea.

Acer.
JSsculus.
Blighia.
Harpullia.
Melianthus.
Melicocca.

Beta.
Boussingaultia.
Chenopodium.
Rhagodia.
Spinacia.
Theligonum.

Csesalpinia.
Cajanus.
Canavalia.
Caragana.
Cassia.
Ceratonia.

Nephelium.

Ullucus.

Cercis.

Pappea.

Polygonacece.

Cicer.
Cladrastis.

Viniferce.

Calligonum.

Crotalaria.

Vitis.
Celastrinece.

Coccoloba.
Polygonum.

Cyamopsis.
Cytisus.

Catha

Rheum.

Dalbergia.

\_yctLIlc*.

Maytenus.

Rumex.

Desmodium.
Dolichos.

Rhamnacece.

NyctagineoB.
Pisonia.

Ervum.
Genista.

Ceanothus.

Gleditschia.

Colletia.

Phytolaccece.

Glycine.

Condalia.

Pircunia.

Glycyrrhiza.

Hovenia.

Gymnocladus.

Paliurus.

A ristolochiacece.

Hardwickia.

Rhamnus.
Scutia.

Aristolochia.

Hedysarum.
Hippocrepis.

Zizyphus.

Hamamelidece.

Hymensea.
Indigofera.

Aquifoliacece.

Liquidambar.

Jacksonia.

Ilex.

Parrotia.

Lathyrus.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OP GENERA.

375

Lespedeza.

Onagrece.

Passiflorece.

Lotus.

Fuchsia.

Carica.

Lupinus.

Trapa.

Passiflora.

Medicago.

Lythracece.

Melilotus.

Lawsonia.

Cucurbitaceas.

Mimosa.
Onobrychis.
Ornithopus.
Oxytropis.
Pachyrrizus.

Punica.

Euphorbiacece.
Aleurites.
Baloghia.
Buxus.

Acanthosicyos.
Benincasa.
Corynosicyos.
Cucumis.
Cucurbita.

Parkinsonia.

Croton.

Ecballion.

Peltophorum.
Periandra.

Crozophora.
Mallotus.

Sechium.
Telfairia.

Phaseolus.

Manihot.

Piptadenia.

Ricinus.

Santalacece.

Pisum.

Prosopis.

Urticacece.

Cervantesia.

Psoralea.

Artocarpus.

Pyrularia.

Pterocarpus.
Pueraria.

Boehmeria.
Broussonetia.

Santalum.

Rafnia.

Cannabis.

Proteacece.

Robinia.
Sesbania.
Sophora.
Spartium.
Tamarindus.

Celtis.
Cudrania.
Debregeasia.
Holoptelea.
Humulus.

Brabejum.
Conospermum.
Embothrium.
Grevillea.
Guevina.

Trifolium.

Maclura.

Leucadendron.

Trigonella.
Ulex.

Maoutia.
Moms.

Macadamia.

Vicia.
Vigna.
Voandzeia.
Wistaria.
Xylia.

Planera.
Piptums.
Pouzolzia.
Streblus.
Touchardia.

Thymelece.

Aquilaria.
Dirca.
Thymelaea.

Saxifrages.

Trophis.
Ulmus.

Elceagnece.

Eucryphia.

Villebrunia.

Elaeagnus.

Hydrangea.
Ribes.

Zelkova.

Shepherdia.

Myrtacece.

Juglandece.
Carya.

Cornacece,
Comus.

Angophora.
Backhousia.

Engelnardtia.
Juglans.

Marlea.

Nyssa.

Calyptranthes.
Eucalyptus.

Amentacece.
Alnus.

Umbelliferce.

Eugenia.
Leptospermum.
Marliera.

Betula.
Carpinus.
Castanea.

Anthriscus.
Apium.
Aracacha.

Melaleuca.
Metrosideros.
Myrtus.
Psidium.
Tristania.

Castanopsis.
Comptonia.
Corylus.
Myrica.
Ostrya.

Aralia.
Archangelica.
Carum.
Chserophyllum.
Conium.

Combretacew.

Platanus.
Populus.

Conopodium.
Coriandrum.

Combretum.

Quercus.

Crithmum.

Terminalia.

Salix.

Cuminum.

376

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF GENERA.

Cymopterus.

Liatris.

Apocynece.

Daucus.

Matricaria.

Alstonia.

Diposis.

Microseris.

Apocynum.

Dorema.

Osmitopsis.

Aspidosperma.

Heracleum.

Partheiiium.

Carissa.

Laserpitium.

Pentzia.

Gonioma.

Myrrhis.

Podachoenium.

Vahea.

(Enanthe.

Rhaponticum.

Peucedanum.

Santolina.

LoganiaceoR.

Pimpinella.
Prangos.

Saussurea.
Scorzonera.

Buddleya.

Scandix.
Selinum.

Schkuhria.
Spilanthes.

Spigelia.

Sison.
Smyrnium.
Stilbocarpa.
Thapsia.

Tagetes.
Tanacetum.
Taraxacum.
Tarchonanthus.

Gentiamce.
Gentiana.
Menyanthes.
Sabbatia.

Tinguarra.

Tragopogon.

Sebeea.

Rubiacece.

Swertia.

Alibprtia

EricacecK.

-Till UtJI tilt.

Cephaelis.
Cinchona.

Arbutus.
Arctostaphylos.

Convolvulacece.
Convolvulus.

Coffea.
Plectronia.
Psychotria.
Rubia.

Gaultiera.
Gaylussacia.
Rhododendron.
Vaccinium.

Ipomoaa.

Solanacece.
Atropa.

Vangueria.

Bassovia.

Styracece.

Capsicum.

Valerianece.

Styrax.

Duboisia.

Nardostachys.
Valeriana.
Valerianella.

Dipsacece.
Dipsacus.

Symplocos.

Ebenacece.

Diospyros.
Euclea.
Maba.

Hyoscyamus.
Lycium.
Nicotiana.
Physalis.
Salpichroma.
Solanum.

CoTTl 7} OS'ltCE

Royenia.

Serophularinece.

AchiUea.

Sapotacece.

Digitalis.

AnacycluS.

Achras.

Lyperia.

Anthemis.

Argania.

Arnica.

Bassia.

Acanthacece.

Artemisia.

Dichopsis.

Justicia.

Baccharis.

Isonandra.

Carthamus.
-Cichorium.
Chrysanthemum.

Niemeyera.
Myrsinacece.

BignoniacecR.
Catalpa.
Jaracanda.

Cynara.
Garuleum.

^Egiceras.

Pedalinece.

Guizotia.

Oleacece.

Sesamum.

Helianthus.
Helichrysum.

Azima.
Fraxinus.

Asperifolice.

Heterothalamus.

Jasminum.

Alkanna.

Hypochoeris.
Inula.

Ligustrum.
Nyctanthes.

Borrago.
Heliotropium.

Lactuca.

Olea.

Lithospermum.

Leyssera.

Osmanthus.

Onoma.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF GENERA.

377

Symphytum.
Trichodesma.

Verbenacece.
Avicennia.

Dacrydium.
Dammara.

Gmelina.

Fitzroya.

Labiates.

Calamintha.
Cedronella.
Dracocephalum.
Hedeoma.

Lippia.
Priva.
Tectona.

Ginkgo.
Glyptostrobus.
Juniperus.
Libocedrus.
Nageia.

Lavandula.
Melissa.
MfTitbfl

Myoporece.
Myoporum.

Phyllocladus.
Pinus.
Saxono-Gothosa.

IVXt/JULulldi.

Meriandra.

Sciadothys.

Monardo.
Ocimum.

Casuarinece.

Sequoia.
Taxodium.

Origanum.
Pogostemon.
Perilla.

Casuarina.

Taxus.
Thuya.
Torreya.

Py cnanthemum .

Coniferce.

Rosmarinus.

Araucaria.

Salvia.

Callitris.

Satureja.

Cephalotaxus.

Cycadece.

Teucrium.

Cryptomeria.

Cycas.

Thymus.

Cupressus.

Encephartos.

MONOCOTYLEDONE^.

Musacece.

LiliacecB.

Pandanacece.

Musa.

Aloe.

Pandanus.

Allium.

' Scitaminece.
Canna.
Maranta.
Zingiber.

Asparagus.
Chlorogalum.
Colchicum.
Cordyline.
Drac^na.

Palmacece.

Acanthophcenix.
Acrocomia.
Bactris.

Bromeliacece.

Geitonoplesium.
Lapageria.

Bacularia.
Brahea.

Tillandsia.

Phormium.

Borassus.

Ruscus.

Calamus.

Taccacece.

Sanseviera.
Schosnocaulon.

Calyptronoma.
Caryota.

Tacca.

Scilla.

Ceroxylon.

Smilax.

Chamserops.

DioscoridecR.
Dioscorea.

Urginia.
Uvularia.
Veratrum.

Cocos.
Copernicia.
Dypsis.

Yucca.

Geonoma.

Iridece.

Hearina.

Crocus.

Alismacece.

Hyphsene.

Amaryllidece.
Aletris.

Aponogeton.
Butomus.
Sagittaria.

Hyospathe.
Jubsea.
Kentia.
Livistona.

Agave.

Aroidece.

Mauritia.

Alstrcemeria.
Fourcroya.

Acorus.
Colocasia.

Oncosperma.
Oreodoxa.

Polianthes.

Richardia.

Phoenix.

378

SYSTEMATIC IXDEX OP GENERA.

Plectocomia.

Bambusa.

Melocanna.

Ptychosperma.
Rhapis.
Rhapidophyllum.

Beesha.
Bouteloua.
Bromus.

Milium.
Muehlenbergia.

Nastus.

Sabal.

Buchloa.

Neurachne.

Thrinax.

Calamagrostis.

Oryza.

Trithrinax.

Chionachne.

Oxytenanthera.

WaUichia.

Chloris.

Panicum.

Wettinia.

Cinna.

Pappophorum.

Zalacca.

Cynodon.

Paspalum.

Cynosurus.

Pennisetum.

Restiaczce.

Dactylis.

Phalaris.

Elegia.

Danthonia.

Phleum.

Dendrocalamus .

Phyllostachys.

Cyperacece.

Ehrharta.
Eleusine.

Poa.
Rottboellia.

Carex.
Cyperus.
Lepidosperma.
Lepironia.

Elymus.
Erianthus.
Eriochloa.
Euchlsena.

Saccharum.
Schizostachyum.
Secale.
Sesleria.

Festuca.

Spartina.

Graminece.

Gigantochloa.

Spinifex.

Agrostis.

Guadua.

Stenotaphrum.

Aira.

Hemarthria.

Stipa.

Alopecurus.
Andropogon.

Hierochloa.
Holcus.

Teinostachyum.
Thouarea.

Anthistiria.

Hordeum.

Tricholaena.

Anthoxanthum.

Imperata.

Tripsacum.

Aristida.

Koeleria.

Triticum.

Arundinaria.

Leersia.

Uniola.

Arundinella.

Lolium.

Zea.

Arundo.

Lygeum.

Zizania.

A vena.

Melica.

Zoysia.

ACOTYLEDONE.E.

Filices.

Fungacece.

Peziza.

Cyathea.
Dicksonia.
Lycopodium.
Todea.

Agaricus.
Boletus.
Cantharellus.
Clavaria.

Polygaster.
Polyporus.
Rhizopogon.
Terfezia.

Helvella.

Tuber.

Hydnum.

Lichenes.

Morchella.

Algce.

Roccella.

Pachyma.

Porphyra.

379

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

NORTHERN AND MIDDLE EUROPE.

Acer campestre, A. platanoides, A. pseudo-platanus, Achillea atrata,
A. millefolium, A. moschata, A.' nana, Aconitum Napellus, Acorus Cal-
amus, Actsea spicata, Agaricus auricula, A. caesareus, A. campestris, A.
Cardarella, A. decorus, A. deliciosus, A. eryngii, A. esculentus, A. ex-
tinctorius, A. fusipes, A. gambosus, A. giganteus, A. Marzuolus, A.
melleus, A. Mouzeron, A. odorus, A. oreades, A. procerus, A. scorodo-
nius, A. socialis, A. splendens, A. sylvaticus, A. virgineus, A. volemus,
Agrostis alba, A. rubra, A. vulgaris, Aira csespitosa, Alchemilla alpina,
A. vulgaris, Allium Schoenoprasum, A. Scorodoprasum, Alnus glutinosa,
A. incana, Alopecurus bulbosus, A. geniculatus, A. pratensis, Althaea
officinalis, Anemone Pulsatilla, Anthemis nobilis, A. tinctoria, Anthris-
cus Cerefolium, Archangelica officinalis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arnica
montana, Artemisia Absinthium, A. Mutellina, A. Pontica, Asparagus
officinalis, Asperula odorata, Astragalus arenarius, A. glycyphyllos, A.
hypoglottis, Atropa Belladonna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens,

A. pubescens, A. sativa, Barbarsea vulgaris, Beta vulgaris, Betula alba,
Boletus bovinus, B. circinans, B. edulis, B. luteus, B. sapidus, B. scaber,

B. subtomentosus, B. variegatus, Brassica alba, B. Napus, B. nigra, B.
oleracea, B. Rapa, Bromus asper, Butomus umbellatus, Buxus semper-
virens, Cakile maritima, Calamintha officinalis, Camelina sativa, Cantha-
rellus edulis, Carex arenaria, Carpinus Betulus, Carum Bulbocastanum,

C. Garni, C. segetum, Chseromyces meandriformis, Chserophyllum bulbo-
sum, C. sativum, Chenopodium Bonus Henricus, Cichorium Intybus,
Clavaria aurea, C. botrytis, C. brevipes, C. coralloides, C. crispa, C. flava,
C. formosa, C. grisea, C. muscoides, C. palmata, Cochlearia Armoracia,
C. officinalis, Colchicum autumnale, Conium maculatum, Corylus Avel-
lana, Crambe maritima, Cratsegus Oxyacantha, Cynosurus cristatus, Cyti-
sus scoparius, Dactylis glomerata, Daucus Carota, Digitalis purpurea,
Dipsacus fullonum, Elymus arenarius, Fagus sylvatica, Festuca arundi-
nacca, F. drymeia, F. duriuscula, F. elatior, F. gigantea, F. heterophylla,
F. loliacea, F. ovina, F. pratensis, F. rubra, F. silvatica, F. spadicea,
Fragaria collina, F. vesca, Fraxinus excelsior, Gentiana lutea, Geum
urbanum, Helleborus niger, Helvella esculenta, H. gigas, H. infula,
Heracleum Sibiricum, Holcus lanatus, H. mol'lis, Hordeum nodosum,
H. secalinum, Humulus Lupulus, Hydnum album, H. auriscalpium, H.
Caput-Medusse, H. coralloides, H. diversidens, H. erinaceum, H. fuli-
gineo-album, H. graveolens, H. repandum, H. suaveolens, H. hystrix, H.
imbricatum, H. infundibulum, H. laevigatum, H. subsquamosum, H.
violascens, Hyoscyamus niger, Ilex Aquifolium, Inula Helenium, Juni-
perus communis, Lactuca virosa, Laserpitium aquilegium, Lathyrus

380 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

macrorrhizus, L. pratensis, L. sativus, Lavatera arborea, Leersia ory-
zoides, Lolium perenne, Lotus corniculatus, L. major, Marrubium vul-
gare, Matricaria Chamomilla, Medicago falcata, M. sativa, Melica altis-
sima, M. ciliata, M. nutans, M. uniflora, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis,
Mentha citrata, M. crispa, M. piperita, M. Pulegium, M. rotundifolia,
M. sylvestris, M. viridis, Menyanthes trifoliata, Milium effusum, Mor-
chella deliciosa, M. esculenta, M. Gigas, M. patula, Nepeta Glechoma,
Onobrychis sativa, Origanum vulgare, Peucedanum officinale, P. Ostru-
thium, P. sativum, Peziza macropus, Phleum alpinum, P. pratense, Phy-
salis Alkekengi, Pimpinella saxifraga, Pinus Abies, P. Cembra, P. Larix,
P. montana, P. obovata, P. picea, P. silvestris, Poa airoides, P. alpina,
P. augustifolia, P. aquatica, P. distans, P. fertilis, P. fluitans, P. mari-
tima, P. nemoralis, P. pratensis, P. trivialis, Polyporus citrinus, P.
frondosus, P. giganteus, P. ovinus, P. tuberaster, Populus alba, P. canes-
cens, P. dilatata, P. fastigiata, P. nigra, P. tremula, Porphyra vulgaris,
Prunus Mahaleb, P. spinosa, Psamma arenaria, P. Baltica, Pyrus Ger-
manica, P. nivalis, Quercus Robur, Reseda Luteola, Khamnus catharti-
cus, R. frangula, Rhizopogon magnatum, R. rubescens, Ribes Grossularia,
R. nigrum, R. rubrum, Rosa Gallica, R. spinosissima, Rubia peregrina,
Rubus csesius, R. Chamsemorus, R. fruticosus R. Idseus, Rumex
Acetosa, R. scutatus, Ruscus aculeatus, Salix alba, S. caprea, S. daph-
noides, S. fragilis, S. lanceolata, S. purpurea, S. rubra, S. triandra, S.
viminalis, Sambucus nigra, Sanguisorba minor, Saponaria officinalis,
Scorzonera Hispanica, Sesleria coerulea, Sisom Amomum, Smyrnium
Olusatrum, Solanum Dulcamara, Spartina stricta, Spergula arvensis,
Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Tilia Europsea, Tragopogon
porrifolius, Trarpa natans, Trifolium agrarium, T. alpestre, T. fragiferum,
T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. medium, T. montanum, T. ochroleucum,
T. Pannonicum, T. pratense, T. repens, T. spadiceum, Triticum junceum,
Tuber sestivum, T. albidum, T. cibarium, T. magnatum, T. melanosporum,
Ulex Europseus, Ulmus campestris, U. pedunculata, Yaccinium Myrtil-
lus, V. Oxycoccus, V. uliginosum, V. Vitis-Idsea, Valeriana Celtica,
Valerianella olitoria, Yeratrum album, Vicia sativa, V. sepium, V.
sylvatica, Viola odorata.

COUNTRIES ON OR NEAR THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

Acacia Arabica, A. Seyal, A. tortilis, A. "Verek, Acer Creticum,
Achillea fragrantissima, ^Egilops ovata, j33sculus Hippocastanurn, Agari-
cus csesareus, Agrostis alba, A. vulgaris, Aira csespitosa, Alchemilla vul-
garis, Alkanna tinctoria, Allium Ascallonicuni, A. Cepa, A. Neapolita-
num, A. Porrum, A. roseum, A. sativum, A. Scorodoprasum, Aloe vul-
garis, Alopecurus bulbosus, A. geniculatus, A. pratensis, Althsea offici-
nalis, Amarantus Blitum, Anacyclus Pyrethrum, Andropogon Gryllos,
A. Haleppensis, A. Schoenanthus, Anthemis nobilis, A. tinctoria, An-'
thoxanthum odoratum, Anthyllis vulneraria, Apium graveolens, Argania
sideroxylon, Artemisia Absinthium, A. Pontica, Arundo Ampelodesmos,

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 381

A. Donax, A. Pliiiiana, Asparagus acutifolius, A. albus, A. aphyllus, A.
horridus, A. officinalis, Astragalus Cephalonicus, A. Cicer, A. Creticus,

A. gurnmifer, A. Parnassi, A. strobiliferus, A. venosus, A. verus, Atropa
Belladonna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, A. pubescens, A.
sativa, Balsamodeiidron Ehrenbergii, B. Mukul, B. Opobalsamum, Beta
vulgaris, Betula alba, Bongardia Rauwolfii, Borassus ^Ethiopicus, Bor-
rago officinalis, Brassica alba, B. campestris, B. Cretica, B. juncea, B.
Napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. Rapa, Bromus erectus, Buxus Balearica,

B. longifolia, B. sempervirens, Cajamis Indicus, Cakile maritima, Cala-
mintlia ISTepeta, C. officinalis, Callitris quadrivalvis, Cameliiia sativa,
Cannabis sativa, Capparis spinosa, Carpinus Betulus, Carthamus tincto-
rius, Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Carui, C. ferulifolium, C. Petroselinum,

C. segetum, Cassia acutifolia, C. angustif olia, C. obovata, Castanea sativa,
Catlia edulis, Cedronella triphylla, Celtis Australis, Ceratonia Siliqua,
Chrerophyllum. bulbosum, C. sativum, Chamserops humilis, Chelidonium,
majus, Chenopodium Blitum, Chrysanthemum carneum, C. roseum, Cicer
arietinum, Cichorium Endivia, C. Intybus, Cistus Creticus, C. Cyprius,
Cochlearia Armoracia, Coffea Arabica, Colchicum autumiiale, Colocasia
antiquorum, Conium maculatum, Conopodium denudatum, Convolvulus
floridus, C. Scammonia, C. scoparius, Coriandum sativum, Corylus Col-
urna, Corynosicyos edulis, Crambe cordifolia, C. Klotschyana, C. mari-
tima, C. Tataria, Cratsegus Azarolus, C. Oxyacantha, C. Pyracantha,
Crithmum maritimum, Crocus sativus, C. serotinus, Crozophora tinctoria,
Cucumis Citrullus, C. Colocynthis, C. Melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita maxima,
C. Melopepo, C. moschata, C. Pepo, Cuminum Cyminum, C. Hispaiiicum,
Cupressus sempervirens, Cynara Cardunculus, C. Scolymus, Cynodon
Dactylon, Cynosurus cristatus, Cyperus esculentus, C. Papyrus, C. proli-
ferus, C. Syriacus, Cytisus proliferus, C. scoparius, C. spinosus, Dactylis
glomerata, D. litoralis, Daphne Mezereum, Daucus Carota, Digitalis pur-
purea, Diospyros Lotus, Dipsacus fullonum, Dolichos Lablab, D. uni-
florus, Dorema ammoniacum, Dracaena Draco, D. schizaxitha, Dracoce-
phalum Moldavica, Ecballion Elaterium, Elaeagnus hortensis, Eleusine
flagelligera, E. Tocussa, Elymus arenarius, Ervum Lens, Fagopyruni
esculentum, F. Tataricum, Fagus sylvatica, Ferula galbaniflua, F. longi-
folia, Festuca elatior, F. gigantea, F. sylvatica, Ficus Carica, F. Sycamo-
rus, Fceniculum officinale, Fragaria collina, F. pratensis, F. vesca, Fraxi-
nus excelsior, F. Ornus, Genista monosperma, G. sphserocarpa, Gentiana
lutea, Geum urbanum, Glycyrrhiza echinata, G. glabra, Gossypium arbo-
reum, Guilandina Bonduc, G. Bonducella, Hedysarum coronarium, Heli-
chrysum orientale, Helleborus niger, Hippocrepis comosa, Holcus lanatus,
H. mollis, Hordeum deficiens, H. distichon, H. hexastichon, H. macro-
lepis, H. nodosum, H. vulgare, H. zeocriton, Humulus Lupulus, Hydnum
imbricatum, Hyoscyamus niger, Hyphsene Argun, H. coriacea, Imperata,
arundinacea, Indigofera argentea, Inula Helenium, Iris Florentina, I.
juncea, Isatis tinctoria, Jasminum odoratissimum, J. officinale, Jug-
lansregia, Juniperus brevifolia, J. Cedrus, J. drupacea, J. excelsa, J. fretidis-
sima, J. Pho3nicea, J. procera, Koeleria cristata, K. glauca, Lactucavirosa,

382 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

Lathyrus Cicera, L. pratensis, L. tuberosus, Laserpitium aquilegium,
Laurus nobilis, Lavandula angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. Stcechas, Lavatera
arborea, Lawsonia alba, Leersia oryzoides, Lepidium latifolium, L.
sativum, Linum usitatissimum, Liquidambar Altingia, L. orientalis,
Lolium Italicum, L. perenne, Lotus corniculatus, L. major, L. siliquosus,
L. tetragonolobus, Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus, L. varius,
Lycium Afrum, L. Europseum, Lygeum Spartum, Marrubium vulgare,
Matricaria Chamomilla, Medicago arborea, M. lupulina, M. media, M.
orbicularis, M. sativa, M. scutellata, Melica ciliata, M. nutans, M.
uniflora, Melilotus alba, M. ccerulea, M. macrorrhiza, M. officinalis,
Melissa officinalis, Mentha citrata, M. crispa, M. piperita, M. Pulegium,
M. rotundifolia, M. sylvestris, M. viridis, Menyanthes trifoliata,
Meriandra Abyssinica, Milium effusum, Morchella deliciosa, M. escu-
lenta, Moringa aptera, Moms nigra, Musa Ensete, M. Livingstoniana,
Myrica Faya, Myrrhis odorata, Myrtus communis, Nelumbo nucifera,
Nicotiana Persica, Ocimum basilicum, O. sanctum, O. suave, Olea
Europsea, Onobrychis sativa, Origanum Dictamnus, O. hirtum, O.
Majorana, O. Maru, O. normale, O. Onites, O. virens, O. vulgare, Orni-
thopus sativus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, Oxytropis
pilosa, Paliurus Spina-Christi, Panicum bfizanthum, P. Crus-Galli, P.
glabrum, P. maximum, P. prostratum, P. repens, P. sanguinale, P.
spectabile, P. turgidum, Papaver somniferum, Pennisetum thyphoideum,
Persea Teneriffse, Peucedanum cachrydifolium, P. graveolens, P. offi-
cinale, P. Sekakul, Phalaris aquatica, P. brachystachys, P. Canariensis,
P. minor, P. truncata, Phaseolus coccineus, Phleum alpinum, P. pratense,
Phoenix dactylifera, Physalis Alkekengi, P. angulata, Pimpinella Anisum,
P. magna, P. nigra, P. saxifraga, P. Sisarum, Pinus Abies, P. Cana-
riensis, P. Cedrus, P. Cembra, P. Cilicica, P. Haleppensis, P. Laricio, P.
Larix, P. montana, P. orientalis, P. Pinaster, P. Pinea, P. Pinsapo, P.
Pyrenaica, Pistacia Atlantica, P. Lentiscus, P. Terebinthus, P. vera,
Peucedanum sativum, Platanus orientalis, Poa Abyssinica, P. airoides,
P. angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. cynosuroides, P. distans, P. fluitans, P.
maritima, P. nemoralis, P. trivialis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P.
dilatata, P. Euphratica, P. fastigiata, P. nigra, P. tremula, Prosopis
Stephaniana, Prunus Amygdalus, P. Armeniaca, P. avium, P. Cerasus,
P. domestica, P. Lauro-Cerasus, P. Mahaleb, P. Padus, P. Persica, P.
spinosa, Psamma arenaria, Pugionium cornutum, Punica granatum,
Pyrus communis, P. Cydonia, P. malus, P. nivalis, P. salicifolia, Quercus
^Egilops, Q. Cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. Ilex, Q. infectoria, Q. macrolepis,
Q. Robur, Q. Suber, Q. Toza, Reseda odorata, R. luteola, Rhamnus
amygdalinus, R. catharticus, R. frangula, R. Grsecus, R. infectorius, R.
oleoides, R. prunifolius, R. saxatilis, Rhaponticum acaule, Rheum
Rhaponticum, Rhus Coriaria, R. Cotinus, Ribes Grossularia, R. nigrum,
R. rubrum, Richardia Africana, Ricinus communis, Roccella tinctoria,
Rosa centifolia, R. Damascena,. R. Gallica, R. moschata, R. semper-
virens, R. spinosissima, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rubia peregrina, R.
tinctoria, Rubus fruticosus, R. Idseus, Rumex Acetosa, R, scutatus, R.

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 383

vesicarius, Ruscus aculeatus, Ruta graveolens, R. sylvestris, Sagittaria
sagittifolia, Salix alba, S. Babylonica, S. daphnoides, S. fragilis, S. pur-
purea, S. rubra, S. viminalis, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Sangui-
sorba minor, Santolina Cyparissias, Saponaria officinalis, Satureja Grseca,
S. horteiisis, S. Juliana, S. montana, S. Thymbra, Saussurea Lappa,
Scandix grandiflora, Scorzonera Astrachanica, S. crocifolia, S. deliciosa,
S. Hispanica, S. lanata, S. ramosa, S. Scowitzii, S. semicana, S. tuberosa,
S. undulata, Secale cereale, S. Creticum, Sesbania ^Egyptica, Sesuvium
Portulacastrum, Sison Amomum, Smilax aspera, Smyrnium Olusatrum,
Solanum ^Ethiopieum, S. Dulcamara, S. edule, S. xanthocarpum, Spar-
tina stricta, Spartium junceum, Spergula arvensis, Spinacia tetrandra,
Stenotaphrum Americanum, Stipa arenaria, S. tenacissima, Styrax
officinalis, Symphytum peregrinum, S. officinale, Tamarindus Indica,
Tamarix articulata, T. Gallica, T. Germanica, T. orientalis, Tanacetum
vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Taxus baccata, Terfezia Leonis, Teucrium
Chamsedrys, T. Creticum, T. Marum, T. Folium, T. Scordium, Thapsia
edulis, Theligonum Cynocrambe, Thouarea sarmentosa, Thymelsea
tinctoria, Thymus sestivus, T. capitatus, T. hiemalis, T. Mastichina, T.
Serpillum, T. vulgaris, Tilia argentea, T. Europsea, Tinguarra Sicula,
Tragopogon porrifolius, Trapa natans, Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Tri-
folium agrarium, T. Alexandrinum, T. alpestre, T. fragiferum, T.
hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. medium, T. montanum, T. ochroleucum,
T. pratense, T, Quartinianum, T. repens, T. resupinatum, T. spadiceum,
T. subrotundum, Trigonella Foenum-Groecum. Triticum junceum, T.
vulgare, Tuber sestivum, T. albidum, T. cibarium, T. magnatum, IJlex
Europseus, Ulmus campestris, U. pedunculata, Urginia Scilla, Yaccinium
Arctostaphylos, V. Myrtillus, V. Oxycoccus, V. uliginosum, Y. Yitis-
Idsea, Yaleriana officinalis, Yalerianella olitoria, Yeratrum album,
Yicia Cracca, Y. Ervilia, Y. Faba, Y. peregrina, Y. sativa, Y. sepium,
Y. sylvatica, Y. tetrasperma, Yiola odorata, Yitis Schimperiana, Y.
vinifera, Zelkova crenata, Z. Cretica, Zizyphus Lotus, Z. Spina-Christi,
Z. vulgaris.

MIDDLE AND TEMPERATE EASTERN ASIA.

Acer palmatum, A. pictum, Aesculus turbinata, Agaricus flammeus,
Agriophyllum Gobicum, Agrostis vulgaris, Ailantus glandulosa, Albizzia
Julibrissin, Allium fistulosum, Alopecurus geniculatus, Aralia cordata,
Arenga saccharifera, Aristolochia recurvilabra, Artemisia Cina, A.
Dracunculus, Arundinaria Japonica, Atriplex hortensis, Avena elatior,
A. fatua, A. flavescens, A. pubescens, Balsamodendron Mukul, Bambusa
Beechyana, B. flexuosa, B. Senaensis, B. tuldoides (under Schizo-
stachyum), Barbarsea vulgaris, Basella rubra, Betula alba, Bcehmeria
nivea, Brassica alba, B. Chinensis, B. juncea, B. nigra, Bromus asper,
Broussonetia papyrifera, Butomus umbellatus, Buxus microphylla, B.
sempervirens, Csesalpinia sepiaria, Camellia Japonica, C. Thea, Can-
nabis sativa, Caragana arborescens, Carpinus cordata, C. erosa, C.

384 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

Japonica, C. laxiflora, Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Oarui, Catalpa Kaemp-
feri, Cedrela sinensis, Cephalotaxus Fortune!, C. drupacea, Chamserops
excelsa, C. Fortune!, Chenopodium Bonus Henricus, Cinnamomum Cam-
phora, Citrus Japonica, C. trifoliata, Corchorus capsularis, Cordyline
terminalis, Corylus heterophylla, Cryptomeria Japonica, Cucumis Cono-
mon, Cupressus obtusa, C. pisifera, Cycas revoluta, Daucus Carota,
Debregeasia edulis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dioscorea Japonica, D.
oppositifolia, D. quiiiqueloba, D. sativa, Diospyros Kaki, D. Lotus,
Ehrharta caudata, Elseagnus hortensis, E. parvifolius, E. umbellatus,
Eleusirie Coracana, Excsecaria sebifera, Euryale ferox, Euryangium
Sumbul, Fagopyrum cymosum, F. emarginaturn, F. esculentum, F.
Tataricum, Fagus Sieboldii, Fatsia papyrifera, Flueggea Japonica,
Fraxinus Chinensis, Geum urbanum, Ginkgo biloba, Gleditschia horrida,
Glycine hispida, G. Soya, Glyptostrobus heterophyllus, Heleocharis
tuberosa, Heracleum Sibiricum, Hordeum secalinum, Hovenia dulcis,
Hydrangea Thunbergi, Ilex crenata, Illicium anisatum, Imperata arun-
dinacea, Isatis indigotica, I. tinctoria, Jasminum grandiflorum, J.
officinale, J. Sambac, Juglans cordiformis, J. Mandschurica, J. Siebol-
diana, J. stenocarpa, Juniperus Chinensis, J. sphserica, Lathyrus mac-
rorrhizus, Lepiduin latifolium, Lespedeza striata, Ligustrum Japonicum,
Liquidambar Formosana, Livistona Chinensis, Magnolia hypoleuca, M.
Yulan, Melica altissima, Morus alba, Mucuna Cochinchinensis, Musa
Cavendishii, Myrtus tomentosa, Nageia cupressina, Nephelium Litchi,
N. Longanum, (Enanthe stolonifera, Osmanthus fragrans, Pachyma
Hcelen, Paliurus ramosissimus, Paulownia imperialis, Pennisetum
cereale, Perilla arguta, Phoenix pusilla, Photinia Eriobotrya, Phyllos-
tachys bambusoides, P. nigra, Physalis Alkekengi, P. angulata, Pinus
Alcoquiana, P. densiflora, P. firma, P. Fortunei, P. Jezoensis, P. Ksemp-
feri, P. Koraiensis, P. leptolepis, P. Massoniana, P. obovata, P. parvi-
flora, P. polita, P. Sibirica, P. stenolepis, P. Tsuga, Pisum sativum,
Blanera Japonica, Poa airoides, P. alpina, P. fertilis, Polygaster Sampa-
darius, Polygonum tinctorium, Populus nigra, P. tremula, Prangos pabu-
laria, Prunus pseudo-cerasus, P. tomentosa, Pterocarpus Indicus,
Pterocarya fraxinifolia, P. stenoptera, Pueraria Thunbergiana, Pugionium
cornutum, Pyrus Japonica, Quercus Chinensis, Q. cornea, Q. cuspidata,
Q. dentata, Q. glabra, Q. glauca, Q. Mongolica, Q. serrata, Rhamnus
chlorophorus, R. Frangula, R. utilis, Rhapis flabelliformis, R. humilis,
Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. Rhaponticum, R. Tartaricum, R.
undulatum, Rhus semialata, R. succedanea, R. vernicifera, Rosa Indica,
R. Isevigata, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, R. spinosissima, Rubia cor-
difolia, Rubus parvifolius, Rumex acetosa, R. Patientia, R. vesicarius,
Saccharum officinarum, S. Sinense, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Salix Baby-
lonica, Sanguisorba minor, Sciadopitys verticillata, Scorzonera albicaulis,
Selinum Monnieri, Sophora Japonica, Spergula arvensis, Spinacia
oleracea, Sterculia monosperma, Tetragonia expansa, Tetranthera
Japonica, Tilia Europsea, T. Manchurica, Thuyopsis dolabrata, Torreya
grandis, T. nucifera, Trapa bicornis, T. bispiiiosa, Trifolium pratense,

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 385

Triphasia Aurantiola, Ulmus campestris, U. parvifolia, Yaccinium
prsestans, Veratrum album, Yicia Cracca, V. sepium, V. sylvatica, Yigna
Sinensis, Yitis Labrusca, Y. vulpina, Wistaria Chinensis, Xanthoxylon
piperitum, Zelkova acuminata, Zizania latifolia, Zizyphus Jujuba, Z.
sinensis, Zoysia pungens.

SOUTHERN ASIA.

Acacia Arabica, A. catechu, A: concinna, A. Farnesiana, A. latro-
iium, A. Sundra, Acer laevigatum, A. iiiveum, A. sterculiaceum, A.
villosum, Aconitum ferox, .^Egiceras majus, ^Eschynomene aspera,
yEsculus Indica, Albizzia bigemina, A. Lebbeck, A. stipulata, Aleurites
cordata, A. triloba, Allium leptophyllum, Alnus Nepalensis, Aloe soco-
trina, Aloexylon Agallochum, Amarantus paniculatus, Andropogon
Calamus, A. annulatus, A. bicolor, A. cernuus, A. citratus, A. falcatus,
A. Gryllos, A. Ivarancusa, A. montanus, A. muricatus, A. Nardus,

A. pertusus, A. saccharatus, A. Schcenanthus, A. sericeus, A. Sorghum,
Anthistiria ciliata, Aponogeton crispus, Aquilaria Agallocha, Areca
Nagensis, A. triandra (under Zalacca), Aristolochia Indica, Artocarpus
integrifolia, A. Bengalensis, Arundinaria falcata, A. Hookeriana, A.
callosa, A. debilis, A. Hookeriana, A. Khasiana, A. suberecta (under
Schizostachyum), Arundinella Nepalensis. Arundo Karka, Asplenium
Nidus, Averrhoa Bilimbi, A. Carambola, Avicennia omcinalis, Azima
tetracantha, Bambusa arundinacea, B. aspera, B. attenuata, B. Bal-
cooa, B. Blumeana, B. Brandisii, B. elegantissima, B. flexuosa, B.
marginata, B. monadelpha, B. nutans, B. pallida, B. polymorpha,

B. regia, B. spinosa, B. stricta, B. Tulda (under Schizostachyum),

B. verticillata, B. vulgaris, Basella lucida, B. rubra, Beesha elegan-
tissima, B. Rheedei, B. stridula, B. Travancorica (under Schizos-
tachyum), Bassia latifolia, Benincasa cerifera, Bentinckia Coddapanna
(under Zalacca), Berberis aristata, B. Asiatica, B. Lycium, B. Nepa-
lensis, Betula acuminata, Boehmeria nivea, Borassus flabelliformis, Bos-
wellia thurifera, Brassica juncea, Butea frondosa, Buxus Wallichiana,
Csesalpinia Sappan, C. sepiaria, Cajanus Indicus, Calamus montanus, C.
acanthospathus, C. erectus, C. extensus, C. Flagellum, C. floribundus, C.
leptospadix, C. macrospathus, C. Mishmelensis, C. quinquenervius, C.
Royleanus, C. schizospathus, C. tenuis (under Zalacca), Camellia Thea,
Canavalia gladiata, Capparis aphylla, C. horrida, C. Roxburghi, C.
sepiaria, Carex Moorcroftiana, Carissa Carandas, Carpinus viminea,
Carthamus tinctorius, Carum Ajawan, C. gracile, C. nigrum, Caryota
obtusa (under Zalacca), C. urens, Cassia fistula, Castanopsis argentea,

C. Indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cephalostachyum capitatum, C. pal-
lidum, C. pergracile (under Schizostachyum), Chamserops Khasyana, C.
Martiana, C. Richieana, Chloroxylon Swietenia, Chrysanthemum roseum,
Cinnamomum Cassia, Citrus Aurantium, C. medica, Colocasia antiquorum,
C. Indica, Corchorus acutangulus, C. capsularis, C. olitorius, Cordyline
terminalis, Crambe cordifolia, Crotalaria Burhia, C. juncea, C. retusa,
Croton lacciferus, Cucumis cicatricatus, C. Colocynthis, C. Momordica,

2s

386 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

C. utilissimus, Cupressus torulosa, Cyamopsis psoraloides, Cynodon
Dactylon, Cyperus corymbosus, C. tegetum, Dsemonorops Guruba, D.
Jenkinsii, D. nutantifiorus (under Zalacca), Dalbergia Sissoo, Dammara
alba, Debregeasia dichotoma, D. hypoleuca, D. velutina, D. Wallichiaiia,
Dendrocalamus flagellifer, D. giganteus, D. Hamilton!, D. Hookeri, D.
sericeus, D. strictus (under Schizostachyum), Desmodiuni trinormn, Dios-
corea aculeata, D. alata, D. deltoidea, D. glabra, D. globosa, D. num-
mularia, D. oppositifolia, D. pentaphylla, D. purpurea, D. sativa, D.
spicata, D. tomeiitosa, D. triphylla, Diospyros cliloroxylon, D. Ebenum,

D. melanoxylon, D. oppositifolia, D. qusesita, Dolichos uniflorus, Eleu-
sine Coracana, E. stricta, Engelhardtia spicata, Eriochloa annulata,
Eugenia cordifolia, E. Jambos, E. maboides, E. Malaccensis, E. revoluta,

E. rotundifolia, Euryale ferox, Fagopyrum cymosum, F. emarginatum,

F. rotundatum, F. triangulare, Ficus elastica, F. Indica, F. infectoria,

F. laccifera, Flacourtia cataphracta, F. E-amontchi; Flemingia tuberosa,
Fraxinus floribunda, Garcinia Travancorica, Gigantochloa apus, G.
aspera, G. atter, G. heterostachya, G. maxima (under Schizostachyum),

G. nigro-ciliata, G. verticillata, G. robusta, Glycine hispida, Gossypium
arboreum, G. herbaceum, Guilandina Bonduc, Guizotia oleifera, Gunnera
macrophylla, Hardwickia binata, Harina caryotoides, Heleocharis fistu-
losa, H. plantaginea, Hemarthria compressa, Hibiscus cannabinus, H.
Sabdariffa, Holoptelea integrifolia, Hydnum coralloides, Indigofera
argentea, I. tinctoria, Ipomoea mammosa, I. paniculata, Isonandra gutta,
Jasminum grandiflorum, J. Sambac, Juniperus recurva, J. Wallichiana,
Justicia Adhatoda, Kentia Moluccana, Lactuca sativa, Lagerstroemia
Indica. Lawsonia alba, Lepironia mucronata, Licuala peltata (under
Zalacca), Limonia acidissima, Liquidambar Altingia, Livistona Jenkinsii
(under Zalacca), Maba Ebenus, Magnolia Campbelli, M. sphserocarpa,
Mallotus Philippinensis, Malvastrum spicatum, Mangifera Indica,
Maoutia Puya, Melaleuca Leucadendron, Melia Azedarach, Meloccanna
bambusoides, M. humilis, M. Travancorica, Melanorrhoea usitata,
Michelia excelsa, Mimosa rubicaulis, Moringa pterygospernia, Morus
atropurpurea, Mucuna Cochinchinensis, Murraya exotica, Musa coccinea,
M. corniculata, M. paradisiaca, M. sapientum, M. simiarum, M. trog-
lodytarum, Myrica sapida, Myrtus tomentosa, Nageia amara, N. brac-
teata, N. cupressina, Nardostachys grandiflora, N. Jatamansi, Nastus
Borbonicus, Nephelium lappaceum, N. Longanum, Nyctanthes Arbor-
tristis, Ocimum Basilicum, O. canum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum,
OEnanthe stolonifera, Oncospermum fasciculatum, Oryza sativa, Oxyten-
anthera albo-ciliata, O. nigro-ciliata, O. Thwaitesii (under Schizos-
tachyum), Onosma Emodi, Pandanus f urcatus, Panicum atro-virens, P.
brizanthum, P. coloratum, P. compositum, P. navidum, P. fluitans,
P. foliosum, P. frumentaceum, P. Italicum, P. Koenigii, P. milia-
ceum, P. molle, P. Myurus, P. prostatum, P. repens, P. sarmen-
tosum, P. semialatuin, P. tenuiflorum, P. virgatum, Parrotia Jacque-
montiana, Paspalum distichum, P. scrobiculatum, Pelargonium odora-
tissimum, Pennisetum thyphoideum, Perilla ocimoides, Peucedanum

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 387

Sowa, Phaseolus aconitifolius, P. adenanthus, P. lunatus, P. Max, P.
vulgaris, Phoenix humilis, P. Hanceana, P. Ouseloyana (under
Zalacca), P. paludosa, P. pusilla, P. sylvestris, Phyllostachys barn^
busoides, Pinus Brunoniana, P. Cedrus, P. excelsa, P. Gerardiaaa, .-,
P. Griffithii, P. longifolia, P. Pindrow, P. Smithiana, P. Webbiana.
Pipturus propinquus, P. velutinus, Plectocomia Assamica, P. Hima-
layana, P. Khasyana (under Zalacca), P. macrostachya, Poa
Chinensis, P. parviflora, P. cynosuroides, Podophyllum Emodi, Pogoste-
nion Heyneanus, P. parviflorus, P. Patchouli, Polygala crotalaroides,
Polygaster sampadarius, Populus ciliata, P. Euphratica, Pouzolzia tube-
rosa, Prosopis spicifera, Pseudostachyuni polymorphum (under Schizos-
tachyum), P. gracile (under Zalacca), Pterocarpus Indicus, P. Mar-
supium, P. santalinus, Ptychosperma disticha, P. Muschenbrockiana.,
Pueraria tuberosa, Pyrularia edulis, Quercus annulata, Q. dilatata, Q,
incana, Q. laiicifolia, Q. semecarpifolia, Q. squamata, Q. Sundaica, Rap-
hanus caudatus, R. sativus, Remirea niaritima, Rheum Australe, R,
officinale, Rhododendron Falconeri, Rhus vernicifera, Ribes glacial&>.
R. Griffithii, R. laciniatum, R. villosum, Ricinus communis, Rosa
Indica, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, Rubia cordifolia, Rubus
ellipticus, R. lasiocarpus, R. rugosus, Saccharum officinarum, S.
spontaiieum, S. violaceum, Salix tetrasperma, Sanseviera Zey-
lanica, Santalum album, Schima Wallichii, Schizostachyum elegantissi-
mum, S. Blumei, S. brachycladum, S. Hasskarlianum, S. irratum, S.
Zollingeri, Scutia Indica, Sesamum Indicum, Sesbania aculeata, S.
.ZEgyptiaca, S. cannabina, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Shorea robusta,
S. Talura, Solanum album, S. ferox, S. Guineense, S. insanum, S. longum,
S. melongena, S. pseudo-saponaceum, S. undatum, S. xanthocarpum,
Spinifex squarrosus, Stenotaphrum Americanum, Sterculia monosperma,
S. urceolata, S. urens, Streblus asper, Swertia Chirata, S. elegans, Sym-
plocos ramosissima, Tamaiindus Indica, Tamarix articulata, T. dioica,
T. Gallica, T. orientalis, Tectona grandis, Teinostachyum attenuatum, T,
Griffithii (under Schizostachyum), Terminalia Catappa, T. Chebula, T.
parviflora, Tetranthera calophylla, T. laurifolia, Thamnocalamus Fal-
coneri, T. spathiflorus (under Schizostachyum), Thouarea sarmentosa,
Trapa bispinosa, T. Cochinchinenses, T. incisa, T. quadrispinosa, Tricho-
desma Zeylanicum, Triphasia Aurantiola, Ulmus Wallichiana, Urena
lobata, Yaccinium Leschenaulti, Yigna Sinensis, Villebrunea frutescens,
Y. integrifolia, Yitis auriculata, Y. Blumeana, Y. elongata, Y. Im~
perialis, Y. Indica, Y. Labrusca, Y. Isevigata, Y. mutabilis, Y. quad-
rangularis, Y. thyrsiflora, Y. vulpina, Wallichia caryotoides, W. densi-
flora, Ximenia Americana, Xylia dolabriformis, Zalacca secunda,
Zingiber officinale, Zizyphus Jujuba, Z. rugosa, Zoysia pungens.

WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA.

Acacia Cavenia, A. macracantha, Adenostemum nitidum, Adesmiabal-
samica, Alchemilla pinnata, Alstroemeiia pallida, Andropogon argenteus,

388 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

AnonaCherimolia, Apium prostratum, Arachis hypogsea, Araucariaiinbri-
cata, Aristotelia Macqui, Arracacha xanthorriza, Bassovia solanacea, Ber-
beris buxifolia, B. Darwinii, Boussingaultia baselloides, Csesalpinia brevi-
f olia, C. tinctoria, Canna edulis, Cereus Quixo, Ceroxylon andicola, C. Aus-
trale, C. pithyrophyllum (under Wettinia), Cervantesia tomentosa, Cheno-
podium Quinoa, Chusquea Culcou, C. Doinbeyana, C. montana, C. Quila,
C. tenuiflora (under Schizostachyum), Cinchona Calisaya, C. cordifolia, C.
micrantha, C. nitida, C. officinalis, C. succirubra, Condalia microphylla,
Dactylis csespitosa, Datura arborea, Dioscorea piperifolia, Diplothemium
Porallys (under Wettinia), Diposis Bulbocastanum, Drimys Winteri,
Elyraus condensatus, Embothrium coccineum, E. emarginatum, E. lan-
ceolatum, Erythroxyloii Coca, Eucryphia cordifolia, Eugenia Hallii,
Euterpe andicola, E. Hsenkena, E. longivaginata (under Wettinia),
Fagus Dombeyi, F. obliqua, F. procera, Festuca Coiron, Fitzroya
Patagonica, Fragaria Chiloensis, Fuchsia racemosa, Geonoma densa
(under Wettinia), Gossypiumreligiosum, Guadua angustifolia, G. latifolia,
Guevina Avellana, Gunnera Chilensis, Helianthus annuus, H. tuberosus,
Heliotropium Peruvianum, Hibiscus esculentus, Hypochoeris apar-
gioides, H. Scorzonerse, Ipomoea Batatas, Jubsea spectabilis, Krameria
triandra, Lapageria rosea, Lardizabala biternata, Laurelia aromatica,
L. serrata, Libocedrus Chilensis, L. tetragona, Lippia citriodora, Manihot
Aipi, Maranta arundinacea, Mauritia flexuosa, Maytenus Boaria,
Melicocca bijuga, Morus celtidifolia, M. insignis, Myrtus Luraa, M.
Meli, M. nummularia, M. Ugni, Nageia andina, 1ST. Chilina, N. nubigena,
Opuntia vulgaris, Oreodoxa frigida (under Wettinia), Oryza latifolia,
Oxalis crassicaulis, O. crenata, O. enneaphylla, 0. succulenta, O. tuberosa,
Pacchyrrhizus angulatus, Panicum pilosum, Paspaluin ciliatum, P. dila-
tatum, Passiflora alata, P. ligularis, P. macrocarpa, Persea gratissima,
Peumus Boldus, Physalis Peruviana, Phytelephas sequatorialis (under
Wettinia), Piptadenia rigida, Prosopis horrida, P. juliflora, P. Siliquas-
trum, Priva Isevis, Quillaja saponaria, Rhus caustica, Rubus geoides. Salix
Humboldtiana, Saxono-Gothaea conspicua, Schkuhria abrotanoides,
Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Smilax officinalis, Solanum Gilo, S. Guinense,
S. Lycopersicum, S. muricatum, S. Quitoense, S. tuberosum, S. torvum,
Sophora tetraptera, Spilanthes oleracea, Tagetes glanduligera, Tetragonia
expansa, Tillandsia usneoides, Trithrinax campestris, Tropseolum majus,
T. minus, T. sessilifolium, T. tuberosum, Ullucus tuberosus, Vaccinium
alatum, Y. bicolor, V. grandiflorum, Y. mellinorum, Wettinia augusta,
W. Maynensis, Zea Mays, Zizyplms Joazeiro, Z. Mistal.

WESTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Acer circinnatum, A. macrophhyllum, Aesculus Californica, Arbutus
Menziesii, Baccharis consanguinea, B. pilularis, Baptisia tinctoria,
Barbaraea vulgaris, Bouteloua barbata, Carum Gairdneri, Castaneopsis
chrysophylla, Ceanothus prostratus, C. rigidus, C. thyrsiflorus, Cerco-
carpus ledifolius, C. parvifolius, Cereus Engelmanni, Chlorogalum pomeri-

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX 389

dianum, Cornus Nuttallii, Cupressus Lawsoniana, C. macrocarpa, C. Nut-
kaensis, Cymopterus glomeratus, Fraxinus Oregana, Gaultiera Myrsinites,
Geum urbanum, Juglans rupestris, Juniperus occidentalis, Libocedrus
decurrens, Lupimis Douglasii, Myrrhis occidentalis, Nicotiana multivalvis,
Nuphar multisepalum, Nyssa aquatica, Parkinsonia aculeata, P. micro-
phylla, Pinus amabilis, P. bracteata, P. concolor, P.contorta, P. Coulteri,
P. Douglasii, P. edulis, P. flexilis, P. grandis, P. Lambertiana, P. Men-
ziesii, P. Mertensiana, P. monophylla, P. monticola, P. muricata, P. nobilis,
P. Nuttallii, P. Pattoniana, P. poiiderosa, P. radiata, P. resinosa, P.
Sabiniana, P. Williamsonii, Platanus racemosa, Populus tremuloides,
P. trichocarpa, Pritchardia filamentosa, Prosopis pubescens, Prunus
ilicifolia, Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. densiflora, Q. Douglasii,
Q. Garryana, Q. lobata, Ribes aureum, R. divaricatum, R. niveum, R.
tenuiflorum, R. villosum, Rubus macropetalus, Scilla esculenta, Sequoia
sempervirens, S. Wellingtonia, Solanum Fendleri, S. tuberosum, Tet-
ranthera Californica, Torreya Californica, Umbellularia Californica,
Vaccinium humifusum, Y. ovalifolium, Y. ovatum, Yaleriana edulis,
Washingtonia filifera, Yucca brevifolia, Y. Treculiana, Y. Sitchensis.

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Acer dasycarpum, A. Negundo, A rubrum, A. saccharinum, Achillea
millefolium, Achras Sapota, Acorus Calamus, Acrocomia Mexicana,
Actsea alba, .^Esculus flava, Agave Americana, A. Mexicana, Agrostis
alba, A. rubra, A. scabra, A. vulgaris, Alchemilla alpina, A. vulgaris,
Aletris farinosa, Allium Canadense, A. Scho3noprasum, Amelanchier
Botryapium, Andropogon avenaceus, A. furcatus, A. nutans, A.
scoparius, Apios tuberosa, Apocynum cannabinum, Arctosta-
phylos uva-ursi, Aristolochia anguicida, A. ovalifolia, A. serpen-
taria, Amndinaria macrosperma, A. tecta, Astragalus hypoglottis,
Barbaraea vulgaris, Betula lenta, B. lutea, B. nigra, B. papyracea,
Bouteloua barbata, Branca dulcis, B. edulis, Bromus ciliatus, Buchloa
dactyloides, Bursera elemifera, Csesalpinia Bonduc, Cakile maritima,
Calamagrostis longifolia, Canna flaccida, Carya alba, C. amara, C. glabra,
C. microcarpa, C. oliviformis, C. sulcata, C. tomentosa, Carpinus
Americana, Cassia Marylandica, Catalpa bignonioides, C. speciosa,
Cedronella cordata, Celtis occidentalis, Chamaedora concolor, Ciniifuga
racemosa, Cinna arundinacea, Cladastris tinctoria, Cochlearia officinalis,
Comptonia asplenifolia, Cornus florida, Cratsegus sestivalis, C. apiifolia,
C. coccinea, C. cordata, C. Crus-Galli, C. parvifolia, C. tomento sa,
Cupressus Benthami, C. Lindleyi, C. thurif era, C. thuyoides, Desmodi um
acuminatum, Diospyros Yirginiana, Dirca palustris, Elymus mo His,

E. Yirginicus, Fagus ferruginea, Festuca flava, F. purpurea, Frag aria
Chiloensis, F. grandiflora, F. Illinoensis, F. vesca, F. Yirginiana,
Fraxinus Americana, F. platycarpa, F. pubescens, F. quadrangulata,

F. sambucifolia, F. viridis, Gaultieria Shallon, Gaylussacia frondosa, G.
resinosa, Gelsemium nitidum, Geum urbanum, Gleditschia monosperma,

390 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

G. triacanthos, Gordonia lasianthos, Gymnocladus Canadensis, Hedeoma
pulegioides, Hordeum nodosum, H. secalinum, Humulus Lupulus,
Hydrastis Canadensis, Ilex Cassine, Indigofera Anil, Ipomoea Mega-
potamica, I. platanifolia, I. purga, I sinmlans, Juglans cinerea, J. nigra,
Juniperus flaccida, J. Mexicana, J. Virginiana, Levisia rediviva, Liatris
odoratissima. Lindera Benzoin, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendroii
tulipifera, Lithospermum canescens, L. hirtum, L. longiflorurn, Lupinus
arboreus, L. perennis, Lycopodium dendroideum, L. lucidulum, Maclura
aurantiaca, Magnolia acuminata, M. cordata, M. Fraseri, M. grandiflora,
M. macrophylla, M. umbrella, Melica mutica, Menyanthes trifoliata,
Miliuni effusum, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, M. punctata, Morchella
esculenta, Morus rubra, Muehlenbergia diffusa, M. Mexicana, Myrica
cerifera, Nelumbo lutea, Nicotiana quadrivalvis, N". repanda, N. rustica,
N. Tabacum, Nyssa aquatica, N. multiflora, N. uniflora, Opuntia
coccinellifera, O. Ficus-Indica, O. Hernandezii, O. Missouriensis, O.
Rafmesquii, O. spinosissima, O. Tuna, O. vulgaris, Oryza latifolia, O.
perennis, Ostrya Virginica, Oxalis Deppei, O. esculenta, O. tetraphylla,
O. violacea, Pachyma Cocos, Panicum amarum, P. Myurus, P. obtusum,
P. striatum, P. virgatum, Parkinsonia aculeata, Parthenium integrifolium,
Passiflora incarnata, P. lutea, P. suberosa, Paspalura undulatum,
Peireskia aculeata, P. Bleo, P. portulacifolia, Phaseolus perennis,
Physalis angulata, Pinus alba, P. aristata, P. Australis, P. Ayacahuite,
P. balsamea, P. Balfouriana, P. Canadensis, P. cembroides, P. Elliotti,
P. Fraseri, P. glabra, P. Hartwegii, P. Hudsonica. P. inops, P. leiophylla,
P. mitis, P. Montezumse, P. nigra, P. patula, P. pendula, P. Pinceana,
P. pseudo-strobus, P. pungens, P. religiosa, P. rigida, P. rubra, P. serotina,
P. Strobus, P. Tseda, P. tenuifolia, P. Teocote, P. Torreyana, Pisonia
aculeata, Planera aquatica, Platanus occidentalis, Poa airoides, P. alpina,
P. angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. Canadensis, P. distans, P. fertilis, P.
fluitans,P. maritima, P. nemoralis, P. nervata,P.pectinacea,Podophyllum
peltatum, Polianthes tuberosa, Polygala Senega, Populus angustifolia,
P. balsamifera, P. Canadensis, P. grandidentata, P. heterophylla, P.
monilifera, P. tremuloides, Porphyra vulgaris, Prosopis dulcis, P.
glandulosa, P. juliflora, P. pubescens, Prunus Americana, P. Caroliniana,
P. Chisasa, P. maritima, P. Pennsylvanica, P. pumila, P. serotina, P.
Yirginiana, Psamma arenaria, Psoralea esculenta, Pycnanthemum in-
canum, P. montanum, Pyrularia edulis, Pyrus coronaria, Quercus acuti-
folia, Q. alba, Q. aquatica, Q. castanea, Q. chrysophylla, Q. coccinea, Q.
j^ouglasii, Q. falcata, Q. glaucescens, Q. lanceolata, Q. laurina, Q. lyrata,
Q. macrocarpa, Q. Muehlenbergii, Q. obtusata, Q. obtusiloba, Q.
palustris, Q. Phellos, Q. Prinus, Q. reticulata, Q. rubra, Q. sideroxylon,
Q. stellata, Q. virens, Q. Xalapensis, Rhaphidopnyllum Hystrix,
Rhododendron maximum, Rhus copallina, R. glabra, R. typhina, Ribes
aureum, R. cynosbati, R. floridum, R. hirtellum, R. Hudsonianum, R.
nigrum, R. rotundifolium, R. rubrum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Rosa
setigera, Rubus arcticus, R. Canadensis, R. Chamsemorus, R. cuneifolius,
II. deliciosus? R. occideiJt&lis, R, odoratus, R. strigosus, R. trivialis, R.

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 391

villosus, Runiex acetosa, Sabal Adansoni, S. Palmetto, S. serrulata,
Sabbatia angularis, Sagittaria lancifolia, S. obtusa, Salix cordata, S. longi-
folia, S. lucida, S. nigra, S. petiolaris, S. tristis, Sambucus Canadensis,
Sanguinaria Canadensis, Sassafras officinale, Schoenocaulon. officinale,
Scilla Fraseri, Shepherdia argentea, Smilax medica, S. rotundifolia,
Solaiium calycinum, S. Fendleri, S. tuberosum, Spartina cynosuroides, S.
juncea, S. polystachya, S. stricta, Spigelia Marylandica, Stenotaphrum
Americanum, Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Taxodium dis-
tichum, T. mucrortatum, Taxus brevifolia, Thuya gigantea, T. occi-
dentalis, Tilia Americana, T. heterophylla, Tillandsia usneoides, Torreya
taxifolia, Trifolium reflexum, T. repens, Tripsacum dactyloides, Ulmus
alata, U. Americana, U. crassifolia, U. f ulva, U. Mexicana, U. racemosa,
Uniola gracilis, U. latifolia, U. paniculata, Uvularia sessilifolia, Yac-
cinium Canadense, Y. caespitosum, V. corymbosum, V. erythrocarpum,
V. leucanthum, Y. macrocarpum, Y. myrtilloides, Y. Myrtillus, Y.
ovalifolium, Y. ovatum, Y. oxycoccus, Y. parvifolium, Y. Pennsyl-
vanicum, Y. uliginosum, Y. vacillans, Y. Yitis-Idsea, Yaleriana edulis,
Yeratrum viride, Yicia Cracca, Y. Sitchensis, Yitis sestivalis, Y. cordif olia,
Y. Labrusca, Y. vulpina, Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, Ximenia Americana,
Yucca aloifolia, Y. filamentosa, Y. gloriosa, Zizania aquatica, Z. fluitans,
Z. miliacea.

CENTRAL AMERICA.

Acacia macracantha, Achras Sapota, Acrocomia Mexicana, Agave
Americana, A. rigida, Albizzia dulcis, A. latisiliqua, A. Saman, Aleurites
triloba, Amarantus paniculatus, Andropogon avenaceus, Anona niuri-
cata, A. squamosa, Arracacha xanthorrhiza, Arthrostylidium excelsum,

A. longiflorum, A. racemiferum (under Schizostachyum), Arundinaria
acuminata, Aulonemia Quexo (under Schizostachyum), Bactris Gasipaes,
Batis maritima, Bouteloua barbata, Brahea dulcis, Bursera elemifera,
Buxus acuminata, B. citrifolia, B. Cubana, B. glomerata, B. gonoclada,

B. Ia3vigata, B. Purdieana, B. retusa, B. subcolumnaris, B. Yahlii, B.
Wrightii, Csesalpinia crista, C. vesicaria, Cakile maritima, Calyptronoma
Swartzii, Canavalia gladiata, Caiina coccinea, C. glauca, Carludovica
palmata (under Wettinia), Caesalpinia Bonduc, Casimiroa edulis, Celtis
Tala, Ceroxylon andicola, C. Klopstockia (under Wettinia), Cestrum
nocturnum, Chusquea abietifolia, C. Fendleri, C. Galeottiana, C. Muelleri,

C. scandens, C. simpliciflora, C. uniflora (under Schizostachyum),
Coccoloba uvifera, Cocos regia, Copernicia nana, C. Pumos, Cyperus
giganteus, Dioscorea Cajennensis, D. esurientum, D. trifida, Eriochloa
annulata, Euchlaena -luxurians, Eupatorium triplinerve, Fourcroya
Cubensis, F. gigantea, F. longseva, Geonoma vaga, Gossypium Bar-
badense, G. hirsutum, G. religiosum, Hibiscus esculentus, Hyospathe
pubigera, Indigofera Anil, Ipomcea Batatilla, Juniperus Bermudiana,
Kunthia montana, Malvastrum spicatum, Maranta arundinacea, Meli-
cocca bijuga, Morus celtidifolia, Nageia coriacea, N. Purdieana,

392 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

Opuntia coccinellifera, O. Dillenii, O. elatior, O. Hernandezii, O.
spinosissima, O. Tuna, Oreodoxa frigida, O. oleracea, O. regia, Pachyrr-
hizus angulatus, Panicum altissimum, P. divaricatuin, P. molle, P.
Myurus, P. obtusum, P. striatum, Paspalum stoloniferum, Passiflora
lauriflora, P. ligularis, P. maliformis, P. serrata, Peireskia aculeata,
Persea gratissima, Platenia Chiragua (under Wettinia), Podachsenium
alatum, Polianthes tuberosa, Psidium acidum, P. Araca, P. cordatum,
P. Guayava, P. polycarpum, Quercus agrifolia, Q. Castanea, Q. Skinneri,
Remirca maritima, Richardsonia scabra, Sabal umbraculifera, Sechium
edule, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Smilax officinalis, S. papyracea,
Solanum betaceum, S. Guineense, S. Plumieri, S. Topiro, . S. torvum,
Sporobolus Virginicus, Swietenia Mahagoni, Talinum patens, Thrinax
argentea, T. parviflora, Terminalia Buceras, Tillandsia usneoides, Trophis
Americana, Urena lobata, Yaccinium meridionale, V. Mortinia, Yucca

Yucatana, Zizania miliacea.

/

EASTERN SOUTH AMERICA.

Acacia Cebil, A. macracantha, A. moniliformis, Acrocomia Totai
(under Wettinia), Alibertia edulis, Amyris terebinthifolia, Apium pros-
tratum, Araucaria Brasiliensis, Arundinaria verticillata (under
Schizostachyum), Arundo saccharoides, A. Sellowiana, Aspidosperma
Quebracho, Bactris Gasipaes, Boussingaultia baselloides, Bromus
unioloides, Caesalpinia coriaria, C. echinata, C. Gilliesii, Calyptranthes
aromatica, Canna Achiras, Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C,
frutescens, C. longum, C. microcarpum, Cedrela Brasiliensis, C. Vello-
ziana, Celtis Tala, Cephselis Ipecacuanha, Ceroxylon Klopstockia,
Chenopodium ambrosioides, Chusquea capituliflora, C. Gaudichaudiana
(under Schizostachyum), C. Lorentziana, Cocos Australis, C. flexuosa,
C. Romanzoffiana, C. Yatay (under Wettinia), Copernicia cerifera,
Condalia microphylla, Cyperus giganteus, Dactylis csespitosa, Dalbergia
nigra, D. miscolobium, Desmodium triflorum, Dioscorea conferta, D.
tuberosa, Diplothemium littorale (under Wettinia), Duvana longifolia,
Eugenia Nhanica, E. pyriformis, E. supra-axillaris, E. uniflora, Geonoma
vaga, Gourliaea decorticans, Guadua angustifolia, G. capitata, G.
latifolia, G. macrostachya, G. paniculata, G. refracta, G. Tagoara, G,
virgata, Heterothalamus brunioides, Hymensea Courbaril, Ilex Para-
guensis, Indigof era Anil, Ipomcea Batatas, I. Batatilla, I. Megapotamica,
I. operculata, I. paniculata, Iriartea deltoidea, I. exorrhiza, I ventricosa
(under Wettinia), Jacaranda mimosifolia, Lippia citriodora, Loxoptery-
gium Lorentzii, Lupinus arboreus, Maclura Mora, Malvastrum spicatum,
Manihot Aipi, M. utilissima, Maliera glomerata, M. tomentosa, Meros-
tachys Claussenii, M. Kunthii, M. ternata (under Schizostachyum),
Myrtus edulis, Nageia Lamberti, Nicotiana rustica, N. glauca, N.
Tabacum, Ocimumgratissimum, (Enocarpus multicaulis (under Wettinia),
Opuntia vulgaris, Oryza latifolia, Oxalis carnosa, O. conorrhiza,
Pachyrrhizus angulatus, Panicum altissimum, P. barbinode, P. divari-

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 393

catum, P. ruolle, P. myurus, P. latissimum, P. pilosum, Parkinsonia
aculeata, Paspalum notatum, P. ciliatum, P. dilatatum, P. undulatum,
Passiflora alata, P. coccinea, P. coerulea, P. edulis, P. fllamentosa, P.
laurifolia, P. maliformis, P. quadrangularis, P. serrata, P. suberosa,
Paullinia sorbilis, Peireskia aculeata, P. Bleo, P. portulacifolia, Pelto-
phorum Linnei, Pennisetum latifolium, Periandra dulcis, Persea gratis-
sima, Phaseolus adenanthus, P. lunatus, Phytelephas macrocarpa, P.
macrocarpa (under Wettinia), Pilocarpus pinnatifolius, Piptadenia
rigida, Pircunia dioica, Prosopis dulcis, P. Siliquastrum, Psidium Araca,
P. arboreum, P. Cattleyanum, P. chrysophyllum, P. cinereum, P.
cuneatum, P. grandifolium, P. Guayava, P. incanescens, P. lineatifolium,
P. malifolium, P. polycarpon, P. rufum, Rubus imperialis, Salix Hum-
boldtiana, Salpichroma rhomboidea, Salvia Matico, Sambucus Australis,
Sesuvium portulacastrum, Smilax papyracea, Solanum Gilo, S.
Guineense, S. indigoferum, S. Lycopersicum, S. torvum, S. tuberosum,
Spilanthes oleracea, Sporobolus Indicus, Syagrus Sancona, Sterculia
Carthaginensis,Tagetes glanduligera, Talinum patens, Till andsia usneoides,
Terminalia Buceras, Trithrinax Acanthocoma, T. Brasiliensis (under
Wettinia), Trophis Americana, Ullucus tuberosus, Zea Mays, Zizania
microstachya, Zizyphus Mistal.

MIDDLE AFRICA (AND MADAGASCAR).

Acanthosicyos horrida, Acacia stenocarpa, Acanthophcenix rubra,
Andropogon annulatus, Aristida prodigiosa, Arundinella Nepalensis,
Asplenium Nidus, Astragalus venosus, Bacularia Arfakiana, Beesha
capitata, Buddleya Madagascariensis, Buxus Madagascarica, Canavalia
gladiata, Casuarina equisetif olia, Coffea Liberica, Corchorus acutangulus,
Corynosicyos edulis, Dypsis pinnatifrons, Eriochloa annulata, Hagenia
Abyssinica, Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Hyphaene Thebaica, Lepironia mucro-
nata, Maclura excelsa, Malvastrum spicatum, Monodora Angolensis, M
myristica, Panicum coloratum, P. compositum, P. fluitans, P. molle,
Pennisetum longistylum, Pharnaceum acidum, Phoenix spinosa, Ptero-
lobium lacerans, Remirea maritima, Rubus rosifolius, Solanum edule,
S. JEthiopicum, S. macrocarpum, S. Thonningi, Tamarix orientalis,
Telfairia occidentalis, T. pedata, Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Urena lobata,
Vahea florida, V. Owariensis, Yigna Sinensis, Vitis Schimperiana.

SOUTHERN AFRICA,

Aberia Caffra, A. tristis, A. Zeyheri, Acacia Giraffse, A. horrida,
Alchemilla Capensis, A. elongata, Aloe dichotoma, A. ferox, A. lingui-
formis, A. plicatilis, A. purpurascens, A. spicata, A. Zeyheri, Andro-
pogon Caffrorum, Anthistiria ciliata, Aponogetoii distachyos, Arun-
dinaria tesselata, Arundinella Nepalensis, Asparagus laricinus, Azima
tetracantha, Barosma serratifolia, Brabejum stellatifolium, Callitris
arborea, Cannamois cephalotes, Carissa Arduina, C. ferox, C. grandi-
flora, Carum Capense, Combretum butyraceum, Elegia nuda, Euleca

394 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

myrtina, E. undulata, E. Pseudebenus, Eugenia Zeyheri, Garuleum
bipinnatum, Gladiolus edulis, Gonioma Kamassia, Hemarthria com-
pressa, Hibiscus Ludwigii, Hyphsene ventricosa, Leucadendron argenteum,
Leyssera gnaplialioides, Lyperia crocea, Matricaria glabrata, Melianthus
major, Mesembrianthemum acinaciforme, M. capitatum, M. crystallinum,
M. edule, Myrica cordifolia, M. quercifolia, M. serrata, Nageia elongata,
N. Thunbergi, Nastus Borbonicus, Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Osyris
compressa, Panicum coloratum, P. ccmpositum, Pappea Capensis,
Parkinsonia Africana, Pentzia virgata, Phoenix reclinata, Plectronia
ciliata, P. spinosa, P. ventosa, Portulacaria Afra, Psychotria Eckloniana,
Rafnia amplexicaulis, R. perfoliata, Rims lucida, Royeiiia Pseudebenus,
R. pubescens, Rubus fruticosus, Salix Capensis, Selinum anesorrhizum,
S. montanum, Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Todea Africana, Tricholsena
rosea, Voandzeia subterranea, Vangueria infausta.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

Acacia acuminata, A. armata, A. microbotrya, A. saligna, Albizzia
lophantha, Boronia mesgastigma, Casuarina Decaisneana, C. distyla, C*
Eraseriana, C. Huegeliana, C. trichodon, Conospermum Stoechadis,
Dantlionia bipartita, Dioscorea hastifolia, Duboisia Hopwoodii, Ence-
phalartos Preissii, Erianthus fulvus, Eucalyptus calophylla, E. cornuta,
E. diversicolor, E. Doratoxylon, E. ficifolia, E. gomphocephala, E.
loxophleba, E. marginata, E. oleosa, E. redunca, E. rudis, E. salmono-
phloia, E. salubris, Grevillea annulifera, Helichrysum lucidum, H.
Manglesii, Jacksonia cupulif era, Kochia villosa, Lepidosperma gladiatum,
Oryza sativa, Livistona Marise, Panicum flavidum, P. semialatum,
Phaseolus vulgaris, Pimelea clavata, Santalum cygnorum, S. Preis-
sianum, Sesbania .JSgyptiaca, Spinifex hirsutus, S. longifolius, Strychnos
Nux-Vomica, Tamarindus Indica.

EASTERN AUSTRALIA (INCLUDING TASMANIA).

Acacia aneura, A. armata, A. binervata, A. decurrens, A. falcata, A.
Farnesiana, A. fasciculifera, A glaucescens, A. harpophylla, A. homa-
lophylla, A. implexa, A. longifolia, A. Melanoxylon, A. pendula, A.
penninervis, A. pycnantha, A. retinodes, A. salicina, A. stenophylla,
^Egiceras majus, Agrostis Solandri, Aira csespitosa, Albizzia basaltica,
Aleurites triloba, Alstonia constricta, Andropogon annulatus, A.
australis, A. erianthoides, A. falcatus, A. Gryllos, A. pertusus, A.
refractus, A. sericeus, Angophora intermedia, A. lanceolata, A. subvelu-
tina, Anthistiria avenacea, A. ciliata, A. membranacea, Apium pf ostra-
tum, Aponogeton crispus, Araucaria Bidwilli, A. Cunninghami, Aristo-
lochia Indica, Asplenium Nidus, Astrebla pectinata, A. triticoides,
Atalantia glauca, Atriplex halimoides, A. holocarpum, A. nummularium,
A. semibaccatum, A. spongiosum, A. vesicarium, Backhousia citriodora,
Bacularia monostachya, Bologhia lucida, Brachychiton acerifolium,
Cakile maritima, Callitris columellaris, C. Macleayana, C. Parlatorei, C.

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 395

verrucosa, Carissa Brownii, Casuarina distyla, C. equisetifolia, C. glauca,
C. quadrivalvis, C. suberosa, C. torulosa, Cedrela australis, Chenopodium
auricomum, Chionanclie cyatliopoda, Chloris scariosa, C. truncata, Citrus
Australasica, C. Planchoni, Colocasia Indica, Corchorus acutangulus,
C. Cunninghami, C. olitorius, Cor-dyline terminalis, Crotalaria juncea,
C. retusa, Cudrania Javanensis, Cycas angulata, C. Normanbyana,
Cynodon Dactylon, Cyperus textilis, Dacrydium Franklini, Dammara
robusta, Danthonia bipartita, D. nervosa, D. penicillata, D. robusta,
Dicksonia Billardieri, Dioscorea sativa, D. transversa, Distichlis maritima,
Duboisia Hopwoodii, D. myoporoides, Ehrharta stipoides, Embothrium
Wickhami, Encephalartus Denisonii, E. spiralis, Erianthus fulvus,
Eriochloa annulata, Eucalyptus alpina, E. amygdalina, E. Baileyana, E.
botryoides, E. capitellata, E. citriodora, E. coccifera, E. corymbosa, E.
corynocalyx, E. crebra, E. drepanophylla, E. eugenicides, E. Globulus,
E. goniocalyx, E. Gunnii, E. hsemastoma, E. hemiphloia, E. leptophleba,
E. Leucoxylon, E. longifolia, E. macrorrhyncha, E. maculata, E.
melanophloia, E. melliodora, E. microcorys, E. microtheca, E. miniata,
E. obliqua, E. oleosa, E. paniculata, E. pauciflora, E. phcenicea, E.
pilularis, E. Planchoniana, E. platyphylla, JE. polyanthema, E. populi-
folia, E. punctata, E. Raveretiana, E. resinifera, E. robusta, E. rostrata,
E. saligna, E. siderophloia, E. Sieberiana, E. Stuartiana, E. tereticornis,
E. terminalis, E. tesselaris, E. trachyphloia, E. triantha, E. urnigera. E.
vernicosa, E. viminalis, Eucryphia Billardieri, E. Moorei, Eugenia
myrtifolia, E. Smithii, Eustrephus Brownii, Fagus Cunninghami, F.
Hookeriana, F. litoralis, F. Moorei, Festuca dives, Ficus colossea, F.
columnaris, F. Cunninghami, F. eugenioides, F. macrophylla, F. rubi-
ginosa, Flindersia Australis, F. Bennettiana, F. Oxleyana, Geitonople-
sium cymosum, Geum urbanum, Gmelina Leichhardtii, Grevillea robusta,
Harpullia Hillii, Heleocharis sphacelata, Helichrysum lucidum, Hemar-
thria compressa, Hibiscus cannabinus, Hierochloa redolens, Hymenan-
thera Banksii, Imperata arundinacea, Ipomcea Calobra, I. paniculata,
Jasminum calcareum, J. didymum, J. lineare, J. racemosum, J. simplici-
folium, J. suavissimum, Kentia Belmoreana, K. Canterburyana, K.
Mooreana, Kochia villosa, Lagerstroemia Indica, Leersia hexandra,
Lepidosperma gladiatum, Lepironia mucronata, Leptospermum Iseviga-
tum, L. lanigerum, Livistona Australis, Lycopodium clavatum, L.
densum, L. laterale, L. varium, Maba fasciculosa, M. geminata, Maca-
damia ternifolia, Mallotus Philippinensis, Malvastrum spicatum, Marlea
Vitiensis, Melaleuca ericifolia, M. Leucadendron, M. parviflora, M.
styphelioides, M. trichostachya, Melia Azedarach, Mentha Australis, M.
gracilis, M. laxiflora, M. saturejoides, Mesembrianthemum eequilaterale,
Microseris Forsteri, Murraya exotica, Mylitta Australis, Myoporum
insulare, Myrtus acmenoides, Nageia elata, Neurachne Mitchelliana,
Niemeyera prunifera, Ocimum sanctum, Oryza sativa, Pandanus Fors-
teri, P. pedunculatus, Panicum atro-virens, P. bicolor, P. coenicolum,
P. coloratum, P. compositum, P. decompositum, P. divaricatissimum,
P. flavidum, P. foliosurn, P. marginatum, P. Myurus, P. parvifolium,

396 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

P. prolutum, P. Italicum, P. miliaceum, P. prostratum, P. pygmseum,
P. repens, P. sanguinale, P. semialatum, P. tenuiflorum, P. virgatum,
Pappophorum commune, Parinaria Nonda, Paspalum clistichum, P.
scrobiculatum, Phaseolus adenanthus, P. Max, Phyllocladus rhomboi-
dalis, Pimelea stricta, Pipturus propinquus, Pisonia aculeata, Pittospo-
rum undulatum, Poa Australis, P. Billardieri, P. Brownii, P. Chinensis,
P. digitata, Ptychosperma Alexandra, P. Cunninghami, P. elegans,
Rhagodia Billardieri, Rottbcellia ophiuroides, Rubus Gunnianus, R.
parvifolius, R. rosifolius, Santalum Preissianum, Sclerachne cyathopoda,
Sebaea albidiflora, S. ovata, Selaginella uliginosa, Sesbania aculeata, S.
^Egyptiaca, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Smilax Australis, S. glycyphylla,
Solanum vescum, Spinifex hirsutus, Spondias pleiogyna, Stenocarpus
sinuosus, Sterculia quadrifida, Stipa artistiglumis, Syncarpia laurifolia,
Synoon glandulosum, Tacca pinnatifida, Tetragonia expansa, T. implexi-
coma, Tetranthera laurifolia, Todea Africana, Trichodesma Zeylanicum,
Trigonella suavissima, Tristania conferta, Ulmus parvifolia, Yigna
lanceolata, Vitis acetosa, V. Baudiniana, V. hypoglauca, Ximenia Ame-
ricana, Zizyplius Jujuba, Zoysia pungens.

NEW ZEALAND.

Agrostis Solandri, Apium prostratum, Arundo conspicua, Cordyline
Banksii, C. superbiens, C. indivisa, Corynocarpus Isevigata, Dacrydium
Colens"oi, D. cupressinum, D. Kirkii, Dammara Australis, Danthonia
Cunninghami, Dicksonia Billardieri, Ehrharta Diplax, E. stipoides,
Fagus fusca, F. Menziesii, F. Solandri, Festuca litoralis, Fuchsia excor-
ticata, Hierochloa redolens, Hymenanthera Banksii, Kentia sapida,
Knightia excelsa, Libocedrus Doniana, Metrosideros florida, M. lucida,
M. robusta, M. tomentosa, Myoporum leetum, Nageia dacrydioides, N.
ferruginea, N. spicata, N. Totara, Panicum atro-virens, Phormium tenax,
Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Pittosporum eugenioides, P. tenuifolium,
Ripogonum scandens, Sebsea ovata, Tetragonia expansa, T. implexicoma.

POLYNESIA.

-^Egiceras majus, Andropogon refractus, Araucaria Cookii, A. excelsa,
A. Rulei, Aristolochia Indica, Artocarpus incisa, Asplenium Nidus,
Bacularia Arf akiana, Batis maritima, Broussonetia papyrifera, Casuarina
equisetifolia, Colocasia antiquorum, C. Indica, Cordyline Baueri, C.
terminalis, Cyrtosperma edule, Darnmara macrophylla, D. Moorei, D.
obtusa, D. ovata, D. Yitiensis, Dioscorea aculeata, D. alata, D. nummu-
laria, D. pentaphylla, D. sativa, Gossypium Taitense, G. tomentosum,
Ipomcea paniculata, Kentia Baueri, K. Beccarii, Lagerstroemia Indica,
Musa TVoglodytarum, Ocimum gratissimum, Pipturus propinquus,
Pringlea antiscorbutica, Ptychosperma Arfakiana, Rubus Hawaiensis,
Saccharum officinarum, Santalum Freycinetianum, S. Yasi, Solanum
Uporo, Spondias dulcis, Stilbocarpa polaris, Tacca pinnatifida, Tetra-
gonia expansa, Touchardia latifolia, Yaccinium penduliflorum.

397

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES.

Page

Abele 263

Acacia, Locust ... 290

Acajou wood ... 71

Adam's Needle ... 359

Adeira 60

Agallochum ... 30

Agath Dammar ... 102

Aggur 30

Akamatsou 243

Akeki 333

Alder 21

Alerce 142

Alexandra Palm ... 273

Alfalfa 188

Algaroba 266

Algaroba-tree . . . ib.

Algoborillo ... ... 55

Alisander 312

Alkanna 180

Alkannet ... ... ib.

Almond-tree ... 267

Aloe, gigantic ... 15

,, yellow-flowered 22

Aloe-wood 30

Aloja 266

Alsike Clover ... 337

Alvarillo 358

Angico-gum . . . 256

Anise 238

Apple, common ... 274

„ Crab ... ib.

Haw ... 91

Apple-Gum-tree ... 130

Apricot 268

Aracacha 219

Aracua ... ... 13

Arbor vitee 333

Argan-tree ... ... 32

Arhar 56

Aroche ... ... 40

Arrowroot ... ... 187

Artichoke 98

Aru-root 187

Ash 144

Asparagus ... ... 37

Aspen, European ... 264
„ N. American 265

„ soft 263

Atocha 325

Avens 148

Avocado Pear

Page

Page

Ayapana 133

Bog Bean 193
Boldo 231

BabootBark ... 1

Box Elder 9

Bad- jong 7

Box Trees 55, 121, 123

Bajree 229

Bramble 295

Balm Herb 192

Brasiletto- wood . . . 229

Bamboo Reed ... 36

Brazil-wood ... 56

Bamboos 43, 104, 148, 154

Brea turpentine . . . 256

307-312

Bread Fruit Tree ... 34

Bamia Cotton ... 151

Bringal 320

Bananas ... ... 199

Brocoli ... ... 53

Bandakai 158

Broom Bush ... 100

Baneberry ... ... 13

Broom Corn ... 27

Banyan-tree 139, 141

BroussaTea ... 346

Barley 159

Brussels Sprouts ... 53

Barnyard Grass ... 220

Bucco ... .., 45

Bartram'sOak ... 277

Buckthorn 284

Basil 209

Buck Wheat, or

Basswood-tree ... 334

Beach Wheat ... 134

Bastard-Mahogany 116

Buffalo Berry ... 317

Bay- tree 331

„ Grass 54, 317, 324,

Beach Plum ... 268

340

Bean, Straight or

Bullace 269

Horse 351

Bull Pine 236

Bean, French,

Bunch Grass ... 113

Haricot, Kidney 233

Bunya Bunya ... 31

BeebalmTea ... 195

Butter-tree ... 86

Beeches 135

Butternut-tree ... 168

Beet 47

Buttonwood ... 258

Begoon 320

Bembil 126

Cabbage 53

Bent Grass ... 270, 16

,, Kerguelen 265

Berbery ... 46, 47

Cabul Clover ... 192

Bermuda Grass ... 98

Cactus ... 73, 215

Bilberry 348

CaffirCorn 27

British Bog 349

Cainito 209

Birch ... 48, 49

Cajaput-tree ... 190

Bird's-foot Trefoil... 182

Calambac 30

Black Butt Tree ... 125

Calool 324

„ Gum-tree ... 209

Camata 275

Blackberry 295

Camatena ib.

Sand ... 294

Cambuca ... .., 187

Blackthorn ... 269

Camelthorn... ... 5

Blackwood 6

Camphor- tree ... 81

Bloodwood-tree 117, 130

Canada Rice ... 361

Blue Grass 16

Canaigre 296

„ Gum-tree ... 119

Canary Grass ... 232

Blueberry, early ... 348

Candlenut-tree ... 20

„ Swamp... 346

Canelo 110

Bluets 347

Cape Gooseberry ... 238

Bokhara Clover ... 192

Caper-plant 62

398

INDEX TO VEIINACTJLAB NAMES.

Page Page Page

Caraway

64

Cinnamon ... ... 81

Cypress, Bald ... 329

Cardoon

98

Ciruelillo 113

,, Montezuma ib.

Carob-tree ...

73

Citron 83

„ Swamp ... ib.

Carrot

104

Cloudberry 294

Yellow ... 332

„ Tree

332

Clover, Alsike ... 337

Cypresses 95,96

Cartagena Bark

78

Bersin ... ib.

Danchi 316

Cashaw-tree

266

Bird's-foot.. 217

Date Palm 238

Cassava

186

Brown ... 339

,, Plum 108

Cassia Bark...

81

Buffalo ... 338

Deadly Nightshade 40

Castor Oil Plant ...

289

Carnation . . . 337

Deccan Grass ... 221

Cat

70

Hop ... 336

Dewberry ... ... 294

Catechu

2

Hungarian. . 338

Dhak 54

Catjang

56

Mayad ... 339

Dill 231

Cat's-tail Grass

234

Ordinary red 338

DitaBark 23

Cauliflower...

53

,, white ib.

Divi Divi 56

Cavan

2

Pale-yellow, ib.

Dog's-tail Grass ... 98

Caviuna-wood

102

Pennsylvan-

Dogwood 90

Cedar, Bastard

315

ian ib.

Doornboom ... ... 5

Bermuda . . .

170

Red Zigzag. 337

Doorva Grass ... 98

Deodar

242

Strawberry.

DoumPalm ... 163

of Lebanon...

ib.

337, 339

Dragon Blood-tree.. 110

Northern

Yellow ... 336

Drooping Gum-tree 125

White

333

Coapim 224

Durra 27

Redwood ...

315

Coapinole 162

Dwarf Fan Palm ... 75

Singapore ...
, Red Oregon

71
332

Coca 114
Cock's-foot Grass ... 101

Dyer's Woad ... 166

Cedars

71

Cock's-head Plant... 214

Earth Chestnut ... 87

Celandine

75

Cockshin Grass . . . 220

„ Nut 30

Celery

30

Cockspur Thorn ... 91

„ Pea 356

,, Pines

237

Coffee Plant ... 85

Ebony- wood ... 108

Chamomile ...

28

Coigue 135

,, Tree 184

,, annual...

187

Coihue ib.

Egg Plant 320

Chanar

153

Colic Root 19

Elder 305

Chayota

314

Columbia Bark ... 77

Elecampane ... 165

Chelem

16

Comfrey 326

Elemi 54

Cherimoyer...

28

,, Prickly ... ib.

Elms ... -159,343

Cherry

268

Copal, Mexican ... 54

Esparsette 214

,, -Capsicum ...

62

Copigu<§ 173

Esparto 325

„ Choke

270

Coquito Palm ... 168

Espino ... ... 2

,, -Laurel

269

Cord Grass 322

Estragon 34

,, -Plum

268

Cotton 150

Chervil ... 29,74,

202

„ Bush ... • 172

Fan Palm ... 74,88,181

Chestnut-trees ...67, 68

„ Wood Tree... 264

Fenkelwortel ... 64

Chick Pea

77

Coyam 135

Fennel 143

Chicory
Chicot

ft.

155

Cranberry, British ... 348
,, large ... 347

Fern Palm 97
Fenambucwood ... 56

Chillies

62

Cress 176

Fescue, Meadow ... 137

Chinese Cinnamon...

81

„ Para 323

Fichte 251

Chiretta

326

Cuba Grass 26

Fig-tree 139

Chives

20

Cucumber ... ... 94

Fiorin Grass ... 16

Chocho

314

Cuji-pods ... ... 6

Fir, Balm of Gilead 241

Christ Thorn

219

Cumin ... ... 95

Balsam . . . ib.

Christmas Rose ...

157

Curly Palm 172

Double Balsam 245

Chufa

99

Currant, Black ... 289

Great Silver ... ib.

Chusan Palm

74

Red ... ib.

Noble White ... 250

Chusqueas

154

Custard Apple ... 28

Oyamel ... 253

Cicely

202

Cutch 2

Red 250

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES.

399

Page.

Page

Page

Fir, Sapindus ... 250

Guarana ... ... 228

Jaborandi 238

„ Scotch 254

Guavas ..; 203, 270

Jacaranda Wood ... 101

,, Siberian Pitch ib.

Guinea-Corn ...25,27

Jack-tree ... ... 35

„ Spanish ... 252

„ Grass ... 222

Jalap 166

„ Umbrella ... 312

Gunyang ... ... 321

Janatsi-itsigo . . . 104

,, Yellow ... 345

Gutta-percha Tree... 166

Japan Clover ... 177

Firethorn 92

GuttaTabam ... ib.

„ Privet ... 178

Flame- tree 51

Jarilla 13

Flax 179

Habhel 170

Jarosse ... ... 174

,, Lily 236

Hack-me-tack ... 243

Jarrah 122

Flowering Rush ... 55

Hair-Grass 17

Jasmine ... ... 167

Fluted Gum-tree ... 129

Hamat Kochata ... 39

Jerusalem Artichoke 156

Foehre 254

Haricot 233

Jujub 363

Foxglove 106

Hawthorn 91

Jute Plants 88, 89

Foxtail Grass ... 23

Hazel 90

Fuji 358

Hazel-tree 154

Kaawi Yam ... 106

Fuller's herb ... 306

Heliotrope ... ... 157

Kafta 70

Teazel ... 109

Hemlock 87

Kahikatea 204

Furze 343

,, Spruce ... 241

Kai Apple ... ... 1

„ Cali-

Kale or Kail ...53,91

Galingale Rush ... 99

fornian ... ... 248

Kamala ... ... 186

Gama Grass (Buf-

Hemp 61

Kamassi-wood ... 150

falo Grass) ... 340

Henbane 162

Kangaroo Grass ... 29

Gamboge 146

Henequen ... ... 16

Thorn ... 2

Garlic 20

Henna Bush ... 175

Karaka 90

,, North American 20

Herd Grass 16

Karamatsou ... 248

Genipi ... ... 11

Hickory-trees ... 65, 66

Karra Doom ... 5

Giant Gum-tree ... 114

Hickory-Eucalypt . . 1 26

Karri 118

Gimletwood ... 129

Hinoki 72

Kashi 278

Ginger 361

Hognut-tree ... 65

Kauri 103

Ginger-grass ... 25

Holly Oak 278

„ Pine ... ... 102

Gingerbread Palm ... 163

Honey Locust ... 149

Kau-sun 361

Gingili 316

Hoop Koop 177

Kaya 335

Ginkgo-tree ... 149

Hop 161

Keaki 361

Gobbo 158

,, Hornbean ... 218

Kentucky Blue Grass 261

Gooseberry, Barbadoes 229

Horse-chestnut ... 13

Kidney Vetch ... 29

„ Cape ... 238

„ Gram ... 110

Koho Khur 161

Gooseberries J ... 288

„ Radish ... 84

Kolkas 86

Gorse 343

Ker-

Kooya-maki ... 312

Gourds 94

guelen ... ... 265

Kumquat ... ... 82

Gram 77

Horse-shoe Vetch ... 159

„ Green 233

Hottentot Fig ... 194

Lahual 203

Grape Pear 24

Huahuoa 174

Lalong Grass ... 164

Fox 355

Huanuco Bark ... 78

Lamb's Lettuce ... 350

Frost 353

Huckberry-tree ... 72

Larch, American ... 251

Isabella ... ib.

Huckleberry 346, 348

Black ib.

Muscadine ... 355

HuonPine 100

Chinese ... 246

Summer ... 352

Common . . . 247

Vine 354

Indian Corn ... 360

Himalayan . . . 245

Winter ... 353

„ Fig 215

Japan ... 248

Grey Gum-tree ... 127

Indigo ... 45, 164

Laurel, Mountain ... 331

Ground- Almond ... 99

Inoumaki 204

Spice ... 179

Ground-Nut ... 30

Ipecacuanha ... 72

Warriors' ... 174

„ Ivy ... 206

Iron-bark-tree 118,121,123

Lavender ib.

Guabiroba Do Mato 271

Iron Gum-tree ... 127

Leather- jacket ... 126

Guango ... ... 19

Iron- wood ... ... 63

Leek 20

Guaparanga 187

Iva 11

Lemon 83

400

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES.

Page

Page Pasre

Lemon Grass

25

Meadow Grass,

Olive 210

Leng...

336

English

261

Ombu 257

Lentil

114

„ Pea ...

174

Onion, Himalayan... 20

Lettuce

173

Meadow Saffron

86

,, ordinary ... ib.

Lever Wood

218

Medick

188

„ Welsh ... ib.

Light Wood

6

Medlar

91

Ooyala Yam ... 108

Lime

83

Melon

94

Orange 81

,, Tree, common

334

Mesquite

266

Orchard Grass ... 16

„ „ Silver...

ib.

,, Grass

223

Orchil 291

Linden-tree

ib.

Mesmate-tree

124

Oregon Red Cedar ... 332

Ling...

336

Metak<§

35

„ Larch ... 250

Lingo

272

Mignonette

284

Orris Root 166

Links

336

Millet Grass

195

Orseille 291

Liquorice ...

149

Millets

222

Osage Orange ... 185

Litchi

206

Millfoil

11

Osiers ... 299-304

Litmus

291

Mint, Mountain ...

274

OsnegoTea 195

Litre

286

,, Plants

193

Oyster Mushroom ... 15

Lleuque

203

Miro...

204

Loblolly Bay

150

Mitchell Grass

39

Locust-tree

149

Molle

111

Pa-Koo 149

Longan

206

Monk's Hood

12

Palisander Wood ... 102

Loongmur ...

63

Moram

270

Palixander „ ... 167

Loquat

237

Moreton Bay Fig . . .

141

Palmetto, Blue ... 284

Lotus-tree

73

Morel

195

,, dwarf ... 297

LoxaBark

78

Morrell

125

Palm Lilies 89

Lucerne

188

Mortina

347

Palms 66, 84, 162, 172,

Lupines

182

Mosquito Grass

223

356, 360

Mossy-cupped Oak. . .

276

Palmyra 50

Mountain Ash 114,

129

Pampas Grass ... 37

Madder

294

Muermo

132

Paper Mulberry ... 54

Magnolia ...

185

Mulberries ...

196

Papyrus ... ... 99

Mahin

307

Mulga Grass

207

Para Grass 222

Mahogany-tree

326

Mullein

165

Parsimon ... ... 109

Mahwa

46

Mustard

52

Parsley 64

Maize

360

My all- trees 1,

5,7

Parsnip 231

Malle

125

Myrobalams

331

„ Chervil ... 74

Mammoth-tree

315

Myrtle-wood

135

Passion Flowers ... 227

Mango-tree...

186

Myrtles

202

Pea, common ... 257

Mangold Root

47

Pea-nut 30

Mangrove-tree
Manna Grass

331
260

Nasturtium...
Ngaio

341

201

Pea-tree 62
Peach Palm ... 43

„ Gum-tree ...

131

Nika Palm

172

Peach 268

Manniu
Manoao

203
101

Ningala Bamboo . . .
Nonda-tree

35
226

Pearl Grass 191
Pear, Snow 275

Maples
Marjoram ...

9
217

Norfolk Island Palm
Notra

172
113

Pear 274
Pecan-Nut Tree ... 65

Marmalade-tree

12

Nuble

1Q

Pelu 322

Marmeladinha
Marrem
Marsh Mallow

20
270
23

Nut Pine, Nepal .'..'
Nut-trees 65, 90, 168,

J.O

245
185

Pencil Cedar ... 170
Penny-royal 155, 193
Pennsylvania Green

Mastic-tree

257

Grass 261

Matai ... 155

, 205

Oak-Chestnut

68

Pepino 320

Mat<§

163

Oaks 275-283

Peppermint ... ... 1 93

Matz

248

Oat-Grass

41

Persimmon ... ... 109

Meadow Fescue ...

137

Oats

ib.

Peru Bark trees ... 77

„ Foxtail-

Ochro

158

Petsi 155

Grass...

23

Ohelo

348

Pine, Aleppo ... 246

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES.

401

Page

Page

Page

Pine American

Pinkroot

322

Reule"

136

Pitch ... 254

Pino Nut

244

Rewa Rewa

173

„ American

Piquillin Bush

87

Rheea

49

White ... 255

Pisang

200

Rhubarb

285

Bishop's ... 249

Pita-fibre

15

Rice ...

217

Black... 204, 205

PitayaBark

78

,, Canada

361

Bootan ... 244

Pitury

111

„ Paper Plant ...

136

Brazilian ... 31
Broom ... 240

Plane, spurious
„ Trees

10

258

Rimu
Ringal

100
35

Canary ... 242

Plantain

200

Roble

135

Cheer 248

Plum Juniper

170

Romerillo dye

157

Cluster ... 251

Plums

268

Rose Apple...

132

Corsican ... 247

Pocoon, Yellow .!.

162

Roses

291

Dye 256

Pomegranate

274

Rosemary ...

293

Emodi ... 248

Pompelmos...

82

Rosewood

87

Frankincense 255

Poplars

263

Rue

297

Georgia .. 240

Poppy

224

Rye

313

Giant 247

Potato

321

Rye-Grass ...

181

Golden ... 246

Prairie Turnip

272

Grey... ... ib.

„ Grass 322, 53

Sabadilla

312

Hudson's ... ib.

Praong

35

Sacci

16

Huon 100

Pride of India

191

Safflower ...

63

Kauri ... 102

Puchero

327

Saffron

92

King 256

Pulas

54

Sage, Garden

304

Loblolly ... 255

Pulque

15

Saintf oin

214

Lofty ... 244

Pumpkin ... •

95

Sakura

269

Long-leaved

Putchuck ...

33

Salad, Burnet

305

Yellow ... 240

Pyengadu ...

358

Sallow, British ...

300

Mahogany ... 205

Pythagorean Bean...

206

Salmon-barked Gum-

Mexican
Swamp ... 242
Moreton Bay 31
Norfolk Island ib.

Quamash
Quandong ...
Quebracho ...

/-v 1

312
306
182

1 O

tree
Salsify
Saltbush
Sal-tree

128
336
39,40
317

Nut 254, 249, 245
Okote ... 256
Oregon ... 243
Pitch 252

Queule
Quick
Quince
Quirinca

ID

91
274

2

Samphire ...
Sandal- tree
Sandstay
Sapodilla Plum ...

92
305
176
12

Pond 254

Radish

283

Sarsaparilla...

318

Red ... 100, 253

Rain-tree ...

19

Sassafras-tree

306

Screw ... 220

Rambutan ...

206

Satin- Wood

76

Shake ... 247

Ramee

49

Savory, Summer ...

307

Southern ... 240

Rampostan ...

206

Winter ...

ib.

Stone 249", 252

Ramtil Oil

154

Scarlet Runner

232

Sugar 247

Raspberry ...

295

Scorzonera, Native

194

Swamp ... 240

Black ...

296

Scotino

286

Torch 256

Rata

177

Screw-bean...

267

Trucker . . . 252

Ratanhia Root

173

Scutch-Grass

98

Weymouth ... 255

Rattlesnake Grass...

260

Sea-Kail

91

White 245, 254, 255

Rauli

136

Sea Lyme-Grass . . .

113

,, of New

Red BrazilWood ...

56

Senna

67

Zealand... 204

Cedar

71

Seratella

217

,, Yellow of

Gum-tree 116, 127

,130

Serradella ...

ib.

North j 248

Mahogany

126

Shaddock

82

America ... ( 252

Pine

100

Shake Pine

247

„ Yellow, of

Sandal Wood...

272

Shallot

20

Puget Sound 243

Red-top Grass 16,

137

Shamalo

221

„ Yellow Pitch 240 Red- wood Cedar ...

315

Sheoaks

68

402

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

Page

Page Tjon,»

Silt Grass

227

Sunflower Artichoke

156

Tulip- tree 180

Silver Fir

239

Sunn hemp ...

92

,, Wood ... 155

,, ,, Calif ornian

240

Sunt

2

Tupelos 209

„ „ Great

245

Swamp Gum-tree 114,

125

Turkey Oak ... 276

,, ,, Cilician ...

243

,, Mahogany...

127

Turnips 53

„ Tree

177

Sweet Calamus

25

Turnsole 93

Silvery-Tree-Fern...

105

,, Fernbush ...

87

Turpentine-tree ... 327

Singhara Nut

336

,, Flag

12

Tusca 7

Siris Acacia

18

,, Gum-tree ...

180

Tussock Grass ... 101

Sisal hemp...

16

„ Potato

165

Sissoo-tree

102

Sweetsop

133

TTlmn i on

Sloe
Snake-Root ...
Soapwort
Soffar

269
33

306

3

Sword Sedge
Sycamore Fig-tree...
,, Maple

176
142
10

••• ... LOw

Umbrella Palm ... 172
Umbrella Fir ... 312
Uvalho do campo ... 132

Soft-grass ...

159

Tagasaste ...

99

Uvi Yam 106

Soja

149

Tallow-tree

134

Solah

13

Tallow- wood

124

Valonia 275

Soola Clover

155

Tamarack

251

Varnish- tree ... 191

Sorrel, French

297

Tamarak

243

Vegetable Marrow ... 95

,, Kitchen
„ Wood

296
218

Tamarind ...
Tanekaha ...

328
237

Velvet-grass . . . 159
Vernal Grass ... 29

Soulkir

16

Tangleberry

147

Vetch 351

Sour Gum-tree

209

Tanne

239

„ Wood ... ib.

Soursop

133

Tansy

329

Vine- Maple ... 9

Spadic

114

Tapioca

186

Violet 352

Spear- Wood

118

Tare

351

Vouvan ... ... 174

Speckboom ...

265

,, Lentil

ib.

Spikenard ...

205

Taro

86

Walnut-tree 113, 169

Spinach

323

Tarragon ...

34

Wandoo 127

,, New Zealand

331

Tata

133

Wapatoo 299

Spotted Gum-tree . . .

122

Tea of Heaven

162

Water-Beach ... 63

Spruce, Black

250

Tea-shrub

59

,, Lemon ... 228

„ Blue

255

Teak ,.. ...

330

„ Melon ... 93

,, Hemlock ...

241

Teff ... ... ' .":^

259

Waternut 336

,, Norway ...

251

Teon-itsigo ... ...

104

Water-whorl Grass 259

„ Red

244

Teosinte

131

'Wattle, black ... 3

„ Tideland ...

255

Terra Japonica

2

,, golden ... 7

„ White

239

Thimbleberry

296

„ green ... ib.

Sq uash

94

Thyme, Garden : iV-

334

,, silver ... 4

Squill

345

Tideland Spruce ...

255

Wax-Myrtle ... 201

Squirting Cucumber

111

Timothy Grass

234

„ Palm... 73,74

Star Anis ...

164

Tivoli Yam

106

„ Tree 287

,, Apple

12

Tobacco

207

Weld 283

Strawberries

144

Tomato

319

Wheat 340

Strawberry Tomato

238

Tooart

120

Whin 343

Stringy-bark-trees. . .

117,

Tornillo

267

White Cedars 96, 97, 178

119,

122

Tree Mallow

175

„ Fir, noble ... 250

Styrax-tree

326

Trucker Pine

252

„ Gum-tree ... 121

Sugar-cane ...

298

Truffle ... 330,

342

„ Thorn ... 91

,, Gum-tree ...

117

„ Black

342

Whorl Grass, water 259

Sugi

93

„ Grey

343

Whortle berry, Brit. 348

Sulphur Root

231

„ Red

ib.

Wild Oat 41

Sumach

286

Tuberose

262

Willow Oak ... 280

,, Staghorn ...

287

Tuckahoe Truffle ...

219

Willows ... 299-304

Sumbul

134

Tugsrur

30

Windmill-Grass ... 76

Sunflower

156

Tule ..

299

Winter-Cherry ... 238

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES.

403

Page

Page

Page

Woad

... 166

Yams

... 106

Yew

72, 329

Wood Sorrel

... 218

Yarrow

... 11

,, Western

... 330

Woodruff ...

... 37

Yate-tree ...

... 117

York Gum-tree

... 122

Woolly-butt

... 122

Yellow Cedar

... 96

Yoksun

... 35

Wormwood...

... 34

,, Pocoon

... 162

Wungee

... 93

„ -Wood

... 143

Zeloak

... 166

Sydney : Thomas Richards, Government Printer.— 1881.

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