Peg ee on eee TAS HD FeS Vay E Ss » s a ¥ 7. £ ie : see NA Tine) 4. A ii} ay er) | iW 72 A THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,’ ) CONDUCTED BY ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Phaw., E.R.S:, WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, F.1.S. LL VOL. VILI.—EIGHTH SERIES. Se a Ne ¢4 aad TONED ON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO., LD. ; BAILLIERE, PARIS: HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., DUBLIN ; AND ASHER, BERLIN, 1911. “Omnes res creat sunt divine sapientiz et potentiz testes, divitia felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulebritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomid in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper xstimata ; & veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et-barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Lryy aus. * Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu'elle est le chef-d’@uvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.”—Bruckner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767. side Se weno be see... he sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest delis The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818, CONTENTS OF VOL. VIII. [EIGHTH SERIES. } NUMBER 43. I. Descriptions of some new Species of Blattide. By R. SHEL- Seon, M.A, F.1.S, (Plate I:)......... ars Sefeone Sort mater eters ptadss II, The Classification of the Teleostean Fishes of the Order Ostario- physi.—l. Cyprinoidea. By C. Tare Recan, M.A. (Plate Il.).. Ill. Some Records of Collembola new to England, with Descrip- tion of a new Species of Oncopodura. By Joun W. SHOEBOTHAM, ELIE sa occ leiains vive tls vies wesc deed tes eels ee’ IV. Notes on the Forficularia.—X VIII. More new Species. By Mancorus Burr, D.Se., PUES., F.2.S., PGS. oo. e ee eee V. Notes on the Forjicularia.—XI1X. On little-known Earwigs from Formosa. By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.ELS., F.Z.S., F.G.S. . VI. Description of a new African Fish of the Genus Clarias from inke Rokwa. By G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S. ........ 00sec eee VIL. Descriptions of Three new Tree-Frogs discovered by Mr. A. E. Pratt in Dutch New Guinea. By G. A. BouLtenceEr, F.RS. ., VIII. Further Descriptions of new Freshwater Fishes discovered by Dr. W. J. Ansorge in Portuguese Guinea. By G. A. BoULENGER, MEM FIA Sel ciip es ct cleatsl nds vie cele ket bale shee ees IX. On some Tipulide (Limoniine) from Ceylon in the British Museum Collection, with Descriptions of Hight new Species. By Ray WARDS, TiN. fo sib i vices caves ofe's Peete daitivas WE cali whi + ones X. On the Culicid Genus ZLretmapodites, Theobald. By F. W. Een oe pine po ties ok ajieb peace ves XI. On new Species of Histeride and Notices of others. By a Oe eS ee PEE Sat oe ert late ik ok aes XII. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica —IX. By RENNES Tans 2S sp foie Giles eile ae selec ee eed ene XIII. List of small Mammals obtained by Mr. G. Fenwick Owen on the Upper Gambia and in Fouta Djailon. By OLprretp THomMAs. XIV. New and interesting Mammals from East Africa. By Guy EE pao: wiv ec Rss P34 vv when TO CO ee DE OTOL CO Page 56 1V CONTENTS. Pago XV. New Genera and Species of Cicadide. By W. L, Distant. 132 XVI. Descriptions of some new Species of Heterocera chiefly from . Tropical South America. By Herpert Deuce, F.LS. &c....... 138 XVII. Notes on the Coleopterous Subfamily Dynastine, with Descriptions of new Genera and Species. By Grrpert J. ARRow. PEIRCE AV, SV.) cscuvirsccsusurhyviacsmns ans ous =.= sinh = mei 151 XVIII. On a new Lithonine Sponge from Christmas Island. By _ RB. KIREPATRICE . 0.005008 By Se I Mr Er Pee a5 177 XIX. Descripiions and Records of Bees—XXXVII. By T.D. _ A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado .........0eeeeeeereeeees 179 NUMBER 44. XX. On some Fossil Mollusca &c. from Southern Nigeria col- lected by Mr. John Parkinson, M.A. By R. BuLtLEN NeEwron, F.G.S._ With an Appendix, by A. SmirH Woopwarp, LL.D. Xe. SEIBTO WED Sag fe oa tis vos «wea cena hs Soeen mene RE aes 193 XXI. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica——X. By BRESCHAUS, Hu20. ste alsecas as cetera’ Giohs lela Seas ps eee 208 XXII. Some new Algerian Lepidoptera. By the Hon. WaLTER ECOMMAOHILD, PRD; " 5 20's ae x cine 00, ucts ein nels ote et eee eee XXIII. Two new Lepidoptera from New Guinea. By the Hon. Sram. OTHECHILD,. PAID. 6 y cara ans 729 CONTENTS. Page LXXXIV. On a new West-African Squirrel presented to the British Museum by Mr. P. A. Talbot. By Guy Dotuman ...... 733 LXXXV. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Oriental Blomoprera,. “By W. db. DISTANT «05566 d04i2 5350s s. 735 LXXXVI. Notes on the Family Masaride (Hymenoptera), with Descriptions of a new Genus and Three new Species. By Grorrrrey Mrapr-Waupo, M.A. ........ IS oD OL COOE oc tet oy 747 LXXXVITI. Some probahle and possible Instances of Warning Characteristics arnongst Insectivorous and Carnivorous Mammals, RP aIEWe vhs DE O COOK, “Doth po. tar. « eesti > A ieled © alalogniy miata Bisel edt 750 LXXXVII. New Mammals from Central and Western Asia, mostly collected by Mr. Douglas Carruthers. By OLDFIELD THomas. 758 LXXXIX. Descriptions and Records of Bees—XL. By T. D. A. (OCKRRELL, University of Colorado, 2..\0 sexs scmamis a-ha 763 XC. A Vote against the Strict Application of the Priority Rule in Zoological Nomenclature. (With an Introduction by Dr, Tu. UCHLI SHIN A) crasscvcrace <. t4ycUat vo cose eg ately Rinne Ree ge etene St 7 Ve 77 New Book :—The Life of Crustacea. By W.T. Carman, D.Se. .. 778 Proceedings of the Geological Society...........+. sie Ris Gots arene 780 IMUOKS Ava « Ee Eric tle vetow. 5, heranecosee aTateteta rane ovaveneteiaencvetatcns LB ernest PLATES-IN VOL, VILL Piatr I. New species of Blattide. II. Hyo-palatine and opercular bones of Ostariophysi. III, Oncopodura crassicornis, Shoebotham. LV.i) v.4 VI. Fossil Mollusca &c. from Southern Nigeria. VII. Semnopithecus poliocephalus, 7rowess. VILL. New species of Urocyclidex from British East Africa, [X. Psammosteus taylori, 7raq. X. Paraceratherium bugtiense, Forst.-Coop. New species of Dynastine. a ——— — —yr eee THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [EIGHTH SERIES. ] Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia sueco.” N. Parthenii Giannettasi, Bol, 1. se per litora spargite muscum, No. 43. JULY 1911. I.—Descriptions of some new Species of Blattide. By R. SHetrorp, M.A., F.L.S. [Plate I.] Hemithyrsocera testacea, sp. n. gd. Rufo-testaceous, head darker. Pronotum trapezoidal, margined anteriorly and laterally with opaque testaceous. Tegmina extending slightly beyond the apex of the abdomen ; 15 costals, radial vein bifurcate from near the base, 7 longi- tudinal discoidal sectors, anterior ulnar 3-ramose. Wings hyaline; veins flavous, mediastinal vein 3-ramose, radial vein bifurcate from near base; 9 costals, the first six incrassated, ulnar simple, triangular apical area not very conspicuous. Supra-anal lamina triangular, not exceeding the subgenital lamina, which is asymmetrical, slightly produced, with one minute style (the right), and one larger, hidden under the lamina. Opening of scent-gland on seventh abdominal tergite. Legs testaceous, tibiz tipped with fuscous ; front femora with a complete row of spines beneath, the more distal short. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. viii. J ~ EE 9 Mr. R. Shelford on some Total length 13 mm.; length of body 12 mm. ; length of tegmina 11 mm. ; pronotum 3x4 mm. Erythrea, Ghinda, Cheren. Type in Oxford University Museum. Ischnoptera lunaris, sp. 0. ¢@. Pale testaceous. Head with a broad castaneous stripe extending from between the eyes to the clypeus; vertex testaceous, occiput castaneous. Antenne testaceous. Pro- notum trapezoidal, a castaneous vitta on each side of the dise, the vitte narrowly contiguous anteriorly. Tegmina with a narrow castaneous vitta extending from the base of the radial vein throughout three-fifths of the costal field; radial vein bifurcate, about 15 costals, 8 longitudinal discoidal sectors, both ulnar veins ramose. Wings hyaline, mediastinal vein 3-ramose, radial vein bifurcate, about 8 costals; ulnar vein 6-ramose, 4 rami being incomplete ; a moderately prominent apical triangle. Abdomen testaceous; supra-anal lamina transversely quadrate, its posterior margin sinuate; sub- genital lamina exceeding the supra-anal lamina, asymmetrical, its apex produced to form a minute lobe curved upwards and inwards and beset with sete ; one minute style (the leit). Cerci moderate, testaceous. Legs testaceous; front femora with a complete row of spines on the anterior margin beneath. Total length 14 mm. ; length of body 11 mm.; length ot tegmina 12 mm.; pronotum 2°5X4 mm. Queensland, Peak Downs (Godefroy). Two examples only. Allied to Lschnoptera manicata, Tepper. ‘V'ype in the Stockholm Museum. Ischnoptera jocosa, sp. n. d. Head piceous or dark castaneous; gene, ocelli, and mouth-parts testaceous. Antenne infuscated. Pronotum trapezoidal, piceous, margined all round with testaceous, more narrowly anteriorly and posteriorly than laterally. Tegmina pale castaneous, outwardly margined with testaceous, base of principal veins dark castaneous ; radial vein bifurcate, about 14 costals, 7-8 longitudinal discoidal sectors. Wings hyaline ; mediastinal vein ramose, radial vein bifurcate; 8 costals with incrassated apices ; ulnar vein with 3-4 rami, 1 being incomplete; a small and ill-defined apical triangle. Abdomen rufo-castaneous. Supra-anal lamina trigonal, apex notched ; subgenital lamina almost symmetrical, apex faintly emarginate and furnished -with one sharply pointed style new Species of Blattide. 3 eurved upwards and backwards. Cerci infuscated. Legs testaceous; front femora with a complete row of spines on anterior margin beneath. 2. Similar, but supra-anal lamina sharply triangular, apex not emarginate, surpassed by the semiorbicular, ample sub- genital plate. Total length 11 mm.; length of body (¢) 8, (2?) 7mm.; length of tegmina 8°5 mm. ; pronotum 2°5 x3 mm. Queensland, Peak Downs ( Godeffroy). ‘Three specimens. Types in the Stockholm Museum. This species is transitional to the genus Blattel/a, Caud., as typified by B. germanieca, L., but on account of the incom- plete ramus of the vena ulnaris alarum I prefer to place it in /schnoptera. Mareta scripta, sp. n. 3d. General colour sordid testaceous. Head with a band between the eyes, two lines on the frons, and two spots just above the clypeus castaneous. Antenne pale testaceous at base, remainder infuscated. Pronotum transversely elliptical, lateral margins broadly hyaline, disc with castaneous dots and lines arranged in a symmetrical pattern. ‘'egmina and wings exceeding the apex of the abdomen, Tegmina with all the veins bordered with quadrangular spots of pale brown ; radial vein simple, 13 costals, discoidal sectors numer ous, oblique, posterior ulnar simple. Wings hyaline ; mediastinal vein biramose ; 8 costals, the more proximal with incrassated apices, the first crossing the lower mediastinal branch ; ulnar vein 4- to 5-ramose ; an inconspicuous apical triangle. Supra-anal lamina transverse ; subgenital lamina produced at the apex into a lobe terminating in two styliform processes, the genital styles situated on either side of this lobe. Cerci and legs testaceous, the former fusco-maculate towards apex. Total length 11 mm. ; length of body 7°5 mm.; length of tegmina 9 mm. ; pronotum 2x3 mm. Queensland, Peak Downs (Godeffroy). Three specimens. Type in the Stockholm Museum. Owing to the structure of the subgenital lamina the male looks as if it had four genital styles. Superficially the insect resembles Phyllodromia ceylonica, Br. (synonyms, P. punctu- lata, Br., P. nimbata, Shelf.), but the structural characters of alary organs and femora establish its generic identity as here given. The colouring of the tegmina, moreover, is quite characteristic of Mareta. 1* 4 Mr. R. Shelfcrd on some Mareta godeffroyi, sp. n. 9. Head piceous, mouth-parts castaneous. Antenne castaneous at base, remainder piceous. Pronotum trape- zoidal, sordid testaceous, with two broad, irregular, castaneous vittse ; a small testaceous spot situated in the outer border of each vitta. ‘legmina and wings exceeding apex of abdomen. ‘egmina testaceous, with all the intervenular spaces filled with castaneous; marginal area very broad, radial vein simple ; 13 costals, the last two multiramose; discoidal sectors oblique, posterior ulnar simple. Wings with the veins fuscous ; mediastinal vein anastomosing at apex with the first costal, radial simple; 9 costals, their apices clavate ; ulnar vein with 4 rami; apical triangle inconspicuous. Abdomen above and beneath rufo-castaneous, heavily bordered with piceous; supra-anal lamina triangular, apex deeply notched ; subgenital lamina semiorbicular, ample. Cerci piceous, 13-jointed. Legs rufo-testaceous, suffused with darker. Total length 12 mm.; length of body 11 mm. ; length of tegmina 11 mm.; pronotum 3x95 mm. Queensland, Peak Downs and Gayndah (Godeffroy). Two examples. Type in the Stockholm Museum. Closely allied to Mareta subtilis, Brunn. (= Phyllodromia subtilis). It may be noted here that the chief diagnostic characters of the genus Jareta, Bol., are the oblique discoidal sectors of the tegmina, the ramose ulnar vein of the wings, an inconspicuous apical triangle, and the front femora with the anterior margin beneath armed only with close-set sete. Stylopyga tmmunda, sp. n. g. Piceous, nitid. Labrum ochreous. Antenne casta- neous. Tegmina lobiform. Seventh abdominal tergite triangularly produced, almost concealing the supra-anal lamina, which is subtriangular, with the apex produced to a point; the margins of the lamina are serrated. Subgenital Jamina quadrate, with two stout genital styles. Cerci flat- tened, acuminate. Legs with the femora castaneous ; second posterior tarsal joint armed, the other joints unarmed, their pulvilli large; tarsal arolia present. 9. Similar, but the seventh abdominal tergite less strongly produced; supra-anal lamina posteriorly concavely emar- ginate. new Species of Blattide. 5 Total length, (¢) 27, (2) 26 mm.; pronotum (¢ ¢ ) 9-10 x12 mm. ; Queensland. Three specimens. Type in the Stockholm Museum. Allied to S. coval/is, Walk., from Ceram and New Guinea, but differing in the form of the supra-anal lamina of the male. Stylopyga proposita, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 1.) 3. Piceous, nitid. Labrum and clypeus castaneous; palpi piceous. Antenne castaneous. Tegminal rudiments absent. Seventh abdominal tergite obtusely produced. Supra-anal lamina sharply triangular, surpassing the sub- genital lamina, which is rounded, sides not notched ; styles straight, spiniform. Cerci flattened, moderate. Posterior metatarsus longer than succeeding joints ; all the pulvilli minute, apical; arolia absent. ?. Similar, but supra-anal lamina obtusely produced, apex truncate. Total length (¢ ¢) 24 mm. ; pronotum 7°5 x 10 mm. Java, Batavia, ‘Tanah-Abang (P. Serre, 1904). ‘T'wo examples. Types in the Paris Museum. Stylopyga maindroni, sp. n. 6. Head piceous, with the mouth-parts castaneous ; an- tenn piceous at base, remainder fuscous. Thoracic tergites rufo-castaneous ; pronotum heavily bordered with piceous; a triangular piceous blotch on each side of the meso- and metanotum. No tegminal rudiments. Abdomen above dark castaneous at base, becoming piceous towards the apex. Seventh abdominal tergite obtusely produced. Supra-anal lamina bluntly triangular. Abdomen beneath rufous, mar- gined with piceous. Subgenital lamina rounded; styles straight, not spiniform, rufous. Cerci flattened, piceous. Legs rufous. Posterior metatarsus equal in length to the succeeding joints, second tarsal joint armed beneath; pulvilli of moderate size ; arolia absent. Total length 18 mm. ; pronotum 6 x 7:5 mm. Nilghiris, Coonoor (Maindron, 1902). One example. ‘Type in the Paris Museum. The Oriental and Australian species of the genus Stylopyga, as defined by me in Gen. Insect., Blattidee, Subfam. Blattine, fase. 109 (1910), can be distinguished by the following 6 Mr. R. Shelford on some synoptical key. ‘The well-known and cosmopolitan species S. rhombifolia, Stoll, and the gaudy S. ornata, Br. (figured in the above-cited memoir), are omitted, 1. Wings represented by squamiform lobes. Bem MICOLOTOUS SPECIES .'-.- os - sie ep ees quadrilobata, Br. 2’. Pronotum and tegminal rudiments mar- (Celebes.) Pined with ochreous .:ss-.eees-556 ss salomonis, Shelf. 1’. Wings entirely absent. (Solomon Is.) 2. Tegminal rudiments present. 8. Thorax and abdomen above with rufous MACH. o.o. abo ee eee me .. sex-pustulata, Walk. 3’. Unicolorous species. (S. India, ? Java.) 4, Tegminal rudiments transversely trun- cate, almost square......... ..... picea,Br. (Nicobar Is.) 4’. Tegminal rudiments with apex rounded, elliptical. 5. Pulvillus of second joint of poste- rior tarsus small, apical ........ semoni, Kr. (Java.) 5’. Pulvillus of second joint of poste- rior tarsus larger, occupying half the yjomt wheeweee Stan eis immunda, sp. 0. 2'. Tegminal rudiments absent. (Queensland.) 3. Unicolorous species. 4, Cox not margined with testaceous. apical “2.3... .e0k seem proposita, sp.n. (Java.) 5’. Pulvilli large, occupying the greater part of the tarsal joints ...... .. parallela, Bol. 4’, Cox margined with testaceous. (S. India.) 5. Seventh abdominal tergite strongly produced backwards, almost hiding the supra-anal lamina.... covalis, Walk. (Ceram, 5’. Seventh abdominal tergite scarcely New Guinea.) produced... 2s. cceeee eee michaelseni, Shelf.* 3’. Body above anteriorly rufo-castaneous, (W. Australia.) posteriorly piceous ......:-......5- matndroni, sp. n. (S, India.) Stylopyga togoensis, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 2.) 3. Piceous, nitid, impunctate. Antenne castaneous, mouth-parts testaceous. ‘Tegmina represented by squami- form lobes, scarcely extending beyond the mesonotum. Pos- terior angies of abdominal tergites scarcely produced, seventh tergite shortly produced ; supra-anal lamina shortly trigonal, exceeded by the subgenital lamina, which is subquadrate and produced, its apex slightly emarginate. Genital styles bifureate ; the outer limb long, curved, and flattened, the inner _ * Accidentally omitted from my Gen. Insect. memoir. The reference is:—Blattide (iz) Fauna S.W.-Australiens (Michaelsen & Hartmeyer), Vol. ii. Lf. 9, p. 140 (1909). new Spectes of Blattide. 4 limb short and terminating in four teeth. Cerci stout, 10- jointed. Legs castaneous; posterior tarsi elongate, the second joint spined beneath. Length 13 mm.; pronotum 5°1x 6 mm. Toro, Misahéhe (2. Baumann). Type in the Berlin Museum. Blatta rufo-cercata, sp. n. ?. Piceous. Pronotum with an elongate rufous macula on each lateral margin. ‘l’egmina subquadrate, obliquely truncate, sutural margins touching, just reaching the first abdominal tergite, seriate-punctate. Scutellum not exposed. Wings minute, lobiform, completely hidden by the tegmina. Seventh abdominal tergite ovtusely produced, margin not sinuate. Supra-anal lamina cucullate, subtruncate. Cerci short, rufous. Femora rather sparsely armed ; tarsi rufo- castaneous, their structure quite typical of the genus; arolia absent. Total length 15 mm.; length of tegmina 3 mm.; pro- notum 4X6 mm. Manila (Leveillé, 1877). Two examples. ‘Type in the Paris Museum. Pseudoderopeltis morosa, sp. n. 6. Head castaneous, antenna fuscous. Pronotum piceous, trapezoidal, with two oblique impressions ; membranous pro- cesses of meso- and metanotum moderately long and slender. ‘Tegmina castaneous, considerably exceeding the apex of the abdomen. Wings suffused with castaneous, median vein bifureate and ramose ; a small intercalated apical triangle. Abdomen piceous; supra-anal lamina trigonal, subgenital lamina rounded, styles long and slender. Legs castaneous. ?. Piceous, nitid, impunctate. Clypeus testaceous; an- tenn rufescent. ‘Tegminal rudiments barely extending beyond the mesonotum. Posterior angles of abdominal tergites 5-7 produced, seventh tergite with posterior margin very convex; supra-anal lamina cucullate, triangular, emar- ginate. Legs castaneous ; posterior tarsi rather short, second joint not spined beneath, its pulvillus large. 3S. Total length 25 mm.; length of body 19 mm.; length of tegmina 21 mm.; pronotum 6x7 mm. 9. Length of body 21 mm.; length of tegmina 4 mm. ; pronotum 6X9 mm. Chinchoxo (Falkenstein). Several examples. ‘Types in the Berlin Museum. 8 Mr. R. Shelford on some Pseudoderopeltis togoensis, sp. 0. &. Very like P. morosa, but smaller; pronotum casta- neous; membranous processes of meso- and metanotum obsolescent ; tegmina paler towards apex ; median vein of wings not bifurcate, anastomosing irregularly with the radial vein; no inteicalated triangle; supra-anal lamina more produced, apex slightly emarginate. Total length 22 mm.; length of body 16 mm. ; length of tegmina 18 mm.; pronotum 4°5 x 6 mm. ‘ogo, Bismarckburg (&. Bittner). Several examples. Type in the Berlin Museum. Euthyrrapha vittata, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 3.) 9. Body and head piceous, with sparse erect pubescence. Antenne piceous. ‘Tegmina castaneous, with a broad orange vitta extending from the base to near the apex. Wings hyaline, with the apex castaneous and an orange stigma on the costa; ulnar vein with 6 rami. Supra-anal lamina sub- quadrate ; subgenital lamina ample, with the apex deeply cleft. Cerci slender, acuminate. Legs castaneous, the tibial spines rufous. Length of body 6 mm.; length of tegmina 5 mm.; length of wings 7 mm.; pronctum 2x3 mm. N. Kamerun (Conradt). ‘Type in the Berlin Museum. Holocompsa capsoides, sp. un. (PI. I. figs. 6a, 6 2.) 3. Piceous, with a scant, recumbent, rufous pubescence. Mouth-parts castaneous. Pronotum trapezoidal; scutellum exposed, conspicuous. Wings in repose extending somewhat beyond the tegmina. Tegmina with the mediastinal and anal areas, a space between them, and a triangular patch (the base of the triangle extending from the apex of the anal area to the apex of the mediastinal area, its apex at a point situated halfway on the outer margins of the tegmen) coriaceous, the remainder of the tegmen membranous, hyaline, with a fuscous suffusion at the apex ; mediastinal and anal veins conspicuous, the other veins obsolescent or absent. Wings hyaline, with the posterior margin broadly suffused with fuscous; a large fuscous stigma on the anterior margin formed by a fusion of the mediastinal rami and of the proximal costals; the bases of the ulnar and first axillary veins are moderately robust, otherwise the venation of the wing is obsolescent. Supra-ana lamina shortly trigonal, new Species of Blattide. 9 surpassed by the subgenital lamina, which is trapezoidal and furnished with two slender styles. Cerci slender. Legs castaneous, Total length 6°2-7 mm.; length of tegmina 5-5°6 mm. ; pronotum 1°8 x 2°5 mm. Lower Ogowé, between Lambarene and the sea (4. Haug, 1901). Two examples. Type in the Paris Museum. Allied to 7. minutissima, de Geer, but distinguished inter alia by the obsolescent venation. Genus NYMPHRYTRIA, nov. Form semiglobular. Antenne extremely short, incrassated ; the first joint elongate, equal to one-quarter of the total length of the antennee, the second and third joints as long as broad, the remaining joints transverse. FT rons above the clypeus bullate. Body fringed with long stiff hairs. Pro- notum anteriorly produced strongly, completely covering the head, posterior margin convex. Posterior angles of seventh abdominal tergite acutely produced. Cerci minute, hidden, unjointed. Posterior tibiz subquadrangular, the spines on the outer aspect biseriately arranged, those on the inner aspect uniseriately arranged ; the spines serrated and grooved. ‘Varsi slender, fimbriate, without pulvilli and without claws. Nymphrytria mirabilis, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 4.) ?. Pale testaceous, tibial spines castaneous. Antenne with 32 joints. Hyes wide apart. Hairs fringing the body testaceous. Pronotum finely granulate and with a few minute hairs; disc with two transverse impressions and a faintly impressed median line. Meso- and metanotum and the first three abdominal tergites smooth, nitid. Abdominal tergites 4-6 finely granulate in the middle. Supra-anal lamina rounded, margin entire, surpassing the subgenital lamina, which is semiorbicular, its posterior margin indented on either side, the tuberculiform cerci visible in the notches. Femora and tibiz short and robust, tarsi slender. Femora armed on both margins beneath with a few minute spines, the spines at the apical angles arranged in little groups of 3 or 4; no genicular spines. Front tibie very short, with 8 apical spines and 1 free spine, the longest spine not equal to the length of the first tarsal joint; mid tibiz with 7 spines on the outer aspect, biseriately arranged, 5 apical spines, no spines on the inner aspect, the longest apical spine equal in length to the tibia, but not so long as the first tarsal joint ; 10 Mr. R. Shelford on some hind tibia quadrangular, flattened from side to side, broader ab the apex than at the base, 6 spines on the outer aspect biseriately arranged, 4 long spines in a single row on the inner aspect near the apex, 5 apical spines, the longest of which is not quite equal to the first tarsal joint. Tarsi slender, the metatarsi exceeding in length the remaining joints, fimbriate and entirely without pulvilli or claws. Length 12 mm.; greatest breadth 10 mm.; pronotum 6X8 mm. Tunis, Gafsa. Type in the St. Petersburg Museum. This highly remarkable species is an extreme development of the genus Anisogamia, Sauss.; it resembles that genus in the form and fimbriation of the body, in the length of the first antennal joint, in the concealed and rudimentary cerci, and, to a certain extent, in the armature of the femora. It differs from Anisogamia by the extremely short antenne, by the form of the pronotum, by the femoral armature, and by the simplification of the tarsal structure. The pronotum of Nymphrytria in its shape resembles that of the males of Polyphaga species in its anterior production. The tarsal structure is unique amongst the Blattidz, and it would be interesting to learn if its simplification and the serration of the tibial spines are correlated with peculiar habits of life ; that the species, like most of the Polyphage, has burrowing habits is sufficiently indicated by the structure of the fore tibie, which, as digging instruments, must rival in efficiency those of Gryllotalpa. Polyphaga platypoda, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 5.) 2. Rufo-castaneous, rufo-fimbriate. Antenne short and somewhat incrassated, with 36-40 joints, the apical of which are moniliform. Pronotum slightly produced anteriorly, completely covering the head, together with the meso- and metanotum eranulate and with a sparse erect pubescence ; disc with chiselled markings. Abdomen smooth, nitid. Supra-anal lamina subtransverse. Subgenital lamina and cerci asin the preceding genus. Legs short, robust. /emora with a few minute spines on both margins beneath; no genicular spines. All the tibial spines robust, grooved beneath, and finely serrated. Front tibia as in the preceding species ; mid tibix with spines on the outer aspect triseriately arranged, none on the inner aspect, 5 apical spines, the longest not equal to the first tarsal joint; hind tibize curved, spines on the outer aspect triseriately arranged in two groups, new Species of Blattide. 11 3 spines on the inner aspect arranged in a single oblique row, 7 apical spines, the longest exceeding in length the first tarsal joint. Tarsi elongate, the metatarsi of the first and second pairs of legs flattened and grooved, considerably ex- ceeding in length the succeeding joints ; the second to fourth joints of the mid tarsi also erooved and flattened ; the poste- rior metatarsi not grooved, shorter than the first and second yairs. Claws slender, without arolia. Length 16 mm.; greatest breadth 11 mm.; pronotum 6°5 x 8:1 mm. Tunis, Gatsa. Type in the St. Petersburg Museum. A singular species, belonging to the same group as P. afri- cana, L., but differing in the peculiar tarsal structure and in the single row of spines on the inner aspect of the hind tibia, a character also presented by the genera Antsogamta and Nymphrytria. Chorismeura australica, sp. 0. 9. Form ovate, depressed. Head very flattened, frons highly polished; testaceous. Antenne pale testaceous. Pronotum hyaline, with two broad rufescent vittee ; very broad in proportion to length, anteriorly broadly emarginate, so that the vertex of the head is freely exposed, posteriorly truncate, exposing the small testaceous scutellum, Tegmina and wings not exceeding apex of abdomen. Teemina with very broad hyaline marginal area, disc rufescent; mediastinal vein very robust, extending throughout two-fifths of the tegmen-length, but failing to reach the outer margin, the first three costals abutting on it; radial vein simple, 9 costals, ulnar vein with 4 oblique rami, the discoidal and anal areas reticulated. Wings hyaline ; radial vein curved ; 10 costals, all rising from the posterior third of the radial vein, their apices incrassated, forming a conspicuous “ stigma” ; medio- discal area twice as broad as medio-ulnar area, crossed by a few transverse venules; ulnar vein biramose, the rami united by anastomoses ; a large apical area, its base acutely angu- late, in repose folded on the top of the wing. Abdomen rufescent above, testaceous beneath, broad; supra-anal lamina triangular, deeply incised at the apex; subgenital lamina ample, posterior margin widely and faintly emar- ginate. Cerci long, rufo-testaceous. Legs testaceous. Total length 8 Thi length of tegmina 6°5 mm. ; pro- notum 2x 3°3 mm. Queensland, Cape York (Thorey) ; Rockhampton, Gayndah (Godeffroy). Five specimens. 12 On some new Species of Blattidee. Type in the Stockholm Museum. The ootheca is chitinous and carried with the suture uppermost. Chorisoneura delicatula, sp. n. ?. Allied to the preceding species, but much larger and differing in the following points:—Colour pale testaceo- hyaline, disc of pronotum opaque testaceous. Pronotum anteriorly less conspicuously emarginate. ‘T'egmina with bases of mediastinal and radial veins opaque testaceous, some of the intervenular spaces filled with rufo-testaceous ; ’medi- astinal vein longer, 16-18 costals, 6 or 7 abutting on the mediastinal vein; ulnar vein with 9 oblique rami. Wings with 14 costals, not forming a “ stigma.” Total length 11 mm.; length of body 7°5 mm.; length of tegmina 8°5 mm.; pronotum 3x 4°8 mm. Queensland, Peak Downs ((odeffroy), and Cape York (Thorey). ‘lwo examples. Type in the Stockholm Museum. The genus Chorisoneura, Br., is here recorded for the first time from Australia ; originally regarded as purely Neo- tropical, recently its range has been shown to extend into West Africa and the Indian subregion. It is possible that when the genus has been thoroughly revised it will be neces- sary to separate off the two Australian species under a different generic name, for they differ somewhat from the extra-Australian species; but, pending such a revision, they may be regarded as outlying members of the rather loosely defined genus Chorisoneura, Blabera lindmant, sp. n. 3. Allied to B. immacula, Sauss. & Zehnt., from Pernam- buco. Head piceous, frons not flattened, interspace between eyes about equal to the length of the first two antennal joints. Pronotum unicolorous castaneous, striated anteriorly and posteriorly ; disc with a few impressions ; form similar to that of BL. immaeula. Tegmina pale fuscous, bases of tie mediastinal and radial veins darker: Wings hy aline, with marginal area narrowly testaceous, outer margin sinuate. Abdomen above wood-brown, beneath rufescent margined with castaneous. Supra-anal lamina bilobate ; subgenital Jamina slightly asymmetrical, notched on the right side, two styles. Cerci very short. Legs castaneous ; femora entirely unarmed beneath, formula of apical spines $, }, 4, front On the Classification of the Order Ostaritophyst. 13 femora with no genicular spines; posterior metatarsi short, unarmed, all the pulvilli very large; no arolia between the tarsal claws. Total length 42 mm.; length of body 32 mm.; length of tegmina 32 mm.; pronotum 10 x14 mm. Brazil (C. Lindman). One example only. Type in the Stockholm Museum. Panesthia froggatt?, sp. n. 9. Allied to P. kheili, Bol., and with almost identical pronotal structure, but tegmina and wings reduced to squami- form rudiments, their apices obliquely truncate. Outer margins of seventh abdominal tergite faintly crenulate, the apical tooth directed outwards as well as backwards; margin of supra-anal lamina dentate. Total length 37 mm.; length of tegmina 7:2 mm. ; pro- notum 10x 14 mm. Solomon Islands (W. W. Froggatt). Type in Oxford University Museum. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Fig. 1. Apex of abdomen of Stylopyga proposita, sp. n.. 3. Dorsal aspect. Fig. 2. Apex of abdomen of Stylopyga togoensis, sp. n., 3. Dorsal aspect. Note the large genital styles. Fig. 3. Euthyrrapha vittata, sp.n., Q. xX 6. Fig. 4. Left hind tibia and tarsus of Nymphrytria mirabilis, gen. et sp. ny, 2: Fig. 5. Lett mid tibia and tarsus (from below) of Polyphaga platypoda, Bp. D...2. Fig. 6. a, Left tegmen, 6, Right wing of Holocompsa capsoides, sp. n., d. Il.— The Classification of the Teleostean Fishes of the Order Ostartophysi.—l. Cyprinoidea. By C. Tate Recan, M.A. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) [Plate II. } THE order Ostariophysi includes a number of types which are very divergent in form and appearance, but which agree in the possession of the remarkable Weberian mechanism, 14 Mr. C. T. Regan on the forming a communication between the air-bladder and the internal ear *, Hach ductus endolymphaticus unites with its fellow and gives rise to a backwardly directed median diverticulum, the sinus endolymphaticus, lying in a cavity of the basioccipital which is roofed by laminar inward expansions of the ex- occipitals. ‘This cavity, the cavum sinus imparis, communi- cates anteriorly with the perilymph spaces surrounding the internal ear, and posteriorly, where its bony roof terminates, gives rise to a pair of lateral cavities, the atria sinus imparis. The wall cf each atrium is partly membranous and is in part formed by two ossicles, claustrum and scaphium, which repre- sent the supra-neural and neural arches of the first vertebra ; a ligament connects the scaphium with the tripus, a triangular or triradiate bone mainly formed of the rib of the third vertebra, but in the Characiformes clearly including the para- pophysis also; in the connecting ligament may appear the tntercalarium, primarily representing the neural arch of the second vertebra. ‘The air-bladder is typically divided into anterior and posterior portions; the former is supported by the os suspensorium, either the parapophysis or rib of the fourth vertebra, or perhaps both, and in its wall is inserted the posterior process of the triyus. The other portions of the tripus and the ¢ntercalarium lie in the cavity of the saccus paravertebralis, a membranous sac filled with a semigelatinous fluid ; in the more generalized types this sac communicates anteriorly with the subdural lymph spaces of the cranium through a lateral occipital foramen at the side of the foramen magnum. Sagemehl thought that the Ostariophysi were related to Amia, but there can be little doubt that they are allied to generalized Clupeoids such as the Elopide. The Characi- formes are the least specialized of the Ostariophysi, and the absence of a splenial, the presence of an endochondral supra- occipital, the ossified mesocoracoid, the complete vertebral centra, without caudal intercentra, and the homocereal struc- ture of the caudal fin show that they are far removed from Amia and are closely related to the Isospondyli. The Ostariophysi may be divided into two well-marked suborders, Cyprinoidea and Siluroidea ; the classification of the former is the subject of the present memoir. ‘The * On the Weberian mechanism of the Cyprinoidea see especially Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. x, 1885, p. 102; Sérensen, Vid. Selsk. Skr. Copenhagen, (6) vi. 1892, p. 131; Bridge and Haddon, Phil. Trans. elxxxiy. (B), 1893, p. 65; Bloch, Jenaisch, Zeitschr. xxxiy. 1900, YER ’ Classification of the Order Ostariophyst. 15 Cyprinoids are malacopterous physostomes * with the pelvic fins, when present, abdominal ; the head is naked and the body is usually scaly ; the branchiostegals are few, 3-0. Parietal bones are present, either meeting in the middle line or separated by a fontanel, and an orbitosphenoid is always present ; the metapterygoid and symplectic are well deve- loped ; most of the parapophyses are distinct from the centra (except in Misgurnus) and the anterior vertebrae remain separate, or only the centra of the second and third may unite ; epipleurals and epineurals are present. The suborder Cyprinoidea includes three well-marked divisions—Characiformes, Gymnotiformes, and Cy priniformes, Division 1. CHARACIFORMEST. Body deep or moderately elongate ; dorsal and caudal fins well developed ; pelvic fins present; usually an adipose fin. Mouth typically non-protractile; jaws usually toothed and maxillary rarely excluded from the gape. Upper and lower pharyngeals dentigerous, normally opposed. An opisthotic ; posterior temporal fossa well developed, with two or three posterior apertures. Hyopalatine and opercular bones all present; palatine firmly attached to pterygoid and meso- pterygoid. Post-temporal forked. Air-bladder large, free, divided into two by a transverse constriction. This group comprises several hundred species from the fresh waters of Central and South America and Africa ; it corresponds to the family Characide or Characinid of authors f. Family 1. Characide. Premaxillaries not niuch produced; maxillaries well developed. ‘Teeth in jaws usually strong; palate sometimes toothed. Hyomandibular two-headed, the posterior head inserted in a groove of the pterotic, the anterior with flat or concave surface articulating with a flat or convex surface on the sphenotie ; pterygoid narrowed posteriorly, immovably attached to quadrate or mesopterygoid. Orbito-sphenoid * Many Cobitide and Homalopteride, with the air-bladder reduced and encapsuled, are physoclists. + Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 102, has written a valuable memoir on the crauial osteology. Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviii. 1896, p. 205, gives a list of some other papers of lesser importance. t Cf. Bouleng. Camb. Nat. Hist., Fish. p. 575 (1904), and Cat. Afr. Freshwater Fish. i. p. 174 (1909); Eigenmann, Reports Princeton Exped. Patagon. 111. Zool. pts. 3 (1909) & 4 (1910). 16 Mr. C. T. Regan on the forming a sutural union with frontals. Hypocoracoids sepa- rate, often forming a pair of flat vertical ]amine which are apposed in the middle line; pectoral radials usually 4, com- pressed and somewhat elongate, articulating with a ridge on the hypercoracoid. Scales cycloid. Dorsal fin median or posterior, short or of moderate length. Chiefly carnivorous fishes from the fresh waters of Central and South America and Africa. The principal genera may be arranged thus :— I. Premaxillaries fixed, firmly attached to the mesethmoid; maxil- laries usually movable, rarely adherent to preemaxillaries. A, Abdomen not serrated. 1. Teeth on the palatines or pterygoids: American. a. Anal fin short; no fontanel. Lateral line present, running straight along middle of side; teeth in jaws conical, with canines; a band of teeth on each side of the palate; hypocoracoids not in contact. (Erythrinine.) .......-.-.+ Erythrinus, Hoplias. Lateral line absent; teeth in jaws rather small, tricuspid; a few small teeth on each side of the palate; hypocoracoids forming vertical laminze which are ap- posed in the middle line. (Lebiasinine.) Lebiasina, Piabucina. b. Anal fin long; lateral line more or less decuryed ; hypo- coracoids forming median vertical lamin ; teeth in jaws conical, with canines. A series of conical teeth on each pterygoid ; base of pectoral fin rather short. (Aces- PAOUCIND RING.) ones. «a's sia SE Oligosarcus, Acestrorham- phus, Acestrorhynchus. Minute granular teeth on pterygoid and meso- pterygoid ; base of pectoral fin very long. (Cynodontine.)....... = Wine sa leisinnn ..-» Cynodon. 2. Palate toothless; lateral line usually decurved; hypocoracoids forming median vertical lamine. a. Premaxillary with « posterior toothed process lying between maxillary and pterygoid *; teeth conical, with canines: African. (Sarcodacine.) .... Sarcodaces. 6, Premaxillary normal. (Characine.) c. Mesethmoid very large ...... _ Chaleceus, _Plethodectes, Pyrrhulina, Pogonocharax. B. Mesethmoid of moderate size. Teeth usually in 2 to 4 series in the praemax- * In Sarcodaces, as in many Characiformes with the snout produced, the pterygoids extend to the vomer below or internal to the palatines, which retain their lateral ethmoid attachment. Classification of the Order Ostartophys¢. 17 illaries, compressed, notched or denticu- TOUS Pea Woda Lich pec dvdene .. Bryconethiops*, Alestes *, Petersius *, Brycon, Chalcinus, Henochilus, Bryconops, Creagr utus, Deuterodon, Pseudochalceus, Crenuch us T, Scissor, Bramocharav, Tetragonopterus, Astyanaz, Stichanodon +, Iquano deobbs: Hemibrycon, Par agoniates, Gymnocharacinus, Diapoma, Corynopoma, Pseudo- corynopoma, Stethaprion, Brachychaleinus. Teeth in 2 series in the premaxillaries, the outer or both conical or subconical ; anal GE MOdGrure IONGGH 5... 68 eee Salminus, Hystricodon, Agoniates. Teeth uniserial, compressed, serrated in- CIS OR UD NISIAQIL) oo os 5 cg eis aceyare wore Chirodon, Odontostilbe, Piabuea. Teeth uniserial, compressed, pointed, notched or denticulated ; mouth larger ........ Aphiocharax, Mimagoni- ates, Leptagoniates, Teeth uniserial, conical, without canines; anal not very elongate. Bia d we igh axis Si Phoxinopsis, Ctenocharax. Teeth conical, with canines; anal fin very oo weed: fe icanleng Charax, Roeboides, Cyno- potamus. B. Abdomen keeled and serrated, bearing a median series of sharp- edged bony plates with backwardly ‘directed points : American. (Serr ASAIMONINE.) cece cc cenes Mylesinus, Pygocentrus, Pygopristis, Serrasalmo, Myletes. II. Preemaxillaries movable ; maxillaries firmly united by suture with the premaxillaries: African. (Hydrocyonine.) ETydrocyon. The Characinz correspond to about fourteen of Higen- mann’s subfamilies; many of these are certainly natural groups, inasmuch as they include but a single genus or two or three closely related genera. Iguanodectes, Gymno- characinus, Diapoma, Corynopoma, Stichanodon, and ‘Steth- aprion are apparently quite as near to Tetragonopterus and Astyanaz as the latter are to Brycon, and, in my opinion, nothing is gained by making them the types of separate subfamilies. Chalceus and Plethodectes are placed by Kigenmann in the Piabucinine, which he distinguishes from ‘the Tetragono- pterinee by the absence of fontanels, a character of very slight importance. In the Characiformes the presence of fontanels is probably sometimes a primitive feature, sometimes not ; they have often become reduced or have disappeared or have not developed, especially in those forms with the upper surface of the head flattish and the occipital crest low. * These genera are African, the other Characinze American. + Teeth uniserial, but these genera are apparently related to the genera with biserial teeth, after which they are placed. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. viii. 2 18 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Distichodus has fontanels, but Nannocharaz has not; Hemi- odus has fontanels, but Parodon has not; most species of Alestes have fontanels, but in Alestes macrolepidotus they are absent and the parietals are united by suture. I could give other examples, but these will suffice. Chalceus has the mouth and dentition of Brycon and is certainly related to that genus; on the other hand, the large scales, the short anal fin, the flattish head, &c. suggest relationship to Pyrrhulina, which is confirmed by the large size of the mesethmoid bone and by the somewhat inter- mediate dentition of P/lethodectes. Another genus with the mouth and dentition of Brycon is Chaleinus, which differs chiefly in the keeled thorax and compressed abdomen ; on this account Higenmann associates it with Gastropelecus, but the skeleton is essentially similar tothat of Brycon. Pseudocorynopoma differs rather markedly from Chalcinus, and appears to me more nearly related to Astyanax. In Paragoniates and Leptagoniates the keel of the thorax is evident, but the abdomen is not compressed to a sharp edge; these appear to me to be related to Hemi- brycon and Aphyocharax respectively, whilst Piabuca may stand in the same relation to Odontostible that Chalcinus does to Brycon. From the above remarks it will be evident that I do not regard Eigenmann’s Gastropelecinee and Agoniatine as natural groups, and the same may be said of his Characine, which includes three well-marked groups which are not specially related, viz. (1) Bramocharax, (2) Salminus and LHystricodon, and (3) Charax, Roeboides, and Cynopotamus. Bramocharaz is, in my opinion, closely related to Scissor ; the latter is a Tetregonopterus with large mouth, produced snout, enlarged anterior teeth, and outer seiies of preemaxillary teeth reduced ; Bramocharax seems to differ only in that the snout is longer, the enlarged anterior teeth are further apart, and the outer premaxillary teeth are still smaller. Salminus and LHystricodon are closely related to Brycon, from which they differ only in the dentition ; moreover, most of the teeth in Salminus are not truly conical, but approximate to the compressed and tricuspid type, especially in young specimens ; Agoniates is known to me only from the deserip- tion and figure of Miiller and Troschel, but I believe that it will prove to be closely related to Salminus. Charax, Roeboides, and Cynopotamus, with their exposed maxillary and long anal fin, show little resemblance to Sal- minus, but much to Hemibrycon and Paragoniates, to which they are probably rather closely related. Classification of the Order Ostariophysi. 19 The African genus /ydrocyon has most of the characters of Characins such as A/estes, from which it differs especially in the structure of the mouth. ‘The well-developed maxillary is firmly united by suture to the premaxillary, and the latter is movably articulated with the ethmoid. The jaws are not much produced and the teeth are strong spaced canines ; the mouth can be widely opened, and by pulling down the lower jaw the upper can be readily made to move in a vertical plane until the edge forms an angle of 50° with its position when the mouth is closed *. Family 2. Gastropelecide. The South-American genus Gastropelecus has usually been placed near Chalcinus, but I find that whilst the latter is Fig. 1. A. Cleithrum and primary pectoral arch (except radials) of A. Gastropelecus pectorosus and B. Chalcinus trachypomus. el, cleithrum ; cor, hypocoracoid ; sc, hypercoracoid (scapula) ; m, mesocoracoid. extremely similar to Brycon in osteological characters, Gastro- pelecus is quite different. Gastropelecus is remarkable for its * According to Boulenger (Cat. African Freshwater Fishes, i. p. 179) the preemaxillaries are “slightly movable vertically.” 2% 20 Mr. C. T. Regan on the deep strongly compressed body, with the thorax and abdomen expanded into a sharp-edged semicircular disc ; the pelvic fins are very small and the pectorals are long, with the rays very strongly branched, except the first, which is stout and simple. The pectoral arch is quite unique in structure; the hypocoracoids are ankylosed, forming a single bone, which is expanded below into a very large lamina that somewhat resembles a half-folded fan, the prominent radiating ridges of one side corresponding to the hollow grooves of the other ; the radials are represented by a single short and broad bone, with a concavity fitting the broad convex articulating surface of the hypercoracoid. In most other characters Gastropelecus is not unlike Tetragonopterus, except that there is no fontanel and rather prominent longitudinal ridges border the well-developed muciferous channels on the upper surface of the head. Family 3. Xiphostomatide. Osteological characters of the Characidee, but the small maxillary is firmly united by suture with the very long pre- maxillary and the upper jaw is somewhat movable. The snout is produced and tie mouth is large, with the teeth in the jaws small, uniserial; a band of minute teeth is present on the pterygoid; the scales are ciliated, the lateral line, when present, runs along the middle of the side, and the dorsal and anal fins are short, posterior. South American ; carnivorous, pike-like fishes. Xitphostoma, Luciocharaz. Family 4. Anostomide. Upper jaw movable, the premaxillaries articulating with a pair of antero-lateral sessile facets on the mesethmoid ; maxillaries movably articulated with or adherent to the prie- maxillaries. Teeth, when well developed, compressed in- cisors ; palate toothless. Pterygoid rather broad posteriorly, overlapping the quadrate. Orbitosphenoid connecting ali- sphenoids and parasphenoid, nearly or entirely separated from the frontals. Dorsal fin median, short ; scales cycloid or ciliated; lateral line straight. These fishes are South American. ‘he genera may be arranged thus :— I, Mouth small, non-protractile; lips thick. Praemaxillaries trian- gular; inner ends of maxillaries articulating with mesethmoid ; rami of lower jaw short and stout. Quadrate firmly united to pterygoid and preoperculum (PI. IL. fig. 1); hyomandibular as in the Characide. (Anostomine.) Classification of the Order Ostariophysi. 9 A. Teeth well-developed in both jaws, uniserial, fixed incisors. . Anostomus, Khytiodus, Leporinus, Leporellus. 5, Teeth very small, movable, labial, uniserial in both jaws, or in the upper only.......... Cn R- mibcete Cenotropus. II. Mouth wide, non-protractile ; lips thin or absent; jaws toothless. Premaxillaries expanded transversely, carrying the smaJl maxil- _laries away from the mesethmoid; rami of lower jaw moderately long, their transverse anterior portions slender. Suspensorium as inthe Anostomine. (Curimatine.).. Curimatus, Anodus. III. Mouth terminal, somewhat protractile, with thick lips concealing the maxillaries ; teeth minute, labial. Preemaxillaries curved ; rami of lower jaw short, but formed as in the Curimatine. Quadrate movably articulated with the pterygoid in front and the preopercle behind; mesopterygoid and metapterygoid firmly united by suture, but only looselv attached to the pterygoid and hyomandibular respectively (Pl. II. fig. 2); hyomandibular with a single head, fitting into a groove formed by the sphenotie and pterotic. (Prochilodonting.) ...... Prochilodus. Family 5. Hemiodontida. Premaxillaries small, movably attached to the ethmoid ; maxillaries well developed, articulated with or adherent to the premaxillaries, their inner extremities articulating with the mesethmoid; mouth small, subterminal. Teeth uni- serial, in both jaws or in the upper only; palate toothless. Pterygoid movably articulated with quadrate, narrowed posteriorly, ending in a small condyle; mesopterygoid firmly attached to pterygoid and loosely connected with quadrate (Pl. Il. fig. 4). In other osteological characters essentially similar to the Characide. Dorsal fin short, median ; anal short ; scales cycloid; lateral line, when present, straight. South American. The principal genera may be arranged thus :— I. Teeth fixed, conical or cuspidate, forming a single series in both jaws. Hyomandibular broad, two-headed. (Nannostomine.) Nannostomus, Characidium. II. Premaxillaries with a single series of movable serrated incisors ; lower jaw with a rather sharp transverse toothless edge anteriorly, with or without 2 or 3 small teeth laterally. Hyomandibular with a single head, fitting into a groove formed by the sphenotic and pterotic. (Hemidonting.) .... Hemiodon, Saccodon, Parodon. Family 6. Citharinide. Upper jaw movable, the preemaxillaries articulated with a pair of antero-lateral apophyses of the mesethmoid; maxil- Javies articulated with or attached to premaxillaries, their inner ends not reaching the mesethmoid. ‘Teeth in jaws 22 Mr. C. T. Regan on the usually compressed, often cuspidate; palate toothless. Hyomandibular with a single head fitting into a groove ; pterygoid normally attached to quadrate. Orbitosphenoid forming a long sutural union with frontals. Dorsal fin median, often rather elongate ; scales usually ciliated ; lateral line, when present, straight. This very natural group of African fishes corresponds to the Ichthyoborinz, Distichodontine, and Citharinine of Boulenger, after excluding from the latter the American genera Curimatus and Prochilodus. In the following arrangement of the genera important differences in the structure of the lower jaw are for the first time taken into account :— I. Rami of lower jaw widely separated for the greater part of their length, anteriorly slender and curved together, movably connected at the symphysis ; dentary and articulare firmly united *. Scales strongly ciliated; maxillary rather large, movably articulated with preemax- illary ; upper jaw not or scarcely pro- jecting beyond the lower; teeth small, bicuspid, in 2 or 3 series. (Xenochara- PUAN is sro lee ws aisles s FEE See a Nannethiops, Neolebias, Xenocharax. Scales strongly ciliated; maxillary united with premaxillary ; upper jaw strongly projecting, toothless anteriorly; teeth very small, bicuspid, uniserial. (Hemi- SLICHOUONUNUC.) . 0 «<1. <.« ste ee Hemistichodus. Seales cycloid, or with the marginal teeth few and strong; maxillary small, adhe- rent to premaxillary; teeth minute, pointed or truncate, uniserial, on the labial margin. (Citharining.) ........ Citharidium, Citharinus. II. Dentaries more or less massive, firmly connected at the symphysis, movably articulated with the articulares. A. Mouth small, subterminal or inferior ; lower jaw short, with the rather massive dentaries merely coalescent; maxillary well developed, adherent to premaxillary ; teeth small, bicuspid, in 1 or 2 series. (Distichodontine.).. Distichodus, Nannocharax. B. Mouth terminal, rather large, the jaws produced ; dentaries very massive, united by a long suture; premaxillaries similar to the dentaries, with the reduced maxillaries united to them by suture. (Ichthyoborine.) 7 No canines; teeth biserial, the outer strong, compressed, bi- or tricuspid ; maxillary entering the gape ...........cccseen Eugnathichthys, Para- phago, Phago. * I find a well-developed angulare in Citharinus, as in other Characi- formes. Classification of the Order Ostariophysi. 23 Strong anterior canines; lateral teeth com- pressed, pointed, backwardly directed, uni- or bicuspid, uniserial, with or with- out minute inner teeth; premaxillary decurved posteriorly, excluding the max- illary from the gape ................ Iehthyoborus, Mesoborus, Neoborus. Division 2. GYMNOTIFORMES®*. These Neotropical fishes differ from the Characiformes externally in the short precaudal region and anterior veut, long tapering tail, with the anal fin much extended and the caudal reduced « absent, absence of dorsal and pelvic fins, and restricted gill-openings. The mouth is non-prctractile and the maxillaries enter the gape. In cranial osteology the Gymnotiformes closely resemble the Characide, but the opisthotic is absent ; palatine and pterygoid bones are absent, but the other members of the hyopalatine series are well developed (Pl. II. fig. 3), and the mesopterygoid forms an extensive union with the parasphenoid and vomer. The suboperculum is reduced or absent. The post-temporal is simple ; the coracoids show considerable differenees in struc- ture and development within the group. ‘The vertebral column is similar to that of the Characiformes ; the centra of the first four vertebra remain distinct and the anterior ribs are inserted on autogenous parapophyses. The anterior and posterior divisions of the air-bladder are connected by narrow duct fF. The principal characters of the families and subfamilies are shown in the following synopsis :— I. Maxillaries well developed, larger than premaxillaries, Hypo- coracoid >-shaped, the slender lower fork running downwards and forwards to the cleithrum; pectoral radials ‘4, Anterior nostril superior; vent below the head; mouth usually small; dentition varied. Body scaly, compressed ; no electric organs ; orbitosphenoid and alisphenoids well developed. A. Mesocoracoid well developed ; lower limb of hypocoracoid meet- ing cleithrum near the symphysis ; ; anterior part of air-bladder enclosed in a bony capsule; mouth toothless ; maxillary articu- lated with distal end of preemaxillary ; no caudal ; no adipose 0p £67 OR OCE OE BOC rene SHIGA paoGOT il; Rhamphichthyide. * Kigenmann and Ward, Proc. Washington Acad. vii. 1905, p. 169, ive a systematic account of the genera and species, + Reimhardt, Arch. f. Naturg. ‘1854, p- 159. 24 Mr. C. T. Regan on the B. No mesocoracoid ; lower limb of hypocoracoid ending at edge of cleithrum far above the symphysis; air-bladder free; teeth, when present, small, pointed.......... 2. Sternarchide. Maxillary with an apophysis articulating with a facet on head of vomer; caudal fin present; adipose fin represented by a long strip, lying in a groove on the back and attached ante- FIOTIY shee ene ese Se TORRE EE .. 2a, Sternarchine. Maxillary not directly articulated with ethmoid or vomer; no caudal; no adipose fin ...... 2b. Sternopygine. UU. Maxiliaries very small. Hypocoracoid a small lamina; meso- coracoid present, but very small; lowest pectoral radial shorter than the next. Anterior nostril labial; yent jugular; mouth moderate; teeth in jaws strong, uniserial; palate toothless. No caudal; no adipose fin. A. Body scaly, compressed, moderately elongate ; no electric organs ; a small fontanel; orbitosphenoid and alisphenoids well deve- loped, separating parasphenoid from frontals; 4 pectoral radials ; vertebrae about 120) - eee emer epee 3. Gymnotide. B. Body naked, not compressed, very elongate ; large electric organs in the tail; no fontanel ; orbitosphenoid and alisphenoids appa- rently suppressed, the parasphenoid extending upwards to the frontals ; 7 or 8 pectoral radials; vertebra about 250. 4. Electrophoride. These Neotropical fishes have usually been placed in a single family, but I think that it will be readily admitted that the remarkable differences indicated above call for the recognition of at least four families. Fig. 2. Cleithrum and primary pectoral arch of A. Rhamphichthys rostratus, B. Sternarchus allifrons, and C, Gymnotus carapo. el, cleithrum ; sc, hypercoracoid ; ms, mesocoracoid; cor, hypocoracoid ; , radials, bo ~t Classification of the Order Ostariophysi. Family 1. Rhamphichthyide. The genus Rhamphichthys includes fishes with a produced snout and toothless mouth, mental vent and anal fin origi- nating below or in advance of theeyes. The pectoral arch is more primitive in structure than in any other fishes of the group. ‘The small capsule which contains the anterior portion of the air-bladder has a median aperture poste- riorly, and there is on each side an antero-superior opening which receives the end of the tripus. The vertebre are numerous (more than 140 in &. rostratus) ; the skull is very similar to that of Sternopygus, with the fontanel very large. Family 2. Sternarchide. The Sternarchine include the genera Sternarchus, Stern- archogiton, Sternarchorhamphus, and Sternarchorhynchus. In this subfamily the jaws are usually toothed, but the palate ‘is toothless. I have examined the skeleton in Sternarchus albifrons, which has the skull smooth and rounded and the fontanel very small; the orbitosphenoid is paired, the two bones being separately united to the parasphenoid; the vertebrae number about 70. I have satisfied myself by dissection that the pectoral arch is precisely similar in structure in Sternarchus, Sternopygus, and Steatogenys, differing from that of Rhamphichthys in the smalier size of the hypocoracoid and the absence of a meso- coracoid, Sternopygus and Steatogenys agree together and differ from the Sternarchine in the absence of adipose and caudal fins and in the structure of the skuli, the fontanel extending from supra-occipital to ethmoid, and of the mouth, a nodule of cartilage intervening between vomer and maxillary. In Sternopygus teeth are present in the jaws and on the meso- pterygoids, in Steatogenys the mouth is toothless. These two genera, with the allied Higenmannia and Hypopomus, constitute the subfamily Sternopygine®. In Sternopygus macrurus there are more than 90 vertebra. Family 3. Gymnotide. This family includes but a single species, Gymnotus carapo (Carapus fasciatus), in most of its characters nearer to Electrophorus than to the members of the preceding group. The skull approaches that of Electrophorus in general form ; especially noteworthy is the curving upwards of the edges ot 26 Mr. C. T. Regan on the the parasphenoid, the breadth of the ethmoid, no doubt correlated with the strength of the premaxillaries, and the very small fontanel between the supra-occipital and parietals. Family 4. Electrophoridz *. This family also contains only one species, the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus ( Gymnotus electricus), differing from the preceding in the characters of specialization enumerated in the synopsis. Division 3. CYPRINIFORMES. Body deep or moderately elongate ; dorsal and caudal fins well developed ; pelvic fins usually present ; no adipose fin. Mouth toothless, typically protractile. Opisthotic small or absent ; posterior temporal fossa absent or variously deve- loped, when present with a single posterior aperture. Lower pharyngeals typically falciform, not cpposed to the toothless upper pharyngeals, but to paired posterior processes of the basioccipital, which may unite below the aorta. Hyopalatine and opercular bones all present ; palatine movably articulated with mesopterygoid. Post-temporal simple. Sagemehl (Morph. Jahrb. xvii. 1891, pp. 489-594, pls. xxviii. & xxix.) has given a detailed account of the cranial osteology of this group. The skeleton is very similar to that of the Characiformes, but there are some important differences. In all the Cypriniformes the orbitosphenoid joins the alisphenoids behind, the lateral ethmoids in front, the frontals above, and the parasphenoid below. ‘The palatine ends behind in a convex head which fits a concavity of the meso- pterygoid; internally it articulates with the “ septo-max- illaries,” which are usually ossified and firmly united to the vomer, appearing as antero-lateral apophyses of that bone, but may remain as cartilages intervening between the vomer and palatine. The “septo-maxillary” and palatine articu- late anteriorly with the maxillary, either directly or through the intervention of one or two pairs of “submaxillary” or “ nre-palatine”’ cartilages (Catostomidee) or bones (Cobitide, Homalopteridxe), which are more or less reduced in the Cyprinide. The premaxillaries have ascending pedicels which are attached to the extremity of a movable “rostral” bone; this is articulated with the vomer and is vertical when the * On the electric organ, see Sachs, ‘ Untersuchungen am Zitteraal,’ 1881. ~l Classification of the Order Ostariophysi. 2 premaxillaries are retracted, horizontal when they are protruded. The Cypriniformes correspond to the family Cyprinids of Giinther, who, in 1868 (Cat. Fish. vil.),, recognized four principal divisions, which have been accepted by all subse- quent authors. These groups have sometimes been regarded as subfamilies, sometimes as separate families — Catosto- midx, Cyprinide, Cobitide, and Homalopteride. Family 1. Catostomide. Premaxillaries small and maxillaries entering the gape; lips usually fleshy ; no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth uniserial, oiten numerous; pharyngeal processes of basioccipital uniting below the dorsal aorta to form an expanded perforated Jamella, rolled up at the edges, ending in a short blunt process, and not covered with a horny sheath. Mesethmoid broad, firmly united with frontals ; subtemporal fosse shallow ; a large lateral occipital foramen on each side of the foramen magnum ; paired fosse present in the temporal region, open above and closed behind, but no posterior temporal fosse. Cleithra normally suspended from supra-cleithra, much expanded transversely. Air-bladder large, free, divided into two or three parts by transverse constrictions. Outer ramus of os suspensortum strong, downwardly directed, with a transverse laminar expansion which meets its fellow ; transverse process of secona vertebra with a laminar expan- sion directed downwards and backwards, united by suture with the lamina of the os suspensorium. Principal genera: Curpiodes, Cycleptus, Catostomus, Xy- rauchen, Mowxostoma, &c., with about sixty species from North America. M/yxocyprinus, with two species from China, is related to Carpvodes. Family 2. Cyprinidae. Preemaxillaries excluding maxillaries from gape; one or two pairs of barbels or none. Pharyngeal teeth, when present, in one, two, or three series, not more than seven in one series ; pharyngeal processes of basioccipital typically united below the aorta to form a horizontal or oblique plate, flattish or concave below, supporting a horny pad*, and produced back- wards into a strong process for the attachment of the retractor muscles of the lower pharyngeals. Mesethmoid broad, firmly * On the structure of this horny pad, see Gratzianow, Zool. Anz. xxiii. 1900, p. 66. 28 Mr. C. T. Regan on the’ united with frontals ; subtemporal fosse very deep; no temporal depressions, but supra-temporal fosse more or less distinct, open behind, roofed by the post-temporal and some- times by the pterotic and parietal. Cleithra normally sus- pended from supra-cleithra. Air-bladder divided into two parts by a constriction, typically large and free, but sometimes reduced (Discognathus, Gyrinochilus), or the anterior part sometimes enclosed in a bony capsule formed by the ossa suspensoria (Rhinogobio, Saurogobio). Outer ramus of os suspensorium not connected with its fellow nor with the transverse process of second vertebra. A fontanel is usually absent, but in Saurogobio it extends from the supra-occipital to the ethmoid, except for the frontal bridge. ‘Ihe capsule enclosing tle anterior part of the air- bladder in Rhinogobio is quite remote from the transverse processes of the second vertebra and is widely open behind. In Saurogobio the posterior aperture is reduced and there are lateral expansions with terminal orifices which bear some resemblance to those of the Cobitidze; in this case, however, the transverse processes of the second vertebra are free except near their base, where they support the lateral ex- pansions, and the cavities of the latter do not communicate with that of the capsule and apparently contain diverticula of the paravertebral sacs. There are probably at least 1000 species known from North America, Hurasia, and Africa. A satisfactory classification of the genera cannot be arrived at without monographing the family, but the following remarks may not be out of place. The greatest variety of genera and species is found in Asia, which may be regarded as the original home of the group; and of all the genera which I have examined Opsarichthys seems to be the most primitive. The terminal mouth, wide gill-openings, large pseudobranchia, median dorsal fin, rounded abdomen, triserial pharyngeal teeth, complete series of circumorbitals, large posterior temporal fosse, and separate second and third vertebiz are all features of generalization. The foramen between quadrate and metapterygoid, so charac- teristic of the Characiformes, is well developed in Opsari- techthys ; this foramen is also present in Chela, but is absent in all other Cyprinids. In Opsardichthys the cleithra are formed much as in typical Characifermes, narrowing forwards to a point; many other genera with strongly decurved Jateral line—Barilius, Danio, &e.—agree with Opsartichthys in the form of the cleithra, rounded or pointed anteriorly, and these are connected by genera such as Aspcus with Leuciscus Classification of the Order Ostartophyst. 29 and its allies, in which the cleithra are more expanded and truncated anteriorly; all the American genera seem to be Leuciscines, and A/burnus and Abramis also pertain to this group, to which Lhodeus is nearly related; the Barbus group differs in that the cleithra are distinctly emarginate anteriorly. These characters are not sufficiently well marked for the definition of subfamilies, and others, such as the pharyngeal dentition, the form of the pharyngeal process, &c., are of use only in defining genera or small groups of genera. Giinther’s Cyprinina seems to be a natural group, after excluding the North-American genera, but to it should be added Rohteichthys and Osteobrama, with the osteological characters of Barbus, and doubtless Leptobarbus and Mystaco- leucus also; T’inca seems to be nearer to Barbus than to Leuciscus. Vhe Kasborina and Danionina should be united and some of the Abramidina should be added to this group, some to the Leuciscina. Xenocypris is a Leuciscine, and the aberrant Semiplotus is, perhaps, nearest to it. LHZypophthalm- ichthys is nearly related to the Barilius group. Thanks to the kindness of Mlle. Dr. C. L. Popta, I have been able to examine a specimen of the remarkable Bornean Cyprinid, Gyrinochilus pustulosus, Vaill. ‘This fish is evidently closely related to Discognathus, which it resembles in form, scaling, structure, and position of the fins, structure of the air-bladder, interior mouth with the united lips ex- panded and papillose, and even in the groove on the snout and the disposition of the tubercles on the head. Gyrino- chilus differs externally from Dusecgnathus especially in the much broader lips, folded when retracted and when expanded recalling the suctorial dise of Petromyzon, and in the structure of the gill-opening, the upper part of which forms an in- halent orifice, the opercular membrane being curved inwards in front of the pectoral arch in this region. As described and figured by Vaillant, each branchial arch has a double series of gill-rakers developed along the upper edge of the gill, filtering the inhalent current of water. Internally Gyrinochilus is remarkable chiefly for the very long and much convoluted intestine, the slender toothless lower pha- ryngeals, the absence of a horny pad, and the reduction of the pharyngeal processes of the basioccipital toa pair of short blunt projections, much as in some Cobitidse and Homalo- pteridee. Extraordinarily aberrant as Gyrinochilus is, its place in the system seems to be in the family Cyprinide next to Crossochilus and Discognathus ; to make it the type of a 30 Mr. C, T. Regan on the separate family or subfamily would merely obscure its relationships *. Some of the more typical genera are grouped in the following list :—Opsaritchthys, Chela; Barilius, Bola, Aspi- doparia, Danio, Nematabramis, Rasbora, Luciosoma, Nuria, Amblypharyngodon, Aspius, Scombrocypris, Chanodichthys, Pelecus, Culter; Hypophthalmichthys ; Leuciscus, Squalio- barbus, Xenocypris, Ctenopharyngodon, Chondrostoma, Ortho- don, Campostoma, Hybognathus, Cochlognathus, Hybopsis, Exoglossum; Alburnus, Abramis; Semiplotus ; Lhodeus, Acanthorhodeus, Achilognathus; Cyprinus, Carassius, Barbus, Cosmochilus, Leptobarbus, Rohteichthys, Osteobrama, Varico- rhinus, Gymnostomus, Psilorhynchus, Scaphiodon, Thynn- ichthys, Albulichthys, Labeo, Barbichthys, Dangila, Cirrhina, Osteochilus, Catla, Crossochilus, Discognathus, Gyrinochilus, Tinea, Aulopyge, Rhynchocypris, Pseudorasbora; Lucio- brama; Oreinus, Schizothorax, Diptychus, Gymnocypris, Ptychobarbus, Schizopygopsis; Hemibarbus, Acanthogobio, Gobio, Pseudogobio, Leucogobio, Rhinogobio, Saurogobio. Family 3. Cobitide. Preemaxillaries excluding maxillaries from gape; three pairs of barbels or more. Pharyngeal teeth uniserial, often rather numerous, on the inner and posterior edges of sub- triangular laminar expansions of the pharyngeal bones, which are scarcely falciform; pharyngeal processes of basioccipital sometimes very small, sometimes larger and meeting below the aorta, but never united and not supporting a horny pad. Subtemporal fossz shallow ; a lateral occipital foramen on each side of the foramen magnum. Preorbital and sub- orbitals unossitied. Cleithra normally suspended from supra- cleithra. Posterior part of air-bladder small or vestigial ; anterior part enclosed in a bony capsule, produced outwards on each side into an expansion with terminal orifice, connected by a duct with the skin above the pectoral fin; anterior wall of lateral expansion of air-bladder capsule formed by the transverse process of the second vertebra. he numerous species of this family are chiefly inhabitants of mountain streams in tropical and temperate Asia. Three species are European and one is found in Abyssinia. * Since writing the above I note that Mlle. Popta (Notes Leyden Mus. xxvii. 1906, p. 122) has described from Borneo Paracrossochilus biecrnis, a fish in many ways nearer to Gyrinochilus than either Crosso- chilus or Discognathus, the lips folding in a similar manner when the mouth is shut. Classification of the Order Ostarvophyst. 31 The principal genera may be arranged thus * :— I, Mesethmoid firmly united to frontals; skull depressed ; anterior part of air-bladder nearly divided into two, the lateral halves of the capsule connected only by a narrow bridge; no spine ; barbels Gor8 (Nemachiline.)............ Nemachilus, Diplophysa, Oreonectes, Lefua. II. Mesethmoid movably articulated with frontals; skull compressed ; air-bladder undivided, the central portion of the capsule sub- spherical. (Cobitidine.) A. Nospine; 10 or 12 barbels ; parapophyses ankylosed with centra. Misgurnus. B. Lateral ethmoid a movable spine; 6 or 8 barbels; parapophyses distinct from centra ............ Botia, Parabotia, Lepto- botia, Acanthopsis, Cobitis, Lepidocephalichthys, Jerdonia, Acanthophthalmus, Lepidocephalus, Lucirrichthys, Apua. Family 4. Homalopteride. Piemaxillaries excluding maxillaries from gape; three pairs of barbels or more. Pharyngeal teeth uniserial, often rather numerous ; lower pharyngeals falciform ; pharyngeal processes of basioccipital very small or absent; no horny pharyngeal pad. Skull depressed ; mesethmoid broad, firmly united to frontals ; subtemporal fossz deep ; lateral occipital foramina absent. Suborbitals ossified and preorbital large, extending forward to the end of the snout, supported by an anterior process of the lateral ethmoid. Cleithra directly attached to epiotics, expanded below to form horizontal lamin. Air-bladder reduced, completely divided into two lateral portions, each enclosed in a capsule formed by the os suspensorium and the transverse process of the second vertebra; each capsule with a lateral orifice beneath the skin and with an extended facet for articulation with the cleithrum. This well-marked family includes a number of species from Southern Asia, which are readily distinguished by the nume- rous barbels, the subterminal or inferior mouth, the flattish lower surface, and the horizontal paired fins with the anterior rays simple, graduated. Genera: Homaloptera, Lepturichthys t+, Helgia, Balitora, * Cf. Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus, xxiv. 1902, p. 133, for a synopsis of the genera. + Lepturichthys, gen. nov., type Homaloptera fimbriatum, Giinth., differs from Homaloptera in the long slender tail, with a dorsal and ventral series of plates, which are probably expansions of the neural and heemal spines. og Mr. J. W. Shoebotham on some Octonema, Glaniopsis, Parahomaloptera, Crossostoma, Hemi- myzon *, Gastromyzon (cf. Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. xxiv. 1902, p. 110). EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Fig. 1. Tlyopalatine and opercular bones of Leporinus frederict. Fig. 2. Ditto of Prorhilodus lineatus. Fig. 3. Ditto of Sternopygus macrurus. Fig. 4. Ditto of Hemiodus kappleri. p, frontal process of mesopterygoid ; pal, palatine; pt, pterygoid ; g, quad- rate ; ms, mesopterygoid ; mt, metapterygoid; ky, hyomandibular ; sy, symplectic; pop, preoperculum ; op, operculum ; sop, suboper- culum ; dop, interoperculum. III.—Some Records of Collembola new to England, with Description of a new Species of Oncopodura. By Joun W. SHOEBOTHAM, N.D.A. (From the Cooper Laboratory for Economic Research, Watford, Herts.) [Plate III.] DurinG the last two and a half years the author has made collections of Coliembola from several districts in England, but chiefly from the counties of Hertfordshire, Buckingham- shire, and Staffordshire. A list of the Hertfordshire Collembola was published last year ft, since when additional forms have been found. Several species have been found which prove to be new to the Knglish fauna, including a hitherto undescribed form. ‘These records, with references to the original descriptions of the species, are given in the following paper. Order COLLEMBOLA, Lubb. Suborder ARTHROPLEONA, Born. Family Achorutide, Born. Subfamily Acuzorvrivz, Born. Genus Acnorures, Templ., Lubb. 1. Achorutes serratus, Agr. Achorutes serratus, Agren, (1904) pp. 5, 6, pl. i. figs. 5-7. Loc. Staffordshire. \ Identification confirmed by Dr. Agren. * Hemimyzon, gen. nov., type Homaloptera formosanum, Bouleng., pelvic fins 15- or 16-rayed, with extended bases convergent posteriorly, approximating to the Gastromyzon structure. + Collinge, W. E., and Shoebotham, J. W., “The Apterygota of Hertfordshire,” Journ. Econ. Biol. vol. vy. pt. 3, pp. 95-182, figs. 1-15 (1910). "ec Collembola new to England, 33 2. Achorutes schdfferi, Carl *. Achorutes affinis, Schiiffer, (1900) p. 250. Achorutes schifferi, Carl, (1901) p. 253. Loe. Hertfordshire. Genus WILLEMIA, Born. Willemia, Borner, (1901 b), pp. 428, 429. 3. Willemia anophthalma, Born. Willemia anophthalma, Borner, (1901 6) pp. 429, 480, figs. 6-8. Loe. Buckinghamshire. Subfamily Ovycuivrrz, Born. Genus Onycuiurus, Gerv., Born. 4. Onychiurus affinis, Agr. Onychiurus affinis, Agren, (1905) p. 128. Loe. Buckinghamshire. 5. Onychiurus furciferus (Birn.). Aphorura furcifera, Borner, (1901 a) pp. 3, 4. Loc. Buckinghamshire and Staffordshire. Subfamily Neaworrw, Born. Genus PseupAcHorutrs, Tullb. 6. Pseudachorutes corticicolus (Schiff.). Schottella corticicola, Schiffer, (1896) p. 176, figs. 34, 62. Loc. Staffordshire. Genus Micranuripa, Born. Micranurida, Borner, (1901 c) p. 702. 7. Micranurida pygmea, Born. Micranurida pygmea, Borner, (1901 c) pp. 702, 703, figs. 6, 7. Loc. Buckinghamshire. * The specific name affinis had been previously used by Lucas for a species of Achorutes from Algeria. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8, Vol. viii. 3 34 Mr. J. W. Shoebotham on some Family Entomobryide, D. T. Subfamily Eyrouoseriws, Schiff., Born. Genus Isoroma, Bourl., Born. 8. Isotoma violacea, Tullb. Tsotoma violacea, Tullberg, (1876) p. 36. Loc. Buckinghamshire. Genus Proisoroma, Born. 9. Protsotoma minima (Absln.). Isotoma minima, Absolon, (1901) pp. 82, 33. Loc. Buckinghamshire. Genus Isoromopes, (Axelson-) Linnaniemi *. Isotomodes, (Axelson-) Linnaniemi, (1907) p. 129. (Name only, not described.) 5 10. Lsotomodes productus (Axels.). Tsotoma elongata, Axelson, (1903) p. 6. Isotoma productat, Axelson, (1906). Loc. Staffordshire. Subfamily Oxcoropvrrv2, Carl und Lebed. Oncopodurine, Carl und Lebedinsky, (1905) p. 565. Genus OncopopuRA, Carl und Lebed. Oncopodura, Carl und Lebedinsky, (1905) p. 564. : ; A, tt The following generic description is mainly after Carl and Lebedinsky, with a few modifications :— Antenne short, 4-segmented, the last segment with sense- bristles. Ant. ili. and iv. not ringed. Postantennal organ externally present or absent. Eyes absent. Prothorax rudi- mentary, not seen from above. Mesothorax large, not pro- duced over the head, rounded in front. Abdomen iii. and iv. subequal. Furcula strongly developed. Dentes 1-segmented, * Axelson, in 1906, assumed the name Linnaniemi, but, to avoid con- fusion between his earlier and more recent publications, he suggests that both names should appear in reference to his works published since 1906 + The specific name elongata having been used by MacGillivray (1896) Axelson renamed the species producta in 1906. ~ ; Collembola new to England. 35 not ringed, with chitin hooks, ventrally with scales. Mucro very long, similar to that of the Tomocerine, but without basal teeth. Upper claw simple. A clavate hair present on the tibio-tarsus of the second pair of legs, situated about the middle of its length, absent on legs i. and iii. Seales present. The genus Oncopodura was erected in 1905 for a species (O. hamata) found in the Sundurlu Cave in the Crimea, in Southern Russia. It was placed in a separate subfamily (Oncopodurine), and this arrangement was used in the syste- matic works of Wahlgren (1906) and Borner (1906). Ex-ept for the original paper, the author has not seen any other records of Oncopodura, and Dr, Carl informed him (in Lit. Nov. 1910) that he did not know of any other published records. 11. Oncopodura crassicornis, sp. n. (PI. LIL.) Antenne short and thick, 4-jointed, slightly shorter than the head-diagonal (as 55:62). Ant. i.:ii.:iil.:iv.=8:11: 15:21. All segments covered with short hairs. Ant. iv. with four smelling-hairs placed in a row, without retractile sense-knob. Ant. il. and iv. not ringed; ii. with one smelling-hair at the distal end; 1. broader than long. An- tennal organ iil. made up of two stout sense-staffs. Kyes absent. Postantennal organ present, difficult to see, made up of six smooth somewhat triangular tubercles arranged In a ring (as in Anurida maritima), situated lateral and slightly posterior to the base of the antenna. Thorax i. small, not seen from above. Thorax 11. well developed, rounded in front, but not produced over the head, with a fine sensory hair on each side, over the base of legs ii. (Such hairs are apparently absent from the abdomen.) Tibio-tarsus of leg i. with an outstanding clavate hair, situated about the middle of its length, expanded spoon-like at its end. Legs i. and iii. without this hair. Claw short, without inner or lateral teeth or pseudonychia. Empodial appendage lanceolate, without teeth, more than halt as long as the claw-diagonal (as 5:9). Preetarsal nairs long, only slightly shorter than the empodial appendage. Abdomen iil. slightly longer than iv. Ventral tube short, not clavate. A ventral abdominal groove is present for the reception of the furcula. ‘l'enaculum with four retaining teeth. Furcula long. Manubrium ventrally with scales, dorsally with some simple and feathery hairs. Manubrium: dens: mucro=88 : 24: 23 (measured ventrally). 36 Mr. J. W. Shoebotham on some Dens 1-segmented, thick at the base, but suddenly dimin- ished in size at about ? from the proximal end, with several chitin hooks and spines, as follows :—two large hooks at the distal end, inner and outer, both of which overreach the base of the mucro; three smaller, less curved hooks, situated about equal distances apart, on the inner side; one straight spine ou the outer side 2 from the proximal end. Dens ventrally with numerous scales, dorsally with several long feathery hairs. A feathery hair of uniform thickness arises at the base on a small tubercle, and a simple short hair is present on the outer side towards the distal end. Mucro long and slender, with four teeth—apical, ante- apical, and two dorsal. ‘The relative distances of the teeth from the base are as follows :—17 : 26:35:39. The proximal dorsal tooth is stout, blunt, and directed towards the proximal end. The mucro is provided with a thin transparent lamella * or ‘mucronal sheath”? which almost encloses it from the base to the second tooth, and a narrow pointed lamella is continued from the outer side beyond the apex of the mucro. Body-form short and broad. The relative lengths of the body-segments as follows :— ; Th. Abd. Head- —~ + - X —~ Ant. diag. ii. lll. rt ips ve v vi ile i , i. Dp G2 46°33 24: 28 ~ 34°° 130 1 oa Hair-covering short and scanty, but the head and body are thickly covered with broad rounded scales. Colour white. Length -6 mm. Loc. Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire ; under stones. Habits. ‘This species was found under stones amongst decaying leaves in a garden at the end of October 1910, and under stones embedded in soil at a place about } mile from the first locality in November and December. A single specimen was obtained at the end of February 1911. They were only found when the ground was moist, and. were not very active unless the light was strong, but when the sun was shining on them they quickly jumped away. Specimens were taken in December immediately after a sharp frost. * These lamelle are not firmly attached to the mucro proper, as in some of the mucrones they had become detached. Collembola new to England. a7 The two species of Oncopodura may be distinguished by the following characters :— O. hamata, Car] and Lebed.* Antenne slender, segments as 1:2:32:4. Postantennal organ absent (at any rate externally). Claw with lateral lamella. Proximal tooth of the mucro slender, pointed, directed towards the distal end. Manubrium : dens : mucro = 26: laed4; Abdomen iy. a little longer than iil. Relative lengths of teeth on mucro from base=17 : 34:45: 47. Colour yellowish white. Length 16-18 mm. O. crassicornis, sp. D. Antenne 8:11:15:21. Postantennal organ present, of six tubercles. Claw without lateral lamella. Proximal tooth of the mucro stout, blunt, directed towards the proximal end. Manubrium : dens: mucro = 388: 24. : 23. Abdomen iv. a little shorter than iii. Relative lengths of teeth on mucro from base=17 : 26:35: 39. Colour white. Length ‘6 mm. thick, segments as Suborder SYMPHYPLEONA, Born. Family Neelide, Fols. Genus NEeEuus, Fols. 12. Neelus minutus, Fols. Neelus minutus, Folsom, (1901) pp. 221, 222, pl. i1. figs. 3-11. Loe. Hertfordshire. Family Sminthuride, Lubb. Subfamily Survruvrivx, Born. Genus SPHYROTHECA, Born. Sphyrotheca, Borner, (1906) p. 188. 13. Sphyrotheca lubbocki (‘Tullb.). Sminthurus lubbocki, Tullberg, (1872) p. 33. Loc. Staffordshire. Except for S. lubbock?, all the species here recorded are new to the British Isles. A. single example of S. lubbocki was recorded by Bagnall (1909) from the Kyles of Bute, Scotland. # The characters here specified are taken from the description and figures given by Carl and Lebedinsky (1905). 58 On some Collembola new to England. References. ABsoLon, K. (1901.) ‘ Zwei neue Collembolenformen aus den Hoblen des mahrischen Karstes.” Zoo]. Anz. xxiy. no. 634, pp. 32, 33, 4 figs, AGREN, H. (1903.) ‘Diagnosen einiger neuen Achorutiden aus Schweden (Vorliiufige Mittheilung).” Entom. Tidskr. xxiv. Haft 2, pp. 126-128. —. (1904.) “‘Lapplindische Collembola.” Arkiv fér Zool. ii. no. 1, pp: 1-80, pls. 1., ii. AxrEison, W. M. (1903.) ‘“ Weitere diagnosen iiber neue Co lembolen- formen aus Finland.” Acta Soc. p. Fauna et Flora Fenn. xxv. no. 7, pp. 1-15. —. (1906.) ‘Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Collembolenfauna in der Umgebung Revals.” Acta Soc. p. Fauna et Flora Fenn. xxviii. no. 2, pp. 1-22, 1 pl. BaGnNatt, Rh. Ki (1909.) “Short Notes on some New and Rare British Collembola.’ Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, new series, ili. pt. 2, pp. 495-509. Re- rint paged 2-16. Borner, ©. (1901a.) “ Vorliufige Mittheilung tiber einige neue Apho- rurinen und zur Systematik der Collembola.” Zool. Anz. xxiv. no, 633, pp. 1-15. —. (19010.) ‘Uber ein neues Achorutidengenus Willemia, sowie 4 weitere neue Collembolenformen derselben Familie.” Zool. Anz. xxiv. no. 648, pp. 422-433, figs. 1-9. —. (1901 c.) “Neue Collembolenformen und zur Nomenclatur der Collembola, Lubb.” Zool. Anz. xxiv. no. 657/658, pp. 696-712, figs. 1-10. —. (1906.) “Das System der Collembolen nebst Beschreibung neuer Collembolen des Hamburger Naturhistorischen Museums.” Mitth. aus dem Naturhist. Museum, Hamburg, xxiii. pp. 147-188, figs. a—-e. Cart, J. (1901.) ‘“ Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Collembola- fauna der Schweiz.” Revue suisse de Zool. ix. fase. 2, pp. 243- 278, pl. xv. ——, und Leprpinsry, J. (1905.) “ Materialien zur Héhlenfauna der Krim —I, Aufsatz. Ein neuer Typus von Hohlenapterygoten.” Zool. Anz. xxviii. no. 16/17, pp. 562-565, figs. 1-6. Forsom, J. W. (1901.) “ Review of the Collembolan Genus Neeius and Description of N. minutus, n. sp.” Psyche, ix. pp. 219-222, Lai. Raeaartey, A.D. (1896.) “The American Species of Zsotuma.” Canad. Ent. xxviii. no. 2, pp. 47-58. Linnanremi, W. M. (Axetson). (1907.) ‘Die Apterygotenfauna Finlands.—I. Allgemeiner Teil.” Akademische Abhandlung, Helsingfors, pp. 1-134+-i-xii, with map. ; Scudrrrr,C. (1896.) “ Die Collembola der Umgebung von Hamburg und benachbarter Gebiete.” Mitth. aus dem Naturhist. Museum, Hamburg, xiii. pp. 149-216, pls. i—iv. ——. (1900.) ‘‘Ueber wiirrtembergische Collembola.” Jahresh. d. Ver. f. Vater]. Naturk. in Wiirrtemberg, lvi. pp. 245-280, pl. vi. TuLLBERG, T. (1872.) ‘Sveriges Podurider.” Kongl. Svenska Vet.- Akad. Handl. x. no. 10, pp. 1-70, pls. i.—xii. —. (1876.) “Collembola borealia—Nordiska Collembola.” Ofyvers. Dr. M. Burr—WNotes on the Forficularia. 39 Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Arg. 33, no. 5, pp. 28-42, pls. vili— x WautaGren, FE. (1906.) ‘Apterygoten aus Agypten und dem Sadan nebst Bemerkungen zur Verbreitung und Systematik der Collem- bolen.’ Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile, 1901, under the direction of L. A. Jiagers- kidld, no. 15, pp. 1-72, figs. 1-52. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. All the illustrations are of Oncopodwra crassicornis, sp. n. Fig. 1. Outline, from the side. Fig. 2. Right antenna from above, showing also postantennal organ from the side. Fig. 3. Three terminal joints of the antenna, showing sense-organs. Fig. 4. Left postantennal organ and base of antenna. Fig. 5. Mesothorax from the side, showing fine sensory hair. Fig. 6. Manubrium and dentes from the side. (Nearly all the feathery hairs had been denuded from the dentes.) Fig. 7. Mucro, with lamelle, from the side. Fig. 8. Tibio-tarsus and foot of second leg, showing clavate hair. Fig. 9. Outline of scale. IV.—Notes on the Forficulariaa—XVIII. More new Species. By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S., F.Z.8., F.G.S. Diplatys riggenbacht, sp. n. 6. Vertex tumidus; occiput depressum, carinulis acutis; pro- notum ¢ Q breve, pentagonale, postice subangustatum ; elytra aleque perfecta; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ inflatum; segmentum penultimum ventrale g basi latum, apicem versus angustatum, apice truncatum ; forcipis bracchia ¢ basi dilatata ac deplanata, tum attenuata, fortiter arcuata. ae or Long. corporis ...... 13 mm. 10°5-12°5 mm. MA Greipis...)3 5... ree 2 As Size relatively large ; general colour rust-red. Antenne fulvous, with about 22 segments, third not very long, fourth and fifth quite short, rest slowly lengthening ; cylindrical. Head broad and depressed; sutures distinct; in the 3 vertex tumid, occiput depressed, postocular keels sharp ; ia the @ vertex and occiput similar, postocular keels shorter ; eyes prominent. 40 Dr. M. Burr—WNotes on the Forficularia. Pronotum ¢ ? small, subpentagonal, gently narrowed posteriorly ; prozona ample, tumid; metazona narrow, de- pressed ; orange-red. Elytra ample, pubescent ; dull black, with a long discoidal fulvous spot in anterior portion. Wing-scales hairy, long, brown or blackish. Legs fulvous. Abdomen red-brown, pubescent. Last dorsal segment ¢ inflated, broader than preceding, subquadrate, smooth, pubescent, with a median suture ; with a pair of short, diverging, folded crests running over the insertion of the forceps, terminating in a convexity of the posterior margin, which is gently concave between these points. In @ simple, narrower, posterior margin gently produced over insertion of the forceps. Penultimate ventral segment g@ broad at the base and strongly narrowed apically, truncate at the apex itself; in the ? narrow, rounded at the apex. Forceps with the branches in the ¢ strongly depressed and dilated in the basal third, this dilated portion denticulate on its margin and ending abruptly in a blunt tooth; beyond this point attenuate and strongly bowed ; the points meeting : in the 2 simple, contiguous, almost straight, hooked at the apex. West Africa: Cameroon, Garna, 12-19. iv. 09,2 g,5 2 (Riggenbach, 8. G.; in Mus. Berlin). Type in Berlin Museum. This species somewhat resembles D. macrocephilus, D. gladiator, and D. falcatus. It differs in the characteristic form of the penultimate ventral segment of the male, also in the keels on the last dorsal segment, and the form of the forceps, though similar, is not quite the same. Anisolabis owenii, sp. n. Atra, pedibus fulvis; statura mediocri, sat gracili; corpus dense punctulatum ; abdomen segmentis lateribus 6-9 acutis, paullo rugulosis, 6-8 carinulatis; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ magnum, utrinque tumido-inflatum; segmentum penultimum ventrale ¢ obtusangulum; forcipis bracchia ¢ subcontigua, apice arcuata. Long. corporis ........ We i ROPOUNS So ws he 3 Build not very robust ; size medium; colour black. Dr. M. Burr— Notes on the Forficularia. Al Antennz with 17 segments, 1-2 orange, the rest grey- brown ; third rather short, fourth and fifth subglobular, the rest lengthening, subcylindrical. Head tumid, black, feebly punctulate ; eyes prominent. Pronotum black, anterior margin and sides straight, poste- rior margin very gently convex; median suture distinct, feebly punctulate. Meso- and metanotum black, more densely punctulate. Sternum typical, orange. Legs orange ; tarsi long, first and third segments about equal. Abdomen black, densely and rather coarsely punctulate ; sides of sixti to ninth segments acute and rugulose, sixth to eighth carinulate. Last dorsal segment ¢ ample, smooth, with distinct median suture, truncate posteriorly, inflated at each side above into an incipient blunt tubercle or crest. Penultimate ventral segment broad, obtusangular, the apex sharply pointed. Pygidium narrow. Forceps with the branches subcontiguous, stout, trigonal at the base, straight in basal half, apically attenuate and in- curved, feebly asymmetrical. West Africa: Liberia (S. G. Owen, 1 g, inc. m.). This species is only known from the unique type in my collection, taken by Mr. 8S. G. Owen, A.R.S.M., in Liberia. It is well characterized by the shape of the penultimate ventral segment. It resembles A. injeliz, Burr, but differs among other points in the less strongly pitted abdomen and feebly punctulate thorax and head. It also resembles A. turgida. It differs from A. rufescens, Kirby, in the feebly punctulate and black head and thorax and angular penultimate ventral segment. Anisolabis turgida, sp. n. Rufo-castanea et nigra; caput et thorax levia; abdomen minute punctulatum; ¢ segmentis 5-9 lateribus acutis, rugulosis, obso- lete carinulatis ; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ magnum, sub- leeve, superne utrinque crista tumida instructum ; forcipis bracchia ¢ remota, arcuata. 3. 2 Long. corporis ...... 15 mm. 14 mm. Been SEOLCI PIS 2.0.3, = 3. 2° 5 Ze a Build stout; size medium; general colour dark reddish chestnut to black. 42 Dr. M. Burr—wNotes on the Forficularia. Antenne with 15 segments, uniform yellowish brown, rather long and rather thick. Head deep red, smooth, sutures not very distinct. Pronotum a little longer than broad, very slightly convex anteriorly and posteriorly, sides straight; almost parallel, very slightly diverging posteriorly; smooth, dark reddish brown, median suture distinct. Meso- and metanota and first three abdominal segments smooth, black. Sternal plates yellowish, typical. Legs yellow; tarsi long, first and third segments about equal. Abdomen feebly dilated, black, very finely punctulate ; sides of fifth to ninth segments in the ¢ acute (fifth rather feebly so), rugulose, and feebly carinulate. Last dorsal segment g¢ ample, jet-black, nearly smooth, with distinct median suture; transverse, rectangular, nar- rower than the preceding ; on each side above there is a low, rather tumid, compressed crest, running into the elevation over the insertion of the forceps; in the 2 narrower, sloping, with no crest. Penultimate ventral segment g broadly rounded, punctu- late. Forceps with the branches in the ¢ remote, stout, trigonal at base, attenuate, cylindrical, and arcuate in apical half; inner margin finely denticulate: in 2 contiguous, straight. West Africa: Cameroon (1 2 ,c¢. m.) ; Gendero, 2nd March, 1909 (Riggenbach, 8S. G., 1 g, type, in Mus. Berlin). This species is distinguished by the nearly smooth body, with fine and weak punctulation, and by the crests of the last dorsal segment of the male. Anisolabis vicina, sp. n. A, kristenseni vicina; differt statura minore, debiliori, pronoto rufo, abdomine rufescenti, forcipe ¢ minus abrupte arcuato, margine interno toto crenulato, abdomine dorso punctulato, forcipis bracchiis 2 contiguis, rectis. d. Q. Long. corporis .... 18°5-19°5 mm. 15 -17 mm. SE OLCADIA’ 5:6 a4 1D ta. 255 ee Size medium ; general colour deep reddish black ; heal and thorax yellowish. Antenne yellowish brown to blackish, basal segments often paler; third segment rather short. Dr. M. Burr— Notes on the Forficularia. 43 Head smooth, sutures distinct, deep red, shaded with black. Pronotum smooth, bright orange-yellow anteriorly, nearly black posteriorly ; slightly broader than long, and slightly widened posteriorly, all sides straight. Meso- and metanota smooth, black. Sternum orange-yellow, the plates as in A. kristensent. Legs orange-yellow. Abdomen moderately dilated, almost black, but with a distinct red tinge ; sides of fifth to ninth segments in ¢ acute and rugulose. Last dorsal segment ¢ transverse, rectangular, nearly smooth, with a median depression. Penultimate ventral segment ¢ broadly rounded, the apex truncate ; in 2? obtusangular. Parameres narrow. Forceps with the branches in the @ remote, stout, tri- gonal in basal half, gradually attenuate apically, asymmetri- cally but gradually arcuate, the inner margin finely denticu- Jate ; in the 2? contiguous, straight, denticulate on the inner margin. Abyssinia: Harrarand River Errer, 9 g, 6 2 (Staudinger and Kristensen, c. m. and Coll. Petersen); Gara Mulata, 1 g,1 2 (Lrlanger and Neumann, in Mus. Berlin). This species is closely related to A. felix and A. kristen- seni; from the former it differs in the absence of the rectan- gular dilatation of the right branch of the forceps in the male and also in the yellow pronotum. From A. kristenseni it differs in its smaller size, weaker build, and in coloration ; in that species the abdomen is jet- black above, in this it is a very deep red-black, the red tinge being quite distinct; the head usually has an indistinct black patch above, and the pronotum is clear orange-yellow in the. anterior portion. The sculpture of the abdomen is different, being a fine punctulation in this species. The forceps are much less abruptly attenuate and more regularly arcuate ; in the female the branches are contiguous and straight. It answers well to the description of Gelotolabis burr, Zacher, from north-eastern Africa, but the apical segment of the parameres is much narrower and less pointed apically than appears to be the case in that species, judging from Zacher’s figure. 4d Dr. M. Burr —Notes on the Forficularia. Anisolabis ethiopica, sp. n. Statura magna; colore atro, femoribus fulvis, nigro-geniculatis, tibiis fuscis ; abdomen segmentis 5-9 acutis, rugulosis ; forcipis bracchia ¢ prope basin sat dilatata, fortiter arcuata, asym- metrica ; parameres breves, dilatati. oe ae Long. corporis.... 235-26 mm. 20 —26°5 mm. » foreipis .... 45-9 3, 4-5-6 _ Size large and build powerful; general colour jet-black, the femora orange. Antenne yellowish-brown ; third segment relatively very long, Head black, smooth, sutures distinct. Pronotum nearly square, but wider than long and gently broadened posteriorly, all black, smooth. Sternal plates black ; prosternum constricted. Legs sometimes all black, sometimes femora orange-yellow tipped with black ; tibiz and tarsi dark, blackish brown. Abdomen moderately dilated, jet-black, very finely and densely punctulate ; sides of fifth to ninth segments in g acute and rugulose. Last dorsal segment ¢ 9 nearly square and nearly smooth. Penultimate ventral segment ¢ obtusely rounded, apically truncate ; in ¢ rather acutely rounded. Parameres short and dilated, outer margin sinuous and sharply pointed at the apex. Forceps with the branches g remote, stout, and trigonal, with an almost rectangular dilation on inner margin, abruptly attenuate and abruptly and asymmetrically bowed, unarmed ; in the ? contiguous, straight at first, in apical half gently and asymmetrically sinuous, inner margin denticulate. Abyssinia: Jakka and Kuhne, 8 g, 12 9 (Aristensen, coll. Petersen and c. m.). This species closely resembles some forms of A. maurt- tanica, Luc., but differs in the basal dilation of the forceps of the male, thus approaching A. maritima, which has not bicolorous legs. The colour is a much deeper black than in A. mauritanica, with no trace of red tint, the pronotum less decidedly trans- verse, the pitting of the abdomen denser and stronger. From A. maritima it also differs in the finer pitting, more acute and rugulose sides of the abdomen in the g, and more decidedly truncate pronotum. It differs markedly from both in the short dilated apical Dr. M. Burr—wNotes on the Forficularia. 45 segments of the parameres, which agree with the description and figures of the parameres of Gelotolabis burri of Zacher ; the descriptions do not agree, so this species is distinct from G. burri; but if the genus (elotolabis is to stand, this species will probably fall into it. Anisolabis kristensen?, sp. n. Statura sat magna; corpus atrum, capite pedibusque rufo-fulvis ; pronotum sublatius quam longius; abdomen ¢ sat dilatatum, segmentis 5-9 lateribus acutis et rugulosis ; segmentum penulti- mum yentrale ¢ late rotundatum, apice truncatum ; parameres angusti, Janceolati; forcipis bracchia ¢ basi remota, triquetra, asymmetrica, haud dentata. . 3S. Q. Hong. corporis.......... 21-23 mm. 20-23°5 mm. We PMOECIPIS 9... + Rs 3) s Size rather large and build powerful. General colour jet-black, the head deep orange-red and legs orange. Antenne grey-brown, basal two segments yellowish. Head smooth, tumid, deep orange-red, sutures distinct ; eyes small. Pronotum nearly square, but slightly wider than long, all sides straight; slightly wider posteriorly than anteriorly ; smooth. Meso- and metanotum smooth. Sternum dirty yellow ; prosternum almost parallel-sided ; mesosternum rounded ; metasternum truncate. Legs orange-yellow ; tarsi long, first segments, with bristles and pubescence, as long as second and third united. Abdomen moderately dilated before the apex in’ both sexes ; jet-black, the upper surface finely rugulose ; in the g the sides of sepments 5 to 9 are acute and rugulose. Last dorsal segment ¢@ transverse, rectangular, nearly smooth ; in @ slightly narrowed. Penultimate ventral segment ¢@ broadly rounded, the apex truncate; in 9 obtusangular. Apical segment of parameres narrow, almost lanceolate, nearly four times as long as broad. Pygidium ¢ 2 with a depression, but no tubercles, Forceps with the branches ¢ remote, stout, trigonal in basal half, abruptly attenuate in the apical half, "strong gly and asymmetrically bowed, with no teeth, but nearly obsolete denticulation on inner margin; in the @ feebly bowed, 46 Dr. M. Burr—WNotes on the Forficularia. rather remote at the base, more gradually attenuate, the inner margin crenate, with one rather strong tooth. Abyssinia: Jakka, 2200 m., and Kunhe, in the mountains, on the road from Harrar to Adis-Abba (11 ¢, 6 92, Kristen- sen, C. m.). This is a distinct and handsome species ; it rather resembles A, felix, Burr, but differs in the absence of the rectangular dilation of the forceps. Spongovosiox schldferi, sp. n. S. quadrimaculato vicinus ; ab eo differt tantum ; pygidio d promi- nenti, latum, utrinque dilatatum, medio in lobulum longum lingueformem producto. TOME, \CONPOTIS | sian 's ome 10. mm. Pe, PLO CUIIS fs. «Gece whe of 5 ue In coloration, build, and structure generally exactly re- sembles S. quadrimaculatus, but the pygidium of the male is totally different, prominent, broad, dilated on both sides, the dilation ending on each side in an acute point, directed poste- riorly, the middle portion being produced into a long, parallel- sided, tongue-shaped lobe, rounded apically. Kamerun, Lis (Schlafer, type in Berlin Museum). Spongovostox spatulus, sp. n. S. quadrimaculato vicinus ; differt pygidio dilatato, lateribus apice- que acuminatis. 3 Q. Long. corporis......- 8-9°5 mm. SF EORGIDIS 5, 5 4. cis: v4 4, Allied to S. quadrimaculatus, but the pygidium is different ; it is diamond-shaped—that is, dilated about the middle, with angular sides, and acute at the apex; the penultimate ean segment of the ¢ is broadly rounded and gently sinuate in the middle of the posterior margin ; branches of the forceps straight, with a triangular fa inaon near the base to the inner margin, with a few nearly obsolete teeth. British Kast Africa: Kibwezi, 1.1. 08, 1 ¢ (Scheffler). (Jerman East Africa, 2 ¢, 1 9 (Conradt). (Type in Berlin Museum.) Spongovostow conradti, sp. n Statura robustiori; elytra immaculata; pygidium breve, latum, basi parallelum, apicem versus angustatum, apice ipso bifido ; Dr. M. Burr— Notes on the Forficularia. 47 forcipis bracchia g remota, valida, basi subdilatata, apice ipso mucronata. 3. Q. Long. corporis...... 75 mm. 6°5 mm. ly MOLAUINID Ge, ain ciety, Lid, 39 i ae Build rather stout ; general colour pale brown. Antenne with 14 segments, yellowish brown, the ante- apical segments paler. Head brown, smooth, broad, sutures obsolete. Pronotum brown, the sides and metazona much paler, broadened posteriorly, sides straight, ninder angles rounded, Elytra ample, smooth, dull brown. Wings prominent, very pale yellow, with a large brown spot. Femora brown ; tibia and tarsi pale yellowish. Abdomen brown, rather broad, parallel-sided in the ¢, narrowed apically in the 2. Last dorsal segment ¢ rectangular, transverse; in the 9 narrowed. Penultimate ventral segment ¢ broadly rounded, sinuate in middie of posterior margin. Pygidium ¢ short, broad, parallel-sided in basal half, then narrowed, the apex bifid, with short sharp lobes; in the 9 short, parallel-sided, apically truncate. Forceps with the branches in the g remote, rather stout, depressed, subdilated in basal half, the portion ending in a minute sharp tooth ; somewhat constricted beyond this, and then subdilated again to the apex, which is abruptly attenuate and sharply hooked: in the ? simple. Togo: Bismarkburg, 11. vi.-18. x. 93, g and 2 (Conradt, in Mus. Berlin). This species in size, build, and coloration approaches S. assiniensis; it differs in the form of the pygidium and torceps of the male. Spongovostox kristensent, sp. n. Statura mediocri vel minore ; colore fusco-castaneo, fulvo-variegato ; pronotum latius quam longius; elytra fusca, fulvo-maculata ; ale nigree, vel long, vel abbreviate ; segmentum ultimum dorsale 3 transversum, utrinque tumidum; pygidium ¢ brevissimum ; latum, margine postico sinuato; forcipis bracchia ¢ valde remota, basi ipso triquetra, valida, et dilatata, abrupte attenuata ac deorsum curvata, dehine attenuata, arcuata, ante apicem dente parve armata. ron Or. Long. corporis...... 8 mm. 6-5-7 mm. BP PLOLCLPISe s,s oss 3-3°79 ,, MA 48 Dr. M. Burr— Notes on the Forficularia. Size small; general colour dark chestnut, varied with fulvous; shining; not very pubescent. Antennz greyish brown, with 14-15 segments, cylindrical, fourth a little shorter than the third. Head broad, smooth, sutures obsolete, tumid, dark chestnut- brown. Pronotum a little broader than long, very slightly broader posteriorly than anteriorly, alike in macropterous and brachy- pterous forms, deep chestnut-brown, paler at the sides, which are gently convex, as also the anterior margin ; posterior margin truncate. Elytra ample, smooth, dark chestnut-brown, with a promi- nent orange spot in the anterior portion, which sometimes occupies the whole of the disc and is sometimes nearly obsolete. Wings black, sometimes well developed, sometimes abbre- viated. Legs yellow. Abdomen rather broad, subparallel-sided, deep red, very finely punctulate, almost smooth. Last dorsal segment ¢ transverse, smooth, truncate poste- riorly, feebly depressed in the middle ; inflated at each angle to a tubercle, which is sometimes merely tumid, sometimes developed into a mammeeform tubercle: in the 9 simple. Penultimate ventral segment ¢ ¢ ample, broad, very gently rounded posteriorly. Pygidium ¢ very short, not protruding, broad, posterior margin sinuate; @ hidden. Branches of the forceps remote; strong, trigonal, and dilated at the base itself, then abruptly attenuate, bent down- wards, somewhat bowed, and arcuate, to meet at a small nearly obsolete tooth just before the apex: in 2 simple, contiguous. Western Abyssinia: Kuhne, in the mountains, on the road from Harrar to Adis Abba, many specimens (G. Avistensen). This species is closely allied to the West-African S. tuber- culata, Borelli, and &. rubra, Borelli; the coloration is different, and the forceps, though of the same general type, are different in detail. In these species the last dorsal segment is furnished at each angle with a very prominent, sharp, stout, conical tubercle, quite different from the some- times mammeform tumid elevation of S. kristensent?. Mr. Kristensen sent me a good number of specimens ; the commonest form is brachypterous, with the elytra almost entirely orange-yellow on the disc ; a few males are macro- pterous, and they have the yellow spot much feebler, smaller, Dr. M. Burr— Notes on the Forficularia. 49 and darker. In the females the two forms occur in about equal numbers. The brachypterous and macropterous forms are, at first glance, very different in appearance, but I am convinced that it is merely a case of dimorphism, such as is common in earwigs. Labia owentt, sp. n. Parva, colore atro, forcipe alisque aurantiacis; corpus pilosum ; pygidium ¢ prominens, fere parallelum, apice bispinuloso; for- cipis bracchia ¢ arcuata. Long. corporis...... 50-6 mm. 6 mm, Sy TOXGIPIS. <5 -.. ..- er — es Ea. Small; densely clothed with bristles; general colour jet- black, the wings and forceps deep orange. Antenne with 13-14 segments ; fourth about half as long as third, fifth nearly equal to third; all cylindrical ; 1-2 black, 3, 7, 8 orange, the rest blackish. Head smooth, tumid, sutures obsolete, broad, jet-black. Pronotum jet-black, transverse, all sides very gently con- vex, angles rounded; prozona feebly tumid; covered with close, short, yellow pubescence. Elytra broad, jet-black, densely clothed with black bristles and golden pubescence. Wings with golden pubescence, deep orange-red, with black sutural band. Femora and tibie black, the former rather thick; tarsi yellowish. Abdomen broad, jet-black, with golden pubescence. Last dorsal segment smooth; transverse in ¢, narrowed in 2. Penultimate ventral segment ¢ broad, posterior margin roundly emarginate on each side, with a rounded median lobe; in 2 rounded. Pygidium ¢ prominent, depressed, nearly parallel-sided, gently narrowed apically, the apex itself roundly concave, with a sharp spine on each side; in the 9 almost conical, strongly narrowed, with two minute spinules at the apex. Forceps with the branches in g¢ deep orange, tipped with black, gently arcuate. West Africa: Liberia (2 3, 2, S. G. Owen, ¢, m.). Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. viii. 4 50 Dr. M. Burr— Notes on the Forficularia. This striking little black and orange species I first con- fused with LZ. marginalis ; but, apart from the distribution of colours, the form of the forceps and penultimate ventral seoment of the male are distinctive. T have pleasure in dedicating it to my friend Mr. 8. G. Owen, A.R.S.M., who took it in Liberia. Platylabia styligera, sp. n. Statura minore; caput, pronotum, elytra, ale nitida, atra; abdo- men, pedes, forceps lete rufa; pygidium ¢ longum, valde acu- minatum ; forcipis bracchia ¢ leviter arcuata, medio dente forti acuto armata. Long; corporis. ..-).-. #6 45-55 mm. » ‘fOLcipls /.).-.heeee ys Size small; build moderately slender. Antenne yellowish brown, with about 10 segments, all cylindrical, fourth about as long as the third. Head shining black, smooth, and broad ; ; eyes small; poste- rior margin feebly sinuate. Pronotum shining black, slightly longer than broad, sides parallel, truncate posteriorly ; anterior margin rather strongly convex, ending in a small but distinct neck. Elytra and wings well developed, smooth, shining black. Legs orange-yellow, not very long; femora thick, tarsi slender. Abdomen bright orange-red, parallel, with long thin bristles at the sides ; lateral tubercles obsolete. Last dorsal segment ample, smooth, quadrate ; posterior margin gently tumid over roots of forceps. Pygidium long and narrow, thick at the base, produced to a slender, long, sharp spine. Forceps with the branches remote, straight at first ; elon- gate, depressed, feebly arcuate apically, with long fine bristles; armed in the middle of the inner margin with a depressed, long, sharp tooth directed apically. Annam: Phuc Son, November and December (H. Fruh- storfer, 2 g inc. m.). The armature of the forceps and pygidium of this little species is very distinctive. Type in my collection. Dr. M. Burr— Notes on the Forficularia. 51 V.—WNotes on the Forficularia. — XIX. On little-known Earwigs from Formosa. By Matcoum Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S. In 1905 and 1907 Professor T. Shiraki, partly in collabora- tion with Professor S. Matsumura, published four papers on the Dermaptera of Japan and Formosa, describing a number of new species. Unfortunately the work is not good, the descriptions often insufficient, and the species with difficulty recognizable. The four papers in question are exceedingly difficult to obtain, and I was unable to find a copy in England. Even- tually a copy was kindly lent me by Mr. A. P. Semenofft- Tian-Shansky, of St. Petersburg, at whose request I reviewed them, and critically discussed them at length in the ‘Revue russe d’Entomologie,’ pp. 335-340 (1909), and gave my reasons for suggesting affinities for the species described, judging from the often very inadequate and old-fashioned descriptions. This paper was in Russian, but a translation in English appeared in the ‘ Entomological Record,’ 1910, . 134. By good fortune I have received or come across five species from Formosa which I am able to identify with five of Shiraki’s species, and it is gratifying to find that in every instance the examination of the specimens confirms the suggestions, which were only based upon the descriptions. These five can therefore be removed from the limbo of doubtful and unrecognizable forms, into which practically all of Shiraki’s species had been thrown, and take their proper place in the system. Euborellia pallipes, Shiraki. Shiraki describes a female under the name