“IN No, N-!560! UNCLASSIFIED Defense Documentation Center Defense Logistics Agency Cameron Station e Alexandria, Virginia no. NID i ie 7 " 3 io f af 4 on 1 J = - ‘“ , " . ‘ie 4 AY ik. 7 : tea fi fe . ‘ : ye f ay 4 4 a j ; be af j . i ie te i ies Ss if om \ it - ‘ n> Py - “ r 1 a Ae ! A ae 7 ; : . P 3 ai : 7 ' f j ’ ‘ f ‘ a i ( AL id , im . , { oe. | A \ie a "a i ing Pasig ae wt ‘ye va . i ay (re a : sede a ign ey oat ting a 4 & “eA ir ; : ah Oe re ieee yang ete as n 7 - “< a a ae 4 ; = y ~ anna rere r cre zs Il SOLUTION TEST CHART thor craeinanne 1967 A = rary 7 e : EE E: ia = Seb LE cet cs ye iy i iM a ‘one A wore — “> program mos: 43-015 Yo) (op) op) t~ = S — a << . | oi QQ. S Lo fi «1 — fF (=) Ee = — 3 <= Gao TN no. N-1501 title: a SELF-CONTAINED EXPERIMENTAL DIVER HEATER author: S. A. Black and S. S. Sergev Og ON KS ¢ date: September 1977 OQ - & Ce aS RY Sponsor: NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALION CENTER Port Hueneme, California 93043 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited RELEASE CREA AE EI tas tal eds RTT ES SU TSE re ea Benukon Wadi teach DIT lm 6S To (Torna r >) a1, . o as) LPP ERR eee ee sa z \ 1 x ‘ (if Ly r q 2 J i oa ary i 7 q d a Fi a 3 . 4 -_ : b ss Law oi Same ae o i a YAOTAROGAL OVIATAMIOMT LIVI 5 ~Ne7 ASTHSD MOIFATTAS HONTURTRMOD JAVAN ER EMER sinvotited Aiireroun Tied " Res basiotiny wohmudirseld yoeeolee eiiduq sol bevasgaé | Fy & IETS = a SEY ape PRS REE BY oa eS 2g YTS RENEE FE EMS A A A A nn AY TESTE FEE Unclassified ee ee SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Date Entered) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE (NG) wernt COMPLETING FORM ——— — 5 WOMEER FP GOVT ACCESSION NOt a RRSraoOnORTR EOS DN244151 A SELF-CONTAINED EXPERIMENTAL DIVER HEATER , " 5. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADORESS SIEROGR) boa: oy HEC ape aren CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 63713N S46)19 eer Heel faehcnces / : Naval Construction Battalion Center Gy, ears ae a Port Hueneme, California 93043 ~ CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS Naval Sea Systems Command Washington, D.C. 20362 7 MONITORING AGENCY N @ ADORESS(if different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) Unclassified DECLASSIFICATION DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 1Sa (of this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. es ee TTDISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (o! the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) - SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary end identity by block number) Diver-heating, electrochemical heat source, magnesium-seawater reaction, powdered metal electrochemical cell, human factors. —RESTRACT (Continue on reverse ide If necessary end identify by block number) Pana aceS See eae Tai A’ Free-swimming divers working in cold water for extended periods of time require a self-contained, active heat source to maintain their physiological thermal equilibrium. Previously, the accelerated reaction of magnesium with seawater was shown to be a suitable heat source for diving applications. The magnesium heat cell was configured as a short-circuited battery with alternate electrodes of magnesium and steel spaced closely together; the unit is activated by immersion in a seawater electrolyte. An 4 FORM continued EDITION OF ! NOV 651S OBSOLETE “o DD . an 73 1473 Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) sat LLL : NRF IAAT ASTI LULA RIT EON OT ETT ETE ET er pe a A LE EAA LAI COA ALIA AE BAILLIE REOPEN a maiabos teas PR om 2ST z Sere septa} wwe (aaretiani naa. us ten " sare mor teeta au rn hale AA bereaat on. ‘ ~ ry <: ay umes ab ha o Raine tev 00 8 He marr | ta best ' oe eatin Sa maa Tay tim? Ty write iHOR Pees, “i ‘T, { : ; oe ei" emer een mp8 NTT EPR a, rowenta eye 3 bie cease i ITE DY DEY TIE SS \ Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Date Entered) 20. Continued ee heater was fabricated was made that identifies heater configurations self-contained, active heat source to heat source for diving applications. provided 1,000 watts for up to 8 hours. that incorporated known improvements in the The self-contained unit provided 1,000 watts for up to 8 hours. Library Card Civil Engineering Laboratory A SELF-CONTAINED EXPERIMENTAL by S. A. Black and S. S. Sergev TN-1501 76 pp illus 1. Diver-heater 2. Electrochemical heat source 1. Free-swimming divers working in cold water for extended periods of time require a maintain their physiological thermal equilibrium. Previously, the accelerated reaction of magnesium with seawater was shown to be a suitable circuited battery with alternate electrodes of magnesium and steel spaced closely together; the unit is activated by immersion in a seawater electrolyte. fabricated that incorporated known improvements in the cell. A human factors study was made that identifies | | | | | | | The magnesium heat cell was configured as a short- | | | | heater configurations for closed-circuit scuba divers. | | | | | easton aah. utuonl ap eaiacs cell. A human factors study for closed-circuit scuba divers- DIVER HEATER, September 1977 Unclassified 43-015 An experimental heater was The self-contained unit Unclassified ———— SSeS SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE/When Data Entered) ern USER NDAD ESE ETSI ao hee STAT ANON LAT OURIATALRS A : Se ae ) nes ET mine ull ede phegie : tet 4 artes inal leviemtveiaeld 5 reahpel. 4F ! i : : + esigrrn tan) ly viet bubireres wl verew bn Wl Sehdonw wenrliy | MOUNT upd Karebinls trig ndndingte yids: eatin ed dative saint ; : j midatns & ad Ot Wait Nem \neirean die wuriewngene Ne mtihinn elena ode seamen ] i (hace A ae Benepe naw five ined nuilavegane ae elie GO OR meme teal | | " etreegee glands inex foam tae tigtewcgan Ve ephorizite erewedeie ene Wren bastoniy j ! : : t ! I ee WER lene neyes ee yd Soreness ot) ; Hew toslcncetie ett tee val at ap Sate) pr RN A i plans 144) stepee are chow senieed mannii A raed Bee Pl ee j boMeaston PP nee Fee ne Geeriwed ci04 eootthiee POF Oh eT a eee o> Fra { ‘ , : ¥ t a ———ewt < PERE NEARS RATER ETN TEE LET TRL ES TELNET BRL APN aA te tO RT Ar een a et nt eS nL AN DONE A SID ENE AE DETTE ID ONES ees CONTENTS Page TNERODUCTLONAM AS Neha a necet eh Ae A CUA) Th ie LOS wie Mace emai ce TT BWOONOUND 6 6 6 g@ © odo oD OG OOD OOOO OOOO 1 Aon NN RL BA RASC ALY tt aS Mi HEAT SOURCE DEVELOPMENT. . . « « « « « «© © © « © © © © © @ © @ 2 Pacleaxo nals Mawiaicnea Glial oid) col olow G10 6 GY GS Page eas oi 6 Experimental Arrangement. . . . «. « «© © « « «© © «© © «© «© © « Dual=Prace Cede se vedo! gor, vel bidet wei des cou isu Gel Sasintoe te, | opulléalios, <6 ReEacedony GOntrol is eric! vou iciite) seit etl ce hed depen mie ncleyel (a). foie eau reune 2 4 4 Reaction Rate Decay Characteristics . .......+ee-. 5 7 bbisitoileye Wiesel, 6 65646 ooo oOo oOo DO dh onclenee Mere, Cellh 6-6 6 0 6 oo 0000 6 600 6 66 46 8 Summary of Experimental Investigation ........... Ill EXPERIMENTAL HEATER DEVELOPMENT. . . . . « « «© « « «© «© «© «@ e @ e 12 ONEKESION 56 6 60 GC OOO Ob Oooo oO KOO p@aere GEESE o.06)0°0 6 0 oO Ob 6 6 0 6 OO OS G6 oo oo «6B WEES IcenlieEtom SYSEEMo 6.6 66000 OOOO KK ol cS ENS Giljeewilaferon SYVSEEM 56 6 66 5056 OOO Oooo oo Goo 6 Se cers PICT ETERS TTS SSEG CONPOEMENES 5 606060050000 O oo oOo Ooo A SIGE CoOmenclareneIOnS ¢9g 655600005056 50050 56656 6 115 Heater Testimeacietieientse is) wo vel) co. c06 lei) ve) eis. ellliemstel tet epearen Weibel rele) aelO Humane Considerations. erie) ec) ieee) el fel el ete) en el can sien O CONCEEUSTONS Sola: ray varie) Velvet ruler: oka tevedel ishomaug heen alte Wap ietmicen wkivont soumren ere lad! RECOMMENDATIONS Sat vettismitentie tar a) Velie viet ict veuiter vies iall vehi ee tices Gira ise’ awe eh LG APPENDIX — Human Factors Considerations in Self-Contained Dakvere NEREEO WEEImIlo 56 0 06 0 00 6 0 ob 6 660 6 6 6A oO c Secon PAT MOTES ’ TION < 6 a — bIS;* ee Ee an PD BEE hi Rate | ee) Se ae ve —_ é m7 = a, — 7 a. ee eee I ee ee rece ae Seep cee se antl ie ai hss nobinglveevel Larmatingid Yo Cae + + + + + sTHIMTOQCSVEC RITASH JATRNC TOS ee be kw ae ae ED le geyee.s ++ + sie = GND eemastt ) ~ bee ee « s@etey? ooBMeuber) seat , @otev? colielusslS asaf ~ > + SOgEED aHteye \ dered aeToene? Caelee aA We es eH OF Ue ns | * * * J * é >. * 2 * . * * »- * * > e - = * « * - * 7 . . . « « rf => - = eS ° . - . . - . . . . - * - * * * ‘ . ‘ . ° - . . + 7 - - . * € . . . . - > oo . . . . . * . * . ‘ el . ‘ .- * ' ~~ ~ « . . . . ° ‘ - . a! *” | 8 * . * e+ * © © © 8 #8 * * Se vant iro ar » = we « so . Pn i ee oe shod terohd ened onl ' tt . « , ” , ’ * . * . * . * ‘ - . - 7, " i Ld Pere) : bontsioo)-tiet ot ena saxothanaly ar346% soul > ~ xreween * ‘ eee 4 Opkead Terme axewrd “3 ~ . * * 3 . x D 4 “ a ar eee ee ye rs oe er ae ence ee pe RT LNA NTI NS POT YE eer ep EN NO OPA NEN TRE 6 INTRODUCTION Engineering Laboratory (CEL) has been engaged in the development of an experimental diver heater. The project objective is to develop a compact, portable, self-contained energy source capable of supplying i heated water to a closed-loop circulation garment worn by the diver. ‘ | Circulation garments and associated thermal protection gear are under i development at the Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory (NCSL), Panama City, : i Florida. Basic requirements for the heater include operation in 28°F } (- et C) seawater at depths of 1,000 feet (305 m) for up to 8 hours without : replenishment. Experimental noes of 8- and 16-kWh (28.8- and 57.6-MJ) i _Capacity were developed and laboratory tested. In addition the 8-kWh Q (28.8-MJ) unit was successfully diver-tested, proving the feasibility of G { f | Under the sponsorship of the Naval Sea Systems Command, the Civil G : | the magnesium/seawater heat source. BACKGROUND i | Divers exposed to cold water for extended periods of time require : 4 thermal protection equipment to maintain acceptable physiological 3 i conditions and operational effectiveness. The overall heating problem ; i is that of maintaining the diver’s normal thermal balance. The amount f of heat required varies with environmental factors, such as water depth, breathing gas type, water temperature, and duration of exposure, : and with individual factors, such as physical condition, metabolic rate, : and activity level. Thermal balance can be expressed by the simplified : equation: j k Heat Replacement = Respiratory heat loss + diving suit loss i - metabolic heat generated 4 j Respiratory losses are due to involuntary heating of inspired gas to i | i body temperature prior to expiration. The amount can be up to about 500 watts [1] depending upon the specific heat, density, volume, and tempera- ture of the inspired gas. Diving suit losses vary with depth, type of F suit, suit material, and water temperature. The values range from 3,000 : watts for the standard 3/8-inch (9.5-mm) thick neoprene wet suit [19 ft2 a. 75m2) surface area] at 1,000- foot (305-m) depth with a skin-to-seawater temperature difference of 50°F (28° C), to 1,000 watts for a dry suit ; ———————— STEPS EE SOT SPP AT pape ns ne tan ret 1B SEDER filled with helium under the same conditions [2].* The metabolic heat ; generated varies with individual activity level and physical condition and ranges from near zero for inactive divers to as much as 500 watts for sustained heavy work periods. To insure adequate heat would be H available to maintain thermal balance under extreme conditions, an initial program goal of 2,000 watts was selected as the heater output. | Heating is required both for tethered and self-contained divers. The present method for heating the tethered diver is to supply hot water via an umbilical hose from the support platform (surface ship, PTC, etc). The hot water is flushed over the diver’s body under his diving ‘ suit and then exhausted directly to the surrounding environment. In this case, the physical size and weight of the heat source is not critical, since it is not carried by the diver. However, because of both the high heat losses in hoses and the open-circuit design, the { system is grossly inefficient. In addition, the hot water umbilical greatly restricts the diver’s mobility. For the free-swimming diver, thermal protection is not easily provided. Since the heat source must be carried on his person, it must be lightweight and compact and not impair his mobility. In addition it must be simple, safe, and reliable. In the past, several methods of providing heat for free-swimming divers have been investigated [3-11]. The resulting systems have exhibited several disadvantages: batteries are heavy, bulky, expensive, and short-lived; nuclear sources can be used by the diver only for short } durations because of radiation exposure, and the radiation shielding and | thermal safety devices make the nuclear heater bulky and complicated; and most thermochemical heat sources employ exotic reactants and involve high operating temperatures and complicated control systems. A compact, lightweight, high-energy density, easily controlled, reliable, safe heat source that can be integrated with closed-circuit hot water suits is vitally needed. To this end, CEL has been investi- gating the development of a heater that utilizes the reaction of a magnesium alloy with seawater to produce heat. HEAT SOURCE DEVELOPMENT i Background The oxidation reaction of magnesium was chosen for the heat source, because it is simple, reliable, compact, and inexpensive, and has a z comparatively high-energy density. A comparison of the CEL-developed { S ‘ Ongoing research being conducted at NCSL in thermal a protection suits is expected to produce significant : improvements in this area. ind REAR nC Ra TTR Sea | : ee or ae ee nokiibaes taolagiq bea level ysiviggs Laublyibal Aziw ast 82950 (08 os dove wa od exovlb evEgoait a6! Spractiymaelg ad blue Jeet wiaupobs oiveal gf .abolyeq stow xyaed fo ,Anolothoos seordKe qebmw pvt Leoryadd nisin shape toroid od? 40 boicelee enw etday 000.5 ed a iis one Se Spt a Spelwie) wots q 22090MER O49 Biz) geot fon! a vit elit Waka pod 4‘ yevdh sf uve BateUst at aerew dod wi eaemeares artteun aay, tsa Ptah he : 2S a t970y 10H ont ,ootrhbha wt 44 atlidem s «ites. Son gl solipesoyq Lemtods { 6c 4) fnon eg bid no babeies od se0r 2) motttbbe al C1 tdow ott tteqmt sown’ baw eoean d io % etdetir tan cn ake jpamabnree) vod Jno ceialgec ti to aborts air | eved woasaya pofoivedas ed? 109] badeybouger yovinnsgay oOllud ,yveot e146 wolredind reagetouebesls, Cw. yore dol elee: noyte edd 4d beou od ces esstoge Paoli tea fit is gribietda noltathey sf? bos ,eumogne colzether to ould A fberastiqnes ben y*lod woned ranlsun a3 silam eaotival dviowel bas eamutoee. plraxe yolQee ascxum Jesd Ip teria : aw deys foyz7qed bagpellqaos ine aeruss poe fiostaos yliaao ,Wolutsh Yguens~iipid forsee rs Jiuviio~hetols jietw bserhetal ed aes sad? syines gaptt iene) eued «all THD bee e2its of ae & Ye fietioews oft aeetilin dads roseed si 3 myn ,s53008 Gem! oda to) Asda aow euteanpem Yo noisard? ericdgcrie n batt Bra ,eviaceqzent boa yJonqued \eldatioy .o/ qi begoliyub-t2) wit Io Hoelsaqeoo ” ‘a wave? Lonasds ok BO de ba teabncs ated daseneoa titood Taye sanding Ot Katoh mk» ms yn 2 dnnany or) eee Rass 6 aR i A eg "4 6 or? Se mee aa anf ee psyepcernnenn neers ne heat source with other candidates is shown in Table 1. Magnesium reacts with seawater according to Equation 1: Mg + 2H.0 > Mg (OH), + H, (gas) + dh (1) 2 where Ah is the heat of formation of the reaction. The theoretical energy density of this reaction is 1,885 W-hr/1b of magnesium (14.9 MJ/kg). The reaction ordinarily proceeds slowly in seawater, and heat is not released at a usable rate. But, by electrically connecting the magnesium to a cathodic material, such as iron (forming a galvanic couple), the reaction proceeds much more rapidly and liberates heat at a usable rate. Similar systems have been developed as seawater batteries. The CEL heater uses the same basic principle as the seawater battery, but the battery’s external load is replaced by a short circuit to maximize the reaction rate. A simplified schematic model of the reaction process is shown in Figure 1. Major steps of the process are: 1. Current flows from anode to cathode via the short circuit because of the potential difference. 2. Water is reduced at the cathode. 3. Magnesium ions are formed at the anode, 4. Hydroxide and magnesium ions migrate to a point where they combine to form magnesium hydroxide. Chemical energy is converted into thermal energy by means of a highly efficient electrochemical reaction. The energy given off by this reaction heats the surrounding electrolyte. A more detailed discussion of the reaction process is contained in Reference 12. The basic heat-producing element of the electrochemical reaction is the dual-plate cell shown in Figure 2. The spacer washer provides both an electrode gap and a short circuit current path. The electrode gap provides for free passage of the electrolyte and removal of the reaction products [Hj and Mg(OH)2]. As the magnesium is reacted, the anode becomes thinner and the electrode gap increases. It is important for the spacer washer to provide a very low resis- tance path (less than 10-3 ohms) for current flow. With a high resis- tance path, part of the energy goes into inefficient electrical Jouie heating, and the reaction rate* is reduced to unusable values in terms of diver heating. * ; P Reaction rate is defined as power output per unit- surface-area of anode. CAL Ra Fa eS st eldet at mole ek a8 ayrs 02 gaibiosss (h) ee ee ee «noitzeos sue qs to ye hr een, { ot wot Jouor nida to \ qiwato "abeasery ¢itrantbre ; etiastaaels ua: Aud ated oldney & Ja ele?) mip Houw ,~lefoeten ie al & wia nse Tebhl bow Qn7 270m down s(alque> aineving weinvase wo hegqolaveb ~s0d wel aeaaeye tie ae & 26 toseuegn od an alginalyy Stand one, ots ‘Yetend a3 ott 1upeh> gp W xd bsoalges wt beol lantaaxe 9 bere ba ood tai ada do ol pemadoa balitiqata A, «9367 adi ovlmlxem iw3h menotag add Yo wquie woleh oC: stuah’ at ‘con oe avzsansy stwoxts Yxbda aa ake eborldina 03 ahone mov? ewod ; esas7eTheb or ag oly aries ebodze> pid 78 keoubey at 2978" 4S (shore sls te bartr0} oss waa mmkasaget .€ yod® wiade sutoq e cs siecgla snel avleonget bom shixorset Yo . ebixowbyd mo rRortgae mre? o7 antduns | e Yo enna Yd yp xed Looind? odnt hereyoon Gt Yan knotase, Ss ards ed Vio novia varos efT smolionay Liadmndyerssele 10ylaEtte bi pohuguoith beltasoh wom A .maylozaseia golbovoriuw ea weed nokioeet’ (Gf sdoneseto® at benlssqos @) exeadyg balookey afd @ eh nolipaas Jaoltenisorjcedoe ads to anaists gniowhorq-20e) Sloe) wit tijed ashiverq. yodaaw y908q¢ oct Sh arugki at mvwta Lieo etsigeiqah qeg ebuzizsln af .fiseq anes2w2 thyve7k> Siede © Sk Gay chOatrele foLtvacr af3 to Levene ban ssylormoste aig to ayseenq sir), 17 pi shone of? .botace2 a) moleonyam od7 BA ..[¢ (HO) eh ‘Ray ee} sheesotont gag shaassel® ofs baw socket —ulews wal ytev « ohivotg af yorlemy Yasege att Yo? ted tmigt Ce Se eee witevy agit a d3tW .Woll o005709 Get Come £70 nets weet) stoeg emmeely sivol ferlyssets savin! lent oink enag YRTehe why 16 sey Udeng Sonee aerz92 nf sovinv sidewuny ot booulies wt “s34y Gol ¥sees ofa Sram 4 ’ oe tevib So “fine soq JugJee) ae ee bel deb MP e307 PE shore lo #ira-oonTouR Experimental Arrangement Early experimental work showed that the reaction rate of the dual- plate cell is a function of several interdependent parameters. The most important of these parameters are electrolyte temperature, electrode gap, and electrolyte condition. In an attempt te isolate and understand the effects of these and other parameters, a number of laboratory experi- ments were conducted. Three different configurations were utilized in the laboratory experimentation. Quantitative data on reaction parameters were obtained using an insulated Dewar flask (Figure 3) that was accurately calibrated for heat loss. The test cells consisted of three magnesium and four iron plates of up to 72 in.2 (465 cm2) of anode surface area. A pump was provided to test the effects of electrolyte circulation on cell performance. The temperature rise of the electrolyte was recorded on a multipoint recorder. Uninsulated glass beakers were used for tests in which only qualitative results were needed. The results were obtained by visually inspecting the anodes and by monitoring temperature differences between several cells running simultaneously in different beakers. 2 A epee apparatus was used for testing cells of up to 1,000 in. (0.645 m 2) of anode surface area (Figure 4). The cell and sleet were contained in an insulated acrylic case with a removable top. Thermocouples were provided for monitoring the temperature of the circulating electrolyte. A second fluid was circulated through a copper tube heat exchanger immersed in the cell electrolyte and through external cooling coils. In this manner the electrolyte could be maintained at a constant temperature. Temperature change and flow rate of the second fluid were used to determine power output. An additional method was provided for adding controlled amounts of fresh seawater the reaction chamber. DBual-Plate Cell The dual-plate cell consists of separate anode and cathode plates arranged as shown in Figure 5. Over 70 tests were run in the Dewar to determine the effect of the various parameters on cell performance. The Gajor objectives were to determine the effects of electrode gap and electrolyte temperature on reaction rate and reaction efficiency.* The initial gap, which was set prior to the start of each test, ranged from @.060 (0.15 cm) to 0. 200 (0. 2 cm) inch. At each spacing the temperature was, allowed to rise, 60°F (30° C). Starting temperatures varied from 30°F (-1 °c) to 150°F (65° C) in 20°F (11 26) increments. x Reaction efficiency: ratio of actual energy output to theoretical energy output. Se LCF cctemooctunss an irre rer rrr RN RENEE BEA AES SS PSS EET SEE ESE ETS I SB a NLS Ein aE ae abhi RTS Nin ye | n _ a es nil e . iy a , y oo ae : - m ow ; : zs ss ih i i ec ile ug a = : ) se =o Ae “+ ‘ Ae =) pe Nee 1 ee 2 HOsogOn RA oil ~levb #42 Yo asat a eee od 20k? dqworde sxow Istoomtreqxs ylred , 220m adT .areteerisg InviweqohreIrnl pve prep pirdirbe lopaccb. abotipalo ,eiissxsegees esyiossoels atk haajewshito tim etelout of Jqueste an al Adarand ine “Busqee YxeIptodal Yo radmin mo op rnc ie qroderodal of? ot bes ki tau wrow Pre ete LS aaertr sath 2 cee os eyptemnthg DOLIOO@Y fo alah avidpEieeaD frbrotommanr iPr tees (iesumann wee sody' (C onmglt) dap amved tesetinnt ie ghee a0 tre @wbesagem newts Yo dency: ages fue are «aol gand “> e038 so0ltue abouo be ¢ aga) at ao Habanfoos i» resale to prlab- ai2 2003 «3 beli'vorq ame 6 MO bebr0987 Wey soyiezroole af? So sels eoeceveqes? BT .ecammolieg -aebroys7 sutoyhstvm yino Mai At ajou? 20% boew sxow sredeud eselg Sogeiuandoll yliauziv ¢é temheaty expy usivess oft rr ie = adivagy svioeslicnp feed HeOUHTERTLG ssuvseTeqas? ynivoslioa y¢ bee enbad wie geliosqaat portdesd Imeveltib ai Ylevoaensilonte grboand elles ie naa Sk 000, wi qi Jo elles joliass wold baw eee aneRTEgge Sree saylozssele brn iiso oT .() orupht) nora e20bada shoes Ja £08.) qos sidavonor « d3tw gens ailyroy betelvemh nb ak tehenes evew aid Yo sxwtazeqasa of7 golrostnow vo? biilvet” eae aslquionstodt yeqqea # iiguowid bainluazis aov btyl? browse A ,erylongoele gelsalnosts iperintes dyoordts bas eryferapele Aleo wd? o1 bewronet Tegentons aaed odes & dn bon sapice o¢ Blue» ssylorsasis si: reer ats al alles gnitepe beuses oft Yo otay wold bee oyneie owing? .qse3eseQed Saexheoo csv bwlsee [atodilhia #A .Jogsu0 tawoq anlarsdob of heey Sxew btald asisigq sbojfies bas vbvce “inreqen S¢ etetanoo Liao oosly-Tneh off oy sewed ods at avy wrew ao007 Of wav 2 wavall at wedté oo begeeeee oat .osanmroizteq Liot ao sipiswatey eoalsev wid Fo goslle at? eniawael hae qtg wboxiools Yo ajaello off oblayeseb oF exaw emrizintde sole ei? *.youetoitie nolj>sox ban o18% polineAs no Sselmaqees Gu ylontonta aot) beygeay ,7a02 ives do Jinja odd of 1Olsg gee naw doltw poay Dak weet, ofa guioane dae 3A .donko (go “i vy 23 two ve L.0) O€ may? baivav sorvieteyoo? golsre 3g ace ouett o bowop ts Atranston! Uy * 8. ie @ ee ¥ wat ‘ant nun ue kyone Layton 3o olsae penance wer | ; vauqave A saad faotteveud?, oa EAPO ge te ce Sea ees SRE NT ENS ESET ET EINE PITY NS BDRM AT PR GE LEC Lee MAAR AN ATCO nt ROTATES NOY NCS NR ERTS ER a rect ug The relationship between energy density (W-hr per pound of Magnesium), temperature, and spacing is shown in Figure 6. Energy density is shown to be a strong function of temperture and a relatively weak function of plate spacing. Based on theory it was expected that energy density would increase with temperature. The experimental i results, however, show a marked decrease at the higher temperatures. | This effect at the high reaction rates is caused by unused magnesium sloughing from the plates. The sloughed magnesium can be seen as small, | dark-colored particles circulating in the electrolyte. Figure 6 shows : that an energy-efficient reaction rate occurs between 100°F and 150°F ‘ (38° and 66°C). } The effects of plate spacing and temperature on power density are } shown in Figure 7. As expected, the reaction rate proceeds more rapidly at higher temperatures and closer spacings. i The electrolyte condition is described in terms of pH, salinity, i and density. Theory predicts that the reactica rate is reduced by high H pH, low salinity, and increased density (resulting from reaction products ; mixing with the seawater electrolyte). To some extent the electrolyte ; density and pH can be controlled. But, in general, the heater must be designed to accommodate the natural variability of the seawater enviro-~ ment. : The pH, salinity, and conductivity of the electrolyte were measured to determine quantitatively how these parameters affected cell perfor- mance. For these parametric tests, the pH changed relatively little, because the comparatively large volume of seawater diluted the reaction H product concentration. In addition, since seawater is a very good ‘ buffer, large quantities of Mg(OH) 7 would be required to make significant pH changes. Generally speaking, the reaction rate was affected as expected. Table 2 summarizes the effects of these and other parameters ; on cell performance, but no quantitative trends were identified. i | esa a ee career rhs Naar Ae OTTO SP Tere AUER SOT sr 7 ears a OF RIOT TAO. SS ia Reaction Rate Decay Characteristics. To verify the results of the parametric tests, a series of large-scale tests were run in the acrylic vessel. In these tests fresh electrolyte was added at a controlled rate (125 ml/min), and an equal volume of slurry [Mg (OH) > and water] was i removed to maintain constant electrolyte pH and density. The results of a typical test are shown in Figure 8. The broken line shows the esti- mated decay in cell power as predicted from parametric tests and based on anode consumption and increasing electrode gap. These results ver- ified the fact that reaction is strongly dependent on electrode gap. The power output during the first hour was significantly higher j than predicted. The increase is attributed to several factors: clean : anodes and low electolyte pH and density. Initially, the ancdes are i clean and free from reaction products, but during the first hour, magne- ; sium hydroxide accumulates on the anode surface. These deposits inhibit { the reaction process at the anode and subsequently reduce the overall i reaction rate. Also, fresh seawater, which is a very good buffer, has a He a a ERED TPAD LIE TEMES SAI? o eas Piney ine 5 < Se SEMA arte ees BU a eae a it sisal Ai Fee a ne Sad oe tt ats eid tig hte! eo Weck 2 ~ e's vs ee eae Aen nli Cntinenen. faba Ay na i ln EN ec ne oe ATS (arches Bul boreal 0 tort ea Ra aes os ho svudereqhind a nue Mops hed q ofe7 nolisany ed? .botom onqe aintine iq to awios nt bedis2e9b al fight vd beovbew wh #309 eoliones odd Jedd eioube% cuisanes wor) golitivany) yilsoeb b eaytoviasle alla areixe amon oT knaylotaeala ed Seem ‘votaad ols .laxvemes ni soul . bello: Slsan ‘TIER oda Yo yritidatiay Intuihe 6 Sesmase wee e2yloiszouls wy io Lipersinye pote: ina ‘ne tieq Dies beputte erare0c7nq mots wor ylovisngiianup Satevezsb 09 ealisil yvlevi toler bopeats Nq wits a3e03 be yperraoe namts “Oath emi Seuss as bejulilb iosenes bo sewlov opined vhs ad v reg 9.199, 4 wk inten poke ,nola thks a soxri/laagio Gd twoatepivd, at eat ier aden Yo: “- oe eve De me eter polocady ats ,galdesna ssogis 89 renieenrag vette ‘oad2 tu a208¥%0 mia wenkrasmun € wheet ona? wvew ubooda ovizarloneup un we, tive wo wt Jo wrluesy ods (hwo OT 6 .eotsakr $ifgrsa oft a} awry atew esens sfaov-ogtel me) ; 6402 beiidziacs & am bebbn aaw o7yfordesle dagzi edeed euets af slope awe (9oTmw ban ¢(HO) eM) (ewe To amefov Loupe oe bes ,(wia\in E89) etistor alt .Yathanoh hea Ho siyloyiosls gossenou nleg2cihwe of hovuens *Fing ois evode gall avdow adv .8 esught-al awate a26 face feciqnr ede havid Kon otras obtiscraxtg mor) boystherq Ba — Lies ot zooub batem “74¥ Edi user OedT gag Ob01)00L9 gabseet=d bne, sek aqrenecw - Ute sborz99ly Ho seabneqeh Yiggowserat nokionsy daila:- 300%. 2da sedgte yithaotiiagta env yor tagh) afd, gate ‘ae soe Sains Kt sats t8t62i04 Jareved oa hetude2ay BL senenonl ary SWbone ody ,Vileliiyl vase bab Dqreatossale aan fae waten ronges 20 2632). 0c goivh tui yiiawborg polizeo" Mos? oat bine didivat Haheoqol vant? .oon}i0 Shame, Bei HO Benet oAoR ray ° Haeneyaceds soubor (lamobpeddun bag whane ot? In Pano fant tat wd boon Y9ov 6 ae doditw) ee (peor Veet” hich relatively low pH and is very fluid. However, as the reaction products accumulate, both the pH and density increase so that, by the end of the first hour, stabilized values have been established based on the slurry removal and electrolyte addition rate. Although the full effect of these parameters is not understood, it is known that a high pH and a thick slurry can block the anodic reaction thereby reducing the reaction rate. These factors appear to account for a large portion of the initially high reaction rate, but they are augmented by the anode edge reaction. : New plates have a substantial edge area that is not normally used in power calculations. However, this area apparently contributes to the initial reaction rate (dotted line). As the reaction proceeds, the edge area diminishes; in fact, the plate dimensions are reduced as shown in Figure 9. As would be expected, the high initial reaction rate from the above factors results in rapid magnesium comsumption during the first hour. The rate of consumption decays rapidly until an electrolyte equilibrium condition is attained. At this point (1-1/2 to 2 hours into the test) the consumption rate is governed primarily by electrode gap, which is evidenced by the similar slopes of the dashed and solid lines during the remaining test hours (Figure 8). Because of the high initial reaction and early electrode gap increases, the reaction rate is lower than pre- dicted from the parametric tests during the later hours of the test. In accordance with the decaying power curve, a cell that delivers the desired power at the end of its operating period, delivers excess power initially. A number of tests were conducted to determine if the high initial and resultant low final rates could be better balanced to provide a flatter power “curve; these tests are summarized in Table 3. The most effective modification was to alter the anode dimensions to reduce or eliminate the edge effect. This was accomplished by fabrica- ting anodes of slightly larger dimensions than the cathode. Thus, the edge was located far enough away from the cathode to significantly reduce the edge effect. The modification was used on all subsequent dual-plate cell construction. Other Parameters Affecting Reaction Rate. Variations in the cathode thickness and surface condition and in the electrolyte calinity affect the reaction rate. Thick cathodes have the lowest electrical resistance and produce the highest reaction rates (Figure 10). However, cathodes thicker than 0.060 inch (0.15 cm) do not noticeably improve cell perfor- mance. On the other hand, thin cathodes [0.001 in. (0.003 cm)] are desirable because they minimize weight, but they also warp, and, con- sequently, the electrode gap cannot be reliably maintained. A cathode thickness of 0.010 inch (0.03 cm) was selected as a compromise between minimum weight, reasonable structural strength, and power output. It was discovered that the output of a cell with 0.010-inch thick cathcdes could be increased by as much as 30% by sandblasting the cathode surface (Figure 11). The rough surface greatly increases the number of ees 2 fet: Rn Net a Pa ite NE a Mea a li el . teas bien rgaid ibe ons mt enotiatiny: ia 40} 93008 gerd \ $e97e Widder aaytnys5 0.943 ob Ban we ovodk wis mot? gn Nob ya80e4 > «tot IRD eety Hats | lS type S2yloissaie bw ‘oda ovnd: nebivtging da tett 49299, AOL MAW oda 8 oP : _Rebodaas |, yvewol “(OL sivytt) asap ‘sou ROIa7 akdocny SIT aD Led worvget Yidessljaa, Jon ah twa 210) ont tad.o a en): om Fan £00.0) nt 100,05 wobodswo mbrly 1220 Lanna er wHo> bon ,qyaw cela Keds dud... Setg hen a ee od tiderteah shodies A bute) aw tidaitor wd ” amt ‘aa : ea ua tewod Ban tigers FemdoyIs8 gideias day oe FAghn HORAF HAMl=O1060 Ay ty (1e3 2 Yo. Tig dte orta MAD Bayona ie | sbuilino. ari Mrtsaniddaae 4d THE a6 150m Bh vd Benan: F hgeg! eee) Fe rome seby eereo7ont Vi they sites available for hydrogen gas bubble nucleation. Other techniques for increasing the cathode surface area, such as scratching or sanding, produce similar, but less dramatic, effects. Electrolyte salinity has a pronounced effect on the reaction rate. Figure 12 shows seawater (34 o/oo salinity) as a standard; however, salt- saturated seawater will produce a much higher reaction rate. This high rate will continue for only a short time (about 1 hour), because the reaction product, a jelly-like substance, will increase the electrolyte density and thereby reduce the reaction rate to an unusable level. Very few ions are present in an extremely low salinity electrolyte; therefore, the reaction rate of the cell will be negligible in terms of heat production. In general, the salinity and buffering quality of seawater combine to create the highest long-term reaction rate possible. The thickness and surface condition of the cathode can easily be controlled to provide the desired power output. In general, the cell is subject to operation within the normal local salinity range. However, where required, rapid heat-up can be achieved by ‘‘spiking’®? the initial charge of seawater with salt. Normal electrolyte/seawater exchange will : flush the jelly-like products from the cell chamber, reduce the salinity, : and return the cell to the normal power level. ' Reaction Control. The development of a reliable and simple control ; system for maintaining a constant power output was explored to reduce } the size and weight of the cell to less than that of the fixed-plate i cell. Table 4 summarizes the results of these investigations. The most i promising method appears to be of the inert cone spacer (Figure 13), which uses the reaction itself t» control spacing. As of now, a simpli- fied method for assembling these cells and also providing the short circuit has not been developed. There are two major problems in each of the control techniques. First, cell construction becomes too compli- cated, and, second, the weight and volume of a cell plus control system exceed those of a cell designed to provide the same delivered final power without control. A variety of other tests were performed in attempts to control or modify the reaction rate. These tests are summarized in Table 4. None of the test results showed improvements significant enough to cause i modification of the basic dual-plate cell configuration. Bi-Polar Electrode One of the disadvantages of the dual=-plate cell is holes start to form in the anode during the last hour of the reaction. The holes decrease the current-carrying cross section of the anode and reduce the active anode area. The result is reduced cell power. To minimize these effects in the dual-plate ceJl the anodes must be slightly thicker than actually needed. This insures enough active surface area will remain to provide the required power for the desired duration. Se | Se 7 — yore" eS RL Peter mimeo a eek METERS en TS me, i or - ee - OP i 7 = an | . oS a ‘ a : \ ¥ 4 / M 5 t m hy { i 4 hae iV t 7 v Dy. wu | PS | i, - AN ; & i uA ot ae a f, . i ry ; S a vi _ yee i 7 3h) aw t a nem vai lai ph le yEdn. . ee : rn ser hie) ake Uirers ey : - ; ai bs 1 od eo oie mts ee A » ; / ty ae ‘ *s . juod om pat dn: A . on -loval rewoq Anson edd od Les wits. ¢ - dos . lox3im? elquie bes sfdutiax & 30 sasnqoleveb ait, 2Ht09. coubey o9 bevolgxe kaw awq7uo yowoq tosganoy a godate. eielg~paxdt of? to suit? nails oepl o9 Lisp arta Io ee siigmoa coy ‘éshoged soRtoursenco ft majaye lorinos s0lq tied 5 ta ewice Se = 70 Lerranos @2 (asqueise at bagolt0g stev wte09 & olde? at beslienne 238 43e99 SnsrT eoun2 G3 iiyuons Inasltingle sansesvergel bewore | \olwesughivos Lime sselq>toub OF J182" walow ut Lisa stalq-laub afd WS gay_eroevieets ala Te es anfortofT .aulcanes sd Jo suet suet ony tebape titan pins 12s of3 sowbe? baw shores ads lo qoligee Gees Tins (Hert oy a aa beo8? oatainim of. .revoq Iles besvtey ab Siyeox wil nee obonh eylion Hota aatotie vitigtia -ad Jeum onkons ata Llane osely~fsoh ola at etooia 1 ai flees Iitv por conte ovlson Mguots aerdand otdT sheboom eilantse | a . 7 noite. baatesb oft 25) vewoq byalepos oda Sblvemg i‘ - Another possible technique for avoiding this problem is to electro- plate the cathodic material to one side of the anode. Thus, cell con- struction would be simplified by eliminating the need for a separate iron cathode. Also, cathodic and anodic currents would be shared. With this technique, as the anode thickness decreases, a constant thickness cathode remains to conduct a portion of the anodic current. An addi- tional benefit is that the anode provides some structural strength to the cathode so that thinner cathodes could be used. A 1,000-watt version of this cell was constructed and tested. The electroplating consisted of iron deposited onto a copper substrate that was plated onto one side of the magnesium. During the plating process, higher than normal plating currents were used to achieve the greatest possible cathode surface area (similar to sandblasted iron). The cell produced approximately 20% more power than a comparable- area dual-plate cell (see Figure 11). This increase was probably due to (1) the measures taken to increase the surface area and (2) the low resistance electrical current path provided by the copper substrate. To better understand the bi-polar electrode reaction, a single bi-polar electrode was placed in seawater. There was very little self- reaction, and it ocurred only near the edges of the electrode. This { self-reaction rate was low because the current paths through the electro- lyte were too long except at the edge; there the anode-cathode separation was only about 1/16 inch (0.16 cm) (approximately the electrode thickness). Powdered Metal Cell A preliminary investigation of magnesium and iron powder mixtures as possible heat sources is described in Reference 12. The tests included loose mixtures of size-graded magnesium and iron particles as well as mixtures of particles that had been mechanically bonded together by ball-milling™ to produce microgalvanic cells. The results show that ball-milled mixtures produce the highest reaction rates and that the reaction is strongly influenced by particle size (area exposed to the electrolyte). Further tests were conducted to develop a heat source with a greater specific output (W-hr/lb of cell) than the dual-plate cell [approximately 800 W-hr/1b of cell (6.3 MJ/kg)]. A means of controlling the heat output was also sought. Small-scale tests were run to determine the best cathodic material for sustaining the reaction and the minimum percentage necessary to produce heat at a usable rate. The test results were compared by the rate of hydrogen evolution (directly related to power output) from five *Ball-milling produces intimate contact between the particles. ip eo eee ee es ge ee eae ae or eee) ae nae OO oe ae ee CRP tie Fs anenumaicre aancaeninls seh ingen nape — ck eae — eit) he yy Pet Se a | eS? Y po i pene ae axl ie foucen ore bree wi ; bes garb ool tie od onan saat aa" “a ( : frerre herve ada vd boblvenq dang 9 ls war sigote a 39089 ebowosle reloq- id aty pbs wage ‘ “Von ohrilt aay wae osedy .respwasn di beoaly etw of ; _ ‘aidt | .bhorso0Le add Yo asghe of? seer yloo bendy : } corsasls bd quant) esta Sonvte> ost meson tol tev BBG Me Goljnteg™) ehonsvo~shons 249 svedd pogbe edd Jn JqsonH ie attend rata ied (aot. * dont ory Siiichal eebse nerd bre oubkonged to wotaagticovet edad wi? SI séneretet ni bedtaceeb al sasavoe 2nad ' 6 epivisisg nvtt bow svierogem hobevg-oxl) lo aet03ule weno! i “| add India bae onan aotionar deargld ss oowbeay estedata oft of beacqxs #935) vate plakorey va bo otrey tnd elmore #? @oloanus ‘3sda91g 2 dahy ones loa ry qntavet o8 hessilnies eee ‘evens apiprey glesacixorqya) Ilo. aielq-levb ond cinta (lon Ye @1\ai-W) avqsue sadguer O65 «OW INNIUD felsetem bibordise deed aft enistosob of fey ate boe02 Alege-d lure G3 ¥IsISI44 VgAINDIeq wuMtalm of baw nebIOget nit polaterave 107 ¥ qld vd boveqnco s7e~ etiveos do03 eft oss ahitnaw & tn Jane auborg evil wot! (auqtvo tawog 07 -bstuler vizoeagb) maeapere ‘wregotin To all ‘adaygos hubnod isotmuinva avid baw ant? wslolmeg to erie tev, Sais vote otluues oft .allod otoavippotoiia: ot 9a SOO om ttm tia . Catengots +4 Loege anad ad2 gnitloyzmo> to enves A «| (pA £28) Sten do cindy bom ie ire ,enlolsieq bt, resonraed sacs appeal Temas sok — TLE gene Vet ro ner mm ot compere i? ESE ERE ARENT RR SRE tence nner nr Se er ee em rene Ae A IRA RET TSA ENI TET gram samples of the candidate mixtures (Table 5). Mixtures of 10% by weight of copper or iron with magnesium gave the best combination of rate and efficiency at reasorable cost. Although the reaction rates of the magnesium-copper couple were higher, the magnesium-iron reacted at a more consistent rate over an extended period. As a result, the magnesium-iron couple was selected for larger scale tests. The previous investigations addressed the power output control question by adding small amounts of seawater to. the dry powder mixtures. When sufficient amounts of seawater were added to wet the entire powder volume, maximum power output was achieved; however, further additions of seawater had no appreciable effect. For the large-scale tests, control was attempted by metering the powder mixture into a chamber filled with seawater. The feasibility of controlling the reaction in this manner was proved; however, difficulty was encountered in adding the dry powder to the electrolyte. To facilitate the addition of the reactants to tne electrolyte, an effort was made to develop an inert slurry with the powder. A mixture of 50% morpheline and 50% powder formed a fairly stable slurry for pumping. However, the powder tended to settle out of the mixture, and the slurry was not completely inert; therefore, some reaction occurred within the slurry. A second slurry was prepared that resembled tooth- paste in consistency. This gel was completely stable and did not react with the powder. Its composition was: Constituent Proportion (by weight) Magnesium-iron powder. . .......s. - 447.0 Carbowax ® wpEc. cod oo Odo 0 oo MOO Armeen ® z. Googo Go 00090 0.0.4 OSU67 Exp~o=si@)7 28. ekews a Aigore Ne, Face aug Diethylenetriamine (DETA) . ......+-.-. 1.0 The slurry was added to the reaction chamber with a caulking gun. The large-scale tests showed that the slurry could be easily added to the seawater, but that continued stirring was necessary to keep the reaction at a constant rate. The slurrying agents were found to have no detrimental effect on the reaction. A specific output of approximately 500 W-hr/1b of reactant (3.95 MJ/kg) was achieved with the powdered metal reaction. With further development the specific output might be competitive with the dual-plate-type cell. The most important result of the powdered metal tests is that an inert slurry has been developed. In slurry form, the powdered reactants can be supplied on a demand basis. By varying the slurry addition rate to a reaction chamber, power can be controlled. Hep RAY ETE SN SI a nrc ILA INS Miia a lb AL UPR OEP i NT CL IGT AIO I, ARTY CNR SEPIA VANESSA RC BSE ISPS SBE Legs WEVA RSL NATALIA ICSI LS | big) AE i ces 7 eles : ne Ss Lest ¢ an ubtiieslsatl’ as > aioni3oeey oid ho wetzthbe tas ; styzehe A .eteng ede lw pisule dyveak' ne qakeveb of: “to. qrtule sida stantedla levrevee bb avoid ] at ewode 434 agivest ssolT ,ooutertq binow vari OZ Figures 17 and 18. Nickel produced the only reaction that was competi- tive with iron. For other applications the data presented may aid in selecting an initial trial alloy composition. Mechanically alloyed magnesium powders are well suited for a heater designed to deliver variable or constant power. At a reaction tempera- ture of 140°F (60°C), approximately 0.01 pound (5 grams) of alloy (10% iron by weight) will produce 1,000 watts for 1 minute and wiJl be 90% reacted. A possible configuration for a powder alloy heater is shown in Figure 19; its control circuitry is shown in Figure 20. The rapid and efficient reaction characteristics allow the powder to be fed continu- ously into the reaction tube with the assurance that only a small fraction of the available energy wiil be ejected from the tube as unre- acted powder. An estimate of energy density is 800 to 900 W-hr/1b of slurry (6.3 to 7.1 MJ/kg) compared with 500 W-hr/1b of slurry (3.95 MJ/kg) for the previous powdered metal tests. Thus, a highly efficient, variable power heater is conceivable using powdered magnesium alloy as an energy source. Summary of Experimental Investigation The experimental work demonstrated that the dual-plate cell could provide adequate power for the worst case (2,000-watt) diver application. The cell reaction rate was found to be a function of both electrode gap and electrolyte temperature. Other factors, such as electrolyte condi- tion and circulation, affect cell operation to a much lesser degree. The most important factor that controls the overall cell effectiveness/ performance is the power decay resulting from anode depletion (increas- ing electrode gap). Attempts to provide direct control to minimize this effect showed that inert cone spacers would be the best approach. A simple means for implementing the cone spacers while providing adequate anode/cathode flexible current paths is yet to be devised. The bi-polar electrode cell offers simpler and more efficient construction than the dual-plate cell, but present anticipated cost of cell fabrication is excessive. The powdered metal cell offers the advantage of controllable power output and, consequently, more efficient use of the magnesium. In the past, the disadvantage has been that the specific output was lower than the dual-plate cell. The magnesium-iron alloy (MagIron) powder appears to have a specific output competitive with the dual-plate cell because of a much lower electrical resistance. Further improvements in slur- rying may increase the proportion of active to inert ingredients, thus increasing specific output. In such a case, the powdered alloy may prove to be superior to the dual-plate cell. The characteristics of the three cell types are summarized in Table 6. 11 SS ee one euts PINOT HAAS Stunt vy | Mol s4ehaesvad . to i Sivas [feo ezalqerach arty 2804 dele7Ienceeh sow sarnsatsoqes sty oe OGRIeaT ye L64 Zs, (33a0-900,6) rehy Jere edd 09% ake sblverg a z whovadete Wted & nostouy? § Ot a7 hoo) amy agay ats 2097 Ling 7 Jeuls 20 due ,etco se) 2G =, ormesg a i - Neteanoys bus Afereue <9. afosspas 2549 301083 JemyOged ¥. ‘ oe POLIST Geb shore wey} 2 (805) s2m0q lly et: . ; no SMalate 04 loxsavy ss0515 M9 ©3940394 .(Gom shoritele pat a A Snot at) ed biuow w2ecmin unaw avnuh 4 boca too iu Staupsba - WORy Bilde &290898 enoo ads 70) wang i iS : ; ohn cas tt 36 90eIhaVba wf; bessbwog Stet »¥fsasgencdis : “auto 4 aItemovorge) vedi we Wee YOLLS harsbuo wily +9889 8 doup ak «IvE2H0. ssi edz ta soli esomuads Sho) ii SS te see re ro ety energy riepentern nnens— enn meen ann spennrppmeanpeine aoe nen cee een NT A ENNIO LI TET IE TINTS Re en Spon Veta EXPERIMENTAL HEATER DEVELOPMENT To demonstrate the feasibility of using the magnesium-iron couple as a self-contained heat source, two experimental heater models were ; developed. A 16-kW-hr model (Figure 21) was designed to provide 2,000 i watts for 8 hours. The second unit, an 8-kW-hr model (Figure 22), was designed to provide 1,000 watts also for 8 hours. The discussion aay below refers in detail only to the 8-kW-hr heater, since it was developed Last and incorporates improvements over the 16-kW-hr heater. However, important differences between them are discussed. a. EN on Ca Ally Rie ao bs 5 @peration The magnesium-iron dual-plate cell is contained in the insulated i ease shown schematically in Figure 23. The heater is activated by fillooding the case with seawater. Heat, hydrogen gas, and magnesium j lmydroxide are produced by the reaction. A heat exchanger immersed in i tthe electrolyte transfers the generated heat to a second fluid that is ; eirculated to the diver. Hydrogen gas is continuously vented through a i walve that maintains a small overpressure within the case. This pres= sure drives a small amount of the slurry out through an economizer heat exchanger. Fresh seawater is pumped counterflow through the economizer fo recover the heat from expelled hot slurry. The slurry and seawater exchange maintains the electrolyte pH and density relatively constant. j ' Beater Case i l The heater case provides thermal insulation, neutral buoyancy, ; and protection for the heater components. It is constructed of syntac- ‘ i tic foam sandwiched between inner and outer fiberglass shells. The foam provides buoyancy and thermal insulation, while the fiberglass provides } 4 mechanical strength. Overall wall thickness for the case is 5/8 inch H i n two sides and top and 3/4 inch on the two remaining sides. Heat i oss through the case walls with a 106°F (59°C) temperature differential ; d was found to be approximately 90 watts. The case is built in two separate sections (Figure 22). The upper fase contains the heat source, electrolyte, electrolyte/suit-water heat exchanger, hydrogen vent valves, and an economizer heat exchanger. The lower case houses the pumps, motors, monitoring electronics, and inter- f@onnecting plumbing. The upper case is sealed, while the lower case is €ree-flooding. The seal between the upper case and the environment is an O-ring placed against a flat rubber gasket. Sealing pressure is provided by six plastic cam latches. The overall outer dimensions for the 8-kW-hr of] «ase are 8 x 8-1/2 x 14-1/2 inches (20 x 22 x 37 cm). The case weighs 11 pounds (5 kg). The 16-kW-hr heater measures 7°1/4 x 7-1/2 x 21-3/4 i inches (18 x 19 x 55 cm). 12 boshluant 43 mt tealasnon gk Lipo othlgeLah. x \. #4 bavevidos nt jacedd ott LCS. otught ad. vie mrlssogem bon ,2ny nagoxdyi ,desk .t9cawhor ‘al baeissmat siganioxs geod A ,anijogaa ald yd bes oa tod? bioli bwoowe 6 oF dazed bee teheg off smvleaesd e7efor & Agwerds besaav \lavounl2ne> ef aay asgoxbyll sxevib sty ar hi “ser eidT .o8n> af9 cistslw o1uaeorqievo ileme # enioselen deed Yerimonosn ov dguoads tuo yrmute odd Yo Invown Lipa B mi teaheunene eta dguons vol Ysetovea Loqang of a938vs00 deat Jejawese Woe yitule et? .crsele aod bolleqke mbox? Jond of -Fasinans ylovtseloy xzhaaoh him fg odyiarsaels ada | Caniiqenid Letieue protiaiuett Lacrsiia aebivery. Shao retool get “ohana to beinyrtenoa af 3] .wirtenogmes Tayned dd SOT B gaol wT sellwiy eenigzad?)) 29210 bre tenn? noewled | be ” Gehl vies ndetwradd? eff olide ,notteiuact Jeeteds be font B\2 al wees org sod exondotds Ita Liessvo eran n Iealandowe Joull .eebte salntemey ows of: fo tlomt O\E bon. gor bos | “Wabsrerw2hib srujoveqeds. (O°Ce) THOT 4 daly ellew oer od guess -oxtew O82 elogenixotqqu of q9qye aff §.(30 wtught) enolsoee srntsqee oye al re Jew! se3ow-s valet (loriosie ,sitlomiabls ~asae InP) edt =, Tegnedoxo Shor dortquroos no bre yeevlev, Inev cegaybyd , vrjnl bra ,ectaoxseals gulrcdinom ,aredee ,aGud a2 vemled tapas G) eens youol Gila whtrw ,botane a, ana ce er pada, : yrete guiveO as at yoderorkvas ads boo ora ‘emu ~T) owwied Isse eit ¥d woblvotq ¢] soeegig xotioss .tedeug Yaddwt 2ntl w Jealege qi-UN=8 sity yo% snataoaesth isav0 {eneve oly sBeiotel wen eigiww wand ofT .¢oo TC x 28 # OR) gevinel C\teal x reverie x \l-rh x S\iro we ALE) aprvacen ielegt wi-Wira! set «(ga 2) \ stax &¢ x ef x Tae Hit i uh 7 i | re nr EC OE CI tN OR SIE PEN Rw phn ee ee Seema TT Heat Production System The heat source, which weighs 10 pounds (4.5 kg), consists of a series of cells (Figure 2) bolted (shorted) together. Twenty magnesium anodes 5-7/8 x 7-3/8 x 1/8 inch thick (14.9 x 18.7 x 0.32 cm) and 21 steel cathodes 0.010 inch (0.026 cm) thick are spaced at an electrode gap of 0.060 inch (0.152 cm). The electrode gap is fixed by copper spacer washers that also serve as electrical current paths between adjacent electrodes. Copper washers are used to minimize local reaction on the anode.* | With the above cell construction the pcan cine power density in j 140°F (60°C) electrolyte is approximately 1 W/in.* of magnesium surface ; area (0.155 W/cm2), which gives a total initial power for this cell of 1,800 watts. At the end of 8 hours, the power density decays to about 0.6 W/in.2 (0.093 W/cm2), which provides the required 1,000 watts. The decay is primarily due to increased electrode gap resulting from anode consumption. An important part of the heat production system is maintenance of the electrolyte and disposal of reaction products. Hydrogen must be continuously vented to prevent overpressurizing of the case. The hydrogen vent system is designed to provide an electrolyte overpressure of 1 psi (6.9 kPa) that is used to expel the spent electrolyte slurry at ; a rate of 0.026 gal/min (100 ml/min) through the economizer. Since the : diver’s orientation is constantly changing, the gas vents must be located 4 on all corners of the case. In this model, the hydrogen vents are i relief valves that are set at 1 psi (6.9 kPa) over ambient and are equipped with neutrally buoyant rubber flapper valves (Figure 24). In the presence of hydrogen, the flappers open, which allows the gas to escape through the relief valve. With water present, the flappers close to prevent hot electrolyte from being expelled to the environment. 3 A hydrogen-permeable membrane was explored for ventilating the hydrogen. Nonwettable porous Teflons and other synthetic materials were tested. The porous Teflon adequately vented the hydrogen with the required overpressure in clean seawater, but it was subject to pore clogging in the presence of magnesium hydroxide. Further investigation is necessary to find a noncloggable hydrogen-permeable membrane. The economizer heat exchanger (Figure 25) is mounted within the two thick sides of the heater case. The seawater/magnesium hydroxide i slurry passes through the copper tubing. The 0.18-inch (0.46-cm) 4 inside diameter and the 17-foot (5.2-in.) length of the tubing were sized to provide a continuous discharge of 9.5 cu in./min [(150 ml/min) * Local reaction around similar steel washers causes the anodes to prematurely corrode through, which separates the main portion of the anode from the short circuit paths. SUAS IR Aeon WANE PLB 13 SORA A ELD SEARLE A CO A At OC ATEN IES NES ESI ANSI IT ARIE SORA RENE OA SPAR ee EAR CUP EE ARONSON REECE HA AT i oe va sl aT Dee) Se fy ; one: a pie ol “A Ae we at a ey oa | dupds oF syAzst yriabeb yewuq ott tert OAT .833uw OOO ~.! hovtupsy ey eshlverg dobiv “aban woz) getsiueny aug sbextveie besweyan! © 26 sooeneanten 41 ensues nuksaubors 26H 42 od twuw noyoslya! “evoubend Woltaawe to Lasoyels & add .dess att Wo gebalsdeaszg eve stvecsrqwve syyletsosls an ebtverq os boaglesd: w! 38 “relia eiyidrs¢aie dneqe oda Isqes os beep Bt 2 eon? taclewnoss ois dguords tola\im O01). an bwiscof od Javm eiowy eng mts at) oe ee Gis einoy asgotbyd ad> ,ieboe ait9 ol pepg Po eiprindeny 1m bos zankdue seve (etd ©.3) koq f Wn dee tee tudd : wt 4{dS wrwght) seviey s0qqnd) t9tdus dare pngal ‘OF Way ad weolle italy & hasan wa boxe ae if ts aoe aired BoIusaqna dalde phustia s10H8 nn an RE ORL TERED 1 at the 1-psi (6.9-kPa) hydrogen overpressure. Fresh seavater is pumped, counter flow, through milled channels surrounding the copper tubing. The rate is slightly greater than the slurry expulsion rate to provide for water consumed by the reaction. The entering fresh seawater is preheated by the expelled slurry. Tests of the economizer showed it to be approximately 75% effective in recovering heat from the spent elec- trolyte. : Heat Circulation System Heat is distributed to the diver by means of a second fluid (sea- ; water) that is circulated through a heat distribution garment surround- ing his body. A schematic of the system is shown in Figure 23. The pump circulates water at a rate of 0.6 gal/min (2.27 £/min) through the semi-closed circuit loop. As this fluid passes through the electrolyte- immersed heat exchanger, its temperature is raised to approximately 115°F (46°C). A piston-type thermostatic actuator, which is mounted in the temperature control valve (Figure 26), senses the temperature of the water delivered from the heat exchanger. The position of the thermostat is set so that if the temperature exceeds 110 F (43 C), the piston will open a throttling valve that will allow the hot water to escape to the sea. An equal volume of cold seawater is automatically taken in through the always-open suction port at the pump. The cold water mixes with the warm water returned from the diver before entering the heat exchanger, and lowers the temperature of the water delivered to the diver. A handle on the valve allows the diver to adjust the set point position of the thermostat. With this handle the diver suit water inlet temperature is adjustable for comfort control. By opening the valve, the diver can bypass some or all of the heated water and circulate cool water through the suit. The high temperature set point can be adjusted to a maximum of 110 F (43 C). System Components The pumps for circulating the diver suit water and fresh electrolyte are shown in Figure 27. The permanent magnet DC motors are housed in watertight pressure vessels. To avoid the need for shaft seals, mag- netic couplings are used to drive the centrifugal pump impellers. The pumps are activated by an electronic control panel (Figure 27) that also monitors the system. The control panel contains three sets m of LEDs* which, when lighted, give the diver the following information: * Light emitting diodes. 14 ; yh , ~ ' oat iy - y ia ro ia 7 a Ap ae, eK } 5 OP ve ‘ata ¥ ‘ eoneeg * peers daw Bolg oa bested af poverty’ nt bdaevoh al dette ,so3ho3en olia ofa Ye sreioreqmed od) enanon CS & ¥%) oviav Sedaomisit? afd Yo oops Rodd FR. joxp jnad.oila ; ; {Liv mazety ofa | (08) TOIT aboasx> sivtareqiesr od? 4 ; od? 03 Syren O2 Thy th. os wollte Utw dada, aviay 4 Aquowd’y et waded yflnolisensus od ToIswues Bloo 59a 1 o4 itt gaxte rode bloo oft | .qnuq ed] 36 10g ae etagretiozs Yast add yalasjao sr0led yovib ors wont ; 7 A apt eye levine peybnr glia tes Feo y = ‘ ) Sa wolsivag tolog Yat wid Seutbe od yavih aia pie ‘ io Se 7 sued sofal vstew Jiva vovlb af4 elke uidz re : RD bots ,evlav es gelasqn yo , ‘gre! mmo Suiatin ah iguerds F99KY Loos s%eluzaty boa yajau bateodt ado le Lm 90 soon yenged ar a: meatene # 6S baianibe of aio Inleq Jon aaness eta ta oad ry £ me vat sixforzoels ess? bas tOJew Duk ‘sewth oad tnbaatonro rok age oT a . at beeved sya ero2en DOC dongen Jaamemieg aT 45% avigi? Al cveda sie I ad Pe Tab 7 , (VS wrugit) farsa foxtaoo atoorissle na ¢* pen Boe orm mage ag ey * F eJe@e 99702 anteteo> [oneq toring) ofT. .wateye add wreatodeonla yada repkisawiwt getvollos ofs tovib old avdg .bedight aotw olde ‘eas, Ww: a 7 | shy va : ; aeby kh gnko alan pa a 7 ( r i ie — ‘ ; = y > st” 1. Low pump current (pump cavitating) 2. Suit water temperature too high [>i10°F (43°C) ] 3. Cell temperature below 140°F (60°C) The control panel also contains two off/on switches — a diver-operated one for suit circulation, and another one for activation of the elec- trolyte pump and electronics. Thermistors sense the cell and suit-water temperatures. The electronic components are housed in a watertight pressure housing attached to the pump motors. The electronic/electrical control circuit is shown in Figure 28. Power for operating the pump motors and electronics is supplied from three parallel sets of four D-size lithium primary cells connected in series to provide 10.5 volts and 17 A-hr. The batteries are contained in watertight housings (Figure 29) that are mounted external to the heater case. Safety Considerations Safety is an inherent characteristic of the heat source; the reaction produces no toxic substances, and the high reaction temperatures that might result from overheating are limited to the local boiling point of seawater. If the temperature of the electrolyte exceeds 140°F, which could occur if the diver load were to be less than the anticipated 1,000 watts, the electrolyte/suit-water heat exchanger will transfer the additional heat to the diver circuit and elevate the suit-water tempera- ture. This immediately activates the temperature control valve, which causes the hot water to be dumped and cold water to be taken in at the circulation pump. The incoming cold water creates a load that exceeds the capacity of the cell, thereby causing a subsequent reduction in the electrolyte temperature. As an additional thermal safety device, if an excessive electrolyte temperature were to occur, the extra hydrogen produced would cause a higher internal case pressure and subsequent dewatering of the cell. By adjusting the temperature control valve, the diver can automa- tically control the temperature of his suit water at any point within the 100°F-to-110°F (380-to-43°C) range. If the diver sets the valve below the automatic control range, he can dump any portion or virtually all of the heater output and circulate cool water through the suit. If the temperature control valve should fail, the diver could remain comfortable by periodically connecting and disconnecting couplings in the suit-water hoses. The only possible hazard from the heater is the accumulation of an explosive concentration of hydrogen if the heater is Operated in a closed space for a prolonged period of time. 15 SR nn ee re ener A RE TR RES phe Yer suarbe se beeen Sag en 1 nczé dies ete - Binnie: ee eeade ie Saad kae eee ~salo add, to. rotsewlyse 203 sa sak Ebigaeh ieitdiae eas Gtt saben ed? .ateA TL ban oot | busted 978 opay (ee, a i : t wntioaes bas eure siiact ot? Ya Sbicharaally Samet \ et Jad ysitpinseyeds eodionss dgif odd bos ,wWadedudee ak Jo jniog od Inn! a3, 02. bostmkl ae heb mor} < it phi ody lG¥2onLe | to artes Seestat ae ‘nuda nool ad 93 e7oy baok sevib ® 4 yodenesd tidy ted yed@u=stae\) rer Dries i heathen nas ameate dotdy covloy Tormed ainsetend 6A9, od 36 ab tietey ad or iszew Wide be b : atehsee sedd heal ¢ aecemrd nie Ricw gnfuba? seth "9 Peidouby? Weupeddva @ paleiss yorsds bios ats Vo Erbe dk polveb von low Luernd2 Laontitbbe ob ah Qiayanisames asyloviaal “iegetiyd av} ada ytit900 ©) stow wu IeTOqEOD e7Yletsvele byl souupradim ana erugasig ageo taateint tolgtdl 4 watma Glue ition wit oe ih ““r0z Uh nn? sovEb nda. ,ovlev Lorséos WW IhINGHsI mia pet sent ie, Le - Whisky Jeboq ‘yin. Je Jadew stun ata Yo, eqns ‘nao task ‘eying wilt eiea vert add 1S .syney mut) 4 utd - « einer ty se polss0q yan qaub pao ef .pgner Lovieds »ttesetes as volod + UE -Slee whe dponwts vetew loor sielaaglo tik Grqziic adaut od — ; sikme? bludo tavib oft thei bigots orlay forsady ar useumeuey =a Ab wystifquos snltoonieelb bas ql soonrie' ghhesthcheg yd teen aN of ee bd2 WE asdee! wdd mor! branded efdligeog “lao ATT .eeedd sozey—iee oes > wh tsteerl ofS 12 pegorbes Yo cob lesdieanet Svigolqad aa To moataal a i, ha Ye bid ame beaaotarg 2. rot woeqm, baaule mA . a « Heater Testing Laboratory bench tests of the heater were conducted to determine Overall performance. Electrolyte temperature, temperatures across the diver load, and suit-water flowrate were recorded. The diver load was simulated by immersing a copper tubing heat exchanger into a refriger- ated bath. The heater’s power output was calculated using the flowrate and the suit-water temperatures. A typical power curve for an 8-hour test is shown in Figure 30. Power output for the 16-kW-hr heater is shown in Figure 31. In late May 1975 the heater was first integrated with the heat distribution garment and thermal protection suit developed by NCSL. Previous tests with a diver had established a base line power require- ment and typical skin and rectal temperature trends. For the integrated test, the heater was carried on the diver’s back and suit-water flow and electrolyte and suit-water temperatures were monitored. The diver’s rectal temperature was used as the absolute indicator of the heater’s effectiveness. During the first 4 hours of the test, the rectal temperature exhibited the typical slow decline. However, just after 4 hours, it began to rise (Figure 32) and continued to rise during the next hour. The test was considered successful since the temperature rise indicated that the diver was returning to a stable, normal condition. Human Considerations Since the end product of this development effort will be hardware carried by free-swimming divers, a human factors study was initiated to determine man/equipment interface problems (the appendix). The objective of the study was to determine what size and shape the heater could attain without restricting the free-swimming diver’s mobility. Discus- sions were held with cognizant tactical diver-oriented personnel, and then mock-ups of potential diver heating units based on available free- body space were built and tested. The testing involved diver/swimmer drag measurements and diver subjective analysis. The results of the human factors analysis showed that a chest mock- up (Figure 33) was preferred over the others tested. The divers favored the chest-worn unit, because they would prefer to retain the heater and stay warm in the water if they should have to ditch their breathing equipment. 16 tt ASD ONES MES ds odie Se a Sa eat tha tM S a | j j i sl a i as cole ine ‘ 4 ee — qvisadtde eff ,(elbeoggn vis) amotdorq son izesqt — ie ie re Sasd) ots Woiw beyerassat 2e7, SRK 4S bayolegeb sign netIoeI079q" ia eortupos yawog athl oned o baietidnsew bad 4 panne i shbrod pyutaxgmes Lasoes w'aovib O42 no boluvad anv yornsdt mila. , ReTUIesSgReT TIee~2lue ben o7yfovsouke bam ne Se ore ajufoedn of9 ak bouw vow svuteveqaes [naoer a tavit alt Db emer! 100 Jo eiuod A saath od? yeti .eubimvisseTie atiotand inf . . s*ttioob wale Lsstqy2 edz barididxs sivaeinqess leagot bouckirus ben (86 wrvglt) aati of magod ai ,eemod 4 eniile Lulesooous beIeblenos enw tR09 eit .adod axon oda raideve 6 0) yalaiwie7 env tevth sl) devs? bosesthat a 4 sl iach cee bea aor yay? adr 4 el @rivbted of Litw preolis toeequlevab #243 To a Berataiclh ecu vhicte evoton) natu! 6 ,arevié gate bivo> aedn0d s43 eqnta boe sete Jadtv osbryvedeh 62 eew fd Yo “euould .Yaitides etisvib gatmiva-eey? oft yattotrszee9 seoiodw eon bos ,iefnowray botasirorrevdh Leslice? inguiagan Wakw bled oiev -oevi aldallave #6 bend nolaw galsecd! revib [atinejeg bo sqiresizce younive\revll boviéva? gaives! dT 088,58). Sead CAL seite daty msagbieoow et yrav If iv geet rod eseonevtapos be ah 3k ,aamseye anivib ban ,o2aiateqnor 1eje~ ,aqeb a doin aidabiey eyed LL hos yelubom sd Elke mreaaad vruau) seAe ee ae o ee etom ad yneist Lifes aaeodt edntq~taut ats ‘te ' wovlb sd7 ySqque bat aeseed betnvos-llad-gelvib zo feaklida at esseol seed satel ,a9vawod jlastifder 4 seoiigedaer calpains Lactate dirk wat ep tolioag sar midnslenbuaneat ah, gate vehiven? o4 Swe Isat emof-eso> p an to teldlozendun gm sonibe cosavoes dity 2). > rita “ ‘besevison wd bloecv comerait" o@rovit rbaglvpa ab dtod sateal iSietas bond wis ie csdtpachis tha’ Wiistoal saat ghd a, = | ¥vRM goo cot j-eucterdqya gahivesrd baw ebeen vevlb 4d bon bervaseh od Dike aged geidiean yobou betoyow. Item geste, o tai) lowot wov 32 eobtersqu ain etdt «Cilidasiue bee. 3703e00 Isvbh lo enrad nt kaoljoetq Jeom aay waft Of AS #5 Lo emulow.e yyuasD bloow , rth t yiquee hiuse rrasyoud yillexauam ed bivow haw , {ro tt Qh 2 <) giliouen yeblenss oF lenidaasq od blew 2h. en0dtaze¢0 “sqv2-vda rot =. : eettede ,teliee A .revlb si7 no Yo heegent WOE wie ot se2ned si at. io td belrins o¢ bivoo ase nobrowberq gaed vo ogmiese sat! aotzeseb nolstereyo Vii de uo 302 s90hb "i i‘ atéhitentem ta ® ,OlobideV ytovtiad aperr, ) Aen NS a Sh wet ea sit SO Sh ea lS Sa ie Ln Vans : 10. The major problem yet to be resolved in the development of a free— swimming diver-carried dual-plate heater is the venting of hydrogen produced by the reaction. The vent system must be operable in virtually any orientation, while preventing excessive electrolyte leakage to sea. Operation of the vent system is further complicated by the clogging nature of the Mg (OH) 5 reaction by-products. 11. The alloyed magnesium-iron powders offer a viable solution to some of the undesirable characteristics of the dual-plate cells, incl:ding: (a) Higher specific output than the dual-plate cell (b) Constant or controlled power output (c) Attitude insensitive to venting of Hy (d) Easily modularized to suit mission requirements RECOMMENDATIONS 1. A plate-type (dual or iron-plated) magnesium-iron heater for use in limited orientation situations, such as mounted on a PTC, SDV or submer- sible, should be built and tested. This heater could also be used as a standby emergency heater for the same vehicles. 2. Additional test and evaluation of magnesium-iron powdered alloys, including other cathodic materials, should be conducted. Based on the results o£ these tests, a portable diver-carried heater with constant or variable power output should be designed, fabricated, and tested. REFERENCES 1. Naval Medical Research Institute. Report no. 2: Theoretical thermal requirements for the Mark II diving system, by J. F. Tauber, J. S. P. Rawlins, and K. R. Bondi. Bethesda, Md., 1969. (AD 694013) 2. Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory. Informal Status Report: Thermal comparison of various diver suit materials, by R. K. Johnson. Panama City, Fla., Mar. 1973. 3. Navy Experimental Diving Unit. Report no. NEDU-RR-3-51: Test of electrically heated clothing, by T. N. Blockwick. Washington, D. C., Feb. 19531. (AD 731013) 4. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Technical Note N-1015: Marine Corps diver's backpack battery assembly, by D. Taylor and J. J. Bayles. Port Hueneme, Calif., Jan. 1969. 18 ei abd ti Ba 25 alt ass x cas = i ACR CRS TITLE LIES , inal a 0 eT an, NAAN LEE } } i ) \ i wb ned bare See neon hee Ri AL indies as suiyptes alan? » setto onetwoq igatbutons sal leo atalq-laub ott To usc tes svete wast ee ee atPhosqe er bollay snes v0 swe Ce bat sive caecum at say t0T raIeet corl-metsaagem (betelqonost ss ial t) owernanat & ph ener tags ~temive so VO2 ,ITY 2 no bedayom ee down ,anottavste # Gs boee od cals blood toJned elitT bores few YLied od inode saelotioy vows oda tor ‘Tosned yorka ta vnrolle barbed puis dies Fseeryiem Yo noltealave et: ‘gous Trois YhibA ok 01 10 beabt ,hetpubooy od blwode yelstinsem Sthodies Tete antho font 2G Thedanes Wsiw setaw! letymo-swwlh oldaszeq's ,bo0e7 ebeds Yo e2lveos JIOYS) UoOIWWUUO, JOI1449943 NOIMDV3Ia YALVMVIS - WNISINOVW JHL 20 vere alate elsrites nis ea nda o2 pence tein ere te ees peasy aire oe peal oa ieon’ mores Sr ee cms = tna 41 REAR ERE Ana an AAR se PNA EN td eg RRR = — _—MONDAAA 98TAWaAR2 © MuIesHoAM aut = == os a a (Nuss? hed?) noitrynne? lnsivtssf2 | eT ; = . a ea —— . - ,IeM) sbenad " ty A ha hos, Yet F cL hid ts A hiLma hy * hes ea“ a a a - f ; ~ Peo A : 4 j {HOleM =—{HO}Ns # om | : 1. 2 ae = Bm HE + thols ons © short circuit bolt A spacer washer ee magn ‘sium anode 4 bees) electrode gap Figure 2. Dual-plate cell configuration. 21 SSS eee peeewae Henne ee rer) Figure 3. Dewer flask apparatus for parametric tests. \ SAGER SSS ETE SS vy -~ mint DTG O one hes SD Figure 4. Acrylic vessel for large-scale 1,000-watt tests. 22 +Rines shasenesgg 0} ey sereqqa deed leak sug Sep _ ee, os ar a * r fie © © © ea amine: toon ee We aqua p, auth 7 a TNT «= enbenagenrniamer grant | ‘ame i x i al Ping! ‘ 7 : i" Ca UR eh Ns * bes. a : ra | a: oe: , a q ¢ ne : any } e340? J2eu-000,) olosn-ngo5! 10) leatey shivieA .A wight x x sy *sajetTd apoujzed anoj pur aspour se243 YITA QUSWeSUeAATe [TED ajeTd-Tenp TeopdA, °¢ sansty AUOLVYOEWT INIVAINIING WAI S 23 SAID re com ODS RTOS tae ESSE SU a ema nn TST Sa EE ETE a ROD theoretical maximum 1,800 ie spacing = 0.060 in. 1,600 Js spacing = 0.200 in. 1,500 Energy Density (W-hr/Ib of Mg consumed) 1,400 Note: 1 W-hr/Ib = 0.45 W-hr/kg %¢ = 5/9 (OF - 32) 1200 lin. = 25.4mm 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Temperature (OF) Figure 6. Energy density as a functior of electrolyte temperature (for 0.060 in.< spacing < 0.200 in.). 24 TSR SA STIL SG CRT ware oe rf : HT ph 6D & sti Oniott ce oe evn hat 4 ol t 099) sreietsqeye'T #1L3I0I9qmys aalorzoels Jo “oldomt os on yiianod caver | 0 stugtt o({,mk ONL .0 > gutonga >.n} 060.1) 202) as | LLNS LI ERE EEN INTER ME LAE IPI IIOP TL TEA, BIB STR NEN RS PNT FAR OR ARERR eA A NN tr * NBAL POTSETETN MET TEA NN SL EASES Wreeess a ee PEST ee el Beers eee ete *ganjeirodus3 azATOARDeTa pue Butoeds o3eTd jo uoTJoUNZ e& se yndjno Jamog “*/ sAN3TYy (cut) 3urseds +70. zz0 070 t:) 0) 910 +10 zro Co} Co) 80°0 900 (Ag) 2amesadway (1) &4 06! OLT Ost O£T Olt 06 4 os of 90S : aa oT ran | vl " Ab AMEE ge Ae ie, otal acy eh (adc sence A par ORE aren Sn a acing 2 (7 UyM) Ausuaqg 139M0g 25 ee 8 LOU EE EVI ERIE FSET SY THEN STOP REL SLIPS MIT TNT AY SAN ELITE A STR SRR R FE BIOEY, MO GAP PE RPA NWSE REN TT RTS ITE NOP ENT PH TEI TI YS A ae Ay AT ITT | 4 | ! } | | { \ | } | | | | a Rene per ets | Ge Sat ok IL EO ee MR a Ie Fp con ong geen | | EAI DELL LYM LL SINNED a on a A AA ET EI EIS RIE *sopTasTieqoezeyo Aeoop 381 uoTIOeaY °*g sANSTY (24) SWELL (Bare a3e]d aueisuOd) poyeUIW]> UOIIDe23 23pa ay3 yam saind 12MOd parewis> vo N 06 = Hd ™ (M) andano (urseds 238{d Buiseoisu!) Beep d12uTBIed UO prseq AND 19MOd poIeWINIs> [aSSaA aI[Ar9B 9Y3 Ul p2asoL, (wus $"Z) UL 090'0 ‘ulseds S19] $°§ sHUINJOA 234,033921g (z49 OS¥'9) 7'U! OOO'T *¥aze spouy 27 SPs ya PASI ID hes). inc Magnesium anode showing diminished edge areas (original anode was 3 x 4 Figure 9. E E + va) N u £ - g ° Zz Anode area: 72 in.2 (464 cm?) Electrolyte volume: ~900 ml Steel cathode Test run in beaker 8 & 3 R S ind3no 2poyred ‘ul-090'0 2y) 0} pazi|BUON 3nd3inQ J9Mog JO 1099394 60 50 30 Cathode Thickness (in. x 10°73) 20 10 Cell output as a function of cathode thickness. Figure 10. 28 | | i hon Seri meee a ee 2 hy : _ 7 — : ae aE ae SS Oe one WP eter Me mp 18 $F 16 standard Mg-Fe cell with standblasted 0.010-in. shimstock at 0.060-in. spacing 12 Fe-plated Mg cell at 0.060-in. spacing = : -) Power Density (W/in.?) ° te standard Mg-Fe cell with Mf 0.010-in. shimsiock at 0.060-in. spacing 0.4 0.2 Note: 1 W/in.2 = 0.16 W/cm2 0.0 oO 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (hr) Figure 11. Bi-polar and sandblasted shimstock electrode test compared to dual-plate tests. 29 rere SLE REELS STII SE RENT EI OST LO AN IS PIRI TEE EPP NIE NO TN TT RR BR ENN EN IIE WEEE ERIN: ET RED IS EET OS TE ESO Pa Retell enn PM KAR A ek tc ai 3 RES ne Unt LA CNR WRN RR eRe eee Ne eR A AEE PRM TEN re ee yw A Caen a= Sale t nat s+ bezagmo> jued ghoxiowlo doorvalte bozanldbane boa toLoq-ia .tt ong seanes walq-faub oF Anode area: 72 in.? Electrolyte volume: 1,300 mi Tested in the Dewar flask Percent of Maximum Output 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Percent Seawater Figure 12. Cell output as a function of seawater concentration. Fixed Spacing Automatic Spacing Control Initial Spacing Iron Cathode INTITIAL | CONFIGURATION \ lron Cathode Increased Spacing Same Spacing SOME TIME LATER Meee Figure 13. Inert cone spaces used for controlled-spacing tests. 30 A Nt te ah SLT NON EIR GIO D ALRITE SLED AOI YT A A A | ; 7) (a WD tnsonos Tee To bea) «eo fuqjeg fied 6) aseg ht. pritog? sitematue grizoct beri? SALTO VOITASVONIMOD —_—, MOR RITAL at 4 7 othe) Qt tonga-Pelierines 207 tom saesge deco front ff omg, Reaction Efficiency (% completion) 0 5 10 Powder Specifications (1) As-produced particle size (2) 5 atomic % iron 15 Milling Time (min) 20 (a) Reaction efficiency versus milling time. 100 80 25 30 30-min milling time 15-min milling tial time cy & Alloy < Milling E at Time o (min) z i” 3-5 S $ 2 ii 30 5 40 3 uv "4 Powder Specifications (1) As-produced particle size 20 (2) 5 atomic % iron 0 0 1 2 3 Time (min) Percent Completion Reached in 1 Minute 8 44 88 (b) Percent completion versus time. Relative Reaction Rate 5.5 11 3-to-5-min milling time Figure 14. Reaction efficiency as function of milling time. tae SON ts ET TET Lin cts i Nahas MA na eS Lies Ne eed lie cae ts 4 31 STN LN NEN SAE OTE RES SELLA LEONEL RO A NRE ON A a with “ Asana ea tac td) cr oats anbtibe vy oka aa tonshaitie naksanna at enget 5 atomic % iron Saeeieennttt iepetenentenetiteraomen tat nimetierintna deren rT oe YY 10 atomic % iron ¢ Ne 3 atomic % iron ee Ne re ee ee ee ae RE Oe NE RE EE Powder Specifications (1) 30-min milling time (2) As-produced particle size Percent Completion { O atomic % iron (100% Mg, ball-milled) Time (min) Figure 15. Effect of alloy composition on percent completion. 32 PLE PSE A ALE ITS LS NTL Pe periom ny ie tina Jered: ov tt) ees ISlijeoo Igehusq he otlinredigiea cotta te seotle .2t equght : i a = ee ene —_——- a) re se Soak 5: b § x ‘ je—— 10 atomic % iron ; . 140 Powder Specifications ‘ (1) 30-min milling time i (2) As-produced particle size | i 120 | f m~ { i 2 i p a { tL I ; 2) | 100 f o 5 i ° a i ‘ = j——— 5 atomic % iron : ! t 6 ; . G -4 ? : Z 80 ; f 2 i 2 4 t 6 ; ‘ Zz i H i } 2 } ) : t | t { i | H 40 i | Pi 3 atomic % iron | { } | , | 0 atomic % iron (power-nil) a UBS |‘ —aenereeerne k 0 2 4 6 8 10 ; Time (min) i Figure 16. Power as a function of alloy composition. | § 33 j E { SSS ee ae ‘OOIDIBOMMED Volts 34 COL Siwy @ ey rowed .at orught GE. (rar Den Oe a ees aera oT ee e 7D ed 100 nn ry A TN I § atomic % iron i i H 80 i Xe 5 atomic % nickel | { { 4 | \ Nee 5 atomic % copper } ec 60 ; Ss : | = { So { o H e { c z ' v i = i & Be dd j 40 Powder Specifications | (1) 30-min milling time 3 (2) As-produced particle size | \ | 20 ! j | \ 5 atomic % carbon | r, ! A a Se] | 0 2 4 6 8 10 | Time (min) i | | | Figure 17. Reaction rates of alternate cathodic materials. | ry | i i i i t \ 34 | u ¢ yey i pitty € a ant babyy” abot eit travian aaat aw ) axis ootshy bevtdurngedy (9) fat RRolvosen oibodiss satiestin Yo 653n7 folgoaed it Sauydt Normalized Power (W per gram of alloy) 120 Te 5 atomic % iron 100 Powder Specifications = SE EE eee (a) 30-min milling time (b) As-produced particle size 80 5 atomic % nickel 60 40 Ls 5 atomic % copper 20 | 5 atomic % carbon (power-nil) (1) é a 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (min) Figure 18. Power output for alternate cathodic materiais. 35 hn AR 6 EARLS AD at orem = a ee. oy a , ie i Wie Pajjodx> Uy Ja3BMESS S33} *laqeoy AOTTe Aepmod Jo oyJewsydS °61, san3yy (p3ur] stya urypim sundz0 | | UO ~*~ 343 JO %OOI 03 $6) u0193S mae £19109 +}. 25 UON Npolg 183H ——__—>| A3i2ug l ‘ Gund 13)emeas | A3ueyoxs yesy Wad J93eMEDs (Agyy 323uN0>) 237 UBYSXd IBdY UIEW aqna uonstas Auinjs — A JaAIp wol} -23AIP 03 duind 1338 waEM PBO] J9AIp [012U05 ulod 125 if, danjBsadusay pores2do-32A1p 19]]012U05 1 2 aaesmojy Arinys Jappeiq pozianssaid Ajjeuza) 38 ut Ainys 36 ) RAD ALAA PGS CN USA eS ti FREI Rieter nroncqramensesierrennne an eaipenstue ea | *iaqeoy AoTTe Azepmod 203 AARFNOATFO Torquoyj °*O7Z oan3tzy | | quiod 395) < Lj! :astais0q auiod 338) 13! :NO pasy Azinjs pue poads 101:0;w xem < Lj! ‘ddO eu > 13! (NO Joaau0> duind Jo38™ waem Posy Auanjs pue JoaeMmeas ore term Umea te nuit 37 J2AIp Woy 12]}0U05 pos} Aunjs pus duind 133emeos peo] s3aIp L [euais yorqpoay JIAIp 03 Joa3uo aulod 32s sangwsadwia3 payeiodo-s2a1p ER TE IN EI TN ON LE LLU TE FT ES ONDE I SN LS EC RN A A Aa eg a NT RA TEI EN LT Eee GHP Ce MATE REAR NER ll EP NESE Ra Fi arte TN aia ar daar aes ia ate de Ab rena Oda ites Be ASS er ire Pee ea Ce ese oe os 2 "cma a on | uns 7 AA oY io NH F ais Lita: 7 +s" i¢ | | SNe TI TT LIT AE ESE PENN SIR aC A RCE TALON NT RE ee ees ki ntacrpes mt pean pette prnee= Figure 21. Experimental 16-kW-hr diver heater showing the magnesium-iron cell. 0 38 = i. ¢ a ks ae ee ee Lal 1 fi scoleee bn : ms A i 4° J =A ay ate a an sme) far mts yor betin, wires navz# od-We-ot Segepmiiaqet . 6S esugtt sling a us » | of. a ? ok / is % t j 4 t *3aqeey IAATP IU-My-g TeJUewTiedxg © sworvuoavy owiusawiona Wald ‘ s v € € r een eR A FURR EN SPORE CAPO PT OM EIEN EE: °7Z ean3tg CAE Sean OR 39 | a#ber peansey §-1i-ve dines jeggeet* bikers y5°- _ —- — a oa == OMe F a So. a . 2 7 ° et es , . = Ae Eel ee meee pe AAAI NETS ONL OO A EY RE LTO RTE aes EEC RTP ALOT TN ED LT ITE NEN PETE Fa creer ee rene a ee TOOT Ne renner OT na ee ete *zayeaY Tequowyzaedxe AY-MyA-8 JO aDFaeweyos “°EZ eansTq dul] UOIIDNs 1338 PjO> (s3uawiasinbas Susse2y uo spusdap) ino, duinp 1232” 304 NW | Peo] J241p | ce ——— | | 40 AoSTI-Ott = ML 4 gyno Aunjs DaTeA [OIUOD oun3eII9dUI>3 3St9 JOMO] saSueyoxa weay J93@M-31Ns/334]OI292]3 quan Cy 7 a JazTusou0s3 (224]02392]9 PUB 221nOs IFDY4 surejuo>) seo saddn parejnsuy AGEL AAT AEE EL ANS I il MAE ah “SATBA JUBA UssoIpAkY Jo TJeWSUDS *H7Z eAN3Ty Se ee ta Tea oY she pal aeane : saddoyy saqqna oto. ssou guedong Ajjosjnau 8sd3 JAIVA LIN3JA NID0UGAH Z 41 Ly ike in een) i iF, " ™ i Adis i ye ae om om ‘oh! ee es aoe ne a a Figure 25. Tatoo & Economizer heat exchanger built into diver heater. 42 case of 8-kW-hr eo ene a nana mn new I sew oted tilud regnadand sned aostwoness .2t oruyht edna Hav bir rm ; 7 ic a ee ee i i MO|4 1014U0> *@ATPA TOIQUOD SinjeIadusz Jo STIeEWSYDS *g7 aANn3Ty JAIVA IOMULNOD FINLVAIdWIL jOsjuory yulod-jas Apog eA/DA uo4siq 43 _ 40jONIY /sOSUdS | MO}]4 UIDW eA eben sti let beaut i ay *Taued TOIqUOD DFU0AIIETS YIFA Kotte sdund a3hTo1,0eTe Yserz pue 193"M 3TNS VAT “°LZ Pan3sty SRT SRE RNY ILE EGOS cas RRB IR GARTH N ENC EN Ri a ne NR ate I CGOCE “VI “IWININH LUOd ‘IGIN AYOLYVUOEYT SRIVITHIINI WAI OL 6 cf Jaued To1qUuOd DFU0IZDeTO © 44 eR TEN I ANY AEE pos a A ac aR pT DIAsl safe “erat ouq [Leky epececesice Sante Before 3) et yp iota tieantatlonenetnenteenenenentietdiateeeiememntsion ain tae aerate SL I a BE Aen wer emecie nearer eos SARE a i lath 9 Cae rm ASS ia eR Ser 555i Dabs neil Be *sdund 103 JyNoAy~O/DFuoAIeTY °gz asan3Tzq J2ueg 103e5!puy/jo3IU0D (uoneatAed) yuaiin> 4030uy MO] AQ0bI< DAA Z1 oinjeiodusa3 Ap0¢I> oinieiodusaa 3J0/U0 duind 1938m 104 sioje1edwos SIDAlIP (A) 10285!Ipul sayi}dwe duind 334jo3392)9 (203s1u1343) Josuas sangeisduia3 |]29 (103sTWI312) Josuas ainqeiadura3 13A1p a tN RRP PIERS ET HRN NSE RTS PTL ERI SSSA WAC rete tee eae DETROLT 45 i Lace LN SRN Lean A CAE neha eal tans tote thal tex? Sgmg 103 gteotia\sinerasid BY saves oe RRL ee i eS st ESE RRNE NG ROBO, ENF RROD RATS HEME AD Figure 29. 2,000 1,500 1,000 Power (W) $00 Battery case (one of three) and a set of lithium primary battevies. Figure 30. 3 4 5 6 Time (hr) Power curve for 8-kW-hr heater tests. 46 Ta tA Se see a” bee (seid fo ano) onan yiedied ) -aaltojiad U he ey gl ry "Pty nant? (SIROs WHT WM 203 eos Qowot ,OF rug ht 1 oe Se 7 r ye ree dloay yea perpen i *s3saq Jayeoy IY-MY-9| OJ OAAIND AaMog “LE san3Ty (24) ow $ v € 4 zu 6LO'€ ‘8218 spouy oos 000'T oos't 00S°Z (M) 32404 47 erdake 3) O47 teeta irnaiar ne emt cree NGA a ey en Ne AN A Pe ar —amen F — *$3S93 Jaeay IOJ asAIND sinjeisdmay 910d S,JeATq ‘*ZE eaNnsTy (un) sun Ovz (1) &4 ost Ost Oz1 06 c9 o£ (0) $66 48 (do) aanaessduay 2103 s,J241q rn a een NACL AD eb Dd BLEDEL ELL ELL ON I a twa de Mock-up of chest-mounted diver heater under Mark 6 UBA breathing bag. Figure 33. 49 AMT A Wret aah tenet tovlh bonuses tate te qoetaat EC sang)? | eyed gaiiawout Table 1. Energy Values of Various Reactants (e = electrical output, t = thermal outpmt, NEA = no experimental values available.) Energy Produced (W-hr/1b) j Theoretical Batteries Proposed magnesium seawater reaction, Mg + H,0(Fe) Magnesium-silver chloride (torpedo battery) Lead-acid (secondary storage battery) Silver oxide-zinc (silver cell) Manganese dioxide-zinc (dry cell) Nickel-cadmium Mercury oxide-zinc (mercury cell) Zinc-air (air batteries) Sodium-oxygen (battery) Magnesium bromide (experimental organic cathode) Sodium sulfur (experimental) Lithium chloride (experimental high-temperature-fused chloride) Lithium fluoride (experimental) continued 50 ER RENE Ne A om -- : ee & - 2 oo == in a - i eS > - [ies > ‘ittes wie a) ittsmahiixn wylte etter rb) cubs -ebbieokh sédonya aa r? tins cra datirabuae asain. | | q ; Cabreanad 2H ations im . Cipragand) rnd yxormut sot nee : pelea > — tye ‘ant 7 Soseksaminia shai _ _ Sobbinlie pavieaaaTipe Saal ven ana) mths Table 1. Continued (e = electrical output, t = thermal output, NEA = no experimental values available.) Combustion Fuel oil and liquid oxygen Fuel oil and 90% hydrogen peroxide Butane-05 Latent Heat Lithium hydride (sensible heat and change of state) Lithium fluoride (sensible heat and change of state) Boron (sensible heat) Mono Fuel Hydrazine hydrate (decomposition) Isotope Plutonium 238 (8-hour exposure) Energy Produced (W-hr/1b) Theoretical Value includes weight of shielding and hardware. Note: 1 W-hr/1b = 0.45 J/kg. 51 ; - a 7 ve ee vee Tay Jaw a he a Jeod sldtenen) shiaeasy ulate . sss 20 — aaah fow% one mae ROO aN p (103 }eoqmovab) pion : ! | ; Aeanlvted twin witbtekda te valet aicol onek oa - Table 2. Summary of Reaction Parameters and Their Effects Electrode gap Electrolyte temperature Electrolyte pH Cell internal resistance Free transport of reaction products Transport of ions; solubility of products Rate of pre- cipitation of Mg (OH), near the Decreasing gap increases reaction rate. Small gap can cause the products to clog the gap which excludes the electrolyte from anode surface, thus reducing the reaction rate. Raising temperature increases reaction rate; no noticeable effect on energy density. High pH can cause an Mg(OH), barrier to form near anode, which excludes aang SARIN HN NA a BR AE RAD LEP CEN PE heb KD anode the electrolyte, thus reducing the reaction rate. Low pH (excess a ions) promotes the formation of H, at the cathode, Evolution of H at the cathode peemitalery inne Electrolyte density Transport of reaction products 52 increasing the reaction rate. An electrolyte thick- ened with reaction products slows the transport of fresh electrolyte to the electrodes, thus reducing the reaction rate. Also reduces removal of products and increases pH at anode. continued y r ‘ “ a fl 1 7 ; ’ 7 J ne u te t - ; ; : ; ae..4 F ‘emt 4s x rs iam : a G oi ~ ; pen ‘ ’ | r . " to a ’ oe ee _ ie ieemecan’. SAR ; Q’ - 7 ) Sox ot T bow i a tg ¥ —eiq lo e308 to mig So onda ‘ston _ tO) _ sbomn — ¥o s1o¢an87T etoubwig noljoaet . shee tn | retareeeeteeen oie MOR ew ere ome Psy separa oats HOR Parameter Hydrogen gas volume in electrolyte Anode compo- sition Cathode composition Table 2. Continued Influence Cell internal resistance; elec- trolyte circulatior Reaction product consistency Unknown 53 a rr rrr i EIS, Effect on the Reaction Gas bubbles displace electrolyte from con- tact with the anode, reducing reaction rate. (The effect of the gas is particularly evident Near the top of the cell where there is the largest proportion of gas bubbles. After the anodes have reacted for some time, they are tapered, with the thick- est portion being at the top.) Pure magnesium produces a fluffy product that easily clogs the elec- t ode gap (decreases reaction rate). AZ- 31B-0 or AZ-31B-H24 Magnesium alloy produces a product that readily precipitates (does not slow reaction rate except after much pre- cipitation has accumu- lated). Other anode compositions have been investigated, but AZ31B was selected on the basis of availability, performance, low cost, and lack of pollutants, such as Hg. Iron cathodes produce a reasonable reaction rate; other cathodes produce significantly lower rates. continued A A AY RN REA SR A EE A LO TOTTI REDS ee eT > SR ac tists ene ree re er ; bs = | id hele fie Table 2. Continued Internal cell resistance Anode physical condition Cathode physical Polarization condition (hydrogen overvoltage) Electrolyte Internal cell composition resistance; ion mobility 54 a ne nen NN REITER ELT ALT ESL ESS TEI PS An iron-plated copper cathode exhibits an accelerated reaction rate, probably due to the decreased resistance of the copper substrate. The area of the anode exposed to the elect-— rolyte determines the reaction rate: more area - greater rate. Rough surface cathode produces a higher reaction rate than a smooth cathode. High salinity produces high reaction rates. Steet eet ravi CHE Ay aie: vary’ —Jawlw wi ys of} Siena aay 08 a7 Hulgpans inv Wither - geod shadiss sanlwe’ digenl Vetgth ¢ aeptibery Si) Siwt nolvenes poltaéey dgkd 21 j t - ‘BOLissliniet | Sockoytq!abostxey |, aagovhys) | °. pobaibmos |” (egealovzsve ) at oe Liss feenasel — atyiorgoolz | ochialeay | nO14 heogaas vVailidom aot | = 9 ral ar con . ; ' . i } si t - ee 7 > , - mo ay oe oa ui : ¥ : me = Pils) teal Hea Veer ee tT penut uo. a3ze1 etTqesn Je pasoo0id 03 uoy}oee1 JTWAsed Jou ptnom snyj SZuoT 003 sajzeTd uo pouTewsy 7Q0G ATe,ewTXoidde 0} 9981 SadNpor JazeEMeDS YOE *uotzeiedo Jo sainoy 4SATj 3utTanp PeATesuod oq ued ABisue ‘snyq $a3e1 uofT.IeeA SOoNpet A9jeMe|S PoIn{tTp ‘ZT ean3yy ur umoys sy punodwos Joyse3 Soseoi3 wnnoea BUODFTFTS SAeqqnz suod -TIT}s ‘ienboe, Aeads yewiou 0} Uinjal prTnom ae uot OeeI pue ‘poaouser aq pr[nom 3ut,eo0. ‘spaa00id uotjoee1 se {s[TepTieqew JO Joqunu e yaTM aoejains epoue 3e09 soseotout uotzeAqUa DUO) uot se Tewzou 0} suinjexI yndyjno TTe° 9yu2 fa3hT0I3 -oeTo dnoyew sutppe Aq 8utxtw fuotzoee1 TeTI~UT pzeqsa 0} aJATOAADETO AoQZemess jo a32eyd TeTITUT YATA JORVeMYSOIT XTW uotjdt1z9s90q aqei uopjoee1 aorjyans TeEIFUT MoTS apoue 3e09 a3e1I uoTIDee1 uoT3NTTp TetarTUuE MoTS aqATO1IIDETYA uofTzouny a1yeY UoFIOeSY MOTS pue ezeAeTedDy 03 S3¥Sel °€ eTqGeL NA WPAN Bay Med DU ete gM amen eneene ~ NA Wk ay kita SeBIL'D Me 55 ponutjuos a3e1 uoTJIPeA YTWTT ues sseuyoty3 apouzeo yeu SMOUS OCT 21N3Ty 3uT330T9 Tefjueqod Bursnes ‘aqhTo139eTa uy poufTewear sarotjzaed {[Tem A[Tqeuoseai payizom fanoy [ U}YyaFTM apoue worz paetTeds JoeTja aTqesoT Jou oN sajzetd wo1zy ATptder 003 QUEUTWe{QUOD peAOUeI UOTIIeOY sojetd usenjzeq ae3essed a3ATO1}39eTa y490Tq pue sdund 3o[T> ptnos yoTyum ‘sjzaeus uy JjZo owe) penutjuo9 3s0q JO SiInoy 103eT qe ATTewzou uory -ouNj} pue aze1 uozy P91 YsTY TeEIFUT Sutinp AjtT}qedeo SupAr1ed—JUuszIND JFUFET PTINOM Jeyy apoyzed uty e osy quted Aeids 8uyzqepnsuy D;worys aanTTp ‘eTyxoFd awoiys ‘sapoue jo Juew}e913 TeoTWeYD XBM aTTqouojne Saseoi3 aAzT oWO{ANe *2O3TqTYUT Jsny TAuta Aeads uofta3dtaoseqg “€ 2T9PL aqe1 uoyz_oeeA MOTS ssouyoty3 apoures aonpey © tomecmctrem Ocee 56 EA neers! Pees Sed ne ee el al rem ij Letinsieg alow tieiola ahtnguts shadden Gans avons ot eacats dies nian se aes btbisa eis | sobst _fieltzes: Sigil any wesadstaa fi Sith ive sags} ix 7 -, sigr | t -& if tess 24 Squat ‘aaast 4 Sp mst tates rental 3 LD eM RT er tr oe ere ny SN NEN ELEN ET TRY a Ram FINO per rene a et re et Rn TORR tr eR RS ESE SA PERI FN EATEN MNT PO ITB IEE TR TES penuyz uos aqe1 uofz.IeeI sTqeqs siou $se8pa pouzyoeu yam IesuoT SUOFSUaUTP PTOY 02 pollass soazeTg peonpeid sem Joazze espa 2ey2 PpezeoTpuy s3seq eTeos-[Teus a3pe uo Beare apoue sxATIIeFJO JaZie—T & ST An =Sol oUL “°sqUoWwseI1; pue seoie sso13s ysty UIA Ae[TNZe1IT apoue jo saspo saneeT stu, ‘Suptaesus Aq 3nd useq oAey 4sed ut Sapouy ‘“sespa poreoys 0} Woy} eieduod pue saspa poufzyoew uzymM Sapoue aeozaqey a3po apoue wo1s ATTeAGVILT “UT B/T qnoge sem o3pa 3eyW OS pazedtTaqes sopouzed fuoT 3 -oe981 o8po BuTMoTS snyuj ‘3utoeds aqetd ueyq 1032013 Sf} sespea spoue 0} apoyzed wor; QduUeISTP 3eYI oS sapoue uey} JoTTeus sapoyryeo ojeotAqeg uoft3dtaoseq panuzquoy *€ aTqeL a3pea aepoue JO OFFT eseorouy ae uotIoeeI TeFIFUF MOTS SF BOTT NEST Tee aya reece Sopoue pomes SNSI9A pezeeus qoazJo a3pea opoue aonpey pI ANT GTR ETAT TITEL CE 57 eDeRR TRS RS PAY SEN ACG VANE LO DHT PLL IETS wesenasty ER LRN EE PRETRIAL Vo SHANE fe eee eer nee nn reso | t ARCA eal inka ee eas Abies ie ried ea aaa a ee a: + a, 8 ee ee | ns ee Sm i Z _ a — _ - an —_ = -_ cu — st a — _ ra a ” ay panuyjuos poonpoad an pue a yz0q Spakeosop uoTjover pue C(HO) 3H Y3TM pesZoT. apoyzed ajzel uoz. eI Aamo, ATAUeDTITUSTS Soapoyzed uoIyT ISAO JuowaAoidut papyaoad STeTAVZewW 9Yyz Jo aUON SUT3Z0T9 Jo osnedeq peAedsap o}e1 UOTIOeS1 pue Saqq3eSs Jou prTnom a3pnts ‘zaAhomoy $pautezqo oiam yTewtou ueyz 49ze013 souTq € 02 G°T Set aFsuep 1r9eM0g qoezFe a3pea B3uToOnNped Je 2sATJIOJJa aq 0} pawlaas Jaqqna uodTT[TS apoyzeo @ATIOe ue vonNpoid 03 UWeeTDS UOIT uo apoyzed coun asp uotjezpTaepod adnpa1 $TetTisqzew Jazouy ym apoyzed uses uoIT uF SpfoA TTTd pe3se3 Buz zetd PpTo3 pue ‘19ATTS ‘Teyotu fsapoy -38) pojetd 3utsn yTetquojod ButAtip SuTseoisuz Aq o3e1 uoyzIeaI a eeen uof3N{Tos uF unz 919M STT90 oTdues falTes pue 203emM -e9S jo suotqntos poqeanjes oi1edeig so3po apoue oF s3uyzjeoo quolajyytp ATddy panuyqwoy -¢ aTqeL usZ01pky aonpei pue ae uotjoee1 ajelaypaooy 9381 uot OeII BIJEAVITIIOOV 97PL UdTIDeO1 a eII[IIOV aqea uoptqoee1 a JerIsTVI.0y a3pa opoue jo ®IJFLT Vsee1dUL eeraeuna) | apoyreo agn3ztasqns sapoureo aanztasqns Tetqueqod SUTATIp 8utTseoiduy 19372 —ees UT 3TeS peaeanzes qDasjO 3o8pa apoue sonpoy 58 Sere Per Ce aa Se ele Oe ods Bt See ‘ ¥ REICH le rinliniantnd Illes aui ese istaty RAM RMI ee AL it Sh NTN EE ht He Dey sae laces AH ESE Sd oat ig Hh a a aay els >. ems of zentse ‘eel 5920035 5032 4 cag Yo enclinine ‘Giaineod ibeatesde vas tiie bee ystee Lys tet Jon tivow sybute -- stew elles sfigeas | eaae eapigscat foe on | scljuisa of ayy i = * f a * » 2 w o @ « . RitRS* Cosiay sexe Mates at daw : BASF i} crore a8 Saale : Pars Pod 2. sslzianss zs008 heisisias s2eqss4 “riage Ci me, Satt : &tateie33A Sint aclg zest PIsIsiassh wane ne 1k ID ag py es NR <4 Fe 4 py hh Hea NPL Fs 4a | rams ll ing RO yal. rtm a eae ee a Pen. a re nn ee PN RIT I ABA ACAI REMIT RETIN AF EM AS TRIN) LTR Tle. piepueqs yuaTM ereduos 0} IeMeq uy; sapoue uty} TeeAes 4SI] sanoy [euyzs Suzainp 23e1 uot over aseotDUy ae UoFIIeAI UT ssouyoTuI aZueyd ZUPOTITUSTS ON apouy penuf3uoy -¢€ eTqPL LAE EHR PITRE CNS. pIU BB RIN S TEMES A RC IE STS AE 2 ETRY FEET TE SP RENE A eRe LSPS SEATED CF ALIS AEE I ELLE ELIE TODO EID, 59 er nT te EN TPR MSR ASSLT SEI eA CTR ST STO IM Na TY HORAK AE aD MO | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | pees DEPOT pete ene SA m8 OLAS ERE a RN Seam ponuy quo. watTqoid e st 3FNOATO Jaoys 3uzpzAorg ‘padoTeaep aq 03 3ah ST quawasuerie petstpdwys e Suna ATINZ =-ssa00ns SEM 4S0} 3TeOS-TTeUS *QuoWaAOW auUTWAejZep eT3ue auod pue aTsue Jazweyo ‘319uUy S} auood fE[T eindzy uz umoys S] aATJOeJJa pue enbyun Jsou $petaq snjeaedde jo dequnu y ¢ paaeottduos sft o1nj2az DTJewoyne fouwnyzoA pue WYsToM dATSseoxe seat~nber ynq ‘Sy10M JaJeT swt. J1oys e Saqe1 peonpea ATpayiew uey} pue sede1r uoTzoeer USTY ATTPEITU UT pez[Nser yey sesueyd uozIIee1 pasnes saAT{Tppe sow osTe squnowe satsseoxe perznboy Jajemeas Zutjeayeid wo1rj S2SSOT BATSSedxXe UT SI[NSet $saZueyd quedTITUsTS syxewW 0} peaznbea sounjtoa o31e7 sq[nsey SPOUIE TOAUOD UOTIDBAaY JO UCsTARduOD SLs aa iba tne a Sr satan er an mem ea A pewnsuod st apoue Zuzysnfpe -3T9s eTryA saqjetd uaenjeq asoeds aepyAoig motos yenuew 10 sioj0u DyaqoeTe 6°3°a 639439303 seqeTd aATAp AT TeoFUeYSOW SOATITppe Teo;wWeYD Zayemess yserty jo UOTIEPPE patTpTosquoD us FUEYOW ajze1 uot -oee1 queqsuod fde3 queqjsuod upfequpey o7e1 uoT}oOee1 Buyseetd -UT UF sq[nse2 de3 Zuytseo1990q apoue qe uot zoee1 yo S3uryo0TqQ 90eJ -ins sasned yoTym Hd y3zy eonpey qoazjq peqoedxg *y eTqeL a en ee ER Ee RO Ol ener Bupoeds aIeTg Jue AsuoD Bufoeds 32eTd PTISFACA peqduejiy Joaquop jo addy -336£9 sidedaad - ORT ONO S3[Nsoay Tle. aeT[d-pexfs ueyuy 3Yy3tom uy JazeeIs 7OG Ajeyeupxoradde sa8ueyd azamMod ajzenbepe sJepowwodsse 07 sUNTOA @ATSSaDxa sai;~nber ynq ‘syI0M Teo f oesd Jou fajetd yors usenjoq SWYO ¢_OT 93 Q JO a8ue1 9YyQ UT STGETABA 9q 02 SEY aDUeASTSaY SaSea1Iep 10 Saseaiouy eo1e apoue Jey. os aAoW — wnyssuZgeu yo suo ‘Suoit jo suo — sy0RqS a3etd ajeiedas qy~NDAFO Jaoys jo sorq{Td ut BdUPISTSOI aTqeyAae, us TUeyooW penutquo9g °F CP ies uoyT}ovaI BuTSesr1Dap Jo 3uysee1duy snyy Seaie ospoue jsnfpy apouzeo pue apoue usemjaq MOTJ QUeIIND AyWT] 299e3Jq poqoodxy aTqeL Realy apouy eTqQeTzeA aouerg -STSoy oTqezaen peqdus3jy TOrquoD jo odky re re 61 Sn Pens ke AL ps aN eT RS ®-| scgnietass sideivay @tede Io s2siq n} “S261G SIistegak ta. o00 ~ adcese a oe 29 e8d , nex | em — etegeran 4 Shem gets oe Ss Seeteereh 75 Jiuozis | SABRES KeaK = x = eo* Jaseenn 3-34 Sie? shane axis.’ SobHs=> 1972 shone sanbhe | 30-BRisieren? =Ety | #0835699 “gclensz2st, - — ee i si > “4 lesv4D 36 saqut . “StromersA ‘ SSheat-elesi vat a ee iy ‘untseugew aind jo Yysfzem sues ay} JO uoTIDeeI |aJoTdwoo uz paqeaaqyT AT Tey IeI10ay} se3 jo Junowe sy} pue sanoy 4 uy payetaqr{, seB yo junowe [enqoe ay} usemMjeq uosTaeduog 7) *9UF2 UOFIOPII JO SaqnuTU OZT pue OZ UseMqeq aqnutTw aed sanjxtu jo weas aed seB jo Tw uy *UuOTJIFII JO SaqznuyW OT ISAFJ SY. UL aqnuzw aed siangxtw jo we1z3 aed se3 jo Tw ut uotjo Tdmo9 Jusad10qg eATO1IDETA 4,0%T q D SPTXOTp ssouesuey UOoTFTES aUON unufpunty eatydery asauesuey I9ATTS unutIeTg TOX9FN uo1ry OPFXOTp ssoursuey + uolry uoly aoaddoy pee ote uot atTduoy uofqorey | uoTJoeaY | 2 quadieg Apeaas Tez azul peru uopTqoeaY TeFIFUL gered uot Ie9Y Apeays ee TeTzeIeW quadisg SPSt) eakTor399Ta ALLL STeTASIey] apoyze) snoyzaepA Jo AduaPoTeyIy *SG STQEL N 2) PEE EAU SA a RT ARE PRE EEL RRTR R 2 a coasione to evturdn’ Oo peers a farce agente’ mig 33 ree te ee GS Wit Soyo entagts: 1 bas 0¢ eeGusad aranke 194 awrite Yo aaag ogiaiy 16 Ta n® : od3 toa esdod 6 oi beceregtt eng do 3eyae- Lads a8 +83 Avewzad = benage® ymud, To Acipglew cene “is Yo 0b 3oue7 se ac Toa pee ysty 1129 JO gut 1129 yo punod possosoid-sid aq isn! ses aad 1y-M 9£ sod 14-4 0S8 azjod-1g 63 (gt 19d 4 8) (34 32d (Ww $'9) 1sO3 MO] 1199 JO ¢-ut 1129 jo punod a1qzeat Apipeas speuayeus [[2D aad 1y-AA 9€ aad 14-A\ 008 &319uq feonas0294L 3809 pAlanoeoy ~ABi13uq aanepy EYP IES | renioy { A5u3191334 indang d1j199dg indyng uoNnseoy adh 1129 SOWSUDIDEILYD []2D “9 GEL ee —o : =. ae Se CC —— — ail 7 2 ; ee c a —p is - 7 - — i = 4 vu —— = Fe ne oe A se LS 7 ——— Ee = ee “ w=) a = OS ee Er ty bomng wy oh re Tt on be ~ Sh aly One reps 1 6813 ee APPENDIX Human Factors Considerations in Self-Contained Diver Heater Design by F. B. Barrett BACKGROUND A limited human factors analysis of self-contained diver heating systems was conducted to determine man/equipment interface requirements. The analysis was accomplished primarily through in-water test trials of several heater mock-ups and through discussions with combat swimmer personnel and appropriate Navy diving authorities. Equipment compatibil- ity tests were also conducted during Swimmer Delivery Vehicle (SDV) operations by personnel using Navy Mark 6 underwater breathing apparatus. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS An analysis of underwatez breathing apparatus (UBA) currently in use by Navy tactical swimmers and probable future configurations was conducted to determine possible locations for diver heater compoaents. The major requirement placed on the analysis was to minimize the re- strictions imposed on the swimmer and his mobility. . 3 a result of this analysis, three heater mock-ups were fabricated for i1-water test and evaluation (Figures 33, 34, and 35). A brief description of the mock-ups is contained in Table 7. All of the mock-ups were fabricated from wood and weighted for neutral buoyancy; the leading edges were faired to reduce hydrodynamic drag. The chest and wing tank mock-ups were con- figured to be compatible with the presently used Mark 6 UBA. The chest unit appeared to be compatible with all known types of Navy UBA's. Some UBA's have enclosed back packs that make adaptation of the back pack wing tank units very difficult. A mock-up of the heater control panel was fabricated end is shown in Figuse 36. The basic unit was 2 x 3 x 4 inches (5 x 8 x 10 cm). The control handle was 2 inches in diameter with pronounced knobs. Small diameter LEDs were simulated. TESTS The chest and wing tank mock-ups were tested in a swimming pool in conjunction with the Mark 6 UBA. The apparatus shown in Figure 37 was used to determine the mock-up drag characteristics. Divers were pulled through the water at l=-knot speeds while submerged. Considerable varia- bility in the results was noted; however, the drag was verified as being a fraction of 1 pound. 64 TEA AER RSA ay oxo) noida. gniteal wits ty ) heaps hee WG? hii bas, raato whl, @ wy Baw el sinnnety oat oat Ald Lieqmes wt oF havnt} Yo. donys mwOaN. Lic lw Gidl sages af os bureveqe Ylaw |” tage ewe OAT eo WuaIwAghhe Ukam TRY adyAd Abad tegolons ved a'AGU ~Siued Db tev adiaw Sand poabw ab See git teres fares sores si te gendoon 4 eotea te findont Pe E x S. emu ding steed st) 4aC wwaltal etdgent ths Pn Aas Twrownly wl teitrnl ©. aav efbaadl Lotsnoy »badaleanta vais axdy ‘qesamadh RTaaT wy ake bes Santa ont 7oU ony atily ots ,ruvovar thesee enw @)fwear ea a) qahtad «eunoy £ le walroua? @ Sa SB RTT TE TNL NCPET TY NF AURA Se eno co Yee OPEN EY otra rCnkigrirenenet es mHtvene wer pees nei cpempene tema Two divers swam laps in the swimming pool while submerged. They were asked to swim at a pace which they could maintain for long-duration swims. The objective of the test was to obtain their subjective feelings of heater interference with surface and underwater swimming. The results of the swimming test are contained in Table 8. Speed loss was judged to be noticeable, but not excessive. The divers indicated a preference for the chest mock-ups although, subjectively, neither mock-up seemed to interfere with their mobility. They felt that in the chest node they could retain the diver heater unit in emergencies. The mock-ups were further tested in conjunction with routine SDV- type operations. Combat-type divers were required to swim approximately one-half mile underwater and 100 yards on the surface using the back pack and chest mock-up heaters. The test results were in the form of subjective comparison by the divers. Interference with SDV operations was noted. Also, the divers stated that they would prefer having the heater mounted directly on a SDV in order to lessen the gear they have to carry. RESULTS 1. Noticeable, but not excessive drag, was observed from swimming with the mock-ups. 2. Divers preferred the chest mock-ups, because it would be possible to retain the diver heater following ditching of the UBA. 3. Interference with swimming or arm movements with either of the mock- ups did not appear excessive. 4. Both mock-ups interferred with SDV-type operations. a. The chest unit resulted in difficulty in bending forward while seated, thus interferring with instrument reading. b. Divers could not bend far enough forward wearing the chest unit to open the flood doors of the SDV. c. While using the back pack mock-up, it was difficult to reach the Navy Mark 6 UBA bypass valve and air ON-OFF switch. 5. Divers reported no difficulty in reading the displays. It was quite simple to operate the controls using thin neoprene gloves; however, problems could be anticipated using three-fingered mittens. 65 ee oe renner ness | SS phil? NaNO CARNAL HN nat Pan tme EE pers mene wane on A AIWSA TRS ARR M RMD Lt eh AGM RD Hee ERE ANTE me ee RPE LB YT Pe YEAS An PN Be AAPL . aa Rae ‘mala qvtiieien at eabvaly Tb cw-hadaagae (eevh’ 42° Goer tii anien atotaey git stare yD Tate a dais gala nts he si vvtounorn you Ind nbdaao tse 7) a ot obec daa 4h. pine: awpitn Ana ) ne fod ae eer by. suite tay sti in 0 init scseagieieal | .% Doe i a ) | Lapeoonw eats tow Bea an sess imevie vie tates wiped ce wiih beens08 sektmad nt Atos ey we ep tireoe sire donde OAT ei RUkoHeT susmsstiens Alive ythrw ant wede phockew z iam finils attr jetteaw breve} -dgunns 30? head sae bier week A -¥G2 Site Ia. etayh bevel ots here os fomier: Sie 3) yfeedisemaaey Anns nity gerta-s ~ ia atin a i a tons giles basnq{sbene od biveo a a 2 a i, os en OPI LESTE LIT REE LT SEEM TID ee WAH eines, CONCLUSIONS 1. Additional human-factors-type analyses are required to provide heater systems that will be compatible with both swimmer and SDV-type operations. 2. Most divers would prefer having an SDV-mounted heater to lessen gear requirements. This comment does not take into consideration the physio- logical requirements of operations in 28°F (-2°c) water. [Many divers appear to be unaware of the actual problems that result from extended operations in 28° to 30°F (-2 to -1°C) water. ] 3. For diver-heating equipment to be acceptable to fleet units, it must be as compact, serviceable, and maintenance-free as possible. 4. Future heater units should be tested in conjunction with newer SDV’s currently under development. 66 Se acne SN NT | 7, aaah : f ee Ce °4 Agen eo ay prey Piper pssohanty ) dha P 5 i a aie hes a y malieeds - up of wing-tank-mounted diver heater. Mock- Figure 34. 67 Ps o 20} tient 1 4 ; — 4 we ot | J hei wm, wT | a revit Liew my = if oe a ? i“ 40m epi : s ad gm! w io q 4 f : | No a. abd a i ) (a Figure 35. Mock-up of backpack-mounted diver heater. 68 : aS *Teued [oajquod aajzeay jo dn-yDoM °9¢ oANn3Ty 69 Aenea ny ed Pas Uae ab acs / / ' ; 7 = 1" : : = : uae, De, ae eed Ss". Se Diver drag test apparatu Figure 37 70 cea ee SN SS Nha Baten, Sa ANS “ 7 " , i f j ec , : oy [het i i lie y i t a ‘y i (Sawin Jens gird fav St alagat ee a Hence iy a a {mace ‘ : . * ner ee ee De ee) mat treet eet RO e+ Hem ce et, Table 7. Description of Mocks-ups ' Mock-Up Type Description : 3 in. thick x 12 in. wide x i 14 in. long; worn under breathing bag 2 in. x 3-1/2 in. x 25 in., Wing tanks plus 2 in. x 3-1/2 in. x 10 in; attaches to outer sides of gas tanks 4-1/8 in. x 6-1/4 in. x 24 in.; attaches to back of breathing gas tanks Backpack Note: 1 in. = 2.54 cm. Table 8. Speed (mph) for — hamaerea 1) ee Bo) 1.48 1.51 1.37 Diver Gear Mark 6 UBA Mark 6 UBA plus chest heater unit Mark 6 UBA plus wing tank heater unit Note: 1 mph = 1.6 km/hr. 71 sees Hh onthe Lencueites Predicted Capacities 8 kW-hr 2 kW for 4 hr 4 kW-hr 1 kW for 4 hr 8 kW-hr 2 kW for 4 hr Mock-up Performance Tests in Swimming Pool Mean Speed Loss (mph) s ‘ at. dal apart quant, abded : “oa ie tes Pals : or i vost - : DISTRIBUTION LIST AF ENVIRON. HEALTH LAB McClellan AFB CA AFB(AFIT/LD), Wright-PattersonOH; ABG/DEE (F. Nethers), Goodfellow AFB TX; CESCH, Wright-Patterson; SAMSO/DEB, Norton AFB CA: Stinfo Library, Offutt NE ARMY AMSEL-GG-TD., Fort Monmouth NJ; BMDSC-RE (H. McClellan) Huntsville AL; DAEN-CWE-M (LT C D Binning), Washington DC; DAEN-FEU, Washington DC; DAEN-MCE-D Washington DC; Natick Laboratories (Kwoh Hu) Natick MA; Tech. Ref. Div.. Fort Huachuca, AZ ARMY BALLISTIC RSCH LABS AMXBR-XA-LB, Aberdeen Proving Ground MD ARMY COASTAL ENGR RSCH CEN Font Belvoir VA ARMY CONSTR ENGR RSCH LAB Library. Champaign IL ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS Seattle Dist. Library, Seattle WA ARMY CRREL A. Kovacs, Hanover NH ARMY DEV READINESS COM AMCPM-CS (J. Carr), Alexandria VA ARMY ENG WATERWAYS EXP STA Library, Vicksburg MS ARMY ENGR DIST. Library. Portland OR ARMY MISSILE COMMAND Redstone Sci. Info. Center (Documents), Redstone Arsenal AL ARMY MOBIL EQUIP R&D COM Mr. Cevasco, Fort Belvoir MD ASST SECRETARY OF THE NAVY Spee. Assist Energy (P. Waterman), Washington DC; Spec. Assist Submarines. Washington DC BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Code 1512(C. Selander) Denver CO MCB ENS S.D. Keisling. Quantico VA CNAVRES CaptJ. A. Erickson, New Orleans LA CNM Code 03Z CNO Code OPNAV 90H; OP987P4(B. Petrie), Pentagon COMCBPAC Operations Off, Makalapa HI COMNAVMARIANAS Code N4. Guam: FCE, Guam COMSUBDEVGRUONE Operations Offr, San Diego, CA COMTWELFTHNAVDIST San Francisco CA DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CTR Alexandria, VA DTNSRDC Code 1549 (T. Tsai), Bethesda MD DTINSRDC Code $22 (Library). Annapolis MD ENERGY R&D ADMIN. Dr. Vanderryn, Washington DC: INEL Tech. Lib. (Reports Section), Idaho Falls 1D ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY MD-18(P. Halpin), Research Triangle Park NC; Reg. VIIL. 8M-ASL. Denver CO FLTCOMBATDIRSYSTRACENLANT PWO, Virginia Bch VA GSA Office of Const. Memt(M. Whitley). Washington DC HQFORTRPS 2nd FSCG., (Caudillo) Camp Lejeune, NC KWAJALEIN MISRAN BMDSC-RKL-C MARINE CORPS BASE Maint. Office. Camp Pendleton CA MARINE CORPS HQS Code LFF-2, Washington DC MCAS Code S4. Quantica VA MCB Base Maint. Offr, Quantico VA MCRD PWO. San Diego Ca NAD Code 011B-!, Hawthorne NV NAS Asst C/S CE: Lead. Chief. Petty Offr. PW/Self Help Div, Beeville TX; PWO, Millington TN; ROICC Off (J. Sheppard), Point Mugu CA; SCE Lant Fleet NAVSHIPYD Commander. Vallejo. CA NAVCOASTSYSLAB Code 710(R. Elliott); Code 710.5 (J. Mittleman); Code 710.5 (J. Quirk); Library NAVCOMMSTA PWO., Fort Amador Canal Zone NAVFACENGCOM Code 0433B; Code 0451; Code 04B5; Code 081B; Code 101; Code 102 (CDR Dettbarn); Code 1023 (M. Carr); PC-22 (E. Spencer); PL-2 NAVHOSP LT R. Elsbernd, Puerto Rico NAVOCEANO Code 1600; Code 3412 (J. Kravitz) NAVORDSTA PWO, Louisville KY NAVPGSCOL E. Thornton, Monterey CA NAVPHIBASE Code S3T. Norfolk VA; OIC, UCT 1 72 SSeS err peepee recoyren rn manent he Naa i te é Weabied eee Mewar) het i ei VAY ey Rah y'> Te | 2 | | CPT HAY dedi ThE sl RA BSA A, Ds we A AL A ES TR ACR ET A MS a NE nin tena NS A EN GS ORR EIEN ARNT NAVREGMEDCEN SCE (LCDR B.E. Thurston), San Diego CA NAVSCOLCECOFF C35 NAVSECGRUACT PWO, Torri Sta, Okinawa : NAVSHIPYD Code 400. Puget Sound; Code 41€, Mare Is., Vallejo CA: Code 440, Norfolk; SCE, Pearl Harbor HI NAVSTA CO; PWD (L. Ross), Midway Island NAVSUPPACT CO. Seattle WA; Code 4, 12 Marine Corps Dist. Treasure Is., San Francisco CA NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL Naval Studies Board, Washington DC NAVAIRSYSCOM LT W. Hall, Washington DC NAVAL FACILITY PWO, Cape Hatteras, Buxton NC; PWO. Centerville Bch, Ferndale CA NAVCONSTRACEN CO(CDR C.L. Neugent). Port Hueneme. CA NAVEODFAC Code 605, Indian Head MD NAVFACENGCOM CDR L K Donovan, Alexandria VA; Code 0453 (D. Potter): Code 1023 (T. D. Stevens), Alexandria VA NAVFACENGCOM - CHES DIV. Code 403 (H. DeVoe); Code FPO-1 (C. Bodey); Code FPO-1 (Ottsen); Code FPO-1C2; Code FPO-1SP13(T F Sullifan) NAVFACENGCOM - LANT DIV. RDT&ELO 09P?, Norfolk VA NAVFACENGCOM - NORTH DIV. Code 1028. RDT&ELO. Philadelphia PA; ROICC, Contracts, Crane IN NAVFACENGCOM - PAC DIV. Code 402. RDT&E, Pearl Harbor HI; Commanders NAVFACENGCOM - SOUTH DIV. Code 90. RDT&ELO, Charleston SC; Dir.. New Orleans LA NAVFACENGCOM - WEST DIV. 112; AROICC, Contracts. Twentynine Palms CA; Codes 09PA: O9P/20 NAVFACENGCOM CONTRACTS Bethesda. Design Div. (R. Lowe) Alexandria VA; Eng Div dir, Southwest Pac, PI; ROICC (LCDR J.G. Leech), Subic Bay. R.P.: ROICC, Pacific. San Bruno CA; TRIDENT (CDR J.R. Jacobsen), Bremerton WA 98310 NAVMARCORESTRANCEN ORU 1118 (Cdr D.R. Lawson), Denver CO NAVNUPWRU MUSE DET OIC, Port Hueneme CA NAVPETOFF Code 30, Alexandria VA NAVPETRES Director, Washington DC NAVPGSCOL Code 2124 (Library). Monterey CA NAVSEASYSCOM Code SEA OOC NAVSECGRUACT PWO. Edzell Scotland NAVSHIPYD Code 202.4, Long Beach Ca: Code 202.5 (Library) Puget Sound, Bremerton WA; Code Portsmouth NH; Library, Portsmouth NH NAVSUPPACT AROICC (LT R.G. Hocker). Naples Italy NAVWPNSUPPCEN PWO NAS Code I8E (ENS P.J. Hickey). Corpus Christi TX; OIC. CBU 417, Oak Harbor WA: PWD(ENSE.S. Agonoy). Chase Field. Beeville TX; PWD(M.B. Trewitt), Dallas TX NATL.OCEAN AND ATMDS. ADMIN. Libraries D v.-D823, Silver Spring MD NAVCOASTSYSLAB CO. Panama City FL NAVCOMMSTA PWO. Norfolk VA NAVELEXSYSCOM Code PME-124-61, Washington DC NAVFACENGCOM - WEST DIV. Code 04B NAVFACENGCOM CONTRACTS Code 09E, TRIDENT, Bremerton WA NAVOCEANSYSCEN CODE 4099(E. Hamilton), San Diego CA; Code 409 (D. G. Moore). San Diego CA; Code 6344 (R. Jones); Code 65 (H. Talkington); Code 6565 (Tech. Lib.). San Diego CA; Code 6700; Research Lib., San Diego CA; SCE (Code 6600). San Diego CA NAVPGSCOL D. Leipper. Monterey CA NAVSEC Code 6034 (Library), Washington DC NAVSHIPYD Code 453 (H. Clements), Vallejo CA; PWD(LT N.B. Hall), Long Beach CA NAVTRAEQUIPCEN Technical Library, Orlando FL NAVWPNSTA Code 092A (C. Fredericks) Seal Beach CA NAVXDIVINGU LT A.M. Parisi, Panama City FL PMT Code 4253-3, Point Mugu CA NCBC CEL (CAPT N. W. Petersen), Port Hueneme, CA: CEL AOIC; Code 10: PW Engrg, Gu:fport MS NCBU 411 OIC. Norfolk ¥ A NMCB 133(ENS T.W. Niclsen); 5. Operations Dept.; One, LT F.P. Digeorge NRL. Code 8441 (R.A. Skop), Washington DC NROTCU Univ Colorado (LT D R Burns). Boulder CO NSC Code 703 (M. Miller), Pearl Harbor HI; E. Wynne, Norfolk VA Q 73 To rn arn RRR BS NN I rn AHO Pitenernt shay’) “AW sothamnia Lani Pea Let ANF CO able uy 7 is at nt mba PI HOMA 832 POA Mikes ANT eho tH8 Ue me OKT tect ocepony rhe RT etd Al oad oe hh sam adap a iaatens ca" sini “Wiel me oe . nage bales ACD Nach nate geass ery Ago tnt Amt ee ee Oneal seta MVR Mt Ais Hany eerie) . rested ATA ova / BAGH new tt) inate, arsrien ay nerh “tena oe yy jinenaiihinedl sarong WF ¥. ANT ptt ae SPD volior dl sca MSE Fy 1ate wed ro Ae esti Laineh PA went fearieey nye NTC Code 54 (ENS P. G. Jackel), Orlando FL; Com nander NUSC Code EA123 (R.S. Munn), New London CT; Code S332. B-80 (J. Wilcox); Code SB 331 (Brown), Newport RI; Code TAI31 (G. De la Cruz), New London CT OCEANAV Mangmt Info Div.. Arlington VA OCEANSYSLANT LT A.R. Giancola, Norfolk VA ONR CDR Hiarictt, Boston MA OFFICE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE OASD(I&L) Pentagon (T. Casberg), Washington DC ONR Code 484, Arlington VA; Dr. A. Laufer, Pasadena CA PACMISRANFAC CO. Kekaha HI PMTC Pat. Counsel, Point MuguCA PWC Code 116(ENS A. Eckhart); Code 120C (A. Adams); Code SOSA (H. Wheeler); ENS J.A. Squatnito, San Francisco Bay. Oakland CA; OIC CBU-405, San Diego CA; USCG (G-ECV/61) (Burkhart) Washington, DC; HQ(GECV-3), Washington DC; MMT-4, Washington DC USCG ACADEMY LT N. Stramandi, New London CT USCG R&D CENTER CO; D. Motherway, Groton CT: Tech. Dir. USNA Ch. Mech. Engr. Dept; Energy-Environ Study Grp. Annapolis. MD; Engr. Div. (C. Wu) Annuplolis MD; Environ. Prot. R&D Prog. (J. Williams). Annapolis MD; Sys. Engr Dept (Dr. Monney), Annapolis MD; Sys. Engr. Dept dR. McCoy) AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Washington DC (M. Norton) ARIZONA State Energy Progra:ns Off., Phoenix AZ CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena CA (Keck Ref. Rm) CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY LONG BEACH. CA (CHELAPATI); LONG BEACH. CA (YEN) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FOOTHILL CAMPUS Engr Sci. Branch, Lib., Fort Collins CO CORNELL UNIVERSITY Ithaca NY (Serials Dept, Engr Lib.) DAMES & MOORE LIBRARY LOS ANGELES, CA FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY BOCA RATON, FI. (MC ALLISTER) FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY Boca Raton FL (W. Tessin) FLORIDA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ORLANDO. FL (HARTMAN) FUEL & ENERGY OFFICE CHARLESTON, WV GORDON MC KAY LIB Cambridge. MA (Tech Report Collection) HAWAIE STATE DEPT OF PLAN. & ECON DEV. Honolulu HI (Tech Info Ctr) INDIANA ENERGY OFFICE Office of Petroleum Allocation, Indianapolis IN IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Ames IA (CE Dept. Handy) VIRGINIA INST. OF MARINE SCI. Gloucester Point VA (Library) LEHIGH UNIVERSITY BETHLEHEM, PA(MARINE GEOTECHNICAL LAB., RICHARDS); Bethlchem PA (Linderman Lib. No.30, Flecksteiner) LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON, DC (SCIENCES & TECH DIV) LOUISIANA DIV NATURAL RESOURCES & ENERGY Dept. of Conservation, Baton Rouge LA LOW COUNTRY REG. PLAN. COUNCIL YEMASSEE, SC (BAGGS) : MAINE MARITIME ACADEMY CASTINE. ME (LIBRARY) MASSACHUSETTS INST. OF TECHNOLOGY Cambridge MA (Rm 10-500. Tech. Reports, Engr. Lib.): Cambridge MA@«Rm 14 E210. Tech. Report Lib.) MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HOUGHTON. MI (HAAS) MISSOURI ENERGY AGENCY Jefferson City MO MIT Cambndge. MA (Harleman) NATL ACADEMY OF ENG. ALEXANDRIA, VA(SEARLE, JR.) NY CITY COMMUNITY COLLEGE BROOKLYN. NY (LIBRARY) OHIO ST# TE UNIVERSITY COLUMBUS. OH (INST. OF POLAR STUDIES) OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY CORVALLIS, OR (CE DEPT, BELL); LT R.B. Stetmer, NROTC Unit, Corvallis OR PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY STATE COLLEGE. PA(SNYDER) PURDUE UNIVERSITY LAFAYETTE, IN(ALTSCHAEFEFL): LAFAYETTE. IN (CE LIB): Lafayette IN (Leonards) ‘ SCRIPPS INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA JOLLA. CA (ADAMS); San Diego. CA (Marina Phy. Lab. Spiess) STANFORD UNIVERSITY STANFORD. CA (DOUGLAS) STATE ENERGY OFF. ATLANTA. GA (BONHAM) STATE HOUSE AUGUSTA. ME (MAINE STATE FUEL ALLOC & CONSERV. OFF.) STATE UNIV. OF NEW YORK FORT SCHUYLER, NY (LONGOBARDI) 74 se net ee I peer re y serene. Ohm fata Lil venph tl afin b an te: . pe Ver eae Safe a drcege i Cow AY, ee sOMA HEN SK ASEANTOS Meg AD Bt ie ted he A. tel od pebble bet YL SA HUC Dar ge Parrenreresarso-s) MERA Sehiitinied iio ca oa he oN ain AMMO iahirs (KAM; tha pra sip ibe D nL) YT varies he as Pen Rix 5 0F ab erento MHEG WetE, ate | at, eee Te eee ea ae aes =o ene TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY COLLEGE STATION, TX (CE DEPT): College TX (CE Dept, Herbich) BONNEVILLE POWER ADMIN Los Angeles CA (Hancock Lib. of Bio. & Ocean) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY, CA (CE DEPT. GERWICK), BERKELEY. CA (CE DEPT, MITCHELL); BERKELEY. CA (OFF. BUS. AND FINANCE, SAUNDERS); Berkeley CA (E. Pearson): DAVIS. CA (CE DEPT. TAYLOR): La Jolla CA (Acq. Dept. Lib. C-075A); SAN DIEGO. CA, LA JOLLA, CA (SEROCK]) UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE Newark, DE (Dept of Civil Engineering, Chesson) UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII HONOLULU, HI(CE DEPT, GRACE); HONOLULU, HI (SCIENCE AND TECH. DIV.) UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA. IL (DAVISSON): URBANA, IL (LIBRARY) UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Kansas Geological Survey. Lawrence KS UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS (Heronemus), Amherst MA CE Dept. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Ann Arbor MI (Richart) UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN LINCOLN. NE (SPLETTSTOESSER) UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE DURHAM, NH (LAVOIE) UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND KINGSTON, RI(PAZIS); Narragansett RI (Pell Marine Sci. Lib.) UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS Inst. Marina Sci (Library). Port Aransas TX UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN AUSTIN, TX (THOMPSON) UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Dept of Civil Engr (Dr. Mattock). Seattle WA; SEATTLE. WA(APPLIED PHYSICS LAB); SEATTLE. WA(OCEAN ENG RSCH LAB, GRAY); SEATTLE, WA (PACIFIC MARINE ENVIRON. LAB.. HALPERN) UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Milwaukee WI (Ctr of Great Lakes Studies) US DEPT OF COMMERCE NOAA, Manne & Earth Sciences Lib.. Rockville MD US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Off. Marine Geology. Mailstop 915, Reston VA VENTURA COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE AGENCY VENTURA. CA(MELVIN) VERMONT STATE ENERGY OFFICE MONTEPELIER, VT (DIRECTOR) VIRGINIA STATE ENERGY OFF RICHMOND, VA. AEROSPACE CORP. Acquisition Group. Los Angeles CA ARCAIR CO. D. Young. Lancaster OH ATLANTIC RICHFIELD CO. DALLAS, TX (SMITH) BECHTEL CORP. SAN FRANCISCO, CA (PHELPS) BELGIUM NAECON.N.V.. GEN. BROWN & ROOT Houston TX (D. Ward) CANADA Can-Dive Services (English) North Vancouver: Lockheed Petrol. Srv. Ltd.. New Westminster BC; Mem Univ Newfoundland (Chari). StJohns; Surveyor. Nenninger & Chenevert Inc.. CHEVRON OIL FIELD RESEARCH CO. LA HABRA. CA (BROOKS) COLUMBIA GULF TRANSMISSION CO. HOUSTON, TX (ENG. LIB.) DRAVO CORP Pittsburgh PA (Giannino) DURLACH. O'NEAL. JENKINS & ASSOC. Columbia SC NORWAY DET NORSKE VERITAS (Library), Oslo EVALUATION ASSOC. INC KING OF PRUSSIA. PA (FEDELE) EXXON PRODUCTION RESEARCH CO Houston TX (A. Butler Jr) FRANCE Dr. Dutertre. Boulogne; P. Jensen, Boulogne: Roger LaCroix, Paris GLOBAL MARINE DEVELOPMENT NEWPORT BEACH, CA (HOLLETT) GOULDINC. Shady Side MD (Ches. Inst. Div., W. Paul) GRUMMAN AEROSPACE CORP. Bethpage NY (Tech. Info. Ctr) HUGHES AIRCRAFT Culver City CA (Tech. Doc. Ctr) LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE CO. INC. SUNNYVALE, CA (PHILLIPS) LOCKHEED OCEAN LABORATORY San Diego CA (F. Simpson) MARATHON OIL CO Houston TX (C. Seay) MCCLELLAND ENGINEERS INC Houston TX (B. McClelland) MOBILE PIPE LINE CO. DALLAS. TX MGR OF ENGR (NOACK) NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBLDG & DRYDOCK CO. Newport News VA (Tech. Lib.) NORWAY A. Torum, Trondheim; DET NORSKE VERITAS (Roren) Oslo; J. Creed, Ski; Norwegian Tech Univ (Brandtzaeg). Trondheim OCEAN DATA SYSTEMS, INC. SAN DIEGO, CA (SNODGRASS) OCEAN ENGINEERS SAUSALITO, CA (RYNECKI) OCEAN RESOURCE ENG. INC. HOUSTON, TX (ANDERSON) 75 ~~ — | an et Ae NN A N= in SotyS lnc Y CULT WSEAS ANC EPR A Sp eR nN rn ni one ye ade Wena Are Le A piers a aot ne LD paumtA ce ah Dv TER ; di - . hho chee ra rE : Nees Pag SD ee ee a eed 7 PTA TD AM bert 4 od A te nfo: é ah aortas an eA, edi Lesa aa V Daj myartictad / sat ne any A AN: renter 7 di ileal pay HURRE o - 2 ee ene SA NATRAWTA CA HL ACU hans oni CHAAR IC ARARY ait . os eee ‘AW abled thamalt SVIBAM DADA AW aUTTAIE AYARO ARG cit antent ec view Cie tied ait wrelt AAG OY mar Ate quella? eae) wetieatd TH VL ® 1MIVISM AD ARUTE SY YoMGe RUA aa urosanoaevene (AUTISM TY AA era 10 YORE A a DY ST AO Yaa UW ATATIAL Miah ral cgay) melee, SOD PD HO raeewonl ‘i ie “Mt eT SA OOO TINT PLAN AY OHA HAR "m0 1 THR wid, 0 MOA Ui Lhe ORT onsen tt TERI ts yiwee rea tl Direuiminl¥ wo lA head ee lervastl bet cep? Cepsi teil TH extort Wait rad AAAS cee ume ment) Peryginerte al cworesee reed crncterl $i 4 Cre SE Gynt vey Ry ' PRONG A MRAM A! OD ANY Nes evygterry | Wau MEE AA) TROT .OS KORN BAIT 91ND AbRPUL ND oe frrmorinaueh TY AME ahaguanednnitd 4 MEV oh Ped . “2 eae) OAR LAE RADDA, eh rei WAATIATY FARM Ped NWR (A191 APE OLA MT HOWEA HOTA AR uh enti ArT modal CP EAR VOLT see ee wre) cio hbo foie creel A lareeelvetl, oiemitd eee (TES MOM A CRO Te ed (oe AO) gent eet le el hte ee (WO-ohol view TS gt PT FAG eUs A CAMINO, 10>. 20? eeP AD i net 1 Te 8 WA eyelet Pree Tome ts) de i eiake CP Tee yt eq “WA Deaedd ant FRUITS es COC EE treat SW ST eater) (MARA OF (ened! eT weet PAPO OMA. Le ' (ei eS ee A ee ee ee tb a CAS en A careth remareet 19 ed er roe TT ( : 100) ret reget) (nl? se. ct aged} a Tha er Perlis teen nie FAW F } q ;, wistienT agai taesly { WARIS AY Te Ae et) MOLT VR ATA AD , i bee eA PAP ae PS HA TD (Weiiariee “erretiods 9) 4) SIRE MADD - S eer, OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT ENG. INC. BERKELEY. CA: Berkeley CA PACIFIC MARINE TECHNOLOGY LONG BEACH, CA (WAGNER) SWEDEN GeoTech Inst SAFETY SERVICES. INC. A. Patton. Providence RI SANDIA LABORATORIES Library Div.. Livermore CA SCHUPACK ASSOC SO. NORWALK. CT (SCHUPACK) SEATECH CORP. MIAMI, FL (PERONI) SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO. HOUSTON,. TX (TEI.ES), Houston TX (E. Doyle) SHELL OIL CO. HOUSTON. TX (MARSHALL); Houston TX (R. de Castongrene) » SWEDEN VBB (Library). Stockholm H TEXTRON INC BUFFALO. NY (RESEARCH CENTER LIB.) t TIDEWATER CONSTR. CO Norfolk VA (Fowler) } TRW SYSTEMS CLEVELAND. OH (ENG. LIB.); REDONDO BEACH, CA(DAI) hag UNITED KINGDOM D. New. G. Maunsell & Partners, London; Shaw & Hatton (F. Hansen). London; Taylor. } Woodrow Constr (014P). Southall. Middlesex: Taylor, Woodrow Constr (Stubbs,, Southall. Middlesex; Univ. of \ j Bristol (R. Morgan), Bnstol | UNITED TECHNOLOGIES Windsor Locks CT (Hamilton Std Div.. Library) j WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP. Annapolis MD (Oceanic Div Lib, Bryan): Library, Pittsburgh PA WEYERHAEUSER CO. LONGVIEW. WA (TECH CTR LIB) WISS, JANNEY. ELSTNER. & ASSOC Northbrook. IL (J. Hanson) WM CLAPP LABS - BATTELLE DUXBURY. MA (LIBRARY) WOODWARD-CLYDE CONSULTANTS PLYMOUTH MEETING PA (CROSS, III) BULLOCK La Canvda CAPT MURPHY SAN BRUNO. CA GREG PAGE EUGENE. OR T.W. MERMEL Washington DC Fr inena esha daeled ietalambentetee denemimieiemaiatineaniiian teats ao) z ‘ ee ee eee ee a — . SN name A a 8 re pen mn rte a ASN ie Oe CS: — eae ctu — RAE RTE STENT Nn EEN REMORSE Sh It ENOL 76 essai ei ieteual dtgpinpte we agarose ote i } Ju sina drm DEIR fi ec UNCLASSIFIED DO NOT RETURN THIS DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED